SYLLOGEUS is a publication of the National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, designed to permit the rapid dissemination of information pertaining to those disciplines and educational functions for which the National Museum of Natural Sciences is responsible. In the interests of making information available quickly, normal pulishing procedures have been abbreviated. Articles are published in English, in French, or in both languages, and the issues appear at irregular intervals. A complete list of the titles issued since the beginning of the series (1972) and individual copies of this number are available by mail from the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Canada. K1A OM8 La collection SYLLOGEUS, publiée par le Musée national des sciences naturelles, Musées nationaux du Canada, a pour but de diffuser rapidement le résultat des travaux dans les domaines scientifique et éducatif qui sont sous la direction du Musée national des sciences naturelles. Pour assurer la prompte distribution de cette publication, on a abregé les étapes de la rédaction. Les articles sont publiés en français, en anglais ou dans les deux langues, et ils paraissent irréguliérement. On peut obtenir par commande postale la liste des titres de tous les articles publiés depuis le debut de la collection (1972) et des copies individuelles de ce numéro, au Musée national des sciences naturelles, Ottawa, Canada. K1A OM8 Syllogeus series Noe 62 Série Syllogeus No. 62 (c) National Museums of Canada 1987 (c) Musées nationaux du Canada 1987 Printed in Canada Imprimé au Canada ISSN 0704-576X ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO SOME HORNWORTS, LIVERWORTS AND MOSSES OF EASTERN CANADA Robert R. Ireland and Gilda Bellolio-Trucco Glossary and Structure Illustrations by Linda M. Ley Botany Division National Museum of Natural Sciences National Museums of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OM8 Syllogeus No. 62 National Museums of Canada National Museum of Natural Sciences Musées nationaux du Canada Musée national des sciences naturelles Ottawa 1987 ABSTRACT An illustrated identification guide is presented for some of the common or distinctive bryophytes occurring in eastern Canada. Only superficial (25-50x) features are utilized for identification of the plants. Included in the guide are 2 hornworts, 79 liverworts and 154 mosses that occur from Newfoundland to southern Manitoba. Information is given on the life cycle and structure of bryophytes, on collecting and preparing a reference collection, on identification and methods of study and on a few reference books that are available. Keys to the bryophytes are accompanied by illustrations of the superficial characters important for their recognition. The habitat and distribution are listed for each bryophyte. The guide concludes with an illustrated glossary and an index to the bryophytes. RESUME Le présent ouvrage est un guide d'identification illustré de certains bryophytes communs ou particuliers de l'est du Canada. Seules les caractéristiques superficielles (25-50x) sont retenues pour l'identification. Le guide décrit 2 anthocéres, 79 hépatiques et 154 mousses qui poussent de Terre-Neuve jusqu'au sud de Manitoba. Le guide décrit le cycle évolutif et la structure des bryophytes, montre comment constituer et préparer une collection de référence, comment identifier et étudier des spécimens, et mentionne quelques ouvrages spécialisés. Les clés des bryophytes sont accompagnées d'illustrations de leurs caractéristiques superficielles importantes. Le guide précise l'habitat et la distribution de chaque bryophyte et se termine par un glossaire illustré et un index. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The usefulness of this guide is enhanced by the habit sketches and accompanying drawings of Gilda Bellolio-Trucco. I am grateful to Linda Ley who did the glossary and structure illustrations (Fig. 2) and helped in all aspects of this work, including the final typing of the manuscript. I appreciate the assistance of Paul Cohen, museum volunteer, and Yves Boudreau, COSEP student, both of whom tested the keys. I thank Eleanor Fenton and Bonnie Livingstone for their assistance with the publication of this guide. Dr. W.B. Schofield, University of British Columbia, read the manuscript and I am indebted to him for his useful comments. Finally, I thank Suzanne Chartrand for the French translation of the guide and Dr. M. Poulin and Miss Kathleen Pryer, National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, for checking the translation. CONTENTS MAECOIMCLLONEE on AOU OD OO cie e es ess ele COICO ce cie.e ee ee se BRC OIOROIE 50.0 0006 JOO GOOOSUO ORS 5 Fe Cycles Reese see ses soso 200000000600 SOADDOD OO OOC DOOC OI OS) Structure of Bryophytes HOENWOLESA(ANEROCELOEOPRYEA) See ee esse see see + cc cee 5000006000 Socodoocc 8 PnA lol Ver NOEESAHEPATOPhVEA) EEE ec e--s es sise see se see se eee ee eee Leafy Liverworts (Hepatophyta)........seeee DHoobodocododobovnocdoopouone 5000000060 MOSSE Sam (ayoninvia)scoococcooccocgecouooocoogavnocdovcododo00 000000000000 00000000) Collectime and PreparinetaiReterence (COIMeCctLON-e eee sise see cesse ss ee se 0e see + es ee s old icetelilention and Methods Of SEtoocoocodocooooooo0ooccoococo0od000000000000000 00 16 Reference Books... 220: 0107067010: 0.000000 000000 00000000 00000000 € ssl Lave to WIATOMMVERSc oo ob 0 ab DDO OOD ODDO OOF ODO DODD ODD DDD DODD OOD OO ODDOODDO DO DD DO OO OTODO OI) General Key to the Groups of -Bryophytes.. 0.0.0. 000000 H00000000000000 20 KEYAEOMHOENNWOLE SN (Dlva stonpAnthocerocophy ca) lelelelelelelslelelelslelelc ele es esse... .72) Key to Thalloid Liverworts (Division Hepatophyta)........ so0d0000b0000G00000 000022) Key to Leafy Liverworts (Division Hepatophyta)..........sssssssoosocoessececseee37 KeyatomMossesm (Diiiaton Prevodnied))oococococdococododo000e00000000000000 00000000 78 CIE /oo0ocoocococcooovoccvooovonacoooooooccovoococcoocobbovobovooco0od000000opovolLle Geographic Abbreviations.....s.sssessssessoesesesssessesrsoseseoecosece 500000000000 202 Index to Laon iieäcooudodoooucoouonoconcooudo0000000000000000000000000 00 00 00.000.,00/2Û0E) INTRODUCTION The purpose of this guide is to acquaint the reader with some of the common or distinctive hornworts (Division Anthocerotophyta), liverworts (Division Hepatophyta) and mosses (Division Bryophyta) that occur in eastern Canada. These plants, collectively called bryophytes, are often abundant in many parts of the country, yet few people are familiar with their names or know how to distinguish one from another. Their small size makes many bryophytes appear alike to the untrained eye but even a casual glance at the illustrations in this guide reveals a vast array of different plants. In fact, there are approximately 550 species of mosses, 200 species of liverworts and 3 species of hornworts in eastern Canada. This guide contains 235 of the most conspicuous bryophytes found from Newfoundland to southern Manitoba, mainly below 50° N latitude. The guide is intended primarily for the amateur naturalist or student botanist who would like to be able to recognize bryophytes using superficial characters. A dissecting microscope with a 25-50x magnification, available at most universities, is ideal for this purpose. In lieu of this, a 10-20x hand-lens, which may be purchased at university bookstores, museum boutiques or biological supply stores, can be used with some success. LIFE CYCLE In order to understand clearly the structure of the bryophytes it is necessary to describe their life cycle. The life cycle of most bryophytes follows a somewhat similar basic pattern, illustrated here using a moss as an example (Fig. 1). The life cycle begins with the spore (Fig. 1: 1). There are generally hundreds to thousands produced by each plant. These small roundish structures, usually only a few micrometers in diameter, have walls that are either smooth or variously sculptured with a network of ridges and processes. After the spore lands in a favourable environment, germination begins and a green, filamentous protonema is produced (Fig. 1: 2). The protonema grows to produce a multicellular, branched web that may cover several centimeters of substratum. There are some bryophytes that have a thalloid protonema instead of a filamentous one. The protonema forms rhizoids to anchor it to the substratum and eventually a small bud (Fig. 1: 3) develops which forms the leafy (Fig. 1: 4-5) or, in the case of the hornworts and some liverworts, the thalloid gametophyte. The gametophyte may be unisexual or bisexual and bear sexual buds or inflorescences (Fig. 1: 6) containing the male sex organs (Fig. 1: 6a), or antheridia (sing., antheridium), the female sex organs (Fig. 1: 6c), or archegonia (sing., archegonium), or both. Sterile, multicellular hairs, paraphyses (sing., paraphysis), are usually intermingled with the sex organs. Each antheridium contains numerous biflagellate sperm cells (Fig. 1: 6b) but there is only a single egg in each archegonium (Fig. 1: 6c). The sperm are released from the antheridia and swim in a film of water to the archegonia containing the egg (Fig. 1: 6c). The fusion of a sperm and an egg results in a progressive division of cells that eventually forms a sporophyte (Fig. 1: 7-13). The sporophyte of most bryophytes consists of a foot, deeply imbedded in the gametophyte to serve as an absorbing organ for water and food needed for its growth, a seta which is a slender stalk of varying length and, at the distal end of the seta, a capsule containing the spores. Frequently a membranous hood, or calyptra (Fig. 1: 11), which is a remnant of the archegonium, sheathes the capsule. In addition to the spores in the capsule, the liverworts have elaters and the hornworts have pseudoelaters, which are hygroscopically active, elongate cells functioning as aids for loosening up the spore mass and dispersing the spores. Besides sexual reproduction, as described above, many bryophytes also reproduce by asexual or vegetative means. Specialized branches, parts of leaves, or almost any young cell of the bryophytes may have the capacity to produce a new gametophyte. Quite often, special reproductive bodies called gemmae (sing., gemma) are produced in large numbers on the leaves, stems or rhizoids of the gametophyte. Each gemma, after becoming detached from the plant and landing in a favourable environment, is capable of forming a gametophyte and perhaps, eventually, a sporophyte through a series of stages similar to that of the sexually produced spore. ANTHERI DIUM 6c ARCHEGONIUM 1 eigen i yo NEE 7 Q PROTONEMA SPORES 13 FIGURE 1. Life cycle of a moss. 1. Spore. 2. Germinating spore with developing protonema. 3-4. Development of gametophyte. 5. Mature gametophyte bearing sex organs. 6. Inflorescence with antheridia and archegonia. 6a. Antheridium. 6b. Sperm. 6c. Archegonium and fertilization. 7-9. Development of sporophyte. 10. Gametophyte bearing immature sporophytes. 11. Gametophyte bearing mature sporophyte. 12. Detail of mature capsule before spore release. 13. Detail of capsule showing spore release. STRUCTURE OF BRYOPHYTES HORNWORTS (ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA ) All hornworts have a small (ca. 2 cm in diameter), flat, nearly circular, irregularly lobed, thallus or gametophyte (Fig. 2: 1). The thallus is dark green and translucent, each cell of which contains a single large chloroplast, in contrast to other bryophytes which have several chloroplasts per cell. Cavities in the gametophyte are sometimes occupied by colonies of the blue-green alga Nostoc and appear as dark spots on the surface of the thallus. The sex organs are not visible because they are sunken in the upper surface of the gametophyte. Unicellular rhizoids are located on the undersurface of the thallus. A long, cylindrical capsule (hence the name hornwort), sometimes up to 3 cm long, contains spores and pseudoelaters. The cylindrical capsule is green and arises from a bulbous base attached to the thallus. It is surrounded by a tubular outgrowth of the thallus called an involucre. The capsule, which is a long-lasting structure that persists until the death of the gametophyte, splits lengthwise at maturity into two valves to release the spores. A slender thread-like, central strand inside the capsule (columella) may also be seen when the valves split apart. Each capsule continues to produce new spores throughout the growing season, shedding them as they mature in the upper part of the capsule. THALLOID LIVERWORTS (HEPATOPHYTA ) The gametophyte of many thalloid liverworts is more complex than that of the other bryophytes (Fig. 2: 2). The thallus is light green to dark green, occasionally yellowish green, dull, translucent or with a greasy appearance, and the undersurface, especially the margins, is often purplish. The thalli are large, sometimes reaching 1-3 cm wide and 15-20 cm long, flat and variously lobed. They are one (unistratose) to several (multistratose) layers thick. The upper surface often contains pores leading into air chambers and frequently there are diamond-shaped surface markings surrounding the pores. The lower surface of the thallus often bears unicellular rhizoids and sometimes small scales. A costa is present on the thalli of some species, while dark spots of Nostoc colonies are present on others. Minute green gemmae on the thalli margins or in cups or flask-shaped receptacles on the surface may be present also in some species. The thalli may be unisexual or bisexual with the sex organs variously located on or in the upper or lower surface. Sometimes the antheridia and archegonia are borne on the dorsal surface in specialized stalked receptacles called antheridiophores and archegoniophores, respectively. The sporophyte is often inconspicuous because the capsule is on a short seta and frequently remains hidden in the archegoniophore or it may be entirely imbedded in the thallus. The capsule, containing spores and elaters, opens irregularly or splits into four valves at maturity. LEAFY LIVERWORTS (HEPATOPHYTA) The leafy liverworts are much more common than the thalloid ones. Their colour varies, different shades and combinations of green, yellow, red and brown being the most common. The gametophyte is usually about 0.3-0.8 cm wide by 1-5 cm long and is generally prostrate and flattened in habit. It usually possesses two rows of large leaves, one on each side of the stem (Fig. 2: 3), and a third row of small leaves (amphigastria) on the undersurface of the stem. Leaf arrangement may be transverse, incubous, or more commonly, succubous. The leaves are unlobed or varously lobed and divided. Sometimes each lateral leaf is tightly fold2d, with one lobe remaining smaller than the other (complicate-bilobed). The margins may be entire, toothed, or fringed with hairs (cilia). The leaves lack a costa and are usually of one layer of cells. Unicellular rhizoids are often present, either scattered on the ventral surface of the stem or restricted to specific parts of the stem or leaves. Yellow, brown, green or red gemmae are frequently present, commonly appearing as granules on leaf margins. The plants are unisexual or bisexual. Antheridia are borne on the sides of the stems surrounded by leaves, while the archegonia are commonly produced at the stem apices or sometimes on short lateral branches (Porella and Chiloscyphus) and are frequently surrounded by a leafy sheath, the perianth. The sporophyte usually has a long colourless seta that elevates the brown to black, spherical or cylindrical capsule above the perianth. The capsule contains spores and elaters, and usually opens by four valves. The sporophyte lasts only a short time and soon dries up after releasing the spores, all of which are shed as soon as the capsule matures. MOSSES (BRYOPHYTA) The mosses have the greatest number of species of all the bryophytes and, as a result, present considerable morphological diversity in both the gametophyte and sporophyte. All mosses (Fig. 2: 4) have a leafy gametophyte, either erect or prostrate, but in some the leaves are scarcely evident. The majority are assorted shades of green but some shades of yellow, red and brown are present in many. Some plants, especially those growing on rock in dry habitats, may even be black. The gametophytes are mostly 1-15 cm long but they are known to be much shorter (1 mm) and longer (60 cm). The stems are either simple or branched, with the branches sometimes being so numerous that they give the stems a "feathery" appearance. The leaves are in three to five spiral rows, or rarely in two opposite rows, and usually possess a single or double costa of varying length. They are generally unistratose except in the costa region where many layers of cells occur. Sometimes they are covered with longitudinal flaps or lamellae. The leaf shape varies, with linear, lanceolate and ovate probably being the most common. The leaves of mosses are rarely deeply notched, lobed or dissected like those of the leafy liverworts. However, they can be consistently curved and twisted in various ways and their surfaces may have folds and undulations. The margins can be entire or toothed. The stems of some species, especially those of branched mosses growing prostrate, have numerous, greenish, filamentous structures among the leaves called paraphyllia. Multicellular, reddish brown to whitish rhizoids are nearly always present at the base of the stems, on the surface of the stems growing adjacent to the substratum, or restricted to certain sites on the stems and leaves. Vegetative reproductive bodies, in the form of small, somewhat terete branches or yellowish green gemmae, either in small, leafy cups or on naked stalks, are sometimes evident in a few species treated in this guide. The gametophytes are either unisexual or bisexual. The inflorescences are visible as tiny buds at the apices of stems and short lateral branches or along the sides of stems. The sporophyte is a persistent and long-lived structure, compared to the sporophyte of the liverworts. In most mosses the sporophyte is made up of a slender, elongate seta which terminates in an urn-shaped capsule containing spores. The colour varies, with yellow, brown, orange, red and reddish brown being the most common. Covering the apex of the capsule is a thin, whitish, yellowish or brownish calyptra that is smooth or sometimes hairy. Beneath this is a convex to beaked lid, the operculum, over the mouth of the capsule. A ring of cells beneath the operculum, the annulus, aids in releasing the 10 3 FIGURE 2. Structure of bryophytes. 1. Hornwort. 2. Thalloid liverwort. 3. Leafy liverwort. 4. Moss. (AN - annulus; C - costa; CAL - calyptra; CAP - capsule; COL - columella; IN - involucre; LF - leaf; N - neck; NC - Nostoc colony; OP - operculum; P —- perianth; PER - peristome; R - rhizoids; S - seta; SM - stem; T - thallus; U - urn; V - valve). 11 operculum from the capsule, but usually it is too small to be seen at low magnification. The mouth of the capsule often is ringed by one or two rows of filamentous to lance-shaped teeth, collectively called the peristome. The peristome teeth are yellow, brown or red and they are always in some multiple of four, from 4-64, with one or two rows of 16 being the most common. Changes in humidity can cause them to twist or bend and thus assist with spore dispersal. Some mosses have no peristome teeth (e.g., Sphagnum) while others have neither a peristome not an operculum, the capsule opening instead by valves (e.g., Andreaea) somewhat like the liverworts. In most mosses the spores are shed over an extended period, and are extracted from the capsule by movement of the peristome teeth. The mosses may be conveniently divided into two main groups, according to their growth habit and origin of the sporophyte. The acrocarpous mosses generally have erect, simple or sparsely branched gametophytes that grow in tufts and produce sporophytes at the tip of a stem or main branch. The pleurocarpous mosses usually have prostrate, freely branched gametophytes that grow in mats and produce sporophytes laterally from the main stem. COLLECTING AND PREPARING A REFERENCE COLLECTION Bryophytes can be found in a wide variety of moist, shady habitats in eastern Canada. They are water-loving plants because they are so poorly equipped to obtain and retain water and also because they require water for sexual reproduction. For these reasons they commonly grow on forest floors, on boulders in streams and brooks, beside lakes and waterfalls and in dense masses in swamps, fens and bogs. When they do grow in somewhat arid regions they always occur in a microhabitat where they can obtain the maximum amount of moisture. They avoid salt water except for a few species that always occur in the spray zone beside the ocean (e.g., Schistidium maritimum). Most species grow on soil, rock, trees, rotting wood and humus, though occasionally some species grow on such bizarre substrata as animal remains. 12 A 10-20x hand-lens is essential for field work in order to see the minute detail of the bryophytes. Several plants of each species should be removed from the substratum with the fingers or a knife. Plants containing an excessive amount of water should be squeezed out. Mosses in dense tufts should be divided into small groups so that they will dry faster. Plants bearing mature sporophytes should be collected whenever possible. Both male and female plants should be collected when unisexual species are encountered. Each bryophyte collection is put into a prefolded newspaper packet made from one-half of a page (Fig. 3) and the substratum recorded on the outside of the packet with a felt tip marking pen or some other permanent type of marker that will not smear when wet. The locality is also recorded on each packet, usually with a code number. The locality information, including the province, county or district, distance to nearest town, longitude and latitude, the date and any ecological information, such as exposure, moisture, surrounding vegetation (e.g., beech-maple woods), should be recorded in a field book. All collections from one locality are kept together in a collecting bag (cloth or plastic). Small paper sacks (2 1b.) may be used instead of newspaper packets but the plants often clump-up inside and take longer to dry. Upon returning home or to a field camp the bryophytes should be prepared for rapid drying to prevent the growth of mold and to preserve the colour. The Newspaper absorbs much of the moisture from the plants. Any packets that are thoroughly wet or torn should be replaced. Approximately 30-50 packets are then placed in a fish-net bag (cotton decorative netting is the best and least expensive) and hung up to dry. The packets should be tumbled in the bag every few hours to facilitate drying. If a dry indoor room is available, the packets can simply be unfolded and spread out on the floor instead of using the bag method. After the specimens are dry they are put into permanent packets for a reference collection. Packets are folded from sheets of white paper (21.5 x 28 cm) of good quality (50-100% rag content with 20-24 lb. weight) resulting in a standard size of about 10 x 14.5 em (Fig. 4). The bryophytes should be further cleaned and trimmed of excess substratum so they will fit into the packet. A smaller packet may be folded for small plants or loose parts and placed inside the standard packet. Each collection is given a separate number. The name of the bryophyte and the collecting data are put on the packet's flap or a separate label slightly smaller than the flap onto which it is to be pasted (Fig. 5). The label should bear the following information: name(s) of bryophyte(s) with author(s), country 13 ca. 31 cm + 13 em—— >= 9 cm w 9: w2/£ ‘0 — 9cm OT ' 0 0 Le D ' 0 ' 0 0 0 ‘ 0 ca. 13 cm. > UD ÇO| 02 — Newspaper packet for field collections. FIGURE 3. 14 FIGURE 4. - 21.5 cm Specimen packet for reference collection. Label > BRYOPHYTES OF NOVA SCOTIA Grimmia maritima Turn. In crevices of shale bluff beside ocean. DIGBY COUNTY: Meteghan Provincial Picnic Park, about 1 km south of Meteghan, ca. 44°11' N, 66°10'W. R.R.Ireland,No.12408 1 August 1968 National Herbarium of Canada FIGURE 5. Label for specimen packet. (optional), province, county or district, locality (including kilometers to nearest town, longitude and latitude), habitat (including substratum), date collected, collector, collection number, person who identified specimen if different from collector, and year identified. The specimens may then be conveniently stored in shoe boxes for future reference. IDENTIFICATION AND METHODS OF STUDY To identify a bryophyte, a dried plant is removed from its packet and revived to its original appearance by soaking it in a small dish of water for a minute or so. A 10-204 solution of household liquid detergent may be used to speed up the wetting process. The 16 plant may then be examined by placing it on a microscope slide or on a thin piece of clean glass about 8 cm square. A dissecting microscope with magnification up to 25 or 50x and with a transmitted light base is ideal for studying the superficial features of bryophytes. However, if a microscope is not available, a 10-20x hand-lens may be substituted with a certain degree of success. The only other equipment required is two dissecting needles, tweezers and a metric ruler. Hornworts and liverworts are best observed without being dissected, but mosses often need to have some leaves removed from the stem in order to look for a costa, teeth on the margins, alar cells or other important features. Only leaves from about the middle third of the stem should be removed since they are the most mature and fully developed. Leaves of large mosses may be removed with tweezers by pulling downward and away from the stem apex in order to get the entire leaf with the alar cells intact. The leaves of small mosses are easier to remove by using two dissecting needles. One needle is used to hold the plant down while the other is used to scrape off the leaves, always scraping from the stem apex toward the base. When it is necessary to remove the operculum of a moss capsule to look at the peristome teeth, a small hole should be made in the capsule wall before soaking the capsule so the water can enter faster. A firmly attached operculum may eventually have to be forced off with dissecting needles and in this case the teeth may remain inside the operculum. Thalloid liverworts are most easily studied from freshly collected material. Observations of the nature of the scales, air chambers and colour should be noted for each collection so that this information is available when the specimen is to be determined. The techniques used to study the leafy liverworts are generally the same as for the mosses. Observations should be made on the most typical leaves of the plant which are AE the middle third of the stem. The three types of leaf insertion (the line at which the leaf joins the stem), transverse, succubous and incubous, are important features used to distinguish the genera. When determining the type of leaf insertion it is important to observe the plant from above (i.e., looking down on the dorsal surface) with the stem spex pointing away from the observer. The presence of underleaves and rhizoids will aid in distinguishing the ventral surface. iL7/ REFERENCE BOOKS Listed below are a few illustrated books that the beginner may find useful when identifying bryophytes of eastern Canada. Conard, H.S. 1979. How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts. Second edition. Revised by P.L. Redfearn, Jr. 302 pp. Includes hornworts, liverworts and mosses. Available from W.C. Brown Company Publishers, 135 South Locust, Dubuque, Iowa 52001. Crum, H.A. 1983. Mosses of the Great Lakes Forest. Third edition. 417 pp. Intended for identification of mosses of northern Michigan but it works well in our region. Available from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. Ireland, R.R. Moss Flora of the Maritime Provinces. 738 pp. Covers the mosses of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island but it can be used to a great extent for the other eastern provinces. Available from McClelland and Stewart Limited, 25 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario M4B 3G2. Schuster, R.M. 1977. Boreal Hepaticae, a Manual of the Liverworts of Minnesota and Adjacent Regions. Bryophytorum Bibliotheca 11. 606 pp. (Reprint of the American Midland Naturalist 49(2): 257-684. 1953). Intended for the identification of hornworts and liverworts of eastern United States but it is also good for our region, although some of the names are outdated. Available from J. Cramer, FL-9490 Vaduz, Germany. The advanced student will find the following books useful: Crum, H.A. and L.E. Anderson. 1981. Mosses of Eastern North America. 2 Vols., 1328 pp. Available from Columbia University Press, 136 South Broadway, Irvington-on Hudson, New York 10533. Schuster, R.M. 1966-79. The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth Meridian. 4 Vols. (More to be published). Also available from Columbia University Press. 18 KEYS TO BRYOPHYTES Use of Keys The keys that follow may be used to determine the name of an unknown bryophyte. In each key there are always two identically numbered or lettered statements. The user should read both statements and select the one that more accurately fits the plant being identified. The leaders to the right of each statement indicate either a name, which is that of the bryophyte or group of bryophytes in the General Key, or another number or letter. If it is a number or letter, proceed to that number or letter and again make a choice, always selecting the statement that better describes the plant being identified. When a name is reached, indicating the identity of the bryophyte, the illustrations should be checked carefully to make certain they match the plant. Immediately following the scientific binomial is the name of the person(s), usually abbreviated, responsible for it. The distribution of each bryophyte is given first for eastern Canada, followed by its occurrence throughout North America. A two-letter abbreviation is used for the geographic localities which are listed near the end of the guide. One word of caution is necessary. Since many of the 235 bryophytes contained in this guide resemble others from the region that are not included (ca. 520 additional species), it is possible to key out an excluded species to one that is contained in this treatment. Therefore, the identified specimen should be verified by a bryologist whenever possible. Robert R. Ireland is willing to verify specimens as long as he is contacted in advance and as long as large numbers of specimens are not sent. 19 GENERAL KEY TO THE GROUPS OF BRYOPHYTES ie Plants eralllolés sooooovcocoocoocooocoocdod002000000000000000008400000 0000000 0008000 00 008 0 0 2. Plants circular in outline or nearly so, thin, dark-green, without upper surface markings or costa; capsules long-cylindrical, lacking a seta, splitting into 2 valves, columella present.......sseseeessses.e.l. Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) Gao 211) 2. Plants not usually circular, often thick, light- to dark-green, sometimes with upper surface markings and costa; capsules neither long-cylindrical nor splitting into 2 valves, usually with a seta, Godumel ia) a bsentesicisiels clviaicisiaisleleeiviels cleleleis e viclaieeieie lL. Lhalloid Liverworts (Hepatophyta) (p. 23) le Plants lEAiyouoooovoooscocoocoovaoaosoocdouosonobodcodoocoboodocooooodo0o000000oodo0oodoo 00) 20 3. Leafy plants with 2-3 ranks of leaves (one row on each side of stem and a third, if present, on underside of stem, midway between lateral leaves), the leaves usually round, lobed or deeply incised, costa lacking; capsules lacking operculun, EPETASEOMALColclelals|elelalclalalalelelalelolelelele/clelelelelelelalaielolelelelele Ml a Mearveliverworts1(lepatophyta) (p.37) 3. Leafy plants (leaves not evident in Buxbaumia) usually with more than 2 ranks of leaves (2-ranked in Fissidens and Distichium), the leaves rarely round, or, if so, never lobed or dissected, costa often present, single or double; capsules usually with operculum, peristomate or CPETISEOMAEE. ee -me-- laalalsliels clelalle clelale slelel= i+ alelelainiels siecle ss... oe Lie) MOSSES) (Bryophyta (p- 78) I. Key to Hornworts (Division Anthocerotophyta) Capsules long, 1-3 cm, yellowish at maturity because of yellow spores......s.sessssssssssssesesssesessssssssseseseseesssss.s...Phaeoceros laevis Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. Fig. 6: 1-3 On moist soil or sometimes rock at edges of lakes, streams, ditches, paths and roads. NS, QU, ON--BC and throughout most of U.S. Capsules short, .3-.8 cm, blackish at maturity because of black spores.....seseseseesssesessssessssossssesessesesese......-Anthoceros macounii Anthoceros macounii M.H. Howe Fig. 6: 4 On moist loam or clay banks. NS, QU--Southeastern Canada and adjacent U.S. to WI and MN. Ai FIGURE 6. 1-3, Phaeoceros laevis. 1. Habit (x3). of thallus showing Nostoc colonies (x18). 22 4, Anthoceros macounii. 2. Apex of sporophyte (x9). 3. Portion 4. Habit (x7). II. Key to Thalloid Liverworts (Division Hepatophyta) 1. Upper surface of thalli with pores and often with diamond-shaped markings.....s..ssessesssesecessesesssssescessseseoseseee so 0.0 oo. o.e sie se 1. Upper surface of thalli with neither pores nor diamond-shaped markings...... DOOUOCOO0C DObOoooou0d0co0D000000009000000000I0O00OI000000 SN 2. Thalli somewhat semicircular, upper surface with furrows; ventral surface with purple, lance-shaped, toothed scales; plants aquatic.....sesssessesee ses... .RiccCiocarpos natans Ricciocarpos natans (L.) Corda Fig. 7: 3-4 Floating on surface of small ponds and quiet streams, or stranded on wet mucky soil. QU, ON, MB--QU to YT and BC, south to FL, AL, LA, TX, CO, MT, ID and CA. 2. Thalli neither semicircular nor with furrows; ventral surface lacking lance-shaped scales; plants not AQUATIC. coer ceevecreeevrcccceerrvceeccsesceseceececsesescsceecescseesssceeed 3. Thalli small, usually less than 1 cm wide, margins usually purplish or reddish; diamond-shaped markings not visible with naked eye; gemmae cups lacking... 2... ccc cecccccceevccccccccccss ccccecs ct 3. Thalli large, often more than 1 cm wide, margins not purplish or reddish; diamond-shaped markings often visible with naked eye; gemmae cups sometimes present ontdorsalssucrace Ofmthvail 111s sores) cletone ovelererelslolelcleleleletchel< lc oioleleletelcl letelelolelats) lela leielsite fete teletele ttle lel-tst 4. Thalli with diamond-shaped markings clearly visible with lens; cells around the pores raised; Margins plane..........ssssssessssssssssessssssessesesssssseses.....Preissia quadrata Preissia quadrata (Scop.) Nees Fig. 8 On soil over moist, calcareous shale and sandstone, sometimes in marly-ditches. NF to ON--GR, throughout Canada and the northern U.S. 4. Thalli with diamond-shaped markings lacking or indistinct with lens; cells around the pores not noticeably raised; margins ascending or Hnrollederesreesess-cecc-ececr--ee----e-----Lar-sh---c........--HReDOULIANNemMIsSphaeniCA Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi Fig. 9 (Purple-Margined Liverwort) On dry rock or on soil over rock. NB to MB--NB to BC and throughout U.S. 5. Thalli with gemmae-cups on dorsal surface; nonaromatic even when crushed; male and female receptacles often present, stalked......... ee 000.000... ....Marchantia polymorpha Marchantia polymorpha L. Fig. 10 (Common Liverwort) On moist soil (nonorganic) in burned-over areas, sometimes in marly bogs. NF to MB--GR, throughout Canada and U.S. 5. Thalli lacking gemmae-cups; plants strongly aromatic, especially when crushed; male and female receptacles rarely present, the male sessile........ssssessesssessessssee.s.....Conocephalum conicum Conocephalum conicum (L.) Lindb. Fig. 11 (Great Scented Liverwort) On damp soil, rock, or rotten logs, primarily along streams. NF to MB--throughout most of Canada and U.S. 23 76 24 6. Thalli with costa and sometimes with small, dark SpOESAQNOSEOCECOlonTesS WLENINAENE tThallus)e Se. eee. ee ses eee ce ce ee ee. ee 0 ee 500007 6. Thalli lacking costa or costa indistinct, walelm@ute Gimedlil, Gleydi< GIES Re. cesse eee... 50000000000000000060 S00000K60000C 10 PRES mac ns lobe ee RER eee see eee ele ee. ee ce {= - °°. « oc eccccccce Sod oa Thalli margins not lobed (sometimes gemmae on margins of Metzgeria looking like small lobes)................ 500000020000000000000000000000000 9 8. Thalli with small, dark spots (Nostoc colonies within the thallus) scattered along margin; flask-shaped gemmae receptacles often present DeATSERA MM ADICES PRE E SRE ere. elelcisisle/slsislclcielsisleiel> cielo .........1BlA151a pusilla Blasia pusilla L. Fig. 12 On moist, denuded, loamy or clayey banks, ditches or paths. NF to MB--GR to MB, south to NC, MI and IA; in the West from AK to CA; also in NM. 8. Thalli lacking dark spots and gemmae receptacles............+.+.+...Pellia epiphylla Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda Fig. 13 (Wide-Nerved Liverwort) On shaded moist soil or rocks. NF to MB--LB to AK, south to GA, AL, TN, WI, MI, WY and WA. Thalli large, 2 mm wide or more, lacking hairs on MALQinecceeeeeerccccrerecececcccccccessccscsccsescceseseveseseveesesrallavicinia lyellii Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) Carruth. Fig. 14 On decaying wood, rocks and soil in bogs and swampy places. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--NF to ON, south to FL, AL and TX. Thalli small, usually less than 2 mm wide, hairs on MIO so OO ODOC ONS 0000005000000 000 0000000000 005000000005 DODO ODO DDO DDO 0000000 00 AHACNUULE METZGERTA A. Thalli with some marginal hairs in groups of two, ventral surface with hairs only on costa; gemmae lacking on margins of thalli...................+...M. conjugata Metzgeria conjugata Lindb. Fig. 15: 1-3 On moist shaded rocks, sometimes on trunks of trees. NS, QU, ON--NS to ON, south to FL, IN, MI and WI; in the West from AK to CA; also in NM. A. Thalli always with marginal hairs single, ventral surface with hairs scattered throughout; multicellular gemmae common on margins of thalli.........sssssssssssssssssssossesssssess.....eM. furcata Metzgeria furcata (L.) Dum. Fig. 15: 4-6 On shaded cliff faces and ledges, occasionally on bases of trees. NF, NB, NS, QU--NF to MI, south to GA and TN. 10. Thalli thin and translucent, individual cells often evident, dichotomously branched.........ssesssessssesscosecsssessescssocsesell 10. Thalli thick and individual cells not evident, 1lrresulariy bDranched..--.e.--ecsesaescecscrercsessesesessee aies seessese see loc. eieee 11. Thalli narrow, 1-2 mm wide; plants usually aquatic, submerged...e..ee sssssssosrssoesosee ee ee ee oo 0 ce... 0 300600000000 eeeeeRiccia fluitans Riccia fluitans L. Fig. 7: 1-2 i. ae he (Floating Crystalwort) Floating just beneath the surface in water of quiet streams or ponds, sometimes stranded on mud when water recedes. QU, ON, MB--QU to BC, south throughout most of U.S. 11. Thalli broad, 3 mm or more in width; plants toptumlailcososooeccoccosovo ooocvcovoc s00000000c0000000000 Pellia epiphylla (See p. 24) 12. Thalli sparingly branched, broad, 3 mm or more in width......... ODDOOCO0DOD00OD0UOOUDDOUOODO00O0U0C0O0OT00000000000C Aneura pinguis Aneura pinguis (L.) Dum. Fig. 16: 1 Predominantly a calciphile occurring in swamps, ditches and on thin soil over limestone or basalt but sometimes on rotten logs and stumps. NF, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to AK, south throughout U.S. 12. Thalli much branched, narrow, less than 3 mm wide.......sseseoeosoeeesee.-RicCardia RICCARDIA A. Thalli 2-3 pinnately branched; occurring in calcareous sites..............sseessssesesesesssesessessese..R. multifida Riccardia multifida (L.) S. Gray Fig. 16: 2 On wet ground in bogs and swamps, sometimes on wet rocks and rotten logs. NF, NS, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to FL, TN, MI and WI; in the West from AK to AT, south to CA and ID. A. Thalli irregularly branched or sometimes bipinnately branched; occurring in noncalcareous SECIS Se ovrerrercnol oltenairehiotehenete ca edie also see ce eveuelerele eieiie:coe).0\'e verieusl:elenenevoveueteeteresele B. Thalli branches usually broadened near APEXeresssssssessesss esse sense sesssesssssssssessssess....R. latifrons Riccardia latifrons Lindb. Fig. 17: 1 On decaying wood in moist woods or swamps. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to FL, AL, TN, MI and WI; in the West from AK to AT, south to CA, ID and WY. B. Thalli branches narrowed toward apex..............+e.eees...R. palmata Riccardia palmata (Hedw.) Carruth. Fig. 17: 2 On decaying, moist logs or sometimes on peaty banks. NB, NS, QU, ON--NS to ON, south to FL, TN and AR; in the West from AK to CA and ID. 25 FIGURE 7. 1-2, Riccia fluitans. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Apex of thallus (x36). 3-4, Ricciocarpos natans. 3. Habit (x/). 4. Ventral scale from thallus (x15). 2 3 FIGURE 8. 1-4, Preissia quadrata. 1. Habit of female plant with receptacle (x4). 2. Habit of male plant with receptacle (x4). 3. Male receptacle (x7). 4. Portion of dorsal surface of thallus showing markings and pores (x18). 27 a | de ï ni 4 ce | | FIGURE 9. 1-2, Reboulia hemisphaerica. 1. Habit of plant with female receptacles and sessile, kidney-shaped male receptacle on thallus near base of female receptacle (x9). 2. Portion of dorsal surface of thallus showing markings and pores (x36). 28 Ÿ FIGURE 10. 1-4, Marchantia polymorpha. 1. Habit of female plant with receptacles (x3). 2. Habit of male plant with receptacles (x3). 3. Gemmae cups (x3). 4. Dorsal surface of thallus showing markings and pores (x18). 29 FIGURE 11. 1-3, Conocephalum conicum. 1. Habit of female plant (x3). 2. Habit of male plant with sessile receptacles (x3). of thallus showing markings and pores (x18). 30 with receptacles 3. Dorsal surface FIGURE 12. 1-2, Blasia pusilla. 2. Gemmae receptacle (x12). 1. Habit of plant with gemmae receptacles (x4). shit rc = cou ce =. Ly, ad = Da ST ASS CAS as == Ga} Le ae FIGURE 13. 1-2, Pellia epiphylla. 1. Habit of plant with sporophyte and small antheridial protuberances (x4). 2. Dorsal surface of thallus showing markings (x36). 32 FIGURE 14. 1-3, Pallavicinia lyellii. 1. Habit of plant with sporophyte (x4). 2. Antheridial scales on dorsal surface of thallus (x7). 3. Rhizoids on ventral surface of costa (x7). 33 FIGURE 15. 1-3, Metzgeria conjugata. 1. Habit of plant in dorsal view showing sporophytes (x9). 2. Ventral surface of thallus showing perichaetial branch with developing calyptra (hairy) and antheridial branch below (x36). 3. Thallus in cross-section (x36). 4-6, Metzgeria furcata. 4. Habit of plant with marginal gemmae (x9). 5. Ventral surface of thallus (x36). 6. Thallus in cross-section (x36). 34 FIGURE 16. 1, Aneura pinguis. 1. Habit (x3). 2, Riccardia multifida. 2. Habit (x9). 35 2 FIGURE 17. 1, Riccardia latifrons. 1. Habit of plant with sporophyte (x9). 2, Riccardia palmata. 2. Habit (x9). 36 III. Key to Leafy Liverworts (Division Hepatophyta) 1. Leaves divided into filaments or having margins with Many long Cilidsececceececcrcrvevececcccsscsccevesececsssssseseessssssesescsssesesesesend 1. Leaves neither filamentous nor with numerous cilia on margins, entire or broadly lobed, sometimes the lobes ending in a cilium or the leaf base with a few cilia..ccccccccccccccccccccseccescecee ccd 2. Plants small, stems less than 1 mm wide, irregularly branched, leaves divided to base into 3-4 filamentous lobes....e.sessssssessssssessssssssssssssssesssss.es......Blepharostoma trichophyllum Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dun. Fig. 18: 1-2 On moist decaying logs, damp, shaded rock faces and sometimes on bases of trees. NF to MB--GR to AK, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI, IL, IA, NM, MT, ID and CA. 2. Plants large, stems usually more than 1 mm wide, pinnately branched, leaves divided into 2-5 lobes, the margins CAA AE @\cyc: 01010. occa eve eilereiokeneresieelelelie: sive elle) oe love sec celtes ol cleictio/iel oleh cifciiel oi ces ec eee css eo 3. Plants light yellowish- or whitish-green, plumose, usually over 1 cm wide, leaves with narrow lobes WAND IGANG GinC Ida eee ee eer-ercceee-ct-r-c-er-r---cre--...--1:--LiChoOcOleastomnentella Trichocolea tomentella (Ehrh.) Dum. Fig. 18: 3-4 (Woolly Liverwort) On rocks, soil and rotten logs, predominantly in cedar swamps, but also in rather shady, moist sites, especially beside creeks and waterfalls. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to FL, TN, AR and WI. 3. Plants green to reddish- or purplish-brown, usually not plumose, less than 1 cm wide, leaves with broad lobes with unbranched CIN AN ele eee eee die s sie ee ee site ose 0 » ee 0 es eee ee le els eee eee colo ee PEINE ahttm PTILIDIUM A. Leaves divided 1/2 their length into wide lobes, the margins with short cilia; plants green to reddish brown...............essesssssssssseseses..P. Ciliare Ptilidium ciliare (L.) Hampe Fig. 19: 1-3 On thin soil or humus over exposed rock, occasionally in depressions in bogs. NF to MB--GR to AK, south throughout Canada and to CT, MI, IN, WI and MN; also in MI. A. Leaves divided 3/4 or more their length into narrow lobes, the margins with long cilia; plants green to yellowish brown.........sseeceeeeeeeeeP. pulcherrimum Ptilidium pulcherrimum (G. Web.) Hampe Fig. 19: 4-6 On bark, at bases of trees, on rotting logs and on rock. NF to MB--NF to AK, south to NC, TN, OH, MI, WI, IA, MB, MT, ID and WA. le Leaves compilicatie=pilobedernenter steel ele se=ee sas ee shel ol ele ele ejololeloele ste + ee + 1e ee + eo +1) 4. Leaves undivided or lobed but not complicate-bilobed........ss.essesssesosessesese 10 a 5. Leaves with the dorsal lobe smaller than the ventral lobe.......... alelalclelclaleteloieleleleteicleiereteiO Seeleavecuwithethe dorsal lobe larger than the ventral lobe...csccccscocesceccccccccccccecel 38 6. Leaf lobes narrowly elongate (lingulate), the ventral 1obe 253 times) as long as Wide oc. ceccwnsccessccccccsccccccceccceccesseeDIplophyllum DIPLOPHYLLUM A. Leaves with a vitta extending almost to apex.......s.esesssesee.eD. albicans Diplophyllum albicans (L.) Dun. Fig. 20: 1-2 Usually on shaded, moist, noncalcareous rocks beside streams, occasionally on rotten wood. NF, NB, NS, QU--GR and NF, south to NS and ME; in the West from AK to YT, south to OR. A. Leaves lacking VAÉEMonoovovoodoodosddbooo0000D0000 000000 sieiele/e es: eielereislele e)eveheteneis B. Leaf apices apiculate............ssssssssssssssssssssssse...D. apiculatum Note - May be confused with Scapania umbrosa but that species has decurrent ventral leaf lobes while D. apiculatum does not. Diplophyllum apiculatum (Evans) Steph. Fig. 20: 3-4 On moist soil banks, sometimes on wet rocks near streams. NB, NS, ON--NS to ON, south to GA, TN, AR and OK. B. Leaf apices Ghitsesoubvanccocoovuomadoooudocoboconocooocuddo cool taxifolium Diplophyllum taxifolium (Wahlenb.) Dum. Fig. 20: 5-6 _ On shaded, noncalcareous rock outcrops in humid regions. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to MB, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to CA, ID and MT. 6. Leaf lobes subcircular to broadly ovate, the ventral lobe 1-2 times as long as wide....s.sssesssesssessssssecsseseseeeeeeeeSCapania SCAPANTA A. Ventral leaf lobes rounded at apices, the lobes nearly as wide as long....esessesssessesosseseseessessseseseceeeeeeeeB A. Ventral leaf lobes acute at apices, the lobes as wide as long or much longer than wide.......sssessssssssossesesesssseseeE B. Ventral leaf lobes not decurrent; leaf margins entire or nearly So...sssssssssssesssesssssssssssessseeSe irrigua Scapania irrigua (Nees) Gott. et al. Fig. 21: 1-4 In or around standing water in bogs, at margins of lakes and sunny rock pools. NF to MB--GR to MB, south to NJ, PA, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to CA, MT and CO. B. Ventral leaf lobes distinctly decurrent; leaf margins dentate to spinose-ciliate, rarely ENTRE ce se see sue eee sierslere siolelole o ele e seisteieie ciel evelolevclerese}oleteleclevels\clohoretae (Go C. Rive ive Keel of leaves strongly curved; leaf margins entire to weakly dentate; gemmae lacking......... HH0000000000000 -S. paludosa Scapania paludosa (K. Mull.) K. Mill. Fig. 21: 5-8 On rocks in and beside streams or in springy areas of acid bogs. NF, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to ME and MA; in the West from AK to AT, south to CA and MT. Keel of leaves straight to slightly curved; leaf margins strongly dentate to spinose- ciliates rarelyentire-2semmae often presente: lelsecesee-e secs.) D. Stems usually black at maturity; dorsal leaf lobes not decurrent; leaf margins dentate to strongly serrate, rarely entire; gemmae green to yellowish green....... cece eee cece cree eccceeecseeccevevesene undulata Scapania undulata (L.) Dum. Fig. 22: 1-4 On acidic rocks in streams or creeks, occasionally on sandy or loamy banks or damp sandstone away from water but in areas of high humidity. NF to MB--GR to MB, south to GA, TN, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to CA, AZ and NM. D. Stems green to dark brown or red at maturity rarely black; dorsal leaf lobes distinctly decurrent; leaf margins spinose-ciliate, sometimes dentate; gemmae cinnamon brown...........s.sesseseeSe nemorosa Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dum. Fig. 22: 5-8 On shady, seepy cliffs or ledges, rocks near waterfalls, clayey or loamy soil along paths or banks of streams, occasionally on moist decaying logs. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to FL, AL, MS, LA and TX. Large plants, usually over 1 cm long; ventral leaf lobes about as wide as long; SEE Mn GEO Oo MOI CoOvcopcpévononoccoucoceoboooobddcoscocococodonooit Small plants, seldom reaching 1 cm long; ventral leaf lobes much longer than wide; leaf margins entire or coarsely and IrresgularlySsSerrales cer -ece-cet-cnese--re-m--c-tmcres-sereeccrccc-ccre---cc..C F. Keel of leaves straight or slightly curved; gemmae green to yellowish BTEEN..sersssesssssessssessssessesesssssseseseses.eS. irrigua (See p. 38) F. Keel of leaves strongly curved; gemmae : reddish to reddish brown...............s.s.sessesesssse.es.eS. paludicola Scapania paludicola Loeske & K. Mill. Fig. 23: 1-3 In bogs and swamps. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to MB, south to CT, NY, MI, WI and MN; also in AK to BC. Leaf margins coarsely and irregularly serrate.................:..S. umbrosa Note - Sometimes similar to Diplophyllum apiculatum but that species has nondecurrent ventral leaf lobes while S. umbrosa has decurrent lobes. Scapania umbrosa (Schrad.) Dum. Fig. 23: 4-6 On moist decaying logs or moist rocks near water. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--LB to ON, south to ME, NH, NY and WI; in the West from AK and BC, south to CA, ID and MT. 3) G. Leaf margins entire...... soso. soso... ..... cs... ....H H. Leaves dorsally secund, especially when dry, dorsal lobes ca. 1/4 the size of the ventral lobes; gemmae brown to reddish brown RER ee. eee. ee... Sn ee shetelelefo sise ele see see 1e S. gymnostomophila Scapania gymnostomophila Kaal. Fig. 24: 1-3 A calciphile occurring on wet rocks near water. NF, NS, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to MA, NY, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to BC and ID. H. Leaves not dorsally secund, dorsal lobes ca. 1/2 the size of the ventral lobes; gemmae green to yellowish green.............s.e.ssssssseseseeS. mucronata Scapania mucronata Buch Fig. 24: 4-6 On soil on acidic or calcareous cliffs and ledges. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--GR to ON, south in the mountains and northern states to MA, NC, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to OR and CO. 7. Stems without row of underleaves............sssesssseseessessess.......Radula complanata Radula complanata (L.) Dum. Fig. 25: 1-4 On shaded, damp rock (mostly sedimentary) and on bark of trees. NF to MB--GR to MB, south to GA, TN, MS and LA; in the West from AK to AT, south to CA, ID, AZ and NM. Tee Stems with row of tollSENVeEcoovooovovootonoovoooocoboouo000br00000000000000O0C TOGO 8. Plants large, stems often over 1 mm wide; underleaves UNdEVIdedesesssse sense scess se sense ses ss se esse ee ses. 6 016610. 06. 0 0 01° + + I oy ved LILA PORELLA A. Underleaves narrow, about the same width as stem, margins plane; plants hygrophytic...........ss.sssessss.....P. pinnata Porella pinnata L. Fig. 26: 7-8 On rocks and logs in streams or sometimes on bases of trees and stumps subjected to flooding. NS, QU, ON--NS to ON, south to FL, AL, MS, LA and TX. A. Underleaves broad, wider than the sten, margins reflexed; plants xerophytic.....ssessssesssessssssessseesssecseeceeB B. Ventral leaf lobes narrower than underleaves, tapering at AapeKecseceeccsccercecceseeseeseeeebh. platyphylla Porella platyphylla (L.) Pfeiff. Fig. 26: 4-6 On shaded, dry rocks or on trees, especially at the base and on exposed roots. NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--NS to MB, south to FL, KY, IL, IA and NE; also in CO, ID, MT, NM, OR and AZ. B. Ventral leaf lobes about as wide as underleaves, broadly rounded at apex..-eseeeeeeseeeeeeeP. platyphylloidea 40 Porella platyphylloidea (Schwein.) Lindb. Fig. 26: 1-3 On bark of deciduous trees, also on shaded vertical or steep rocks, boulders and cliff faces. NB, NS, PE, QU, ON--NS to ON, south to FL, MS and LA; also in TX, NM and AZ. 8. Plants small, stems mostly less than 1 mm wide; underleaves bilobed. ...... 0.0.0 0000000 0 0 0 © BC OUT 00 0 0 00 DOO D 00 DD Co ON) 9. Plants reddish brown or dark green; ventral leaf lobes helmet-shaped, attached to stem by slender stalk........ssssssssese.sses.se.e.-Frullania FRULLANIA A. Dorsal leaf lobes with an oblique line of ocelli.........s..sesessssssssssesessssseses....F. tamarisci ssp. asagrayana Frullania tamarisci ssp. asagrayana (Mont.) Hatt. Fig. 7271/3 ils} On rocks, cliffs or tree trunks and limbs. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to FL, AL, AR and OK. Ne Dorsaly leatmlobes! without line ot, OCeMMEtsrercielelelolcks cl olelelclclclelcle)elcleicrelclelclelcleleisyeierelD B. Plants with some erect, nearly naked stem and branch tips due to caducous leaves......seeeeeceeeeeeeeeeFe bolanderi Frullania bolanderi Aust. Fig. 27: 4-6 On tree trunks or rarely on dry cliffs. NS, PE, QU, ON--LB to ON, south to ME, MI, WI and IA; in the West from BC to CA. B. Plants without erect, naked stem and branch EAD Sistelelofolorelolelorelolel's sicletalolels aleletsloiclelalclorel olelelslolieloie! sl eielelelerelelelelsicleislolelerelereneG C. Ventral leaf lobes large, more than half the size of the dorsal leaf lobes; dorsal leaf lobes truncate at base.................sesssssssessesess...F. Oakesiana Frullania oakesiana Aust. Fig. 28: 1-3 On tree trunks (often Thuja) mostly in swamps or boggy areas. NF, NS, QU, ON--LB to ON, south in the mountains and northern states to VA, TN, MI, WI and MN. C. Ventral leaf lobes small, scarcely reaching 1/3 the size of the dorsal leaf lobes; dorsal leaf HobesmcondalLemsormaunicullacematimbascleisteleistcielelelelclelelclelelelelelelelcielelielelelelsislcleleleleleisiciorell D. Underleaves without lateral teeth...............°°.°°...F. eboracensis Frullania eboracensis Gott. Fig. 28: 4-7 On tree trunks (primarily deciduous), occasionally on bare rock. NS to MB--NS to MB, south to FL, AL, KY, AR and TX. D. Underleaves usually with lateral teeth......................F. brittoniae Frullania brittoniae Evans Fig. 28: 8-10 On trunks of deciduous trees, rarely on rock. ON--ME to ON, south to FL, TN, MO and TX; also in CO and NM. 41 9. Plants yellowish green; ventral leaf lobes neither helmet-shaped nor attached:to stem by stalk...........e..e.ee.s........Lejeunea cavifolia Le jeunea cavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb. emend Buch Fig. 25: 5-6 PRO On shaded rock and bark of trees, rarely on marly soil. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--NF to ON, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI, WI and MN. BOURGES BECAVES BEES Cll bs ess ess essaie sie sai 616. cle soie sléieie. sie oiuisjsie arerercteie ee elerosie siutoioie sie ee L 10. Underleaves ADS EMittatekekakakofelalekolerclelelclalcleloleloialeielelereves creel e}osesoxeueleicncyoleretololel olale: c'ets teletaiets ere ciots «2. Le Leaves HNCUDOUS ELEC less sioisie ss akelateleielclelsicieleieheleletelele) etolealoisie chelciete ciole sisleletete elsiotetarotete ciets toi 2 eave SMSUCCUDOUS FO GEELANS VETS Ciel cieicl clele ele sloo o sfslalelele sle.e la ec ete talo sive os le lelo sis ee des reie store ctotels el 4 12 Leaves entire or retuse at APEXerrreresssressesessesesssssesessssesess..e-Calypogeia CALYPOGETA A. Underleaves distinctly bilobed, the sinus descending 1/3-1/4 their length... ceccccsccccccccevcccccccveeeCe muelleriana Calypogeia muelleriana (Schiffn.) K. Mill. Fig. 29: 1-3 On soil, humus, peaty soil or over rocks in damp, shaded sites. NF to ON--GR to ON, south to GA, TN and KS; in the West from AK to CA. A. Underleaves entire or retuSe at apexecceccceccccccccevccecccccccscccccccseeb B. Leaves narrowly rounded at apex-..sessesssoosesesesees.eC. integristipula Calypogeia integristipula Steph. Fig. 29: 4-5 = On mineral soils and organic substrata in coniferous swamps, sometimes on shaded cliffs in woods. NF, NB, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to MA, NY, MI and MN; also in the West from AK to CA and in AT. B. Leaves truncate to truncate-retuse at apex--..eesessessesse....C. neesiana Calypogeia neesiana (Mass. & Carest.) K. Müll. Fig. 29: 6-7 On Sphagnum or other organic substrata, e.g., badly decayed stumps and logs, humus, and peat; sometimes on loamy soil. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to GA and TN. Ac Leaves with 3-4 teeth or NO PESelclokelelelelolaloisielelelelolelelolelelelelelelelel clelekelclolclelolelelelero clelelololelelciorenlesy 13. Plants large, stems 3-6 mm wide, ventral flagella present; leaves tridentate....sesosssesssesssesssssessesesseseses......Bazzania trilobata Bazzania trilobata (L.) S. Gray Fig. 30: 1-3 On shaded banks, wet rotten logs and stumps, acidic rocks and bases of trees in moist, shaded woods and swamps. NF to ON--GR to ON, south to FL, AL, MS, AR, IL, IA and MN; in the West from AK and BC. 13. Plants small, stems 1-2 mm wide, ventral flagella lacking; leaves 3-4 lobed into finger-like segmentsS.......+++++++++++-+Lepidozia reptans 42 15e 15. 17. 17. Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dum. Fig. 30: 4-6 On humus, decaying wood, peaty soil and soil over rock in moist, deeply shaded woods. NF to MB--LB to AK, south to NC, IN, MI, WI, IA, MB, SA, MI, ID and CA; also in NM. 14. Leaves entire or somewhat retuse at aApeKeccccccccccccccvevececcccccccccccccccccsel) ile Leaves 2-4 lLOobédsssrsssrercrersrerssonrorsrersranstettesienintereteterenrs ete terete eee clteiclehleles ea se + 0 +10 Underleaves bilobed, often with a tooth on the base of the lobes.......essssesessssesssssssssssssssessssssessssesssssssses.....Chiloscyphus CHILOSCYPHUS A. Plants whitish green; leaves rounded- truncate to truncate, sometimes retuse at apex; sporophytes frequent........s..sssessessssssesssese...C. pallescens Chiloscyphus pallescens (Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Dum. Fig. 31: 1-3 On moist soil, rocks, decaying logs and humus near streams and swamps. NF to ON--LB to AK, south to NC, ITN, AR, KS, NM, UT, ID and CA. A. Plants green to dark green; leaves rounded to rounded-truncate, seldom retuse at apex; sporophytes rare....sssssssssssssssssessssssssssssscsssssesss...C. polyanthos Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L.) Corda Fig. 31: 4-6 Usually on soil or humus over noncalcareous rocks beside streams or ponds. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to NC, IN, WI and IA; in the West from AK and BC to AT, south to CA, ID, MT and WY. Underleaves entire, llanceolate. . "em... se se ee eee se ee ee °° +... + MYil ia anomala Mylia anomala (Hook.) S. Gray Fig. 32: 1-4 Over Sphagnum in peat bogs and on moist ledges. NF to MB-- GR to AK, south to NJ, WV, MI, WI, MN, MB, SA, AT and WA. 16. Leaves 3-4 loalonsocococcotssctoscécédocoucoosooosccoooocosocococooccvobovodoesovcosoil// 16. Leaves 2; rarely 35 lobalogdosdbobobuoodoncooond000 000000000000 0000000000 UAO OI Leaves with deeply channelled lobes, the margins broadly reflexed......sssessssosssssssssssssssessesssssessss.s..Tetralophozia setiformis Tetralophozia setiformis (Ehrh.) Schljak. Fig. 32: 5-7 On dry, granitic rock or on ground between boulders. NF, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to ME, NH, VT and NY; in the West from AK to YT, south to BC and AT. Leaves without channelled lobes and reflexed MAL ZiNSeeweceeecereeecccvvecscsesesccecssccvssssccccsssccscesvessseseseeeebarbilophozia BARBILOPHOZIA A. Leaves mostly 3-lobed, rarely 4-lobed; numerous, erect flagellae arising from stem apiceS...sseeecceceeeeeeeeeeeB. attenuata 43 Barbilophozia attenuata (Mart.) Loeske Fig. 33: 1-4 On boulders, cliff faces and ledges and decaying logs and stumps. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--GR to ON, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to BC, south to WA, MT and CO. A. Leaves mostly 4-lobed, rarely 3-lobed; rlasellas ilerelalinsoodos0 0000000006 0000000 DU ODUU OOOO DOS OOUDOO OUD DODO OGG Co) B. Leaves acute to obtuse, never mucronate tipped, lacking cilia; underleaves small and indistinct.............sssssssssssssssssssesessssssesse.e..B. barbata Barbilophozia barbata (Schmid. ex Schreb.) Loeske Fig. 33: 5-7 Usually on acidic cliff faces and ledges, sometimes on boulders, rarely on rotting logs, mainly in coniferous forests. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, TN, MI, WI, MN, MB, SA, NM, MT, ID and WA. B. Leaves usually mucronate tipped, the postical leaf base with cilia; UNG eImleAaVeSeelam Pe man dedisstri Ctatetetatehelclelelel otelololellolere)ollslielislielcletellelelele sels ele) sisjelsleieierslG C. Plants green or brownish, leaves flat or weakly crisped, middle leaf lobe about as broad as long; reddish brown gemmae often present at shoot apices...........sessssesssssscesssssseess......B. hatcheri Barbilophozia hatcheri (Evans) Loeske Fig. 34: 1-4 Predominantly on acidic cliff faces and ledges, sometimes on boulders, in spruce-fir woods. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to MB, south to NH, VT, NY, MI and MN; also in NC; in the West from AK to YT, south to CA, MT and CO. C. Plants whitish or yellowish green, leaves strongly undulate-crispate, middle leaf lobe about twice as broad as long; gemmae lacking..............B. lycopodioides Barbilophozia lycopodioides (Wallr.) Loeske Fig. 34: 5-7 On acidic cliff faces and ledges, boulders, sometimes on humus over calcareous rock in spruce-fir woods. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to MB, south to ME, NH and MI; in the West from AK to YT, south to WA, UT and NM. 18. Leaves distant, flat, the lobes obtuse or broadly rounded at apex; plants occurring in Sphagnum bogs or in other acidic, subaquatic habitats.................Cladopodiella fluitans Cladopodiella fluitans (Nees) Joerg. Fig. 35: 1-3 In and beside standing pools of water in peat bogs. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to NJ, WV, MI and MN; in the West from BC and WA. 18. Leaves mostly close, usually somewhat concave, the lobes acute to narrowly obtuse at apex; plants oecurringmostlyain driernmhabitats. tee. ess sce cccccccisc oe esse see. 19. Underleaves entire, attached on one side of base 4a of lateral leaves...cccccceccccccccvevevccscveccccccsssseccccssseseeharpanthus scutatus Harpanthus scutatus (Web. & Mohr) Spruce Fig- 35: 4-6 Often on siliceous rocks, more rarely on moist decayed logs, humus and peaty soil in damp, shaded sites. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to NC, TN, MI, IA and MN; in the West from BC and AT. 19. Underleaves bilobed or ciliate, rarely entire, not attached to lateral leaves...... 000000 s00ododoudbooDdocoudooovoodobobovcoococooocuoo00o0/(Ù 20. Underleaves bifid nearly to base, the margins without cilia.........sesese sonores... Geocalyx graveolens Geocalyx graveolens (Schrad.) Nees Fig. 35: 7-9 On humus or peaty soil, moist, decaying wood, on mineral soil, or on thin soil over rocks. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to NC, TN, IL, MN and KS; in the West from AK to YT, south to CA and ID. 20. Underleaves bifid, divided 1/2-2/3 their length, usually ciliate, or underleaves entire.....sssssessssssssosesssessssscseeesesseee21 21. Rhizoids confined to bases of underleaves; underleaves Ciliate..ccrerececvesesccveveseseevsvccsevesesscececsesesesereeee LOphocolea LOPHOCOLEA Note - The genus Chiloscyphus has recently been redefined to include Lophocolea. The new names for the two species listed below are Chiloscyphus minor (Nees) Engel & Schust. (for L. minor) and C. profundens (Nees) Engel & Schust. (for L. heterophylla). A. Plants small, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, usually sterile, clusters of yellowish green gemmae on margins Of leaves... . ccc ccc eee ee cosmos... LL. minor Lophocolea minor Nees Fig. 36: 1-3 S Common on loamy soil banks, in crevices of calcareous shales and sandstones, and on moist rotten logs. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--NF to MB, south to VA, TN, IL, IA and KS; in the West from AK to YT, south to BC, ID, UT and MT. A. Plants large, 1-2 mm wide, usually fertile and perianths present, gemmae lacking.................+..++°+...L. heterophylla Lophocolea heterophylla (Schrad.) Dun. Fig. 36: 4-6 Commonly on decaying wood but also on organic substrata, such as tree bases and peat in old dried-out bogs; sometimes on moist soil along streams, and on damp rocks. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to FL, AL, MS, LA and TX; in the West from BC to SA, south to CA, ID and WY. 21. Rhizoids scattered throughout ventral surface of stems; underleaves sometimes entire.....sesesessesessssesesseseseseseesesee.e..Lophozia 45 LOPHOZIA eee anntsSmwelate enum erga els reretelictel aie) clalielsllele | siisile) efololle\iel eleifolielielle. lee see eee se. - «isis oe + : OB Bem ep bantismelta Chat omitind engl ANC Sispelelolel ssl etele) eme elelellelcle) eleiels siiele elsile’evclsls cleloieis «cic ceeeG Behlndernleavesscniate Noemmaie LackKinge.eeeesceeeseesessseese eee. elas Lutheana Lophozia rutheana (Limpr.) M.A. Howe Fig. 37: 1-3 7 A calciphile occurring on wet ground in cedar swamps and rich fens. NF, QU, ON, MB--GR to MB, south to NY, MI and MN; in the West from AK, BC, YT and SA. B. Underleaves entire; gemmae usually present, brownish, on leaf margins at tips of gemmiferous Shoots...............ssssssssscsessescseessseeLe heterocolpos Lophozia heterocolpos (Thed.) M.A. Howe Fig. 37: 4-7 On calcareous rocks or rarely on decaying logs. NF, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to ME, NH, VT, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to CA, ID and MT. C. Leaf lobes toothed..................sssesssssessssssesessssessese.eL. incisa Lophozia incisa (Schrad.) Dum. Fig. 38: 1-4 An acidophile, on moist, decaying logs, peaty banks, humus-covered rocks, or sometimes on bare, moist rocks. NF to MB--GR to MB, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to CA, NV and NM. (Go Leaf lobes AneliSoscoocoododdoo0o0d0000D0000000000000TO HDI NO A0 00 0 0) D. Leaves about as wide long, the sinus broad and shallow; gemmae greenish or yellowish green.............L. ventricosa Lophozia ventricosa (Dicks.) Dum. Fig. 38: 5-8 On moist, shaded rocks, decaying logs and peaty soil. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, TN, MI, WI, MN, MB, CO, MT, ID and CA. D. Leaves much longer than wide, the sinus narrow and deep; gemmae orange or reddish brown..............s.sssessssessssesssssssssssse.....L. longidens Lophozia longidens (Lindb.) Mac. Fig. 38: 9-12 On acidic rocks, decaying wood and bases of trees. NF, NS, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to CT, NY, MI, WI and MN; in the West from BC to AT, south to OR, ID, MT and CO. 7292, Leaves undivided or nearly SOs crsisie ever ere aucvercusiel cloieuelelicuateroteieceitetelelie: oc’ 16 cleleneleveveleceve-sreerenerZiey LD Leaves 2-4 LODEde sens es else -cechebee moment elaten element enlaie ts es os. 0.0.0 0 00e 210 23. Rhizoids purple or violet; leaves wavy or ruffled When dresse. ets «100 ole se eee oo 0 se e1o10 1e 1e» 0 0 01e else osisiele sles oes cie sees FOSSOMDEONT A Loveolata Fossombronia foveolata Lindb. Fig. 39: 1-4 On damp, sandy soil at lake margins and beside streams. NS, QU, ON--NS to ON, south to NC, TN, MI and WI; in the West from BC to OR. 23. Rhizoids not purple or violet, usually hyaline or brownish; leaves not wavy or ruffled when dry........................ 00e 00024 46 24. Leaves usually with serrated margins......ss.sessesesese....Plagiochila porelloides Plagiochila porelloides (Torrey ex Nees) Lindenb. Fig. 39: 5-6 (Spleenwort Hepatic) On moist rocks and shaded, soil-covered banks, rarely on rotten logs, stumps and bases of trees. NF to MB--GR to MB, south to GA, KY and AR; in the West from AK to SA, south to CA, ID, MT and NM. 24. Leaves with entire margins (female bracts sometimes lilee@))ooonsc0 eeeee eeeeeee sise se se level onel eievetoceretolel ce ele unes elle ae cie sels ele eee 22) 25. Plants green to reddish brown; female bracts ciliate at base; perianth tapered to a ciliate mouth; common, on rotten wood, soil or rocks, never in streams..........+.e++---eJamesoniella autumnalis Jamesoniella autumnalis (DC.) Steph. Fig. 40: 1-3 Usually on decaying logs or acidic rocks, sometimes on shaded banks and occasionally on bases of trees. NF to MB--NF to AK, south to FL, TN, MS, MO, KS, WY, MI, ID and OR. 25. Plants green or some plants reddish with a border of enlarged cells; female bracts entire; perianths truncate or tapered, the mouth entire; infrequent, on rotten wood, soil or rocks, sometimes in streams.................ssessesessssssss.e.....Jungermannia JUNGERMANNTA A. Leaves with a distinct border of large, swollen cells..................e.ssssssssessssssssessssssss...]. gracillima Jungermannia gracillima Sn. Fig. 40: 9-10 a On sandy, loamy or clayey banks. NF to ON-- GR to ON, south to FL, AL, MS, WI and IA. A. Leaves lacking border of enlarged cells... ee ob B. Leaves oblong-oval, often slightly retuse at apex; perianth truncate at apex; plants mostly in mesic habitats....cececcceccccceccceeeede leiantha Jungermannia leiantha Grolle Fig. 40: 4-6 “ft On moist rock, on soil over rock, on decaying logs and on peaty ground in boggy areas. NF, NS, PE, QU, ON--LB to ON, south to GA, AL, MI, WI, MN and KS; in the West from AK and BC, south to CA, ID, MT and UT. B. Leaves cordate to nearly rounded, not retuse at apex; perianth tapered at apex; plants in : aquatic habitats.....seseeeeceeecceveeeeeed. exsertifolia ssp. cordifolia Jungermannia exsertifolia ssp. cordifolia (Dum.) Vana Fig. 40: 7-8 On rocks in or beside silt-free streams. NF, NS, QU, ON--NF to ON, south to CT, NY, MI and WI; in the West from AK to AT, south to CA, ID and CO. 26% Leaves 3-4 1e lietionad onda onondt oo do OIL AO TOO OO OO ow eel 26% Leaves 2 ToObDedeereetreeesctenssmuenesehecests eee ss ee se: oc eee es eee ces ee se se + 2 2) 47 27. Leaf lobes all about the same size........ 5docvcoc +...........Barbilophozia (See p. 43) 27. Leaf lobes unequal in size, the dorsal lobe much FIMOEOTE EMA WA Welaerall Mopaooononon ooo oso odo OUD DOO DINO OOD OO e ele ee ODO ODO ORO + + «20 28. Leaf lobes entire; gemmae reddish brown, sometimes lacking. ......cerccscccvcccccavcerecccvcesccesesscvceccevcsceeeT ritomaria TRITOMARTA A. Leaves as wide or wider than long; gemmae lacking...........s.sesesesesessssesesesesesesesessssse....T. quinquedentata Tritomaria quinquedentata (Hedw.) Buch Fig. 41: 1-3 On basic rock outcrops and around rock pools. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to MB, south to CT, NY, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to BC and AT. A. Leaves longer than wide; gemmae usually present, reddish brown... .1....11. 00.100 MI .N.. LT. exsectiformis Tritomaria exsectiformis (Breidl.) Loeske Fig- 41: 4-6 On decaying logs and peaty soil over acidic cliffs. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--NF to ON, south to MA, NY, MI, WI and IA; also in NC; in the West from AK to YT, south to BC, AT, ID, MT and CO. 28. Leaf lobes toothed; gemmae green or yellowish green, usually present.....ssssssssssssssscsssssessesesesee...-Lophozia (See p. 46) 29. Leaves strongly concave and sac-like, each lobe ending in a long, slender cilium; occurring only ONSÉOEEENNOOde ee -Ceer--re--cer-re--e-re-----r-crr--r-0..........-...-.NONClIIA Curva toler Nowellia curvifolia (Dicks.) Mitt. Fig- 42: 1-3 On moist decaying logs. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to GA, TN and AR. 29. Leaves neither sac-like nor ending in long cilia; On wood and other SUDSIEGAEES ss cic e ce ole clo eee eleeeie o es = eee see e oise o » ccercccevescocew et) 50 LOTOs mhmertOMBovoavooovoovodocoocooocoodondoo0oodddoou0o00900 00000000 00 00 00 010 00 SOR IS ÉtidetihfoiiSicouonocobooou0000000000000D0 00000000 TONOIDOTOPOLOOTOUTTTO O0 00 CCE 31. Leaves deeply divided, 1/3-1/2 their length; gemmae usually present, reddish or purplish brown.........eesssessesseseese.....Anastrophyllum ANASTROPHYLLUM A. Plants small, gemmiferous shoots filiforn, 0.5-1.5 mm wide...........sssssssssssesssssssessessessesses.e.....A. minutum Anastrophyllum minutum (Schreb.) Schust. Fig. 42: 4-6 On peaty soil, often among mosses and on damp, shaded rocks. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--GR to ON, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to WA and ID. A. Plants larger, gemmiferous shoots not filiform, 1.0-2.5 mm wide...................s..ssssesssesse.....A. michauxii 48 Anastrophyllum michauxii (Web.) Buch ex Evans Fig. 42: 7-9 On acidic cliff faces and ledges, sometimes on decaying logs. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--LB to MB, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI, WI and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to WA, ID, AT and WY. 31. Leaves shallowly divided, 1/8-1/3 their length; gemmae lacking.......sessssessssssssssssssssecesessesessssseesesssssse.....e.-Marsupella MARSUPELLA A. Leaves weakly bilobed, the sinus shallow and broad, extending about 1/5 the leaf length, dorsal margin distinctly reflexed...................+..++++..M. emarginata Marsupella emarginata (Ehrh.) Dum. Fig. 43: 1-3 On moist, acid rocks beside streams. NF to ON-- GR to ON, south to GA, TN, MI, and MN; in the West from AK to YT, south to CA, AT, MT and CO. A. Leaves strongly bilobed, the sinus deep and narrow, extending about 1/3 the leaf length, dorsal margin plane.................ess.ssssessss.sss...M. Sphacelata Marsupella sphacelata (Gieseke) Dum. Fig. 43: 4-6 On acidic rocks and cliffs in and along streams, sometimes on dry, sunny cliffs. NF, NS, QU, ON--GR to ON, south to GA and TN; in the West from AK to AT, south to CA and ID. SP eneatmlopesmobtuse con Droad ly LOUNGE scle) slic olelelslelelsiolelelelelelejcielelslele) eee ee cie ele ce ciecele ee: oo 352 Leaf lobes acute to acuminate sis scies sors fee ere ce oeil eee ele tetslels lalots celle ere à aies else eleve 90} 33. Leaves somewhat concave, about as broad as long, the lobes about equal in size... ... soso. oecsece..e.e.Gymnocolea inflata Gymnocolea inflata (Huds.) Buch Fig. 44: 1-3 On humus over wet to moist, acidic rocks and rock outcrops, or sometimes in depressions in bogs. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NJ, PA, MI, MN, SD, WY, AT and CA; also in NC, TN and AR. 33. Leaves flat, much longer than broad, the ventral lobe larger than the dorsal lobe.....................Cladopodiella fluitans (See p. 44) 34. Plants small, usually 0.5-1.0 mm wide, stems transparent; leaves deeply cleft, the lobes often connivent............sssesssssssssssssesesscssssescsscssesessese...Cephalozia CEPHALOZIA A. Leaves deeply divided, the sinus extending 1/2 or more the leaf length, the lobes nonconnivent....s.ssssssssssssssessssssesessssssssscscssssssseCe bicuspidata 49 50 Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.) Dun. Fig. 44: 4-5 On moist, acid rocks, mineral soil and peaty or sandy banks beside streams, sometimes on decaying logs. NF to ON--GR to AK, south to GA, IN, IL, IA, KS, CO, UT, ID and CA. A. Leaves more shallowly divided, the sinus extending less than 1/2 the leaf length, the lobes usually connivent....sssssssssssssesssessssseseses..C. lunulifolia Cephalozia lunulifolia (Dum.) Dum. Fig. 44. 6-7 Most often on decaying wood and in peat bogs, but also on moist rock, in soil-filled rock crevices and on soil banks. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to FL, TN, LA, KS, WY, ID, NV and CA. 34. Plants large, mostly over 1 mm wide, stems opaque; leaves shallowly cleft, without connivent lobes.......s.sessessessssssssssssssssssssssesesesee.Lophozia (See p. 46) & NU WW) 1. Habit of plant with perianths 1-2, Blepharostoma trichophyllum. FIGURE 18. Habit 3. Trichocolea tomentella. 3-4. 2. Leaves (x36). and sporophyte (x23). 4. Leaf (x36). (x2). Sy FIGURE 19. 1-3, Ptilidium ciliare. 1. Habit (x3). 2. Portion of stem (x12). 3. Leaf (x30). 4-6, Ptilidium pulcherrimum. 4. Habit of plant with perianth GO) ie) POLtion of stem (xl2)).) 6 Leaf (x30). 52 oe FIGURE 20. 1-2, Diplophyllum albicans. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 3-4, Diplophyllum apiculatum. 3. Habit (x9). 4. Portion of stem (x18). 5-6, Diplophyllum taxifolium. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Portion of stem (x18). 23 FIGURE 21. 1-4, Scapania irrigua. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of ventral leaf margin (x36). 3. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 4. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 5-8, Scapania paludosa. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Portion of ventral leaf margin (x36). 7. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 8. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 54 FIGURE 22. 1-4, Scapania undulata. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of ventral leaf margin (x36). 3. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 4. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 5-8, Scapania nemorosa. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Portion of ventral leaf margin (x36). 7. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 8. Gemmae on leaves (x18). 55 FIGURE 23. 1-3, Scapania paludicola. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 4-6, Scapania umbrosa. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Dorsal view of leaves (x18, x36). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x18, x36). 56 FIGURE 24. 1-3, Scapania gymnostomophila. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (xl8, x36). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x18, x36). 4-6, Scapania mucronata. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Dorsal view of leaves (x18, x36). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x18, x36). 57 FIGURE 25. 1-4, Radula complanata. 1. Habit of plant with perianth and sporophyte (x18). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x23). 3. Ventral view of leaf (x36). 4. Dorsal view of leaf with gemmae (x36). 5-6, Lejeunea cavifolia. 5. Habit of plant with perianth (xl8). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 58 &é 3 > 2) FIGURE 26. 1-3, Porella platyphylloidea. 1. Habit (x4). (x9). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x9, x18). view of leaves (x9). 7-8, Porella pinnata. 5. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 7. Dorsal view of leaves (x9). Ar ju » AY ey D 2 4 5 Ni Be rs 8) oe 2. Dorsal view of leaves 4-6, Porella platyphylla. 4. Dorsal 6. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 8. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 59 FIGURE 27. 1-3, Frullania tamarisci ssp. asagrayana. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 4-6, Frullania bolanderi. 4. Dorsal view of leaves (xl8). 5. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 6. Dorsal view of caducous-leaved stem (x18). 60 FIGURE 28. 1-3, Frullania oakesiana. 1. Dorsal view of stem apex with perianth (x18). 2. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 3. Dorsal view of leaves (x36). 4-7, Frullania eboracensis. 4. Dorsal view of stem apex with perianth (x18). 5. Ventral view of stem apex with perianth (xl8). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 7. Dorsal view of leaves (x36). 8-10, Frullania brittoniae. 8. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 9. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 10. Dorsal view of leaves (x36). 61 FIGURE 29. 1-3, Calypogeia muelleriana. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 4-5, Calypogeia integristipula. 4. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 5. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 6-7, Calypogeia neesiana. 6. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 7. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 62 FIGURE 30. 1-3, Bazzania trilobata. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x9). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 4-6, Lepidozia reptans. 4. Habit (x18). 5. Dorsal view of leaves (x36). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 63 FIGURE 31. 1-3, Chiloscyphus pallescens. 1. Habit (x4). (x9). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x9). view of leaves (x9). 64 5. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves 4-6, Chiloscyphus polyanthos. 4. Dorsal 6. Underleaf (x36). FIGURE 32. 1-4, Mylia anomala. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Gemmiferous stem apex (x9). 3. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 4. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 5-7, Tetralophozia setiformis. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 7. Dorsal view of leaves (x36). 65 FIGURE 33. 1-4, Barbilophozia attenuata. 1. Habit with flagellae (x9). 2. Flagellum at stem apex (xl8). 3. Dorsal view of leaves (xl8). 4. Leaf (x36). 5-7, Barbilophozia barbata. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Dorsal view of leaves (xl8). 7. Leaf (x36). 66 FIGURE 34. 1-4, Barbilophozia hatcheri. 1. Habit of plant with perianth (x9). 2. Gemmiferous stem apex (x9). Barbilophozia lycopodioides. Sim healt @xil/8))i. 5. Habit (x9). 4. Underleaf (x36). 5-7, Dear xls) 7. Underleaf (x36). 67 FIGURE 35. 1-3, Cladopodiella fluitans. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaf (x36). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 4-6, Harpanthus scutatus. 4. Habit (xl8). 5. Dorsal view of leaf (x36). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 7-9, Geocalyx graveolens. 7. Habit (x18). 8. Dorsal view of leaf (x36). 9. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 68 FIGURE 36. gemmae (x36). heterophylla. (x36). 1-3, Lophocolea minor. 1. Habit (x9). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 2. Dorsal view of leaves with 3. Ventral view of leaves with gemmae (x36). 4-6, Lophocolea 4. Habit of plant with perianth (x9). 5. Dorsal view of leaves 69 FIGURE 37. 1-3, Lophozia rutheana. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 4-7, Lophozia heterocolpos. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Gemmiferous stem apex (x18). 6. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 7. Ventral view of of leaves (x18). 70 FIGURE 38. 1-4, Lophozia incisa. 1. Habit of plant with perianth (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 4. Leaf (x18). 5-8, Lophozia ventricosa. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 7. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 8. Leaf (xl8). 9-12, Lophozia longidens. 9. Habit (x9). 10. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 11. Ventral view of leaves (x18). 12. Leaf (x18). j'il FIGURE 39. 1-4, Fossombronia foveolata. 1. Habit, wet (x18). 3. Habit, side view (x9). 4. Dorsal view of leaves (x36). porelloides. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Dorsal view of leaf (x18). Ae Vielen Chay (Gdlte)))o 5-6, Plagiochila FIGURE 40. 1-3, Jamesoniella autumnalis. 2. Perianth and female bracts (x18). 4. Habit of plant with perianth (x9). 8. Leaves (x9). 9-10, Jungermannia gracillima. 1. Habit of plant with perianth (x9). Sh ere (GAs) G 4-6, Jungermannia leiantha. 5. Perianth and female bracts (x18). 6. Leaves (xl8). 7-8, Jungermannia exsertifolia ssp. cordifolia. 7. Habit (x9). 9. Habit (x9). 10. Leaf (x18). 73 FIGURE 41. 1-3, Tritomaria quinquedentata. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 3. Leaf (x36). 4-6, Tritomaria exsectiformis. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Dorsal view of leaves (xl8). 6. Leaves (x36). 74 FIGURE 42. 1-3, Nowellia curvifolia. 1. Habit (xl8). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x36). 3. Leaves (x36). 4-6, Anastrophyllum minutum. 4. Habit (x18). 5. Dorsal view of leaves with gemmae (x36). 6. Leaves (x36). 7-9, Anastrophyllum michauxii. 7. Habit (x18). 8. Dorsal view of leaves with gemmae (x36). 9. Leaves (x36). 75 FIGURE 43. 1-3, Marsupella emarginata. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 3. Leaves (x36). 4-6, Marsupella sphacelata. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Dorsal view of leaves (x18). 6. Leaves (x36). 76 FIGURE 44. 1-3, Gymnocolea inflata. 1. Habit (x18). 3. Leaves (x36). 5. Leaves (x36). 4-5, Cephalozia bicuspidata. 6-7, Cephalozia lunulifolia. 2. Dorsal view of leaves (x36). 4. Habit of plant with perianth (x18). 6. Habit (xl8). 7. Leaves (x36). 771 IV. Key to Mosses (Division Bryophyta) 1. Plants with 3-several branches in fascicles, the branches crowded near the stem apex to form a tuft; in bogs, swamps, lakes, wet depressions in woods, or other wet habitats.......... soso. se. 500000000000 soso... .Sphagnum A. Ge Gre SPHAGNUM (Peat or Bog Moss) Branches (as seen below stem apex) in ragciciles OF OR IlDocoo0d0 00000000000 0D ODO DO OODO DOOD O OOD 00000000 00e EE Sphagnum wulfianum Girg. Fig. 45: 6-9 it Over damp humus in boggy forests. NF to MB-- GR to BC, south to PA, OH, MI, WI and MN. Branches (as seen below stem apex) in fascicles of PES 0 008 00 0 18 00 do Do aero ne Coke eke ten siaieve D ener é levetevial (ere Storer. B. Branch leaves squarrose, green or yellowish BreeMecccncccecccvccscesscssveccccsecccccscccvcceceeds SQUATTOSUIM Sphagnum squarrosum Crome Fig. 45: 1-5 Re In wet coniferous woods, cedar swamps and at margins of streams. NF to MB--GR to AK, south in the mountains to NC and TN; also in OH, MI, IL, MN, CO, ID, AZ and CA. B. Branch leaves not squarrose, usually reddish or PMs pees terete! olelelols lols slolclokeloKelelel sliclslelolelolel ele! ole lelclelslele)cleliolelolelateleleialetersielG Branch leaves cucullate, almost as broad as long.............sessesssssssssssssssssssssssessssssese..eS. magellanicum Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. Fig. 46: 1-4 In hummocks in open areas of bogs, sometimes in fens. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to FL, KY, IA, TX, ID and CA. Branch leaves not cucullate, longer than broad.........esesee S. capillifolium Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw. Fig. 46: 5-8 In hummocks in bogs and fens and in wet depressions, on humus and wet rocks in woods. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, MI, IN, WI, MN, AR, KS, CO, MT and WA. 1. Plants without branches in fascicles; “often-in-dry-habitats..... 0... 0.0... 2. Plants erect, small, stems less than 2 cm high, brown to reddish brown or black, leaves often without a costa; capsules eperistomate, opening most of their length by 4 longitudinal slits when dry; on noncalcareous rock......s.eessv.sseesese..-Andreaea ANDREAEA A. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ecostate; 78 COMMON... soso seseeeeeeessesseeÂe rupestris 3. Andreaea rupestris Hedw. Fig. 47: 1-5 On exposed, acidic boulders and cliffs. NF to MB-- GR to AK, south to GA, MI, MN, CO and northern CA. A. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, costate; rare... A. rothii Andreaea rothii Web. & Mohr Fig. 47: 6-9 On shaded, acidic boulders and cliffs. NF, NB, NS, ON--GR to ON and MI, south in the mountains to GA and TN; in the West from AK to northern CA. 2. Plants otherwise; capsules peristomate or eperistomate, opening by an Operculum....ccccccecccccccccccccccressccveccrcsesscscceed Plants apparently lacking leaves; capsules large and prominent with a somewhat flattened upper surface, 5-7 mm long, on long, warty Set ae.cececccccecccccscccccccccccccscceeee es buxbaumia aphylla Buxbaumia aphylla Hedw. Fig. 48: 1-4 (Bug-on-a-Stick Moss) A rare and unusual moss on humus in woods, soil under shrubs and on stumps and logs. NF to ON--NF to AK, south to NC, MI, IL, IA, CO, MT and WA. Plants with conspicuous leaves; capsules usually smaller..........s.sesesesesseossee ced MRPeAves inl EWONGiS Cin tim ROWS ciele ciel see eco sec eee: ele) clcvelelel oieieteleler BOODDE OOD DOO DORDU OOO OOS fee Leaves in more than two LOWS? acl dic wl ie a ones Ts de RAR TS SSSR SE La sad M Se es 0 Leaves broad, often over 1 mm wide, with a flap fused onto the upper surface to form a large Sheath....cceceeceeeceeceeeeFissidens adiantoides Fissidens adiantoides Hedw. Fig. 49: 1-3 In woods on moist soil banks, rotten logs, humus, woody debris, or often on calcareous rocks and cliffs beside streams, sometimes in the spray of waterfalls. NF to ON--GR to ON and MN, south to FL, LA and AR; in the West from AK to CA; also in WY. Leaves narrow, less than 1 mm wide, lacking flap..................Distichium capillaceum Distichium capillaceum (Hedw.) B.S.G. Fig. 49: 4-6 On calcareous rock, primarily in cliff crevices, sometimes on soil or humus over rock. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NY, MI, IA, SD, NM, AZ and CA. 6. Plants with a large ovoid capsule, lacking seta and immersed among bristle-tipped leaves......sessesssseesees +++.--Diphyscium foliosum - Diphyscium foliosum (Hedw.) Mohr Fig. 48: 5-10 (Grain of Wheat Moss) On clay banks in woods and soil over rocks, often near creeks. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to GA, LA, AR and OK; also in AK and BC. 6. Plants usually with a small capsule and a prominent seta, or if lacking seta, capsule not ovoid and plants without bristlle-tipped leaves... 1... 00... 0.0 00 ° 00 0.00 07 Plants greenish white, usually 3-6 cm high, in large, rounded, dense cushions on the ground; leaves close, tubulose..................Leucobryum glaucum 79 Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Angstr. ex Fries Fig. 50: 1-4 (Pin Cushion Moss) On moist soil or humus, frequently on slopes in woods, occasionally in swampy woods or woods beside lakes. NF to MB--NF to MB, south to FL, MS, LA and OK. 7. Plants not greenish white or if so, not in dense CUEING AMG! FAEMOCIE EMlNNIOHE WOEWES CREER = ere selles ODODOOOOUO OD OU OO OOO OOD OD DOOO e + + 0 «+ 19 8. Plants in tufts and cushions, main stems erect, or nearly so, simple or with only a few branches, the branches sometimes short and tuft-like; costae usually prominent, single; sporophytes arising from stem apices On Ehe apices of branches) bellow (acrocarpous MOSSES) ...sccccecececaccccccscessesceeed Plants in mats, main stems prostrate or nearly so, sometimes with erect tips, usually much branched, often pinnate or rarely simple and if so, the stems long and intertwined; costae often indistinct, single, double or frequently lacking; sporophytes arising from main stem somewhere below apex (pleurocarpous MOSSES) .eccesecccccccsceccvveeseeses e 38 Gemmae cups (formed by apical leaves) present at the tips of gemmiferous shoots; capsules cylindric with 4 large peristome teeth; common, usually on rotten wood.............eTetraphis pellucida Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. Fig. 50: 5-10 Usually on coniferous rotten wood, such as logs, tree trunks, stumps, sometimes on woody humus, rarely on moist sandstone. NF to MB--LB to AK, south to SC, AL, AR, SD, CO, AZ and CA. 9. Gemmae cups lacking; peristome teeth 16 or more; on various SUDEULAE ASE esse es ess sie gate rsiele later elalee terre eus toterelers etetens aletorenele re ere ss) sta 2 lotete een D 10. 10. Leaves with lamellae on upper surface; peristome teeth attached by their tips to a membrane covering the mouth of the capsule......sssesssssssesessssessessesescesecsccecsecell Leaves lacking lamellae; peristome teeth, if present, not attached to a membrane....ccccccccccccvccccccccccccccccccccccesccccccels 11. Lamellae few, less than 10; leaves undulate, crisped or contorted when dry, costae narrow; calyptrae hispid, not INEBLIA7S 6 COO OOD DOOD DODO DODD DODD DODO DOODDOODNOOSDO OOH OOOO OOOO 00000000 O/MeIaLelyiin 80 ATRICHUM A. Leaves broad, usually less than 4 times as long as wide, without teeth on back of lamina (sometimes a few teeth on back of COSTA) eoeeserceccveccceecseeecceAs crispum Atrichum crispum (James) Sull. Fig. 51: 1-3 Usually on sandy soil along streams, in disturbed fields and roadside ditches, sometimes at margins of swamps. NB, NS, PE, QU, ON--NS to ON, south to FL, TN and IA. A. Leaves narrow, usually more than 5 times as long as wide, with rows of teeth on back of lamina......ssssssssosesscceeeeB B. Plants small, stems up to 3 cm high, sparsely leaved, often producing sporophytes; usually in dry habitats in woodlands and along roads.........ssesssessessesesse..A. altecristatum Atrichum altecristatum (Ren. & Card.) Smyth & Smyth Fig. 51: 4-8 On soil banks or hummocks, often in clearings in woodlands, frequently along roads or trails. NF to MB--NF to MB, south to NC, TN, AR and KS. B. Plants large, stems up to 6 cm high, densely leaved, rarely producing sporophytes; mainly in wet habitats, along streams and at margins of SwampS...eseeecceeeeseeeeeA. oerstedianum Atrichum oerstedianum (C. Miill.) Mitt. Fig. 52: 1-3 On soil in moist, shaded habitats or in extremely wet habitats along streams, beside falls and at margins of swamps. NF to ON-- LB to ON, south to NC, TN, MS and LA. 11. Lamellae numerous, more than 10; leaves rigid, not undulate, scarcely contorted when dry, costae broad; calyptrae INENIEV75 OOOO DDD ODDDDDDUDDDDODDDODDNDD DODD DD CODD D ODD OOO DO ODD DDD DODD DDDOCDDOO OO 12. Stems simple; leaves sometimes with a reddish or whitish awn; capsules 4-angled............ss.ssssssssssssssessssssee.Polytrichum POLYTRICHUM (Hair-Cap Moss) A. Leaf lamina with entire and infolded margins that cover lamellae... sonore eB A. Leaf lamina with margins serrate to middle ane nor rcilcdecdeuccoscéconococcocoécocvuouoocovotaccocouoodobccocéocooccovoocall B. Leaves ending in a whitish hair point.............seessss....P. piliferum Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. Fig. 52: 4-8 On sandy or gravelly soil in open, often disturbed sites, especially fields, roadbanks, and borrow pits. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, TN, LA, CO, UT and CA. B. Leaves ending in a reddish hair point (sometimes whitish at DASE) ten sels cie sistetetele ie ctotetelonstelote cha chetavohe) clcie elec e seit G C. Stems long, often over 5 cm high, commonly matted with whitish rhizoids; leaves erect-imbricate when dry; plants of bogs.......sssssssssss.eesss.P. Strictum Polytrichum strictum Brid. Fig. 53: 1-5 In bogs or at margins of bogs in hummocks, often among Sphagnum. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to GA, OH, MI, IL, MN, CO, MT and WA. C. Stems short, seldom up to 5 cm, rhizoids scarcely noticeable; leaves spreading; Plants of dry habitats.............sss.ssssssssessssssssssss..P. juniperinum Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. Fig. 53: 6-9 Usually on soil or soil over rock in dry, open, mainly disturbed habitats, such as roadbanks, logged woodlands, pastures, etc. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to GA, AL, AR, KS, CO, AZ and CA. 81 1153 ES) 82 D. Capsules short, about as long as wide........ AODODOOOOC eeeeeeeeP.e commune Polytrichum commune Hedw. Fig. 54: 1-5 5 On soil or humus in bogs, wet woods, swamps, or sometimes drier habitats, such as trails and roadside banks. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to FL, MS, LA, TX, CO, AZ and CA. D. Capsules elongate, definitely longer nan éltlèoocooocooocodabodooaccodooconooo onoc oo ss... P. ohioense Polytrichum ohioense Ren. & Card. Fig. 54: 6-9 a On soil or humus over boulders, stumps and overturned tree roots in woodlands. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to GA, AL, MS, AR and OK; also in NM. 12. Stems simple or sometimes branched; leaves without awn; capsules terete.....esssosssesessosesssessesssereseeseceeeeee.POgonatum POGONATUM A. Plants large, stems 2-9 cm high, branched; on soil over boulders, cliff shelves and in cliff crevices............sssssesssssssesssssssssessessscscseesPe alpinum Pogonatum alpinum (Hedw.) Rohl. Fig. 55: 1-4 On soil over boulders, cliff shelves and in cliff crevices, predominantly near streams in coniferous woods. NF to ON--GR to AK, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, WV, MI, MN, CO, UT, ID and CA. A. Plants small, stems 0.1-0.6 cm high, simple; the persistent protonema forming a greenish coating on soil; on bare clay banks along roads, streams and in wooded clearings.......+..sseeeeeee+--P. pensilvanicum Pogonatum pensilvanicum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. Fig. 55: 5-9 On bare clay banks in open habitats, such as roadsides, streams and woodland clearings. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to FL, MS, LA and KS. Leaves narrow, often subulate, 10-20 or more times as long as leaf width near middle; costae usually coverinesmost of eatmne ar mid dlleleialolcleleloleielelclelelelelelelalelolaleleialclelelelo/eleleloielels)c)c/elclclelolels/e/e/efelateren lick Leaves broad, lanceolate, ovate, obovate or oblong, mostly less than 10 times as long as broad; costae often covering only a small portion of leaf near middle......ccecececccccccevevcsces eld 14. Leaves squarrose, with an enlarged base clasping the stem; capsules horizontal, strumose; usually ON WOOd....ssssssessessssssesseesessesssssssessessssseses.e-Oncophorus wahlenbergii Oncophorus wahlenbergii Brid. Fig. 56: 1-4 On rotten logs, stumps and tree bases, or sometimes on soil or humus over rock, in coniferous woods. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to WV, MI, MN, SD, CO, MT and BC. 14. Leaves not squarrose or if squarrose, without enlarged clasping base; capsules erect to horizontal, struma lacking or indistinct; on A varlety Of BUDBÉTAEAR. ciclo eee esse se sie c/als's coches clele alolaleleic o,elele olele\'s ee 0:6 see 5 + + 9 0 0 0 01 01e 1 15. Alar cells noticeably differentiated, often inflated and red or “oranges... 1... 1... ee. sialetelalotelotclclslaletclehele| ctsletelerolclelotelere "10 15. Alar cells not noticeably differentiated....... skelictetovevehelatecehetore afollelells esse os ee ces De eee os lO 16. Leaves short, about 3 mm long, entire; stems short, about 2 cm high, red; capsules rare, short, pyriform; on rock along streams and near waterfalls.... co... cle 0.0 0.0.0 0.0 °.0.0.e.0.0,0 0,0 ,e,+,0,+,0,+.e..e...e BLINAIA acuta Blindia acuta (Hedw.) B.S.G. Fig. 56: 5-7 On wet boulders, cliff faces and ledges, frequently near waterfalls. NF to ON--GR to AK, south in the mountains and northern states to SC, TN, ML, WI, MN, CO, MI, ID and CA. 16. Leaves long, mostly more than 3 mm, serrate on margins and back of costa; stems long, nearly always more than 2 cm high, usually green or brown; capsules common, long, cylindric; on rock OEMVAEHOUSMSUDS tical taletelelslslelcletelolelclatolalelelsiolelolotclelolsheleholsistolaisielelaleleletelelolelelelolelsicleteneletstctotenerel a7, 17. Costae broad, occupying about 2/3 of leaf at base and nearly all the leaf near the middle; capsules straight, erect; usually on rock...........sesesssssssssssssssesses.e..Paraleucobryum longifolium Paraleucobryum longifolium (Hedw.) Loeske Fig. 57: 1-3 Usually on soil over acidic boulders and cliffs, sometimes on tree trunks, stumps and logs. NF to MB-- GR to AK, south in the mountains and northern states to GA, TN, MI, WI, MN, SD, NM and AZ. 17. Costae narrow, occupying about 1/3 of leaf at base and usually less above; capsules straight to arcuate, erect OL inclined: On Various SUDSterat:alclalelelelalelelalele/ ele clollelicl olelelele/ clelelelclelelelclele sielelieien D LChanum DICRANUM A. Plants with sporophytes often clustered 15 ns ponlcnéetiléiogacootoocoovosoooocoodododoeocoudooocoddoucovuobodcocodouls A. Plants with sporophytes solitary in the POT LCA alc telelslelclele lols] otsvelelslclstolelelelaleliefoleietelelalolelelaloteleleretolclalelersteleisletevatalalctelell oteletalelelene B. Leaves strongly undulate, glossy, margins strongly toothed in upper half.............s....ss..ses....D. polysetum Dicranum polysetum Sw. Fig. 57: 4-7 On soil or humus in woodlands, sometimes in swamps and at margins of bogs. NF to MB--NF to AK, south to NC, MI, IL, MO, SD, WY and WA. B. Leaves smooth or weakly undulate, dull, Margins weakly toothed...............s..s.sesss.sess.e.....D. ontariense Dicranum ontariense Peters. Fig. 59: 1-4 On humus in coniferous woods, rarely at margins of bogs. NF to MB--NF to SA, south to ME, NH, NY, OH, MI, WI and MN. C. Capsules straight, erect; 1-6 terete, microphyllous branchlets often present in some leaf axils................s.ssessssssesssssessssess....D. flagellare 83 19. ILS) 84 Dicranum flagellare Hedw. Fig. 59: 5-7 Commonly on rotting stumps and logs, rarely on humus or soil over rock. NF to MB--LB to BC, south to FL, AL, LA, SD and MT. C. Capsules curved, inclined to horizontal; MLcrOphys sous mp EANCM Let sil ACRÉINEEN RER Tee ce etes ele) see se sie eee ee eee ee + s + ee 1) D. Leaves often over 6 mm long, strongly serrate on margins and back of costa, scarcely crisped when dry; capsules Vong MOfEen Over MN, MONSENUMOSENE se se ee fee se eee (e eee fe + oe De scoparium Dicranum scoparium Hedw. Fig. 58: 1-3 a (Broom Moss) Usually on soil or humus in forests, sometimes on rotting logs and stumps or humus over rock. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to FL, AL, LA, SD, NM, AZ and OR. D. Leaves usually less than 6 mm long, weakly serrate, strongly crisped when dry; capsules short, seldom reaching SANT ON SÉEUMOSERLCE Eee ceee- cel ---------....7-.....-.--D TUSCESCENS Dicranum fuscescens Turn. Fig. 58: 4-6 “i Commonly on rotten stumps or logs, sometimes on bases of trees, soil or humus on banks or over boulders, rarely in hummocks in bogs. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, TN, MI, WI, MN, MB, SA, NM, ID and CA. 18. Capsules distinctly narrowed at neck that is nearly as long as the urn (especially noticeable rien aliay))s lenves entilt@scouvuoooovocooooonooocoboosseooooodovocoovcodocovovacouool® 18. Capsules not narrowed at neck; leaves entire Or ÉCRACOooooocoocooooccodovoov0vovonob00b0Boococboo0000000000VODO 00000000 0000000 020) Capsules cylindric, strumose, erect to somewhat inclined....s...ssssossssosessosesessosseseseosesessesessesse......Trematodon ambiguus Trematodon ambiguus (Hedw.) Hornsch. Fig. 60: 1-3 (Long-Necked Moss) On predominantly clay soil in open disturbed sites, especially roadside banks and ditches, clearings in woods, stream banks and fields. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to NH, NY, PA, MI, WI and MN; also in AK and BC. Capsules pyriform, not strumose, horizontal to pendulous........esssssssesossssssssssseessssessessssesssssseee....Leptobryum pyriforme Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wils. Fig. 60: 4-6 On soil, rock or rotten wood, often in burned-over or disturbed habitats; common in greenhouses. NF to MB-- Throughout most of North America. 20. Leaves with recurved, serrate margins; capsules globose OF NEATLY SOc ono 01 vic 00.00 010 60,0610 610:01610.6 0 o else sejo 0 oo o0 0 + oo sos se 21 20. Leaves with plane or incurved margins, entire or indistinctly serrate near apex; capsules CYAN ET Cine «6510 see. -pee hole teotecrocesseseceotessssescees 27 21. Leaves light green, mostly 4 mm long or more, crisped and contorted when dry, base sheathing stem; common, on noncalcareous LOCK. cesecccccccccccccccccceccccccscceeceeebartramia pomiformis Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. Fig. 61: 1-4 (Apple Moss) On soil or humus over boulders, on cliff ledges or in crevices, often along streams. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to GA, AL, AR, OK, MT and OR. 21. Leaves dark green to yellowish green, seldom reaching 4 mm in length, weakly contorted when dry, base not sheathing stem; frequent, on calcareous TOCKs sssssssssssssssoossssesssssssssesssssssssessse.....Plagiopus oederiana Plagiopus oederiana (Brid.) Limpr. Fig. 61: 5-8 On calcareous cliffs and boulders, especially along streams. NF to ON--GR to AK, south to VA, IN, IA, CO, ID and OR. 22. Leaves with a V-shaped region of hyaline cells at base, dorsal surface with a dull lamina and a distinctly shiny costa, many leaves with broken tips and missing POTELONS. 6.6... 6.6.1. oe clos ee ee eee ee +... 0.0, e + °° » olORtella TORTELLA A. Leaves with upper portion often broken off.....................T. fragilis Tortella fragilis (Drumm.) Limpr. Fig. 62: 1-2 On calcareous soil or rock, often on cliff ledges or in crevices. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NJ, NC, TN, IA, NE, CO, ID and OR. A. Leaves usually intact..........s..sssssssssssessssssesesessss... T. tortuosa Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. Fig. 62: 3-6 A calciphile usually on cliffs, rock outcrops and boulders, rarely on soil over rotten stumps. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, TN, MIS ALL, LAS SD CO); UL, "IDE andiORS 22. Leaves lacking V-shaped region of cells and differentiated lamina and costa seldom broken..." 0-7." eee ee cesse 7 23. Peristome teeth filiform, capsules not contracted under mouth when Ch TE SO CO OC OO ICO DDC els) e C0 D DO 0 0 00 0 000 O0 DD 0 CON 0 OI} tira Chum DITRICHUM A. Stems usually tomentose, often over 1 cm high; leaves 2-7 mm long; sporophytes rarely produced; on calcareous rock or soil over rock.............s+...e...+..D. flexicaule Ditrichum flexicaule (Schwaegr.) Hampe Fig. 63: 1-3 On calcareous soil or rock, especially on bluffs, cliff shelves or in cliff crevices. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NS, VT, MI, MN, IA, CO, ID and WA. 85 A. Stems not tomentose, seldom reaching 1 cm high; leaves 1-2 mm long; sporophytes COMMON MONMACTIANCHESOMISDANKSE Ce eee. ee eee ee. 0 0.0 0 0. se +... D. Lineare Ditrichum lineare (Sw.) Lindb. Fig. 63: 4-6 hs Frequently on clay, sand or gravelly soil banks in wooded clearings, along trails, roads or in other disturbed habitats. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to FL, TN, IN and AR. 23. Peristome teeth lanceolate, capsules usually contracted Under sMOUEn) WHEN) AT... eee eee ee ee. sees ee se. + + + « + ee + + + + oDicranella DICRANELLA A. Capsules strongly contracted under a portion of mouth when dry; setae yellow to brown..........++.+++++..D. heteromalla Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schimp. Fig. 64: 1-3 On soil banks in woods and along roads, sometimes on hummocks in woods or on soil over stumps and logs, occasionally in rock crevices or soil pockets of boulders especially along streams. NF to MB--NF to MB, south to FL and TX; in the West from AK to CA. A. Capsules scaracely contracted under mouth when dry; setae red.............ssssssssssssssessssssssssesssesss.eD. Varia Dicranella varia (Hedw.) Schimp. Fig. 64: 4-6 On clay or sandy and gravelly soil banks along rivers, roads or in woods. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to FL, IN, LA, OK, NM and CA. 24. Alar cells strongly differentiated, inflated Often red OF OFAN... ceccccccccecccccccccccccccccceoccccceseeceDicranum (See p. 83) 24. Alar cells not noticeably differentiated... ...ccsccscvvcvvccccvcceevccsessecesceedd 257 Leaves entire or nearly so at APCKe ose soso cesse ce e206 2 Leaves serrate On COOENed At APE Xe oie\c/ eee eee siecle es oieoe ele ele ee - = es ele oele see elee eee e1ele tt 26. Leaves with a differentiated marginal border of a lighter colour and often thickness than the lamina....cccccccccccccccccccccccccveal 26. Leaves lacking differentiated border. ....ccececccccccccccccccccccvcccccceeevcs ce 28 27. Leaves lanceolate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, seldom more than 1 mm wide, acute to acuminate, often with a long-excurrent costa.......ssssssssssssessssssesssssssscessoesseeseeeBTyUM BRYUM A. Plants silvery-white, stems short, 0.4-1.0 cm high, leaves nondecurrent, costae ending below apices...........B. argenteum Bryum argenteum Hedw. Fig. 65: 1-3 On predominantly dry soil in disturbed habitats, especially in cracks of sidewalks, along paths, roads and railroads. NF to MB--Throughout most of North America. 86 A. Plants green or sometimes brownish or reddish, stems long, 2-6 cm high, leaves long-decurrent, costae percurrent to short-excurrent.....ssessessseessessee ss. °.....B. pseudotriquetrum Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb. Fig. 65: 4-6 On wet, often sandy soil or humus beside roads, streams or lakes, sometimes on wet boulders and rock ledges that are frequently calcareous, and occasionally on decayed wood in swamps. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to FL, AL, AR, OK, CO, AZ and CA. 27. Leaves obovate to rounded ovate, usually more than 1 mm wide, costa ending below apex or in a short, blunt MULCT Oleic 0): ele clevclelelcictalc) ele sie a oies chelezenctolehetetonerekelerelereneroneiehelerelichetotaretslelcreloreielsierersrerers RNlZOMNIUM RHIZOMNIUM A. Plants large, stems often over 5 cm high and leaves 5-11 mm long; costae often percurrent; rhizoids scattered along lower part of stems.........ess.ssssssssssssssssssessssssess.e....R. appalachianum Rhizomium appalachianum Kop. Fig. 66: 1-2 On wet soil or humus, primarily in swampy forests but often on stream banks and margins of lakes. NF to MB--LB to MB, south to GA, TN, MI, WI and MN. A. Plants small, stems seldom reaching 5 cm high and leaves 3-6 mm long; costae subpercurrent; rhizoids restricted to leaf axils in lower part of stems.............ssessssssesses..e.Re punctatum Rhizomnium punctatum (Hedw.) Kop. Fig. 66: 3-5 On soil, humus, rotten logs and stumps, bases of trees, boulders and cliffs, in woodlands often beside creeks. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to GA, TN and AR; also in BC. 28. Plants on tree trunks, often in small rounded fuLts,, rarely on Fallen trees or rotting Logset een... olelelciviclalels cleleleidiels clals|s)clelcleeleI20 28. Plants on soil, rock, humus, sometimes at bases of trees and over rotting logs but not on tree CrunkS..cececccccccccccccccccccccceeed0 29. Leaves obtuse, margins plane; capsules immersed...............0rthotrichum obtusifolium Orthotrichum obtusifolium Brid. Fig. 67: 4-7 Usually on deciduous tree trunks, especially elm, maple, poplar and willow, rarely on coniferous trunks. NF to MB-- LB to AK, south to NC, TN, MI, MN, NM and CA. 29. Leaves acute, margins recurved; capsules exserted....cccccccccccccceccccccccceeeeeeUlota ULOTA A. Plants with leaves strongly crisped when dry; occurring on tree trunks and limbs.....................+++..+U. crispa Ulota crispa (Hedw.) Brid. Fig. 68: 1-4 On tree trunks and limbs. NF to MB--NF to SA, south to GA, AL, IL and MN. 87 31. ile 88 A. Plants with leaves straight, curved or twisted but not crisped when dry; occurring OM EES EUS einel IGM Oi ieeLel aes ee /e © + «OU 64. Stems pinnate to tripinnately branched, sometimes frondose; stems and branches covered with paraphyllia (white, green, yellow or brown in colour with a haïry, granulan or Cobwebby appearance). 6.6..." eee. eee. 0 64. Stems irregularly branched or rarely pinnately branched but never frondose; paraphyllia lacking or not evident (rhizoids sometimes present which somewhat resemble paraphyllia but they occur only on the main Stem)/c occ. ccc ccc cece cece ccc oo ose» cece cs o °° » 0 00000 65. Stems l-pinnate, with a cobwebby apearance caused by a dense covering of long paraphyllia; plants of wet habitats, especially swampy cedar WoodS.ccccsccccccecccecceeseeeeHelodium blandowii Helodium blandowii (Web. & Mohr) Warnst. Fig. 88: 4-6 In calcareous swamps, fens and pools in woods. NF to MB-- GR to AK, south to NY, OH, MI, WI, MN, CO, AZ and WA. 65. Stems 1-3 pinnate, with a hairy or granular appearance due to short paraphyllia; plants often in dry habitats........s.sesesesseeee..Thuidium THUIDIUM (Fern Moss) A. Plants 1-pinnate........ssssssssseesesesssssosssssssssesesse....T. abietinum Thuidium abietinum (Hedw.) B.S.G. Fig. 89: 1-4 On dry, exposed, calcareous rocks and cliff shelves, on humus on slopes, and on rotten stumps. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to AK, south to VA, IN, IA, SD, CO and AZ. A. Plants 2- or B=DIMNACC ss eicieccc00 010 00 0000 0e 6 6505005 6006 0.5 5 05's see, ee) 96 B. Stem leaves arched and standing out from stem when dry; usually on calcareous substrata.....eesecee+eele recognitum Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Lindb. Fig. 89: 5-7 Zz On calcareous soil, humus, boulders and sometimes on bases of trees in woods. NF to MB--LB to AK, south to GA, TN, AR, OK, MT and BC. B. Stem leaves appressed or slightly spreading from stem when dry; usually on acidic substrata...............ss...ssssssessssecssses..T. delicatulum Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) B.S.G. Fig. 90: 1-3 Usually in wet habitats on acidic substrata, such as humus, soil, boulders, rotten logs and stumps in woods. NF to MB--LB to AK, south to FL, AL, LA and TX; also in AZ. 66. Margins of stem and branch leaves ciliate.......csecececcecceveeceeeethelia hirtella Thelia hirtella (Hedw.) Sull. Fig. 90: 4-6 On bases of deciduous trees. NB, NS, QU, ON--Southern NS to southern ON, south to FL, MS, LA and TX. 66. Margins of stem and branch leaves not Ciliate... ..cccccccccccccccecccccccccccecc .07 67. Stems much branched, covered with a mat of brown rhizoids that are lacking on branches; plants of calcareous swampS and fens.................esesssssssssssss.ss......Tomenthypnum nitens Tomenthypnum nitens (Hedw.) Loeske Fig. 91: 1-4 In calcareous swamps and fens. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB-- GR to AK, south to NJ, PA, MI, WI, MN, CO and WA. 67. Stems irregularly branched or if subpinnately branched, with few or no rhizoids; plants of various joel op 8 or | or eee ROR ICR ORCA ROE MEE CRC I eC RORCRCECI I re EUR iC BEC ie ete a conclu Neural ote; 68. Leaves squarrose..........ssssesssesssesscesesessessses.ee..Campylium chrysophyllum Campylium chrysophyllum (Brid.) J. Lange Fig. 91: 5-8 On calcareous or noncalcareous rocks and soil, rotten wood and bases of trees. NF to MB--LB to YT, south to FL, LA, TX and AZ. 68. Leaves not TE OIGoocoooovoovooodooovo0dovoooo0o0oo0voLo0VDo00Lovo0o00000000000 00) 69. Stem leaves with an obtuse apex, often broad and entire.....sssssssesossessseseseses 70 Gepeotemeteaves) with an acute’ apex........ 6.2.0... eee 00e se eee ccsioesccs 6171 70. Plants of wet habitats (bogs, swamps, fens, etc.)..........s.se..ese.....Calliergon CALLIERGON A. Leaves appressed throughout the stems; costae reaching 3/4 the length of the leaves.........sssssssessssesssssssesessssssessssesesessseesseeC. Stramineum Calliergon stramineum (Brid.) Kindb. Fig. 93: 1-3 In bogs, fens, at margins of lakes and in shallow pools. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NY, MI, WI, CO, MT and OR. 97 (ake 11e 713% A. Leaves spreading or often appressed only at stem and branch apices; costae percurrent or ending just below apices......... 000000000006000 So0B000000000c B B. Stems irregularly branched with few branches; stem leaves narrow, clearly once nan DRO oo 0000000000 0000000007 0000 s..ss......C. cordifolium Calliergon cordifolium (Hedw.) Kindb. Fig. 93: 4-7 In bogs, swamps, drainage ditches and wet depressions. NF to MB--GR to AK, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI, IL, IA, CO, ID and WA. B. Stems often pinnate with numerous branches; stem leaves broad, sometimes nearly as broad as long...............s.sssssesessssesse.e..C. giganteum Calliergon giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb. Fig. 94: 1-3 In bogs, fens, swamps, shallow pools, ponds, and near springs. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NY, PA, MI, WI, MN, CO, ID and WA. 70. Plants of dry habitats, always on limestone.......Anomodon viticulosus (See p. 100) Leaves strongly falcate-secund, especially at stem and branch Elio000000000M00O00A 0000000000 0O0DODA0ODII0O00C OI 0OID0 0000002 LOIMES Mt rolcatccectunloncoucoccobsoonoocooéooccocdooecooimo000m 000000000000 72. Leaves short, seldom over 1 mm long............Brachythecium velutinum (See p. 101) Wo Mentes 106, mocieiky ces Il fim loco occos66 666660660660 050000600000 oc ooooc > Leaves acute to short-acuminate, some narrowly obtuse, smooth; perichaetial leaves long and sheathing, nearly reaching capsule; on bases of trees, shrubs and rocks beside streams....................°+.+...Dichelyma pallescens Dichelyma pallescens B.S.G. Fig. 98: 1-3 In periodically flooded places at margins of ponds and lakes on rocks and branches and bases of bushes and trees. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--NF to ON, south to NY, MI, WI and MN. 73. Leaves long-acuminate; stem leaves sometimes 98 plicate; perichaetial leaves short and not sheathing setae; often in swamps, fens and bogs or sometimes in woodlands on rock, wood or humus...........eesseeesssessesesses.s......Drepanocladus DREPANOCLADUS (Hooked Moss) A. Stem and usually branch leaves plicate; plants green or yellowish green...........ssssssssssssesssse.e..D. uncinatus Drepanocladus uncinatus (Hedw.) Warnst. Fig. 98: 4-7 In coniferous woods on bases of trees, humus, rotten logs, stumps and rocks or occasionally in wet meadows and drainage ditches. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NY, PA, OH, MI, MN, NM, AZ and CA. 75. 75. 77. 77. A. Stem and branch leaves smooth; plants often tinged with red or PUT P Tec Se eeeeisio ele le siele eee se ele scies ee ee cles see. e 11 B. Costae extending 3/4 or more the length Ofsthe leaves... -crerre sosssssssesssssssesessesssse.....D. exannulatus Drepanocladus exannulatus (B.S.G.) Warnst. Fig. 99: 1-4 Often submerged in bogs, swamps, meadows, wet depressions and drainage ditches. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NJ, NY, PA, MI, WI ACOP UT andiCAS B. Costae extending to middle of leaves, rarely beyond..............s.sssssssssssssssssscssssssesssse.eD. fluitans Drepanocladus fluitans (Hedw.) Warnst. Fig. 99: 5-7 In bogs, swamps, wet depressions and at margins of streams and lakes. NF to MB-- GR to AK, south to VA, IN, MN, CO and CA. 74. Plants on rock, usually in streams......... oo ooso eos rec oosocccos ee eee 15 74. Plants on various substrata and if on rock, not in SÉTLEAMS Es soie e cie os eee ss oies 0 0 à see de 0 ne se de se eee cie eee ee ce ee eee eee en eislele ee 0/10 Stems often with a wiry appearance, the basal part of the stem with only the remnants of costae attached; lasves mec 1009 Cm a mn GilGooccosovoccoosocoscoocooooboocoocoonuocoevooouooccuovoo/( Stems without wiry appearance, the entire leaves irraces lentes mod OLtenm lm mms oovonteccocooconotonvococcooocbosdonouococococco//! 76. Leaves with a differentiated marginal border of a different colour and thickness than the restlotitnemleat ste -eee-tecr-ercecrere---rer-recs--ceectetectert:-OClacOMIUM IeSCUr IR Sciaromium lescurii (Sull.) Broth. Fig. 100: 1-4 On rocks and boulders in waterfalls, creeks and rivers. NF, NS, ON, QU--NF to ON, south to GA, AL and AR. 76. Leaves without differentiated marginal border...............Hygroamblystegium tenax Hygroamblystegium tenax (Hedw.) Jenn. Fig. 100: 5-8 On calcareous and noncalcareous boulders, rock ledges and bluffs or rarely woody debris in creeks and rivers. NF to MB--NF to BC, south to FL, AL, LA, TX, NM, AZ and CA. Leaves decurrent..............sssssessesesse.s..e...Brachythecium rivulare (See p. 101) Leaves MONGECUrTENL senc ssh cee cesses RU. De © Hygcohypnum ochraceum Hygrohypnum ochraceum (Turn. ex Wils.) Loeske Fig. 101: 1-4 On soil over acidic rocks in and beside creeks, streams and waterfalls, sometimes beside lakes. NF to ON--GR to ON and MN, south in the mountains to NC and TN; in the West from AK to NT, south to CA, MT and CO. 78. Leaves long in relation to width, 7-15 times as long as wide; plants usually in aquatic habitats, such as swamps, creeks and rivers...................Leptodictyum riparium Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. Fig. 101: 5-8 On rocks and boulders (sometimes calcareous) in and beside creeks and rivers; also on fallen branches and woody debris in swamps and stagnant pools. NF to MB--LB to YT, south to FL, LA, TX, NM, AZ and CA. 99 78. Leaves short in relation to width, mostly less than 7 times as long as wide; plants mostly of GhNy OF MOSLE MellEAESocosug6d ooo OOO DDO OO OD OU see soie ee es ee» ee ee e ce eo à e ce ee 0 0 + o «+ 19 79. Leaves dull when dry, costa bulging on dorsal leaf SURED an RO DA Ghlinra~eme COlOUTMENANMIAMINAS- ...-......-......... 6.666666... ° OÙ 79. Leaves glossy when dry, costa similar in colour © LéniiMAconcoooeovobcooococbodovoba0od0so0000 000000 000 ole c cleelesiseeclec cscs ciccecs ees Oe 80. Leaves acute to nearly obtuse.............esesessssesssssse........Leskea polycarpa Leskea polycarpa Hedw. Fig. 102: 1-4 On bases of trees or decaying logs, often in periodically flooded places. NB, NS, QU, ON, MB-- NS to MB, south to NC, AL, MS, LA and NE; also in BC. 80. Leaves ending in an apiculus or a long, hyaline hair DONNER SOG OO OOO O000 5 OD OO DODO DO0DDDODOD DODO DOD DOU UODUODOOUUODUODOOUOOUDOOIOOOOOO COC)! 81. Leaves (at least many) with a long, hyaline, often toothed APEXS eee os ee eee see se 0 se 0 .s ee eee + ee ee + + + + +. «+ + + + + «+ + - ohh acomitrium (See Pe 93) 81. Leaves apiculate or with a long, smooth hair POUNE coc ccerececccvccccccceccvcvcccccccccccccercccccccscccscccccccvccceccccecese es eANOMOdOn ANOMODON A. Leaves with a long-filiform, hyaline acumen; leaf margins revolute...........s...sssssssesesssss.....A. rostratus Anomodon rostratus (Hedw.) Schimp. Fig. 94: 4-6 On rocks and in cliff crevices that are frequently calcareous, on bases of trees and sometimes on soil and humus. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--NF to SA, south to FL, LA, TX, NM and AZ. A. Leaves apiculate, acute or obtuse; leaf Margins plane... es... ose + se es 0 0 ee o 0 + 0» » 0 + ee eo à ee + se eee.» ele o + °°. ee °° D B. Plants with attenuate branches (especially noticeable when dry); branch leaves gradually narrowed to an acute apex, scarcely contorted when dry; occurring on tree trunks and calcareous and noncalcareous rock......ss..ssessesess.....A. attenuatus Anomodon attenuatus (Hedw.) Hib. Fig. 95: 1-5 On tree trunks, bases of trees, rotten stumps and calcareous and noncalcareous rocks and cliff shelves. NF to MB--NF to MB, south to FL, LA, TX, NM and AZ. B. Plants without attenuate branches; branch leaves obtuse or apiculate, strongly contorted when dry; occuring on calcareous rock..........ss.sse.e...A. Viticulosus Anomodon viticulosus (Hedw.) Hook. & Tayl. Fig. 95: 6-8 On calcareous rocks and cliff ledges, rarely on tree trunks. NB, NS, ON, QU--NS to ON, south NY, TN and AR. 82. Branch leaves broad at apex, acute to narrowly obtuse, strongly serrate, not twisted.....................-Eurhynchium pulchellum 100 Eurhynchium pulchellum (Hedw.) Jenn. Fig. 102: 5-9 On soil, rotten stumps and logs, bases of trees, rock outcrops and on humus over rock. NF to MB-- GR to AK, south to GA, LA, TX, NM, AZ and CA. 82. Branch leaves narrow at apex, acute to acuminate), sometimes stwillsitedicpeisolelolelotolelelelaleloleloielololefolelolsloiatelelsleleleleialctalekelclelelakeloleleleheleieteiciceS 83. Stem leaves smooth, nearly as broad as long, apex often abruptly narrowed, acute and twisted............+.++++.+..Bryhnia novae-angliae Bryhnia novae-angliae (Sull. & Lesq. ex Sull.) Grout Fig. 103: 1-5 On soil, rocks, humus and rotten logs in wet shady places, especially along creeks. NF to ON--NF to ON and WI, south in the mountains to NC, TN and GA; also in MO, AR and CA. 83. Stem leaves often plicate, usually longer than broad, apex usually gradually narrowed, acuminate, straight or sometimes twisted.......sssssssssssssssssssssssssssseseses...-Brachythecium BRACHYTHECIUM A. Plants small, leaves seldom reaching 1.5 mm longMsSetaeSrOULhe Re LL el elstolelel obie siecle cie ele ces cie cecile eee... A. Plants large, leaves usually over 1.5 mm tong, and reaching 3/"mm; setae rough! or ‘smooth... 0... 1e... eee... - C B. Leaves falcate-secund; stem leaves short- decurrent, margins plane or recurved at base.................B. velutinum Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) B.S.G. Fig. 97: 5-8 Mainly in rather dry habitats on soil, often over rock, and on bases of trees. NF to MB-- LB to BC, south to NY, MI, MN, WY, UT and CA. B. Leaves straight or nearly so; stem leaves long-decurrent, margins recurved to leaf middle or above................sssessessssssessese....B. reflexum Brachythecium reflexum (Starke ex Web. & Mohr) B.S.G. Fig. 97: 1-4 ET Usually in dry woods, on bases of trees, rotten logs and stumps and humus over rocks. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to VA, MI, WI, MN and OR. C. Leaves smooth or plicate, stem leaves long- decurrent; setae rough; occurring in wet habitats in and beside creeks, rivers, Springs, etC....ssses.esessss.s....B. rivulare. Brachythecium rivulare B.S.G. Fig. 96: 1-3 On soil, rocks and logs in and beside creeks, rivers, springs and seepy places. NF to MB-- LB to AK, south to NC, AR, NM, AZ, NV and WA. C. Leaves plicate, stem leaves short-decurrent; setae smooth; occurring in dry to mesic habitats...............B. salebrosum Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. & Mohr) B.S.G. Fig. 96: 4-6 Usually in dry, disturbed habitats on rock, soil, humus, rotten stumps and logs and bases of trees. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, TN, LA, TX, CO, AZ and CA. 101 84. Plants aquatic, in flowing water of streams; Stems, long often 10 emyorn mone im l'EnpEN SR see clociviclic cecesisiccciesicceesseFOntinalis FONTINALIS (Water Moss) A. Leaves keeled; plants often yellowish to brownish green.......ssssssssessscssssesesssssssesssssssesseF. antipyretica Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. Fig. 103: 6-8 On boulders and twigs in creeks and ponds. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to AK, south to PA, MI, WL, MN, NM, AZ and CA. A. Leaves concave; plants usually green to browniSh...ccccccccccccccccscccccceesh B. Leaves broad, 2-3 times as long as wide, the margins plane when dry.......ss.ssssssesssssssssese...F. novae-angliae Fontinalis novae-angliae Sull. Fig. 104: 1-3 On rocks in flowing water in creeks and rivers or at margins of lakes. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--NF to MB, south to FL, LA and OK. B. Leaves narrow, 3-5 times as long as wide, the margins sometimes reflexed when dry...ssseeesseeeseeeseeFe dalecarlica Fontinalis dalecarlica Schimp. ex B.S.G. Fig. 104: 4-8 On rocks, branches and logs in running water of creeks and rivers. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to AT, south to FL, TN, WI and MN. 84. Plants not MAL LCIOTO0oL00000000O0UOOOOUOCOTOOCOIOUOOITOVOOTOOOODO TOO OOOOO OU OO D OL) 85. Leaves with whitish tips, those surrounding immersed capsules with cilia on margins; eperistomate; on noncalcareous rock....sssessssesesssssssssesessssscssssssesessesesse...Hedwigia ciliata Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) P. Beauv. Fig. 105: 1-4 On dry, exposed, usually acidic boulders and cliffs. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to AK, south throughout most of the United States. 85. Leaves lacking whitish tips and cilia; peristomate; on various Sib st Case Steetetete tore ele le sletss ee ee es cle o ele se ss sets voles, eco orale es els cie oise ueleis ee O0) 86. Stems and branches with clusters of microphyllous branchlets in leaf axils..cccccccccccccccvcccccccvccceevcccccceeee eds 86. Stems and branches lacking clusters of microphyllous branchlets ine leakmaxill/sieciolcle oleleleoloiclc|c oleic © ole/sole\o\ 010 0)0)0 0 0/010 0 oleic 6..01:101 87. Leaves distant, wide-spreading, stems and branches often visible between leaves; on soil or rock......ss.se.sse.....1Sso0opterygium elegans Isopterygium elegans (Brid.) Lindb. Fig. 105: 5-8 On soil and humus on banks and cliffs in moist woodlands. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to SC, GA, TN and AR; in the West from AK to BC, south to CA. 87. Leaves close, erect, stems and branches not visible between WARTS BODIE AOU OOO DODO OCU orales ss secs se eee JOODCO OOOO RODRIGO HOO OU COO se OÙ 102 88. Leaves smooth, branches straight when dry; often with sporophytes..........sesssesssssssssessessssseses.....Platygyrium repens Platygyrium repens (Brid.) B.S.G. Fig. 106: 1-5 On tree trunks, rotten logs and stumps. NF to MB--NF to MB, south to FL, AL, LA and OK; also in BC, AT and SA. 88. Leaves plicate, branches curved when dry; never with sporophyteS.ccecscccceeccceeeeeeeeeeLeucodon brachypus var. andrewsianus Leucodon brachypus var. andrewsianus Crum & Anders. Fig. 106: 6-9 On tree trunks, rotten logs or sometimes on rock. NF to ON--NF to ON, south to NC, TN and MI. 89. Stems and branches covered with long, branched, white, yellow, or green paraphyllia giving them a cobwebby appearance; stems often frondose, 1-3 pinnate...........s...sssssssssssesse..Hy10comium HYLOCOMIUM A. Stems regularly branched, 2-3 pinnate; stem leaves usually with a long, slender, undulate acumen.......sssssssssssssssssssessssessssesesess.....H. Splendens Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G. Fig. 107: 1-5 (Stair-Step Moss) On humus, rotten logs, soil and rocks in swamps and forests. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, GA, TN, MI, IA, SD, CO, ID and CA. A. Stems irregularly branched, 1-2 pinnate; stem leaves broadly acuminate and not undulate.....s..ssssssesss..eeeeH. umbratum Hylocomium umbratum (Hedw.) B.S.G. Fig. 107: 6-10 On rotten wood and humus over rocks in forests. NF to ON--LB to ON, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN and MI; also in AK and BC. 89. Stems and branches lacking paraphyllia..".. 00.0 00000 00 0 000000000000, .90 90. Plants ItAeeONHorooovceuovobcdovocododooosoooboceo0dooono0ocouvobCooououdo000000 oil 90. Plants not jul'aceous 000 0 ols cs lve oo cle eee ee 0 secs 01e sole oo ee eo ee ee e ele ee ee ee + Ds 91. Plants pinnately Danichedisrerevetel otevctel ol ort olevelcralevel clelel ore’ nec 000000000000 000000000000000000000 Seeeelants irregularly branched sissies cicisc sc eee o es cies Sele cles telalelole o1 oi 01 01 0! 0! 0) 01 0 0 518101 0! 0 010 015 0 94 92. Plants small, stem leaves acuminate, seldom up to 1 mm longe.sssssssssssssssssssesssesssssssesssesesee...Heterocladium dimorphum Heterocladium dimorphum (Brid.) B.S.G. Fig. 108: 1-5 On soil and humus banks, bases of trees and boulders in moist woods. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to NY and MI; in the West from AT to YT, south to MT and OR. 92. Plants robust, stem leaves apiculate, often 1 mm long or nores eds ais co Re RS RS TS Ne d'otoie 93 2. stems and branches orange or red....s1..elseretet ciieclele odleisies set. étre Pleuroziumschreber1i Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. Fig. 108: 6-10 (Red-Stemmed Feather Moss) On humus and soil in woods, occasionally in bogs, 103 sometimes occurring on stumps. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, TN, AR, SD, CO, ID and OR. Sse stems and branches yellow!) OF) Sreen.. wees. .ccecccesciecssesssoesCalliergonella cuspidata Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) Loeske Fig. 109: 1-5 A calciphile occurring in swamps, fens and alkaline bogs. NF to ON--NF to AK, south to NC, TN, MI, MN, WY, ID and CA. Jab Lants areeeestemeeavessOfFenal i mmplongian aces ees es a. wee Gels 2 0006 0 0 10/0 0010 0 010 0 0 010 95 Jet ants small Sstemalenves lesstthantlimmhlongssest rentes. ete ee 0 do 00 0 0 0 5 00696 95. Leaves often short to long-acuminate, contorted when dry, stems often visible between leaves; on soil or humus over rock, sometimes over bases of trees and rotten Wood..........s..sssssssssssssssssssssssssessessssse..e...Plagiothecium PLAGIOTHECIUM A. Plants julaceous to complanate, leaves concave, symmetric, the apices often recurved; capsules erect, often striate when dry........ssssssssssssesssesssse....P. cavifolium Plagiothecium cavifolium (Brid.) Iwats. Fig. 109: 6-9 On soil over cliff ledges, on stumps, rotten wood, bases of trees, clay banks and humus in woods. NF to ON--GR to ON, south to GA, TN and AR; in the West from AK to WA; also in YT, CO and ID. A. Plants complanate, leaves flat, asymmetric, the apices not recurved; capsules erect or inclined, smooth or striate when drycorweececceceecceveccecressseceecesseseseeD B. Leaf margins recurved; capsules inclined, striate when dry...cssssssssssssesesssesesssessessess......P. denticulatum Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) B.S.G. Fig. 110: 1-4 In wet woods on rotten logs, soil, humus and rarely on rocks. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to NC, TN, AR, NM and CA. B. Leaf margins plane; capsules erect, rarely inclined, smooth..............sesesesssesssssssesssse....P. laetum Plagiothecium laetum B.S.G. Fig. 110: 5-8 On rotten logs, stumps, bases of trees, humus and soil on steep banks and over boulders and cliffs in woods. NF to MB-- GR to AK, south to NC, TN, IA, NM and CA. 95. Leaves acute to apiculate, scarcely contorted when dry, stems not visible between leaves; on bases of trees and rotten wood, rarely on rock.......sssessssesesssesseses...-Entodon seductrix Entodon seductrix (Hedw.) C. Mill. Fig. 111: 1-4 On rotten wood, bases of trees, rocks and soil in deciduous woods. QU, ON--QU to ON and MN, south to Fl, LA and TX. 96. Leaves about as broad as long, often ending in a short, hair-like apiculus, margins sometimes Spinose; On; Cal careous) TOCK 61,010 s sisi owe vies sive 00a clelelele etoleletetelelo oteteletelelele ee MYULe mua 104 MYURELLA A. Plants julaceous, leaves close, imbricate, apiculate or sometimes obtuse, margins entire or nearly SO......-. cece cece cere ec cee cere escccecccceesscceeeMe, julacea Myurella julacea (Schwaegr.) B.S.G. Fig. 112: 1-4 In crevices and on soil over ledges of cliffs (usually calcareous), sometimes on rotten logs and stumps and on soil or humus at bases of trees. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to AK, south to CT, NY, MI, WI, MN, CO and OR. A. Plants not or rarely somewhat julaceous, leaves distant, spreading, acuminate, margins often spinulose...............essssssssssssssssesesesse..M. Sibirica Myurella sibirica (C. Mill.) Reim. Fig. 112: 5-7 In crevices and on soil over ledges of calcareous cliffs. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON--NF to ON, south to NC, IN and AR; also in AK, YT and NT. 96. Leaves longer than broad, acute to obtuse, margins entire; on wood or noncalcareous rock.........++++°+++...+Pterigynandrum filiforme Pterigynandrum filiforme Hedw. Fig. 113: 1-3 On acidic boulders and cliffs in woods or occasionally on logs and tree trunks. NF to ON--GR to AK, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI, WI, MN, SD, CO, ID and CA. 97. Plants COMp MANATEE stoles)olalovels!sfolelelolelelelolololsKejelalols elelololefelelolelals}elelclalelelelatelelavelefelolokelo) ofelalellefele!=!s1s)<10 96 OT. Plants not COMPLANAt’s ce ccccccvcccccccccccscccccccc cece 01010 0.0 00 » oo oo 0.0 01010 0 se 1010 0,010 0 + o + L 03 98. Leaves strongly undulate; setae short, capsules immersed; occurring on tree trunks........s.sesessssesssssese.......Neckera pennata Neckera pennata Hedw. Fig. 113: 4-7 On tree trunks or occasionally on rock, rarely on rotten logs. NF to MB--GR to AK and BC, south in the mountains and northern states to NC, TN, MI, WI, MN, NM and AZ. 98. Leaves not undulate; setae long, capsules exserted; occurring On Var OUuSmSUDStrat aiele\cloleleisielclelelelelelelelelelalolelolelolelelel«lelelelclclelsle\elelsieli9 9 99. Leaf apices broad and rounded........ssseveseeeeee.-Homalia trichomanoides (See p. 95) 99. Leaf apices narrow and ACULe RTE ER LME dede RS RE M eleiels GusteavoerserereeelOO 100. Stems and branches orange or red...............e.++++..Pylaisiadelpha recurvans Pylaisiadelpha recurvans (Michx.) Buck Fig. 114: 1-4 On rotten logs, bases of trees, humus and rock. NF to MB--NF to MB, south to FL, AL, IL and IA. HOOEm stems and branches yellowior j@rEeM|s1. clei oleic lolela)/e\elsleleleis\e/s)01s/01e ole/e!e\0\0)s 1s ele)e s/elelele)e .1, 10) 101. Leaves asymmetric.........ssesessssosessessssssesessese.....Plagiothecium (See p. 104) LOW. Leaves SYMME THEA Cialolotelolelslelelslelotslele: lololelolele elekolotolelelelelolele clolelolotslolsioleioielsicieielelelcleiclclciele + 0e © oo ool OZ 102. Leaves acuminate; occurring on soil over calcareous rock, sometimes on bases of trees or rotten WOOd.essssssessssssossssssssessssssessessses.es..Taxiphyllum deplanatum 105 Taxiphyllum deplanatum (Bruch & Schimp. ex Sull.) Fleisch. Fig. 114: 5-8 Usually on-wet, calcareous rock bluffs, sometimes on bases of deciduous trees and rotten wood. NB, QU, ON, MB--NB to SA, south to NC, TN and AR; also in AL, LA, NM and AZ. 102. Leaves acute or rarely acuminate; on rotten wood and bases of trees, occasionally occurring ONNSOMIMONEEOCKE Sete eee eee see elelelelele eee se este see …............-Entodon cladorrhizans Entodon cladorrhizans (Hedw.) C. Mull. Fig. 111: 5-8 On rotten wood, bases of trees, rocks and soil in deciduous woods. QU, ON--QU to ON and MN, south to GA, AR and OK. 103: Leaves plicate to SELTIONALE RS EE ES sectes cists cielele Stolaia ataiale Sad IN cs ce ce sie ace ste l04 lOS=Teavesismooth; snotmplicate Or (Sito atelstcislslcielsiclalele)slelolelclelelslclelelelelelololelelcisicle © ele cie o + + . LOO 104. Plants irregularly branched, leaves striolate when dry...s.sssssssssssesssssesssseesesesessesesessessse.....Campylium stellatum Campylium stellatum (Hedw.) C. Jens. Fig. 92: 1-4 A calciphile in fens, meadows, bogs, at margins of lakes, rarely on wet rocks. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--GR to AK, south to GA, IN, IA, NM and OR. 1045 Plants pinnatelysbranched, leaves! pliicate. Eee ete mere ccereeceeee.eeeeee..1l0D 105. Plants plumose, stems and branches yellow or green, leaves falcate-secund, long-acuminate.......sess.sesoees.ee..Ptilium crista-castrensis Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not. Fig. 115: 1-5 (Plume Moss) On soil, humus, boulders, cliffs and rotten logs in moist coniferous woods. NF to MB--LB to AK, south to NC, TN, MI, IA, MT, ID and OR. 105. Plants sparsely pinnate, stems and branches orange 106 or red, leaves erect or some squarrose......s..essessssssossss.esse.e.-Rhytidiadelphus RHYTIDIADELPHUS A. Stem leaves smooth, strongly squarrose to squarrose-recurved....sssessssessssessessssssscsssssesese.....R. Subpinnatus Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus (Lindb.) Kop. Fig. 115: 6-10 On humus, soil, rotten logs and wet boulders in woods, swamps and wet meadows, or sometimes on sandy soil beside rivers and lakes. NF to ON-- LB to ON, south to MA and TN; in the West from AK to AT, south to OR and ID. A. Stem leaves plicate, not or weakly squarrose......sessesesososesseseoseseeeB B. Leaves rugose near apex, noticeably crowded near stem apices; costae strong, extending to middle of leaves or above...eeeeeccceeeeeeeeeeeRe triquetrus Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst. Fig. 116: 1-5 (Rough Neck Moss) On humus, soil and rotten logs in dry to moist woods, sometimes in swamps and on calcareous boulders and cliff ledges. NF to MB--LB to AK, south to NC, TN, AR, MB, MT, ID and CA. B. Leaves neither rugose nor noticeably crowded at stem apices; costae lacking or weak and ending below middle of leaves........ssssesesesesessee R. loreus Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst. Fig. 116: 6-10 oa On logs, humus and rocks in coniferous woods. NF, NS--LB and NF, south to NS and ME; in the West from AK to CA; also in ID and MT. 106. Leaves SQUALFOSE--ceercescccrvevcevcveccvcce DOOCO000DCDOC j0000a0oc0000000000 .lOZ 106. Leaves not squarrose.e ...... 0.000000 000 ee coo oll) 107. Plants subpinnately branched, stems and branches orange Or rede-ssssssessessoovesee se .........Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus (See p. 106) 107. Plants irregularly branched, stems and branches yellow or green.......ee6- HOODOO OCOUDU GCC OGOGO0K0G sloleleleleiclelcleleleisiole so 0 se +,» 0 os 1e oc + LOS 108. Leaves large, often 2 mm or more in length, strongly twisted when dry; plants of wet habitats, such as fens and swamps..... ose oseoee --Campylium stellatum (See p. 106) 108. Leaves small, mostly less than 2 mm long, straight or somewhat contorted when dry; plants of mesic to dry habitats..........s.es.eee 0H0600000000000000 0000000100 061) 109. Leaves mostly less than 1 mm long, ovate to cordate; capsules smooth............ssesssssssessoseesee ss... sCampylium hispidulum Campylium hispidulum (Brid.) Mitt. Fig. 92: 5-8 On soil, rocks, bases of trees and rotten logs. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--LB to AK, south to FL, AL, MS and TX. 109. Leaves usually 1 mm long or more, oblong-lanceolate to ovate; capsules striate.......-. cece cece cece eeeceeseccecssesescsesseoees sHerzogiella HERZOGIELLA A. Leaves close, squarrose to squarrose- TECULVEd. cece ec ceee 500000 Sooovoc 000006 000000 sosssssesses.....H. Striatella Herzogiella striatella (Brid.) Iwats. Fig. 117: 1-4 On humus, acidic rocks, soil over rocks, clay banks, rotten logs and bases of trees. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to GA, TN, WI and MO; in the West from AK, BC, WA and AT. A. Leaves distant, erect-spreading to » wide-spreadinge...sesseese soso... soso H. turfacea Herzogiella turfacea (Lindb.) Iwats. Fig. 117: 5-8 x On rotten logs, stumps, bases of trees, humus over boulders, and soil in moist, coniferous woods. NF to MB--LB to MB, south to NC, TN, MI, IL and MN; also in SA, AT, MT and SD. 110. Leaves falcate-secund, the apices turned toward the SUDSELAtSecceccecvvncccccccccvvcvccevcceessvcsevccsvccecvecccecces sHyYpnumM 107 111. IE 108 HYPNUM A. Stems pinnately branched; sporophytes OIEESM PRASSME goo aC OD OOOO OOOO DO ODONOD DOOD OD OUU COO UDOUDODOOOOOODOOOOOG Soécecoso B AStens imreeularlySbranchedi = sporophyteshrare. nette... ee cc ces eee. eG B. Plants large, stems and branches often 1 mm wide of more, stems usually reddish............++.+.+...H. imponens Hypnum imponens Hedw. Fig. 118: 1-5 Frequently on rotten logs and stumps in woods, sometimes on humus, soil and soil over boulders. NF to ON--LB to ON, south to GA, AL and AR. B. Plants small, stems and branches mostly less than 1 mm wide, stems green..................s..e.....H. pallescens Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P. Beauv. Fig. 118: 6-10 On bases of deciduous and coniferous trees, decaying wood, especially logs and stumps, and boulders in woods. NF to MB--NF to BC, south in the mountains and northern states to GA, IN, MI, WIL, MN and MT; also in LA and AZ. C. Leaves close and imbricate, concave, the stems and branches somewhat julaceouS.......ssseseeeeeeeeeeeeHe cupressiforme Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. Fig. 119: 1-5 On calcareous boulders and cliffs, sometimes on bases of trees, mainly in dry, exposed places. NF to MB--LB to AK, south to NC, TN, AR, MN, NE, CO, AZ and WA. C. Leaves more distant, complanate to weakly concave, stems and branches not julaceous......................H. lindbergii Hypnum lindbergii Mitt. Fig. 119: 6-10 On humus, rocks, and wet soil in roadside ditches, meadows, beside lakes and in swampy places. NF to MB--GR to AK, south to FL, AL, MS, LA, TX, NM, ID and WA. 110. Leaves straight or somewhat Curved. .ececccccccecccccccccccvcccccccecccccccccccelll Stems and branches somewhat flattened, leaves acute to short-acuminate, alar cells often coloured orange or brown; capsules inclined and curved; on rotten wood, sometimes on bases of trees, soil or rock.....-e-+e++e+e++-eCallicladium haldanianum Callicladium haldanianum (Grev.) Crum Fig. 120: 1-5 Commonly on rotten logs and stumps but occasionally on bases of trees, rock and soil. NF to MB--NF to MB, south to NC, IN and LA; also in BC, AZ and CA. Stems and branches not flattened, leaves long-acuminate, alar cells not coloured; capsules erect and straight; on tree trunks.......essessessessesses.es....Pylaisiella polyantha Pylaisiella polyantha (Hedw.) Grout Fig. 120: 6-9 Usually on deciduous tree trunks, occasionally on rotten stumps and rocks. NF, NB, NS, QU, ON, MB--LB to AK, south to NC, MI, IA, NE, NM and AZ. FIGURE 45. 1-5, Sphagnum squarrosum. 1. Habit (xl). 2. Fascicle of branches (x4). 3. Portion of branch (x9). 4. Branch leaf (x18). 5. Capsules, operculate and inoperculate (x4). 6-9, Sphagnum wulfianum. 6. Habit (xl). 7. Fascicle of branches (x4). 8. Portion of branch (x9, x18). 9. Branch leaves (x18). 109 FIGURE 46. 1-4, Sphagnum magellanicum. 1. Habit (xl). 2. Fascicle of branches (x3). 3. Portion of branch (x9). 4. Branch leaf (xl8). 5-8, Sphagnum capillifolium. 5. Habit (xl). 6. Fascicle of branches (x3). 7. Portion of branch (x9). 8. Branch leaf (x18). 110 FR as FIGURE 47. 1-5, Andreaea rupestris. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 3. Leaf (x36). 4. Capsule, wet (x36). 5. Capsule, dry (x36). 6-9, Andreaea rothii. 6. Habit (x9). 7. Portion of stem (x18). 8. Leaves (x36). 9. Capsule, dry (x36). FIGURE 48. 112 1-4, Buxbaumia aphylla. 1. Habit (x4). 3. Capsule (x9). 4. Peristome teeth and mouth of capsule (x36). 5-10, Diphyscium foliosum. 5. Habit of female plant with capsule (x18). 6. Habit of male plant (x18). 7. Perichaetial leaf (x18). 8. Lower leaves of female plant (x18). 9. Leaves of male plant (x18). 10. Peristome teeth and mouth of capsule (x36). 2. Basal portion of seta (x18). FIGURE 49. 1-3, Fissidens adiantoides. (x18). 4-6, Distichium capillaceum. Capsule (x18). 1. Habit (x3). 4. Habit) x9). 2. Leaves (x18). 5. Leaves (x18). 3. Capsule 6. 113 FIGURE 50. 1-4, Leucobryum glaucum. 1. Cushion of plants showing growth habit. 2. Habit (x4). 3. Portion of stem (x6). 4. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 5-10, Tetraphis pellucida. 5. Habit of fertile plant (x4). 6. Habit of gemmiferous plant (x4). 7. Lower leaves (x18). 8. Gemma cup (x9). 9. Capsule (x18). 10. Peristome teeth (x36). 114 FIGURE 51. 1-3, Atrichum crispum. 1. Habit (x2). 2. Ventral view (left) and dorsal view (right) of leaves (x9). 3. Capsule (x9). 4-8, Atrichum altecristatum. 4. Habit (x3). 5. Ventral view (left) and dorsal view (right) of leaves (x9). 6. Capsule with calyptra (x2). 7. Apex of calyptra (xl8). 8. Capsule (x9). (MS FIGURE 52. 1-3, Atrichum oerstedianum. 1. Habit of female plant (x2). 2. Habit of male plant (x2). 3. Ventral view (left) and dorsal view (right) of leaves (x9). 4-8, Polytrichum piliferum. 4. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (xl). 5. Habit of male plant (xl). 6. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 7. Calyptra on capsule (x4). 8. Capsule (x9). 116 FIGURE 53. 1-5, Polytrichum strictum. 1. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (xl). 2. Habit of male plant (xl). 3. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 4. Calyptra on capsule (x4). 5. Capsule (x9). 6-9, Polytrichum juniperinum. 6. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (xl). 7. Habit of male plant (xl). 8. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 9. Capsule (x4). pd VE — © FIGURE 54. 1-5, Polytrichum commune. 1. Habit of female plant with shortened sporophyte (xl). 2. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (xl/5). 3. Habit of male plant (xl). 4. Ventral view of leaf (x9). 5. Capsule (x4). 6-9, Polytrichum ohioense. 6. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (xl). 7. Habit of male plant (xl). 8. Ventral view of leaf (x9). 9. Capsule (x4). 118 FIGURE 55. 1-4, Pogonatum alpinum. 1. Habit of female plant with sporophytes (x2). 2. Habit of male plant (x2). 3. Ventral view of leaf (x9). 4. Capsule (x4). 5-9, Pogonatum pensilvanicum. 5. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (x2). 6. Habit of male plant (xl8). 7. Ventral view of leaves (x9). 8. Calyptra on capsule (x4). 9. Capsule (x9). 119 re QW SSS = Spo NS — = Pi) = gE 8 die n 4 wi 4 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of stem, dry 1-4, Oncophorus wahlenbergii. FIGURE 56. 5-7, Blindia acuta. 5. Habit (x9). 4. Capsule (x18). 3. Leaf (x18). (x18). 7. Capsule (x18). 6. Leaf (x36). 120 3. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Leaf (x18). 1-3, Paraleucobryum longifolium. FIGURE 57. 6. 5. Leak (x): 4-7, Dicranum polysetum. 4. Habit (x2). Capsule (x9). 7. Capsule (x9). Dorsal view of leaf apex (x36). 121 FIGURE 58. 1-3, Dicranum scoparium. 1. Habit (x2). 2. Dorsal view of leaf (x18). 3. Capsules, operculate and inoperculate (x9). 4-6, Dicranum fuscescens. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Leaf (xl8). 6. Capsules, operculate and inoperculate (x9). 122 FIGURE 59. 1-4, Dicranum ontariense. 1. Habit (x2). 2. Leaf (xl8). 3. Dorsal view of leaf apex (x36). 4. Capsule (x9). 5-7, Dicranum flagellare. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of stem with microphyllous branchlets (x18). 7. Capsule (x9). 125 FIGURE 60. 1-3, Trematodon ambiguus. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaf (x36). 3. Capsule, dry (x18). 4-6, Leptobryum pyriforme. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Leaf (x36). 6. Capsule, wet (x18). 124 FIGURE 61. 1-4, Bartramia pomiformis. 3. Leaf (xl8). 4. Capsule, dry (x18). 6. Portion of stem, dry (x9). 7. Leaves (x18). 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem, dry (x4). 5-8, Plagiopus oederiana. 5. Habit (x4). 8. Capsule, dry (x18). 125 2. Leaves (x18). 3-6, Tortella 1-2, Tortella fragilis. 1. Habit (x4). FIGURE 62. 6. 5. Leaf (x18). 4. Portion of stem, dry (x18). 3. Habit (x4). tortuosa. Capsule (x9). 126 3. Capsule 2. Leaves (x36). 1. Habit (x4). 1-3, Ditrichum flexicaule. FIGURE 63. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Leaves (x36). 6. Capsule (x18). 4-6, Ditrichum lineare. (x18). 127 FIGURE 64. 1-3, Dicranella heteromalla. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaves (x18). 3. Capsule, dry (x36). 4-6, Dicranella varia. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Leaves (x18). 6. Capsule, dry (x36). 128 FIGURE 65. 1-3, Bryum argenteum. 4-6, Bryum pseudotriquetrum. 1. Habit (x9). 4. Habit (x4). 2. Leaves (x36). 5. Leaves (x18). 3. Capsule (x18). 6. Capsule (x9). 129 FIGURE 66. 1-2, Rhizomnium appalachianum. 1. Habit (x2). 2. Leaves (x9). 3-5, Rhizomnium punctatum. 3. Habit (x2). 4. Leaves (x9). 5. Capsule (x9). 130 FIGURE 67. 1-3, Orthotrichum anomalum. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaves (x18). dry (x36). 4-7, Orthotrichum obtusifolium. 6. Capsule and surrounding leaves, dry (x36). 3. Capsule, 4. Habit (x9). 5. Leaves (x18). 7. Capsule, dry (x36). 131 FIGURE 68. 1-4, Ulota crispa. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of stem, dry (xl8). 3. Leaves (x18). 4. Capsule, dry (x18). 5-8, Ulota coarctata. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Portion of stem, dry (xl8). 7. Leaves (xl8). 8. Capsule, dry (x18). 9-11, Ulota hutchinsiae. 9. Leaves (xl8). 10. Capsule, dry (xl8). 11. Calyptra on capsule (x18). 152 FIGURE 69. (x36). 1-4, Barbula convoluta. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaves (x36). 4. Capsule (x18). 5-6, Barbula unguiculata. 5. Habit (x9). 3. Leaf apex 6. Leaves (x36). 133 FIGURE 70. 1-4, Schistidium apocarpum. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaves (x36). 3. Capsule immersed in leaves (x18). 4. Capsule (x18). 5-8, Schistidium rivulare. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Leaf (x36). 7. Capsule immersed in leaves (x18). 8. Capsule (x18). FIGURE 71. 1-3, Schistidium maritimum. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaves (x36). 3. Capsule immersed in leaves (x18). 4-6, Schistidium agassizii. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Leaves (x36). 6. Capsule immersed in leaves (x18). FIGURE 72. 1-3, Weissia controversa. 1. Habit (xl8). 2. Ventral view of leaves (x36). 3. Leaf, dry (x36). 4-7, Funaria hygrometrica. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Leaf (x18). 6. Calyptra on capsule (x9). 7. Capsule, dry (x9). 136 PAZ, MAL ea FIGURE 73. 1-3, Ceratodon purpureus. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaves (x18). 3. Capsule, dry (x18). 4-8, Aulacomnium palustre. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Habit of gemmiferous plant (x4). 6. Apex of gemmiferous shoot (xl8). 7. Leaf (x18). 8. Capsule, dry (x9). 9-11, Aulacomnium androgynum. 9. Habit of gemmiferous plant (x4). 10. Apex of gemmiferous shoot (xl8). 11. Leaf (x18). 137 FIGURE 74. 1-3, Pottia truncata. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaves (x18). 3. Capsule (x18). 4-6, Encalypta ciliata. 4. Habit (x9). 5. Leaves (x18). 6. Capsule (x18). 138 FIGURE 75. 1-3, Physcomitrium pyriforme. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Leaves (xl8). 3. Capsule, dry (x18). 4-7, Philonotis fontana. 4. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (x4). 5. Habit of male plant (x4). 6. Leaves (x36). 7. Capsule, dry (x9). 199 Si P ay 34 à Dae a 7 5 US 9 Us Da. ame À, “3 Pe Dire HET Re WF 1-3, Mnium stellare. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Leaves (xl8). 3. Leaf apex 4-6, Rhodobryum ontariense. FIGURE 76. 5. Habit of showing teeth (x36). AraHabittenGx2))\e two plants (x3/4). 6. Leaves (x4). 140 > A B D FIGURE 77. 1-3, Mnium marginatum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Leaf (xl8). 3. Leaf apex showing paired teeth (x36). 4-6, Mnium ambiguum. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Leaf (x18). 6. Leaf apex showing paired teeth and toothed costa (x36). 141 FIGURE 78. 1-3, Mnium spinulosum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Leaf (xl8). 3. Leaf apex showing paired teeth (x36). 4-6, Plagiomnium cuspidatum. 4. Habit (x4). 5. 5. Habit of stoloniferous plant (x4). 6. Leaves (x9). FIGURE 79. 1-4, Plagiomnium ciliare. 1. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (x4). 2. Habit of male plant (x4). 3. Habit of st oloniferous plant (x4). 4. Leaves (x9). 5-7, Plagiomnium medium. 5. Habit (x2). 6. Habit of stoloniferous plant (x2). 7. Leaves (x4). 143 Ss" a aro FIGURE 80. 1-4, Tortula ruralis. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Upper portion of plant, dry (x4) 3. Leaf (xl8). 4. Capsules, operculate and inoperculate (x9). 5-7, Pseudobryum cinclidioides. 5. Habit of female plant with sporophyte (x2). 6. Habit of male plant (x2). 7. Leaf (x9). 144 FIGURE 81. 1-3, Rhacomitrium lanuginosum. apex (x36). ive 4-5, Rhacomitrium canescens. Habit (x2). 2. 4. Habit (x2). gene (GSO 5 So Treaf 5. Leaf (x36). 145 = Le LZ = CL LE LES À NUS FIGURE 82. 1-3, Rhacomitrium aciculare. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Leaves (x1l8). 3. Capsule (x9). 4-6, Rhacomitrium heterostichum. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Leaves (x18). 6. Leaf apex (x36). 146 FIGURE 83. 1-5, Saelania glaucescens. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of stem showing cobwebby substance on leaves (x18). 3. Stem leaves (x36). 4. Perichaetial leaf (x36). 5. Capsule (x18). 6-8, Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum. 6. Habit (x9). 7. Leaves (x36). 8. Capsule (x18). 147 FIGURE 84. 1-3, Timmia megapolitana. 1. Habit showing calyptrae attached to seta (x3). 2. Portion of stem, dry (x9). 3. Leaves (x9). 4-6, Pohlia nutans. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Leaf (x36). 6. Capsule (x9). 148 FIGURE 85. 1-3, Pohlia cruda. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Leaves (x36). 3. Capsule (x9). 4-6, Pohlia wahlenbergii. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Leaves (x36). 6. Capsules, dry (left) and wet (right) (x9). 149 FIGURE 86. 1-3, Rhytidium rugosum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Leaves, dry (xl8). 3. Leaves, wet (xl8). 4-6, Homalia trichomanoides. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Leaves (x18). 6. Capsule (x18). 150 i i - secs ST PRESSE AT Avs = 3. Branch 2. Stem leaf (x18). 1-4, Climacium dendroides. 1. Habit (xl). FIGURE 87. 6. 5-7, Thamnobryum alleghaniense. 5. Habit (xl). 4. Capsule (x9). leaf (x18). Capsule (x4). Wo Branch leaves (x18). is) 2. Stem apex with microphyllous 1-3, Leskeella nervosa. 1. Habit (x4). FIGURE 88. 5. 3. Leaves (x36). 4-6, Helodium blandowii. 4. Habit (xl). branchlets (x36). 6. Capsule (x9). Portion of stem showing leaves and paraphyllia (x18). 152 FIGURE 89. 1-4, Thuidium abietinum. 1. Habit (x2). 2. Portion of stem showing leaves and paraphyllia (x18). 3. Stem leaves (x36). 4. Branch leaves (x36). 5-7, Thuidium recognitum. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of stem showing leaves, paraphyllia and branch (x18). 7. Stem leaf (x36). 153 FIGURE 90. 1-3, Thuidium delicatulum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem showing leaves, paraphyllia and branch (x18). 3. Stem leaf (x36). 4-6, Thelia hirtella. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Stem leaves (x36). 6. Branch leaves (x36). 154 Dy oo N Ae Gi "| FIGURE 91. 1-4, Tomenthypnum nitens. 1. Habit (xl). 2. Portion of stem showing rhizoids and branches (x9). 3. Leaf (xl8). 4. Capsule (x9). 5-8, Campylium chrysophyllum. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of stem (x18). 7. Leaves (x36). 8. Capsule (x9). 155 FIGURE 92. 156 Leaf (x36). eee WAAR LY, S D) Se Ze À 422) a À 1-4, Campylium stellatum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 4. Capsule (x18). 5-8, Campylium hispidulum. 5. Habit (x4). Portion of stem and branch (x18). 7. Leaves (x36). 8. Capsule (x18). 6. FIGURE 93. 1-3, Calliergon stramineum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem showing rhizoids on leaf tips (x18). Habit (x4). 5. Portion of stem (x9). 3. Leaves (x18). 4-7, Calliergon cordifolium. 4. 6. Leaves (x18). 7. Capsule (x9). 157 A yt, net ob oe See A = $f cow WS N à SE Wi), (a \ = FIGURE 94. 1-3, Calliergon giganteum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem (x9). Leaves (xl8). 4-6, Anomodon rostratus. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Stem apex (x36). Leaves (x36). FIGURE 95. 1-5, Anomodon attenuatus. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Stem apex, wet (x18). 3. 8, Anomodon viticulosus. Stem apex, dry (xl8). 4. Leaves (x18). 5. Capsule (x9). 6 6. Habit (x4). 7. Stem apex, dry (x18). 8. Leaves (x18). 159 FIGURE 96. 1-3, Brachythecium rivulare. 1. Habit (x2). 2. Portion of stem and branch (x18). 3. Capsule (x9). 4-6, Brachythecium salebrosum. 4. Habit (x2). 5. Portion of stem and branch (x18). 6. Capsule (x9). 160 FIGURE 97. 1-4, Brachythecium reflexum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of branch (x18). 3. Stem leaves (x36). 4. Capsule (xl8). 5-8, Brachythecium velutinum. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of branch (x18). 7. Stem leaves (x36). 8. Capsules (x18). 161 FIGURE 98. 1-3, Dichelyma pallescens. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 3. Capsule (xl8). 4-7, Drepanocladus uncinatus. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Portion of stem and branch (x18). 6. Stem leaf (x36). 7. Capsule, dry (x9). 162 FIGURE 99. 1-4, Drepanocladus exannulatus. 1. Habit (x2). branches (x9). 5. Habit (x2). 3. Stem leaf (xl8). 4. Capsule (x9). 6. Portion of stem and branches (x9). 2. Portion of stem and 5-7, Drepanocladus fluitans. 7. Stem leaves (x18). 163 FIGURE 100. 1-4, Sciaromium lescurii. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 3. Leaves showing border (x36). 4. Capsule, dry (x18). 5-8, Hygroamblystegium tenax. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of stem and branch (x18). 7. Leaves (x36). 8. Capsule (x9). 164 FIGURE 101. 1-4, Hygrohypnum ochraceum. Leaves (x18). 6. Portion of stem (x9). 4. Capsule, dry (x9). le HabttGx4)in 2 Portiontot sten (x) ) Sie 5-8, Leptodictyum riparium. 5. Habit (x4). 7. Leaves (x18). 8. Capsule (x9). TL Æ Ke LA EX Sr SAGA es NS FIGURE 102. 1-4, Leskea polycarpa. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of branch (x18). 3. Leaves (x36). 4. Capsule, wet (x18). 5-9, Eurhynchium pulchellum. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of branch (x18). 7. Stem leaf (x36). 8. Branch leaves (x36). 9. Capsules, operculate and inoperculate (x9). 166 FIGURE 103. 1-5, Bryhnia novae-angliae. Stem leaf (x36). antipyretica. 6. Habit (x3/4). 7. Portion of stem (x4). 4. Branch leaves (x36). 1. Habit (x4). 5. Capsule, dry (x9). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 6-8, Fontinalis 8. Leaves (x9). 3e FIGURE 104. 1-3, Fontinalis novae-angliae. 1. Habit (x3/4). 2. Portion of stem (x9). 3. Leaves (x18). 4-8, Fontinalis dalecarlica. 4. Habit (x3/4). 5. Portion of stem (x9). 6. Leaves, wet (x18). 7. Leaf showing reflexed margins, dry (x18). 8. Capsule, wet (x9). 168 £ REA LS VEN js EE ef LI a TE FIGURE 105. 1-4, Hedwigia ciliata. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem showing capsule (x9). 3. Leaves (x18). 4. Operculate capsule and perichaetial leaves (x18). 5-8, Isopterygium elegans. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of stem apex (x18). 7. Portion of stem with microphyllous branchlets (x36). 8. Leaf (x36). 169 * a? A on ss Ais 2 4 2. Branch apex with microphyllous Io lleontte (Gx yo 3. Microphyllous branchlet (x36). 6-9, Leucodon brachypus var. andrewsianus. 1-5, Platygyrium repens. FIGURE 106. 5. Capsule, Ted 4. Leaves (x36). branchlets (x18). dry (x18). Branch 6. Habit (x4). 9. 8. Microphyllous branchlet (x36). apex with microphyllous branchlets (x9). Leaves (x36). 170 FIGURE 107. 1-5, Hylocomium splendens. 1. Habit (xl). 2. Portion of stem showing leaves, paraphyllia and branches (x9). 3. Stem leaf (x18). 4. Branch leaves (x18). 5. Capsule, wet (x18). 6-10, Hylocomium umbratum. 6. Habit (xl). 7. Portion of stem showing leaves, paraphyllia and branches (x9). 8. Stem leaf (x18). 9. Branch leaves (xl8). 10. Capsule, dry (x18). 171 FIGURE 108. 1-5, Heterocladium dimorphum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem and branches (x18). 3. Stem leaf (x36). 4. Branch leaves (x36). 5. Capsule (x18). 6-10, Pleurozium schreberi. 6. Habit (xl). 7. Portion of stem and branches (x9). 8. Stem leaf (x18). 9. Branch leaves (x18). 10. Capsule (x9). 172 Portion of stem and 2 1-5, Calliergonella cuspidata. 1. Habit (x2) FIGURE 109. 4. Branch leaves (x18). 5. Capsule, wet (x9). 3. Stem leaf (x18). branches (x9). 8. 7. Portion of stem (x18). 6. Habit (x4). 6-9, Plagiothecium cavifolium. 9. Capsule, dry (x18). Leaves (x18). 173 FIGURE 110. 1-4, Plagiothecium denticulatum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 3. Leaves (xl8). 4. Capsule, dry (xl8). 5-8, Plagiothecium laetum. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of stem (xl8). 7. Leaves (x18). 8. Capsule, dry (x18). 174 FIGURE 111. 1-4, Entodon seductrix. Leaves (x36). 4. Capsule (x18). Portion of stem (x18). 7. Leaves (x36). 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 5-8, Entodon cladorrhizans. 5. Habit (x4). 8. Capsule (x18). 3. 6. 175 FIGURE 112. 1-4, Myurella julacea. 1. Habit (x9). 2. Portion of stem (x36). 3. Leaves (x36). 4. Capsule (x18). 5-7, Myurella sibirica. 5. Habit (x9). 6. Portion of stem (x36). 7. Leaves (x36). 176 RFDPESPEe ae CES à agin ols CDDP 2. Portion of stem (x36). Habit (x9). il 1-3, Pterigynandrum filiforme. FIGURE 113. 4-7, Neckera pennata. 4. Habit (x4). 5. Portion of stem (x18). 3. Leaves (x36). 7. Capsules, operculate and inoperculate (x9). 6. Leaves (x36). 177 he Ke T7 Guess CZ KW 77 À x = = 7 SE =) PU — SE DE = de EN 4 VS «> FIGURE 114. SS SSE eee à | ARE 1-4, Pylaisiadelpha recurvans. 3. Leaves (x36). iG Jetta x) 4. Capsule (x18). 6. Portion of stem (x18). 2. Portion of stem (x18) 5-8, Taxiphyllum deplanatum. 7. Leaf (x18). 5% 8. Capsule (x18). Habit (x4) 178 ne a yo aa Ny NS YN NY mal FIGURE 115. 1-5, Ptilium crista-castrensis. 1. Habit (xl). 2. Portion of stem and branches (x18). 3. Stem leaf (x18). 4. Branch leaves (x18). 5. Capsule (x4). 6-10, Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus. 6. Habit (xl). 7. Portion of stem and branches (x9). 8. Stem leaf (x9). 9. Branch leaves (x9). 10. Capsule (x9). 179 FIGURE 116. 1-5, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. 1. Habit (xl). 2. Portion of stem and branch (x9). 3. Stem leaf (x18). 4. Branch leaf (x18). 5. Capsule, wet (x9). 6-10, Rhytidiadelphus loreus. 6. Habit (xl). 7. Portion of stem and branch (x9). 8. Stem leaf (xl8). 9. Branch leaves (x18). 10. Capsule, dry (x9). 180 UNE Ee +707 7 MA D bs FIGURE 117. 1-4, Herzogiella striatella. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of stem (x18). 3. Leaf (x36). 4. Capsule, dry (x18). 5-8, Herzogiella turfacea. 5. Habit (x4). 6. Portion of stem (x18). 7. Leaves (x36). 8. Capsule, dry (x18). 181 2 5} A EX. OU a à le We ue ra cé ut RS YQ 7 Wes (729 ONS 9 FIGURE 118. 1-5, Hypnum imponens. 1. Habit (x2). 2. Portion of stem and branches (x18). 3. Stem leaf (xl8). 4. Branch leaves (x18). 5. Capsule, dry (x18). pallescens. 6. Habit (x4). 7. Portion of stem and branches (x18). 8. Stem leaf (x36). 9. Branch leaves (x36). 10. Capsule, dry (x18). 182 a] ee \ LT COR PISA DIT TE » <= À 7! pu À 24 6 FIGURE 119. 1-5, Hypnum cupressiforme. 1. Habit (x2). 2. Portion of stem and branch (x18). 3. Stem leaf (x36). 4. Branch leaf (x36). 5. Capsule, dry (x18). 6-10, Hypnum lindbergii. 6. Habit (x2). 7. Portion of stem and branch (x18). 8. Stem leaf (xl8). 9. Branch leaf (x18). 10. Capsule, dry (x18). 183 FIGURE 120. 1-5, Callicaldium haldanianum. 1. Habit (x4). 2. Portion of branch (x18). 3. Stem leaf (x36). 4. Branch leaves (x36). 5. Capsules, operculate (wet) and inoperculate (dry) (x9). 6-9, Pylaisiella polyantha. 6. Habit (x4). 7. Portion of branch (x18). 8. Branch leaves (x36). 9. Capsules, operculate (wet) and inoperculate (dry) (x18). 184 GLOSSARY Acrocarpous -- mosses possessing erect, simple or sparsely branched gametophytes that grow in tufts and produce sporophytes at the end of a stem or main branch (e.g., Tetraphis). Acumen -- a slender, tapering point. Acuminate -- slenderly tapered. (Fig. 121: 1) Acute -- sharply pointed (less than 90°). (Fig. 121: 2) Alar Cells -- cells at the basal angles of a leaf, often differentiated in shape, size or colour. (Fig. 121: 18) Amphigastria -- a row of rudimentary leaves on the ventral side of the stem; underleaves. (Fig. 128: 100) Annulus -- a ring of differentiated cells between the mouth of the capsule and the operculum, aiding in dehiscence. (Fig. 126: 73) Antheridium (pl. Antheridia) -- the male reproductive organ, a globose to cylindric, stalked structure producing sperms. (Fig. 126: 70) Antheridiophore -- the elevated male structure of certain thalloid liverworts, consisting of a disk and stalk arising from the thallus. (Fig. 127: 90) Apiculate -- abruptly short-pointed. (Fig. 121: 4) Apiculus -- a short, abrupt point. (Fig. 121: 4) Appressed -- lying close together; closely applied to the stem. (Fig. 124: 50) Archegonium (pl. Archegonia) -- the female reproductive organ, a flask-shaped structure producing an egg. (Fig. 126: 72) Archegoniophore -- the elevated female structure of certain thalloid liverworts, bearing groups of archegonia. (Fig. 127: 91) Arcuate -- curved like a bow. (Fig. 126: 78) Asexual -- involving no sexual action; also possessing neither male nor female organs. Asymmetric -- not symmetrical. Attenuate -- narrowly tapered. (Fig. 124: 49) Auriculate -- with small, ear-like bulges or lobes (auricles) at the basal margins of amleaf. (Fig. 121: 19) Awn -- a bristle- or hair-point, usually formed by an excurrent costa. (Fig. 121: 3) Axil -- the upper angle between leaf and stem. (Fig. 122: 26) Bi- -- a prefix meaning two. Biflagellate -- with two flagella. Bilobed -- with two lobes. (Fig. 129: 104) 185 Bipinnate -- twice-pinnately branched. (Fig. 124: 56) Bisexual -- having both sexes present. Border -- margin differentiated from the rest of the leaf in colour or thickness. (Ciiiion e210 2:2) Bracts —- modified leaves around the reproductive organs; in liverworts, often larger, below the perianth. (Fig. 129: 113) Bulbiform -- bulb-shaped. (Fig. 124: 57) Caducous -- deciduous, regularly falling off. Calcareous -- containing calcium carbonate (e.g., limestone or dolomite rocks). Calyptra (pl. Calyptrae) -- a membranous hood over the young sporophyte, developed from tissue at the base of the archegonium; in mosses ruptured near the base, carried upward by elongation of the seta, and continuing growth to form a cap over the capsule (Fig. 126: 75-77); in liverworts splitting at elongation of the sporophyte and remaining at its base. (Fig. 129: 113) Capsule -- the spore case; in mosses often differentiated into an upper spore-bearing urn and a sterile basal portion called the neck (Fig. 126: 73), undifferentiated in hornworts (Fig. 127: 94) and liverworts (Fig. 129: 113). Cilia (sing. Cilium) -- delicate, hair-like appendages fringing leaves. (Fig. 121: 23) Ciliate -- fringed with hairy appendages (cilia). (Fig. 121: 23) Columella -- the central axis of a capsule around which the spores develop. (Fig. 127: 94). Complanate -- flattened together or compressed in one plane. (Fig. 125: 61) Complicate-Bilobed -- leaves bilobed, with lobes folded together. (Fig. 129: 109) Connivent -- with the tips converging, or coming close together. (Fig. 129: 106) Contorted -- bent into irregular curves, irregularly twisted. (Fig. 122: 32) Cordate -- heart-shaped. (fig. 121: 12) Costa (pl. Costae) -- a thickened region of usually elongate cells, either single or double in mosses, single in some thalloid liverworts; midrib. (Fig. 121: 22) Costate -- with a costa. Crisped -- irregularly curled and twisted. (Fig. 122: 32) Cucullate -- hooded or hood-shaped; a cucullate calyptra is conic and split up one side, resembling a monk's hood (Fig. 126: 75); also used to describe leaves concave at) thevtips. (Fo. 121: 11) Decurrent -- with the margins extending down the stem below the leaf insertion as ridges or narrow wings. (Fig. 122: 27) Dendroid -- branched above a trunk-like base and resembling a tree. (Fig. 124: 58) Dentate -- with sharp teeth directed outward. (Fig. 123: 40) 186 Dichotomous -- equally forked, with paired branches. (Fig. 124: 60) Distichous -- in two opposite rows. (Fig. 124: 54) Dorsal -- the back or lower surface (i.e., the surface away from the stem) or the upper surface (i.e., the surface away from the substratum) of a flattened plant body like A thallus- (Ciao Wars wos Asse Sy, iWOil)) Dorsal Lobe -- the lobe on the upper surface of a plant. (Fig. 129: 109) Doubly Serrate -- with teeth overlapping and joined in pairs. (Fig. 123: 42) E- -- a prefix, meaning not, without. Ecostate -- without a costa. (Fig. 121: 23) Elaters -- small, unicellular, sterile cells, usually elongated and with spiral thickenings, mixed with the spores in the capsules of liverworts; aiding in spore dispersal. (Fig. 129: 107) Elliptic -- essentially oblong but convex at sides and ends. (Fig. 121: 20) Entire -- not at all indented or toothed; with a continuous margin. (Fig. 123: 39) Eperistomate -- without a peristome. Erect-Spreading -- spreading at an angle of about 45° or less. (Fig. 123: 44) Excurrent -- extending beyond the apex or end of lamina. (Fig. 121: 3) Exserted -- projecting and exposed, applied to capsules which project beyond the tips of the leaves. (Fig. 127: 88) Falcate -- curved like the blade of a sickle. (Fig. 122: 34) Falcate-Secund -- strongly curved and turned to one side. (Fig. 124: 53) Fascicle -- a small bundle or cluster. (Fig. 125: 64) Female Bracts -- modified leaves, often larger, below the perianth; also called perichaetial bracts. (Fig. 129: 113) Filiform -- slender and elongate, filamentous, thread-like. Flagella (sing. Flagellum) -- whip-like slender branches or stems, leafless or with rudimentary leaves, e.g., Bazzania (Fig. 128: 100); long, whip-like structures controlling the movement of the sperm cell. Flexuose -- slightly and irregularly bent, twisted, or wavy. (Fig. 122: 33) Foot -- the basal absorbing organ of the sporophyte. (Fig. 126: 73) Frondose -- closely and regularly branched in one plane. Gametophyte -- the dominant, sexual generation which bears the sex organs; the green, leafy or thalloid plant. (Fig. 128: 95-96) Gemma (pl. Gemmae) -- a small, asexually produced reproductive body, formed of l-several cells. (Fig. 125: 66; 129: 112) 187 Gemmae Cup -- small cup-like structure, formed from modified leaves, leafy tissue or thalloid tissue, that contains gemmae. (Fig. 125: 65; 128: 97) Gemmae Receptacle -- a container with gemmae inside. (Fig. 128: 98) Gemmiferous -- bearing gemmae. Globose -- spherical. (Fig. 126: 83) Hispid -- with short, stiff hairs, bristly. (Fig. 126: 76) Hyaline -- colourless and transparent. Hygrophytic -- indicating a plant occurring in wet habitats but not in water. Imbricate -- closely overlapping. (Fig. 124: 51) Immersed -- completely covered; immersed capsules are exceeded by the tips of leaves. Gables WTB che) Inclined Capsule -- less than vertical, between erect and horizontal. (Fig. 126: 79) Incubous -- leaves of liverworts that are obliquely inserted so the lower leaf overlaps the one above it when viewed from the dorsal surface and toward the stem apex. (ages 128i) 1015) Inflated -- swollen. Inflorescence -- a cluster of sex organs and the leaves surrounding them. Inoperculate -- without operculum. Involucre -- a short tube or sheath, sometimes formed by an outgrowth of the thallus, forming a protective covering around the archegonia and sporophyte. (Fig. 129: 113) Julaceous -- smoothly cylindric, like a worm, referring to stems or branches with crowded and imbricate leaves. (Fig. 124: 52) Keel -- the projecting ridge on the fold of some leaves. (Fig. 122: 29; 129: 109) Lamellae (sing. Lamella) -- ridges or plates on the costa or lamina of some moss leaves. (Fig. 122: 38) Lamina (pl. Laminae) -- the expanded part of a leaf or thallus (as distinguished from the costa). (Fig. 121: 22) Lanceolate -- lance-shaped, narrow and tapered from the base (narrower than ovate). Flo 12 1:16) Lateral -- on or at the side. Ligulate -- strap-shaped (longer and narrower than lingulate). (Fig. 121: 13) Linear -- very narrow and elongate, with nearly parallel sides (narrower than ligulate). (Fig. 121: 14) 188 Lingulate -- tongue-shaped, oblong with a broadened apex. (Fig. 121: 15) Mesic -- moist, neither very wet nor very dry but intermediate. Micrometer -- one-thousandth of a millimeter. Microphyllous Branchlets -- small branches with reduced leaves, serving as asexual reproductive bodies. (Fig. 125: 67) Mitrate -- conic and undivided or equally lobed at base, referring to calyptrae of mosses (opposed to cucullate or split on one side). (Fig. 126: 77) Mucro -- a short, abrupt point. (Fig. 121: 6) Mucronate -- ending abruptly in a short point usually caused by a shortly excurrent costa. (Fig. 121: 6) Multicellular -- composed of more than one cell. Multistratose -- composed of more than one layer. Neck -- the sterile basal portion of a capsule, sometimes considerably differentiated. Gite.) 126: 73) Oblong -- much longer than broad, with nearly parallel sides. (Fig. 121: 24) Obovate -- egg-shaped, with the broader portion at the apex rather than the base; the reverse of ovate. (Fig. 121: 25) Obtuse -- blunt or rounded. (Fig. 121: 8) Ocelli -- modified leaf cells in some liverworts, often glistening or discoloured, sometimes in groups or lines. (Fig. 129: 110) Operculate -- with operculum. Operculum (pl. Opercula) -- the lid covering the mouth of a moss capsule, falling at maturity to release the spores. (Fig. 126: 73) Oval -- broadly elliptic in outline. (Fig. 121: 17) Ovate -- egg-shaped in outline (with the base broader than the apex). (Fig. 121: 21) Ovoid -- an egg-shaped solid. (Fig. 126: 82) Paraphyllia (sing. Paraphyllium) -- small, filiform, lanceolate, or leaf-like, sometimes branched structures, with a white, yellow, green or rarely brown colour and often cobwebby appearance on stems and branches of some mosses. (Fig. 125: 68) Paraphyses (sing. Paraphysis) -- hyaline or yellowish, multicellular hairs, sometimes club-shaped, mingled with the antheridia (and often with archegonia). (Fig. 126: 71) Pendulous -- somewhat drooping, more inclined than horizontal. (Fig. 126: 80) Percurrent -- extending to the apex. (Fig. 121: 5) 189 Perianth -- a tubular sheath formed of 2-3 leaves that surrounds the archegonia and sporophyte. (Fig. 129: 113) Perichaetia (sing. Perichaetium) -- female inflorescences, comprised of leaves surrounding the archegonia. Perichaetial Leaves -- the leaves surrounding the archegonia. Peristome -- a single or double circle of teeth inside the mouth of the capsule of mosses; aiding in spore dispersal. (Fig. 126: 74) Peristomate -- with a peristome. Pinnate -- with numerous, spreading branches on two sides of the axis and thus resembling a feather. (Fig. 124: 55) Plane —- flat. Pleurocarpous -- mosses possessing prostrate, freely branched gametophytes that grow in mats and produce sporophytes laterally from the main stem (e.g., Hylocomium). Plicate -- folded in longitudinal pleats. (Fig. 122: 35) Plumose -- closely and regularly pinnate, feathery. (Fig. 125: 62) Postical -- below or behind; pertaining to the under (rhizoid-bearing) surface of a stem or the lower margin of a leaf. Primary Stem -- the main stem, often creeping or rhizome-like with reduced or scale-like leaves. Prostrate -- creeping. Protonema (pl. Protonemata) -- green, branched filaments produced on germination of spores and giving rise to a leafy or thallose gametophyte. Pseudoelaters -- small, 2-5 celled, sterile structures mixed with the spores in the capsules of hornworts; aiding in spore dispersal. (Fig. 129: 108) Pseudopodium (pl. Pseudopodia) -- an elongation of a stem tip bearing clusters of gemmae. (Fig. 125: 66) Pyriform -- pear-shaped. (Fig. 126: 81) Reflexed -- bent backward. (Fig. 122: 31) Retuse -- slightly indented at a broad apex. (Fig. 121: 9) Rhizoids -- filamentous, unicellular (hornworts and liverworts) or multicellular (mosses) structures, dead at maturity, occurring on the gametophyte and anchoring it to the substratum. (Fig. 124: 58-59) Rib -- a longitudinal ridge on capsules or other organs. (Fig. 127: 84) Rosette -- circular (rose-like) arrangement of leaves. (Fig. 124: 59) Rugose -- with irregular transverse wrinkles or undulations. (Fig. 122: 36) Scales -- flat, blade-like, ventral appendages on gametophytes of thalloid liverworts. (Fig. 128: 99) 190 Secondary Stem -- branches arising from the main or primary stem. Secund -- turned to one side. Sessile -- without a stalk or seta. Serrate -- saw-toothed, with marginal teeth pointing forward. (Fig. 123: 41) Seta (pl. Setae) -- the stalk supporting the capsule. (Fig. 126: 73; 129: 113) Sheathing -- surrounding and clasping the stem or base of the seta. (Fig. 122: 28) Simple -- applied to structures, organs or plants that are unbranched. Sinus -- the indentation between lobes of a leaf. (Fig. 129: 104) Spinose -- spiny, with sharp, slender teeth or projections. (Fig. 123: 43) Spinulose -- minutely spiny. Spores -- minute, mostly spherical, nearly always unicellular bodies, produced in the capsule, that on germination form a gametophyte. Sporophyte -- the spore-bearing generation; the spore-bearing plant, produced by the fertilization of an egg, remaining attached to the gametophyte and partially dependent on it, typically consisting of foot, seta and capsule. (Fig. 126: 73) Spreading -- at an angle of 45° or more. (He h28 ES) Squarrose -- spreading at right angles. (Fig. 123: 47) Squarrose-Recurved -- spreading at right angles, with the tips curved downward. Gp. 123: 48) Stoloniferous -- plants that bear slender, creeping, usually minutely leaved stems and branches, often with rhizoids near the tips. (Fig. 125: 63) Striate -- marked with fine, longitudinal ridges. (Fig. 127: 86) Striolate -- finely ridged. Struma -- a goiter-like swelling on one side of the base of a capsule of some mosses. (ie 127: 87) Strumose -- bearing a struma. (Fig. 127: 87) Sub- -- a prefix meaning nearly, almost, somewhat, as in subglobose, subpercurrent, or subpinnate; also used to mean under, as subterranean. Substratum -- the surface to which the plant is attached. Subulate -- slenderly long-acuminate, shaped like a needle. (Fig. 121: 7) Succubous -- leaves of liverworts that are obliquely inserted so the upper leaf overlaps the one below it when viewed from the dorsal surface and toward the stem apex. (Fig. 128: 102) Sulcate -- grooved or furrowed. (Fig. 127: 85) Symmetric -- capable of division by one or more planes forming similar halves. Terete -- rounded in cross-section, cylindric. (Fig. 124: 52) 191 Thalloid -- of, relating to, resembling or consisting of a thallus. Thallus (pl. Thalli) -- a plant body that is flat, not much differentiated, and cordate or ribbon-like. (Fig. 128: 96) Tomentose -- densely woolly, covered with rhizoids. (Fig. 125: 69) Tooth -- a division of the peristome (Fig. 126: 74); also applied to irregularities or projections at the margins of leaves. (Fig. 123: 43) Transverse -- leaves of liverworts that are inserted at right angles to the line of the stem. (Fig. 128: 103) Tri- -- a prefix meaning thrice. Tridentate -- with three dentations. (Fig. 129: 105) Truncate -- abruptly cut off or squared off at the apex. (Fig. 121: 10) Tubulose -- tube-like, usually referring to leaves with strongly incurved margins. Geag a2 2) 30) Underleaves -- the leaves of the single row on the postical side of the stem of liverworts; amphigastria. (Fig. 128: 100) Undulate -- wavy. (Fig. 122: 37) Unicellular -- composed of one cell. Unistratose -- composed of one layer. Urn -- the spore bearing portion of a capsule. (Fig. 126: 73) Valve -- one of the divisions into which the capsule of hornworts, most liverworts and the moss Andreaea separates when the spores are ready to be shed. (Fig. 127:92-94) Ventral -- the front or upper surface (i.e., the surface toward the stem) of a leaf, or the lower surface (i.e., the surface toward the substratum) of a flattened plant body like a thallus. (Fig. 122: 26; 128: 99-100) Ventral Lobe -- the lobe on the lower surface of the plant. (Fig. 129: 109) Vitta -- a central band of one or more rows of glistening, elongated and thickened cells of certain liverworts, e.g., Diplophyllum. (Fig. 129: 111) Wide-Spreading -- spreading at an angle but less than 90°. (Fig. 123: 46) Xerophytic -- referring to a plant adapted to a dry habitat. 192 AAA 3 4 = 6 Ÿ 4 AC 19 20 CIL MU an 6 ; | 12 17 16 13 14 15 21 il 22 23 24 FIGURE 121. 1. Acuminate. 2. Acute. 3. Excurrent (A - awn). 4. Apiculate (AP - apiculus). 5. Percurrent. 6. Mucronate (MU - mucro). 7. Subulate. 8. Obtuse. 9. Retuse. 10. Truncate. 11. Cucullate. 12. Cordate. 13. Ligulate. 14. Linear. 15. Lingulate. 16. Lanceolate. 17. Oval. 18. Alar cells (AC). 19. Auriculate. 20. Elliptic. 21. Ovate. 22. Border (B - border; C - costa; L - lamina). 23. Ciliate, Ecostate (CIL - cilium). 24. Oblong. 25. Obovate. L93 FIGURE 122. 26. Axil (AX), Ventral (VS) and Dorsal Surfaces (DS). 27. Decurrent. 28. Sheathing. 29. Keel. 30. Tubulose. 31. Reflexed. 32. Contorted, Crisped. 33. Flexuose. 34. Falcate. 35. Plicate. 36. Rugose. 37. Undulate. 38. Lamellae (LAM). 194 FIGURE 123. Serrate. 39-43. Leaf Margins. 39. Entire. 40. Dentate. 43. Spinose (TO - tooth). 44. Erect-Spreading. Wide-Spreading. 47. Squarrose. 48. Squarrose-Recurved. 41. Serrate. 45. Spreading. 42. Doubly 46. FIGURE 124. 49. Attenuate. 50. Appressed. 51. Imbricate. 52. Julaceous, Terete. 53. Falcate-Secund. 54. Distichous. 55. Pinnate. 56. Bipinnate. 57. Bulbiform. 58. Dendroid (R - rhizoids). 59. Rosette. 60. Dichotomous. 196 FIGURE 125. 61. Complanate. 62. Plumose. Cup. 66. Pseudopodium (G - gemmae). 69. Tomentose. 63. Stoloniferous. 64. Fascicle. 65. Gemmae 67. Microphyllous Branchlets. 68. Paraphyllia. 197 FIGURE 126. 70. Antheridium. 71. Paraphysis. 72. Archegonium. 73. Sporophyte (AN - annulus; CAP - capsule; F - foot; N - neck; OP - operculum; PER - peristome; S - seta; U - urn). 74. Peristome (TO - tooth). 75-77. Calyptrae. 75. Cucullate. 76. Hispid. 77. Mitrate. 78-83. Capsules. 78. Arcuate. 79. Inclined. 80. Pendulous. 81. Pyriform. 82. Ovoid. 83. Globose. 198 FIGURE 127. 84-87. Capsules. 84. Ribbed. 85. Sulcate. 86. Striate. 87. Strumose (ST - struma). 88. Exserted. 89. Immersed. 90. Antheridiophore. 91. Archegoniophore. 92-93. Valve (V). 94. Columella (COL), Valve (V). 199 FIGURE 128. 95. Leafy Gametophyte. 96. Thalloid Gametophyte (DS - dorsal surface; R - rhizoids). 97. Gemmae Cup. 98. Gemmae Receptacle. 99. Scales on Ventral Surface of Thallus. 100. Amphigastria or Underleaves (AM), Flagella (FL), Ventral Surface (VS). 101. Incubous. 102. Succubous. 103. Transverse. 200 FIGURE 129. 104. Bilobed, Sinus (SIN). 105. Tridentate. 106. Connivent. 107. Elater. 108. Pseudoelater. 109. Complicate-bilobed, Keel (K), Dorsal (DL) and Ventral Lobes (VL). 110. Ocelli. 111. Vitta. 112. Gemmae. 113. Perianth (P), Perichaetial Bract (PB), Involucre (IN), Seta (S), Capsule (CAP), Calyptra (CAL). 201 202 MI MO NB NC GEOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS Alaska Alabama Arkansas Alberta Arizona British Columbia California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Greenland Iowa Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Labrador Massachusetts Manitoba Maryland Maine Michigan Minnesota Missouri Mississippi Mont ana New Brunswick North Carolina NM NS YT North Dakota Nebraska Newfoundland New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Nova Scotia Northwest Territories Nevada New York Ohio Oklahoma Ontario Oregon Pennsylvania Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Vermont Washington Wisconsin West Virginia Wyoming Yukon Territory INDEX TO BRYOPHYTES Page numbers in parentheses refer to illustrations Anastrophyllum michauxii 49 (75) minutum 48 (75) Andreaea rothii Ue) AIS) rupestris TS) (QUI Aneura pinguis 25565) Anomodon attenuatus 100 (159) rostratus 100 (158) viticulosus 100 (159) Anthoceros macounii Jah (22)) Atrichum altecristatum 81 (115) crispum 80 (115) oerstedianum 81 (116) Aulacomnium androgynum 90 (137) palustre £0) (sy) Barbilophozia attenuata 44 (66) barbata 44 (66) hatcheri 44 (67) lycopodioides 44 (67) Barbula convoluta 88 (133) unguiculata 90 (133) Bartramia pomiformis 85 (125) Bazzania trilobata 42 (63) Blasia pusilla 24 (31) Blepharostoma trichophyllum 37 (51) Blindia acuta 83 (120) Brachythecium reflexum 101 (161) rivulare 101 (160) salebrosum 101 (160) velutinum 101 (161) Bryhnia novae-angliae 101 (167) Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum 94 (147) Bryum argenteum 86 (129) pseudotriquetrum 87 (129) Buxbaumia aphylla 79 (112) Callicladium haldanianum 108 (184) Calliergon cordifolium 98 (157) giganteum 98 (158) stramineum 97 (157) Calliergonella cuspidata 104 (173) Calypogeia integristipula 42 (62) muelleriana 42 (62) neesiana 42 (62) Campy lium chrysophyllum 97 (155) hispidulum 107 (156) stellatum 106 (156) Cephalozia bicuspidata 50 (77) lunulifolia 50 (77) Ceratodon purpureus 89 (137) Chiloscyphus pallescens 43 (64) polyanthos 43 (64) Cladopodiella fluitans 44 (68) Climacium dendroides 96 (151) Conocephalum conicum 23 (30) Dichelyma pallescens 98 (162) Dicranella heteromalla 86 (128) varia 86 (128) Dicranum flagellare 84 (123) fuscescens 84 (122) ontariense 83" (123) polysetum 83 (121) scoparium 84 (122) Diphyscium foliosum 79 (112) Diplophyllum albicans 38(53)) apiculatum 38 (53) taxifolium 38 (53) Distichium capillaceum 79 (113) Ditrichum flexicaule 8521272) lineare 86 (127) Drepanocladus exannulatus 99 (163) fluitans 99 (163) uncinatus 98 (162) Encalypta ciliata 90 (138) Entodon cladorrhizans 106 (175) seductrix 104 (175) Eurhynchium pulchellum 101 (166) Fissidens adiantoides UO) (Guits)) Fontinalis antipyretica LOZCUG75) dalecarlica 102 (168) novae-angliae 102 (168) 204 Fossombronia foveolata 46 (72) Frullania bolanderi 41 (60) brittoniae 41 (61) eboracensis 41 (61) oakesiana 41 (61) tamarisci ssp. asagrayana 41 (60) Funaria hygrometrica 89 (136) Geocalyx graveolens 45 (68) Gymnocolea inflatay G49) (C77) Harpanthus scutatus 45 (68) Hedwigia ciliata 102 (169) Helodium blandowii 96 (152) Herzogiella striatella NOM GUS) turfacea 107 (181) Heterocladium dimorphum N@s} (l7/7)) Homalia trichomanoides ENS 0) Hygroamblystegium tenax 99 (164) Hygrohypnum ochraceum 99 (165) Hylocomium splendens LOST) umbratum TON OA) Hy pnum cupressiforme 108 (183) imponens 108 (182) lindbergii 108 (183) pallescens 108 (182) Isopterygium elegans 102 (169) Jamesoniella autumnalis UT (7/85) Jungermannia exsertifolia ssp. cordifolia 47 (73) gracillima 47 (73) leiantha 47 (73) Lejeunea cavifolia 42 (58) Lepidozia reptans 43 (63) Leptobryum pyriforme 84 (124) Leptodictyum riparium 99 (165) Leskea polycarpa 100 (166) Leskeella nervosa 96 (152) Leucobryum glaucum 80 (114) Leucodon brachypus var. andrewsianus TO3 5 G@'70)) Lophocolea heterophylla 45 (69) minor 45 (69) Lophozia heterocolpos 46 (70) inCisa TON G10) longidens 46 (71) rutheana 46 (70) ventricosa 46 (71) Marchantia polymorpha 23 (29) Marsupella emarginata 49 (76) sphacelata 49 (76) Metzgeria conjugata 24 (34) furcatas24 (64) Mnium ambiguum 92 (141) marginatum CP (Wank) spinulosum 92 (142) stellare 92 (140) My lia anomala 43 (65) Myurella julacea 105 (176) Gpibilievce, iOS) 76) Neckera pennata 105 (177) Nowellia eCunva FO A 48 (075) Oncophorus wahlenbergii 82 (120) Orthotrichum anomalum CHEN (OLS) obtusifolium 87 (131) Pallavicinia lyellii BL (653) Paraleucobryum longifolium 83 (121) Pellia epiphylla 24 (32) Phaeoceros laevis 21022) Philonotis fontana 91 (139) Physcomitrium pyriforme 91 (139) Plagiochila porelloides 47 (72) Plagiomnium ciliare 92 (143) cuspidatum 92 (142) medium 93 (143) Plagiopus oederiana 85 (125) Plagiothecium cavifolium 104 (173) denticulatum 104 (174) laetum 104 (174) Platygyrium repens 103 (170) Pleurozium schreberi NOs) (al7/Z)) Pogonatum alpinum 82 (119) pensilvanicum 82 (119) Pohlia cruda 95 (149) nutans 95 (148) wahlenbergii 95 (149) Polytrichum commune 82 (118) juniperinum Sil Cila7)) ohioense BYP (QE) piliferum Sil (116) strictum Sl (CLAY) Porella pinnata 40 (59) platyphylla 40 (59) platyphylloidea 41 (59) Pottia truncata 90 (138) Preissia quadrata 25 (27) Pseudobryum cinclidioides 93 (144) Pterigynandrum filiforme l'OS (U7) Ptilidium ciliare 37 (52) pulcherrimum 37 (52) Ptilium crista-castrensis 106 (179) Pylaisiadelpha recurvans 105 (178) Pylaisiella polyantha 108 (184) Radula complanata 40 (58) Reboulia hemisphaerica 23 (28) Rhacomitrium aciculare 93 (146) canescens ONG) heterostichum 93 (146) lanuginosum 94 (145) Rhizomnium appalachianum 87 (130) punctatum 87 (130) Rhodobryum ontariense 91 (140) Rhytidiadelphus loreus 107 (180) subpinnatus 106 (179) triquetrus 106 (180) Rhytidium rugosum 95 (150) Riccardia latifrons 255836) multifida 25 (85) palmata 25 (36) Riccia fluitans 25 (26) Ricciocarpos natans 23) (79) Saelania glaucescens 94 (147) Scapania gymnostomophila 40 (57) irrigua 38 (54) mucronata 40 (57) nemorosa 30) (55) paludicola 39 (56) paludosa 39 (54) umbrosa 59 (56) undulata 39 (55) Schistidium agassizii 89 (135) apocarpum 88 (134) maritimum Si) 0185) rivulare 88 (134) Sciaromium lescurii 99 (164) Sphagnum capillifolium 7s (UG) magellanicum 7) (LI) squarrosum 78 (109) wulfianum 78 (109) Taxiphyllum deplanatum 106 (178) Tetralophozia setiformis 25 (65) Tetraphis pellucida SOMA) Thamnobryum alleghaniense O6 (CLS) Thelia hirtella S77 (154) Thuidium abietinum 96 (153) delicatulum 97 (154) recognitum 97 (153) Timmia megapolitana 95 (148) Toment hypnum nitens SV G@lia)) Tortella fragilis 85 (126) tortuosa 85 (126) Tortula ruralis 93 (144) Trematodon ambiguus 84 (124) Trichocolea tomentella 37 CSI) Tritomaria exsectiformis 48 (74) quinquedentata 48 (74) Ulota coarctata Som Glszy) crispa 87 (132) hutchinsiae 88 (132) Weissia controversa 89 (136) 205 fe bu ivn LE "yee doi War à à pdt ele ge! “ha | par: AGC) OA PET ne s té A : ‘ set ne yiiviqi ely 5 mn RECENT SYLLOGEUS TITLES / TITRES RECENT DANS LA COLLECTION SYLLOGEUS No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 45 46 47 48 49 50 il 52 53 54 DS 56 SM 58 59 60 61 Lanteigne, J. and D.E. McAllister (1983) THE PYGMY SMELT, OSMERUS SPECTRUM COPE, 18/70, A FORGOTTEN SIBLING SPECIES OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN FISH. 32 p. Frank, Peter G. (1983) A CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SIPUNCULA FROM CANADIAN AND ADJACENT WATERS. 47 pe Ireland, Robert R. and Linda M. Ley (1984) TYPE SPECIMENS OF BRYOPHYTES IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES, NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA. 69 p. Bouchard, André, Denis Barabé, Madeleine Dumais, et/and Stuart Hay (1983) LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU QUEBEC. / THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF QUEBEC. TES IBY Fe Harington, C.R., editor (1983) CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 3. 343 p. Hinds, Harold R. (1983) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK. 38, 41 p. Harington, C.R., editor (1984) CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 4. 368 p. Hunter, J.G., S.T. Leach, D.E. McAllister and M.B. Steigerwald (1984) A DISTRIBUTIONAL ATLAS OF RECORDS OF THE MARINE FISHES OF ARCTIC CANADA IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA AND ARCTIC BIOLOGICAL STATION. 35 p. Russell, D.A. (1984) A CHECK LIST OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN DINOSAURS. 35 p. McAllister, Don E., Brad J. Parker and Paul M. McKee (1985) RARE, ENDANGERED AND EXTINCT FISHES IN CANADA. 192 p. Harington, C.R., editor (1985) CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 5. 482 p. Brodo, I.M. (1985) GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS. 39 p. Vladykov, Vadim D. (1985) DOES NEOTENY OCCUR IN HOLARCTIC LAMPREYS (PETROMYZONTIDAE)? 13 p. Schriever, G., H.K. Schminke and C.-t. Shih, editors (1985) PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COPEPODA, OTTAWA, CANADA, 13-17 AUGUST 1984. in press. Straley, G.B., R.L. Taylor and G.W. Douglas (1985) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 165 p. Frank, P.G., J.A. Fournier and J. Madill (1985) TYPE SPECIMENS OF INVERTEBRATES (MOLLUSCA AND ARTHROPODA EXCLUDED) IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA. 147 p. Noble, WeJie, 0. Ahti. Ger. Ofto and 1-.M. Brodo (19872) A SECOND CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LICHENS AND ALLIED FUNGI OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 95 p. AD OF SCIENCES LIBRARY in 1 _3 1853 00040 5402