te eee A du Museum of Nature Musée canadien de la nature SYLLOGEUS is a publication of the Canadian Museum of Nature, designed to permit the rapid dissemination of information pertaining to those disciplines and educational functions for which the Canadian Museum of Nature is responsible. In the interests of making information available quickly, normal publishing procedures have been abbreviated. Articles are published in English, French, or in both languages, and the issues appear at irregular intervals. A complete list of the titles issued since the beginning of the series (1972) and individual copies of this number are available by mail from the Canadian Museum of Nature, Direct Mail Section, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4. La collection SYLLOGEUS, publiée par le Musée canadien de la nature, a pour but de diffuser rapidement le résultat des travaux dans les domaines scientifique et éducatif qui sont sous la direction du Musée canadien de la nature. Pour assurer la prompt distribution de cette publication, on a abregé les étapes de la rédaction. Les articles sont publiés en frangais, en anglais ou dans les deux langues, et ils paraissent irrégulièrement. On peut obtenir par commande postale la liste des titres de tous les articles publiés depuis le début de la collection (1972) et des copies individuelles de ce numéro, de la Section des commandes postales, Musée canadien de la nature, C.P. 3443, Succursale D, Ottawa, (Ontario) Canada K1P 6P4. The Lichens of Southern Ontario, Canada Pak Yau Wong and Irwin M. Brodo Canadian Museum of Nature Syllogeus No. 69 Ottawa, 1992 © 1992 Canadian Museum of Nature Published by the: Canadian Museum of Nature Ottawa, Canada K1P 6P4 Catalogue No. NM95-20/69E Available by mail order from: Canadian Museum of Nature Direct Mail Section P.O. Box 3443, Station "D" Ottawa, Canada K1P 6P4 Syllogeus Series No. 69 Printed in Canada ISBN: 0-660-13064-5 ISSN: 0704-576X Text pages printed on paper containing recycled fibre. ©1992 Musée canadien de la nature Publié par le : Musée canadien de la nature Ottawa, Canada K1P 6P4 N° de catalogue NM95-20/69E L’éditeur remplet les commandes postales adressées au : Musée canadien de la nature Section des commandes postales C.P. 3443, succursale D Ottawa, Canada K1P 6P4 Serie Syllogeus No 69 Imprimé au Canada ISBN : 0-660-13064-5 ISSN : 0704-576X Les pages du texte sont imprimés sur un papier contenant des fibres recyclés. Table of Contents ADsttact . . PR: eve se net re eee ee once reat Renee ee A, en, tine, ee = Acknowledgements=. 2.2 RP aerate nee etn te Pre tae c's ele at eto Ce eee eee À Introduction’. ! : à à ee à nn ecoles nie ee M D LI RE 5 BIESCHIDUON: Of the Are ER eus 5 Ode syn oc NT CIE NE 5 Lichens of Particular Habitatsweyeecrecs 0 A se de le DICO 9 Saxicolous SDCCIES RE ie = su mes een due ee ore erty EU EC 9 Corticolous: SDECIES Mr FT. ER RE CREER RSR RE AE NE CE 10 "BELFICOIOUS-SDECIES 6 à As OR DS aes coe DÉPASSE RER 10 LICHICOÏOUSISDECIES TENUE ER OL PO PO EE MO EEE i he Present Lichen Flora EE TO She cam te, ee ee eo, ee 11 Changes inthe: Eichen: Flora 52/20 $ ee RAR ee ee ne ee 13 Other Uncommon: Species ss ain SR cae an one 14 ÉISCOF Species ou de ne See ROE es Os ce ee CU D e 16 Keys to Species Bacidia s.lato and other lecideoid species with transversely septate, hyaline spores including Arthonia, Bacidina, Biatora, Catillaria, Lecanactis, Micarea, Mycobilimbia; Rhizocarpon.and SColiClos porn) eae tae ee ee 19 Caliciales (including Calicium, Chaenotheca, Chaenothecopsis, Cyphelium, Microcalicium, Mycocalicium, Phaeocalicium, Sphinctrina and Stenocybe) .... . 25 Caloplaca 6.88 oi SR ne ew on RE RM STONE PRE 21 Lécidéa sensu Zahibrucknet 0920 AS MR ee oe ee ER 47 Léplogiumnis. Vi M BL Se BE) CE ee eee 51 POMPIGIQ®) cis Beles. Lick oS AR OR OE TE do GE oo cc 64 RRIZOCATPON “21. REE SR ST SE Oe SO ee CPR EEE 67 Literature Cited” 727 SR et eee yee een ene OR RE CPR EE 76 Abstract The lichen flora of southern Ontario as we now know it consists of 482 taxa (465 species, 5 subspecies and 12 varieties) in 131 genera. The flora is undoubtedly smaller now than it was 75 or 100 years ago due mainly to air pollution and habitat destruction. Frequency, habitat, substrate, and counties of occurrence are recorded for each taxon, as well as taxonomic comments for many. Keys to species of some genera are also included to supplement or update the keys presented in Brodo’s "Lichens of the Ottawa Region, 2nd edition." Résumé La flore lichénique du Sud de l’Ontario est formée, dans l’état actuel de nos connaisances, de 482 taxons (soit 464 espèces, 6 sous-espèces et 12 variétés) regroupés en 130 genres. Cette flore est sans doute moins importants qu’elle ne l’était il y a 75 ou 100 ans, principalement en raison de la pollution atmosphérique et de la destruction de son habitat. Pour chacun des taxon, on a noté la fréquence, l’habitat, le substrat et le comté où se trouve et, dans de nombreux cas, des commentaires d’ordre taxonomique. On donne aussi des clefs d’identification pour les espéces de certains genres qui compléteront ou mettront à jour les clefs présentées dans l’ourvrage de I. Brodo, intitulé Lichens of the Ottawa Region, 2nd edition. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to the following individuals for identifying or verifying certain specimens in their special areas of expertise: Roland Moberg (Physciaceae), Steven Selva (Caliciales), Per-Magnus Jorgensen (Leptogium), John Sheard (Rinodina), Heino Vänskä (Lecanora s.1.), Ulf Arup (Caloplaca) and Mason Hale (Parmotrema). We also thank Stefan Ekman and UIf Arup for pointing out some small but important lichens to us in the field. We are grateful to Rupert Warren who assisted the senior author in the field in the Toronto area, and Peter Bowler who accompanied him to the Bruce Peninsula. The senior author especially thanks John Krug for giving him access to the lichen herbarium at the University of Toronto (TRTC). Erich Haber generously assisted with computer mapping of Bryoria furcellata and Pyxine sorediata. We are very grateful to the following individuals for recommending many excellent collecting sites: Albert Dugal, John Krug, Rupert Warren, and Shiela and Harry Thomson. Introduction Southern Ontario is one of the most densely populated areas in Canada and includes some of the most heavily industrialized cities in Canada (e.g., Toronto, Windsor and Hamilton) as well as other population centres (e.g., Ottawa, the capital of the country). As a result of extensive cultivation, settlement and industrialization, southern Ontario has lost most of its original habitats, especially in the regions south of Simcoe and Grey counties and west of Peel and York counties, and thus, the number of lichens has declined dramatically over the past 75-100 years. In comparing Macoun’s collections of about a century ago with those we can make today, the drastic decline in number and diversity of taxa is evident (see discussion below). The reason for the decline is due to a combination of deterioration of air quality (lichens are notoriously sensitive to SO, pollution and the acid rain that comes with it), change in microclimate with changes in land use, and actual habitat reduction. It therefore was clear that if any record of the lichen flora was to be assembled, it would have to be done immediately, before a further reduction of the lichen population occurred, and with it, our understanding of the phytogeographic relationships between, for example, New York and New England to the east, and the Great Lakes region to the west. This list is an attempt to document the status of the flora at this point in time, against which, future changes can be assessed. The most comprehensive work dealing at least in part with the lichens of southern Ontario (Brodo 1988) treats 400 species from the Ottawa region, 277 of which occur on the Ontario side of the Ottawa River. Other than that, and our recent paper on significant records from the area (Wong and Brodo 1990), very little has been done on the flora in recent years. (The history of lichen collecting in southern Ontario was reviewed by Wong and Brodo [1973].) Field work was carried out mostly by the senior author, over the past 20 years, resulting in the collection of about 3900 specimens. Another 1800 specimens deposited in either the National Herbarium of Canada (CANL) or the University of Toronto (TRTC) were also examined and verified by the senior author. These include 680 collected by the junior author, with the remainder mainly collected by J. Macoun and R. F. Cain. Description of the Area For the purposes of this study, southern Ontario is defined as the area lying to the south of Algonquin Park and the major part of the Canadian Shield, and includes the southwestern peninsular area bounded by the Great Lakes together with the lowland between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. It is therefore mostly the agriculturally developed portion of the province. Thirty six counties are included in the study area (see Fig. 1). The following geological descriptions are based on Tovell (1964). Southern Ontario is, to a large degree, a glaciated plain underlain by Palaeozoic shales, strata of sandstone and carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites). These rocks contain abundant fossils, the petrified remains of marine life that thrived in Palaeozoic ancient seas. The sedimentary rocks, therefore, originated as sand and mud on these sea floors; the rocks are between 530 and 310 million years old. Owing to the influence of favourable climate plus broadleaved vegetation and underlying calcareous bedrock, very fertile soils of the grey brown luvisols and humic gleysols have developed over the bedrock. The limestone boundary is not strictly the boundary of our "Southern Ontario", however, because certain areas are “BOLIQUIY YON UJaJSEe 0} UONRIe! ut (peyddns) o1seUC Jey NOS SMOUS JesuT “kare Apms JO YOU ysnf ‘yeg [eIoUIAOIg uINbuosTy SI ease pepeys ‘(1x2 ees) Apnys ey) Ul pepNjoul SanUNOd 9€ 94} SUIMOYS O1e]UG UJeyINOS JO de | 21n814 aug eye UOINH aye7 underlain by Precambrian rock. They are mainly granites, gneisses, and schists, but marbles and rocks of volcanic origin occur as well. These rocks are of metamorphic origin. The Precambrian rocks of southern Ontario are between 2,500 million and 800 million years old. These areas are mainly found in Frontenac, Leeds-and-Grenville, Renfrew, Lennox-Addington, Hastings and Haliburton counties, and also contain deep clay deposits. Probably all of southern Ontario, however, was covered at one time with Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. These deposits were removed by erosion, exposing the rock of the Precambrian shield. Southern Ontario is an area of modest relief. The lowest land along the Ottawa River is only 50 m above sea-level, whereas the highest point, on Blue Mountain south of Collingwood, barely reaches 600 m above sea-level. The climate of most of the region places it into either the "Humid High Moderate Temperate Ecoclimatic Region (HMTh)" close to Lake Erie, or the "Humid Mid-Cool Temperate Ecoclimatic Region (MCTh)" to the north (Fig. 2; Ecoregions Working Group 1989). In both regions, summers and warm to hot and winters are mild, with precipitation occurring rather uniformly throughout the year (averaging 800-960 mm per year). Lake Erie exerts a moderating influence on the HMTh area with winter temperatures never getting as low as they do to the north and with temperature fluctuations being less severe. At the northern edge of the region in Haliburton, Renfrew and northern Hastings Counties, the climate is slightly more continental (in the "Humid High Cool Temperate Ecoclimatic Region [HCTh]"), with the winters becoming cold and snowy, but with most precipitation occurring in summer (Fig. 2). Snowfall ranges from an average of 1000 mm at the shore of Lake Erie to 2800 mm in Bruce and Grey counties (Anonymous 1957). Most snow falls during several storms, but the snow may melt completely in any winter month near the Lakes (Wong and Brodo 1973). The following brief account of the vascular plant vegetation of the area is derived mainly from Falls and Soper (1964) and Scoggan (1966). The main pattern of natural vegetation of southern Ontario consists of broad belts of forest running in an east-west direction. The Deciduous Forest Region occupies a comparatively small area north of Lake Erie between the southern end of Lake Huron and the western end of Lake Ontario. The dominant trees of this region are: Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra, Q. alba, Prunus serotina, Ostrya virginiana, Acer rubrum, Carpinus caroliniana, Ulmus americana, Carya ovata and Juglans cinerea. Some southern species are also found here, such as Juglans nigra, Sassafras albidum, Pyrus coronaria, Quercus bicolor, Cornus florida and Nyssa sylvatica. The Deciduous Forest is, of course, composed mainly of deciduous trees, but some conifers are also there, notably Pinus strobus, Thuja occidentalis, Juniperus virginiana and Tsuga canadensis. Picea mariana and Larix laricina are restricted to isolated bogs or cool wet woods. Some shrubs in this region are Hamamelis virginiana, Lindera benzoin, Staphylea trifolia, Corylus americana, Direa palustris, Euonymus atropurpureus, Ribes americanum, R. cynosbati, Symphoricarpos albus, Viburnum acerifolium, Prunus virginiana and Rhus radicans var. rydbergii. The bulk of the study area is occupied by "Mixed Forest", the eastern section of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Forest Region of Rowe (1959). The common deciduous species include such northern hardwoods as Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera, Betula papyrifera, and B. alleghaniensis, as well as other species common to the Deciduous Forest Region, namely: Acer saccharum, A. rubrum, Quercus rubra, Ostrya virginiana, Ulmus americana, Fagus grandifolia, Tilia americana and Prunus serotina. Juglans cinerea is restricted to limestone and other basic soils south of the Canadian Shield. The common conifers are Pinus strobus, Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca, Abies balsamea and Tsuga canadensis. Picea mariana and Larix laricina are common in poorly drained situations, often forming dense stands. Pinus rigida is confined to rocky ridges (quartz) in Leeds-and-Addington HMTh ee LONDON AIRPORT, ONT (278m) 7:34 [30] 909mm L 400 Ecoclimatic Regions in Southern Ontario MCTh oe HCTh i MOUNT FOREST, ONT (415m) 5.4° COMBERMERE, ONT (287m) 42 [12] 964mm La00 [20] 796mm Figure 2. Climate and Ecoclimatic regions of southern Ontario (Ecoregions Working Group 1989). (a) Ecoclimatic categories (see text); (b-d) climate diagrams: top curve, average monthly precipitation (mm); lower curve: average monthly temperature (‘C.); vertically shaded area: period of relatively humid climate; upper right-hand corner: average annual temperature and precipitation; (b) HMTh (Humid High Moderate Temperate); (c) MCTh (Humid Mid-Cool Temperate); (d) HCTh (Humid High Cool Temperate). 8 County. Common shrubs of the Mixed Forest are Corylus cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Dieruilla lonicera, Sambucus pubens, Acer spicatum, Alnus rugosa, Cornus rugosa, Ribes glandulosum and Crataegus spp. Lichens of Particular Habitats As a result of extensive disturbance by man, the southern section of the area, south of Huron to York Counties, has few original habitats. Roadside trees, fence posts, exposed outcrops and open fields are almost the only lichen habitats found in these areas, although some important parks exist especially along the lake shore. The central parts of the area, mainly along the Frontenac Axis, and all of the northern sections including Bruce County, and especially Simcoe, Haliburton and Renfrew Counties, contain a diversified and rich lichen flora. The diverse floristic, geological and topographic features in that area have created an intricate pattern of lichen vegetation. Saxicolous species Saxicolous species form one of richest lichen communities in southern Ontario. Crustose species are more numerous than foliose species, and fruticose lichens other than those in such genera as Cladina, Cladonia and Stereocaulon are very few. The wet limestone rocks along streams or shorelines bear Verrucaria funckii, V. aethiobola and Collema fuscovirens. Staurothele fissa usually forms a black zone on granitic boulders or outcrops at water level along lake shores, and the semi-aquatic lichen, Dermatocarpon luridum, is not uncommon in the region. A number of species are found only on calcareous rocks in the forest or shaded situations. These include Acarospora cervina var. glaucocarpa, Caloplaca citrina, Collema bachmanianum var. bachmanianum, and Endocarpon pusillum. Dry calcareous rocks on rocky shores may sometimes support Caloplaca cirrochroa. Exposed calcareous rocks, including concrete serve as substrate for some of the crustose lichens, such as Aspicilia contorta, Caloplaca feracissima, Lecanora dispersa, Sarcogyne regularis, Thelidium decipiens, Verrucaria calkinsiana, and V. muralis. Many species are found either on calcareous or granitic rocks. These include Caloplaca flavovirescens, Dermatocarpon miniatum, Lecanora muralis, Lepraria spp., Leptogium cyanescens, Nephroma parile, Pannaria leucophaea, Phaeophyscia sciastra, Physcia caesia, Verrucaria fuscella, V. glaucovirens, V. nigrescens, and V. nigrescentoidea. Many species of Cladina and Cladonia are very common in crevaces in which a small amount of plant litter has accumulated or mosses have grown. The lichen vegetation on hardrock (i.e., granite and other siliceous rocks) restricted to forests or cliffs is relatively poor. These lichens include Aspicilia cinerea var. laevata, Cetraria oakesiana, Collema subflaccidum, Diploschistes scruposus, Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, Physcia phaea, Porpidia albocaerulescens, Rhizocarpon obscuratum, Trapelia placodioides, and Umbilicaria mammulata. Exposed hardrock boulders or cliffs are covered by a large number of common species not found on other substrates. These include Dimelaena oreina, Diploschistes scruposus, Lasallia papulosa, Lecanora polytropa, Lecidea delincta, Melanelia disjuncta, M. sorediata, Micarea erratica, Polysporina simplex, Rhizocarpon grande, Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca, Stereocaulon saxatile, Umbilicaria deusta, U. muehlenbergii, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, X. plittii and X. somloënsis. Corticolous species Roadside trees, especially those having bark with a relatively high pH such as elms, poplars, and some maples, bear an abundant growth of some common lichens, such as Buellia punctata, Caloplaca microphyllina, C. cerina, C. holocarpa, Candelaria concolor, Cladonia coniocraea, Flavoparmelia caperata, Parmelia sulcata, Physcia aipolia, P. adscendens, P. millegrana, Physconia detersa, Scoliciosporum chlorococcum, Xanthoria fallax, and X. polycarpa. The luxuriance and abundance of these appear to be based on their toxitolerance. Most of these lichens also grow on rocks or fence posts. Cedar swamps are mainly found in the northern part of the area, but are scattered in the eastern sector as well. Corticolous species frequently found in such swamps on the Thuja, Fraxinus or Ulmus include Bacidia carneoalbida, B. polychroa, B. schweinitzii, Cladonia squamosa, Loxospora ochrophaea, Mycobilimbia berengeriana, Mycocalicium subtile, Ochrolechia arborea, Pertusaria amara and Punctelia rudecta. A few other lichens are characteristic of coniferous trees (Picea, Abies, or Pinus) such as Bryoria, Catillaria nigroclavata, Cetraria ciliaris, Lecanora pallida var. rubescens, L. wisconsinensis, Ochrolechia androgyna, and Parmeliopsis ambigua. Hardwood trees with a more acidic bark such as Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, Q. velutina, and Tilia americana are common in southern Ontario and they have a rich epiphytic flora quite distinct from that of poplars and elms, or conifers. Species characteristically found on such hardwood trees include: Arthonia radiata, Bacidia naegelii, Eopyrenula leucoplaca, Flavoparmelia caperata, Lecanora glabrata, L. hybocarpa, Melanelia subaurifera, Parmelina aurulenta, P. galbina, Phaeophyscia pusilloides, Pyrrhospora varians, and Rinodina subminuta. A few common species can live on either tree bark or rocks, these include: Buellia punctata, Candelaria concolor, Cetrelia olivetorum, Lecanora thysanophora, Micarea peliocarpa, Parmelia sulcata, Phaeophyscia rubropulchra, Physcia dubia, Physconia detersa, Punctelia rudecta, and Ramalina intermedia. Terricolous species Terricolous lichens, as designated here, are those that grow on humus, soil, mosses or plant litter. In southern Ontario, terricolous lichens are usually found in open fields, forest glades or on mosses over wood, rocks or trees. Such habitats contain: Baeomyces fungoides , Catapyrenium lachneum, Cetraria arenaria, Cladina arbuscula, C. mitis, C. rangiferina, C. stellaris, Cladonia acuminata, C. bacillaris, C. caespiticia, C. cariosa, C. cervicornis ssp. verticillata, C. chlorophaea, C. coniocraea, C. cornuta, C. crispata, C. cristatella, C. cryptochlorophaea, C. cylindrica, C. dahliana, C. decorticata, C. deformis, C. digitata, C. fimbriata, C. furcata, C. gracilis ssp. turbinata, C. grayi, C. humilis, C. macilenta, C. magyarica, C. multiformis, C. peziziformis, C. phyllophora, C. pleurota, C. pocillum, C. pyxidata, C. rei, C. squamosa, C. turgida, C. uncialis, Collema bachmanianum var. bachmanianum, C. tenax, Diploschistes scruposus, Lecidea berengerana, Lepraria finkii, Leptogium lichenoides, Mycobilimbia sabuletorum, M. tetramera, and Placynthiella uliginosa. Lignicolous species The lignicolous species are those that grow on wood, including fence posts, stumps, logs and dead trees. A few species show an affinity for charred wood, such as Biatora botryosa, Hypocenomyce anthracophila, H. friesii, H. scalaris, Trapeliopsis flexuosa and T. granulosa. Most species characteristically found on wood often also occur on other substrates, especially conifer bark. These species include Bacidia carneoalbida, Bryoria furcellata, Caloplaca ferruginea, C. holocarpa, C. microphyllina, Candelariella xanthostigma, Cetraria ciliaris var. ciliaris, C. ciliaris var. halei, C. oakesiana, C. pinastri, Cyphelium tigillare, Imshaugia aleurites, Lecanora impudens, L. piniperda, and L. pulicaris. The Present Lichen Flora The lichen flora of southern Ontario, as presently known, consists of 482 taxa (465 species, 5 subspecies, and 12 varieties) in 131 genera. The flora of Ontario as a whole has approximately 830 recorded species, although this number is certainly an underestimate of the actual lichen flora (Brodo, unpublished). Since most of southern Ontario is dominated by deciduous forest, it is not surprising that the greater part of its flora is related to the Eastern Temperate or Appalachian-Great Lakes distribution types. The flora relates to other parts of Canada and the United States to varying degrees, and this is summarized in Table 1. Here, the floras of Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, (including Charlotte County) (Gowan and Brodo 1988); the Straits region of Michigan (Harris 1977); the Ottawa region (Brodo 1988); and the state of Missouri (Ladd and Wilhelm, unpublished) are compared using Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity (Dunn and Everitt 1982): a/a+b+c, where a = the number of species present in both regions 1 and 2, b = the number of species in region 1 and absent from region 2, and c = the number of species in region 2 and absent from region 1. Table 1. Lichen flora of southern Ontario compared with floras of other areas in North America. Region Av. Distance No. species No. species Jaccard’s (kilometres) (total) in common coefficient Ottawa Region 375 400 370 .7226 (Brodo 1988) Straits area, Michigan 600 430 365 .6673 (Harris 1977) Fundy National Park 1050 509 266 .3669 (Gowan & Brodo, 1988) Missouri (Ladd & Wilhelm, unpubl.) 1350 437 215 23153 Although the coefficient of any given region is closely related to its average distance from southern Ontario, there is clearly a much greater degree of similarity between the floras of our region 11 Table 2. Lichens that may no longer be part of the southern Ontario lichen flora, based on species lists compiled from records from 1930 or earlier, and records from 1960 or earlier (minus those in the pre-1930 list. Lichens not collected since 1930 Species Anzia colpodes (Ach.) Stizenb. Arthonia patellulata Ny1. Arthonia punctiformis Ach. Biatora helvola (K6rber) Hellbom Bryoria trichodes (Michx.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. subsp. trichodes Candelaria fibrosa (Fr.) Müll. Arg. Collema nigrescens (Hudson) DC. Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. Heterodermia hypoleuca (Miihl.) Trev. Heterodermia obscurata (Ny1.) Trev. Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr. Lecanora cfr. caesiosora Poelt Lecanora cenisia Ach. Lecanora imshaugii Brodo Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. Lempholemma myriococcum (Ach.) Th. Fr. Leptogium azureum (Sw.) Mont. Leptogium corticola (Taylor) Tuck. Leptogium crenatellum (Nyl.) Tuck. Leptogium hirsutum Sierk Leptogium tenuissimum (Wallr.) Arn. Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Haffelner & V. Wirth Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl. Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. Parmotrema margaritatum (Hue) Hale Pertusaria rhexostoma Ny1. Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Ny1.) Tibell Physcia americana Merr. Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. in Lam & DC. Physconia distorta (With.) Laund. Plagiocarpa macrospora R. Harris Plagiocarpa phaeospora R. Harris Plagiocarpa septemseptata R. Harris Pyrenula laevigata (Per.) Arn. Pyrenula subelliptica (Tuck. in Lea) R. Harris Pyrrospora varians (Ach.) R. Harris Rinodina polyspora Th. Fr. Sterocaulon dactylophyllum Flôürke Strigula jamesii (Swinscow) R. Harris Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr. Trypethelium virens Tuck. ex Michen. in Darl. 12 Distribution type Appalachian-Great Lakes region (southern) Boreal S. Boreal to N. Temperate; B.C.? Great Lakes region (suboceanic) East Temperate East Temperate, W Western; Great Lakes region East Temperate Southern East Temperate, Southwestern Boreal Widespread East Temperate N. Boreal to arctic; west Southeastern Coastal Plain East Temperate East Temperate East Temperate, Western Widespread Boreal-A Southern Boreal Southern Boreal, Northwest Rare, East Temperate Rare, East Temperate East Temperate West and east coasts Western Rare; E. Temperate? East Temperate East Temperate East Temperate; Mich. to N.Y. NE Temperate (Appalach.?) East Temperate & B.C. Appalachian-Great Lakes Prairies East Temperate (Table 2, continued) Lichens collected between 1930 and 1960, but not recollected since 1960 Species Distribution type Arthothelium spectabile (Flot. ex Fr.) Mass. Cetraria aurescens Tuck. Appalachian-Great Lakes Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell Lecania dubitans (Nyl.) A.L. Sm. Lecidea chalybeiza Nyl. Leptogium byssinum (Hoffm.) Zw. ex Nyl. Nephroma bellum (Spreng.) Tuck. App-GL-S. Rockies-west coast Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyeln.) Gyeln. Boreal, coast to coast Pyrenula macounii R. Harris S. Ontario & N. New York Usnea filipendula Stirton with northern Michigan than with Fundy Park. Both have important boreal components, but the Fundy flora lacks many of the more continental species (Gowan and Brodo 1988). The representation of northern (boreal) species in southern Ontario comes mainly from the relatively few coniferous forest stands in Haliburton and Renfrew Counties, and some unusually rich Thuja stands elsewhere in the region. In the Ottawa area, for example, it is these cedar woods that harbour most of the northern Great Lakes disjuncts. Missouri does not have an important boreal element since it lacks a coniferous forest (other than pine-oak glades). The Ottawa flora is, of course, most similar to the flora of southern Ontario since it is in fact part of that flora. The boreal element in the Ottawa region is mainly found in the Quebec sector. Changes in the lichen flora In order to gain some appreciation of the extent of change in the lichen flora over the last 100 years, an analysis was made of the lichens known at three critical points in time: 1930, 1960, and the present. The lists in Table 2 were compiled from an analysis of the CURATOR database of lichen specimen data at the Canadian Museum of Nature. The aim of the analysis was to reveal which lichens have not been collected in recent years. The theory is that with the intense level of collecting by Wong and Brodo (1960-present) and by Roy Cain and colleagues (1930-1960), as assessment of the disappearance of lichens from the lichen flora can be made simply by comparing the list of lichens prior to 1930 (A), the list at 1960 (B), and the list at the present time (C). Lichens on list (A) but not on lists (B) or (C) (42 species, 9%) may have been extirpated and may be among the most sensitive to habitat destruction and other environmental modifications. Those on list (B) but not on list (C) (and with the species on list A removed), constitute an additional 10 species or 2%, and also may have disappeared, but perhaps are slightly less sensitive (and took longer to be eliminated from the southern Ontario flora). 13 Many if not most of the crustose lichens in the pre-1930 list are small and inconspicuous, and may not have been recollected since 1930 simply because they were overlooked. The foliose and fruticose lichens, however, are larger and probably represent species that have indeed disappeared from the flora over the last 60 years. In analyzing the known distribution of these macrolichens and some of the better known crustose species, we can see that many of them represent more southerly species that were probably never very abundant in southern Ontario, e.g., Anzia colpodes, Candelaria fibrosa, Lecanora imshaugii, Leptogium azureum, L. corticola, Parmotrema margaritatum, Pertusaria rhexostoma, Physcia americana and Trypethelium virens. Most of the species from the Great Lakes region (which includes virtually all of southern Ontario) and southern boreal forest are lichens that do best in rich, undisturbed forests today, e.g., Evernia prunastri, Melanelia septentrionalis, Icmadophila ericetorum, Nephroma resupinatum, N. bellum and Stereocaulon dactylophyllum. Menegazzia terebrata was found by John Macoun on several occasions in the Ottawa area, but has not been seen in recent time in the same area. It is rare in the Quebec portion of the Ottawa region (Brodo 1988). Still others are clearly on the edge of their range, e.g., the prairie species, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus; and the arctic-alpine-western species, Lecanora rupicola. Other rare lichens such as Cladonia pocillum, C. subulata, Megaspora verrucosa, Stereocaulon paschale and Usnea filipendula, have a few post-1960 records, and are arctic-alpine or boreal species. Thus, in most cases, it would seem that the disappearance of these lichens was due to a removal of their habitat, i.e., the old forests, and a resultant drying of the general environment by opening the land to farming. What is harder to assess is the number of lichens that have disappeared due to air pollution. That lichens are extremely sensitive to sulphur dioxide, heavy metal, and nitrous oxide pollution has been well-documented. Most sensitive are the arboreal macrolichens such as Bryoria, Parmotrema, and Usnea. It is therefore not surprising that species of these genera are rare or no longer found in southern Ontario, subjected as they are to pollution-laden air from the nickel belt and industrial region just up-wind to the west. The present and past distributions of Pyxine sorediata and Bryoria furcellata, for example, (Figs. 3,4) reveal the disappearance of this forest species from the Ottawa region, with the remants in the forested parts of Hastings, Lennox & Addington, Simcoe, Frontenac, Renfrew, Lanark and Peterborough counties. Although probably due to air pollution, the shrinkage in the range may also be due to a cutting of the old forests. Other Uncommon Species Ochrolechia pseudopallescens is one of the most common and widespread Ochrolechiae in eastern North America (Brodo 1991), but it is rare in southern Ontario. It may have disappeared with the cutting of the pine forests in the 1800’s, since it is strictly a conifer bark and lignum species. It apparently reaches its northern limit here. Phaeophyscia orbicularis is a western and central North America species (Esslinger 1977b). In southern Ontario, it is frequently found on tree barks, fence posts, or rocks. The occurrence of such a western species in southern Ontario is most unusual. It has a parallel with Evernia prunastri, a lichen with no modern records. Three tiny, inconspicuous lichens were recently discovered in the region: Strangospora pinicola on the bark of a Populus, Rinodina efflorescens on deciduous trees, and Caloplaca velana on calcareous rocks. Because of their size, these species may have been overlooked in the past. These 14 Figures 3-4. Distribution of lichens in southern Ontario. 3. Pyxine sorediata 4. Bryoria furcellata @ Collections made before 1930; © Collections made after 1930. 15 European species have recently been reported as new to North America (Wong and Brodo 1990). Similarly, the European species, Rinodina degeliana was recently found together with Rinodina efflorescens on maple trees. They are new records for North America. Other rare, recent discoveries for Canada include Arthonia byssacea, A. diffusella, Bacidia circumspecta, Biatora epixanthoides, Cryptolechia carneolutea, Gyalecta truncigena, Parmotrema margaritatum, P. subtinctorium, Phaeophyscia hirsuta, Rinodina efflorescens, and Thelocarpon superellum (Wong and Brodo 1990). Most of these species are good indicators of old forests. All but the Parmotremae are small and are easily overlooked in the field. They may well be more widespread in North America. Another rare crustose species, Pachyphiale fagicola, was found on a red maple tree, and is reported here as new to Canada. List of Species In this paper the species have been placed in alphabetical order. Nomenclature and authority abbreviations for the epithets mainly follow Egan (1987). Under each species, comments on relative frequency, substrate, ecology (if known), and locality (county) are presented. Notes on frequency are quasi-quantitative and refer to the number of counties in which the taxon was collected: "very rare": one county; "rare": two or three; "infrequent": four or five; "frequent": six to eight; "common": 9 to 15; "very common": over 15. Comments on taxonomy and notes on similar species are offered where appropriate. Taxa with an asterisk (*) to the left were recently reported as new to North America, Canada or Ontario (Wong and Brodo 1990), in most cases, with some discussion. The number (1 to 36) in parentheses represents the county in southern Ontario from which the specimen is reported: (1) Essex, (2) Kent, (3) Lambton, (4) Elgin, (5) Middlesex, (6) Oxford, (7) Perth, (8) Huron, (9) Haldiman-Norfolk, (10) Brant, (11) Waterloo, (12) Wellington, (13) Bruce, (14) Grey, (15) Dufferin, (16) Peel, (17) Halton, (18) Hamilton-Wentworth, (19) Niagara, (20) York, (21) Simcoe, (22) Durham, (23) Victoria, (24) Northumberland, (25) Peterborough, (26) Haliburton, (27) Hastings, (28) Prince Edward, (29) Lennox-&-Addington, (30) Frontenac, (31) Renfrew, (32) Lanark, (33) Leeds-&-Grenville, (34) Ottawa-Carleton, (35) Russell, (36) Stormont-Dundas-&-Glengarry. These numbers are in accending order from Essex County in the west to Russell County in the east (see Fig. 1). To conserve space, collectors and/or collection numbers are only given for the uncommon lichens. For common lichens, we mention only the number of counties in which specimens were collected. Collector and collection numbers are listed for specimens collected by anyone other than the senior author. Those numbers without collector’s names preceding them are the senior author’s collection numbers. All the specimens are in the National Herbarium of Canada (CANL), unless otherwise indicated. Most species in the southern Ontario lichen flora can be identified using the keys in Brodo (1988) for the Ottawa region. We are providing new keys here only for genera having a significant number of species not covered in that book. Keys were therefore written for Bacidia and similar genera, the Caliciales, Caloplaca, Lecidea s.lato, Leptogium, Porpidia and Rhizocarpon. The complete set of specimen data is available at a nominal charge from the Botany Division of the Canadian Museum of Nature. Acarospora badiofusca (Ny1.) Th. Fr. Rare; on calcareous and non-calcareous rocks, in the open. (33): Brodo 23433B; (34): Brodo 24961. Acarospora canadensis H. Magn. Infrequent; on calcareous rocks, in open or more or less shaded situations. (13): 2049, 2122; (14): 1975; (15): 3636; (34): Brodo 25485, 25490, Macoun 3646 (isotype). This species is characterized by the dense, immersed apothecia, one per areole, becoming Lecanora-like in appearance when mature. The dull red-brown, epruinose areoles easily separate this species from other Acarospora in southern Ontario. It should be noted, however, that the type has dispersed, non-contiguous areolae, whereas all other specimens have contiguous areolae and a continuous thallus. The two morphotypes may prove to be distinct. Acarospora cervina Massal. var. glaucocarpa (Wahlenb. in Ach.) Koérber (Syn. A. glaucocarpa (Wahlenb. in Ach.) Kôrber) Frequent; on calcareous rocks, in open or in shade. (13), (25), (27), (29), (31), (33), (34), (36). Acarospora fuscata (Schrad.) Arn. Very common; on granitic boulders, cliffs, especially on bird perch rocks. It has also been found on sandstone, usually in open, sometimes in shaded areas. (12), (13), (14), (16), (25), (26), (27), (28), (31), (32), (33), (34), (36). This is one of the most common saxicolous species throughout the area. *Acarospora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Kérber Rare; on non-calcareous rock. (27): 4491, Brodo 27591; (31): Brodo 20279. *Acrocordia cavata (Ach.) R. Harris Very rare; on a roadside Populus. (4): 1726. *Anaptychia palmulata (Michaux) Vainio Infrequent, on crystalline rocks or deciduous trees in forests. (16): White 316; (24): Macoun 77, 816; (27): Macoun 817; (31): Moore 6057; (34): 56, 823, 831, 3672. Anaptychia setifera Ris. Rare; on conifereous trees or calcareous cliffs, in partially shaded areas. (13): 2058, Cain 25814; (24): Macoun 807; (28): Macoun 808; (33): 282. This species is characterized by having narrow lobes (less than 2 mm across) bearing long cilia grading into marginal rhizines; the undersurface is decorticate and there are spinules on the receptacle of apothecia. It has long been confused with A. ciliaris but the latter seems to be restricted to Europe. *Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R. Harris (Syn. Arthopyrenia biformis (Borrer) Massal.) Very rare; on stumps or the bark of Ostrya virginiana, in forests or swamps. (31): 3776, 3839. Anisomeridium nyssaegenum (Ellis & Everhart) R. Harris (Syn. Arthopyrenia willeyana R. Harris) Rare; on bark of various trees in forests. (4): 1739; (32): 1369B; (34): 4349, 4365, 4375, 4528, Brodo 25498, 27629. Anzia colpodes (Ach.) Stizenb. Very rare; probably extinct in this region, on trees in forests. (33): Billings s.n. Although superficially resembling a non-sorediate Hypogymnia physodes, the thick, highly branched, cushion-like, black hypothallus of A. colpodes makes it an easy species to recognize. Arthonia (See key to Bacidia.) *Arthonia byssacea (Weigel) Almq. Rare; on white cedar, in cedar swamps with Lecanactis chloroconia Tuck. (31): 3814; (34): 4522. While Wong and Brodo (1990) was in press, A. byssacea was reported from the Aspostle Islands in northern Wisconsin by Wetmore (1990). Arthonia caesia (Flot.) Kôrber Common; on bark of all kinds and fence posts, in the open or in forests. (3), (4), (5), (9), (12), (13), (21), (22), (25), (26), (27), (29), (30), (32), (33), (34), (35). This is the most common species of the genus in this area. *Arthonia diffusella Fink Rare; only found on Thuja. (31): 3814; (32): 3979B, 3980, 3981, 3993. Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl. Rare; on deciduous tree bark, in forests or swampy areas. (15): 3600; (30): 2553, 2919; (34): 4546, Brodo 13334. *Arthonia patellulata Ny1. Rare; on poplar bark or rotten wood. (6): 2709B; (34): Macoun 2789. Arthonia punctiformis Ach. Rare; on deciduous tree bark. (27): Macoun 236, 643 (TRTC); (34): Macoun, 2 specimens, both have no number. Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. Common; on bark of deciduous trees, in forests. (3), (4), (5), (10), (13), (14), (19), (20), (21), (27), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35). Arthopyrenia padi Rabenh. (Syn. A. epidermidis auct., A. punctiformis auct.) Rare; on smooth bark of deciduous trees. (34): Macoun 148, 462. The very small, round ascomata, alga-less thallus, and the 2(-4)-celled spores, 15-20 x 4.5-6.0 um, are the distinguishing characters of this species. It was treated under the name, A. epidermidis (DC.) Massal. in the Ottawa flora (Brodo 1988). Arthothelium ruanum (Massal.) Zw. (Syn. A. anastomosans (Ach.) Arnold) Rare; on bark of all kinds. (5): Macoun 499 (TRTC); (15): 3603; (34): Macoun 101, 102, 409 (TRTC). Arthothelium spectabile (Flotow ex Fr.) Massal. Infrequent; on deciduous trees. (20): Cain 20845, 22784, 25299, 25300, 25664, 27242 (all TRTC); (27): Macoun 234, 642 (TRTC); (32): Macoun 3025; (34): Macoun 110, 197, 412. Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Kôrber var. cinerea Frequent; on granitic boulders, in open or in shaded habitats. (10): 2721, 2724; (25): 3704, 4439; (27): Brodo 27600; (30): 2894, Dawson s.n.; (31): 2965; (33): 221, 502, 522, 2324; (34): Macoun 225. The thallus varies from pale yellow grey to dark olive grey and is usually thick; areolate to somewhat verrucose. This variety always produces norstictic acid. Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Kôrber var. laevata (Ach.) Kôrber Frequent; on granitic boulders, usually in shaded areas. (27): Brodo 27589; (31): 1392, 3911; (33): 415, 476, 3389, 3452, 3469, 3487, Brodo 9643; (34): 2844. This variety contains stictic acid, and usually has a much thinner, continuous to undulating thallus. Aspicilia contorta (Hoffm.) Krempelh. Rare; on calcareous rocks, in open areas. (27): 4326, 4339; (33): 301. The dispersed, convex, usually pruinose areoles of this species separate this species from others in the genus in southern Ontario. 18 Aspicilia verrucigera Hue Frequent; on granitic boulders, in open or in shaded habitats. (14): 1958; (25): 3724, 3756; (29): 2516; (30): 511, 524, Dawson s.n.; (31): 1843, 3883, 3911, 3931, 4047; (33): 505, 3329B, 3333, 3334, 3376, 3481; (34): 2831, 2844. The thick, vermiform-verrucose thallus is the best character of this species. Bacidia s.lato and other lecideoid species with transversely septate, 10. ji hyaline spores including Arthonia, Bacidina, Biatora, Catillaria, Lecanactis, Micarea, Mycobilimbia, Rhizocarpon and Scoliciosporum) ONTOCKS 2 me ne inh Seachem o,f Seal . ea Pees. oe a SE ee B. schweinitzii *Bacidia bagliettoana (Massal. & De Not.) Jatta Infrequent; on mosses or on soil, in the open. (15): 3631; (16): Cain 22606 (TRTC); (20): Cain 22772 (TRTC); (27): 2373; (31): 4180. Bacidia carneoalbida (Mill. Arg.) Coppins (Syn. Bacidia sphaeroides auct., non (Dickson) Zahlbr.) Infrequent; on mosses, soil or rotten wood, usually in swampy areas. (10): Cain 18738 (TRTC); (27): Macoun 398 (TRTC); (31): 3841; (32): 4021; (34): Macoun 188. Gilbert et al. (1988) recently pointed out that the type of Lichen sphaeroides Dickson has mostly one-septate spores and is what has generally been called Catillaria sphaeroides (Massal.) Schuler (= Biatora sphaeroides (Dickson) Kôrber as listed in Egan [1990]). The latter species has not been found in southern Ontario. The oldest available name for Bacidia sphaeroides auct. is Patellaria carneoalbida Mill. Arg., transferred to Bacidia by Coppins (1989). *Bacidia circumspecta (Nyl. ex Vainio) Malme Very rare; one specimen collected from a cedar together with B. polychroa, in a Thuja swamp. (31): 3809. *Bacidia incompta (Borr. ex Hook.) Anzi Rare; on Ulmus americana and rotten wood. (6): 2709A, 2712; (34): Robitaille 149.4. Bacidia inundata (Fr.) Kôrber (See Bacidina inundata.) *Bacidia laurocerasi (Del. ex Duby) Ozenda & Clauz. (Syn. B. atrogrisea (Delise) Kôrber) Very rare; on a oak in mixed forest. (31): 4035. 22 *Bacidia naegelii (Hepp) Zahlbr. Infrequent; on deciduous trees in forests. (5): 1700; (9): 2628; (21): 3521; (25): 2220A; (27): Macoun 1790, 1791, 2733. Bacidia polychroa (Th. Fr.) Kérber Common; on bark of all kinds, in forests or swamps. (15): 3596; (21): 3545; (24): 3194; (27): Macoun 3049; (29): 855B; (31) 3809, 3817, 4094, Brodo 25211, 25212; (32): 3981; (34): Brodo 27630, Macoun 258 & 2801 (CANL), 280, 390 & 391 (TRTC). *Bacidia populorum (Massal.) Trev. Rare; on deciduous trees in forests. (21): 3519, 3521; (24): Macoun 178. Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) Massal. Infrequent; on bark of deciduous trees in forests. (20): Cain 25309, 25311 (TRTC); (27): Brodo 27622; (31): Brodo 25250; Ireland 15886; (32): Shchepanek 203A. Bacidia schweinitai (Tuck.) Schneider Common; on bark of all kinds in forests or swampy areas. (10), (15), (16), (18), (20), (21), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (34). Bacidia suffusa (Fr.) Schneid. Infrequent; on bark of various trees in forests or swamps. (16): White 320; (27): Macoun 2805, 3049; (31): Brodo 25122; (32): 3976; (34): Macoun 220, 261, 392, 2807; (35): Macoun 72. *Bacidia trachona (Ach.) Lett. Rare; on limestone or granitic boulders in forests or shaded situations. (19): 2577; (36): 1195, 1199. Bacidia sp. #1 sensu Harris (1977) Infrequent; on calcareous or non-calcareous rocks in open situations. (12): 2766; (13): 2051; (30): 2888; (31): 1381; (34): Brodo 7513. See comments under Bacidina inundata. Bacidia sp. #2 Rare, in mosses or on limestone. (31): 4042, 4141B. These two specimens were both collected from Renfrew County. One was growing on moss over rock at water’s edge and the other was collected from a limestone in a forest. Bacidina inundata (Fr.) Vézda Rare; on granitic or calcareous rocks, in shaded or open situations. (10):2725; (27): 2230; (34): 4545. This species was recently transferred to the new genus Bacidina by Vézda (1990). It is usually found in or near water, but this was not the case with any of the three southern Ontario specimens. Bacidia sp. #1 (sensu Harris 1977), a more common saxicolous species in southern Ontario, is very similar to Bacidina inundata, but its epihymenium and hymenium are green whereas those of B. inundata are colorless. It remains to be seen whether it is better classified as a Bacidia or a Bacidina. Baeomyces fungoides (Swartz) Ach.) (Syn. B. roseus Pers.) Rare; on sandy soil. (2): Fowler 2599; (26): 4507. This is the only terricolous species of the genus found in southern Ontario. Although rarely found, it forms large colony where ever it occurs. The pinkish apothecia of this species are very distinctive, unlike the brownish ones of B. rufus. We compared tropical material of B. fungoides with our temperate collections and could find no characters that can separate them. The "pruinose warts on a smooth thallus" said to be characteristic of B. roseus by de Vries and Sipman (1984) were also found on West Indies material in CANL. 23 Baeomyces rufus (Hudson) Rebent. Very rare; our only specimen was on granitic rock near water. (25): 4484. This specimen is sterile but the identity can be confirmed by its presence of stictic and trace of norstictic acids. Biatora botryosa Fr. (Syn. Lecidea botryosa (Fr.) Th. Fr.) Rare; on charred wood. (21): 1877; (32): Brodo 14601. We have adopted the new classification of this species suggested by Hertel (1988). (See key to Lecidea.) *Biatora epixanthoides (Nyl.) Diederich (Syn. Bacidia epixanthoides (Nyl.) Lettau) (See key to Bacidia.) Rare; on Thuja or decaying wood. (10): Cain 3740; (32): 4022. Biatora helvola (Kérber) Hellbom (Syn. Lecidea helvola (Kôrber) H. Olivier) (See key to Lecidea.) Very rare; on bark of a tree. (34): Macoun 187. Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr. (Syn. Lecidea vernalis (L.) Ach.) (See key to Lecidea.) Rare; in mosses over rocks or over bases of cedar trees, in shaded situations. (31): 3813; (34): Macoun 398. Bryoria furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & Hawksw. Common; on bark and branches of various coniferous trees, rotten wood or rock cliffs. It is frequent, but not abundant, and is usually found only one or two thalli per tree. (20), (21), (22), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34). Most modern specimens of this species from southern Ontario are rather depauperate, and many records are very old. The species was undoubtedly much more abundant in the past before the white pine forests were cut and air pollution decimated the remaining populations (see Fig. 4). Bryoria trichodes (Michx.) Brodo & Hawksw. subsp. trichodes. Very rare; the only specimens were collected from a Larix by Macoun in Ottawa region. (34): Macoun 20 (TRTC). This species is new to southern Ontario but it is very common in northern Ontario. Air pollution may well have extirpated this species from our region. *Buellia arnoldii Servit Rare; on conifer trees in swamps or roadsides. (31): Brodo 25263; (32): 3984, 4002. *Buellia polyspora (Will.) Vainio Rare; on deciduous trees in forests. (4): Macoun 402; (21): 3533. Buellia punctata (Hoffm.) Massal. Very common; on bark of all kinds, on rotten wood, and also on rocks; in open or shaded habitats. (3), (4), (5), (6), (9), (10), (12), (14), (15), (17), (19), (20), (21), (24), (25), (27), (28), (29), (31), (32), (33), (34), (36). This species is one of the most common crustose lichens in southern Ontario. Buellia schaereri De Not. Rare; on Pinus strobus and lignum. (25): Brodo 27612; (36):1232. This species has the smallest spores (7-8.5 x 3-3.6 wm) in the genus. It normally has a thin hypophloedal thallus, but the southern Ontario specimen are rather thick, apparently parasitic on some other lichen. Buellia stillingiana J. Stein. Frequent; on bark of all kinds in forests. (16), (25), (26), (30), (31), (32), (34), (35). This species is very similar in general appearance to B. arnoldii but it differs from the latter in lacking oil droplets in the hymenium and in having a "T"-shaped, grey apothecial stipe, with a more or less uniformly brown-black exciple. In addition to this, B. arnoldii has much larger spores (30-33 x 11-12 ym) than those of B. stillingiana (10-15 x 5-7 um). Moreover, B. arnoldii contains atranorin (KOH+ yellow) whereas B. stillingiana contains norstictic acid (KOH + red). 24 Buellia turgescens Tuck. Rare; on granitic boulders in open habitats. (29): 4205, Brodo 9711; (33): 3399; (34): Brodo 13302. This distinctive saxicolous species has a thick, brownish grey verrucose to granulose thallus with the apothecia either partially sunken into the verrucae or, more commonly, sessile. Caliciales (including Calicium, Chaenotheca, Chaenothecopsis, Cyphelium, Microcalicium, Mycocalicium, Phaeocalicium, Sphinctrina and Stenocybe.) Ie Ascocarps without a stalk; mazaedium in thalline verrucae appearing like a lecanorine apothecium; thallus yellow-green, subareolate and subsquamulose ........ 2 i Ascocarps at the summit of a short or long hair-like stalk ..................... 3 22 Spores 2-celled. Often found on dead standing trees near streams or lakes, infrequent sr Paes see. eh due nes de eI eee cae Cyphelium tigillare 2: Spores submuriform: Rare. 22 4 Re ARR os: QE Cyphelium notarisii 3: SporesimostlyiSphericalito Subspherical er PP EMA LA. CRM ee 4 3. Spores elliptical:to: cylindrical) 4: Safe SO. aes ele L A ee 2) 4. Spores with hyaline sheaths, mostly spherical, 8-11 um, the remainder slightly elongate to bullet-shaped (pointed at one end); cell wall irregularly sculptured; apothecium with a very short stalk (less than 0.5 mm). Parasitic OM TTCDENS Em ea cok eee eee ee ere ceo ah 2e nee Sphinctrina anglica 4 Spores without hyaline sheath; apothecium with stalk longer than 0.5 mm. .......... 5 de Apothecium:withia yellow, pruinaibelow: 222%. 2e CR POI 6 Se Apothecium with awhite pruinmalbelowW/Or'epruinose ee ee 7 6. Epiphloedal thallus absent; photobiont large, round to irregular cells, with orange oil drops (Trentepohlia); within substrate. On cedar, rare . . . . Chaenotheca hispidula 6. Epiphloedal thallus present, bright greenish yellow, leprose, fairly thick; photobiont small cylindrical cells, without orange oil drops (Stichococcus). On coniferormstumps, infrequent: ne meet. ce Chaenotheca furfuracea 18 Apothecium with a white pruina below; thallus thin, granular, verrucose or squamulose; gray-green; photobiont Stichococcus (see couplet 6). On conifer or SHUDNPSHEABC M MN Soir elite a eens SUMO tas TAT eee Chaenotheca trichialis 7: Apothecium epruinose, although occasionally appearing pruinose in Chaenotheca brunneola; thallus thick or absent; photobiont with spherical cells (Chloroccales) 8. Thallus thick, verrucose, white to greenish-white, often with interspersed orange granules that react K+ red; exipulum well developed. Infrequent dis Gus son at AY SE CRC ae ee eee Chaenotheca ferruginea 8. Thallus absent; exipulum poorly developed. On stumps or on polypore fungi srowinc on Abies-balsamea, rare TE RE ARR Chaenotheca brunneola 25 ae 14 Spores-noôn-septate. MMM. Lente Grn RE 10 Spores septate: 7&5 LE SSE es ES TROUS 12 Apothecium with a yellow-green pruina; mazaedium dark brown or black; mature spores very variable in size and shapes, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, 0-3-septate (septa poorly developed), with very uneven surface, pale brown, 6-11.5 x 3-4 um. On:cedars fare MOR Leelee EE SPA Nr RP Chaenotheca laevigata Apothecium'epruinose:no mazaedium: MSA EEE Pee en - 11 Ascus wall with a distinct thickening at the tip penetrated by a fine canal (best seen in lactophenol/cotton blue); spores pale brown, 5-6.5 x 2.5-3 um. On Thuja;occidentaliS rare ERP ER EE ON RAI Chaenothecopsis savonica Ascus wall with a uniform thickening at the tip, no canal; spores dark brown, I-9 x 2.5-3: Some Infrequents CP RER ee eee NIQUE A Mycocalicium subtile Mazacdiuni present;/theasci-disintegratingieanly» sen Ce es ee ee eens 13 Mazaedium absent, the /asci not disintegrating, 9-22 cin oe ee ee es we ae 18 Mazaedium with a greenish tinge; spores with distinct spiral ornamentation; stalk rough, appearing granular under dissecting scope. Parasitic on Psilolechia LUCIDA S FATE. GT i eS ere Microcalicium arenarium Mazaedium brown or black; spores smooth or with uneven surface but not distinctlyispirally marked:gstalk¢smooth? #0). ARE EE 14 Mazaedium brown; spores pale brown, 0-3-septate ............ Chaenotheca laevigata Mazaedium black; spores dark brown, 1-septate, deeply constricted at septum, Omamented /ontsurtace eee segs eo in RE PUR, ee a Se ee eee 15 Asci clavate; rim of apothecium margin (excipulum) white-pruinose; pycnidia common: spores 8-11 x 3.55 pm.“Onconiferrare- 2. 9. sh Se. ee Calicium parvum Asci cylindrical; excipula pruinose or epruinose; pycnida absent ................ 16 Excipula yellow-pruinose, often only on the rim. On stumps or logs, rare BS Reeder EE AEP Rove ER Du calcio tr ape PASS Poa Calicium trabinellum Excipulawhite-priinose Or-epruinoSe— 2 aes ecco Se Ne. oe ee 17 Excipula epruinose; spore with an ornamentation consisting of minute warts, 11:15C18):x6-7(8) pm. On Pinus strobus. rare... 5 Be PS Calicium abietinum Excipula white-pruinose; spore with an irregular ornamentation; 9-14 x 4-7 pm. On Thuyjaïoccidentalis NET VITAT ORNE CLEO ee Calicium glaucellum Ascus wall with a distinct thickening at the tip penetrated by a fine canal, mostispores less hantl0: um lons PNR ee RE: : 19 Ascus wall with a uniform thickening at the tip, no canal, most spores more than 10 um long Apothecium K+ red; stalk greenish HNO,-, associated with Stichococcus (see 26 19° 20. 20: 21° 21. 22. 22. 2% 23. couplet 6), often parasitic on Chaenotheca, rare ............ Chaenothecopsis lignicola Apothecium K-; stalk reddish-brown HNO,+ red, not associated with algae. On stumpS;-Tate* "=: $46 wesc Mr meme Be de eae Seka ae Chaenothecopsis debilis Majority of Spores@l=septate’* PP RTE CAR ERREUR PASSES EME. 21 Majorityiot Spores, S-Seplate EL nel ele ss etes ee oe ey ey he 23 Spores pale brown; stalk with greenish hyphae that appear rectangular and plate hike: On polyporous fungitare = fees to cee ae we se Phaeocalicium polyporaeum Spores dark brown; stalk with brown hyphae that appear narrow and elongate. On Dark a eee oy Secs loth nE el tile esters iles Pies rng gta 22 Restricted to Populus spp..Hyphae in outer part of stalk hyaline; rare ne Ces D DC Sécu Phaeocalicium populmeum Restricted to Rhus typhina. Hyphae in outer part of stalk not hyaline; common D PAIE LOUE Bot ey BEE ID GONE MEESTE Phaeocalicium curtisii Stalk shorter than 0.8 mm, often branched; spores 13-16 x 4-6 um. On Alnus INCANG SSD TUZOSG Tale” PANNE TRE EN ee ee, Stenocybe pullatula Stalk taller than 0.8 mm, not branched; spores 21-30 x 6-8 wm. On conifers, most Often onc Abies: balsamed. fares). RE es elke ei terres Stenocybe major Calicium abietinum Pers. Very rare; on a pine tree at Petroglyphs Provincial Park. (25):3677. This specimen agrees well with the description of Tibell (1975). Calicium glaucellum Ach. Very rare; on Thuja occidentalis stump. (27): Selva 4186B. The thallus is immersed in the substrate which develops a whitish cast. It is best distinguished from C. parvum by its lack of pycnidia and cylindrical asci. Calcium parvum Tibell Rare; on conifereous trees. (25): 4436, Selva 4169; (31): Tibell 4638 (holotype). The relationship of this species and C. glaucellum mentioned above. Calicium trabinellum Ach. Rare; on decomposing stumps and logs. (25): Selva 4178A; (27): Selva 4184. It is best distinguished from the other southern Ontario species of Calicium by its yellow-pruinose apothecia. Caloplaca L On bark or wood 2s es we ee eee steve te 2 ee ee 2 i On rock (© aes TS PRES AN Pe ee 8 2, Thallus with soredia: <<. 15,5, 2 US CSC SRE PR EE RSR 3 2. Thallus without soredia: 2220. PR a ee RS RER 4 21 10. 10. Thallus yellowish orange to orange; areolate to effigurate subsquamulose, with small circular, orange to dark orange soralia. On wood and bark of all kinds, Peeaien twee os S46 as eas eres bo ie eas See See ee aes ee C. microphyllina Thallus yellow to yellowish white, more or less continuous, smooth, not effigurate subsquamulose; soralia large and irregular. On fence posts, rare... .. C. discolor Thallus*white,. grey, OF abSent— is Ye eo A ee ae oe 5 Thallus pale sulphur yellow, more or less continuous; apothecia frequent, orange with paler margin; spores 11-16 x 6.5-9 um, isthmus 3.5-5.5 wm. On rotten logs, rare'+(). al les sca eae ae I Oe wh es C. flavorubescens Apothecia with a conspicuous, persistent grey margin .............+.-.--0::: 6 Apothecia margin when mature, yellow, orange or rusty red ................... 7 Apothecial margins white pruinose; apothecial disks yellow pruinose; thallus often becoming squamulose; apothecia 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter. On deciduous trees or rotten WOOO MInITCOUCN te ere» C. ulmorum Apothecial margins and disks epruinose or almost so; thallus ashy grey, not squamulose; apothecia 0.4-0.9 mm in diameter. On deciduous trees, usually on Populus. Trequent. fo ee ee a ae oe ee eS C. cerina Apothecial margin yellow or orange in most mature apothecia, slightly paler than the disk (a partially thallus-colour margin is sometimes seen in young apothecia); apothecia small, 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter, dark orange to yellow-orange; spores 10.5-13.0 x 6-8 um, isthmus 3.5-6 um. On wood or bark of all kinds, common ON meal enr es StS Ge i re C. holocarpa Apothecial margin and disk rusty red to darkened rusty red; apothecia to 1 mm in diameter; spores 13-16 x 8-9 um, isthmus 4-6 um. On Thuja or fence rails, rare Beer Ce POP ne D EF Sho ERG ee Re eR à nt C. ferruginea ‘Thallus:with sorediay yellow: to.orange- "tas ey ects. Soo hte gorse au es 9 Thallus without Sorediasrey-for yellow. Orange sip... 0s aoe cua er « 11 Thallus of radiating-lobes’ = 22, - ee. ak Gk ik à de ee 10 Thallus of scattered or contiguous yellow areoles with yellow soredia, sometimes becoming entirely sorediate in the center, often sterile. On limestone, rare ..... C. citrina Soredia lemon yellow at the base of the lobes; lobes entirely crustose (without a lower. cortex): On limestonean open, rare: M a a ee a C. cirrochroa Soredia orange like thallus, very coarsely granular, on lobe surface; lobes often with a lower cortex especially at periphery. On calcareous rocks . Xanthoria sorediata Thallus with distinct, elongate lobes, frequently corticate on lower surface. Common on calcareous or bird-perch rocks especially at lake edge .... Xanthoria elegans iatlus@it present. mot 'lobate: «2s 16 on ant 12 Apothecial margins at first thallus-coloured, becoming dark grey to 28 12: 13: 14. 16. black; disk yellow to orange-brown; thallus brownish grey, thick, areolate. On granitic bouldets; frequents 4) ee ese eee Se et Ni. ee ae, C. sideritis Apothecialmursins-yellowstoorange: Were ces. RME ee RE EE 13 Thallus inconspicuous or absent, blackish or grey if present; spores isthmus VERY INALEO WD SRR Smee eae ne comme ee PEER EE ET Oy AE Boat 14 Thallusiconspicuous, palesulphur yellow, oc orange’ #2... 204.120. 00. cae de 15 Apothecia small, under 0.4 mm across, dull orange to orange-brown; apothecial margins paler than disk, usually yolk-yellow; spores 14-16 x (6-)7-9 um; thallus often seen as a blackish crust around apothecia. On limestone and concrete iOPERS COMMON HE eon. he ie ee ec Le Ay in Gee eee C. feracissima Apothecia 0.25-0.75 mm in diameter, bright orange to dark orange, margins paler to almost the same colour as disk; spores 10-14 x 4-6 um; thallus usually absent, never blackish. On rock of all kinds, frequent ................ C. arenaria Spores 15-18(-20) x 6-8 um, isthmus very narrow, less than 1/4 spore length (1.5-2 um); apothecia orange, with thick yellow margins, usually expanded and fused with thallus; thallus yellow, more or less continuous ................. Caspr Spores under 15 ym long, isthmus more than 1/3 spore length (3-7 ym) ........... 16 Thallus continuous or areolate, pale sulphur yellow or greenish yellow; apothecia with orange or orange red disk (sometimes more or lesspruinose) and paler margin or almost the same colour as disk when mature; spores 12-15 x 6-8 ym, isthmus mostly wider than 4.5 wm (3-7 pm) .............. C. flavovirescens Thallus areolate, with more or less lobate margins, deep yellow to yellowish orange; apothecia with orange disk and almost the same colour margin; spores 10.5-14 x (4:5-)6-7-5; pm. fisthmus,(23)3-464:5) pm. ....: COE hah ee OO C. velana Caloplaca arenaria (Pers.) Mull. Arg. Common; on granitic boulders, rarely on calcareous rocks, usually in open. (14): 1942; (16): Cain 25414; (25): 4400, 4456; (28): 2354; (30): 2883; (31): 2992. 3028, 4160; (33): 303, 2280, 3400; (34): 1863, 2787, Macoun 1763, Shchepanek 7; (36): Brodo 7519. This species is comparatively common in southern Ontario. Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedw.) Th. Fr. Frequent; on deciduous trees usually on Populus, in forests. (10): Cain 2723; (27): Macoun 2984; (29): 4239; (31): 4129; (34): Macoun 9, Shchepanek 137; (35): 1172; (36): 1222, 1229. Caloplaca cirrochroa (Ach.) Th. Fr. Rare; on limestone in open habitats. (13): 2091; (30): Hanes, A. s.n. This distinctive saxicolous species has a thallus of radiating lobes with, delimited, excavate soralia bearing lemon yellow soredia near the base of the lobes. This species seems to be narrowly restricted to limestone cliffs near water in southern Ontario. Xanthoria sorediata is somewhat similar, but has larger, thicker, more convex lobes, and has coarse granular soredia not formed in orbicular or excavate soralia. 29 Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. Rare; on limestone, in forests or shaded situations. (13): 2139; (19): 2576; (34): Brodo 22786. This species has a distinctive yellow-orange, granular sorediate thallus. The thallus consists of scattered or contiguous yellow areoles. *Caloplaca discolor (Tuck.) Fink Very rare; on fence posts. In other parts of its range, it occurs on tree bark as well. (33): 1297. Caloplaca feracissima H. Magn. Common; on limestone or concrete in the open. (13), (14), (15), (17), (19), (27), (28), (29), (31), (33), (34). This species is sometimes confused with C. arenaria, but the smaller (less then 25 mm across) dark orange to orange-brown apothecia usually subtended by a trace of black prothallus, the yellowish, almost totally absent thallus, and the larger spores (14-16 x 7-9 um ) with narrow isthmi combine to make this species rather distinctive and easily identified. Besides, this species is extremely common on concrete and sidewalks or even cemented fences; C. arenaria is more common on granitic boulders, rarely on calcareous rocks. *Caloplaca ferruginea (Hudson) Th. Fr. Rare; on Thuja or fence rails. (24): Macoun 166; (27): 43348. Caloplaca flavorubescens (Hudson) Laundon Rare; on rotten log at roadsides. (3): 1650, 1658; (33): 1280. Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Common; on rocks of all kinds in shaded and open habitats, frequently found on boulders near water. (10), (13), (14), (25), (27), (29), (31), (33), (34), (36). Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm.) Wade Common; on wood, bark of all kinds, found from exposed field to dense forests. (3), (9), (15), (16), (17), (20), (21), (27), (28), (29), (31), (32), (33), (34). This is the most common corticolous Caloplaca in southern Ontario. Caloplaca microphyllina (Tuck.) Hasse Frequent; on wood and bark of all kinds, usually found in the open on roadside fence rails. (5): 1711; (10): Cain 22056 (TRTC); (16): Cain 20252 (TRTC), 21685; (27): 2426; (28): Brodo 9687; (32): Brodo 9737; (33): 280; (34): Brodo 18805, 18806, 23538, Tibell 4649. Caloplaca microphyllina differs from C. discolor in its thallus: small, effigurate, subsquamulose areoles with small punctiform, orange to dark orange soralia, rather than a more or less continuous, smooth, thallus not effigurate-subsquamulose; soralia light orange, larger, rounded to irregular. *Caloplaca sideritis (Tuck.) Zahlb. Rare; on granitic boulders, in shaded or open situations. (30): 2905; (31): 2963; (33): 452, 3437A, Brodo 25265. Caloplaca ulmorum (Fink) Fink Infrequent; on deciduous trees or rotten wood, in more or less open situations. (3): 1650; (22): 3184 (Brodo: Lich. Can. Exs. 157), 3185; (32): Shchepanek 205; (31): 4129. *Caloplaca velana (Massal.) DuRietz Frequent; on calcium-containing rocks, often found in open field. (12): 2742; (13): Schueler 21426E; (14): 1973, 1976B, 1981B; (27): 2411, 2412; (29): 2466; (31): 1415, Brodo 23544. 30 Caloplaca sp. (33): 3456. This lichen was found on limestone near water at St. Lawrence Islands National Park. Although the dull orange and more or less lobate margin is similar to the thallus of C. saxicola, the narrow isthmus (1.5 - 2 wm) suggests that it is another species. Candelaria concolor (Dickson) B. Stein Very common; on trees of all kinds or granitic boulders or cliffs. (1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (9), (14), (15), (16), (17), (19), (20), (25), (27), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), (36). This is one of the most common foliose species in southern Ontario. Due to its showy yellow colour and abundance, it can often be seen from a distance, most often on roadside trees, together with Xanthoria fallax. Candelaria concolor (Dickson) B. Stein var. effusa (Tuck.) Brunh. Infrequent; on fence posts or deciduous tree bark, in forests or roadsides. (14): 1920; (15): 3586; (21): 3536; (27): 2396; (32): Brodo 7504; (34): 435, Brodo 18762, Ley 357. Candelaria fibrosa (Fr.) Mill. Arg. Rare; on bark of deciduous trees. (24): Macoun 560; (32): Macoun 559; (34): Macoun 5, 236, 286. Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. Common; on limestone, occasionally on non-calcareous rocks, fence posts or old cedar. (13): 2076; (14): 1981A; (16): Cain 50317; (17): Cain 25657; (25): 4400; (29): 2456; (31): 1416; (33): 1283, 1284, 1292, 1293,1304; (34): Brodo 14450, Macoun 3613. Candelariella efflorescens R. Harris & Buck Common; on trees of all kinds; in wooded or open situations. (14), (15), (21), (25), (26), (27); (28);-@29); G0); GDs G2); G3)s64): Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Mill. Arg. Very common; on rocks of all kinds, various kinds of trees, fence rails or rotten wood. (1), (3), (4), (12), (14), (15), (16), (20), (25), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (36). Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lett. Common; on trees of all kinds, fence posts or rotten wood. (1), (3), (4), (5), (25), (29), (31), (32), (33), (34). Catapyrenium lachneum (Ach.) R. Sant. Rare; on soil or silt.(16): Cain 22609, 25587, 28953 (all TRTC); (27): 2372, 2387. Following Thomson (1987), we are regarding Dermatocarpon hepaticum (Ach.) Th. Fr. and Catapyrenium lachneum as conspecific. This is the only terricolous, squamulose-foliose lichen with perithecia. It is most similar to Dermatocarpon species, all of which occur on rock and are more or less umbilicate. Catillaria nigroclavata (Ny1.) Schul. (See key to Bacidia.) Rare; on Thuja. (15): 3596, 3625; (25): 3176, 3181; (31): 3011; (34): 4361, Brodo 27633. This species has been confused with C. glauconigricans but the latter has a very well developed, more or less areolate thallus and larger apothecia and has not yet been found in southern Ontario. Catillaria nigroclavata has been recorded from Michigan, W. Virginia and northern Ontario, but is new to southern Ontario. It is an addition to the lichen flora of the Ottawa region. Catinaria laureri (Th. Fr.) Degel. Infrequent; on maple, beech or dead wood in forests. (13): 1988; (16): Cain 26702 (TRTC), Walker 183, White 2832; (21): Cain 25726 (TRTC); (27): Ireland 15919, Macoun 2727; (30): 2552; (34) Macoun 397, 2729, 2730, 2731. 31 Cetraria arenaria Kärnef. Frequent; on sandy soil at lake shore or open field. (3): Cain 22514 (TRTC); (13): Cain 25806, 27243, Stewart 222; (21): Cain 25726 (TRTC), 28268 Keddy 128; (25): 3732; (29): 2438, Brodo 9678; (34): Grimm s.n. This is the only member of the Cetraria islandica group in southern Ontario. Cetraria aurescens Tuck. Very rare; the only specimen was collected from a branch by R.F. Cain. (29): Cain 27062 (TRTC). The light yellowish green thallus and white medulla of this species, superficially looks like a species of Parmelia, but with its abundant marginal pycnidia, it can hardly be confused with any other lichen in southern Ontario. Cetraria ciliaris Ach. var. ciliaris Infrequent; on fence rails or branches of trees, mostly conifers. (21): 25722 (TRTC); (27): Cain 27112, Macoun 2891; (31): 1824; (34): Macoun 217, 277, 3434 Cetraria ciliaris Ach. var. halei (Culb. & C. Culb.) Ahti (Syn. Tuckermannopsis americana (Sprengel) Hale) Common; on conifer trees or fence rails. (13), (20), (21), (22), (24), (26), (29), (30), (31), (33), (34), (35). Cetraria oakesiana Tuck. Frequent; on shaded rocks or bark (usually conifers) or rotten wood; in forests. (20): Cain 22762; (25): 3751; (31): 1819, 3839, 4044; (32): 3224, Brodo 14579; (33): 252, 3495, Brodfo 9647; (34): Macoun 28, 3460. Cetraria orbata (Ny1.) Fink (Syn. Tuckermannopsis orbata (Ny1.) Lai) Rare; on conifer trees. (13): 2005, Johnson 9; (27): Cain 27112 (TRTC). This species has a disjunct range in eastern and western North America (Culberson and Culberson 1967). It is closely related to C. ciliaris, but lacks depsides, and depsidones (medulla C-, UV- [long wave]), and can become + isidiate at the margins. Cetraria pinastri (Scop.) S. Gray Rare; on stumps, twigs, or bark of conifers or birch. (30): Ward 337; (34): 1343, Brodo 14620, Macoun 281. Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) Culb. & C. Culb. Frequent; on shaded rocks, especially cliffs, wood or bark of all kinds. (12), (24), (27), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35). This is the only species of Cetrelia found in southern Ontario. It is morphologically identical to C. chicitae but differs in chemistry. Cetrelia olivetorum has olivetoric acid (medulla C+, KC+ red) and C. chicitae contains alectoronic acid (medulla C-, KC+ pink) C. chicitae has not been reported for southern Ontario. Chaenotheca (See key to Caliciales.) Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Mill. Arg. Rare; on stump of conifer or on polypore growing on dead Abies. (21): Cain 28596; (27): Brodo 27623, Selva 4189; (32): 4024. In Canada, this species was reported from northern Ontario, British Columbia and Newfoundland by Tibell (1975). It is widely distributed in the northern Boreal to Temperate zone. Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner & Borrer) Mig. Infrequent; on conifer stumps, wood or fence rails in open. (25): Selva 4180A; (27): 4496; (31): 3807, Brodo 25216; (34): Brodo 24959. In North America it is widely distributed from the middle Boreal to Temperate zone, and is known from British Columbia and northern Ontario. 32 Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell Infrequent; on stump of conifers, upturned roots or dead trunks. (10): Cain 14605, Cain 1962 (TRTC); (20) Cain 16601, 18788 (TRTC); (25): Selva 4178A; (27): Selva 4185A; (34): Macoun 3790. Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr. Very rare; on a cedar trunk in Renfrew County. (31): 3814. Tibell (1975) reported a few specimens from the Thunder Bay District, Ontario. Chaenotheca laevigata Nadv. Rare; the only specimen was collected from a cedar in Lanark County. (32): 4015. This species, reported from the Thunder Bay District, Ontario and British Columbia, is found in the Hemiboreal to the Lower Oroboreal zone. Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.) Th. Fr. Rare; on conifer and stumps. (21): 3554; (25): Selva 4171B, 4174A; (27): Selva 4184. This species may be confused with C. brunneola but can be distinguished from the latter by its white-pruinose apothecia. In Canada, it is known from northern Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Chaenothecopsis (See key to Caliciales.) Chaenothocopsis debilis (Turner & Borrer ex Schaerer) Tibell Rare; on decorticated stump. (25): 4445, Selva 4177A; (31): 4095, Tibell 4643, (Tibell 1975); (34): Tibell 4647 (Tibell 1975). *Chaenothecopsis lignicola (Nadv.) A. Schmidt Rare; on stump of Pinus or parasitic on Chaenotheca trichialis. Verified or determined by S. Selva. (21): 3554; (25): 4482, Selva 4171B. *Chaenothecopsis savonica (Räs.) Tibell (Syn. Mycocalicium savonicum Räs., Chaenotheca savonica (Räs.) Tibell) Very rare; on Thuja occidentalis stump growing with Mycocalicium subtile. Determined by S. Selva. (27): Selva 4186A. Cladina arbuscula (Wallr.) Hale & Culb. Rare; on soil at ridge top. (29): 2505; (33): 338, Wallace 292B, 345A, 580, 627. Many of the more robust, thicker thalli of C. mitis resemble C. arbuscula, and may, in fact, be the PD- strain of that species. All the specimens cited here are PD+ red. Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hustich Common; on soil or thin soil over boulders, rarely on decaying wood in open fields. (13), (5):2D:22); @5) 27); 29), G0); BY), "62269, 65): Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl. Common; on soil or boulders in exposed fields. (10), (13), (21), (25), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34). Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo Frequent; on soil in open fields. (13), (21), (25), (29), (31), (33), (34), (35). Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo var. aberrans (des Abb.) Ahti Very rare; in an open field (22): 3658. This variety is morphologically similar to C. stellaris but differs in containing psoromic acid (PD+ yellow). Ahti (1964) recorded it from northern Ontario. Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrl. Infrequent; on soil, rotten logs or thin sandy soil over rocks. (17): Macdonald 5074; (29): 835; (31): 4032B; (33): Wallace 876; (34): 3235, Brodo 18803, Macoun 47. 35 Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrl. var. norrlinii (Vainio) Lynge Rare; on thin soil over rock, or directly on soil in open. (9): Smocovitis 62; (33): Wallace 877, 895 , 907; (34): 2814, Brodo 14614 , 22754. It has been reported from northern Ontario by Ahti (1964) Cladonia bacillaris Nyl. Very common; on stumnps, wood, fence posts, soil or rocks, in open or occasionally in forests. (4), (5), (9), (10), (14), (15), (19), (21), (22), (24), (29), (31), (32), (33), (34), (36). This species has recently been regarded as only a chemical race of C. macilenta by Christensen (1987). (i.e., having barbatic rather than thamnolic acid). For the present, we are recognizing the two as distinct. Cladonia botrytes (Hag.) Willd. Rare; on soil or stumps, in open or shaded situations. (24): Macoun 2329; (34): 1323. Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Flérke Infrequent; on old logs, wood or humus, usually grows over mosses in shaded localities. (13): 2137; (27): Brodo 27602; (33): Wallace 886; 34: Macoun 156 , 264. Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Sprengel Common; on sandy soil, or rotten logs in open or woods. (11), (15), (16), (20), (22), (26), (27), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35). In our area, this species generally contains atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acids. We found only one specimen containing atranorin alone. Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. Frequent; on wood, stumps, fence rails or mossy base of cedar. (13): 2021; (15): 3610; (27): 2393; (31): 3056; Brodo 16246; (32): 4009; (33): Wallace 542; (34): Brodo 22741; (35): Catling s.n. Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flotow subsp. verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti. Very common, on soil, rotten wood, or over mosses on boulders; in open habitats. (4), (9), (0) 45) CD 22" C0" 22 09) 60) 61); G2), 63) 2G4)G5). Cladonia chlorophaea (Flérke ex Somm.) Sprengel Very common; on soil, wood, mossy bases of tree trunks, thin soil or mosses over rocks, in shade or open areas. (4), (9), (10), (13), (15), (17), (20), (24), (25), (26), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), (36). This species, one of the most abundant species in southern Ontario is extremely variable in morphology and ecology. Soredia range from almost farinose to granular and even appear corticate at bases of podetia in some specimens. Within the recent past there have been a number of papers clarifying, in part, the intricate chemistry of the C. chlorophaea complex. Strong reliance has been placed on chemistry in the taxonomy of the group, and various segregates have been sorted out based upon the particular substances which they contain. Fumarprotocetraric acid is regarded as an accessory substance. However, the presence or absence of the other substances has been used as a basis for recognizing four species: C. grayi with grayanic acid; C. cryptochlorophaea with cryptochlorophaeic acid; C.merochlorophaea with merochlorophaeic and 4-Q-methylcryptochlorophaeic acids; C.chlorophaea sens. str. with none of these chemicals. Recent experimental evidence has shown that, at least in North Carolina, some of these chemotypes represent interbreeding populations and others do not (Culberson et al. 1988). We feel it is still premature to reflect these important findings into a revised classification of the chemotypes. Cladonia coniocraea auct. Very common; on rotting wood, fence, trees bases, humus or rocks, usually over mosses in often shaded areas. (3), (4), (13), (15), (19), (20), (21), (25), (26), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), (36). This is one of the most common species in southern Ontario, 34 perhaps because it can grow on highly polluted soil (LeBlanc 1969). It is most perhaps the morphologically variable among the Cladoniae. Podetia grow from the upper side of broad primary squamules, becoming 4-25 mm tall and 1-1.5 mm thick, markedly tapering, either subulate or with tiny cups at the tips with the interior of the cups having soredia. Normally, only a small part of the base is corticate and the farinose soredia forms greenish powder over the remainder (more rarely whitish or yellowish). According to Ahti (1980), both Cladonia coniocraea and C. ochrochlora seem to be based on material traditionally referrable to C. ochrochlora. Because some older, related taxa have not yet been typified, he proposed that the names C. coniocraea auct. and C. ochrochlora Flürke should be used in their traditional sense. Cladonia cornuta (L.) Hoffm. Rare; on rotten wood, logs or sandy soil in unshaded field. (31): 3044; (33): Wallace 952; (34): Macoun 376. Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flotow Common; on stumps, rotting logs, fence posts, soil or in mosses over boulders, usually in unshaded situations. (4), (13), (14), (25), (26), (29), (30), (31), (33), (34), (35). The southern Ontario material is variable in size and shape. On rotting wood, the podetia are short, not more than 20 mm tall; on mossy soil where moisture is usually abundant, the podetia become taller (up to 40 mm) and more branched. Sometimes this species is easily confused with C. squamosa (in both morphology and chemistry), but the decorticate parts of the podetia of C. squamosa always retain the inner part of the medullary layer and shows an arachnoid appearance unlike the smooth appearance of the decorticate parts of the C. crispata. Cladonia cristatella Tuck. Very common; on soil, stumps, rotten wood, fence posts, twigs of cedar or over rocks, usually in open situations. (4), (5), (9), (13), (15), (19), (20), (21), (22), (24), (26), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35). Cladonia cryptochlorophaea Asah. Infrequent; on soil, or in mosses over boulders, mostly found in open field or partly shaded situations. (9): 2681; (22): Cain 27118; (31): 3769; (33): Wallace 575C; (34) Grimm s.n. This species and its relationship to C. chlorophaea is discussed with the latter. Cladonia cylindrica (Evans) Evans Infrequent; on stumps, logs, fence posts, conifers or soil in open. (9): Smocovitis 63; (26): 3115; (27): 2392; (33): 3258, 3377, Wallace 663; (34): Brodo 18757, 23533. Morphologically, this species is similar to C. coniocraea auct. Both have rather short, sorediate, usually sterile podetia and both are PD+ red. However, C. cylindrica has a clear gradation of coarse granules at the podetial base to farinose soredia at its tip and contains grayanic acid, whereas C. coniocraea is entirely covered with farinose soredia and lacks greyanic acid. Cladonia cylindrica can also resemble C. macilenta. when sterile. The two are best separated by their chemistry: Cladonia macilenta contains thamnolic acid (KOH + yellow, PD+ yellow). Cladonia dahliana H. Krist. Infrequent; on sandy soil, in moss over limestone outcrops or cliffs. (13): Erbisch 215; (14):1971; (29): Brodo 9675; (31): 3918; (34): Reddoch s.n. Cladonia dahliana was described from material lacking podetia (Kristinsson 1974). It differs from C. symphycarpa in containing psoromic acid. Most of the southern Ontario specimens have podetia. Morphologically, it is identical to C. symphycarpa and may be considered a psoromic acid race of that species (Ahti 1976). 35 Cladonia decorticata (Flôrke) Sprengel Rare; on thin humus over granitic outcrops or in moss on fallen branches. (33): Wallace 46A, 393, 400A, 825. This species, widely distributed in the boreal region, produces abundant, subulate, whitish grey podetia with very small squamules on a decorticate surface. It is chemically distinctive, being entirely PD- and KOH- and producing perlatolic acid. Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. Rare; on soil, old logs or thin soil over granitic boulders. (21): 1890; (33): 309; (34): Macoun 2525. This species, uncommon in southern Ontario, is very similar to C. sulphurina (not found in southern Ontario), differing in having zeorin instead of squamatic acid and tending to have broader, shorter cups with less frequent longitudinal splits. Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm. Rare; in moss over rotten log. (33): Ward 317; (35): Brodo 9592. *Cladonia dimorphoclada Robb. Very rare; two specimens from the same site. (29): 290A, Brodo 9712. This is a species of the eastern deciduous forest and is endemic to North America (Ahti 1973). The southern Ontario records are considerable extensions northward. It resembles a rather slender C. uncialis but has cartilaginous strands on the inner surface of the hollow podetia, and always lacks squamatic acid. After being stored for a number of years, the tips of the branches develop a "fuzz" of slender, white, needle-like crystals, probably diterpenes (Ahti 1973). Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. Common; on stumps, mossy bases of trees, wood, fence rails, soil or in moss over boulders, in either open or shaded situations. (10), (13), (15), (16), (19), (20), (25), (26), (27), (29), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35). Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schrad. Common; on soil, moss mats or thin soil over boulders in forests, open fields or bogs. (2), (4), (6), (10), (12), (19), (20), (26), (27), (29), (30), (33), (34). Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. subsp. turbinata (Ach.) Ahti Common; on soil, stumps, rotten wood, mossy bases of trees or in moss over boulders, usually in exposed areas. (4), (5), (13), (16), (20), (21), (24), (26), (27), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35). This is the only subspecies of C. gracilis found in southern Ontario. It is easy to recognize by its short (1-4 cm tall), stout, usually somewhat squamulose podetia with relatively wide (4-8 mm) cups often branching from the margins. Cladonia grayi Merr. ex Sandst. Frequent; on humus, stumps, rotten wood, mossy bases of trees, thin soil or in moss over boulders, in forests or open fields. (4), (9), (21) (22), (25), (31), (32), (33), (34). The relationship of this species to C. chlorophaea is discussed with the latter. Most of the specimens from southern Ontario contain both grayanic and fumarprotocetraric acids (PD+ red), but a few of them have grayanic acid alone (PD-). Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon Frequent; on soil, stumps, rotten wood or in moss, usually in exposed areas. (15), (16), (19), (26), (27), (28), (33), (34), (35). The cups of this species resemble those of C. fimbriata in having farinose soredia but unlike the latter, the podetia are corticate on the lower half. Sometimes, the soredia become granulose like that of C. chlorophaea. The presence of bourgeanic acid in C. humilis, however, easily separates it from other two species, which lack it. Cladonia humilis consists of two differing chemotypes: one (including the Dillenian type specimen) containing fumarprotocetraric and atranorin, and the other containing fumarprotocetraric and bourgeanic acid. Typified according to Ahti (1966 and 1980), the 36 bourgeanic acid race could be called Cladonia conista (Ny1.) Robb. in Allen, although this is disputed by Laundon (1984). Since the two chemotypes are now regarded to be conspecific, this nomenclatural difficulty is a moot point. Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. Common; on stumps, wood, fence posts, bases of trees, soil or in moss over rocks. (13), (14), (21), (22), (25), (27), (29), (31), 32), (33), 34), (36). Cladonia magyarica Vainio Infrequent; on soil, or in moss over boulders, usually in open fields. (3): Foster 202; (27): 2386; (29): 2437, 2471, Brodo 9676; (31): 2974, 3020; (33): 2319; (34): 1792, 2796. This species is closely related to C. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. and C. pocillum (Ach.) O. Rich.. They all grow in exposed habitats. Cladonia magyarica differs from both these species in being greyer and in producing atranorin besides fumarprotocetraric acid (Brodo 1988). The basal squamules of C. magyarica are thick and crowded, and the podetia are short and goblet-shaped often having squamules on the interior and edges of the cups. Cladonia merochlorophaea Asah. Rare; on dry lignum or on soil over rocks, in woods or in the open. (27): Brodo 27603; (33): Wallace 417; (34): Macoun 142. The relationship between this species and C. chlorophaea s. lato is discussed with the latter. Cladonia multiformis Merr. Frequent; on soil or rotten wood, in open fields. (11), (14), (20), (26), (29), (31), (32), (33), (34). This species shows considerable morphological variation, but apparently none correlating with specific ecological situations. The sieve-like perforated membranes of the cups (or the axils) forms the most characteristic feature of the species. In one form podetia produce distinct cups that flare rapidly. The margins of the cups often proliferate and sometimes develop into secondary ranks of cups. In another form, podetia have very few cups and produce irregular branches. Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm. Rare; on stumps, rotten logs or fence rails, usually in shaded areas, but also found in open Situations. (31): Brodo 23434; (33): Wallace 380, 672C; (34): 2847, Brodo 24950, Shchepanek 6B. This species can be recognized even in the field by its fine granules (sometimes appear to be granular soredia) on the tiny podetia. The presence of thamnolic acid is another confirmation of the species. Cladonia peziziformis (With.) Laundon Infrequent; on sandy soil, decaying wood, stumps or peat, in well light areas. (3): Macoun 3740; (4): Stewart 228; (10): Cain 3728, 18772 (TRTC) (24): Macoun 2086, 2329; (34): Macoun 2084. This species has long been known as Cladonia capitata (Michx.) Sprengel Cladonia phyllophora Ehrh. ex Hoffm. Common; on soil, dead twigs, in peat or moss over boulders, usually in open fields. (4), (9), (13), (15), (21), (25), (27), (29), (31), (32), (33), (34). Cladonia phyllophora is sometimes difficult to distinguish from C. gracilis ssp. turbinata. Its podetia are dull or even more or less subtomentose rather than smooth and shiny, and the base has whitish spots of cortex distributed over a black background rather than having a uniformly corticate base. Cladonia phyllophora may also be confused with C. multiformis,, but have more irregular cups, and more frequently produce squamules on the cup margins. Cladonia multiformis, like C. gracilis, also has a smoother cortex. Compared with northern material, C. phyllophora from southern Ontario has wider cups and shorter podetia. ST Cladonia pleurota (Flôrke) Schaer. Frequent; on soil, in peat, or in moss over boulders, often in exposed areas. (2): Allen s.n.; (22): 3655; (25): 3736; (26): Case 8166, 8167, 8235 & 8250; (32): Brodo 18743; (33): 2318, Wallace 422, 558, 582, 644, 711 & 722; (34): Brodo 13314, 14608 & 14611. When the red apothecia or pycnidia are absent and the usnic acid content is low (as in shade forms), C. pleurota will resemble a small yellowish C. chlorophaea. Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) O. Rich. Frequent; on sandy soil or in moss over boulders, in the open. (13), (16), (17), (20), (25), (29), (30), (31), (34). This species, with small peltate squamules covering the podetia, is very closely related to C. pyxidata which, however, is always grey-green instead of brown. In addition, C. pyxidata has separate, ascending primary squamules, while C. pocillum has subfoliose rosettes of rather adpressed primary squamules (see also comment under C. magyarica). Cladonia polycarpoides Nyl. in Zwackh Very rare; on soil. (19): Macdonald 5012. The presence of norstictic acid in this species separates it from similar species which lack it, such as C. peziziformis. Cladonia symphycarpa, another terricolous species also containing norstictic acid, has larger, thinner squamules and produces atranorin in addition. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. Very common; on soil, stumps, bases of trees, in moss over boulders, mostly in exposed, dry fields but also found in forests. (9), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (19), (20), (21), (25), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), (36). This species is one of the most common Cladoniae in southern Ontario. It resembles C. pocillum and C. magyarica (see both species above). Cladonia pyxidata may tolerate more shade and wetter habitats than the other two. Cladonia ramulosa (With.) Laundon Infrequent; on stumps or dead trees, in open or in forests. (19): Macoun 2173; (20): Cain 21498 (TRTC); (21): 3541; (34): Macoun 147. The species has been known as Cladonia anomaea (Ach.) P. James and C. pityrea (Flôrke) Fr. It’s nomenclature is discussed by Ahti (1980) and Laundon (1984). Cladonia rei Schaer. Very common; on soil, stumps, rotten wood or in moss over boulders, in exposed or shaded areas. (9), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (19), (20), (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), (33), (34), (35), (36). The southern Ontario material always contains homosekikaic acid, about 50% also has fumarprotocetraric and protoceraric acids. Cladonia scabriuscula (Del.) Nyl. Rare; on soil, rotten wood, twigs or roots of conifer trees, usually in conifer forests. (13): 2053, 2166, Johnson 11; (31): Brodo 16269; (32): Brodo 18736; (34): Brodo 14615. Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. Common; on stumps, fence, rotten wood, mossy bases of conifer trees, or in moss over rocks or cliffs, often in shade, but also in the open. (4), (13), (15), (25), (27), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34). Cladonia subulata (L.) Wigg. Rare; on soil or in moss over boulders, usually in open habitats. (26): 3119; (27): 4293; (34): 2819; (36): 3097. This species has a distinctly northern distribution. In Canada, it has been reported from Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, the Northwest Territories and northern Ontario. It has been found only in the northeastern parts of southern Ontario and appears to be at its southern limit of its distribution there. 38 Cladonia symphycarpa (Ach.) Fr. Rare; on soil or over limestone in open fields. (27): 2383; (31): 4115; (33): Wallace 523; (34): Gillett 541. This species and its relationship to C. dahliana is discussed with the latter. It is probably much more common than would be indicated by the few collections because it usually is sterile (i.e., without podetia) and therefore overlooked. Cladonia turgida Ehrh. ex Hoffm. Common; on soil, or in moss and litter over boulders, in forests or in open areas. (13), (21), (25), (27), (29), (31), (32), (33), 34). Cladonia uncialis (L.) Wigg. Frequent; on soil, or in moss over boulders, usually in well lighted situations. (3), (21), (25), (26), (27), (29), (31), (33), (34). Collema bachmanianum (Fink) Degel. var. bachmanianum Frequent; on soil, limestone rocks or cliffs, or mossy bases of trees. (20): Cain 22780, 25721 (TRTC); (24): Macoun 1449; (25): 4455; (27): Cain 26944, Macoun 1444, 1460; (31): 1390; (34): Brodo 22785, 22800, 27394. In dry habitats, the lobes of C. bachmanianum tend to be short, with abundant apothecia. In wet habitats, the lobes are longer and better developed, sometimes with numerous accessory lobes. Sterile specimens may be difficult to separate from C. tenax. Collema bachmanianum (Fink) Degel. var. millegranum Degel. Rare; on limestone rocks or cliffs. (27): 4343, Cain 26944 (TRTC). This variety is distinguished from the non-isidiate main type in possessing numerous small to rather large, more or less globular isidia on the thallus; it is often sterile. Collema coccophorum Tuck. Rare; in mosses over cliffs on water line. (31): 3936; (34): Brodo 22803. This species is similar to C. bachmanianum var. millegranum but has a smaller thallus and the spores are 2-celled instead of submuriform. Collema furfuraceum (Arn.) Du Rietz Very rare; on a granitic cliff. (30): 254 (Brodo: Lich. Canad. Exs. no. 174). Collema fuscovirens (With.) Laundon (Syn. C. tuniforme (Ach.) Ach. em Degel.) Frequent; on calcareous rocks, rarely on granitic rocks, or periodically inundated in water containing calcium. (13), (14), (25), (27), (29), (30), (31), (33), (34). Collema fuscovirens is one of the most common species of the genus in southern Ontario. It may be confused with C. subflaccidum, occurring on bark or granitic rocks, which has similar but smaller isidia. Collema limosum (Ach.) Ach. Rare; on sandy soil or in moss over limestone cliffs, usually on roadsides or in more or less open situations. (30): Brodo 23539; (34): Brodo 22802A, Darbyshire s.n.. Collema nigrescens (Hudson) DC. Rare; on tree trunks. (24): Macoun 1410; (27): Macoun 51. This species is easily recognized by its densely pustulate and ridged thallus having lobulose to more or less flattened isidia, and by its very numerous and dense apothecia. Collema furfuraceum, which also has a ridged, pustulate thallus, has cylindrical isidia, and rarely produces apothecia. Collema polycarpon Hoffm. Rare; on bare limestone or cliffs. (19): Cain 25796 (TRTC); (34): 1567. Collema subflaccidum Dugel. Rare; on bark (mainly deciduous trees) or granitic cliffs. (24): Macoun 1467; (30): 335. This species’ similarity to C. fuscovirens has already been mentioned. Collema subflaccidum is common elsewhere in eastern Canada (including the Ottawa region), and may well be more 39 widespread in southern Ontario than currently thought. It undoubtedly has suffered from the destruction of the old growth deciduous forests in southern Ontario, which are its preferred habitats. Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. Frequent; on soil, or in moss over wood, rocks or cliffs, usually calcareous; in the open or in forests. (3), (16), (17), (25), (27), (29), (31), (33), (34). This species’ similarity to C. bachmanianum has already been mentioned. Conotrema urceolatum (Ach.) Tuck. Rare; almost exclusively on the bark of Acer saccharum, more rarely Populus or other deciduous trees; in old, shaded forests. (24): Macoun 1970; (27): Macoun 3004; (31): 3793, 4235; (34): Macoun 4146. This species forms conspicuous white patches on tree trunks in old growth sugar maple forests. It is among the most substrate specific lichens. *Cryptolechia carneolutea (Turn.) Massal. Very rare; on the bark of a maple tree. (26): 3141. Cyphelium (See key to Caliciales.) *Cyphelium notarisii (Tul.) Blomb. & Forss. Very rare; on a fence post. (14): 1930. Cyphelium tigillare (Ach.) Ach. Infrequent; on very dry, hard lignum (fence posts, stumps, dead trees) rarely bark of conifers, usually in open situations especially near streams or lakes. (3): 1635, 1664; (5): 1707; (19): 2593; (27): 279; (28): Brodo 9689; (34): Brodo 17097, 17098A, 25286; (36): 1234. Dermatocarpon luridum (With.) Laundon (Syn. D. weberi (Ach.) Mann; D. fluviatile (G. Web.) Th. Fr.) Frequent; on calcareous or non-calcareous rocks in or near water. (13): 2081, 2088; (21): 25243 (TRTC); (25): 3764; (31): Townsend 26584; (32): Cain 25723 (TRTC); (33): 3351, Brodo 9653; (34): Brodo 22780. Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann Infrequent; on granitic or calcareous rocks, usually in the crevices of large boulders or cliffs at roadsides or along lakeshores in the open. (13): Cain 26507 (TRTC), Johnson s.n.; (25): 3757; (27): 2272, Macdonald 5256; (31): Rygiel s.n.; (33): 241, 2321, 3345, 3401, Billings S.n. Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norm. Infrequent; on granitic rocks in the open. (27): Macoun 1876; (29): 4286, Brodo 27571; (31): Brodo 20278; (33): 316, 3419, 3464, 3480. In southern Ontario, this species is narrowly restricted to granitic rock with quartz-dominated surfaces on ridge tops. Sheard (1977) reported that D. oreina consists of six chemotypes. In southern Ontario, we found only chemotypes I (fumarprotocetraric, protocetraric and usnic) and II (gyrophoric and usnic), each about equally common. Dimerella lutea (Dickson) Trev. Infrequent; on bark of conifers in forests. (20): Cain 25981 (TRTC); (21): Krug 224B; (27) Brodo 27621; (34): Macoun 251. Dimerella pineti (Schrader ex Ach.) Vézda (Syn. Dimerella diluta (Pers.) Trev.) Infrequent; on moss over wood or on rotten logs in woods. (10): Cain 25799 (TRTC); (31): Ley s.n.; (33): Brodo 25503; (34): Macoun s.n., 195. *Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. subsp. muscorum Infrequent; over soil, mosses or other lichens, especially Cladonia, and occasionally on rocks, mainly calcareous. (27): 2391, 4311; (31): 1841, 3057, 3876; (33): 396, 2303, 3502. This 40 species is distinguished from the more common D. scruposus on the basis of its substrate and constantly 4-spored asci (Lumbsch 1989) Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norm. Frequent; on granitic boulders, and cliffs, in the open or in shade. (25), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34). *Diplotomma epipolium (Ach.) Arn. Rare; on limestone or at least very weak calcareous rock cliffs, in shade. (19): 2580; (31): 1379, 1387. Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. Common; on calcareous rocks, on moss or soil over limestone, in open or in forests. (14), (15), (16), (17), (21), (27), (28), (29), (31), (33), (34). It is curious, that this almost exclusively saxicolous species was collected a number of times in the Montreal (Quebec) area on the bases of elm trees. If this is related to pollution stress, the phenomena should be watched for in southern Ontario. Eopyrenula leucoplaca (Wallr.) R. Harris Infrequent; on deciduous tree bark, mostly on Acer saccharum, in forests. (27): Macoun 3049; (31): 3945, 3946; (34): Macoun 420 (TRTC), 576, 3252 (CANL); (35): Macoun 273 (TRTC). The relationship between this species and Pyrenula, Arthopyrenia faginea (=Strigula stigmatella) and Blastodesmia had been discussed in detail by Harris (1973). *Ephebe lanata (L.) Vainio. Very rare; on HCl+ sandstone at stream edge. (25): 4427. This species is usually found on non-calcareous rock., making our material ecologically aberrant. Evernia mesomorpha Nyl. Common; on trees of all kinds (mainly conifers), or on wood. (13), (14), (15), (16), (20), (24), (25), (27), Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. Very rare; or more likely extirpated; substrate unknown. (27): Macoun 335. The only specimen was collected by Macoun in July, 1874, from the Belleville area according to the packet. It is a good specimen, typical in all respects, with clearly dorsiventral lobes and marginal soredia. Even if it was not mislabelled, the specimen represents an outlier. Its main distribution in North America is along the west coast, with some disjunct localities on the east coast (Bird 1974) and scattered boreal occurrences in the northern Great Lakes region (Hale 1979). Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Gyelnik & Fér.) Hale Rare; on granitic boulders, less frequently on trees. (27): Drummond s.n.; (33): 3327, 3465, 3472, 3493, Brodo 23432A. The southern Ontario specimens are at the northern limit of the range of the species, although it was reported from northern Minnesota by Wetmore (1981). The relationship between this species and F. caperata is discussed by Culberson and Culberson (1982) with respect to their habitat and possible evolutionary development. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale Very common; on trees of all kinds, lignum and rocks, in shaded or open habitats. (3), (4), (5), (10), (12), (13), (15), (16), (17), (19), (20), (21), (22), (24), (25), (27), (30), G1), (32), (33), (34). Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirton) Hale Common, on trees of all kinds, lignum in forests or open areas. (5), (6), (9),(19), (24), (27), (28), (29), (33), (34), (36). 41 Flavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale Rare; on deciduous trees in swampy areas. (9): 2636; (34): Brodo 16415A. Fuscidea recensa (Stirton) Hertel, V. Wirth & Vézda Very rare; on a granitic cliff. (33): 435. This is the only species of the genus found in southern Ontario. The bean-shaped or bone-shaped (slightly constricted) spores is the distinctive character of the F. cyathoides group, including F. recensa. The species is very polymorphic, however, and we believe the eastern American material may represent several non-sorediate taxa that contain divaricatic acid. We are using the name in the broad sense here. The species is discussed by Brodo (1984a) in relation to Lecidea arcuatula (Arnold) Hue, and by Oberhollenzer and Wirth (1984, 1990) in relation to F. curvula (H. Magn.) Hertel. In both cases, it is pointed out that differences in thallus colour do not seem to distinguish the taxa. The presence of soredia also appears to be variable (Oberhollenzer and Wirth 1990). Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. Very common; on trees of all kinds, but more often on deciduous trees. (3), (4), (6), (10), (13), (14), (15), (16), (19), (20), (21), (24), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35). This is one of the most common corticolous crustose species in southern Ontario. The apothecia are polymorphic, depending on the grain of the bark substrate. *Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp Very rare; on Populus. (34): Brodo 27627. Haematomma (see Loxospora) Heterodermia hypoleuca (Mühl.) Trev. Rare; on trees, sometimes on moss over trunks. (24): Macoun 796; (33): Billings s.n.. The absence of soredia of this species makes it very easy to separate from the other species of the genus. Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trev. Very rare; on a tree trunk over moss. (34): Macoun 54. This specimen was discovered in the CANL packet of Macoun’s "Can. Lich. no. 54" by Sharon Gowan and was correctly named by her. It was growing mixed with Pannaria ahlneri and, like the latter, is out of its range (see discussion under Pannaria ahlneri). It was, however, recorded from the east shore of Lake Michigan by Wetmore (1988). Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Trev. Infrequent; on deciduous trees, fence rails, or boulders in forests or swampy areas. (16): Cain 25166 (TRTC); (24): Macoun 791; (27): 4506; (31): Cain 27049 (TRTC); (34): Macoun 54, 305 (CANL), 296 (TRTC). *Hymenelia lacustris (With.) Poelt & Vézda Rare; on granitic boulders. (25): 4411; (29): Brodo 27572. See comments under "Jonaspis odora sensu N. American auct." Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flérke) Mayrh. & Poelt Frequent; on deciduous trees, or fence posts, at roadsides, in open fields or in forests. (10), (14), (15), (20), (22), (33), (34), (36). Hypocenomyce anthracophila (Ny1.) P. James & G. Schneider Rare; on charred stumps or trunks. (29): Brodo 27574; (31): Brodo 25216. Hypocenomyce friesii (Ach.) P. James & G. Schneider Infrequent; on charred stumps in open. (21): 1878; (31): Cain 27153; (32): Brodo 14589; (34): Brodo 22751B, 23534, 24952. 42 Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) Choisy Very common; on charred stumps, wood, fence posts or bark of various trees, often in open fields, at roadsides, or in forests. (1), (3), (4), (9), (14), (15), (19), (21), (22), (27), (29), (31), (33), (34), G6). Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. Very common; on trees of all kinds but especially conifer branches, fence rails, or mossy rocks in forests, open fields or roadsides. (4), (10), (13), (14), (15), (16), (19), (21), (24), (7), (28), G0), G1); G3); G4), 64 G5). Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr. Very rare; over peat in a bog. (27): Macoun 475 (TRTC). This boreal species is widely distributed in northern Ontario, but the southern Ontario record appears to be at the southern limit of this species. With its large, pink apothecia on a pale green, continuous crust, it is easily recognized in the field. The spores are fusiform and 1-3-septate. Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.F. Meyer Frequent; on fence posts, logs, stumps or dead conifer trees. (21): 1902; (27): 2395; (29): 2477; (31): 3889; (33): Brodo 9642; (34): Brodo 16281, 18754, 24950, Shchepanek 145. *Jonaspis epulotica (Ach.) Blomb. & Forss. Very rare; on limestone on a rocky shore. Specimen verified by F. Lutzoni. (13): 2120. Tonaspis odora sensu N. American auct. non (Ach.) Th. Fr. ex B. Stein. Very rare; on granitic boulers. (30): 2895. This species, often named as "Jonaspis odora" by North American authors, actually represents a distinct species. It will be classified, together with Hymenelia lacustris and related species, in a new genus to be described by Lutzoni and Brodo (in preparation). The species description and revisions of other species in the Hymenelia-Ionaspis complex will appear in separate papers by Lutzoni (in preparation). Julella fallaciosa (Stizenb. ex Arn.) R. Harris Frequent; on bark of deciduous trees, mainly on Acer. (25): 4412; (30): Brodo 9664; (31): 4231, Brodo 25230; (33): 3477; (34): 4356, Brunton s.n., Haber 3151. In addition, Harris (1973) cited the following specimens from southern Ontario: (21): Brodo 9664 (MSC), Imshaug 26943, 26971, 26997 (MSC); (34): Macoun 5 Jan. 1907 (FH). This species has a non-lichenized thallus. Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops (Berk. & Curtis) D. Hawksw. (Syn. Microthelia micula Kôrber) Rare; on stumps or fallen trunks. (31): 3840, 3848, 3851. This is a non-lichenized fungus according to Santesson (1984). It has been reported from the Algoma District in northern Ontario (Harris 1973) (sub Microthelia micula), but is apparently new to southern Ontario. The genus is treated in Hawksworth (1985a, 1985b). Lasallia papulosa (Ach.) Llano Infrequent; on exposed granitic rock cliffs or boulders, mainly in Canadian Shield area. (23): Cain 18796; (27): Cain 26927 (TRTC); Drummond 14; (29): 4201; (31): Vogg s.n.; (33): 317, 3304, 3504, Billings s.n. *Lecanactis chloroconia Tuck. (See key to Bacidia.) Rare; on Thuja in swampy areas. (31): 3815, 3860; (32): 4015; (34): 4518. Lecania cyrtellina (Ny1.) Sandst. Infrequent; on bark of deciduous trees. (25): 2216 (Brodo: Lich. Can. Exs. no. 182); (27): Macoun 2989; (29): 855A; (31): 3940; (34): Macoun 25, 220, 391, 1794. This species has been discussed in detail by Brodo (1984a). Although most of the spores are under 4 um broad, some may be up to 5 um. The colour of the apothecia is also variable, ranging from pale yellowish orange to dark red brown. There is still a question as to whether all our 43 specimens belong to this species or whether some are better classified as L. cyrtella (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lecania dubitans (Ny1.) Sandst. Very rare; on poplar bark. (34): collector unknown 2789. Lecania sp. Only one specimen was collected, on shoreline limestone. (33): 3431. Perhaps this is sp. #2 sensu Harris 1977, or it may belong to L. erysibe group. Lecanora allophana Ny1. Rare; on deciduous trees. (27): Macoun 106; (31): Brodo 25221; (34): Macoun 1711, 1712; (35): Macoun 85. Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme Rare; on deciduous trees. (4): Stewart 415; (13): 2143; (15): 3608. Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. subsp. caesiorubella Frequent; on trees of all kinds. (19): Macoun 3729; (27): Macoun 1691, 1692, 1818; (30): 2951; (31): 3786, Brodo 16255; (32): 3221, Brodo 14565; (34): Macoun 251, 1690; (35): collector unknown. Lecanora cenisia Ach. Very rare; on non-calcareous rock. (34): collector unknown 3616. This specimen was growing side by side with L. rupicola which is also very rare in southern Ontario. The specimen of L. cenisia belongs to the roccellic acid race (see Brodo 1984b). *Lecanora chlorophaeodes Ny)l. s. lato Very rare; on granitic boulders in deciduous forests, or in the open. (31): 3899. See also the discussion under Lecanora weberi. Its distribution in North America is unknown. Lecanora cinereofusca H. Magn. Rare; on bark of deciduous trees. (5): 1702A; (16): White 1728. This is an Appalachian-Great Lakes species of the deciduous forests. *Lecanora crenulata Hook. Rare; on limestone. (13): 2048, 2090, 2094. Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Somm. Common; on limestone, mostly in open areas. (4), (13), (15), (17), (19), (27), (28), (30), (31), (33), (34), (36). Lecanora glabrata (Ach.) Malme Frequent; on deciduous trees, mainly Acer saccharum or Fagus. (13), (14), (26), (29), (30), (31), (32), (34). Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. Common; on fence rails, stumps or deciduous trees. (3), (9), (14), (17), (22), (24), (25), (27), (30), (33), (34). This species is distinguished from L. saligna by its pruinose disks and greyish rather than yellowish apothecial margins. Lecanora hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo Common; on bark of deciduous trees. (4), (5), (14), (16), (21), (26), (27), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34). Lecanora impudens Degel. Common; on bark of all kinds, fence posts or rarely on calcareous rocks. (4), (9), (15), (19), 22)(25): 27), 29); G1); G2), 63)64): Lecanora imshaugii Brodo Rare; on bark of deciduous trees. (27): Macoun 106; (34): Macoun 345 (holotype), 347. This is an eastern America endemic, and although its main distribution is to the south, the type was selected from the southern Ontario material. Lecanora meridionalis H. Magn. Infrequent; on Thuja, rarely on oak or fence rails, in open situations. (13): 2032, 2034, 2190; (24): Macoun 1697; (25): 3177, Muhle 1697; (27): 4348, 4500; (31): 3788, 3846; (32): 3986. Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. Common; on calcareous or non-calcareous rocks, or, in one case, on the root of an oak; mostly in open areas. (4), (14), (25), (27), (28), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (36). The" substrate switch" of L. muralis, normally saxicolous, to tree bases is remeniscent of the same switch seen with Endocarpon pusillum (see above) or Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Culberson and Culberson 1982). Lecanora opiniconensis Brodo Rare; on granitic boulders, in the open. (27): Brodo 27597; (30): Dawson s.n.; (33): Brodo 25117 (holotype), 23432B, 23543, 25507. This widely distributed but rare species was first discovered in southern Ontario (Brodo 1987). It is usually associated with lakeside cliffs and outcrops. The species is now known from southwestern U.S.A., the Great Lakes region, and the northern section of the Adirondack Mountains as far east as Maine. Lecanora pallida (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. rubescens Imsh. & Brodo Frequent; on bark of all kinds, but more often on conifers. (13):2036; (21): 3543; (27): 4465, 4502, Brodo 27620B; (31): 3855, Brodo 25123, 25215; (32): 3985, 4000; (34): 3233. Lecanora perplexa Brodo Rare; on Acer or calcareous rocks. (29): 4272; (35): collector unknown. This species, when saxicolous, is usually found on HCI- rocks (Brodo 1984b), but the southern Ontario material was collected from a calcareous rock. Corticolous specimens resemble L. imshaugii or L. argentata, differing from the former in having large amphithecial crystals, and the latter in having a thin, indistinct cortex. If on rock, it could be confused with L. pseudistera, but L. perplexa contains zeorin rather than galactinulin and the thalli is granulose rather than dispersed areolate. Lecanora piniperda Koérber Infrequent; on fence rails, or deciduous trees. (1): 1611; (5): 1714; (20): Cain 18743; (21): 3522, 3524; (27): 2379; (34): 1804, 1806. Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh. Frequent; on granitic boulders in open or shaded areas. (14): 1943; (27): 2228; (30): 2892; (31): 3028, 3802, 3917, 4065, 4074, 4198; (32): Brodo 14599; (33): 305, 3369; (34): 2837, Brodo 18767. Although most specimens of L. polytropa consist of nothing but masses of small, yellowish apothecia, a few produce scattered, tiny, yellowish areolae. Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. Infrequent; on granitic boulders, usually in the open. (25): 3693, 3760, 4415; (30): Brodo 25124; (31): 1852, 1855, 2966; (33): 331, 351, 507, 509, Brodo 23433A; (34): 2810. Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. Common; on bark of all kinds or dead wood. (3), (13), (21), (25), (26), (27), (30), (31), (32), (34), (35), (36). 45 Lecanora rugosella Zahlbr. Frequent; on bark of various trees. (23): 2031, 2033, 2037, 2146, 2171; (15): 2201; (27): 2253; (30): 864; (31): 2869, 3806, 3825, 3857, Brodo 25213; (32): 3996, 4025; (34): 3232, Brodo 22744. Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. Very rare; on non-calcareous rocks. (34): [Macoun ?] 3616, 3644. This species is more commonly found in northern and western North America. The record is based on two specimens collected a century ago probably by John Macoun, from rocks near Hogs Back in Ottawa. We have searched the area in vain for this and other rare crustose lichens collected by Macoun (e.g., Acarospora canadensis and Lecanora cenisia). The disappearance of these species may be due to general air pollution or habitat destruction, although the site itself is still parkland (but very heavily used). Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr. Common; on fence posts, stumps or deciduous trees. (3), (5), (6), (9), (14), (15), (19), (21), (22), (25), (27), (29), (34). Lecanora strobilina (Sprengel) Kieff. Infrequent; on bark of various trees. (25): 3673, 4404; (26):4433; (30): 2916; (31): 4155; (33): 3461; (34): 1315B, 1334. Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. (See key to Lecidea.) Common; on bark or twigs of various trees, or on fence posts in the open or in forests. (1), (3), (4), 6), (9), (12), (13), (15), (21), (25), (27), (29), 31), 34), 36). Lecanora thysanophora R. Harris, ined. Frequent; on bark of various trees, rarely on non-calcareous rocks. (15), (25), (27), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34). Lecanora weberi Ryan Rare; on granitic boulders in deciduous forests or on ridge tops. (25): 3720, 3745; (31): 1849, 3801. Ryan (1989) described this lobate Lecanora from western United States (Colorado, Idaho and South Dakota), and so these collections represent a considerable extension of the species’ range. The range extension is similar to that of L. opiniconensis, but in reverse. Lecanora weberi can be confused with L. chlorophaeodes in the east. Both are yellowish lobate species producing usnic acid in the cortex. In fact, one of our specimens of L. weberi was misnamed as L. chlorophaeodes, leading us to comment that the apothecial disks of the latter can vary in colour and be either pruinose or epruinose (Wong and Brodo 1990). It turns out that morphology and chemistry of the material from southern Ontario correlate perfectly. We examined all the specimens of this complex, regardless of locality, and divided them into two groups based on the pruinosity of the apothecia: Group 1: pruinose, either (a) pale fruited (brownish), or (b) becoming greenish-black; and Group 2: epruinose and pale-fruited. In Group 1 (both a and b), all the specimens contained a series of low R, fatty acids, apparently of the constipatic-pertusaric acid group. All the Group 2 (epruinose) material contained zeorin as well as fatty acids, especially one unidentified compound running R, classes 4-5, 2-3, 3 in solvents A, B and C. (Some specimens had one or two extra fatty acids.) The constipatic-pertusaric group of fatty acids was absent. The L. weberi isotype falls into Group 1a and thus agrees with Ryan’s description very well. The Group 2 material includes several Swedish specimens named as L. chlorophaeodes by various Europeans (including Vänskä). Thus, it would seem that L. weberi is distinct from L. chlorophaeodes and that both species occur in southern Ontario. 46 Lecanora wisconsinensis H. Magn. Rare; on bark of conifers. (15): 3589; (21): 3531; (31): 3834. Brodo (1984b) cited only one specimen (Macoun 53 [NY]) from southern Ontario (34). It is a species of the southern boreal forest. Lecidea sensu Zahlbruckner OS