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‘LIFE & DEATH

-O R,-
Of the Prolongation of LIFE.

> J . ss 2

Vritten in Latin by the Right Honorable |
) Francis Lord Verulam , ;
Vifcount St. eZbans.

oi LONDON, |
BS Printed for VV illiam Lee at the Turks-head
he. in se faeces £669."

XX Lreria, 7
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By i

THE

HISTORY

Life and Death.

The Preface.

7a)! is an ancient faying and complaint, That Life is
fq) fhort and Art long; wherefore it behoveth us, who
i] make it our chiefeft aim to perfe& Arts, to take up-
on us the confideration of Prolonging Mans Life ,
GOD, the Author of all Truth and Life, profper-
ing our Endeavors. \ For though the Life of ‘Man be
nothing elfe but a mafs and accumulation of fins and
: forrows, and they that look for an Eternal Lifefet but
Jight by a Temporary : Yetthecontinuation of VVorks of Charity ought
not to be contemned, even by us Christians. Befides, the beloved Difciple
of our Lord furvived the other Difciples; and many of theFathers of the
Church, efpecially of the holy Monks and Hermits, were long-lived:
‘WVhich thews, that this blefsing of long life. fo o!ten promifed in the Old
Law, had lefs abatement after our Saviours days thenother carthly blefs-
ings had; but to efteem of this as the chiefeft good, we are but too
prone. Onely the enquiry is difficult how to attain the fame jvand fo
much the rather, becaufe it is corrupted with falfe opinions and vain re-
{ports: For both thofe things whichthe vulgar Phyfitians talk of, Radical
Moifture and Natural Hear, are but meer Fi@ions ; andthe ee
: B __ praites

‘The Preface.

praifes of Chymical Medicines, firft puft up with vain hopes, and then fail
their admirers.

And as for that Death which is caufed by Suffocation, Putrefa@ion, and
feveral Difeafes, wefpeak not of itnow, for that pertains to an’ Hyftory of
| Phyfick ; but onely of that Death which comes by a total decay of the
| Body , and the Inconco@ion of old Age. Nevertnelefs the laft a& of
‘| Death, and the very extinguifhing of Life it {elf , ‘which may fo many
4 ways be wrought outwardly and inwardly (which notwithftanding have,
as it were, onecommon Porchbeforeit comes tothe pointof death) will ;
bepertinent to beinquired of in this Treatife; but we referve thatfor the
lait place.

That which may be repaired by degrees, withcut a tctal wafte of the
| firft tock, is potentially eternal, as the Veftal Fire. Therefore when Pby-
ficians and ‘Philofophers faw that living Creatures werenourifhed and their
| Bodies repaired, but that this did laft onely fora time, and afterwards
| came oldage, and in the enddiffolution ; they fought Death in fomewhat
4 which could not properly be repaired, fuppofing a Radical (Moifture in-
capable of folid reparation, and which, from the firft infancy, received
a {purious addition, but no truce reparation, whereby it grew daily worfe
and worfe, and, in the end, brought the bad tonone at all. This con-
ceit of theirs was both ignorant and vain; for all things in living Crea-
tures are in their youth repaired entirely ; nay, they arefor a time in-
creafed in quantity, bettered in quality, fo as the Matter of reparation |
might be eternal, if the Manner of reparation did not fail. But this is
the truth of it, There is in the declining of age an unequal reparation ; |
fome parts are repaired eafily, others with dithculty androtheirlofs ; fo
as fromthat time the Bodies of Men begin toendure the torments of Afe-}
zentius, That the living die in the embraces of the dead; and the parts eafily repair-
able, through their conjun@ion with the parts hardly repairable, do de-
cay : For the Spirits, Blood, Flesh, and Fat are, even after the decline of
years, eafily repaired ; but the drier and more porous parts (as the
CMembranes, all the Tunicles, the Sivews, Arteries, Meins, Bones, Cartilages ,
mott of the Bowels, in a word, almoft all the Organic! Parts) are hardly
repairable, and to their lofs. Now thefe hardly-repairable parts, when they
come to their office of repairing the other which are eafily repairable,
finding themfelyes deprived of their wonted ability and ftrength, ceafe
to perform any longer their proper Functions : By wliich means it comes
to pafss, that in procefs of time the whole tends to diffolution ; and even
thofe very parts which in their own nature are with much eafe repair-
able, yet throughthedecay of the Organs of reparation can no more re-
ceive reparation, but: decline, and in the end utterly fail. And the caufe of
the termination of Life is this, for thatthe Spiris, like a gentle flame,
continually preying upon Bodies, confpiring with the pet Air, which
is ever fucking and, drying of them, do, intime, deftroy the whole Fa-
brick of the Body, .as alfo the particular Engines and Organs thercof,
and make them unable forthe work of Reparation. Thefe are the true
ways of Natural Death, well and faithfully to be revolved inour mindes ;
for hethat knows not the ways of Nature, how. can he fuccor her, or turn
her about?

Therefore the Inquifition ought to be twofold ; the one touching the
Confumption or Depredation of the Body of Man; the other touching the

Reparationand Renovation of the fame: To the end, that the former.may,
as

a be:

‘eden 't
jane aly

The Preface.

et
as much as is poflible, be forbidden and reftrained, and thelatter com-

forted. The formerof thefe pertains, efpecially to the Spirirs and outward
| Air, by which the Depredation and W afte is committed ; the latter to the
whole race of CAlimentation or Nourishment, whereby the Renovation or
Reftitution is made. And as for the former part touching Confumption ,
thishath many things common with Bodies Inanimate, or without life. For
fuch things as the Native Spirit (which is in all tangible Bodies, whether
living or without life) and the ambient or external Air worketh upon
Bodies Inanimate, the fame it attempteth upon Animate or Living Bodies ;
although the Viral Spirit fuperadded, doth partly break and bridle thofe
operations, partly exalt andadyance them wonderfully. For it is moft
manifeft that Inanimate Bodies (moft of them) will endure along time
without any Reparation ; but Bodies Animate without Food and Repara-
tion fuddenly fall and are extinguihed, as the Fire is. So then, our Jnyuifition
fhall bedouble. Firft, we will confider the Body of Man as Inanimate, and
not repaired by Nourishment: Secondly, as Animate and repaired by Nourish-
ment. “Thus having Prefaced thefe things, we come now to the Topick places
of (nguifition.

me a

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RAY os

Cineiyd teeing acing indicts
CO eee

TO THE READER.

Ss) Am to give Advertifement, that
Pad Eb i there came forth of late last

= Bel easscacine af his Lordi W orks,
et mE was altogether unacquainted with his
Lordfhips tile and manner of Expreffions , and
fo published a Tran/lation lame and defective in
the whole. Whereupon I thought fit to re-
commend the fame to be tranflated anew bya
more diligent andzealous Pen,which hath fince
travelled in It ; and though it ftill comes short
{ of that lively and i incomparable Spiritand Ex-
preflion, which lived and died withthe Zathor,
yet I dare avouch it to bemuch more warrant-
able andagrecable thenthe former. Itistruc,
this Book was not intended to have been pub-
lished in Engiih ; but fecing it hath been already
made free of that Lanouage, whatfoever benefit
or delight may redound fromit, I commend the
fameto the Courteous and Fudicious Reader.

WR.
To

eee me “

ually tad inet dtingiing tadtind
oe ee

To the prefent Age and Pofterity, ©

Greeting. ;
-

=| Lthough I had ranked the Hiftory of
‘Agal Life and Death asthe laff amone ft my |
Six Monethly Defignations, yerJ}
have thought fit, in refpect of the prime ufe| —
thereof, {in which the leaft lof of time ought oe
to be efteemed precious) to invert that order, and to fend it
forth inthe fecond place. For I have hope, andwifh, thatit) —
may condyce to acommon good ; and that the Nobler fort of |
Phyfi cians will advance their thoughts, and not employ their * :
times wholly inthe fordidnefs of Cures , neither be honored |
forNeceffity onely , but that they will become Coadju-
tors and Inftruments of the Divine Omnipotence
and Clemency ia Prolonging and Renewing the|
Life of Man; ejpecially feeing 1 prefcribe it tobe doneby|
Jafe, aad convenient, and civil ways, though hitherto unaffayed,
For though we Chriftians do continually afpire and pant |
after the Land of Promife ; yet it will be a token of
Gods favor towards us, in our journeyings through this |
Worlds Wildernefs , tohave our Shoes and Gar-
ments ({ meanthofe of our frail Bodies) Little, worn or
impaired, | ss 1

ts

ALS

Fr. St. ALBANS.

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Particular Topick Places

CPRAINS f2brons0

S of INQUISITION

and DEATH.

, inquire of rare de aed Not durable; in Bodies Tnani- I,
mate or without Life, asalfo im Vegetables ; but that not in a us
large or juft Treatife, b utas in a Bricf or Summary oncly. ‘

Alfo inquire diligent ly of Deficcation, Arefattion, and Cor- ou
Sumption ot Bodies In ant ate,” and of Vegerables ; and of the
ways and procefles, by which they are done ; and further, of
Sit Inhibiting and Delaying of Déficcation, Aref attion, and Con-
ee ee) fxmption, and of the Confervation of Bodies, in their roper {tate ;
and again, of the /nteneration, Emollition, and Recovery of Bodies to their Pag frefh-
inefs, after they be once dryed and withered.

Neither need the Jnquifition touching thefé things, to be full or exa&, feeing they

pertain rather to their proper Title of Nature durable ; fecing alfo, they are not Princi-

pals in this /nqusfition, but ferve oncly to give light to the Prolongation. and'IaSauration | — eh

| of Lafe in Leving Creatures, In which (as was faid before) the famethings cometo’pafs,

butina particular manner. So from the Jzjaz/ition touching Bodies Inanimate and Vege.

‘tablet, let the Lequifition pa‘s on to other Living (reatares befides Afax. ;

Inquire touchirlg the length and fhortne/s of Lafe in Living Creatures; with the due

circumftances whichmake moft for theirlong or {hort lives.

_ But becaule the Duration of Rodses is twofold, One in Identity, or the felf. fame

fubftance, the other by a Renovation or Reparation; whereof the former hath place onely

ain Bodies tnanimate, the latter in Vegetables and Living Creatures, and is perfected by

Alimentation or Nourifhment ; therefore it will be fitto inquireof Alsmentation, and

lof the ways and progrefles thereof ;~yer this not exactly, (becaufe it pertains properly. Sie |

Othe Titles of Affimilationand Alimentation) but, asthe reft, in progrefsonely. oe
From the Iqutfitson touching Living Creatures, and Bodies repaired by Noxrifh- |

ment, pals onto the Inqurfition touching A4Zan, Miia vi being come to the principal |

fubject of Jaguzfition, the Inguifition ought to be in all points more precife and accu- pad

ai:
ie

ate.
Inquire touching tlic length and /hortnefi of Lifein Men; according to the ges of §e
ithe 4# orld, the feveral Regions, (limates, ad Places of their Nativity and Habstation. .
Li Inquire touching thedengehand /hortne/s of Life ine Men, according to their Races) © Ge.
ind Families, asif it were a thing hereditary 5, alfo according to their Comsplexions, Com-
tutions, and Habits of Body, their Statures, the manner and time of their growth, and a
themaking and compofition of their Adembers, ; :) a. 2
“= Inquiretouching the length and /hortnefs of Life in Aden, according to. the times of 7.
heir Nativity; butfo, as you omit for the prefentall « 4/rological obfervations, andthe
wires of Heaven; undet which they were born; onely infft upon the yulgar and 3
if ae . -“manifeft 4. ee

ee

manifeft Obfervations ; as whether they were born in the Seventh, Eigh i

; Tenth Moneth; alfo; whether by Night orby Day; and iri what Moneth - her dion
8. __ Inquire touching the Length and Shortne/i of Life in Men, according totheir Ferd
Diet, Government of theit Life, Exercifes, and the like; For as for the 4:7; in whi k
Men live and make their abode, we account that proper tobe inquired of in the abo 7
faid -4rticle, touthingthe places of their Habstation. var

3D: Inquire touching the Lengthand Shortne/s of Lefe in Men, actording to thei
. . . . . * a 5 Hf sé P
rs ee feveral Courfesof Life, the Affections of the Adinde, and divers aivideinh beak
ing them. ' ea é
1B. Inquire apart touching thofe “Medicines which arethought to prolong Léfe.
Us Inquire touching the Segns and Prognosticks of long and hort life; not thofe which

betoken Death at hand, (for they belong to an Aisstory of Phyfick ) butthofe which are
ae a may be obfervedevenin Health, whether they be Phyfiognomieéal figns, or any
Hitherto have been propounded Inquifitions touching Lenorh and Shortn
. S, L
befides the Ryles of Art, and inaconfufed manner; now we think to add Fab
thall be more 4rt-lske, and tending to practice, under the namé of /ntention#. Thole
Intentions are generally three: As forthe particular Diftributions of them, we will pro-
ound them when we come to the Inguifition it {clf. The three gencral Jntentions are
the Forbidding of Wajte and (onfumption, the Perfetting of Reparatson, andthe Renewing
of Oldnefi. ; 7
12. Inquire touching thofe things whichconferve andexempt the Body of Manifromh
Arefattion and Confumption, at leaft which putoff and protract the elation thereunto. |
13. Inquire touching thofe things which pertain to the whole procefs of Alimentation,
(by which the Body of Man is repaired) that it may be good, and’ witly the beft im:
provement.

mR Inquire touching thofethings which purge out the o/d Adatter,and fu ly eitueaelL
as alfo which do Intenerate and Moiften Gele pars which arealready dried ple
But becaufe it will be hard to know the Ways of Death, unlefs we fearch out and
difcover the*Seat,’ or Honfé, or rather Den of Death, it will be convenient to make In>}
quifition of this thing ; yet not of every kindeé of ‘Death, but of thofe Deaths which

are caufed by want and indigence of Nourifhment, not by violence ; for they are thofe
Deaths onely which pertain toa decay of Nature, andmeer old Age.

Inquire touching the Point of Death, and the Porches of Death, leading thereune

T5.
to from all parts, fo as that Death be caufed by adecay of Nature, and not by Vios=
‘lence.

Laftly, becaufeit is behovefulto know the Character and Form of Old ge, which +
will then beft be done, if you make a Colletiton of all the Differences, both in the State |
and Fun@tions of the Body, betwixt Youth and Old ge, that by them you may obferve

; what it is that produceth fuch manifold Effeés; let not this Inquifition be omitted.
16s Inquire diligently touching the Differences inthe State of the Body and Faculties of
17. the Owinde in Youth and Old age; and whether there be any that ccmain the fame with-
out alteration or abatement in Old age.
Nature Durable, and not Durable.
The Hzftory.

To the firft Etals are of that long lafting, that Men cannot trace the beginnings of
etriicle, them ; and when they do decay, they decay through Rx, not through per-

Te fpiration into Air ; yet Gold decays neither way.

2 Quick-filver, though it bean humid and fluid Body, and eafily made

it neither

| volatile by Fire ; yet (as faras we Rave obferved) by Age alone, without Fire,

wafteth nor gathereth Rutt. f oh
Stones, efpecially the harder fort of them, and many other Foffiles, are of jong
y aitin .

Ze

Se The Fiiftory of Life and Death.

ing, and that though they be expofed to the open air;. much more if they be buried
in the earth. Notwithftanding Stones gather akind of Nitre, which isto them inftead
of Raft. Prectows Stones and Cryftals exceed AMetalls in long lafting ; but then they
| grow dimmer and lefs Orient, if they be very old. :
| It is obferved, that Scones lying towards the North do fooner decay with age than
, thofe that lie toward the South ; andthat appears manifeftly in Pyramrds,and Churches,
and other ancient £usldings : contrariwife, in /ron, that expoled to the South, gathers
Rf fooner, and that to the North later; as may be feen in the iron-bars of windows.
And no marvel, feeing in all putrefaction (as Rw is) Moifturehaftens Diffolutions;
in all fimple Arefaction, Drinefs.
_ In Pegetables, (we {peak of fuch as are fell’d, not growing ) the Stocks or Bodies of
harder Trees, and the Timber made of them, laft divers ages. Butthen there is diffe-
rence in the bodies of Trees: fome Trees are in amanner {pongy,as the Elder,in which
| the pith in themidf is foft, and the outward part harder ; but in Timber-trees, as che
_ Oak, theinner part ( which they call Heart of Oak) lalteth longer.
The Leaves, and Flowers, and Stalks of Plants are but of short laiting, but diflolye into
! duft, unlefs they putrefie: the Xeors are more durable.
The Zones ot living Creatures laft long, as we may fee it of mens bones in Charnel-
' houfes : Hormsalfo lalt very long; fodo ‘eeth, as it is {een in Ivory, and the Sea-horfe
| Teeth. ;
Bides alfoand Stins endure yery long, as is evidentin old Parchment-boots : Paper
| likewife willlaft many ages,though not folong as Parchment.
| Such things as have paffed the Fire lalt long, as Glafs and bricks; likewife Fle/b aud
| Fruits that have paffed the Fire laft longer than kaw: and that not oncly becaule the
Baking inthe Fire forbids putrefaction ; but alfo becaufe the watry humour being drawn
_ forth, the oily humour fupports it felf the longer.
) Water of all Liquors is fooneft drunk up by ir, contrariwife Oz/ lateft ; which we
' may fee not onely in the Liguorsthemfelvcs, butin the Léguors mixt with other Bodies:
| for Paper wet with water, and fo getting fome degree of tranfparency, willfoon after
wax white, and lofe the tranfparency again, the watry vapour exhaling ; but oiled Paper
4 will keep the tranfparency long, the 0:/ not being apt to exhale :_ And therefore they
| that counterfeit mens hands, will lay the oiled paper upon the writing they mean to
| counterfeit, and then aflay to draw the lines.
Gams all ot them laftyery long ; the like do » ax and Honey.
But the equal or ancgsal ule of things conduceth no Iefs to long lafting or thort Iaft-
| ing, than the things themfelves ; for ismber, and Stones,and other Bodies, {tanding con-
' tinually in the warer, or continually in the asr, laft longer than if they were fometimes
wet, fometimes dry : and fo Stones continue longer, if they be laid towards the fame
coaft of Heaven in the Building that rhey lay in the Mine. The fameis of Plants re-
, moved, if they be coafted juft as they were before.

| Obfer vations:

; .
j Et this be laid for a Foundation, which #s molt fure, That there is in every Tangible
body a Spirit , or body Pneumatical, enclofed and covered with the Tangtble parts ;
And that from this Spirit ts the beginning of all Diffolution and Confumprion, fo as
the Antidote agaiiift them isthe detasning of this Spirit.

This Spirit ss detained two ways: exther by a {tretght 'nclofure, as st were iz a Pri-
fon: or by akind of free ana voluntary Detention Agasn, his voluntary ftay is
per{waded two ways: either if the Spirit zt felf be not too moveable or eager to depart ;
or if the external Ait importune it not too much to come forth. So then, two forts of
Subftances are durable, Hard Subftances, and Oily : Hard Subftance binds in the
Spirits clofe; Oily partly enticeth the Spirit to Stay, partly is of that nature that it is
not rmportuned by Air; for Airss con{ubftantial to Water, andFlame toOil. And
toucking Nature Durable and not Durable zm Bodies Inanimate, thus muck.

The Hiftory.

| Erbs of the colder fort die yearly both in Root and Stalk; as Lettice, Purflane;
alfo Vheat and all kind of (orm: yet there are fome cold Herbs which will laft
| Ce. : three

“a *

pe
— —- -

Tbe Bifory of Life and Deu.

/ three or four years ; asthe Violer, Straw-berry, Burnet, Prim-rofe,and sorrel. But Borage |
and Buglof’, which feem fo alike when they are alive, differ in their deaths; for Borage

| will laft but one year, Bxglo/s will laft more.

| 14. But many ot derbs bear their age and years better; Fyfop, Thyme, Savory, Pot-mar.

| joram, balm, wormwood, Germander, Sage, andthe like. Fennel dies yearly in the ftalk,

| buds again from tke root: but Hslfe and Sweet-marjoram can better endure age than

| winter ; for being fet ina very warm place and wel-fenced, they will live more than
one year. Itis known, thata knot of A)/fop twice a year thorn hath continued forty
years.

| 15. Bufhes and Shrabs live threefcore years, and fome double as much. A Vive may ate
tain to threefcore years, and continue fruitful in theoldage. Rofe-mary well placed |

| will comealfo to threefcore years ; but white Thora and vy enduie above an hundred

|

|

|

years. As for the Bramble, the age thereof is not certainly known, becaufe bowing
the head to the ground it gets new roots, fo as you cannot diftinguith the old from |
the new. -

16. Amongft great Trees the longeft livers are the Oat, the Holm,Wdd:a/h, the Elm,
the Beech. tree, the Chef-nut, the Plane-tree, Ficus Ruminalis, the Lote tree, the wild.
Olive, the Palmetree and the Mulberry tree, Of thefe, fome havecome to the age of
eighthundred years ; but the leaft livers of them doattain to two hundred,

17. But Trees Odorate, or that have {weet woods, and Trees Rozennie, laft longer in their

Woods or Timber than thofe above-faid, but they are not fo long-liv’d; as the Cyprefs-

tree,eMaple,Pine,Box,funiper. The Cedar being born out by the yaftnefs of his body,

lives well-near as long as the former.

The 4/, fertileand forward in bearing, reacheth to an hundred years and fomewhat
better ; which alfo the Birch, eMaple, and Sirvice.tree fometimes da: but the
Poplar, Lime-tree, Villow, and that which they eall the Sycomore, and 1 alnut-tree, live
not fo long.

| 18.
¢
| 19. The cApple- tree, Pear-tree, Plum-tree, Pomegranate-tree, Cstron-tree, Atedlar-tree,

Black cherry. tree, Cherry-tree, may attain to fifty or fixty years ; efpecially if they be
cleanfed from the Mofs wherewith fome of them are cloathed.

20. Generally, greatnefs of body in trees, if other things be equal, hath fome congruity
with lenge of life; fo hath hardnefs of fabftance : and trees bearing Maf? or Nuts are
commonly longer livers than trees bearing Frait or Berries: likewife trees putting forth
their leaves late, and fhedding them: late again, live longer than thofe that are early
either in leaves or fruits the like is of weld-trees in comparifon of Orchard-trees And
laftly, in the fame kind, trees that bear a fowr fruit out-live thofe that bear a fweet

| fruit.
Aw Obfervation.

Riftotle noted well the difference between Plants and living Creatures, 1” re/peé# of
their Nourifhment andReparation: Tamely, that the bodies of living Creatures
are confined within certain bounds, and that after trey be come to thesr full growth they
are continued and preferved by Noutilhment, but they put forth nothing new except Hair
and Nails, whith are counted for no better than Excrements ; fo as the juice of living
creatures mx/P of neceffity fooner wax old: but in Trees, which put forth yearly new boughs,
new ihoots, xewleaves, and new fruits, it comes to pafs that all thefe parts in Vrees are
once a year young and renewed. Now st being fo, that mhatfoever 1s fre(h and young
draws the Nourithment more lively and chearfully to it than that which is decayed andold,
it happens withall, that the {tock avd body’of the tree, through which the fap paffeth to the
branches, #5 refre/hed and cheared with a more bountiful and vigorous nouri{hment #7 the
pallage than otherwife et would have been. And tkis appears mantfest ( though Ariftotle
noted it not, neither hath ke exprelfed thefe things fo clearly and per{picuoufly)_in Hedges,
Copfes, and Pollards, when the plathing,thedding, or lopping comfortech the old ftem or
ftock, and maketh it more flouri/ling and longer-ev'd.

Deficcation,

a

i The Hifloryof Life-and Death, = =| og

Deficcation, Prohibiting of Deficcation, and In-teneration. of that which |
is deficcated and dried.

wt The F:/fary. : v1
Tre and trong Heats dry fome things, and melt others. To the fe~
F Limus ut bic durefcit,c hac ut Cera ligue[cit, Uno eodemgue Igne ? | cond ice
How thts Clay ss bardned, and how this wax is melted, with one and the fame thing, | cle
Fire ? It dricth Earth, Stones, 00d, Cloth, and Skins, and whatfocyer is. not ligncfiable 5 | t.
and it melteth AZetalls, wax, Gums, Butter, Tallow,and thelike. a.

Notwithftanding, even in thofe thingswhichthe firemelteth, if it be very vehement |

a.
and continucth, it doth at laft dry them. For metal ina {trong fire, ( Gold oncly ex. |
cepted) the volatile part being cone forth, will become lefs ponderous and morc brit- |
tle ; and thofe o#l/y and fat fubfances in the like fre will burn up, and be dried and |
parched.

Air, efpecially open air, doth manifeftly dry, but not melt : as High-mays, and the >

upper part of the Earth,moiftned with fhowers, are dried; linnenclocbes walhed, if they
be hang’d out in the asr, are likewife dried ; herbs, and leaves, and flowers, laid forth in
the fhade, are dried. But much more fuddenly doth the air this, if it,be either en.
lightned with the S#n-beams, (fo that they caufe no putrefaction) or if the air be ttir-
red,as when the widbloweth, or in rooms open onall fides.
Age molt of all, but yet floweft of all, driets; as in all bodies which (if they be not x
prevented by putrefaction ) are drée with Age. But age is nothing of it felf, being
onely the meafure of time ; that which caufeth the effect 1s the native Spirit of bodies,
which fucketh up the moifture of the body, and then, together with it, flieth forth ;
and the air ambient, which multipliethit felf upon the ative jpirits and juices of the bo-
dy, and preycth upon them.
Cola of all things moft properly dreth: for drying isnot caufed but by Contratlion ; 5.
now contratiion is the proper work of cold. But becaufe we Mex have heat ina high
| degree, namely, that of Fire, but cold in a very low degree, no other than that of
VVinter, or perhaps of Jce, or of Siow, or of Dytre ; therefore the drjzng caufed by
cold is but weak, and cafily refolyed. Notwith{tanding we fee the /urface of the earth
to be more dried by Fro/t,orby Adarch-winds, than by the san, fecing the fame wizd both
} lickethup the moi/fure and afle&teth with coldue/s.

Smoak is a driersas in Bacon and Neats tongxes which are hanged up inthechimneys:and | —
Perfumes of Olibanum, ot Lignum Aloes, and the like, dry the Braia,and cure Catarrhs
Salt, after fomereafonable continuance, drieth, not onely on the out-fide, but inthe 7

——

infide alfo; asin Fle/h and Fifh falted, which if they have continued any long time have
a manifeft hardnefs within.

Het Gums applied to the skin dry and wrinkle it; andfome affringent waters alfo do 8
the fame.
Spirit of rong waters imitateth the fire in drying ; for it will both potch an Egg put 9.
_ | into it, and toaft Bread.
Powders dry like sponges by drinking up the moifture, as it is in Sand thrown upon 1@.

} Lines new written: alfo /moothne/s and politenc{z of bodies, ( which fuffer not the va-

| pour of moifture to go in by the pores ) dry by accident, becaufe it expofeth it to the

i aur 5 as it is feen in precious Stones, Looking glajjesand Blades of Swords,upon which if you

| breath, you fhall fee at firft a little mift, but foon after it vanifheth like acloud. And thus
much for Deficcation or Drying.

They ufe at this day in the €ai# parts of Germany Garners in Vaults under gronnd, Ik

wherein they keep VVeat and other grazns,laying a good quantity of ftraw bothunder

the grams and about them, to fave them from the dampnefs ofthe Vault ; by which

device they keep their grains 20 or 30 years. And this doth not onely preferve them

from fuftinefs, but (that which pertains more to the prefent szguifition) prefervesthem

aifo in that greennefsthat they are fit and ferviceable to make bread. The fame is reported
{ to have been in ufein Cappadocia and 7 bracia,and {ome parts of Spain,

The placing of Garzers on the tops of houfes, with windows towards the Eaft 12.
\and North, is very commodious, Somealfo make two Sollars, an upper and a lower ;
‘and the upper Sollar hath an hole it, through which the grain continually defcen-
|deth, like /aad in an hour-glafs, and after a few dayes they throw it up again
Dcich fhovels, that fo it may be in continual motion. Now it is to be noted

| : C2 that

‘

a *

Lo Goreaone Hiflory of Life and Death. Bie 1

| that this doth not only prevent the Fuftinefs, but conferveth the Greenefs, and flack-
» eth the Deficcation of it. The Caufe isthat which we noted before, That the difcharge-
| ing of the /Vatry bamonr, which is quickned by the Morionand the Vr inds, preferves
| the Ozly humour in his being, which otherwife would fly out together with the VV atry
, | humour. Alfo in fome Mountains, where the <i is very pure, dead Carka/es may be
_ keptfor a good while without any ercat decay. neat
13. | ~~ Frnits, as Pomegranates, (itrons, Apples, vears, and the like; alfo Flowers, as Kofes and-
| Lilies, may be kept a long time in Earthen Veffels clofe topped’: howfoever, they are
not free fromthe injuries of the outward 4ér, which will affe@ them with his unequal
Temper through the fides of the Veflel, as it is manifeft in heat and cold. Theretore
it will be good to {top the mouths of the Vefiels carefully, and to bury them within
the Earth ; and it willbe as goodnot to bury them in the Earth, but, to fink themin the
| PVater; {o asthe place be thady, as in PYells or Cisterns placed within doors : but thofe
| that be funkin Warer willdo better in Glafsveflels than in Earthen.

14 Generally thofe things which are kept in the Earth, or in Vaults under ground, of |
in the bottoms of a Well, will preferve their frefhnefS longer than thofe things that are |

| keptabove ground.

15- They fay it hath been obferved, that in Confervatories of snow (whether they were
in Mountains, in natural Pits, orin Wells made by Art for that purpofe ) an Apple, or
Chef-nut, or Nut, by chance falling in, after many months, when the Snow hath
melted » hath been found in the svowas freth and fair as if it had been gathered the day
| befores 4

16. Country people keep (luffers of Grapes in Meal, which though it makes them lefs
pleafant to the tafte, yet it preferves their moifture and frefhnefs. ~ Alfo the harder-fort
of Fraits may be kept long, not oncly in Meal, but alfoin Saw-duft,and in heaps of Corn.

17. There is an opinion held, that sodées may be preferved frefh in zé;zors of their own
kind, as in their proper Adenffraa; as,to keep Grapes in Wine, Olives in Oil.

18. Pomegranates and Quinces are kept long, being lightly dipped in Sea-water or Salt-
water,and {oon after taken out again, and then dried in the open 4#r,fo it be inthe Shade.

19. Bodies put in # ine, Oz, or the Lees of Oil, keeplong; muchmore in Hoxy or Sparéé
of Wize; but moft of all, as fome fay, in Quick: filver.

20. Fruits inclofed in Wax, Pitch, Plaiffer, Paffe, or any the like Cafe or Covering,
keep grcen very long.

21 Ir is manifcft that Fires, Spiders, Ants,or the like {mall creatures, falling by chance into
Amber, ox the Gums of Trees, and fo finding a burial inthem, do never after corrupt or
rot, although they be foftand tender Bodies.

23. Grapes are kept lovg by being hanged up in ranches : the fame is of other Frits, For |
there is a two-fold Commodity of this thing: the one, that they are kept without p7e/-
fing ox bruifing, whichtheymuft needs fuffer if they were laid upon any hard fubftance; |
the other, that the 4r doth encompafs them onevery fidealike.

23. It is obferved that Putrefattion, no lefs than Deficcatson in Vegetables, doth not begin
in every part alike, but.chiefly in that part where, being alive, it did attract nourith-
ment. . Therefore fome advife to cover the ftalki of apples or other Fruits with Wax
or Pitch,

24. | Great Weeks of Candles or t amps do fooner confume the Tallow or Oul than Icfler

Wreks 5

alfo Wieks of Cotton fooner than thofe of Ru/h, or Straw, or finall Twegs : and ;
| in Staves of Torches, thole of funrper or Terre fooner than thofe of a/b: hkewile
Hee age eae withthe Wiad fooner than that which is ffi’: And therefore

iF

Candlés tet in a Daathorn will loft longer than inthe open asr, There isa Tradition, that
Lamps fet in Sepwlebres will latt an ncredible time.

} 25 | The Natureatlo and Preparation of the Nouri! ment conduceth no lefs to the Laffing

of Lamps and Canales, than the nature of the Flame ; for Wax will laft longer than

| Tallew , and Tallow a little wet longer t' an Tallow day, and Wax candles old made
longer than Wax-candles new made.

26. | Trees, if you ftir the Earth about their Root every year, will continue lefs time ; |
| ifonce in four, or perhapsin ten years, much longer : -alfo cutting off the Suckers and
young Shoots will make them live the longer - but Dunging them, or laying of Marl
| about their Roots, ormuch Watering them, adds totheir fertility, but cuts off from
| their long Jafting. And thus much touching the Probibiting of Deficcatson or Cone
f Samption.
ee The

»

The Hiftory of Life and Death.

The Inteneration or making tender of that which is dried (which is the chief Mat-
ter) affords but {mall number of Expersments. And therefore fome few Experiments
whichare foundin Living Creatures, aud alfoin A4ax thallbe joyned together.

Bands of willow, wherewith they ufe to binde Trees, laid in Water, grow more
flexible ; likewife they putBoughs of Birch (the ends of them) in Earthen Pots filled
with Water, to keep thern from withering ; and Bowls cleft with drynefs, fteep’d in
Water, clofe agaitt. ;

Boots grown hard and obftinate with age, by greafing them before the Fire with
Tallow, wax foft, or being onely held beforethe Fire getfomefoftnefs. Bladders and
Parchments hardned alfo become tender with warm Water, mixed with Tallow or any
Fat thing; but much the better, if they bea little chafed.

Trees grown very old, that have {tood long without any culture, by digging and
opening the Earth about theRoots of them, feemto grow young again, and put forth
young Branches. , seier Dy Shee .

Old Draught Oxen worn out with labor, being taken from the yoak, and put into
freth Pafture, will get yourig andtender fle(h again, infomuch, that they will eat as freihs
and tender as a Steer.

A ftri& Emaciating Diet of Guatacnm; Bisket, andthe like, (wherewith they ufe to
cure the French-Pox, Old catarrhs, and {ome kinde ot Drop/ies) doth firft bring mento
great poverty and leannefs , by wafting the Juices and Humors of the Body ;_ which
after they begin to be repairedagain, feem manifeftly more vigorous and young. Nay,

-| and I am of opinion, that Emaciating Difeafes afterwards well cured, have adyariced
many in the way of long life.
Obfervations.
M" fee clearly, like Owls; in the Night of t/esr own Notions ; but in Experience, 4s
VA in the Day-light they wink and are bur balf fighted. They speak much of the Ele-
mentary quality of Siccity or Drinefs,and of things Deficcating, andof tbe Natural Periods
of Bodies, inwhichthey arecorruptedand confumed: But mean while, esther in the bepin-
nings, or middle paffages, or lafts a&ts of Deficcation andConfumption, they obfervene-
thing that ts of moment. j Sn 2

Deficcation or Confumption in the proce/s thereof, # finifhed by three Actions ; and
all thi fe (as was [aid before) have their original from the Native Spirit of Bodies.

The firft AQion zs, rhe Attenuation of the Moiftute émto Spirit ; the fecand 1s, the
Iffuing forth or flight of the Spirit ; the third ss, the Contraction of the grofier parts of
the Body immediately after the Spirit sffued forth. nd this laftis, that Deliccation and
Induration which we chiefly handle ; the former two confume onely.

~ Toxching Attenuation, the matter 1s manifef?. For tte Spirit which ss intlofed én everp
Tangible Body forgers not its nature, but whatfoever it mécts wsthal in te Body (sn which
st 18 inclofed) tht st can digelt and mafter, and turn into st felf, that it plainly alters and
Subduei, and mulripliesit felf upon it, and begets new Spirit. And this evitted by one proof,
inftead of many; for that thofet-ings which are thronghly aryed are leSened in their weight,

and become hollow, poraus, and refounding from within. Now it is moft certain; that the in

ward Spirit of any thing, confers nothing torke weight, but rather lig'tens it, and shere-
fore st muff needs be, that the fame Spirit hath turned into st the moifture and juyce-of the
Body which weighed before, by which means the weight # leffened, And this sathe firlt
AGtion, rhe Attemiation of the Moifture; and converting tt into Spirit, oe
_. Thefecond A&tion, which # the \fluing forth er Flight of the a isatthanifel
4fo. For that iffuing forth, when tt % in throngs, 1s apparent even to thefemje ; in Vapors to
the fight, in Odors to the fmelling ; butsf it iffueth forth flowly, (as whentathing ss decayed
| by age) then st is not apparent to che fenfe, but the matter is the fame., Again, where the
| a,” the Body ss either (oftreight ar fo tenacious, that the Spirit can finde no pores or
i Pallages by which to depart, then, in the ftriving to get out, st drives before st the pate parts
| Of the Body, ard protrudes them beyond the fiperficses or {urface of the Body; aéstis su the

ruftof Metals, and mould of all Fat things. eAnd this és he Second Action, the Ifuing
| fotth or Flight of the Spirit.

The third AGion is fomewhat more obfeure, bus fall as certain; that is, the Con- |.

traction of rhe srofler parts after the Spirit sfued forth. ead thss appears, firft,sn tBat
Bodies after the Spirit sued forth, do mansfeftly Jhrink, and fill a le{s room 5 ast ss in

a a,

the \

29.

39.

6:

=

ate The Hiftory of Life and Death.

thé Kernels of Nuts) which after theyare dried, are too little for the Shells 5 aid. in Beams
andPlanchersof Houfes, which at firft lay clofetogerher, but after they aredried, give; and’
Lkewife inBowls, whsch through droughts grow full of erances, the parts of the Bo wi con, i
tratting themfelves together, and after contraction muft needs be empty shaces. Secondly; i
Ie appears by the wrinkles of Bodies dryed : For the endeavor of contta@ting it felf fuck,
that by the contraction st brings the partsnearer together, and fo lifts themup 5 for whats)
foever ts contracted on the fides, us lifted up in the midft : eAnd this ws to be feen in Papers
andold Barchmentsjandike the Skins of Living Creatures, and 27 the Coatsof foft Cheeies,
all which, with age, gather wrinkles: Thirdix, This Contraction fhews zt [elf 2of? sn thofe
thingsy which by heat are nat onely wrinkled, butruffled, and plighted, did, as it were, rouled
together ; as it isin Papers, and Parchments,y:and Leaves, brought near the fire: For Cons
traction by Age, whichis more flow, commonly Canfeth wrinkles ; bar Contraction by the

Fire,’ which is more [peedy3:canfeth plighting. Now in-moft things where it comes not to
wrinkling or plighting ; there is fimple Contration, and angultiation. or ftreightnings
and induration or hardning, and. deficcation;| as was fiewed an the firt place: Bur if the
iffuing forth of the Spirit, and abfumption or walte:of the Moilture be fa great; Phat
there is not left body fufficient to unite and contrat it felf, then of neceffity: Contra@tion
muff ceafe, and the Body becomeputrid, and nothing elfe bat a little duft cleaving tegether,
which with a light touch w disperfed and falleth afunder 5 as tt isin Bodies rhatvare
| rotten; andin Paper burnt, and Linnett made into Tinder, and Carkales embalmed after
many ages: And this isthe third AGtion, the ContraGion of rhe groffer parts after the
| Spirit #fneth forth, W127 > 1 bee
| It is to be noted, that Fire and Heat dry onely by accident ; for their proper work 1s: to
| attenuate and dilate the Spiritand Moifture ; and then it follows by accident, that the other
| parts fhould contract themfelves, either forthe flying of Vacuum alone, or for fomeother
| motion withal, whereof we now speak not. ee
It és certain, that PutrefaGtion taketh its original from the Native Spirit, xo leG th
Arefaction ; but it goeth on afar different way: Fort Putrefaction, the Spirit zs nor fimply
2 oved forth, but-being detained in part, works fivangegarboils; andthegrofer parts are
| not fomuch locaty contratted, asthey congregate themfelves to parts of the fame natures |

|

By:

‘ {

) r e « ‘ . « n 7 ;

Length and Shortnefs of Lifein Living Creatures. |

The Hiftory. a kt aphid |

To the firft grey Ouching the Length and Shortnefs of Life iz Living Creatures, the Information
learticle, which may be had, i but lender, Obfervation 4 negligent, and | radstion fabum
lows. In‘Tame Creatures, their degenerate life corrupteth them; in Wilde Crea=

tures, their expofing to all weathers often intercepteththem TW either dothofe things

whith may [ecm concomitants, give any furtherance to this information, (the greatnefs of |
Hei Bodies, their time of Bearing in the Womb, the number of therr young ones, the.
| time of their growth, andthereft) inregard that thefe things are intermixed, and fometimes
they concur, Sometimes they fever. - rae
| ans age (asfar as can be gathered by any certain Narration) dothexceed theage”
| of allotherZiving Creatures, except it be of a very few onely ; and the Concemitants 1
“him/aré very equally difpofed, his /fature and proportion large, his bearing in the womb
| nine moneths, his frét commonly one ata birth, his pubertyat the age of fourteen yearss’
his time of growing tilltwenty-

ih) The Elephant by undoubted relation, exceeds the ordinary race of «Mans life 31

| buthis bearing in the Womb the fpace of Ten years, is fabulous ; of two years, or at

leaft above one, iscertain. » Now his bulkis great, his time of growth until the thirti=|

‘eth year, his teeth exceeding hard; neither hath it been obferved, that his blood isthe)

coldeft of all Creatures : His age hath fometimes reached to Two hundred yeats. -
2 | Lions are accounted long livers, becaufe many of them have been found Toothlefs,
_a fignnot fo certain, ‘forthat may be caufed by their ftrong breath.)

4: | ?\-"The Bear isa creat fleeper, adull beaft, and»given to cafe; and yet not noted
. Or. ¥

ee ell, l elle

—— a ae *.

———

The Hiftory of Life and Death.

for long life : nay, he hath this fign of fhort lite, that his bearing in the womb is but
fhort,fcarce full forty days.

7 The Fox feems tobe well difpofed in many things forfonglife ; he is well skinned,
feeds on fleth, lives in Dens ; and yet he 1s notednot to have that property. Certainly
| he is akind of Dog.and that kind is but thort-liy'd.

The Camel is along liver, a lean Creature, and finewy, fo that he doth ordinarily
Sattain to fifty,andfometimesto an hundred years.

The Horfe lives but to a moderate age, {carce to forty years, his ordinary period
is twenty years : but perhaps he is beholden for this fhortnefs of life to Afan; for
we have now no Horfés of the Sun, that live freely, and at pleafure, in good paftures.
Notwithitanding the Horfe grows till he be fix years old, and is able for gencration
in his old age. Refides, the —Mare goeth longer with her young one than a woman,
and brings forth, two at a burthen more rarely. The 4/5 lives commonly to the Hor/e’s
age ; butthe Afx#le out-lives them both.

The Hart is famous amongft men for long life, yet not upon any relation that
isundoubted. Theytell of a certain Hart that was found with a Collar about hisneck,
and that Collar hidden with Fat. The long life of the Hurt isthe lefs credible, be-
caufe he comes to his perfection at the fitth year ; and not long after his Morns
( which he theds and renews yearly ) grow more narrow at the Root, and lefs
branched.

The Dog is but a fhortliver, he exceeds not the age of twenty years, and for the
‘moft part lives notto fourteen years: a Creature of the hottefttemper, and livinginex-
treams ; for he is commonly either in vehement motion, or fleeping : befides, the
Bitch bringeth forth many ata Burden,and goethnine weeks.

The Ox likewife, for the greatnefs of his body and {trength,is buta fhort liver,about
fome fixteen years, andthe «Males live longer than the Females ; notwithftanding they
bear ufually but one at a burden, and go nine months: a Creature dull, flefhy,and foon
fatted,and living onely upon Herby fubitances, without Grain,

The Sheep {eldom lives to ten years,though he be a creature of a moderate fize, and

ge eed Ns 8 SN a:

a Gall, yet he haththe moft curled Coat of any other, forthe Hair of no Creature is fo
much curled as * ool is, The Rams generate not before the third year, and continue
able for generation until the eighth. The Ewsbear youngas long astheylive. The
Sheep is a difeafed Creature,and rarely lives to his fullage.

The Goat lives to the fame age with the Sheep, and is not much unlike in other
| things ; though he bea Creature more nimble, and of fomewhat a firmer flefh, and
? thould be longer-liy’d; but then heis much morelafcivious, arid that fhortenshis
: life.

; The Sow lives to fiftecn years, fometimes to twenty: and though it be aCreature
of the moifteft fleth, yet thatfeems to make nothing to Length of Life. Of the Wild
Boar or Sow we haye nothing certain.

_ The Car's age is betwixt fix andten years: a creature nimble and full of {pirit, whofe
| feed ( as Alian reports) burncth the Female; whereupon it is faid, That the Cat con-
cetves with pain, and brings forth with eafe: A Creature ravenous in eating, rather
}

a CCC LC ty,

fwallowing down his meat whole than feeding.
Haves and Conies attain {carce to feven years, being both Creatures generative, and
with young ones of feveral concéptions in theirbellies, In this they are unlike, that
“the Concy lives under ground ; and the Hare above ground; and again, that the Hare
| is ofa more duskith fleth.
Birds for the fize of their bodies are much lefler than Beats; for an Eagle or Swan
is but a {mall thing in comparifon of an Ox or Horfe, and fo is an Effrich to an Eles
| peant.
Birds are excellently well-clad: for Feathers, for warmth and clofe fitting to the
body, exceed Wooll and Ha#rs.
Birds, though they hatch many young onestogether, yet they bear them not all in
. their bodies at once, but lay their Egos by turns, whereby their Fruit hath the more
, plentiful nourifhment whilftit is in their bodies.
Birds chew little or nothing, but their meat is found whole intheir crops, notwith-
ftanding they will break the fhells of Fruits, and pick out theKernels: they are thought
to be of avery hot and {trong concoction.

D The

excellently clad; and, that which may,feem a wonder, being a creature with fo little |

10.

Lae

12

13

14s

15.

. 16. .

ae:

19 .

ee

10.

20.

21.

22.

w

24e

27°

28.

29.

| Wald. Goofe,

were fo, then either they muft have the knowledge of more ages than one, of elfe
rhe old ones mutt tell their young the Hiftory.. Butthere is nothing more frequent than’

‘the;fame.is ufually‘feen about an Op flying in the day-time, or a Parrot letout ofa| —

‘the Dunghill- (Cock: anangry bird, and hath exceeding white fiefh.

’ not fo whité of ficth as the ordinary Paden.

The Hiftory o f Life and Death,

The motion of Birds in their flying is a,mixt motion, confifting of a moving |

-_——_—_—_—____
i

of oF limbs , andof akind of carriage ; whichis the moft wholiome kind of Ex-
ercife.

Ariffotle noted well touching the generation of Birds, (but he transferred it ill to
other living Creatures) that the feed of the eMale confers leis to generation than the
Female, but that it rather affords Activity than Matter ; fo that fruitful Eggs aud un- §
fruitful Eggs are hardly diftinguithed.

Birds (almoftall of them) come to their full growth the firft year, or a little after.
It istrue, that their Feathers in fome kinds, and their Bills in others, thew their years,
but for the growth of their Bodies it is not fo.

The Eagle is accounted a long liver,yet his years are not fetdown; and it is alledged
as a fign of his longlife, that he cafts his Bill, whereby be grows you. g again ; from
whence comes that old Proverb, The old age of an Eagle. Notwithftanding perchance
the matter may be thus, That the renewing of the Ezg/e doth not caft his bill, burthe
cafting of his bill is the renewing ofthe Eag/e, for after that his bill is grown toa great
crookednefs, the Eagle feeds with much difficulty.

Vultures are alfo affirmed to be long livers, infomuch that they extend their life }
well near to an hundred years. Kates likewife, and fo all Birds that feedupon ficth,
and Birds of prey live long. As for Hawks, becaufe they lead a degenerate and fervile
life for the delight of men, the term of their natural life is not certainly known: not-
withftanding amongft Afewed Hawks fome have been found to haye lived thirty years, and
amonegft /d Hawks forty years. ;

The Raven likewife is reported to live long, fometimes to an hundred years: he f
feeds on Carrion, and flies not often, butrather is a fedentry and malanchollick Bird,
and hath very black fleth. But the ¢vom, like unto him in moft things, ( except in 5
ercatne{s and voice ) lives not altogether folong, and yct is reckoned amongft the long
livers.
‘The Swan is certainly found to be a long liver, and exceeds not unfrequently an
hundred years. H¢ is a Berd excellently plumed, a feeder upon filh, and is always car-
ried, and that in running waters, .

The Goofé alfo may pals amongft the long livers, though his food be commonly
erafs, and fuch kind of nourifhment ;_ efpecially the wWild-Goofe; whereupon this
Proverb grew amongft the Germans, Magis fenex quam e4nfer nivalis, Older thana +

storks muftneeds be long livers, if that be true which was anciently obferved of

them, that they never came to 7. bebes, becaufe that City was often facked.. Thisifit }

Fables. ;

For Fables do fo abound touching the Phenix, that the truth 1s utterly loft if
any. Such, zzrd there be. As for that which was fo much admired, That fhe was}
ever, feen dbroad with a great troop of Bards about her, itis no fuch wonder ; for}

Cage. :
7 The Parro’ hath been certainly known to have lived threefcore years in England,
how old, foever he was before he was brought over: a Bérd eating almoft all kind of
meats, chewing hismeat, andrenewing hisbull; likewife curft and milchievous, and of
a black fleth. , :

“The Peacock lives twenty years ; buthe comes not forth with his-drgus Eyes before
he be.three ycarsold ; ‘a Bird flow of pace, having whitith flew. -

The Dung! ill-Cock is yenerieus, martial, and but of a fhort life; a crank Bird,
having allo white fleth. - «git

“he Indian-Cock, commonly called the Tarkey-(ack, lives not much longer than

_. The Ring-Daoves are of the longeft fort of livers, infomuch that they attain fome-
times to fifiy years of age : anaiery Bérd, and both buildsand fitson high. But Dover |
and Zveles are but thort-liv’d, not exceeding eight years.

Byit Pheafants and Pareiges may live to fix teen years, They are great breeders, but

| The Hiftory of Life and Death. a

The Black bird is reported to be, amongft the lefler birds, one of the longeft livers ; 36.
an unhappy bird,anda good finger.
The sparrow is noted to be of a very short life; and it isimputed in the Males to their 37:

| lafcivioufnefs. But the Lsnner,no bigger in body than the Sparrow, hath been obferved
, to have lived twenty years. '

OF the Effrich we have nothing certain: thofe that were kept here have been foun- 38.
fortunate, that no long life appeared by them. Ofthebird /bs5 we find onely that he
livethlong, but his years are not recorded.

The age of Fi/zes is more uncertain than that of terreftrial Creatures, becaufe 39.
living under the water they are the Iefs obferved: many of them breath not, by which
means their vital {pirit is more clofed in; and therefore though they receive fome re-
frigeration by their Gills, yet that refrigeration is not fo continual as when it is by
breathing,

They are free from the Deficcation and Depredation of the ir ambient, becaufe they 49.
live inthe water: yet there is no doubt but the # ater ambzent,and piercing,and received
into the pores of the body,doth more hurt to long life thanthe Air doth.

It is affirmed too that their blood isnot warm. Some of them are great devourers, 4l.
even of their own kind. Their fleth is fofter and more tender than that of terreftrial
creatures : they grow exceedingly fat, infomuch that an incredible quantity of Oyl will
be extra@ed out of one ¥’hale.

Dolphins are reported to live about thirty years; of which thing a trial was taken in 42.
fome of them by cutting off their tails: they grow untill ten years of age.
That whichthey report of fome Fé/hes is ftrange, that after a certain age their bodies 43.

will wafte and grow very flender , onely their head and tail retaining their former
greatnefs, ;

There were found in Cefar’s Fifth ponds Lampreys to have lived threefcore years:| 44.
they were grown fo familiar with longufe, that crajus the Orator folemnly lamented
one of them,

es

The Pske amongft Fishes living in fresh water is found to laft longeft, fometimesto 45-
forty years: he isa Ravener,of a flesh fomewhat dry and firm.
But the Carp, Bream, Tench, Eel, and the like, are not held to live above ten 46.
sears.
; Salmons are quick of growth, short of life; foare Trouts: butthe earch is flow of 47-
| growth, long of life.
| Touching that monftrous bulk of the #hale or Ork., how long it is weiled by vital 48.

_| fpirit, we have received nothing certain; neither yet touching the Sea-calf, and S ea- hog,
' andother innumerable Fs/hes.
Crocodiles are reportedto be exceeding long_liv’d,andare famous for the time of their 49°
growth, for that they, amongft all other Creatures, are thought to grow during their
| whole life. They are of thofe Creatures that lay Eggs, ravenous, cruel, and well-tenced
| againft the waters, Touching theother kinds of shell-fi/h, we find nothing certain how
long they live.

| Obfervations.
i

find out a ‘Rule touching Length and Shortnefs of Life sn Living Creatures #s very
difficult, by reafon of the negligence of Obfervations, and theintermixing of Canfes. A
| few things we will fet down,
| __ There are more kinds of Birds found tobe long liv'd than of Bealts ; as the Eagle, the I.
Vulture, the Kitc, rhe Pelican, the Raven, the Crow, the Swan, the Goofe, the Stork, the
| Crane, the Birdcalled the ibis, the Parrot, theRing dove, with thereft, though they come
| to their full growth within a year, and are lefs of bodses: furely their cloathing is excellent
| good agasnft the diftemperatures of the weather ; and befides, living for the moft part in the
open etir, they are like the Inhabstants of pure Mountains, which are long-liv'd. Again,
| their Motion, which (as elfe-w' ere faid) is a mixt Motion, componndedof a moving of
| their Limbs and of a carriage in the Air, doth le{s weary and wear them, and 'tis more whol-
| fome. Neither do they fuffer any compreffion or want of nours{hment in their mother’s bel-
les, becanfethe Eggs are laid by turns. But the chicfeft caufe of all 1 take to be this, that
Birds are made more of the {ubftance of the Mother than of the F ather,whereby their Spirits
are not Jo eager and kot.

Dia v3
on

The Hiftory of Life and Death. a

/t may be a Pofition, that Creatures which partake more of the fubftance of eheir Mother
than of their Father are longer-hv'd, as Birds are ; which was fatd befores: Allo that thofe
which havea longer time of bearing in the womb, do partake more of the {ubjtance of theer
Mother, le/softheFather, and foare longer-lie'd: Infomuch that ! am of opinson,that even
amongfteMen, ( whicht have noted tn fome ) thole that refemble their Mothers moft are
longeft-iv'd 5 andfoare the Children of Oldmen bigotten of jouno V Vives, if the Fathers be
found, not difeafed. bs

the firft breeding of Creatures zs ever material, either to their hurt or benefit. And
therefore it [Lands with reafon, that the lefler Compreflion,. azd the more liberal Alimenta-
tion of the Youngone in the womb, fhould confer much to Long Lite. Now this happens
‘when either the young ones are brought forth: (ucceffively,as in Birds ; or when they are fingle
Births,asin Creatures bearing but cne at a Burthen i Fi

Ent long Bearing iz the Womb makes for Length of Life three ways. Firft, for thatthe
young one partakes more of the fubftauce of the Mother, as hath been faid, secondly, that
zt comes forth more trong and able. Thirdly, that it undergoes the predatory force of the eAfir
later, Befides, it [ews that Nature sntendeth to finifb her peréods by larger Circles. Now
| though Oxen andSheep,which are bornin the womb about fix months are but [bort-liv'd, that

happens for other canfes,

Feeders spon Grafs and mere Herbs are but fiort livers ; and Creatures feeding upon
Fleth, or Seeds, or Fruits, long livers, as fome Birds are. 4s for Harts, which are long-liv’d,
they takethe one half of their meat (as menufe to fay) from above their heads , ‘and the |
Goole, befides Grafs, findeth fomething in the water, and stubble to feed upon. ’

‘ne [uppofethat a good Cloathing of the Body maketh much to long life ; forit fenceth
and armeth again the intemperances of the Air, which do wonderfully alfait and decay the
body : which benefit Birds efpecially have. Now that Sheep, which have fo good Fleeces,
heula be fo fhort-liv'd, that isto beimputedto Difeafes, whereof that Creature ts full, andto
the bare eating of Graft. N

The feat of theSpirits, without doubt, is principally the Head; which though it bexfual-
ly underftood of the Animal Spirits onely, yet thes 1s allin all. eAfgain,t is not to be doubted
but the Spirits do moft of all wafte and prey upon the Body, fo that when they are either in

greater plenty, or im greater Inflamation and Acrimony, there the life is much [hortned.
Ard therefore 1 conceive a great caufe of long life in Birds to be the fmalnefs of their
Headsin comparifon of their Bodies; foreveneMienwhich have very great Heads ! {uppofe
to be the fhorter livers. *

1 ars of opinion that Carriage is of all other motions the moft helpful tolong life ; whic’ I
allo notedbefore. Now there are carried Water-fowls “pon the water,as Swans ; all Birds }
in their flying, but mith a ftrong endeavour of their limbs ; and Fithes, of the length of
wi ofe livewe have no certainty.

Thofe Creatures‘ which are loxg before they come to their perfection (not Speaking of
growth in ftature onély, but of otker frepsto maturity; as Adan pats forth, ‘firft, his Teeth,
next she figns of Puberty, then his beard, and fo forward) arelong liy'd, for st |hews that }
Nature finifhedher Periods bylarger Circles, ‘

Milder Creatures are not long-liv’d, as theSheep and Dove ; for Choler is as the whet- |
tone and Spur to many F untlions in the Body.

Creatures whofe Ficth és more duskith arelonger-liv'd than thofe that have white Flefh;
for st foeweth that the juice of the body ismore firm, andlefs apt to diffipate. as 8

--In-every corruprible Body Quantity maketh much to the confervation of the whole: for

a great Fireis longer 1n quenching, a {mall portion of ater ss Jooner evaporated, the Body.
| of a Treewithereth not fo faft asaTwig, <Andtherefore generally (1. [peak it of Species, not
| of Individuals) Creatures that are large in body are longer-liv'dthan thofe that are fizall,
unle{s there be fome other potent canfe to hinder it.

“ei ; -eAdlimen- |

eel

1 ;

| elimentation, or Nourt/hment: andthe way of Nowri/bing.
| The Fistory.

Ourifoment ought to be of an inferiour nature, and more fimple fubftance | To the
thanthethingnourifhed. Plants are nourifhed with the Earth and Water, | fourth Ar-
Living Creatures with Plants, A4an with living Creatures. There are alfo | tscle.
certain Creatares feeding upon Fle{h, andeAtan himfelf takes Plants into Ie
| a partof his Nourifhment ; but Aazand (reatures feeding upon Fleth are fcarcely nou-

| rifhed With Plants alone: perhaps Frs:t or Grains, baked or boiled, may, withlong
ufe, nourith them; but Leaves or Plants or Herbs will not doit, asthe Order of the Fo-
leatanes {hewed by Experience.

Over-great Affinity or Confubftantiality of the Nourt{bment to the thing nourifhed 2.

| proveth not well ; Creatures feeding upon Herbs touch noFlefh ; and of Creatures
feeding upon Fleth, few of them eat their own kind: Asfor A4en,which are Canzibals,
they feed not ordinarily upon «Mens fleth, but referye it as a Dainty, either to ferve
their reveng upon their enemies, or to fatisfic their appetite at fome times. So the
Ground is beft fown with Seed growing elfewhere,and A4%en do not ule to Graft or Ino-
culate upon the fame Stock.

| By how,much the more the Nouri/hment is better prepared, andapproacheth acarerin 3»

likenefs to the thing nourifhed, by fo muchthe more are Plantsmore fruitful,and ving

Creatures in better liking and plight: forayoung Sip. or céon is not fo well nourithed

. fit be pticked into the ground, as if it be grafted into a Stock agreeing with it in

| Nature, and where it finds the nourifhmentalready digefted and prepared : neither (as
is reported, will the Seedof an Oxon, or fome fuch likc, fown in the bare earth, bring
forth fo large a fruit as if it be put intoanother Onion, whichis a new kind of Grafting,
into the root, orunder ground. Again, it hathbeen found out lately, that a Sip of a
Wild Tree, as of an Elm, Oak, eAfh, or fuchlike, grafted into-a Stock of the fame kind,
will bring forth larecr Jeaves then thofe that grow without grafting: Alfo Men arenot
nourifhed fo well with raw fleth as withthat which hath pafied the fire.

Living Creatures are nourifhed by the Afouth, Plants by the Regot, Young ones in 4:
the womb by the Navel: Birds for a while are nourifhed with the 7/& inthe Egee,
whereof fome is found in their Crops afterthey are hatched. els
All Nourifhment moveth from the centre to the Circumference, or from the Inward 5°
to the utward: yet it is to be noted, that in Trees and Plants the Nourifhment paf*
feth rather by the Bark and Outward parts then by the Pith and Inward parts ; for if the
Bark be pilled off, though butforafmall breadth, round, they liveno more : and the
Bloudin the Veins of living Creatures doth no lefs nourifh the Fleth beneath it then the |
Flefh above it. ;
In all Almentation or Nourishment there is a two-fold Action, Extufiox-and «4t- C.
tration ; whereof the former proceeds from the Inward Funétion, the latter from the
Ontward. !
Vegetables affimulate their Nourifhment fimply, without Excerning: For Gums and
Tears of Treesare rather Exubcrances then Excrements,and Knots or knobs arenothing
but Difeafes. Bur the fubftance of living Creaturesis more perceptible of the likes
and therefore it is Cconjoyned with akind of difdain, whereby it rejeteth the bad, and
affimulateth the good,
Teisaftrange thing of the ffalks of Fruits, that all the Nourishment which produceth 8
fometimes fuch great Fruits, {fhould be forced topafs through fo narrownecks ; for the.
Fruit is never joyn’d to the Stock without fome ftalk.
It is to benoted, that the Seedsof living Creatures will not be fruitful but whenthey a
are new hed, but the Seeds of Plants will be fruitful longtime after they are gathered 5

_ yet the Slips or Cions of Trees will not grow unlefs they be grafted green; neither will
the roots keep long freth unlefs they be covered withearth, .

_ In Guing creaturesthere are degrecs of Nourifhment according to their Age: inthe-
womb, the young one is nourished with the Mother's blood ; when it is new-born,
with Milk ; afterwards with Meatsand Drinks ; and inold age the moft nourishing and.

- fayoury Meats pleafe beft.

D j

u Articles.

I.

To the 5; 6, Efore the Floud, as the Sacred § criptures relate, Aden lived many hundred
7,8, 9,and years ; yet none of the Fachers attained to a full thoufand. Neither was this

4 The Hiftory of Life and Death.

Above all it makethto the prefent Jnquifition, to inquire diligently and attentively whe-
ther a man may not receive 2 o#ri/hment from without, at leaft fome other way befide
the Mouth. We know that Baths of Milk areufed in fome Heétick Fevers, and when
the body is brought extream low, andPhyficiani do provide Nourifhing clyfters. This
matter would be well ftudied ; for if Nourt/haent may be made cither from without
or fome other way than by the ftomach, then the weaknefs of Concoétion, which “
incident to oldmen, mightbe recompenced by thefe helps, and Concoétion reftored to

them intire.

Length and Shorinefs of Life ine Man.

The Hiftery.

Length of Life peculiar onely to Grace, or the Holy Line ; for there are reckon- |

ed of the Fathers until the Floud eleven Generations ; but of the fons of
Adam by Cain onely eight Generations ; fo as the pofterity of (as may feem the lon-
ger-liv’d, But this Length of Life immediately after the Flozd was reduced toa moiety,
but in the Poft-nari ; for Noah, who was born before,equalled the age of his Anceftors,
and Sem faw the fix hundredth year of his life. _ Afterwards, three Generations being
run from the Flozd, the Life of ean was brought down to a fourth part of the pti.
mative 4ge, that was, toabouttwo hundred years.

Abraham lived an hundred feventy and five years: a man of an high courage, and
ptofperous in all things. J/aac came to an hundred and eighty years of age : achafte
man, ard enjoying more quietnefs than his Father.’ But facob , after many croffes
and a numerous progeny, lafted to the hundred forty feventh year of his life : a pa-
tient, gentle, and wife man. Jf/mael, a military man, liyed aa hundred thirty and
feven years. Sarah ( whofe years onely amongft women are recorded ) died in the
hundred twenty feventh year of her age : a beautifull and magnanimous woman ; a
fingular good Mother and Wife ; and yet no Icfs famous for her Liberty than Ob-
fequioufnefs towards her husband, 7o/eph alfo, a prudent and politick man, paffing
his youth in affli@ion, afterwards advanced to the height of honour and profperity, .
lived an hundred and ten years. But hisbrother Levs, elder than himfelf, attained to
an hundred thirty feven years : a man impatient of contumely and reyengeful. Near
unto the fame age attained the fon of Levis alfo his grand.child, the father of Aaron
and A4ofes.

Mofes lived an hundred and twenty years: a {tout man, and yet the meckest upon
the earth, and of a very flow tongue. Howfoever «Mofes in his Pfalm pronounceth

' that the life of man is but feyenty years, and if a man have ftrength, then eighty;
| which term of man’s life ftandeth firm in many particulars eyen at this day. -daren,
‘who was three years the elder, dicd the fame year with bis Brother : a man of a
| readier {pcech, of a more facile difpofition, and fefsconftant. But Phineas, grand-
‘child of Aaron, (perhaps out of extraordinary grace) may be collected to have
| lived three hundred years; if fo be the War of the Jraelétes againft the Tribe of Ben-
| jamin (in which Expedition Phineas was confulted with) were performed in the
| fame order of time in which the ;/ffory hath ranked it: He was aman of a moftems-
| nent Zeal. fo(bwa, a martial man, and an excellent Leader, and evermore victorious,
| lived to the hundred and tenth year of his life. Caleb was his Contemporary, and
| feemeth to have been of as great ycars. Ehud the Judge feems to have been no
| lefs than an hundred years old, in regard that after the Victory over the C4 ca-
bites the Holy Land had reft under his Government eighty years : He was a man
fierce and undaunted, and one that in a fort neglected his life for the good of his

Fob lived, after the reftauration of his happincfs ,
an por

People.
| an hundred and forty years;
being before his afflictions of that age that he had fons at man’s eftate ? am

|

litick,

py le
The Eiftory of Life and Death. } BS Ari

| litek, eloquent, charitable, .and the Example of Patience, Eli the Prici lived ninety |

eight years ; acorpulent man, calmof difpofition, and indulgent tohis children, Bur }
Elizeus the Prophet may feem to have dicd when he was abuve anhund red years old;

for he is found to have lived after the af/umpuon of Elias fixty years; and at thé time | |

of that aljemption he was of thofe years, that the boys moc ked se8 by the name of

t

'

'

St

Bald-bead : aman vehement and feverc, and of an auftere life, and a conremner of
riches. Alfo sfatah the Prophet feemeth to bave been an hundred years old; for he is
| foundto have exercifed the Funétion of a Prophet feventy years t¢ »gether, the years both
of his beginningtoprophefie and of his death being uncertain; aman of anadmirable
eloquence, an Evangelical Prophet, full of the promiles of God of the New Teffament, |
as aBottle with {weet Wine. |
Tobias the Elder lived an hundred fifty eight years, the Younger, an hundred twen- | 5:
ty feven : merciful men, and great alms-givers, it feems, in the time of the (ap- |
tivity, many of the jews who returned out of Babylon were of great years, fecing they
could remember both Temples, (there being no lefs than feventy years betwixt them)
and wept for theunlikenefs of them. Many agesafter that, inthe time of our Sevio#r,
lived old Si#zeon, to the age of ninety ; adevoutman, and full both of hope and expe-
€tation. Into the fame time alfo fell tuna the Prophete/s, who could not poffibly be
lefs than an hundred years old; for the had been feven years a wife, about eighty
four years a widow, befides the years of her virginity,and the time that {ke lived after
her Prophecy of our Sayiour : She was an holy woman, and pafled her days in faftings

| and prayers.

The long Lives of ~Men mentioned in Heathen Authors have no great certainty in 6. \
' them ; both for the intermixture of Fables, whereuto thofe kind of relations were
very prone, and for their falfe calculation of years. Certainly of the Ag ig yptians we
find nothing of moment in thofe works that are extant as touching Jo ng Life, for their
Kings which reigned longeft did not exceed fifty or five and fifcy years, which is no
gtcat matter, feeing many at this day attain to thofe years. But the drevdian Kings
} are fabuloufly reported to have lived very long, Surely that Country was Mountainous,
full of flocks of Sheep, and brought forth moft wholfome food ; notwithf{tanding,
fecing Pan was their god, we may conceive thatall things about them were Panickand
yain, and fubjec& to Eibles.

Nwma King of the homans lived to eighty years: aman peaceable, contemplative,
and much devoted to Religion. arcus Valerius Corvinus {aw an hundred years
complete, there being betwixt his firft and fixth Confulfhep forty fix years: a man ya-
loreus, affable,popular,and always fortunate.

_ Selon of eAthens, the Law giver, and one of the feven Wile-men, lived above eighty |
years: aman ofan high courage, but popular, and,affeéted to his Country 5 3 alfo lesen
ed; -given to pleafures anda foft kind of life, Epimeniaes the Cretan is reported to
heye lived an hundred fifty feven years: the matter jis mix’d with a prodigious Relation;
for fifty feyen of thofe years he is faid to have flept ina Cave. Half anage after Xexo-
phonthe Colophowéan lived an hundred and two years,. or rathermore: for atthe age of
twenty five ycars he left his Country, feventy feven complete years he travelled, and
afterthat returned ; but howlong he livedafter his return appears not ; a man nolefs
wandring in mind than in body, for hisname was changed for the madnefs of his opi-
nions from Xenophanes to Xenomanes : aman no doubt of a vaft conceit,and that minded

nething but /afinitum. 2
\

o> wAnacreon the Poet lived oghy years and fontewhat better : a : manlafcivious, yo-
luptuous, and given to drink. Pindarus the Thebaz lived to eighty years: a Poet of
an high fancy, fi ingular in his conceits, and a great adorer of the gods. Sophocles the
trbenian attained to thelikeage ; alofty Tragick Poet, given over wholly to Writing,
and neglectful of his Family.
>. ladrtamerxes King of Perfialived ninety four years: aman ofa dull wit, averfe tothe
difpatch of bufinefs, defirous of glory, but rather of eafe. Atthe fame timelived 4ge-
filaws King of sparta to eighty four yearsof age: a moderate Prince, as being a Phi-
Lofop her among Kangs; but notwit!{tanding ambitious, and a Warriour,and no lefs ftout
\i= war than in bufinefs.
Gorgias the sicilian was an hundred and cight vears old ; -a Rhetorician, and a

3 \ great boafter of his faculty, one that taught Youth for profit: he had feen many

| Countries,

* | OU Pen ie eee ee bt Bs : =
a ao . .

de

Io.

Ii,

|
|
|
}

14.

=|

The Hiftory of Life and Death.

Countries, and a little before his death faid, That he had done nothing worthy of
blame fince he was an old man. Protagoras of -ibaera fa. ninety years of age: this
man waslikewifea Rhetorscéan, butprotefled norfo much to teach the Liberal Arts, as
the Art of Governing Common-wealths and States: notwithftanding he was a great
wanderer in the world, no lefs than Gorgtas. I/ocrates the Atheman lived ninety
eight years : he was a Rhetorician alfo, but an exceeding modeft man; one that
fhunnedthe publicklight, and opened his School onely in his own houfe. Democritus
of Abdera reached to an hundred and nine years: he wasa great Philofopher, and, if
ever any man amongft the Grecians, a true Natura? ; a Surveyor of many Coun-
tries, but muchmore of Nature ; alfo a diligent fearcher into Experiments, and (as
Arifforle objected againft him) one that followed Similitudes more than the Laws of
Arguments. Dzogenes the Siaopean lived ninety years: aman that ufed liberty to-
wards others, but tyranny over himfelf : a courfe diet, and of much patience. Zeno
of Citium lacked but two years of an hundred : a man of an high'mind, and a
contemner of other mens opinions ; alfo of a great acutenefs, butyet not trouble
fome,chufing rather to take mens minds than to enforce them: The like whereof after- |
ward wasin Seneca. Platothe Athenian attained to cighty one years: a man of a great |
courage, but yet a lover of eafe; in his Notions fublimed, and of a fancy, neat and
delicate in his life, rather calm than merry, and one that carried a kind of Majefty
in his countenance. Theophraftus the Ereffian arrived at cig “ty five years of age ; a

man {weet for his eloquence, {weet for the variety of his matters, and who {cleéted

the pleafant things of Philofophy, and let the bitter and harth go. Carneades of Cy-
rene many years after came to the like age of eighty five ycars : a man of a fluent
eloquence, and one who by tl-€ acceptable. and pleafant variety of his knowledge de-
lighted both himfelf and others. But Orbzlius, who lived in Cicero's time, no Phile-
Sopher or Rhetorician, but a Grammarzan, attained to an hundred years of age, he was
firfta Souldier, then aSchoolmafter; a manby nature tart both in his Tongue and Pen,
and fevere towards his Scholars. 3
Quintus Fabius Maximus was Augur {ixty three years, which fhewed him to be
above cighty years of age at his death; though it betrue, that inthe e-4ugur/hip No-
bility was more refpected then age: a wife man, and a great Delsberator, andin all
his proceedings moderate, and not without affability fevere. Aaj/inifja King of Nu-
mid lived ninety years, and being morethan eighty five got a fon : a daring man, and
trufting upon his fortune, who in his youth had tafted of the inconftancy of Fortune,
but in his fucceeding age was conftantly happy. But A4arcus Porsius Cato lived above
ninety years of age: aman of anIron body and mind; he had abittertonguc,and loved
to cherifh factions; he was given to Husbandry, and was to himfelf and hisFamily a
Phy fician. ees eS
: Terentia Cicero’s wife, lived an hundred and three years : a woman afflicted with
many croffes ; firft, with the banifhment of her Husband; then withthe difference
betwixt them ; laftly, with his laft fatal misfortune : She was alfo oftentimes vexed
with the Gout, Lmcesa muft needs exceed an hundred by many years ; for it is faid
that fhe aéted an whole hundred years upon the Stage, at firft perhaps reprefenting
the perfon of fome young Girl, at laft of fome decrepit old Woman. But Galersa
Copiola, a Player alfo and aDancer, was brought upon the Stage asa Novice, in what
year of her age.is not known; but ninety nine years after, atthe Dedication
of the theatre by Pompey the Great, fhe was {hewn upon the Stage, not now
for an A@trefs, but for a Wonder : neither was thisall, for after that, in the Se-
lemnities for the health and life of edugufius, fhe was fhewn upon the Stage the
third time. : s
There was another «4tre/s, fomewhat infcriour in age, but much fuperiour in
dignity, which lived well-near ninety years, Lmean Livia fulsa etugufta, wife to
Auguftus Cafar, and mother to Tibertus. For if efuguffus his life werea Play, (as |
himfelf would have it, whenas upon his death-bed he charged his friends they |
| fhould give him a ‘Plandite after he was dead) certainly this, Lady was an excellent
Abtrefi, who could carry it fo well with her husband by a diffembled obedience, |
and with her fon by power and. authority : a woman affable, and yet of a Ma-
_tronal carriage, pragmatical, and upholding her power. But Juma, the wife of Casme
| Caffius , and filter of A4arcus Brutus, was alfo ninety years old ; for fhe furvived
the Philippick Bateel fixty four years : a magnanimous woman, in her great wealth

ha vs

on < = II DP I I EE : a“

etimes have lived long. Allo. early gr Pairs, ( howfoeyer they may feem fore-
riiniers of old age approaching ) are no fure igre for-many, that haye grown gray be-
ee Ae ; have lived to greatyeats: nay, halty £ray hasrs without b glare/sis atoken of long
| fig Raartge g ifthey he accompanied with Balanefi.
Hairinefs of the upper pom isa fign of fhort life, and they that have extraordinary
} much hai on thcirbreafts live not long: but /airine/i of the lower paris,as of the Thighes
| andLegs, is a fign of long life. | sat ata
Talnef of Stature (if itbe Ropes) with convenient making, and not too
fender, efpecially if the body be active withal, is a fign of long life: Alfo on the con-

©} trary, men of low ftature live long, ifthey benottoo a€tiveand{tirring.
Om ~ ortion of the body, theywhich are hort to the wajfes, with/ong Leggs,are
onger-liv'’d ae

} ot pee
ra

they

be dongand flow in growing is a fign of longlife; if to a greater {tature,the greater
ny if to. a Icfier ftature, yet a fign though:. contrarily, to grow quickly to a great
reis anvil fign; if to a {mall {tature,the lefs evil. “eal
tm Flefo, 2 taw-bone body, and veins lying higher than the flcfh, betoken long
lifes thecontrary tothefe, fhort life.
~ A Headfomew ht leffer than to the proportion of the body ; a moderate Weck, not
‘Fong,norflender,nor flat,nor too fhort; _ wide Noftrils,whatfoever the form of the Nofe

belt; but whete the Extreamsare helptul,therethe Mean is nothing worth. .
Now to that ‘pare det there are requifite Warchsng; left the Spirits being few
fhould be opprefled with much fleep; detle Exercs{e, left they thould exhale ; ab-
fesnence from Venery, left they thould be exhaufted : but to the /sheral dict; on the
other fide; are requifite much Sleep, frequent Exerés{es, and a feafonable ufe of Venery. |
Baths and Anesmtings (fuch as were anciently in ufe) did rather tend to delici-
-oufnef§ than to prolonging of life. But-of all thefe things we {hall {peak more ex-
adtly when we come to the /nzusfitiom according to /ntentions. Mean while that of
| Ceifas, whowas not onely a learned Phyfician, but 4 wife man, is not to be omitted,
| who adyifeth interchanging and alternation of the diet; but ftill with an inclina-
tion to the more benign: as that 2 man fhould fometimes accuftom himfelf to
( : . Watching,

eee =

473

BADR

of Carneades and the eAcademicks, alfo of the Rhetoricians and Grammarians, But

contrary, Philofophics converfant in perplexing Subtilties, and which pronounced pe- | A

remptorily, and which examined and wrelted all things to the Scale of Principles, laftl
which were thorny and narrow, were evil - oe were thofee ly of P ‘a4 af
teticks, and of the Scheol-men. pramonhy OF His Fs coe

The Country life alfois well fitted for long life: it is much abroad, and in the open

air, it 1s not flochful, but, ever in employment; it feedeth upon frefh Cates, and ua
bought ; itis without Caresand Envy. Rit

For the Jéilitary life, we have a good opinion of that whilfta man is young. Certain-
ty many excellent Warriors have been long-liv'd ; Corvinus, Camillus, Xenophon, Agef-
lays, with others both ancient and modern. No doubt it furthereth long life to nave

all things from our youth to our elder age mend, and grow to the better, that a Youth }

full of croffesmay minifter {weetnefsto our Old age. We conceive alfo that A4il
affections, inflamed with a defare of Fighting, and hope of Vigory, Hs inbsla Hee
heat into the Spiréss,as may be profitable for long life. oy

a ae

eee
:

iy

The Hiftorgsof Life and Death.

M »didinet for Long Life. Paint 9

T ‘He Art of Phyfick, which we now have, looks no farther commonly than to Conferva-
tion of Health and Cure of Difeafes: es for thofe things which tend properly to
Long Life, there 1s but fught mention, and by the way enely. DQ otwsthftanding we will
propound thofe Medicines which are notable in thiskind, 1 mean, thofe which are Cordials.
For it #% confonant to reafon, that thofe things which being taken in Cures do defend and
fortifie the Heart, or, more truly, the Spirits, agasnft Poyfons and Difeafes; being tranf-
ferred with judgment and cheice into Diet, [bould have a good effet, in (ome fort. towards
the Prolonging of Life. Thss we will do, mot heaping them proms[cuoxfly together; (as
the manner ts) but feleGting the bef. .
oid is given in three forms ; either in that which they call Auruns potabile j or-in
Wine wherein Gold hath been quenched, or in Gold in the Subftance, {ach assare Leaf.
gold, and the Filings of Gold. As for Awrums potabile, it is ufed to be given in defpe-
rate or dangerous difeafes, and that not without good fuecefs. But we fuppofe that
| the Spirits of the Salt, by which the Gold: is diffolyed, do rather minifter that vertue
_ | which is found in it,* than the Gold:it felf ; though this fecret be wholly fuppreffed.
Now if the body of Gold could be opened with thefe Corrofive waters, or by thefe
{ Corrofive waters (fo the venomous quality were wanting ) well wathed, we conceive
it Would be no unprofitable Medicine.
Pearls are taken either in a fine Powder, or in a certain Mafs, or Diffolution by the
juice of four and new Limons;' and they are given fometimes in Aromatical Confeéti-
ons, fometimes in Liquor. The fearl, nodoubt, ‘hath fome affinity with the Shell in
' which it groweth, and may be of the famequality with the ShelsofCra.fi/bes.
| Amongft the tranffarent precious Stones, twooncly are accounted Cordsal, the Eme-
| rawld and the Zacinth, which are given undervthe fame forms that the Pearls are; fave
| only that the diflolutions of them, as far as we Know, ‘are not in ufe. But we fufped
| thefe Glaffie Jeirels, left they fhould be cutting.
Cf thefe wich we have mentioned, how far and in what manner they are helpful, hall
| be fpoken hereafter. ;
' -Rezoar-Stone is of approved vertue for refrefhing tke Spirits, and:procuring a gen.
{tle Sweat. As for the Unrcorn’s Horn, it hath loft the credit with'us ; yet fo, asit
_ may keep rank with Hart's Horny and the Bene m the heart ofa Hart, and:feory;
| and fuch like.
Amber-griece is one of the beft to appeafe and comfort the Spirits,
|

Hereafter follow the names only of the Sémple Cordsals; feeing theit Vertues ate fuf-
ficiently known. vod ob

Hot. Hot. Cold. Cold,

Saffron. | Clove- Gslly-flowers, Nitre. \futce. of {weer
Folsum Indum. Orenge-flowers. _|Rofes. Vsolets., _Orenges.
Lignum Aloes. Rofemary. Strawberry- |Fuice of Pearmasns,
Curoz Pill or Mint. Leaves. Berage.
Rind, Betony. Straw-berrses.| Buglofs..
Balm. \Carduus Beneds- Fusce of fweet|Burnet, Sanders,

Bafil. | tus. Limons. | Camphire.

Seeing onr {peech now is of thofe things which may be transferred sxto Diet, all hot
Waters and Chymical Oiles, (which, as a certasn Trifler fassh, are under the Planet
Mars , and havea furtons and defiruttive force) as alfo all hot and biting Spices are
to be rejected, and a Confideration to be had, how waters and Liquors may be made, of.

| the former Ssmples : not thofe phlegmatick diftilled 4 aters, nor again thofe burning Waters
of Sperses of wine ; but {uch as may be more temperate, and yet lively, and fending forth
4 benign Vaposer. '

I make fome queftion touching the frequent letting of Bloxd, whether it conduceth
to long life nor no; and 1 am rather in the opinion that it doth, «if it be turned into 2
habit, and other things be well difpofed: for it lettcth out the old Juice of the’ body,

and bringeth in new. ; :
FE

To the -
tenth Ar-
ticle,

2.

13, aud 14

Lhe Hiflory of Lifeand Death.

u : Nn
| I fuppofe alfo, that fome Emaciating Difeafes well cured, do profit tolong life, for

they yield new Juice, the old being\confumed ; and, as (ashe faith) To recover a
Sickuefs is to renew youth : Therefore it were good to make fome Artificial Difeafes,
which is done by ftriGt and Ensacéating Diets, of which I hall {peak hereafter.

The ‘Intestions.

Hew finifhed the aquifition according to-the Subjeéts, aé namely, of Inanimate
; Bodies , Vegetables, Living‘Creatures , Man ; J will now come nearer to the
matter, and order mine Inquifitions.by\certain Intentions, {uch as are true and proper,
(a I am wholly perfwaded ) and which are the very paths to Mortal Life. For in
this part , nothing that is of worth bath hitherto been inquired, bat the contemplations

of men have been but fimple, and non-proficients..For- when 1 bear men on the one \
fide fpeak of comforting Natural heat, amd. the Radical moifture, and of Mcatswhich 4

breed good Blood, [uch as may nesther be burnt ror phlegmatick; and of the cheering
and recreating the Spirits ; [ fuppofe them to be no bad men which {peak thefe things :,

but none of thefeworketh effectually towards the end... Eat when on the other fide 1 hear, |

feveral difcourfes tonching Medicines made of Gold, becaufe Gold is not fubjet to cor-
ruption; and touching Precious ftanes. to refref the {pirits by their hidden properties
and luftre, and that of they could be taken and retained in Veffels, the Balfoms, and
Quinteflences of living Creatures; mosild make men conceive a proud hope of lmmortae
lity: edad that rhe Flefh of Serpents and Harts, by a certain confent, are powerful ta
the Renovation of Life, becanfe the one cafteth bis Skin, the other his Horns: ( they
Jhould alfa have added the Flefh of Eagles , becanfe the Eagle changes his Bsll) And
that a certain Many. when he had found an Oyntment hidden under the ground, and
had anointed himfelf therewith from head to foot, ( excepting onely the foles of bis feet)
did, by his anointing, live three hundred years , without any difeafe, fave onely fome

Tumors.in the foles of his feet: and of Artefius, wha, mben he found his Spirit ready to

depart, drew into: bis body the {pirss of a certain, young man, and thereby made him

| breathlefi, but bimfelf lived many years by another mans Spirit: And of Fortunate

Honrs accoraing to the Figures of Heaven, 1 which: Medicines are to be gathered and
compoxnded for the prolongation of Life : And of the Seales of Planets, by which ver-
twesmmay be drawn and fercked dowm from Heaven:ta prolong Life: and [uch lke fabulous
and fuperfistions vanities : 1 wonder exceedingly that men (bould fo much doat, as to
Suffer themfelves to be-deludedwith thefe things. Andagain, I do pity Mankind that t! ey
fhould have the hard fortune to be befeged with {uch fravolous and fencele/s apprebenfans.
But mine Intentions do both come home to the Matter, and are far from vain and cre=
dulous Imaginations ; being alfo fuch, as I conceive, pofterity may adde much to the
matters which farisfie thefe Intentions’; but to the Intentions themfelves, but a little,
Notwithfanding there area fiw things, and thofe of very great moment, of which 1
would have men to be forewarned

Firft,-we are of that opinion , that we efteem the Offices of Life to be more worthy
than Life it felf. Therefore if there be any thing of that kind that may indeed exattly
anfwer our Intentions, yet fo, that the Offices and Duties of Life be thereby hin-
dred; whatfoever it be of this tind, we reject st. Perhaps wemay mate fome light men-
tion of fome things, but we infift netuponthem. For we make no ferious nor diligent dif?
courfe, either of leading the lifein Caves, where the Sunbeams and feveral changes of the
| Air pierce not, like Epimenides his Cave ; or of perpetual baths, made of Liquors pre-
| pared’; or of Shirts, and Sear-cloths fo applied, thar.the ody fhould be always as it were
| ima Box ; or of thick, paintings of the body, after the manner of [ome Barbarous Na-

| tions 5 or of an exatt ordering of or Life and Diet, which aimeth onely at this, and-

| mindeth nothing elfe but that a man live, ( as was that of Herodicus anongit the e4n-
\ tents, and of Cornarus ‘the Venetian in our days, but with greater moderntion ; ) or
| of axy (uch Prodigy, Tedionfne/s, or Inconvenience: but we propound fuch Remedies and

| Precepts, by which the-Ofhces of Life may neither be deferted , nor receive any great |

interruptions or moleftations. '

| ee : i Secondly, h

The Hiftory of Life and Death. 27

Secondly, on the other fide we denounce unto men that they will give over trifling, and
not imagine that fo great a work as the [topping and turning back the powerful courfe of na-
ture, can be brought to pafs by fome —Marming-dranght, or the tabing of fome precious
Drug, but that they would be affured that i muft needs be, that this is m work of labour,
and confisteth of many Rensedies, and a fit connexion of them among themfelves ; for no
wsan canbe fo fiupid asto imagine, that what was never Jet done, can be done, but by fuch
ways as were never yer attempted.

Thirdly, we ingentou/!y profe(i, that fome of thofe things which we (hall propeund have
not been tried by us by way of Expertment, (for our courfe of life doth nor permit that )
but are derived ( as we fuppofe) upon good realon, ont of our Principles and Grounds ,
(of which fome we fet down, others we referve in our mind) and are, as it were, cut and
deged ont of the|Rock and Mine of Nature her felf. Neverthele(s we have been careful,
and that with all previdence and cirCum|peltion, ( feeing the Scripture faith of the Body
of Man, that itis more worth than Raiment ) to propound fuch Remedies, as may at
leat be fafe, sf peradventure they be not fruitful.

Fourthly, we would bave men rightly to obferve and diftinguifh, that thofe things which
are geod for an Healthful Life, are net always good for a Long Life ; for there are fame
things which do further the alacrity of the Spirits, and, the flrength and vigour of the
Funttions,which.notwith/tanding,do cut off from the fum of Life ; and there are other things
which are profitable ta prolongation of Life, which are not without fome peril of health,
| simlefs chis matter be falved by fit Remedies; of which, notmithftanding, as occafion fhall be
| offered, we will notomit to give fome Cautions and Monitions.

| Laftly we have thought cood to propound fundry Remedics , according to the feveral

| Intentions ; but the choice of thofe Remedies, and the order of them, to leave to Dif
cretion : for to fet down exaltly which of them agreeth bef?, with which Conftitution of
| Body, which with the feveral courfes of Life, which with each Mans particular Age, and
| how they are to be taken one after another, and how the whole Prattique of thefe things is to
| be-adminifired and governed, would be too long, neither zs it fit to be publifized.

!. In the Topicks we propunded three Intentions: The Prohibiting ef Confumpiion,
| ‘The Peif-Cting of Reparation, and the Renewing of Oldnefs. ext feeing rhofe things
| which [hall be [asd are nothing lefs than words, we will deduce thefe three Intentions to ten
| Operations.

| <The firff i, the Operation upon the Spirits that they may renew their vigour.

| The fecond Operation # spon the Exclufion of Air.

| “The third Operation ts xpon rhe Bloud, and rhe Sanguifying Heat.

The fourth Operation % «pon the Juices of the Body.

The fifth Operation % xpon the Bowels, for their Extrufion of Aliment.

|, The fxth Operation # spon the Outward Parts, for therr AttraGtion of Aliment.

| The feventh Operation s upon the Aliment st felf, for the Infinuation thereof.
{

;

a ee
: ne rc | ey NW ete

' The eichth Operation # spon the laf? AG of Affimilation.

The mnth Operation #% upon the \nteneration of the Parts, after they begin to be dried.
| The tenth Operation # upon the Purging away of Old Juice, and Supplying of New
| Juice.
i J Of thefe Operations, the four fir/tbelong to the Firft Intention, the four next to the Se-

cond Intention, and the t:v0 laft to the third Intention.

' Bet becanfe thes part touching the Intenfions doth tend to Prattice, under the name

of Hiftory, we will not onely comprife Experiments and Obfervations, but alfe Counfels,
| Remedies, Explications of Caufes, Aflumptions, and whatfoever hath reference here-

anto.

| -

|

E2 The

————

ee nie | The Eiftory of Life and Death. |

| | Lhe Operaticn upon the Spirits that they may remain.
* Youthful, andrenew their Vigour,

~

The Hiftory.

HE Sperits are the Malter-workmen of ail effects in the Body. This is ma-
nifeft by Confent, and by infinite inftances.
2 Ifany man could procure that ayoung man’s Spirit could be conveyedinto
an old man’s Body, itis not unlikely but this great Wheel of the Spersts might
turn about the Iefler Wheel of the Parts, and fo the courfe of Mature become retro-
cade,
feat every Confumption, whether it be by Fire or ‘by Age, the morethe Spirit of the,
Body, or the Heat, preyeth upon'the Moifture, the leffer is the duration of that thing.
This occurs every where, and is manifeft,
The Spersts are to be put into fuch a temperament and degree of adtivity ,. tha
they fhould not (as he faith ) drank and guzzile the juices of the Body, but /ip them.
onely. . 4
There are two kinds of Flames: the one eager and weak, which confumes flight.
fubf{tances but hath little power over the harder ; as the flame of ftraw, or {mall Sticks ;
the other ftrong and conftant, which converts hard and obftinate fubftances; asthe
flame of hard wood, .and fuchlike. : Neat!
The eager flames, and yet lefs robuft, do dry Bodies, and render them exhauft and .
- | faplefs ; but the ftronger flames do intenerate and melt them.
Alfo in Diffipating Adedicines, fome vapour forth the thin part of the tumors |
| cr fwellings , and thefe harden the'tumour ; others potently difcufs, and thefe fof- .
ten it. .
S Alfo in Pargsng and Abjterging Medicines, {ome carry away the fluid humors yios
lently, others draw the more obftinate and vifcous. to as
The Spzrits ought to be invefted and armed with fuch aheat, that they may chufe ra-
| ther to ftir and undermine hardand obftinate matters, than to difcharge and carry away
the thin and prepared ; for by that means the Bedy becomes green and folid. i
10. The Spirits are fo.to be wrought and tempered, that they may be in Subftance Dente, not
Rare; 7 Heat Strong, nor Eager ; 1)Quantity Sufficient for the offices of Life, not Re-
dundant or Turgid ; #2 Motion Appealed, wor Dancing or Unequal.
i That Papours work powerfully uponthe Spirits, itis manifeft by Sleep, by Drunken-
nefs, by Melancholick Paffions, by letificant Medicines, by Odours, calling the Spirits
back again in Swonnings and Faintings.
12. The spirits are condenfed four ways; cither by putting them to flight, or by refrs-
eratiag and cosling them, or by ftroakengthem, or by guseting them:...And, firlt of their
Condenfation by putting them to flight.
13. Whatfoever putteth to.flight on all.parts, deiveth the body into, his Centre, and fo |
Condenfer!-. . ach
| To the Condenfation of the spirits by flight, the.moft powerful and, effectual is Ops-
ums and next Opiates, and generally all Soportferons things. a Nha ay
‘The force of Opizm to the coxzdenfatien of the Sparits is excecding {trong, whenas
perhaps three grains thereof will in a thort time fo coagulate the Spzrtts, that they re...
turn no more, butare extinguifhed, and become immoveable.
Cpium, and the like, put not the Spsrits to flight by their coldnefs, for they
have parts manifeftly hot ; but, on the contrary; cool by their putting the Spérass
to flight.
The Flight of the Spirits by C pium and Opiate Medicines is beft fecn by applying the
fame outwardly ; for the Spirits {traight with-draw themfelyes,and will returnno more,
| butithe part is mortified, and turns to a Gangrene. : a: wel
| | Opiates, in grievous pains, as in the Stone, or the cutting oft of a Limb, mitigate pains
inoft of all, by putting the Spzrsts to flight. Pack Shed j
19.. | Gpiates obtaina good effedt froma bad caule; for the Plight of the Spirsts is evil, but
the (endenfariox of them through their flight is good. ee |
| e

a ce eg er

-
.

we

ae

ES eee ~~

SR eee See eae SS
SS Nn

os re cg a a a
Lod -_ Leal bd -
2 ” Seat

The Grecsans attributed much, both for health and for prolongation of life, 4s C-
psates: but the 4rabsans much more, infomuch that their grand Medicsnes (which they |
called the gods Hands ) had op:xmtor their Bafis and principal Ingredient, otherthings |
being mixed to abate and correct the noxious qualities thereof $ fuch were Treacte, |
Methridate, and the reft. ; tt

Whatfoever is given with good fuccefs in the curing of Peftilential and Malignant |
Difeafes, to {top and bridlethe Spérsts, leftthey grow turbulent and tumultuate, may |
very happily be transferred to the prolongation of life; for one thing is efeCtual‘unto |
both, namely, the condenfation of the Spirits: now thete is nothing better for that |
than Opiates.

The ! urks find opium, cven in a reafonable good quantity,harmlefs and comfortable,
infomuch that they take it before their Battel to excite courage : but to us; unlefs ‘it be |
ina yery fmall quantity, and with good Correétives, it is mortal. ’

Opinm and Opiates are manifeltly found to excite Venus ; which fhews them to have |
force to corroborate the Spirits. role yi!

Diftilled 4 ater of wilde Poppy is given with good fuccefs in Surfeits,Agues,and divers |
difeafes; which nb doubt is a temperate kind of Opsate. Neithér Jet any matt wonder |
at the various ufe of it ; for that is familiar to Opiates, in regard that the Spirits, cor- |
roborated and condenfed, will rife up againft any difeafe. nae ee ||

The Twks ufe akind of Herb which they eall Capte, which’ they ‘dry and powder,
and then drink ‘in warm water 5 ‘which, they fay, doth nota Wht? Ghaped them, borh
in their Courage, and in their Wits ; notwithftanding, ‘if it be taken ina large quantity,
it affects and’ difturbs the mind: whereby it is manifeft, that it is’ of the fani¢ nature
| with Opiates. N e: es wigs i
There is 2 Root much renowned in all the Eaffern parts, which they call zetel; which |
| the Indéans'and others ufe to carry in their mouths, and'to champ it, and by that
champing they are wonderfully. cnabled both to endure Jabours, and to overcome
fickneffes,~and to the a& of carnal ‘copulation 7 It feemsto be akind of : tpefactive,
becaufe-it exceedingly blacks the Teeth.

— e - — ;
a

eee —— ee

r

Tobacco _in our age is immoderately grown into ufe, and it afleGsmen with‘a fe-
cret Kind of delight, infomuch that they who haye once inured themfelves unto it tan
hardly afterwards leaye it : andno doubt it Hath power to lighten the body, ‘andto
| Shake ‘off wearinefs.° Now the vettue. of it‘is-commtonly thought to be, becanfe it f
| Opens the paflages, and yoids humors : but itmay more rightly be referred to the con-
| denfation of the Spirits ; for it isa kind of Henbane’, and maniteftly troubles the
- | Head, as Opsates do. ~idgem oa on es Seppe
_ There are fometimes Humors engendred in the body, whichare, as it were, Opzare
themfelves ; as it is in fome kind of Afelancholtes, with whichvif a man be affeGed, it:

isafion of very long life. as
~The fimple ‘opiates ( which are’ alfo called stupefattives ) are'thefe ; Optus it felfy
which isthe juice of Poppy ; both the Poppies.as well in the Herbias in the Seed }“Hen-
bane, Mandrake; Hemlock, Tobacce, Night-fhade.*') “© "202 °° © at SURYA
The compound op:tes are, Treatle, Methridate, Trifera;Ladanum, Paracelft,Diaco~
ninm,Dialcordium,? hiloninm,Crlls of Hounds- tongue. qt eae abide te
“From this which hath been faid,° certain Defignations or Counfels may bededuced
for the prolongation of life, according to the prefent iriterifion; ‘namely, of comdénpng
the Sprrsts by Opiates. te ui sige ——
“Per there be therefore every year, from Adult years of Youth; 'an oprare diet $ Lert
be taken about the end of Afay, becaufe the Spirits in'the Summeé? aré more loofe and
attenuated , and there are lefs dangers from cold humours ; ‘let‘#tbe fome Magifral
Opiate, weaker than thofe that are commonly int ule; “both in refpect of a fmallerquian-—
uty of @piam, andof a more f{pating mixture of extreme hot things; letit beraken in:
the morning betwixt flecps. The fare for that time would bemore fimple arid {pa- °
ring than ordinary, without Wine, or Spices, of Vapourous things. This Medicine to
betaken onely cach other day,and to be continued for a fortnight. This Defignation in
our judgment comes home to the intenfion. : SOON
“Opiates alfo may be taken, not onely by the mouch, but alfo by Fames ; but the
‘Fumes mult be fuch as may not move the expulfive Faculty too ftrongly, nor force
| down humours, but onely take in a Weft, may-work upon the Spirits within'the
brain, And therefore a Suffumigation of Tobacco, Lignum-Aloes, Rofemary-leaves |

Berit ial a

Oe rr nt >

~~

je

~The Hiftory of Lif rand Deak.

a bd

2, iio

A,
| dried, and alittle Ayrrhe {nuffed up in the morning at the mouth andnoftrils, would be
very good. ;
34. In. Grand Op:ates, fuch as are Treacle, eMethridate , and the reft, it would not be
amifs -¢ efpecially in youth ) to take rather the diftilled Waters of them than themfelyes
intheir bodies ; for the vapour in diftilling doth rife, butthe heat of the Medicine com-
monly fetleth. Now diftilled waters are good in thofe yertues which are conveyed by
| Vaporrs, in other things but weak.
35> | _ There are Medicines which havea certain weak and hidden degree, and therefore
| fafe to-an Opiate vertue ; thefe fend forth a flow and copious vapour, but not malig-
| nant as Opzates do, therefore they put not the Spirits to fiche; notwithftanding they
| congregate them, and fomewhat thicken them.
| Medicines in order to Opiates are principally Saffron, next Folium Indum, ~4m-
| ber-greefe , Cortander-feed prepared, Amomum, Pleuda-momum , Lignum-Ki odium,

$6.

Orenge- flower water, and much more the Jufufion of the fame Flowers ncw gathered

in the Oil of eAdlmsonds ; DN utmegs pricked full of holes, and macerated in Role

water.

_ As Opsates are to be taken very fparingly, and at certain times, as was faid, fo thefe {e-
condaries may be taken familiarly, and in our daily diet, and they will be very cffegtual
to prolongation of life. Certainly an Apothecary of (alecute, by theule of e<mber,
is faid to have lived an hundredand fixty years ; and the Noble-mea of £arbary,through
the ufe thereof, are certifi'd to _be,very long-liv'd, whereas the mean people are but

| of fhort life. And our Asceftors, who were longer-liv'd than we, did ufe saffron
much in their Cakes, Broths, andthe like, Andtouching the firft way of condenfing

| the Spirits of Opzates and the Subordinates thereto,thus much.

~

we

Now we will enquire of the fecond way of condenfing the Spirits by old. For the
proper work of Cold is Condenfation, andit is done without any, malignity, or adverfe
quality ; and therefore it is a fafer operation than by @pzates, though fomewhat lefs
powerful, if it be done byturns onely, as Opsates are. But then again, becaufe it may
be ufed familiarly, and in our daily diet with moderation, it is much mere powerful for
By the prolongation of life than by Opiates. o
3.9 . The. Refrigeration, of the Spirits is effeCied three ways, either by Reffiration,

or by Vapours, or by eAliment. The firft is the beft, but, in a fort, ont of our
power ; the fecond is potent, but yet ready, and at hand; the third is weak, and
fomewhat about,

4c Air clear and pare, aad which hath no fogginefs in it, before it be received into the

| Lungs, and which is leaft expofed to the Sun-beams, condenfeth the Spirits beft. Such
is found either on the tops of dry Mountains, or in Champagnes open to the wind,and }
yet not without fome fhade,

4l. As for the Refrigeration and Condenfation of the Spsrsts by Vapours, the Root of this
operation we place in Netre, as a Creature purpofely made and chofen forthis end, be-
ing thereunto led,and perfwaded by thefe Arguments, -

4. Nitre is a kind of cool Spice: this is apparent to the fenfe it felf, for it bites the
Tongue and Palate with.cold, as Spices do with eae, and it is the onely thing, astar as
we know, that hath this property. "

43> || Almoft.all cold ebings (which are cold properly, and not by accident, as Cpinm is)

are poor and. jejune of Spirit; contrarily, things full of spzrit are almoft all hot, onely.

Nitre is found amonegft Vegetables, which aboundeth with Spzrit, and yetis cold. As

| for Camphire, whichis.full of Spirit, and yet performeth the actions of cold, it cooleth

| by accident onely ;, as: namely, for that by the thinnefs thereof, without derimony,:
it helpeth perfpirationin inflammations, Pein

44, | In gongealing and freezing of Liquors, (which is lately grown into ufe) by laying,

Snow dnd Ice on the out-fide of the Veflel, Nereis alfo added, and no doubt it ex-

citcth{and fortifieth the Congelation. Itis true, that they ufe alfo for this work ordinary - }

Bay-Salt,, which doth rather give activity to the coldnefs of the Snow, than cool by it

felf:, But, ag Thaveheard, in the hotter Regions, where Snow fallsnot, the congcal-

ing is wrote by Nitrealone; but this I cannot certainly affirm. :

It is affirmed that! Gun powder, which confifteth principally of Aztre, being taken in

38

4e : rene : k ;
: drink, doth conduce to valour, and that it is ufed oftentimes by Marinersand Souldicrs
| beforethey begin their Battels, as the Turks do Op:am.
ulate . . Nitre |

The Hiftory of Life and Death.

en

Nitre is given with good firccefs in burning Agues, and Peftilential Fevers, to miti-
gate and bridle their pernicious heats.

It is manifeft, that Qitre in Gus-powder doth mightily abhor the Flame, from
whence is caufed that horrible Crack and puffing.

itre is found to be, as it were, the Spirst of the Earth : for this is moft cer-
tain, that any Earth, though pureand unmixt with Nitrous matter, if it be fo laid up
and covered, that it be free from the San-beams, and puttcth forth no Vegetable,
will gather Nétre, even in good abundance. By which it is clear, that the Spirit of

Nitre is not oncly inferiour to the Spsrst of living Creatures, but alfo to the Sprit

of Vegetables.

(attle which drink of Nitrous water do manifeftly grow fat, which is a fign of the
cold in Netre.

The manuring of the Soil is chiefly by Nétrous fubftances ; for all Dung is Nitroxs,
and this is a fign of the Spirit in sere.

From hence it appears , that the Spirits of Man may be cooled and condenfed
by the Spirit of 2stre, and be made more crude, and lefs eager. And therefore,
as {trong Wines, and Spices, and the like, do burn the Spirits, and fhorten life ;

fo on the contrary fide, Niétré doth compofe and reprefs them, and furthereth to
life.

Nitre may be ufed with meat, mixed with our Salt, to the tenth part of the Salt;
in Broths taken in the morning, for three grains to ten, alfo in Beer: but howfoever
it be ufed, with moderation, it is of prime force to long life. |

As Opizm holds the preheminence in condenfing the Spirits, by putting them to
fight, and hath withal his Subordinates, lefs potent, but more fafe, which may be
taken both in greater quantity, and in more frequent ufe, of which we have for-
merly fpoken : fo alfo Nitre, which condenfeth the Spirits by cold, and by a kind of
Frefcour, (aswenow a-days fpeak ) hath alfo his Subordsnates.

Subordinates to Nitre are, all thofe things which yield an Odour fomewhat Ear-
thy, like the fmell of Earth, pure and good, newly digeed or turned up ; of this fort
the chief are, Borage, Buglofi, Langue de Beaf, Burnet , Strawberry leaves and
Strawberries,Frambois or Rafpu,raw (ucumersxaw Pearmains, Pine-leaves, and Buds ;
alfo Violets,

The next in order are thofe which have a certain ftefhnefs of finell, but fomewhat
more inclined to heat ; yet not altogether void of that vertue of refre(hing by cool-
nefs; fuch asare Balm; green Citrons, green Orenges,Rofe-water diftilledroasted Wardens ;
alfo the Damask, Red, and Musk Rofes.

This is to be noted, that Subordinates to Nitre do commonly confer more to
| this Zntenfion, Raw, then having pafied the Fire, beeaufe that the Spirit of Cooling

is diffipated by the Fire ; therefore they are beft taken, either infufed in fome liquor»

or raw. :

As the condenfation of the Spirits by Subordinatesto Opinm is, in fome fort, per-
formed by Odours, fo alfo that which is by Subordinates to Nitre ; therefore the {mell
of new and pure Earth, taken either by following the Plough, or by digging, or by
weeding, excellently refrefheth the Spirits. Alfo the Leaves of Trees in Woods, or
Hedges, falliag towards the middle of Autumn, yield a good refrefhing to the Spi-
rits, but none fo good as Strawberry-leaves dying. Likewife the {mell of Véolets, or
Wallflowers, or Bean-flowers, or Sweet-briar, or Hony-fuckles, taken as they grow, in
paffing by themonely, is of the fame nature. -.

Nay, and we know 4 certain great | ord who lived long , that had every morning
immediately after fleep, a Clod of freth Earth laid in a fair Napkin under his Nofe, that
he might take the fmell thereof.

There isno doubt, but the cooling and tempering of the blood by cool things, fuch
as are Endive, Succory, Liver. wert; Purflain, and the like, do alfo by confequent
cool the Spirits ; but this is about, whereas vaponts cool immediately.

And as touching the condenfing of the Spirits by Cold, thus much: The third way
of condenfing the Spirits 5 we faid to be by that which we call ftroaking the Spirits :
The fourth, by guseting the alacrity and wnrulinefi of them,

Suchjthings ftroke the Spirsts as are pleafing and friendly to them; yet they al-
lurc them not to go abroad ; but rather prevail, that the Spirits contented, as it were,

in

tg

34

57:

60.

=e RE a

Py) The Hiftory of Life and Death.

bane own fociety 5 do enjoy themfelves , and betake themfelycs into their proper
entre. ae

For thefe, if you reeolle& thofe, things which were formerly fet down, as Sxbor-

dinates to Opium and ZV ztre,there willneed no other Ingusfition. Sea»

As for the quieting of the usruline/; of the Spirits, we fhall prefently fpeak of that,
when we enquire touching their Motton. ‘Now then, feeing we have fpoken of that
Condenfation of the Spirtts which pertaineth to their fabftance, we will come to the
temper of Heat in them. 2 ; a

The Heat of the Spzrits, as we faid, ought to be of that kind that it may be robuft,
not eager, and may delight rather to, mafter the tough and obftinate, than to carry away
the thin and light humors. ;

We muft beware of Spices, wine, and {trong Drinks, that our ufe of them be very

temperate, and fometimes difcontinued ; alfo of Savory, 1 sld marjoram, Penny-royal,
and all fuch as bite and heat the tongue; forthey yield unto the Spirits an hearnot o--
perative, but Predatory. ;
Thefe yield a robuft heat, efpecially Elecampane, Garlick, (arduus Benediltns,
_ Water-crefes while they are young, Germsander, cAngelica, Yedoary, Verz1n, Valerian,
strbts ‘Pepper-wort, Elder flowers, Garden-Chervile + The ule of thefe things with
choice and judgement, fometimes in Sallads, fometimes in Medicincs, will fatisfie this
Operation.

It falls out well that the Grand opiates will alfo ferve excellently for this Operation,
inrefpeé that they yield fuchan beat by compofition, which is wifhed, but not to be
found, in Simples. For the mizing of thofe exceffive hot things (fuch as are Eaphor-
binm, Pellitory of Spain, Stavs-acre, Dragonawort, Anacordi, Caftorenm, Arsffolochium,
Opponax,e dmmoniachum,Galbanum,and thelike, which of themfelves cannot be taken
inwardly) to qualifie and abate the Stupefattive virtue of the Opsum, they do make
fach a conftitution of a Medicament as we now require; which is excellently {een in
this, That Treacle and Methrsdate, and the reft, are not fharp, nor bite the tongue,
but are oncly fomewhat bitter, and of {trong {cent, and at laft manifeft their heat when }
they come into the ftomach, and in their fubfequent operations.

There conduce alfo to the robuft heat of the Spirits Versus often excited, rarely
performed ; and no lefs fome of the affections, of which fhall be {poken hereafter,
So touching the heat of the Spirits, Analogical to the prolongation of Life, thus
much. ;

Touching the Quantity of the Spirits, that they be not exaberant and boiling, but
rather Sparing, and within a mean, ( feeing a {mall flame doth not devour fo much as a
great flame ) the /ngusfition willbe fhort.

It feems to be approved by experience, that a Spare Diet, and almoft a Pyrhagori-
cal, fuch as is either prefcribed by the ftriét Rules of a Monastical life, or practifed
by Hermites, which have Neceffity and Poverty for their Rule, rendreth aman long-
liv’d. wt
Hitherto appertain drénking of water, ahard Bed, abjtinence from Fire, a lender
Diet, (as namely, of Herbs, Fruits, Flefh, and Fifh, rather powdred and falted than
frefh and hot) an Hair-fhirt , freqnent Faftings, frequent Watchings , few fenfual Plea.
fares, and fuch like ; forall thefe diminifh the Spirits, and reduce them to facha quan.
| tity as may be fufficient onely for the Fun@ions of Life, whereby the depredation is the

lefs. .

| But if the Dset thall not be altogether fo rigoroxs and mortifying, yet notwithftand-
| ing thall be always equal and conftant to it {elf, it worketh the fame effet. We fee
\it in Flames, that a Flame fomewhat bigger (fo it be always alike and quiet ) confu-
‘meth Iefs of the fuel than a leffer Flame blown with Bellows, and by Cults ftronger
‘or weaker: ‘That which the Regiment and Diet of Cornarus the Venetian thewed |
plainly , who did eat and drink fo many years together by a juft weight, where.
by he exceeded an hundred years of age, ftrong in limbs, and intire in his /
fenfes.
7% Care alfo muft be taken, that a body plentifully nourifhed, and not emaciated by
| any of thefe aforefaid Diets, omitteth not a feafonable ufe of Venus, Icit the Spirits in-.
| creafe too faft, and foften-and deftroy the body. So then, touching amoderate guan-
| tity of Spirits, and (as we may fay ) Frugal, thus much. -

73. | The dnquifition touching bridling the motions of the Spirits followeth next. |
Motion

: : -

61.

62.

63:

64

65.

66.

67.

69.

70.

a
Eo

ri

—————— ee

Yall Laffitude; and by refraining irbjome Affettions. © And firft, touching Sleep.

4 touching Sleep.

_ Pity of another man’s misfortuae, which is not likely to befall our felves, is good:

Lhe iftory of Life and Death.

- Motion doth manifeftly attenuate and inflame them. This bridling is done by three |

means: by Sleep; by avording of vehement Labours,immoderate Exercife, and.in a word,

» The Fable tells us, that Epzmenides flept many years together in a Cave, and all that
time needed nomeat, becaufe the Spirits wafte not much in freep. \

- Experience teacheth us that certain Creatures, as. Dormice and pert o in fome |
clofe places an whole Winter together ;. fiich is the force of /leep to reftrain all vital |
Confumption. That which Bees. and Dronesare alfo thoughtto do, though fometimes |
deftitute of Honey ; and likewife Butterflies, and other Flzes.

after Dsaner (the ftomach fending up no unpleafing Wapours to the head; as |
being the firft Dews of our Meat) is good for the fperits, but derogatory and hurtful
to all other points of health. Notwithftanding in extream old age there is the fame
reafon of Meat and Sleep, for both our meals and our fleeps fhould be then frequent,
but fhort and little ; nay, andtowards the laft period of old age, a mere Ref, and, as
itwere, aperpetual Repofing doth belt, efpecially in Winter-time.
But as moderate /leep conferreth to long life, fo much more if it be quiet and not
diftserbed, uo! it ce luliay

Pate procure quiet fleep, Violets, Lettuce, efpecially boiled, Sirrup of dried Rofes,
Saffron, Balm, oo in » at our going to bed ; a fop of Bread in Malmfey, efpecially
where Adusk-Rofes have been 'firft énfufed: therefore it would not be amifs ‘to make
fome Pill, or a {mall Draught of thefe things, and to ufe it familiarly. Alfo thofe
things which fhut the mouth of the ftomach clofe, as Coriander-feed prepared, Ovinces
and Wardens roafted, do induce found fleep ; “bat above all things in youth, and for
thofe that have fufficient ftrong ftomacks,. it will bebeft totake a good draught of ¢lear
sola Water when they goto bed.

t

To.ching voluntary and procured Trances, as alfa fixed and profound Thoughts; fa |
ab they be without irksomne/s; Ihave nothing certain: no doybe they make to thes \ntenfion, |
and condenfe the Spirits, and that more potently than Sleep, feerng they lay afleep , and
fufpend the [enfes as much or more. Touching them; let further inquiry be mae. So far

As for Motion and Exercife, Laffitude hurteth, and fo doth all Motion and Excr.
cifé which is too nimble and {wift; as Running, Tennis, Fencing, and thelike; and |
again, when our ftrength is extended and ftrainedto the uttermoft, as Dancing,. Wreft- |
ling, and fuch like: for it is certain,that the /psrits being driven into {treights, either by |
the fwiftnefs of the motion, or by the ftraining of the forces, do afterward become |
(more eager and predatory. On the other fide, Exercifes which ftir up a good {trong |
motion, but not over-fwift,orto our utmoft {trength, ( fuchas are Leaping, Shooting,
Riding, Bowling, and the like ) do not hurt, but rather benefit.
| ‘We muft come now to the Afettions and Paffions of the ménd, and fee which of them
are hurtful to long life, which profitable.

Great Joys attenuate and diftufe the /pirits, and fhorten life ; familar Chearfulne/s
ftrengthens the /pirits, by calling them forth, and yet not refolying them.

Impreffions of Foy in the fenfe are naught ; ruminations of Joy in the memory; or
apprehenfions of them in hope or fancy, are good.

joy fepprejed, or communicated {paringly, doth more comfort the /pirits than Foy
poured forth and publithed. ,

Grief and Sadnefs, it it be void of Fear, and affli@ not too much, doth rather pro-
longlife ; for it contraéteth the /psrits,and is a kind of condenfation,

Great Fears {horten thelife : for though Grief and Fear do both {treighten the /pertt,

yet in Grief there is a fimple contraction ; but in Fear, by reafon of the cares taken

forthe remedy, and hopes intermixed, thereisa turmoil and vexing of the /persts.
eAnger {uppreffed isalfo a kind of vexation, and caufeth the /pirit to feed upon the
juices of the body; butlet loofe and breaking forth, it helpeth: as thofe ‘edicines do

whichinduce a robuft heat.

Envy is the worft of all Paffons, and fecdeth upon the /pirits, and they again

| uponthe body; and fo much the more becaufe it is perpetual, and, asit is faid, keepeth

‘no holidays.

but

Wei
Vo

74.
75.

86.

l- 875

EE a tN I en ee

I area I 2a i GR sf Pe

—— —_-" . ————_———

89.

90.

ol.

93

| in the fame aGtions may not wax dull. For though it were no ill faying of Seneca’s,

94.

The Hiftory of Life sad Deb.

but Pty, which may refle& with fome fimilitude upon the party pitying, is naught, be-
canfe it exciteth Fear.

Light Shame hurteth not, feeing it contracteth the sfrrsts a little, and then ftraight
diftufeth them : infomuch that /hamefac’d perfons commonly live long: but Shame tor
fome great ignominy, and which affliteth the mind long, contracteth the sfsrsts even
to fuFocation, and is pernicious.
| Love, if it be not unfortunate, and too deeply wounding, isa kind of Joy, and is
fub ject to the fame Laws which we have fet down touching /oy.

Hope is the moft beneficial of all the -4fettons, and doth much to the prolonga.
tion of life, if it be not too often fruftrated, but entertaineth the Fancy with an ex-
pectation of good : therefore they which fix and propound to themfelyes fome «nd,
| as the mark and {cope of their life , and continually and by degrees go forwardin |
| the fame, are, for the moft part, long-liy’d; in fo much that when they are come to

the top of their hope, and can go no higher therein, they commonly droop, and live
not long after : So that Hope is a Leaf-joy, which may be beaten outto a greanexten-
fon, like Gold.

Admirationand light Contemplationare very powerful to the prolonging of life; for
they hold the jpirzts in fach things as delight them, and fuffer them:not to tumultuare,
or to carry themfelves unquictly and-waywardly. And therefore all the Consemplators
of Nataral chings, which had fo many and eminent Objects toadmire, (as Demo-
critis, Plato, Parmedides, Apollonius) were long liy’d: alfo Rbetoricsans, which tat
{tcd but lightly of things, and ftudied rather Exornation of {peech than profundity of
matters, werealfolong-liv'd; as Gorgias, Pretagoras, Jocrates, Seneca. And certains
ly, as old men are for the moft part talkative, {fo talkativemen do oftengrow very old!;
for it fhews a light contemplation, and fuch as doth not much ftain the Sfirsts, or vex

them: but fubtil, andacute, and eager inquifion fhortens life; for it tireth the pirit,

| and wafteth it.

| And as touching the morion of the Spirits by the Affectons of the Atind, thus much,

| Now we will adde:certain other general Obfervations touching the Sparsts, befide the

| former, which fai not into the precedent diftribution. at

Efpecial care muft be taken that the Spirits be not too often refolved; for attenua-
tion gocth before refolution, and the frit once attenuated doth not very eafily retire,
| or is condenfed. Now Refolution is caufed by over-great labours, over-vehement afte-
tions of the mind, over great {weats, over great evacuations, hot Baths, and an un»
temperate and unfeafonable ufe of Venws; allo by over-great cares aad carpings, and
anxious expeétations ; laftly, by malignant difeafes, and intolerable painsand torments
of the body: allwhich, as much asmay be, (which our vulgar /Ay/icsans alfo adyife )
muft be ayoided. ,

The /pirsts are delighted both with wonted things, and with ew. Now it maketh
wonderfully to the confervation of the /pirits in vigour , that we neither ufe wonted
things toa faticty and glutting ; nor zew things, before a quick and {trong appetite.
And therfore both czffoms are to be broken off with judgmentand care, before they
breed a fulnefs ; and the appetite after new things to be reftrained for a time until
it grow morc fharp and jocond : and moreover, the “fe, as much as may be, fo to
be ordered, that it may havemany revovations, and the /psréts by perpetual converfing

The fool doth ever begin to ive; yet this folly, and many more fuch, are good for
long life. ;
it is to be obferved touching the /p:rits, (though the contrary ufed to be done.)
That when men perceive their Spirits to be in good, placid, and healthful {tate,
| (that which will be feen by the tranquility of their Mind , and chearful difpofi-
(tion ) that they cherifh them, and not change them: but when, in a turbulent
and untoward ftate, (which will alfo appear by their fadnefs, lumpifhnefs, and
other indifpofition of their mind ) that then they ftraight overwhelm them , _and }
alter them. Now the fpartts are contained in the fame ftate, by a reftraining of the

| affections , temperatenels of diet, abftinence from Venus, moderation in labour,
| fnditerent reft and repofe : and the contrary to thefe do alter and overwheha
the pirits.; as namely, vehement affections, profuse feaftings, immoderate Vers,
| difficult labours, earneft fudies, and profecution of bufinefs. Yet men are wont,

| when they are merrieft and beft difpofed, then to apply themfelves to feaftings,
i Penis.

re

|
|
|

a

|
|

“eS

' ak The Eiiftory of Life and Death, : 35 "ig

——

| Venus, Labours, Endeavours,, Bufinefles, whereas, it they haye'aregard to long life,
| ( which may fcem ftrange ) they fhould rather practife the contrary. For we ought |
' to cherith and preferve good /p:rsts, and, for the evil-dilpofed spirits to difcharge and ;

alrer them. )
Ficinus faithnot unwifely, That o/d men, forthe comforting of their {pirits, ought | 955
often to remember and ruminate upon the -dlés of their (hildhood and Youth. . Cer- |

tainly fuch a remembrance is a kind of peculiar Recreation to cvery old man :
| and therefore it is a delight. to men to enjoy the focicty of them which have been

brought up together with them, and to vilit the places of their education. Ve/pajian
did attribute fo much to this mattcr, that when he was Emperour be would by no
means be perfwaded to leave his Father’s houfe, though but mean, Jeft he thould
lofe the wonted object of his cyes, and the memory of his childhood; and belides,
he would drink in a wooden Cup, upped with filver, which was his Grasdmother’s,
upon Feftival dayes. j :

One thing above all is grateful to the Spirits, that there be a continual progre/s to 96.
the more benon ; therefore we thould lead fuch a Youth and Manhood, that our
Old age fhould find new Solaces , whercof the chicf is msderate café: And there-
fore old men in honourable places lay violent hands upon themiclyes, who retire not
to their cafe : whereof may be found an eminent Example in Caffiodorus, who was
of that reputation amonglt the Gorhr/h Kings of Jtaly, that he was as the Soul of their
affairs ; afterwards, being near cighty years of age, he betook himfelfto a Monattery,
whore he ended not his dayes before he wasan hundred years old. But this thing doth
require two Cautions ;_ one, that they drive not off till their bodies be utterly
worn out and difeafed; for in fuch bodics ail mutation; though to the more benign,
hafteneth death: the other, that they furrender not themfelyes to a fluggish eafey but
that they embrace fomething which may entertain their thoughts and mind with con-
tentation ;_ in which kind the chief delights are Reading and Contemplation ; and
thenthe defires of Building andPlanting.

Laftly,. the fame éion, Endeavour and Labour undertaken chearfully and with a good
will doth refreth the Spirits ; but with an averfation and unwellingne/s, doth fret and
deje&them. And therefore it conferreth to long life, either that aman haththe art
to inftitute his life fo asit may be free and fuitable to hisown hamour ; or clfeto lay
fuch a command upon his mind, that whatfoever is impofed by Fortune; it may rather
lead him than drag bm

Neither is thatto be omitted towards the government of the Afeétiens, that efpecial
care be taken of the mouth of the Stomach, etpecially that it be not toomuch relaxed;
for rhat part hath a greater dominion over the affections, efpecially the daily affeCtions,
than citherthe Heart or Brain; onely thofe things excepted which are wrought by po-
tent vapours, asin Drunkennefsand Melancholly.

Touching the Operation upon the sperits , that they may remain youthful, and re-
new their vigour, thus much : which we have done the more accurately, for that
there is, for the moft part, amongft Phyficzans and other Authors touching thefe Ope-
rations a deep filence; but efpecially, becaule the Operation upon the Spirits, and the;r
waxing green again, isthemoft ready and compendious way to long life ; and that for a
two-fold compcidioufnels : one, becaufe the Spsrits work compendioully upon the
body ; the other, becaufe Vapozrs and the e4fethons work compendioufly upon the
Spirsts ; $0 as thefe attain the end, as it were, ina right line, other things rather m
hnes circular.

972

58.

995

Tie Operation upon the Exelufion of the eAir. 2

Tie Fisforys

lt Bie | ll
NS ee

“Ee HE Exclufion of the sir ambient tendeth to length of life two wayes: 2
Fir for that the External Air, next unto the Native Spirit; ( how-
foever the efir may be faid to animate the Spirit of Man, and con-

| ferreth not a little to health.) doth moft of all prey upon the juices of the body,
; Ge

eS pS ee A En a ere

and

— Se

36

10.

tl.

12.

Lhe Biftory of Life and Death.

and haften the Deficeation thereof; and therefore the Exclufion of it is effeGual to
length of life.

Another effect which followeth the Exclufion of Air is much more fubtil and pro-
found, namely, thatthe Body clofed up, and not perfpiring by the pores, detaineth the
Spérits within, and turneth it upon the harder parts of the body, whereby the S perit
mollifies and intenerates them.

Of this thing the reafon is explained in the Deficcation of Indnimateé Bodies 3 and
it is an Axiom almoft infallible, That the Sperie difcharged and ifluing forth, drieth
Bodies; detained, melteth andintenerateth them. And it is further to be aflumed,
That all Heat doth properly attenuate and moiften, and contracteth and drieth oncly by
Accident. y

Leading the Life in Dens and caves, where the @r receives not the Sun-beams, may
be effectual to long life. For the er of it felf doth not much towards the depreda-
tion of thebody, unlefs it be ftirredupby heat. Certainly, if aman {hall recal things
paft to his memory, it will appear that the ftatures of men have been anciently much
ereater than thofe that fucceeded, as in Sicsly, and fome other places: butthis kind of

men led their lives, for the moft part, in Caves. Now length of lifeandlargcnefs of |

limbs have fome affinity. The cave alfo of Epimenides walks among the Fables, I
fuppofe likewife, that the life of Colemnar Anchorites was a thing refembling the life
in Caves, in refpect the Sun-beams could not much pierce thither, nor the rr receive

any great changes or inequalities. This ts certain, both the Simeon Stelita’s, as well>

Daniel as Saba, and other Columnar Anchorites,have been exceedinglong-liv’d. Like-
wife the Anchorses in our dayes, clofed up and immured either within Walls or Pillars,
are often found to be long-liv’d.

Next unto the life in Caves is the life on eMowntains: for as the beams of the
Sun do not penetrate into Caves; {oon the tops of Aforntains, being deftitute of
Reflexion, they are of fimall force. But this is tobe underftood of atoxnrains where
the Air is clear and pure 5 namely,whether by reafon of the drinefs of the Vallies,Clouds
and Vapours do not afcend; as it isin the Mountains whichencompafs Barbary, where,
aes at this day, they liye many times to anhundred and fifty years, as hath been noted
before. -

And this kind of Air of Caves and Mountains, of its own proper nature, is little or
nothing predatory ; but er, fuch as ours is, whichis predatory through the heat of
the Sun,ought,zs much as is poffible,to be excluded from the body.

But the 4zr is prohibited and excluded two ways : firft, by clofngthe Pores ; fe-
condly, by filling themup.

To the clofizg of the Pores help coldnefs of the air, going naked, whereby the skin
is made hard, wafhing in cold water, Aftringents applied to theskin, fuch as are A42-
tick, Myrrhe, Myrtle.

But much more may we fatisfie this Operation by Baths, yet thofe rarely ufed, (efpe-
cially in Summer) which are made of Aftringent Mineral waters, fuchas may fafely be
ufed, as Waters participating of Steel and Coperas; for thefe do potently contract the
skin.

As for filling up the Pores, Paintings and fuch like Uncteous daxbings, and (which }

may moft commodioufly be ufed) Od/ and fat things, do no lefs conferye the fubftance
of the body, than Oil-colours and Varnith do preferve Wood.

The ancient Brétazas painted their bodies with # oad, and were exceeding long liv’d:
the Prfts alfo ufed paintings, and are thought by fome to have derived their name from
thence.

The Brafilians and Virginians paint themfelves at this day, who are (efpecially the

former ) very long liv’d ; infomuch that five years ago the French Jefuites had {pecch }

with fome who remembred the building of Fernambuack , which was done an hundred
and twenty years fince; and they were then at Man’s eftate. :

Foannes de temporibus, who is reported to have extended his life to three hundred
years, being asked how he preferved himfelf fo long, is faid to have anfwered, 4y Oy/
without, and by Honey within.

The Jrif, efpecially the ild-Irifh, even at this day livevery long: certainly they
report, that within thefe few ycars the coszte/s of De/mond lived to an hundred and

forty years of age, and bred Teeth three times. Now the frifh have a fafhion to chafe, |

and, as it were, to baftethemfelves with old Salt-butter again{t the fire. i
.

Rp

a tet

tt nen en ae

— The Hiftory of Life and Death.

The fame Jrifh ule to wear Saffroned Linen and Shirts : which though it were at
firft-devifed to prevent Vermin, yet howfoever I take it to be very ufeful for length-
ning of life ; for saffron, of allthings that I know, is the beft thing for the skin;
and the comforting of the Heth, feeing itis both notably Aftringent, and hath befides
an Olcofityand fubtleheat, without any Acrimony. I remember acertain Englehman,
who when he went to Sea carried a bagg of Saffron next his {tomack, that he might
conceal it, and*fo efcape Cultom ; and whereas he was wont to be always exceed-
ing Sca-fick, at that time he continued very well, and felt no provocation to
vomit.

Hippocrates advifeth in Winter to wear clean Linen, and in Summer foul Linen and
befimeared with Oil. The reafon may feem to be, becaufe in Summer the Spirits ex-
hale moft, therefore the pores of the skin would be filled up.

Hereupon we are of opinion, that the ufe of O#/, either of Olives or fweet 4!-
monds, to anoint the skin therewith, would principally conduce to long life: The
anointing would be doneevery morning when we rife out of bed, with Oilin whicha
little Bay-fale and Saffron is mixed. But this anointing muft be lightly done with
Wool, or fome foft fponge, not laying it on thick, but gently touching and wet-
ting the skin.

It is certain that Liquors, even the Oily themfelves, in grearquantitics draw fome-
what from the body ; but contrarily,in {mall quantities are drunk in by the body: there-
fore the anointing would be butlight, as we faid, or rather the fhirt it felf would be be-
fiweared with Oil. Rees

It may happily be objected, that this anointing with Oil, which we commend,
(though it were never in ufe with us, and amongft the J/talians is caft off again )
was anciently very familiar amongft the Grecians and Xomans, and a part of their Diet;
and yet men werenotlonger-liv’d in thofe dayes than now. But it may rightly be an-
fwered, Oil was in ufe onely after Baths, unlefs it were perhaps among{t Champ:-
ons : now hot Baths are as much contrary to our operation, as ¢<Zosntings aré
coneruous, feeing the one opens the paflages, the other ftops them up: therefore

the Bath, without theanointing following, is utterly bad; the anointing without the
Bath is beft of all. Befides, the anointing amongft them was uled oncly for dehicacy,
or ( if you take it at the beft) for health, but bynomeans in order to long life; and
therefore they ufed them with all precious Oiatments, which were good for deliciouf
nefs, but hurtful to our intention, inregard of their heat: So that Mirgel feemeth notto

have faid amiis,

ey,

ec Cafia liquids corrumpitur ufus Olivi,
That odortferous Cafia hath not fupplanted the ufe of neat Oxl-Olive.
Anointing sith oil conduceth to health, both in Winter, by the exclufion of the
cold air, and in Summer, by detaining the fpirits within, and prohibiting the Re-
folution of them, and keeping off the force of the air which is then moft pre-

datory.
Seeing the anointing with O// is one of the moft potent operations to long life, we

are four, according to the four /conveniences which may follow thereupon.

The firlt Jnaconventence is, that by repreffing. fweaés, it may ingender difeafes from
thofe excrementitious humours. Tothis a remedy muft be given by Purges and Ch-
fiers, that evacuation may be duly performed. This is certain, that evacuation by
f{weats commonly advanceth health, and derogateth from long lite; but gentle Purgers
work upon the humours,not upon the {pirits,as {weat doth. ;

The fecond /nconvenience is, that it may beat the body, and in time inflame it; for
the fpirits thut in, and not breathing forth,acquire heat. This inconvenience may be
prevented, if the Dzet moft ufually incline to the colder part, and that at times fome
proper cooling Mcdicines be taken, of which we thall ftraight {peak in the operation
upon the Blox,

The third is, that it may annoy the head ; for all Oppletion from without ftriges back
the vapours, and fends them up unto the head. This inconvenience is remedied by
| Purgers, efpecially Ciyfers, and by fhutting the mouth of the ftomach ftrongly with
| Stipticks, and by combing and rubbing the head, and by wathing it with convenient

Lics, that fomething may exhale, and by not omitting compctentand good exereifes,

that fomething alfo may perfpire by the skin.
G 3 The

have thought good to add fome cautions, left the health fhouldbe endangered: They ©

|
\
}
\

|

ee

16.

20.

a2,

233

24,

eee

256 The fourth Jnconvenience is a more fubtil Evil, namely, that the. Spirit being
detained by the clofing up of the ‘Pores, is likely to multiply it {elf too much; for when
little iffueth forth, and new Spirit is continually ingendred, the Spiritinereafeth too

| faft, and fo preyeth upon the body more plentifully.. But this is not altogether fo ;
for all Spirit clofed up is dull, ( for it is blown and. excited. with motion as,Hiame js)
and therefore it is lefs aGtive, and lefs gencrative of it felf: Indeed itus thereby in-
creafed in Heat, (as Flame is) but flow in Motion. And therctorexhe xcmedy to
this inconvenience muft be by cold things, being ,fometimes mixed. with, Cz, tuch
as are Rofes and eMyrtles; for we mutt altogether difclaimhotthings, as we faid of |

Caffias

26. Neither will it be unprofitable to wear next the body Garments that have. in

them fome Uné?uofity or Cleofity, not Aquofity, for they will exbautt the body

lefs.; fuch as are thofe of Woollen rather than thofe of Linen, Certainly itis

manifeft in the Spirits of Odours, that if you lay fwect powders .amenelt Li-

nen, they will much fooner lofe their {mell than amonglt Woollen. And there-

fore Linen is to be preterred for delicacy and neatnefs, but to be fufpeéicd for our |

Operation.

The 7 ald Irifh, as foon as they fall fick,the firft thing they do is to takethe theets:

Se

ane The Hijtory of Life and Deat A RE |

/

nr
i |
*

off their beds, and to wrap themfelves in the woollen cloaths.
28. Some report, that they have found great benefit in the confervation of their health

| by wearing Scarlet Wafcoats next their skin, and under their fhirts, as well down to

| the ncather parts as on the upper. ;
29) It is.alfo to be obferyed, that 4% accuftomed to the body doth lefs prey upon it
than new 4 and often changed ; and therefore poor people, in {mall Cottages, who
live always within the fmell of the fame chimney, and change not their feats, are
commonly longeft liv'd : notwithftanding, to other operations ( efpecially for them
whofe Spirits are not altogether dull ) we judge change of air to.be very profitable;
but a mean muft be ufed, which may fatisficon both fides. This may be done by re- | ~
moving our habitation four times a year, at conftant and fet times, unto convenient
feats, that fo the body may neither be in too much percgrination, nor in too much
{tation.. And touching the Operation upon the Exclyfion of ir, and avoiding the
| predatory force thereof, thus much,

Sanguifying Heat. 3. a

The Hiftory. ‘

HE following Operations anfwer to the two precedent, and are in the re-,
lation of Paffives and edéives ; for the two precedent intend thisy that
the Sperits and ¢4ir in their actions may be the lefs:depredatory ; and the

> two latter, that the Bloud and j ice of the body may be the lefs depredable.
But becaufe the Bloud is an irrigation of watering of the Juices and Members, anda
preparation to them, therefore we will put the operation upon the Blowd in the firlt
place, Concerning this Operation we will propound certain Counfeis, few innumber,
but very powerful in virtue. They arethree. ;
ae Firft , there is no doubt, but that if the bloud be brought to a cold temper, it
|

|
The Operation upon the Bloud, and the

will be fo much the lefs diffipable. But becaufe the cold things which are taken
by the mouth agree but ill with many other Intentions, therefore it will be beft
to find out fome fuch things as may be free from thefe inconveniences, . They
aretwo. ©

The firft is this : Let there be brought into ufc, efpecially in youth, (lifters, not
purging at all, or abfterging, but onely cooling, and fomewhat opening: | hofe are
approved which are made of the Juices of Lettuce, Purflane, Liver-wort, Hoxufesleek, and

| the —AMiuerlage of the feed of Flea-wort, with fome temperate opening decoction, anda
: little +
pth aMniel, S $$$

The Hiftory of Life:and Death. tk

little Camphire : but in thedeclining age Ict the Howsleek and /srslane be left out, and
the juices of Rorrage and. Endive, and the like, be.put in theirsooms....\Atul Ict thefe |
| Chffers be retained, if itmay be, for an hour or more. da; ™ i |

The other is this, Let there be inufe, efpecially in Summer, Baths of freth water] |
and but luke-warm, altogether without Emsollients, as Mallows, Mercury, ~Malk, and |
the like ; rather take new *hey in fome good quantity, and Rofes.

But (that whichis the principal ia this intention, and new')’we advife that Uefore |

| the bathing of the body be anointed with Oil, with fome thicknefs,whereby the quality |

| of the cooling may be received,” and the water excluded: yet let not the pores of the
body be {hut tooclofe ; for when the outward cold clofeth up the body too {troiely, it
is fo far from furthering coolnefs, that it rather forbids, and ftirs up heat.

Like unto this is the ufe of Bladders, with forme decoions and cooling juices, ap -

lied to the interiour region of the body; namely, from che ribbs to the privy: parts;
for this alfo is a kind of Bathing, where the body ‘of the liquor is for themoft part ex-
cluded, and the-cooling ere admitted, 9% «

Tke third cotmfel remaineth, “whith belongeth'‘not to the quality of the blood, but
to the fubftance thereof, thatit may be mademoré firm andefs diffipable, ‘and fuch,
as the heat of the {pirit may have'the lefs power overit. yw
*And as forthe ufe of Filiags of Gold; Leaf-gold, Powder of ‘Pearl, Precious ftones,
Coral, andthelike, we haye no opinion of them at this day, unlefsit be onely as they
may fatisfie this prefent Operation. Certainly, feemg the e4rabians; Grecians, and mo-
dern Phyficians have attributed fych virtues to thefe things, it cannot ‘be altogether
Nothing which fo great men have obferved of them.” And thérefore omitting all fan-
taftical opinions about them, we do verily believe, that if there could be fome fuch
thing conveyed into the whole mafs of the bloud in minute and fine portiots, over

| which the fpirits and heat fhould have little or no’ power, abfolutely it would not only
refilt Putrefaction, but e4refattion allo, and be a moft effeCtual means to the prolonga-
tion of life. Neverthelefs in this thing feveral cautions arc to be given. Firit, that
there bea moft esa@ comminution. Secondly, thatfuch hard and folid things be void
of all malignant qualities, left while they be difperfed and lurk inthe veins, they breed
fome ill convenience. _ Thirdly, that they be never taken together with meats, nor
in any fuch manner as they may flick long, Icftthey beget dangerous obftruétions about
the Mefentery. Laftly, that they be taken very rarely, that they may not congregate
and knot together in the veins. gee

Therefore let the manner of taking them be fasting, in white wine, a little Ostof |

‘eAlmonds mingled therewith, Exercife ufed immediately upon the taking of them.”

The Simples which may facisfie this Operation are , in ftead ofall, Gold, Pearls,-and |
' Coral: for all Afcrails, except Gold, are not without fome ‘malignant quality 1a the
| diffolutions of them, neither will they be beaten to that exqnifite finenefs that’ Zeaf-

| gold hath. As for all glafffe and tranfparent fewels, we likethem not, (as we faid be-
4 fore) for fear of Corrofion. * ~

But, in our judgment, the fafer and more effectual way Would be by the ufe of
Woods in Infufions and DecoGions ; for there is in them fufficient to caufe firmnefi of
blowd, and not the like danger for breeding obftructions ; butefpecially, becaufethey
may betaken in meatand drink, whereby they willfind themore'eafie ‘entrance into the

| ycins, and not be avoided in excrements.

The #0eds fit for this purpofe are Sanders, the Oak and Vine. As for all bot woods
or fomething Rofénmie, we reje& them : notwithftanding you may adde the woody
ftalks of Rofemar; dried, for Rofemary is a Shrub, and exceedeth inage many Trees ;
wi the woody fRalks of Ivy, but in fuch quantity as they may not yield an unpleafing
tafte.

Let the #oods be taken either boiled in Brorhs, or infufed in Mat or ete before
they leave working: but in Rroths (as the cuftom is for Gwaiacwm and thelike) they
would be infufed a good while before the boiling, that the firmer part of the wood,’ and
not thatonely which liethloofely, may bedrawnforth. As for e4/h, though itbe ufed
for Cups,yct welikeitnot. And touching the Operation upon the Bloxdthus much,

—————

39 |

pa

It.

It.

Tj-

°° Lhe Operation upon the Fuices of the Body. 4...<°
i

Here are two. kinds. of Bodies (.as.was faid before in the Ingusfition. touching Tae |

|

The Hiftory.of Life and Death. x

t

“7, deen in Metalls and Stones, and in Oil and wax. ' hain }
- It muft be orderedtherefore, thatthe juice of the body be fomewhat hard, and that.it
be fatty or fubrofcid. hk, Wag: EBT ae pe

As for bardnefs, itis caufed three,ways: by dliment of a firm nature, by cold ¢on-,
denfing the skin and fleth, and by E¥xercs/e, binding. and compacting the juices of the |
body, that they be not. foft and frothy. ‘We. 3

ansmates) which are -hardly,,confumed ,, Hard things and Far things ;. as is

Liar HtLLe do t sj ayrieises

As for the Nature of the Aliment, it ought tobe fuch, as. is not; eafily diffipable ; fach
asare Beef, Swine’s-flelb, Dear, Goat, Kid, Swany Ganfe, Ring: dove, Reese if they bea
litle powdred ;,-FJblikewite falted anddried, OldCheefyandthe like, 9,

Asforthe Bread ; Oaten-bread, or bread with fomemixture of Pea/e in it, or Rye-
bread, or barly-bread, are more\folid than wheat-bread, and in wheat-bread,, the
courfe wheat-bread is more folidthan the pure A¢anchet. T duty

The Inhabitants of the Orcades,which live upon falted fi/b,and gencrally all Fi/h-eazers,
are longiliv’d. | Ae at ee

The Monksand Herwaites which fed {paringly, and upon dry 4liment, attained com-
monly.to.a.great.age.. . ee ee ss Ri Se

Allo.pure water ufually drunk makes the juices of the body lefs frothy ? unto which
if, for the dulnefs of the fpirits, (whichno doubt in Vater are but alittle penetratiye )
you fhall addea little Nizre, we conccive it would be very good. _ And.touching the
firmnes of the Alament thus much, eed

As.for. the Condenfation of the skin and flefh by cold: They are longer-liy’d for the
moft,part that live abroad.in the oper aér, than they that live in Hox/es ; and the Inha-
bitants.of the cold.Conatries, than the Inhabitants, of the Aor. 44

Great {tore of clothes, either uponthe bed or back, do refolye the body.

Wathing the bedy in cold ater is good for length of life; ufe of hos Baths is naught,
Touching Baths of Aftringent Mineral Waters we have {poken before.

As for Exercife; anidle life doth manifeltly make the fcth foft and diffipable - robaft
exercife ( {o it be without over-much fweating or wearinefs) maketh it hard and com-
pact. Alfo exercife\within cold Water, as fwimming, is very good; and generally
exercife abroad is better.than that within houfes.

Touching Frications, (which area kind of exercife) becaufe they do rather call forth
the Aliment than hardenthefleth, we will inquire hereafter in the due place. |

Having now fpoken of hardning the jusces of the body, we are to come next to the
Olgofity, and, Fattine/s of them, which is a more perfec and potent Intention than Indu.
ration, becaufe it hath no inconvenience or evil annexed. For all thofe things which
pertain to the harduiag of the jasces are of that nature, that while they prohibit the
abfumyption.of the Aliment, they alfo hinder the operation of the fame ;_ whereby it
happens,that the fame things are both propitious and adverfe to length ef life: but thofe
things which pertain to making the Juices Oilyand Ro/cid, help on both fides, forthey
render the Aliment both lefs diffipable,and more reparable, ae

. But whereas we fay that the Jvsce of the body ought to be Rofeidand Fat, it is tobe.
noted that we meanit-not of avifible Fat, but of a Dewinefs difperfed, or ( if you will
call it_) Radscal in the very fubftance of the body. :

_ Neither againlet any,man think, that Os! or the Fat of Meats or Marrow do engen-
der the like,. and fatisfie our intention : for thofe things which are once perfect are
not,breught back again.;, but the Aliments ought to be fuch, which after digeftion
and maturation do then in the end engender Odeofity in the Jaices. me

' Neither again Iet\any:man think, that Os or Far by it felf and fimple is hard of diffi-
pation, but in mixture it doth not retain the fame nature : for as Out by it felf-is much
more longer in confuming then “Vater; fo in Paper or Linnen it ftickcth longer, and

is later dried, as we noted before. =
o 0°

| The Hiftory of Life and Death.

To the Irroration of the body, roafted meats or baked meats are more effectual than
boiled meats, and all preparation of meat with water is inconvenient: befides, Oilis
more plentifully extracted out of drie bodies than out of moift bodies,

Generally, to the Jrroration of the body much ule of {weet things is profitable, as of
Sugar, Honey, {weet Almonds, Pine-apples, Psftachio’s, Dates, Raifins of the Sun,Corans,
Figs, and the like. Contrarily, all four, and very falt, and very biting things are oppo-
fite to the generation of Rofcid Juice.

Neither would we be thought to favaur the Manschees, or their diet,though we com.
mend the frequent ufe of all kinds of Seeds, Kernels, and Roots, in Meats or Sauces;
confidering all Bread (and Bread is that which maketh the Meat firm) is made cither
of Sceds or Roots. ‘

But there is nothing makes fo much to the Jrroration of the body, as the quality of
the Drink, which is the convoy of the Meat; therefore let therebe in ufe {uch Drinks as
without all acrimony or fowrnefs are notwithftanding fubtil : fuch are thofe Wines
which are (as the old woman faid in Plantus) vetnftate edextula, toothlels with age,
and dle of the fame kind.

Mead (as we fuppofe ) would not be illif it were ftrong and old: but becaufe
all Honey hath in it {ome fharp parts, (as appears by that fharp water which the Ciy-
mists extrac out of it, whiclwill diflolve metals) it were better to take the fame por-
tion of Sugar,not lightly infufed in it, but fo incorporated as Honey ufeth to be in Afead,
and to keep it to the age of ayear, or at leaftfixmonths, whereby the Watcr may lofe
thecrudity, and the Sugar acquire fubtilty.

Now ancientnefs in Wine or Beer hath this in it, that it ingenders fubtilty in the
parts of the Liquor, andacrimony inthe Spirits, whereof the firft is profitable, andthe
fecond hurtful. Now to reétifie this evil commixture, let there be put into the veflel,
betore the Wine be feparated from the Mult, Swines-flefh or Deers-flefh well boiled,
that the Spirits of the Wine may haye whereupon to ruminate and feed, and fo lay afide
/ thetrmordacity.
) . In like manner, if 4/e fhould be made not only with the grains of Wheat, Barly,

Oates, Peafe, and the like ; but alfo fhould admit a part ( fuppofe a third part tothefe
grains.) of fome fat roots, fuch as are ‘Potado-roots, Pith of Artichokes, Burre-roots,
or fome other fweet and efculent roots ; we fuppofe it would be a more ufeful drink
| for long lifethan -A/e made of grains oncly.
| Allo fuch things as have very thin parts, yet notwithftanding are without all acri-
mony or mordacity, are very good Sallets: which vertue we find to be ia fome few
of the Flowers ; namely, Flowers of /vy, which infufed in Vinegar are pleafant even
}

’
— a

tothetafte ; Afarigold leaves, which are ufed in Broths ; and Flowers of Betony. And
touching the operation upon the fuices of the Body thus much.

The Operation upon the Bowels for their Extrufion
of Aliment. 5.

he The Hiffory.

\\ ] Hat thofethings are which comfort the Principal Bowels, whichare the foun-

tains of Concoétions, namely , the Stomack, Lrver, Heart and Brain, to

perform their funGtions well, (whereby a/iment is diftributed into the parts,

Spirits are difperfed, and the keparation of the whole body isaccomplifhed ) may be
derived from ‘Phy/itsans, and fromtheir Prefcripts and Advices.

Touching the Spleen, Gall, \sdneys, Mefenteries, Guts and Lungs, we {peak not, for
thefe are members miniftring to the principal ; and whereas fpeech is made touching
health , they require fomctime a moft {pecial confideration, becaufe each of thele
have their difeafes, which unlefs they be cured, will have influence upon the Prin-

| cipal «Members. But as touching the prolongation of life, and reparation by ali-
ments, and retardation of the incoétion of old age ; if the Concodtions and

our

J H thofe! |

‘

Ve

20.

21,

w
vw

w
we

Ts

—— Oe ee

3°

14s

|
ee eee

| nothing elfe behind it of a metalline impreffion.

| 1am of opinion, that the fops of bread dipped in wine, taken at the midft of the
| meal, are better than wine it felf ; efpecially if there were infufed into the wine in
| which the fops were dipped Rofemary and Citren-pill, and that with Sagar, that it

-_-

~The Hiftory of Life and Death.

thofe principal Bowels be well difpoted,the reft will commonly follow according to ones
with.

And as for thofe things which, according to the different {tate of eyery man’s body
may be transferred into his Diet and the regiment of his life, he may colle& them out
of the Books of Phyficians, which have written of the comforting and preferving the
four Principal Members : For confervation of health hath commonly need of no more
than fome {hort courfes of Phyfick ; but length of life cannot be hoped without an or-
derly diet,and a conftantrace of foveraiga Medicines: But we will propound fome few,
and thofe the moft {elect and prime dire€tions.

The Stomach ( which, as they fay, is the Mafter of the houfe, and whofe ftrength
and goodnefs is fundamental to the other concoétions ) ought fo to be guarded and
confirmed, that it may be without i#temperatencfi hot s next aftritied or bound,
not loofe ; furthermore clean, not furcharged with foul Humours, and
yet (in regard it is nourifhed from it felf, not from the veins ) not altogether
met or hunery: laftly, itis to be kept ever in apperte, becaule appetite tharpens
digeltion.

T wonder much how that fame (alidum bibere, to drink warm drink, (which was in
ufe amongeft the Ancients ) is laid downagain. {I knew a Phyfician that was very fa
mous, who in the beginning of dinner and fupper, would ufually cat a few fpoonfulls
of very warm broth with much ereedinefs, and then would prefently wifh that it were

ta)

out again, faying, He had no need of the broth, but only of the warmth.

I do yerily conceive it good, that the firft draught either of 4sne, or Ale, or any
other dvizk, (to whicha man is moft accuftomed ) be taken at fupper warm.

ine in which Gold hath been quenched, I conceive, would be very good once ina
| meal; not that | believe the Gold conferreth any vertue thereunto, but that I know
that the quenching of all Metals in any kind of liquor doth leave a moft potent Aftri-
étion : Now 1 chufe Gold, becaufe befides that Aitriction which I defire, it leayeth

may not flip too faft.

It is certain that the ufe of Qyinces is good to ftrengthen the ftomach; but we
| take them to be better if they be ufed in that vhich they call Quiddeny of Ouinees,
than in the bodies of the Quinces themfelves, becaufe they lie heavy in the {tomach.
| But thofe Quiddenies are beft taken after meals, alone ; before meals, dipped in Vi-
| negar.
ach things as are good for the ftomach above other Simples are thefe, Xofemary,
Elecampane, Maftick, wormwood, Sage, Hsnt.

I allow Pills of Alocs , Ataftick and Saffron in Winter time, taken before dinner;

which Tragasanth hath been infufeds and after that be macerated for a few hours in
Oil of fweet Almonds new drawn, before it be made into Pills.

Wine or ele wherein Wormwood hath been infufed, with a little Elecampane and
| ycllow Sazders, willdo well, taken at times, and that efpecially in Winter.
” But in Summer, a draught of 4 bite-wane allayed with Strawberry: water, inwhich
Wine Powder of Pearls and of the fhells of cra-fifbes exquifitely beaten and ( which
"may perhaps feem ftrange ) a little (halt have been infufed, doth excellently refreth’
and ftrengthenthe ftomach.

But generally, all Drawghis in the morning (which are but too frequently ufed) of |

cooling things, as of Juices, Decodtions, Whey, Barly-waters, and the like ) areto be
avoided, and nothing is to be put into the ftomach fafting which is purely cold,
Thefe things are better given, if need require, either at five in the afternoon, or elfe an
_hourafter alight breakfatt. see UN j

Often faftings are bad for long life ; befides, all thirft is to be avoided, and the fto-
mach is tobe kept clean, butalways moift. af

Oil of Olives new and good, in which a little cAfethridate hath been diflolved,
anointed upon the back-bone, juft againft the mouth of the ftomach, doth wonderfully

comfort the ftomach. : : ;
A finall bag filled with locks of Scarlet-wool fteeped in Red-wine, 1n which

but fo, as the Alves be not only oftentimes wathed in Rofe. water, butalfo in Vinegar in }

Myrtle, |.

The Hiftory of Life ied Death. 43

Myrtle, and Citron-pill, and a little Saffron have been infufed, may be always worn

upon the ftomach. And touching thofe things wich comfort the ftomach thus much,
| feeing many of thofe things alfo which ferve for other operations are helpful to

this.
| The zéver, if it be preferved from Torrefattion, or Deficcation, and from obfruttion, 12.
| it needeth no more ; for that loofenelS of it which begets e-47xo/ittes is plainly a dif-

cafe, but the other two oldageapproaching induceth.

Hereunto appertain moft efpecially thofe things which are fet downin the Operation 19.
upon the Blowd: we will adde avery few things more,but thofe felected.
Principally let there be in ufe the Wine of weet Pomegranats, or, if that cannot be 20.

had, the juiee of them newly expreffed ; let it be taken in the morning with a little
Sugar, and into the glafs into whichthe Expreffion is made put a finall piece of (stron-
e green, and three or four whole Cloves : let this be taken from Febraarytill the end
of April.

Bring alfo into ufe above all other Herbs Water-crefes, but young, not old; they 21.
may be ufed either raw in Sallets, or in Broths, or in Drinks: and after that take
Spoon-wort.

Aloes, however wathed or corre&ed, is hurtful for the Ziver, and therefore it is 22s
neyer to be taken ordinarily. Contrariwife, Rhubarb is fovercign for the Liver, fo
that thefe three cautions be interpofed. Firft,that it be taken before meat, left it dry
the body too much, or leave fome impreffions of the Stipicsty thereof. Secondly, that

! it be macerated an hour or twoin Oil of {weet -fmonds new drawn, with Rofe-water,

| before it be infufed in Liquor, or given in the proper fubftance. Thirdly, that it be ’
| taken by turns, one while fimple, another while withTartar, ora little Bay-falt, that
oo not away the lighter parts onely, and make the mafs of the Humoursmore ob-

| ftinate.

1 allow Wine, or fome decoction with Stee/, to be taken three or four times in the 23.
year, to open the more ftrong obftructions; yet fo, that a draught of two or three
fpoonfuls of Oil of {weet Almonds new drawn ever go before, and the motion of the
Body, efpecially of the armsand fides, conftantly follow.

Sweetned Liquors, and that with fome fatneis, are principally, and nota little effe- Zhe
Qual to ‘prevent the e4refattion; and Saltnefi, and Torrefattion, and in a word, the
Oldnefs of the Liver, efpecially if they be wellincorporated with age. They are made
of {weet Fruits and Roots, as namely, the Winesand Julipsof Raz/ins of the Sen new,

Jujubacs, dried Figs, Dates, Parfnsps, Potatoes, and the like, with the mixture of Ls-
| certs fometimes : alfoa Julip of the /ndsan grain, (which they call aa:z) with the
mixture of fome {weet things, doth much to the fame end. But it is to be noted,
that the intention of preferving the Liver in a kind of foftnefs and fatnefs,
is much more powerful than that other which pertains to the opening of the
Liver, which rather tendeth to health than to length of life, faving that that
Gbftruétion which induceth Torrefattion is as oppofite to long life as thofe other
Arefattions.

I commend the Roots of Succory , Spinage and Beets cleared of their piths, and 25.
boiled till they be tender in Water, with a third part of white-wine, for ordinary Sal-
lets, to be eaten with Oil and Vinegar : alfo <fparagus, pith of Artichokes, and
Burre-roots boiled and ferved inafter the fame manner ; alfo Broths in the Spring-time
of Vine-buds, and the ercen blades of wheat. And touching the preferving of the Lz. .
ver thus much.

The Heart receiveth benefit or harm moft from the 4ir which we breath, from 26.
Vapours, and from the Affedions. New many of thofe things which have been for-
merly {poken touching the Spirits may be transferred hither; but that indigeftedmafs
of Cordials collected by | hyficians avails little to our intentions notwithftanding
thofe things which are found to be good againft Poyfons may with good judgment
be given to ftrengthen and fortifie the Heart, efpecially if they be of that kind, that
they do not fo much refift the particular poyfons as arm the heart and fpirits againft poy-

— general. And touching the feyeral Cordials, you may repair to the Table already
et down,

The goodnefs of the Air is better known by experience than by figns. We hold 27.
that Air to be belt where the Country is level and plain, and that lieth open
on all fides, fo that the foil be dry, and yet not barren or fandy; which puts forth

4 ae i wild

The Hiftory of Life and Death.

Wild Thyme, and Eye-bright, and a kind of Marjoram, and here and there ftalks of €a-
lamint; which is notaltogether yoid of wood, but conyeniently ‘fet with fome Trees
for fhade ; where the Sweet-briar-refe {melleth fomething Musky and Aromatically. if
there be Rgvers, we fuppofe them rather hurtful than good, unlefs they be very {mall,
and clear,and gravelly. ere

It is certain that the morning air is more lively and refrefhing than the evening azr,
though the latter be preferr’d out of delicacy. als

We conceive alfo, that the air ffirred witha gentle windis more wholefome than
the air of a ferene and calm skie; -but the belt is, the wind blowing from the #¢/ in the
morning, and from the North in the afternoon.

Odoxrs axe efpecially profitable forthe comforting of the heart, yet not fo as though
ag ood odour were the prerogative of a good air: for itiscertain,that as there are fome
Peftilential airs which finell not fo illas-others that are lefs hurtful; fo, on the contra-
ry, there are fome airs moft wholfome and friendly to the /pirits, which either felt

r

not at all, or arelefs pleafing and fragrant to the fenfe. And generally, where the azr is

good, odexrs fhould be taken but now and then; for a continual odour, though never
fo good, is burthenfome to the fpirzts.

We commend above all others (as we have touched before) odowr of Plants, grow-
ing, and not plucked, taken in the open arr: the principal of that. kind are Violets,
Gulltflowers, Pinks, Beas-flomers, Lime-tree-bloffoms, Vine-buds, Honey-fuckles, yellow Walls
flowers, Musk. Kofes, (for other Rofes growing are faftof theirfinells ) Scrawberry-leaves,
efpecially dying, Sweet-briar, principally in the carly Spring, wild int, Lavender flowered ;

or fit near the breath of thefe Plaats would not be neglected.

For the comforting of the Heart, we prefer cool {mels before hot fmells : therefore

the beft perfume is, either in the morning, or about the heat of the day, to take an equal
portion of Vinegar, Rofe-water, and Claret-1 ine, andto pour them upon a Fire-pan fome-
what heated.
Neither let ws be thought to facrifice to our Mother the €arth, though we advils,
that in digging or ploughing the Earth for health, a quantity of claret-wine be poured
thereon.
Grenge-flower-water, pure and good, with a {mall portion of Rofe-water and brisk wane,

{nufted up into the noftrils, or putinto thenoftrills with a Springe, after the manner of an |

Errlune, (but not too frequently) is very good.

But champing (though we have no Bete) or holding in the mouth onely of fuch
things as cheer the Spirits, (even daily done ) is exceeding comfortable. Therefore
for that purpofe make Graéas or little cakes of Amber-griese, Musk, Lignum-<dloes,
Lignum Khodinm,Orras Powder,and Rofes; and let thofe Grass or Cakes bemade up with
Kofe-water which hath pafled through alittle Indian Balfam.

The Vapoxrs which arifing from things inwardly taken do fortifie and cherith the
heart ought to have thefe three properties, that they be Friendly, Clear, and Cooling;
for hot vapours are naught, and » zneit {elf, which is thought to have onely an heating
vapour, isnot altogether void of an Opiate quality, Now we call thofe vapours Clear
which have more of the vapour than of the exhalation, and which are not finoaky, or
fuliginous, or untuous, but moift and equal. 9

Out of that unprofitable rabble of cordials, a few ought to betaken into daily diet :

inftead of all, aber- griece, Saffron, and the grain of Kermes, of the hotter fort; Roots

of Buglofiand Borrage, Citrons, Sweet Limons,and Pearmains, of the colder fort, Alfothat
way which we faid, both Gold and Pearls work a good cftcét, not onely within the

veins, butin their paflage, and aboutthe partsnearthe heart ; namely, by cooling, with- f

out any malignant quality.

OF Bezoar-ftowe we believe well, becaufe of many trials: but then the manner of
taking it ought to be fuch, as the vertue thereof may more cafily be communicated to
the fpzrsts: therefore we approve not the taking of it in Broths or Syrups, or in Rofe-
water, or any fuch like ; but oncly in wine, Cinnamon-water, or thelike diftilled water,
but that weak or {mall, not burning or ftvong,

Of the -4ffeé#ions we have {poken before ; we onely adde this, That every Noble, and.
R ¢folute, and (asthey call it) Heroical Defire, ftrengthneth and inlargeth the powers of
the Heart, And touching the Heart thus much.

As

ARR ENRE. 6 pales)

and in the hotter Countries, Orenge-tree, Citron-tree,AMyrtle,Lanrel: Therefore to walk |

45

40.

The Hiftory of Life and Death.

As for the Brain, wherethe Scatand Court of the Animal sfirits is kept, thofe things
which were inquired before touching Opéwm, and Nitre, and the Sabor dinates to them
both, alfo touching the procursng of placsd fleep, may likewife be referred hither. This

| alfo is moft certain, that the Brasz is in fome fort in the cuftody of the Stomach; and
therefore thofe things which comfort and ftrengthen the Stomach do help the Brasn
by confent,and may no lefs be transferred hither. _Wewill adde a few Obfervations,
three Outward, one Inward. ~

We would have barhing of the Feet to be often ufed, at leaft once in a week : ‘and
the Bath to be made of Lye with Bay-falz, anda little Sage, Chamomule, Fennel, Sweet-
marjoram, and Pepper-wort, with the leaves of Angellica green.

We commendalfo aF#me or Suffumigation every morning of dried Rofemary, Bay-
leaves dried, and Lignum-Aloes: for all {weet Gams opprefs the head.

Efpecially care muft be taken that no bot things be applied to the Head outwardly ;
fuch are all kind of Spices, the very Nstmeg not excepted : for thofe hot things we
debafe them to the foles of the Feet, and would have them applied there onely ; buta
light anointing of the Head with dsl, mixed with Rofes, Myrtle, anda lide Sale and Saf-
fron, we much commend.

Not forgetting thefe things which we have beforedelivered touching Opiares, Nitre,
and the like, which fo much condenfe the spirits ; we think it not impertinent to that
effeét, thatonce in fourteen days sroth be taken in the morning with three or four grains

of (aftoreum, and alittle angelsca-feed, and Calamus, which both fortifie the zrasn, and
in that aforefaid denfity of the fubftance of the /pzrits, ( fo neceflary to long life ) adde
alfo a vivacity of moron and vigour to them.

In handling the Comforters of the four princspal bowels, webave propounded thofe
things which are both proper and choice , and may fafely and conveniently be tranf-

| ferred into Diets and Regiment of Life : forvariety of «Medicines isthe Daughter of
Ignorance ; and it is not more truc, that many Dt/hes have canfed many Difeafes, as the
Prover} is, than this is true, that many CAedsCines havecanfed few Cures, Andtouch-
ing ws Operation upon the principal Bowels for their Extrufion of -Aliment , thus
muc

4t.

42.

45:

44

45:

|

The Operation upon the Outward Parts for their
ef itraction of Aliment. 6.. —

The Hiffory.

Lthough a good Coxcoffion performed by the /award Parts be the principal to- &
wards a perfect Alimentation ; yet the Actions of the Oxtward Parts ought
alfo to concur ; that like as the Jmrard Faculty fendeth forth and extrudeth the
Aliment, fo the Faculty of the Outward Parts may call forth and attract the fame: and
the more weak the ‘Faculty of Concoftion {hall be, the more need isthere of a concurring
help of the Attraitive Faculty.
A ftroag Attraction of the outward parts is chiefly canfed by the motion of the Body,. 3.
| by which the parts being heatedand comforted, do more chearfully call forth and aztraét
the Aliment unto themfelves.
. But this ismoft of all to be forefeenand avoided,that the fame motion and heat which 5:
\ calls the new juice to the members, doth not again defpoil the member of that juice
wherewith it had been before refrefhed.
Frications ufed in the morning ferye efpecially to this Jntention: but this muft 4
evermore accompany them, that after the Frication the part be lightly anointed with
Oil, et the Attrition of the outward parts make them by Perfpiration dry and
juicelefs. j
The next is Exercife, (by which the parts confricate and chafe themfelves) fo os ;
H 3 ie

6.

Ze

~The Hiftory of Life and Death. ef

be moderate, and which (as was noted before) is not fwift, nor to the utmoft ftrength,
nor unto wearinefs. But in Exercife and Frication there is the fame reafon and caution,
that the body may not perfpire or exhale too much : Therefore Exercife is better in
the open air than inthe houfe, and better in Winter thanin Summer ; and again, Exer-
cife is not enely to be concluded with Unétion, as Frication is, but in vehement Ex-
ercifes Unction is to be ufed both in the beginning and in the end, as it was anciently
to Champions.

That £xercife may refolve either the fpirits or the juices as little as may be, it is
neceflary that it be ufed when the ftomach is not altogether empty : andtherefore that
it may not be ufed upona full ftomach, ( which doth much concern health) nor yet
upon an empty ftomach , (which doth no lefs concern long life) it 1s beft to take a
breakfaft in the morning, not of any Phyfical Drugs, or ofany Liquors or of Raifins,
or of Figs, or the like; butof plain Meat and Drink, yet that very light,and in moderate
quantity.

Exercsfés ufed for the irrigation of the members, ought to be equal to all the mem
bers; not (as Socrates faid) that the Legs fbould move, and the Arms Jhould reft, or
on the contraty; but that all the parts may participate of the motion. And it is alto.
gether requifite to long life, that the Body thould neverabide long in one pofture, but
that every half hour, at leaft, it change the pofture, faving onely in fleep. a

Thofe things which are ufed to A4Zortification may betransferred to Vivification: for
both Hair. fhirts, and Scourgings, and all yexations of the outward parts, do fortifie the
Attractive force of them.

Cardan commends Netthng, even to let out Adelancholly : but of this we have no ex-
perience ; and befides, we have no good opinion of it, left, through the venemous
quality of the Zertle, it may with often ufe breed Itches and other difeafes of the skin.
And touching the Operation upon the Outward Parts for their Attraflion of Ahment,
thus much.

The Operation upon the eAliment it felf for —
| the Infinuation thereof. 7.

The Hiftory.

| He vulgar reproof touching many Difhes doth rather become a fevere Re-
former than a Phyfician ; or howfoever it may be good for perfervation of
health, yet it is hurtful to length of life, by reafon that a various mixture of
Aliments, andfomewhatheterogencous, finds a paflage into the veins and juices of the
body more lively and chearfully than a fimple and homogeneous diet doth ; befides, it
is more forcible to ftir up Appetite, whichis the {pur of Digeftion. Theretore we,
| allow both a fll Table, and a continual changing of Difbes, according to the Seafons of
| the year, or upon other occafions. :
| Alfo that opinion of the Simplicity of “Meats without Sawces is but a fimplicity of
| judgment ; for good and well-chofen Sawces are the molt wholefome preparation of.
eMeats, and conduce both to health and to long life.

It muft be ordered, that with Meats hard of digeftion be conjoyned ftrong Liquors .
' and Sawces that may penetrate and make way ; but with Meats more eafie of digefti-
| on, {maller Liquorsand fat Sawces.

Whereas we advifed before, that the firft Draught at Supper thould be taken warnr;
now we adde, that for the preparation of the ftomach, a good draught of that Liquor
| (to which every man is moft accuftomed) be taken warm half an hour before meat
| alfo, but a little {piced, to pleafe the tafte. : ;
| The prepatation of Meats, and Bread, and Drinks, that they may be rightly hand-
‘Jed, and in order to this Intention, is of exceeding great moment howfocyer itmay

_feem a Mechanical thing, and favouring of the Kitchin and Buttery; yet it is of more

confequence than thofe Fables of Gold and precious Stoncs,and the like,

The

SR reget tees 3 ee a pe ET EET LE Sw

The Hiftory of Life and Death. AT

The moiftning of the juices of the body by a moift preparation of the aliment, isa 6.
childifla thing ; 1t may be fomewhat available againit the fervours of difeafes, but it is
altogether averfe to tofcidalimentation. Therefore boiling of meats, as concerning

' our Intention, is farinfcriour to roafting, and baking, and the like.

Roafting ought to be witha quick fire, and foon difpatched ; not with a dull fire, and
| inlong time.

All folid flefhes ought to be ferved in, not altogether frefh, but fomewhat pow-

dered or corned; the lefs Salt may be {pent at the table with them, or nonce at all:

| for Salt incorporated with the meat before is better diftributed in the body, then eaten
withitatthe table. ;

There would be brought into ufe feveral and good Macerations, and Infusions of
Heats in convenient Liquors, before the roafting of them: the like whereof are fome-
time in ufe before they bake them, andin the Pickles of fome Fithes.

But beatings, and as it were fcourgings, of flefh-meats before they be boiled, would
| work no fall matter. We fee it is confefled that Partridges and Pheafants killed with
an Hawk, alfo Bucks and stags killed in tenting, (if they ftand not out too long, eat
better even tothe tafte ; and fome Fsfbes {courged and beaten, become more tender
| and wholfome ; alfo hard and four Pears, andfome other Fruits, grow fiveet with row-
| ling them. It were good to practife fome fuch beating and bruifing of the harder kinds
of Flethes before they be broughtto the fire ; and this would be one of the beft prepa-
rations of all.

Bread a little leyened, and very little falted, is beft, and which is baked in an Oven
throughly heated,and not with a faint hear.

The preparation of Drinks in order to long life fhallnot exceed one Precept. And
| as touching water drinkers wehave nothing to fay ; fucha diet (as we faidbefore) may
| prolong lite to an indifferent term,but to no eminent length ; but in other Drinks, that
are full of fpirit, ({uch as are 4 sxe, Ale, Adead, andthelike) this one thing isto be ob-
ferved and purfued, as the fum of all, That the parts of the Liquor may be exceeding
thin and fubiil, and the Spérs exceeding mild. ‘This is hard to be done by Age alone,
for that makes the parts alittle morefubtil, but the {pirits much more fharp and eager:
therefore of the /nfujions in the Veflcls of fome fat fubftance, which may reftrain the
acrimony of the fpirits, counfel hath been given before. There is alfo another way
without Jnfufion or eMixture : this is, that the Liquormight be continually agitated,
either by carriage upon the Water, or by carriage by Land, or by hanging the vel-
| fels upon lines, and daily ftirring them, or fome fuch other way: for itis certain that
, this /ocal motion doth both fubtilize the parts, and doth fo incorporate and compact the

2

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~ fpicits with the parts, that they have no leifure to turn to fowrnefs, which is a kind of
| pxtrefathon,
{ Burin cxtrcam old age fuch a preparation of meats is to be made as may be almoftin
the iniddle way to c/ylus. Andtouching the Déjfillations of Meats,they are mere toys ;
| for the Natritive part, at leaft the beft of it, doth not afcend in Vapours.
| Fhe incorporating of meat and drink before they meet in the ftomach is a degree
| ta chylus : thercforc let Chickens, or Partridges, or Pheafants, or the like, be taken
and boiled in water witha little falt, then let them be cleanfed and dried, after-
| ose let them be infufed in AZ«/? or Ale before it hath done working, with a little
| oagar,
| Alfo Grazies of meat, and the mincings of them fmall well feafon’d, are good for
, old perfons ; and the rather, for that they are deftituted of the office of their Teethin
t chewing, which is a principal kind of preparation.
| And as for the helps of that defe&; ( namely, of the ftrength of Teerb to grind the
meat) there are three things which may conducethereunto. Firft, that new Teeth may
| put forth; that which feems altogether difficult, and cannot be accomplithed without
| an inward and powerful reftauration of the body. Secondly, that the Paws be fo con-
firmed by due «/rengents,that they may infome fort fupply the office ofthe Teeth; which
| may poflibly be effeéted. Thirdly, thatthe meat be fo prepared, that there fhall be no
need of chewing: which remedy is ready at hand. :
We have fome thoughtalfo touching the Quantity of the meat and drink, that the
fame taken in a larger quantity at fome times is good for the irrigation of the body ;
therefore both great Feaftings and free Drinkings aie not altogether to be inhibited.

And touching the @peratson upon the Aliments andthe Preparation of them, thus much.
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The Hiftory of Life and Death.

The Operation upon the laf ec of Afsimilation. Baan:

Ouching the laft 4 @ of Affimilation (unto which the three Operations immediate ly
preceeding chiefly tend ) our advice fhall be brief and fingle: and the thing is felf ra-

ther needs Explication, than any various Rules.

|
| ;

which are next them, . This the rare and pneumatical bodies, as Flame, Spirit, arr,

ie is certain, that all bodies are endued withfome defire of .4/fimilating thofe things

erform generoufly and with alacrity : onthe contrary, thofethatcarry a grofs and
tangible bulk about them, do but weakly, in regard that the defire of affimilating other
things is boundin by a f{tronger defire of Reft,and containing them{elves from Motion. |

Again, it is certain that the defire of affimilatiag being bound, as we {aid, in a Grols
body, and made uneffe€ual, is fomewhat freed and ftirred up by the heat and neighbour
iag fptrit, fo that it is then aGtuated: which is the onely caufe why Jnanimares affimi-
late not, and Animates affimilate.

This alfo is certain, that the harder the Confiftence of the body is, the more doth
that body ftand in need of a greater heat to prick forward the affimilation > which falls
outill forold men, becaufe in them the partsare more obftinate, and the heat weaker ;
and therefore cither the obftinacy of their parts is to befoftned, or their heat increafed.
And as touching the 4talace/Jation or mollifying of themembers, we thall {peak afterward,
haying alfo formerly propounded many things which pertain to the prohibiting and
preventing of this Kind of hardnefs. For the other, touching the increafing of the
heat, we will now deliver a fingle precept, after we have firft affumed this 4xtom.

The 4% of 4ffimilation ( which, as we faid, is excited by the heat circumfufed) is
a motion exceeding accurate, fubtile, and in little; now all fuch motions do then
come to their vigour, when the local Afotion wholly ceafeth which difturbeth it. For
the Motion of Separationinto komogeneal. patts, which isin Milk, that the Cream fhould
fwim above, and the Whey fink to the bottom, will never work, if the Milk benever
fo little agitated ; neither will any Putrefation proceed in Water or mixt Bodies, if
the fame be in continual Local Motion. So then, from this -Affzmption we will conclude
this for the prefent Inquifition.

The 4¢f it {clf of affimilation is chiefly accomplifhed in Steep and Reft, efpecially
towards the morning, the diftribution being finithed. Therefore we have nothing
elfeto advife, but that men keep themfelves hot intheir fleep ; and further,that towards
the morning there be ufed fome Anointing, or fhirt tincted with Oil, fuch as may gently
ri up heat, and after that to fall afleep again. And touching the laft act of 4ffinsilation
thus much. :

=e

The Operation upon the Inteneration of that which begins to
be Avefied, or thee A\ALalaciffation of the Body. 9.

V V: E have inquired formerly touching the Intencration from within, which is done by

many windings and Circuits, as well of Alimentation 4s of Detaining the Spirit
from iffuing forth, and therefore 1s accomplifhed fowly. Now we are to inquire touching
that Intencration which is from without, andis effelted, as it were, fuddenly 5 or touching
the Malaciffation azd Suppling of the Body.

The Hiftory.

propounded this way of accomplifhing the fame, That the Old man’s body fhould

li the Fable of reftoring Pelias to youth again, Afedea, when ‘the feigned to do it
be cut into feveral pieces, andthenboiled ina Cauldron with certain Medicaments,

|
|
|

There may, perhaps,fome boiling be required to this matter,but the cutting into pieces

is not needful.

Not- i

4

.
:

The Hiftory of Life and Death. |

_Notwith{tanding, this cutting into picces feems, in fome fort, to be ufcful; not |
with a knife, but wi dement. For whereas the Confiftence of the Powels and
Partsisvery diverfe, it Sncedtull that the Iuteneration of them both be not effected te

fame way, but that 2 be a Cure defigned of each in particular, befides thole things |

which pertain to the Igtencration of the whole mais of the Body; of which, norwith-
ftanding, in the firlt place. ;

1 This Operation (if perhaps it be within our power) is molt likely to be done by
Baths, UnGtions, and the ke; concerniag which thele things that follow are to be
obferved.

We mutt not be too forward in hoping to accomplith this matter fromthe Exam-
| ples of thofe things which we fee done in the Jmbibitions and Adscerations of nani-
mates, bry which they are intenerated, whereof we introduced fome inftances before :
For this kind of operation is more cafie upon /nanimsates, becaufe they attract
and fuck in the Liquor ; but upon the bodies of Living creatures it is har
der, becaufe in them the motion rather tendeth outward and to the Circ#m-
ference.

Therefore the Fmollient Baths which are in ufe do little good, but on the contrary
hart, becaufe they rather draw forth than make entrance, and refolye the ftructure of
the body rather than confolidate it.

The Barks and Unétiens which may ferve to the prefent operarion (namely, of Jnte-
\ nerating the body truly and really) ought to have three properties,

The firft and principal is, That they confift of thofe things which in their whole
fubftance are like unto the bedy and fle/h of man, and which have a feeding and narfing
virtue from without.

The fecond is, That they be mixed with fuch things as through the /ubelty of their

EE

_| parts may make entrance, and {fo infinuate and conyeigh their nonrs/hing virtue into the

body.

The third is, That they receive fome mixture (though much inferiour to the reft)
of fuch things as are //frimgent ; 1 mean not four or tart things , but unctuous and
comforting ; that while the other two do operate, the exhaling out of the body, which

‘deftroyeth the yirtue of the things sztenerating, may (as much asis poffible) be pro-
hibited ; and the motion to the inward parts, by the -friéfion of the skin and clofing
of the paflages, may be promoted and furthered.

That which is moft con(ub/ftantral to the body of man is warm Bloud, either of man,
or of fome other living creature : but the device of Ficinis, touching the fucking of
blowd out of the arm of a wholefome young man, for the reftauration of ftrength in
oldmen, is very frivolous; for that which nourifheth from within ought no way to
be equal or homogeneal to the body nourifhed, but in fome fort inferiour and fubor-
dinate, that it may be converted: but in things applied outwardly, by bow much the
{ubftance is bier, by fo much the confent is better.

Ithath been anciently received, that a Bath made of the bloxd of Infants willcure the
Leprofie, and heal the fleth already putrefi'd ; infomuch that this thing hath begot envy
towards fome Kivgs from the common people.

Itis reported that Heraclitus, for cure of the Dropfie, was put into the warm belly of an
oxnewly flain.

They ufe the blond of Kitlins warm to cure the dsfeafe called St. e4uthony’s Fire, and
to reftore the fleth and skin.

An Arm or other Adember newly cutoff, or that upon fome other occafion willnot
leave bleeding, is with good fuccefs put into the belly of fome creatures newly repped up,
for it worketh potently to ftanch the blond ; the bloudof the member cut off by con-
fent fucking in; and vehemently drawing to it felf, the warm blowd of the creature flain,
whereby it felf is {topped and retireth.

It is much ufed in extreme and defperate difeafes to cut in two young Pigeons, yet
living , and apply them to the foles of the feer, and to fhift them one after another,
whereby fometime there followeth a wonderful cafe. This is imputed vulgarly as if
they fhould draw down the malignity of the difcafe ; but howfoeyver, this application
goeth to the Head, andcomforteth the Animal Spirits.

But thefle bloudy Baths and Unétions feem to us fluttith and odious: let us fearch
out fome others, which perhaps have lefs loathfomenefs in them, and yct no lefs
beacfit.

i

——

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9

10.

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33.

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~ | haye held their Nofes in the place for a certain time, and fo

28.

The Hiflory of Lifeand Death.

Next unto warm Bloud, things altke in fubstance to the Bod y of a man are matritives ;
fat flefbes of Oxen, Swine, Dear; Ciffers amonglt Fifbes ; Adil, Butter, Yolks of
Eggs, Flower of Wheat, fweet wine, cither Sugred, or before it be fined.

such things as we would have mixed to make impreffion are, inftead of all, Salts,
efpecially Bay-falt; allo Wine (when it is full of Spirit ) maketh entrance, and is an
excellent Convoy.

Affringents of that kind which we defcribed, namely, un€tuous and comfortable
things, are Saffron, ~Maflick, —AMoyrrhe, and -Myrtle berries.

Of thefe parts, in our judgment, may very well be made fuch a Bath as we defign + }
Phyficiansand Pofterity will find out better things hereafter.

But the Operation will be much better and more powerful, if fuch a Bath as we have
propounded ( which we holdtobe the principal matter ) be attended with a fourfold
Courfe and Order.

Firft, that there go before the Bath a Frisation of the body, and an Anointing with
il, with fome thickning fubftance, that the virtue and moiftning heat of the Bath may
pierce the body, andnotthe watry part of the Liquor. Then let the Bath follow, for
thef{paceof fometwohours, After the Bath, letthe body be Emplaiftcred with Moa-

flick, Myrrhe, Tragacanth, Diapalma, and Saffron ; that the per{piration of the body
may (as much as is poffible ) be inhibited, till the /upple matter be by degrces turned
into folid: This to be continued for the {pace of twenty four hours or more. Laftly,
the Emplaiftering being removed, let there be an anointing with Oz! mixed with Salt and
Saffron, And let this Bath, together with the Emplaistering and Unthon, (as before)
be renewed every fifth day. This A¢alaci{fation or fuppling of the body be continued
for one whole month.

Alfo during the time of this AZalaci/fation, we hold it ufeful and proper,and accord.
ing to our intention, that men nourifh their bodies well, and keep out of the cold air,
and drink nothing but warm drink. ;

Now this is one of\thofe: things (as we warned in general in the beginning )
whereof we haye made no trial by Experiment, but onely fet it down out of our }
aiming and levelling at the end: Forhaving fet up the Mark, we deliver the Light to
others. :

Neither ought the warmrhs and cherifhings of living bodies tobe neglected. Ficinus
faith, and that ferioufly enough, That the laying of the young Maid in David's bofom
was wholfome for him, but it came too late. He {hould alfo have added, That the young

Maid, after the manner of the Perfian Virgins,oughtto haye been anointed with Adyrrhe,
and fuch like, not for delicioufnefs, but to increafe the yirtue of this cherifhing by a
living body. : BONG

Barbaroffa, in his extream old age, by the advice ofa Phyfician, a few, did cone }
tinually apply young Boys to his ftomach and belly, for warmth and cherifhing: alfo
fome old men lay Whelps (creatures of the hotteft kind) clofe to their ftomachs eyery
night.

Pihire hath gone a report, almoft undoubted, and that under feveral names, of cer-

tain men that had great Nofes, who being weary of the derifion of people, have cut

_ off the bunches or hillocks of their Nofes, and then making a wide gafh in their arms,

sles forth fairand comes

| ly Nofes: Which if it be true, it fhews plainly the con/ént of fle/h unto flefh, efpecially
in /eve fle/hes.

i idctiae the particular Inteneration of the principal Bowels, the Stomach, L ungs, Liver;
Heart, Brain, Marrow of the Back- bone, Guts, Reins, Gall, Veins, arteries, Nerves, Carti-
lages,Rones,the Inguiftion and ‘Direction would be too long fecing we now fet not forth

| a Prathick , but certain Indications to the Prattick.

The Hiflory of Life and Death. 51

The Operation upon the Purging away of old Fuice,and Sup- |
plying of uew Fuice, or of Renovation by Turns. 10. |

The Hiftory.

Lthough thofe things which we fhall here fetdown have been, for themoft part,
A fpoken of before; yet becaufe this Opération is one of the principal, we will
handle them over again more at large. |
Te is certain that Draught-O.xen which have been worn out with working, being put I.
|} into freth and rich paftures, will gather tender and young flcth again : and this will ap-
} pear even to the tafte and palat ; fo that the Imreneratson of fleth is no hard matter.
"Now it is likely that this Jntewerationof the fle/h being often repcated,will in time reach
tothe /ntenerarion of the Bones and Membranes,and like parts of the body.
" It is certain that Diets which are now much in ufe, principally of Gmatacum, and of 2.
Sarfaperilla, China, and Safafras, if they be continued for any time, and according to
ftriG& rules, do firft attenwate the whole jxice of the body, and after confume it and
drink itup. Which is moft manifeft, becaufe that by thefe Diets the French-Pox,
when it is grown even to an hardnefs, and hath eaten up and corrupted the very mar-
row of the body, may be effectually cured. And further, becaufe it is manifeft that
men who by thefe diets are brought to be extream lean, pale, and as it were ghotts,
will foon after become fat, well-coloured, and apparently young again. Wherefore
we are abfolutely of opinion, that fuch kind of diets in tbe decline of age, being ufed |
every year, would be very ufeful to our Intention ; like the old skin or {poil of Ser-
ents.
r We do confidently affirm, (neither Iet any man reckon us among thofe Hereticks rs
which were called Cathars ) that often Purges, and made even familiar to the body,are
more available tolong life than Exercifes and Sweats: and this muft nceds be fo, if that
be held, which is already laid for aground, That Unctions of the body, and Oppletion
of the paflages from without, and Exclafion of air, and Detaining of the fpirit within
the mais of the body, do much conduce to long life. For it ismoft certain, that by |
| Sweats and outward Perfpirations not only the Humours and excrementitious vapours
; are exhaled and confumed, but together with them the juices alfo and good fpirits,
} which are not fo cafily repaired: but in Purges (unlefsthey be very immoderate) itis
| not fo, fecing they work principally upom the Humors. But the beft Purges for this
| Intention are thofe which aretaken immediately beforemeat, becaufe they dry the body
leis ; and therefore they muft be of thofe Purgezswhich do leaft trouble the belly.
{ Thefe Intentions of the Operations which we have propounded (as we conceive) are
moj? true, the Remedies fasthful tothe Intentions. Neither #s1t credsble tobe told (al.
| though not a few of thefe Remedies may feem but vulgar) withwhat care and choice they
have bzen examined by wz, that they might be (the Intention not at all impeached) both
fafe and effcttual Experience, no doubt, will both verifie and promote thefe matters:
And fuch, in all things, are the works of every prudent counfel, rhat they are Admi-
rable #2 shesr EffeG&s, Excellent aljo in their Order, but Seeming Vulgar sa the Way
and Means.

The Porches of Death.

—— ee

E are now to engusre touching the Porches of Death, that 15, touching thofe things
_ which happen unto men at the point of Death, both a little before and after ; that
| fecimg there are many.Paths which lead to Death, it may be underftood tn what Commen

; I2 z ; way

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| The Hiflory of. Life and Death.

| way they all end, efpectally sn thofe Deaths which ave caufed by Indigence of Nature
| rather than by Violence: although fonsething of this latter alfo muff be snferted, becanfe
| of the connexton of things. ; + eens mii

The Hiftory.

He living Spirit ftands in need of three things that it may fubfit; (oxvement
Motion, Temperate R gfrigeration,and Fit edliment. Fame feems to ftand in
need but of two of thefe, namely , Afotion and Aliment; becaurfe Flame is a
| fimpte fubftance, the Spirit a compounded, infomuch that if it approach fomewlhat too
| near toa flamy nature, it overthroweth it felf. Py i

Alfo Flame by a greater and ftronger Flame is extinguifhed and flain, as Arzftetle well
nored, much more the Sperit. Re

Flame, if it be much comprefied and ftreightned, is extinguithed ; as we may fee in.|
a Candle having a Glafs caft over it; for the Air being dilated by the heat, doth con- |
trude and thruft together the Flame, and {o lefleneth it, and.in the end extinguifheth it;
and fires on hearths will not flame if the fuel be thruft clofe together without any fpace
for the flame to break forth,

Alfo things fired are extinguifhed with compreffion ; as if you prefs a burning coal
hard with the Tongs or the toot, it is ftreight extinguifhed.

But to come to the Spirit: if Bloud or Phlegm get into the Ventricles of the
Brain , it caufeth fudden death , becaufe the. Spirit hath no.room to moye it
felf. i

Alo a great blow on the head induceth fudden death, the Spirits being ftreightned
within the Ventricles of the Brain.

Opism and other {trong Stupefattives do coagulate the Spirit, and deprive it of the
motion. ;

A venemous Vapour, totally abhorred by the fpirit,caufeth fudden death: as in deadly
poifons,which work (asthey callit) by a {pecifical malignity ; for they {trike a loath-
ing into the Spirit, that the {pirit will no mere move it felf, nor rife againft a thing fo
much detefted.

Alfo extreme Drunkennefs or extreme Feeding fometime caufe fudden death,
fecing the {piritis not oncly opprefled with over. much condenfing, or the malignity
of the vapour, ( as in Opium and malignant poifons ) but alfo with the abundance of |
the Vapours. ’ a

Extreme Grief or Fear, efpecially if they be fudden, (as it isin a fad and unexpected
meflage) caufe fudden death. : alae

Notonely over-much Compreffion, but alfo over-much Dilatation of the fpirit, is
dead le

List exceffive and fudden have bereft many of theirlives.

In greater Eyacuations,as when they cut men for the Drepfie, the waters flow forth
abundantly ; much more in great and fudden fluxes of bloud oftentimes prefent
| death followeth : and this happens by the mere flight of Vacnum within the body,
_all the parts moving to fill the empty places, and amongft the reft the fpirits

themfelves. For as for flow fluxes of blood, this matter pertains to the indigence
| of nourifhment, not to the diffufion of the fpirits. And touching the motion
of the fpirit fo far, either comprefled or diffufed, that it bringeth death, thus
‘much.
| We mutt come next to the want of Refrigeration. Stopping of the breath caufeth
fudden death, as in all faffocation or ftrangling. “Now it{eems this matter is not fo
much to be referred to the impediment of Motion , as to the impediment of Refri-
geration; for air over-hor, though attracted freely, doth no lefs fuffocate than if
breathing were hindred; as it 4s 1n them who’ have been fomctime f{uffocated with
burning coals, or with char- coal, or with walls newly plaiftered in clofe chambers
‘where a fire ismade: whichkind of death is reported to have been the end of the
Emperor J ovinian. The like happeneth from dry Baths over heated, which was pra- .
Gtifed inthe killing of Faxfta,wifeto (onftantinethe Great. — 4
ft is a very {mall time which Nature taketh to repeat the breathing, and in

which
we ere en TR

The Hiftory of Life and Death, 53 |

which the defireth to expel the foggy air drawn into the Langs, and to take in tiew,
fearce the third part of a minute.
* Again, the beating of the Msi/e, and the motion of the Spftole and Diaffole of the
| heart, are three times quicker than that of breathing : infomuch thatif it were poffi-
| ble that that motion of the heart could be ftopped without {topping the breath, death
, would follow more {pedily thereupon than by ftrangling.
Notwithftanding, ufe and cuftom prevail much in this natural a@ion of breathing ;
| asitis in the Dean Divers and Fithets for Pearl,who by long ule can hold their breaths
| at leaft ten times longerthan other men can do.
| Amonett living Creatures,even of thofe that have Luags, there are fome that areable
to hold their breaths a long time, and othersthat cannot hold them fo long, according
| as they need more or lefs refrigeration.
Fifbes need lefs cefrigeration than Terreffrial (reatures, yet fome they veed, and

eS

take it by their Gills. And as Terreffrial Creatures cannot bear the air that is too

hot or too clofe; fo Fs/bes are fuftocated in waters if they be totally and. long
| frozen.
| © Ifthe Spirit be aflaulted by another heat greater than it felf, it is diffipated and de-
| ftroyed : for it cannot bear the proper eat without refrigeration, much lefs can it
_ bear another heat which is far ftronger. This is to be feen in burning- Fevers, where
- the heat of the putrefied humours doth exceed the native heat, even to extinction or
\ diffipation. ;

' The want alfo and ufe of Sleep is referred to Reftigeration. For Motion doth atte-

nuate and rarifie the fpirit, and doth fharpen and increafe the heat thereof; contra-
| rily, sleep fetleth and reftraineth the motion and padding of the fame : for though

Sleep doth ftrengthen and advance the aétions of the parts and of the livelefs {pi-
rits, and all that motion which is to the circumference of the body 5 yet it doth in
| great part quict and ftill the proper motion of the ving Spirit. Now fleep regu-
’ Tarly is due unto humane nature once within four and twenty hours, and that for fix

or five hours at the leaft : though there are, even in this kind, fometimes miraclcs of
| Nature; as itis recorded of 4ecezas , that he flept not for a long time before his
death. And as touching the want of Refrigeration for conferving of the Spirit thus
much.

As concerning the third Jnaicence, namely of Aliment, it feems to pertain rather to
| the parts than to the //ving Spsrit ; for a man may eafily belicve that the Aving “pirst
fublifteth in Identity, not by fucceffion or renovation. And as for the reafonable Soul
- | inman, itis above all queftionthatit 1s not engendred of the Soul of the Parents, nor ts

repaired, nor candie, They {peak of the Natural sprit of living Creatures, and alfo
| OF Vegctables, which differs from that other Soul eflentially and formally. For out of
| the contufion of thefe thatfame tranjinigration of Souls, and innumerable other devices

of Heathens and Hercticks have proceeded.
| The Body of man doth regularly require Renovation by Aliment every day, and a
| body in health can fcarce endure fafting three days together; notwithftanding ufe and
| cuftome will do much even in this cafe : but in ficknefs fafting is lefs grievous to the
i bedy. Alfo sleep doth fupply fomewhat to nourifhment ; and on the other fide
Exercife doth require it more abundantly. Likewife there have fome been found
| who fuftained themfelves (almoft to a miracle in nature) a very long time without
meat or drink.

Dead bodies if they benot intercepted by putrefattion, will fubfift along time with-
out any notablee4h/umption ; but Living bodtes notabove three days, (as we faid) un-
lefs they be repaired by nouri{hment: which theweth that quick 4b/amption to be

| the work of the /:veng Spirit, which either repairs it {clf, or puts the parts into a ne-
ceflity of being repaired, or both. This is teitified by thatalfo which was noted a little
before, namely, that leving creatures may fubfitt fomewhat the longer without Aliment
if they fleep: now fleep is nothing clie but a reception and retirement of the ving
Spirst intoit felf.

An abundant and continual effizxion of blood, which fomctimes happeneth in; — 25.
the Hamorrhoides, fometimes in vomitting of blood, the inward Veins being
unlocked or broken, fometimes by wounds, caufeth fudden death, in regard that

| the blond of the eins miniftreth to the Arteries » and the bloud of the erreries
to the Spirit,

; I 3 Epes! (To

20,

21.

22.

23.

246

ee | i a
i

The Hiftory of Life and Death. .

The quantity of meat and drink which aman, eating two mealsa day, receiveth into
his body is not fmall ; much more than he yoideth again either by ftool, or by urine,
or by fweating. You will fay, No marvel, feeing the remainder goeth into the juices

| and fubftance of the body. It is true; but confider then that this addition is made twice
| aday, and yet the body aboundethnot much, Inlike manner, though the {pirit be res
| paired, yet it grows not exceffively inthe quantity. "

It doth no good to have the Alimentready, ina degree removed, but to have itof that
kind, and fo prepared and fupplied that the {pirit may work upon it ; for the ftaff of
a Torch alone will not maintain the flame, unlefs it be fed with wax, neither can men
live upon herbs alone.And from thence comes the /aconcoétzon of oldage, that though
there be flefh and bloud, yet the {pirit is become fo penurious’ andjthin, and the
juices and bloud fo heartlefs and obftinate, that they hold no proportion to. s4i-
mentation.

Let us now caft up the accounts of the Needs and Jndigences, according to the ordi-,
nary and ufual courfe of nature. The Spirit hath need of opening and inoving it felf
in the Yentricles of the Brain and Nerves even continually, of the motion of the Heart
every third part of amoment, of breathing every moment, of fleep and nourifhment
once within three days, of the power of nourifhment commonly tll eighty years be
paft: And if any of thefe Jndigences benegleted, Deathenfucth. | So there are plainly
three Porches of Death; Deftitution of the Spirit in the Afotion, in the Refrigeration, |
in the Aliment.

It is an error to think that the Living Spirits perpetually generated and extinguifbed,
as Flame is, and abideth not any notable time: for even Flame it felf is not thus out of

| ¢ts own proper nature, but becaufe it liveth amongst enemics, for Flame within Flame
| endareth, Now the\ Living Spirit /:vethamong/t friends, andall due obfequioufne[s. Se
then, as Flame # a momentany fabftance, Aix is a fixed fubftance, the Living Spirit as
betwixt both,

Touching the extinguifhing of the Spirit by the deftruction of the Organs (which ws
caufed by Difeafes and Violence) we enquire not now, as we foretold in the beginning, al-
though that alfo endeth in the {amethreePorches. And touching the Form of Death st
[elf thus much,

There are two great forerunners of Death, the one fent fromthe Head, the other
from the Heart ; Convalfion, and the extreme labour of the Pale; for,asfor the deadly |
Hiccough, itis a kind of Coxvulfioa: But the deadly labour of the Pxi/fe hath that {
unufual {wiftnefs, becaufe the eave at the point of death doth fo tremble, that |
the Syfole and Diajfole thereof are almoft confounded. There is alfo conjoyned
in the Pz/fe a weaknefs and lownefs, and oftentimes a great intermiffion, becaufe
the motion of the’ Heart faileth, and is not able to rife againft the affault ftoutly or
conftantly.

The immediate proceeding figns of Death are, great unquietne(s and toffing in the
bed, fumbling with the hands, catching and grafping hard, gnathing with the teeth,
{peaking hollow, trembling of the neather lip, palenefs of the face, the memory con-
fuled, {peechlefs, cold {weats, the body {hooting in length, lifting up the white of
the cye, changing of the whole vilage, (as the nofe tharp, eycs hollow, cheeks fallen)
contraction and doubling of the coldnefs in the extreme parts of the body; in fome, |
fhedding of bloud or {perm, {hricking, breathing thick and fhort, falling of the nea-
ther chap, and fuchlike.

There follow Death a privation of all fenfe and motion, as well of the Heart and
Arteries as of the Nerves and Joynts, an inability of the body to fupport it felf upright,
ftiffnefs of the Nerves and parts, extream coldnefs of the whole body ; after a little },
while, putrefaction and ftinking.

Eeles, Serpents and the Infecta will move a long time in every partafter they are cut
afunder, infomuch that Country people think that the parts ftriye to joyn together
again. —Alfo Birds will flutecr a great while after their heads are pulled off ; and the _
hearts of living creatures will pant a long time after they are pluckedout. I remem-
ber T have feen the heart of one that was bowelled, as {uflering for High Treafon, that
being caft into the fire; leaped at the firft at leaft a foot and half in height, and after
by degrees lower and lower, for the fpace, as I remember, of feven or eight minutes.
There is alfo an ancient and credible Tradition of an 9x lowing afterhis bowels were |

| plucked out. But there isa more certain tradition of aman, who being under the:
Execu- |

ae a eee,

‘ : . ee

Lhe Hiftory of Life and Death. 35
i Exceutioner’s hand for high Treafon, after his Heart was plucked out and inthe

aed Se ae OS ee

.. cutioner’s hand, was heard to utter three or four words of prayer :_ which theretore
| we faid to be more credible than that of the 0x in Sacrifice, becaufe the triends of the
party fuffering do ufually give a reward to the Executioner to difpatch his office with
_ the more fpeed, that they may the fooner be rid of their pain ;- but in Sacrefives we
| fee no sade why the Pricft fhould be fo {peedy in his office.
For reviving thofe again which fall into fudden swooning and Catalepfes of aftoni/h-
ments, (in which Fits many, without prefent help, would utterly expire) thefe things
j are ufed; Putting into their mouths Water diftilled of Wine , which they call i ot-
| waters, and Cordial-« atzrs, bending the body forwards, ftoppingthe mouth and noftrils
hard, bending or wringing the fingers, pulling the hairs of the beard or head, rubbing
ofthe parts, efpecially the face and legs, fudden cafting of cold water upon the face,
fhrieking ont aloud and fuddenly ; putting Xe/é-warer to the noftrills with /snegar in
faintings ; burning of Feathers or Cloth in the fuffocation of the AZorher: but efpe-
| cially a Frying-pan heated red hot is good in 4poplexies ; alfo a'clofe embracing ef the
body hath helped fome.

There have been many examples of men in f{hew dead, either laid out upon the
cold floor, or carried forth to burial; nay, of fome buried in the earth, which not-
'withftanding have lived again, which hath been found in thofe that were buried (the
( earth being afterwards opened ) by the bruifing and wounding of their head, through
» the ftrugling of the body within the Coffin; whereof the moft recent and memo-

rable example was that of Foannes Scotus, called the Subil, anda School. man, who
being digged up again by his Servant, ( unfortunately abfent at his burial, and who
Knew his Mafters manner in fuch fits ) was found in that {tate : And the like happened
in our days in the perfon of a Player, buried at Cambridge. I remember tohaye heard
ofa certain Gentleman, that would nceds make trial in curiofity what men did feck that
were hanged ;_ fo he faftened the Cordabout kis neck, raifing himfelf upon a ftool, and
then letting himfelf fall, thinking it thould bein his power to recover the ftool at
his pleafure, which he failedin, but was helped by a friend then prefent. He was
_ | asked afterward what he felt. He faid he feleno pain, but firft he thought he faw before
his eyes a great fire and burning ; then he thought he faw all black and dark ; laftly
| it turned to a pale blew, or Sea-water green ; which colour is alfo often feen by them
| which fall into Swoonings. 1 have heard alfo of a Phyfician, yet living, who reco-
ijvered aman to life which had hanged himfelf, and had hanged half an hour, by Frz-
. | cations and hot Batts: And the fame Phyfician did profefs, that he made no doubt to
recover any man that had hanged fo long, fo his Neck were not broken with the firft
’

fwing.

The Differences of Youb and Old eAge.

to be born, to fuck, to be weaned, to feed upon Pap, to put forth Teeth the | 471icle.
’ firft time about the fecond year of age, to begin to go, to begin to fpeak, to
put forth Teeth the fecond time about feven years of age, to come to Puberty about
twelve or fourteen years of age, to be able for generationand the flowing of the A4en-
fir#a, to have hairsabout the legs and arm-holes, to put fortha Beard ; and thus long,
.and fometimes later, to grow in ftature, to come to full years of ftrength and agility, to
grow gray and bald ; the AZen(trwaccafing, and ability to generation, to grow decrepit
and a monfter with threelegs, todie. Mean-whilethe Mind alfo hath certain periods,
but they cannot be defcribed by years, as to decay in the «Memory, and the like; of
which hereafter.

The differences of Youth and old eAge are thefe: A young man’s skin is fmoeth
and plain, an old man’s dry and wrinkled, efpecially about the forehead and eyes ; a
young man’s flefh is tender and foft, an old man’s hard; a young man hath ftrength
and agility, an old man feels decay in bis ftrength and is flow of motion ; 2 young ae

. -hath

ae T adder of Man’s Body is this, To be conceived,to be quickned in the womb, | To the 16

Te

= °
|
’
i
s
ag
oy

SN
w
.

a ee SE

: The Hiflory of Lifeand Death.

-

hathe

good digeftion, an oldman bad; a young man’s bowels are foftand fucculent, an
old man’s falt and parched ; a young man’s body is erect and ftreight, an old man’s

| bowing and crooked ; a young man’s limbs are {teady, an old man’s weak and trem-

bling ; the humours inayoung manare cholerick, and his bloud inclined to heat, in an
eld man phlegmatick and melancholick, and his bloud inclined to coldnefs ; a young

| man ready for the act of / ews, an old man flow untoit : in ayoungman the juices

of his body are more rofcid, in an old man more crude and waterifh ; the {pirit ina
| young man plentiful and boiling, in an old man fcarce and jcjune : a young man’s {pi-
rit is denfe and vigorous, an old man’s eager and rare ; a young man hath his fenfes
| quick and intire, an oldman dull and decayed ; a young man’s tceth are ftrong and
| entire, an old man’s weak, worn, and faln out; a young man’s hair is coloured, an
old man’s (of what colour foever it were) gray; a young man hath hair, an old man
| baldnefs ; a young man’s pulfe is {tronger and quicker, an old man’s more confufed

and flower; tne difeafes of young men are more acute and curable, of oldmen longer

andhard to cure; a young man’s wounds foon clofe, an old man’slater ; a young man’s
i]

checks are of a frefh colour, an old man’s pale, or with a black bloud; a young man-

is lefs troubled with rheums, an oldman more. Neither do we know in what things
old men do improve as touching their body, fave onely fometime in fatnefs; whereof
the reafon is foon given, Becaufe old men’s bodies do neither perfpire well, nor affimi-
| late well: now Fatnefs is nothing elfe but an exuberance of nourifhment above that
which is voided by excrement. or which is perfectly affimilated. Alfo fome oldmen

worft, And all thefe things which we have faid, Phi/icians negligently enough will
refer to the diminution of the Natural heat and Radical mos/ture, w hich are things of no
worth for ufe. This is certain, Drives inthe coming on of years doth forego (old.
ne{s ; and bodies when they come to the top and ftrength of heat do decline in Drsnefs,
and after that follows Colde/s.

Now we are to confider the e-4feétions of the ~eAtintd. I remember when I wasa
young man, at Poiéers in France 1 converfed familiarly with a certain Freach man, a
witty young man, but fomething talkative, who afterwards grew tobe avery eminent
man: he was wont to inveigh againft the manners of old men, and would fay, That if
_ their Minds could be feen as their Bodies are, they would appear no lefs deformed. Be-
fides, being in love with his ownwit, he would maintain, That the vices of old men’s
Minds have fome correfpondence and were parallel to the putrefactions of their Bo-
dies : For the drinefs of their skin he would bring in [mpudence ; for the hardnefs of
their bowels, wamercifulnefs : for the lippitude of their eyes, an evil Eye and Envy:
for the cafting down of their eyes, and bowing their body towards the earth,
eAtheifm ; (for, faith he, they look no more up to Heaven as they are wont ) for the
trembling of their members, Jrrefolution of their decrees and light /nconftancy ; for the
bending of their fingers, as it were to catch, ‘R apacity and Covetoufne/s ; for the buck-
ling of their knees,

Fearfalnefs; for their wrinkles, (raftine/s and Obi:qutty: and other
things which | have forgotten, But to be ferious, a young man is modeftand fhame-
fac’d, an old man’sfore-head is hardned ; a young man is full of bounty and mercy, an
old man’s heart is brawny ; ayoung man isaffected with a laudable emulation, anold
man with a malignant envy ; a young man is inclinedto Religion and Devotion, by
reafon of his fervency and inexperience of evil, an old man cooleth in piety

through the coldnefs of his charity, and long converfation in evil, and likewife

through the difficulty of his belief ; a young man’s defires are vehement, anold man’s §

/moderate ; a young man_is light and moveable, an old man more grave and conftant ;
a young man is given toliberality, and bencficence, and humanity, an old man to co-
-veroufnels, wildom for his own {clf, and fecking his ownends ; a young man is
confident and full of hope, an old man diffident and given to fufpec& moft things; a
young man is gentleand obfequions, an old man froward and difdainful; a young man
4s fincere and open-hearted, an old man cautelous and clote 3 a young man is given
to defire great things, an old man to regard things ncceflary; a young man thinks
well of the prefent times, an old man preterrethtimes paft betorethem ; a young man
reverenceth his Superiours, an oldman is more forward to taxthem: And many other
things, which pertain rather to Mannersthanto the prefentInquifition, Notwithftand-
| ing old men, as in fome things they improve in their Bodies, fo alfo in their Minds,
unlefs they be altogether out of date: namely, that as they are Icls apt for inven-
tion, |

cc

eee eee

improve in the appetite of feeding by reafon of the acid hx mors, though old men digeft

~The Hiftory of Life and D

te

—————$—

SS EE :
tion, fo they excel in judgment , and prefer {afe things and found thitgs before fpe-
cious ; alfo they improve in Garrulity and Oftentation, for they feck the fruit of {peech, |
while they are lefs able for action : So as it was not abfurd that the Poets feigned old
Tithon to be turned into a Gra/hopper.

——

eMoveable ( anons of the Duration of Life and
Form of Death,

|
Canon I. |
|
|

Onfumption # not caufed, unle[s that which ts departed with by one body paffeth into
oe another.
The Explication.
Here isin Natureno Annihilating, or Reducing to Nothing : therefore that which |
is confumed is cither refolved into Air, or turned into fome Body adjacent. So |

we fee a Spider, or Fly, or Ant in Amber, entombed in a more ftately Monument that |
Kings are, to be laid up for Eternity, although they be but tender things, and foon
diflipated : But the matter is this, that there is no air by, into whtch they fhould be
refolyed; and the /#bftance of the Amber 1s fo heterogeneous, that it receives nothing
of them. The like weconceive would be if a Stick,or Root,or fome fuch thing were
buried in Oxick flver: alfo Wax, and Honey, and Gums have the fame Operation, but in
part onely, .

Canon II.

T Here is in every Tangible body a Spirit, covered and encempaffed with the groffer

parts of the body, and from st a Confumption and Diffolution hath the begin-
ning.

The Explication.

N° Body known unto us here in the upper part of the Earthis without a Spirit,

either by 4ttensation and Concoélion from the heat of the Heavenly Bodies, or |

by fome other way: for the Cozcavities of Tangible things receive not Vacuum, but |

either Air, or the proper Spirit of the thing. And this spirit whereof we {peak is not |

fome Virtue, or Energie, or Ad, or a True, but plainly a Body, rare and inyifible ; |

|

|

, —_——— eee
SN ee ee

notwithf{tanding circumfcribed by Place, Quantitative, Real. Neither again is that
Spirit Air, (no more than Wineis Water) but abody rarefied, of kin to Air, though: |
much different fromit. Now the grofier parts of bodies (being dull things, and not |
apt for motion) would laft along time ; but the Spirit is that w nich troublech, and |
plucketh, and undermineth them, and converteth the moifture of thebody, and what |
foever it isable to digeft,into new Spirit ; and then as well the ore caiftian Spirit of the
body as that newly mace flie away together by degrees. This is beft feen by the Di-
minution of the weight in bodies dried through Persfiration: for neither all that which

is iflued forth was Spirit when the body was ponderous, neither was it not Spirit when |
it iflued forth.

Canon Il.
T' He Spirit iffuing forth Dricth; Detained azd working within either Melteth, or Pu-
trefieth, or Vivifieth. eo
The Explication. o ‘ a:
: Here are four Proceffes of the Spirit, to Arefattion, to Colliquation , Putre- — :

fattion, to Generation of bodies. 4refaétion is not the proper work of the Spirit,
but of the groffer parts after the Spirit iffued forth: for then they contrac them-
felves partly by their flight of Vacuum, partly by the vnion of the Homogeneals: as
appears inall things which are arcfied by age, and in the drier fort of bodies which
have pafied the fire, as Bricks, (/ar-coal, Bread. Colliquation isthe mere workof the

‘ | Spirit : neither is it done but when they are excited by heat: for when the Spirits
\ dilating themfelves , yet not getting forth, do infinuate and difperfe themf{elves
a among the groffer parts, and fo make them foft and apt to run, as it is in AZeralls and

wax: for Metalls and all tenacious things arc apt to inhibit the Spirit, that being
rx K excited ~e

ere oe

SSS et SS

ial | The Hifiory of Life and Death. core

\
\
excited it iffueth not forth. Pwtrefattion is a mixed work of the Sperets and of the |
groffer parts - forthe Spirit ( which before reftrained and bridled the parts of the
thing) being partly iflued forth and partly infeebled, all things in the body do diilolye |
and return to their Homogenezties, or (if you will) to their Elements: that which was |

Spirit in it is congregated to it felf, whereby things putretied begin to have an ill fa- |

your : the Odly parts to themfelves, whereby things putrefied have that {lipperinefs
and un€tuofity ; the watry partsalfo to themlelves: the Dregs to themfelyes: whence
followeth that confufion in bodies putrefied. But Generation or Vrvification is a work

a

alfo mixed of the Spirit and groffer parts, but ina far different manner : for the Spirit
is totally detained, but it fwelleth and moveth locally : and the grofier parts are not
diffolved, but follow the motion of the fpirit, and are, as it were, blown cut by it,
and extruded into divers figures, from whence cometh that Gezeration and Orguniza-
tion: and therefore Vivification is always done in a mattertenacious and clammy, and
again, yielding and foft, that there may be both a detention of the {pirit, and alo a
gentle ceffion of the parts, according as the {piritformsthem, | And this is {ecw um the
matter as well of all Vegetables as of living Creatures, whether they be cngendred of
Putrefation or of Sperm; for in all thefe things there is manifeftly feen a matter
hard to break through, eafie to yield.

Canon IV.
N all living Creatures there are two kinds of Spirits : Livelefs Spirits, /uch as ave in bo-
dies Inanimate ; and a Vital spirit faperadded.
The Explication.
T was faid before, that to procure long life the Body of man muft be confidered,
firft, as Zzanzmate, and not repaired by nouriihment: fecondly, as Animate, and
repaired by nouriihment: for the former confideration gives Laws touching « on/ump-
tion, the latter touching Reparation. Therefore we muft know that there are in hu-
mane fleth bones, » embranes, Organs: finally, inall the parts fuch fpirits diffufed
| in the fubftance of them while they are alive, as there are in the fame things (Fleth,
| ' Bones, Membranes, and the reft ) feparated and dead: fuchas alfo remain ina Car=
H

kafs: but the /ztal Spirit, although it ruleth them, and hath fome confent with them,
yet itis far diffcriag from them, being integral, and fubfifting byit {elf Now there
are two fpecial diftcrences betwixt the Livele/s Spirits and the Vital Spsrits. The one,
that the Levele/s sperits are not continued to themfelyes, but are, as it were, cut off
| and encompafled with a grofs body which intercepts them ; as Airis mixed with
Snow or Froth: but the ztal 5 persis all continued toit felf by certain Conduit-pipes
through which it pafleth, and 1s not totally intercepted. And this Spirit is two-fold
alfo : the one branched, onely paffing through {mall pipes, and, as it were, ftrings>
the other hath a Cell alfo, fo as it is not onely continued to it felf, but alfo congre-
gated in an hollow {pace in reafonable good quantity, according to the Analogy of
the body, and in that Cell is the fountain of the Rivulets which branch from thence.
That Cell is chiefly in the Ventricles of the Brain, which in the ignobler fort of evea-
tures are butnarrow, infomuch that the fpirits in them feem fcattered over their whole |
body rather than Celled ; as may be feenin Serpents, Eels and Flies, whereof every of
their parts move long after they are cut aflunder. Birds alfo leap a good while after
their heads are pulled offsbecaufe they have little heads andlittle Cells. But the nobler
fort of creatures have thofe Ventricles larger, and Man the largeft of all, The other
difference betwixt the Spirits is, that the Vital Spirit hath a kind of enkindling, and
is like a Wind or Breath compounded of Flame and Air, as the Juices of living
creatures have both Os and water. And this enkindling miniftreth peculiar motions
and faculties ; for the fmoke whichis inflamable, even before the flame conceived, is
hot, thin and movable, and yet it is quite another thing after it is become flame:
| but the enkindling of the vital {pirits is by many degrees gentler thanthe fofteft fame,
' as of Spirit of Wine, or otherwife; and befides, itis in great part mixed with an Aerial
fubftance, that it fhould bea eA/tery or eMuracle, both of a Flammeons and eAere~

| ows nature.

Canon V.

4

TF ‘He Natural AGtions are proper to the feyeral Parts, but stis the Vital Spicit shat excites
and flarpens them. ;

ee

_ Fhe

-

‘=.

|
|

————

=F Sa Gast Seal EA neem emennememnetenr ee
The Hiftory of Life and Death. 39

; The Explication. ,
THe Abhons or Funftons whichare in the feveral A¢embers follow the nature of |
the Aftembers them{elves, (Attraction, K erention, Digeftion, Affimilation, Separation,
Excretion, ‘Perspiration, even Senfe it {elf ) according to the propriety of the feyeral
Organs, (the Stomach, Liver, Heart, Spleen, Gall, train, Eye, Ear, and the reft :)
yet none of thefe Actions would ever have been aGtuated but by thevigour and pre-
fence of the “ital Spirit and heat thercof : as one /rom would not have drawn another
iron, unlefsit had been excited by the Lead lone, nor an Eee would ever have brought |
forth a Bird, unlefs the fubftance of the Hen had been aétuated by the treading of the |
Cock, |
Canon VI:
Tre livelefS Spirits are next Confabftanteal to Aix ; the vital Spirits approach more to the |
fabftance of Flame.
Tue Explication. ’
The Explication of the precedent fourth (inom is alfo a declaration of this prefent
Canon: but yct further, from heace it is that all fat and oily things continue
long in their Being; For neither doth the 4sr much pluck them , neither do they
much defire to joyn themfelves with sr. As for that conceit it is altogether vain,
That Flame thould be Air fet on fire, feeing Flame and 4:r arc no lefs heteregeneal
than Od and #aser. But whereas it is faid in the Canon, that the wital pirtts approach
more to the fubftance of Flame ; it mult be underftood, that they do this more than
the livele/i Sfarsts, not that they are more Flamy than 4:ry.
Canon VII.
ag Spirit bath tro Defires ; oxe of multiplying st felf, the other of flying forth and
congrecating it elf with the Connaturals.
The Explication,
Tite Canon is underftood of the /rvele/s Sferits; for as for the fecond Defire, the
vital Sperit doth moft of all abhor flying forth of the body, for it finds no Gon-
natural here below to joyn withal : Perhaps it may fometimes flic to the outward
arts ef the body, to meet that which itloveth; but the fying forth, as‘I faid, it ab-
Reacts But in the Livele/s /pirits cach of thefe two Defires holdeth. For to tke for-
mer this belongeth, Every /psrst feated among? the groffer parts dwelleth anhappily; and
therefore when it finds not a ke unto it felf, it doth fo much the more labour to cre-
ate and make a like, as being in a great folitude, and endeavour earneftly to multiply it
felf, and to prey upon the wolatile of the grofer parts, that it may be encreafed in quan-
tity. As for the /ecend Defire of flying forth,and betaking it felf to the e4ir, it is cer-
tain that alllight things ( which are ever movable) do willingly go unto their 4kes near
usto them, as a Drip of water is carried to a ‘Drop, Flame to Flame: but much more
this is done inthe flying forth of /psrit into the esr ambient, becaute it is not carried
to a particle like unto it felf,but alfo as unto the Globe of the Camnaturals. Mean-while
this isto be noted, That the going forth and flight of the /pirst into air is a redoubled
action, partly out of the appetite of the fpsrtt, partly out of the apperste of the air; for
the common air is aneedy thing,and receiveth all things fpeedily,as Spsrits, Odowrs,Beams,
Sounds, and the like.

Canon VIII.
GPirit detained, #f is have no poffibility of begerting new {pirits, itenerateth the grofer
Arts,
? The Expleatsez.
Eneration of new Spirit is not accomplithed but upon thofe things which are in
fome degree near to fpirit, fuchas are humid bodies. And therefore if the grofler
parts (amorgit which the Spirit converfeth ) be in a remote degree, although the {pirit
cannot convert them, yet ( as muchasitcan) it weakneth, and foftneth, and fubdueth
them, that feeing it cannot increafe in quantity, yet it willdwell more at large, and live
amongft good neighbours and friends. Now this Aphors(m is moft ufetul to our
oo ittendcth to the Inteneration of the obftinate parts by the detention of the
irit.
; Canon IX.
He Inteneration of the harder parts cometh to good effect, whew the Spirit neisher By-
eth forth, ser begetteth new Spirit.
K 3 : The

The Hiftory of Life and Death. ;

The Explication.

KE His (enon folveth the knot and difficulty in the Operation of Intenerating by the
Detention of the Spertt: for if the Sperzt not flying forth wafteth all within,there
is nothing gotten to the Inteneration of the parts in their fubfiftence, but rather they are,

diffolved and corrupted. Therefore together with the Detention the Spirits ought to

be cooled and reftrained, that they may not be too active.
Canon X.

Tue heat of the Spirit to keep the body fre/h and green, ought te be Robuft, zot

Eager.

|

The Explication.

Lfo this Canon pertaineth to the folving of the knot aforefaid, but it is of a
much larger extent, for it fetteth down of what temperament the heat in the
body ought to be for the obtaining of Long life. Now this is ufeful, whether the
Spirits be detained, or whether they be not. For howfoever the hear of the Spsrats
mult be fuch, as it may rather-turn it felf upon the hard parts than wate the foft ;
for the one Deficcateth, the other Intenerateth. Befides, the fame thing is ayailable
to the well perfecting of Affimilation; for {uch an heat doth excellently excite the fa=
culty of Affimilation, and withall doth excellently prepare the matter to be /fimi-
lated. Now the properties of this kind of feat ought to be thefe. Firft, that it be
flow, and heat not fuddenly: Secondly, that it be not very ztenfe, but mederate :
Thirdly, that it be equal, not zxcompofed, namely, intending and remitting it felf :
Fourthly, that if this heat meet any thing to refift it, it be not cafily fuffocated or lan-
guifh. ‘This Operation is exceeding fubril,but feeing it 1s one of the moftufeful, it is not
to bedeferted. Now in thofe Remedies which we propounded to inyelt the {pirits with
a Robust heat, or that which we call Operative, not ‘Predatory, we have in fome fort fatif-

fiedthis matter.

Canon XI. f
The Condenfing of tke Spirits in their Subftance # available to Long life.

The Explication,
His Canon is fubordinate to the next precedent : for the Spirst condenfed veceiveth
all thofe four properties of heat whereof we {peak ; but the ways of Condenfing
them are {et down in the firft of the Ten operatious.
Canon XII.
te Spirit 2 great quantity baffneth more to flying forth, and preyeth upon the body
more, than in {mall quantity.
The Explication.
TL Hs Canon is clear of it felf, feeing mere Quantity doth regularly increafe virtue.
Anditis to be feen in flames, that the bigger they are, the {tronger they break forth,
and the more f{peedily they confume. And therefore over-great plenty or exuberance |
of the {pirits is altogether-hurtful to Long life ; neither need one with a greater ftore
| of {pirits than what is fufficient for the funétion of life, and the office of a good Re-
paration.
Canon XIII.
He Spirit equally difperfed maketh le{i bafte to fie forth, and preyeth lef; upon the body,
than unequally placed.
The Explication.
No& onely abundance of {pirits in refpeét of the whole is hurtful to the Duration
of things, but alfo the fame abundance unevenly placed is in like manner hurtful
and therefore the more the fpirit is fhred and inferted by finall portions,the lefs it prey-
eth; for Diflolutionever beginneth at that part where the fpirit is loofer.. And there-.
fore both Exercife and Frications conduce much to long life, for Agitation doth fine-
lieft diftufe and commix things by {mall portions. 5
Canon XIV.
He inordinate and fubfultory motion of the {pirits doth more haften to going forth, and
doth prey upon the body more; than the conftant and equal.
The Explication.

N Jnanimates this Canon holds for certain ; for Inequality is the Mother pe
, but the

lution: butin.4mimates (becaufe not oncly the Confumption is confidered
: Repara-

i
‘

Po Fhe Hiftory of Life and Death..

——-— -- $$$

Reparation, and Reparation proceedeth by the Appttites of things,-and Appetire is |

/ fharpned by variety ) it boldeth notrigoroufly; but itis fo far forth to be received, that
| hse ‘ : 2 ) r Kc

| this variety be rather analternation or enterchange than a confufion, and as it were con-
ftant in inconftancy.

Canon’ XV.
The Spirit i a Body of 4 folid compolure zs detained, though umwillinoly,
Tie Explication. ~ 2
LI things do abhor a Solution of their Continuity, but yet in proportion to theit |
Denfity or ‘Rarity : for the more rare the bodtes be, the more do they foffer |
themfelyes to be thruft into finall and narrow paffages 5. for water will go into a paflage |
which dxf will not go into, and air which water will not go into, nay, @zme and |
Spirit which air will Not go into. Notwithftanding of this thing there are fome |

bounds: for the sfrrit is not fo much tranfported with the defire of going forth, that
it will fuffer it {elf to be too much difcontinued, or be driven into over-ftreight pores
and paflages ; and therefore if the f{pirit be encompaffed with an bard body, or clfe
with an #attiozs and tenacious, (whichis not cafily divided) it is plainly bound, and,
as I may fay, imprifoned, and layeth down the appetite of going out: wherefore we
fee that —AWeralls and Stones require along time for their {pirit to go forth, unlefs either
the fpirit be excited by the fire, or the erofler parts be diflevered with corroding and
{trong waters. The like reafon is there of tenactous bodies, fuch as are Gums, fave onely
that they aremelted by amore gentle heat: and therefore the juices of the body hard,
a clofe and compaét skin, andthe like, (which are procured by thedrine/: of the Alment,
and by Exercife, and by the coldnefs of the air ) are good for long life, becaufe they
detain the (pirit in clofe prifon that it gocth not forth.

Canon XVI.
Jn Oily and Fat things the Spirit 1s detained willincly, though they be not tenacious,
The Explication.
Tie fpirit, if it be not irritated by the antipathy of the body enclofing it, nor fed by
the over-much /zkenefs of that body, nor follicited nor invited by theexternal body,
it makes no great ftir to get out: all which are wanting to Gily bodies; for they are
neither fo prefling upon the f{pirits as hard bodies, nor fo near as watry bodies, neither
haye they any good agrecment with the air ambient. ;
Canon XVII.
T° He Speedy. fying forth of the Watry humor conferves the Oily. he longer in his
being.
- i Tbe Explication. |
WE faid before that the Watry humors, as being confubftantial to the Air, fic |
forth fooneft ; the oily later, as having {mall agreement with the ir, Now |
whereas thefe two humors are in moft bodies, itcomes to pafs that the watry doth ina |
fort betray the 0#/y, for thatifluing forthinfenfibly carrieth this together with it. There-

, fore there is nothing more furthereth the confervation of bodies than a gentle drying of
them, which caufeththe » atry bumonr to expire, and inviteth not the Ozly; for then
the ozy enjoycth the proper nature. And this tendeth not onely to the inhibiting of
Patrefattion » ( though that alfo followeth) but to the confervation of Greenne/s.
Hence it is, that gensle Frications and moderate Exercifes,caufing rather Per/piration than
Sweating,conduce much to long life,

: Canon XVIII. e
Air excluded conferreth to Long life, if other inconveniences be avoided.
The Explication.
WE faid a little before , that the flyeng forth of the Hurit is a redoubled action,
-" from the appetite of the (pirit and of the air, and therefore if either of thefe be
taken out of the way, there is not a little gained. Notwithftanding divers Inconve-
wiences follow hereupon , which how they may be prevented we haye fhewed in the
fecond of owt Operations. :
Canon XIX.
Outhful Spirits inférted into an old Body might fon turn Nature’s courfe back
Again.

K 3 The

62

r

i A A OID OE A ACC CCC tO

—

|

The Hiftory of Life and Death.

The Explication,
He nature of the spirits is as the uppermoft w'eel, which turneth about the other
wheels in the body of man, and therefore in the Jntention of Long life, that ought
to be firft placed. Hereunto may be added, that there is an eafier and inore expedite
way to alter the jpréts, than to other Operations. For the Operation upon the sfarits is

SSS

| two-fold: the one by -sliments,whichis flow, and, asitwere, about; the other; (and

en et
ee

that two fold) which is fudden, and goeth directly to the fpirits, namely, by Vapours, }
or by the «fechons. :
; Canon XX.
Juices of the Body hard and rofcid are good for Long life.
The Explication.
THe reafon i: plain, feeing we fhewedbefore, thathardthings, and ofly or rofcid are

hardly diffipated : notwithftanding there ts difference, (as we alfo noted in the
tenth Operatson ) That jusce fomewhat bardisindeed lefs diffipable, but then it is withal
lefs reparable» therefore a Convenience is interlaeed with an /nconventence, and for this
caufe no wonderful matter will be atchieved by this, But rofcéd jazce will admit Both
@perations ; therefore this would be principally endeavoured.

Canon XXI.
V, Hatfoever ss of thin parts to pexetrate, and yet hath no Actimony to bite, begetteth
Rofcid Juices.
The Explication,
His Canon is more hard to practife than to underftand, For it is manifeft, what-

foever penetraterh well, but yet with a fisng or tooth, (asdo all harp and four
things ) it leaveth behind it wherefoever it goeth fome mark or print of drine/s and
cleaving, fo that it hardneth the jurces, andchappeth the parts: contrarily, whatfoever,
things penetrate through their thsene(s merely, as it wereby ftealth, and by way of in-
finuation, without violence, they bedew and water in their paflage. Of which fort we
have recounted many in the fourth and feventh Operations.

Canon XXIL.
Affimilation # beff done when al Local Motion # expended.

The Explicatson.
His Canon we have fuficiently explained in our Difcourfe upon the eighth Ope-
ration.
Canon XXIII.

Limentation from without, at leaf? {ome other way than by the Stomach, és mo5t pro-
fitable for Long life, if st an be done.
The Explication.
E fee that all things which are done by 2 #erstzon, ask a long time, but thofe which
are done by embracing of the /ske (as it is in Infafions) require no long time. And
therefore -4limentation trom without would be of principal ufe,and fo much the more,
becaufe the Faculties of Concottion decay inoldage: fo that if there could be fome auxi-
liary Nutritions, by Barhings, Unttsons, or elfe by Cly/fers, thefe things in conjunction
might do much, which fingle are lefs available.
Canon Xx1V.
Here the ConcoGion 1s weak to thruft forth the Aliment, shere te Outward parts
fhouldbe strengthned to call forth zee Aliment.
The Explicatson.
Te which is propounded in this Canox is not the fame thing with the former ; for
it is one thing for the ontward Aliment to be attrathed inward, another for the zz-
ward eAliment to be attratted oxtward : yet herein they concur, that they both help [-
the weakneis of the inward Concottions,though by divers ways. f

Canon XXV._ Be a
ALL fudden Renovation of the Body 1s wroxght either by the Spirit, or by Malaciffa-
tions. ,
The Explscation.

"T Here are two things in the body, Spirits and Parts: to both thefe the way by Nu-

trition is long and about ; but it is a {hort way to the Spirits by Vapowrs and by
the Affettions, and tothe Parts by -Malaciffations. But this 1s diligently to be noted,
that by nomeans we confound Alimentation from without with Afalact[jation; for the”

intention of MalacifJation is not to nourish the parts, but onely to make them a fit
anon

tobe nourifhed.

*

ee Ee ee

?

Lhe Hiftory of Life and Death,

Canon XXVI, ied
M @iaciffation és wroxght by Confubftantials , by Imprinters, and by Clofers
j up.
T he Explication.

He reafon is manifeft , for that Confubjtantials do properly fupple the body, Jm-
printers do carry in, Clofers wp do retain and bsidle the Perspuration, which is a
, motion oppofite to Adalacifjation. And therefore (as we defcribed in the ninth Ope-
| ration) Malaciffation cannot wellbe done at once, but inacourfe or order. Firlt, by
| excluding the Liquor by Thickners : for an outward and grofs Infufion doth not well
compact the body: that which entreth muft be fubtil, and a kind of vapour. Second-
| ly, by Zntenerating by the confent of Confubstantials ; for bodies upon the touch of
| thofe things which have good agreement with them, open themfelves, and relax their
(pores. Thirdly, /msprincers are Convoys, and infinuate into the parts the Confithftan-
| séals, and the mixture of gentle a/Pringents deth fomewhat reftrain the Perspiration. But
| then, in the fourth place, follows that great d/friftion and Clofureup of the body by
| Emplaiftration, and then afterward by Jaunétion, until the supple be turned into Solid,
| as we jaid in the proper place.
| Canon XXVII.

F sad Renovation of the Parts Repairable watereth and reneweth the lefs Reparable
allo,
, The Explication.

E faid in the Preface to this Hiftory, that the way of Death was this , That the

| Parts Xeparable died in the fellow fhip of the Parts lef; Reparable : fo that in the

Reparation of thefe fame lefs Reparable Parts all our torces would be employed. And

therefore being admonithed by eAriftotle’s ob{eryation touching Plants, namely, That
| the patting forth of new shoots and branches refrefbeth the body of the Tree inthe paljage ;
we conceive the like reafon might be, if the fe/b and bloxd in the body of man were
often renewed , that thereby the bores themfclyes, and membranes, and other parts
which in their own nature are /efs Reparable, partly by the chearful paflage of the
| pices, partly by that new cloathing of the young fle/b and blozd, might be watered and
| renewed. Canon XXVIII.

| R Efngeration or Cooling of the body, which pajjeth fome other ways than by the Sto- |}

| anach, i wfeful for Long life.

The Explication.

He reafon isat hand: for fecing a Kefrzgeration not temperate, but powerful, (efpe-
cially of the b/ozd) isabove all things neceflary to Long life: this can by no means

. be effeGed from within as much as is requifite, without the deftruction of the sro-

| mach and Bowel’,

I Canon XXiX.

| Ff Aat Intermixing or Intangling, that as well Confumption as Reparation are rhe works

of Heat; 1 the greateft obftacle to Long life.

The Explication,

! A Lmoft all great works are deftroyed by the 2 atures of things Intermixed, whenas
that which helpeth in one refpect hurtcth in another: therefore men mutt proceed

_ herein by a found judgement, and a difcreet practice. For ourpart, we have done fo

from hurzfal, and the Remedies which tendto both.
Canon XXX.

(Uring of Difeafes ss effettea by \ emporary Medicines ; but Lengthning of Life res

quireth Obfervation of Diets.
by ; The Explication.
|) Hofe things which come by accident, as foon as the caufes are removed ceafe
i
|
i

again ; but the continued courfe of nature, like a running River, requires a con- |.
| tinual rowing and failing againft the ftreant: therefore we mult work regularly by Di- |
ets. Now Dicts are oftwo kinds : Set Diets,whichare to be obferved at certain times; |.

‘and Familiar Diet, which is tobe admitted into our daily repaft, But the See Déets are
the more potent, that is, acourfe of A¢edicines for atime : for thofe things which are
of fo great virtue that they areableto turn Nature back again, are, for the moft part,

_ | more ftrong, and more fpeedily altering, than thofe which may without dangér be re-

ceived into a continual ufe. Now in the Remedies fet down in our /ntentsons you

as far as the matter will bear, and our memory ‘ervyeth-us, by feparating benign heats.

fhalt t

63

. } a
, SI a Sake FN ae om
sh}

The Hiftory of Life and Death. tes

thall findoncly three ser Diets, the opiate Diet, the Diet Mealacif[ant or Suppling, and |
the Diet Emaciantand Renewiag. Butamonglt thofe which we prefcribed for Familiar
Diet, and to beufed daily, the moft efficacious are thefe that follow, which alfo:come
not far fhort of the vertue of Set Diets: Nuitre and the fubordinates to Mutre; the Re-
giment of the affeétions and Courfe of out Life ; Refrigeratowrs which pals not: by the
Stomach ; Drinks Rofcadating,or ingendring Oily juices 3 befprinkling of the bloud with
fome firmer Matter, as Pearls, certain Woods, comperent Unétions to keep outthe Airy |
and to keep in the Spirit; Heaters from without, during the Affimilation after fleep ;

| avoiding of thofe things which inflame the Spirit, and put it into an eager heat, aswine

Se
Fa REE

eet as

and sprces ; laftly, a moderate and feafonable ufe of thofe things which endue the Spi-
rits with a robust Heat, as Saffron, Croffes, Garlick, Elecampane,and componna Opiates.

Canon XXXI.
He Living Spirit 2 instantly extinguifhed of it be deprived either of Motion,or of Re-
frigeration,or of Aliment.
The EF «plication.

Amely, thefe are thofe three which before we called the Porshes of Death, and
they are the proper and irhmediate paffions of the Spirit. For all the Organs of
the principal parts ferve hereunto, ‘that thefe three offices be performed ;, and again,
all deftruction of the Organs which is deadly brings the matterto this point, thavone or
more of thefe three fail. Therefore all other things are the divers ways to Death, but
they end inthefe three, Now the whole Fabrick of the Parts isthe Organ of the Spirit,

as the Spirit is the Organ of the Keafonable Soal, which is incorporcows and Dizine.

Canon XXXII. pray
Plame #s a Momentany Subftance, Air 4 Fixed; the Living Spirit ix Creatures ws of:
4 middle Nature.
The Explication. 1)
His matter ftands in need both of an higher Indagation and of alonger Explicas'|
tion than is pertinent to the prefent Inquifition. Mean-while we muft know)
this, that Flame is almoft every moment generated and extinguifhed ; fo that it is con-. ;
tinued only by fucceffion : but -4ir is a fixed body, and is not diflolved ; for though Air | —
begets new Air out of watery moifture, yet notwithftanding the old Air ftill remains ; ’
whence cometh that Super-oneration of the Air whercof we have {poken in the Title
De Ventis. But Sprrit is participant of both Natures, both of Flameand <ér, even as
the nourifhments thereof are, as well Ov/, which is homogeneous to Flame, as
Water, which is homogeneous to e4ir : for the Spirit is not nourifhed cither of azly’
alone, or of 7 atry alone, but of both together ; and though ir doth not agree well |
with Flame, nor Oil with water , yet in a mix'd body they agree well enough. Alfo
the Spsrit hath from the Air his eafie and delicate impreffions and yieldings, and from
the Flame his noble and potent motions and aétivities. In like mannerithe Dwration
of Spirit is a mixed thing, being neither fo momentany as that of Flame, nor fo fixed as
that of ir: And fomuch the rather it followeth not the condition of Flame, for
that Flame it felf is extinguifhed by accident, namely, by Contraries and Enemies envi-
roning it ; but spérit is not fubject to the like conditions and nccefiities. Now the
Spirit is repaired from the lively and florid bloud of the {mall Arterzes which are: in- |
ferted into the*Brain; but this Reparation is done by a peculiar manner, of which we.
fpeak not now. .

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