| COLEBROOK-ROBJENT a i ii ( * H i i ho iy! H i 1) Yat i 7 We il if cm ij } - i} | iy. y ia ¥ ve 4 ih t nei ee, a6; ee en mettre at? f f : a} t i : ae vat Z. . 7 ' i iy p ' oe 7 ; ; \ ? A SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCIPITRES No. /:5 of twenty-eight copies privately printed on large paper, each having 22 coloured plates of eggs SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCIPITRES (Diurnal Birds of Prey) Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1920, with their Characters and Distribution BY H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Corresponding Fellow Amer. Orn. Union SECOND EDITION REVISED AND CORRECTED THROUGHOUT LONDON PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR Pie k AO Pi tO SECOND EDITION. THE necessity for a second edition of my work on the Accipitres arose in the first place out of the many corrections called for in the first part of my “ Synoptical List,” owing to the fact that that first part was rather a compilation than an original work, and in the second place out of the additions and corrections to the whole work that followed upon a more intensive study of the various groups. For this second edition I have had the advantage of consulting Mr. W. Sclater’s MS. list of the Accipitres which he prepared for publication in the interval between my two editions, but kindly placed at my disposal on learning of the preparation of my second edition. From Mr. Sclater’s MS. list I have received some amount of help with the nomenclature and also with the type species of the genera. I owe also a great measure of thanks to Mr. Outram Bangs, Dr. Chapman, Dr. Richmond, Dr. Wetmore, Dr. Oberholser, Mr. J. H. Riley, and other American friends who assisted me in my work at the American museums last autumn, while the authorities at the Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist.) and at Tring have continued to give me every facility for my work. Even now, I am not sure that I can claim that this second edition, practically re-written as it is, is either complete or perfect, but, so far as human exertion can go, I have striven to make it so, and I leave it to my critics to discover its shortcomings. The signs (*) and (f) I have prefixed to the numbers in this edition denote respectively that I have skins or eggs in my own collec- tion. Of skins I possess now about 1000 of some 200 different forms, while of eggs I have 1200 of 156 different forms. All others, needless to say, are desiderata. HES Kees: March, 1922. PRESACE TO FIRST EDITION. In concluding my work on the Accipitres, a work which I fear has grown far beyond my original intention of publishing a mere list, I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to the sources from which I have received inspiration and help. In the first place I must acknowledge that a good deal of the systematic part and the generic characters have been borrowed from the late Richard Bowdler Sharpe’s “‘Catalogue of the Accipitres in the Collection of the British Museum”’ (1874) of which his annotated copy, laid down on sheets and extended, came into my possession after his death, as also his interleaved copy of the Accipitves portion in Gray’s “‘ Genera of Birds,” upon which he based his 1874 monograph. For permission to make use of the former work I have to thank the Trustees of the British Museum. I have also derived assistance from Mr. W. L. Sclater’s work at the British Museum (Natural History) in so far as his had preceded mine, and his MS. Catalogue of the skins, which he kindly gave me permission to use. I have also to thank Mr. Bannerman, Mr. Chubb and other assistants at the Museum for help rendered during my studies there. To Lord Rothschild and Dr. Hartert for the use of the superb collections at Tring I am grateful, and to Dr. Hartert especially for much personal assistance. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain and a number of other friends have also given me help and encouragement in various ways in what, although an arduous and unprofitable undertaking, will I hope be of some permanent help in systematizing this interesting group of birds. March, 1920. INDEX TO GENERA. Italics indicate a discarded name. PACELPILED lie yajalele\e aletane’ ee 49 LORTVOS o6b 0 bom Cone 6 Aguilar. Osis foes 107 Archibuteo (see Triorchis) FASEUEY |! Von tsaterate orgies 31 NSE eines: sri VS ee 89 Asturinula (see Kaupi- Tal Ccf0) | er ea VICEU AY oS creck cee aoe 167 ES ATA shah. cet eae eens 166 Busarellus 0. ees 95 iButastur. ost) eee 147 CeO matic eee ORL 68 Buteogallus .......... 96 Bite Ola (heres ee alee 89 Catharista (see Cora- BV PS eo cid ois ie aloe Cathartesic hese ties « 3 Gerchneis 0). flees 2k 214 Chelietinia’... 233.282 0: 151 Chondrohierax ...-. 22: 157 CIR CACEUS: Heiss \n\oieiavers. se 126 CIEGUSP Mts ce aig Nene eS 18 Climacocercus ........ 25 COLARVPS Ae siecieis was ¢ 2 GunmeUMar & .-..26<) eels 142 Dissodectes .......... 230 IDryotmorchis, .2/3)4 2/5). 125 PB VATIOUGES 42. )a/ 179 Milvaigei' \aissxteaey ee 15 Mileus : 2 is is.camcanieeiee 152 Mavobnus .., ': ss saeeees 103 Nauclerus (see Chelic- EA WR ae ietE A Necrosyrtes’ .:..:.\008 ee 11 NGORIETAS. «...5.5 6,5 ehh 184 NeGnbremh.. . Ind; Orn. 17 pe 36) 31790): [Cayenne. } Red-winged Hawk. Size of Buteo; wing ¢ 386-404, 2 393-417 mm.; head and shoulders rufous ; mantle and scapulars pale slate grey with rufous margins ; rump and tail purplish black, tail with a medium white bar and white tips ; below rufous with narrow nearly obsolete black bars. S. America (Panama and Colombia to S.E. Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay). 67 * *1128a. Heterospizias meridionalis australis Swann, Argentina. Auk, xxxvili., p. 359 (1921) [Laguna de Malima, Tucuman, Arg., type in coll. H. Kirke Swann]. Southern Red-winged Hawk. Larger ; wing § 415-417, 2430 mm. ; much darker above ; mantle and scapulars black- ish brown with rufous margins; below averaging darker, with the black bars more pronounced. Gen. XXXI. GERANOAETUS Kaup (1844). Type Spizaétus melanoleucus Vieill. Size much larger than Buteo ; tail proportionately shorter, and wings proportionately longer. 129. 129a. Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieill.), N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii., p. 57 (1819). [Paraguay—ex. Azara.] Paraguayan Buzzard-Eagle. Wing 3 497, 2541; above and chest dusky- . slate (oldest) to black (less mature) ; wing coverts grey, finely barred with blackish brown ; tail uniform black; below snowy white, outer under wing coverts and longer under tail coverts barred with blackish. Geranoaetus melanoleucus australis, subsp. nov. [2 Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, Patag., Aug. 12, 1901, J. Koslowsky, type in Brit. Mus., reg. no. 1903, 12, 8, 115.] Patagonian Buzzard-Eagle. Size similar; wing 3 480-485, 92 531-565 mm.; above and chest as before; below finely barred all over with blackish (lightly in oldest birds and more heavily in less mature). Paraguay, S. Brazil (Rio Grande), Uruguay and Buenos Ayres. N.W. Argentina to Patagonia, and Straits of Magellan ; also Southern and Central Chile ? 68 € *129b. Geranoaetus melanoleucus meridensis subsp. Venezuela, nov. [g¢ Nevada, Mérida, Venez., Oct. 20, Colombia ; 1911, alt. 3,000 metres, type in coll. H. Ecuador. Kirke Swann. ] Northern Buzzard-Eagle. Much smaller ; wing ¢ 455-468, 2 480-520 mm. ; plumage similar to last form. Gen. XXXII. BUTEO Lacep. (1799). Type by tautonomy Falco buteo L. Cere large ; nostrils oval with no tubercie ; wings moderately long, the 3rd to 5th quills longest, the first 3 to 5 emarginate or notched on inner webs ; tarsus short, strong, usually scaled, and feathered in front for a varying distance. Length usually under 24 in. KEY TO THE NATURAL GROUPS AND SPECIES (ADULTS). A. Tail usually brown, sometimes washed with rufous, with a varying number of transverse bars, generally from 6 to 12, often indistinct. 130. Buteo galapagensis (Gould), P.Z.S., 1837, Galapagos Is. p- 9. [Galapagos Is., type in Brit. Mus.] Galapagos Buzzard. Wing ¢ 383, 2 425 mm. ; general plumage sooty-black, shaded with brown; tail greyish-brown with 12 or 13 blackish bars. Immature: resembling young of B. erythronotus in a general way. $131. Buteo solitarius Peale, Zool. U.S. Expl. Hawaiian Exped. Birds, p. 62 (1848). [Karakaloa Archipelago Bay, Hawatt, type in Mus. Phil. Acad.] Solitary Buzzard. 132. +133. *4134, 69 Aberrant species ; size small ; wing 3 272, 2 300-308 mm. ; very short and rounded ; inner webs of first 4 primaries emarginate ; tips of primaries reaching to about middle of tail; tail with 8 or 9 faint darker bars ; plumage blackish-brown (dark phase), or brown above and buffy white below and on head (light phase). Buteo brachypterus Hartl., J. f. O. 1860, p. 11 (ex. Pelzeln MS.). [Madagascar.] Short-winged Buzzard. Size small ; wing ad. 300-325 mm. ; above pale brown ; tail with 6 or 7 bands of darker brown ; below white, throat narrowly and breast broadly streaked with pale brown ; belly and thighs uniform pale brown. Buteo hemilasius Temm. et Schl., in Siebold’s Faun. Japon. Aves p. 16 (1844), pl. vit. (1845). [Japan.] [Buteo leucocephalus and Archibuteo stropm- atus (Hodgs.) are synonyms. | Upland Buzzard. Size large; wing 2 480 mm.; head and neck white, with broad streaks of pale brown; above dull brown; tail with in- distinct darker cross-bars, the base and inner webs white ; below white, barred on throat and streaked on breast with dark brown; flanks dark brown. Buteo japonicus (Temm. et Schl.) in Sie- bold’s Fauna Jap. Aves., p. 16 (1844), [pl. vi., vi'], (1845). [Japan.) [=B. plu- mipes (Hodgs.)] Japanese Buzzard. Madagascar. Mongolia to Tibet, Nepal and L. Baikal ; cas. Japan ; winters China, Turkestan, N. India. Japan, Corea, China, Manchuria, Turkestan, Himalayas ? ; S. to Punjab and Burma. #4135. 136. 70 Wing ¢ 355-60, 2 390-405 mm.; tarsus feathered about half-way down in front ; plumage above purplish brown, with ruf- escent margins ; tail with 4 or 5 almost obsolete darker bars ; below rufous, abdo- men buffy-white, barred with rufous. (Young: above with whitish edgings ; below pale buff, finely streaked on breast and blotched on abdomen with dark brown, usually with a zone resembling that of lagopus). Buteo swainsoni Bonap. [ex. Aud. pl. 372] Geogr. and Comp. List, p. 3 (1838). [Near the Columbia River.] Swainson’s Hawk. Wing (N. American average), ¢ 371, 2 399 mm. ; wing (S. American average), ¢ 378, 2 412 mm.; first 3 primaries notched ; above dark-brown to slate-brown with paler edgings ; tail with 10 or 12 darker cross-bars, the sub-terminal broad ; throat white, chest light rufous to deep chestnut or brownish black ; lower parts buffy-white more or less barred with rufous (sometimes closely and entirely covered); uniform sooty-brown or blackish varieties occur. Buteo oreophilus Hart. and Neum., Orn. M.B. xxii., p. 31 (1914). [Koritscha, Djam- Djam, S. Abyssinia.) E. African Buzzard. Wing ¢ 330, 9 340 mm. ; tail pale brown with about 8 darker bars ; below whitish, spotted and blotched lengthwise with dark brown ; thighs buffish, barred with dark brown. N. and S. America, from Alaska to Chile. Mountains of E. Africa ; Abyssinia and Uganda to the Cape. #1137. 137a. 137b. a Buteo buteo buteo (Linn.) S.N. ed. X. i. p. 90 (1758). [Europe = Savoy, ex. Gesner.] Common Buzzard. First 4 primaries notched (all notches usual- ly recurved) ; wing 3¢ 375-380; tail 222- 228, tarsus 79 mm.; 2 wing 385-410 mm. ; plumage variable ; adult in breeding plum- age (Brit. Isles) brown to dark brown above, sometimes with rusty edges to scapulars ; lower parts whitish, heavily blotched on breast and barred on belly with dark brown (occasionally rufous brown), the upper breast, flanks and thighs nearly uniform ; tail with 12 or 13 darker bars, the sub- terminal one broad; a sooty-brown phase, also a “‘ white ’’ variety are met with. Buteo buteo arvrigonu Picchi, Avicula, vii., p- 40 (1903). [Sardinia.] Sardinian Buzzard. Smaller insular race ; wing ¢ 346-50, 2 380 mm.; darker and more rufous; more heavily marked below; tail tinged rufous. Buteo buteo hartertt Swann, Syn. List Accip. p- 43 (1919). [Madeiva, type in Tring Mus. ] Madeiran Buzzard. Wing g 392-405, 2 411-430 mm. ; large and dark insular race; more similar to B. v. intermedius than to B. b. buteo in plumage ; darker than latter generally is and nearly W., N. and C. Europe, S. to Spain and Italy, N. to Brit. Isles, Sweden, W. Finland and Esthonia, E. to Germany, Poland, Carpathians, Greece and W. Asia Minor. Sardinia, Corsica. Madeira. t Adults among the Buzzards usually have the tail much less numerously barred than is the case with young birds and often have a broad sub-terminal band, lacking in young birds; the latter also have the under parts of the body as a rule lighter, often with the arrow-head, circular or elongated dark markings characteristic of the young birds of other groups of the Accipitres, and have only first 3 primaries notched in some cases. vary greatly in plumage. Individuals of all the species of Buteo 137c. 137d. 137e. 72 uniform below, blackish-brown to rutous- brown, the abdomen barred ; tail with 10 or 12 darker bars and with or without rufous tinge. Buteo buteo rothschildi, Swann, Syn. List Accip., p. 43 (1919). [Tercesra, Azores, type in Brit. Mus.] Azores Buzzard. Smaller ; wing $ 340-357 ; 9372-386 mm. ; rufous form, but tail generally light ashy, with 7-9 bars, the sub-terminal broad, more or less tinged with rufous; below with belly either uniform deep rufous or barred and mottled with buffish-white. Buteo buteo insularum Floericke, Mitteil. Oesterr. Reichsb., iii., p. 64 (1903). [Gran Canaria. | Canary Isles Buzzard. Wing 2 390-398, 3 (juv.) 350 mm. ; rufous form; chest and abdomen rufous brown ; tail brown slightly tinged with rufous and with the darker bars nearly obsolete in very old bird, about 5 being apparent ; younger birds have about 10 distinct bars. Buteo buteo bannermami, Swann, Syn. List Accip., p. 44 (1919). [2 Near Muindello Bay, St. Vincent, Cape Verd Is., type in Coll. B. M.] Cape Verd Buzzard. Wing ¢ 342, 2370-380 mm. ; paler and less rufous than three preceding forms ; above ashy-brown, with paler margins to the feathers ; tail with 9 daiker bars; below: throat white, streaked with dusky-brown ; Azores. Canary Isles. Cape Verd Islands. 73 chest brown, mottled with buffy-white ; centre of breast whiter ; belly barred with brown ; thighs dark brown, slightly barred » with rufous; feet smaller and slighter. B. Tail more definitely red in old birds, with most or all of the bars obsolete (except in invermedius). *+138. Buieo vulpinus vulpinus+ Gloger, Das W. Asia Abandern der Vogel, p. 141 (1833). [Africa.] (Turkestan) ; [=B. desertorwm Daud. and B. sufiventery S.E. Europe Jerd.] (S. Russia to Desert Buzzard. (Caucasus) and Asia Minor ; Smaller: wing ¢ 340-380, 2 360-390 mm.: S. to Jndia, tarsus 75 mm., wing with first 3 primaries Arabia and strongly notched, 4th less so (lacking the Africa in winter; recurved notch) ; above brown, with con. cas. to Germany spicuous rufous margins and blackish and Brit. Isles. shafts; tail bright rufous, with sub- terminal black band and remains of other bars ; head, neck and under parts tawny 1 Confusion has long existed regarding the East European Buzzards, and three years of hard work on the group brings me to the conclusion that the only way to overcome this confusion is to regard B. vulpinus as a species and ““ zimmer- manne’’ [= intermedius Menzb.—this name claiming priority] as a form of this species and not of B. buteo. There is no doubt that B. v. intermedius is inter- mediate between B. vulpinus and B. buteo, but there is also no doubt that inier- medtus is the representative form in E. Europe and breeds there along with typical B. buteo buteo. Witherby admits this difficulty (Pract. Handbook Br. Birds, u., Pp. 145, note) but follows Hartert in making vulpinus a form of B. buteo, and even goes further in doubting if ‘“‘ zimmermanneé’’ is separable. Col. Meiklejohn tells me also that the typical B. buteo and B. v. intermedius nest together in Esthonia and do not interbreed. The inference is obvious that they must be different species, and as I have always been convinced that vulpinus is a valid species, differing widely from B. buteo in adult plumage, in plumage changes, in size, and in habits as observed in the field, I feel that all difficulties are overcome by regarding intermedius as a form of that species. intermediate between it and B. buteo. One point that links the two latter forms is that both are not truly migratory, although they move in winter. B. vulpinus vulpinus on the other hand is a true migrant, going right down through Africa. This is unfortunate in one sense, because African migrants are always assigned to vulpinus, while European birds, especially the young with brown-barred tails, are as often as not confused with inteymedius or B. buteo. The differences are given above. B. menetyiesi Bogd. is a synonym of B. vulpinus vulpinus, as it is based on old birds which have lost most of the tail bands. Mr. W. Sclater (MS.) states that in Socotra B. vulpinus or an allied form breeds. . ¢138a. * +139. 74 rufous, breast varied with creamy buff and throat streaked with brown; belly not obviously barred in adult. Immature whitish below, streaked on chest and barred or blotched on belly with rufous to dark brown ; tail ashy-brown, more or less washed with rufous and with 9 or 10 blackish bars. Buteo vulpinus intermedius Menzbier, Orn. Turkestan, p. 197 (1888). [West of Russia.] Rufous Buzzard. [ =B. zimmermanne Ehmeke.]} Size similar to Bb. vulpinus vulpinus but always smaller than B. buteo buteo; wing 6 350-82, 2 366-93; first 4 primaries notched exactly as in B. vulpinus ; above similar, but tail always barred (8-9 bars), the interspaces either bright ferruginous red, or strongly washed with the same; below more heavily marked than in B. buteo buteo ; breast, abdomen and under tail coverts heavily barred transversely with rufous brown. Young: less rufous ; tail ashy grey, more or less washed with rufous and with dark bars; below more striped and blotched instead of barred (scarcely dis- tinguishable from young of Bb. vulpinus vulpinus). Buteo ferox ferox (S. G. Gmel.), N. Comm. Acad. Petrop. xv., 1770, p. 442, pl. x. (1771). [Astrakan.| Long-legged Buzzard. Much larger: wing 9g 410-445, tail 265, tarsus 96 mm., 2 wing 455-482 mm. ; breast buffish to pale rufous with dark shaft streaks ; abdomen, flanks and thighs rufous to chocolate brown, unbarred; tail pale E. Prussia to Esthonia, and Finland (except N. & W); Russia, N. to Archangel, S. to Central and S.W. Russia, W. to Roumania and Bulgaria ; cas. in W. Europe. S.E. Europe (cas. S. & W. Europe), Egypt, Arabia, Asia Minor, W. &C. Asia and Himalayas ; in winter S. to N.W. India and Sudan. $139a. +140. 795 rufous, whitish at base and shafts white, with 2 or 3 definite bars towards tip and remains of others; uniform dark under parts of some birds probably a dark phase or erythrism rather than age ; also subject to melanism; immature buffish white below blotched and streaked with dark rufous brown ; tail ashy with darker bars. Buteo ferox cirtensis (Levaill., jun.). Expl. Sci. de l’Alger., pl. 3 [not text], (1850). [Algeria. | Algerian Buzzard. Much smaller; wing g 365.75, tail 208, tarsus 68 mm.; wing @ 380-400 mm. ; above brown with rufous or pale edgings ; below buff with shaftlines of dark brown ; belly and flanks washed with rufous ; thighs rufous ; tail pale rufous, without terminal or other bars. Buteo rufofuscus rufofuscus (Forst.) Natur- gesch. African. Vogel, p. 59, pl. 16 (1798). [S. Africa, ex Levaillant.] [=B. jakal (Daud.)] Jackal Buzzard. Wing 3g 400-430, tail 180-204, tarsus 85 mm. ; wing 9 455 mm. ; above and throat and chest brownish black ; interscapulary feathers mostly white, varied with pale rufous ; primaries externally ashy. second- aries whitish, both barred with black ; tail chestnut red, with or without black sub- terminal band ; breast chestnut ; abdomen black, more or less barred with white and chestnut ; younger birds have under parts rufous, excepting threat, which is blackish. N. Africa, (Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia) ; S, in winter. S. Africa, S. of the Limpopo. 76 140a. Buteo rufofuscus archeri (W. Sclat.), Bull. Somaliland. 141. B.O.C., xxxix., p. 17 (1918). [Waghar, Somaliland, type in Brit. Mus.] Archer’s Buzzard. Smaller; wing ¢ 400, tail 195, tarsus 85 mm.; ““ White on scapulars and back replaced by reddish; below from lower breast to under tail-coverts rich rufous instead of white.” Buteo augur (Ripp.), Neue Wirb. Vég., p. 38, pl. 16 (1836). [Abyssinia.| Augur Buzzard. Wing ¢ 400-428, 2 450-475 mm.; tail chestnut, with more o: less obsolete black terminal bar ; old birds above black; the wings much as in rufofuscus ; below pure white, excepting the throat which is more or less black; melanistic phase black above and below, with chestnut tail. Immature above brown; tail brown with about 10 dark bars; below white, blotched with dark brown, especially on throat and flanks. Buteo auguralis Salvad., Att. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., vili., p. 276 (1865). [Abyssinia.} Salvadori’s Buzzard. Wing ¢ 340, 2 356 mm. ; general plumage dusky blackish, the feathers of back and wings margined with brown ; sides of head and cervical collar varied with rufous ; forehead, nape spot and throat white ; chest either blotched with brown, or uniform dark brown ; abdomen and flanks white spotted and streaked with black ; tail rufous with subterminal black band. N.E. Africa (Abyssinia and Erythrea), Equatorial and Cential Africa, S. to Rhodesia. S. Abyssinia to W. Africa (Gold Coast and Gaboon). 1 The bird described appears to be in intermediate plumage, not fully adult, and is dovbtfully separable except as a northerw race of B. rufofuscus. 4 +143. 7143a. 143b. 77 Buteo borealis borealis (Gmel.), S.N., 1, p. 266 (1788). [Carolina.| Red-tailed Hawk. Size variable ; wing g 390-400, 2 440-450 mm. ; above blackish-brown with more or less of lighter variegation; tail chestnut with one sub-terminal darker band and often remains of others; below buffy- white, flanks barred or mottled and abdo- men heavily streaked with blackish-brown. Buteo borealis kridert Hoopes, Pr. Ac. Nat. Soc. Philad., 1873, p. 238, pl. 5. [Winne- bago Co., Iowa, type in Phil. Ac. Mus.] Krider’s Hawk. Wing 3 370, 2 400 mm. ; light form, pure white below with few or no markings ; tail pale rufous to grey or white, with blackish bars more or less obsolete and sub-terminal bar reduced or obliterated. Buteo borealis lucasanus Ridgw. Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii., p. 285 (1874). [Cape Sz. Lucas. | St. Lucas Red-tail. Like B. 6. calurus but lighter and smaller ; wing ¢ 370-398, 2 395-420; sub-terminal tail band reduced. *t143c. Buteo borealis calurus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vii., p. 281 (1855). [Near Fort Webster, New Mexico, type in Phil. Ac. Mus. ] Western Red-tail. Wing 3 386, 2 412-430 mm. ; strongly de- veloped form of B. borealis borealis, more E. North America, N. to Canada and Newfoundland, W. to Gt. Plains. Gt. Plains from Missouri and Minnesota to Rocky Moun- tains IN. £01 9: Manitoba; S. in winter to Mexico and Georgia. Peninsula of Lower California. W. North America,beyond W. edge of Gt. Plains, E. to Middle Yukon, S.to Guatemala; Guadeloupe Is. 78 strongly marked and rufous below, especi- ally on thighs, and with more bars than the sub-terminal one on tail; melanisms are frequent, but they usually retain the rufous tail.+ +143d. Buteo borealis harlani? (Aud.), Bds. Am.,i., Lower pl. 86 (1830). [Near St. Francisville, Mississippi Louisiana, type in Brit. Mus.] Valley & Gulf Harlan’s Hawk. States, from Texas and Dark phase: resembling a melanism of Louisiana to B. borealis kridert; wing § 380, 2 400- Florida. 408 mm. ; nearly uniform sooty-brownish- black, with much less of concealed white ; tail mottled with greyish, dusky and rufous, with sub-terminal black band. Light phase : resembling a small darker example of B. b. borealis. 148e. Buteo borealis alascensis Grinnell, Univ. Cal. S.E. Alaska. Pub. Zool., v., No. 2, p. 211 (1909). [Glacier Bay and Chichagof I.] Alaska Red-tail. Resembling B. borealis calurus, but smaller throughout ; wing ¢ 344-355 mm. ; ° 365- 370 mm.; dark areas blacker and more extended. 143f. Buteo borealis costaricensis Ridg., Hist. N. Guatemala and Am. Bads., iii., p. 285 (1874). [Costa Rica.] Costa Rica to Central American Red-tail. Panama. 1 I have examined the type of B. cooperi Cassin in the U.S. Nat. Mus. and am obliged to conclude it is an aberrant example of this form. 2 Even after examination of a number of available specimens in the United States I am unable to discard this form as a melanism, since it seems to cover a definite geographical area and to be smaller than B. b. borealis. Light birds, such as those from Florida, with the rufous tail of B. borealis borealis, undoubtedly occur in its area, but they equal itin size. Melanistic birds referrable to harlani occur in Canada, Mr. Taverner assures me, within the range of krideri ; yet it is impossible to throw the range of harlani into that of kridert. 79 Wing 2 392 mm.; tail uniform rufous, with one very narrow sub-terminal band ; flanks and thighs light rufous; juv., tail barred, and flanks and thighs sparsely barred with rufous. 143g. Buteo borealis umbrinus Bangs, Pr. New S. Florida, Engl. Zool. Cl. ii., p. 67 (1901). (Myakka, Bahamas, Manatee Co., Florida, type in M.C.Z., Cuba. Harvard. ] Florida Red-tail. Size of B. borealis borealis (wing 3 376-392, 2 420-430 mm. ), but darker above ; throat and middle of belly with broad conspicuous striping and banding of deep chocolate brown; tail feathers rufous, with broad sub-terminal black band and dark brown markings (remains of bands) near shaft. 143h. Buteo borealis jamaicensis (Gmel.), S.N.,1., Jamaica. p. 266 (1788). [Jamaica.} San Domingo 4 Jamaica Red-tail. Porto Rico? Wing 3¢ 330-345, 2 352-373 mm. ; above sooty brownish with purplish gloss and ferruginous edgings ; tail ferruginous red, with sub-terminal black band ; wing quills rich brown, barred with black; below white tinged buff; throat streaked with dusky, chest more thickly with ferruginous; a dusky zone across abdomen; thighs barred ferruginous. 1 B. tropicalis Verrill is a synonym, described from an immature San Domingo bird. 143i. $143k. 143]. 80 Buteo borealis socorroensis Ridgw., Pr. U.S.N. Mus., iii., 1880, p. 220 (1881). [Socorro I., type in U.S. Nat. Mus.] [nom. nudem.| Idem in Biol. Centr. Amer. Aves iii., p. 64, 1900. Socorro Island Red-tail. Small form: wing ¢ 378-390, 2 418 mm. ; Similar to B. b. culurus but with much larger and stouter feet ; under parts more uniformly pale cinnamomeus ; thighs deep vinaceous cinnamon, indistinctly barred with paler. Buteo borealis fumosus Nelson, Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash., xil., p. 7 (1898). [Ives Marias Is.] [Tres Marias Red-tail. More rufous on sides of breast and belly ; thighs heavily barred with brown. Buteo borealis ventralis Gould, P.Z.S., 1837, p. 10. [Santa Cruz, Patag., type in Brit. Mus. } Patagonian Buzzard. Wing 2 363-375 mm. ; exactly like imma- ture Buteo borealis borealis; tail with 8 to 10 dark bars}. C. Tail black. #4144. Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmel.), S.N., 1., p. 268 (1788). [Long Is., N.Y.] Red-shouldered Hawk. Socorro Island, off W. coast of Mexico. Tres Marias Islands, off W. coast of Mexico. Patagonia ; S. Chile. E. North America, N. to Canada, W. to edge of Great Plains. 1 A second example from Chile has 8 instead of 10 dark bands, wider than in the type: this form does not get the red tail it may be a species. markings on belly are also blacker and it may be more mature. If t144a. *144b. 144c. 144d. 81 Smaller than B. borealis borealis ; average wing § 317 inm.; wing 2 356, tail 225 mm. ; plumage above reddish brown with darker centres ; lesser wing-coverts bright chest- nut ; below pale brownish rufous, barred with white ; thighs paler and more buffy ; quills and tail black, barred with white, the tail with about 6 bars. Buteo lineatus elegans Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vii., p. 281 (1855). [Cali- fornia, type in Phil. Ac. Mus.] Western Red-shouldered Hawk. Much darker : “‘ Anerythrism of last form”’ (Coues) ; below generally much darker red- dish, with much less white barring ; thighs rufous ; wing ¢ 327 mm. Buteo lineatus allent Ridgw., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vil., p. 514 (1885). [Tampa, Fia., type in U.S. Nat. Mus.] Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. Much smaller than typical form; wing 3 295-300, 2 310-325 mm. Buteo lineatus extumus Bangs, Pr. New Engl. Zool. Cl. vil., p. 35, Jan. 16, 1920. [Cape Florida, type in M.C.Z. Harvard.] Bangs’s Red-shouldered Buzzard. Similar but slightly paler and smaller ; wing $ 270-75, tail 167-69; wing 2 295- 305 mm. Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop, Auk., xxix., p. 232 (1912). [Texas, type in coll. L. B. Bishop, Corpus Christi, Tex.] Texan Red-shouldered Hawk. W. North America from S. Brit. Colombia to N.W. Mexico and Lower California. S. Carolina to Florida. Florida Keys. Texas, Mexico. #4145, 145a. 145b. 82 Wing ¢ 323, tail 218; wing 2 333 mm. ; darker, approaching B. l. elegans; breast usually more spotted with buffy; dark shafts of chest more conspicuous ; head and back more rufous. Buteo platypierus platypterus (Vieill.), Tabl. Ency. Meth., iii., p. 1273 (1823). [Near Philadelphia, ex. Wilson, pl. 54, f. 1] Broad-winged Hawk. Considerably smaller ; wing ¢ 280, 2 295 mm.; only 3 outer primaries emarginate ; plumage above dark brown with lighter edges; nape much mottled with white ; tail brownish-black with 2 bands of greyish- white (basal one narrow or obsolete) ; below rufous brown, cross-barred with white in the form of transverse oblong spots. Buteo platypterus insulicola Riley, Auk., xxv., p. 273 (1908). [Antigua, type in U.S. Nat. Mus.] Antiguan Hawk. Wing 3g 227, 2 252 mm.; smaller and lighter than antillarum and bars below narrower and less sharply defined. Buteo platypterus antillarum Clark, Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 62 (1905). [S¢. Vincent, type in M.C.Z., Harvard.] Antillean Hawk. Wing ¢ 252-257, 2 265 mm. ; larger and darker than last form, and smaller and much darker above and below than typical form. E. North America ; Cuba, Porto Rico; in winter to Mexico, Central America and Northern S. America. Antigua. St. Vincent, St. Linea: Grenada, Dominica, 1 Tobago ? 1 B. platypterus riviert Verrill (Add. to Avif. of Dom. n.d., [recd. for review in Auk., Oct. 24, 1905]), described from Dominica is inseparable from antillarum, which name, being published in Feb., 1905, predates Verrill’s name. 83 +146. Buteo albonotatus albonotatus+ Gray Cat. Mexico, Arizona Accip. Brit. Mus., p. 7 (1844). (Mexico, New Mexico, type in B. M.] (nom. nud.) : Kaup,Isis, 1847, Texas. cols. 329, 954. ] Zone-tailed Hawk. Wing 3 400-435, 2 410-445 mm. ; first 4 quills strongly notched in adult (in im- mature first three notched and 4th sinuate); above and below black, with more or less of a slaty shade on mantle and chest (immature only showing more or less concealed white spots); tail black with broad median band of grey (showing white below) and remains of a second band (in immature with from 4 to 6 light bands). *146a. Buteo albonotatus abbreviatus Cab., in Surinam, Schomb. Reis. Guiana, iii., p. 739 (1848). Brit. Guiana, [Pomeroon R., Brit. Guiana, type in Berlin Venezuela, Mus. | Panama Southern Zone-tailed Hawk. (Pearl Is.), Brazil, Peru, Smaller ; wing g 380-385, mm.; plumage Bolivia.” similar, but black without any shade of slate usually shown in Mexican birds. 1 Gray applied the name albonotatus to an immature bird, as the type in the Brit. Mus. proves, and without description, but Kaup’s description, unsatisfactory as it is, undoubtedly predates Cabanis’s name abbreviatus, so I have been obliged to use it. The latter name was also based on an immature bird, as I learn from Dr. Reichenow who examined the type in Berlin for me. The more or less con- cealed white spots on the plumage of some examples are a sign of immaturity, but are not confined to Mexican birds, and are of no value in determination. The actual sign of maturity lies in the tail, the oldest birds having one broad median grey band (showing white below) and remains of a second one, while the immature birds have from 6 to 4 narrower ashy bands above, according to age, all showing white below The slight difference in size is the only real distinction between N. American and S. American birds, but I have for several reasons thought it best to retain both names and so separate the former from the latter. Kaup’s brief reference cited in the Isis, 1847, undoubtedly applies to Gray’s Mexican bird, but in Jardine’s Contrib. to Ornith., 1850, p. 75, Kaup uses the name albonotatus again for the S. American bird. 2 An example in Tring Mus. from Bolivia 2 (?) has a wing measurement of 455 mm., and is therefore larger than Guianan birds, but I have been unable to see any other southern birds. : 84 D. Tail white. 147. 148. 149. Buteo poliosomus (Quoy et Gaim.) Voy. de l’Uran. Ois., p. 92, pl. 14 (1824). [“ Iles Malouines.’’| Falkland Island Buzzard. Wing ¢ 375-385, 2 405-427 mm. ; general colour of ¢ bluish-slate ; tail white with about 9 narrow bars of slate grey and broad sub-terminal blackish band; 2 head, neck and upper breast and thighs slate ; mantle, scapulars and belly rufous. Buteo hypospodius Gurney, Ibis, 1876, p. 73, pl. 3. (Medellin, Colombia, type B.M.] Grey-bellied Buzzard. Size larger; wing ¢ 413-448 mm.; adult 6, general plumage slate, tail with 8 fine darker bars and broad black sub-terminal band ; abdomen and thighs slate, more or less barred with white ; 2 wing coverts and belly more or less suffused with rufous ; thighs rufous barred with white. Buteo pecilochrous Gurney, Ibis, 1879, p. 176. [Yauayacu, Ecuador, Salvin-God- man Coll.| [= B. melanosternus. Berl. and Stolzm.] Gurney’s Red-backed Buzzard. Wing ¢ 420, 2468 mm. ; ¢ similar to that of B. hypospodius, 2 above and tail much as in 9 of B. e. erythronotus, the whole mantle and scapulars rufous ;_ below slate barred with white, the throat and chest uniform and breast mixed with rufous. Immature: throat and chest blackish, below rufous; thighs barred with white; tail grey with numerous slaty bars and black sub-terminal band. Chile, Patagonia, Falkland Is., Tierra del Fuego. Colombia, Venezuela, Amazonia Brazil. Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile. #4150. 150a. 150b. 85 Buteo erythronotus erythronotus (King), Zool. Jnl. iii, p. 424 (1827). [Port Famine, Tierra del Fuego.) Red-backed Buzzard. Wing 3 368-380, 2 405-425 mm. ; ¢ above light slate grey, below white, usually with some fine verniculations of rufous brown on abdomen ; tail white with 8 or 10 narrow grey lines (except in very old birds) and sub-terminal blackish band; @2 back and scapulars brick red?. Buteo erythronotus simonsi subsp. nov. [2 Challapata, Bolivia, P. O. Simons, Oct. 14th 1901, type in Brit. Mus., reg. no. 1902, 3, 13, 1600.] Bolivian Red-backed Buzzard. Larger; wing ¢ 407, 9 455-470? ; much darker than B. e. erythronotus ; upper parts and wings blackish slate instead of light slate grey (but mantle red in 9) ; tail with the cross lines wider and blacker ; below white ; cross lines on belly (when present) blackish brown instead of rufous. Buteo erythronotus peruviensis subsp. nov. [$ Eten, prov. Lambayeque, Peru, P. O. Simons, Sept. 21, 1899, type in Brit. Mus., reg. no. 1902, 3, 13, 1603.] Northern Red-backed Buzzard. Falkland Is., Tierra delFuego, Patagonia, Argentina (to Buenos Ayres), Chile. Bolivia, N. Chile (Iquique), S. Peru (Andes), Ecuador (Andes) ? N.W. Peru (W. of Andes). rt Males, until fully adult, often show a small amount of red on the inter- scapulary region, although the grey upper and white lower plumage have been acquired. Occasionally the red is so extensive as to make them resemble the females, although the red in these cases is generally mottled with grey teathers. 2 The wing of the 9 type measures 470 mm., and of two other females from Iquique, Chile, and “‘ High Peru,’’ 467 and 460 mm. respectively. Other Bolivian birds from prov. of Cochabamba and Oruro measure @ (?) 407, and Q (?) 405. All the Bolivian birds have the blackish upper parts, although there is a puzzling variation in size. 86 Smaller; wing ¢ 364, 2 385-410 mm. ; dark form ; upper parts and wings blackish slate instead of light slate grey (but mantle red in 9) ; below pure white in adult ; tail conspicuously barred with black in addition to black sub-terminal band. 150c. 151. f15la. Buteo erythronotus exsul* Salvin, Ibis, 1875 p- 381. [Masafuera, type in Brit. Mus.] Masafuera Buzzard. Insular form; g wing 375 mm.; darker blackish slate above; @ back uniform like 6 instead of red. Buteo albicaudatus albicaudatus Vieill., N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iv., p. 477 (1816). [‘‘ S. America,” type loc. sugg.: Paraguay.] White-tailed Hawk. Wing ¢ 430, 2 445-475 mm.; above and throat slaty-grey,darker on head and wings; shoulder ferruginous; rump and upper tail-coverts white ; tail silvery grey, centre feathers white, with 8 or 9 fine slaty bars and sub-terminal black band ; below white, axillaries and flanks barred with blackish. Buteo allicaudatus sennettt Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., v., p. 144 (1893). [Lower Rio Grande, Texas.) Sennett’s White-tailed Hawk. « Smaller ; wing ¢ 408-412, 2 440-445 mm. ; cross bars on tail and lower parts finer and more broken (almost absent in oldest birds). Masafuera I., off coast of Chile S. America, from Brazil (Bahia) to Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Chile. Middle Texas to Central America ; Colombia, Venezuela and Amazon Valley. 1 The following additional forms of Buteo have been described from Chile by Philippi (Arch. fiir Naturg., 1899, pp. 167-70) viz. ; Buteo melanostethos, B. pecilo- gaster, B. macronychus, B. ater, B. pictus, B. albigula, B. [Asturina?| @thiops et elegans, but what the respective value of these forms is I have been unable to judge, although I believe some are based on immature plumages and untenable. 87 *151b. Buteo albicaudatus exiguus, Chapm., Bull. Llanos of Am. Mus. N.H., xxxiv., p. 637 (1915). E. Columbia & [Barrigon, Col.] E. into Columbian White-tailed Hawk. Venezuela, “ Notably smaller [wing ¢ 388 mm.]; with the upper parts, particularly the head and sides of the neck, darker and more slaty.”’ 151c. Buteo albicaudatus colonus Berl., J.f.0. Curagao, 1892, p. 91. [Curagao.] Bonaire, and Curagao White-tailed Hawk. Aruba Is. Ad. plumage not seen; imm. black, abdomen somewhat barred with buff; tail with indistinct darker bars. [Tring Mus.] Gen. XXXIII. TRIORCHIS Kaup (1829). [ = Archibuteo Brehm (1828). (nom. nud.)] Type Falco lagopus Gmel. (= F. lagopus Brinn.). With general characters and appearance of Buieo, but tarsi feathered to the toes. *1152. Triorchis lagopus lagopus (Briinn.), Orn. N. Europe and Bor., p. 4 (1764). [Christiansoé, near N. Asia; in Bornholm.] winter S. to Rough-legged Buzzard. Brit. Isles and Mediterranean. Wing 3 420-450, 2 440-460 mm.; above deep brown with paler margins; head, neck, throat and chest white, streaked with dark brown; scapulars and least wing- coverts with white bases; upper tail- coverts banded with white; tail white, terminal portion ashy, with sub-terminal blackish band ; centre of belly and flanks deep brown mottled with white ; thighs and *1522> 7152b. +153. 88 tarsi buffish-white, barred with brown; much variation occurs, some birds being much darker, almost uniform below. Triorchis lagopus pallidus (Menzb.), Orn. Turkest., i., p. 163 (1888). [Szberia, Tur- kestan, etc.) Siberian Rough-legged Buzzard. Wing ¢ 416-432, 2 436-450 mm.; much paler; plumage above with broad white margins ; streaks on throat and breast and thighs much narrower and paler; upper tail-coverts white with a central streak of brown. Triorchis lagopus sancti-johanmis (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 273 (1788). [Hudson Strait and Newfoundland.] American Rough-legged Buzzard. Wing ¢ 405-420, 2 443-450 mm.; much darker and more ochraceous below normally than A. /. lagopus and varying in melanistic examples to nearly uniform black. Triorchis ferrugineus (Licht.), Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berl. (Phys. K1.), 1838, p. 428 (1839). [Near Monterey, Cal.] Ferruginous Rough-leg. Wing ¢ 424, 2 430-460 mm.; plumage above blackish with chestnut margins, especially on wing coverts ; head streaked with black and white ; tail silvery ashy, tinged with rufous, the base and tip white ; below white, more or less washed with rufous, with rufous brown shaft lines on chest and arrow heads or bars on flanks ; thighs bright chestnut barred with black. Siberia, E. of Obi Valley, Kamtschatka, Ussuri; in winter to Turkestan, Black Sea, Caspian and China. N. America, N. of Mexico, breeding N. of U.S. ; migrat- ing S. in winter. W. North America, S. to California : in winter to Lower Califor- nia and N. Mexico. 89 Gen. XXXIV. BUTEOLA Bp. 1855). Type by orig. desig. Buteo brachyurus Vieill. Nostrils round, with distinct central tubercle ; wing with 3 outer primaries emarginate on inner webs, the fourth sinuate. *1154. Buteola brachyura (Vieill.), N. Dict. d’Hist., Nat. iv., p. 477 (1816). [Cayenne.] Short-tailed Buzzard. Size moderate ; wing g 290-298, 2 316-335 mm. ; above slaty-black ; tail ashy-brown, tipped with whitish and with 4 broad bands of black; sides of face and under surface of body white, the sides of chest black (immature buff below and with 9 dark bars on tail) ; melanistic variety [B. fuliginosa, Scl.], general plumage sooty-black ; tail brown with 8 blackish bands. Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Guiana, Venezuela, N. to Central America and Florida. Gen. XXXV. ASTURINA Vieill. (1816). Type by monotypy A. cinerea Vieill. = Fulco mtidus Lath. Tibiz long; feet large and powerful; nostrils round, with indistinct and concealed tubercle at base of upper margin. Size medium (length 16-18 in.). *155. Asturina mitida mitida (Lath.), Ind. Orn.,i., p- 41 (1790) [Cayenne.] Shining Buzzard-Hawk. Wing ¢ 242-245, 9 260-265 mm. ; ¢ 2 above ashy grey, barred with silvery white, most narrowly on the head and nape, bars be- coming duller and broader on wings ; upper tail-coverts blackish, tipped with white ; tail blackish with a broad white band about one-third of distance from tip and a second S.E. Brazil, Amazonia, Ecuador, Guiana, Colombia. 155a. 155b. 156. 156a. 90 incomplete band on outer feathers ; body below regularly banded with silvery white and slaty grey. Asturina nitida pallida Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., xxviii., p. 170 (1915). [Rio Surutu. | Bolivian Buzzard-Hawk. Above a shade lighter and purer bluish- grey; below with dark barring slightly narrower. Asturina mitida costaricensis subsp. nov. [$ Pozo del Rio Grande, Bornea, Costa Rica, April 5, 1906, type in M.C.Z., Harvard.| Wing $ 237, 9 250 mm.; above much duller, approaching plagiata, the paler bands nearly obsolete ; below with slate bands duller and broader, white bands narrower. Asturina plagiata plagiata (Licht.) Nom. Mus. Berol. p. 3 (1854). [Nom. nud.] Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, i., Asturine, p. 1 (1862). [Vera Cruz.] Mexican Goshawk. Wing 3 248-253, 2 270-278 mm.; above ashy-grey without white bars; head and nape lighter ; tail with whitish band across middle with remains of another nearer base ; longer upper tail-coverts pure white ; below banded as A. n. mitida. Asturina plagiata minor Griscom, Am Mus. Novitates, Nov., 1921, (1921).[ Pugres, Costa Rica, type in Am. Mus. N. H.] Costa Rican Goshawk. E. Bolivia. Central America (Costa Rica). Mexico, N. to S. Arizona and Lower Rio Grande Valley. Costa Rica, Nicaragua. 91 Smaller, wing g 230, 9 255 mm. ; plumage paler grey. Gen. XXXVI. RUPORNIS Kaup (1844). Type by orig. desig. Falco magnirostris Gmel. Feet and claws much smaller and weaker. Size rather smaller than Asturina. *157. 157a. Rupormis magmrostris magmirosiris (Gmel.), Guiana, S.N., 1., p. 282 (1788). [Cayenne.| E. Venezuela, Large-billed Hawk. Lesser Antilles. \ Wing ¢ 208-220, 2 220-226 mm.; above and chest dark brownish slate, head darker ; tail ashy with 3 broad bands of black ; primaries rufous including outer webs, barred with black, the tips black; secon- daries, except outermost ones, ashy barred with black; below white, barred with rufous or rufous ashy (g more rufous below than 9). Ruporms magnirosinus ecuadonensis subsp. N. & W. nov. [2 Vaquerot, N. Ecuador, Sept. 20th, Ecuador. 1901, in coll. H. Kirke Swann.} Ecuador Large-billed Hawk. Wing ¢ 205, 2 220 mm. ; nearest to R. m. vuficauda ; above much paler and greyer than typical form, but upper tail-coverts with a tinge of buff and tail with interspaces darker and tinged with rufous ; below more rufous and with a buffish tinge ; quills more broadly banded with black, the secondaries more rufous on inner webs. 157b. 157c. *157d. 157e. 92 Rupornis magnirostris occidua Bangs, Pr. Peru Biol. Soc., Wash., xxiv., p. 187 (1911). [Rio Tembopata, S.E.Peru, type in M.C.Z., Harvard. ] Peruvian Large-billed Hawk. Larger: wing $ 213-223 mm. ; above much browner grey than last, but paler than typical form ; no rufous on secondaries or tail; no buff on upper or under tail- coverts ; chest cinnamon rufous to grey tinged with rufous. Rupornis magnirosiris wnsidiatrix Bangs Colombia. and Penard, Bull. M.C.Z., lii, p. 36. Venezuela (1918). [Sta. Marta, Col., type in M.C.Z., (Merida). Harvard. | Colombian Large-billed Hawk. Wing ¢ 210-220, 2 230 mm.; above and chest slate grey (paler) ; wings as in typical form; below barred with dull rufous and white. Rupornis magnirostris griseicauda Ridgw., Mexico to Pr. Bos. Soc. N.H., xvi., p. 89, (1873). Guatemala and [Rio Seco, Mexico, typein M.C.Z., Harvard] N. Nicaragua. Mexican Large-billed Hawk. Wing ¢ 215-20, 2 240 mm. ; above much darker and browner, under parts and upper tail-coverts more rufous, the interspaces buff instead of white; tail with inter- spaces ashy. Rupornis magnirostris conspecta, Peters, Yucatan Auk., xxv., p. 370 (1913). [San Ignacio.] Peninsula, and Yucatan Large-billed Hawk. Brit. Honduras. 157f. 93 Wing 2 220 mm.; much paler (brownish slate) above and on chest ; inter-barring whiter, less buffy below. Rupornis magnirvostris ruficauda (Scl. & Salv.) P.Z.S., 1869, p. 133 [Type loc. sugg. David, W. Panama, Chapm.]. Red-tailed Large-billed Hawk. Wing 6 215, 2 220-35 mm.; tail with the interspaces rufous instead of ashy ; below buff, banded with rufous, throat and chest ashy. 157g. Ruporms magmirostris gracilis Ridgw., Pr. 158h. U.S.N. Mus., viil., p. 94 (1885). [Cozumel i Cozumel Hawk. Similar to grisercanda but smaller. Rupornis magnivosiris natterert (Scl. & Salv.) P.Z.S. 1869, p. 132. [Sao Paulo et Mattogrosso. | Natterer’s Hawk. Wing g 220, 9 233 mm.; above ashy brown, head much clearer; tail with the interspaces ashy-brown ; throat ashy-grey ; chest pale rufous, gest of under parts ful- vous barred with pale rufous. 157i. Rupornis magmyrostris superciliaris (Vieill.) N. Dict., x., p. $28 (1817). [Paraguay, ex. Azara. | Pucheran’s Hawk. [= R. magnivosiris pucheram (J. & E. Verr.) | Central America (S. Nicaragua to Panama) ; Colombia (Cauca Valley). Cozumel I., Yucatan. S.E. and C. Brazil. Paraguay, S.E. Brazil, Argentina. 157k. 158. 159; 94 Wing ¢ 267 ; larger ; above brown, darker on head ; quills paler rufous than in R. m. vuficauda, and with bases pale rufous externally ; tail pale rufous banded with dark brown ; below buffy-white, narrowly barred with pale rufous. Rupornis magmirostris saturata Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1876, p. 357. [Apollo and Tilotilo, Bolivia.] Sclater’s Hawk. Tail much brighter cinnamon rufous, as well as basal part of wing quills; chest distinctly rufous. Rupornis ridgwayi Cory, Qtly. Jnl. Boston Zool. Soc., i1., p. 46 (1883). [San Dom- ingo.| Ridgway’s Hawk. Wing ¢ 220-230, 2253 mm. ; above brown- ish grey; tail dark brown, with 3 faint imperfect bars of white and shaded with dull rufous ; lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts rufous; no rufous in wings ; below pale grey ; belly barred with rufous and white; thighs dark rufous, narrowly banded with white. Rupornis leucorrhoa (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. de 1’Uran., p. 91, pl. 13 (1824). [Brazil.] White-rumped Hawk. Wing ¢ 242, 2 252 mm.; uniform black, lower upper tail-coverts and base of tail white ; tail black, with a single band of ashy-brown (2 in immature) ; tibial plumes rufous ; under tail-coverts buffy-white. Bolivia. Haiti and San Domingo. Brazil to Peru, Colombia, Venezuela. 95 Gen. XXXVII. BUSARELLUS Lafr. (1842). Type by orig. desig. “‘ Le Buserai’”’ Levaill. [= Falco mgncollis Lath.] Size of Buteo ; sole of foot covered with rugose and thorny spicules (like that of Pandion) tip of upper mandible much curved. 160. Busarellus nigricollis mgricollis (Lath.), Ind. Orn. 1, p. 35 (1790). [Cayenne.] » Black-collared Hawk. 160a. 160b. Wing 3 360-380, 2 385-398 mm.; above bright chestnut, with narrow black shaft stripes ; outermost wing-coverts and quills black ; basal half of tail chestnut banded with black, apical half black with narrow white tip; head and neck creamy buff, head washed with rufous and striped with black ; lower throat black; below chest- nut. Busarellus nigricollis macropus subsp. nov. [$ Tally Pan, Manatee R., Br. Honduras, G. B. Thomas, May 12, 1906, type in M.C.Z. Harvard. | Northern Black-collared Hawk. Larger ; wing g 410, 2 410-420 mm. ; tarsi and feet much stouter and larger; paler above and below; head and neck whiter. Busarellus mgricollis australis subsp. nov. [3 Morow, Arg., Sept. 3rd, 1915, S. Ven- turi Coll., No. 1015, type in Tring Mus.] Argentine Black-collared Hawk. Larger; wing ¢ 415, 2 428 mm.; paler generally ; head and neck whiter. | Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Central America (Panama to Nicaragua), and W. coast Mexico to Mazatlan. Guatemala and Brit. Honduras. N. Argentina Paraguay. 96 Gen. XXXVIII. BUTEOGALLUS Less. (1831). Type by monotypy B. cathartoides Less. [= Falco equinoctialis Gmel.}. Outer toe hardly longer than inner ; soles of feet smooth, wings short of tail by less than length of hind toe. 161. Buteogallus equinoctialis (Gmel.), S.N. i. p. 265 (1788). [Cayenne.] Equinoctial Buzzard. Wing 3¢ 310-325, 2? 340 mm.; plumage above black, with rufous margins on mantle and wing-coverts ; quills bright chestnut, outer webs black; tail black with white tip and indistinct median band of white ; throat blackish; below rufous narrowly barred with black. Guiana, Colombia, Brazil Paraguay. Gen. XXXIX. URUBITINGA Latr. (1842). [ex. Less. Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 132, nom. nud. | ” Type ‘‘ Urubitinga Size of Buteo; tarsus long and stout, scutellated before and behind, reticulated laterally ; distance between tips of wing and tail greater than length of hind toe ; secondaries nearly as long as prima- ries ; *162. general plumage black. Urubitinga urubitinga urubitinga (Gmel.), S.N., 1., p. 265 (1788). [Brazil.] Brazilian Eagle. Wing ¢ 392-410, 2 405-450 mm.; above and below black ; upper tail-coverts mostly white ; tail with base black, a central white band equal to a third length of tail, the apical third black, with white tip. =Falco urubitinga Gmel. Chile and Argentina to Brazil, Guiana, E. Peru, Ecua- dor, Venezuela, Tobago.? 1 I have 2 immature birds collected by Kirk in my collection ; wing measure- ments 395 and 410 mm. 162a. 162b. $163. 163a. 97 Urubitinga urubitinga occidentalis subsp. nov. [2 Rio Bogota, W. Ecuador, Type No. 11045 in M.C.Z. Harvard. | Smaller ; wing 2 375 mm.; sub-terminal tail band 100 mm., white band narrower. Urubitinga wubitinga ridgwayt Gurney, List Diurn. Bds. Prey, p. 77, 148 (1884). [Guatemala. | Ridgway’s Black Hawk. Smaller ; wing ¢ 380-395, 2 415-420 mm. ; under wing-coverts and tibiz with more white ; tail with base white, black basal band much wider and central white bar less than one-fourth length of tail; black of plumage with a glaucous or slaty cast. Urubitinga anthracina anthracina (Licht.), Preis. Verz. Mexicanische Vogel, p. 3 (1830). [Mexico.] Mexican Black Hawk. Wing ¢ 355-375, 9 360-370 mm.; black above and below; upper and under tail- coverts only narrowly tipped with white ; tail with a broad (40-60 mm.) white median band and white tip; base of primaries mottled black and white; inner webs of secondaries mottled with rufous and black. Urubitinga anthracina cancrivora Clark. Pr. Biol. Soc., Wash., xviil., p. 63 (1905). [S¢. Vincent. | Antillean Black Hawk. W. Ecuador. Mexico and Guatemala to Costa Rica. Venezuela and Colombia to Guatemala, Mexico, Texas and S. Arizona. Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, St. Lucia). Trinidad. 1 1 The Trinidad bird differs only in the narrower tail band (30 mm.) and slightly more rufous secondaries. 98 Wing 2 385-392 mm.; plumage blacker ; hind neck mottled buff instead of white ; tail band narrower (40 mm.) ; bill rather more slender ; secondaries chiefly rufous, barred with black. 163b.Urubitinga anthracina subtilis Thayer and 163c. 164. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi., p. 94. (1905). [Gorgona I., type in M.C.Z., Harvard. ] Gorgona Black Hawk. Wing ¢ 342; brownish black ; secondaries rufous, barred and tipped with black ; tail with white band 40 mm. and buff tips. Urubitinga anthracina bangsi subsp. nov. [$ San Miguel I., Pearl Is., Bay of Panama. W. W. Brown, Jr., Mar. 30, 1904, type in M.C.Z., Harvard. | Pearl Island Black Hawk. Wing 3g 365 mm.; sooty black, browner on wings; primaries merely frosted with white at base; inner webs of secondaries dull rufous, except at tips, barred and mottled with black; tail band 30 mm. wide, the tip buffish. Urubitinga gundlachi (Cab.), J. f. O., 1854, Suppl. p.Ixxx. [Cuba, type in Berlin Mus. ] Cuban Black Hawk. Wing 9g 340-360 mm.; dark chocolate brown; the wing-coverts, scapulars and under parts narrowly edged with buffish white or pale rufous; basal half of primaries slate grey on outer webs, the inner webs white, forming a conspicuous patch below ; secondaries uniform brownish Gorgona I., S.W. Colombia. Panama. Cuba. 99 black; tail black with median white band (25-30 mm.) and white tips; in younger birds a second white band nearer base. Gen. XL. LEUCOPTERNIS Kaup (1847). Type by subs. desig. (Gray 1855) Falco melanops Lath. Similar in structure to Urubitinga ; nostril nearly circular ; tarsus not more than twice as long as middle toe ; plumage usually more white than black. 165. *165a. 166. Leucopternis schistacea schistacea (Sundev.) (fv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh. 1850, p. 142 (1851). [Brazil.] Slate-coloured Hawk. Wing ¢ 240, 2303 mm. ; plumage uniform slate colour; tail black, with a white median band and white tip. Leucopternis schistacea plumbea Salv., Ibis., 1872, p. 240, pl. viii. [Ecuador.} Plumbeous Hawk. Wing g 248-255 mm. ; uniform leaden grey; wings and tail black, latter with a median bar of ashy-white; under wing-coverts white and tibial plumes more or less barred with same. Leucopternis albicollis albicollis (Lath.) Ind. Orn. 1, p. 36 (1790). | [Cayenne.] White-collared Hawk. Wing 3$ 320-337, 2 365 mm.; general plumage white ; head streaked with black, interscapulary region spotted with black; scapulars and wing-coverts black spotted Ba Pent, C. and N.E. Brazil, Columbia ? Ecuador, W. Colombia, Panama. French, Dutch. and British Guiana, Trinidad, Venezuela and Amazonia to Ecuador and Peru. *166a. 167. 167a. 168. 100 with white; quills black; tail black with broad white tips (35 mm.) and white bases to outer feathers. Leucopternis albicollis occidentalis Salv. Ibis, 1876, p. 496. [Puna I.] Puna White-collared Hawk. Wing 2 338 mm.; similar, but rather smaller and with head plumbeous ; upper parts plumbeous instead of black; tail white with ‘narrow black sub-terminal band (70 mm.). Leucopternis ghiesbreghti ghiesbreghti (Du Bus), Esq. Zool., pl. 1 (1848). [Near Vera Cruz, Mexico.) Ghiesbreght’s Hawk. Wing ¢ 320-330, 2 360-385 mm. ; larger ; above and below white; tail with sub- terminal black band ; greater wing-coverts and outer secondaries black tipped with white, innermost (and sometimes all) secondaries white ; primaries chiefly black. Leucoplernis ghiesbreghti costaricensis W. Sclat., Bull) B:0:C., xxxix:, :p:.76 (1919): [Carillo, Costa Rica, type in B.M.] Wing ¢ 350 mm.; inner primaries and secondaries dusky black, crossed by narrow bars of dead black; the tips and inner edges white ; black tail band wider. Leucopternis polionota (G. R. Gray), Cat. Accip. Br. Mus., p. 17 (1844). [Nom. nud.): Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 212. [S. America = Sao Paulo, Braz., type in Br. Mus.] Mantled Hawk. W. Ecuador, Colombia. S. Mexico to Guatemala (Vera Paz) and Honduras. Pacific slopes of Guatemala to Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. S. Brazil. 101 Wing 3 360-380, 2 390-410 mm.; above blackish-slate, most of feathers tipped or barred with white ; head, neck and under- parts white ; basal half of tail black, ter- minal white. 169. Leucopternis lacernulata (Temm.), Pl. Col. S.E. Brazil. 1, pl. 437 (1827). [Brazil] White-headed Hawk. Wing ¢ 295, 9 315 mm. ; above more slate coloured, with less white variegation: head and hind neck shaded with greyish ; tail with narrow sub-terminal black band on white apical half. 170. Leucopternis kuhli Bp., Consp. Av. 1, p. 19, Amazonia, from 1849. [No loc.: Para, apud Chubb.] Para to White-browed Hawk. E. Peru. Wing ¢ 212, 9 220 mm.; smaller; above slate-black ; above eye a white stripe, and nape streaked and margined with same ; tail black, tipped with ashy-brown, with a median band of white; below white narrowly streaked with black on sides of chest. *171. Leucopternis melanops (Lath.), Ind.Orn.1., Guiana ; p. 37 (1790). [Cayenne.] N. Brazil to Black-faced Hawk. FE. Ecuador. Wing 3 210, 2 230 mm.; head, neck and lower parts white ; lores and stripe behind eye black ; crown and nape streaked with black ; back and wings black with large spots of white, except on quills ; tail black with broad band of white about a third from end. 102 172. Leucopterms semi-plumbea Lawr. Ann. Lyc., N.Y., vil., p. 288 (1862). [Panama.] Semi-plumbeous Hawk. Wing 3 190, 2 208 mm.; above uniform plumbeous ; wings and tail black; latter with a narrow band of white near middle ; below white with a few black shaft stripes on sides of breast. 173. Leucopternis princeps Sclat., P.Z.S. 1865, p. 429, pl. xxiv. [Costa Rica.} Barred Hawk. Wing 3 360, 2385 mm. ; above, also throat and foreneck, slaty-black, below white narrowly barred with black; tail black with a median band of white, and a few anterior incomplete bars of same. Gen. XLI. HARPYHALIAETUS Lafr. Type by org. desig. Harpyia coronatus Size large, length ad. 33 in.; head with a long occipital crest (95 mm.) ; tail short, not three times as long as tarsus. 174. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus (Vieill.) N. Dict. d'Tist. Naty, xiv., p. 207 (187) [ex Azara = Paraguay. | Crowned Harpy. Wing ad. 553-560; tail 342 mm. ; above ashy-brown, shaded with chocolate ; below paler and more ashy; quills blackish ; secondaries ashy-grey mottled with black and with a broad sub-terminal band of same ; tail black, tipped with white, with broad white median band, and a second indistinct one nearer base. N.W. Ecuador and Colombia to Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Costa Rica to N. Ecuador. (1842). Vieill. Paraguay, Bolivia, S. Brazil to Patagonia. 103 Gen. XLII. URUBITORNIS Verr. (P.Z.S. 1856, p. 145). Type by orig. desig. Circaetus solitarius Tsch. Head with short crest (50 mm.). 175. Urubitornis solitarius (Tsch.), Arch. f. Chili, Peru, Naturg. 1844, p. 264. [Chauchamayo, Ecuador, Peru.) Colombia. Solitary Harpy. Wing ad. 525, tail 240, culmen 65 mm. ; much darker than H. coronatus ; general colour bluish-black, shaded with chocolate ; tail with median white band 35 mm. wide. Gen. XLIII. MORPHNUS Dumont (Dict. Sci. Nat. i. Supp., p. 88, 1816). Type by subs. desig. (Chubb 1916) Falco guianensis Daud. Size similar, length about 36 in. ; head crested ; tail long, more than four times as long as tarsus ; toes very short ; claws large. 176. Morphnus guianensis (Daud.), Traité, ii., Honduras, p- 78 (1800). [Cayenne.] Panama, Guiana Crested Eagle. Colombia, Guiana, Wing ¢ 445-460 mm.; wing 2 488-500, E. Brazil, tail 430 mm. ; above brownish black ; head E. Peru, and neck greyish-brown; wings barred Paraguay. with lighter ashy-brown ; tail black, tipped with whitish and with from 3 to 5 bands of ashy-brown ; chest ashy-brown; below white barred with rufous or brown. 177. Morphnus teniatus Gurney, Ibis, 1879, Ecuador. p- 176, pl. ii. [Savayacu.] Ecuadorian Crested Eagle. 104 Wing ad. 461, tail 395, crest (longest feather) 115 mm. ; crown and sides of head dark slate ; above blackish-brown ; wing- coverts more conspicuously barred with white ; tail with 4 bands of white, mottled and tinged with brownish grey ; throat and upper breast blackish ; below closely barred with black and white. Gen. XLIV. HARPIA Vieill. (Anal. Nouv. Orn. 1816, p. 24). Type by monotypy Vultur harpyia L. Larger, length about 38 in. ; bill robust, culmen much curved ; feet very powerful ; tarsus almost entirely bare, the scutalle rough and irregular ; claws very large and strong; head with broad depressed crest, erectile. 178. Harpia harpyja (Linn.) S.N., 1., p. 86 From Mexico S. (1758). [Mexico.] to Paraguay, Great Harpy Eagle. Bolivia, and Brazil. Wing $ 530-565, 2600 mm. ; ad. head, neck and throat ashy-grey; above and chest brownish black ; below white; tail black with 4 ashy bands ; thighs barred black ; Immature: above, also crest and chest patch, ashy-grey; tail irregularly barred with black; head, neck and under-parts white. Gen. XLV. HARPYOPSIS Salvad. (1875). Type by orig. desig. H. nove-guinee Salvad. Size large, length about 34 in.; head crested ; tail long and rounded. 179. Harpyopsis nova-guinee Salvad. Ann. S.E. New Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 682 (1875). Guinea. [Andat, Arfak Penins.] New Guinea Hawk-Eagle. 105 Wing ad. 480 mm. ; above dusky brown ; below dirty white; chest greyish; tail with 6 indistinct transverse bands. Gen. XLVI. PITHECOPHAGA Ogilvie Grant (1896). - Type by orig. desig. P. jefferyi Ogilvie Grant. Length about 33 in. ; bill deep, much compressed, ridge of culmen much curved ; nostrils a vertical slit ; lores and cheeks covered with bristles only ; head with crest of long lanceolate feathers ; feet powerful ; tarsi mostly naked, with a row of large scutes down front ; wings short and rounded ; tail very long. 180. Pithecophaga jeffery: Ogilvie Grant, Bull. BOLO e vil pa avi (Dec: 30) 1896) -4d:, Ibis, 1897, p. 214, pl. v. [Samar, Philipp. Is.| Philippine Monkey-Eagle. a Wing ad. 520; tail 380 mm.; above rich brown, with paler margins to the feathers, especially on head, where they are whitish buff ; tail dark brown with about 4 darker bands ; below creamy white, the thighs and flank feathers with reddish brown shaft stripes. SUB. FAM. IV. GYPAETIN2. Philippine Islands. (Samar and Mindanao). Gen. XLVII. GYPAETUS Storr (1784). Type by monotypy G. grandis Storr. Size large, length about 41 in.; nostrils hidden by stiff bristles; chin with a long tuft of black bristles ; tarsus more or less feathered. *T181. 18la. 181b. 106 Gypaétus barbatus grandis Storr, Alpen- reise vom Jahr 1781, p. 69 (1784). [Switzer- land.] Bearded Vulture. Wing average (Alps) ¢ 825, 2 861 ; (Spain) 790-812, (Sardinia) 785-788, (Greece) 784- 795, (Himalayas) 813-843 mm.; head white, a line each side of crown and another below ear black; general plumage above black with white shafts; wings and tail brown and scapulars washed with ochrace- ous brown; below rusty yellow; tarsus feathered to the toes. Immature: head, neck and throat brownish-black; above brown ; below pale brownish buff. Gypaétus barbatus barbatus (Linn.) S.N. 1, p. 87 (1758). [Africa, ex. Edwards = Santa Cruz, near Oran, apud Hartert. ] Atlas Bearded Vulture. Smaller ; wing ¢ 740-760, 2 750-770 mm. ; below warmer tawny reddish. Gypaétus barbatus meridionalis, Keys. and Blas., Wirbelt. Europ. p. xxviii. (1840). [S. Africa.) Southern Bearded Vulture. Wing 720-775 mm. ; cheeks white without the black markings ; tarsus bare towards lower part. SUB. FAM. V. AQUILINE. on Outer toe connected to middle toe by membrane ; tibia much longer than tarsus, which is reticulated on hinder aspect and generally more or less clothed Spain, Mediterranean Islands, Alps and S.E. Europe Central Asia, Himalayas, N. China ; S. Arabia (Yemen) ? Atlas Mtns., N. Africa (Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia). S, Africar: Mountains of Abyssinia. 107 with feathers; bill large, long and powerful ; cutting edge of upper mandible festooned, but not toothed; wings long; tail moderate; sexes generally alike. Gen. XLVIII. UROAETUS Kaup (1844). Type by orig. desig. Aquila fucosa Dumont =Vultur audax Lath. Tail strongly graduated, wedge-shaped ; tarsi clothed with feathers all round to base of toes ; feet and claws very powerful. *1182. Uroaétus audax (Lath.) Ind. Orn. Suppl. Australia, p- li. (1801). [New Holland = New South Tasmania. Wales, apud. Math.] Wedge-tailed Eagle. Wing $582, 9612-632 mm. ; general colour above and below black, browner on wings ; nape tawny chestnut ; upper tail-coverts brown mottled with white; tail feathers white at base of inner web. Younger birds have much more pale chestnut on hind neck, wing-coverts and chest. Gen. XLIX. AQUILA Briss. (1760). Type by tautonomy A. aquila Briss = Falco chrysaétos Linn. Tail nearly square or moderately rounded ; tarsi feathered all round; toes reticulated above, except last phalanx which is scaled ; head without crest ; claws powerful and curved. 183. Aguila verreauxi Less., Cent. Zool., p. 105, Mountains of pl. 38 (1830). [Interior of Cape of Good S. Africa, Hope.) N.E. Africa Verreaux’s Eagle (Abyssinia and Somaliland) ; acc. Palestine. 7184. 7184a. 7184b. 108 Wing 2 660 mm.; plumage black, with back, rump and some of the scapulars white ; immature fawn colour, tail uniform. Aquila chrysaétos chrysaétos (Linn.), S.N.1., p- 88. (1758). [Europe = Sweden, apud Hartert.] Golden Eagle. Wing ¢ 590-625, 2 650-660 mm. ; general plumage above blackish-brown, with paler margins ; crown brown; nape and hind neck tawny rufous ; tail blackish at apical fourth, browner towards base, middle ir- regularly banded with grey ; below black- ish with brown bases to the feathers; in younger birds basal half of tail white, centre mottled brown, apical third black; nape paler. Aquila chrysaétos occidentalis, Olphe-Galli- ard, Faune Orn. Eur. Occ., ii., fasc. xviii., p- 23 (Mar. 1889). [Spain.] Spanish Golden Eagle. Wing 3 580-600, 2615-680 mm. ; averaging smaller ; plumage darker and duller. Aquila chrysaétos daphanea, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). (Nom. nud.—Nepal.| Menz. Orn. Turkest, 1, p. 75 (1888). [Haute Asie.] Himalayan Golden Eagle. Larger ; wing ¢ 640-660, ¢ 680-730 mm. ; colour generally brighter. Europe, S. to Pyrenees ; Asia Minor. Spain and N. Africa (Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia). High Central Asia : Himalayas to Tianschau and Altai. 109 *1184c. Aguila chrysaétos canadensis (Linn.) S.N. #1185. 186. +187. i., p. 88 (1758). [Canada.] American Golden Eagle. Adult rather larger and considerably blacker than typical race ; wing 9 660-685 mm.; ¢ 615-630 mm.; immature birds darker than typical form, nearly black all over, except basal two-thirds of tail which are white; nape pale buff. Aquila heliaca Savigny, Descr. Egypte, Ois., p. 82, pl. 12 (1809). [Upper Egypt.) Imperial Eagle. Smaller ; wing g 575-600, 2 610-640 mm. ; feet and claws much weaker; head and neck above isabelline whitish, with darker centres ; nape tinged with rufous ; general plumage blackish-brown; some of the scapulars pure white; tail dark grey mottled with brown and with broad ter- minal blackish band. Immature brownish- yellow, striped with dark brown; tail uniform brown. Aquila adalberti Brehm, Ber Vers. deutsch. Orn. Ges. 1860, p. 60 (1861). [Spazn.] White-shouldered Eagle. Size similar ; wing 9 620 mm.; forehead and crown blackish brown ; whole edge of wing and some of the scapulars white, forming a conspicuous shoulder patch ; im- mature fawn colour, unstriped, tail uniform. Aquila mpalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.), Asiat. Resexviil sts, 2, plo il. py 13) (1833). [Nepal.] Eastern Steppe Eagle. Rather smaller ; wing ¢ 560-600, 2 590-620 mm. ; plumage brown, paler below; head brown, nape patch fulvous; quills, larger N. America, Arctic Regions S. to California, Central Mexico, and to Alleghenies in N. Carolina. S.E. Europe (Hungary to S. Russia), and C. Asia to Mongolia ; S. in winter to India and China. S Spain); N.W. Africa (Marocco). Central Asia, Mongolia, S.E. Siberia, N.W. India ; Muscat ; in winter to China, India and N.E. Africa. 7187a. 7188. 7188a. +188b. 110 scapulars and tail blackish-brown, latter with fulvous tip and obsolete ashy bars. Immature ashy-brown, tail darker, with terminal band of fawn ; wing with 2 light ochreous bars. Aquila mpalensis orientalis Cab., J. f. O. 1854, p. 369, note. [Sarepta, Volga.] Western Steppe Eagle. Smaller ; wing g 520-560, 2 580-610 mm. Aquila rapax vapax (Temm.) Pl. livr. 76, pl. 455 (1828). lL’ Afrique.) Tawny Eagle. Col., [Pie. merid. de Wing 3g 508, 2 558 mm.; general colour above and below tawny to rufous brown ; head and neck somewhat marked with darker brown ; scapulars and wing-coverts darker brown, blotched with pale brown ; quills and tail blackish-brown, with indica- tions of greyish bars ; under parts streaked with darker brown. Immature tawny, tail brown tipped with fulvous. Aquila rapax albicans (Riipp.), Neue Wir- belt, p. 34, pl. 13 (1835). [Prov. Simien, Abys.]| Riippell’s Tawny Eagle. Wing ¢ 490-520, 2 520-560 mm.; adult rather darker brown; immature general colour pale clay or ochraceous colour. Aquila rapax vindhiana Frankl. P.Z.S., pt. 1, p. 114 (1831). [Vindhya Muins., Central India.] Indian Tawny Eagle. Steppes of S.E Europe and W. Asia ; in winter to Palestine and Sudan. Africa, from Cape Colony N. to C. and E. Africa and Angola. N.E. Africa (Abysinia, Erythrea, Somaliland, Kordofan) ; S.W. Arabia. Indian Peninsula and Himalayas ; Persian Baluchistan. 188c. *+189. +190. 111 Wing 3g 500-520, 2 520-560 mm. ; general colour fulvous brown, paler on head and neck and below, above with lighter margins to the feathers, especially on wing-coverts ; tail dark brown with fulvous tip and 8 or 9 indistinct greyish bars on centre feathers. Aquiva rapax belisarius (Levaill. jun.) Expl. Sc. Alg. Ois. pl. 2 [not text], (1850) ; text by Loche, i., p.167 (1867). [Guelma, N.E. Algeria. | Algerian Tawny Eagie. Wing 3 530-550, 2 540-580 mm. ; head, neck all round and inter-scapulary region chocolate brown. Aquila clanga Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1., p. 351 (1827). [In Rossia Sibinnaque uni- versa. | Greater Spotted Eagle. Wing g 500-520, 2 550-560 mm. ; plumage above and below blackish-brown; tail unbarred ; younger birds purplish brown, much spotted and streaked with buff above and striped below: tail blackish, barred dark brown. Aquila pomarina pomarina Brehm, Vég. Deutschl., p. 27 (1831). [Pomerania.] Lesser Spotted Eagle. Smaller ; wing g 450-485, 2 490-520 mm. ; plumage browner ; crown and nape creamy brown ; tail feathers with obsolete lighter bars ; younger birds less spotted than those of A. clanga and tail unbarred ; nape patch ochraceous rufous. Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia ; acc. Roumania, Sardinia and Spain ? E. Europe, from Russia S.W. to Hungary and Balkans? E. to Turkestan, S. Siberia, N. India and China; in winter to N.E. Africa, India, Burma; cas. Brit. Isles. C. Europe trom E. Germany, Baltic States and Poland to Bessarabia and Balkans (S. to Greece), cas. W. Europe ; in winter to N.E. Africa. 112 *+190a. Aquila pomarina hastata (Less.), Voy. Ind. Or. Bélang., Zool., p. 217 (1834). [Bengal.] Long-legged Eagle. Wing ¢ 455-485, 2 495 mm.; bill more feeble, tarsi more slender; least wing- coverts with small spots of white in immature birds. Indian Peninsula ; Burmese countries. Gen. L. HIERAAETUS Kaup (1844). Type by orig. desig. Falco pennata Gmel. General characters of Aguila, but still more slender ; with or without short occipital crest ; tarsi feathered to the toes. +191. 19la. Hieraaétus fasciatus fasciatus (Vieill.), Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, ii., pt. 2, p. 152 (1822). [Montpellier.| Bonelli’s Eagle. Wing ¢ 460-490, 2 490-530 mm. ; above deep brown, feathers mostly with paler margins ; interscapulary space with exten- sive white bases to feathers; tail ashy, with broad sub-terminal dark brown band, and 5 or 6 indistinct bars; below white, with blackish-brown shaft stripes, the flanks and thighs buffish, barred with black. Hieraaétus fasciatus spilogaster+ (Bp.), Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1850, p. 487. [Abyssinia, ex Du Bus. MS.}. African Little Eagle. Wing ¢ 448, 2 462 mm.; head without crest ; above blackish-brown, mottled with white ; below purer white streaked with S. Europe (S. France and Spain to S. Russia), N. Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Turkestan, India, China. Tropical Africa ; N. to Abyssinia, Erythrea, and N. Nigeria, S. to Angola, also Cape Colony (rare) ; S. Arabia. 1 H. fasciatus minoy Erlanger from S. Arabia and E. Africa can hardly be separable unless spilogaster is considered a different species. nt eae +1192. 193. 194. 113 black on breast, and with large spots on under tail-coverts; flanks and thighs white ; under wing-coverts black. Hieraaétus pennatus (Gmel.), S.N.,1., p. 272 (1788). [ex. Brisson, no loc., type loc. sugg. France.] Booted Eagle. Smaller ; wing 3g 350-370, 2 395-420 mm. ; above brown, head and neck isabelline ; tail with obsolete darker bars on outer feathers ; below white, throat and breast washed with fawn and streaked with reddish brown or blackish ; species subject to variation ; immature birds dull brown below with black shaft-stripes, and often a white shoulder patch; a phase exists in adult birds with the dark under-parts. Hieraaétus morphnoides (Gould), P.Z.S., 1840, p. 161 (1841). [Upper Hunter R., N.S.W.] Little Eagle. Smaller, and with a short occipital crest ; wing ad. 380 mm.; above brown, crown darker; crest, neck and under-surface rufous, with black shaft-streaks; tail mottled greyish-brown, with 7 or 8 dark brown bars. Hieraaétus weiskei (Reichenow), Orn. M.B., vil., p. 185 (1900). [Astrolabe Mins.] New Guinea Little Eagle. Below heavily striped with dark brown. S. Europe (Portugal and Spain to S. Russia) ; N. Africa (Marocco to Tunisia) ; C. Asia ; Indian Peninsula. FE. and W. Australia. British and Dutch New Guinea. 114 195. Huieraaétus ayrest (Gurney), Ibis, 1862, 196. p- 149, pl. iv. [Naztal.] Ayres’s Little Eagle. [ = Lophotriorchis lucami Sharpe.] Wing 2 405 mm.; head with crest of 45 mm., black; above sepia brown with white shoulder patch ; below white, heavily marked with brownish-black; tail grey, with sub-terminal band and 4 narrow bars of black. Hieraaétus wahlbergi (Sundev.) Cfv. K. Vet. Akad. Stockh., 1850, p. 109 (1851). [Caffraria superion propre 25° lat.) Wahlberg’s Eagle. Wing 2 455 mm.; head with distinct occipital crest; plumage above brown, with paler margins; tail dark brown, tipped with whitish, with obsolete lighter | bars on inner webs of feathers; below whity brown, varied with dark brown on throat and breast. Gen. LI. LOPHOTRIORCHIS Sharpe Type Astur kienert De Sparre. Size moderate ; head with a wedge-shaped crest. 197. Lophotitorchis kvenert (De Sparre), Mag. Zool., 1835, Aves, pl. 35. (Himalaya, type in Phil. Ac. Mus.] Kiener’s Crested Eagle. Wing ad. 352-364 mm.; above black ; cheeks, throat and breast white with black shaft stripes; below tawny rufous, with black shaft stripes; tail brownish with faint black bars. Tropical Africa, from Togoland and Somaliland, S. to Nyasaland, Delagoa Bay and Natal. Tropical Africa, N. to Uganda and Erythrea on E. and Portug. Guinea on W. (1874). Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, Indo- Chinese Prov., Malay Peninsula to Celebes and Lesser Sunda Islands. 115 Gen. LII. OROAETUS Ridgw. (Smiths. Misc. Coll. Ixxii., No. 4, p. 1, 1920). Type Falco isidori Des Murs. Size larger ; with the crest longer. *198. Ovoaéius isidort (Des Murs), Rev. Zool., Colombia, 1845, p. 175 (bis.). [Santa Fé de Bogota.| W. Venezuela Isidore’s Crested Eagle. and S. through Ecuador to Wing g 488 mm.; wing 2 510-521, crest Bolivia. 83 mm.; above glossy black; tail ashy- grey, basal third black; throat black ; below tawny rufous with black shaft- streaks ; flanks black. Immature: below white with a few dark shaft-lines; tail with 4 black bands, interspaces marbled grey and brown. Gen. LIII. ICTINAETUS Jerd. (Jnl. As. Soc. Bengal xii., p. 128. 1843). Type I. ovivorus Jerd.=Aguila perniger Hodg. Head crested ; claws nearly straight, the circum- ference of inner claw exceeding the length of outer toe (which is very short). 199. Ictinaétus malayensis malayensis (Temm.). Malay Pl. Col. 1., livr. 20, pl. 117) (1824). [ex. Archipelago Reinw. MS., Java and Sumatra, restr. type (Java, Sumatra, loc.: Java.] Borneo, etc.). Malayan Crested Eagle. Wing ad. 510-525 mm.; whole plumage black ; the quills mottled with white near base ; tail feathers barred with ashy above, mottled with white below. 116 199a. Ictinaétus malayensis perniger (Hodgs.),* India, Ceylon, Jnl. As. Soc. Bengal, v., 1836, p. 227. [Nepal.] Indian Black Eagle. Similar but larger ; wing ad. 550-600 mm. Burma, Malay Peninsula. Gen. LIV. SPIZIASTUR Gray (1841). Type by orig. desig. S. atricapillas (Cuv.) =Buteo melanoleucus Vieill. Size of Buteo; head crested ; claws curved and powerful ; the circumference of inner claw about equal to length of outer toe and claw. 200. Spiziastur melanoleucus (Vieill.), N. Dict., iv., p. 482 (1816). [Gwana.] Black and White Crested Eagle. Wing ¢ 380, 2 415 mm. ; above blackish, quills and tail ashy brown, slightly tipped with fulvous and banded with black ; head, ; neck and under surface white. Central and S. America, from Yucatan to Brit. Guiana and Brazil. Gen. LV. SPIZAETUS Vieill. (1816). Type ‘“ L’Autour Huppé”’ Levaill.=Falco ovnatus Daud. Size variable; tarsi feathered as before; crest sometimes fully developed, sometimes absent ; wings short, falling short of tail by more than length of crest. *201. Spizaetus ornatus (Daud.), Traité, i., p. 77 (1800). [Cayenne]. Manduyt’s Hawk-Eagle. Wing 3 340-375, 2410 mm. ; occipital crest 75 mm. long ; sides and back of neck bright rufous; a black moustachial band below Mexico (Oaxaca) to Panama and S. to Ecuador on W. and on E. from Guiana and Brazil to Paraguay. 202. 203. 204. 117 eyes ; above black, feathers brown at base ; wings brown, barred with blackish ; tail brown with 4 blackish bands; below white, chest streaked and abdomen broadly banded with black; sides of chest chest- nut. Immature much browner and with 6 bands on tail. Black phase [S. tyrannus (Wied)]: above and below black, head mottled white ; below much spotted and banded with white, especially on tibiz. Spizaetus bellicosus (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 38 (1800). [Great Namaqualand. Martial Hawk-Eagle. Larger; wing 2 698 mm.; above dark sepia brown; feathers of head and neck with whitish brown margins and white bases ; wings barred with blackish ; tail with 6 bands of ashy grey ; fore neck and chest dark brown ; throat and under parts white, sparingly spotted with dark brown, especially on flanks. Immature paler above, more buffy white below, the spots nearly absent, and with about 11 bands on tail. Spizaetus africanus (Cassin), Proc. Phil. Acad., 1865, p. 4. [Ogobat R., Gaboon, type in Philad. Acad. Mus.] W. African Hawk-Eagle. [ = Spizaetus batest W. Sclat.] Smaller ; wing ad. 320-340, tail 235 mm. ; above brownish black; tail with 4 faint paler bands ; below white, thighs heavily spotted with blackish ; crest very slight. Spizaetus coronatus (Linn.), S.N., ed. xil., 1., p. 124 (1766). [Guinea in W. Africa.] Crowned Hawk-Eagle. S. Africa, E. Africa, N. to Shoa, Abyssinia and Bogosland ; Nigeria. Cameroon, Gaboon. S. and W.Airica (Gold Coast and Uganda to Cape Colony). 205. +205a. 118 Wing ¢ 560 mm.; above black; wings brown ; quills shaded with pale ashy grey, and with broad sub-terminal band of black ; tail with 2 broad bands of ashy grey and remains of a third; throat black; below yellowish buff, broadly banded with back, chest almost uniform ; under wing-coverts chestnut. Immature above brown with indistinct darker bands and whitish mar- gins; tail with 3 lighter bands; below white. Spizaetus nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.) Jnl. As. Soc. Beng., v., p. 229 (1836). [Nepal.) Himalayan Hawk-Eagle. Smaller ; Wing ¢ 450-460, 2° 485-495 mm. ; crest 70 mm. ; above blackish brown, with paler margins, especially on head and hind neck; wings paler, banded with dark brown ; tail ashy brown with 4 blackish brown bands; throat white, with black central stripe ; chest fawn with black shaft- streaks ; below brown spotted and barred with white. Immature: head and neck white with dark centres to feathers; tail with 6 darker bands ; below white, slightly streaked with dark brown ; flanks brown. Spizaetus nipalensis kelaarti Legge, Ibis, 1878, p. 202. [Ceylon.] Mountain Hawk-Eagle. Wing 468-473 mm. ; with the white bands below broader and more regular. Himalayas, E. to Assam ; S. in winter to plains of India and Malay Peninsula. Ceylon. 119 205b. Spizaetus nipalensis orientais Temm. & N. Japan Schleg. in Siebold’s Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 7, (mountains of pl. 3 (text 1844, pl. 1845). [Japan.] Yezo and . Japanese Hawk-Eagle. Hondo). Larger ; d about equal to 2 of typical race ; 2 wing 510 mm. 205c. Spizaetus nipalensis fokvensis [W. Sclat. S. China, MS.], Swann, Syn. List Accip., p. 72 (Nov. Hainan. 7, 1919), [nom. nudem]1 ; W. Sclat., Bull. B.O.C., xl., p. 37 (Dec. 8th, 1919). [Fokien Prov., type in Br. Mus.] Chinese Hawk-Eagle. Smaller ; wing g 419-425, 2 445 mm. $206. Spizaetus cirrhatus cirrhatus (Gmel.), S.N., Indian i., p. 274 (1788). [Indza.| Peninsula, N. to Indian Hawk-Eagle. Rajputa and Central Wing ¢ 405, 2 450 mm.; above brown; Provinces. feathers of hind neck and mantle with pale bases and black shait streaks ; crest black, 95 mm. long; wing quills rich brown, barred with blackish; tail with broad blackish - sub-terminal band and 3 narrower bands ; throat white with central black stripe and bordered by 2 black moustachial stripes ; below brown, more rufous and mottled with white on chest. 206a. Sprzaetus cirrhatus ceylonensis (Gmel.),S.N. Ceylon and i., p. 275. [Ceylon.] Travancore. Ceylonese Hawk-Eagle. Smaller ; wing 355-385 mm. | t Published by an oversight without description or reference, owing to non- appearance of Nov. Bull. B.O.C. Mr. La Touche tells me the Chinese bird has the 2 long crest feathers when fully adult, and Mr. Sclater (MS.) says that a Hainan bird in the Brit. Mus. has them. I therefore omit this as a character and retain the form tentatively on size alone. 206b. 206c. 206d. 206e. 120 Spizaetus cirrhatus andamanensis Tytler, Proc. As. Soc. Beng., 1865, p. 112. [Port Blair, And. Is. Andaman Hawk-Eagle. Small insular race. « Spizaetus cirrhatus limnaeetus (Horsf.), Tr. Linn. Soc., xiil., p. 138 (1821). [Java.] Javan Hawk-Eagle. Size of S. c. cirrhatus, but with crest very slight ; with dusky phase [S. limnaeetus Horsf.] nearly uniform chocolate brown, and pale phase [S. caligatus Raffles)] dark brown above, below white with large longitudinal brown markings ; the thighs barred. Spizaetus cirrhatus floris, (Hart.), Nov. Zool., v., p. 46 (1898). Flores Hawk-Eagle. Larger: below white, without the dark markings. Spizaetus cirrhatus lanceolatus Temm. & Schleg. in Siebold’s Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 7 (1844). [Celebes.] Celebes Hawk-Eagle. Smaller; wing $350, 2 375 mm. ; chest pale rufous with broad black central streaks ; below white, thickly banded with dark brown. . Spizaetus albomger (Blyth), Jnl. As. Soc. Beng., xiv., p. 173 (1845). Malayan Hawk-Eagle. [Malacca]. Andaman Islands. N. India (below Himalayas) ; Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippine Is. Lesser Sunda Is. (Flores). Celebes. Borneo, Greater Sunda Is., Malayan - Peninsula, S. Tenasserim. 121 Smaller; wing g 280-305, 2 330 mm. ; above black with occipital crest, tipped with white, 70 mm. long ; quills brown, tipped white, barred with black and with broad black sub-terminal band'; tail ashy brown, with broad basal and sub-terminal bands of black ;. below white, breast with large black spots and belly banded with black. Imma- ture : above brown, below pale buff. 208. Spizaetus philippinensis Gurney, in Gould’s Philippine Bds. Asia, pt. xv., text to pl. 10 (1863). Islands. [Philippine Is., type loc. sugg. Luzon.]| Philippine Hawk-Eagle. Rather larger, wing ad. 374 mm., crest 63 mm. ; above dark umber brown ; crest with base of feathers white; tail paler brown with 7 darker bands; throat as in S. c. cirrhatus; below yellowish rufous ; chest heavily marked with dark brown lanceolate spots; thighs and under tail- coverts barred with brown and white. 209. Spizaetus gurneyt (Gray), P.Z.S., 1860, Molucca Is., p. 342, pl. 169. [Batchian,typein Norwich Aru Is., Mus.] Waigiou, Gurney’s Hawk-Eagle. New Guinea. Larger ; wing ¢ 500, 2530 mm. ; blackish brown ; blacker on head, lighter and greyer on wings and tail ; tail with 6 or 7 obsolete bars. Gen. LVI. LOPHOAETUS Kaup (1847). Type by monotypy Falco occipitalis Daud. Size moderate; crest feathers very long and pendant ; tarsi feathered as in preceding genera. 122 #210. Lophoaétus occipitalis (Daud.), Traité, ii., p- 40 (1800). [Anteniquoi country.] Black Crested Eagle. Wing 3g 385-390, 2 396 mm.; crest 120 mm. ; § plumage glossy black, with a brown shade on wings; quills white at base, forming a conspicuous patch, and banded with white on inner webs below ; tail with 3 greyish bands on middle feathers, becom- ing broader and whitish on outer ones ; Q much browner; juv. deep chocolate brown. and Egyptian S. Africa to _ Senegal on W. Sudan on E. A SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCIPITRES (DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY) PART III. Gen. LVI]. HERPETOTHERES Vieill. (1817). Type by subs. desig. (Gray 1840) Falco cachinnans L. Tarsus bare on lower portion, reticulated in front ; bill with upper mandible slightly festooned ; nostrils circular with osseous margins; wings short ; size moderate (length about 16-18 in.). *211. Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans (Linn.) S.N., 1., p. 90 (1758). [“ America meridion- alis’’: type loc. subst. Surinam Berlepsch.] Guiana Laughing Hawk. Wing ¢ 260-265, 2 270-285 mm.; above brown; head crested, crown buff with brown shaft streaks; whole face and nuchal band black; sides of neck, collar round hind neck and entire under parts whitish buff; upper tail-coverts creamy buff; tail dark brown, with 4 creamy buff. bands in the form of pairs of oval spots not extending quite across webs. Guianas, Venezuela, E. Colombia. N. & E. Ecuador (E. of Andes). 21la. 211b. *21 1c. 211d. 124 Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxiii., p. 23 (1919). (Pernambuco, type in M.C.Z. Harvard.] Brazilian Laughing Hawk. Size of typical form (wing g 258-67), but very pale in colouration. Herpetotheres cachinnans mestus Bangs & Penard, Auk. xxxv., p. 444 (1918). [Bella- vista, Peru, type in M.C.Z. Harvaid.] Peruvian Laughing Hawk. Small pale form; wing 2 235 mm. ; head and under parts much whiter. Her petotheres cachinnans fulvescens Chapm., Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., xxxiv., p. 638 (1915). [Alto Bonito, R. Sucio, W. Colomb., type in Amer. Mus. N.H.] Western Laughing Hawk. Wing ¢ 253-258, 9 270 mm. ; smaller and more richly coloured; below nearly uni- form deeper buff; head deeper buff. Herpetotheres cachinnans chapman Bangs & Penard, Bull. M.C.Z., Ixi., p. 37 (1918). [Quintana Roo, Mexico, type in M.C.Z. Harvard]. Wing ¢ 270-275, 2 300 mm. ; large pale form ; upper parts paler ; head and under parts whiter ; tail with the bands extending across feathers. Brazil (Pernambuco) to Paraguay. N.W. Peru. W. Ecuador and W. Colombia. (Pacific side of Andes), N. to Panama; also S. Nicaragua (W. Selat.): Mexico, from Tepic and Talasco, S. to N. Nicaragua. 1 A Paraguayan ¢ in Brit. Mus. has a wing measurement of 298 mm. 125 Gen. LVIII. DRYOTRIORCHIS Shelley (1874). Type by orig. desig. Astur spectabilis Schl. Tarsus bare on lower portion ; nostrils perpendi- cular ovals ; head with a short crest of lanceolate feathers ; wings short ; size larger, length about 22.5 in. 212. Dryotriorchis spectabils spectabilis (Schl.), Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i., p. 131, pl. 6 (1863). [St. George Elmina, Gold Coast, type in Leyd. Mus.] Beautiful Wood-Hawk. Wing 300 mm. ; above dark brown ; nape and scapulars with white bases to feathers ; quills brown, barred with darker brown, the inner webs white ; tail with 6 blackish bands; below white; fawn colour on throat and chest, former with black central stripe ; chest and breast with black spot on tip of each feather, becoming bars on flanks and thighs; vent and under tail- _ coverts with spots of rufous. 212a. Wings Dryotriorchis spectabilis batesi Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 601. [Efulen, Cameroon, type in Brit. Mus.] Bates’s Wood-Hawk. Wing g 290 mm.; chest uniform creamy’ white, without the large black spots (except in immature birds). W. Africa (Gold Coast to Cameroon). Cameroon, Gaboon, and E. to Aruwhimi R., Belgian Congo. Gen. LIX. EUTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1875). Type by orig. desig. Eutriorchis astur Sharpe. remarkably short, not extending much beyond base of tail; tail elongated ; head witha short crest. 126 213. Evutriorchis astur Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1875, p.73 Madagascar. pl. xiii. [S. Madagascar, type in Brit. Mus.] Madagascar Serpent-Eagle. Above brown, tail with about 8 blackish bars; below white, narrowly banded with black ; throat and chest ashy ; wing 341 mm. Gen. LX. CIRCAETUS Vieill. (1816). Type by monotypy “ Jean-le-Blanc ”’ Buff = Falco gallicus Gm. Tarsus reticulated ; head with a short crest as in Dryotriorchis ; wings long; size large, length 25-32 in. 7*214. Circaétus gallicus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 259 (1788). [France.] Short-toed Eagle. Wing ¢ 500-530, 2 540-560 mm. ; above dark brown, with a purplish gloss, head and wing-coverts paler; forehead and face whitish, with lines of black ; secondaries barred with darker brown and with broad subterminal band; quills black; tail tipped with white and with 3 blackish bands; below white, throat and chest heavily striped and flanks and abdomen barred with brown ; juv. below pale earthy brown, abdomen white, spotted and barred with brown ; tail with 4 darker bands. Circaétus pectoralis! Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., Ser. 1, 1830, p. 109. [S. Africa.] Black-breasted Snake-Eagle. Wing 2 563-570 mm.; above brownish black ; secondaries and wing-coverts barred S. Europe N. to France, Germany, C. Russia ; N. Africa (Marocco to Egypt), C. Asia to India and N. China. S. Africa to to E. Tropical Africa and Abyssinia. 1 Circaétus rufulus Reichenow, Orn. M.B., xili., pp. 179-80 (1905). [Songea, Tanganyika Territory] appears to be based on an immature bird. thinks it is referrable to this species. Mr. W. Sclater *216. 217. 218. 127 with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts tipped and barred with white; tail ashy brown with 4 blackish bands; chest blackish ; throat white, streaked with blackish ; below white ; juv. tawny below. Circaétus cinereus Vieill., N.D., xxiil., p. 445 (1818). [Senegal, type in Paris Mus.] Black-bellied Snake-Eagle. Size nearly the same; wing 9 558 mm. ; bill much deeper, upper mandible from ridge to gonys, measured through anterior edge of nostril, 23 mm. as against 19 mm. in C. pectoralis ; tarsi also much stouter ; whole under parts uniform blackish brown ; immature brown below with white mark- ings, not white with brown markings as in C. pectoralis. Circaétus beaudomm: Verr. et Des Murs, Ibis, 1862, p. 212, pl. vii. [Bissao, Portug. Guinea, type in Norw. Mus. ] Beaudouin’s Snake-Eagle. Size nearly the same; wing 2 520 mm. ; above paler ; throat and chest ashy brown, the throat varied with white bases to the feathers ; below white broadly banded with ashy brown. Ciucaétus fasciolatus Gray, Cat. Acciptr. B.M., p. 18 (1848) (nom. nud.) ; Gurney, Ibis 1861, p. 130. [Natal, type in Brit. Mus. | Banded Snake-Eagle. Smaller ; wing ad. 370 mm. ; above black- ish, browner on head, with pale whitish margins to all the feathers, including wing E. & W. Tropical Africa from Senegal and Sudan S. to Cape Colony. Portuguese Guinea, Senegambia, Kordofan. Natal, N. to Tanganyika Territory. 128 quills, which are barred with blackish, the secondaries also with broad subterminal band ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white, and with 4 black bands ; throat and chest fulvous brown ; below white, barred with dark brown. 219. Circaétus cinerascens J. V. von Mill., Naum. 1851, heft iv., p. 27. [Sennar, Egyft. Sudan. | Cinereous Snake-Eagle. Size similai, wing ¢ 380, 2407 mm. ; above grey ; tail whitish, shaded and tipped with pale brown, and with broad blackish sub- terminal band and 2 narrower bands near base ; below ashy brown, shaded with grey, the abdomen and thighs barred with white. Tropical Africa from Sudan and Portug. Guinea to the Zambesi. Gen. LXI. SPILORNIS Gray (1840). Type by orig. desig. Falco bacha Daud. [err.] =S. cheela malayensis Swann. Crest feathers of head rounded, not lanceolate ; face bare with only a few short bristles; size variable, length 30 in. to 18 in. *220. Spilornis cheela cheela (Lath.), Ind. Orn., i., p- 14 (1790). [(“ India ’’ =Lucknow, apud We. Sclat,i Crested Serpent Eagle. Wing 2 (Himalayas), 495-532, 3 500-510 mm.; wings reaching beyond median pale band on tail ; above purplish brown ; head and crest black with white bases; wing-coverts with small spots of white ; secondaries broadly and upper tail-coverts narrowly tipped with white; tail black with very broad median band of brownish Himalayas (Kashmir to Nepal) ; in winter to N. India. 129 white ; throat, hind cheeks and ear-coverts blackish brown; below pale ochraceous brown; chest with transverse vermicula- tions of dark brown ; breast and belly with spots of white (bordered with dark brown), becoming bars on thighs and under tail- coverts ; under wing-coverts pale rufous ; ourer primaries white below with terminal black band about 100 mm. wide and one median blackish band, also slight remains of second band near base. {*220a. Spilormis cheela albidus (Temm.), Pl. Col., E.,C. & S. i., livr. iv., pl. 19 (1824). [Ex Cuv., Pondi- India, from cherry, type in Paris Mus. | Assam to Lesser Serpent-Eagle. Travancore. Smaller, tarsi more slender and feet smaller; wing ¢ (S. India) 405 mm. ; (Centr. Prov.) 436 mm.; (Assam) 430-443 mm.; wing 2 (Assam) 4380 mm. ; (Centr. Prov.) 462-474 mm. ; above darker ; throat less blackish, much browner, but with blackish shaft stripes ; much darker below ; chest darker and warmer brown, uniform in oldest birds! ; white spots below similar; tail more often with median pale band nearer apical end and narrower, with remains of a second basal one, the terminal black band about 50 mm. wide; primaries below 1 Vermiculated in less old birds, which are much lighter below. In considering this difficult group it should always be remembered that these birds certainly darken with age. Temminck described albidus from a quite juvenile bird, buffish white below with streaks and spots of dark brown. The dark uniform chest is a sign of age like the single pale tail band, but the typical S. c. cheela is a pale race and does not usually acquire the uniform chest ; although it always gets the single tail band. As we get away from the typical race these characters vary, albidus generally getting the uniform chest, but not often being found with the purely black tail and single band. The northern forms are the largest and the southern smallest and more variable in the characters mentioned ; also often, but not always, the darkest. The moult is from the pale juvenile plumage straight into the brown under parts with vermiculated chest and white spotted under parts, although the brown comes out in the form of bars towards the vent gradually dividing the white interspaces first into partial bars and then rounding them off into spots. The vermiculations in some forms are lost later as the chest darkens and becomes uniform. *220b. *220c. 130 usually showing 2 distinct black median bands, the terminal one narrower and often broken ; under wing-coverts rufous brown spotted with white, the greater ones ashy. Spilornis cheela spilogaster (Blyth), Jnl. As. Soc. Beng., xxi., p. 351 (1852). [Ceylon.] Ceylon Serpent-Eagle. Slightly smaller, and wings shorter ; wing 3 370-375 mm. ; throat and cheeks and ear- coverts ashy brown ; tail asin S.c. albidus ; chest and upper breast always uniform darker brown in adults; primaries below with only one blackish median band. Spilornis cheela burmanicus Swann, Syn. List. Accipitr., p. 81 (1920). [Jobin, Thayet- myo, Burma, type in coll. H. Kirke Swann ; and examples in coll. Brit. Mus.] Burmese Serpent-Eagle. Wing ¢ 430-455, 9 436-462 mm. ; larger and much paler above and below ; with the hind cheeks and ear-coverts ashy ; throat as pale as chest, but tinged with ashy and, like chest, finely vermiculated ; white spots below rounded and less distinct, the darker margins much paler ; primaries below as in S. c. cheela, but black terminal band not more than 75 mm. wide; under wing- coverts rufous with white spots, the outer edge white. . Spilornis cheela rutherfordi Swinh., Ibis, 1870, p. 85. [Central Hainan.] Hainan Serpent-Eagle. Smaller; wing (ex. from Hainan, Tring Mus.) 405-430, 2 393-411 mm.; throat slaty brown to dusky. Ceylon. Burma, N. to Upper Burma and Shan States S. to Tavoy, at least, in Tenasserim ; Siam (Gylden- stolpe) Hainan I. ; French Indo China. 220e. 220g. 131 Spilornis cheela floweri Swann, Syn. List Accipitr., p. 81 (1920). [Tahkaman, Siam, type in Brit. Mus. Siamese Serpent-Eagle. Wing (ad. unsexed) 411-424 mm.; much paler above and below; wings strongly shaded with grey ; sides of head slate grey ; throat uniform with chest which is pale ashy brown,slightly vermiculated; chest also sparingly spotted with white like lower parts; tail brownish black, with brownish white median band and remains of a basal one; primaries with one black median band below, besides terminal one ; under wing- coverts rufous, with white spots, outer edges white. . Spilormis cheela ricketti W. Sclat., Bull. B.O.C., xl, p. 37 (1919). [Yamakan, Fokien Prov., type in Brit. Mus. coll.) Chinese Serpent-Eagle. ““ Resembling S. c. cheela, but with upper parts somewhat paler ashy brown, with a purplish gloss, below dusty ashy; trans- verse banding on breast indistinct, often not noticeable; throat never black, but like the breast, cheeks and ear-coverts grey, not black ; slightly smaller wings, measur- ing from 430 to 470 mm.”’—W. Scrat. Spilormis cheela hoya Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p- 304. [Formosa.] Formosan Serpent-Eagle. Nearly as large as S. cheela cheela, wing 470-481 mm.; darker above and below ; tail with the central pale band narrower ; throat and ear-coverts blackish brown ; chest neafly uniform brown, but showing Siam. S. China to Upper Burma (Chindwin dist.) Formosa. 132 vermiculations in some (less old) birds ; below darker and more cinnamon brown ; wing coverts darker and browner ; pri- maries below with black areas much in- creased and little white. *220h. Spilornis cheela malayensis! Swann, Syn. Malay List. Accipitr., p. 83 (1920). [Raub, Pa- Peninsula ; hang, type in coll. H. Kirke Swann.] Sumatra ; [ =S. bacha, auct. plur.] Siam.? Malayan Serpent-Eagle. Smaller ; wing (Brit. Mus. ex.) ¢ 348-380 mm. (northern largest), 2 368-380 mm. ; 2 (type Pahang) 370 mm.; above dark brown ; head and crest black, wing-coverts sparingly marked with minute spots of white ; secondaries not visibly tipped with white ; tail with median brownish white band about 50 mm. wide and irregular narrow basal one [in oldest birds base only brownish], the 2 black bands about 38 mm. wide ; throat and cheeks and ear-coverts slate brown* ; below darker, browner and duller than S. c. rutherford: ; fore neck and chest nearly uniform with only slight traces of vermiculations ; white spots on breast 1 The name bacha cannot stand for Malayan birds It was described from Le Vaillant who claimed it as a S. African bird erroneously and it is now impossible to say to what race it properly applies. Gurney thought Le Vaillant’s plate more like the Malaccan bird, but considered the name would be best discarded (Jbis, 1878, p. 100); W. Sclater (MS.) considers Sumatra the type locality based on Le Vaillant’s plate. In any case bacha is predated by bassus Forster (1798), an equally doubtful name. * Count Gyldenstolpe (Ibis, 1920, p. 745) says this form has been recorded from peninsular and S.W. Siam, but is rare. * Malacca birds usually have the subterminal tail band whiter, throat and hind cheeks greyer, and are lighter below; chest fulvous to brown, either uniform or slightly vermiculated (less old birds). Although examples from various parts of the Malayan peninsula vary I think it best to make one race for the whole peninsula, and I have united with it the Sumatran birds, which occur not only in the lighter plumage described, but in a much darker plumage, approaching the Javan form (S. c. bido), although a trifle smaller and with the throat paler and greyer ; the tail, under wing-coverts and under surface of primaries are similar to those of S. c. bido however. Had it not been for the occurrence of this dark race in Perak and of the lighter Malay race in Sumatra it would be necessary to separate the Sumatran form, 220k. 133 and abdomen broader, larger and more regular, in the form of remains of transverse bars; under wing-covert rufous brown, with very large spots of white, edge of wing white ; primaries below with the median black markings concentric on inner webs instead of forming bands, the terminal black and subterminal white bands about 58 mm. wide. . Spilornis cheela bido Horsf., Tr. Linn. Soc., xlii., p. 137 (1822). [Java, type in Brit. Mus.] Javan Serpent-Eagle. Slightly larger ; wing 9 392 mm. ; darker generally (clove brown); wing-coverts heavily spotted with white, secondaries scarcely tipped ; tail black with one broad pale median band, the base dark brown ; throat, cheeks and ear-coverts blackish ; chest uniform clove brown, without vermi- culations; under wing-coverts usually blackish slate with white spots; white spots below irregular and only forming bars on under tail-coverts; primaries below with 2 black bands besides terminal one, coalescing on inner primaries, the white areas much reduced. Spilornis cheela baweanus Oberholser, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., lii., p. 185 (1917). [Ba- wean I., type in U.S. Nat. Mus.] Smaller than S. c. malayensis ; wing ¢ 342 mm. ; white tail band narrower (30 mm.), wide basal one brown; primaries with 3 regular bands of black below, the sub- terminal white band 30 mm. wide and ter- Java. Bawean I., N. of Java. 134 minal black band 60 mm. wide ; throat and chest uniform brown; below dark brown, with rounded spots of white ; under wing- coverts dark brown with white spots. 229i. Spilornis cheela kinabaluensis W. Sclat., Borneo (Mts. Bull. B.O.C., xl., p. 37 (1919). [Mt. Kina- Kinabalu & balu, type in Brit. Mus.] Dulit). Wing 370 mm. ; “ resembling S. c. bido of Java, but with more white on underside of wing quills and the black not so well defined ; a rich umber brown nape band, formed by tips of black crest feathers on lower edge of crest having conspicuous tips of that colour ; tail band broader and purer white, not merely pale brown as in S. c. bido ; throat quite black.’’-—W. Scrat. 220m. Spilornis cheela pallidus Walden, Ibis, Borneo 1872, p. 363. [Savawak, typein Brit. Mus.] (low country, Sarawak Serpent-Eagle. Sarawak to Sandakan) ; Smaller; wing ¢ 355 mm.; much paler Siam.}. brown above, especially on wing-coverts, but bastard wing conspicuously black ; head and crest jet black, mottled with white bases ; tail black, with median band brownish white ; upper wing-coverts with spots of white ; under wing-coverts rufous spotted with white; cheeks, ear-coverts, chin and throat grey; chest uniform brown ; primaries below with white sub- terminal band about 75 mm. wide ; below tawny with white spots. & 1 Count Gyldenstolpe (bis, 1920, p. 745), who clearly recognises the forms of Spilornis occurring in Siam, states that pallidus has been obtained at Kan Kok Klap peninsula, Siam, and on the island of Koh Samui, but I have not seen specimens. 220n. E22Uo: 220p. 135 Spilornis cheela richmond: subsp. nov. [3 (?) Kendawangan R., S.W. Borneo, Dr. W. L. Abbott, ca. Aug. 1908, type in U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 181625. | Richmond’s Serpent-Eagle. Wing ¢ (type) 330, tail 230; wing 2 340 mm. ; smaller than S.c. pallidus, but similar in colouration, except that under parts are darker and browner, the median tail band narrower (30-35 mm.), and primaries below with more black, the subterminal white band only 40-45 mm. wide ; lesser wing- coverts above black with white spots ; bastard wing black. Spilornis cheela perplexus subsp. nov. [g Triomate, Yayeyema, S. Loo Choo Is., June 16, in coll. Tring Mus.] [=S. palhidus Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., v. 4, p. 213, 1905 ; S. cheela subsp. (?) Swann Syn. List Accipitr. p. 84 (1920). Loo Choo Serpent-Eagle. Larger ; wing g 360 mm. ; similar to S. c. salvadorui, but larger and very pale below ; much paler than S. c. pallidus of Borneo. (Only type seen). Spilornis cheela salvadorii Berl., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 73 (1895). [Nias Is, co-type in Tring Mus.] Salvadori’s Serpent Eagle. Smaller and much paler (especially on wing-coverts) than S. c. pallidus; tail shorter and light band usually narrower ; wing § 290-294, 2 303, tail 190 mm. ; chest uniform light drab ; below as in minimus ; head and bands on wings and tail black, not brownish as in S. c. minimus. S.W. Borneo. Loo Choo Is., S. of Japan. Nias I. (W. Sumatra ; Bunguran or Great Natuna I., N.W. Borneo. 136 Feath., i., p. 307 (1873). [S. Andaman I., type in Brit. Mus.] Andaman Serpent-Eagle. Larger; wing 2 385-410 mm.; throat ashy ; chest pale ashy brown finely vermi- culated; below tawny, the white spots rounded, becoming bars on thighs; tail with the pale band, but a distinct basal one brown. . Spilornis cheela palawanensis W. Sclat., Bull. B.O.C., xl., p. 38 (1919). [9 Palawan, type in Brit. Mus.] Palawan Serpent-Eagle. Wing 380-410 mm. “ Perhaps closest to the Andaman race (S. c. davisont) but distinguished by the richness of its colour- ing and its breast being marked with narrow transverse bands of dusky and rufous brown—these bands often extending on to the throat.... The spots on lower breast and abdomen are large, conspicuous, and white.” 221. Spilornis minimus Hume, Stray Feath., i., p. 464 (1873). [Kamorta, Nicobar Is., type in Brit. Mus.] Nicobar Serpent-Eagle. Very small and pale form ; wing 3 288-291 2 295-300 mm.; head and crest (shorter) brownish black with paler edgings ; tail with the terminal and median bands dusky brown instead of black, the subterminal and basal bands light brown; throat and chest pale fulvous brown without vermicu- lations ; bands on primaries below as well as tips dusky brown instead of black. 220q. Spilornis cheela davisom’ Hume, Stray Andaman Islands. Palawan I. (Philippines), Balabac I. Nicobar Is. (Kamorta, Trinkut, Katchal, Little Nicobar). 137 222. Spilornis klossi Richm., Pr. U.S. N. Mus., 223. 224. xxv., p. 304 (1902). [Gt. Nicobar I.] Kloss’s Serpent-Eagle. Wing ¢ 258-260, 2 263-275 mm.; above paler drab colour, with a slight coppery sheen ; ear-coverts and cheeks pale grey ; some of wing-feathers with narrow white tips and top of head and occipital feathers black ; tail with 2 light bars, the terminal dark band blacker; throat buffy white with indistinct grey median stripe ; chest light cinnamon drab, becoming buffish white below, unspotted, or occasionally with faint obsolete spots. Spilornis elgimi (Tytler and Blyth), J. As. Soc. Beng., xxxii., p. 87 (1863). [S. An- daman I.| Elgin’s Serpent Eagle. Wing ad. 395 mm.; very dark form ; above and below dark clove brown ; wing- coverts and wings with minute white spots ; tail with subterminal band brown and narrow, the basal one brown but indis- tinct, the terminal and median bands black ; below with white spots distinct, rounded, and continued up to throat. Spilornis abbotti Richm., Pr. U.S. N. Mus., XXV1., p. 492 (1903). [Simalur I., type in U.S. Nat. Mus.] Abbott’s Serpent-Eagle. Wing 3 330-345, 2 345-362 mm.; above deep clove brown, with a strong purplish shade ; head and nape black ; hind neck, mantle and scapulars with pale rusty edgings ; secondaries tipped with white ; Great Nicobar Island. Andaman Is. Nicobar Is. Simalur Island, W. Sumatra. 138 whole tail black with median brownish white band (17-25 mm.) ; cheeks, throat and chest blackish brown, the latter barred with rufous; below rufous brown with rounded white spots and indistinct black bars ; under wing-coverts rufous brown, spotted with white; primaries above and below black, with one greyish median band : (20-30 mm. wide). " *225. Spilornis rufipectus rufipectus Gould, P.Z.S., Celebes. 1857, p. 222. [Macassar, type in Brit. Mus. ] Celebes Serpent-Eagle. Wing ¢ 335-340, 2 345-355 mm. ; head black ; above purplish brown, upper tail- coverts tipped with white; wing quills with broad subterminal band of purplish brown and banded with dark brown below ; tail tipped with white and with broad blackish subterminal band and 2 less dis- tinct ones nearer base, the basal pale bands brown and apical whitish ; face and throat slaty black; chest uniform dull rufous ; below deeper brown with large spots and bars of white. 225a. Spilornis rufipectus raja Sharpe, Bull. Borneo B.O.C., i., p. lv. (1893). [AKuching, type in (Sarawak). Brit. Mus.] Sharpe’s Serpent-Eagle. Smaller ; wing (nearly ad.) 309 mm. ; more closely banded and spotted below. 2 One other form of Spilornis, S. asturinus Meyer (S. B. Nat. Ges., Isis, Dresden, p- 13, 1884, Patr. ign.) I do not know the relations or distribution of, and so cannot place it. 139 225b. Spilornis rufipectus sulaensis (Schl.) Vég. Sula Islands. Ned., Valkvég., p. 38, pl. 23, figs. 4-6 (1866). [Sula Is., type in Leyd. Mus.] Sula Serpent-Eagle. Wing ¢ 306, ¢ 309 mm.; rufous of chest paler. 226. Spilornis holospilus holospilus (Vigors), Philippine Is. P.Z.S., 1831, p. 96. [Near Manila.] (Luzon, Cebu, Philippine Serpent-Eagle. Mindanao, Basilan.) Larger ; wing 9 341-367 mm. ; above pale brown, with a purplish gloss, the feathers irregularly spotted with white at tips ; in- terscapulary region with pale rufous tips and large rounded white spots ; head and crest ashy black, spotted with white, and with rufous margins; tail with broad median and subterminal blackish bands ; face and throat ashy grey; rest of under parts pale tawny rufous, ocellated with spots and half bars of white. 226a. Spilornis holospilus panayensis Steere, List Philippine Is. Birds, etc., Philipp., p. 7 (1890). [Panay, (Panay, Philipp. Is., type in Brit. Mus.] Guimaras, Steere’s Serpent-Eagle. Negros.) Wing @ 317 mm.; very much paler, especially below, without the rufous shade on breast and belly. Gen. LXII. TERATHOPIUS Less. (Traité, livr. i., Febr., 1830). Type by monotypy Falco ecaudatus Shaw =F. ecaudatus Daud. [ =Helotarsus, auct. plur.] Head with a crest of rounded feathers ; tail ex- tremely short ; wings exceeding tip of tail by more than length of tarsus ; size large. 140 *227. Terathopius ecaudatus (Daud.), Traité, i1., p- 54 (1800). [Anteniquoi country, S.Africa.] Bataleur Eagle. [T. leuconotus (Riipp.) is a synonym. ] Wing ¢ 545, tail 122 mm.; ¢ wing 532, tail 116 mm. ; head and under parts glossy black; hind neck, mantle and tail rich maroon chestnut, lower back paler ; scapu- lars and quills black; wing-coverts pale bronze brown, whitish on shoulder ; under wing-coverts white ; axillaries black ; bill black, feet coral red. Africa (Cape Colony to Egyptian Sudan and E. Africa ; Senegal). Gen. LXIII. HALIEETUS Savigny (1809). Type H. nisus =Falco albicilla L. Size of, and with general characters of Aquila, but tarsus not feathered more than half way down ; the front scutellated, sides and back reticulated ; no membrane between the toes ; head not crested, but feathers of neck long and lanceolate ; tail with 12 feathers. +*228. Halieétus albicilla albicilla (Linn.), S.N.,i., p. 89 (1758). [ Europa, America ’’— latter errore—type loc. Sweden apud Har- tert.] White-tailed Eagle. Wing ¢ 600-630, 2 650-690 mm. ; general plumage brown, with paler greyish margins to many of the feathers above ; head and neck much paler, nearly white in very old birds, with ashy brown streaks; quills black, shaded with grey externally ; longer upper tail-coverts and tail pure white ; bill and feet yellow. Immature: head and neck blackish brown ; general plumage fulvous brown, mottled with dark brown; tail brown. Europe, S. to Mediterranean on E. side ; Iceland ; Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, N. and E. Asia ; in winter S. to India ; cas. Alaska ? $228a. +#229, $229a. 141 Halizétus albicilla groenlandicus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vég. Deutschl., p. 16 (1831). [Greenland.] Greenland White-tailed Eagle. Larger ; wing ¢ 615, 9 ad. 720 mm. (juv. 685-710 mm.) (cf. Hartert, Végel d. palaarkt Fauna, p. 1178). Halizétus leucocephalus _leucocephalus (Linn.), S.N., ed. xii., 1., p. 124 (1766). [ex Catesby—Carolina.] Bald Eagle. Wing ad. 585-625 mm.; head and neck all round, rump, upper tail-coverts and tail pure white. Immature: head and neck black and tail mingled white and black at first. Halizétus leucocephalus alascanus C. H. Townsend, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xi., p. 145 (1897). [Unalaska, type in U.S. Nat. Mus. ] Alaskan Bald Eagle. Rather larger; wing g 625-635, 92 600- 642 mm. Greenland. Canada and United States, S. to Lower California and N. Mexico. N.W. Alaska, Bering I[., N.W. Mackenzie and N. Ungava S: to “Brit: Columbia and Great Lakes. Gen. LXIV. THALASSOAETUS Kaup (1844). Type by monotypy Aguila pelagica Pall. Tail strongly graduated, with 14 feathers, instead of 12; bill larger and more powerful, height greater but variable. ~ 142 230. Thalassoaétus pelagicus pelagicus! (Pall.), N.E. Siberia, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i., p. 343 (1827). [Js- Kamtschatka, lands between Kamtschatka and America: Bering I., Bering I.) Sakhalin; in’ Steller’s Sea-Eagle. winter S. to Koreo, Japan, Wing ad. 3 560-580, 2 600-620 mm. (juv. Amur region & 3 645, juv. 2680 mm.) ; tail ad. § 330-350, Loo Choo Is., 2 340-360 (juv ¢ 385, juv., 2 390 mm.) ; also Alaska. general plumage blackish brown, with buffy white streaks to head and neck and chest ; wing-coverts, rump, upper and under tail- coverts, tail and thighs white ; immature has these latter parts only mottled with white, and no white on shoulders. 230a. Thalassoaétus pelagicus niger Heude, Nat- Korea. uraliste, 1887, p. 95. [Korea.] [= H. branichi, Tacz.] Black Sea-Eagle. Wing $550, 2 608 mm.; differs from T p. pelagicus in the great height of its bill and also in having only the tail and under tail- coverts pure white ; rest of plumage black, the feathers on crown and neck with a fine central greyish line; bill and feet orange-yellow. Gen. LXV. CUNCUMA Hodg. (1857). Type by orig. desig. Haliaetus albipes Hodgs. =Aquila leucorypha Pall. Tail of 12 feathers, graduated; bill weaker, the height much reduced. 1 T. macrurus (Menzb.) from Yakutsk, E. Siberia, is a synonym, based on an immature bird, which appears to me generally to have longer primaries and longer and more graduated tail feathers than in the adult bird. 143 ~*231. Cuncuma leucogaster (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 257 (1788). [ex. Lath.—type loc. N.S. Wales, apud Math.] +232. *233. White-bellied Sea-Eagle. Wing 3 565, 9590 mm. ; entire under parts as well as head and neck, white; above ashy grey, shaded with brownish ; prima- ries blackish; tail black for basal two- thirds, terminal third white. Immature : whole plumage brown with whitish shaft- streaks ; quills and tail barred with darker brown. Cuncuma leucorypha (Pall.), Reise d. v. Prov. Russ. Reichs, i., p. 454 (1771). [“Laikumin Australioribus’”’ =Lower Ural River, apud W. L. Sclat.] Pallas’s Sea-Eagle. Wing 3¢ 563-573, 2 600-618 mm. ; above dark brown, more tawny on hind neck and sandy on head; rump purplish brown ; tail white, with base and broad terminal band black ; face and throat buffish white ; below fulvous brown, with pale centres to chest feathers. ‘Cuncuma vocifer (Daud.), Traité, i1., p. 65 (1800). Col.] Vociferous Sea-Eagle [ex. Levaill—Keurboom R., Cape Wing $ 485-500, 2 520-545 mm. ; head, neck, breast, interscapulary region and tail pure white ; least wing-coverts rufous ; primaries black; rest of surface upper blackish brown, and of lower surface deep chestnut. Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, Indo- Chinese Provs., S.E. China, Malay Pen. & Archipelago, Australia, Oceania. S.E. Russia, Asia Minor, Caspian, and Central Asia to Mongolia ; India, Burma ; Malay Pen., Borneo. Tropical Africa, from Senegal and Sudan, S. to Cape Colony. 144 234. Cuncuma vociferoides (Des Murs), Rev. Madagascar ; Zool., 1845, p. 175 bis. [Madagascar, type in Brit. Mus. ] Madagascar Sea-Eagle. Size similar ; wing ad. 515 mm. ; general plumage blackish brown ; tail buffy white ; feathers of head, hind neck and throat with buffy margins ; cheeks and sides of neck white ; chest and under parts like upper parts, but with rufous stripes on chest. Mauritius (?). Gen. LXVI. POLIOAETUS Kaup (1850). Type by subs. desig. (Gray 1855) Falco ichthyaétus Horsf. Foot resembling that of Pandion. +*235. Polioaétus ichthyaétus (Horsf.), Tr. Linn. *236. Soc., xilil., p. 136 (1821). [Java.] White-tailed Fishing Eagle. Wing ¢ 455, 2 518 mm.; above brown, darker on wings, the primaries blackish ; head and neck all round ashy grey; tail white, with broad terminal bar of brown ; breast brown ; belly white ; under side of wing leaden brown, with a white spot at base of primaries; feet yellowish white. Polioaétus humilis humilis (Mill. and Schl.), Verhandel. Nat. Gesch. Zool. Aves, p. 47, pl. 6 (1840). [Sumatra]. Malayan Fishing Eagle. Smaller ; wing ¢ 370, 2 410 mm. ; above ashy brown, back and wings darker ; tail pale brown at base, blackish brown sub- terminally, the tip white; throat, breast and under wing-coverts ashy brown ; belly white ; feet bluish white. Indian Peninsula ; Ceylon; Burma; Malay Peninsula and Archipelago Burma; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Borneo; Java; Celebes. 145 236a. Polioaétus humilis plumbeus [ex. Hodg. Himalayas, nom. nud.) Jerdon, Ibis, 1871, p. 336. from Kashmir [N.W. Himalayas.] to Assam ; Plumbeous Fishing Eagle. Upper Burma. Larger; wing $ 420 mm.; tail entirely brown above, with narrow white tips. Gen. LXVII. GYPOHIERAX Riipp. (1855). Type by orig. desig. Falco angolensis Gmel. Space above and around eye bare, as well as a line on either side of throat ; front of tarsus reticu- lated ; claws witha groove belowasin Halizétus ; head slightly crested ; size moderate (length g 23 in.) 237. Gypohierax angolensis (Gmel.), S.N., i., Tropical p. 252 (1788). [Angola.] W. Africa, Angola Vulture. Angola to Senegambia ; Wing $ 435 mm. ; general plumage white; E. Africa. scapulars and secondaries black ; primaries white with the tips black and outer webs mottled with black ; tail black with broad terminal band of white ; bare skin of face and feet flesh colour ; cere bluish grey. Gen. LXVIII. HALIASTUR Selby (1840). Type by subs. desig. (Gray 1841) Falco indus Bodd. Nostrils circular, with bony margin all round ; presents affinities both with Aguiline and Mil- vine ; size moderate (length ad. 20-22 m.). 1*238. Haliastur indus indus (Bodd.), Tabl. Pl. Indian Enlum., p. 25 (1783). [ex. Buff.—Pondi- Peninsula, cherry. ] Ceylon, Brahminy Kite. Burmese Provs., Siam ; S. China. *238a. +*238b. Haliastur 146 Wing ad. 369-396 mm. ; tail 190-215 mm. ; head, neck, throat and breast white with distinct blackish brown shaft-stripes, nar- rowest and blackest in old birds; rest of plumage maroon chestnut, paler on tail, which is whitish at tip ; primaries brownish black ; bill yellowish, the base blackish ; feet light greenish yellow. Haliastur indus intermedius Gurney and Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 28. [Java.] Malay Brahminy Kite. Wing ¢ 375-398, 9 405-425 mm. ; tail 215 mm.; the black shaft-streaks on head, hind neck and breast reduced to hair-lines and much less distinct. indus leucosternus (Gould), P.Z.S., 1837, p. 138. [Australia =Moreton Bay, Queensl., apud Math., type in Philad. Acad. } White-headed “* Sea-Eagle.”’ | =H. 1. girrenera (Vieill. et Oud.) ] Size similar ; wing ¢ 360-375, 2 387 mm. ; head, neck, interscapulary region and throat and breast snowy white without any sign of black streaks; rest of plumage bright maroon ; tail with a broad terminal bar of white; cere and bill pale yellow, latter darker at tip and bluish at base ; feet whitish yellow. ¢*239. Haliastur sphenurus sphenurus (Vieill.). N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xx., p. 564 (1818). (“‘ Australia’? =N.S. Wales, apud Math., type in Paris Mus. } Whistling Eagle. Indo-Chinese Provinces, Malay Pen., Sunda Is., Philippine Is., Babber I. Australia, New Guinea, Moluccas, Tenimber, Ceram, Aru Is., Celebes, } Solomon Is., New Britain. Australia ; New Guinea. 1 Celebes examples approach intermedius, showing a few faint indications of shaft-lines on chest, but in size agree with leucosternus. 147 Rather larger ; wing 410-420 mm. ; above ashy brown, more rufous on head and darker and more chocolate on scapulars and wing-coverts ; primaries brownish black ; tail greyish-brown ; throat fulvous ; breast dull ochraceous, the feathers bordered with brown and streaked with white; flanks with black shaft-streaks. 239a. Haliastur sphenurus johanne Brasil, Rev. New Caledonia. Franc. d’Orn., Jan. 7, 1916, p. 201 (1916). [New Caledomia. | New Caledonian Whistling Eagle. [=H. sphenurus savasim Math., Feb. 29, 1916.] © Smaller ; wing 370-410 mm. ; “ of a much lighter colour, especially on the upper portion of the head, neck and scapulars.’’— NORTH. Gen. LXIX. BUTASTUR Hodgs. (1849). Type by orig. desig. Buteo teesa auct. =Circus teesa Frankl. Head not crested; nostrils oval, with a superior membrane ; size small (length under 20 in.). 1*240. Butastur teesa (Frankl.), P.Z.S., 1831, pt. 1, Baluchistan, p. 115 (1832). [India, between Ganges and Kashmir, Nerbudda.] Indian White-eyed Buzzard-Hawk. Peninsula, Burmese Wing ¢ 297, 9310 mm. ; above pale rufous Provinces. brown (with darker shaft-stripes), darker on head ; nape mostly white ; wing-coverts paler and varied with white; tail tipped with buffy white, and with 6 or 7 nearly obsolete blackish bars, the subterminal broadest ; throat yellowish white with a line of black each side and down centre ; 241. *242. 148 breast pale rufous brown with yellowish white bars ; abdomen nearly uniform buffy white. Butastur liventer (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., livr. 74, pl. 438 (1827). (Java, type in Leyd. Mus. ] Ashy Buzzard-Hawk. Size almost similar ; above brownish ashy ; clearer on head, hind neck and wing- coverts; quills rufous, externally ashy grey, barred with dark brown ; tail rufous with 6 blackish bars; below ashy, with blackish shaft-stripes and a few whitish bars on flanks. Butastur indicus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 264 (1788). [ex. Lath.—Java.] Eastern Buzzard-Hawk. Larger ; wing ¢ 332, 9 345 mm.; above rufous brown, more ashy on head and mantle, and rufous on wings, rump and upper tail-coverts, which latter are barred and tipped with white ; tail with 4 bands of blackish brown; forehead and throat white, latter with mesial brown stripe ; feathers of hind neck with white bases ; below barred with white and rufous brown. Butastur rufipennis (Sund.), CEfv. Vet. Akad. Férh. Stockh., 1850, p. 131 (1851). [near Khartoum, type in Stockh. Mus.] African Buzzard-Hawk. Indo-Chinese Provinces, Greater Sunda Is., Celebes. Ussuri-land, Japan and E. China; in winter to S. China, Malay Peninsula, Philippine Is., Celebes, Borneo, etc. E. Africa, (Egypt, Sudan, Abyssinia, Kenya Colony, Tanganyika Territory). 149 Wing ad. 310 mm. ; above cinereous brown with black shaft-stripes, and rufous margins to the feathers ; head and neck darker ; least wing-coverts and quills rufous ; tail with 3 or 4 blackish bands, except on centre feathers ; throat creamy buff; below pale rufous, with narrow shaft streaks. Gen. LXX. KAUPIFALCO Bp. (1854). Type by monotypy Falco monogrammicus Temm. | =Asturinula, auct. plur.] Size small; head not crested; nostrils circular ; tarsi unfeathered, transversely plated in front. Size small. *244, *244a. Kaupifalco monogrammicus monogrammicus (Temm.),Pl. Col., i., livr. 53, pl., 314 (1824). [Senegal.] One-lined Hawk. Wing ¢ 225, 2 240 mm. ; above slate grey, lighter on head ; primaries blackish, tipped with white; rump black; longer upper tail-coverts white ; tail black, tipped with white and with a median band of white ; throat white with central stripe of blackish ; chest ashy grey ; below white, finely barred with ashy brown. Kaupifalco monogrammicus meridionalis Hartl., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 109. [Amobriz, Angola, type in Brit. Mus.] Southern One-lined Hawk. Smaller; wing ¢ 215 mm.; bands below much broader and darker, especially on the Tropical Africa, from Senegal to Cameroon on W., and Sudan to Kilimanjaro on E. S. Africa ; Natal & Damaraland to Angola on W. and to Nyasaland. 150 thigh feathers ; white band on tail much narrower ; white of throat more extensive and dark throat stripe narrower. Sub-Fam. VI. MILVINZ. Head usually closely feathered; loral bristles scanty or wanting; cere contracted; nostrils oval, oblique, generally closed in with a superior membrane ; bill usually rather weak, straight at base, curved from cere to point, the cutting edge at most slightly festooned, but in two or three genera either toothed or serrated ; wings usually long, more or less pointed; tail variable; feet small and weak; tarsi feathered for a variable distance. Gen. LXXI._ ELANOIDES Vieill. (1818). Type by monotypy “ Milans de la Caroline et du Paraguay ”’ = Falco forficatus L. Tail very long and deeply forked, outer feather much the longest ; wings very long and pointed, but not reaching beyond next outermost pair of tail-feathers. $245. Elanoides forficatus forficatus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 89 (1758). [“ America,” ex. Catesby = Carolina. | Swallow-tailed Kite. Wing ¢ 418-447, 2 426-435 mm. ; head, neck all round, rump and entire under parts snowy white ; back, wings and tail glossy black with purplish and green reflections, the former especially on the scapulars and wings ; secondaries white on inner webs, except at tips. N. America, (breeds in S. United States but winters S. of them) ; Mexico. : ape” Be eee ae 151 *245a. Elanoides forficatus yetapa Bonn. et Vieill., Ency. Meth., iii., p. 1205 (1823). [Pava- guay.| Southern Swallow-tailed Kite. Smaller; wing g (Venez. and Colombia) 405-410, 9 410-420, 3 (Paraguay, S. Brazil, Central America (N. to Costa Rica and Brit. Honduras), S. America (Colombia and Venezuela, S. to Bolivia) 395-445 mm. ; outer tail-feathers Paraguay, 320-330 mm. “ Differs from N. American S. Brazil, specimens in having [reflections on] the Bolivia).1 scapulars and to a lesser extent inter- scapulars rich bottle green instead of dark purplish maroon.’’—CHAPMAN. Gen. LXXII. CHELICTINIA Lesson (1848). Type by monotypy Elanoides riocourt Vieill. [= Nauclerus Vig.] Tail much shorter ; wings long, but not greatly exceeding length of tail. Size small (length 14.50 in.). 246. Chelictinia riocourt (Vieill. et Oud.), Gal. N.E. Africa ; Ois., 1., p. 43, pl. 16 (1823). [Senegal,type W. Africa (Senegambia to in Brit. Mus.] Hausaland), to Cinereous Kite. Kordofan, Wing ad. 252, tail 198 mm.; above Nile Valley and cinereous, darker on interscapulary region ; Shoa. wing and tail quills ashy grey, the secon- daries white at tips; forehead and indis- tinct eyebrow whitish ; cheeks and under parts pure white. 1 Mr. W. Sclater (MS.) thinks the southern examples are ‘‘ more dull and neutral,’’ and that the northern ones are therefore separable. The latter form a resident race in Venezuela, Colombia, etc., and have no connection with North American birds. As is the case with so many other species the tropical zone birds are small and resident, and the temperate North American and .S. American races larger and migratory. It does not, however, seem possible to separate the S. Ameri- can races from one another. 152 Gen. LX.XIII. MILVUS Lacep. (1799). Type by tautonomy Falco milvus Tail forked, but difference between longest and shortest feather less than difference between tips of primaries and tips of secondaries. Size moder- ate (length 24-25 mm.) $247. Milvus milvus milvus (Linn.), S.N.,1., p. 89 (1758). [Europe, Asia, Africa—type loc. S. Sweden, apud Hartert.] Common Kite. Wing ad. 480-525, tail 350-380 mm. ; plumage above brown with rufous margins, the wing-coverts paler ; primaries black ; rump dark brown; upper tail-coverts rufous ; tail rufous, tipped with fulvous, the outer feathers partly barred with dark brown on inner webs ; head, face and throat whitish streaked with dark brown; chest pale rufous, with dark central streaks and paler edges; below bright rufous, with dark central streaks; bill horn colour ; cere and feet yellow. 247a. Milvus milvus fasciticauda Hart., Bull. B.O.C., p. 89 (1914). [¢ Santo Antao, Cape Verd Is., in Tring Mus.] Cape Verd Kite. Wing ¢ 445-460, 2 475-490 mm. ; tail 285- 320 mm.; tail less forked, depth of fork only about half as great ; all the feathers, including central pair, barred. +*248. Milvus migrans migrans (Bodd.), Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 28 (1783). [ex. Daub., pl. 472 Buffon, etc., type loc. France, apud Hart.] Black Kite. Wing ¢ 430-440, 2 460-475; tail ¢ 260, Q 270 mm.; above dark brown, much paler and greyer on head and hind neck and throat, which are much streaked with dark ibe Europe, breeding from S. Sweden, S. to Spain, also Marocco, Algeria Tunisia, Asia Minor, Canary Is. ; in Brit. Is. confined now to Wales. Cape Verd Is. (resident). E.. Cm: Europe, N. to Finland, S. to Mediter- ranean and N.W. Africa ; Asia Minor, Persia, C. Asia ; cas. Brit. Is. 153 brown; tail with very indistinct darker bars ; below dull rufous brown, brighter on abdomen, with blackish shaft-lines ; cere orange, bill black, feet yellow. {248a. Milvus migrans egyptius (Gmel.), S.N.,i., N. & E. Africa, p. 261 (1788). [Egyft.] Palestine, Yellow-billed Kite. Arabia ; cas. in S.E. Europe. Size nearly the same; wing ¢ 430, 2 450- 460, tail 2 290 mm.; tail more rufous brown, with 7 or 8 more distinct blackish bands ; head and hind neck browner ; ear- coverts darker ; below rather more rufous, especially on abdomen, thighs and under wing- and tail-coverts ; bill, as well as cere and feet, bright yellow. Immature birds have bill blackish. {248b. Milvus migrans arabicus subsp. nov. [g S. Arabia ; Lahy, S. Arabia, Aug. 25th, 1899, W. Dod- Erythrza (?) son coll., type in Tring Mus. ] Brit. Somali- Arabian Kite. land (?)? Smaller; wing ¢ (Arabia) 400-418, tail 254 mm. ; paler than M. m. egyptius and more resembling M. m. govinda ; head and hind neck more rufescent as in latter form ; tail with about 8 obsolete darker bands ; below with broad tawny fulvous centres to the feathers, black shaft-lines and darker brownish edges; bill generally slate to blackish, seldom yellow; cere and feet yellow. Immature birds have stripes be- low as pale and conspicuous as in M. m. govinda. 1 Mr. W. Sclater (MS.), following Dr. Hartert, thinks the birds from these districts are intermediate between M. m. egyptius and M.m. parasitus. I, however, regard the Arabian birds at least as clearly intermediate between M. m. @gyptius and M. m. govinda. The S. Arabian kites form a distinct colony of very small birds, but whether the birds from Erythrza and Brit. Somaliland can be fairly linked with them is a matter for consideration. *248c. +248. 154 Milvus migrans parasitus (Daud.), Traité i1., p- 150 (1800). [Ex Levaill.—South Africa] Parasitic Kite. Slightly smaller; wing ¢ 415-425, 9 425- 450 mm.; less rufous, more cinnamon- brown below, with indistinct black shaft- lines ; tail with fairly distinct darker bars ; bill yellow. Milvus migrans govinda Sykes, P.ZS., 1832, p. 81. [Deccan, type in Brit. Mus.] Indian Kite. Larger ; wing ¢ 430-450, 2 460-480 mm. ; head and hind neck slightly rufescent, with distinct central stripes of black ; scapulars and wing-coverts edged with buff; tail distinctly barred with blackish; below dull rufous brown ; the breast feathers with pale fulvous stripes next the dark shaft- streaks ; vent and under tail-coverts more buffish ; cere and feet yellow, bill blackish. . Milvus migrans affinis Gould, P.Z.S., 1837, p. 140 (1838). [Australia =New S. Wales, apud Math.] Allied Kite. Rather smaller ; wing ad. 420 mm. ; above blackish brown, paler on wing-coverts, with blackish shaft-stripes; tail dark brown, with remains of dark bars on centre feathers ; head and hind neck pale brown, washed with rufous and with blackish shaft- streaks; below dull rufous brown, more dusky on chest and flanks, with distinct black shaft-streaks ; cere and feet yellow, bill blackish. Africa, S. of Sahara to Cape Colony ; Madagascar, Comoro Is. (?) India ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Malay Penins., Siam; Russian Turkestan (?) (Laubmann) ; Cochin China, Formosa, Hainan (?). Australia, New Guinea, Celebes, Timor, Lesser Sunda Is. 155 $249. Milvus lineatus (Gray) in Hardw. Ill. Ind. Japan, N. China Zool., i., p. 1, pl. 18 (1832). [China.] Mongolia, to [=M. melanotis, auct. plur.] Cent. Asia and Black-eared Kite. Himalayas, W. to Ural ; Larger; wing g 475-485, 2 500-530, tail in winter S. to 300-335 mm. ; above dark chocolate brown; Burma, N. India head, hind neck and wing-coverts more and Hainan. rufous and with black shaft-streaks ; tail ° paler brown, more rufous on central feathers and barred with darker brown ; lores, forehead and cheeks white with black shaft-lines ; ear-coverts brownish black ; below deep rufous brown, with broad black central stripes, especially on chest ; cere and feet greenish yellow ; bill black. Gen. LXXIV. LOPHOICTINIA Kaup (1847). Type by monotypy Milvus isurus Gould. Head crested; bill moderate, the tip not pro- longed ; taileven ; size moderate (length 19 mm.). 250. Lophoictinia isura (Gould), Syn. Bds. Australia, Austr., pt. iii., pl. 47 (1838). [New S. E. and W. Wales.] Square-tailed Kite. Wing ¢ 4955-465, 2 470-480 mm. ; above blackish brown, wing-coverts paler and edges slightly rufous ; quills and tail dark brown, externally greyish, banded with black,the subterminal tail band very broad, the 5 other other bands narrow and incom- plete; head dull rufous, and forehead, cheeks and throat whitish,with black centre streaks ; below rufous; chest with broad black centres to all the feathers, becoming narrow shaft-streaks below ; cere and feet greyish white ; tip of bill blackish. 156 Gen. LXXV. ROSTRHAMUS Less. (1830). , Type by monotypy R. niger Less. =Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieill. Head not crested ; bill long and slender, the upper mandible hooked, the cutting edges not festooned ; nostrils narrow ovals, horizontal; tail about half as long as wing, nearly even. Size moderate. 251. Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis (Vieill.), S. America from N.D., xviii., p. 318 (1817). [S. America: Argentina and Corrientes et Rio de la Plata.] Peru to Southern Everglade Kite. Colombia. [ =R. leucopygus (Spix.)]. Wing ad. 325-345 mm.; entirely slaty black, with a brownish shade on wings ; base of tail and upper and under coverts white ; rest of tail black, with subterminal and subbasal brown borders, the tips white ; bill black; cere and feet yellow. 725la. Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Ridgway,in Florida, Cuba, Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. E. Mexico Birds, iii, p. 209 (1874). [Everglades, Central Florida. | America. Northern Everglade Kite. Larger; wing ad. 348-368 mm.; above paler ; head and throat more plumbeous ; vent paler, more brownish. Gen. LXXVI. HELICOLESTES Bangs & Penard (Bull. M.C.Z., Ixii., p. 38, 1918). Type by orig. desig. Falco hamatus Illig. Bill longer and more slender; upper mandible hooked almost to a sickle shape. 252. Helicolestes hamatus (Iliger) in Temm., Pl. N. Brazil, Col., i., livr. 2, pl. 61, 231 (June, 1821). Colombia, (Brazil, type in Leyden Mus.] Dutch Guiana. Slender-billed Kite. [R. teniurus Cab. =juv.] 157 Wing ad. 296 mm.; general colour lead grey, the primaries blackish ; tail black in adult, in younger birds with 2 or more bands of white ; cere, lores, gape and feet orange yellow; bill black ; iris red. Gen. LXXVII. CHONDROHIERAX Less. (1843). Type by monotypy Dedalion erythropus Less. = Falco uncinatus Illiger. [ =Regerhinus Kaup.] Tail rounded, outer feather shorter than middle one ; loral space bare ; upper mandible without a tooth. Size moderate, length under 18 in. *293. 254. Chondoherax uncinatus (Illiger) in Temm., Pl. Col.,i., livr. 18, pl. 103, 104, 115 (1824). [Brazil =Rio Janeiro, apud Chubb, type in Leyd. Mus.] Hook-billed Kite. Wing 3 272-276, 2 290, tail 190 mm. ; above and below bluish slate, with narrow irregular bars of white below in less mature birds ; primaries blackish shaded with slate grey ; secondaries whitish below, barred and tipped with black ; tail ashy grey with 2 bands of black ; under tail-coverts buff ; bill black. First mature plumage generally browner, with a rufous collar round hind neck ; below banded with tawny rufous and ochraceous buff. Chondrohierax megarhynchus (Des Murs), in Casteln., Voy., Ois., p. 9, pl. i. (1855). [Savayacu, type in Paris Mus.] Large-billed Kite. Larger (wing ¢ 285, 92 304-318 mm.) and with a larger bill (culmen 50-64 mm. against 40-43 mm. in typical form.) Guiana, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia ; Trinidad, Grenada ; Centr. Amer. to Yucatan. E. Peru, Andes of Venezuela ; Bolivia. 255. Gen. LXXVIII. 158 Chondrohierax wilsont (Cass.), Jnl. Acad. Philad., i., p. 21, pl. 7 (1847). [Near Gibara, Cuba, type in Mus. Phil. Ac. Sc.] Wilson’s Kite. Wing 3 244, 2 250-262 mm. ; tail 195 mm. ; with the bill of megarhynchus (culmen 53 mm.) ; above slate ; tail black with tips and subterminal band ashy grey, and narrow whitish band nearer base; below banded with slaty brown and white. Older birds are probably slate below and uni- form (?). Younger birds are banded with rufous below like uncinatus; tail brown with 5 whitish bands. u. Vég. 1844). Cuba. ODONTRIORCHIS Kaup (Class. Saugeth. Type by monotypy Falco cayennensis Gmel. = Falco pallatus Wied. The upper mandible with a single more or less pro- nounced tooth. Size moderate. 256. Odoniriorchis palliatus palliatus (Wied) in Temm. PI. Col., i., livr. 35, pl. 204 (1823). [ Brazil, type loc. subst. Matto Grosso, type in Leyden Mus. ] [ =Leptodon cayennensis Gmel. et auct.] Brazilian Kite. Wing 3 320-340, 2 335-365 mm. ; above slaty black ; upper tail coverts barred and tipped with greyish white ; head and hind neck pale slaty grey; wing quills black, banded with slate ; tail black with 2 nar- row bands of ashy grey (3 in less mature) and tipped with white; below white ; under wing coverts mingled black and white, the edge of wing pure white; bill Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, N. to Bahia and Matto Gros- so); Bolivia. *256a. 256b. 256c. 159 blackish ; feet yellow. Less mature: head and hind neck white, the occiput mottled with blackish brown, Odontriorchis palliatus guianensis subsp. nov. [g near Paramaribo, Surinam, June 11, 1905, B. Chunkoo coll., type in Tring Mus. }. Cayenne Kite. Smaller, wing ¢ 285-295, 2 312-322 mm. ; above deep black, head and hind neck much darker, blackish slate; upper tail coverts with no visible bars, only con- cealed spots of white ; under wing-coverts jet black, but edges of wing white. Odontriorchis palliatus mexicanus subsp. nov. [¢ Tampico, Mex., June 1888, W. B. Richardson, Reg. No. 89, 4, 4, 46, type in Brit. Mus.] Mexican Kite. Wing ¢ 307-315, 2 320-340 mm. ; head and hind neck slate grey; above more slaty black ; under wing coverts black; upper tail coverts barred greyish white. Odontriorchis forbesi sp.nov. [Pernambuco, Braz., W. A. Forbes, 1882, type in Brit. Mus., No. 87, 5, 1, 723.] Forbes’s Kite. Wing ad. 331, tail 245 mm. ; above black ; mantle spotted and secondaries broadly tipped with white ; wing quills barred with slate; tail black, with very broad ashy white median band (70-80 mm.) and broadly tipped with same; head pale slaty grey, hind neck whiter ; below (including under wing-coverts) white. Surinam, Guiana, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, W. Eucador, Brazil (N. of Amazon). Mexico and CentralAmerica to Panama. E. Brazil. 160 Gen. LXXIX. GYPOICTINIA Kaup (1847). Type by monotypy Buteo melanosternon Gould. Bill not toothed; head crested; loral space feathered ; wings reaching to end of tail; greater part of tarsus bare in front. Size large (length 24 in.). 257. Gypoictinia melanosterna (Gould), P.Z.S., 1840, p. 162 (1841). [N.S. Wales, type in Mus. Philad. Acad. ] Blackbreasted Kite. Wing ¢ 445-460, 9 465-470, tail 215 mm. ; general plumage above blackish, margined with rufous especially on rump ; crest and nape tawny rufous with black centres to the feathers; below pale tawny rufous, with black shaft-lines; tail ashy brown above, whitish near base below; primaries white on inner webs. Dark phase [old or melanistic ?] above much blacker ;_ breast black. Interior of N.S. Wales, S. Australia, W. Australia, Northern Territory. Gen. LXXX. ELANUS Savigny (1809). Type by monotypy £. c@sius Sav. =Falco ceruleus Desf. Tarsus feathered for nearly two-thirds of its length in front ; claws without groove on under surface. Size small (length 12-14 in.) ; sexes nearly similar in size. +*258. Elanus ceruleus ceruleus (Desf.) Mém. Acad. R. des Sciences, 1787, p. 503, pl. xv. (1789). [Near Algiers.) African Black-winged Kite. Wing ad. 272-285, tail 130 mm.; above ashy grey, lighter on head ; forehead, eye- brow, and face white ; feathers round eye black ; lesser and median wing-coverts and Africa, from Mediterranean to the Cape and Madagascar ; Palestine, S.W. Asia (?) 161 a patch on outer edge of wing black ; tail whitish, the 2 centre feathers pale ashy grey ; below silky white ; sides of breast pale silvery grey ; primaries black below up to base usually ; cere and feet yellow ; bill blackish ; iris carmine. Immature browner above and streaked with rufous on chest and flanks. {*258a. Elanus ceruleus vociferus (Latham), Ind. *258b. 299. Orn. i., p. 46 (1790). [India.] Indian Black-winged Kite. Smaller ; wing ¢ 255-260, 2? 272 mm. ; pri- maries paler below, dark slate colour, the base more or less whitish. Elanus ceruleus hypoleucus Gould, P.Z.S., 1859, p. 127. [Macassar, type in Norwich Mus. ] White-breasted Kite. Slightly larger; wing 9 293-303, tail 152 mm. ; wing ¢ 297 mm. ; above ashy grey ; primaries slate; wing-coverts black, the shoulder white on edge; black patch on outer edge of wing nearly absent ; 2 centre tail-feathers paler grey, rest white ; fore- part of head and entire under parts silky white, including under wing-coverts ; wing quills white on basal half below. Imma- ture: head and nape white, streaked with brown ; above browner, with white mar- gins to all the feathers, including wing- coverts and quills. Elanus notatus Gould, Syn. Bds. Austr., pt. iv., Appdx. p. 1 (1838). [New S. Wales.] Black-shouldered Kite. [ =£. axillaris (Lath.)). India, Ceylon, Burma, Yunnan Assam. Philippine Is., Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Sula Is. Australia (excluding Tasmania). *260. 7260a. 261. 162 Size similar ; wing ad. 292-310 mm. ; tail 146-160 mm.; above paler, more silvery grey ; tail whitish ; primaries darker below nearly blackish ; outer under wing-coverts black, forming a conspicuous patch below ; axillaries white. Elanus leucurus leucurus (Vieill.), N.D., xx., p. 563 [err. 566] (1818). [Paraguay, ex Azara.] Southern White-tailed Kite. Rather larger, with longer tail; wing ad. 294-304 mm.; tail 158-175 mm.; above darker bluish ash, inner webs of secondaries paler, nearly white ; black shoulder patch above variable, but not generally so large ; black patch below smaller and confined to the outer greater under wing-coverts. Elanus leucurus majusculus Bangs & Pen- ard, Pr. New Engl. Zool. Cl. vii., p. 46 (1920). [San Rafael, Cal., type in M.C.Z., Harvard] White-tailed Kite. Larger ; wing ad. 305-322 mm. ; tail 180- 185 mm. ; rather darker above, and with usually a larger wing patch. Elanus scriptus Gould, P.Z.S., 1842, p. 80. [S. Australia.] Letter-winged Kite. Wing 292 mm.; above paler, ashy white, with the black patches on wing-coverts and edge of wing; axillaries as well as under wing-coverts black, except bend of wing which is white. S. America (except extreme SBE Southern United States and Central America. N.S. Wales, Victoria, S. Australia. 163 Gen. LXXXI. GAMPSONYX Vigors (1825). Type by monotypy G. swainsoni Vig. Wings falling nearly an inch short of end of tail ; tail feathers rounded, nearly even ; tarsus short, feathered about half way down in front. Size small, length under 10 in. *262. Gampsonyx swainsont swainson Vigors, Brazil, S. to Zool. Jnl., ii., p. 69 (1825). [Near Bahia.| Matto Grosso, Swainson’s Pearl-Kite. N. to Amazonia, W. to Paraguay, Wing ¢ 142-145, tail 100 mm. ; @wing 156 E. Peru, mm. ; above leaden black with a brownish E. Ecuador. shade on back ; secondaries broadly tipped with white ; tail below much paler ; fore- head and sides of face orange buff; sides of neck and a collar encircling latter white, below which is an interscapulary patch of vinous red ; below white, with small patch of black on each side of upper breast ; the thighs pale buffish rufous, as also inner under wing-coverts, but not breast or flanks. *262a. Gampsonyx swainsoni meridensis Swann, Venezuela (S. Syn. List Accip., p. 104 (1920). [g Nevada, to Orinoco), Mérida, Nov. 15, 1903, alt. 3,000 metres, British Guiana. in coll. H. Kirke Swann and Mérida and Guiana examples in [ring Mus. and Brit. Mus. ] Northern Pearl-Kite. Size nearly similar ; wing ¢ (Mérida) 152 ; tail 95 mm.; 2 wing 159, tail 102 mm. ; wing g (Guiana) 150-153 mm. ; 2 wing 159- 163 mm. ; below with the sides of breast and flanks chestnut rufous [pure white in _ + Birds from Margarita Island (Harvard Mus.) are smaller. Wing 9 145, 9150 mm., but I do not consider they are separable. 164 Bahia birds]; thighs darker rufous in Venezuelan birds [but hardly more so in Guianan birds]. 262b. Gampsonyx swainsoni leone Chubb, Bull. Nicaragua. B.O.C., xxxix., p. 22 (1918). [Leon, Nicar- agua, W. B. Richardson, Dec. 1892, type in Brit. Mus.] Nicaraguan Pearl Kite. “ Upper surtace darker and more strongly shaded with slaty grey ; forehead and sides of face straw colour instead of orange buff’’; wing 158, tail 95 mm. 262c. Gampsonyx swainsont magnus Chubb, Bull. W. Peru and B.O.C., xxxix., p. 21 (1918). [Amotape, W. Ecuador ; Peru, July 22, 1899, P. O. Simons, type in Bolivia (?)? Brit. Mus. ] Western Pearl Kite. Largest ; “ differing from G. s. swainsoni only in the larger wing and tail measure- ments’’; ¢ wing 177, tail 104 mm.; 9 wing 176 mm. Gen. LXXXII. ICTINIA Vieill. (1816). Type ‘‘ Milan Cresserelle’’ Vieill. =Miluus cenchris Vieill. =Falco plumbeus Gmel. Upper mandible with the cutting edge lobed, but without a true tooth; bill short and deep, and strongly arched, resembling that of Falco; cere short ; tail square ; wings reaching about 1.25 in. beyond end of tail. Size small. 1 An example in Tring Museum from Prov. of Sara, Bolivia, ¢ has wing measurement of 170 mm. and presumably belongs to this form; another oO» from Calama River, Rio Madeira, has the wing 165 mm., and is intermediate. *263. +*264. Head 165 Ictinia plumbea (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 283 (1788). [ex. Lath.—Cayenne.] Plumbeous Kite. Wing ad. 275-318, tail 140-145 mm. ; above leaden black ; wings and tail blacker ; head lighter grey, hind neck a little darker ; primaries pale chestnut on inner webs, conspicuous below ; under parts slate grey ; tail with 3 bars of white on inner webs below, the basal one concealed and some- times wanting. Ictinia misisippiensis (Wils.) Amer. Orn., iii., p. 80, pl. 25, fig. 1 (1811). [Natchez, Mississippi.) Mississippi Kite. Wing 3 266-290, 2 278-317 mm.; above leaden black, paler on secondaries and blacker on primaries and tail, but latter without white bars below ; head, neck, and under parts clear grey; base of primaries chestnut on inner webs; bill black, feet orange red. S. Amer. to Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay ; Cent. Amer. to Mexico. Southern United States ; S. in winter to Mexico and cas Guatemala. Gen. LXXXIII. HARPAGUS Vigors (1824). Type by subs. desig. (Gray 1840) Falco bidentaius Lath. not crested; nostrils oval with central tubercle ; bill with 2 distinct teeth ; tarsus slender with broad transverse scales; feet small and weak ; wings very short, hardly reaching to middle of tail; size small. 265. Hargagus diodon (Temm.), Pl. Col.,i., livr. South Brazil HA, pl. 198, 1823. [Brazil.] Red-thighed Hawk. (Rio Grande do Sul to Bahia). *266. 266a. Head very compact ; 166 Wing ad. 206, tail 153 mm.; above slaty grey, head darker and wings browner ; tail dark brown, with narrow bands of greyish white ; below pale grey, the throat and under tail-coverts white; thighs bright ferruginous. Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus (Lath.), Ind. Orn., i., p. 38, 1790. [Cayenne.] Double-toothed Hawk. Size similar; wing 2 200 mm.; above [oldest dress] much darker, slaty black ; tail with 2 brownish white bands ; throat white, with median black streak; upper chest greyish, below banded with grey and white ; less old birds have tail browner, with 3 narrow whitish bands and another across upper tail-coverts ; below chestnut rufous, irregularly barred, except on chest, with whitish and indistinct darker bars. Harpagus bidentatus fasciatus Lawr., Pr. Phil. Acad., 1868, p. 429 (1869). [Guate- mala. | Slightly larger, wing ad. 223 mm. ; above browner; below banded as in less old stage of last form. Guiana, Trinidad. Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, E. Bolivia, and W. Matto Grosso. Central America (S. Mexico and Guatemala to Panama). Gen. LXXXIV. BAZA Hodgs. (Jan. 1837). Type by orig. desig. B. syama Hodgs. = Falco leuphotes Dumont. with long occipital crest ; loral feathers appearing as serrations) ; nostrils linear ovals, without tubercles ; 2 outer primaries with inner webs sinuated ; size very small. bill with 2 teeth (sometimes 167 *267. Baza lewphotes (Dumont), Dict. Sci. Nat. India (sub- (Levrault) xvii., July 1820, p. 217. [Pon- Himalayan dist. dicherry. | to S. India and Crested Cuckoo-Falcon. Ceylon) ; Assam, Burma, Wing ad. 240-250, tail 145 mm. ; crest long; Tenasserim ; above glossy greenish black, browner on N. Malay Pen. ; sides of head and throat; secondaries Siam, Indo- white, except at edges and tips, chestnut China. subterminally [except in very old birds] ; chest white, followed by a band of black across upper breast, more or less mixed with chestnut ; lower breast and flanks creamy white, banded with chestnut ; vent, thighs, and under wing- and tail-coverts greenish black. Immature: much more chestnut in secondaries and less barred below. Gen. LXXXV. AVICEDA Swains. (Oct. 1836). Type by monotypy A. cuculoides Swains. Occipital crest rudimentary or slight ; lores less compactly feathered; primaries considerably longer than secondaries. Size moderate. 268. . China. E. and W. Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia. 202 302k. Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, Ibis, 1894, 303. p- 545. [M?t. Dult, type in Brit. Mus.] Hose’s Falcon. Size similar; wing ¢ 293 mm.; darker above ; chest much more rufous; under wing-coverts and axillaries more closely barred with black, the white inter-bars more rufous ; under tail-coverts and thighs barred with bluish grey and black, instead of whitish and black. Falco fasciinucha Reichen. and Neum., Orn. M.B. i., p. 114 (1895). [Teiia, Kenya, E. Africa.) Kilimanjaro Falcon. Immature ¢ [Tring Mus.]. Wing 228 mm.; above black with remains of rufous edgings ; an indistinct collar on hind neck pale rufous ; upper tail-coverts with broad ashy margins; tail slate, tipped buffy white and indistinctly barred with black ; throat white, sides of head and moustachial patch black ; below rufous fawn, narrowly striated with black. +*304. Falco pelegrinoides pelegrinoides Temm., Pl. Col., livr. 81, pl. 479 (1830 ?). [Nubia.] [=F. barbarus Linn.? and F. punicus Levaill. jun.] Barbary Falcon. Smaller than F. p. peregrinus ; wing 3g 278- 288, 2 282-293 mm.; above much paler bluish grey, the cross bars fainter ; crown dusky brown instead of black, the fore part tinged with rufous ; entire hind neck rusty red, with some dusky mottlings ; fore part of ear-coverts and cheek stripe blackish ; throat and sides of neck buffish Borneo, Greater Sunda Is., Philippine Is., New Guinea, New Hebrides, Fiji Islands. E. Africa (Kilimanjaro district). N. Africa (N. of the Sahara) from W. Maroc- co to Egypt ; in winter S. to Sudan ; Canary Is. 304a. 304b. +*305. 203 white; below pale buffy fawn, breast unspotted, but sides with a few blackish spots, becoming bars on under wing and tail-coverts. Younger birds dark brown above, with rufous margins; hind neck creamy white, tinged with rufous ; below creamy white, breast and flanks streaked with brown, more broadly on the latter. Falco pelegrinoides arabicus Erlanger, J.f.O. 1903, p. 293. [Lahadsch, type in Berlin Mus. | Arabian Falcon. Said to be darker above. Falco pelegrinoides babylonicus Sclater, Ibis, 1861, p. 218, pl. vil. [Oudh, type in Norwich Mus. ] Red-capped Falcon. Larger; wing ¢ 304, 2 329 mm.; above lighter bluish grey; fore part of crown more rufous ; hind part of crown greyish black ; nape and hind neck clear rufous, with darker centres to many of the feathers; below buffy white, with arrow-head brown spots on centre of belly and bars on the sides; throat and chest unspotted. Falco biarmicus biarmicus Temm., Pl. Col. livr. 55, pl. 324 (1825). [Kaffivland and Cape Colony. | South African Lanner. Size similar ; wing ¢ 304, 9355 mm. ; fore- head whitish ; fore part of crown black ; rest of crown and nape brick-red, with S.W. Arabia, Erythrea, Somaliland ; cas. Sudan (?). W. and C. Asia, from Mesopo- tamia, Turke- stan and E. Persia to Afghanistan and Baluchistan ; in winter to N. India. S. Africa, N. to Angola and E. Africa. 305a. *305b. *305c. 204 > black shaft stripes; moustachial stripe, feathers round eye and band down side of neck black ; above dark brown, barred, except on interscapulary region, with blue- grey, inclining to fulvous on scapulars and secondaries and more regular and paler grey on rump; tail regularly barred with fulvous grey and blackish brown; below vinous buffish, warmer on breast, streaked on chest and slightly spotted on sides with blackish in most birds, but nearly un- spotted in oldest examples. Falco biarmicus tanypterus Schleg., Ab- handl. Geb. Zool. & Vergl. Anat., heft iii., pp. 8, 16, pl. xii., xiii. (1844). [Nudia.] Nubian Lanner. Slightly larger ; wing $ 313-325, 2 355-373 mm.; above darker and more uniform ; nape less rufous; slightly more spotted below, but with the ground colour more buffish white, and the chest as a rule free from markings. Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neum., J.f.0., 1904, p. 369. [Shoa; type in Tring Mus.] Abyssinian Lanner. Very slightly larger; wing 3g 326-344, 2 362-375 mm. ; lower parts more heavily spotted with black. Falco biarmicus erlangert Kleinschm., Aquila, vili., p. 33 (1901). [Tums and Tangier: restr. type loc. Tunis; type in Kleinschmidt’s coll.] North African Lanner. Nubia, Egyptian Sudan Egypt, Arabia, Palestine. Abyssinia, Shoa, Gallaland and Sudan, S. to Uganda, W. to Hausa- land and Togo- land; Aden. N. Africa (Atlas district from Tunisia to W. Marocco). 205 Similar to F. b. feldeggii, but paler and less marked with blackish on crown, also slightly smaller; wing 3 310-323, 9 338- 356 mm. 7*305d. Falco biarmicus feldeggit Schleg., in Suse- +*306. mihl, Végel Europas, pl. 8a (1843 or 1844) ; idem Abh. Geb. Zool. & Vergl. Anat., heft ill., p. 2-3, pl. 10, 11 (1844). [Dalmatia] European Lanner. Size about the same; wing ¢ 310-326, 345-356 mm. ; with the under parts much more heavily spotted than in F. b. biarmicus and the ground colour more creamy white ; crown and nape creamy rufous. Falco cherrug cherrug Gray, in Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool. it., pl. 25 (1833-34). [India.] Saker Falcon. Larger ; wing g 350-370, 2 392-420 mm. ; head pale rufous to rufous white, with narrow blackish shaft stripes; above earthy brown, all feathers margined with rufous; quills with white bars on inner webs uniting on margins ; tail barred with rufous white on inner webs and with oval spots on outer webs; sides of face and throat white, with dusky streaks on ear- coverts, but no distinct moustache ; below whitish, chest slightly and breast and belly thickly marked with blackish brown, be- coming bars on flanks. Immature: very little rufous on head; moustache stripe more apparent ; tail with central feathers generally unmarked ; below more heavily and longitudinally marked. 5.E. Europe (Balkan coun- tries [not ex- tending to Russia], S. Italy. S.E. Europe (Balkan Penin. and S. Russia) ; Cyprus (cas.) ; C. Asia, to N.W. India, China and Sudan in winter. 206 306a. Falco cherrug milvipes Hodgs., in Gray’s +307. Zool. Misc., p. 81 (1844) [nom nud.]; Jerdon, Ibis, 1871, p. 240. [Umbaila, India.] Hodgson’s Saker. Size similar ; more barred above with pale rufous ; tail regularly and closely barred across centre feathers, not marked with oval spots. Falco jugger (Gray, in Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool. u1., pl. 26 (1833-4). [India.] Laggar Falcon. Smaller ; wing ¢ 317-330, 2 355-370 mm. ; feathers of crown dull rufous, with blackish brown centres; nape rather paler and mottled with black; above ashy brown, with pale fulvous margins; rump paler and clearer grey; tail ashy grey, tipped with white, outer feathers barred on inner web with whitish ashy; below white, with narrow black moustachial stripe ; lower breast with a few dark shaft-streaks ; flanks and thighs ashy brown. Falco altaicus (Menzb.), Orn. Turkestan, i., p. 272 (1892). [Altai and Minusinsk.] Altai Falcon. [F. lorenzi (Menzb.) a synonym. ] Wing $ 370 mm.; upper parts reddish brown washed with ash, under parts ochra- ceous with tear-shaped dark brown stripes ; tail brown, tipped with pale ochreous, the two middle feathers unbarred, rest with indistinct oval transverse reddish brown spots ; tarsus bare for more than half its length. (Dresser). [Not seen. High plateaux of Central Asia (Turkestan, Thibet, Mongolia) ; in winter S. to India, China, & Baluchistan. Indian Penin., Assam, E. Baluchistan, E. Afghanistan. Mountain ranges of Central Asia ; West Siberia. 207 1309. Falco mexicanus Schleg., Abh. Geb. Zool. W. North heft iii., p. 15 (1844). [ex Licht.—Mexico America, from = Monterey. S. Brit. Prairie Falcon. Columbia to S. Mexico. Wing ¢ 305-328, 2 330-350 mm.; above brown, with pale fulvous margins ; crown and nape with whitish margins ; tail tipped with white and all but centre pair of feathers barred on inner webs with whitish, but outer webs scarcely spotted; below white, chest streaked and breast and belly spotted with brown, more in form of bars on flanks. F. Larger; length about 18-24 in. (Sub. gen. Hierofalco Cuvier). 7*310. Falco rusticolus rusticolust Linn., S.N.,1i., N. Sweden and p- 88 (1758). [Sweden.] Norway ; Norwegian Gyrfalcon. Lapland ; N. Russia ; [Grey-backed form]. Wing 3 345-370, S. in winter to 2 388-405 mm. ; head blackish grey ; above Middle dark slate grey barred with pale bluish Europe. 1 A close study of the Gyrfalcons in Europe and America has led me to the conclusion that there is only one species, which is practically circumpolar. In its primitive plumage it was evidently slate-backed, like the typical form (rustzcolus), but its habitat has induced an albinistic plumage which has resulted in the larger and more powerful form we call candicans. This albinistic plumage, although general, is not constant, hence we get in Greenland, and elsewhere, a percentage of primitive grey-backed birds (holboelli of Sharpe, islandus or gyrfalco of other authors), as well as a juvenile plumage which is identical with that of the primitive phase. This albinistic phase has naturally its reflex in a melanistic phase, which is most common in Labrador (obsoletus of Gmelin, Jabradora of Audubon) but also occurs in Greenland. Where, however, the range of this species extends southward of the limits of perpetual snow in such a fixed degree that a permanent colony is established, we find the primitive phase coming out as the only plumage; then we get a race which may justly be named as distinguishable from the common stock of the boreal species. Such examples are F. 7. rusticolus, F. v. islandus, and F. r. alascanus. Possibly to these may be added F. . uralensis, if we could ascertain that the grey- backed Asiatic birds had a fixed breeding range south of their albinistic northern Telatives, but this we do not know. Bering Island forms a remarkable instance, according to Stejneger, moreover, of a colony of smallish white birds breeding far to the southward of their usual range. Yet, on Bering Island occur larger white birds and also grey-backed Siberian birds (Tring Mus.), but only in winter as far as we know. .208 grey ; wings and tail browner, latter barred with bluish grey and tipped with white ; below white with a broad slate brown moustachial stripe, the breast and abdomen with drop-shaped stripes and flanks barred ; bill bluish, tip black ; feet yellow. 7*310a. Falco rusticolus islandus [partim] Briin- 310b. nich, Orn. Bor., p. 2 (1764). Iceland Falcon. [Iceland. ] [Grey-backed form]. Slightly larger ; wing 3 368, 2405 mm. ; above dark slate, barred with greyish white, the head streaked with dusky slate and buffish white; chin and throat white ; below white, chest streaked and belly and sides spotted with slaty black. Falco rusticolus alascanus Swann, Bull. B.O.C., xlii., p. 67 (1922). [2 Norton Bay, Alaska, Oct. 1879, E. W. Nelson, type in U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96776.] {nom. nov. pro F. sacer [Forster] of Ridgw., nec auct.] Alaska Gyrfalcon. [Grey-backed form]. Smaller; wing g 340-358, tail 210 mm.; wing 2 386-400, tail 220-230 mm. ; wing (type) 400 mm. ; darker, less grey than rusticolus, and with bars on wing-coverts and secondaries rather whiter and wider; above blackish slate, barred and edged with pale grey; head more uniform, hind neck mottled with white ; rump lighter and bluer ; primaries broadly barred with white on inner webs and with obsolete spots on outer webs ; tail evenly barred across with dark slate and greyish white; cheeks with distinct black moustachial stripe; below white, Iceland ; S. in winter to Brit. Isles, Europe and N.E. America. Alaska, breeding S. to St. Michael’s and Norton Bay, N. to Anderson River (?) ; in winter to S. Alaska, Prybilov Is., Brit. Columbia and Washington State. 209 chest streaked, breast and under wing- coverts spotted, and flanks barred with black; thighs and under tail-coverts strongly barred with blackish slate ; bill bluish, tip black. Juvenile: above dark brown, unbarred at first ; tail with fainter and narrower bars ; below whitish, heavily and broadly streaked all over with dark brown. More mature birds have the upper parts of a more blackish brown than grey shade until quite old, the bluish shade being then most evident on the rump. Circumpolar ; 1*310c. Falco rusticolus candicans Gmel., S.N., i., breeding in p- 275 (1788). [Islandia et Scotia,” errore, type loc. subst. Hartert—Gveenland.] Greenland Falcon. [Albinistic form]. Larger; wing 3 365- 380, 2 408-428 mm.; bill yellow in old birds ; [white phase] : general colour pure white ; the feathers above mostly marked with a black or dark brown bar or spot towards tip; head with a few streaks of black ; tips of primaries black, inner webs usually with notches obsolete ; tail white with more or less obsolete bars on central feathers ; below white, usually with a few blackish or brownish striations and spots on Greenland, Labrador and Arctic America (E. of Alaska), Arctic Europe and Asia! (Spitsbergen (?), Novaya Zem- bla) aE ato Kamtschatka and Bering Is.) ; in winter to Brit. Isles, N.W. Europe, sides. [Dark or primitive phase]: above Canada and 1 If the Asiatic birds south of the polar circle are a constant grey-backed race, and distinguishable as a dark breeding race, they would be called Falco rusticolus uralensis (Sewertz. and Menzb.), [Orn. Geogr. Europ. Russl., i., p. 288, tab. 3 (1882)— Ural Mins., Russia], but we lack data as to this and only know that both grey- backed and white birds occur in Arctic Asia. On Bering Island, according to Stejneger, the white bird breeds and not the grey-backed one, which he says only comes in winter. Thelatter has been named F. grebnitzkit (Sewertz.), but the name is a synonym of uralensis. I have examined two white resident birds and three immature birds in the United States National Museum, and find them smaller than usual candicans (wing ¢ 358-362, Y 385-400), but at Tring are both grey-backed and larger white winter birds from Bering Island. The name obsoletus of Gmelin, it should be stated, has 7 pages priority over candicans, but is based on the melanistic variety, and is for that reason best discarded in favour of candicans. . 210 dark slate, barred with greyish white in Northern oldest dress; browner, less slaty, in less United States.? . mature birds (this phase much resembling plumage of islandus). Immature: bill bluish black; first plumage plain brown above ; below heavily striped lengthwise with dark brown ; tail brown with faint or incomplete paler bars; later whitish spots and bars appear on upper parts, the pale tail bars widen, and the large wide stripes on under parts decrease into streaks and into bars on the flanks. [Melanistic phase (obsoletus)]}: this, common in Labrador, is nearly uniform brownish black instead of white; below marked with white streaks or spots, diminishing according to age in the same way as the dark markings diminish in the white phase. Gen. XCV. RHYNCHOFALCO Ridgw. (1873). Type by orig. desig. F. femoralis Temm. =F. fusco-cerulescens Vieill. Wing with third primary longest ; first shorter than second ; tarsus longer than middle toe, with transverse scutes; sexes alike; size moderate. *311. Rhynchofalco fusco-cerulescens fusco-ceru- Argentina ; lescens Vieill., N. Dict., xi., p. 90 (1817). Patagonia and [ex Azara—Paraguay.]| Tierra del Fuego Aplomado Falcon. (migratory). Wing ¢ 245-260, 2 277-280 mm. ; 3g above dull slaty, greyer on crown and lighter on rump ; upper tail-coverts barred and tipped with whitish; tail blackish brown, with 1 All the winter birds I examined in the American museums from Canada and E. and N. United States were of this form; a few in the white plumage, the rest in the brown immature plumage, but none in the grey adult “ primitive’’ phase. Of course, those from the West, British Columbia, etc., are generally alascanus, which appears to migrate down the coast in winter. They are determinable by their small size and dark adult plumage. 211 about 6 white bands ; a band from behind eye round hind neck white, below which is a line of black on sides of neck; throat chest, ear-coverts and sides of neck buffy white ; sides of breast black, barred with white narrowly; belly and vent tawny buff; @ larger and more richly coloured ; sides of head and under parts richer tawny 3lla. Rhynchofalco fusco-cerulescens femoralis Venezuela, N. to Temm., Pl. Col. pl., 121, 343. [Bvazl, Cent. America ? ex Natterer.] S. to Matto Lesser Aplomado Falcon. Grosso, Brazil (non-migratory) Smaller ; wing g 233-243, 2 258-268 mm. ; above more bluish slate; tail with narrower bars, grey on central feathers and white on outer. {*311b. Rhynchofalco fusco-cerulescens septentrio- Mexico, cas. in nalis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxix., Arizona and p- 98 (1916). [Fort Huachuca, Arizona.) Texas; S. in Northern Aplomado Falcon. winter to Peru (Marayniyoc). Larger; wing ¢ 267-280, tail 180 mm. ; wing 9 294-303, tail 201-210 mm. ; plumage similar in colour to typical form. Gen. XCVI. IERACIDEA Gould (1838). Type by monotypy Falco berigora V.& H. Distance between tips of primaries and tips of secondaries less than half length of tail; tarsus transversely plated near base of toes, and appre- ciably longer than in Falco. $*312. 312a. 312b. 812c: 212 Ieracidea berigora berigora (Vigors & Horsf.) Interior of Trans. Linn. Soc., xv., p. 184 (1827). [New S. Queensland South Wales, type in Brit. Mus.] and Striped Brown Hawk. N.S. Wales. Size moderate; wing ¢ 330, 2 355 mm. ; above sandy brown, most of the feathers edged with rufous; head with blackish shaft-stripes; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and barred with rufous ; below creamy white with brownish shaft-streaks, and a dark brown moustachial stripe ; thighs, axilliaries and inner lower wing- coverts chestnut. Ievacidea berigora orientalis Sharpe, Cat. Coastal districts Bds. Brit. Mus., i., p. 422 (1874). [New of S. Queens- S. Wales, ex Schl. Naum. 1855, p. 254.]* land and Brown Hawk. N.S. Wales ; whole of Less rufous above, more uniform darker Victoria. brown, without shaft stripes ; below with- out shaft-stripes, the sides blackish brown, often uniform blackish brown. [Possibly only dark phase of I. berigora berigora.] Ieracidea berigora tasmanica Math., Bds. Tasmania. Austr., v., p. 276 (1916). [Tasmania.] Tasmanian Brown Hawk. Smaller; wing (sex?) 325 mm.; above brown with buffy tips ; below white, with dark shaft-streaks and some brown tips. Ieracidea berigora occidentalis Gould, P.Z.S. S.W. Australia. 1844, p. 105. [Perth.] Western Brown Hawk. 1 For the forms of this group, all very doubtfully distinct, see Mathews’s Birds of Australia. 312d. 312e. 213 Smaller; otherwise nearest to typical form. Ievacidea berigora kempi Math., Bds. Austr., v., p. 277 (1916). [Cape York.] Kemp’s Brown Hawk. Wing 2 369 mm. ; dark phase ; above and below smoky black or fuliginous brown. Tevacidea berigora melvillensis Math., Aus- tral. Av. Rec., i., p. 34 (1912). [Melville Is.) Northern Brown Hawk. Wing 2 (?) 352 mm.; above dark rusty brown; below sandy brown, with dark shaft streaks. 312f. Ievacidea berigora centralia Math., Bds. 312g. Austr., v., p. 277 (1916). [Finke River, Central Australia. ] Central Australian Brown Hawk. Very pale race; wing § 315 mm. ; above pale rusty brown with black shaft streaks ; below white, throat with dark shaft streaks ; sides and flanks rufous. Ievacidea nove-guinee A. B. Meyer, J.F.O., 1894, p. 89. [S.E. New Guinea.] New Guinea Brown Hawk. Differs from typical I. bevigora berigora in having almost unspotted upper wing- coverts and the darker head and shoulders. Cape York, North Australia. Northern Territory, N.W. Australia. Central Australia. S.E. New Guinea. 214 Gen. XCVII. CERCHNEIS Boie (1826). Type Falco rupicolus Daud. With the general characters of Falco, but wings not so long and third primary nearly equal to second ; outer and inner toes equal. (Plumage always rufescent ; sexes usually dissimliar). Size small (length 9.5-15 in.). {*313. Cerchneis tinnunculus tinnunculus (Linn.), Europe, from S.N.,1., p. 90 (1758)..[“ Europe’ =Sweden.) 68° N. in Common Kestrel. Scandinavia and 61° N.in Russia Size small; wing ¢ 230-250, tail 158-165 to Mediter- mm.; wing 2 245-260, tail 165-172 mm.; ranean and 3d above brick-red, with a few arrow-head N.W. Africa ; black markings, especially on the inner Brit. Isles ; 3l13a. secondaries; head and neck blue-grey, with narrow black shaft lines; primaries dark brown, notched with white; lower back, rump and tail blue-grey, the tail with broad subterminal band of black and tipped with white; below pale rufous fawn, chest with black streaks, becoming spots on flanks ; thighs rufous buff, throat and under tail-coverts buff, unspotted ; 9 above entirely rufous, banded with black, with only a bluish shade on rump; tail rufous barred with black ; below paler. Cerchneis tinnunculus _—_ rupicoleformis W. and C. Asia ; in winter to Africa. Egypt, Nubia ; (Brehm), Vogelfang, p. 29 (1855). [ex Wiirt- N. Somaliland ; temberg MS.—‘ Egypt and Germany ”’ ; restricted type loc. Egyt.] Egyptian Kestrel. Below deeper and warmer than in typical form, which it quite equals in size. S. Arabia. 215 *313b. Cerchneis tinnunculus dorriesi Swann, Syn. Siberia (Amur List Accip., p. 146 (1920). [g Sidemi, E. River to Siberia, Dérries coll., June 2nd, 1884, type Yeneisei) and in Tring Mus.; co-type: 9 Amur River, Mongolia ; E. Siberia, Dérries coll., Mar. 27, 1894, in S. in winter to Brit. Mus., Reg. No. 97, 10, 30, 258. ]+ India, Ceylon, Siberian Kestrel. Assam, Burma, China and N.E. Larger and averaging paler above and Africa (Egypt below; wings and tail longer, the latter to Blue Nile). especially much longer than in other forms ; wing ¢ 255-267, 9 260-267 mm.; tail g 172-194, 2 178-200 mm. *313c. Cerchneis tinnunculus canariensis Koenig, W. Canary Is. jJ.£.0., 1889, p. 263. [Canary Is.] (Tenerife, Canarian Kestrel. Gran Canary, Hierro, Palma, Smaller ; wing § 215-225, 9 225-240 mm.; Gomera) ; much darker above and below. Madeira. 313d. Cerchneis tinnunculus neglectus (Schleg.), Cape Verde Mus. Pays-Bas, Rev. Accipitres, p. 43 Islands. (1873). [S¢. Vincent.] Cape Verde Kestrel. Size similar; wing g 222, 9 228 mm.; a form approaching the last. t Material from Siberia being very meagre, I have principally determined this form from the considerable number of large and long-tailed birds, always on the pale side, existing in collections from Ceylon, India, Assam, etc., which are obviously migrants from the north, and have no connection with the smaller and darker form breeding in N. India (C. ¢. interstinctus), with the rather dark but nearly typical bird breeding in W. Asia, or with the large dark race breeding in Japan (C. ¢. japonicus). A large immature ¢ bird in my collection from Ceylon has a tail measurement of 194 mm., and there are birds in the Tring collection with nearly the same measurement. That this form also reaches the east side of Africa is shown by ¢ and 9 examples in my collection from the Blue Nile, both agreeing in paleness with Siberian birds and having the wings respectively 260 and 262 mm., and the tails 178 and 184 mm. Col. Meinertzhagen (Ibis, Jan. 1922, pp. 60-61) has recently rejected the Siberian race on wing measurements, but he overlooked the tail measurements. No such measurements as those cited can be found in typical tinnunculus. 313e. 3136. 216 Cerchnets tinnunculus dacotie (Hart.), Vég. Pal. Faun., p. 1086 (1913). [Lanzarote.] East Canarian Kestrel. Wing ¢ 213-225, 2 225-250 mm.; above as pale as in C. ¢. tinnunculus ; below deeper rusty. Cerchneis tinnunculus japonicus (Temm. and Schleg.), in Siebold’s Fauna Jap. Aves, p. 2, pl. 1, and 1b. (1844). [Japan =near Naga- saki.] Japanese Kestrel. Larger ; wing ¢ 240-247, 9 253-260 mm. ; head darker than in C. t¢. tinnunculus ; dark spots on mantle larger and with broad dark shaft-marks to the feathers ; below darker than C. ¢. tinnunculus. +*313g. Cerchneis tinnunculus interstinctus McClel- 313h. land, P.Z.S., 1839, p. 154. [Assam.] [ =C. tinnunculus saturatus, auct.] Himalayan Kestrel. Rather smaller; wing ¢ 230-240, tail 152; wing 2 240-253 mm.; smaller and much darker than C. ¢. tinnunculus ; much deeper rufous above and more heavily spotted ; head and tail showing a great tendency to a rufous wash, and tail more generally with remains of black bars even when adult ; chest more heavily striped and breast with larger spots. Cerchneis tinnunculus carlo Hart & Neu- mann, J.f.0., 1907, p. 592. [Bissidimo near Harrar, type in Tring Mus.] Central African Kestrel. Smaller than C. ¢. tinnunculus; wing 3 220-240 mm.; dark form approaching interstinctus. E. Canary Islands (Fuertaventura Lanzarote.) Japan ; S. in winter to China, Hainan, Borneo and Philippines. Mountains of N. India to China; in winter S. to Travancore and Malay Penin. ; cas. Ceylon (?). Mountains of Tropical Africa (Somaliland, Abyssinia, Blue Nile, to Victoria Nyanza & Tanganyika) ; S. Arabia. *313i. *314. 314a. 217 Cerchneis tinnunculus rupicolus (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 135 (1800). [ex Levaill.— Cape of Good Hope.) South African Kestrel. Scarcely larger than C. ¢. tinnunculus ; wing ¢ 253 mm.; similar in general colouration, but with sides of face dull blue-grey like head; @ tail blue-grey banded with black, instead of rufous. Cerchneis moluccensis moluccensis (Hombr. & Jacq.), Voy. Pole Sud. Zool. Atlas, pl. 1, f. i. (1842) et texte ili, p. 46 (1853). [Moluccas (?).] Moluccan Kestrel. [C. m. orientalis a synonym. Smaller ; wing $ 220-233, 2 228-243 mm. ; 3 above deep bay, with broad arrow-head markings of black; head and hind neck uniform, streaked with black; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail bluish grey, latter with broad black subterminal band and white tips; throat rufous white ; below bay colour, streaked on breast and arrow-headed on flanks with black; @ more banded above ; tail with extra dark bars, besides the subterminal one. Cerchneis moluccensis occidentalis (A. B. Meyer & Wiglesw.), Abhandl. Ber. Mus. Dresd., vi., No. 2, p. 8 (1896). [Celebes.] Javan Kestrel. Smaller; wing $ 205-230, 2 228-234, (Celebes) 234 mm.; paler, with more greyish cheeks and ear-coverts, much whiter under wing-coverts and lighter underside. S. Africa, (Natal, Cape Colony, Damaraland), N. to Angola and Nyasaland. Molucca Is. (Amboyna, Bouru, Ceram, Goram. Peling Is., Halmahera, Morotai, Ternate, Batchian). Celebes, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Is. from Wetter to Kangean ; Java.? 1 Cerchneis moluccensis microbalia Oberholser, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., liv., p. 178 (1917). [Solombo Besar I.], is a synonym. 218 7*315. Cerchnets cenchroides cenchroides (Vig. and Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc., xv., p. 183 (1827). [Australia = Paramatta, N.S. Wales, apud Math.] Nankeen Kestrel. Size similar ; wing ¢ 235-250, 2 260 mm. ; 3 above pale rufous, almost unspotted ; head washed with pale bluish grey, and with black shaft-lines; rump and tail coverts blue-grey, as also the tail in oldest birds, the latter with broad subterminal black band and white tips; sides of face greyish white; below buffish white, the chest tawny buff, that and sides with black shaft-stripes ; under wing-coverts white ; 2 head and tail like back, the tail usually barred with black. 315a. Cerchneis cenchroides milligamt Math., Nov. Zool., xvill., p. 253 (1912). [Parry’s Creek, N.W. Australia.) Dusky Nankeen Kestrel. Smaller; wing ¢ 225-235 mm.; darker above. 315b. Cerchneis cenchroides wunicolor Milligan, Emu, iv., p. 1 (1904). [Yalgoo.] Westralian Nankeen Kestrel. Smaller ; below darker, decided cinnamon pink ; tail rusty cinnamon. +*316. Cerchneis rupicoloides rupicoloides (Smith), S. Afr. Q. Jnl., i., p. 238 (1830). [Groene River, Little Namaqualand, type in Brit. Mus.] Larger African Kestrel. East Australia. N.W. Australia, Northern Territory. S.W. and Mid. W. Australia. South Africa, S. of Zambesi. 316a. 316b. 317. 219 Larger ; wing ¢ 280, 2? 290 mm.; g above tawny rufous, with broad cross-bars of black; head uniform, but streaked with black ; rump and upper tail-coverts black- ish, barred with fulvous ; tail ashy rufous, banded with black, the subterminal band broad, followed by a white tip; primaries blackish brown, the inner ones mottled with rufous on inner webs and spotted on outer webs; below dull tawny rufous, breast streaked with brown, flanks more heavily marked ; under wing-coverts white ; @ similar, but flanks more barred. Cerchneis rupicoloides fieldi Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. Pub., No. 1, Orn., p. 58 (1897). [Silo Plain, Somaliland.) Somali Kestrel. Smaller ; much paler above. Cerchneis rupicoloides arthuri (Gurney). List Diurn. Bds. Prey, p. 156 (1884). (Mombasa. | East African Kestrel. Rather darker, tail with narrower black bars, the pale ones more blue grey. Cerchneis alopex alopex (Heugl.) Syst. Uebers., p. 10 (1856), and Ibis, 1861, p. 69, pl. iv. [prov. Galabat.] Fox-coloured Kestrel. Wing g 268 mm. ; plumage above and below fox red; head narrowly and back and wing-coverts more broadly streaked with black; the greater wing-coverts with remains of bars; primaries black, mar- gined and tipped with paler red; tail Somaliland. E. Africa (Kenya Colony). N.E. Africa (Bogosland to Shoa) ; Equat. Africa (Redjaf). 317a. 318. 319. 220 darker red, with about 15 bars of black; throat unmarked, but rest of under surface with narrow central streaks of black. Cerchneis alopex eremica Oberholser Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxx., p. 76 (1917) nom. nov. pro. C. a. deserticola Reichenow, Orn. M.B., vii., p. 190 (1899). [Mangu, Togo Hinterland.) Desert Kestrel. Paler below than typical form. Cerchneis newtoni (Gurney), Ibis, 1863, p. 34 pl. 2. [Madagascar.] Madagascar Kestrel. Smaller ; wing ¢ 188, 2208 mm. ; gabove, light rufous, streaked on head and neck and arrow-headed on scapulars and wing- coverts with black ; rump and upper tail- coverts dark bluish grey with more or less of black arrow-head markings ; tail bluish grey banded with black, subterminal band very broad; forehead, sides of head and under parts creamy white, tinged with rufous on chest, with elongated black spots, becoming more oval on breast and flanks ; under wing-coverts white, streaked with black ; @ similar. Cerchneis punctatus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., livr. 8, pl. 45 (1823). [Isle de France.] Mauritius Kestrel. Size similar; wing ¢ 178, 9 192 mm. ; above dull foxy rufous, with rather broad bars of black; head with blackish shaft- stripes; tail deep bay, with 6 bands of Togo Hinter- land ; Gold Coast Hinterland. Madagascar ; Comoro Is., Aldebra I. Mauritius. 320. 7*321. 221 black ; below white, with large oval spots of brownish black, smaller and more longi- tudinal on flanks ; @ similar. Cerchneis avea Oberholser, Pr. Biol. Soc., Wash., xxx., p. 75 (1917) ; [nom. nov. pro. C. gracilis (Less.) Traité, p. 93 (1831).] [Seychelles.] Seychelles Kestrel. Smaller » wing g 142, 9160 mm. ; g above maroon-chestnut, with a few black shaft- lines and spots, chiefly on wing-coverts and scapulars; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail bluish grey, latter with broad subterminal and 4 other black bands ; head dark bluish grey ; sides of face paler ; below isabelline fawn colour, unspotted ; 2 scarcely differs. Cerchneis naumanm naumanni (Fleischer), Sylvan, 1817-18, p. 174 (1818). [S. Germany and Switzerland, restr. type loc. S. Germany] Lesser Kestrel. Size small ; wing § 230-245, 2 230-248 mm.; 6 head, hind neck, rump, upper tail- coverts and tail blue grey, latter tipped with white and with broad subterminal black band ; rest of upper parts cinnamon rufous, unspotted; greater wing-coverts and inner secondaries blue grey, shaded with rufous externally; primaries dark brown ; throat whitish ; chest and breast pale cinnamon, marked with small black spots, larger on the flanks ; abdomen and Seychelles Is. Mediterranean countries, from Spain to S. Russia,? also N.W. Africa ; Asia Minor, Cyprus ; in winter to Africa ; cas. in Central Europe and Brit. Isles. 1 J have not had an opportunity of examining C. naumanni sarmaticus described by Domaniewski (C. R. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, x., p. 1044, 1918, Poland), but it seems doubtful if Polish examples can be separated. | 222 under tail-coverts yellowish white ; 9 more like that of C. t. tinnunculus, but smaller and distinguished by its white claws. 32la. Cerchneis naumanni pekinensis (Swinh.), N. China; P.Z.S., 1870, p. 442. [Near Pekin, type in in winter to Brit. Mus.] Himalayas. Chinese Lesser Kestrel. Size similar; wing ¢ 242 mm.; darker above and below, and without spots below when adult, or with minute spots on sides when less mature; wing coverts almost entirely blue-grey, only innermost ones slightly washed with rufous. 321b. Cerchneis naumanni turkestanicus Zarudny, Turkestan ; Mess. Orn., 1912, p. 114. [Russian Tur- S. in winter to kestan. | Somaliland.? Turkestan Lesser Kestrel. Slightly smaller ; wing g 228 mm. ; above with red of mantle much paler; below paler fawn colour and uniform without spots, except a few on sides in less mature birds ; wing coverts with more blue than in European birds, but not equal to pekinensis. +*322. Cerchneis sparverius sparverius(Linn.),S.N., United States, i., p. 90 (1758). [“ America,” ex. Catesby = E. of Rocky Carolina. | Mtns. ; American Kestrel. S. in winter to Florida and Gulf States. 1 I have described this form from a presumed typical ¢ from Samarkand, May rst, 1908, alt. 2,000 ft., D. Carruthers coll., in the Brit. Mus. coll. An example in the Brit. Mus. coll. from Somaliland, very pale and unspotted below, is as pale above as the Samarkand bird and is evidently referable to this form, the line of migration to N.E. Africa being a quite natural one. Examples from Central and S.E. Africa are, however, C. n. naumanni. I do not believe that true pekinensis occurs in Africa. Palestine birds I regard as intermediate between the Turkestan and typical races. 223 Wing ad. 190-203 mm., tail 127-152 mm. ; head slaty, crown usually rufous; above rufous, more or less barred with black (according to age) ; tail with subterminal band of black and white tips; outer feathers more or less white, with one or more extra partial bands of black on inner webs (according to age); below buffish white, the chest pale cinnamon fawn, more or less finely spotted with black on sides of body (according to age). [Specific dis- tinctions : crown generally rufous ; chest washed with rufous ; sides spotted. ]? {*322a. Cerchneis sparverius phalena (Lesson), Western Echo du Monde Savant, Ann. 12, June 19, North America p- 1086 (1845). [San Blas and Acapulco, from E. Brit. Mexico.) Columbia and Western Kestrel. W. Montana to N.W. Mexico ; Slightly smaller ; wing 190, tail 133mm.; in winter S. to appreciably paler; tail relatively longer Mexico and and paler; wing-coverts less spotted; Guatemala. rufous crown patch appreciably larger ; below with larger, rounder and more numerous black spots; chest cinnamon fawn. 1 Opinions differ greatly as to the specific and subspecific value of the American Kestrels, but I think it desirable to give specific rank to the typical race of each of the three groups of forms, and I have pointed out the principal characters on which I base these species. Some ornithologists appear to me to have failed to grasp the most important factors in determining the subspecies of these groups of forms, and to have attached undue importance to tail markings and the spotting of under parts, characters which vary with maturity and require to be considered with great caution. The spotting below is common to the less mature birds of all three groups, but disappears with age entirely in the tsabellinus group and varies in the other two, while the rufous on crown is likewise common to all three when immature, but disappears in the isabellinus and cinnamominus groups, yet it is usually retained in the sparverius group. The markings of the outer pair of tail feathers and the width of the subterminal tail band are most unreliable characters in themselves, as a series of old and young of both sexes in my collection from one district in Venezuela shows. $322b. S22c; 322d. 224 Cerchneis sparverius peninsularis (Mearns), Auk., ix., p. 267 (1892). [San José, Lower California. | Lower Californian Kestrel. Smaller ; wing ¢ 165, 9 172 mm.; paler; with rufous crown patch; subterminal tail band wide (25 mm.); below buffish white, well marked with black. Cerchnets sparverius paulus Howe and King, Contr. N. Amer. Orn., i., p. 28 (1902). (Miami, Florida, type in M.C.Z., Harvard.] Florida Kestrel. Larger ; wing $ 178-190 mm. ; under parts nearly immaculate in old birds, the ground colour either cinnamon fawn or nearly white ; throat white. Cerchneis sparverius carribbearum (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 284 (1788). [ex Briss. “An- tilles,”’ type loc. sugg. Dominica.] Antillean Kestrel. Size small ; wing ad. 175 mm. ; above more heavily banded with black, the tail barred broadly with black even when mature, but bars obsolete on central feathers in some examples; below creamy white, chest washed with fawn, with large black spots on breast and sides. Southern Lower California. Florida Peninsula ; Bahama Islands (?)4 Lesser Antilles (St. Lucias Dominica, Guadeloupe. Antigua, Montserrat, Anguilla, Virgin Gorda, St. Thomas) to Porto Rico.? 1 I am unable to say definitely what race inhabits the Bahama Islands, not having seen examples. 2? 1 am unable to separate the Porto Rico race [Cerchneis sparveria loyuacula Riley, Smiths. Coll., xlvii., p. 284, 1904: Vignes I.] as so far as the scanty material available shows it is not distinguishable from cavibb @arum. 225 *322e. Cerchneis sparverius dominicensis (Gmel.), San Domingo S.N.,i., p. 285 (1788). [San Domingo. and Cuba. St. Domingo Kestrel. Wing g 173 mm.; head slate, usually without rufous on crown, and black bands on back nearly absent ; chest pale fawn in oldest birds, faintly striped in younger ; below white, unspotted in oldest birds, or with a few dusky spots on sides in less mature ; inner webs of primaries white, the black bars nearly obsolete ; 2 with bands above narrower than in typical form ; below much whiter, slightly streaked on sides of breast with pale brown. *322f. Cerchneis sparverius guatemalensis1 Swann, Central America Syn. List Accip., p. 156 (1920). [Capetillo, (Brit.Honduras, Guatemala, in coll. H. Kirke Swann; co- Honduras, type Huehuetenango, Guatemala, in coll. Nicaragua, Brit. Mus. ] Costa Rica, Central American Kestrel. Guatemala) ; Mexico (cas. ?). Wing ¢ 184, tail 133 mm.; above darker than C. s. phalena, especially tail; back more heavily banded with black; tail band slightly broader ; head darker slate, either without rufous, or with a small and indistinct nape patch; below” creamy white, including the chest, and much more heavily striped on chest and spotted on breast and sides with large black spots ; thighs and vent unspotted. 1 The Central American form here designated is the resident form, and I have added a co-type in the Brit. Mus. coll. obtained in June, as my own type is without date. It is true that North American migrants (principally of the western form, phal gana) occur commonly in Central America, but I regard the birds with heavily marked under parts, little or no colour on chest, and little or no red on crown, as quite distinct and forming the resident race in Central America. *323. *323a. 226 Cerchneis cinnamominus cinnamominus (Swains.), Animals in Menag., p. 281 (1838). [Chile.] Cinnamon Kestrel. Larger; wing ¢ av. 198, tail 140 mm. ; $ with no rufous on crown ; 2 usually with partial crown patch ; $ tail with one narrow (av. 13 mm.) black subterminal band and white tips mixed with rufous, tips of central pair and inner webs of outer pair of feathers rufous; below white, chest with decided tinge of fawn, and with large black rounded spots on sides; @ with much narrower (almost linear) bands on tail-coverts and tail, which is much paler ; below whiter with narrower and paler stripes. [Specific distinctions: dg slate crown without rufous, pale chest, and spotted under parts ; 2 narrower and more regular bars on tail-coverts and tail.] Cerchneis cinnamominus australis (Ridgw.), Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 149. [Paraguay, type in U.S. Nat. Mus. ; new name for Falco gracilis (nec. Lesson) Swains., Anim. in Menag., p. 281, 1838, Bahia, Braz., type in Brit. Mus.] Brazilian Kestrel. Slightly smaller ; wing g av. 180, tail 127 mm.; tail with subterminal black band appreciably wider (av. 22 mm.) ; sides moderately spotted with black; @¢ tail darker red, and with broader, straighter, and more complete cross-bars, subterminal one broader; below with broader and darker brown stripes. Southern S. America : Chile ; Argentina (except N.E.)4; S. Peru, W. of Andes (?) ; Patagonia to Straits of Magellan ; Falkland Is. Brazil, N. to Amazon River (?), S. to N. Argentina ; W. to Paraguay and the eastern slopes of Andes in Bolivia and Peru. 1 Line of demarcation in Paraguay, Bolivia and S. Peru uncertain. 227 *323b.Cerchneis cinnamominus equatorialisMearns, Ecuador ; Auk., 1892, p. 269. [g‘‘ Guayaquil,” errore N. to West =interior of Ecuador, type No. 101, 309in Columbia (W. coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.] slope of central [C. c. cauce Chapm. and C. c. andina and northern Cory, synonyms. ]} Andes). Andean Kestrel. Size similar ; wing g 178-190, tail 133 mm. ; 2 wing 184-190 mm. ; g head much darker, blackish slate; above darker rufous ; tail band 18-22 mm. (central examples widest, northern and southern narrowest) ; below much deeper cinnamon; spots on sides fewer (except in less mature birds) ; 2 above (including tail) and below much darker cinnamon rufous; wing quills washed with rufous on inner webs, black bars much narrower and white inter- spaces 6 mm. wide; tail bands narrow and regular as in C. c. cinnamominus, but underside much less white and _ bars appearing much narrower, with no black terminal band. 323c. Cerchneis cinnamominus fernandensis Juan Fernandez Chapm., Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., xxxiv., Islands, off Chile. 1 I think that the absence of exact locality for Mearns’s type cannot be held to disquality his name, as it seems certain the example came from some part of Ecuador, and I accept “‘interior of Ecuador”’ as a sufficient locality, since I am unable to distinguish four (!) separate races for Ecuador as set forth by Cory (Field Mus. Pub. Orn., Ser. i., pp. 319-23). C. c. cauc@ appears to me to be a northern extension of this dark form, reducing in size slightly ; C. c. andina appears to rest on the largest and darkest birds, with fewest spots on sides, and presumably the most mature, judging by the description and by presumed examples I have seen. His C. c. peruviana, being the paler southern examples, is in my opinion untenable, as most Peruvian birds can be referred either to cinnamominus or australis. There are only two groups of forms in South America, the larger cinnamominus and the smaller isabellinus. If a bird is of fair size and has spotted sides when quite adult it must belong to the former, and if small, with unspotted sides when adult, it must belong to the latter. To treat both as forms of sparverius, as Cory does, is confusing. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the spotting in the isabellinus group is immaturity; in cinmnamominus it remains in the adult, but must vary as we get away from the typical race. Andina, by its size, appears to belong to the cinnamominus group, and according to Cory’s description the spots are not entirely absent. 324. 228 p- 379 (1915). [Masatierra I., Juan Fer- nandez Is., type in Am. Mus. N.H.] Juan Fernandez Kestrel. Slightly larger; wing ¢ 190 mm.; more deeply coloured and more heavily marked ; vent and under tail-coverts clear buff; spots below larger and more numerous ; 2 under parts (except throat) much deeper, in some specimens dull rufous, obscurely streaked and spotted with blackish ; vent and thighs clear buff. Cerchneis isabellinus isabellinus (Swains.), Anim. in Menag., p. 281 (1838). [Demarara, type in Brit. Mus.] Isabelline Kestrel. Smaller and paler; ¢ wing 178, tail 127 mm. ; head and nape bluish slate, without rufous when fully ad.; above rufous, with only one or two small specks of black; wing-coverts slate blue, slightly spotted with black; primaries with black bars more or less obsolete, not extending across webs; tail with black subterminal band 15-25 mm. wide, and white tips ; outer web of outer feather white, inner rufous; below light pinkish cinnamon, unspotted (except in less mature birds) ; thighs and vent white ; 2 below isabelline, with a few fine streaks and spots of pale brown on chest and sides of breast ; nape often with rufous patch or tinge. [Specific distinctions : small size, slate crown, and unspotted cinnamon under parts.] Guiana and E. Venezuela (E.to Caracas(?), S. to Rio Branco, N. Brazil). in wy 229 *324a. Cerchneis isabellinus ochracea Cory, Field Venezuela, Mus. Pub. Orn. Ser., i., p. 298 (1915). (Merida, Colon, [Colon, Tachiva, W. Venez., type in Field Valle, Ohama, Mus. | Montana de la Venezuelan Kestrel. Sierra, Cutata, Margarita I.) ; Wing ¢ 178-184, tail 127 mm. ; 2 wing 190- N.E. Colombia, 196, tail 133 mm. ; gabove darker rufous, Andes region of with only a few black spots and bars ; head Colombia.? blackish slate with no rufous patch when adult ; primaries barred right across inner webs ; tail with broader black subterminal band (25-30 mm.) ; below decided rufous cinnamon, unspotted in ad. (less mature with a few black spots on sides); 2 and juv. ¢ isabelline rufous below with dark brown streaks and spots; crown with more or less rufous. 324b. Cerchneis isabellinus brevipennis Berl., Curacao, J.£.0., 1892, p. 91. [Curacao.] Bonaire, Curacao Kestrel. Aruba Is., off Venezuela. Wing shorter; ¢ av. 165, 2 175 mm.; similar to last form but with a greater tendency to banding above and to heavy black spotting below in less mature birds ; ad. g below isabelline rufous unspotted ; tail band av. 25 mm. [Barely separable form. ] 1 C. 1. intermedia Cory (Field Mus. N. H. Orn., i., p. 325 (1915), seems to be non-separable. The average wing of his examples is the same as the measurement of his type of ochvacea; the narrower band on the tail seems scarcely a reliable distinction, while the white spotting on outer webs of primaries is a very variable character. C. 12. margaritensis Cory (T. c., p. 297), I am also unable to distinguish, as examples with the paler under parts occur in the Merida district along with the darker birds. His C. 1. perplexa (t. c., p. 327) 1 am unable to distinguish, dark and pale-breasted birds occurring together as I have before pointed out; while C. 7. distincta (t. c., p. 297) is most certainly typical isabellinus, the principal character, the obsolete bars on inner webs of primaries, being present in Brit. Guiana examples. 230 *325. Cerchneis sparverioides (Vig.), Zool. Jnl., ili., p. 436 (1828). [Cuba.] Cuban Kestrel. Wing ¢ 184-197, 2 188-192 mm.; head, neck, back and wing-coverts slaty blue ; with a tinge of rufous on interscapulary region ; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail deep bay, the tail tipped with white and with a broad subterminal bar of black; throat and sides of face whitish; below chestnut fawn, paler on vent, and shaded with greyish on flanks, with one or two spots of black. Cuba; San Domingo (?) ; cas. Florida (?) Gen. XCVIII. DISSODECTES Sclat. (1864). Type by subs. desig. (Sharpe, 1874) Falco dickinsoni Sclat. With the general characters of Cerchneis but with a more or less constant double-toothed mandible, and plumage not rufescent; wing with third primary longest. 326. Dissodectes ardosiacus (Bonn. et Vieill.), Enc. Meth., Orn., iii., p. 1238 (1823). [Senegal.] Slate-coloured Kestrel. Wing 3 225 mm. ; general plumage slaty grey (paler below) with dark shaft-lines to the feathers; tail with whitish bands on inner webs; throat and sides of face whitish. 327. Dissodectes dickinsoni Sclat., P.Z.S., 1864, p. 248. [Shiré River.) Dickinson’s Kestrel. W. Africa (Senegambia to Angola) ; Equatorial Africa (Uganda to Egypt. Sudan and Abyssinia). Portuguese E. Africa, Nyasaland, Angola. 328. 231 Smaller ; wing ¢ 210 mm. ; head and neck whitish ashy, with distinct blackish shaft- stripes; rest of upper parts blackish brown, the primaries darker and banded on inner webs with white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, shaded with grey; tail greyish white, banded with black, the subterminal band broad ; throat whitish ; under parts ashy brown. Dissodectes zoniveniris (Peters), Verhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1853, p. 783 (1854). [Madagascar.]| Madagascar Grey Kestrel. Wing g 221; 9230 mm. ; above ashy grey with black shaft-stripes, paler and bluer grey on rump and upper tail-coverts ; scapulars and wing-coverts barred with greyish black ; primaries blackish, barred with rufous or whitish on inner webs ; tail black, all but the 2 central feathers barred with greyish white ; forehead and throat whitish, streaked on throat and barred below with ashy brown. Madagascar. Sub. Fam. VIII. PANDIONINE. Gen. XCIX. PANDION Savigny (1809). Type P. fluvialis Sav. =Falco haliaétus L. Plumage very close and compact, wanting the accessory plumale; no facial disc; eyes placed laterally in the head ; nostrils generally not con- cealed by bristles; tarsus reticulated; toes devoid of feathers, the under surface rough, covered with small pointed scales; the outer toe reversible. Size large (length 20-24 in.). $329. 232 Pandion haliaétus haliaétus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 91 (1758). [Europe =Sweden.] Common Osprey. Wing ad. 480-530 mm.; head white, the crown striped with blackish brown ; nape feathers elongated and lanceolate; ear- coverts and stripe through eye blackish brown; above dark brown, with paler margins to most of the feathers ; tail dark brown, inner webs barred with dark brown and whitish; below white, the breast varied with pale brown centres to the feathers ; bill black; feet blue. $*329a. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmel.), 329b. S.N., i, p. 263 (1788). (Carolina, ex Catesby.] American Osprey. Size similar; wing ¢ 460-490, 2 492-518 mm.; dark markings of head blacker ; above darker and richer brown; less marked on under side ; tail with indistinct darker bars on central feathers. Pandion haliaétus ridgwayi [‘ Ridgweir,”’ err.] C. J. Maynard, Amer. Exch. and Mart, Boston, Jan. 15, 1887. [Bitter Guana Key, Bahama Is., type in Brit. Mus. (?)] Bahaman Osprey. Size similar; wing 9 [M.C.Z.], 495 mm. ; head, hind neck, and under parts pure white, with only one or two dark specks on crown, and slight streaks on chest. Europe, from Lapland (and formerly Scot- land) to the Mediterranean and Coasts of N. Africa and Red Sea ; S. Arabia ; N. Asia to Japan and Kamtschatka. N. America, N. to Newfound- land and Alaska ; S. in winter to Cent. America ; S. America, S. to Peru and Paraguay. Bahama Is. 233 *1329c. Pandion haliaétus cristatus (Vieill.), N.D., 329d. iv., p. 481 (1816). [New Holland =Tas- mania, apud Math.] White-headed Osprey. Similar to typical race, but smaller ; wing ad. 430-460 mm.; head and hind neck much whiter, generally without markings ; tail dark brown, without visible bars ; chest marked with pale brown. Pandion haliaéius microhaliaéus Brasil, Rev. Franc. Orn., 1916, p. 201. [New Caledonia.] Lesser Osprey. Smaller ; wing (New Caledonia), 392-412, wing (Celebes), ¢ 383, 2 430, tail 175 mm. Australia ; Tasmania ; Sunda Is., Moluccas ; New Guinea ; Philippines ; Solomon Is. New Caledonia ; Celebes. ADDENDUM TO PP. 3-4. Dr. Wetmore has pointed out to me that Molina apparently named the continen- tal and not the coastal Turkey Vulture in Chile, so it becomes necessary to use his name iota for the form I have renamed meridionalis and to drop the latter name. Therefore iota used for the coastal bird, as suggested by Chubb, must be replaced by falklandica of Sharpe. 1 also find it desirable to restore septentrionalis for the larger U.S. race which I included with C. aura aura, to unite with the latter my C. aura insularis, and also to distinguish the small Eastern South American red- headed bird, united by Chubb with the yellow-headed bird under the name of vuficollis, which properly belongs to the former. The races therefore stand as below (the corrections being also indicated) :— 4. Cathartes aura aura (Linn.). For distribution read ‘“‘ E. Mexico, Guatemala, Cozumel I., Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas ’”’; in description for wing measurement read “‘ 470-505’; and before “‘ metallic reflections ’’ add “ blue and purple.” 4a. Catharies aura iota (Molina), Saggio St. N. Chile, Pp. 265, 343 (1782). [‘‘ Chile,” type loc. subst. Santiago, Chile.| 4b. Cathartes aura falklandica (Sharpe), Ann. N.H. (4), x1., p. 133 (1873). [Berkeley Sound.] To distribution add “‘ on coast and also to Chincha Is., Peru.”’ To descrip- tion add “‘ above glossed with green and bronze.” 4c. Cathartes aura septentvionalis (Wied), Reise Nord. N. America, S. to Amerika, i., p. 162 (1839). [Near New Harmony, Mexican tableland. Indiana.) Larger than C. aura aura; .wing ad. 510-540, tail 270-285 mm. ; plumage blackish brown, wing-coverts margined with pale brown; above glossed with blue and purple. 4d. Cathartes aura ruficollis Spix, Av. Bras.,i., p. 2, 1824. Eastern S. America [Interior Bahia et Piauhy.] A (Venezuela, Guiana Brazilian Turkey-Vulture. and Brazil to Paraguay). Smaller; wing ad. 485-510, tail 270 mm.; blacker than C. aura aura or C. aura iota; less brown on wings; plumage glossed with blue and purple. 5. Catharies urubitinga Pelz, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, xliv., p. 39 (1861). [S. and C. Brazil.] [=C. a. ruficollis, Swann Synopsis, p. 4.] To description add: ‘“‘ above glossed with green and violet.” Page 5, ERRATA ET ADDENDA. > No. 6.—For “ californicus”’ read “‘ californianus.” Gen. VI. add: Type by monotypy Falco serpentarius Miller. Page 8, No. 13.—In description, line 2, for “ back”’ read “ black.” Page 9, Page 12, No. 21.—For distribution read: “‘ Northern S. America’ 2Iaa. No. 14b.—For ‘“‘ Gymnogyps’’ read “‘ Pseudogyps.” After this article add: Polyborus cheriway auduboni Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1865, p. 2. [Texas.] Larger; wing ¢ 390-400 mm. (as against 360 mm. in S. American form); plumage browner; under tail-coverts white, with a few dark bars only. Page 15, No. 30.—For distribution read :— For description read : Wing 6 296, 9 295-305 mm. ; above blackish brown, with slight paler edgings; behind eye each side a black stripe; head and hind neck buff, streaked with pale brown; upper tail-coverts and basal two- thirds of tail buffish white, with about 7 blackish bars on tail; apical third of tail black; below deep to pale ochraceous buff according to age. Juv.: head, neck and under parts dark brown, latter heavily striped with whitish. Page 15, No. 30a.—For distribution read :— 30b. » For ‘‘ Not seen ’”’ read: Wing g 300 mm.; above browner than in M. c. strigilatus ; head and under parts, especially under side of wings, warm buff instead of white; base of primaries with narrow blackish bars. After this article add: Milvago chimachima strigilatus Spix., Av. Bras., 1., p. 10 and pl. [juv.] (1838). [River Xingt.] White-breasted Caracara. Smaller; wing ¢ 265, Y 280-290 mm.; above blacker ; basal half of primaries pure white, without bars ; head and hind neck buffish white ; upper tail- coverts and basal two thirds of tail white, the bars more or less obsolete ; below pure white. , only. S. United States, Cuba, Mexico, and Central America. Paraguay, N. Argentina (Chaco dist.), S. Brazil. Panama, Colombia to Brit. Guiana. E. and Central Brazil, N. to Amazonia. ii. Page 18, No. 34a.—To distribution add: ‘‘ N.E. Siberia.” Page 20, No. 38a.—After this article add: 38b. Circus assimilis quirindus Math., Bds. of Austr., v., Celebes. p- 23 (1915). [Celebes.] Smaller; wing g 370-375, Y 425-435 mm.; above bluer grey; throat and chest grey, without spots. Page 25, No. 49.—For distribution read: ‘‘ Brazil and Paraguay’’; and after No. 49a add: 49b. Micrastur melanoleucus percontatoy Cabot, Boston Mexicoand Yucatan, Jnl. N.H., vol. 4, p. 462 (1844). [Chichen Itza, S.to Central America Yucatan.| and Northern Mexican Harrier-Hawk. S. America, Larger ; wing ¢ 260-278, Y 275-292 mm. (as against 255-260 and 270-275 mm. in typical form) ; above blacker ; juvenile deeper ochraceous buff below. Page 27, No. 55.—For distribution read: ‘‘ Mexico to Nicaragua’’; and after this article insert : 55a. Climacocercus guerilla interstes Bangs, Auk., 1907, Costa Rica, p. 289. [La Estrella, Cartago, Costa Rica, type in S. to Panama. M.C.Z., Harvard.] Bangs’s Harrier-Hawk. Wing ¢ 160-167, 9171 mm.; above like C. guerilla guerilla (g blackish slate, wings browner; Y back as well as wings chocolate brown); below closely barred down to under tail-coverts, while in C. guerilla guerilla the black bars are narrower and more widely spaced on centre of abdomen, the vent much whiter. 55b. Climacocercus guerilla jugularis Gurney, List Diurn. Colombia, Venezuela Bds. Prey, p. 117 (1884). [Brazil, Venezuela, Brazil. Colombia—type loc. selected Venezuela.] Wing ad. 170-182 mm.; above much greyer slate ; below heavily barred as in interstes but the chest tinged with rufous. Page 35, No. 66d.—The following name has priority over “‘ tenebrosus "’ : Astur tachivo aceletus Oberholser, Pr. U.S.N. Mus., XXVill., p. 829 (1905). [Zaveta, B.E.A., type in U.S.N. Mus.] After this article add: 66dd. Astur tachivo orienticola Oberholser, Ann. Carnegie Mombasa, B.E.A. Mus., iii., p. 495 (1906). [Mombasa, type in Carnegie Mus., Pittsburgh.] Small pale form; wing 9 198 mm. Bi MA iii. Page 45, Footnote.—Last line, for ‘‘ to”’ Accipiter, read “ from’”’ Accipiter. Page 52, No. 101.—For Accipiter fuscus fuscus, etc., read: Accipiter velox velox (Wils.), Amer. Orn., v., p. 116, pl. 45, f. 1 (1812). [Banks of Schuylkill R., near Philadelphia.) Page 52, No. 1o1c.—For “‘ Vetomre’’ read ‘“‘ Wetmore.” Page 53, No. 103.—After this article add : 103a. Accipiter superciliosus exitiosus Bangs and Penard, Costa Rica, S. to Pr. New Engl. Zool. Cl., vii., p. 45 (1920). (Carrillo, West Colombia. Costa Rica, type in M.C.Z., Harvard.] Smaller; wing g 127-134, 2 148 mm.; darker above, blacker; below with bands broader and more distinct. Page 58, No. 112a.—For “ ethronemius”’ read “‘ erythronemius.”” Page 74, No. 138a., line 4.—For ‘‘ Ehmeke”’ read ‘“‘ Ehmcke.” Page 74, No. 139.—In distribution, ‘‘ Egypt’’ should be transferred from line 3 to line g, after ‘“‘ India.’” Page 75, No. 1 39a.—To distribution after ‘Tunisia’? add ‘‘ Egypt and S. Palestine.” Page 76, No. 140a.—‘‘ W. Sclat’”’ should be without parentheses. Page 80., No. 143i., line 4.—For ‘“‘ nudem’”’ read “‘ nudum.” Page 104, No. 179.—In distribution, for ‘“‘ S.E.”’ read ‘‘ N.W.” Page 114, No. 196. line 3.—For ‘“‘ propre’’ read ‘‘ prope.” Page 119, No. 205c., line 3.—For ‘‘ nudem"’ read ‘‘ nudum.” ion! at ob ay wah. + ak a b i Oa ro a eit! ERRATA ET ADDENDA. Page 9, Gen. X.—After auvicularis insert ‘‘ Daudin.”’ Page 28, No.56b.—After this article insert : 56c. Gevanospizias c@rulescens livens Bangs & Penard, N.W. Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., xxxiv., p. 89 (1921). [Alamos, State of Sonora, type in M.C.Z., Harvard.] Wing ¢ .34, 9 349 mm.; paler, not blackish, but neutral grey; larger and darker than G. c. c@ru- lescens. Page 33, No. 64e.—To distribution add: “‘ probably breeding N. of United States.” For discription read: ‘‘ much darker grey (blacker) and generally fogged with blackish. Juv.: very brownish, with the whites dull and rather ruddy.”’ Page 37, No. 71.—For wing measurement read ¢ 145-155, Q 180-182 mm. Page go, No. 156a.—For this article read : Asturina plagiata micyus Miller and Griscom, Am. Nicaragua, Mus. Novitates, No. 25, p. 4 (Dec. 7, 1921). [Chin- Costa Rica. andega, Nicaragua, type in Am. Mus. N.H.] Page 93, No. 157i.—For this article read : Rupornis magnivostris puchervant J. & E. Verr., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1855, p. 350. (Paraguay, apud Chubb. | > Page 103, No. 175.—For “ Chauchamayo”’ read “ Chanchamayo.” Page 165, No. 263.—l am unable to accept Ictinia plumbea vagans recently described by Miller & Griscom (Am. Mus. Nov., No. 25, p. 5, Dec. 7, 1921—Pena Blanca, Nicaragua), as it is based on larger size only and has not a definite range. It is presumed to breed in both Central America and S. America. My smallest bird is from Guatemala (wing 287 mm.) and my largest pair from Ecuador (wing 293-300 mm.). The examples with wings of 300-319 mm. are not confined to Central America, and the largest bird measured by Miller & Griscom is from Matto Grosso. Most of the g examples from the latter locality are placed under the typical form, and most of the 8 examples under vagans ! Page 164, No. 262b.—Miller & Griscom (ctt. supva, p. 13) think Chubb’s characters are insufficient to distinguish leone from mervidensis Swann. In an errata slip they retain leone as the older name, to include the Venezuelan and Guianan birds. I think, however, that Nicaraguan birds are undoubtedly larger than Venezuelan and that both races may stand, /eon@ being the name for the Central American race. ‘ j ‘ eka: ; hte hin’ a “ a | ’ . . . ’ ~ * » 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. PLATES OF EGGS. Zigypius monachus, Nos. 1, 2 (Spain). Gyps fulvus fulvus, Nos. 3, 4 (Spain). figypius monachus, Nos. 1, 2 (Spain). Neophron percnopterus percnopierus, Nos. 1, 4 (Pyrenees); No. 2 (Palestine) ; No. 3 (Spain). Gypaétus barbatus grandis, Nos. 1, 3 (Spain) ; No. 2 (Pyrenees). Elanus c@ruleus ceruleus, Nos. 1, 3 (S. Africa). Elanus ce@vuleus vociferus, No. 2 (India). Civcus cyaneus cyaneus, Nos. 4, 5, 6. Circus macrourus, No. 7 (Turkey) ; Nos. 8, 9 (S. Russia). Circus e@vuginosus @yvuginosus, No. 10 (Hungary). Civcus pygargus, Nos. 11, 12 (Spain). Buteo vulpinus intermedius, Nos. 1, 2 (Orenburg, Russia). Buteo buteo buteo, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6. Triorchis lagopus lagopus, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 (Lapland). Buteo ferox ferox, No. 5 (S. Russia); No. 6 (Asia Minor). Hievaaétus fasciatus fasciatus, No. 1. Hievaaétus pennatus, No. 2 (Spain). Aquila nipalensis orientalis, No. 3 (S. Russia). Civcaétus gallicus, No. 4 (Styria). Aquila pomarina pomarina, Nos. 1, 2, 3 (Pomerania). Aguila clanga, Nos. 4, 5, 6 (Transylvania). Aquila heliaca, Nos. 1, 2 (Bulgaria). Aquila adalberti, No. 3 (Spain). Aquila vapax belisavius, No. 4 (Atlas Mtns., N.W. Africa). Aquila chrysaétos chrysaétos, Nos. 1, 3 (French Pyrenees) ; No. 2 (Ural Mtns.). Aquila chrysaétos occidentalis, No. 4 (S. Spain). Milous milvus milous, Nos. 1, 2 (Denmark) ; Nos. 3, 4 (Spain). Muiluus migvans egyptius, No. 5 (Egypt); No. 6 (Palestine). Milous migrans migrans, Nos. 1, 2 (Spain); No. 3 (Pomerania). Milvus lineatus, Nos. 4, 5 (Turkestan) ; No. 6 (Thibet). Pernis apivorus, Nos. 1-6 (Europe). Falco rusticolus rvusticolus, Nos. 1-3 (Lapland). Falco rusticolus candicans, No. 4 (Greenland). falco rusticolus wslandus, Nos. 5, 6 (Iceland). Falco cherrug cherrug, No. 1 (Turkey); No. 2 (Bulgaria); Nos. 3, 4 (S. Russia). Falco biarmicus feldeggii, Nos. 5, © (Bulgaria). Falco peregrinus pevegrinus, No. 1 (Denmark); No. 2 (French Pyrenees) ; Nos. 3, 4 (Germany); No. 5 (Finland). Falco peregrinus brookei, No. 6 (Damietta, Egypt); No. 9 (Tangier, Morocco). Falco pelegrinoides pelegrinoides, Nos. 7, 8 (Ghizeh, Egypt). Falco subbuteo subbuteo, No. 1 (Germany) ; Nos. 2, 5 (Styria) ; No. 3 (Russia). Falco columbarius regulus, No. 4 (Finmark) ; No. 6 (Scotland) ; Nos. 7, 8 and 9 (Lapland). Astur badius dussumieri, Nos. 10, 12 (India). Astur brevipes, No. 11 (Greece). Falco eleonove, Nos. 1-12 (Greece). Cerchneis tinnunculus tinnunculus, Nos. 1-6. Accipiter nisus nisus, Nos. 7-12. Cerchneis naumanni naumanni, Nos. 1-6 (Styria). Falco vespertinus vespertinus, Nos. 7-12 (Russia and Hungary). Pandion haliaétus haliaétus, Nos. 1, 5 6 (Germany); No. 3 (Sweden); No. 4 (Finland). Pandion haliaéius carolinensis, No. 2 (Pennsylvania). Lta. , Andre & Sleigh VULTUR MONACHUS GYPS FULVUS Min 7 Ao Gr a Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. VULTUR MONACHUS. Andre & Sleigh, Lt. NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS. | | . ELANUS CAERULEUS. CIRCUS CYANEUS. CIRCUS SWAINSONI. CIRCUS AZRUGINOSUS. CIRCUS CINERACEUS. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 1-6 FALCO TINNUNCULUS. 7-12 ACCIPITER NISUS. 1, 2, BUTEO ZIMMERMANN&. 3, 4, 5, 6, BUTEO VULGARIS. ql z % ; “a 3 ee André & Sleigh, Ltd, a scr necrnmemnne ner erammemmmeaecrrsccrecmonmememean recommen penesermcmnamamamenarmmmnmens:rie: asrencnmaes } { } | it i Andre & Sleigh, Lid. 1, 2, 3, 4 ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS. 5, 6 BUTEO FEROX. ‘SOLIVdaVE SOLA dAD ‘AMNLTINA GHdaVvaAd PET YSI215 2 pApup Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. AQUILA CHRYSATUS. 1—2. AQUILA HELIACA. 3. AQUILA ADALBERTI. 4. AQUILA RAPAX, ‘VIVINOVW WIINOV ‘9 ‘Ss ‘&F ‘VNIUVWOd WIINOW ‘€ ‘Z ‘T PIT “YSIS YP epUupy Wise cx reese ) eK boyy : : Beate 4 EUTOLMATUS FASCIATUS. AQUILA PENNATA. AQUILA NIPALENSIS. CIRCZETUS GALLICUS. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. ‘SNILKTADW SNATIW ‘9 ‘S ‘SONILOI SNATIW ‘b ‘€ ‘% ‘T PIT ‘YSIa/S YP a4puy Andre & Sleigh, Lia, MILVUS MIGRANS. 23; 1, MILVUS MELANOTIS. 5, 6, 4, Anare & Sleigh, Ltda. PERNIS APIVORUS. ib, 7, bh © FALCO SUBBUTEO. 4,6, 7,8, 9 PALCO ASSALON. 10,12 ASTUR BADIUS. 11 ASTUR BREVIPES. A ndve & Sleigh, aS Epo Lid. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. FALCO ELEONOR-. 1—5 FALCO PEREGRINUS. 6 and 9 FALCO PUNICUS. 7 +, 8 FALCO BARBARUS. m4 @ Ks Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 1, 2, 3, 4. FALCO CHERRUG, 5,6. FALCO FELDEGGI. nonmempecemasses 4 Andre & Sleigh, Lid. 1, 2, 3, FALCO GYRFALCO. 4, FALCO CANDICANS. 5, 6, FALCO ISLANDUS. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 1—6. FALCO CENCHRIS. 7—12. FALCO VESPERTINUS. PANDION HALIATUS. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. PART L—SEPT. 28, 1921. SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCIPITRES ~ (Diurnal Birds of Prey) PART I. (VULTUR TO ACCIPITER) Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1920, with their Characters and Distribution BY H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Corresponding Fellow, Amer. Orn. Union. SECOND EDITION REVISED AND CORRECTED THROUGHOUT LONDON : PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. No. of twenty-eight copies printed on large paper, each having 22 colour-printed plates of eggs. Pee 6 Al" i ee PART II.—JAN. 3, 1922. SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCIPITRES (Diurnal Birds of Prey) PART II. (ERYTHROTRIORCHIS TO LOPHOAETUS) Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1920, with their Characters and Distribution BY H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Corresponding Fellow, Amer. Orn. Union. SECOND EDITION REVISED AND CORRECTED THROUGHOUT LONDON : PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 6, No. of twenty-eight copies printed on large paper, each having 22 colour-printed plates of eggs. a PART III.—FEB. 16, 1922. A SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCIPITRES (Diurnal Birds of Prey) PART -IIT, (HERPETOTHERES TO PERNIS) Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1920 with their Characters and Distribution BING H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Corresponding Fellow, Amer. Orn. Union. SECOND EDITION REVISED AND CORRECTED THROUGHOUT LONDON : PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. No. of twenty-eight copies printed on large paper, each having 22 colour-printed plates of eggs. PART IV.—MAY 20, 1922. SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCIPITRES (Diurnal Birds of Prey) PART IV, (MicroHIERAx TO Panpion) Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1920, with their Characters and Distribution BY H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Corresponding Fellow, Amer. Orn. Union. SECOND EDITION REVISED AND CORRECTED THROUGHOUT LONDON : PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. No of twenty-eight copies printed on large paper, each having 22 colour-printed plates of eggs. oa a - i ‘ (ae , i i ; i i) j \ . t = Hi it ¥ ' a ? ‘ i ; ; 5 ; r : i 1 , ‘ j 1 i i Di ii 7 ' ya ar ? hy, i v ; | ‘ = i 1 1 7 = ) \ , » : : ; , : : F : : = i - ’, rm é mo Ge, : ii a“ ‘ ; ‘i \, ui ; , H f K tt AY iG t i } h cv 1 1 I 7 f h) i ; } ‘ if a 1 7 i +, | i i i a : f I ; aa ee 1 7 f h t 1 y I 7 ' 7 ! ; ' f 7 7 y Ml ; n , i i : ; Ss aT) ih ' i t i ® ; oe 2 on re | 7 \ q 7 nT r * r ' at / oe