< le a gn Cee a teatatinintiotatind w: es = Pi a net area . en ea ne Tle HARVARD UNIVERSITY is LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology Wy uN is ae A a ne an | : it Cue i Wie te ia Pape eal, aia at , ; ay i ‘ i ty Littl) ard) hee Av yo yn D walt Nie Is ‘8 t Ul Vb ae i \ : ® ae - , j We 4 ii e : Bi ; es id 9 eh I 1 j a! “ i Sar Oey yee ee ar ee " + af eu W ta) i ' > : « | i A = Sr ; pant “te ~~ — a) id i . i iy ae | . . rete ann i a iy Dp | h Dany Ary ( on ie Pibee o “Winn 8 ‘hale rales AAs) ee NT OF THE INTERIOR BULLETIN | UNITED STATES SOLOGICAL SURVEY No. 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SYNONYMY.—ScCHUCHERT oo si : —— a WASHINGTON “@OVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE pees e385 PB OT. (Vieoss DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BULLETIN Te Ieee). SA BS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WAS ELEN G TON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1897 Mo-S UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR camo ib ON geil be) OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA INCLUDING BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SYNONYMY BY CHARLES SCHAUCHHESL WASHING TON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ESD 7 A Lev ae UR } AYO EE, Mer A ve \ : m4 ¥ es : “a a CONE NS: Pen lcimoimulameamilh bls ss so = as ess ess oats samitelen Je acon ssinnte doa, Jae ee IPSCHENGD » «tee ae eres SESE EROS es cE Ee Se SI nea Re eee age Chapter I. Geologic development and geographic distribution of American FOSSIL Brachiopodaaasce + skeet ne Sa rte erey een ea aes CGeoloricidevelopmenitiass se Yesees tts 2S yosiccteseu) ee See Ss ic Sees CeoqovaphiLcralSuEUub UblOM vans ecae ee ee sea eee = = sete eeisinnee nee oe Table I Brachiopod genera alphabetically arranged, their geologic dis- tribution, and North American specifie representation. ---- Table Il. North American Paleozoic representation of the orders, super- families, and families, geologically arranged. .....-..---- Tables of North and South American species, geologically arranged. .--_-. Ma blewiieeeamibtian brachiopod aie= 2 a. oes. tomar neler hone nes oe a a leriy Ordovician Brachiopoda = 3522-4 42c5-e-eeec a. 4. ase scm Ma lemvrs silurianebrachiOpod tas ese e. e Sae mses Sue Ses ec oncees maple wvile Devontan-Brachionod ay 22.2% .-22 4222525 ccc ee seise oe sec Table VII. Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda.-.-....---..---.- ables wuld Mesozo1e Brachiopodan- 5222.) ne5.%-2- a5 es. 5546s seco. k itable dex, Cenozoic andrecent Brachiopoda, =. ... =5----2--22- 222-22. Gable xX. South American fossil Brachiopoda.----=: --2.-,-.2225.----- Chapter II. Brachiopod terminology, applied to fossil forms. ........--..---- Chapter III. Biologic development of the Brachiopoda. ...-..-..-.-- Peet a Orcdimaledevelopmenthse.s oo = eons cc tetas Sor ees SN Sey sea sale ee snes a east PROWL MU Mie ee rea seen aoe cin Sats ate eae cet eos Bee mets. o eras hae Generalsdevelopmen textes. sos ee See: = a= 5a woes eins ate ae anes ee Soe ORM CHET A BC Mam aC LOLS tacos sei ie oe a ae ence eae ae a Ane Daten Se “UNevSy Peper re ta 0D GTC Vee = ee ae tea iS erate alert ee PNG PD LO COLON OUNA s c ae aa foe Seen aa nee eae Se nec ee Pe 52 Sie MunLCANce. on Duesprodeliicitmees ==. se-e eae oe ee ee ee Development of cardinal areas and articulation Development and significance of the deltidium...................-... {Urea bKG Ole. As ae ene es 6 ee OS Ae Ne i eee Se Onioimypand functionotthetspondyiliums 225-4) s. esses. 22. 2 eee (Cranan st Ose rer ey nese censors ee ahs, ape ees eee Oe Style bo aR MorpHoloore eq mivial Onis sees ee a0 ee Se ee ee aeons cin eee sos SUERTE Tip 2 oe SRO IER a Un Ee A ey eee ES a i aS ae Chapter IV. Morphology of the brachia, by Charles i). Beecher. ...........--- CIASSi Calon OfDrachialatnt ChuUnes sess cease on eos = seo. wo te oe ee oer PRT OGHOLO DRIES Aue Gay ey en oe Ee = Sine 2 See ew ope Sets She 6 Chapter IY. CONTENTS. Morphology of the brachia, by Charles E. Beecher—Continued. Classification of brachial structures—Continued. Pty cholophusistave..-sses- assert ee meats ae eee ee Zagolophus and plectolophus stages-------.---2.. 2... 22. 222 oe eee SPirolophws Stace: sass see ele ee ee ete erate eae eee ie a HROLOLENGOS = =] ea ooo as aa ere ea ee oe alee a re ol Chapter V. Classification of the Brachiopoda.—---.-.2..2...-. -<2-scsoeeeee Historical 25.2. - cteede tS nesses See eee See Sao cas eee Principlesiof classification 225.52. J2scheke faba eset coee 2-2 Sa eee Classification and synonymy —.-2 <=... sonea- eoeeee oe = he eee PNG MTR UR encom spbco saree creche Gol comcerssce cia Saito !s = 3 ee Telotremata,..'..f22se sae. a2 secs eee ee esead Ao siulosee eee Neotremata. 2 qos Sala cerns { {% : d ’ hye 7 ie i iiay) pate oe 4 i - mess 2 ‘al es * ) Te “oy . A 7 ap s ~ ma Pe iA . = Pe ‘ a ‘ UE f alll iwi ; « ny val 1: ba al) a i) ase ’ y a, eatal) ee an iw et 7 a we ' “rity itt ret ~ Py joc! hv Ne Lae 7 hy itn a 6) = - < = ' » 4 . us" = . « : He | ’ é DHE OF STRANS MITT AL. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Washington, D. C., January 9, 1897. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of A Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda, including Bibliography and Synonymy, which has been prepared out of official hours. It is pre- sented with a view to its publication as a bulletin by the United States Geological Survey. CHARLES SCHUCHERT. Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director of the United States Geological Survey. Md wie <= x a? ee Y » 2 . ye ¢ aa ae t & Se ii ire | eee. a j ‘ i." wie | hi mF ; * — a* ’ : ae é — i % 7 | re } LP a/LSe OF 4 7 ] d S J an ; oT Pa ' ‘ 4 sa)? io ee Sie ‘, ‘ Us ian pe ‘ 4 t «4 ar Lh Wits + ae mt tht) pay cette or | j ; } ‘ ary Vas! [yes , Wag fra Ty = F. ° ce ye. 7) Ly hie cd Pere 48 Ta ee ee ad = ; Zz “ss mre. iS a ; Eres. 7 sit ° a = a P \ Gul Cro tao) oe ve reer @Gieke, } GOR CIN tee fs ( a inl A Y 7 y : a gayee' ™” 4 : J « a : " SD pled eel aw Om a Probably no continent is more productive of well-preserved Paleozoic brachiopods than North America. ‘Throughout the vast territory of the United States which is drained by the Mississippi River the strata have suffered little change, and it is this region which has furnished nearly all the material, from the Middle Ordovician to the top of the Upper Carboniferous. The numerous species of American Cambrian brachio- pods which are found scattered along the margins of this great interior plateau and throughout New Brunswick have also aided largely in determining the evolution of the class. To Mr. Walcott, Director of the United States Geological Survey, much honor is due for making clear the structure of brachiopods from this system. The present synopsis was begun in Cincinnati eleven years ago, while the writer was engaged in paleontologic work with Mr. EK. O. Ulrich. In 1887, when the list had increased to about 700 cards, the position of assistant to Prof. James Hall was entered upon. | aaommeme| “= ~ =| es = a | weccse ee a) Bio pe a ! ae Bee 3 lees ee ee Bee: amen |= - = -|000-/}-- bee BEB CAE | ovureacans| = = isso. sree sseeee - jere -- -- - rac nae eee ee ee 17% | sme acls2 SSeS 1p Steet aes ih wielinie TT ata cacae | | ove sald = ats | were ne oe aos | 1 --|-- S83 (=1- A ae oe A ==ia| == eel owe ee mem}. - - -|- F 3 etaldiets oo-|seee|-eee[one -eeeee - - -- 2 Pata me ee 25 1 Ped ee a 83 5 SZ 42).. - By Seo een: Be Sa ee eee ee mere } eee wow SCHUCHERT. | GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA. 19 TaBLEe I.—Brachiopod genera alphabetically arranged, ete.—Continued. 4c de | | he. | ete a |5e| Be bi | joel Nez Bi85|/8s|4| 8 |g | 8 | A | Genus. oi43/48/ 2/3] q|/alasleleielel. pleshee |) Sie Pe |} a pas lei eis)4)s oa |e aa lee. teres ° = So eae 1 alalsi)s] 2 Bie |S |slEl|S/2/8 [e181 2/5 | 3 O|n A Oo/O;/ulAl& HAlmH|/O|}A]& Catazyga Hall and Clarke. -...-...-. Ate | aasoe [pecaeeees BI aoe lecieel eee Aes Pee ror) ease Beam Centronella Billings. .--....-.-.---- SS Oeil) LO! Wieeesche es close: ds Nae | eseeges (SAE Saal el ee ne Charionella Billings. ....-..---.---. Sted ee ARs eee Een See [pent peste fies Cee Cee WA Chascothyris Holzapfel ..-..-..---- wees eae Bae eee ele Vice (leah (a Eee Mc 2 ees aera Chonetella Waagen --.----.-..-..-.- 1a ede eo: OS lomoe Beene icsee Seen a Re ae eo baad ete Chonetes Fischer de Waldheim....| P.| 13 | 47 |..-.. (eee | 52 | 29 52 | aN SI Dt (a Chonetina Krotow .----- Anodeceaeios 1H§ || scosellcesene : Ineae | is Ie oe eee aloes lecesieeea esae Chonopectus Hall and Clarke..-.-.) P...-.- Pattee: ee [pe peel Seeee | if Lee eB see al Ae es Chonostrophia Hall and Clarke.-...| P. gE oe | Banice ents cone Lede | Rae eae Sel ||| a Christiania Hall and Clarke....--. Ve eae ae TREES pal Si ae th eee ae reseed peel ee Gmeta Quenstedt .-.--.--..--...... tbs etal erie) (aerate eres ees! eel eres eae ese pee oN ee MeNTOMON GER coca m2 = sic 22 cm 2 sy POR ee aL nears Sao ere Kcr |e a Cleiothyris King-....-----------..- 454) al I) eee \sesee) sscad emacs 103 ---- ---. +--+ ese eee Clintonella Hall and Clarke. ...-.-.- Ae ee OY eee Bearer Le eee Ws 2s 3 Baer aes [eee eee | 27 Clitambonites IATL haan See ae Jes) all Seba Joel see eee | ieee Ee ees Mae es Clorinda Barrande ....-....-...---- ae ee Br iisicsee lease ica hia cal Se ate Deseret te lier Ceenothyris Douville........-..-... 4 tol aed GOeses OAase scea oeice eeene Basees ize | teiliem the: aise Conchidium Linnzeus ............-. Bsese= 2A) | oecey eae PSS) PI WES eles ac locs [decals letete Conotreta Walcott ------ =poubeasse INS leeds 1 Ue Ari a a a tron eee ace ae pee Cranzena Hall and Clarke. -.....-.-. AteGoece Salsa. Pet So te | 22 | Aaa NS Bera aed pees pecs (erania Retzius--_-........----.2--. ELIS EE a4 [21 | 92) or} ais] at ee ea Gromiclla; Gohlert....-----1 2 Sid Se Glossina sehillipss-s-- ee -2se ence jeAU SI Ste TE gee al 3! 41 seeeecee cee Sheet Glossothyris Douville........---- iy eee Sead Bomee bee cc] orcad bce eee S i518 cores ee Glothidia’ Dalles 42-22" So ese 2 oN EB ees eal ene perme asee- | Sosa eee Gere teeecees bea a Grunewaldtia Tschernyschew ...-.| T.|....- facmmcateaaes esaoe ee ee oe | Soe Ps" Gow yal ehan Cie eee oe eee ai A Wo ex rere MEP es ewes Freee seen wee eee | Gapidtila tral? 3252 232 faeces 1395 hosel 14 Seaaloasas UP tics eee ses) cr! So /Recic| be = Harttina Hall and Clarke........ ee ih eee Goeoe Bemae alee 1 Bee eer ote Sey ees Hebertella Hall and Clarke ...-.-- ee | Boete 12 Hesse ESS erate! ese e bsceise. 5) Bit dion tse lc I a5 Helmersenia Pander .....-......- JEN Sess |beasqe| soe=5|| socmeen| S25 | eee cepa | alee Hemipronites Pander..-.-.--...... Kept > stoa| eas ame emmmmn|-----|-----|.-.---|- sy, |c BOE ee icc) ists Hemiptychina Waagen...-..-....-. | AS meal nee sc | Bes Beso Boole: ech goed eon Hemithyris d’Orbigny -....------ Bal decse aE Sm eeanS Boece ecsee hipesas eas eee ee Heterorthis Hall and Clarke. ...- 128 BARES Oe Aoee Te eee calleeceeennscl ais | staratallone s er Hindella Davidson-.....-........ Pea iohsc- Ne cleapee cio 7 Ne I a ran cel A BAe) ars basi aoc Hipparionyx Vanuxem........-.- 1 ress 1 | Sool Easnbeeae ape Sard SS Bas) sci o- ee Homeeospira Hall and Clarke -...-.) T. ....- Dishes | sense BW esbe aacic|* a'ejo [ato tar ere era tee Hustedia Hall and Clarke.-..-.-... eh 4 PR leon Weer yO eat Pan eae bcc Hyattella Hall and Clarke ......-. {ees er ra oe D || cook haces PR es Sale sa in Sal (erste | ee aie eee Hynniphoria Suess ........--.-.. eae Sac) Renee Paces eases! Saeco P2250 [esos (= a ee Shai bein Hypothyxis) Kang 222 2ase<.se ences ois a O38 Bare lsacaaeecs- Or alceeteenls Bea Boor lo= et acs boo Tphides Billingscs: = vss ee Niel cae 8) ig Bal et aoe |e a tee oe eee emenia wane ac paneer Att eae eatey opener ret Bae ah | setae pe saat Pn Pe (nt = Sr Juvavella Bittmer-...--.-..---..- Ne wepelecetncts| noses | estate| cers eee ee Abs Pasa boss sec Juvavellina Bittner -......--..--- ALS | ESAs) aeese Pees. eeero| braced eases) soss5- a Bees Bees bee Goo Karpinskya Tschernyschew .....--, Te Soares seen | Bae bee ae | Oe ete eee eee BAn oo siedoonalGode) SCHUCHERT. ] TABLE I.—Brachiopod genera alphabetically arranged, GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA. 21 ele.—Continued, CRE | 3 ae Aled ; 20 Genus. 8 EE bis a E | ie ee | eS bs | ’ Z a alseisel el Sig] | sslSpe) ele]. qj/da!|sa 2 ie | it 2 | "s a a | D a|& =| ele (2 [ele ele ee) 8128/8 | 8 Bie be fale le late lelealaie Kayserella Hall and Clarke--.----. P. NB ed a | Se Boe Pe ee 55, er Kayseria Davidson ....-..--------- ile cel eee cee eee foo eS Pare eed eer mee Oe pl se Kingina Davidson ...--.-.--.--..-- MAUR Scere 2 eoebe| Seood| debe Coeee perese eat | ty |e |= Koninekella M. Chalmas-.-.-------- UU She be paooee Peber lone cq oaesa hagas |consce leer — =) ioninckina Suess-.-...---.-.--.-.. A tel etiac| Gee bac |GeCes sacha eee |soece eaceee — | or Koninekodonta Bittner -...-------. 1 eee s oe|eS605 socbcd| Waboc| Hades eescce oome a2 Kraussina Davidson ..--...-.-...- pes erreters |e ea Ege lsoeies|/=condboonse : --| — Kutorgina Billings .........-..-----| Paes: rT TA at (eo es ie ee i tr ate ae Lacazella M. Chalmas.-.-...---.--- EPS Vices Sia tae Wee Ane Aalst, uae wee Pacqueds Dall! .:.<-~.-.---:--.--,-.| Ty |-----)--- 222 022-2 0-222 )e eee e)oe ee eleee eee] eee Peseta ———— aka Ghlert=---.:-------.-----| A.|-----|.-2--< ee eb eee| Seber ete pec calseee Chee Mee ee Leiorhynchus Hall....-.-....--...- (pase hee 1G ees: eeebel sees Ista Supa [eeerse (eer i ; Sees nee Heptena Dalman..--.........------ ifekeen famed A \erasers. 2 32 1! 22 1 fe Gsooce|cr os |sece Leptwenisea Beecher. -..-...-------- | Pines. 3 Socpalee seulooece | Sit We Beal lacice| eae |. an a ee ee Leptella Hall and Clarke....-.----- Ie llbans. Pe | ReABe PN ae ae ptsee|ese eee |eeeeleeee | Boeeilsravatalelate's Leptembolon Mickwitz.-.-..--------. ANS | Petes | ence = Jrree- en eee eee ee Bclbene | noel laaae| eae Heptobolus Hall-----.......---.-.-. JNe |lageeq tL Seo |) EN eoeoe See eeneea feos neee bseclesas|ssce Lindstremella Hall and Clarke..-.) N.)----- Tn Sees seeee eran | ia Sea ere eraers| epee) Meare Wee Lingula Brugiere ......-..--..----- |A.| 11 | 102 | #7 | 363} 121 | 285 | 172 || 1 | 32] dne Hine wlasms Wlrich. -..<22-ss--22-- parse ae Dey lense a Pl eal eeeoallameaec oe ce Sac aes ee ee nulla Salter...--.:---¢- i || al | See elec eee [sterceds | Smiee mere eee | eats lee: mnoMlops MAM. <)5 S55 co sso. 35s feat eee Bi eerie | 2 tet ASA Boose heac see Aer be.) tae Linnarsonia Walcott......-.-...... INal laacee 4 Ae) hs hs 2 Seg Otte [bets perm leer, |----|---- Drothyrina Cuhlert......----.-----=- GUS ee eal eee [eotical= oaitfrece - epee Verrier ee (eye ae oa Lissopleura Whitfield............-. ADS || Sees 2ie rie | fetal eae (ae ee DP tere Meee Lee oy eee ia rea ycophoria Lahusen ........-.----. 12s |aSoeelssneee eae ewe jeeseaes | tes ) BACAR ce Mester eM Sic! ice 7) Seed eee ee ate ariel Rhipidomella (Ehlert............--- TOA” ah yen booed (eae WPraae' roel cite foe ite alk Rhynchonella Fischer de Wald- | | | ME INIP MEE Me otek ate siarcinic ciate are AVE eae le Ode eee g2| 226| 331] 3023/5 |2 |3 | 1 fece Rhynchonellina Gemmellaro ...---- He 64 Gaseae werad resect Fe Re eae |e We tie ie Nee hse Rhbynchopora Gihlert-..--..---------- TRS het ss IL resend eesckcse Pa seat eee a Sheree | eign Gees Aer Rhynchora Dalman ...-.----.------ Nl eaeealee Jeet Joccec[eeee- peace joctee|ecese SHS ote Alpe 14 Rhynchorina CEblert.......-.-....- 20 eo eee Meee pees eee [--22-]---=+- Jeses|-eoe) Rhynchospira Hall......----------- SESH ats LOS Sele eee ps2 BP 2 jrtccpree Rhynchotrema Hall......-...-..--- Depa (ee eer i a te lh oc ee 5si=\ eee | Rees Rhynchotreta Hall......--.--.----- Gal aaa ede te eels ane | ji eae |Ana Ble “|: - Richthofenia Kayser......------.-- IPR hace See ened Maree ae 1's tex = | eeomammcrs| = = = - , Roemerella Hall and Clarke -..----- ING Eee se [Be alec a sd Aly ee eee eas is Romingerina Hall and Clarke ....-.. ES cee 1 | Spore Seene eB Cis. ce. | bec) sec} Seaphioceelia Whitfield .-...--..--- BUG] al Wéeoesall seed sees pea. woes |. === - Se |Soac|lonn Seenidium Hall .........-.--...-.-: Pe eee PARE | oa 2 OB FIN |, Bde ane ~=- |e uke Schizambon Walcott .-.--...-...-.--- Neer (pee tame! 4 ane eee eben ed eee ae : Penizopolus Winich). =... -c5.2.<2-=- A Loaat gS) Cee cl ore adsre } TO eascaleece||é - Bas eee Schizocrania Hall and Whitfield...) N.|..... Bia oes Sih (ee Hee De ener 2 Schizopholis Waagen ... --.------ 12 oo Dea PAPE eee WG le ratelh dea) Sara sisinis| sini e ciate eee Schizophoria King .......------.--- PS 2h Ui el ce Epo ee Ves) bo OS) |) = BS, [neem us Schizotreta Kutorga ..........----- aN-Seece Wes tapsesee Pi son eee ort wewe|emias anes |ec Selenella Halland Clarke .---.-.-.---- Ab | Bae 1 ses ice ere | 1 eet ea aes eck Se Seminula McCoy .....--..--.---.--- ALP Kies Peter ese (ater eee | 164 Ben pote ee Siphonotreta de Verneuil.....--.--. iN |S OF sea fe2 |e ee cellasacese cue Sal erelcrtere |ece Spherobolus Matthew -..-..--..--- [Ave | Seaae 1 | 1 cote esse | Be Sale tre > Al nee ee SPITE SOW CLDY - = 5-2<=-=2 5 --2 << 1 MS P2988 Te eesenleccee | yA) GREE a) OS 3l speci leone Sena) lace Spiriferina d’Orbigny .-......--.--- abe | eet ik eae nee Wessilsee. Tari aeh pecs ILM Spirigerella Waagen .........-.--.. Ath al jcetee 4 | aaa ae eee pce --|- Se oeea Ge Spondylobolus McCoy-.-..-.--..--- ADELE Ege Ween US 2 ab ane eee areas eee ae |seqel Sead Adae cose heer Sireptis Davidson----.2-s2-----c2-~ iia oe ees Ai (See ae | (3 Ae EEA Om eee eure (GA ee Streptorhynchus King ..........-.. Deg |] atl Da \easinn al ra ae a ya a S| bse alae Stricklandinia Dillings............. | ee Wie leeeee | Biaee 1613)| oe all A al bse Stringocephalus Defrance......-... Tees 1) |. --.- | Bd ate BOnaE tht erates | scet ieee | sbellbee Strophalosia King........-..---..-- fee Bic Tony be ae ears atte F5 laoaely Aa eseaet eed 4 Ke Stropheodonta Hall ........-..-.--- 1 taal 0 eee Base 1 STS] NE CsA Rae Legere ee aya ne RS he 50 Strophomena Blainville............ Beer AT Weare 3111} 18 2 1 [ooccjteeejeseejeeeel- AS Strophonella Hall..........--.--... 1 ee Beet 16 |nos-° eee | 42) 125]...... fe leek a Suessia Deslongchamps..-..------- STR bee ere eek cera bades Boas bees Fedseest Baar Cel ee ee Syntrophia Hall and Clarke -....-. Io aes Ge CPN ee eee ee . ns bie Wee) Wiese Ie Syringothyris Winchell.....--..--- | oho Baer eee eee Hee Home ETE Piel Reta 3 cael bray ewe: Terebratalia Beecher.....-..------- Bi ty a een Ree Veh a SA Baenc re tie nereee oedmn Une epee | cooeed SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. TaBbLe I,—brachiopod genera alphabetically arranged, etc—Continued. Genus. Ordinal rank. South American species. | North American species. Terebratella d’Orbigny-.---....-... Terebratula Llhwyd Terebratulina d’Orbigny.......---- Terebratuloidea Waagen...-...---- Tetractinella Bittner.......-..-.---- Thecidella M. Chalmas.......-..... Whecidia sDefrance-. 25-4-~--<-+3--" Thecidiopsis M. Chalmas......---- Thecocyrtella Bittner..........-.-.- Thecospira Ziigmeyer...--...-......-. Thysanotos Mickwitz........-.---- Torynifer Hall and Clarke.......-. Tremahis is larpe=—-- cies © oe ses Trematobolus Matthew.........-.. | Trematospira Mall_--.- 25-25-52. Trigeria (Bayle) Hall and Clarke. - Trigonosemus Koenig...-..--.----- Trimerella Billings.--...-......... Triplecia Hale ses acess einj= = = Mropidoleptus; Hall). 7-2-2) 5-2. Uuncinella Waagen.....-..-.-.--...-.| Wmeinalus (Bayle ass--e =e eeeese Wmertes: Defrance.-.-2--...cses2e-- Verneuilia Hall and Clarke........ AVatn Lima Ela Se <2 ya tacteeetictetcee tei Wilsonia Kayser...-..-....--.....- Hemleria Bayle. cscces sence sco. Melanin MOOG. =n wenn eens ae) =tace ae Zugmeyeria Waagen............... ZY COSPIVAWH AL oe eee acinar - A a | s et ae area A | s oS I SPS ree | 142 1 fee peer 5 Ee 105 103 311 a a Ca a | ae .| 8 | & eS | Sed eles : = Sa |a| 219 =} 4/2 | ase ae 3 = o aro! = * oO o =| o ips tn lend iets! () nm | A my esalelielssy |) iS) im Sevres | momone pe 5 See 31); 10 3/082) ent heh By oie ed| Pe Re es a ee oy | A es A pee ashes lesa jose ? -- wm eee ne nll ce 1 loscelbede See ae ee 1 | 122)..2..<|:o0c/Gos ee ate 8 3) eee 2 siesta eee | GY eee eae | _. |e ee ee Ae eon eee ee 2a) oe eee peepee pe Oe Pe 90 7, 81] |... ou) sect] zoel eee ; sant 1) ..000:)222/e5/ beecs Pes PR ric re ee, a i er 118;|) 2) | eee vodicct |S ee eee 423) wil Caen ee vase) tue See ee ee ee oe - wee wel wwe 90404 ete Az eam Seat ge 320 |655 | 482 | 10) 5 | 22) 9 | "32 i ee ee ee scHucHERT.} REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 25 TABLE II.—North American Paleozoic representation of the orders, superfamilies, and Samilies, geologically arranged. | | Order, superfamily, and family. MirelercAtreMata —~ o25-.- ane cea ws rene ceed Pupert. Obolacea-<.-55.------....---5-- Mane ALOnINiG ds: see access cCcesces Oholidemrcss: eo ccsssescSe. rimIerallad sane sae om Superf. Lingulacea-...-..-..---....-..: | Mame itnm eal ellidws: 5 fie cen amo aa 1h y aD Ge esr meee ee eee Lingulasmatide........-..-.. Order Neotremata.---.--2.-.5....---.5..6.. Supert. Discinacea ------.--------..--.- Hams SUPGMAtiGg =< n\--ca= secs ss- snc. LO RSTO TING Be Renae O CS Ae PCTOLTOUGIO =o scec ccc ciccseeaiss | Siphonotretidw -.-.--.--..... Superf. Craniacea -..-.--.........-..... lien, Gre be Se eepaeeeeCeneeeee MING etPe FOLLOM ALA asa o = sew ciao eee ne soars cine MIPOLH ENG CACO sem sans = cemian ces ancenie= ame Kentoreinidss. ---- 2-2 ee... Miehwaldiides-5-22-2- 566% Bilingselid@)--- 2 -c-2c-- 566 Strophomenide .-.-...--.---. Produchids) s-s--4.---= 5-51 Oriniden= cise sens cc oeceee = Superf. Trullacea......--------- Heese Fam. Clitambonitideg ---..-....---- SyniTroepliide! ss--- cos e- | Porambonitide-....--...-.<-- PentamMeridw2------<----/2-5- Ohler RelOUCeNiat a). < 55 ) A A 19 57 60 31 | 30 21 9 22 6 epee ie be ear 1 Regs Eanes? fees oon Pete" | fe 4 164 etaal ickooete Os eee (erre ses POA ean 3! Tae hoe ae 10 35 54 u 30 21 4 286 OS pales athe (ae ee 4 7 4114 13! 995 | 213 il Hels 4! Wel Sbeageeeled 21 Bical a Ff vali s Ao 26 18 19 30 8 20 22 oe eae 173 2 QI 3 5 1 63 6! 186 | 198 5 155 Te acposa lene spase Beeceere 3 1 Uj gles se es oa eet 3 1 14 13 pole od 3 1 144 Ee eee 62 22 173 161 | 210 179 45 16 152 96 185 169 1 Vie «|e Sees) Sees Die [ee ce 1 tly (Le ieee als Le 2 1 92 2 Ope Senne | ea eeeres il ee 6519 | 481 | 7731 | 968 Git (eet b eget. 5! 6024 12548 13 Co a a eat Hari A838 | 189 17 6 21 65 25 10 ab] eee en 62. eat Die AIL ve Se 1 61 ee ee EE aac ee a | bela es | 144 Th See ree ees 10h, Mee [eee 5412 | 935 103 76 2 | 20 109 369 269 MM Dn als 37 94 49 1 2 Ta eee eae a ee es soe Nea | 1719} 3712] gaz 49° iC ee aaa Jesse-==> 1 50 30 Seanfisesee shcusseeclckacess 265 42 (ond eaeentae Renee: 1 9211 267 jee Re ih Picaeel air aN ese bate rey Ween pe 71 225 190 al ACS od fede 147. |). 38 146 irtiimey kee als vas Bat 2433 | 139848] 11535 rage EERE 1 3314 | 6923 61M 26 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. TABLES OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES GEOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. TABLE III, CAMBRIAN.—TABLE IV, ORDOVICIAN.—TABLE V, S{LURIAN.—TABLE VI, DEVONIAN.—TaBLE VII, CARBONIFEROUS AND PERMIAN.—TABLE VIII, Muso- ZOIC.—TABLE IX, CENOZOIC AND RECENT.—TABLE X, SouTH AMERICAN FOssIL BRACHIOPODA. TABLE III.—Cambrian Brachiopoda. [Species preceded by an asterisk (*) are found in the Ordovician also. ] Lower | Middle | Upper Species. Cam- Jam- Cam- brian. | brian. brian. A‘crotnele(:) aichotoma Walcott: .-..2s.cc+---seecnwcocaneseceee rte ane ist Xo lecoensenet |Ceeee eee Atcrouhele meant he wa (EAL) sms iaiemtenc erate laren elie oe tea ae eeeteete sets eh ee | x MGee Seaeeeer Acrothele matthewi costata Matthew.-.-.....-.-.....------------eeees|ee-s.----- | KON eS eee Acrothele matthewi lata Matthew..........-.---..--2---0-+--s220------ (sae Pp ae eReeamisocc Acrothele matthewi prima Matthew ...-.-.....-.------------.-----.--- REemene es: > Sal Beso Soe Acrothele:subsidua (White). <2 --- 2-2-2 ce2- on ie = Bt a Siri Ae Acti | x Kl Eweoreteretete ANeroueta Daleya Vath NO Wises see eee see a nae eee ese eeeeemasee et Beeeaceiso| XA |pneaetes crotrota Pema Ulin Cg eee me ences ee = cies maa eae aise | x x ~ Acrotreta gemma depressa Walcott.......-..-..........-0-2----- 5060: |. cae ence=- | x) eee Acrotreta gemmiula Matthow.- 22. - 22.2 cece- an neeecn-aeenes serene === asedorse= Xx ES NGYOUre LAIMICEOBCOPICAN( SHUMAL) == sca ae ae cele eee = see ace eeeer ses SESS i X | Bee eee Billingsella alberta (Walcott) ......-.-- See at Sack ampcotoen hoe eenoccnane LRA S BRL 65 x CNeeR eaters Billingsellasbibin gsi (Hartt) eee tee ma. sal aahoaie on aaa aa seeiae eee a aaae eee | Se astaconAst Billing sellaicoloradoensis;(Shumard)) casas s-cer sesso eee ee sa=c eee eeceeeeee |. Fee x Billingsells festinata (Billings) 22-2. -c.0=. cele e cc sr eens see=--cceae ae a eee eee epee Billingsella latonrensis (Matthew)|:-------2---<02-cce-aceaneecosnarmeos fpeenorics- Baa emer g AG Billingsella orientalis (Whitfield) ........-..2.22..2-0202e0eceeeeeeeeeee SME Pe eer [22.5 tame Billing sellaiquacoensis (Matthow))o- cose cosa scl =m sosee seace semester soe seem | X" "| ieeeeeeets Billinpsella transversa,(Waleout)i-c. sesso eee ae eee an a eee xe Billingsella whitfieldi (Walcott) .........-.--.------..20-------02-5--ee a eee Booasincscc Botstordia pulohra Ma cthew a. 2-5. Seon te ee eciiseielecaiees eee aes bao eaee | XT | sacese eee Cramay((?)icolumbiana, WialGOGb: => 1-5-2 Sone eeee sees ase see ee aoe e eae X° eee neem Dalmanella melita (Hall and Whitfield) ..........-2--22-2-0-2-2eeeeeeee lene ee eee Bsa. x Discinan(?) nutilisiHalls-294 bo. cmc cee meda caste see ateces has cee eee {eee x Discinopsis gulielmi MatihGwies-o2-- = ncerece ses -eens ens laine an Betas ieceadesos | XP beeaseeeer Hlkaniadesiderate (Billings) ------.+sc+ o29--naeewcree = == eee ae ae ee) Nee eee eee Xx iphideaibella Billing sce -sns se see ce sas sete an Sem ciatalala aeiaieiateeeiaeee eee Xo | SS cc soln eee rene iphidealabradorica (Billings) 22-1. o. aa PIS) sain scien é Tphidea ornatella Hall and! Clarke s- <3 - so-so acc wtencwcicice secseieen aaa JEneoeessesa| Ssccesec cc x Tphidea pannula (\Wihite) - 220s n' a en ae Soci oe |... eee Ginpuilella‘ampla Owen o.oo cte = cc ee soe ciao eta ele te tatatitlaetade ates eieeterel laterite XX. {eee in gulelia aurora neal yee ccs aoe = wire lacie ee ee oreeie see ene locee Banco Beaognccec x SCHUCHERT. | TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. TABLE III.—Cambrian Brachiopoda—Continued. 27 Species. Lingulella (?) billingsana (Whiteaves) .-----.---------.----+--+++++++- Lingulella (%) cwlata (Hall)..---.-.-..------------- 222s sere e reece eee ee Lingulella dawsoni Matthew-..-......-.-------------- 2222-2 cere re eeee ee Lingulella ella (Hall and Whitfield) ..........-..---------++--++- +++ Lingulella granvillensis Walcott ..........-..--.-----+--+-20+e2e esses Lingulella (?) inflata Matthew...........-.-..----------+--+++++-++++---- Lingulella (?) inflata ovalis Matthew -...-.-..-..---------++-----++----- ATinenlellaaucene (Billings) ----.-.--. 2.22. .ccoess oon ceceeseswoe ses =- Mineulelia levis‘ Matthew -........002.-2-222- 2-02. --o ann eee e cen eeennse Lingulella lamborni Meek .............--.-...--------00e-- 222 eee rere es Lingulella linguloides Matthew .-.............---------+--2-- eee eeeeee Hingulella macconelli Walcott ...........--2.----0-2-0--s2--es~9200=- == Lingulella martinensis Matthew..........--..--.--------------2e2702-- *Lingulella minuta Hall and Whitfield ..........---..----------------- Panculelamadola Matthew 2. .----)-+esca-2o---<-205-- ce eoeee ase = NTE a SbATTU OM ALUM OW qc ows me cce- peice seas dons ssacecncecssecne== = Pineulella starriminor- Matthew. --.-.-.---.c-----252 s-<--ece = cesses see oem aa AOT@IGIED (2 aS SID Tee ee re aAce Senseo cree DOR sooCosaSeec sees Obolella minuta (Hall and Whitfield) -......-----..ccc-c.ccccnen----=e- | Obolella:nana Meek and Hayden..-.-...-...---.--...2..-.20--0-+-----= CHIGlGM aaTitidae MOndue este see ese ts tn ost Actiene Sees) eas oesaceae Obolella pectenoides Whitfield -.--.-..-..-..---------- pe ebiee sane ose MnolelapoOluiea Nyse meee eee cee seas arn soccenicien scsi ene sos seiminc ee. OholusGsynmnajor Ma tthowses sees aa see aces sania am satel sae wins iene sine Obolus ()morrayi Bilin Saye se eremee es see an «aw cw cow own ecinaim ents HOMIE PrISiiNUS WS bUNON seme oes ame enicines ose eos -i-2 ames eic amen en Oholos palcher Matthew, --ose-- ase oe ace antec ce cccnncmaeiccscesenn enn Obolus refulgens Matthew... .------ 2-2-0222 n nese cen cece renee neene= Orbicula(2)rexcentric® PmmMOnSs ..2-cecs--22es-- 5203 -cne~ occa nena ences Oxthis)(*)/apicalis Billings --.-.- 2-2. = oo nee ne wen ewe woe en Orthis (?) eurekensis Walcott...........--.------.csceecee---cee---+--- | Orthis (?) highlandensis Walcott .....-...-2.--20--s-cce2eeeeceee cence Lower | Middle | Upper Cam- Cam- Cam- brian. brian. brian. | Geluisivtelais dal] ela wis siv.cto se 1 x Bo) Ge bees oS BAcaoeooes Seteiste Sinise en alata Peers om x DOME aoteeio ss oes DG eseeestheltesetacs.< ee | a“ ewecccceca= x cecocoocae ee lainaleteteleiei=/= Pte Sailers. pe dona x =Scccrioaee Appodocs: clocoscoctios x Emoonooler x -oeonesces godsccheod eld | BRACE abe te a ote lees aoa x scooes cer bSece sb a54 x ssomgocnae ee Thinierasces Be Seo seer bee x SosaoasseNiteeccoocicd| x Sooo cos ceo bssuscsnce x Beebe leestal al aieier oie tet at x HE eae Snel moe rion Dee x Laethee en. lhebod were cto a Pescowsccclescauscors x SEE Dobe IOGO CHRO DaC > SBE RE CORA IS EC Ode On. x wer ararseteiete x soecesesos Etre Were noash x ce ceasennleaeee cae eooes Sanocced x ne mie) abeleiena| (aia inte asl has x 28 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. TABLE III.—Cambrian Brachiopoda—Continued. (BULL. 87. Species. | Orthis (?) lenticularis Wahlenberg...-.......-----.--------0-- alec aas ns | Orthis (?) lenticularis atrypoides Matthew. ..----------.--.------------ Orthis (?) lenticularis lyncioides Matthew ....-.-..------.-.----------- Orthis (?) lenticularis strophomenoides Matthew .-..--.------.--.------ Oxthis(?)iremmichia Nea. WanChell see wore mcics oeanneienein = lelinnis <2) Oris (2) salemensis wWalcobt-seesccc soe seem oe eaten aoe eee ee ar Orthis (2) sandberea NH. Winchell e 2. soe nace sem eee sein tein tee Orthisina (?) johannensis Matthew...-.--.....-------.--------------.--- Protorhyncha (?) antiquata (Billings) .......-.....-.-...-.-..-.-------- Protorhyncha (?) minor (Walcott). -.---- - oe oe anne ee Syitrophia arachne (Billings)- 202) e-em ome eee ieee = en Syntrophia arethusa (Billings) ---:..---.-.----.-..--.....5..--- 2-2 =. 8 Lower Cam- brian. Middle Cam- brian. eee te wees Syntrophia (?) armanda (Billings) ~~~ <2. 25-6 ecco mc cee cicie enamine |i alee ele noe Syntrophia barabuensis (A. Winchell) Syntrophia calcifera (Billings) ------..----.sccce---- «cn -eewrecsccrcnne |: oo ee Pee Ss =. Syntrophia primordialis (Whitfield) .............--.-.-------------...- Trematobolus insignis Matthew, 2-0. + .--cceccccenc soeceseemeiee se =na—- Number of Cambrian species, 116. Numberiot species! nieach Givisloniee eee sesame sae aseeeeane sere o ee Number of species common to the Lower and the other divisions of the Gam Drain eeemaete ae cca sence ein ine (are = Peete ce Serene clear Number of species common to the Middle and the other divisions of thelOampriaeeesacseee essa Reese eee eee secre Sere Cee aeeee er ac Number of species common to the Cambrian and Ordovician system, 6. Number of species passing from each division into the Ordovician. --.| on SCHUCHERT. ] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. TABLE ILV.—Ordovician Brachiopoda. 29 [Bi— Birdseye; BR—Black River; Ci — Cincinnati and Lorraine; EO = Eoordovician; MO = Meso- ordovician; NO= Neoordovician; == Trenton; U— Utica. found in the Silurian also; by an obelisk (t), in the Cambrian. } Species. . Billingsella (?) grandzva (Billings) Billingsella (?) primordialis (Whitfield) Camarella ambigua (Hall) Camarella breviplicata Billings..--.....---.-.-----.------- Camarella (?) costata Billings Camarella longirostrum Billings.....---.--.--------------- Camarella panderi Billings .-..-.------..------------------ Gamardiia parva INOS) --scs2-+-s-eeeeee es-- nee eee oe @aniarellapolipa Bulimnes -.2-.oc- ose een eee n renee se == Camarella-varians Billings <<< 2 .--.--.---.cecenen een ce=-- G@amarclla volbortht billmps -2----.---- = ooo een a noes Camaroteechia plena Hall Catazyga erratica Hall Catazyga headi (Billings) Clitambonites (?) borealis (Castelnau) Clitambonites diversa (Shaler) Clitambonites diversa altissima Winchell and Schuchert- - Clitambonites plana retroflexa de Verneuil..-...-----.---- Conotreta rusti Walcott Crania albersi Miller and Faber Crania (?) deformis (Hall) Crania dyeri Miller Crania granulosa N. H. Winchell Crania lelia Hall Crania (?) reversa Sardeson Crania scabiosa Hall..........-... eae Aas eenrne ee Crania setigera Hall Crania socialis Ulrich Crania trentonensis Hall Craniella (?) ulrichi Hall and Clarke Cyclospira bisulcata (Emmons) Dalmanella ameena N. H. Winchell Dalmanella bellula (James) Meek sp Dalmanella crispata (Emmons) Dalmanella electra (Billings) Dalmanella electra major Matthew Dalmanella electra levis Matthew Dalmanella (?) evadne (Billings) Dalmanella hamburgensis (Walcott) Dalmanella macleodi (Whitfield) Dalmanella (?) plicifera (Hall) Dalmanella pogonipensis (Hall and Whitfield) Dalmanella stonensis (Safford) See eee eee eee ee ey Dalmanella subequata (Conrad). -.............--.-.-.----- Dalmanella subequata circularis N. H. Winchell Dalmanella subequata conradi N. H. Winchell......-..-.-.. Dalmanella subeguata gibbosa Billings...........-...----- Dalmanella subequata perveta (Conrad) iabmanellaGersns: (SSrAG8ON)!- 25 2ceccoheccse =. bee. eee ieacesetoss | Species preceded by an asterisk (*) are Mesoordo- | Neoordo- INE NAGE vician. vician. opel reas ee hee : Birdseye. | Utica. 2S | SRB P RAE AGI Geos C6546 GoSsnegeore See ER athe teat ee Eee eae 3 Joe oaned Menno SSee TAR ices eetertc os 2 Ses Wesabe encbresicco be loascee Saeactooud baasccooce (BR esse sees. SAC Roe EE COH Eee bee ochre (Gri Seema te es ere C Osta d Saemoreemeee Ci 565606 64 yoottoce Sae| ep Se eee es J see oosccc |--=------- Ag Ci aqdceotecs J-=--n sree ol Ue) Ua he SI DOR Sete Ie aves cece atweccmcsecs Sacdpusése |scecconses Chk Se aaa = Soopteoss)| sesotectincs|eococebsoces U Seeantleats|cameccese cle ncee emcees CG scons Beep tees easel de eee baSostbase loseonte Giclee coscsaccde U, Ci asbogesote DS lec oodsedesce| Soocsce cae itjocicwte stolalsSees coche eee ence es Uri Seabotowas| Geaanadact au Ci “ Sancct Sab] pdésocoscc) bobdncodsase U tah pe Bedassees peCEneHes| PSISSOnE a WN ees STEROL EDS bansesene AE kis Se fos asseseel Soesssseee ie soe nese Seppsocack Doe Raed boasts Ae sass Ci Se bog SC = =5| (HSCS oHeES lnseesceacoc Ci pial (ae Seer ee See Sees ok eee x [rte cece |e eee cere eee coer eee es Dee ain atotemes welll orate ne mie nara tS ian alm ni yo We eencesgtl ooccoosse tod boceestesc cebeincceoe Resee thea 8 A ena are OS | eSosodscod beeteoagetie ae Goasacess ees aoe aise ss eles PT Ves sconkodedée edcosucscc Mg PR alex Seensgooed osoncecene EES Se Sect SSeeeen ood Gaoocccene Bt rd apeensEese Xx BRET? [2252422 Jou ee Sigel Poctatessefacl Ci 30 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL 87, TABLE IV.—Ordovician Brachiopoda—Continued. Eoordovician. paca oak pes ae P | Trenton Cincin- caleeer: Chazy. Black River, nati, Birdseye. | Utica. | Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman) .......------------------)---++++-2- | x | Bi, BR,T U, Ci Dalmanella testudinaria emacerata Hall ...-.--.-....--..-.|...-----=-|--- 220.25 |e one noeeees U Dalmanella testudinaria meeki (Miller) ..-.-...--------.-..)---------. Bea AeR Bre eos cosas Ci Dalmanella testudinaria multisecta (James) Meek sp.-.-...-|.......-.-.|.--.------|.----------- U DINO POMS CANA ONSiS (SUMS) oem ape re mm ie mlm tm mel lm aa el BR, LD, \eeseeeeere Mingbolus map nificus (iN GS) ose cree oa laaimmte wie aiiale oe oe olaiminlelelela aie ciate BRD eecrewee Dinobolus (?) parvus Whitfield.........-.-..-..--.-------. ebm eariScee | Soatee 565 - Th i scenes eee ID vietayw restate ere ery Oleh ei lA ER RAR epg rceor seem ocposossselcorsocosaq loose asassc MU ese cninae Minorthustontinalis|(WaNite)ssce-4- += - see ease eee eee x Soccbaeces|cencdenen eee eee Dinorthis iphigenia (Billings) ..-.---....-.--------.--------|....------ | Soe eee BUS lRasosacsac Dinorthis meedsi Winchell and Schuchert........-.---.-..|..-.------|.-------4 pl je Oeaeee Dinorthis meedsi germana Winchell and Schuchert-..-...-. | seaoecces|SasSanes-- 1 bi Berersacac Pinorthis pectinella (MmmMons) oso. scree a= ene = ele eel = eee lear [besoodh 6s aU) |Posnccssee Dinorthis pectinella sweeneyi N. H. Winchell--.-.-..----- we tenet tees see ee teens dh | Sooonacio le Dinorthis platys|(Biulings)e-eesss-=seee-es ee seer eceer ee. WNesquecase Xo eee pos oleae eee Dinorthis poreata (McCoy) ----.--.-.-.----------0---------5 |stats Smmercioll ele eikeres mie 40 Ci Dinorthis proavita Winchell aud Schuchert ...-.-....-.---|-.0-2<..0.|---000----|eenee-ncn= ve Ci DINOreMis: TOtLoOrsa(Salber))-<- see seicecee cease ine eiee ee ce pecssancee (eee eee ce 4b Ci Dinorthis subquadrata Halll -- 222-2242 -=-b--2--e-sc- sce Bee eee eens restecssas.+ Ci Discina (?) sublamellosa Ulrich............--.-....-----... Sees Seeeee eens Sone nna Ci Eichwaldia subtrigonalis Billings...-....------.----------- \bce eee cee. a S5dS5 656 aR a eeeeeee Mikania ambigua (Walcott) ~~ 2-322 c occ. -2-— 5 ctcme ode e namin | SS ilscrecttcd'= PRR Obe 2) Seecc sc S: Glassia romingeri Hall and Clarke..............--..--.---- lSeeceorees|eamencores Mae AA Glossina Crassa (all) pee ces rome tee eclciels cele attic eislelescpe leis [eect cece ee|eeeeee sees fe esc Glossina cyane (Billings) =a) -2- ee -ssece eeaeseseseeee x llkcevneokee tee eeeeeeee BA 6p Glossina deflecta Winchell and Schuchert ..-.-.----......- |Boseoocerse Jerrad acer a | Ci Glossina shurlbuti N. He Wanchell 2222s -cceene decent ee sae e cae BAeaae dai oT 1 eee Glossina trentonensis (Conrad) .......--.-.----.----------- [25 Aa ees oo m U Hebertellaipattis (Billings) s--.-sce---ces>-+-essceos sees Ko ict dete le eee eee ee Hebertella bellarngosa (Conrad) -.-..----...-- cece 2 o-oo lo eee e nem clacecnnwnns AL | eee Heherceliaiborealis\(biUlings) ioe ace sicme a raieleletsionie stare sole fete littel x BR, 2s econenteee Hebertella imperator (Billings) ---.....-.............5-.-2.|-..--62 Tae x en oms scenes Se eee HMebertellainsculpta Males. <1. 5- 2 oan cee since enteric cceces nn | os manances| (ee csee es) ceeae eee Ci Hebertella lonensis (Walcott) 222222 ccccc- seen w cc nies cic cccm = a ASH oor onic caseae Ean Mebertellaimaria (Billings) Soo: serie eraicieeintstateial (ala = olas la okie tare | ote siete etal ein aes eee et ee Ci Hebertella occidentalis Hall.........- Joesccesce ceteces secilieancesmes|ee-eeeaese| pe eee Ci Hebertella occidentalis sinuata Hall........-.--..---------|---+e0---- |i mob cece eee Ci IEG AUTO hanG) Jah WE Rae oomedeta sae Son seeqeensced nsoosddacs) Sscocnsoce PN ce cacisc.. Leptena charlotta# Winchell and Schuchert .-.-.--.--......--..----- Poe iets AWE Re cis occ * Leptzwna rhomboidalis (Wilckens) .....-...---..--------- ise cork pala ae au U, Ci Leptw#na unicostata Meek and Wortheu.) 2. ooo. one fone ose neinn| oon ws ons =| ome clemenene Ci Leptella sordida (Billings)....-..-.. LS Spat ie Siac ome eee XK loco ccnncina|acabe sneer Leptella decipiens (Billings) .--......-....-.-.-..-.....---- en ood eaacd hey-sosScace Lie see Leptobolus grandis Matthew ............------------------ 4 Woersancsed| cocteac secs: ancresanc eptobolus isi omis HA ecs sere e anna aan e eae eee | see eee ae | SocrenoSelsascds Shocee U eptobolus lepis Hall Sse cee ae eee enamel oie ele Paaotecase seco so8a U Leptobolus occidentalis Hall ---o oon eee ce econ a=|snaavecere ol | U Tin gna sq ialis eee Soc nea ccepeee senna o-oo eee se eeea es eee eee eee LN eesti Dingnla belli tBillimgs Tose ee on ce eee oe ne enema elena ien eee Xan oceineisis = mln | eet Lingula beltrami Winchell and S*huchert.-.-.-.. Boge noeon oeeccsen ender cece seescsescs Ci inguila bisulcataiWUlrich :. <-(-2 -~<.c sce aicle cine s wsislemie vicina sis wieisaeiel cacitsie at | eto areas U ingula briseis Billings: ..-cc.cdesee ones saeres sere eeenee Al BScotscindd bo8skcostc D. ilwgenbted , SCHUCHERT. ] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 31 TABLE IV.—Ordovician Brachiopoda—Continued. Eoordovician. eae Wi eons Species. r eer, pera eT-! Chaz y- Black. a aon “i : Birdseye. | Utica. | Want oan (i) (eANBGONsiG UNS stincinsmis a A-[sasicnsiaiel|/= s\esices ae |stale since aT Ci Maine mka Clon PALA AN = ca ciacacedewiecccieweraneccicre cesisec|s~ncea=— =e peecoromms TE) ioe tases. SCAND MUP ETL OS yam fata che) Valarmral alsin siatai = i el=i=) sil Syatele\ein'mis| [nim sareralara ae fete elelea/ BIR, algzsteeseks Soc soptls Sac 0 Eee Ae pe RES Teel He fe ea em [tAt So ace Ci Pinel a HOWE yl MUAtLNOW ossco <-) = mace wen aince cee wincisn= y6 Weesbehecn: ERE Ecoeead BACs oae eae PIP A HUEONSNSIS SUNIN PB i ai. -scines aciscceicic ote ceiciis ce cence] seoss sense Xi \eebvee oaks aeeceake . Mn ANOLOPOMIN Ste nesemes ea. c ce sa\gcsccncce so cecromee ERE Stoned ieee temecciac Weare: eae Pie MAO WCNSIS OW ON ariwoweiacas = oldnceces sate ec deeeesena|(aeanc=aelamcecesomel Dua |eeee sate. PNP Ma AES Sings? 2. 6 ecwccenas cess = spre dacoccesesnce Nene Semone Cet epemctabe PAS asaee Me aI ACONENSIS DINING) 5. c. -o-s— 2 sss ceccrenis| ewe ace cane [nseeeeeeee BIR) Vpsee see Pee M NPG MEINERS ie sccm ciesa tai decissacetonsan cn ccscce|seace'seaee Ki Nslaclebesass jaemeieeaee Himmulanmantell Bilin ga. cscesccenscceccceeceeccecous A el ARC BEG Seen cor nee pe erenee hc MrT AMONG Stal Cl yma saan as oe sists se eeeissaisis leis a eineis| eae se= alse rec ecis dt U, Ci MAI OtLAMOLALIEN vila Wy INCH sce ocasscecmcmascac ees c-c|ensee asai2 Kepiss case Seba Seeeh inom lanynp ha WN Es <2. < so rcwieisnccceesincsiecenem SE WecSonadase SAP eeaerecod oocoseoAae INCE st OP ES LAL epetm icicle sarin aionte a me ics wis alalsislejars Actes oteiael|siereeicie es eee ees aoe at Uv Pin oly pap Nlosa HINMONSS.-- .--+cccescceee~snee Mie Reese laeeees aaneoadlseeecceects tLingulepis (?) mera Halland Whitfield.................. Xilet ss ose fase e state tes | Hae aasaeh Pancmobolusamnis BULOPSias2--2-<-.2eesecaccacsseceonsoe Pe Se est nel Rome are ne od ace neee ae Lingulobolus affinis cuneata Matthew......-.....--.------ Mi beeee a eses| sacs Soca eee tee Peele pS MOL WOOUI (SAWN) scans a/ciaa saat nase isons oe sec an| ee eet ecin acl aemebeete AT eee wokesta arte lo psiw ithe diWHallna pen temas sas eee echoes coal ecasetaces eos. asSe {eeeeisista seat U 1Obolella (?) discoidea Hall and Whitfield...-.............. a See eee ne heer ee BO bolelia: (7 )ada Pullin gs. acs ensaecan ce oes osenigenaen sence Deh ae A ee SE Men Pr eared Role eee ne Snbiculowdesamelloss Halls i. eee < sere meee tas coecdltcncsceos's|sancuse dee T Ci Orbiculoidea tenuistriata (Ulrich) ..............-..-..----- fete ame ane | Seek ae ete 1 U Orthidium gemmicula (Billings)-.............---..-.------ Diy i oghin, = eres eres ae Sr ae (QUA DT SECT ETE 8 BV feb Re ee ges a a Mel s| Sek ees chee en Ser BCUiIn CATAURIN SAILOR saneneaaase a cones eemeec cata agasenccs! x Where aes SESE Bory Poel bere ae 32 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. TABLE IV.—Ordovician Brachiopoda—Continued, Species. [BULL. 87. Neoordo- vician. | Cincin- nati, Utica. Orthis (?) centrilineata Hall Ovubss cormn ar Billin Gasca oe sececemiee = sees Orthis:costalis Hall. 22 225 -c a EE is ects 5c ae >. BARISAN SO ciSc Soc oss Xen acetic os eee eee » NESE AB eco act as os - : ccjadaaeeeloseaioegines 7 Sia eoeeaene |nanennsene 7 Xo) tee < | ee aww ewe | “ws 17 aS areas apapat Ste spapsces | X (sce o ees rea Pepe acne T Les canceel aan ee | T see eeneet| st oe nee 2b snacicicad atl ccna ae Av Sa eenaen 4 ME T bored tre agen] os eee | as lo sead|est Bice Tr ee eee | BR, T Bema ee ee ee BER wt Av wh Heese SA Seceaee | BRAG Joccaw seine Co oe Eee Ay Ee ‘ J . | vO Neoordo- vician. SCHUCHERT. ] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. TABLE IV.—Ordovician Brachiopoda—Continued. Hoordovician. AEERE OED: Species. 1 Seen Chazy. Black River, a Birdseye. Pa ens R eye LOT (Nes IWVCINIO NOM) oc cate cctetalcin a casio sa] sna eacis al ee ee Rhynchonella (?) anticostiensis Billings................--.|---------. Nosocmenedal looeeaecdsoce EAyMcnonellial (A) rcOnint hia -Billin wsis,. cimcecictouad sa aceesseni|| My WeOs el) -AMeeeee on |ceeee fee eee Seuly nc Honea) Janeane 2 5ct lee essen aetla- ats cele se sese dat a|scl--cn oe aeleeaaee asst VHC HONG A) Ca) enGONAL WihIbHOld «sbi, sk npcceccrctersecwonn||ococse.cc oe |astieecas. ae tee ee ce ee HiyichoneWan(?)forientaliseS nes) 2-2 -eacecassceassa—-c-|eaan-e-2=- 8 |S |eeseseemec Huu One liai (4) AOLUIG aeEL alse = +. aa PEPER rime pane Sa Sconces - Strophomensa approximata (James) = 5-5 oar ow erase oem cienls | deine meintnia| e eiele as ona | ae Ci Strophomena (7) arethusa Billings --.---.-.---------)--<--|----- 22 ---|se0cmee se e|=--o-=eemeee | Ci Strophomena billingsi Winchell and Schuchert -.--..-.---|------.---|.---------| Th} |e ene Strophomena cardinale | (Wihitheld) << ees. ce ei cmsme =e ese | ea meimste see (Sela ale eae Ci StrOphomena conrad WH alle cs cecie wee never ent e es ermaeael meee emit onetic fh eects Strophomena,(?)/\declivis Jiames’.-- <<. 2 sec mse- cose ce en | see cinea | eseeteeees) eee Ci Strophomena emaciata Winchell and Schuchert ...........|...---.--.|---------- Ti iecetiseee Strophomena fluctuosa Billings. --<. --c-- os ose cscs eo ccenenan|sos ses 45--=0|ssocesee ee eee Ci Strophomensa planoconvexa Halle ~2ascescseeessser be closees scees|tos sees er | eee eee Ci Tromatis fragilis WUMCN ose. ccs < se cease eeleie acre mere ran ae seeee ee heee)- tae EDO Gexscretetdeets Mrematishuronensis, Billings... --s5se- noe eee eer en enone |e aaaeiae |eooese cee BRAjenese-neee Trematis millepunctata Hall: - 2 .<-oecc< eres -o-seersem=s| seca secs -|eececees | eae eee eee U, Ci Trematis montrealensis Billinps--- 2. << oe. oo scan |aenemesnec|esceminnlens 1]. )teeeeeee Trematis Oblata Ulrichsc. ssn. ccacan vcacsaents vesenscesacbies |Ptees ce ee) ciceee sere | tee eee U, Ci Drematisiottawacnsis Billing seo... s-re sae weet seems msl seqae enc ose eee eet Au Ci Trematis punctostriata Hall......2--. 22 - co sencccnsceces|- Scone paar losoae spin |oecncc===man Ci Trematis\(4) pustoloss Hallyseceec ee ncacs ence sce ec oa omnes sans aenae|heecee eee | 22S seem Ci Trematis quincuncialis Miller and Dyer........-..--.-----|.---2+--2-|------+2-- Jeceeeeeeeees Ci Trematis reticularis Miller 2*2-s5c.cc..cesevc ccs cu lucene {sees scenes eeeeneeeee leet. om aaa Ci Trematis terminalis Mmm - =... csceee as os cose cic cesesees|s-eeoee= =e eee ae Be eee ic Trematis UmMponats Wilnich':>-5~. -2s--ecendassoeceeem sues e= nereeeeces|eseeeeees|eeeceseeeees Ci Triplecia cuspidata Hall: 2-2. .,-22 5 s-ceeh nsec ceseas ssseue hateest Dc] -seunece se T ) |eeecen ao Triplecia extans (Emmons) TD ||asdgsseee NS —— EE —=<«_= sr he a SCHUCHERT. ] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 35 TABLE IV,—Ordovician Brachiopoda—Continued. Eoordovician. | Mesoordo- | Neoordo- | viclan. | viclan. Species. | ae alot er, | Chazy. Bleob teres a x | | Birdseye. | Utica. iptleria MUCOUS Halen na sicjacs. eo an=-/)-mcenenccdeapessccs|rsccen sos | sisagcatooe BO | SonSaoeee Triplecia (?) radiata Whittield.--...........--nceseceecees: x | BERS el le tohodec =e Saas Triplecia ulrichi Winchell and Schuchert ...............-.|..020-....|o-seeccece|oeeeeeeences Ci Zygospira cincinnatiensis Meek ...-..-..........---..0.---|--.-.0---5 Bacal ss ores Ci Pont ACONCOn CAN NIGM[-- cciisenc sane = cme nc -eelelew -lels| cans eis oceans iainlnna cee ceueer Ci Zygospira deflecta (Hall) --...... 2-22-2122. -02ee eee e nen ee sana s-- 22: eet Ab eoescesaer my cospira Oxia (Hall) one eso on cen ene ensneren === Pease ese aed AN oes eee ee Zygospira kentuckiensis James. .........-.-.------+--++--- SSeiscctiakis | Betecharelteiate | soaie eee aioe Ci MUP RSPCA MOUCK LPAI Wi ts,ccsis acces ='- Stas s.ciecesaaeesssjoes Ie oan ehase leictecesoeiseiel iene ceaters U, Ci Zygospira nicoletti Winchell and Schuchert...-.........--. | Homer bass Voce neeme ft wiliGomerarea Zygospira putilla Hall and Clarke ..........---..2.--..---- [a each (ecteaiael Re S46 Ahh 8 Ci By Ospica recur virostra) (Hall)- <<... j./sreacncseseceess ose | eee see eel Mis ae Ide cee at Zygospira saffordi Winchell and Schuchert...........-.... Bie es Be lbesoccoes= TM eeientersiocis « Number of Ordovician species, 319. | Lita PETS Number of species in each division............-...--....-. 63) | 26 128 136 Number of species common te the Calciferous and the other TOMIGIRESG. . = Aaee no CP pene CaS tee aE EOE SEE pr cereal |e aie hee 1 0 1 Number of species common to the Chazy and the other J DUIEEGINGL ono sodtoccéc pb Se Goo c ne cD OSO SR HOS CED acae aoeBeceee | be ee oe 5 2 Number of species common to the Trenton and the other SLIWSIONS Seana aein cece ots Sams cis SHURE EROCeUEouRaObOce ha Br petstetcscs 27 Number of species common to the Cincinnati and the other | IMINIOSEE PEPE Ree ate ate saeco ctaas casa cees uke eteee eee ! 1 2 27s [See me a * Species common to the Ordovician and Silurian systems, 5. | Number of species passing from each division into the SUL cote dogpadces cease GEC nnCe ete. Ee ener aaa 0 1 3 5 36 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA, [BULL. 87. TABLE V,—Silurian Brachiopoda. {A= Anticosti; Ar=Arisaig; Cl—Clinton; Gu—Guelph; MS—Mesosilurian; N= Niagara; NS—Neosilurian ; Te —‘Tentaculite and Coralline; W = Waterlime. Species ‘preceded by an asterisk (*) are found in the Devonian also; by an obelisk (f), in the Ordovician. } ae, Mesosilurian. | Nee Species. ; Anti- | Guelph, iar Medina. costi, Arisaig, Water | Clinton. | Niagara. iRaaeey Anastrophia brevirostris (Sowerby) Hall.........-.-...-----]..-.-----.|.--=--.--- IN) losesacneee Anasiropmaanternascens Hallo 2s. meas ser = mig = semi ine| See eee =| eee NS eee Anastrophia interplicata (Hall). -----.- ~~ asses =e scem en |e eee naeeee De ie as Ais yer Chonetes comuta Halles se eee cre nee oat nee se seeeeer eee eee eSescnonese Cl. |e. scseee ele eee Chonetesinoya-scotien (Hall vase eccc eon sem easton Senceee siesta a | Se iaimaetnatel slemretemtet ATN WScise cose Chonetes ‘striatella (Dalman) soi oc-seec + ease conicclacie essen c|eeneeeee ee |oaceee sees fi en Pe (Chonetes fenwistriata pa seers saeme tee se emeer eae nee semaa | eeenieeee |e eee eee | Ax, (poets oes Chonetes und alata Haye cree amtewietwien som niesiai= sian slain eee aiainia ia a'eeleeieieietsll eee eer | No 0 )s2Se5 oe Clintonellavagabunda Hall and Clarke.................-..--|-.-2------ Cl. |i 2scceee —=| Seen Clorindaarcuosa (MCCHESnGY) one. 126+ a2 odor een aaeeeicieee =) on-set | se eee eee N teem Clorinda areyi (Hall and Clarke) -----..----- 0.0.0. .cenecncccn|scmececnne 0) Wi Foner cis) cose scsce Clorindaybarrandii (Billings) ee eeces seca ce ee cea ennne eta) sae eee yee eee A Accckice Clorind a fornica ts (Hal) Pom aettets mateo melee eile anata oiecoye rete | eee ener Cl a a ee cS Clorinda ventricosa (Wall) rence s eset eee came neers ee ame eae | eee eas IN Geese Conchidium biloculare Ginneus)<-22 oe ec eon eeeiemen- eee s|seee ame eee eee MS \ | Sassseeeee Conchidium collethi Miller... 22.2252 2kt cacce cence scc-sececc|osscnenear|soceaerenaeetneeere Ww Conchidium crassiradiatum (McChesney).-...---..-....-..-.|+ Asoc elvatouemens | N } lPoseeeee Ac : | SCHUCHERT. ] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. a7 TABLE V.—Silurian Brachiopoda—Continued. ; } cn Mesosilurian. | eee Species. | pista. | Guelph, | cha \° Medina. | | costi, Arisaig, | Serre Clinton. | Niagara.) ine, Conchidium ecrassiplicum Hall and Clarke .....-.--.---------- | Stocodamad Mespoe Sac | N |.--------- Conchidium decussatum (Whiteaves).-.-----.----------------- REQCOOSS ES Dose ae ON lerreiets cys ate = Conchidium exponeus Hall and Clarke ...-..---------------- | Be ER COs onecoe NG peach oe Conchidium georgiw Halland Clarke....--.-----------------|---------- (0) A SE eee! eee ee Conchidium greenii Hall and Clarke..........-.-------------|--------+-|s+----+++: 1 || 62 5a See Conchidium knappi (Hall and Whitfield).....-......--------|----------|---------- IN al Sistclaereitee = Conunesanlaqueatun (Conrad) =... .)oec- o--lecwmcinninels erm |e mes nn omnia ING ise eters < Mnvanidinm nbonis (Hall) esc » stein = we cls « clelaleiel=.ciais= ora EAE Ran ae Seen sar IN [A See Pavenitenm mmitieostatuuy (Hall): 22. cote co. ac) 2 =. 0-00 <= |2- oc = -[roemacr =e INH tea ea Conchidium nysius (Hall and Whitfield) ..---.-...-----------|- aiceh. oie aan Nees oe ec Conchidium obsoletum Hall and Clarke ......----------.---- leodece.22a| seas eaeees IN een OLDEN LT ores, Greer Gennes 8 ee epee eRe a eee eee GRO OOnOSeoeE) FESeSeroa PeScee=aoe Ging eeee sat. Conchidium scoparium Hall and Clarke ....-...--......-----|----------|---------- Ga eas ee Conchidium tenuicostatum (Hall and Whitfield) ........----- Sean Oa eee Ne gees 2 Conchidium unguiforme (Ulrich) ...-..---.-..-..-.----------|----------|---------- Nid hoes: feraacamiensigni alles sae sate ewan ns = elaiele eee ee= == == lpasdoscecs||soceoosse= UNI} Renee ae ROR nEen eH Hates OL COLES aaa anise siseisis ne c.n)s\-/= cininins wraminim ae lel Ie cette Re A tas NG dlis:atscistact ai reniadentaga int neDOL Es == 22-5. cnm ee vem as ee mm = me] soma af ae al Ni Soeisee trae eran aren pia HGOtste a4: - <= Sac ceo < ocin == wean emia lee oer alee OW Necks tees lnesiecice Crania gracilis Ringueberg.-..........-.-.--.---------------- Sr arscran Pere eocee Ne lees as clece ratrseuibora tallscse = an ecineie ates na ale > = Soin eneninielem = ni Bepecoreree| Sie cseaa Ni, |e =sis= === - CURT SHIRT 1 GE ee sao ee See Sense SC BCOSCE CCC OGSE SOS ence Sees Aeses Ne duces. CORA yin Bare 8 GNNe os seek casnoesonne IaEe DBCOCCOOnCOCSE Os ee ||pssoodsesd ececoacose Nog aanecbe ee - Graniolla (4) clintonensis Foerste .....-.---....--2-----------|----=2-==5| Ose ep eesSciccel basoccuode (@yclospinal(?) sparsiplies Hoerste.---.2-----2-2.06--=- === <= -|-=-=-hea- = CMs eee ate Cyrtia exporrecta (Wahlenberg)....------------ Se Rete bisscsie Sepeacerceboteea 5222 CO ee Swi angi TG a Sees Sapo gee ep OSS HEM oEEEEEGee Secoss|esaecmaseo Cl 1S) FH Bes meeace (OV nine, Gian 183 WNT epee anc ane eeEOOOSeE SS aoee es aacserr Gees eeeeee A N jesacesst Ryne pyramudalas: (Hall)2----.--3-2--2---< sneer so-= eee oer pecre ae eeee sae ING diseesnec ee - Anneli renarig real liand) Clark@s-s-2.-- ace. se. ce ss safe lei nee eens Nigg) |ins'eare os ees Walmanellaelerantula (Dalman)....-.----2----2-2---2-------|2s0nanneee | Cl IN yl saecuiset Dalmanella elegantula parva (Foerste) .......--------------- poscomeors | Ole osc anteecbecs cee see < Halmanellasparva de) Velen = -oo.- seen -- sence ecee == a-e-=- hosctioonse De ee EES Aa Ca eran ae Delihyris! (3) curicosta (Hall) = -<2222-<..22--.+----=2-+0=55 [pests bee AI oe ae Ar | Ae Seer Se CGI STA GSIBN 18 btn 2) Ro oe se Seen Gans SUS eBaCe bon io cocoeoE ppseeecos=| paar seease Nis Ite east Dictyonella anticostiensis Billings...............-.---------- | etait Safes ASS Al ante ciate ats eres Myarvone lia conginm ay kUalle ==. onc 6 lace cenceccmnnsacensians Vee ire aes |e Whee il ee acsicreste~ Mretvonelacoraliitera Mallen... 5 cae ce nnceatnenen esses sss BAReeraere| Goosen ete Ny | see scam icevonelive tp DORA alle see sa ae isn ean encase cee enenne== Seep oo nana Seon INGA eso LIN RATTLER DG TLRS DN nes Se ee oR QEeee Ce BCC COBO ACC OORCCE Hpreaseaae bestccsens 1 eee neers lime eLincieamig Ds GAL Se ee Rane arrears ose ce DN ee Clossiianperoy ata (Mallee. Anon ns ale dcnaaccacs= ne seek es fp eo ee Ae Ole ewaasealooctaasey: Gypidula coppingeri (Etheridge) .-.........----------------- ae peat See Bate 1 CH |e ee ore Gypidala slobosa (Nettelroth) ©..2.22..--.--.2-2-.ee0e0s---=- pee nace Ser esocdepeee iN ease oe Gunidula kuoth (Nettelroth)!s2-s-25--2--s---00--sccec>c----< eas Bk [Nis i RG MIL ee ees Gypidula nuclea (Hall and Whitfield)..........-......-------|---------- Cli |iieaseeoed | to egese Grmoulyrosmerienall and! @lark6l -sss-ce-sepe eee cies ss 28 = oe ei a's | oe ee eee DR lcteacee s Comminwia ap lcaid OVOtlelnoul))- ssa. sanseeeseeaasaee ceca cloos--scccc| aes cic men IN} iiasaaees « Heborteslad sy LOnengis (NOCrste))-2--5. cove s-coe ce eesc's coal sere -iAe = OWA lea! eect abcess: = ETB DOELEL A aNAia (HOSLSUG) scos = eee sno < Sa ct.ciee to csceese ae aae|seaes soe oe Cl | Be Bea Ceene eee Hondelia prinstans (Billings). -225--'---.4-..cs.n--s0eeceesc-e vows BAA ed cee [eh Be a, Pimidelanimbouata (Bilin rd))sss sc ose ete oo as ee ee casloo as ccm ee iN culate: fhe aslo tes 38 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Bvtt. 87. TABLE V.—Silurian Brachiopoda—Continued. a er Mesosilurian. | Nee Species. | * | Tentac Medina. | ee yee i ie Clinton. Niagara. jing Honiwospira aprinifonmiss Hall oo. moa cet clemcmccataise aialelete nial | em alates aa eee ean ON abRocasone HHomoeospira evax Halli tes lets qeeaam om nelsnte seems oe nlninelata ee ieee tem eee ae IN amore Homoospira sobrina (Beecher and Clarke) --2--.5--:2--<--+-|----2-=--+|----cseee INVA Sse aceeens Hyvatvella conresta (Conrad) jess sacciseeere sae ner == ee ee | eerie. | Cl “sce See cee eeeceeene Hyatella junia (Billinga)y eee lode sheets 222 ees eee eee A* | SSSscee eee enceeeeees i epiena rhomboidalis(\Walckons)-4-cnessees cece se eaee eee eeneee Cl } NUO tee See e linguls achhinostravdall/ yess: oss eceinene ose me mem aeenioetl |e Cl |... inpula, bicarinata dine Ueberg a. a cea scene ce nee eee meme esl aeatatel tamer eres meee NO eae An Pa CLNtOn Wa NeXeM a= lee 0|2cnseaseelones eee Gue | Peeaecueet Monomorellaipriscaybullings: so--e— teen neceatte se sesso ees cr) seeee eee sol ae eee (Gul sseeeaeee *UNucleospiraielerans WHall - <5 cc wacker sseccee nes ese selmeeclewmiaan Noanash sec ING Eee Wucleospira pisiformis) Hall -225 3:2 scccecses + cen ecccen cee |eoce esses Kista eet IN Sateen Nucleospira rotundata: Whitfield <5. 25 .-s.--cce-cepes ect eel odeess ce oltre eee een aaa eee Ww Orbiculoidea numulus Fall and! Clarke:<-2--.-222c-2--.--4--.cescemeleccemaeeeele Soieaece INP: | Peo eeere Orthis (7) nisis. Hall and “Whitheld): 2222 2.2.1... 262csscsceeoac oeec¥: ss s2508 eeesuira (1) mica) (Billings) «:2----=.- Sa BBB enn loScaneae Sooseee Besapnod Beconce Anoplia nucleata Hall............ “ynoncdoosascocduTd|oscosde Xx Oe nese Sar Betsun idl ane Anoplotheca acutiplicata (Conrad).......-.----------|------- Xx Come Sectors eeeeetle eee ea Anoplotheca camilla (Hall) .......-........---200.-2.|.-.00-- Xx Co | IM lanes [peeeee- PAMmOplotnecs CONCaVa (Hall): 2.5. .scccsec ee sesccnecace Die Nideoconodiceasasor ebeosed mecosac seaaee AO QuIecs Gichotoma (Mall): conc ewance =e eee cen 2-5 Seg | esereere cts tee ae er fee ave CRS Amoplounecs timpriata (Hall))i2... csc. a2cescccsccces|s-=- 65 DR AR i) ARES Peer Sel (Speen Anoplotheca flabellites (Conrad)........--...--------|------- x Cor Pin Foes |e ores ere Anoplotheca infrequens (Walcott) -...-.......--.---- WD Wi2h:yeeel (seen eo eee IND ee PapyIS ANP eMOR Allan sz cece sscs sence conscce aes csce|ecececessscecte|eeeoss sleek. ee anleeacemee Cc Athyris angelica occidentalis Whiteaves.........---|-------|--------|..---=-- Pap alibs | bees ccleclhoaadaode 2S) Pulley GUE sees cenerebesecuoscsne Soas6ea EBaEnos Mesosedo Ssuarese | WD eee: lopsembde oe JLIM EDS GREE BULA SEC Se Sa Sap noon becS see be sass Sembee Gebesod seeeeees 13 a ee oe C? Athyris fultonensis (Swallow)..--.....- 8 SS Aeon a pooner Gerace Co BE bl gece [eee es JUIN ERE oT STE GUO) SopppaceDaotessEpecr soe |BpSecee socanded Sseseoee pootencd Fesaoose C PeUnvIaNTs OULEE VIL CNSIS) MallOP sce. se sees aces sane oes cec| a -caestee aoe saee MEb) Me Ee Paleo s os PUAN ALVA NV NILOR VOSS secs s cin ceinccseu se csieee aaecinecteesaeasebscaeces 18 ell tal oD ae RA HESTOMIS! TPG) BIG? 1 8 CAN Rees SSC OCACIAS COREE Se raOe BRee bc [ee terial eerie ccc si tl | ie leet C AGRVIIS SPIrielLOlgdes| (HALOD)|. .<-eeecselocccesac Ch ot) DE er A ace Bel Pe a Atrypa reticularis nuntia Hall and Whitfield.......|.......|........|..-.---- | 13 Alea leequdege Atrypa reticularis ventricosa Hall and Whitfield..-..|.......|......../.-...--- 12 Od Bee SoBe nse eae ULY PHS PINOSS ELall so se ees tetaes no aka Ssctze| cee oskloaseccee| Co | Ee REPS AS C PERM PIN LN DLICATA AAll..-. - a ncdcessecsssessncdcccee ea ee 2 ee oe eae EeH APE AREA oceanic Barroisella subspatulata (Meek and Worthen).......|.------|....---- --2+-e2-/-------- Ta Cox sy ee Beachia snessans Hall: coe sct state sccees se ceen-2 os. |eeeeees oes Mee paeecns | Ao ND, Bilonites:varicus (Conrad)=...:022.cc<2+sesteeeeeeose Sah Eee eee ew [Secc Adl e AA Camarophoria rhomboidalis Hall and Clarke.........|...---- oe Of ad PE eA a tel es WAmBrospireg eucharis Hall s.6-..-5 vn= see oes] tases lees =< fenosaaes Cope |Eaaewaen eumame see select... Camarotechia barrandiHall...........2-..220012-2-0lse2eee- [Sis etn: ase Oh asbaka oats... 44 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA, TABLE VI,—Devonian Brachiopoda—Continued. Species. Camarotcechia billingsi Hall Camaroteechia carica Hall Camaroteechia carolina Hall -.-.-.-..-.-.------..---- Camaroteechia congregata (Conrad) *Camarotcechia contracta Hall Camarotcechia contracta saxatilis Hall Camaroteechia dotis Hall Camaroteechia duplicata Hall Camarotcechia endlichi (Meek). Camarotechia eximia Hall Camaroteechia horsfordi Hall Camarotechia orbicularis Hall Camarotechia pleiopleura (Conrad) Camarotechia prolifica Hall * Camarotechia sappho Hall Camarotechia speciosa Hall Camaroteechia stephani Hall ........................ Camarotcechia tethys (Billings) Camarotcechia ventricosa Hall Centronella alveata Hall Centronella glansfagea Hall Centronella glaucia Hall Centronella impressa Hall ? Devonian. Centronella (?) navicella (Hall) Centronella ovata Hall Centronella tumida Billings Charionella scitula Hall Chonetes acutiradiata Hall Chonetes antiope Billings Chonetes arcuata Hall Chonetes canadensis Billings Chonetes coronata (Conrad) Chonetes emmetensis A. Winchell Chonetes filistriata Walcott Chonetes hemispherica Hall Chonetes koninckiana Norwood and Pratten Chonetes lepida Hall Chonetes lineata (Conrad) * Chonetes logani aurora Hall Chonetes manitobensis Whiteaves Chonetes melonica Billings Chonetes mucronata Hall Chonetes punctata Simpson Chonetes pusilla Hall Chonetes scitula Hall * Chonetes setigera (Hall) Chonetes subquadrata Nettelroth Chonetes vicina (Castelnau) Chonetes vandellana Hall Chonostrophia complanata Hall Chonostrophia dawsoni (Billings)............-...---- Se eta Eodevonian. Lower Hel Oris- der- | kany. berg. hata at x secseed x he accede Fe seas x BASSAS xX eoeeack Sct Pecoeer x? es ED BSA Dar x a a Sees x 46 \Reaaso se aoaatios x x? Mesodevonian. Tully, Seno | an Cornif- | On erous. |Marcel- Co: [scseaance heels H Co 4 ).3 Ea. Sass ace ee ee H veers M,H masons M,H aneoee M, H Loon dee M,H ae cya oe Coy | |aae5nce Co \iesesanee Co} > |sccteaes ahueaee H dis aoeae | H Co) 22222 Cor, |24epcees Com|-eete oe Co NARBASecasc Co: |sceenaee Fa ee 1) oe Jae ae H Co | BARS SOs jSeeeee | MD Gio, Race | M, Co M SA Ses 5 ho Co | M,H Oe ae H Sake eee | M, H a eee | M,H ee eee H ee H Co. We ecsone ee rs (BULL. 87. Neodevonian. Port- age, Che- Huron, mung, Gene- | Ithaca. see. Pp Cc bees Cc | 1 TiC ate eee Cc seeeee-- C Selene Jeeeeeee 12 C jeter Cc G,P 1h(6; shSpcoen ND | 1 I,Cc G Cc £CHUCHERT. | TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 45 TABLE VI,—Devonian Brachiopoda—Continued. Eodevonian. | Mesodevonian. | Neodevonian. Species. Lower : Scho- Ham. ee Che- Her Oris- harie, ton, |Huron,| mang ers) Kany..1Cornit: ‘Marcel-| Gene- | Ithaca. berg. erous. | j5 ey Chonostrophia helderbergiw Hall........-.-.-.-.---- Kir secsere = a[keecae)-t| soto |eeee eee eee ee Chonostrophia reversa (Whitfield).............-...-.|...-..-|..-..--. Cort (t.4 PEP aos est! Christiania subquadrata Hall..............--..------ 2) Wecdadene pereceoq boSoodise | emo hod acme nee Conchidium knighti Nettelroth..................-.-. iecocode| Rocnsoon Cok Wor). St CE Meee EIR see Conchidium (?) salienense (Swallow) .-.--..----------- [eet Blinn: 2k Ske nS OU ae aes ROR H Le, Ta Gi GIS (Ob Vai is Sa pes ocricocceoeoosenlnoed boccoce Goerread tesaaaeE 1D Be eee a oe ee Cranwena rominger! Hall. ----.. 2-2 -.--......--s00--0|---5-=- logdictotdl bascasce | EE! || Serere set Sab Crania agaricina Hall and Clarke ........,..-...-.--. || sibeseeen ee eee Salk ae ree eee se SSeS oT SEP TRY 18 TUG aso 8 Ss Seco B bee SRSA Se oS OCUCUE saS-ee4 la Seassee She eee Bercc er eames Crania bella Billings_----.--.--....---5-.-.--s005.-2J------- Pi oseees He Aunt Pree alld ist! SURI (TS! 1 AN SE RRS pe RO CSS OeIOOD SD ODC IOC beeeeen leseeees HaSneese BESREER 5 PR ie soosac @ranimoremstriata Halle ~~ 2-0. - omnes -nmnnq n= -niesesn=| inners (e545 -2- Co | do baSoeaed eonceske Crania famelica Hall and Whitfield.........--.....-.|-------|....----|....---- Iv MEET fs ona tmm pa = rani vincolaaalland Clarke: 22/622 s.<-0sse0052| ooo d|sc5ens st lnc ocee oe fy «ED plied Se lee ot Crania granosa Hall and Clarke...............-...--.|------- leeches dlococtee | 1s Oe eee ea eaae eared Seman LeOM i MINOX oes nrlelalninie sim mmm 'n'eln =n wleima slain =[omin< |e mleine = = (hy oScdosee|-soc65cd|osacensc SEAL Gdn ISO Sa seek SbeSo Sess eooo Cob Cee SoUoeDcod bSe5oce Beceesee samen. fees 2. lz G Crania pulchella Hall and Clarke.....--.. woe eee nee | °tS~ |Racéeasdlbeasocis Boe a cee ae] Geta eee Crania sheldoni White...............0-0-2sseeeeeeeee| Schr oo 6 enecce0d phemcete | 1S de eee leery mmarnmeneraata iiss Hall 2 2 6S ote cw etnm sn | onus nsf. op as| soc eI MME |e c2eens \eiese ta Cryptonella (?) cireula Walcott. Devonian. | | 7 Cryptonelia(?) eudora Hall’... -.- 22.2. 02-5 scceste. BEE hod ace csead Bebbace mambo ee eee ee IL (Ge: (ryptonella (7) /eximia Hall’. ..22..2.-5..062| seesccecl-caeose-|oeenr cee ND Gryptonelaplanirostra Halles. o.~ .. wee iene mmo slew |: = -5-05|eaeee one [rete Bete ea eee Gxrypronelarcouirostra) Mall 62-2. aan Benaey Aaraneae ber nsses Saccocc!--2-cln- Dalmanella subcarinata Hall ....-..-----.----------- | KW acasee satel s cicero een atime el ee ee eee Dalmanella superstes Hall and Clarke-- <<... -- a. | ree |e onan mms) ncc ... cdl egoeeee pee Delthyris sculptilis Hall..-.---.--.-.-----.---------- eam Ree ssmacises A Mn ete ee ser Tielasma calvini Halland Wihithleld.22sa | Bese aad eeche se s2esesed paaecoae LUE orapDr( Evel 8 Se a ee eRe Hos BOOsSanas eee 16 Oe | eee eos Bean TELEMANN Ela be oars aeta Soa amc ct winte sis wieiscle = a\sis' | Scenoaee lSoceabae loasdsecn lseesecda Semecece prom eS ail A tas ViANUXOM 5 2,- scans sence secives|sesesoelsaccsass|osmae0 25 Nat oa CEE) I minguls thedfordensis. Whiteaves—._.- 2.22... cecece|ennsec-|eceeces|-sacecce| 13) AS Rae Bose See MMT UIC Ghia ClalKk@ sae oo sac second nsec oe c= cal ae cecal hes .ae ce tlecezeeelle cee aera Pi ataasie’ “te TULTPED LENS Aba DRAWS C0) fel ee or haere. a ri (eae “ea Ressesce PACbeeee Mine mlella(?) paltormisvHalls. 5. 06.45.c2 ssc 2s5e one clecscn clon ~ nw odlseossects 13 tia eee ee Lingulodiscina exilis (Hall)..........2.22-2-22.2..2-- (Sete: grees sed vast Seer Ver eee aan. Lissopleura equivalvis (Hall).......................- > a Be eonnee 12ers Se | Spore tSys ManiiniaiatihvroidesA. Winchell 2.2 ccu.+-scccce so t|-oncec|senccsse | bye sisanire 13 Opa ee sae Oe ae een ty PLANCELABL (Willie) eae oe stem scl sec cccdls soccceeleecescos Hig | penne ssallveteeee ET Tsai NSO late WV ANCHE]e: a2 nae ea lac oe. oul ook cnc dle oncine | wocaie ate A Wee eee emer iNet curren (SIN OS) aaa te po ees cee oee ead toe cca dle ccoe se Gow eesseess| cee eseeeeees- Martinia meristoides Meek...............-.2.-0ce---|-------|-----+-- Weis Sok eee: a Oeaenree) seis S SCC LIMA BUD LNG Hip M GC Beno oem sa cena er eeipianales Sacinie|ocnicecs hearer 1S OO ey ee See OME AIST GTI DOT (Esti) sta eo cee cae coe ae cedlaccccoalhcocccecledete~ se M,H Dot he eee Megalanteris condoni (McChesney) .................. ...---- A BOB RE ec se nd Maccnee Baeecse 48 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. TABLE VI.—Devonian Brachiopoda—Continued. Eodeyonian. Mesodevonian. | Neodevonian. Species. Hel. Megalanteris ovalis Hall.....-........2----0-seees---|eeneee- Merista elongata Hall 2-22. 20. ic. 52sec eeneneenoane x Merista tennesseensis Hall .............-....:.-.---- x Meristaty pa tWallty-*oscce esses soe eieencte encase x Meristella arcuate Hall). <2. 22-2. sccecsceen= = 1-2 <0 x Meristellabarrisi Halls: - es. sccm cceiseclects se ceeme-sia\=| s\emieinete Meristellapella(Hall) (coce 1. ae seaqene ose = ,< omar x Meristella (?) blancha (Billings) ......-.-.--...------ x Meristella clusia (Billings)-..-.......--.----2--------|------- Meristella dorismHMallys222 cece cccmcceeataciece ten toes] esecciac Metristella haskinsi Hall...............-- etic csctinecs|secser s Meristella (?) houghtoni (A. Winchell) ........-.--..|..-.--- 3 Meristella levis\(Vanux6m) .....<-sosocecese secon x Meristelalatasitallisasssscccccsciosctecessssemecenee te |seeenier Meristellajlens) (As Winchell) -.2---cesa-seeecine soeleleell sees =) Meristellailenta tall 22. o-se2-c\eo=-ce5- H | Fees lcs wes Prounopsiepisiiall aud @larke 2225025... sc-scst|icwoesecleosceoce CoMiSrasesenis eciaecec|nsee coe: BNO OU SON A tamlall seat oe ttt emer tte ek ee NER DE ee pee dS Cel ett || oe HULA OpSOvava Hallessn eos se ose sce o sees oeaeak RON Be epare rates |lcisie cteverctell as water = otal aes ae =/c |eta to's BeoliaopS pana talland Clarke ooo .ccssccencnce|seccseclnacccees COM Ra A tame eect csc ontoces% Pholidops quadrangularis Walcott ..................|.-.---- A ADRES Se acl a eens oa eee ea ee a Pholidops terminalis Hall. ....-.-.-..2....ccceccecs|-e0cen- baal eines Aen rel ae Aad Le HOMO OStrOPNis TO WONSIsS) (Owen) =s22-..-< oses a2 cece] eens |socecce< Co | 18 Dll beac amee Saeinase Plectorthis (1) aurelia (Billings)---:-.-..../2..-..-2. eer und SSeS eel nee SEE er aeis ames oe PREACH LCL waArcuros urea ela llon. so mete eer eer oi) Me SEED A RAN aD cee elt eee ee. C roduc Lellaipiauycavartlall sree ss ctenc kee io see as Io eee cltcce seelhaeece cles sec ccles coee cts C Pu Lervef ye Tea GN 6 0S = re nL Be eA a Le aR ab lssae Cc RRC LOL CORLAL DISH alleen estan cae Seen ate aealeccceculesceeecc|sescsecelecaccsce[bscceces C Baru uGbelly COBLALILAStIP Ate Mall see oe tos oun toe s|-cacnsc|teciencaslesec-ccelccecesce|eccs--ce Cc “2 DA CUCHD Gr cel se ee eee ee ae Se een al As eee ed | ene FE? | Sa cisree|eemetces Productella eriensis Nicholson ...........-.-..------|..---- seca Coy, eee PSS sean | Geena roauctellaexanthemata Mall. = 25.2. .2cc-cecnccccs|occc oe - aco nee Co Ds Ga re teal cast a SANULG A AANA AICO Uta 4) REPRE Beem sere moc ooccoc|ootete cs Rensselzeria intermedia seal. oo cae ee ee seiei-eeeiel|leeae ce ) SRR ens s se Acccaaellessctoc8 Lensseleria marylandica Hall.......-.........------|------- K iso netec|l|saletete aie | poeta | eee RensselseriamabapilisvWalle se sce cee emcee accece sstele ) a SEERAAIOA PRAAAOADA edocs tas conosc||sscocc oe Rensseleria Ovoides (Watton) sscsseceoscesissteciocce sins|sseneer a PRPS Paeicrad Socccocclbocos-ac Rensseleria ovaluin Hall and Clarke -..............-|.------ X, © | - sisi cies | Geeta eisle ote eee eres | ene Reticularia canandaigue (Halland Clarke)..........|.------|.-.-----|--------| Be 4S cette eteteter ate Reticularia fimbriata (Conrad).......--...-----....-- eases x Co) | MSH eeacenee I Reticularia franklini(Meek) © .)-.-> 22 s.0seee< ance os|sssnses\|\snctseee aeereeee H., |eissdstesialereeeere Reticularia knappiana (Nettelroth)...............-.- ae | spans Co: || .2555 228 |ee eases eee Meticularia lewis (Hall) en oe Seek = hae easier sae cated eee aocmaa clacton ol neeee nee Eee 1 I Reticulariamodesta (Mall) =s--2-- ooo. seeeecesce cece x X — [ocdiesccdl acces cea) anette See Reticularianevadensis (Walcott)... -0cscce.00c- eds |emectec| sc ose aisallaielm nee alc! Jaleo | eee ND Reticnlaria (?) nympha (Billings) ................... > | eer Laie treacle |--2scee|oenne=ne|mamanns- Reticularia prematura (Hall)..........-...--.-é....- | aeicccrs leceeeidcls | esnesden are eeeee ae -C Reticularia subundifera (Meek and Worthen).......|.----.-|--------|-------- ils caw sain getter Retzia (7) spolypleura-A\ Winchell:j2--2- 22.0 seoncelseeemen sees seer eeeee ee | Rees Poa Steere Retzia (?)(subglobosa Hall:----.\ concn. ncnes scecrnccs loceaecelbonccase SS) less creel eee erent eee Riipidomella/alsaveallye se eeseeeecae sees ae eee eee ele eeeae S |.0sstnen) eee eter Ree Rhipidomellaassimilis) Halll -..-.-6 2. ccecn cc eee nes > 4a BES E Spores pecoseediccodcsdococcen: Rhipidomella cleobis Hall 2... -\5-<-c2c esse cece sete |sces=cs|saecee ce Co. |. satan cel owes eee Rhipidomella comberlandiz Hall....................|......- XK [aos eiereyern | porate cleo ee ee eee rhipidomella(‘?)cuneata (Owen)i--. 22. sesnes ones ce lasacnen| new seeme Ser eeeee eM Becca se! Gocmcons Rhipidomellajcyoclas vbisllonec--5-e ces «foo yee beees| soe cee eee ceee eeceeeier Mi, ES || tere ie sine Steerer Rhipidomella discus) Halli - ooo - eeeeeciswsecccec eh caes pS IRBRBEA ate toc on ossqcqsanscc besos os Rhipidomella eminens Hall...-.........:....-.--.-..- XK | swe ctene|scwdembel |e maces eee ee Rhipidomella goodwini (Nettelroth)........-.---..-. BEBE SS PEASoaad ance 13 Been sl conc Rhipidomella idonea Hall...................2.------- [Se le 2 eae |. seceees eee Rhipidomellailewcosia wall... 2-50. cas oe. te seem llsee tela Maemtelere ieee Ht | ajscaterpareell eetteeiee Rhipidomelia livia (Billings) <-c-- eee eee eee ea | soem es eee ee Of: al SE Sel omiscn Rhipidome)la lucia Billings.................-....---- opcesa Se esoroncs Poe nicisinie's \aterastefatatey ieee ee SCHUCHERT.] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. TABLE VI.—Devonian Brachiopoda—Continued. Species. Lower Hel- der- | kany. |Cornif- | berg. Rhipidomella (?) mitis (Hall)-.-.--.-.--.------------ Rhipidomella musculosa Hall.........-.-.---.------- Rhipidomella oblata Hall ...---..-..----------------- Khipidomella oblata emarginata Hall. -........-..---- Rhipidomella peloris Hall....-..........---.---..---- Rhipidomella penelope Hall ....-.-.-.------..--.---.- Rhipidomella pennsylvanica (Simpson).-..-.-.------- Rhipidomella semele Hall. ...............-.---------- Rhipidomella solitaria Hall. -...-...-.-.------------- Rhipidomella suborbicularis Hall...........---.----- * Rhipidomella thiemii (White) ..-...-.-.--.-----.--- Rhipidomella tubulostriata Hall--.........-.--------- Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall .....-.----------------- Rhbynchonella acutiplicata Hall.....-..----.---.----- Rbynchonella allegania Williams. -...-----.-..------ Rhynchonella altiplicata Hall .....-.---....--------.- Rhynchonella ambigua Calvin. -....-.-.------------- Rhynchonella aspasia Billings ....-..----.---------- Rhynchonella bialveata Hall ........-.--.----------. Rhynchonella dryope Billings -----...-.-.----------- Rhynchonella eminens Hall .....-..-..-...---------- Rhynchonella excellens Billings---..-..-.-.--------- Rhynchonella fitchana Hall.-........-..--.-----.---. Rhynchonella gainesi Nettelroth -....-...--.---....-. Rhynchonella huronensis A. Winchell........--...-.- Rhynchonella huronensis precipua A. Winchell. -..-. Rhynchonella inequiplicata Hall.......-.-...-....-. Rhynchonella inutilis Hall .-...........-.-.......-.- Rhynchonella louisvillensis Nettelroth ........-...-.. Rhynchonella mainensis Billings .--..-----.-----.--. Rhynchonella medea Billings..-..-..-...------. =c005 Rbynchonella multistriata Hall...................... moynehonellaioblata Hall) (22 2: 2-5. lacoste Spirifer angustus Hall...........-.. 22-2. -2--ccceneee Spiriferjanneasiswalloweese ese eee ecaecesies stents Spirifer arcticus Haughton. Devonian. Spirifer arctisegmentus Hall .............-....--.... Spirifer arenosus Conrad .........-...ccscees- cence SPINIGras pele alls aaa ote lem tetas sae etaaeeeeetaet Spirifer audaculus (Conrad) ..-.......--.----.-..---- Spirifer audaculus macronotus Hall..--............-. Spirifer belphervor|@larke:<--- 2c -ceecc= === ama Spirifer bidorsalis A. Winchell.....................- Spirifer billingsanus Miller..........-..--.....------ Spirifer bimesialis ie alle cieete mee cies oe ae alae ierie = eine Spirifer byrnesi Nettelroth ....--...--..-...---.-.--- Spirifer'concinnus Halls. ooo ose ccce cent scc cess Spixifer'consors A. wWanchellc. <.-ccscs-'=oe cele eneee Spirifer corticosus) Wallssenaes.- seas ees eae eee Spirifer (?) costalis Castelnau ......................- Spirifer cumberlandiz Hall... 2s. a- oer aceasta Spirifer cyclopterus Hall ...................2esceeee. Spirifer davisi Nettelroth.......-........5.2...--.ce, Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby.....................-.-- Spirifer disjunctus occidentalis Whiteaves.........- Spirifer disjunctus sulcifer Hall and Clarke...-...... Spiriter divaricatus Hallie jac sccee eee coe --ie = loca Spirifer duodenarius Hall...............-.-.-..--.-.- Spirifer dupliplicatus (Conrad).......-----..ss0.---- Spirifer engelmanni Meek ...........----.20scceres- Spirifer euruteines Owen .........0.-sceeeeeeee-ceee- Eodevonian. | Mesodevonian.| Neodevonian. TENT orig. | SONC" | Hamil| age, | Che der- | Kany. | Cornit-Jypt0®,, Huron | mug berg. erous. | lee leaaen ‘ sjsiomeisie XK . lessee cecle as civic we) clei else me aleteatetets » Gi OOo oeS oreo coe so4) mmodc omc |- o> Sci “Socose) hoqpsacs|iaagncse east cscs seeeeee Bag0050 bo00sSc4|scoscacd|tacc0.0- GA eae Ko |[eicierasicicial| =.cie oie 6 = ©] o clelatetarata atest lee tet Neen ssos| benaeord seceched |a6-scres ecco ace SESE | Ponaneae| Sonetead rocdstnsa|io-tcoc: - Cc qadasoa||banoasaclissacseac MODE | eacao icc ND BOUOEOG pSeno aes HSsobood |obcms aes iso ncosee ND 2G BS p spac Seconded seers tins 58 Sosce|occ0 sso PS SSDS HORG] pecacond scmaouesc-osbscSc\oso ccc5 sooncdd|bootesce COM | 5. eeee sae e= === eee Sonnbossobrbcas|\sonaqcse MGI) | aero ND SOHO jobooEors|oonosdod||eootace av C Sciocious Jeeeeree-[eee-----] Tu |....---.]-------- Saccdad sooossiss Of AG Baes an pomoster| (sor cisco. sonoddo|labobesoc COM | sacra ca a eeetee | tere Sodacod|ppooeesl paScskes TED |) Shee ares arene Sdcodon enone Co HO | 322 Saas eeeeeeee Sococrrs |---e---- Co Wwe | | sdacaco| ones Sosl|sseoccbe D8 De aes ies oc ocis oc Sogdosd|poaosbed||saone550 H (Daa he eet So60g05| PoosdSss|a5cksocc De A otc dias & apaooodbosc555¢ Of Pace geen becosonc |ecscae SaDSooS Xx @0 |5se-cees|- eee eee apneic pHOacSa| ssoo0sste VEG Hoescodos||soansco- Poooads|sonAbocolposoogae MG ieee | Sees A soacan) pooseasd booconec 13 We ap coecel |e Soocis- Goadosd barictons| Sanuodan|isccosces Gy pecan eee $5g0c50)|boceesho|eoaoaas- De cer acmciloncioecl te SAccnse > el Barong Sens sao cio| |S Seonced Pedbeeed hociadacd iocbecsc| oi 2022 2- ND Spcecad|bocdasselisonosoue! TED Oi roe atetal eeeereeterte Ko [ecw cc wclecccccec|ssecenan|oeascmusleressume Sp AdRad|osouerc| ba scncoe |) Szocenes anes Sosecod| bocnoboal|paséaase D3 Nel ease [eo Sc c SSccd0q pascocac C6? =) 22 38 222)2e eee eee Foaadcc x lee x HK "seein cialas|are eta etal relate vecs|sseercns BpCEOng posdecod poscgacc 1 Ne rr fancies ee eee ee ee Cc BA pon Popoada edoustod Hacocasolaasonace ND SEeeOOg bogcHano pagondn, tateséanleaciocvass Cc Apechie|odacscar Co 03 Bel Bemacoda mimscroccd SpocADd| bonbood MO Be spceed esoceece) mics oc Spocaed posuere Poccsone 1 Beeeciser| bicoseScc SAosa na) padesooe|beoscone MODs | eSaooSse leciscssce: Bee e SpE CaCO LIOd bEcbGocs ee Gale mce esc accion coe SCHUCHERY. } TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 53 TABLE VI,—Devonian Brachiopoda—Continued, Species. Eodevonian. | Mesodeyonian. | Neodevonian. | erous. Tully, | Port- | eho; Hamil-| age, | Che- Comit. ton, |Huron, mung, Marcel-| Gene- | Ithaca. lus. see. | Spirifer filicostus A. Winchell....................--- DP oraoOrvMOsUS, Halle =a cain Gee cces sc ecenmemais| Sninttentornaeuluselall): 522 5 52c---winwisonecaie caileince SHUMen TON as CAMs 2 seas ciceie eiscwiee se ecise et nlementes SPIN OnMASHOUSIS Bilis = <2 ssn. ae eww nw ccwcoemnls | Hpiniteneranulosus (Conrad) © --..-.-.-.....5..0se-m- Spinitomonepanius Halls. SoS. = seas Saeed e sin ose mswe = PIMeneRent Mal) oe a acs a awctnjoslocuie wee ona sieienies Spirifer hemicyclus Meek and Worthen ......-------| Spirifer hobbsi Nettelroth...-.-..--..-.----------+-+ Spimuenbunrerfordi Hall «=... 222 sicneccecssceccosee Spirifer huronensis A. Winchell......-..-......----- Spinitenincermedis: Mall s2). - 2.1 cinjaine cance ow ewes Spirifer inutilis Hall..--.. Be Re Ae cee SE SR evar SHEET OW CUBIS OWE a5 |saccociecl beacon eeleeeeeeee sandes=|sccecnmels cause cel msanacee Seeeeeee 0} BESS He ED [poeteeescoeece se [ss cec eee |sen seen ies Seal | Se ANS Wesceee EL... |lgueheee deere Pee ee seminars Co ener renee eee SEN Ge i asieeiadjel| Sia cee acl epc cae eel> eee ee (0; Seon Seie| Soete este sae see H. (|scessocs)|-eeeeees SS AaEE Besos ce Co B 2 ON Be aS Coben Be ae Ren aeaae eeeecace Hi | :2eecculeeeeeeee Ree aa Co: |.) «a acieie Sale pemanee eee cee eee fs a= |[se ae Peete Benen nee Reema nnn Searcy Chonetes shumardiana de Koninck ...-.-.-....---..------- Iceeeter K | .occe252s|25e0 oes See Chonetes tumida Herrick: 22 - <=. -ssesccooe sosceescce= === | x aletnle ele w'c| alaalmtata =tatnl= feet ete een Chonetesvariolata dOrbigny soc. -2s5= ee 2 ae ann oa cee al wel = allen nels mia ele Pe We conaic Chonetes verneuiliana Norwood and Pratten ---..---..--- | ocawc lee st Se ae ee Xia ESS eee Chouetes verneuiliana utahensis Meek .--...-.---.------- eee eee Ki eee caer Chonopectus tischeri (Norwood and Pratten) .....-..-.-. x Bi ee oon oem clerteeesteiee| Seen Cleiothyris clintonensis (Swallow).-..-.--.---..--------- eee csar onooace Kia. | ein Sear eee Cleiothyris crassicardinalis (White) .---...-.-..--------- | > an Been ooo soreasd Goo 0ccscclsoccicoa- Cleiothyris hirsute (Hall),..5:22...s0sscesccsocsetoocs (Serer | ea aes SL, Ka |scssetees eee Cleiothyris missouriensis (Swallow) .....--.-.-----------|-------- | SSosacaolboracs sent pa (SE a Cleiothyris obmaxima (McChesney) .-...-.--.....-------|-------- | MG Seb oseeere||Sosomcesc .Sorcwice Cleiothyris obvia (McChesney) ----...-..-.----.---------|----0eee/eeeeenne IKia) |e eineee | ee eeaeee Cleiothyris orbicularis (McChesney) -.--..--.......------|s-.ce0-- | sec Shell sa see pS. lsceoosce Cleiothyris reflexa (Swallow) ~ 4a Beasaaed Soooe pines) poscac mic I seeneeets Cranitmodesta Wihite/and St.John 2222s --eiiee meee ee lee anise emee =| Seemann DSi atte ereteters Crania'(?) permiana Shumards--.--2- oceeeee scene ess oe |cise os cee aoeee aoe see eet <> eee Craniareposita WwW biters-- -= nescence cee ce ae tet emeee eee oes eran | IBY ceca eeee | sae teers Cranigrowleyi Gurley -seeee meas eo eee mcs se eeineeeee eee eae te [eee eee | Seimei [eeeelnat eae aces Cryptacanthia compacta White and St. John............|.-----.-|-------- jGocetacog: XM eeeeeee fCxryptonella(?) eudora dal -ssseseeesasemeeeeeseeeeee see Xo | loatetesnae | eteeseeess ls sence Reeeeeee Cryptonella (?) inconstans (Herrick) -.--.-.-----.......... Ko de seiswe Sols S ocecsias |octee teetee een Cryptonella subelliptica Hall and Clarke ................| X |------.- | ensiclaistetcl e/a] ema terete alee Cryptonellaalta, Halli 2. 22 8 oasc2 scasene s cate receceeecees XK. \laiwe oeioeall se ciminis clclele |e cleo: eee Cyrtina acutirostris (Shumard)......-.---.---------<--.- Mr Jeeeewcellots eeck Sees eee eee Cyrtina burlingtonensis (Rowley) ---..--.---------------|-------- B | .22.. Acacia eee Cyrtina lachrymosa Hall and Clarke..........--.....---- | XK [peewee cefeees co dis! | Mee aeeeee a Cyrtina neogenes Hall and Clarke ...........-.-.-..-.--.|-------- Bs w'se en ate |mimtelae ate | ete tate Cyrtina triplicata Simpson. --.- 26. econ cee wcne ewe Me is ects oo Sielecemint ater] Winleieleneee eeee Derby a aiinis Halland (Clarkemes-e.--sereecs eeeier eet onsen |ewneeees|eeesceenes x oi sees Derbys bennetti Hall and!Clarkey---25- 22 2-- 5 --<--ee-ni-s|a=-e-nne | Seeceaete |--aae ee Kg) aceaees Derbya’ bilobaiall eee es aie inlay oleate late te cele larcatatel| feline wine] lateleeteieisl msiate ee iy peeeeete Derbya broadheadi Halland'Clarke: o-oo ccc wemeweeen| once «es|omcincinnin|ssoniceieeee i) ae sees Derbya (?) costatula Hall and Clarke ............-..-----|.------.|-------- Kia lessee esloseeees Derbya crassa (Meek and Hayden)...........--.2---.-022|--------|e0ee--0-|oenone--e- x x Derbya cymbula Hall and Clarke ..-...- 00-220... .eecene|-----0--|or een ee|ennnnnnne pel Soe oot Derbya kaskaskiensis (McChesney) -.-----..-.----------|--------|---+--+: Kg «|eoctien sd saeeeeee Derbya keokuk Hall ...-....-...--222.2--2020--------050- 4 KH Seno |[Seosceene [reese Derbya pratteni (McChesney) ---------------------------|-------- Eeeeel Dsseeee sees x. pene Derbya robusta (Hall). -.-.- oss. oe nent ene mmnnn=| > - =| =n to tee ee x, dadsaee Derbya ruginosa Hall and Clarke.......--.------+-------!e----e- 0 Ql Beeson nar ea sectiod occas 2 SCHUCHERT. | TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. TaBLE VII.—Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda—Continued. Dielasma bovidens (Morton) Species. Evcarboniferous. Meso- | Neo- | carbon- | carbon- | iferous. jiferous. peseaes | | Keo- ee ia 1 leinder- kuk, Kaskas- Coal Per- hook kia, Meas- mian | ALE SOT) ures. : Bur- |o : lington.| St. Louis. Dielasma burlingtonensis White Dielasma formosa Hall Dielasma gorbyi Miller Dielasma obovata Hall and Clarke Dielasma occidentalis (Miller) Dielasma (?) rowleyi (Worthen) Dielasma sacculus (Martin) Dielasma shumardana Miller MiGidaM sa GuE rida (Hall)\c-.---s2cs6scsenss-seccecseccene Hnteletes hemiplicata Hall..........2----22--2+sec0-5--- Eumetria (?) altirostris (White) HMMeGaA Marcy L (SHUMALA)) << 5. ----- << scccs-5-550c sais Eumetria marcyi costata Hall Eumetria woosteri (White) Glossina flabellula Hall and Clarke Glossina nebraskensis (Meek) .....-....----------------- Glossina sedaliensis (Miller) Glossina waverlyensis (Herrick) TGP TE OUTED 8 Ve rt) ee Hustedia (?) meekana (Shumard) Hustedia mormoni (Marcon) Hustedia (?) papillata (Shumard) Hustedia (?) triangularis (Miller) Leiorhynchus boonense (Shumard) Leiorhynchus newberryi Hall tLeptzna rhomboidalis (Wilckens) Lingula atra Herrick Lingula carbonaria Shumard Lingula crawfordsvillensis Gurley t Lingula euyahoga Hall Lingula gannensis Herrick Lingula gorbyi Miller Lingula halli White Lingula indianensis Miller and Gurley Lingula meeki Herrick Lingula melie Hall Lingula membranacea A. Winchell Lingula mytiloides Sowerby Lingula paracletus Hall and Clarke Lingula parrishi Miller Lingula tighti Herrick Lingula umbonata Cox Lingula varsoviense Worthen Lingulodiscina newberryi Hall Lingulodiscina pleurites (Meek) Martinia glabra (Martin) Martinia glabra contracta Meek and Worthen Martinia levigata (Swallow) x | | - . Bee seca neo. Seer Bee Ka | [ee ees inet ve kia eee | SL, Ka ee ica. | Be tees ace | | aessceae lea Geass IBS Wot 2s. se a es ie i B/S ce Sy | See sae lagers? setect eee Sy aiave eta SL 1D OM ew ape es cueeeee Ka Ka Uijeteme sear 60 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. TABLE VII.—Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda—Continued. — Meso- | Neo- EKocarboniferous. carbon- | carbon- iferous. iferous. Species. 4 : misae| ae [ain | alu | lington. St. Louis.) ures. man | Meekella occidentalis (Newberry).........--.---------.-- | scam octets) =n \5,-1 2a a siete Miileateaer Meekella (?) occidentalis (Swallow) ..........-.----------|.- XX |cese - 4) -<- icn es eee Wueleospira Parris DIG: s27- on .na ace em eee mer cennes > BOmnnae Bema mad acs eo =| os co Orbiculoidea (?) capax (White)-.-..--.-----. SASL QOSsasn- | X |aewee ett |--55 2) eM) Sen eer Orbiculoidea capuliformis (McChesney) --.-.-.----------- Genoese Eeareoee brassy Xiileeesecee Orbiculoides convexa(Shumard) 9-2 22 os -os omen eee saan os 22) sence cee | ee ee Ki lct eee Orbiculoidea gallaheri (A. Winchell)..................... » Ga ES PEE [Sim sec) Orbiculoidea hertzeri Hall and Clarke...........---..---- x eed Gee Eco Peerennns Oxrbiculoidesiceo kaka (Gurley) ie arrtcinelots ares sola asa ae ee ee a | Ks I. 2.3 ceca. amie eee Orbiculoidea illinoiensis (Miller and Gurley) ..---.--.---- fpoooraad warssaselSce secs 5- De ea ae -hee= Orbiculoidea magnifica Herrick -......-.-.......-.------- X |. ee. tec .| esccen oe Orbiculoidea manhattenensis (Meek and Hayden) -.....-..|.--..-.. eeepereel ire ssa: Ki See aeees Orbiculoidea missouriensis (Shumard).......-.---.--.----|...-.--- leet he eee xX cgltssetesee Orbiculoidea (?) munda (Miller and Gurley) .............. POMPE r mentite er Silke bs Oxbiculoidea mitida; (Phillips) 2-3... s]- sess enna ce emcee el a eciaaer eeeeeeee oe ee eee ee Xa teease Orbiculoidea patellaris (A. Winchell) .....--...-..---.--. X |ascetiesis|$e--aeeeen| see Orbiculoidea saffordi (A. Winchell).............--------- | EC |........|.-:ce:-0ee| a Orbiculoidea sampsoni (Miller)-.............-......-..-..| X |e anwsicecfins ko. 08] Cee | eee +B Orbiculoidea subtrigonalis (McChesney) ----. 5255. --2-25-|2-22-<2-)n-2= ele eee Mii setae Orbiculoidea tennilineata (Meek and Hayden) ...-.-.-..--|....---.|-----=--|------0ce- ¢-) eee. 5 @rbiculoidea utahensis (Meek) 222.2. 2- . 2 mene nine aaiasnal oceans ei eee | SoS beeches as Orinenloidea varsoyviensisiiViOrthen) ease. cesses seas aeese nee K. | nccennete Caen eee eee eee Oxthis(?)clava A: Winchell seaas- se aeebeeceeasace ese XK |eeescct-s| tcl merad)s cee eee: | =eeeeweee Orthothetes crenistrius (Phillips) -...--.---.----..-.----.- lesen oe EC) ||... d.22552c oe ees eee Orthothetes desideratus Hall and Clarke-...-.........--- | MX Jocaicecc|esceereeeeQeeneee Orbthothetes insqualis (all) 2S a ae eee eee eee a X , lews<- deel ete esl eee eee Orthothetes inflatus (White and Whitfield)............-. XK lesecese dl se eee Orthothetes:lens ((White)|..--<-s~eeaa-te eee seine eee eee X _|Nsececainjies Sal sine eee Orthothetes umbraculum Authorssc-s as eseeeeseeeeeeere ls aeeae ee BC i ecste-2-2 eee eee Proboscidella (?) clava (Norwood’and Pratten)-.....2----}:-....--|o.--05-.|.<---ceeen aes Productellajarcuatakeall, {255-20 ses see ee eeeee cere nee en Ee Pere el Productella concentrica (Hall)...............------------- pa Es Peer life } Productella lachrymosa stigmata Hall...........---..-- SN eee ee) Spm Hee Productella pyxidatajHall eens eee eee eee eee XK ainaeciscels oc. cccsien! t Sener Productella shumardana Hall.............02.0002se0--<-- x. eeecweee | os ede dhl ee tProductella speciosa Hall... 2.2.1: -cssec-cecernceneaciese| |X |eace-odsl oes oee See eeeeeee ee Productus alternatus Norwood and Pratten.......---.--.|........ Ks. bon 5. ois] ees es Productus altonensis Norwood and Pratten............-.|.-......|.--.-..- L SE! | ,20c4 eee Productus ‘anriculatus Swalllowa-n-22.- see. neee nae ee ane acl ee neo else a) Ki Gee Productus bisinnatns Pall sso gece see wee eae oe cece sce eee SL. 4 2st see Productus, Dlairi Miller <- cose see ee nee eee eae eee X | cent ee ee ee Nernst Productusboliviensis/dOxrbigmyss.ss--c2ssese=es-5a2--0| 2 < nce se eee eee peer pd hes 1 Productus boonensis elevata Swallowe-eo.--0s--.<-c---2.)-se-- 5-0 |2seeesee eseeee eres 36 | Seer Productus buchianus de Konineke sss) sqsssec2e-.---2-ee-|-- 52. -eeleeeeeee | aan | X ahezereeee Productus burlingtonensis Hall............-......-...---|.------- IB! Y | Sesemtel aa |> oe Sea eee Productus carbonarius de Koninck. Carboniferous. a as ee a ee ee SCHUCHERT.} TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 61 TABLE VII.—Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda—Continued. Meso- Neo- Eocarboniferous. | carbon- | carbon- | lferous. |iferous. Species. hae. Se. i ‘Kinder- ae ar Fp oe Per- hook. | : Bur- | St. Tour aoa mian. lington. i : PREREMA ENA CONI Tae ORUS) CONTAM soso sina ence eee baits Hela s| sia ais wave af cwicaccnse|s esse bee, i A |eoSsi. St Productus cooperensis Swallow --....--.-.----------4---- eeEeceae | Ses 5o Biber sock lackey ca Serer HOnUN COUR Os ON DIPN Vr ~ cmtviecitace cain oc se eclsioee atone soe ceclece cess - eat Di ES sneeee Productus cora mogoyoni Marcou.........-...----------- fs 3 See Kel om ecwre| ine MORE Ss KX) ol Seeecss Productus coreformis Swallow -....-.-.-..---..--------+|-------- bososcse SI | be docrcng Woacesoe Productus costatoides Swallow..-...-.-.--...-.---------- eres eecesiad| Ca oae: 6 | posseans anaes costahue dey IeOninekess..2 Soo Sac caesar eoeeectdldvaseoss|heceicesd x4 x Productus curtirostratus A. Winchell. .........--.--...-. 5) |bEoeooee aseESocers terc-l ead nesrers ETOUUGtus Gola wari MarcOw<.- 35-526. -2c. css cansccces:|- cies cen We ne | Sec os Ie Sd occu soos Wire B one. Productus depressus Swallow. .....-..---.---.----------- eSaaccse eee ee ee eet ee iProductus dolorosus A. Winchell: -:..-.----.-0-.056.<55. > Sw SEE Reed Riba eee bncteocad tae one Productus duplicostatus A. Winchell.-..-....-.---....-. BT Sob esa conto sanind atocna ss aus soos Productus fasciculatus McChesney -.--.--....---.---..--.|-----.-. ears Mean laa oie see neenee Productus fentonensis Swallow .-......----.-.------..----|.--.---- Haina Haak eons peli hie Slat ject, 2+ Productus fimbriatus Sowerby .........--....--.-----.--. \ISasoso=s|ocbdonoe SL? x? | Ray ee PPC DUNE XISUEIUS MC OOW, saa o aio = = ae mc = seis ccosaccee|be cone saeco eee NG nosaaccac [few sts, Productus giganteus (Martin)..--.-....-..--...-.--..---|--------|-----... | Cae ca ceraete eee eee Productus gracilis A. Winchell..............-.-.....---. BS \emsceed aceon Saas] eogesoocd eeeianeds Productus gradatus Swallow --.----.-------.------------. lsoeaasze egies soe Nes frees 8 bere ery Productus granulosus Phillips....-......-....-.---- sessisl st isenterae CUE ea ers eee Sicha iid eons NEPAL PM OGLON a. ane ae csime a = tele mm nw tain aain ein iwo wien [ase ao | eect ensee xe Ae ee Productus hildrethanus Norwood and Pratten..---......|..--....|-.------ bees tt ody ky al Cae SEBUHC HUN MO IANeNSIS all - 20 == Fak eee senses enclose eiee acl ossese se Se ease sae ee Productus inflatus McChesney. .....-...----------.-.---- \Go2c0g 44 Pcoconed Keoecosesc > dee eee BROdNCHISTveSst NOWDEITY.--.---------.2---+--22--000=- |acosiade)| Reren ond eSsascsen > al ie ees Productus lsvicostus White------------...-..-....----- Oe Ul Secapcc|ssasceononliieCooccerbcocsane Productus lasallensis Worthen ..........-..------------- Bocencae| Sapccloas Seneren aM Dn | wees Productus latissimus Sowerby. .-..--.-..-----------.<.--- [ees el AL cos «Ae RN Oe Ere Ee Productus leuchtenbergensis de Koninck..-..-.....-.--. ioeases ac BSBre ree Beem eee EL eae Productus longispinus Sowerby? .....---.--.------------ ecinereieeteeceses2 escarseet ied Seca ee Productus longus Meek. Carboniferous. | Exoiucismarnicostatus Swallow. .:-.-..-22 ad See Productus marginicinctus Prout.-.......-......----..-+:|..------ \Soaeect | BIO eneee oped Besaceae EMO OMB INESAlIS Hall. oo ctw ca eee = ae a= ssel an ctetae 2 Lie ic scepasbaclladaascoc- | eeee aes Productus mesolobus Phillips. Carboniferous. | POU UCtUS MEXICANUS SNUMALG = = o-oo oe cnn ees t eo loeeenccafe-seces- (sve wid 5 Saul (aes ee Productus morbillianus A. Winchell .............-2.22-2.-------- lhe = WABI eee 2 1h 99205 Dh lhe} Productus multistriatus Meek. Carboniferous. Productus muricatus Norwood and Pratten-.-...-.-..-.-2..2...... estou wise ce Km erate iBroductus nanus Meek and Worthen’. - 2-0-2 .---2..222.|ssacencc|scs-ee -|soccacee- ALES Productus nebrascensis Owen. .....-..........------2---- OP eee es ere ante ee eee x x Productus nevadensis Meek ..-.-.....2.-0--52s-s2s-520- | Sena CA EC OSrEE fie) Aes Xi se EroductusmewDberryl Hall’ .-. 2222. soe cose sen ace Ne | eon EE lee ee Sires Sees Sac) satiscoac Productus newberryi annosus Herrick........---......-. na eed Cheerebose Sapncon ad asbet tien Productus nodocostatus Herrick...........-.------.--..- PoE Soasod peececpccs bergoce SAAS Fest CHU HOCORUSENGWDOLYY =. .-- - = ssa cata ae een see lacactsis|eocecaneloeoseeecles oa | eee UGE TOLWOOUL SW ALLOW > ae ES oe Seo eerie OS, xe salen Siar ehereterere XX! oeeedenre EC K alleseraoere SLi, |:dodceses|Seeeeeee SL x x Semmes eee Xt eeeeees boos cen 6 bee) era Ka. leecher: Sees sama ee ee XM] eenewos SL |asceeatee eee Sa renee > Sa SESE A. Ceeilsco | Sele eee eM cerer sees PR ee 7 XS | eeroeeos eieeicesucicte XK, Veeco SI, (tees |. Poses Sp benssscod se ciosso- SL” || sascecees tenes Bote reo a6 > SSSA, ai eines ere > a ee Pee is Ki lleecnreielotere faim eine ol eee & ol Seeeeee em fee tee XG pleweee cere OSE ee eres ale ereere K > NESE ASA »§ \eoaoo S54 ie | Peete Sa | BK oeaeenee B Dl tetetneverers DX; Sal cretarerstans x x seine traate | B Leoamares \ Kk SCHUCHERT. ] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 63 TABLE VII.—Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda—Continued, Meso- | Neo- Eocarboniferous, carbon- carbon- iferous, | iferous. Species. aoe ae é pote, Wie | kia eee | ne ; lington. St. Louis.| ures. | ex Rhipidomelia dalyana (Miller) ...........2..2000002-0--=+ ara 1 Me |e ak Bera Tei ay Gili GS) 1B. oe AR ae Ag SE Seecosecopacocee aos lobce ae pemeaca Siu leaseesose bsesess Rhipidomella michelini (L’Eveille)..........-....-------- Ke Sia hio5 | semiccaccas|(toemmc ces [Eee Rhipidomella missouriensis (Swallow)..-...------------- S| RB Seton ese ceatre aooe ad ool scenes Rhipidomella nevadensis (Meek). Carboniferous. | Rhipidomella occasus Hall...........-......-...--------- x |Gacocesriécavcsessd Boast. Jteeeeee Rhipidomella oweni Hall and Clarke......-.-.----------- , \catGssee Pecnseeaee scocousce tl eyaists nies anareOMe) la ECOsy (MAN COU) eesaecis cease asso clean tom ole ee reimel|e eno] == a7 <= Ma eee es Rhipidomella subelliptica (White and Whitfield) .......- oS lis onde-cree|Gboclsben ||sccocoocd Soonence {Rhipidomella thiemii (White)..............-----.------- Sd Bee rare Remar eer scd cae eoac os bocromes Rhipidomella vanuxemi pulchella Herrick. ......-------. DS ee Seed Seam booed poseadce. one: Rhynchonella acadiensis Davidson. ..-.- HMB AR PMECOOUSSE [eeaosas|S2sueicte| sedaoacees | X |eseeeee Rhynchonella algeri McChesney .........--..--.--------- I cenecedsescerce|ceodaacsce Ky \Seeseccse Rbynchonella arctirostrata Swallow ..........-.--------.|-------.|-------- WA |bccoticcd Harcksee Rhynchonella barquensis A. Winchell.......-..--..----- De Nseeaeea| (Seer caoace eee eee Ree Rhynchonella camarifera A. Winchell.......-...--.------ D6 Beasobes ASS Saeeers Gsocococoe Konmesae Rhynchonella carbonaria McChesney ..--.....--.--------|--------|--------|---------- OS \eeGaea be Rhynchonella cooperensis Shumard.-..........----.----- BK |seteones| bostocceta| posaossadllonscegse Rhynchonella eurekensis Walcott.........-.....--------- Bcaaucasboonecse WIG |bSS5ca555 etesoe Rhynchonella evangelina Hartt.....................----- eee ore Seeesses Ceccrenocn 4 ire miyuchonela vuad alu pe; SHUMALd. (ic ln ow eel eaa == =| eats colin mma enema emo |e Rhynchonella heteropsis A. Winchell..........-..--..--.- SE Ilocaeenodeanecsesre|eeoedecse | ScneeSne Rhynchonella hubbardi A. Winchell..-..-....---.------- | beconced SuseansSac|bocesadas Vie cpsissine eRe HONG MA 1G a PLAT G be oem eats oe mm eae ae om minim iein win oa foie alemicicie|=in = -\2 | em nen =e Bk ||saacssse Rhynchonella illinoisensis Worthen....-.....-.----------|-------- eee eee leaoacanaac eel -Dey ee Rhynchonella indentata Shumard.....................---|----0---|------6- [feet none x | Se siaisiaia'== iRnynchonella macra Hall -_..------- 2-2-3 neces a= == |SaLineeenlis comes SHA. |poaneesok eee Rhynchonella medialis Simpson.-.........-.------.------- 5 eg 0 a 2c a (eee s Rhynchonella metallica White ..........--.-------------- eee RE hey ae aii 7 2 MP loses. ns Rhynchonella micropleura A. Winchell ..........-..----- De I Pa aneca ier eeececal panaodady ABaSEe < Rhynchonella obsolescens Hall. .............-.....---.--- EB Sere ciniee | cantons alse ciecinons sas ace. Rhynchonella opposita White and Whitfield.-........... oo) Nheesop acl becesaboch hoocccacd ba soBana Rhynchonella perrostellata Swallow -.-.-..--..-.---------- Gesacoac | ihc ererets itp eaooones Soesaace Rhynchonella persinuata A. Winchell ................-- eee ess | RG” Sl re Ee nme none lla pleurodom (ehillips) ec... 2-254) eases aeese| oseece es |oeemmcios|a=-\-ecas~e Ga silezeesieee LES GLAS pao 8 ba eae eee ne msec cod SScpooed SbEeSeac SE |se-ascacelessseeus Rhynchonella striata Simpson .............--..-------6 Be EO ene Gecopecsed ReosOccod Seep a age Rhynchonella subcircularis A. Winchell...........-...-. ol | Sense fe coseisccs|sasece was emcee =.c Rhynchonella tetraptyx A. Winchell...........--.-...--- De | BedSan nd saesanaes Gaebeccod be eaease LE LARIAT eerie FS) Parnes a | he ee ead lane codied Seenanod base eerosc 3 eaSedade Fetus Cones chil ta MUO R= na noe sone acon - a esae on ais nc se's|/Sce acces 1 ot ea ee et Bec aacncd Paes eae Rhynchonella unica A. Winchell..........--..-------.--- D0) | ESESaned Bat eeee sas Peceneqee Sonee ase Rhynchonella whitii A. Winchell --.........-.---....--.. ee Se Sood Bees aoe BASeda sod Bae dasa Rbynchopora pustulosa (White) ..--..-...--..--.--. 200. M lissccas- (Seeman ees Sas Se See ae Rhynchospira (?) ashlandensis Herrick...........--...-. 36. |eeashsas ochesnase BAER lek Rhynchospira scansa Hall and Clarke................-.-- 36 BR enSaS bodemonara Bocencded hSseces- Romingerina julia (A. Winchell)..........-...---..------ Step || a tee ato Ue ale eee eite LET eee ae ed Schizophoria resupinata (Martin) -.....-...-..-------202.|-------- HGS Sees Cece ete y Ptcaee PAO N NOL TOSI DINOIES (COX) =o ace esa eee ac eect esis ao aciem ss |--ssccc|smceccteeesl! | oo \leemeenine PMSUZOTOLIG B WyitLLO VE EUS bess cet cca alc a tale ject mares a ways minal oc e's =m 1 eee esas sealebnaes 64 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. TaBLe VII.—Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda—Continued. Meso- | Neo- Eocarboniferous. carbon- | carbon- iferous. iferous. : Species. i. Keo Kinder-| kuk, | Kaskas-| Coal | poy. hook. | Bur- ington. SGverbb yur yen rawr (SME) ee oe eee eroScke soos essoces| ac ceeded [sn coocad aHatcos<- * xs peminula caput-serpentis (Swallow) -------.c sece sae aeem =| tose teiallee sa == ete ene sare Kee eee peminnla charitonensis (SwallOw)ieos.oco-4---- ome =aitees|eceetiace| == eescerl oe seeeeeer Ee oneal Seminula claytoni (Hall and Whitfield) ........---..----- MO | lema= = sl eee node = eee ee hone SeminuladawsonitallvandClarket..--cse sees aasesee esa acess saeco {hina sete Pela oe oe Sem Ma torm OSA (Swallow) eet = semis ce a aioe mnie one selon See eats GR Be poaeeed ibsoscseel|t.ssos6-. Seminulathawni(S wallow) oc cccmcceicc so -lsse mee eee cele ee tree | seen nee | Ce teeters > al eRe Seminula maconensis (Swallow).-...-.--.------ Saree ale meen (ta Meso Ke Saree cies Seminala parva (Swallow) ee seese cee cena see seit ee ee eee K |. .-sccseen teste eee eee Seminula persinuata (Meek). Carboniferous. Seminula (2) plattensis|(Swallow) -2-.-ss2 <0. -0.-n=so= lesetecetae Spinterjacnhicostatuside, Ronin ke jess an eeee ee nes see lee meee | meee sees Besancosc- ea ad eh Be: Spiriteracelains Meek coos. -)s< asec 2~ cose sees sa ceseeelt apices EC! 2-2-0202. | ce -eeeine Seen Spirifer albapinensis Hall and Whitfield..........-.-..-.. aed PRE PRE ae Nocecace al lsscccn-- SpinitomannectanssWial COLb=. sete sees eee see emsinn ee loccineices Cal BEREASernd Sosecoses|essccc - Spiriterjbiplacatus eal seem see ae cesses se sa x Spirifer boonensis!S wallow... 25. .-20-<50a- s--|on-- eee BE | so seseeee) ae Spirifor Litton: Swallow 3-200 e- cree mele cee <0 See eeeee| he ee ee | sae >} ln Benen occs. Spirnifer lopani Hall oss a5 esse eee aoe woes ee eee serene A le ear Ramee aa esorc. - ppirifer marcoul W Aaeen fq sancti Sees mo ena eae on eee neemmees |eeieee tee eames ese Spirifer marionensis Shumard...:....20...200cenceccccane KX |leae ccc eecsccccesltee eee an SCHUCHERT. } TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. TaBLE VII.—Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda—Continued, Species. Meso- | Neo- ecarbon- carbon- iferous. iferous. PPiOuer MOK SWALLOW ~ <6 6 ese ccc access ener cnesens Spirifer mexicanus Shumard Spirifer missouriensis Swallow Spirifer mortonanus Miller Spirifer mundulus Rowley .............-.-.-----..0----e- Spirifer mysticensis Meek ...........-......4-.00.--0---- Spirifer neglectus Hall Spirifer newberryi Hall Spirifer novamexicanus Miller Spirifer oregonensis Shumard Spirifer osagensis Swallow Spirifer ovalis Phillips. Carboniferous. Spirifer peculiaris Shumard Spirifer rockymontanus Marcou Spirifer rostellatus Hall Spirifer rostratus Morton Spirifer scobina Meek. Carboniferous. Spirifer sillanus A. Winchell Spirifer striatiformis Meek Spirifer striatus (Martin) Spirifer subsequalis Hall tSpirifer subattenuatus Hall Spirifer subcardiformis Hall Spirifer suborbicularis Hall Spirifer subrotundatus Hall Spirifer sulciferus Shumard Spirifer taneyensis Swallow Spirifer tenuicostatus Hall Spirifer tenuimarginatus Hall Spirifer texanus Meek SHiniemuuconalign Marin). <= itecccec oensects =acesce=o Spirifer vernonensis Swallow Spirifer vernonensis ozarkensis Swallow Spirifer waverlyensis A. Winchell Spirifer winchelli Herrick Spiriferina aciculifera Rowley Spiriferina billingsi Shumard epiniierina binacuta A. Winchell -. 6.5.0. .60<0-5- 0000s Spiriferina clarksvillensis A. Winchell Spiriferina cristata (Schlotheim) Spiriferina depressa Herrick Spiriferina gonionota Meek Spiriferina norwoodana (Hall) ............----..-----+--- Spiriferina octoplicata (Sowerby) Spoiterina. polchraiMeek |< scs2cc ts sccev esc, ose se sciie mpiriterina solidirostris White .........c0sccescce-ccecue Spiriferina spinosa (Norwood and Pratten) Spiriferina subelliptica (McChesney) Spiriferina subtexta White Spiriferina transversa (McChesney)....... aidlaaia’afala sercco'ars Bull. 87 5 See ie a es EKocarboniferous. Keo- ] Kinder-| kuk, | Kaskas- hook. | Bur- ee lington. ." Bt. Sek BB tlevetesas toe Dope Noh eetateic| cya wtslclesva me s fafaleiesele TONS SSS Sconce BS cenit Be ee BUH SAEs | Linas SSE KEN |Pob ee e8] | > elbScaconclbooenconcd Wranidooc SE cain eerste SNP ese genlesonoctots 4 |lnnoewood nocoracans DSi eee 1G Sebo ee ee es \'o satleteleie’sie | IS lRedssqodleconosead, | DM Wikc hone aAlodactnodos x Bo-|ersets see Bete HORIAL SL SX eld adae Ad lSeensnsces Bs iaced Ecastreese SL sis kb oath 0 GE le Sare ace 2 Whoneo adlosooabecon Pw eos llcHesooeces Lap ekees K SL bch extee a eA eSeesooote jathetedlesesdede EC DNS shaas Bi loco Gao. < D€ al Weardsod as sond sas. Se eabSR eee los6cc-- sor SG gillS irk Spal eeceiate stores Xi, Souasens | Besaesteet Paine raep By leeacmnctaele ia le tatateta ere |eeeeeeeee- We Sse 5 sa laassocic Sse Pecks Hel leeeuce SL DS NERS COCO Coe SoUC DOE velstepts a4| clea sai Ka Swadema Kets) 32 acescmse Beaieisetai IBS| MS Se.coeaae! Bodice o's «Niece tates Ka 66 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (BULL. 87. TABLE VII.—Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda—Continued. > i Meso- | Neo- 1 Eocarboniferous. carbon-|carbon- — iferous. | iferous. i Species. ae ae a inder pu | ugar foul | Dow | ; hington: St.Louis.) ures. EUS 4 Streptorhynchus (?) multistriata Meek and Hayden..-.. | EHS Bee | Sees Sry aceeaeee Streptorhynchus ulrichi Hall and Clarke ..-..---.--.----)..-..... eae Ka) |eccceccee | eee | Stricklandinia (?) subquadrata Herrick.....-.----..-.---|.--..-.- ened Nea et se pee eee j Strophalosia beecheri Rowley. ...------------------------ evapo loccemeeclettodes stl tae 1 Strophalosia cymbula Hall and Clarke -..-..--.------.--- SAE eel Ki jecesas25n0| semen eee Strophalosia (?) guadalupensis (Shumard)....------..--- hi Ue ae xX) \|eeeenees q Strophalosia keokuk Beecher <<. 2(-- <2 se 2 een ee if eee K | oa cweebh cal Senses eee Strophalosia nummulina A. Winchell....--.--.---------- XK ececees.| 05 2.h0o4] Bees een : Strophalosia scintilla Beecher..........-----------=------ X |eaeeewes |e cece mee | seee eee Sees J Strophalosia spondyliformis (White and St. John) -.------|........|.--..--.).--.------ rT tesieee's | Strophomena (?) nassula Conrad. Carboniferous. j Syringothyris angulata Simpson ...-...---.------.--.---- X. | sbecck oflbacctced she tees eee eee y Syringothyris carteri (Hall).--.......-.--.-.------------- x BS) .2cecentees Sasa eee Gee Syringothyris extenuata (Hall)...........-..-.----------- X | pncenwee| tenn ceceenlleeen see) Seen Syringothyris gigas (Troost), Lower Carboniferous. Syringothyris herricki Schuchert.....---------.--------- KX locececd loscbecccen se eee ee ' Syringothyris missouri Hall and Clarke....---.-.-------- X,, -lsehies- dls omsbh ees beeneeees eens Syringothyris) (2) plena; (Mall) 27-5. 2-2. - sae sein eee na oe By |isciece='2 ee eeeees eee Syringothyris randalli Simpson .-....---..-----.--------- KN ain. a) nce cides eee eee Syringothyrisitexta (Mall) =o sso 22. oe see amen een aa x KK | Aseeeeacesies Site eul eee Perebratula bisacula McChesney, s-c----=- 5-6. ememe=nel| oes eee sleeps Ka jncceeeece|eeeeenee Terepratula brevalopata, swallow: s2ssseeeaseece es cieee ee eaece see ae eee SL. |ssac:26.4 sees Terebratula inornata McChesney -.-.-----------00 -c0-20-|¢ 22-2206 K SL | pe Goesne TNerebratula lapillus Morton 25-02. 2.-nci- ae mes mee as eeeesees|= coro eee | i Aoaaaoer Terebratula mexicana Hall 2227 2. Joc seks sets elemaacine | aeciec eet] See | hee ete DS Mn) (EES oP Perebratula perinflata Shumard:- 22-2. s--e-nc reso swe eels a+ eee sens ele | X iuleGiesaetes Terebratula subretziaforma McChesney..-...-----.-------|----.---|---.---- Kia. hiss eee Terebracula swallowana Maller 2222-2 Son cei cenie ena nttee |e ocionisete|saee cise Kia. |scceeaseeieeeee Terebratula utah Hall and Whitfield..........--..------- X vil acecideelh occketa tec Cael ee eeaeenae Morynifer criticus Halland| Clarke -<- ..scecee nem eee =| anes ele SS} Peel Pec |S 52- 5 - Number of Carboniferous species, 478. Number of species in each division ..........-..--------- 156 93 74 158 9 Number of species common to the Kinderhook and the OLUNELAiVISIONS s s* 52sec ache ease monte eee aleeer sein aeeiaee 9 0 0 0 Number of species common to the Burlington-Keokuk and thelother divisions:—---- <=.) 6-5 asec eeiate nema 9\<) | sterciccteee 5 4 1 Number of species common to the St. Louis-Kaskaskia andthe other divisions == 22. <) | Sameer eae accishd Terebratula trinitatensis Guppy. Trinidad ..........-...-. > a Fre ee ee eeOe Terebratulina gracilis (Schlotheim).......--...2..2.-+-+-2+-- X- | ee ee Terebratulina lachryma (Morton) ..--.....--..-..02--...-.--. Mc toe cence eee Terebratulina tejonensis Stanton..........-.........---..--- X |aseccedsee| scenes Eee eee Wraldheimmia kennedyaDall io Sc ccccc cet sievewwie seas cieee = -l|qeeeee- == ae Beinn as Scloscedctece = Number of species in each division.........-..---..--------- 9 5 | PURE GTA TNO TH OTe) [O LISY;S ope ta ralapete iat l= alale ta ete late ole alae elela elateleteretateteta | eter le seyaiet= oDasae acc pen Deeore ons GCistellaicistellnlai(Wiood)izc..ccen ec -scinec ste ceivincs cieeieinaitae os)) sme ae ee Rex =e Se OAR Aa Dallinatoridans(2OULLALESS) ao seleleeeieiresiel= ese in eleiseta sie | Seemiae sete | eee 36 Nee See ID TES RW CEY Ei er a ea (Merb) soe soe ope camo caoeodananeaoneupaSellecessonacdleeascce Tce K lege eseaee Disciniseaycumingl (Broderip) e-em ae =e aa ainecieeiele cece sn) cine sicls oe sel == sansa ae x Birieleia Nall) ae oes cra leinia wieate | < acqueus califormions (MOH) )c- secscwie nas om aw ainicisieieleleeietelat~ «ata aU f= a Ue o o>) wa = oO FS oO A *Ampbocoslia planoconvexa (Shumard) ..........--|.-.- 2). .--..|.-----|.-.-06 > MR Reef |= eee LEN Bae * Amphigenia elongata (Vanuxem) ..-........-----|....-.|.-----|.----- By | Sode| penne silencese se aH Anabiz£ paraia Clarke. -.-.- 2.24.22. se00-- 02-02 -|eeeenn| ese - == 2. Soe Roe oso pocdsal tetore iar * Anoplotheca flabellites (Conrad) ..-.......-...-..|-..2..|..----|------ Mi hameteallte wee alee eer alternate OAM AEOUCEONIa COUA MM mee ein a cee nie oe sem cece m|awnecc| oom malate ainias ae aa ee ROB AC eee Peumuncllai arcil Ac Wlricht. o-<.- sess scene. aneleqsecalsece ss loaece PEG ah ead pee Seal att BLED MEMREGNE LANES I VEU Aty UNION eiameia ric Seems irecmalaaawiceleecct cleaves + OS | |laccettnleos one pemena|sanc ae HOKE LesAMaAZOMICA DOLD: - c-\n0 aa nse can =-\ === 2|o seen onenns|a=-men! cee = Se leooeice frseeee | ees Haneres Gh Aron ACMU MICH 5 .2-- se ccsccessancccsct|seeccleeeteseasce< og. Pescce badass le baiest Iemer ys Chonetes comstockii Rathbun ..-.....-.--.----....|..0<0-|.----- |enaees Pail eect ees loa eaccsllee sie <= Choneresicuruaensis Rathbuny-.-----..sscce-sce2s|secens| cn == | sae ode lec cise tna ee Sesame) Chonetes falklandica (Morris and Sharpe)......--.|--..-.)------ Ha ie > pe ieee | 7A ee ae ND» MUONELON TECLEGAS LUG AGH DUMace ons eas cece ces veiccs|saccicic| cm acec|oseees Pee seca esp Leen tN Cie CHRISTMAS! OD EM AGN 7 Saas eee Sactecoces sae0se0 6aseoo aosbed) |jcecere seeeec| Dal me te lake eddie ee A * Chonetes granulifera Owen....-.....--....---2.2.|..-..- eases RSE | apenas | eS Eee anise oanise seared Chonetes herbert-smithi Rathbun -................|...-..|-.----|------ ee lecistatsrell siete eta [osme ce aid. honieresonettiana Raihbunecssscccesesccesencoscc|ssecsalboeces|ancce > Gua eral ARE ete Ka lets SEHOHGUCS NOG KA Ate WIPIGH cs «2 s,sicciscsescccwcei-cesce|seceas|escecc|ascs4e x | rameters | seeeaeleoncae eee Be SERB OTONIA LL Delo A WUTC sceeean acct a \s/a(sio Re | nee oe *Chonostrophia complanata Hall?............----- [eteee ceeeee eee x | Bassa ee 5 fetes yas &. * Cleiothyris roissyi (L’Eville).............-.....-. (eas Sa eerers at ceel ec. ee. tale eee [2 ene sr Clitambonites adscendens (Pander?) ...........-.-. Bixee) > ad aed See at aS Ib Peg meh sy. > Cyrtiina(?) curupira Rathbun 12222225... secescces|ensesa|encces aaanee aged eel al | ee ee (Seren eee Dalmanella (?) nettoana (Rathbun) ................|.-.---|....-- | eases | x eens Heal arc |pweeee pres Derbya correahus (Derby) -.--.-.......-.-----.---- ese ll eae eee laarcterecs SOE eee oneenee pSse8e Melasma nochstetteri (Toula) ..2:055.....2.2.02-c)o0c..-]-00--- prerel: [adits Ke | Seer [Ere em Bees Dielasma itaitubensis (Derby) -.....-........-..--- eee Sd mn | Cote It ce Ae Dee allt ay Bes al ant PINKeLOUGS ANC (CLOLDIONY)i< al (ASS eer (Samer Pe easel reed ae aac Pip nlasmaremanni MOnCKkG-.-cscccssccc seen ecee|saees|s-lec [Paes sons slime cass hcl gal ech eae lemons rodrignezii Rathbun: :.-.<-<-2-losccsacepclecsace |e ocees | see ie Sah leah le = Fee de Pero apAtliata.V ANUKENI. >= .Sccaosos cee cease cnloceesic|oanecsl|socewe | XK: |ecawes|ocnees ore te|aosnes Lingula stantoniana Rathbun ...-..... Shae Sata AN aa aga x so2ens patie ate be Lingula submarginata d’Orbigny....-......-.-----|.----- Se EL eal wonton ae hes SOs eee. SPALL ALN CACH SOW ELD yemnct nec on stncti sos setae ee mciadlocseme a esecs|omesta= lessees | 5S367¢ 0 |secees NIGMISLONS PISKOW ica. WITCH: ccc. cccccne cemmsen|.cnzas|oceace|oes one 3 ernane | pee Ay AH bade 4 | ape ® Notothyris (1) emithii Derby ..........--ses-20ee-[eeeee-|enceee porte rm tek Papaya ee Orbiculoidea baini Morris and Sharpe ...--......-.).-----|.----- \seaeer Saal EEA Reemecl bases aaa * Orbiculoidea lodensis (Vanuxem) ..............2.|.-----|--0- | eres | tM SBS as sca bec ihe. 70 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. TABLE X.—South American fossil Brachiopoda—Continued. Species. Orthis buchi d’Orbigny Orthis calligramma (Davidson) Kayser Orthis concinna Morris and Sharpe Orthis disparilis Kayser Orthis humboldti d’Orbigny Orthis (?) pectinata d’Orbigny Orthis saltensis Kayser Orthis (?) sulivanti Morris and Sharpe Orthis (?) tenuis Morris and Sharpe Orthis vespertilio Sowerby seen eee eee e ee Orthothetes agassizi (Rathbun) Orthothetes tapajotensis (Derby) Orthotichia morganiana (Derby) *Plectambonites sericea (Sowerby) Productella mcuruensis Rathbun Productus batesianus Derby *Productus boliviensis d’Orbigny Productus capacii d’Orbigny Productus chandlessii Derby Productus clarkianus Derby-.......-.-...--------- Productus peruvianus d’Orbigny Productus reticulatus Gabb Productus rhomianus Derby ------/....-----.-..--.- * Productus semireticulatus (Martin)............-- Productus villiersi WOrbigny ss -ce.sece eee oes Productus wallacianus Derby *Reticularia perplexa (McChesney) Retzia (?) jamesiana Rathbun .................-..- Rhipidomella hartti (Rathbun) Rhipidomella inea (d’Orbigny) Rhipidomella penniana Derby Rhynchonella enigma (d’Orbigny) Rhynchonella anduin Gottsche Rhynchonella antisiensis (d’Orbigny) Rhynchonella antonii Gabb............---.....-..- Rhynchonella belemnitica Quenstedt Rhynchonella caracolensis Gottsche Rhynchonella ererensis Rathbun Rhynchonella manflasensis Méricke Rhynchonella pipira Derby Rhynchonella plicatissima Quenstedt Rhynchonella subtetrada (Conrad) *Rhynchonella pleurodon (Phillips) ; | d os I ~~) 2 a FI = & m .@) o) BS ee x DS |lstwretavers ARARSO Xx a eetetea= Sees x a55055 x | J | D | =) | S ies 5 | 3 SI | | 1 eee cee 1) ee) es |3| 8 Peale | he Ben a= rae XK, planers | mretintate Vassen varies | aseson [reseee x ale oseees | | | Iectaetes Kins BeAr is, x Aas x | On eee Sentai x rosa ss x sae x Raaane x Beane x Boose. x BE eRe x Seen SS x ee Xx BS Sa8 x oe ler PEN || ete x Beene x ae Sescic | x poets x | ae Sonn ene | PM Saaac Erk > ea ac5 SSAC S! xX | le rere famnpee 3) Gl netemee Xa openers tae x Sie x [BULL. 87. | ' i) ci ‘ % so ool nn oO 3S Qe a = Ss ~~ ~ uh > 7 | - B o | oe role: F)eesec0c Soret fall eet aaae eer. (Pease Gaccc= a eee (eared a i ee | ants sass > Sel [Stee A cee sess A BN ec e io Ssice |S |soceee ae J. scenes lee Sot A emeetee ee ee ewe eee ee ee ee SCHUCHERT. | TABLE OF SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES. TABLE X.—South American fossil Brachiopoda—Continue4. Species. | Cambrian. Rhynchonella tetreda (Sowerby) ------ praise ealactctclal saa Rhynchonella triplicata Quenstedt.-............--.|.----- Scaphioceelia boliviensis Whitfield ................ aoseee Schizophoria cora (d’Orbigny)......-..---.-.--.-.- [esta * Set (ERE (eeecree| [eee pct Wie geies Sp WA al Le 3 (eens (Es P| eee Bolt | ee NT a el | pie eae oN ee epas-| beac alae es ECO Soren CF TN see ea eee eT Saar Sp ote ee Da gee ll Sh eb oe 2 se pi eee tee 2 Dg es Sei! Meeep ha re way SOF eas |e be eae ee ee eee am ease Loses |s65eS5 0 ee ae eee eae a seed seas : seen Se 5 a a eee dal eee ee ae Boron : a | Bans sel oe aces UN ie eactee pc IN eens) ial gs ae ee ae caoead Eee Jes Pe eee Of lesscee pawiNer hoc! J [ro-° M eas mala aree te Uby lessees See Eee J ens Siete tall oor ri fae (epee | araetenal cca etare et eee. Rees ane de Jlwecees See OS ease | Pa eee Se ee eee areas 8 Si ee BES lets [ee x F 72 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. TABLE X.—South American fossil Brachiopoda—Cortinued. | ye Wo, } =| Bi Sie ney kae s,s . _ 2 A 5 - 2 Nez Species. 5 ‘S I 3 a | 2 3 eo is ay | nD =) 3 = - fa 5 =) nes a — =| 3 5B bs ce A ins 5 q ag = =| 2 os =| 2 2 'é) fe} m | A SS OF jae ‘Lerebratula'suboy.oides) Roemer! «5.0 5353.2 cs. ie == |2 iste peewee hemes laces eeleee ee A eee eoee 5" Terebratula'subnumismalis Davidson ..-- ----5-2<-}2.--5|)-22-|oce cere lmsecenpeeeeee Be eee eet Mrireria:(4) marzaridac(Derby) sss 40 sree cece ee |leeemee| be seeeeeee sel % eos sche eee ee ee Drigeria((?)wardiana (Rathbun) }-o 2-2-5222 -cleen=-s\engecelenosas X:, | oo ae iat ae a eel ote ee Wropidoleptus'carinatus (Conrad)... 25 2e sass] he aoe eee eee X | eiaics:0:5 lhe rete he | eee eee WVitulina pustulosa Halli ~-- 52.2225. t see esese = |Siseee|eeeeselecccce|) 3X) }seeeee Sees eee Number of South American species, 159. Number of species in each system..........-.---.- Number of species common to South and North America, 28. ORAP TER It. BRACHIOPOD TERMINOLOGY APPLIED TO FOSSIL FORMS. Adductor muscles.—In the Protremata and Telotremata these muscles have their ventral insertion one on either side of the central axis, between the diductors. In passing to the dorsal valve they divide into four, and produce in that shell the two pairs of principal scars known as the anterior and posterior adductors. By contraction these muscles close the shell. In the Neotremata they are the essential muscles, so far as scars in the fossil shells are concerned, the anterior adductors closing the valves, while the posterior pair serves to open the valves. In the Atremata there is a simple pair of adductors placed near the anterior extremity of the visceral area. Anterior region.—That portion of the shell in front of the transverse axis and opposite the pedicle opening. Apexv.—tThe place of initial shell growth. It may be the most pos- terior portion of the valve or may be situated pear the transverse axis. Brachidium (Hall and Clarke).—The caleareous brachial supports of the Spiriferacea and Terebratulacea. Cardinal area.—A more or less well-developed triangular area on each side of the delthyrium, distinctly set off from the general surface of the shell. It is best developed on the ventral valve of articulate brachiopods, but is also present on the dorsal valve, and generally in a rudimentary condition in many inarticulate species. See Deltidium. Cardinal extremities.—The terminations of the hinge line. Cardinal process.—A variously modified apophysis, situated pos- teriorly at the center of the hinge of the dorsal valve in articulate brachiopods. ‘To it are attached the diductor muscles, which by their contraction serve to open the valves anteriorly. Cardinal slopes.—The inclined surfaces extending from the umbonal slopes to the hinge margins. Chilidium (Beecher).—A plate, in appearance similar to the del- tidium, covering the exterior portion of the cardinal process in many Protremata. Its development does not begin until early neanic or later growth, and is probably secreted by the dorsal mantle lobe, Crura.—Processes on the dorsal hinge plate of the Telotremata and some Protremata, to which are attached the fleshy brachia and bra- chidia. These usually form the inner walls of the dental sockets, and may be supported by septal plates. Cruralium (Hall and Clarke).—The dorsal equivalent of the ventral spondylium, being formed by the convergence or union of the crural plates in the Pentameracea. 73 14 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA,. [BULL.87. Delthyrium (Hall and Clarke).—The triangular aperture transecting medially the cardinal area, or the posterior surface from the apex to the posterior margin of the ventral valve, through some portion of which the pedicle passes. It has also been termed the jissure or foramen. The delthyrium may or may not be closed by a deltidium or deltidial plates. Deltidium.—A plate of one piece which grows over the delthyrium of many Protremata and some Neotremata. In the early larval stage of Thecidium this plate begins as a secretion from the dorsal side of the body segment, and becomes anchylosed to the ventral valve in the phylembronic stage, subsequent additions being secreted by the body wall and pedicle. The convex or concave central portion of the ventral vardinal area in some Atremata is not homologous with the deltidium. It is but a part of the area, and does not have its origin in the prodel- tidium, as in Thecidium. Deltidial plates—Two plates growing medially from the walls of the delthyrium after neanic growth. These usually unite medially, and close the delthyrium more or Jess completely. They are restricted to the Telotremata, and are secreted by extensions of the ventral mantle lobe. Hall and Clarke introduced the terms deltarium and deltaria for the same plates, and for the coalesced condition of the deltaria, Bronn’s pseudodeltidium. Dental plates.—Vertical plates supporting the teeth of the ventral valve. Dental sockets —Excayations in the dorsal cardinal margin in which the teeth of the ventral valve articulate. The inner wall of the socket is elevated and forms the base of the crural plate. Diductor muscles.—In the Protremata and Telotremata the principal pair of diductor muscles has the larger end attached to the ventral valve near the anterior edge of the visceral area, while the other end has its insertion on the anterior portion of the cardinal process. There is another pair of small accessory diductor muscles, but these are sel- dom shown in fossil shells. By contraction these muscles open the valves. Dorsal valve.—Usually the smaller and imperforate valve and the one to which the brachia are always attached. Brachial, hemal, socket, and entering valves are other terms more rarely employed. Ephebic (Hyatt, emend. Bather and Bueckman).—Designating the mature shell. Foramen.—A small circular passage through the deltidium or del- tidial plates, either below or at the apex of the ventral valve. Some- times the foramen encroaches by abrasion upon the umbo of the ventral valve. Genital markings.—Radial markings or pits within the posterior portion of the visceral space, indicating the position and extent of the genitalia, SCHUCHERT. ] BRACHIOPOD TERMINOLOGY. 15 Gerontic (Hyatt,emend. Bather and Buckman).—Designating old age. It is indicated in the ontogeny of many species of brachiopods by ex- treme thickness of the valves, obesity, or by numerous, crowded growth lines near the anterior margin, a condition which sometimes produces truneation and absence of strive at the margin. Hinge line. —The line along whieh articulation takes place. Jugum (Hall and Clarke).—The transverse band and its accessory processes uniting the spiralia. When this band is medially incomplete the parts are termed jugal processes. Lateral areas.—That portion of the shell on each side of the ventral axis. Listrium (Hall and Clarke).—In some Neotremata a plate closing the progressive track of the pedicle opening or pedicle cleft, posterior to the apex of the ventral valve. Longitudinal avis.—A median line through the shell from the beak to the opposite margin. Loop.—The calcareous brachial supports of the Terebratulacea. It is usually composed of descending and ascending lamellwe, united by a transverse band. Median septum.—An internal vertical plate commonly developed along the vertical axis and between the muscles of the ventral valve. Sometimes there is also a dorsal median septum. Lateral septa are rarely developed. Neanic (Hyatt, emend. Bather and Buckman).—Designating youth- fulness, or the stage in which specific characters begin to develop. Nepionic (Hyatt).—Designating the smooth-shell stage succeeding the protegulum. Pallial sinuses.—Two convergent or divergent primary sinuses of the circulatory system, traversing the mantle and originating in the poste- rior medial region. They usually have numerous secondary branches, and both often leave impressions in the shell. Pedicle.—The flexible muscular organ of the ventral valve by means of which brachiopods may be attached to extraneous objects. Pedicle muscles.—In the Protremata and Telotremata one pair origi- nates on the ventral valve at points just outside and behind the diduc- tors and another on the dorsal valve behind the posterior adductors, while the opposite ends of both are attached to the pedicle. Besides these, there is an unpaired muscle lying at the base of the pedicle, attaching it closely to the ventral valve. Platform.—See Spondylium. Posterior region.—That portion of the shell back of the transverse axis and toward the beak, or apex. Primary lamelle.—The primary descending bands of the spiralia, the posterior ends being attached to the crura. Prodeltidium (Hall and Clarke restricted).—The third shell plate developed in the earlier embryonic growth of species of Atremata, 76 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Neotremata, and Protremata, and subsequently becoming more or less firmly attached to either the dorsal (Atremata) or ventral valve. Protegulwn (Beecher).—The initial shell of brachiopods. It is smooth and of microscopic size, in outline being semicircular or arcuate, and without cardinal areas. Protractor muscles.—In the Lingulacea one pair has the ventral ends fastened at the anterior extremity of the visceral area, extending back- ward and inserted near the lateral margin of the dorsal valve, outside the rotators. A second pair originates just behind the adductors of the ventral valve, and is inserted posterior to the first pair. These muscles draw the dorsal valve forward. They are apparently present in the Obolidze and Trimerellidze, but their position is different. Pseudodeltidium.—Properly this term applies only to the united con- dition of the deltidid plates in the Protremata and Telotremata. It is provisionally applied to the concave or convex medial portion of the cardinal areas in Atremata and Protremata. Retractor muscles.—In the Atremata these extend from the outer lateral margins of the visceral area in the ventral valve to its anterior extremity in the dorsal valve, and serve to readjust the dorsal shell. Rotator muscles.—In Lingulacea these are situated posteriorly just in advance of the umbonal muscle, two on one side and one on the other. By their contraction the dorsal valve turns alternately first in one direction and then in the other. Septal plates.—Plates supporting the crural processes, also known as crural plates. Spondylium.—A plate in the Pentameracea, formed by the union of converging dental piates, to the upper surface of which are attached the adductor, diductor, and pedicle muscles. The spondylium may rest upon the ventral valve or may be supported by a median septum. This plate is rarely present in the Telotremata, but more commonly in the Atremata, where it is known as the platform. There is some- times developed in the dorsal valve a plate similar in appearance to the spondylium, but different in origin, and known as the cruralium. Spiralia (Beecher).—The calcareous spiral brachial supports in the Spiriferacea. A connecting jugum may be present or absent. Syrinz.—A tubular structure developed in the delthyrium of some Spiriferacea, opening ventrally and partially inclosing the pedicle. Tecth.—T wo processes of the ventral valve of articulate brachiopods, serving for articulation. Transverse axis.—A line through the shell from right to left, midway between the beak and anterior margin. Umbo.—The elevated or prominent portion of the valve anterior to the apex. Umbonal muscle.—A single muscle situated in the umbonal region of most Atremata. By its contraction the valves are opened anteriorly. In Obolus this muscle divides toward the ventral valve. ——<=a = se SCHUCHERT. ] BRACHIOPOD TERMINOLOGY. Gh Umbonal slopes.—The inclined surfaces about the umbo and opposite the cardinal slopes. Ventral valve.—The valve situated on the ventral side of the animal, and having in youth or maturity a delthyrium or pedicle opening through which the pedicle is protruded, except in Iphidea, Obolella, Lingula, ete., where the pedicle protrudes between the valves. Wher the shell is cemented to foreign bodies it is always by the ventral valve. It is usually the larger and deeper of the two valves. Pedicle, larger, dental, neural, and receiving valves are synonymous terms. OPA PE Rela. BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRACHIOPODA. ORDINAL DEVELOPMENT, ATREMATA. This order, which began in the Lower Cambrian, is represented by 199 species, or over 10 per cent of American Paleozoic brachiopods. Its greatest representation, both in species and genera, was during the Cambrian and Ordovician eras. A very marked decline set in during the Silurian and Devonian, with almost extinction in the Carbonifer- ous, where only Lingula and its subgenus Glossina occur. The terminal famities Trimerellidee and Lingulidz contain species which attain the greatest individual growth. Lingulidze has the long- est phylogenetic history. It is the last important and most specialized family of the Atremata, and manifests the greatest persistency and specitic differentiation. Lingula, the essential genus of the family, lived at least from the Ordovician system through all succeeding time, and is represented in modern seas. During this enormous period the only change observable is that in the ancient forms the viscera occupied a little more and the brachia somewhat less space. In the more prinitive types of Atremata, Obolacea, the shell is usu- ally much thicker and less chitinous than in the higher or derived families, Lingulacea. The shell is thickest in the Trimerellide and thinnest in the Lingulide. Irom their mode of occurrence in rocks it seems probable that Paterinidw, Obolidie, and Trimerellidie (=Obola- cea) never lived in the mud or sand of the sea bottom, as did Lingulide, Lingulasmatide, and probably Lingulellide (=Lingulacea).! The obol- oids in all probability had short pedicles, while the linguloids have very long pedicles. The long, flexible, tubular pedicle of Lingula, associated with the buried habit of the animal, apparently explains 1Since all the species of Obolacea are known only as fossils, it may seem hazardous to ascribe to them a mode of living different from that of Lingula. These shells had short peduncles, are round or oval, sometimes very gibbous, always comparatively thick shelled, and not decidedly phosphatic. The writer has never observed any species of this superfamily in situ transverse to sedimentation, or * in other words ‘‘on edge.’ In the Lingulacea the peduncle is very long, and the shells are elongate quadrangular, triangular, spatulate, or acuminate, and, as a rule, are decidedly thin and phosphatic. Recent Lingulas all live partially buried in the sea bottom, and not infrequently fossil species are found in situ, on edge, with their apices downward. Lingulops and Lingulasma also have been observed situated on edge. The round, thick shells of Obolacea are strongly contrasted with the elongate thin shells of Lingulacea. These peculiarities are in all probability due to mechanical causes. The Linguloids, with their long, powerful, and flexible peduncles, are buried in the sedi- ments, while the posteriorly pointed shell is an adaptation to the same end, caused by the frequent peduncular pulling on that part of the valves, 78 Be Se Re Oe w—- P . Sete’ ests SCHUCHERT. | DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEOTREMATA. (is, the cause for the thinness of the shell and the long, narrow, attenuated form of its valves. The ontogeny of Obolella and Lingula shows that one branch devel- oped directly from the Paterinidie to Obolidw and Trimerellidie, while another branch began in the Obolidz. The derived branch continued to diverge by changing the thick round shells of the radical stock into thin spatulate or elongate subquadrate valves, first in the Lingulellidie and culminating in the Lingulidie. The latter family then gave rise to Lingulasmatidie, which, in accordance with the law of morphologic equivalents, developed some of the internal diagnostic characters of the terminal family of the first phylum in the platform of the Trimerellide. Halland Clarke refer the genera of Lingulasmatid to Trimerellide, and thus the latter family, as understood by them, embraces two stocks having widely separated origins. This is peculiar, since they clearly understand the independent origin of these stocks, as will be seen by the following quotation, but more particularly by their diagram.! There is no single feature in the entire group of the edentulous brachiopods so striking as the great platforms in Trimerella and its allies, and it is rarely that so beautiful and well established an illustration of the attainment of such a remark- able resultant along two distinct lines of development can be presented. The writer holds that a natural family can have but one stock, a stock can have but one origin. Nonfunetional articular processes are developed in this order in a number of genera and at various times. Such are slightly developed in Trimerella and Monomorella, and more strongly in Tomasina, Bar- roisella, and Spondylobolus. In the Neotremata, articulation is also approached in Trematobolus, and in Crania a false hinge is sometimes developed in Ordovician species. A cardinal process so characteristic of the Protremata and Telotremata is faintly developed in Neobolus, Lakmina, and Trimerella of the Atremata. NEOTREMATA. The order Neotremata begins in the Lower Cambrian, and is repre- sented by 156 species, or over 8 per cent of the brachiopods of the American Paleozoic. It has considerably fewer species than the Atre- mata, and exhibits a lack of specifie differentiation, such as form and surface ornamentation. This probably is largely due to the fact that the pedicle is very short, or even obsolete, in this order, and that the pedicle foramen is subcentral, producing in the Trematide and Cra- _niidve more or less of a parasitic growth, while in the families Discinidie and Acrotretidz the great majority of species are circular or oval, with more or less cone-shaped shells. As in the Atremata, great tenacity of life is also manifested in this order, since its two essential families, Discinidwe and Craniide, have representatives throughout all time since the Ordovician system. 1 Paleontology of New York, Vol. VIII, Part I, 1892, p. 165. 80 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [sutr.87. Greatest representation in both genera and species was during the Ordovician, after which generic differentiation was practically restricted to the Discinidie and Craniide. Crania persisted throughout the post- Ordovician, and for longevity equals the atrematous genus Lingula. The percentage of widely dispersed species is about the same as in the Atremata, and likewise is greatest in those families with the longest phylogenetic history, as Acrotretidie, Discinide, and Craniide. Development was along two lines. In one a broad fissure (the most prinitive condition of the pedicle opening in this order) is retained as a mature character (Trematidie), Later geologically, and at the matu- rity of the individual in derived forms, the fissure is gradually closed posteriorly, leaving a long, narrow slit, at one end of which the pedicle emerges (Discinidie), The other line (Acrotretacea) probably developed and inherited holoperipheral growth in the ventral valve, very rapidly producing a small subcentral circular foramen, since this feature is already well developed in the Lower Cambrian Acrotretide, and in advance of the greatest development of the Discinidie. It is probably this second branch that gave origin to the degraded family Craniidie. The protegulum in the dorsal valve of Acrotretacea is probably always marginal, whereas in the Discinacea it is always more or less central, It is remarkable that Crania, so unlike other living brachiopods and occurring abundantly in the seas of to-day, has never been com- pletely studied developmentally or ontogenetically. The taxonomic position of the Craniide is therefore not actually determined, and Hall and Clarke incline to follow Waagen in regarding the Craniacea as equivalent in rank to the Atremata and Neotremata. These authors -write:! It is nevertheless to be observed that no trace of a former pedicle-slit incision or perforation is found on mature or immature shells, and it would be difficult to com- prehend in what manner such an essential modification of the shell could be wholly concealed by later growth. Were the pedicle marginal in primitive growth stages, and subsequently atrophied, the obliteration of the marginal opening by later resorption and growth would be a readily intelligible process. There is, hence, in this default of evidence, a good reason to doubt the close affinities of Crania and Pholidops to the Diacaulia [= Neotremata]. Present knowledge would seem to indicate that they were primarily of the type of the Mesocaulia [= Atremata], and that their resemblance to the Diacaulia is wholly of secondary growth. Waagen’s term for this group, Gastropegmata (or Craniacea), may therefore prove to be equivalent to each of these other two divisions. Brachiopod embryology demands a pedicle in the early stages of Crania. The ventral valve carries the pedicle, and it is always this valve which is attached by cementation or otherwise. The writer has observed in Yale University Museum a specimen of Pholidops ovata with a cicatrix of attachment, around which point growth is holoperipheral, as in all Neotremata. Specimens of Pholidops are sometimes pre- served with both valves in position and delicately attached to Bryozoa, 1 Paleontology of New York, Vol. VIII, Part IT, 1895, p. 325. SCHUCHERT. ] DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTREMATA. 81 from the Falls of the Ohio. These are believed to be actual and not chance attachments. In Crania cementation occurs very early and is complete, causing all obliteration of the protegulum and subsequent stages of growth in the ventral shell. That cementation does obliterate nearly all the younger characters is also shown in the remarkable gen- era Richthofenia and Ostrea. On the interior of Pholidops and Crania the four large muscular scars, which are more those of the Neotremata than of the Atremata, are arranged medially, in the center of which, probably, was the pedicle opening. Some proof of this is seen in the ex- cavated, posteriorly terminating muscular pit of Crania ignabergensis, which, if carried through the valve, will make the pedicle opening subcentral and surrounded by shell deposit. If an Acrotreta, Linnars-' sonia, or Conotreta became cemented, there would result practically a Crania. In no atrematous brachiopod is there the slightest indication of cementation, but where shell fixation does occur it is always (ex- cepting in Zugmeyeria and Thecocyrtella) in such as have the pedicle very early surrounded by shell matter, as in the Strophomenide and Productide. For these reasons the characters of Craniacea seem more in accord with the Neotremata than with the Atremata. The characters of Craniacea are certainly not of ordinal importance, and possibly not even of superfamily value. In the development of its pedicle foramen the family Siphonotretidze is unlike any other of this order. During neanic growth the pedicle opening was posterior to the protegulum, but later it gradually moves anteriorly through the shell by resorption, producing a narrow slit similar in appearance to that of the Discinidw. A pedicle foramen of the same nature is also developed in Kichwaldia and Dictyonella of the Protremata. As yet no explanation has been given as to the causes producing this aberrant development. The writer suggests that since these animals had delicate peduncles, with the shell elon- gate oval and sometimes cone-shaped in form, they probably stood nearly upright on their pedicles in early growth. Shell accretion being more rapid anteriorly, with the ventral side of the animal the larger and heavier, a tendency was initiated for the shell to lean against the ventral side of the peduncle. This pressure would produce resorption of the ventral shell anterior to the pedicle, and eventually, this tendency becoming hereditary, the ventral valve would lie nearly flat, with the pedicle emerging at’a great angle subcentrally. PROTREMATA. This order is represented by 738 species, or nearly 40 per cent of American Paleozoic brachiopods, and is eminently characteristic of the post-Cambrian Paleozoic systems. Like the Atremata and Neotre- mata, it is represented in the Lower Cambrian. It was not, however, until Ordovician times that the Protremata attained very rapid evolu- tion. In the Cambrian there are but 4 genera and 22 species, while in Bull. 87——6 82 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. the Ordovician there are 20 genera and 173 species, a specific increase of more than seven and one-half times the number in the Cambrian. Greatest generic differentiation occurred during the Silurian, where 30 genera appear. Then began a steady decline, with extinction in the Carboniferous of North America. In the Triassic of Europe this order is Sparingly represented by small species, and is there essentially restricted to the family Thecidiide, which continues to have living representatives in the Mediterranean Sea. ; The widely distributed species gradually increase in percentage from 14 in the Cambrian to 56 in the Carboniferous, and are most marked in the family Productide. This family is one of the last of the order to originate. The largest of all brachiopods oceur in this order, in the families Pentameride and Productide, exceeding the Spiriferide of the Telo- tremata. In the former family greatest size is attained in the Silurian during the acme of the order, and in the Productidie in the Carbonif- erous system. Productus giganteus of the Lower Carboniferous is the giant of all brachiopods, attaining a diameter of nearly 1 foot. In both these families the earliest species are small, but certain groups gradually attain larger and larger size with geologic time. Upon the appearance of the giants, vitality of the families, as exemplified in specific differentiation and robustness of individuals, is at its highest. After this these families rapidly decline, and the species dwarf far more rapidly than they developed to the climax. In the Protremata, as in the two previous orders, greatest specific differentiation does not occur in the radical families, but in those of later development. The Kutorginidie, Clitambonitide, and Billingsell- ide are the radical and, geologically, the oldest families of the Pro- tremata. These are best but sparingly developed in the Cambrian, whereas the younger families, Pentameride, Strophomenid, Produc- tide, and Orthide, contain over 95 per cent of the species and nearly 90 per cent of the genera. Orthide and Strophomenide, beginning in the Cambrian, are best developed in the Ordovician and Silurian systems, respectively; while Productid, originating in the Silurian, attained a climax in the Carboniferous. The latter family was one of the last of the Protremata to originate and has the shortest geologic history and least generic differentiation, yet many of its species have greater geographic dispersion. The Protremata are clearly divisible into two phyla, Strophomenacea and Pentameracea. The former superfamily has the greater number of species, and is characterized by the noudevelopmentof a spondylium or eruralium. The Pentameracea has, in addition to the deltidium, an inter- nal spoon-shaped plate, or spondylium, serving for the attachment of muscles, and a discrete or united cruralium. The superfamily Stropho- menacea in North America has 608 species, and represents the most primitive phylum, since it is far better developed in the Cambrian than SCHUCHERT. } DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTREMATA. 83 is the Pentameracea, and has almost without exception a straight cardi- nal area. The Pentameracea has 127 species, and its earliest forms also have straight hinge-lines in the 16 species of the families Clitambon- itide# and Syntrophiide; but the rostrate family Pentamerid, which attained maximum development in the Silurian, has 87 species. The Strophomenacea has living species, while the Pentameracea disappeared with the Permian. The cause for the rapid extinction of the latter is probably due to the high degree of specialization expressed by the spondylium. Two well-marked types of shell form are developed in this order. By far the most prominent is the group which includes the long-hinge fami- lies Kutorginid, Clitambonitide, Billingsellide, Strophomenide, Pro- ductidie, Thecidiide, and Orthide. The other group, represented by Pentameride, is largely rostrate in form, but occasionally also develops a Straight hinge line. This, however, is never so prominent as in the former group. In the Telotremata the general form is rostrate, but very notable exceptions are present in the families Spiriferidee and Terebratellidz, and occasionally in the Rhynchonellide and Athyride. The form of the shell, however, has no great taxonomic value, and can not be accorded more than generic rank, The predominating type of shell form within an order probably has phyletic value, since the oldest protrematous shells are long-hinged, while the telotrematous shells are usually rostrate. Nevertheless, as indicated above, in the derived forms of both orders there, are notable exceptions, and these changes are probably always induced by shortening or lengthening of the peduncles. Since Orthorhynchula has a well-developed cardinal area, it is not in itself ‘evidence of the first significance as indicating the source from which the extensive group of the Rhynchonellas originated.”! The oldest rhynchonelloids are rostrate shells (Protorhyncha? minor and P. ?ambigua of the Lower Cambrian), and the ontogeny of several spe- cies of Rhynchonella and of Zygospira has not revealed a long-hinged stage with cardinalareas. There is, therefore, no conclusive proof for the deduction of Hall and Clarke, “that some of the Rhynchonellide, early in their |geologic| history, occasionally retain a well-defined cardinal area, and that, in default of other evidence, the presence of this.char- acter may be regarded as indicative of the common origin of Orthis, the Strophomenide, and the Rhynchonellas.”? In this order far more than in any other is found the closure of the pedicle passage and atrophy of the pedicle, together with peculiar special adaptations which entirely or partially replace the functions of the pedicle. In the family Productidez the ventral shell develops more or Jess abundant tubular spines, either along the cardinal line or over the entire valve. These are always most abundant in, or are 1Paleontology of New York, Vol. VIII, Part IT, 1895, p. 336. 2Tbid., p.342. For further remarks bearing on this subject, see pages 93-95 on the significance of the prodeltidium. 84. SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [sutt.87. restricted to, the posterior region. The functions of the spines are to hold the animal to its place of habitation, for there is no apparent pedicle opening in these shells when mature. In others of the same family the ventral apex is cemented to extraneous objects (Stropha- losia), and in still others the spines clasp the object of support when smail (Strophalosia goldfussi and Etheridgina). In the Strophomenide the older species all seem to have functional pedicles throughout life, but in the Devonian, forms occur in which the apex is cemented to foreign objects (Leptienisca). Some of the Middle and Upper Devo- nian Stropheodontas show no trace of a pedicle opening when adult. In the Carboniferous cementation is far more common, and occurs in Derbya and Streptorhynchus; and when taken in connection with Strophalosia, Chonostrophia, Aulosteges, and Richthotenia, it is seen that nearly all the contemporaneous species of this order have devel- oped other methods for fixation than the normal one. In Richthofenia calcareous cementation is complete, and the modifications resulting therefrom have so changed the shell that the lower or fixed valve is very suggestive of a cyathophylloid coral, not only in form but even in shell structure. The chief cause for atrophy of the pedicle lies not only in the faet that this organ, in all long-hinged brachiopods, is short, but more par- ticularly in the fact that throughout this order, and in the Acrotretacea of the Neotremata, the young shells always have the pedicle completely surrounded by shell, and thus to a great extent limit its growth. Even among the Orthide, where the species geologically older often have thick pedicles, which is indicated by the large open delthyrium, they gradually diminish in size throughout the Paleozoic. In the Stropho- menidze the pedicle is never a thick organ, and shortly after this family gives rise to the Productid, in Chonetes, the first appearance of cementation takes place. This mode of attachment constantly increases in the different phyla to the end of the family histories. In the Productidze the early inheritance of a weak pedicle soon leads to its complete loss by the additional fixation developed. This additional fixation bas its first appearance in the cardinal spines of Chonetes, which are periodically developed by mantle extensions. The degen- eracy of the pedicle, once well established, is inherited at earlier and earlier periods by acceleration. The spines become more numerous, and are finally developed over the entire ventral valve. In the dorsal valve, the spines are never so long as in the ventral valve, and often are not developed at all, but are replaced by numerous concentric over- lapping lamella. As the spines begin to develop more numerously and longer, the ventral valve attains more convexity, with a strongly ineurved beak and the complete loss of a pedicle opening. Productus, therefore, does not stand erect on the cardinal areas, as in Chonetes, but lies on the ventral shell, anchored by the numerous spines. The spines are of the same nature as the shells, and never flexible. When SCHUCHERT. | DEVELOPMENT OF THE TELOTREMATA. 85 they came in contact with hard objects during their growth, they followed along or clasped the object of support. The slender shell-incased pedicle of the Strophomenacea probably leads to the growth of long, straight hinges for additional support, further weakening the pedicle and necessitating accessory fixation in four of its families, and finally occasioning in Inany species complete loss of this organ at the maturity of the individual. With the excep- tion of the Thecidiid, the order Protremata has become nearly extinet since the Jurassic era. TELOTREMATA. This order, though but 2 Cambrian and 20 Ordovician forms are known, is represented by 766 species, or about 41 per cent of all American Paleozoic brachiopods. It is as well developed specifically as the Protremata, and exhibits a far greater variety of structures. Telotremata was probably the last order to originate, and has the greatest number and variety of living species. Its highest develop- ment is in the Devonian, where 369 species in 50 genera occur, while 109 species are known from the Silurian, a growth more than five times greater than that of the Ordovician system. Here, too, as in the Protremata, considerable time was consumed in establishing a few primitive characters, and these are no sooner obtained than an almost sudden development of great specific and generic differentiation takes place. It is highly probable that no telotrematous Paleozoic genus continued to live through half the geologic time that Lingula and Crania did. Rhynchonella, a primitive genus of this order, is often said to have continued since the Ordovician, and Terebratula since the Devonian, era. This is now very doubtful, since Hall and Clarke have demon- strated that in all of the Paleozoic forms of these genera where it has been possible to examine their interiors none belong to Rhynchonella or Terebratula. In this catalogue both genera are recognized as oceur- ring in the Paleozoic, but this is due to the fact that the internal structure of those species is not known. Telotremata has three distinct types of brachial Supports, which readily serve to differentiate 3 superfamilies. The simplest, Rhyneho- nellacea, has but crura, and is represented in the American Paleozoic by 14 genera and 202 species, of which 66 are widely distributed. The superfamily Terebratulacea, having more or less simple V or W shaped brachial supports, is present with 19 genera and 78 species, of which 23 are widely distributed. In the structurally more complex super- family Spiriferacea, having spiral brachial supports, there are 41 genera and 466 species, and of these 161 become widely distributed. This again confirms the previously noted fact that the groups latest developed have the greatest generic and specific differentiation. In Spiriferacea this likewise occurred in the family Athyride. 86 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. If the percentage of widely distributed species within a superfamily is a criterion of its vitality, it will be seen that the Rynchonellacea begin in the Ordovician with 50 per cent and decline to 23 per cent in the Carboniferous. The Spiriferacea, also beginning in the Ordovician, have 50 per cent of their species widely distributed, becoming reduced to 20 per cent in the Carboniferous. On the other hand, the Tere- bratulacea were not widely dispersed in the Silurian, whereas in the Devonian their distribution reached nearly 30, increasing to 34 per cent in the Carboniferous. Since no statistics of the European Mesozoic and Cenozoic species of this nature are available, the writer can not determine whether or not the Rhynchonellacea continue to decline with such rapidity. It is known, however, that this superfamily has declined considerably in the Cenozoic and late Mesozoic. After the Triassic the Spiriferacea are essentially represented by Spiriferina, yet it too died out with the Jurassic, while the Terebratulacea, which manifested pro- eressively greater vitality during the Paleozoic, are believed to have continued so nearly throughout the Mesozoic into late Cretaceous time. Since then, however, they have also declined. In the ontogeny of Dielasma and Zygospira—loop-bearing and spire- bearing genera respectively—Dr. Beecher and the writer have shown that the Terebratulacea may not have been the last superfamily to develop, as was formerly supposed, and that it may have given rise, during early Ordovician times, to the spire-bearing superfamily Spirifer- acea. The Terebratulacea probably originated in the Rhynchonellacea, though no loop-bearing species are known until the spire-bearing forms are well advanced, or until early in the Devonian system. While some of the largest species of Terebratulacea are found in the Devonian of America and Europe, yet throughout the Paleozoic this superfamily is not a conspicuous one. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems of Europe, however, great specific differentiation and abundant indi- vidual development took place. There is but 1 species of this super- family in the American Silurian, while the Devonian has 50 species in 15 genera, an increase fifty times greater than that of the Silurian. In the Carboniferous a sharp decline set in, and the superfamily is reduced to 30 species and 8 genera. These facts suggest that either the superfamily Terebratulacea did not originate in American seas or—which seems less probable—that diminutive species occur whose interior characters have escaped detec- tion. Further, since the earliest American primitive genera, Rens- seleria and Trigeria of the Lower Devonian, have very large species, neither these nor Centronella can be the earliest adult representatives of this superfamily. When quite young, Zygospira, also, has a ‘“ecen- tronella-like loop,” and it is possible that the primitive Terebratulacea had their origin before the earliest appearance of Zygospira, or during the earliest part of the middle Ordovician era. The great majority of telotrematous genera are rostrate in form, but SCHUCHERT. | DEVELOPMENT OF THE TELOTREMATA. 87 at different times and in separate phyla straight cardina: areas are more or less well developed. In America, the oldest members of this order (Protorhyncha? minor and P.? ambigua, members of the family Rhynchonellidie) occur in the Lower Cambrian. In these species, and in the great majority of this family, there is no cardinal area; but occasionally this character is present, the earliest conspicuous example being the Ordovician genus Orthorhynchula, Among the Paleozoic Terebratulacea cardinal areas are seldom developed. A conspicuous exception, however, occurs in Tropidoleptus. But in the Mesozoic and Ceneozoic, in the family Terebratellidie, cardinal areas are very often present, and in living forms are accompanied by a short pedicle. It is, moreover, in the Spiriferacea, the youngest superfamily of the Telotremata to originate, that the greatest development of cardinal areas takes place. The oldest genera of the Spiriferacea are all ros- trate, as in the Ordovician Zygospira, Catazyga, and Cyclospira. In the Silurian the Spiriferidx tend to develop rapidly long, straight, and wide cardinal areas, attaining greatest development in the Devonian and early Carboniferous. This excessive development of cardinal areas is no doubt due to the shortening and decline of the pedicle, since in the Triassic system forms occur in which cementation is com- plete (Zugmeyeria and Thecocyrtella). Cardinal areas are also devel- oped in other families of the Spiriferacea, but in no case can such be traced to Ordovician long-hinged ancestors. In this order, more than in the Protremata, internal specialization of the brachia has progressed from a simple to a highly complex condi- tion. In the Protremata, in its latest developed superfamily, Penta- meracea, crura are also present, of the same phase of development attained by the Rhynchonellacea, the most primitive superfamily of the Telotremata. In this order, however, there are, with but few exceptions, no internal special structures, as spondylia. The special- ization in the Telotremata is expressed in the progressive complica- tion of the calcareous brachial supports. In the most primitive spe- cies of the Rhynchonellacea no crura are present (Protorhyneha), but in all later forms these appendages are well developed, and finally in the Trias and Jura attain very great length in Rhynchonellina. In the next more complicated superfamily, Terebratulacea, the crura in the primitive members have united anteriorly, thus forming the simple unchanging loop of Centronella and Rensseleria, which is also known to occur in the very young of some species of the highest superfamily, the Spiriferacea. The geological history of the loop has shown that the brachia have been constantly changing, causing more or less com- plete resorption of the hard parts and adaptation to later requirements. The progressive development of the loop is also repeated ontogenetic- ally and more or less fully in living terebratuloids. In Zygospira, the oldest known genus of the suborder Spiriferacea, the primitive loop of Centronella is reproduced in the earliest phase in 88 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [sutt. 87. the development of its brachidium. This is partially resorbed and changed in form, and to it is then added laterally the two spirals and medially the simple or, in the higher forms, the complex processes, or jugum. The volutions of the spirals in the oldest genera geologically are very few, but subsequently they become more numerous, and attain their maximum in the long-hinged Devonian and Carboniferous spirifers, where 35 volutions have been observed, with 24 in Atrypa. The form of the paired spirals varies but little except under the necessity of con- forming to the interior cavity of the valves. Their inclination and direction is a feature of much significance when considered with reference to the development of the entire shell. It is the loop, or to employ a term more appropriate in view of the homologies of the spire-bearing and loop-bearing shells, the jugum, however, which is subject to the most frequent variations in form, and which serves as the generic index. When the spirals are directed outward toward the lateral margins of the valves, the jugum seems to be much more variable than in shells where the spirals are introverted or take some intermediate position. In the latter there is a much greater variation in the position of the loop upon the primary lamell«e than occurs in the former.! GENERAL DEVELOPMENT. In the preceding pages it is shown that the four types of pedicle openings which serve as the prime characters in distinguishing the four orders, Atremata, Neotremata, Protremata, and Telotremata, are present in the oldest division of the Cambrian, the Olenellus zone. From the pre-Cambrian sedimentary rocks, or Algonkian system, prac- tically no fossils are known, though there is evidence in them that life existed. The fact that the Olenellus zone has a varied marine fauna alone indicates that the sea during Algonkian times must have swarmed with living things. When the enormous time represented by the great thickness of North American pre-Cambrian sediments is considered, or that of Bohemia, it is evident that ample time elapsed for life to attain the degree of complexity manifested in the basal Cam- brian zone. Kayser says that this pre-Cambrian time was “ probably so long that the beginning of the Cambrian period may be considered as comparatively a recent event.”’ Van Hise, in writing on thé same subject, says:* If geological history were to be divided into three approximately equal divisions, these divisions would not improbably be the time of the Archean, the time of the clastic series between the Archean and the Cambrian, and the time of Cambrian and post-Cambrian. In this connection it is well to recall that many years ago Logan suggested that the thickness of the Laurentian and Huronian may surpass that of all succeeding formations, and that the appearance of the so-called Primordial fauna may be considered as a comparatively modern event. In the Lower Cambrian there are not many species of brachiopods, nor is the specific differentiation in any order very varied, indicating ' Hall and Clarke, Paleontology of New York, Vol. VIII, Part II, 1895, p. 343. 2'Text-Book of Comparative Geology, 1893, p. 13. % Sixteenth Ann, Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, Part I, 1896, p. 760. SCHUCHERT. ] GENERAL DEVELOPMENT. 89 either that evolution in pre-Cambrian eras was much slower than sub- sequently or that the class had its origin late in the Algonkian. Cam- brian brachiopods usually differ fundamentally from one another, and do not appear to have been persistent, as but 4 of the 22 genera pass into the Ordovician. Differentiation also appears to have been slow during the Lower and Middle Cambrian, but toward the close of this system species begin to be more numerous and varied. In Middle Ordo- vician times all the orders and superfamilies are well established except Terebratulacea. The zenith of the class was attained in the Silurian and Devonian eras, but decline began during late Devonian, and steadily continued to the close of the Paleozoic. But 7 of the Car- boniferous genera are known to have survived the break between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. During the latter time the spire-bearing brachiopods pass out of existence, while the great Paleozoic super- family Strophomenacea is represented by a few small species of the Thecidiide, which continue to be represented up to the present time. After the Cretaceous system the orders Atremata, Neotremata, and Protremata are represented only by Lingula, Discina, Discinisca, Crania, and Thecidium. The Terebratulidz may have had their incep- tion below the middle of the Ordovician, but are not a pronounced Paleozoic group. However, in the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems the rocks abound with the shells of this family, and from that time on they are the chief representatives of the class. Lingula and Crania are present in the Ordovician, and, as far as can be determined, have persisted to the present time. Of the 49 families and subfamilies constituting the class, 43 became differentiated in the Paleozoic, and of these 30 disappeared with it, while but 15 continued from the Paleozoic into the Mesozoic. Of Paleo- zoic families, 6 are represented by living species, viz, Lingulidz, Dis cinide, Craniide, Thecidiidee, Rhynchonellide, and Terebratulide. Of the 327 genera now in use, 227 had their origin in Paleozoic seas, or nearly 70 per cent of the entire class, and of this great number but 8 are positively known to pass into the Mesozoic, viz, Lingula, Orbicu- loidea, Crania, Rhynchonella, Spiriferina, Athyris, Terebratula, and Hemiptychina. Besides these, Streptorhynchus, Cyrtina, Retzia, Mar- tinia, and Martiniopsis, are mentioned as occurring in the Triassic, but these species probably in great part belong to other genera. The Atremata, which contains the oldest and the simplest forms structurally, is represented by 29 genera, while the Neotremata and Protremata have 30 and 89, respectively. Telotremata is the last order to appear, and has by far the greatest number of genera, 179. The chronogenetic history of brachiopods shows that the four orders begin with smooth shells, and that subsequently various kinds of sur- face ornamentation are developed or disappear with varying degrees of rapidity. The ontogeny of strongly plicated and lamellose shells, wher- ever observed, begins with smooth shells. All new surface characters 90 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. are first introduced during adolescent growth or senility, and these by the law of aeceleration appear earlier and earlier in later spe- cies. In the Lower Cambrian there are species of Billingsella with a few broad undulations in the shell, but in the Middle Cambrian the plications are pronounced and cover half or more than half the anterior portion of the valves, while in the Upper Cambrian these folds appear upon the umbones. In the oldest rostrate pentameroids the shells are either smooth or have a few folds (Camarella), which become more dis- tinct in Parastrophia, and culminate in numerous sharp plications in Anastrophia. The rhynchonelloids, beginning in Protorthis of the Lower Cambrian as smooth shells, gradually become more and more plicated in the Silurian and Devonian, yet in the Triassic many species again appear nearly smooth. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS. THE PROTEGULUM. The order Atremata is the radical brachiopodous stock, which early in its history gave origin more or less directly to the other three orders of brachiopods. Beecher has observed: ! That all brachiopods, so far as studied by the writer, have a common form of embryonic shell, which may be termed the protegulum., The protegulum is semi- circular or semielliptical in outline, with a straight or arcuate hinge line, and no hinge area. A slight posterior gaping is produced by the ventral valve being usually more convex than the brachial. The modifications noted are apparently due to accelerated growth, by which characters primarily nealogic [—neanic] become so advanced in the devolopment of the individual as to be impressed finally upon the embryonic shell. This feature is well shown in the development of Orbiculoidea and Discinisea, As the protegulum has been observed in about 40 genera, representing nearly all the leading families of the class, its general presence may be safely assumed. [In structure it is corneous and imperforate and varies in size from 0.05 to 0.60mm., The] prototype preserving throughout its development the main features of the protegulum, and showing no separate or distinct stages of growth [is found in the Lower Cambrian genus Paterina]. The resemblance of this form to the protegulum of other brachiopods is very marked and significant, as it represents a mature type having only the common embryonal features of other genera. Since the above was written Mr. C. D. Walcott has shown that the type species of Paterina has a well-developed cardinal area, and that it is synonymous with Iphidea.?. The latter, however, is generally assumed to have an apical pedicle opening as in the Acrotretide. This is now known not to be the case. The supposed perforation is but a slight depression or short groove in the apex of the ventral valve, and does not pass through the shell. Iphidea is therefore in harmony with Paterina, since both have more or less well-developed cardinal areas. The theoretical Paterina or prototype of the protegulum is therefore 1 Am. Jour. Sci., April, 1891, 3d series, Vol. XLI, pp. 344-346. 2Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol, XTX, 1897, pp. 707-713. SCHUCHERT. ] . THE PRODELTIDIUM. 91 not yet known. It is evident, however, from the material Mr. Walcott possesses, that Iphidea-like forms will be discovered in which the car- dinal area is undeveloped and in harmony with the protegulum. It is in this sense that the terms Paterina and paterina stage are used throughout this work. THE PRODELTIDIUM. The term prodeltidium is applied by Hall and Clarke to the third Shell plate originating on the dorsal side of the body wall in the cephalula stage of Thecidium mediterraneum, the only living species of Protremata. This plate, however, is not restricted to that order, but has been observed by authors as also occurring in the Atremata and Neotremata. The term prodeltidium is here applied to this embryonic plate wherever it occurs unmodified. Beecher has shown that the prodeltidium in the Protremata is the first cause for the development of the deltidium so characteristic of this order. That this plate is also present in the Neotremata is apparent from the description of a brachiopod larva of Discina (= Discinisca) given by Fritz Mueller. These larvee were captured in abundance off Desterro or Santa Cathrina, Brazil, but Mueller was not so successful as Kovalevsky and others in securing the earlier larval stages of ofher genera developing in the brood pouch, and therefore nothing is known as to the place of origin of the prodeltidium in Neo- tremata. Since, however, the prodeltidium is also present in young Lingula of the order Atremata, where it is wholly attached to the inte- rior of the dorsal shell, it appears safe to assume that this plate inva- riably develops on the dorsal side of the thoracic segment of embryonic brachiopods, and later becomes attached either to the dorsal (Atremata) or ventral valve (Neotremata and Protremata), except where, as in the Telotremata, it does not occur. Before taking up the phylogenetic significance of the prodeltidium, it will be advisable to state what is known of this plate in the Atre- mata and Neotremata. Since it was first discovered by Fritz Mueller in the Neotremata, where also it is best developed, and subsequently was homologized by Brooks with a similar plate in Glottidia, it will here be given first consideration. Mueller writes:! Mit ihrem Hinterrande dem ausgebuchteten Hinterrande des Bauchshale anliegend, gewahrt man zwischen den Schalen eine querovale Platte, 0.06 mm. lang, 0.11 breit. mit dunklerem, oft braunréthlich gefiirbtem, ringférmigen Rande. Sie haftet an der Bauchschale, deren Bewegungen sie folgt, und steht mit der Riickenschale nur durch Muskeln in Verbindung. There is, then, in this Discinisca, a transversely oval plate somewhat loosely attached to the ventral shell near its posterior margin, the movements of which it follows. Mueller adds:? Die querovale Platte tritt unter des bis zum Vorderrande der Riickenschale vorge- schobenen Banechschale vor, beginnt sich nach hinten zu verlangeren und ein faseriges Ansehen zu zeigen (Stiel?); sie folgt, nach wie vor, den Bewegungen der Bauchsehale. 'Archiy Anat., Physiol., 1860, p. 74. 2 Tbid., p. 78. 92 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [svtt.87. Since in this stage of Discinisea there is no pedicle present, Mueller apparently was disposed to regard the prodeltidium as the equivalent of the pedicle. That this is an erroneous interpretation seems certain, for in his second paper he states: ! Die bis dahin zwischen den Schalen verborgene querovale Platte (der Stiel) tritt hervor, indem sie sich wie es scheint, um dem ausgebuchten Hinterrande des Bauch- schale yollstiindig herumdreht und so ihr vorderer Rand zum hinteren wird. In Glottidia the pedicle does not appear until sometime after the prodeltidium is developed, and it seems reasonable to assume from the description of Mueller that, on the development of the pedicle, the prodeltidium is pushed and turned backward, and between this and the notched ventral margin the pedicle passes. The pedicle opening at this stage is therefore surrounded by shell matter, anteriorly by the protegulum and posteriorly by the prodeltidium, characters duplicated in Thecidium. In the latter genus the prodeltidium develops into the deltidium, whereas, according to Mueller, this plate subsequently dis- appearsin Discinisca. Brooks, also, is not disposed to accept Mueller’s interpretation of this plate as the pedicle, since he writes:? If it is the same [the transversely oval plate of Discinisca and the dorsal semicir- cular plate of Glottidia], Mueller is certainly in error in his suggestion that it is the peduncle, for there is no connection between the two structures. In Glottidia pyramidata, Brooks has shown that the prodeltidium is also present, yet here it does not become attached to the ventral shell, but is firmly fastened to the dorsal valve, and this apparently was consummated in the paternia stage. Brooks writes: Iwas not able to learn anything of the significance of the semicircular plate shown in figures 1 and 3. It is found only in the dorsal valve, and is either a mark upon its inner surface or a plate between the body and the valve. According to Fritz Mueller, the Brachiopod larva studied by him possessed a similar structure. * * * The embryo of Lingula is so small and thin that if this were a separate plate, it would be rather difficult to prove without seeing it move, or find it bent outward. In the absence of such evidence, we seem warranted in concluding that it is a similar structure to the movable plates of Mueller’s larva, although, in Lingula at least, it is in connection with the dorsal, not the ventral valve. No one has yet mentioned the presence of the prodeltidium in living Telotremata, and it may prove to be absent in this order, as it is not developed in the three species carefully studied by Morse, Kovalevesky, and Shipley. Recapitulation.—The prodeltidium is present in Atremata, Neotre- mata, and Protremata. In the embryonic brachiopods developing this plate it is first found on the dorsal side of the body wall, and later is anchylosed to the ventral shell in Protremata (Thecidium). In the Neotremata, the earliest embryonic stages of which are not known, it is found completely developed and loosely attached to the ventral shell, anterior to the posterior margin. It subsequently turns backward to 1 Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1861, p. 54. ‘ 2 Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory, session of 1878; Johns Hopkins University, 1879. SCHUCHERT. ] THE PRODELTIDIUM. 93 the posterior margin of the same valve, and the pedicle is believed to emerge between the plate and the valve (Discinisea), The prodeltidium is therefore alike in final position in the Neotremata and Protremata. In the Atremata this plate is either attached by its entire surface or by the posterior margin only to the dorsal shell, as in Glottidia, where the earliest embryonic stages are also unknown. The prodeltidium is like- wise dorsal in the cephalula stage of Thecidium (Protremata), but sub- sequently is attached to the ventral shell, yet in reality remains dorsal to the animal. In Glottidia (Atremata) this plate remains attached to the dorsal valve, and in nowise affects the pedicle opening, as in the Neotremata and Protremata. In the Telotremata the prodeltidium has not been observed, nor has any fossil species in this order shown the least trace of a deltidium, and wherever the delthyrium is closed it is always by plates growing medially from its walls, secreted by the mantle and never by the peduncle. Therefore, when the prodeltidium remains stationary or with the dorsal valve, it is not known that this plate affects the original pedicle opening (Atremata and Telotremata), but when subsequently attached to the ventral valve and partly sur- rounds the pedicle with shell matter, it completely modifies the primi- tive pedicle opening by restricting it to the ventral shell (Neotremata and Protremata). In the derived or later-appearing families of the Neo- tremata and Protremata the effects of foraminal modification initiated by the prodeltidium may be wholly lost, as in Craniidee and Orthiide. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRODELTIDIUM. The deltidium is the chief character of ordinal importance in the Pro- tremata, and since this plate is attached to the ventral valve, yet originates in the dorsal prodeltidium, it seems reasonable to assume that if similar developmental conditions are found in other orders such orders would possess closer phylogenetic relationship than those having differing conditions. It has been shown that the prodeltidium is also attached to the ventral valve in the Neotremata, and so far both orders show relationship in their earliest embryonic growth. Beecher has shown that the protegulum or initial shell of the Protremata is discin- oid in form and more like that of the Neotremata than that of the Atremata or Telotremata. He writes:! Discinisea shows a subcireular ventral protegulum with a pedicle notch, and the evidence of any hinge in the dorsal protegulum is very slight. The discinoid char- acter appearing in the second and third nepionic stage of the Paleozoic Orbiculoidea has become so accelerated in Neozoic and recent Discinisca as to produce a discinoid protegulum. The strophomenoid shells usually retain a normal protegulum in the dorsal valve, but from the acceleration of the discinoid stage in the ventral valve the protegulum, has an abbreviate hinge and arcuate hinge line. (P. 346.) The nepionic stage of Leptena rhomboidalis is represented by a shell without radii, having a comparatively large pedicle opening inthe ventral valveand a large deltid- ium. The hinge is not well defined and the shell is discinoid in form. * * * 94 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [svtt.87. The external characters as expressed by both valves are manifestly nearer to Kuter- gina than to any telotremate genus. * * * It should be noted, however, that the young of Chonetes, Productus, Stropheodonta, Orthothetes, Leptena, Plectambonites, and Strophomena, all have little or no indication of a straight hinge line, and that the extension of this member takes place during later nealogic and ephebolice growth. (Pp. 150-151.) By far the greatest number of Neotremata occurring in the Lower Cambrian are species of the family Acrotretide. To the writer it has always seemed strange to suppose that this family has been derived through the Trematide, but the above interpretation of the prodeltid- ium in Discinisea indicates that the turning of this plate posterior to the pedicle at once led to holoperipheral growth in some of these early forms. In some species of the Acrotretide there is a true deltidium. In Acrothele the cardinal area is flat, without any trace of a deltid- ium, whereas in Acrotreta and Conotreta, which have high cardinal areas, there is a narrow concave depression bisecting it. These del- tidia, whether convex or concave, are in all probability initiated by the prodeltidium, as in the Protremata. In the family Trematide there appears to be nothing homologous with the deltidium, since the plates situated in the apex of the wide triangular fissure of Schizocrania and Lingulodiscina seem to be formed anterior to the pedicle and subse- quent to its movement posteriorly with growth, and not posterior to the pedicle, as in the Acrotretide, These plates in the Trematide should probably be homologized with the listrium of the Discinide. The complete harmony of the muscular system in the Protremata and Telotremata is no evidence in itself that the latter were derived from the former. The occurrence at the base of the Cambrian of very primitive species of the four brachiopod orders is proof that diver- gence took place very early in the history of the class, and while there is little knowledge of the muscles in either Iphidea, Kutorgina, or Pro- torhyncha (P.? minor and P.? ambigua), the earliest genera of Atremata, Protremata, and Telotremata, respectively, there is some evidence for supposing them to be as in the type embryo stage of living species. The high degree of specialization attained by Lingula (Atremata), as exemplified by the burrowing habit, long peduncle, and absence of valve articulation, is the cause for their complex muscular system, while the development of a functional hinge in the Protremata and Telotremata has led to the retention of very primitive conditions or to the simplifi- cation and harmony of the muscles throughout these two orders. The presence of a terminal intestinal opening in the living species of the Atremata and Neotremata and its general absence in those of the Protremata and Telotremata is no longer held to have phylogenetic significance, as many of the Paleozoic species of the two latter orders afford good evidence of such having been present in the median line as in living Crania.! 1See p. 113. ORDINAL CHARACTERS. 95 SCHUCHERT. } The known protegula, or initial shells, of the Neotremata and Pro- tremata have been shown to be harmonious, and to differ from the normal unmodified protegula of the Atremata and Telotremata. The paterina stage in the two last-named orders is followed by the ‘‘obo- lella stage” in the highest families of the Atremata (Lingulellide and Lingulid), and probably throughout the Telotremata, since it has been observed in a number of Ordovician and Silurian Rhynchonell- acea, Spiriferacea, and recent ‘erebratulinas.' In the Neotremata and Protremata the paterina stage is not followed by the obolella stage, but usually by holoperipheral growth, except wheré the pedicle slit remains for a time wholly uninclosed by shell matter.® In tabulated form the above-presented facts appear thus: Table of fundamental brachiopod characters ordinally arranged. Character. Atremata. Telotremata. | Neotremata. 1. Prodeltidium in | Withdorsalvalve.| Absent ......-.--. With ventral | type embryo. valve. 2. Prodeltidium af- | None ...----...... INONGIEs -Seccesense Modified in prim- fecting pedicle | itive forms. opening. | 3. Deltidium present} None -.-.-..--..--- ENONO Hise tais Present in primi- tive forms. 4. Protegulum....-- Presents: 15.-----" WWPrekent. 22 eos, IPTeSen teee ee ee sees 5. Obolella stage....) Present....---..-.- Ppresentecen--4-/1-)- | Absente.s..5-1-22 (i. LOS) ceeSeeaaesce Present-7=- ==. --- ; In many early ge- Present..-.--..--. ologic species. 7. Chemical nature | Phosphatic and _ Calcareous..-..--. Phosphatic and of shell. caleareous. calcareous. . Cardinal area.... . Similarity of valves. . Articulation -.--. . Nature and func- | tion of pedicle. . 12. Brachia, with or without inter- nal skeleton. Present, but usu- ally small. Very much alike... Often present, not functional. Affixing and bur- rowing. Without. --..-.<<: | | Not generally present. Unlike. Functional .....-.- Generally present, affixing ; rarely cemented. With or without. . shell | Present in primi- | tive forms only. | Very unlike. not functional. | Generally pres- ent, complete. Without. Rarely present, | affixing; | cementation | Protremata. With valve. Modified through- out. ventral Present through- out. Present. Absent. Present in pentam- eroids. Calcareous. | Generally present. Unlike. Functional. Affixing or obso- lete; cementa- tion oranchoring spines present. With or without. It now appears evident that the two great divisions of brachiopods heretofore based on the presence or absence of functional articulation have no phylogenctic significance, and as they ‘do not appear to have a primary developmental basis in nature, * * * Schuchert. 2Seoe Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol. XLIV, 1891, pp. 150-151. Beecher, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol. XLI,1891, p. 353; also see Vol. XLIV, 1892. they fail to ex- 96 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Articulation was developed along two independent lines, and therefore the terms Lyopomata and Arthropomata have no phylogenetic signifi- eance. The presence or absence of articulating processes was at one time considered a fixed line, on either side of which all brachiopods could be arranged, but now articulation is known to be nearly functional in several lyopomatous genera, as in Spondylobolus, Trimerella, Mono- morella, Tomasina, Barroisella, of the Atremata, and in Trematobolus of the Neotremata. Among the Arthropomata, articulation is hardly functional in Kutorgina, Schizopholis, Eichwaldia, and Dictyonella. However, it appears probable that two superorders exist, each having two orders. Atremata and Telotremata are the more primitive groups, and agree in the following fundamental characters: Prodeltidium attached to the dorsal valve or absent; pedicle opening primarily unmodified, and generally closed later by calcareous plates secreted by the ventral mantle extensions; presence of a functional pedicle throughout the life of the individual (except in Thecospira, Thecocyr- Protremata Neotremata Atremata 7Te/otremata Fic. 1.—Diagram giving the geological distribution of brachiopod orders. tella, and Bittnerula); general presence of the “obolella stage” in the ontogeny of atremate and telotremate species, and the development of complicated calcareous brachial supports in the derived order. The Neotremata and Protremata agree in having the prodeltidium attached to the ventral valve with complete nepionic modification of the pedicle opening; delthyrium often closed by a single plate secreted by the pedicle and never by mantle extensions; the pedicle is very often lost before maturity is attained, along with the development of new anchor- ing adaptations; absence of the “obolella stage” and complicated cal- carious brachial supports. Owen’s superorders Lyopomata and Arthropomata have no basis in nature, and should be dropped. It is to be hoped that students will determine the complete embryology of Lingula, Discinisea, Crania, Rhynchonella, and Terebratulina, for until more of the ontogeny of some species of these genera is known, no satisfactory relationship which the orders bear to one another can be established. However, it appears probable that Atremata and Telotremata have superordinal relationship SCHUCHERT. ] CARDINAL AREAS AND ARTICULATION. OT differing from that of the Neotremata and Protremata. If the charac- ters above poimted out are of superordinal value, it will be convenient to refer to these divisions as Homocaulia and Idiocaulia, respectively.' DEVELOPMENT OF CARDINAL AREAS AND ARTICULATION. The earliest suggestion of cardinal areas occurs in Iphidea of the Atremata and in the Acrotretidie of the Neotremata. In none of these forms, however, is there a true cardinal area comparable with those of the Protremata and Telotremata, since it is not bisected by a delthy- rium, nor are deltidial plates developed. A convex pseudodeltidium is often present, but this feature is not homologous with the deltidium of the higher forms. It is due to holoperipheral growth and interfer- ence by the pedicle. In the dorsal valves of primitive genera in both the Atremata and Neotremata growth is hemiperipheral, but in the ven- tral valve of Iphidea, the most primitive known genus of Atremata, and in the Acrotretide of the Neotremata, growth is holoperipheral. The ontogeny of many species of Protremata shows that this order had its origin in some atrematous paterina-like genus. This must have occurred in pre-Cambrian times, since in the Lower Cambrian there are several species of Billingsella, a highly developed protrematous genus when compared with the theoretical Paterina. Mutorgina cingulata Walcott, also of the Lower Cambrian, is a more primitive species than any Billingsella, and it gives evidence as to the course of evolution from the inarticulate paterina-like ancestor to this rudimentary, articulate, long-hinged genus. AK. cingulata in connection with the Indian genus Schizopholis Waagen shows that the opening between the widely taping valves of Paterina, which was entirely occupied by the pedicle, was partially closed by a gradual thickening of the lateral walls, and there was slowly developed a primitive, ventral, cardinal area. This area and the articulating processes in /t. cingulata are very rudimen- tary, and are situated at the lateral extremity of the cardinal area; thus this species still retains a very large open delthyrium, much as in the theoretical Paterina. In Schizopholis this wide fissure is reduced to a narrow triangular delthyrium by the development of a true car- dinal area, and the articulating processes are now no longer ‘at the lateral extremities, as in Kutorgina, but are situated more medially. Naturally, in the older Cambrian, complete articulation did not obtain, as in post-Cambrian times. Some of the oldest protrematous species, such as KK. cingulata, Billingsella whitfieldi, and possibly others, also retain considerable phosphatic material in their shells, but in later and more highly specialized species the shell is decidedly calcareous. Some of the species of Iphidea have the ventral posterior region 'Oos (homos), tdcos (idios), and cavAds (kaulos) = stem or pedicle common to both valves and pedicle’ restricted to one valve, respectively. These characters may be retained throughout life or restricted to the nepionic and neanic stages of growth. Bull. 87 7 98 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. more drawn out beyond ‘the dorsal posterior margin than others. If this rostrate condition were carried a little farther and the pseudodel- tidium resorbed, there would practically result a telotremate shell dupli- cated by the neanic condition of many rostrate Telotremata. The articulation would at first be nearly obsolete and situated extremely lateral, as in the Protremata, but as the cardinal.area became greater the teeth would attain a more medial position. While there are no known genera to fill in the gap between the theoretical Paterina and Protorhynecha (P. minor and P. ambigua), yet: the hiatus between the Atremata and Telotremata is not greater than between theoretical Paterina and Kutorgina, or between the Atremata and Protremata. DEVELOPMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DELTIDIUM. The most characteristic mature feature of ordinal importance which distinguishes Protremata from the other three orders is found in the plate that more or less completely covers the delthyrium. However, in two of the families of this order, Pentameridze and Orthidie, this plate is generally wanting in the mature individual, since here it usually develops only during early growth, and later is lost by abrasion or hidden beneath the incurved beak. Again, in the Acrotretide of the Neotremata, and in Iphidea of the Atremata, a deltidium-like plate is also often developed, but as these shells are strongly phosphatie it is not difficult to distinguish the ordinal position of any shells with a true deltidium. In Lacazella mediterranea, the only living species of Pro- tremata, this plate has its origin in the cephalula stage along with the rudiments of the dorsal and ventral valves, when the embryo is yet free and swimming about by the aid of cilia. The dorsal shell and the pro- deltidium appear first, and are secreted by the rudimentary dorsal mantle and the dorsal surface of the body, which subsequently becomes the pedicle. The ventral shell appears last, and is then widely sepa- rated from the dorsal valve. Between the two valves is the thick and short pedicle, on the dorsal surface of whieh still remains the third plate, or prodeltidium. Subsequently the latter is anchylosed to the posterior margin of the ventral valve. The prodeltidium is also known in the Atremata and Neotremata, yet in the Telotremata this embryonic third plate does not exist, but a covering to the delthyrium is developed sometime after the animal has become attached. In its origin this cov- ering is wholly different from the deltidium of the Protremata, which has its beginning in the prodeltidium and grows down from the shell apex over the delthyrium, while the deltidial plates of Telotremata grow out medially from the walls of the delthyrium. The deltidial plates are secreted by extensions of the ventral mantle, and at no period of devel- opment has the pedicle any share in their formation. It is not always 2asy to distinguish mature protrematous and telotrematous shells on the basis of these characters alone, but the young of both orders are SCHUCHERT. | CHILIDIUM AND SPONDYLIUM. 99 easily classified by the covered or open delthyria, respectively. In some of the Telotremata, toward maturity the deltidial plates anchylose medially posterior to the pedicle, or they may surround the pedicle, thus resembling the deltidium, but, since their origin is quite different, they are termed ‘“pseudodeltidia.” Such pseudodeltidia in Cyrtia, Cyrtina, and some spirifers resemble the deltidium of Clitambonites. Even the median line of anchylosis is often obliterated by the contin- uous secretion of the completely united prolongations of the ventral mantle lobe. Inthe Pentameridie the deltidium is generally absent, as in the Orthidie, but in Pentamerus and Conchidium it is often retained as a thin, fragile, concave plate. This reversal in form from the gen- erally prevalent, convex, or flat deltidium may be due to the rostrate and arched ventral umbones so common in these genera.. In the aber- rant rostrate genus Dictyonella, which has an arched ventral umbone, a concave plate is also present, between which and the shell the pedicle passes and emerges ‘upon the umbone, as in the Siphonotretidse. It is not certainly known that this plate in Dictyonella is a deltidium, but its form and position in the rostral cavity are very suggestive of that organ in Pentamerus and Conchidium, The peculiar umbonal pedicle opening in Dictyonella also finds its equivalent in Leptzna. THE CHILIDIUM. The chilidium is a convex plate often covering the cardinal process of the dorsal valve in the Protremata. It is particularly well devel- oped in the families Clitambonitidie and Strophomenidi, and is not to be confounded with the deltidium, since it first makes its appearance not earlier than neanic growth, and apparently is a secretion of the dorsal mantle lobe. The origin of the chilidium and of the deltidium is therefore wholly different, and both have very dissimilar phyletic significance. ORIGIN AND FUNCTION OF THE SPONDYLIUM. The spondylium is an internal ventral plate traversing the posterior portion of the animal. ‘The upper surface of this plate is usually trans- versely marked by strive, which, in the Pentameracea have three distinct curvatures in passing over it. Since their position and the area occupied agree with the muscular scars of this valve in Orthis, they are here regarded as homologous with the adductors, diductors, and adjustors of that genus. In Lingulasma, Lingulops and the trimerellids the mus- cular scars are not found in front nor underneath, but on the ‘‘ platform” of those genera. The platform, therefore, is homologous with the spondylium of Clitamdon- ites and Pentamerus. * * * The portion of the valve immediately beneath the spondylium, and occasionally the sides of the septum, are strongly marked by the genital sinuses. Since there is no space posterior to these markings for the attach- ment of the muscles, this clearly indicates that they were situated on the upper surface of the spondylium.! 1 Winchell and Schuchert, Final Rept. Minn. Geol. Survey, Vol. IU, Part I. June, 1893, p, 378. 100 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. The spondylium is developed as the “platform” in Lingulasmatide and Trimerellide of the Atremata; as a ‘‘spondylium” in Pentamera- cea of the Protremata, and in Cyrtina, Camerospira, Merista, and ~Dicamara, of the Telotremata. In the Atremata and Telotremata, spondylia-bearing species are not numerous, but the individuals are usually abundant, often of large size, and generally are of short geo- logic duration. The development of the spondylium or its morphologic equivalent probably had its origin in an excessive deposit of testaceous matter about the bases of the powerful adductors, diductors, and pedicle muscles. Growth of the individual necessitates the progressive ante- rior movement of the muscles, and when these are large there is but little or no space left between or outside of them for the viscera and genitalia, which are therefore crowded farther and farther anteriorly. This condition naturally produces constant pressure of the genitalia against the anterior base of the forming spondylium, and since pres- sure causes resorption or diverts testaceous deposition, it follows that these organs will gradually produce cavities for their relief beneath this plate. In the older species of the Trimerellidze and in all of the Lingulasmatid displacement of the genitalia does not appear to have been excessive, as the platforms are but slightly excavated. However, in the terminal genus Trimerella the genitalia chambers are very deep, and these are present in both valves. Throughout the Pentameracea the spondylium is a thin, freely terminating or medially supported plate, and never solid as in the older species of the Trimerellide. It is likewise thin and excavated in the order Telotremata. Hall and Clarke advance quite a different explanation as to the origin of the spondylium. They write:! The spondylium is an area of muscular implantation. In its early or incipient con- dition it is evident that it originates from the convergence and coalescence of the dental lamellz, and forms a receptacle for the proximal portion of the pedicle, and for the capsular or pedicle muscles. “~ * * Considering this structure in its incipent condition, where, as in Orthis, it is represented only by the convergent den- tal plates which usually unite with, or rest upon the bottom of the valve, and inclose only the base of the pedicle and its muscles, it will be evident that the plate is actually but a modification of the original pedicle-sheath. It is evidently the inner moiety of this sheath surrounding the pedicle, which has become involyed or inclosed by the growth of the pedicle-valve, and further modified by the develop- ment of articulating processes where it comes in contact with the brachial valve It therefore follows, as a natural inference, that wherever the spondylium is pres. ent, whether in the incipient condition or in the more advanced stage of develop- ment in which it supports all the muscles of the valve, it is, or, at some period of growth, has been accompanied by the external portion of the sheath, which is termed the deltidiam. Thus the spondylium appears to be but the complement of the del- tidium, or the original plate formed upon the body of the embryo, and that portion of the adult shell to which the term deltidium has been appled, is the other part of SCHUCHERT. | THE SPONDYLIUM. 101 The writer also previously entertained this view, but when it became known that spondylia are developed where no dental lamell exist, as in the Lingulasmatide and Trimerellidee of the Atremata; that spon- dylia are never present in the Neotremata, where a pedicle-sheath is sometimes well developed, as in the Acrotretidie; and finally, that a spondylium is even present where no deltidium ever existed, as in the two first-mentioned families, and in Cyrtina, Camerospira, Merista, and Dicamara of the Telotremata, such an explanation became unten- able. The fact that solid or excavated spondylia exist in three orders, two of which never developed a pedicle-sheath (Atremata and Telotre- mata), and one had no dental lamellie (Atremata), is good evidence that the prodeltidiam primarily had nothing to do with the development of spondylia. Further, no spondylia are developed in the Cambrian until long after the deltidium was well established, and therefore the spon- dylium can not be “but a modification of the original pedicle-sheath.” However, it is very probable that when the dental lamelle in the Pro- tremata became sufficiently wide to join the ventral shell, crowding all the muscles of this valve into a small area, these took advantage of the inner sides of the dental lamelle for insertion, and thus a continuous layer of testaceous matter was deposited within the rostral cavity. With growth, the muscles move forward and press against the genitalia, which causes resorption or nondeposition for their relief. No spondylia appear before the Upper Cambrian, and here also are the first com- pletely developed dental lamellz.. The so-called Lower Cambrian camarellas have no completely developed dental Jamellie, and are related to the rhynchonelloid genus Protorhyncha, and to Protorthis billingsi, which also has no spondylium.' Therefore, the further conelu- sion of Hall and Clarke can not be accepted, that, ‘where the teeth are wholly without dental lamellie, or where such lamellie do not extend to the bottom of the valve, it seems necessary to regard them as instances of degeneracy or resorption of the primitive spondylium.”? It seems clear to the writer that since the “shoe-lifter” plate, or spondylium, in Merista and Dicamara is for muscular insertion, this plate in the ventral valve of these genera is the morphic equivalent of the spondylium in the Pentameracea, and that the dorsal muscular plate in Dicamara is the equivalent of the cruralium, and can not * be interpreted as an entirely different structure from the spondylium.”* It is true that the spondylia of these genera are not exactly like those of the Pentameracea, but since this plate in the Atremata is not formed by the union of dental lamellie, as these do not exist in this order, there is no reason for rejecting the terminology for these plates in Merista and Dicamara. 10amarella minor and C. antiqua are more closely related to Protorhyncha than to any other genus. Of Orthis billingsi, the type of Protorthis, very good casts of specimens in the Cornell University Museum are in the National Museum, which show that this genus also has no spondylium, and that its characters are those of Billingsella. ? Hall and Clarke, ibid., p. 333. 3Tbid., p. 335. 102 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. — [nuxt.g7. CRURA AND CRURALIUM. Calcareous processes for the support of the brachia are also devel- oped in the Protremata, in the superfamily Pentameracea, but never to the same degree attained by the Spiriferacea or Terebratulacea of the Telotremata. In the Protremata these supports are first developed in the Syntrophiide, and attain their greatest length in the Penta- meridie. Since the two parts often unite medially, forming a plate for muscular insertion either resting upon the valve or supported by a septum, this has been termed a eruralium by Hall and Clarke, to distin- guish it from the spondylium of the ventral valve. When the parts remain separate, and are therefore not for muscular insertion, they are homologous with and the equivalent of the erura in the Rhynchonellide. The crura of the Pentameracea and Rhynchonellacea arise independ- ently, and are therefore morphologic equivalents. MORPHOLOGIC EQUIVALENTS. Because of the presence of similar or identical morphological strue- tures in different groups of mature brachiopods, it is unsafe, on the basis of these alone, to suppose such to have close relationship. The spondylium has been shown to originate independently in three orders: Atremata, Protremata, and Telotremata. Identical mature loops have resulted in different ways in two stocks of the same family, one boreal (Dalline) and the other austral (Magellanine). Flat and more or less wide cardinal areas develop independently of one another in Protre- mata and Telotremata (Spiriferacea). Cementation of valves takes place at different and widely separated geologic epochs in Neotremata, Protremata, and Telotremata, and shell plications arise from smooth stocks in Pentameracea, Rhynchonellacea, Spiriferacea, and Terebra- tulacea. Natural phylogenies can only be established upon ontogenies checked by chronogenesis or geologic succession. SUMMARY. In North America there are 1,859 Paleozoic, 49 Mesozoic, and 14 Cenozoic species of fossil Brachiopoda. There are 116 species in the Cambrian, 319 in the Ordovician, 311 in the Silurian, 663 in the Devo- nian, and 478 in the Carboniferous. The remarkable scarcity of post-Paleozoic species in America is supposed to be due not so much to the general decline of the class as to great orographic movements during the close of the Paleozoic, which produced complete barriers against the introduction of species from other areas. Specifie differentiation was most rapid in the Ordovician, having exceeded the Cambrian representation more than three times. Thirty per cent of all American Paleozoic species had wide geo- eraphie distribution, which is most pronounced in the Devonian and SCHUCHERT. ] SUMMARY OF BIOLOGIC CHARACTERS. 103 Carboniferous systems. One hundred and twenty-one American spe- cies are also found on other continents. Widely dispersed species are least common in the most primitive order, Atremata, and greatest in the highest orders, Protremata and Telotremata. The difference, however, is but 7 per cent. The order Atremata is represented by 199 species, or over 10 per cent of the American Paleozoic representation. In the Neotremata it is 156, or over 8 per cent. The Protremata have 758 species, or nearly 40 per cent; and the Telotremata 766 species, or about 41 per cent. The order Atremata is best developed-in species and genera in the Cambrian and Ordovician systems; the Neotremata in the Ordovician ; the Protremata in the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian; and the Telotremata in the Devonian. The climax of differentiation is there- fore chronologically related to phylogenetic or sequential origin. Since the four orders of Brachiopoda are present in the Lower Cam- brian, ordinal differentiation must have taken place in pre-Cambrian times. The two more primitive orders, Atremata and Neotremata, have in Lingula and Crania, respectively, genera with longest life histories. This probably is due not so much to their primitive strue- tures as to their modes of living. The last order to originate, Telotremata, has the greatest number of generic and superfamily characters, and probably also of species. The last superfamily to appear, Spiriferacea, manifests most rapid evolution and is the second one to die out, being preceded by the Pen- tameracea. These two superfamilies are the most highly specialized in the orders to which they belong, and their great specialization may be the cause of their early disappearance. The trunk families of later origin throughout the class manifest the greatest specific and generic differentiation and the widest specific dis- persion, and have species of the largest size and often of longer geologic persistence. The oldest or most primitive families nearly always have short geo- logic duration (except Rhynchonellide) and the least generic and spe- cific differentiation, and commonly the individuals are of small size. The largest of all brachiopods occur in the families Pentameride, Productidie, and Spiriferidz, at a time when the class was at the height of differentiation. Large specific size is probably often gradually attained in genetic lines, and is due to favorable food conditions. The gigantic brachio- pods always occur in the later-developed trunk families, and just before their decline in differentiation. But8 genera are known to pass from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic. There are in all 327 brachiopod genera, 227 of which are Paleozoic. The Atremata have 29 genera, the Neotremata 30, the Protremata 89, and the Telotremata 179. All brachiopods begin with smooth shells and protegula. 104 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [svtt.87. The prodeltidium, or third embryonic shell plate, is known in the Atremata, Neotremata, and Protremata. Inthe Atremata this becomes attached to the dorsal valve, while in the Telotremata it is apparently not developed at all. In the Protremata it becomes attached to the ventral valve, as in Neotremata. In the two last-named orders it modi- fies the pedicle opening. For this and other ontogentic and morphologic characters, Owen’s terms Lyopomata and Arthropomata are abandoned. The Atremata and Telotremata are provisionally arranged under the superordinal term Homocaulia, and the Neotremata and Protremata under [diocaulia. . Morphologie equivalents, or similar structural features, are devel- oped independently, as follows: A spondylium in Obolacea, Lingulacea, Pentameracea, and rarely in Spiriferacea; crural processes in Pentam- eracea and Rhynchonellacea; functional articulation in Protremata and Telotremata; straight, more or less long, cardinal areas from ros- trate forms in Rhynchonellacea, Spiriferacea, and Terebratulacea; rostrate shelis from long cardinal areas in Pentameracea, and loss of pedicle and ventral shell cementation in Craniacea, Strophomenacea, aud Spiriferacea. Cn ALP VE te PV MORPHOLOGY OF THE BRACHIA. By CHARLES E. BEECHER.! The diagnostic value of the brachidium, or calcareous arm supports, of brachiopods has long been recognized, and forms one of the chief characters for generic and family subdivision among the Terebratulacea and Spiriferacea. This character fails in all other brachiopods, which have simply fleshy arms, unsupported by calcareous skeletons, There is, however, generally the most obvious analogy and intimate relation- ship between the arms themselves and the brachidium, so that when- ever either structure can be ascertained it furnishes important data aiding in the determination of the systematic position of any genus within a family or order. The growth of the arms, or lophophore, in recent genera may be divided into distinct stages, which often have a direct correlation with other important features of the shell. In many cases it is also possible to infer the form and arrangement of the brachia in fossil genera from markings on the interior of the valves and from the calcareous arm supports, and thus to obtain the chronogenetic as well as the morpho- genetic history of these organs. The most detailed accounts of arm development are given by Brooks? for Glottidia, by Morse!! for Terebratulina, and by Kovaleyski!’ for Cistella and Thecidea. These results, combined with original observa- tions by the writer!” and occasional descriptions of arm structure by Davidson* and other authors, are sufficient to include and properly interpret all the leading varieties of structure. As shown by Brooks,° the tentacles, or cirri, in Glottidia originate on the dorsal side of the oral disk. They grow in pairs, one on each side of a central lobe. New tentacles are added between the first pair formed and the median lobe. Thus the cirri farthest removed from the median lobe are the oldest. Tentacles are added rapidly until the first arc is extended to a semicircle, and then progressively the whole disk becomes surrounded by a circle of these organs. The further introduction of cirri can only take place by the enlargement of the oral disk or through the deformation of the circle by lobes, loops, or extensions. In Glottidia, Lingula, Discinisca, Crania, and Rhynecho- nella the two points of tentacular increase, originally together and on 1 The references to the literature will be found at the end of this chapter. 105 106 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [svtt.87. opposite sides of a median lobe, or tentacle, gradually separate, and the further multiplication of tentacles results in strap-shaped extensions on each side, which finally assume a coiled form, due to the limited space in which they grow. Therefore the arms in adult individuals of these genera have a single cirrated edge, extending from their free extremities to the sides of the oral disk, and, continuing posteriorly, unite on the ventral side of the disk behind the mouth. Hach cirrated edge in the adult lophophore apparently has two approximate rows of alternating cirri (Hancock’®), but as they were originally a single row in early stages, this appearance is evidently the result of a crowding of the cirri or a crumpling of the edge. Kovalevski'® has shown that in Cistella the tentacles also originate in pairs on each side of the dorso-median line, without a central tenta- cle or lobe. The same mode of increase has been shown by the writer? to be present in Magellania and Terebratalia. In young stages of Cistella, Terebratulina, Magellania, and other terebratuloid genera, as well as in Thecidea, after the circlet of tentacles is complete the two points at which new ones are added do not separate, but remain close together throughout the life of the animal. In this case the cirrated margin is lengthened by means of lobation and looping, and often by the final growth of a single, median, coiled arm, cirrated on both mar- gins. Gwynia illustrates the completed circle of tentacles about the mouth. Adult Cistella shows an advance in having the anterior mar- gin of the lophophore introverted, making it bilobed. Megathyris is Slightly more complicated by two additional lobes. This simple method of increase is further elaborated in the Thecidiide. In the higher genera, especially among the Terebratulidee, the maximum is reached by means of a median, unpaired, coiled arm, as in Magellania and Terebratulina. The development of the different types and varieties of arm structure is presented in the accompanying figures (figs. 2-6), which are necessar- ily somewhat diagrammatic in order to show the features clearly, but the essential structure can readily be verified from consultation of the works cited or from a study of actual specimens. In the case of fossil forms, such as Dielasma, the Atrypide, and Athyride, the brachial supports have sufficient analogy with the arm structures of Terebratu- lina and Rhynchonella to warrant their interpretation as given. Also the spiral impressions on the valves of Davidsonia, and those oceca- sionally present in Leptzena and Productus, clearly point to the posses- sion of coiled arms by these genera. CLASSIFICATION OF BRACHIAL STRUCTURES. From what has already been shown it is seen that the various types of lophophores admit of a simple classification into stages and groups. It is proposed to give to these distinctive names, which may be used with facility in making comparisons and correlations. They may be found scnucnErt.] CLASSIFICATION OF BRACHIAL STRUCTURES. 107 useful, also, in designating the kind of brachial complexity attained in any genus the arm structure of which can be determined, thus help- ing to fix its place in a genetic scale. It should be emphasized, how- ever, that the form and complexity of the cirrated margin of the lopho- phore can have a taxonomic value only within comparatively narrow limits. This at once becomes evident when the arms of Lingula, Dis- cinisca, Crania, Rhynchonella, and all the Spiriferacea are considered. Each has spiral arms, which were probably developed through similar changes of form, and yet each is genetically distinct, as shown by all the other leading characters. But when this classification of arm structures is applied within a family or genus, or even when made the basis of comparison among some closely related families, it is some- times possible to reach very satisfactory conclusions relating to the systematic position of various forms. LEIOLOPHUS STAGE. It is hardly necessary to direct attention to the embryonic brachial structure before the growth of any of the tentacles, or cirri, on the edge of the lophophore, while the animal is in the typembryonic stage. For the sake of designating all the stages, this may be called the leiolophus stage, though it has no special significance beyond indicating the beginning of the lophophore. TAXOLOPHUS STAGE. The first stage in which a true brachial structure is manifest is an early larval form, often the protegulum stage, when the tentacular portion of the lophophore is a simple are, or crescent. This may be called the taxolophus. The tentacles are few in number, and increase takes place on each side of the median line, dorsally, in front of the mouth. In figs. 2a, e, 3a, f, 5a this character is clearly shown. The tentacles at the ends of the are are the oldest, and new ones are being formed in the middle portion. In Thecidea, Cistella, and Magellania the tentacles of the taxolophus are centripetal, due to the edge of the lophophore being near the margin of the shell; while in Terebratulina, Discinisea, and Lingula they are centrifugal, due to the smaller and central lophophore. So far as known, there is no adult living form which has the taxolo- phian brachial structure. It may have been present in adult Iphidea of the Cambrian. TROCHOLOPHUS STAGE. By the continual addition of new cirri and the pushing back of the old ones, the fringed margin of the lophophore passes from a crescentic toa circular form, thus making a complete ring aboutthe mouth. This may be termed the trocholophus stage. It appears in the late larval and early adolescent stages of Thecidea (fig. 2b), Cistella (fig. 2/), Magella- niaand Terebratalia (fig. 3b), Terebratulina (fig. 3g), Glottidia (fig. 5), 108 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. and Discinisea, and, like the former stages, is undoubtedly common to all brachiopods, except, perhaps, Iphidea. Gwynia is an adult living representative of this stage, and never develops any higher type of brachial structure. Dyscolia also belongs here, since it has a discoid lophophore surrounded by a marginal fringe of tentacles (Fischer and Qéhlert"). It is possibly a little more advanced than Gwynia, as it has a slight median anterior notch, sug- gesting the beginning of the bilobed structure of the next higher type. The absence of septum, hinge-plate, and dental plates are other primitive characters belonging to Dyscolia. SCHIZOLOPHUS STAGE. After the completion of the trocholophus stage in all brachiopods, except such simple forms as Gwynia and Discolia, no further increase in the cirrated edge of the lophophore can occur without some deformation of the circle. This is first accomplished by an intro- version of the anterior median edge, thus divid- ing the lophophore into two lobes, and suggesting the name schizolophus for this type. (See figs. 2e, g, 30, h, 5e.) . Several brachiopods re- tain the schizolophian brachia as an adult char- acter, Of these, Cistella is perhaps the best exam- Taxolophus. Trocholophus. Schizolophus. {! Ptyecholophus, Fic. 2.—Stages of growth of the lophophore in Thecidea, Cistella, and Megathyris. a,b,c, d, stages inthe growth of the lophophore in Thecidea (Lacazella) mediterranea, enl. (a-c after Kovalevski, d, after Lacaze-Duthiers). e, jf, early stages of lophophore of Cistella neapolitana, enl. (after Kovalevski). g, adult lophophore of Cistella (C. cistellula), enl. (after David- son). h, labial appendages of Megathyris decollata, enl. (after Davidson). ple, as it agrees exactly with an early stage of arm structure among the Tere- bratellide, which has been called the cistelliform stage (fig. 5c). Terebratulina (fig. 3h), Glottidia (fig. 5c), and other higher forms, also have corresponding schizolophian stages, but are without the median septum. Lacazella mediterranea presents a similar larval structure, and in L. barretti it is retained to maturity. The fos- sil genera Davidsonella and Thecidella of the Thecidiid, and Zellania of the Terebratellidie, never developed beyond the schizolophus stage, and they must therefore be considered as quite primitive genera in their respective families. From this point the further development and complication of arm structure proceeds in three distinct diverging lines, producing the 109 SCHUCHERT. } CLASSIFICATION OF BRACHIAL STRUCTURES. three characteristic types of brachia of all the higher brachiopods, as exemplified in Thecidea, Terebratulina, and Rhynchonella. PTYCHOLOPHUS STAGE. The simplest of the types of brachia just cited is developed out of the schizolophus by the additional lobation, or looping, of the primary lobes, making a structure which may be called the ptycholophus. Megathyris and Lacazella mediterranea both have 4 lobes (fig. 2d, h); Thecidea radiata has 6; T. ver- micularis and Hudesella may- ale, 8; E. digitata, 10; Ptero- phloios and Oldhamina, about 20. Lobation in some (Theci- dea) is produced by the forking or branching of the median sep- tum; in others (Pterophloios) the septum remains simple while the lateral borders of the lophophore are lobed. y) n=J) Taxolophus. r a . Trocholophus. F Cra Schizolophus. i ZUGOLOPHUS AND PLECTOLO- PHUS STAGES. All the higher Terebratu- lacea reach the final growth of the lophophore through an in- termediate stage which from its form may be called the Zugolo- phus—fig. 3d, 7% Eucalachis and Platidia (?Tropidoleptus) are apparently adult represen- tatives of this stage, while Kraussina and probably Bou- chardia are slightly more ad- vanced by the growth of a short median, coiled arm, and lead to Fia. 3.—Stages of growth of the lophophore in the Terebratellida and Terebratulidx. a, b,c, d, e, five stages in the development of the lophophore in the Terebratellidxw. a-d, Terebratalia obsoleta, enl. (after Beecher2). e, Magellania kerguelenensis, nat. size (after Davidson’). j,9,h,i,j, development of lophophore in the Terebratulide. jf-i, early stages in Terebratulina septentrionalis, enl. (after Morse"). j, adult Terebratu- lina cancellata (after Davidson’). the next highest, or plectolo- phus, stage, in which there is a well-developed spiral arm with a fringe of cirri on each edge—fig. 3e, j. A long loop pointed in front like Rensseleria and Centronella could not have supported a median arm, as the pallial cavity is thus fully occupied, and the development of the brachidium in the Terebratellide shows that the central space between the branches of the loop is to accommodate such an organ. The same is doubtless true of Dielasma, which first has a Centronella-like loop, and through the subsequent resorption of the anterior portion the ascending branches are formed 110 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. and space allowed for the median arm—fig. 4a—d. In a spire-bearing genus like Zygospira this is more obvious, for here the transverse pro- cess or jugumn is clear- ly the result of the ) (\ = growth and resorp- a b e tion of the centronel- Fic. 4.—Metamorphoses of the brachidium in Dielasia turgida, enl. liform loop to admit (after Beecher and Schuchert). 5 Es the spiralia. The calcareous loop in Terebratulina and Liothyrina is only a posterior basal support, and does not repeat the outline of the cirrated margin of the lophophore, exclusive of the arm. Therefore it is impossible in these and closely allied genera to infer the stage of development of the lophophore from the loop alone. Dyscolia is an excellent example, since the loop is the same as in Terebratulina; but the lophophores are quite distinct in Spaces each, the former being of the trocholophus type and the latter belonging to the plec- tolophus. SPIROLOPHUS STAGE. Trocholophus. The last type to be noticed is the one in which there are two separate coiled arms, each with a row of cirri on one edge only— As ie. fig. 5d, e. It embraces the greater part of Ei | R ee: % Schizolophus. the families of brachiopods in the orders Telotremata and Protremata, and includes ec all the living species in the orders Atre- mata and Neotremata. In the early stages of development of the spiral lophophore there isanagreement with the early stagesof the families already = Spirolophus. noticed, and the taxolophus, trocholophus, and schizolophus stages may be deter- mined—fig. 5a, b, c. The separation and growth of the spiral arms seem to be due to the widening or expansion of the median Fig. 5.—Early stages of lophOnnEeeee lobe or tentacle, on each side of which is Glottidia and adult brachia in Lingula the formative tissue for new cirri. This *4 Zemthyzis. a,b, c, early stages of b ; ick. ph lophophore of Glottidia audebarti, enl. is very apparent in the young Discinisca (after Brooks). d, adult brachia in Lin- described by Muller,” and the Glottidia gula(after Woodward). e, adult brachia . 6 in Hemithyris psittacea (after Hancock). described by Brooks.° The brachidium in Zygospira passes through a series of changes which have been described in detail elsewhere.? These metamorphoses are of great assistance in understanding the development and com- parative morphology of this feature in other groups of the Spiriferacea. The earliest stage observed (fig. 6a) has the form of a simple terebratu- loid loop, which, from its resemblance to Centronella, was called the Taxolophus. SCHUCHERT. | SPIROLOPHUS STAGE. 111 centronelliform stage. Since approximately this form of brachidium is also characteristic of the young of vecent terebraluloids, it may be taken in Zygospira as indicative of the trocholophus stage of brachial development. With this asa starting point for comparison, the further correlation of the succeeding stages is very simple. The first resorption of the end of the loop in Zygospira produced a schizolophus condition, and further resorption carried the brachidium to a stage closely resembling Dielasma (fig. 6b). The dielasmatiform stage has already been explained as due to the requirements of space for the growth of the coiled brachia. Next, the initial calcification of the spiral arms resulted in the extension of the descending branches beyond the jugum (fig. 6c), and, lastly, complete calcification manifests the spirolophus structure and produced the characteristic brachidium of the Spiriferacea. The Atrypide and the Athyrid# seem to stand to each other in the same relation as the Terebratel- lide and Terebratulide. Inthe firstthe descending branches are \ widely separated and followthe @ edges of the valves; in the sec- ond the descending branches are close together. This difference in the Spiriferacea produces the converging cones of the Atryp- ide (fig. 6d) and the diverging cones of the Athyride, Spirifer- a idx, Retziidz (fig. Ge), ete. Fic. 6.—Metamorphoses of brachidium of Zygo- It seems doubtful whether the spira and adult brachidium of Rhynchospira. a,b, e, d, metamorphoses of brachidium of Zygospira recur- fleshy portions of the brachia in virostra, enl. (after Beecher and Schuchert). e, Bra- the Meristellide and Athyride ae of Rhynchospira evax (after Beecher and possessed additional characters ~~” expressing the complexity and elaboration reached by the jugal proe- esses, even when the lamellz were duplicated, as in Koninekina and Kayseria. From the above descriptions and illustrations it appears that the mode of growth of the cirrated lophophore, or brachia, is alike in the larval stages of all brachiopods. They first develop tentacles in pairs on each side of the median line in front of the mouth (taxolophus stage). New tentacles are continually added at the same points, until, by pushing back the older ones, they form a complete circle about the mouth (trocholophus stage), later becoming introverted in front (schizo- lophus stage). From this common and simple structure all the higher types of brachial complication are developed through one of two methods: (1) The growing points of the lophophore, or points at which new tentacles are formed, remain in juxtaposition; or (2) they separate. Complexity in the first is produced (a) by lobation, as in Tate SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Megathyris, Eudesella, Pterophloios, Thecidea, ete. (ptycholophus type), and (b) by looping (zugolophus) and the growth of a median, unpaired coiled arm (plectolophus), as in Magellania, Terebratulina, ete.; in the second (c) by the growth of two, separate, coiled extensions or arms, one on each side of the median line (spirolophus), as in Lingula, Srania, Discinisea, Rhynchonella, Leptiena, Davidsonia, Spirifer, Athy- ris, Atrypa, ete. REFERENCES. 1. Beecher, C. E., 1893: Revision of the families of loop-bearing Brachiopoda. Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. IX. 2. Beecher, C. E., 1893: The development of Terebratalia obsoleta Dall, Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. IX. 3. Beecher, C. E., and J. M. Clarke, 1889: The development of some Silurian Brachiopoda. Mem. N. Y. State Museum, Vol. I, No. 1. 4. Beecher, C. E., and Charles Schuchert, 1893: Development of the brachial sup- ports in Dielasma and Zygospira. Proce. Biological Soc. Washington, Vol. VIII. 5. Brooks, W. K., 1879: The development of Lingula and the systematic position of the Brachiopoda. Johns Hopkins Univ., Chesapeake Zool. Lab. 6. Davidson, T., 1851-1885: A monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda, Pal. Soe. 7. Davidson, T., 1886-1888: A monograph of recent Brachiopoda. Trans. Linn. Soc., London, Vol. IV. 8. Fischer P., and D.-P. Gihlert, 1892: Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert 1", Prince Souverain de Monaco. Fs. III, Brachiopodes de l’Atlantique Nord. 9. Hancock, A., 1858: On the organization of the Brachiopoda. Phil. Trans., Vol. CXLVIII. 10. Kovalevski, A. O., 1874: Observations on the development of Brachiopoda. Proc. Imp. Soc. Amateur Naturalists, etc., held at the University of Moscow, 11th year, Vol. XIV. 11. Morse, E. S., 1873: On the early stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis (Cou- thouy). Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II. " 42. Miiller, F., 1860: Beschreibung einer Brachiopodenlarve. Archiv Anat. Physiol., Jahrg. 1860. OF A. PEER NV. CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRACHIOPODA. HISTORICAL. Fabius Columna, in 1616, and Martin Lister, in 1678, were the first to describe brachiopods, calling them Conche anomie, Grundler, in 1774, was, however, the first to give a good illustration of a brachiopod in Terebratulina caput-serpentis. In 1818 Lamarck recognized 5 genera, including the operculate coral Calceola. Other genera were added by Sowerby, Dalman, and Defrance, from 1820 to 1830, and in the early forties about 1,500 species had been defined. In 1849 King recognized 49 genera in 16 families, and Bronn, in 1862, knew nearly 2,000 species and 51 genera. At present there are probably no fewer than 6,000 species known in 321 genera, grouped in 31 families, 9 superfamiles, 4 orders, and 2 superorders. Since 1858 the class Brachiopoda has been divided by nearly all sys- tematists into two orders, based on the presence or absence of articu- lating processes. These two divisions were recognized by Deshayes as early as 1835, but not until twenty-three years later were the names Lyopomata and Arthropomata given to them by Owen. These terms have been generally adopted by authors, though some prefer Inarticu- lata and Articulata of Huxley, or Bronn’s Ecardines and Testicardines. Bronn, in 1862, and King, in 1873, while retaining these divisions, con- sidered the presence or absence of an anal opening more important than articulation, and accordingly proposed the terms Pleuropygia and Apygia, and Trententerata and Clistenterata, respectively. In many Paleozoic genera of Clistenterata it has been shown that an anal open- ing was also present, and therefore the absence or presence of this organ is not of superordinal value. Beecher writes:! The dorsal beaks of Amphigenia, Athyris, Cleiothyris, Atrypa, and Rhynchonella are usually notched or perforate. The perforation comes fromthe union of the crural plates above the floor of the beak leaving a passage through to the apex. A similar opening occurs between the cardinal processes in Strophomena, Stropheodonta, and allied genera, and the chilidium may also be furrowed, as in Leptena rhomboidalis. This character is evidently in no way connected with the pedicle opening, but points to the existence, in the early articulate genera, of an anal opening dorsal to the axial line, asin the recent Crania. This dorsal foramen was described and figured by King 1Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol. XLIV, 1892, p. 147. See also King, A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England, 1850; and Gshlert, ¥ischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, Appendice, 1887. Bull. 87 8 113 114 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. in 1850, Hall in 1860, and by several authors since, and has commonly been termed a visceral foramen. (éhlert suggests that it was probably occupied by the terminal portion of the intestine. The persistence of the foramen seems to indicate an anal opening. Hall and Clarke state:! It has become evident, from a study of the hinge plate, that the so-called visceral foramen which perforates it, and which is often present in Athyris, Rensselvria, Cryptonella, etc., isa remnant of this aperture, the remainder of the median open- ing having become filled by a testaceous secretion. There is every reason to believe that the visceral foramen was actually traversed by the lower alimentary canal, and if this were true, then the deep and narrow median chamber bounded by the crural plates must also have inclosed the terminal portion of the intestine. In 1834 Von Buch also divided the class into two sections, founded on the mode of attachment. The first section contained all brachiopods fixed by a pedicle to foreign bodies, while the second was restricted to those forms in which there is no pedicle at maturity, the entire lower or ventral valve being cemented to other objects, as in Crania. The first section was again divided into three groups, on the basis of the pedicle: (a) Pedicle emerging from between the valves, as in Lingula; (b) ventral valve perforated for the protrusion of the pedicle; and (c) uncemented shells without a pedicle opening. The third group, how- ever, is identical with ), since Leptena, Productus, and Strophomena, genera referred to section ¢, do possess a pedicle opening. While this classification lacks a complete understanding of the features in question, it is remarkable that Von Buch nearly sixty years ago, and Deslong- champs twenty-eight years later, recognized some of the principles upon which the classification of the Brachiopoda is now established, viz, the nature of the pedicle opening. , Up to 1846 the general external features of brachiopods served the majority of authors as the essential basis for generic differentiation. In that year, however, King pointed out that more fundamental and constant characters exist in the interior of the shell, a fact which soon came to be generally recognized, mainly through the voluminous writings of Thomas Davidson. In 1848 Gray, probably stimulated by King’s paper, divided the Brachiopoda into two subclasses, Ancylopoda and _ Ilelictopoda. These divisions rest entirely on the basis of the structure and the pres- ence or absence of calcareous supports. The Ancylopoda are distin- guished in having the “oral arms recurved and affixed to fixed appendages on the disk of the ventral [dorsal] valve,” while in Tfelic- topoda “they are regularly spirally twisted when at rest.” The brachia, however, in all recent species, are recurved and more or less spirally enrolled, except in some gerontic forms of loop-bearing genera, as Cistella and Gwynia. Therefore Helictopoda, as far as the brachial structure is concerned, will also include the Aneylopoda. In fact, to the former Gray referred only the terebratuloids, if Thecidia is ! Paleontology of New York, Vol. VIII, Part II, 1895, p. 334. SCHUCHERT. | PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. 115 excluded, while the Ancylopoda contained all other brachiopods, both articulate and inarticulate forms. These subclasses are further divided, on the basis of the brachia, into four orders: Ancylobrachia, Cryptobrachia, Sclerobrachia, and Sarcicobrachia. Of these the first only has value as a superfamily, since it includes the ‘loop-bearing” genera, or Terebratulacea. ‘The other orders have so heterogeneous an assemblage of forms as to be of no permanent value. Beyond the introduction of new families, no further attempt was made by writers to divide the Brachiopoda into other orders than Lyopomata and Arthropomata until 1883, when Waagen published his great work on the fossils of this class from the Salt Range group of India. He found it “absolutely necessary” to further divide the Lyopomata and Arthropomata into seven suborders. The basis for these suborders has no underlying principle of general application, yet the majority of the divisions are of permanent value, for each contains an assemblage of characters not to be found in any of the others. Waagen’s genealogy of the Arthropomata, with Orthis as the proto- type, falls at once to the ground, since the comprehensive studies of the genus Orthis by Hall and Clarke have shown that it is questionable ‘‘whether any of these primordial forms can be included under Orthis according to the strict definition of the term or even under any of the subdivisions”! proposed by them. There are, however, a few species in the Upper Cambrian which seem to agree with such dalmanellas as 0. subeequata, but these originated long after many undoubted Pro- tremata and Telotremata had lived in the Lower and Middle Cambrian. Lingula, on the other hand, was usually regarded as the prototype of all brachiopods, but this is also impossible, since a number of inarticu- late genera flourished for ages before Lingula was developed. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. No classification can be natural and permanent unless based on the history of the class (chronogenesis) and the ontogeny of the individ- ual. However, as long as the structure of the early Paleozoic genera of Brachiopoca remained practically unknown and the ontogeny untouched, nothing of a permanent nature could be attempted. In the recent volumes by Hall and Clarke many of these early genera are clearly defined, so that their structures and geologic sequence are now far more accurately known. The ontogenetic study of Paleozoic species was initiated in 1891 by Beecher and Clarke, and was continued by Beecher and Schuchert. These results, combined with those derived from the development of some recent species, and published by Kova- levsky, Morse, Shipley, Brooks, Beecher, and others, confirm the con- clusions reached through chronogenesis. Moreover, the application by 116 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA, _ [But.87. recognition and establishment of certain primary characters have resulted in the discovery of a fundamental structure of general appli- cation for the classification of these organisms. It has for its basis the nature of the pedicle opening and the stages of shell growth. On these characters Beecher has divided the class into four orders—the Atremata, Neotremata, Protremata, and Telotremata.! Hall and Clarke” reject Beecher’s ordinal terms Atremata and Neo- tremata for the subordinal names Mesokaulia and Daikaulia of Waagen, on the ground of priority, and because the latter terms are “ an admira- able expression of the significance of the pedicle passage.” If some of Waagen’s subordinal terms are elevated to ordinal rank and amended by Hall and Clarke, then these terms are no longer Waagen’s, but should be credited to Hall and Clarke. Such being the case, the law of priority demands the retention of Beecher’s terms, as they do not conflict with those of Waagen but with the secondary definition and rank accorded them by Hall and Clarke. On the other hand, Dall claims® that ‘‘names of higher rank than gen- era are not subject to the rule of strict priority, on account of the mutabil- ity of their limits.” Again, if Waagen’s subordinal terms (and there are seven of them) are to be elevated to ordinal rank—i. e., if the characters upon which they are established are ordinal characters— then all should be elevated alike in rank. Besides the two mentioned above, Hall and Clarke accept also Gasteropegmata and Helicopegmata. The latter, however, they retain as suborders, and would do likewise with Kampylopegmata if Gray’s term Ancylobrachia of earlier date did not cover the same group of brachiopods; while Gasteropegmata, having certainly no greater value than a superfamily, is elevated to an order. Again, they accept Beecher’s Protremata, when Waagen’s sub- order Aphaneropegmata could as well be raised to ordinal rank and adapted so as to include the former, since Waagen based the latter upon families having the diagnostic character of the Protremata, namely, the well-developed deltidium. However, a far more important reason why Waagen’s terms should not be elevated to ordinal rank and made to displace Beecher’s names is that the latter clearly under- stood the value of the different ordinal characters and defined them excellently, which definitions are accepted by Hall and Clarke. He pointed out the most primitive shelled condition in the protegulum, and found this first shell-growth stage in all the important families in the class. He observed that not the mere pedicle slit of the Daikaulia is the ordinal character for Neotremata, but the way in which growth pro- ceeds to form this derived pedicle slit from the open pedicle notch of primitive forms. He was the first to interpret the true morphologic Vol. XLIV, 1892. 2Paleontology of New York, Vol. VIII, Part II, summary, 1895. 3Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, Phila., Vol. III, Part III, 1895, p. 565, Rule XII. SCHUCHERT. ] PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. V7 meaning of the deltidium and deltidial plates, and subsequently, from the works of others, chiefly Kovalevsky, was able to demonstrate the great morphologic significance of the deltidium. Without any injus- tice to the monumental work of Waagen—and there is no more careful work on the Brachiopoda—it can safely be asked, Were Waagen’s suborders based on a fundamental morphologic character of general importance throughout or on ontogeny? Mesokaulia and Daikaulia are the only two of the seven suborders having, as now understood, the required ordinal characters, and these divisions were established by Waagen on the form, general expression, and the position of the pedicle, and not on the morphologic development of the pedicle open- ing. Four of the other five suborders are based on superfamily and the fifth on family characters. Five of Waagen’s seven suborders, therefore, are here retained as superfamilies, and practically in the sense of their author. Since orders are established on the nature of the pedicle opening, persistent internal characters of the shell are, as a rule, used for superfamily purposes. Such are the absence or presence of a spon- dylium (Strophomenacea and Pentameracea, respectively); the absence or presence of caleareous brachial supports, and their nature (crura only in the Rhynehonellacea, loop in the Terebratulacea, and spirals in the Spiriferacea). Families within the superfamilies are based upon a combination of external and internal generic characters common to many genera, or even toone genus. Such characters are: Outer form; nature and posi- tion of muscles (Obolide, Lingulidie, etc.); internal plates (Trimerell- ide, Lingulasmatide, Pentameridie); peculiarities of the cardinal process (Orthidz, Strophomenide); imperfection or perfection or per- sistent peculiarities of ordinal and superfamily characters (Orthide, Trematide, Discinide, Siphonotretide, etc.); simplicity or complexity of the jugum (Hindelline, Diplospirinie, etc.); and occasionally the nature of the shell structure (Rhynchospirine). When families are large it is not rare to find groups of genera having a common origin which have characters in common but not differentiated sufficiently to introduce new characters of family importance. In such cases it is advisable to divide the family into subfamilies, which facilitates systematic review and discussion. Such is the case in the large fam- ilies Strophomenide, Terebratulidz, Terebratellidie, Spiriferide, and Atbyride. - No division, however, has any value unless the group contains forms of but one phylum. A phylum, or line of descent, can not originate twice. It happens, however, that the same or nearly the same combi- nation of mature characters is developed along different phyla. When this occurs the ontogeny will show it. It is therefore not correct to group these different stocks as belonging to one family. For instance, 118 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA,. _ [evtt.87. the Trimerellidxe and Lingulasmatidie have family structures in com- mon and were referred to the same family. Ontogeny and chronogene- sis, however, show that the former family originated directly in the Obolidie, while the latter was not evolved from the linguloid phylum until the Obolidw had given origin to the Lingulellide and the Lingu- lide. Again, the family Terebratellidie, probably during early Mesozoic times, divided, one stock drifting into boreal and another into austral regions. ‘These two stocks agree in the earliest shelled condition and at maturity, but between these two stages of growth the austral group (Magellaninie) passes through a series of loop metamorphoses different from that through which the boreal group (Dallinw) passes. Therefore it is unnatural to include both in one subfamily, as was formerly done. It was by the application of the above-mentioned principles that the writer, in 1893, arranged all brachiopod genera under the four orders instituted by Beecher. Since then this subject has received consider- able attention, and the many Cambrian brachiopods brought together by Walcott have been examined as to their generic structures. These studies have led to some changes in the classification which follows, the most important being that the order Telotremata could not have originated in the Pentameriid, since no Pentameracea are known in the Cambrian until long after that order had representation. The divisions Lyopomata and Arthropomata, introduced by Deshayes and Owen, have been abandoned for reasons given in previous pages. CLASSIFICATION AND SYNONYMY.’ Clas BRACHIOPODA Cuvier, 1802; Duméril, 1 Spirobranchiophora Gray, 1821; Palliobranchiata Blainville, 1824; Branchiopoda Risso, 1826 (not Latreille); Brachiopodide Broderip, 1839; Branchionopoda Agassiz, 1847; Brachionocephala Bronn, 1862; Spirobranchia Bronn, 1862; Branchionobranchia Paetel, 1875. Bivalved Molluscoidea with inequivalved, equilateral shells attached to extraneous objects by a posterior prolongation of the body, or pedi- cle, (1) throughout, (2) during a portion of life, or (3) cemented ventrally. Valves ventral and dorsal. In composition, phosphatie or calcareous, or both. Animal consisting of two pallial membranes intimately re- lated to the shell. Within the mantle cavity at the sides of the mouth are inserted the two, more or less long, oral, usually spirally enrolled, cirrated brachia, which are variously modified, and are supported in the two terminal superfamilies by an internal caleareous skeleton, or brachidium, attached to the dorsal valve. Anus present or absent. ! All names in small type and indented are synonyms of the term in larger type immediately pre- ceding. SCHUCHERT.] CLASSIFICATION OF ATREMATA. 119 developed brain and infracesophageal ganglionic swellings. Blood- vascular system probably present, with the sinuses developed into vas- cular dilatations at the back of the stomach and elsewhere. Sexes separate. Exclusively inhabitants of the sea. The class is present in the Lower Cambrian, attained maximum development in the Silu- tian and Devonian, and is represented by about 140 living species. During this time, probably upward of 6,000 fossil and recent species have been developed, and these are distributed in 328 genera, grouped in 31 families, 10 superfamilies, and 4 orders. Order ATREMATA Beecher, 1891.! Mesokaulia, or Lingulacea (partim) Waagen, 1885. Inarticulate Brachiopoda with the pedicle emerging freely between the two valves, the opening being more or less shared by both. Growth taking place mainly around the anterior and lateral margins, ever inelosing or surrounding the pedicle. Aperture unmodified. Prodel- tidium attached to dorsal valve. Superfamily OBOLACEA Schuchert, 1896,” Rounded or semicircular and more or less lens-shaped, thick-shelled, primitive Atremata, fixed by a short pedicle throughout life to extra- neous objects. 1° Bamily PATERINID 4 Schuchert, 1893 (emend.).! Obolacea with the dorsal valve semicircular and the ventral sub- circular in outline. Posterior region more or less closed by cardinal areas. Iphidea Billings, 1872. Volborthia von Moller, 1873. Paterina Beecher, 1891. | 2. Family OBOLIDZi King, 1846, Obolinw Gill, 1871. Thick-shelled Obolacea of nearly circular or ovoid outline, biconvex, here all such terms used by authors and others which are of lower rank and not readily referred as synonyms to their proper places: Ancylobrachia, Ancylopoda, Helictopoda, Sarcicobrachia Gray, 1848; Lyopomata and Arthropo- mata Owen, 1858; Pleuropygia, Sarcicobranchiona, Sclerobranchiona Bronn, 1862; Articulata and Inarticulata Huxley, 1864; Clistenterata and Tretenterata King, 1873. 2Text book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 305. Also see page 78 of this bulletin. ’The numbers and letters before a family or subfamily term indicate the phyletic relations which these have to one another within a superfamily. The phylogeny of the families, however, is more clearly represented in the diagram on P1. I, facing p. 134. ‘Recent discoveries have shown that Iphidea has no pedicle opening, and should include forms referred to Paterina. Therefore this family is of doubtful value, and is provisionally retained tor the reception of genera more primitive in structure than those of the Obolide. 120 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. pedicle grooves. Muscular scars distinct, consisting of two pairs of adductors and three of sliders, or adjustors. Obolella Billings, 1861. _ Acritis Volborth, 1869, Dicellomus Hall, 1871. Schmidtia Volborth, 1869 (not Bals- Elkania Ford, 1886. Criv., 1563), Billingsia Ford, 1886. Thysanotos Mickwitz, 1896. Neobolus Waagen, 1885. Leptembolon Mickwitz, 1896, Botsfordia Matthew, 1893. ?Spondylobolus MeCoy, 1852. Obolus Hichwald, 1829. Ungula Pander, 1830. Ungulites Bronn, i848. Aulontreta Kutorga, 1848. Euobolus Mickwitz, 1896. 3d. Family TRIMERELLIDAS Davidson and King, 1874. Large, thick-shelled, inequivalved Obolacea, with the ventral cardi- nal area usually very prominent, triangular, and transversely striated. Adjustors and anterior adductor muscles elevated upon solid or deeply excavated platforms, or spondylia. ?Lakmina Cthlert, 1887. -Monomorella Billings, 1871. Davidsonella Waagen, 1885 (not Mu- Trimerella Billings, 1862. nier-Chalmas, 1880). Gotlandia Dall, 1870. : Lingulobolus Matthew, 1896. Rhinobolus Hall, 1874. Sphierobolus Matthew, 1896. Dinobolus Hall, 1871. Conradia Hall, MS., 1862. | Obolellina Billings, 1871. | Ungulites Quenstedt, 1871(not Bronn, 1848). | Superfamily LINGULACEA Waagen, 1885 (restricted).! Elongate, thin-shelled, burrowing, derived Atremata, with a more or less long, worm-like, tubular, flexible pedicle. 1. Family LINGULELLID% Schuchert, 1893. Spatulate, inequivalved Lingulacea, structurally intermediate between the Obolid and Lingulide. Lingulella Salter, 1866, | ?Paterula Barrande, 1879. Lingulepis Hall, 1863. Cyclus Barrande, 1879. Leptobolus Hall, 1871. ? Mickwitzia Schmidt, 1888. 1 Waagen’s term Mesokaulia, or Lingulacea, is based upon the families Obolide, Trimerellidw, and Lingulide. Since this term has value, and to avoid proposing another, Lingulacea is here restricted to the latter family and two others recently proposed. Waagen in using this term gave a dual series; the second one is here adopted to conform in euphony with other superfamily terms. SCHUCHERT. ] CLASSIFICATION OF TELOTREMATA. 121 2, Family LINGULID Gray, 1840. Lingulid Gill, 1871. Atteuuate, subquadrate or spatulate, almost equivalved Lingulacea, derived through Lingulellide, with a more or less Jong, tubular, flexible pedicle. Muscles highly differentiated and consisting of six pairs, two of adductors, and four of sliders, or adjustors. Lingula Bruguitre, 1792. | Dignomia Hall, 1871. | | N - - ele Pharetra Bolton, 1798. | Glottidia Dall, 1870. Lingularius Duméril, 1806. | Barroisella Hall and Clarke, 1892. Glossina Phillips, 1848. | Tomasina Hall and Clarke, 1892. 3. Family LINGULASMATID4& Winchell and Schuchert, 1893. Platform-bearing Lingulacea derived througb Lingulide. Lingulops Hall, 1871. Lingulasma Ulrich, 1889. Lingulelasma Miller, 1889. Order TELOTREMATA Beecher, 1891. Sclerobrachia Gray, 1848; Kampylopegmata (partim) Waagen, 1883; Pegmatobran- chiata (partim) Neumayr, 1883. Articulate Brachiopoda, with the pedicle opening shared by both valves in nepionic and early neanic stages, usually confined to one valve in later stages, and becoming more or less modified by deltidial plates in ephebie stages. Brachia supported by calcareous crura, loops, or spiralia. Prodeltidium absent. Superfamily RHYNCHONELLACEA Schuchert, 1896.! Rostracea Schuchert, 1893; Ancistropegmata (partim) Zittel, 1895. Rostrate, primitive Telotremata, with or without crura. 1, Family PROTORHYNCHID 4 Schuchert, 1896.' Primitive Rhynchonellacea, without deltidial plates or crura. Protorhynecha Hall and Clarke, 1893, 2, Family RHYNCHONELLID Gray, 1848. Hypothyride (partim) King, 1850; Rhynchonellinze Gill, 1871; Waagen, 1883. Rhynchonellacea with more or less long crura. 1 Text-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 323. 122 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Orthorhynchula Hall and Clarke, | Terebratuloidea Waagen, 1883. 1895. | Rhynchonella Fisherde Waldheim, Rhynchotrema Hall, 1860. 1809, Stenochisma Conrad, 1839; Hall, 1867. | Oxyrhynehus Llhwyd, 1699 (not Aris- Rhynchotreta Hall, 1879, totle). Camarotechia Hall and Clarke,| Bbyngonella Bronn, 1849. 1893. Bicornes Quenstedt, 1851. : ae! eECeesis'| Rhynchonellopsis Bose, 1894. ae. ee Hall and Clarke, Halorella Bittner, 1890. Austriella Bittner, 1890. Leiorhynchus Hall, 1860. | ‘ ii Norella Bittner, 1590, Wilsonia Kayser, 1871. Uncinulina Bayle, 1878. Peregrinella (hlert, 1887. Uncinulus Bayle, 1878. -Rhynchonellina Gemmelaro, 1871, Hypothyris King, 1846 (not Phil- Dimerella Zittel, 1870. lips, 1841). | Acanthothyris @Orbigny, 1850, Pugnax Hall and Clarke, 1893. _Hemithyris d’Orbigny, 1847, Eatonia Hall, 1857. Frieleia Dall, 1895. Cyclorhina Hall and Clarke, 1893, | Cryptopora Jefireys, 1869. Atretia Jeflreys, 1876. Rhychopora King, 1856, Tee < 2 3 Rhynchoporina CEblert, 1887. Neatretia Chlert, 1891. Superfamily TEREBRATULACEA Waagen, 1883 (restricted).' Ancylopoda, Cryptobrachia, and Ancylobrachia (partim) Gray, 1848; Kampylopez- mata Waagen, 1883; Ancylopegmata Zittel, 1895. Derived Telotremata with the brachia supported by calcareous, primitive, or metamorphosed loops. Section A. THREBRATULA. Terebratulacea with the loops unsupported by a median dorsal septum at any stage of growth. Brachial cirri directed outward in larval stages. 1, Family CENTRONELLID® Hall and Clarke, 1895.? Centronelliney Waagen, 1882; Beecher, 1893; Rensselieridiw Hall and Clarke, 1895, Terebratulas with the loop developing direct and composed of two descending lamellie, uniting in the median line and forming a broad, arched plate. 1Terebratulacea Waagen is used here in preference to Ancylobrachia Gray, in violation of the law of priority, for the sake of euphony. ?Since Beecher’s ‘‘ Revision of the families of loop-bearing Brachiopoda’’ (Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. TX, 1893), it has been shown by Beecher and Schuchert (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. VIL, 1893) that the loop in the family Terebratulidw, as limited in the former paper, does in part pass through a short series of metamorphoses. This necessitates the removal of Centronelline from the family Terebratulid, since its loops remain essentially without change throughout growth. CLASSIFICATION SCHUCHERT. } Rensselieria Hall, 1859. Beachia Hall and Clarke, 1893. Newberria Hall, 1891. Rensselandia Hall, 1867. Oriskania Hall and Clarke, 1893. Trigeria (Bayle, 1875?) Hall and Clarke, 1893. 2Scaphioccelia Whitfield, 1891. Centronella Billings, 1859. Cryptonella Hall, 1863 (not 1861 and | 1867). 9 ale OF TELOTREMATA. 123 Chascothyris Holzapfel, 1895. Selenella Hall and Clarke, 1893. Romingerina Hall and Clarke, 1893. Juvavella Bittner, 1888. Juvavellina Bittner, 1896, Nucleatula (Zugmayer) bittner, 1890. Dinarella Bittner, 1892. ?Lissopleura Whitfield, 1896. Family TEREBRATULIDZ Gray, 1840. Terebratulas developing originally a Centronella-like loop, and thence by a short series of metamorphoses resulting at maturity in a free loop of varying form. Subfamily STRINGOCEPHALIN 2 Dall, 1870. Stringocephalidwe King, 1850; Davidson, 1853. Terebratulide with a “long loop, following the margin of the dorsal valve, not recurved in front. (Beecher).! Stringocephalus Defrance, 1827. Probably no median coiled arm” 2a. Subfamily MEGALANTERINZ Waagen, 1882. Terebratulide with a long loop having ascending branches. Megalanteris Gihlert, 1887. Meganteris Suess, 1855. ?Cryptacanthia White and St. John, 1868, Cryptonella Hall (1861 ?), 1867. | Harttina Hall and Clarke, 1893. | 2a*. Subfamily TEREBRATULINA Dall, 1870. Terebratulide with a short loop. exists in recent genera” (Beecher). Eunella Hall and Clarke, 1893. Cranena Hall and Clarke, 1893. Dielasma King, 1859. Epithyris King, 1850 (not Phillips, 1841). Seminula McCoy, 1855 (not 1844). ‘A median unpaired coiled arm | Dielasmina Waagen, 1852. | Notothyris Waagen, 1882. _Zugmeyeria Waagen, 1882. | Dietyothyris Douvillé, 1880. Glossothyris Douvillé, 1880. Pygope Link, 1830. 1The ontogenetic history of Stringocephalus is not known. Its mature loop, however, is so different from that of the Centronellide that it appears probable that this appendage passed through a short series of changes, and therefore the reference of this subfamily to the Terebratulidx. 124 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA, _ [xvtr.87. Beecheria Hall and Clarke, 1893. | Propygope Bittner, 1890. Hemiptychina Waagen, 1882. _ Liothyrina (thlert, 1887. Rheetina Waagen, 1882. Terebratula Klein, 1753. Terebratula Llhwyd, 1699, | pithyris Deslongchamps, 1862 (not | King, 1848). Gryphus Megerle, 1811 (not Brisson, Saceulus Llhwyd, 1699. 1760). ; roll ig ag ’ Lampas Meuschen, 1787. Laie is Dowwille; POON Co ee io). Terebratularius Duméril, 1806. = s os Ste. Nucleata Quenstedt, 1871. Terebratulina dC rbigny, 1847. Musculus Quenstedt, 1871 (not Klein, |? Diseulina Deslongchamps, 1884. 1753). Diphyites Schroter, 1799. Pugites de Hann, 1833. Antinomia Catullo, 1850. 2a”, Subfamily D1iscoLimNn 2 Beecher, 1893. Discoliidee Fischer and Cchlert, 1892. Terebratulide with the “loop short and continuous with the cirrated edge of the lophophore. No coiled median arm” (Beecher). Discolia Fischer and Cthlert, 1890. 9 ? Agulhasia King, 1871. EKucalathis Fischer and (hlert, 1890. Section B. TERHBRATELLA. Terebratulacea with the loop supported by a median dorsal septum throughout life, or only in the younger stages. Brachial cirri directed inward during larval stages. This section has two phyla having a com- mon origin now geographically separated in two provinces, one austral, the other boreal. 1. Family TEREBRATELLIDA King, 1850 (emend Beecher, 1893). Waldheimide Douvillé, 1880; Waldheimiin:e Waagen, 1882. Terebratulacea with the “loop in the higher genera composed of two primary and two secondary lamellie, passing through a series of distinet metamorphoses while attached to a dorsal septum” (Beecher). 1. Subfamily TROPIDOLEPTIIN 2 Schuchert, 1896. ! Terebratellidse with the loop consisting of two slender descending branches, uniting with a high, vertical septum. Apparently the ancestral stock for the Terebratellidie. Tropidoleptus Hall, 1859. 1 Text-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 330. SCHUCHERT. } CLASSIFICATION OF TELOTREMATA. 125 la. Subfamily MEGATHYRIN @ Dall, 1870 (emend Beecher, 1893). Argiopide King, 1850; Megathyridw Chlert, 1887; Argiopidie Davidson, 1884; Argi- opine Davidson, 1887. Terebratellidz in which the “loop is composed of descending branches only, passing in the highest genus through stages correlative with Gwynia, Cistella, and Megathyris. The lower genera do not complete the series” (Beecher). The original stock for the two following sub- families: Megathyris @Orbigny, 1847. | Gwynia King, 1859. Argiope Deslongchamps, 1842 (not | Cistella Gray, 1850. Savigny and Audouin, 1827). Zellania Moore, 1854. la®. Subfamily DALLINZ Beecher, 1893,’ Platidiinze Dall, 1870. Terebratellidz with the “loop composed of descending and ascend- ing lameliz, passing in the highest genera through metamorphoses comparable to the adult structure of Platidia, Ismenia, Miihlfeldtia, Terebratalia, and Dallina. The lower genera, therefore, do not pro- gress to the final stages” (Beecher). Recent genera restricted to boreal seas. Dallina Beecher, 1893, Eudesia King, 1850. Macandrevia King, 1859. Orthotoma Quenstedt, 1871. Terebratalia Beecher, 1893. Trigonella Quenstedt, 1871. Laequeus Dall, 1870. ; Flabellothyris Bes caechamiee 1884. E ne Zeilleria Bayle, 1878. Frenula Dall, 1871. ; . fae cca alle 1805 Fimbriothyris Deslongchamps, « ao b) *. . = Miihlfeldtia Bayle, 1880. 1884, Megerlia King, 1850 (not Robineau Microthyris Deslongchamps, 1884. Desvoidy, 1880). | Ornithella Deslongchamps, 1884. Platidia Costa, 1852. _Aulacothyris Douvillé, 1880, Morrisia Davidson, 1852. _Camerothyris Bittner, 1890. Ismenia King, 1850 (not Dall, Epicyrta Deslongchamps, 1884. 1871). _Cincta Quenstedt, 1871. Kingena Davidson, 1852. Antiptychina Zittel, 1883. Kingia Schoenbach, 1867. | Plesiothyris Douyillé, 1880. Trigonosemus Koenig, 1825. | ?Hynniphoria Suess, 1858. Fissurirostra d’Orbigny, 1847. | ?Cruratula Bittner, 1890. Fissirostra d’Orbigny, 1847. Delthyridea King, 1850. Lyra Cumberland, 1816. Terebrirostra d’Orbigny, 1847. ?Orthoidea Friren, 1875. 1 Since many of the fossil genera here referred to this family have not been studied in the light of Beecher’s and (£hlert’s recent researches, it is not known that all belong to this boreal stock. 126 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. la®, Subfamily MAGELLANIN 2 Beecher, 1893. Waldheimide (partim) Douvillé, 1880; Terebratellinte and Magasinie Davidson, 1887; Magasidie (partim) d’Orbigny, 1847; King, 1850; Rhynchorid (partim) King, 1850; Miihlfeldtivee (£@hlert, 1887; Kraussininie Dall, 1870; Kraussidie Davidson, 1870. Terebratellidie with the ‘loop composed of descending and ascend- ing branches, passing in the higher genera through metamorphoses comparable to the adult structure of Bouchardia, Magas, Magasella, Terebratella, and Magellania. The lower genera become adult before reaching the terminal stages” (Beecher). Recent genera are restri ted to austral seas. Magellania Bayle, 1880. Magas Sowerby, 1816. Waldheimia King, 1850 (not Brulle, |; Megerlina Deslongchamps, 1884. heat) Bouchardia Davidson, 1849. Neothyris Douvillé, 1880. Terebratella V@Orbigny 1847. Delthyris Menke, 1850 (not Dalman, 1828). Pachyrhynchus King, 1850. Kraussina Davidson, 1859. Kraussia Davidson, 1852 (not Dana, 1852). Ismenia King, 1850 (not Dall, 1870). Guide ee Douvillé. 1880 Waltonia Davidson, 1850. se fe icc Magasella Dall, 1870. ene ewalque, 1874. Rhynchorina Gehlert, 1887. ? Rhynchora Dalman, 1828. Superfamily SPIRIFERACEA Waagen, 1883. Helicopegmata Waagen, 1883. Telotremata with the adult brachia supported by calcareous spiral lamellie or spiralia. 1. Family ATRYPID Gill, 1871. Atrypide Dall, 1877. Spiriferacea with the crura directly continuous with the primary lamellee, which diverge widely and have the spiral cones between them. Jugum simple, complete or incomplete. la. Subfamily ZYGOSPIRIN A: Waagen, 1883. Anazygidwe Davidson, 1884; Zygospiride Flall and Clarke, 1895, Atrypide with a simple jugum either posteriorly or anteriorly directed. Spiralia with their apices toward the median dorsal region. Zygospira Hall, 1862. Catazyga Hall and Clarke, 1893. Stenocisma Hall, 1864 (not Conrad, | Atrypina Hall and Clarke, 1893. 1839; Hall, 1867). — Glassia Davidson, 1882. Anazyes Daideon te ? Clintonella Hall and Clarke, 1893. Orthonom:ea Hall, 1858. Hallina Winchell and Schuchert, 1892. Protozyga Hall and Clarke, 1893. SCHUCHERT. ] CLASSIFICATION OF TELOTREMATA. L2F Subfamily DAyIna: Waagen, 1883. Atrypidie with the jugum drawn out posteriorly into a simple short process. Spiralia laterally directed. Dayia Davidson, 1882. la*, Subfamily ATRYPIN a2 Waagen, 1883. Atrypidie with the jugum situated extremely posterior, complete in young stages, but at maturity discontinuous. Spiralia dorso-medially directed. Atrypa Dalman, 1828. | Gruenewaldtia Tschernyschew, Cleiothyris Phillips, 1841 (not King, = 4.gg5 1830). eiey: i | ?Karpinskya Tschernyschew, 1885. 2. Family SPIRIFERID A! King, 1846 (emend Davidson). Martiniin:e and Reticulariinse: Waagen, 1883; Spiriferinidie Davidson, 1884. Spirigerina d’Orbigny, 1874. Spiriferacea with the crura directly continuous with the bases of the primary lamellee, which are situated between the laterally directed spiralia. Jugum simple, complete or incomplete. 2a. Subfamily SUESSIINA Waagen, 1883. Spiriferidie with the jugum continuous and more or less V-shaped. Shell structure punctate. Cyrtina Davidson, 1858. | Spiriferina @’Orbigny, 1847. Theocyrtella Bittner, 1892. Suessia Deslongchamps, 1854. Cyrtotheca Bittner, 1890 (not Salter). | Subfamily UNc1ITInNa Waagen, 1883. Spiriferidie (?) with the jugum as in Suessiine. Just within the posterior margin of the dorsal valve are pouch-like plates. Deltidial plates united, deeply concave. Subfamily anomalous. Uncites Defrance, 1825. | ?Uncinella Waagen, 1885, 2b. Subfamily TRIGONOTRETIN Z Schuchert, 1893. Delthyrinw (partim) Waagen, 1883. Spiriferidie with the jugum at maturity discontinuous, represented by two short jugal processes, one attached to each primary lamella. ?Cyclospira Halland Clarke, 1893. Syringothyris Winchell, 1863. Spirifer Sowerby, 1815. Spirifer Meek and Hayden, 1864. Choristites Fisher de Waldheim, 1825. Delthyris Dalman, 1828, Trigonotreta Koenig, 1825; Meekaud Martinia McCoy, 1844, Hayden, 1864. Martiniopsis Waagen, 1883. Spiriferus Blainville, 1827. aos bee On Spitoradd: do.) Sowerby: 1835. Mentzelia Quenstedt, 1871. Braéhythyris McCoy. 1844. Amboceelia Hall, 1860, Fusella McCoy, 1844. Reticularia McCoy, 1544. Hysterolithns Quenstedt, 1871. Verneuilia Hall and Clarke, 1893. Cyrtia Dalman, 1828. | ?Metaplasia Halland Clarke, 1893. 128 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL, 87. 3. Family ATHYRID Phillips, 1841. Nucleospiridie Davidson, 1882; Koninckinids Davidson, 1853. Spiriferacea with the bases of the primary lamellie situated between the spiralia, and sharply recurved dorsally at their junetion with the erura. Spiralia more or less laterally directed. Jugum complete, V-shaped, with the apex drawn out into a simple, bifurcated, or other- wise modified process. 3a. Subfamily RHYNCHOSPIRIN 2 Schuchert, 1894. Retziinze Waagen, 1883; Retziidze and Rhynchospirid# Hall and Clarke, 1895. Athyride with the single process of the jugum commonly recurved, but sometimes bifurcated. Shell structure distinctly punctate. Homeeospira Hall and Clarke, 1893. Parazyga Hall and Clarke, 1893. Rhynchospira Hall, 1859. Acambona White, 1862. Ptychospira Hall and Clarke, 1895. Hustedia Hall and Clarke, 1893. EKumetria Hall, 1564. | Retzia King, 1850. Trematospira Hall, 1857. | Trigeria Bayle, 1878. 3*, Subfamily HINDELLINA: Schuchert, 1894. Ceelospiridie and Nucleospiride Hall and Clarke, 1895. Athyridé in which the jugum has a single process which may be sim- ple, or it articulates in a ventral septal socket, and sometimes (rarely) is Sharply recurved terminally. Shell structure impunctate. ( Hindella Davidson, 1882. _ Anoplotheca Sandberger, 1856. Whitfieldella Hall and Clarke, Bifida Davidson, 1882. ! 1893. —Ceelospira Hall, 1863. Meristina Davidson, 1882 (not Hall, | Leptoceelia Hall, 1857, 1859, 1867). | Vitulina Hall, 1860. Nucleospira Hall, 1858. | 2?Anabia Clarke, 1893. Hyattella Hall and Clarke, 1893. | 3, Subfamily ATHYRIN A Waagen, 1883. Athyridve in which the single process of the jugum bifureates. The branches may or may not terminate between the first and second volutions of the spiralia. : Meristina Hall, 1867. Cleiothyris King, 1840 (not Phil- Athyris Davidson, 1853 (not McCoy, lips, 1841). 1844). Seminula McCoy, 1844. | Whitfieldia Davidson, 1882. Spirigerella Waagen, 1883. Glassina Hall and Clarke, 1893. Anomactinella Bittner, 1890, Athyris MeOoy, 1844. Pomatospirella Bittner, 1892. Spirigera d’Orbigny, 1847. Amphitomella Bittner, 1890. Euthyris Quenstedt, 1871. Tetractinella Bittner, 1890. Actinoconchus McCoy, 1844. Plicigera Bittner, 1890. Torynifer Hall and Clarke, 1895. | Pentactinella Bittner, 1890. SCHUCHERT. ] CLASSIFICATION OF NEOTREMATA. 129 3°, Subfamily DreLosprrina Schuchert, 1894. Athyridze (partim) Hall and Clarke, 1895. Athyrid with the jugal bifurcations very long, lying between the volutions of the spiralia, and continuing with these to their outer ends. Sometimes there is an additional jugal process which articulates with the ventral valve, or recurves and joins the jugum., — Kayseria Davidson, 1882. | Pexidella Bittner, 1890. Diplospirella Bittner, 1890. | Anisactinella Bittner, 1890. Euractinella Bittner, 1890. | ? Didymospira Salomon. 53>, Subfamily KONINKININA Waagen, 1883. Koninckinidie Davidson, 1853; Amphiclininze Waagen, 1883; Diplospidze and Diplospiridie Munier-Chalmas, 1880. Athyride with jugum and spiralia essentially as in Diplospiride. The spiralia in Koninckinine, however, are not laterally directed as in the former group, but point ventrally, this being due to the concave form of the dorsal shell. Koninekina Suess, 1853. Koninckodonta Bittner, 1893. Amphiclina Laube, 1865. ?Thecospira Zugmeyer, 1880. Koninekella M.-Chalmas, 1880. ? Amphiclinodonta Bittner, 1590. 3, Subfamily MERISTELLINA Waagen, 1883. Meristellide Hall and Clarke, 1895. Athyride in which the jugal bifurcations do not enter the spiralia, but recurve and join near their origin. Meristella Hall, 1860. Merista Suess, 1851. Charionella Billings, 1861. Camarium Hall, 1859. ?Pentagonia Cozzens, 1846. Dioristella Bittner, 1890. Goniocelia Hall, 1861. ?Camarospira Hall and Clarke, Dicamara Hall and Clarke, 1893. 1893. Order NEOTREMATA Beecher, 1891. Circular or oval, more or less cone-shaped, inarticulate Brachiopoda, with the pedicle opening restricted throughout life to the ventral valve. Pedicle aperture modified by a deltidium or listrium. Prodeltidium attached to the ventral valve. Superfamily ACROTRETACEA Schuchert, 1896.' Daikaulia (partim) Waagen, 1885; Diacaulia Hall and Clarke, 1895. Neotremata with phosphatic shells and a more or less well-developed pseudodeltidium. Dorsal protegulum marginal. 1Text-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 308. Bull. 87 9 130 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. 1. Family ACROTRETIDA Schuchert, 1893. Acrotretacea with the pedicle opening posterior to the protegulum. Acrothele Linnarsson, 1876. Conotreta Walcott, 1889. Linnarssonia Walcott, 1885. ?Mesotreta Kutorga, 1848. Discinopsis (Matthew) Hall and | ?Orbicella @Orbigny, 1849. Glarke, 1892. Keyserlingia Pander, 1861. Neentrara Kutorga, 1848, ? Helmersenia Pander, 1561. 2. Family SEIPHONOTRETID Kutorga, 1848. Acrotretacea with the pedicle opening passing by resorption anteri- orly through the protegulum and the umbo of the shell. Yorkia Walcott, 1897. Protosiphon Matthew, 1897 Trematobolus Matthew, 1893. Schizambon Walcott, 1884. Siphonotreta de Verneuil, 1845. Schizambonia (Zhlert, 1887. Superfamily DISCINACEA Waagen, 1885. Daikaulia (partim) Waagen, 1885; Diacaulia (partim) Hall and Clarke, 1895. Neotremata with phosphatic shells, a listrium, but with no deltidium. Dorsal protegulum usually subcentral. 1. Family TREMATIDA® Schuchert, 1895. Primitive Discinacea, in which the posterior margin of the ventral valve has a triangular pedicle notch throughout life. A listrium is usu- ally present. Discinolepis Waagen, 1885. | Schizobolus Ulrich, 1886, Trematis Sharpe, 1847. Lingulodiscina Whitfield, 1890. Orbicella Hall and Whitfield, 1875 | (Ehlertella Hall and Clarke, 1890. (not d’Orbigny, 1849). ? Monobolina Salter, 1865. Schizocrania Hall and Whitfield, 1875. 2. Family DISCINIDA! Gray, 1840. Orbiculidse MeCoy, 1844. Derived Discinacea with an open pedicle notch in early life in the posterior margin of the ventral valve, which is closed posteriorly dur- ing neanic growth, leaving a more or less long, narrow slit partially closed by the listrium. Orbiculoidea @Orbigny, 1847. | Disecina Lamarck, 1819. Schizotreta Kutorga, 1848. | Orbicula Sowerby, 1830 (not Cuvier, Lindstremella Hall and Clarke, | 1798). 1890. | Diseiniseca Dall, 1871. vcemerella Hall and Clarke, 1890. SCHUCHERT. } CLASSIFICATION OF PROTREMATA. ies af Superfamily CRANIACEA Waagen, 1885,' Gasteropegmata Waagen, L885. e Cemented calcareous Neotremata without pedicle or anal openings at maturity. Family CRANIIDA‘ King, 1846. Orbiculie Deshayes, 1830; Craniadie Gray, 1840. Craniacea with the pedicle functional probably only during nepionic growth. Crania Retzius, 1781. | Craniella Gihlert, 18388. = - or >~ Nummulus Stoeboeus, 1732. Cardinocrania Waagen, 1885. Ostracites Beuth, 1776. | Ancistrocrania Dall, L877. Criopus Poli, 1791. Cri 1 Poli. 1795 Cranopsis Dall, 1871 (not A. Adams). riopoderma Poli, 1795. f ; ; a : raniscus Dall, 1871. Orbicula Cuvier, 1798 (not Sowerby, | . Si ae Q uenstedt, 1851 (not 1830). | 2 a Que F By) ewe : a iz Sowerby). Orbicularius Dumeril, 1806. . : fs : ‘ S60. Craniolites Schlotheim, 1820. Bhoutops: Hal 7° Nisa 7 : ‘ QE ¢ Discina Turton, 1832 (not Lamarck, Cranlops Hall, ae a 1819), | Pseudocrania McCoy, 1851. Criopododerma Agassiz, 1846. | Palvocrania Quenstedt, 1871. Choniopora Schauroth, 1854. | Order PROTREMATA Beecher, 1591. Derived, articulate Brachiopoda, with the pedicle opening restricted to the ventral valve throughout life or during early growth. Prodel- tidium originating on the dorsal side of the body wall in the cephalula stage, and later anchylosed to the ventral shell, thus initiating the development of a deltidium. Pedicle aperture modified by the delti- dium. Brachia unsupported by a calcareous skeleton except in the Pentameracea where there are crura. Superfamily STROPHOMENACEA Schuchert, 1896.” Lineicardines (partim) and Denticardines (partim) Bronn, 1862; Aphaneropegmata (partim), Productacea, Coralliopsida, and Kampylopegmata (partim) Waagen, 1883; Eleutherobranchiata (partim) Neumayr, 1883; Cryptobrachia (partim) Gray, 1848; Thecacea Schuchert, 1893. Primitive Protremata without spondylia and cruralia. Family KUTORGINID Schuchert, 1893. Primitive Strophomenacea with incipient cardinal areas, great del- thyrial opening, and very rudimentary articulating processes and deltidium. Kutorgina Billings, 1861 (emend ?Schizopholis Waagen, 1885. Walcott). | 'The writer believes that when the young growth stages of Crania are studied it will be shown that the Craniacea have the superfamily characters of Acrotretacea rather than those of Discinacea. 2Text-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p, 312. 132 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [suLt,87. ? Family EICHWALDIIDZ Schuchert, 1893.! Primitive or aberrant, rostrate Strophomenacea, with narrow lateral grooves and ridges for articulation. Delthyrium closed by a concave plate (?deltidium). Pedicle emerging through the ventral umbone and moving with growth anteriorly by resorption through the shell, as in Siphonotretide. ; Hichwaldia Billings, 1858. | Dictyonella Hall, 1867. 1. Family BILLINGSELLID Schuchert, 1893. Strophomenacea with well-developed cardinal areas and deltidium. Cardinal process obsolete or very rudimentary. Articulation fairly well developed. Billingsella Hall and Clarke, 1892. Protorthis Hall and Clarke, 1892. 2. Family STROPHOMENIDZ King, 1846. 7) Strophomenacea with well-developed cardinal areas, deltidium, chi- lidium, cardinal and articulating processes. ; 2a. Subfamily RAFINESQUININZ Schuchert, 1893. Leptenacea Braun, 1840; Orthisidwe (partim) d’Orbigny, 1847; Davidsonide King, 1850; Davidsoninwx Gill, 1871; Strophomenine (partim) Gill, 1871; Waagen, 1884; Cadomellinze Munier-Chalmas, 1887; Leptznide Hall and Clarke, 1895. Strophomenoids with ventral valve convex and dorsal concave, except in Strophonella. The relative form of the valves is the reverse of the Orthothetine. Rafinesquina Hall and Clarke, | Pholidostrophia Hall and Clarke, 1892, | 1892. Leptiena Dalman, 1828. | Strophonella Hall, 1879. Leptagonia McCoy, 1844. Amphistrophia Hall and Clarke, 1892. Strophomena Meek, 1873 (not Blain- Cadomella M.-Chalmas, 1887. ville, 1825). _Leptella Hall and Clarke, 1892. Plectambonites (hlert, 1887 (not | Plectambonites Panderetees Pander, 1830). ~ : : Peeps ( bs Leptiena Davidson, 1853; Ehlert, Stropheodonta Hall, 1852. 1877 (not Dalman, 1898) Brachyprion Shaler, 1865. . osama Douvillina Ehlert, 1887. Leptenisca Beecher, 1820: Leptostrophia Hall and Clarke, | Christiania Hall and Clarke, 1892. 1892. _ Davidsonia Bouchard, 1847. 'In 1893 the writer referred this family with doubt to the Rhynchonellacea. The absence of crural plates in Eichwaldia forbids that disposition. If the concave plate closing the umbonal pedicle passage isa deltidium, there can be no doubt that this family belongs to the Protremata. Students should search for the very young of Eichwaldia or Dictyonella, since it is through ontogeny alone that the true systematic position of this family will be determined. SCHUCHERT. ] CLASSIFICATION OF PROTREMATA. 133 2>, Subfamily ORTHOTHETIN A Waagen, 1884. Strophomenine (partim) Waagen, 1884. Strophomenoids with the vertral valve convex during early growth, becoming subsequently concave. ? Orthidium Hall and Clarke, 1892, Streptorhynechus King, 1850. Strophomena Blainville, 1825, Derbya Waagen, 1884. Hemipronites Meek, 1872 (not Pan- Kayserella Hall and Clarke, 1892. der, 1830). _ | Meekella White and St. John, 1870. Orthothetes Fischer de Waldheim, Triplecia Hall, 1859 elata/ % ’ we 1837. Dicraniscus Meek, 1872. Orthis King, 1850 (not Dalman, 1828). Mimulus Barrande, 1879. Hipparionyx Vanuxem, 1842. Streptis Davidson, 1881. 3. Family THECTIDIIDE Gray, 1840. Cemented Strophomenacea in which the interior of the shell is impressed with variously indented brachial furrows. 3*, Subfamily LyTToNtina: Waagen, 1883. Thecidiidz with the brachial markings common to both valves. Lyttonia Waagen, 1883. _Oldhamina Waagen, 1883. Leptodus Kayser, 1882. | 3”, Subfamily THECIDIIN 2: Dall, 1870. Thecidiide with the brachial markings restricted to the dorsal valve. Thecidia Defrance, 1822. -Eudesella M. Chalmas, 1880. Thecidium Sowerby, 1824. _Pterophloios Giimbel, 1861. Lacazella M.-Chalmas, 1880. Bactrynium Emmerich, 1855. Thecidiopsis M.-Chalmas, 1887. (In error. Not Bactrillium Herr.) Thecidella M.-Chalmas, 1887. | Davidsonella M.-Chalmas, 1880. 2a*, Family PRODUCTID Gray, 1840. Productina Giebel, 1846. Strophomenacea with hollow anchoring spines. 2a, Subfamily CHONETIN A Waagen, 1884. Chonetidz Bronn, 1862; Hall and Clarke, 1895. Productide with the anchoring spines restricted to the ventral eardinal margin. Chonetes Fischer de Waldheim, Chonostrophia Hall and Clarke, 1837. |} 1892. Leptena McCoy, 1844 (not Dalman, Chonetina Krotow, 1888. 1828). | Chonetella Krotow, 1884 (not Anoplia Hall and Clarke, 1892, | Waagen, 1884). Chonetella Waagen, 1884. 134 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL, 87. 2a*, Subfamily PRODUCTINA Waagen, 1884. Productidie with the anchoring spines more or less abundant over the ventral valve and sometimes also over the dorsal valve. Daviesiella Waagen, 1854. Etheridgina (hlert, 1887. Productella Hall, 1867. Chonopectus Hall and Clarke, Productus Sowerby, 1812. 1892, Pyxis Chemnitz, 1784. Strophalosia King, 1844. Producta G. B. Sowerby, 1825. Orthothrix Geinitz, 1847. Arbusculites Murray, 1831. Leptenalosia King, 1845. Protonia Linck, 1830 (not Rafi- ee x Aulosteges von Helmersen, 1847. nesque). Fs ° ~~ ee Waacen, 1832 ? Aulacorhynehus Dittmar, 1871. « + « aan , oC . Proboscidella Ghlert. 1887 Tsogramma Meek and Worthen, 1873. Ny , Ad , 9 OC . | 2a*e, Family RICHTHOFENIDA Waagen, 1885. Strophomenacea probably derived through the Productidse, and remarkably modified by ventral cementation. The form of the shell is that of eyathophylloid corals with an operculiform dorsal valve. Shell structure cystose. Richthofenia Kayser, 1881. la. Family ORTHID Al Woodward, 1852. Orthiside (partim) d’Orbigny, 1847; Orthinwe and Enteletinwe Waagen, 1884. Strophomenacea usually with large open delthyria; deltidium only developed in younger growth stages. Orthis Dalman, 1828. \ Dinorthis Hall and Clarke, 1892. Orthambonites Pander, 1830. Plwesiomys Hall and Clarke, 1892. ( Plectorthis Hall and Clarke, | ( Orthostrophia Hall, 1883, 1892. | (Dalmanella Hall Sn Clarke, ( Hebertella Heit and Clarke, 1892. | 1892. ‘Schizophoria King, 1850. Heterorthis Hall and Clarke, } Orthotichia Hall, 1892. 892, | Enteletes Fischer de Waldheim, | tee, Linné, 1775. 1830. Diccelosia King, 1850. Syntrielasma Meek, 1865. Rhipidomella Céhlert, 1890. Platystrophia King, 1850. Rhipidomys Céhlert, 1887 (not Wag- Orthotropia Hall and Clarke, 1895, ner). Superfamily PENTAMERACEA Schuchert, 1896.! Trullacea Schuchert, 1893; Ancistropegmata (partim) Zittel, 1895; Aphaneropes- muta (partim) and Productacea (partim) Waagen, 1883; Elentherobranchiata (partim) Neumayr, 1883. Derived Protremata with spondylia to which are attached the adduc- tor, diductor, and ventral pedicle muscles. Commonly cruralia are present. 1. Family CLITAMBONITIDA! Winchell and Schuchert, 1893. Orthisidie (partim) d’Orbigny, 1849; Orthisinze Waagen, 1884. Primitive Pentameracea with long, straight cardinal areas and a well. developed deltidium. No cruralium. 1 Text-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 320. “SaIIWV4 JO NOILNAIYLSIA O1ID01039 ONILVELSNTI! Wvadvid ae eeepc BIDCIIWE{UIS pate a AS | se BIDBUIWOYOOHS PpPsp\emyI/7 ae gare BICEIULID Pit Sapa RIDE. rs eRe SLE SEE ite Fetter ews aa NEEM) | bef Uslsa}Oy — PULHOY | SA 2920/0 | Bps/fasaw ss cael A 1/290 =a tee BPisa|wejuag Pp np OLY eI/NEIO/P/ BJEWIIJOI/Y PJEWINY ===] -=5 | Se i Beannatoue ou (eee SE == — ae Ez a ae EE es ee Ee ee ——— ee wasees PIIPIAL/II od & f aed een eG 11d 28 ‘ON NILATING AZAYNS 1¥9IN01039 *S ‘Nn BI/NPIOWOLY CIIO/NJOIGISOL PJPWAsO/I/ eae on ate <= ae — : 7 Soke ~~ , be aPnngg S ee : . ae oe a 7 *, : 7 oa ea : » Taghe 47 ts . 2 < , > 2. 2 2 1 eee 8 De = 7 ~~ a ee & “ 7 a _ + a) t - = O= aa . — atv 7 o 7 7 = - a” = _ = : 7 i a - li _ , oe - a = ee > _ pana = i ——@ ys } 7 7 id 7 a oa a at Gee 4 - = - bat = ee ee a ee 7 7 ' aa 7 7 - ‘ 7 : = Pee 2 =e Cee eee - . . a fn 22 es a _ OD Oo i 9 eee (1. a : j la a a 5 Se ame : : =e ee “Tee 5 a ee 4 ue = SCHUCHERT ] CLASSIFICATION OF PROTREMATA. 135 Clitambonites Pander, 1830. Polyteechia Hall and Clarke, 1892. Pronites Pander, 1830. Hemipronites Pander, 1830, Gonambonites Pander, 1830. ~Scenidium Hall, 1860. Orthisina @Orbigny, 1847. | Mystrophora Kayser, 1871. 2. Family SYNTROPHIID Schuchert, 1896, Stricklandiniidie (partim) Hall and Clarke, 1895. Primitive Pentameracea with long, straight cardinal areas, deltidia, and cruralia. Syntrophia Hall and Clarke, 1892-93. 2a. Family PORAMBONITID4 Davidson, 1853.’ Porambonitinw Gill, 1871; Porambonitidie (partim) Netling, 1883; Camarellide (partim) Hall and Clarke, 1895. Pentameracea intermediate in structure between the Syntrophiide and Pentameridie, in that the deltidium and the straight cardinal areas of the former family tend to obsolescence, particularly the del- tidium. The Porambonitide approach the latter family in tending to develop a rostrate shell. Cruralium present. Camarella Billings, 1859 (emend | Branconia Gagel, 1890. Hall and Clarke, 1895). | Porambonites Pander, 1830. Parastrophia Hall and Clarke, Priambonites Agassiz, 1847. 1893. Isorhynchus King, 1850. Anastrophia Hall, 1867. | Notlingia Hall and Clarke, 1893. 3rachymerus Shaler, 1865 (not De- | *Lycophoria Lahusen, 1885, jean, 1834). 2b. Family PENTAMERID A McCoy, 1844. Hypothyridze (partim) King, 1850; Pentameridie Hall, 1867; Camerophoriinie Waagen, 1883; Pentamerinie Gill, 1871; Waagen, 1885; Porambonitide (partim) Noetling, 1883; Stenochismatine and Conchidiine (Ehlert, 1887; Camarellide (partim), Stricklandiniide (partim), and Amphigenidwe Hall and Clarke, 1895. Rostrate Pentameracea rarely with straight cardinal areas. Del- tidium commonly absent, but sometimes present as a concave plate, being the reverse of the ordinary form of the deltidium and due to the incurved beaks. Cruralium present. Stricklandinia Billings, 1863, Conchidium Linné, 17535, Stricklandia Billings, 1859. Antirhynchonella Quenstedt, 1871. Pentamerus Sowerby, 1813. Zdimir Barrande, 1879. Pentastére Blainville, 1824. Gypidia Dalman, 1828. Capellinia Hall and Clarke, 1893, | Clorinda Barrande, 1879, Pentamerella Hall, 1867. Barrandella Hall and Clarke, 1893, Gypidula Hall, L867. Knantiosphen Widborne (Holzap- Sieberella (Ehlert, 1887. phe Camarophorella Hall and Clarke, Camarophoria King, 1546, 1893. Stenochisma Dall, 1877; G2hlert, 1887 (not Conrad, 1889). Amphigenia Hall, 1867. | 'Text book of Palsontoiaey by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 320. *Since Hall and Clarke's family Camarellida (1895), after removing Camarophoria and Camaro- phorella, is based upon the same family characters as those of the Porambonitidie (1853), as Poram- bonites 1s now interpreted, Davidson's family is retained on the ground of priority. 136 Superorders. Pedicle common to both valves throughout life or only in youthful (Ho- mocaulia.) growth. Orders. Pedicle opening common to both throughout life. No del- tidial plates. valves Inarticulate. (Atremata.) Pedicle opening common to both valves only in youth- ful growth. Deltidial plates usually present. (Te- lotremata.) SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. Superfamilies. Shells rounded. Pedicle short. Animal not burrowing. (Obolacea.) Shells elongate. Pedicle long. Animal bur- rowing. (Lin- gulacea. ) Brachia sup- ported by crura. (Ros- tracea.) Brachia sup- ported by. (Tere- loops. bratulacea.) Brachia sup- ported by spi ralia. feracea.) (Spiri- [BULL. 87. Synopsis of the divisions of Brachiopoda higher than genera. Families. Valves semicircular; pedi- cle opening more or less large = Paterinide. posteri- pedicle = Obolide. Valves rounded, orly acuminate ; opening sma!l Valves round or oval, thick, with solid or excavated platforms = Trimerellide. Shells thin, elongate, with oboloid interiors = Lingulellide. Shells thin, elongate, with muscular system highly specialized = Lingulide. Shells elongate, with solid = Lingulasmatida. Shells primitive. No del- tidial plates; articula- tion rudimentary Articulation and deltidial plates well developed Loops free, developing d1- rect; no metamorphoses — Centronellide. platforms = Protorhyuchide. = Rhynchonellide. Loops free, developing in- direct = Terebratulide. Loops attached to a me- dian septum; developing indirect = Terebratellide. { Crura directly continuous with bases of primary lamelle between which are the spiralia = Atrypide. Crura directly continuous with bases of primary Jamelle which are be- tween the spiralia Bases of primary lamelle between the spiralia, and sharply recurving dor- sally at their junction with the crura = Athyride. = Spiriferide. ‘ SCHUCHERT. ] KEY TO BRACHIOPOD FAMILIES. ae Synopsis of the divisions of Brachiopoda higher than genera—Continued. Superorders. Orders. Superfamilies. Families. : Pedicle opening small, cir- Pedicle aper- , : cular, posterior to pro- ture modified , ar tegulum — Acrotretida. by a deltidi- : r * i ? Pedicle fissure narrow, Pedicle restrict- um. (Acro- , elongate, anterior to pro- ed to ven- tretacea.) o*s y tegulum = Siphonotretida. tral valve , : Pedicle fissure marginal, throughout { Pedicle slit iy ues . open posteriorly = Trematide. life. Inartic- modified by j z : Y} Pedicle fissure narrow, ulate. (Neo- a listrium. cores elongate, closed posteri- tremata.) (Discinacea. ) A) orly —= Discinide. Pedicle sup- {Shells partially or com- pressed. (Cra- pletely cemented to for- niacea.) eign bodies Craniide. Pedicle opening large; del- tidium and articulation incipient. No erural process = Kutorginide. Pedicle restrict- Rostrate, aberrant Stro- ed to ventral phomenacea = Eichwaldiide. valve through- Cardinal areas and deltid- out life or only ium well developed. No in youthful cardinal process = Billingsellide. et (Idi- Shells without Se areas, eae spondyliaand chilidium, and cardinal ea iG ai process well developed Strophomenide, (Strophomen- Strophomenide with im- acea.) pressed brachial furrows— Thecidiide. Valves more or less cov- ered with hollow, anchor- ing spines = Productide. Pedicle restrict- . Cone-shaped productoids ed to ven- completely modified by tral valve cementation = Richthofenide. throughout Delthyrium usually large, or a portion open; deltidium devel- of life. Artic- oped only in early ulate. (Pro- growth = Orthide. tremata.) Large, straight cardinal areas with prominent deltidium. No cruralia — Clitambonitide. Straight cardinal areas, Shells with prominent deltidium, spondylia and and short cruralia = Syntrophiide. cruralia.({ Shells intermediate in (Pentamera- structure between Syn- cea.) trophiide and Penta- meride = Porambonitide. Shells rostrate, commonly without deltidium. Cru- ralia well developed = Pentameride. ORAS TRE By Wer: INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. ACAMBONA White. Genotype A. prima White. Acambona White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 27, figs. 1, 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 119; —Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 797. Acambona osagensis (Swallow). Chouteau (L. Carb.). Retzia osagensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 653. Acambona? osagensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 120, pl. 51, figs. 38, 39. Retzia? osagensis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 94. Loc. Cooper and Benton counties, Missouri. Acambona prima White. Burlington (Ll. Carb.). Acambona prima White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 27, figs. 1, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 119, pl. 51, figs. 40, 41. Eumetria prima Miller, North American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 346. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Obs. Itis probable that this species is identical with A. osagensis. ACROTHELE Linnarsson. Genotype A. coriacea Linnarsson. Acrothele Linnarsson, Bihang till Kgl. Svenska Vetens.-Akad. Handl., IL, 1876, p. 20.—Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 107.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 98, 167;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Geologist, 1892, p. 249. Acrothele bellula Walcott. Middle Cambrian. Acrothele bellula Walcott, Proce. U. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 716, pl. 60, figs. 4—-4e. Loe. Cowans Creek, Cherokee County, Alabama. Acrothele decipiens Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Acrothele decipiens Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XTX, 1897, p. 716, pl. 60, fig. 2. Loc. Near Stoner’s, York County, Pennsylvania. Acrothele (?) dichotoma Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Acrothele? dichtoma Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 14, pl. 9, fig. 11;—Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 107. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Acrothele matthewi (Hartt). Middle Cambrian. Lingula matthewi Hartt, Dawson’s Acadian Geology, 2d ed., 1868, p. 644, fig. 221;—-Ibidem, 3d ed., 1874, p. 644, fig. 221. Acrothele matthewi Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 39, pl. 5, fig. 15.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 99, pl. 3, fig. 29.— Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 128, pl. 5, figs. 6, 7, 8. Loc. Portland, New Brunswick; Manuels Brook, Conception Bay, Newfound- . land. 138 SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 139 Acrothele matthewi costata Matthew. ?Middle Cambrian. Acrothele matthewi var. costata Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 128, pl. 5, fig. 9. Loc. Hanford Brook, New Brunswick. Acrothele matthewi lata Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Acrothele matthewi var. lata Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 41, pl. 5, fig. 17.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 3, figs. 26-28. Loc. Portland, New Brunswick. Acrothele matthewi prima Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Acrothele matthewi var. prima Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 186, p. 41, p]. 5, fig. 16.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 3, fig. 25. Loc. Hantord Brook, New Brunswick. Acrothele subsidua (White). Lower and Middle Cambrian. Acrotreta? subsidua White, Wheeler’s Geogr. Geol. Expl. and Sury. west 100 Merid., Prelim. Rep., 1874, p. 6;—Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 34, pl. 1, fig. 3. Acrothele subsidua White, Proc. U.S. National Mus., III, 1880, p.47.—Waleott, sull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 108, pl. 9, fig. 4;—Tenth. Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 608, pl. 70, fig. 1.—Beecher, American Jour. Sci., XLI, 1891, p. 357, pl. 17, fig. 12.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 100, pl. 3, figs. 30, 31. Loe. Antelope Spring, Utah; Pioche, Nevada. ACROTRETA Kutorga. Genotype A. subconica Kutorga. Acrotreta Kutorga, Verhand. Kais. Min. Gessel. zu St. Petersburg, 1848, p. 275.—Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 16.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 101, 166;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1892, p. 250. Acrotreta attenuata Meek=A. gemma. Acrotreta baileyi Matthew. ve Middle and Upper Cambrian. Acrotreta baileyi Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 36, pl. 5, fig. 13.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 102, pl. 3, figs. 32-34.—Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada; IX, 1892, p. 43, pl. 12, fig. 7d. Loc. Hanford Brook and Long Reach, New Brunswick. Acrotreta gemma Billings. Lower to Upper Cambrian. Acrotreta gemma Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 216, fig. 201.—Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 9, fig. 9;—Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 98, pl. 8, fig. 1;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Sur- vey, 1891, p. 608, pl. 67, fig. 5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 102, figs. 55-57.—Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 126. Acrotreta subconica Meek, Hayden’s Sixth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 463. Acrotreta attenuata Meek, Ibidem, 1873, p. 463. Acrotreta pyxidicula White, Wheeler’s Geogr. Geol. Expl. and Survey west 100 Merid., Prelim. Rep., 1874, p. 9;—Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 3. Loc. Near Portland Creek, Newfoundland; Eureka and White Pine mining dis- tricts, Nevada. Acrotreta gemma depressa Walcott. Middle Cambrian. Acrotreta gemma var. depressa Walcott, Proc. U.S, National Mus., XI, 1888, p. 441. Loc. Mount Stephen, British Columbia. 140 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Acrotreta gemmula Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Acrotreta gemmula Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1894, p. 87, pl. 16, fig. 2;—Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 126, pl. 5, fig. 5. Loe. St. Martins, New Brunswick. Acrotreta gulielmi Matthew = Discinopsis gulielmi. Acrotreta microscopica (Shumard). Middle Cambrian. Discina microscopica Shumard, American Jour. Sci., XXXII, 2d ser., 1861, p. 221. Loc. Occurs abundantly in Burnett and Llano counties, Texas. Acrotreta pyxidicula White=Acrotreta gemma. Acrotreta subconica Meek (non Kutorga)=Acrotreta gemma. Acrotreta (?) subsidua White=Acrothele subsidua. A gilops Hall. A genus of pelecypods. AMBOCELIA Hall. Genotype Orthis umbonata Conrad. Ambocelia Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 71, figs. 1-3; p. 72, figs. 4-6.—Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., 172, 1864, p. 20.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 258— Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brach., Paleeontographical Soc., 1882, p. 131.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 85.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 54;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 761. Amboceelia fimbriata Claypole. Portage (Dev.). Amboceelia fimbriata Claypole, Proc. American Phil. Soc., X XI, 1883, p. 232. Loc. Perry County, Pennsylvania. Ambocelia gemmula McChesney= Amboccelia planoconvexa. Amboceelia gregaria Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Orthis unguiculus Hall (non Phillips), Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 267, fig. 5. Ambocelia gregaria Hall, Thirteent’i Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 81;—Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, p. 186.—Williams, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Sur- vey, 3, 1884, p. 11. Amboceelia umbonata var. gregaria Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 261, pl. 44, figs. 19-25. Loc. New York; Pennsylvania, and Virginia, Obs. See Martinia subumbona. Ambocelia minuta White. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Ambocelia (Spirifer?) minuta White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 26. Loc. Hamburg, Illinois, and Hannibal, Missouri. Amboceelia planoconvexa (Shumard), Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer planoconvexa Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 202.—Geinitz, Car- bon u. Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 42, pl. 3, figs. 10-18. Ambocelia gemmula McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 41;—Ibidem, 1865, pl. 1, fig. 3. Spirifer (Martinia) planoconvexa Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smith- sonian Cont. to Knowl., 172, Pt. I, 1864, p. 20, figs. a~-e.—Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 184, pl. 4, fig. 4; pl. 8, fig. 2. Martinia planoconvexa McChesney, Trans, Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 34, pl. 1, fig. 3. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 141 Ambocelia planoconvexa (Shumard)—Continued. Spirifera (Martinia) planoconvexa Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 19, pl. 8, figs. 12, 16,18; pl. 9, fig. 7.—White, Wheeler’s Geogr. Geol. Expl. and Survey west 100 Merid., LV, 1875, p. 135, pl. 10, fig. 3; Thirteenth Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1884, p. 134, pl. 32, figs. 23, 24.—Herrick, Buli. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 46, pl. 1, fig. 12.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 85. Amboceelia planoconvexa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 56, pl. 39, figs. 10-15. Loc. Missouri; Iowa; Illinois; Ohio; Indiana; Kansas; Nebraska; New Mexico; Elko Mountain, Nevada; Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Ambocelia preumbona Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Orthis preumbona Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 167. Ambocelia preumbona Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1860, p. 71;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 262, pl. 44, figs. 1-6. Loc. Seneca, Cayuga, and Canandaigua lakes, New York. Amboceelia spinosa Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Dev.). Ambocelia spinosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 56, 363, pl. 39, figs. 16-18.--Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 177, pl. 4, figs. 6-8. Loc. Livingston County, New York. Amboecelia subumbona Hall=Martinia subumbona. Ambocelia umbonata (Conrad). Marcellus—Chemung (Dey.). Orthis umbonata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 264, pl. 14, fig. 4.—Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 167, figs. 1-3. Orthis nucleus Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 180, fig. 8. Ambocwlia umbonata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p- 71;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 259, pl. 44, figs. 7-18.—Nettelroth, Ken- tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 86, pl. 17, figs. 25, 26.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pl. 29, fig. 17; pl. 39, figs. 4-9. Martinia umbonata Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 20, fig. 3. Loc. New York; Pennsylvania; Falls of Ohio. Amboceelia umbonata gregaria Hall= Amboccelia gregaria. AMPHIGENIA Hall. Genotype Pentamerus elongatus Vanuxem. Amphigenia Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 374, 382.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 252;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 848. Amphigenia curta (Meek and Worthen). Oriskany (Dev.). Stricklandinia elongata var. curta Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 402, pl. 8, fig. 1; pl. 9, fig. 5.—? Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, rt. II, 1893, p. 254. Loc. Union County, Illinois. Amphigenia elongata(Vanuxem). Oriskany and Up. Helderberg (Dev.). Pentamerus elongatus Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 132, fig. 1.—Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, Tables of Organic Remains. Meganteris elongatus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 123, figs. 1, 2. Rensselieria elongata Hall, Twelfth Rep. Ibidem, 1859, p. 38;—Pal. New York, IIT, 1859, p. 453. Stricklandia elongata Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 267, tigs. 91, 92. 142 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Amphigenia elongata (Vanuxem)—Continued. Stricklandinia elongata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 371, fig. 390. Amphigenia elongata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 383, pl. 58A, figs. 21-24; pl. 59, figs. 1-11.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VII., 1874, p. 240.— Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 34.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 253, pl. 73, figs. 16-20; pl. 74, figs. 1-9; pl. 76, fig. 9. Loc. New York; Michigan; Cayuga, Ontario; Rio Maecuruand Rio Curua, Brazil. Amphigenia elongata subtrigonalis Hall. Up. Helderberg (Dey.). Meganteris subtrigonalis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 123. Amphigenia elongata var. subtrigoualis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 384, Loc. Erie County, New York. Amphigenia elongata undulata Hall. Up. Helderberg (Dev.). Amphigenia elongata var. undulata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 384, pl. 58A, figs. 25-27. Loc. Mackinac, Michigan. AMPHISTROPHIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Strophonella striata Hall. Amphistrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292;— Eleventh Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 283. Obs. Proposed as a subgenus of Strophonella. ANABAIA Clarke. Genotype A. paraia Clarke. Anabaia Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 141.—Hall and Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 805. Anabaia paraia Clarke. Silurian. Anabaia paraia Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IL, 1893, p. 141, figs. 124-127. Loc. Rio Trombetas, Province of Para, Brazil. ANASTROPHIA Hall. Genotype Pentamerus verneuili Hall. Brachymerus Shaler (non Dej., 1834), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 69. Anastrophia Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 374.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken- tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.47.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 224;—Thirteenth Aun. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 839. Anastrophia brevirostris (Sowerby ?) Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Terebratula brevirostris Sowerby, Murchison’s Sil. System, 1859, p. 631, pl. 138, fig. 15. Atrypa brevirostris? Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 278, pl. 58, fig. 1. Pentamerus brevirostris Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77. Rhynchonella brevirostris Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 315, fig. 324. Loc. Lockport, New York. Obs. Compare with Anastrophia interplicata. If a pentameroid, this species is probably identical with Anastrophia interplicata Hall. Anastrophia hemiplicata W. and S.=Parastrophia hemiplicata. Anastrophia internascens Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Anastrophia verneuili Hall (non Hall, 1859), T'wenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Doc. ed., 1876, pl. 26, figs. 41-49. Anastrophia internascens Hall, Ibidem, 1879, p. 168, pl. 26, figs. 41-49 ;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 311, pl. 26, figs. 41-49.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sarvey, 1889, p. 47, pl. 32, figs. 17-20.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., 1, 1889, p. 32, pl. 3, tigs. 14-16.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 224, pl. 63, fig. 30. Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Milwaukee, Wisconsin. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 143 Anastrophia interplicata (Hall). Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa interplicata Hall, Pal. New York, IT, 1852, p. 275, pl. 57, fig. 2. Pentamerus interplicatus Hall, 'welfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859 Deets Paes rapt interplicata Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 104.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 11, 1893, p. 224. Loc. Lockport, New York; Louisville, Kentucky; Wisconsin. Obs. See A. brevirostris. Anastrophia reversa Miller=Parastrophia reversa. Anastrophia scotieldi W. and 8.=Parastrophia scofieldi. Anastrophia verneuili Hall, 1876 (non 1859) = Anastrophia internascens. Anastrophia verneuili (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Atrypa lacunosa Vanuxem (non Sowerby), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 117, fig. 3, and p. 119. Pentamerus verneuili Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 104, figs. 1,2;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 260, pl. 48, fig. 1.—Billings, Geol. Can- ada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 453. Anastrophia verneuili Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 334.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 224, pl. 63, figs. 31-38; pl. 84, figs. 43, 44. Loc. Kastern New York; Perry County, Tennessee; Petermann Fiord, Greenland. Anazyga recurvirostra Davidson=Zygospira recurvirostris. ANOPLIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Leptiena nucleata Hall. Anoplia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 309;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 293. Anoplia nucleata Hall. Oriskany and Corniferous (Dev.). Leptrena nucleata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 47. Leptiena? nucleata Hall, Pal. New York, ITI, 1859, p. 419, pl. 94, fig. 1.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, IIT, 1868, p. 393, pl. 8, fig. 8. Anoplia nucleata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 309, pl. J5A, figs. 17, 18; pl. 20, figs. 14-17. Loc. Albany County, New York; Alexander County, Illinois; Cayuga, Ontario. Obs. It is probable that Productella nucleata Nicholson is a synonym of this species. ANOPLOTHECA Sandberger (emend Hall and Clarke). Genotype Pro- ductus lamellosus Sandberger=Terebratula venusta Schnur. Anoplotheca F. Sandberger, Sitzb. d. k. k. Akad. d. Wissens., math -naturw. Classe, X VI, 1853, p.5; XVIII, p. 102.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 129, figs. 113-121. Leptocelia Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 108;—T'welfth Rep., Ibidem, 1859, p. 32, figs. 1, 2, 4;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 447.— Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 351.—Hall, American Jour. Sci., XXXVI, 1865, p. 14.—Rominger, American Jour. Sci., XXXV, 1863, p. 84.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 365.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 60.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur- vey, 1889, p. 151.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 136. Celospira Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 59;—Trans. Albany Institute, 1V, 1863, p. 146;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 328.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 18938, p. 134, figs. 122, 123. Bifida Davidson, Supplement to British Dev. Brach., Paleeontographical Soc., 1882, p. 27. Anoplotheca, Celospira, and Leptocewlia Hall and Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, pp. 801-808. b 144 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. ANOPLOTHECA Sandberger (emend Hall)—Continued. Obs, Hall and Clarke have shown that Anoplotheca and Bifida are synonymous terms and that Celospira is also structurally identical. The latter name, however, they retain as a subgenus of Anoplotheca. While the brachydium is not yet fully known in Leptoceelia, all its other characters are the same as those of Cewlospira. Under these circumstances it appears best, for the present at least, to refer all American species of Leptoccelia and Ce lospira to Anoplotheca. Anoplotheca acutiplicata (Conrad). Corniferous (Deyv.). Atrypa acutiplicata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 54.— Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, pl. 11, fig. 17. Leptocelia acutiplicata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 365, pl. 67, figs. 30-39. Ceelospira acutiplicata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 186, pl. 53, figs. 32-39. Loc. Waterville, Cassville, ast Victor, etc., New York. Anoplotheca camilla (Hall). Oriskany and Up. Helderberg (Dey.). Ceelospira concava Hall (non Hall 1863), Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 329. Celospira camilla Hall, Ibidem, 1867, pl. 52, figs. 13-19;—Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 168.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 136, pl. 53, figs. 24-31. Loc. Caledonia, New York; county of Haldimand, Ontario. Anoplotheca concava (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Leptocelia concava Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 107;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 245, pl. 38, figs. 1-7.—Billings. Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 352, fig. 127 ;—Geology Canada, 1863, p. 369, fig. 383; p. 957, fig. 451. Celospira concava Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 60 ;— Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 146.—Meek, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XL, 1865, p. 33.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 134, figs. 122, 123; pl. 53, figs. 20-23. Loc, Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Kennedy Channel, Arctic region. Anoplotheca dichotoma (Hall). Oriskany (Dey.). Leptocelia dichotoma Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 452, pl. 103B, figs. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 137. Loe. Cumberland, Maryland. Obs. Possibly the young of Anoplotheca flabellites. Anoplotheca fimbriata (Hall). Oriskany (Dev.). Leptocelia fimbriata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 43, fig. 3;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 450, pl. 103B, fig. 2.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 137, pl. 53, figs. 47-52, 54, 55. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Anoplotheca flabellites (Conrad). Oriskany and Corniferous (Dey.). Atrypa flabellites Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 55. Atrypa palmata Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846, p. 276, pl. 10, fig. 5. Orthis palmata Sharpe and Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2d ser., VII, 1856, p. 207, pl. 26, figs. 7-10. Leptocclia propria Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 108. Leptocalia flabellites Hall, Twelfth Rep. Ibidem, 1859, p. 33, figs. 1, 2, 4;—-Pal. New York, II, 1859, p. 449, pl. 103B, fig. 1; pl. 106, fig. 1.—Billings, Cana- dian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 351, fig. 126;—Geology Canada, 1863, p. 369, fig. 382.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 397, pl. 8, fig. 3.—Billings, Pal. Fossils, I1, 1874, p. 42, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6.—Steinmann, American Naturalist, XX V, 1891, p. 856.—A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 145 Anoplotheca flabellites (Conrad)—Continued. VIII, 1892, p. 60, pl. 4, figs. 9, 10-13.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 187, pl. 53, figs. 40-46, 53.—Von Ammon, Zeits. Gesells. fiir Erdk., Berlin, XXVIII, 1893, p. 363, fig. 7. Orthis aymara Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, p. 68, pl. 4, fig. 14. Orthis palmata Sharpe and Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2d ser., VII, 1856, p. 207, pl. 26, figs. 7-10. Loc. Schoharie, ete., New York; county of Haldimand, Ontario; Gaspé; Cum- berland, Maryland; Union County, Illinois; Bolivia; Tanquarassu, Matto Grosso, Brazil; Falkland Islands; South Africa. Anoplotheca hemispherica (Sowerby). Clinton (Sil.). Atrypa hemispherica Sowerby, Murchison’s Silurian System, 1839, p. 639, pl. 20, fig. 7.—Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 74, pl. 23, fig. 10.—Billings, Geology Canada, 1863, p. 318, fig. 337. Atrypa hemispherica? Hall, Geology, N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 73, fig. 4. Leptocelia hemispherica Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 152, pl. 32, figs. 21-23, 36-39.—Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 325, pl. 6, figs. 18, 19. Atrypa flabella Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 68. Celospira? hemispherica Hall and Ciarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 136, pl. 82, figs. 1-4 (? pl. 52, fig. 16). Loc. England; Rochester, Sodus, and Walcott, New York; Louisville, Kentucky; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee; Ringgold, Georgia; Collinsville, Alabama; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami); Anticosti. Anoplotheca infrequens (Walcott). Lower and Upper Devonian. Trematospira infrequens Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 151, pl. 4, fig. 3. Loc. Lone Mountain, Nevada. Obs. The exterior is like that of A. flabellites. Anoplotheca planoconvexa (Hall). Clinton (Sil.). Atrypa planoconvexa Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 75, pl. 23, fig. 11.—Bil- lings, Geology Canada, 1863, p. 318, fig. 336. Leptoccelia planoconvexa Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78.—Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jour., n. ser., XIV, 1874, p. 144. Celospira ?planoconvexa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 136, pl. 52, fig. 15; pl. 53, figs. 11-16. Loc. Flamborough Head, Ontario; Niagara of Wisconsin (Whitfield). Anoplotheca plicatula (Hall). Clinton (Sil.). Atrypa plicatula Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 71, fig. 4;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 74, pl. 23, fig. 9. Leptocelia? plicatula Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Rhynchonella plicata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 369. Celospira? plicatula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 136, pl. 52, figs. 12-14; pl. 82, fig. 5. Loc. Reynales Basin, New York; Niagara of Wisconsin (Whitfield). ATHYRIS McCoy (emend Hall and Clarke). Genotype Terebratula concentrica von Buch. Athyris McCoy, Carb. Fossils Ireland, 1844, pp. 128, 146.—Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 73.—Billings, Canadian Jour., V, 1860, Bull. 87 10 146 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. ATHYRIS McCoy (emend Hall and Clarke)—Continued. p. 273;—Ibidem, VI, 1861, p. 188;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 144.—Hall, Twen- tieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, pp. 152, 258;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 282.—Billings, American Jour. Sci., XLIV, 1867, p. 48.—llerrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 14.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 87.—Hali and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 88, fig. 57 on p. 86;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 777. Spirigera d’Orbigny, Paris Acad. Sci., Comptes Rendus, XXV, 1847, p. 268. Euthyris Quenstedt, Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, 1871, p. 442. Athyris americana Swallow =Cleiothyris roissyi. Athyris angelica Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Athyris angelica Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 99;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pl. 3, figs. 10-13, 24;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 292, pl. 47, figs. 9-20.—Waleott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 148.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90, pl. 45, figs. 26-30. Loc. Phillipsburg, Rockville, etc., New York; Meadville, Pennsylvania; Eureka district, Nevada. Athyris angelica occidentalis W hiteaves. Hamilton (Dey.). Athyris angelica occidentalis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 227, pl. 32, fig. 3. Loe. Athabasca River, Canada. Athyris ashlandensis Herrick=A. lamellosa. Athyris biloba (A. Winchell). Kinderhook (Ll. Carb.). Spirigera biloba A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 118. Loc. Rockford, Indiana. Obs. This species is not well established and is based upon a single ventral valve. Athyris blancha Billings=Meristella blancha. Athyris borealis Billings=Catazyga erratica. Athyris brittsi Miller. Middle Devonian. Athyris brittsi Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 314, pl. 9, figs. 16-18. Loc. Near Otterville, Missouri. Obs. Probably the same as A. spiriferoides. Athyris caputserpentis Swallow=Seminula caputserpentis. Athyris charitonensis Swallow=Seminula charitonensis. Athyris chloe Billngs=Parazyga hirsuta. Athyris elara Billings=Meristella nasuta. Athyris claytoni Swallow=Seminula claytoni. Athyris clintonensis Swallow=Cleiothyris clintonensis. Athyris clusia Billings=Meristella clusia. Athyris conecentrica Billings (non von Buch)=A. spiriferoides. Athyris congesta Conrad= Hyatella congesta. Athyris cora Hall. Hamilton and Chemung ? (Dey.). Athyris cora Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 94;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pl. 3, figs. 15, 16;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 291, pl. 47, figs. 1-7.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1892, p. 90, pl. 45, figs. 6-10. Loc. Delphi, New York. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 147 Athyris (?) corpulenta (A. Winchell). Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Spirigera corpulenta A. Winchell, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 6. Loe. Burlington, Iowa. Athyris crassicardinalis Whjte=Cleiothyris crassicardinalis. Athyris crassirostra Billings= Whitfieldella cylindrica. Athyris cylindrica Billings= Whitfieldella cylindrica. Athyris densa Halli and Clarke. _ St. Louis (L. Carb.). Athyris densa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, p. 364, pl. 46, figs. 6-12. Loc. Washington County, Indiana; Colesburg, Kentucky. Obs. Compare with Centronella (?) crassicardinalis. Athyris differentis McChesney =Seminula argentea. Athyris eborea A. Winchell=A. vittata. Athyris euzona Swallow=Seminula formosa. Athyris(?) formosa Swallow=Seminula formosa. Athyris fultonensis (Swallow). Corniferous and Hamilton (Deyv.). Spirigera fultonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, July or August, 1860, p. 650. Spirigera minima Swallow, Ibidem, 1860, p. 649. Athyris vittata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 89;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 289, pl. 46, figs. 1-4.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 502, pl. 4, figs. 8, 9;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 134, pl. 4, figs. 8, 9.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 87, pl. 16, figs. 25-32.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 228.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90, figs. 62, 63; pl. 45, figs. 1-5.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 90, pl. 41, fig. 1. Spirigera eborea A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 94. Loc. Callaway County, Missouri; Iowa City and New Buffalo, Iowa; Falls of Ohio; Alpena, Michigan; Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba. Obs. Specimens of 8S. fultonensis Swallow and S. eborea Winchell in the writer’s collection prove to be the same as A, vittata Hall. Athyris hannibalensis (Swallow). Chouteau (L. Carb.). Spirigera hannibalensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 649. Athyris hannibalensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90, pl. 46, figs. 13-15.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 90, pl. 40, fig. 9. Loc. Clarksville, Hannibal, ete., Missouri; Sciotoville, Ohio. Obs. Meek was inclined to regard this species the same as A. lamellosa. It is, however, distinct. See A. missouriensis. Athyris harpalyce Billings= Whitfieldella harpalyce. Athyris hawni Swallow=Seminula bawni. Athyris headi Billings=Catazyga headi. Athyris headi anticostiensis Billings=Catazyga erratica. Athyris headi borealis Billngs=Catazyga erratica. Athyris hirsuta Hall=Cleiothyris hirsuta. Athyris incrassata Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.). Athyris incrassata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 600, pl. 12, fie, 6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90, pl. 46, fi- pl. 83, fig. 39. A 5 Athyris incrassatus Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 91, pa. 41, 4~ Loc. Burlington, lowa; Quincy, Illinois; Hannibal, Missouri. uw 5 1; 148 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Athyris intermedia Nicholson= Whitfieldella intermedia. Athyris intervarica McChesney. Burlington (1. Carb.). Athyris intervarica McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 78. Loc. Burlington, lowa. e Obs. May be the same as A. lamellosa L’Eveillé. Athyris (?) jacksoni (Swallow). Upper Coal Measures. Spirigera jacksoni Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., I, 1860, p. 651. Loc. Cass County, Missouri. Athyris julia Billings=Whitfieldella julia. Athyris junia Bilings=Hyattella junia. Athyris lamellosa (L’Eveillé). Waverly-Keokuk (L. Carb.). Spirifer lamellosus L’Eveillé, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, II, 1835, p. 39, figs. 21-23. Athyris lamellosa Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 288, pl. 14, fig. 6.—Herrick, Bull Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 49, pl. 2, fig. 7— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIL, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 90, pl. 46, figs. 16-20. Athyris ashlandensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 24, pl. 3, fig. 6;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 23, fig. 10. Loc. Enrope; Sciotoville, and Licking County, Ohio; Lebanon, Kentucky ; Craw- fordsville, Indiana; New Mexico. Obs. See A. intervarica McChesney. Athyris lara Billings=Atrypa lara. Athyris maconensis Swallow=Seminula maconensis. Athyris maia Billings= Martinia maia. Athyris minima Swallow=A. fultonensis. Athyris minutissima Webster. Chemung (Dey.). Athyris minutissima Webster, American Nat., XXII, 1888, p. 1015. Loc. Near Rockford, Iowa. Athyris missouriensis Swallow=Cleiothyris missouriensis. Athyris missouriensis (A. Winchell). Chouteau (lL. Carb.). Spirigera missouriensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, pute Loc. Louisiana, Missouri; Medina County, Ohio. Obs. Should be compared with A. hannibalensis. Athyris monticola (White). Lower Carboniferous. Spirigera monticola White, Wheeler’s Geogr. Geol. Expl. and Survey west 100 Merid., Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 16;—Final Rep. Ibidem, IV, 1875, p. 91, pl. 5, fig. 11. Loc. Mountain Spring, Nevada. ' Athyris naviformis Billngs=Whitfieldella naviformis. Athyris nitida Billings= Whitfieldella nitida. Athyris obmaxima McChesney=Cleiothyris obmaxima. Athyris obvia McChesney=Cleiothyris obvia. Athyris ohioensis (A. Winchell). Waverly (L. Carb.). A pirigera ohioensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 118. ,thyris ohioensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 49, pl. 2, fig. 1. Are Akron and Sciotoville, Ohio. 7,w York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 290, fig. 210, pl. 80, figs. 23-26. Loc. Columbus and Sandusky, Ohio; near Cayuga, Ontario, and Lakes Manitoba, and Winnipegosis, Canada. GLASSIA Davidson. Genotype Atrypa obovata Sowerby. Glassia Davidson, Geol. Mag., n. ser., VIII, 1881, p. 11;—Sup. British Devonian and Silurian Brach., Pal. Soc., 1882, p. 38.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 152, figs. 142-145;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 811. 224 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Glassia romingeri Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.). Glassia romingeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 158, pl. 83, figs. 32-35. Loc. Drift near Ann Arbor, Michigan. Glassia schucherti Ulrich=Catazyga headi. GLOSSINA Phillips. Genotype Lingula attenuata Sowerby. Glossina Pee Mem. Geol. Survey Great Britain, II, Pt. I], 1848, p. 870.— Dall, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 29.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Bitole 1892, pp. 15, 164;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 230. Glossina acuminata Hall and Clarke=Lingulepis acuminata. Glossina crassa (Hall). Trenton (Ord.). Lingula crassa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 98, pl. 30, fig. 8. Loc. Middleville and Lake Champiain, New York. Glossina cyane (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.). Lingula cyane Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 216, fig. 200. Loc. Near Portland Creek, Newfoundland. Glossina deflecta Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula (Glossina) deflecta Winchell and Schuchert, American Geol., LX, 1892, p. 284;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 348, pl. 29, figs. 15-18. Loc. Near Fountain and Spring Valley, Minnesota. Glossina dubia (d’Orbigny). Ordovician. Lingula dubia d’Orbigny, Voyage dans ’Amérique Mcridionale, 1842, p. 29, pl. 2, fig. 7. Loc. Tacopaya, Bolivia. Glossina flabellula Hall and Clarke. Waverly (Ll. Carb.). Lingula (Glossina) flabellula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 15, 172, pl. 1, figs. 33, 31. oc. Sciotoville, Ohio. Glossina hurlbuti N. H. Winchell. ‘ Trenton (Ord.). Lingula hurlbuti N. H. Winchell, Eighth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist., Survey Minnesota, 1880, p. 62. Lingula (Glossina) hurlbuti Winchell and polinemort Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 347, pl. 29, figs. 13, 14. Loe. Mart eral and near Spring Valley, Minnesota. Glossina leana (Hall). Hamilton (Dey.). Lingula leana Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New vor State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 20;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 12.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 106, joie ile}, fig. 2. Loc. Bristol, New York; Lone Mountain, Nevada. Glossina nebraskaensis (Meek). Upper Carboniferous. Lingula scotica var. nebraskensis Meek, Final Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 158, pl. 8, fig. 3. Lingula nebraskensis Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 350. Loc. Nebraska City, Nebraska. Glossina perovata (Hall). Clinton (Sil.). Lingula perovata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 55, pl. 20, fig. 3. Loc. Rochester, New York. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 225 Glossina sedaliaensis (Miller). Chouteau (lL. Carb.). Lingula sedaliensis Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 308, pl. 9, fig. 2. Loc. Sedalia, Missouri. Obs. This species is probably the same as G. waverlyensis. Glossina spatiosa (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Lingula spatiosa Hall, Pal. New York, ILI, 1859, p. 158, pl. 9, fig. 10. Loc. Near Hudson, New York. Glossina trentonensis (Conrad). Trenton and Utica (Ord.). Lingula trentonensis Conrad, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 266, pl. 15, fig. 11.—Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 48. Lingula attenuata? Hall (non Sowerby), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 94, pl. 30, fig. J. Lingula daphne Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 50. ?Lingula attenuata A. Ulrich, N. Yahrb. f. Mineral, Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 7, Plody fp. 3: Loe. Glens Falls, Trenton Falls, Middleville, New York; Wisconsin; Montreal and Ottawa, Canada; ?near Vacas, Bolivia. Glossina triangulata (Nettelroth). Hamilton (Dey.). Lingula triangulata Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 34, pl. 26, fig. 1. Loe. Falls of Ohio. Glossina waverlyensis (Herrick), Waverly (lL. Carb.). Lingula scotica?? Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 276, pl. 14, fig. 9. Lingula waverlyensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Uniy., [V, 1888, pp. 12, 18, pl. 3, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 9, pl. 4K, fig. 7. Lingula (scotica var.) waverlyensis Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, fig. 1. Loc. Berea and Newark, Ohio; Oil City, Penusylvania. Obs. See G. sedaliaensis (Miller). Goniocelia Hall=Pentagonia. Gonioceelia unianguata Hall=Pentagonia unisulcata. Gotlandia Dall='Trimerella. Gypidia Dalman=Conchidium. Gypidia unguiformis Ulrich=Conchidium unguitormis. GYPIDULA Hall. Genotype Pentamerus occidentalis Hall. Gypidula Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163 ;— Pal. New York, LV, 1867, pp. 373, 380.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 161. Sieberella Gihlert, Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1311. Gypidula and Sieberella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 245 ;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1895, pp. 845, 846. Gypidula comis (Owen). Middle Devonian. Atrypa comis Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, lowa, Minnesota, 1852, p. 588, pl. 3A, fig. 4 (see specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17928). Pentamerus (n. sp: ?) Owen, Ibidem, 1852, pl. 3A, fig. 11 (Ibidem, Cat., 17929). Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. IT, 1858, p. 514, pl. 6, fig. 2 (non Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, 1852). Pentamerus galeatiformis Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey, Illinois, LI, 1866, p. S20: Gypidula occidentalis Hall, Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 380, pl. 58A, figs. 1-8. Bull. 87——15 226 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Gypidula comis (Owen)—Continued. Pentamerus comis Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 428, pl. 13, fig. 6. —Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 290. Pentamerus (Gypidula) comis Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 159, pl. 3, figs. 4,7; pl. 14, fig. 15; pl. 15, fig. 5. Gypidula comis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I1, 1893, p. 247, fig. 177; pl. 72, figs. 15-24. Loc. Independence and Davenport, lowa; Rock Island, Illinois; Kureka district, Neyada; lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis, Canada. Gypidula coppingeri (lHtheridge). Silurian. Pentamerus coppingeri Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 594, pl. 25, figs. 2, 3. Loc. Offley Island, lat. 81° 16’. Gypidula galeata (Dalman). Lower Helderberg and Middle Devonian. Atrypa galeata Dalman, Kongl. Svenska, Vet.-Akad. Handl., fOr 1827, 1828, p. 46, pl. 5, fig. 4.—Troost, Sixth Geol. Rep. Tennessee, 1841, p. 15.—Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 117, fig. 1.—Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. lVAmérique Sana GE TGS 1843, p. 39, pl. 14, fig. 4. Pentamerus galeatus Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 105, figs. Roa Geol. Pennsylvania, IT, Pt. II, 1858, p. 825, fig. 646.— Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 257, pl. 46, fig. 1; pl. 47, fig. 1.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 454. Pentamerus galeatus var. Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 234. Sieberella galeatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. INE, 180g, p. 246, fig. 175; pl. 72, figs. 7-13. Loc. Europe; Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Cumberland, Maryland ; Pennsylvania; St. Blandine, New Brunswick; Mackenzie River, Canada. Gypidula globulosa (Nettelroth). Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus globulosus Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 54 Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Gypidula knotti (Nettelroth). Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus knotti Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 56, pl. 32, figs. 9-12. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Gypidula leviuscula Hall. Middle Devonian. Gypidula leviuscula Hall, Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 381, pl. 58, figs. 22, 23.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. Now York, Vill Pts ietsgs; p- 248, pl. 72, figs. 25, 26. Loc. Waterloo, Iowa. Gypidula lotis (Walcott). Upper Devonian. Pentamerus lotis Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 161, pl. 3, fig. 0. Gypidula lotis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 248. Loc. White Pine mining district, Nevada. Gypidula munda Calvin. Middle Devonian. Gypidula munda Calvin, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., IV, 1878, p. 730. Gypidula mundula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 248. Loc, Independence, Iowa. Gypidula nucleus (Hall and Whitfield). ¢ Clinton (Sil.). Pentamerus galeatus Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, pp. 197, 200a. Pentamerus nucleus Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pl. 9, figs. 30-32.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 59, pl. 27, figs. 25-27; pl.33, figs.27-38. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 29 Gypidula nucleus (Hall and Whitfield) —Continued. Sieberella nucleus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 247, pl. 72, figs. 1-3. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Gypidula occidentalis Hall=G, comis. Gypidula pseudogaleata (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Pentamerus pseudogaleatus Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 106, figs. 1-6;—Pal. New York, ILI, 1859, p. 259, pl. 46, fig. 2. Sieberella pseudogaleata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IJ, 1893, p. 242, pl. 72, fig. 14. Loc. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York. Gypidula reemeri (Hall and Clarke). Silurian. Pentamerus galeatus Roemer (not Dalman), Sil. Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 73, pl. 5, fig. 14. Sieberella reemeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 247, pl. 72, fig. 6. Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee. Gypidula romingeri Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Dey.). Gypiduia romingeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 248, pl. 72, figs. 27-33. Loe. Alpena, Michigan. Gypidula subglobosa (Meek and Worthen). Hamilton (Dev.). Pentamerus subglobosus Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 429, pl. 13, fig. 5. Gypidula subglobosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p.248. Loe. Rock Island, Illinois. Gypidula uniplicata (Nettelroth). Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus uniplicatus Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 63, pl. 33, figs. 25, 26. Sieberella uniplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 247. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. HARTTINA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Centronella anna Hartt. Harttina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 292;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 862. Harttina coutinhoana (Derby). Upper Carboniferous. Waldheimia coutinhoana Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. 22; ple ,ue. 65 ple 9) figs. 1, 2° Harttina coutinhoana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 292. Loc. Bomjardim, Brazil. Harttina anna (Hartt). Upper Carboniferous. Centronella anna Hartt, Dawson’s Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 300, fig. 99. Harttina anna Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 292, figs. 211, 212; pl. 79, figs. 37-39. Loc. Windsor, Noya Scotia. Hallina Winchell and Schuchert=Zygospira. HEBERTELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orthis sinuata Hall. Group of Orthis occidentalis Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 20. Hebertella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 198, 222.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 432.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 266. 228 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Hebertella battis ( Billings). Calciterous (Ord.). Orthis battis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 185. Hebertella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Hebertella bellirugosa (Conrad), Trenton (Ord.). Orthis bellarugosa Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 333.— Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 118, pl. 32, fiv. 3. Hebertella bellarugosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222. Orthis (Hebertella?) bellarugosa Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur- vey, IIT, 1893, p. 434, pl. 33, figs. 1-4. Loc. Mineral Point, Janesville, Neenah, etc., Wisconsin; Minneapolis, St. Paul, Cannon Falls, ete., Minnesota; Decorah and McGregor, Iowa; Curdsville, Kentucky; Rutherford County, Tennessee. Hebertella borealis (Billings). Chazy-'Trenton (Ord.). Orthis borealis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., 1V, 1859, p. 436, fig. 14;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 129, fig. 56° p. 167, fig. 148.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1878, p. 101, pl. 8, fig. 4.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 28.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 36, pl. 34, figs. 14-20. Hebertella borealis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222. Orthis (Hebertella) borealis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 433, fig. 33. Loc. Caughnawaga, St. Genevieve, Isle Bizard, and Cornwall, Canada; Frank- fort, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; Cannon Falls, etc., Minnesota; Wis- consin (Whitfield). Hebertella daytonensis (I*oerste). Clinton (Sil.). Orthis daytonensis Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 87, pl. 13, figs. 13, 20, 21. Hebertella daytonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p, 222. Orthis (Hebertella) daytonensis Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 575, pl. 25, figs. 13, 20, 21. Loc. Dayton, Ohio. Hebertella fausta (Ioerste). Clinton (Sil.). Orthis fausta Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 85, pl. 13, figs. 15, 16. Hebertella fausta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222. Orthis (Hebertella) fausta and var, squamosa Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pp. 573, 574, pl. 25, figs. 15a-15d, 16a, 16b; pl. 37A, figs. 19a, 19b. Loc. Dayton, Ohio. Hebertella imperator (Billings). Chazy (Ord.). Orthis imperator Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 485, figs. 11-13 ;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 129, fig. 55. Hebertella imperator Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222. Loc. Hawkesbury and Cornwall, Canada. Hebertella insculpta Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis inseulpta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 125, pl. 32, fig. 12.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 167, fig. 150.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 99, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., IH, 1875, p. 40. Orthis hellarngosa Hall (non Conrad), Second Ann. Rep. New York State Seol., 1883, pl. 35, fig. 22. Hebertella inseulpta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222, pl. 5A, fig. 13. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 229 Hetertella insculpta Hall—Continued. Orthis (Hebertella) insculpta Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, IIT, 18938, p. 435. Loe. Oxtord, ete., Ohio; Richmond, Indiana; Wilmington, Illinois; Iron Ridge, Wisconsin; Lattners, Iowa. Hebertella lonensis (Walcott). Pogonip (Ord.), Orthis lonensis Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1834, p. 74, pl. 11, fig. 6. Hebertella lonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222. Loe. Kureka district, Nevada. Hebertella maria (Billings). Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis maria Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 137, fig. 114. Hebertella sinuata or maria? Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222, pl. 5A, figs. 9, 10. Loe. Anticosti; Colby, Kentucky. Hebertella occidentalis Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis occidentalis Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 127, pl. 32A, fig. 2; pl. 32B, tig. 1;—Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 72.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 210, fig. 210.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 96, pl. 9, fig. 3.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 70, pl. 4, fig. 11.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 34.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 485, pl. 2, figs. 10-12 ;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 117, pl. 2, figs. 10-12.—Whittfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 260, pl. 12, figs. 17, 18.—Hall, Second Ann, Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pl. 34, figs. 31-34; pl. 35, figs. 16-21. Orthis subjugata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 129, pl. 32C, fig. 1. Orthis subjugata(?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pl. 2B, figs. 4, 5 (see specimens in U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Ioss., 17885). Hebertella occidentalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222, pl. 5A, figs. 11, 12. Loe. Cincinnati, Oxford, etc., Qhio; Richmond, Indiana; Savanna, Illinois; Cape Girardeau, Missouri; Delafield, Wisconsin; Silver City, New Mexico. Hebertella occidentalis sinuata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis sinuata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 128, pl. 32B, fig. 2.—Miller, Cin- cinnati Quart. Jour, Sci., II, 1875, p. 36.—Shaler, Fossil Brachiopoda Ohio Valley, 1887, pl. 8. Orthis occidentalis var. sinuata Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1878, p. 98. 5A, figs. 1-8. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Hebertella scovilli (Miller). Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis scovilli Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 40, pl. 1, fig. 5. Hebertella scovilli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222. Loc. Lebanon, Ohio. Hemipronites americanus Whitfield =Clitambonites diversus. Hemipronites apicalis Whitfield = Poly tcechia apicalis. Hemipronites crassus McChesney = Derbya crassa. ; Hemipronites crenistria White (non Meek or Phillips) =Derbya erassa. Hemipronites crenistria Meek, and Herrick =Orthothetes crenistria. Hemipronites propinquus Meek and Worthen=Orthothetes subplanus. HEMITHYRIS d’Orbigny. Genotype Rhynchonella psittacea Gmel. Hemithyris d’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., VIII, 1850, p. 246; XIII, 1850, p. 322. 230 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (BULL. 87. Hemithyris psittacea (Chemnitz). Pliocene and Recent. Anomia rostrum psittacea Chemnitz, Neues syst. Conch.-Cab., VIII, 1785, pl. 78, fig. 713. Rhynchonella psittacea Davidson, Trans. Linn:ean Soe. London, LV, 1887, p. 163, pl. 24, figs. 1-11. Loc. Fossil. Gulf of St. Lawrenee, Canada. HETERORTHIS Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orthis clytie Hall. Heterorthis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 207, 223;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 268. Heterorthis clytie Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Orthis clytie Hall, Fourteenth Rep New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 96;— Fifteenth Rep., Ibidem, 1x62, pl. 2, figs. 4,5.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., II, 1875, p. 34.—Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 75, pl. 1, figs. 18,19. Heterorthis clytie Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 202, 223, pl. 5B, figs 20-24. Loc. Frankfort and Paris, Kentucky. HINDELLA Davidson. Genotype Athyris umbonata Billings, Hindella Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brach., Pal. Soe., 1882, p. 130.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 68, figs. 46-51;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 769. Hindella prinstana (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Athyris prinstana Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 145, fig. 122. Meristella prinstana Miller, N. American Geol]. Pal., 1889, p. 354. Hindella prinstana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 64, pl. 41, fig. 28; pl. 49, fig. 1. Loe. aiteasth Hindella umbonata (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Athyris umbonata Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 144, fig. 121;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 331. Hindella umbonata Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1882, p. 130, fig. in text.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 64, figs. 46-51; pl. 41, figs. 26, 27, 29, 30. Meristella umbonata Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 88, pl. 13, fig. 2;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p.590, pl. 25, fig. 2. Loc. Anticosti; Dayton, Ohio ( Boney HIPPARIONYX Vanuxem. Genotype Hipparionyx proximus Vanuxem. Hipparionyx Vanuxem, Ceol, New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 124, fig. 4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 257;—Eleventh Ann. ~ Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 284. Hipparionyx consimilaris Vanuxem=Atrypa reticularis. Hipparionyx proximus Vanuxem. Oriskany (Devy.). Hipparionyx proximus Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 124, fig. 29, No. 4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 257, pl. 9, figs. 838-36; pl. 15A, figs. 9-11, Atrypa ungniformis (Conrad) Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 149, fig. 4.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, IT, Pt. II, 1858, p. 826, fig. 651 Orthis conradi Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. VAmérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 37, pl. 15, fig. 4. Orthis unguiformis Castelnau, Ibidem, 1843, p. 37, pl. 15, fig. 3.—Emmons, Manual Geol., 1860, p. 129, fig. 115. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 231 Hipparionyx proximus Vanuxem—Continned. Orthis hipparionyx Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 407, pl. 89, figs. 1-4; pl. 90, figs. 1-7; pl. 91, figs. 4,5; pl. 94, fig. 4. Strophodonta intermedia Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 482, pl. 95A, figs. 13, 14. Streptorhynchus hipparionyx Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pl. 389, figs. 33-36. Loc. Schoharie and Albany counties, New York; Frankstown, Pennsylvania; Cumberland, Maryland; Cayuga, Ontario. * Obs. This species does not occur in Germany according to Kayser. HOMCOSPIRA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Rhynchospira evax Hall. Homeospira Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 112;—Thir- teenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 792. Homeeospira apriniformis Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa aprinis Hall (non de Verneuil), Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 280, pl. 57, fig. 7. Rhynchospira? aprinis Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, een tid Rhynchospira apriniformis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 485. Rhynchonella aprinis Miller, N. American Geoi. Pal., 1889, p. 367. Homeeospira apriniformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 111, pl. 83, figs. 24, 25. ' Loc. Lockport, New York. Homeospira evax Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Rhynchospira eyax Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 213. Retzia evax Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 160, pl. 25, figs. 13-21;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 302, pl. 25, figs. 13-21.—Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, Pp. 5d, pl. 5, figs. 1-9: Homeeospira evax Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 112, pl. 50, figs. 15-20 ( 232-35). Loe. Waldron, Indiana; ?Perry County, Tennessee. Homeeospira sobrina (Beecher and Clarke). Niagara (Sil.). Retzia sobrina Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 61, pl. d, figs. 10-16. Homeceospira sobrina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 112, pl. 50, figs. 26-28. Loc. Waldron, Indiana. HUSTEDIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Terebratula mormoni Marcou. Hustedia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 120;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 797. Hustedia(?) meekana (Shumard). Upper Carboniferous. Retzia(?) meekana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 295, pl. 11, hie 7. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. Hustedia mormoni (Marcon). Upper Carboniferous. Terebratula mormoni Marcon, Geol. N. America, February, 1858, p. 51, pl. 6, fig. 11;—Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., III, 1875, p. 252. Retzia punctulifera Shumard, Trans. St. Lonis Acad. Scei., I, June, 1858, p. 220.— McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 32, pl. 1, fig. 1.—Meek, Final Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 181, pl. 1, fig. 13; pl. 5, fig. 7. 232 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Butt.87. Hustedia mormoni (Mareou)—Continued. Retzia mormoni Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 27.—Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas Nebraska, 1866, p. 39, pl. 3, fig. 6.—White, Wheeler’s Expl]. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 141, pl. 10, fig. 7;— Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 136, pl. 35, figs. 10-12.—Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 231;—Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 95, pl. 41, fig. 2. Retzia subglobosa McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1860, p. 45;—Ibidem, 1S65; pleads wo. 0. Retzia compressa Meek, Geol. Survey California, I, 1864, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 7.— Kayser, Richthofens China, IV, 1883, p. 176, pl. 22, figs. 1-4. Eumetria punctulifera Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 4, pl. 8, figs. 4, 5, (in tsiy UO Re Tolls Wh aie oe Retzia radialis Walcott (non Phillips), Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 220, pl 7, figs. 5d-5h.—Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XX XV, 1897, p. 31. Hustedia mormoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 120, fio. 106; pl. 51, figs. 1-9. Loc. Salt Lake City, Utah; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Nevada; Shasta County, California; Nebraska; Kansas; Arkansas; Missouri; Iowa; Illinois; Indi- ana; Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil; Lo Ping, China. Hustedia(?) papillata (Shumard). Upper Carboniferous. Retzia papillata Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 294, pl. 11, fig. 9. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. Obs. Compare with H. mormeni. - Hustedia(?) triangularis (Miller). Chouteau (LL. Carb.). Retzia triangularis Miller, Kighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 315, pl. 9; figs. 25, 26. — Loc. Sedalia, Missouri. HYATTELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Atrypa congesta Conrad. Hyattella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 61, fig. 45;—Thir- teenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 767. Hyattella congesta (Conrad). Clinton (Sil.). Atrypa congesta Conrad, Jour. Acad, Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 265, pl. 16, fig. 18.—Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 71, fig. 2;— Pal. New York, IT, 1852, p. 67, pl. 23, fig. 1.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 136, pl. 2, fig. 4. Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 823, fig. 632. ; Atrypa quadricostata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 68, pl. 23, fig. 2. Triplesia? congesta Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, Ds ihe Tripiesia? quadricostata Hall, Thbidem, 1859, p. 78. Rhynchonella quadricostata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 369. Camerella congesta Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem, Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 48. Hyattella congesta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 61, fig. 45; pl. 40, figs. 23-28; pl. 81, figs. 26-28. Loc. Rochester, Reynales Basin, ete., New York; Flamborough Head, Ontario; Pennsylvania; Louisville, Kentucky. Hyattella junia (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Athyris junia Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 46. Hyattella junia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 62, pl. 40, figs. 29-31. Loc. Anticosti. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 233 HYPOTHYRIS King. Genotype Atrypa cuboides Sowerby. Hypothyris King (non Phillips), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII, 1846, p. 28;— Mon, Permian Ioss., Pal. Soe., 1850, pp. 81, 100, 111.—HHall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I], 1898, p. 200;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 828. Hypothyris castanea (Meek). Middle Devonian. Rhynchonella castanea Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 93, pl. 13, fig. 9.—Walceott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 153, pl. 15, figs. 1, 4.—Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 232. Liorhynehus eastaneus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 59, figs. 28, 29. Loc. Lockhart and Mackenzie River, Canada; Eureka district, Nevada. Hypothyris cuboides (Sowerby). Tully (Dev.). Atrypa cuboides Sowerby, Trans. Geological Soc., 2d ser., V, 1840, pl. 6, fig. 24.— Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 163, fig. 1.—Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, pp. 215, 216, fig. 1. Rhynchonella venustula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 346, pl. 544A, figs, 24- 43.—Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, p. 493, pl. 13, figs. 4, 8, 14, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31-34. Hypothyris euboides and venustula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 200, pi. 60, figs. 49-55. ; Loc. Europe; Tully, Ovid, Penn Yan, ete., New York. Hypothyris emmonsi (Hall and Whitfield). Middle Devonian. Rhynchonella emmonsi Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 247, pl. 3, figs. 4-8.—Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 157. Rhynchonella intermedia Barris, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., II, 1878, p. 285, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6. Rhynchonella cuboides Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 231. Hypothyris emmonsi and intermedia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 200. Loc. White Pine district, Nevada; Davenport, Iowa; Hay and Peace rivers, Canada. IPHIDEA Billings. Genotype Iphidea bella Billings. Iphidea Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 477;—Pal. Fossils, IJ, 1874, p. 76.—Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 100.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 97, 166;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 249.—Walcott, Proc. U.S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 707. * Micromitra Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 479. Kutorgina (pars) Dall, Bull. U.S. National Mus., 8, 1877, p. 40.—Walcott, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 101.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt 18925090: Paterina Beecher, American Jour. Science, 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 345.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 247. Iphidea alabamaensis Walcott. Middle Cambrian. Iphidea alabamaensis Walcott, Proc. U.S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 718, pl. 59, figs. 5, 5a. Loc. Coosa Valley, Cherokee County, Alabama; near Rogersville, Tennessee. Iphidea bella Billings. Lower Cambrian. iphidea bella Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 447, fig. 153;— Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 76, fig. 44.—Walcott, Bull, U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, = 234 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA, [svtt.87. Iphidea bella Billings—Continued. p- 100, pl. 7, tig. 4;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 608, pl. 67, tig. 6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 98, fig. 54, pl. 4, figs. 8, 9. Loc. Trois Pistoles, below Quebec, Canada; Anse au Loup, Labrador. Iphidea crenistria Walcott. Middle Cambrian. Iphidea crenistria Walcott, Proc. U.S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 713, pl. 59, figs. 4—4b. Loc. Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Iphidea labradorica (Billings). ' Lower Cambrian. Obolus labradoricus Billings, Geol. Vermont, II, 1861, p. 946, fig. 345 ;—Pal. Fos- sils, I, 1861, p. 6, fig. 6;—Geol. of Canada, 1863, p. 284, fig. 291. Kutorgina labradorica Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 104, pl. 9, fig. 2;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 609, pl. 69, fig. 3. Paterina labradorica Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, pp. 345, 356, pl. 17, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Anse au Loup, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador; Conception Bay, New- foundland. Iphidea labradorica swantonensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Kutorgina Jabradorica var. swantonensis Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p. 36;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 609, pl. 69, fig. 2. Loc. East of Swanton and Highgate Springs, Vermont. Iphidea logani Walcott. Middle Cambrian. Iphidea logani Walcott, Proc. U.S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 711, pl. 59, figs. 2-2b. Loc. Trois Pistoles, Quebee, Canada. Iphidea ornatella Hall and Clarke=I. superba. Iphidea pannulus (White). Lower and Middle Cambrian. Trematis pannulus White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 6. Trematis? pannulus White, Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 4. Kutorgina pannula Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 105, pl. 7, fig. 3; pl. 8, fig. 2;—American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, 1887, p. 190, pl. 1, fig. 14;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 609, pl. 69, fig. 5. Loc. Pioche, Nevada; Wasatch Mountains, Utah; Mount Stephan and Castle Mountain, British Columbia; Washington County, New York; Island of Orleans in the Sillery conglomerate. Iphidea pealei Walcott. Middle Cambrian. Iphidea pealei Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XTX, 1897, p. 712, pl. 59, figs. 3-3¢. Loc. Near Hillsdale, Montana. Iphidea prospectensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Kutorgina prospectensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 19, pl. 9, fig. 1;—Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 106, pl. 9, fig. 3;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 610, pl. 69, fig. 4. Loe. Eureka district, Nevada. Iphidea sculptilis Meek. Upper Cambrian. Iphidea (??) sculptilis Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Territories, 1873, p. 479. Micromitra sculptilis Meek, Ibidem, 1873, p. 479. Kutorgina minutissima Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., LV, 1877, po 207 ply nes. ells ie. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 235 Iphidea sculptilis Meek—Continued. Kutorgina sculptilis Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 9, fig. 7. Loc. Gallatin City, Montana; Eureka district, Nevada. Obs. The ventrai pedicle foramen in this species, the genotype of Micromitra, is partially closed posteriorly, but otherwise does not seem to differ generically from Iphidea. Iphidea stissingensis (Dwight). Middle Cambrian. Kutorgina stissingensis Dwight, American Jour. Sci., 5d ser., XX XVIII, 1889, p. 145, pl. 6, figs. 5-8;—Trans. Vassar Brothers’ Inst., V, 1891, p. 105, pl. 1, figs. 5-8. Loe. Stissing Mountain, Duchess County, New York. Iphidea superba Walcott. Middle Cambrian. Iphidea enf.? ornatella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4, fies. 6, 7. Iphidea superba Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 711, pl. 59, figs. 1-1e. Loc, Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Isogramma Meek and Worthen=Aulacorhynchus. Isogramma millipunctata Meek and Worthen=Aulacorhynehus milli- punctatum. KINGENA Davidson. Genotype Terebratula lima Defrance. Kingena Davidson, Mon. British Cret. Brach., Pal. Soc., I, 1853, p. 42. Kingena leonensis (Conrad). Washita (Lower Cret.). Terebratula leonensis Conrad, Emory’s Rep. U. 8S. and Mexican Bound. Survey, I, 1857, p. 164, pl. 21, fig. 2.—Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 18. Loc, Leon Springs, Texas; also Denison, Texas (Hill). Kingena wacoensis (Roemer). Washita (Lower Cret.). Terebratula sp. undet. Roemer, Texas, 1849, p. 408. Terebratula wacoensis Roemer, Kreidebildung von Texas, 1852, p. 81, pl. 6, fig. 2.— Gabb, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 18. Terebratula choctawensis Shumard, Marecy’s Rep. Red River Louisiana, 1854, p. 195, pl. 2, fig. 3.—Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 19. ?Terebratula wacoensis Whiteaves, Mesozoic Foss., Geol. Sury. Canada, I, 1879, Delite Loc. Near New Braunfels, Texas; Trent River, Vancouver Island. ‘I have traced its continuity from the Red River to the Rio Grande” (Hill). Obs, Gabb is correct in regarding T. choctawensis as a synonym for T. wacoen- sis. ‘The Vancouver specimens are doubtful” (Stanton). Klitambonites Pander—Clitambonites. Koninckiana americana Swallow=Productus swallovi. KUTORGINA Billings. Genotype Obolella cingulata Billings. Kutorgina Billings (partim), Geol. Vermont, II, 1861, ». 948, figs. 347-349,—Bil- lings (partim), Pal. Iossils, I, 1861, p. 9, figs. 8-10.—Dall, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 40.—Walcott (partim), Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 101.— Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 345.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 90, 166, 183;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 247. 236 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BUmL.87. Kutorgina cingulata Billings. Lower Cambrian. Obolella (Kutorgina) cingulata Billings, Geol. Vermont, II, 1861, p. 948, figs. 347-349 ;—Pal. Fossils, 1, 1861, p. &, figs. 8-10. Obolella cingulata Billings, Geol. Canada, 18638, p. 284, fig. 287. Kutorgina cingulata Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 102, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 345.—Waleott, Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 609, pl. 69, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 92, figs. 47-49; pl. 4, figs. 10-17. Loc. Anse au Loup, Labrador; Swanton and Georgia, Vermont; Malvern Hills, England; Island of Bornholm, Sweden. Kutorgina labradorica Walcott=Iphidea labradorica. Kutorgina labradorica var. swantonensis Walcott=Iphidea labradorica swantonensis. Kutorgina latourensis Matthew=billingsella latourensis. Kutorgina minutissima Hall and Whitfield=Iphidea sculptilis. Kutorgina pannula White=Iphidea pannulus. Kutorgina prospectensis Walcott =Iphidea prospectensis. ’*Kutorgina pterineoides Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Kutorgina ? pterineoides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 43, pl. 5, fig. 19. Loc. Hanford Brook and St. Martins, New Brunswick. Obs. It isnot certain that this species is a brachiopod. May be the operculum of a pteropod. Kutorgina sculptilis Waleott=Iphidea seulptilis. Kutorgina stissingensis Dwight=Iphidea stissingensis. Kutorgina whitfieldi Waleott=Billingsella whitfieldi. LEIORHYNCHUS Hall. Genotype Orthis quadricostata Vanuxem. Leiorhynehus Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 75;—Twentieth Rep. Ibidem, 1867, p. 272;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 355,— Waagen, Paleeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1888, p. 411. Liorhynchus Ilall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 193;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 827. Obs. A subzenus of Camarotechia, differing only in exterior ornamentation, Leiorhynchus boonense (Shumari). Burlington (Ll. Carb.). Rhynchonella boonensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 205, pl. C, fig. 6.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 101. Liorhynehus boonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 11, 1893, p. 194, pl. 60, fig. 35. Loc. Columbia, Boone County, and Cooper County, Missouri. Leiorhynchus dubium Hall. Marcellus (Deyv.). Leiorhynehus dubius Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 364, pl. 56, figs. 22-25,— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1895, pl. 59, figs. 6, 7. Rhynchonella dubia Tschernyschew, Mém. Comité Géologique de St. Peters- burg, III, 3, 1887, p. 90, pl. 14, fig. 7. Loc. New York; Urals of Russia. Leiorhynchus globuliforme (Vanuxem). Chemung (Deyvy.). Atrypa globuliformis Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 1X2, fig. 2. Leiorhynchus globuliformis Hall, Pal. New York, 1V, 1867, p. 364, pl. 57, figs. 26-29.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 194, pl. 59, figs. 22-27, Loc. Otsego County, New York. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2ad Leiorhynchus greeneanum (Ulrich). Waverly (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella greenana Ulrich, Cont, American Pal., I, 1886, p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 1. Liorhynchus greenianus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 194, Pugnax greenianus Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1895, pl. 60, figs, 56-58. Loc. Near New Albany, Indiana. Leiorhynchus (?) hecate Clarke. Genesee (Dey.). Leiorhynchus(?) heecate Clarke, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 31, pl. 3, fig. 4. Loc. Ontario County, New York. Obs. Probably the same as Spirifer pluto Clarke. Leiorhynchus iris Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Leiorhynchus iris Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 360, pl. 56, figs. 41-45. Loc. Rockford, lowa. Leiorhynchus kelloggi Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Leiorhynchus kelloggi Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 361, pl. 57, figs. 1-12.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 194, pl. 59, figs. 18-20, 32, 33. Leiorhynchus kelloggi? Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 354, pl. 26, fig. 9. Rhynchonella kelloggi Tschernyschew, Mem. Comité Géologique de St. Peters- burg, III, 3, 1887, p. 91, pl. 14, fig. 14. Loc. Ohio; New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Urals of Russia. Leiorhynchus laura (billings). Marcellus-Hamilton (Devy.). Rhynchonella? laura Billings, Canadian Jour., V, May, 1860, p. 273, figs. 26-28 ;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 384, fig. 418. Leiorhynchus multicosta Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., December, 1860, p. 85, figs. 14, 15, on p. 94;—Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 358, pl. 56, figs. 26-40. Leiorhynehus laura Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VII, 1874, p. 240. Rhynchonella (Leiorhynelus) laura Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 159. ?Rhynchonella multicosta Tschernyschew, Devon. im Donetz Becken, 1886, pl. 15, figs. 1-3;—Mém. Comité Géologique de St. Petersburg, II], 3, 1887, p. 92. Liorhynchus multicosta and laura Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 194, pl. 59, figs. 8-10, 13-17. Loc. Thedford and Bosanquet, Ontario; New York; Eureka district, Nevada; ? Russia. Leiorhynchus lesleyi Hall and Clarke. Upper Devonian. Liorhynchus lesleyi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 368, pl. 59, figs. 34-36. Loc. ‘‘ Pennsylvania.” Leiorhynchus limitare (Vanuxem),. Marcellus (Dev.). Orthis limitaris Vanuxem. Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 146, tig. 3. Atrypa limitaris Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 182, fig. 11. Leiorhynchus limitaris Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat Hist., 1860, p. 85;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 356, pl. 56, figs. 6-21.—Whittield, Annals New York Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 550, pl. 11, fig. 11;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 444, pl. 7, fig. 11. Rhynchonella limitaris Tschernyschew, Mémoires du Comité Géologique de St. Petersburg, 1887, III, 3, pl. 14, fig. 5. Liorhynchus limitaris Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 194, pl. 59, figs. 12, 35. Loe. Schoharie, Marcellus, Avon, etc., New York; Delaware County, Ohio (Whit- field); Urals of Russia. 233 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL 87, Leiorhynchus mesicostale Hall. Portage-Chemung (Devy.). Atrypa mesacostalis Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, Tables Organic Remains, 64, fig. 1. Leiorhynchus mesacostalis Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 86, fig. 1;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 362, pl. 67, figs. 18-25.—Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 37. Rhynchonella mesacostalis Tschernyschew, Mémoires du Comité Géologique de St. Petersburg, 1887, p. 91, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4. Liorhynchus mesacostalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 194, pl. 59, figs. 11, 12. Loc. Ithaca, Elmira, Bath, etce., New York; Urals of Russia. Leiorhynehus multicosta Hall=L. laura. Leiorhynchus mysia Hall. Marcellus (Dev.). Leiorhynchus mysia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 357, pl. 56, figs. 1-5. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Leiorhynchus nevadaense Walcott. Middle Devonian. Rhynchonella (Leiorhynchus) nevadensis Walcott, Mon. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 157, pl. 14, fig. 9. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Leiorhynchus newberryi Hall. Waverly (L. Carb.). Leiorhynchus newberryi Hall, Twenty-third Nep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 240, pl. 11, figs. 25-27. Liorhynchus newberryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 194, pl. 59, figs. 37, 38. Loc. Kelloggsville, Ashtabula County, Ohio. Leiorhynchus quadricostatum (Vanuxem). Genesee (Dey.). Orthis quadricostata Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 168, fig. 2. Atrypa (Orthis) quadricostata Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1845, p. 223, fig. 2. Leiorhynchus quadricostata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 86;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 357, pl. 56, figs. 44-49.— Clarke, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 24.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fos- sil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 71. Leiorhynchus quadricostata? Meek, King’s U.S. Geol. Exp]. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, THE DS lk By silGey BP Liorhynchus quadricostatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 193, pl. 59, figs. 21, 22. ; Loc. Ithaca, Seneca Lake, Cayuga Lake, New York; Falls of Ohio; White Pine district, Nevada. Leiorhynchus robustum Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dey.). Liorhynchus robustus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pl. 59, figs. 30, 31. Loc. Steuben County, New York. Leiorhynchus sesquiplicatum A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dey.). Leiorhynchus sesquiplicatus A, Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p: 95. Loc. Grand Traverse district, Michigan. Leiorhynchus sinuatum Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Leiorhynechus sinuatus Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 362, pl. 57, figs. 13-17. Rhynchonella (Leiorhynchus) sinuatus Walcott, Mon, U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 158, pl. 14, fig. 5. Liorhynchus sinuatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 18©3, p. 194. Loc. Ithaca and Chemung Narrows, New York; Eureka district, Nevada. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 239 LEPTZNA Dalman. Genotype Productus rugosa Hisinger=Conchita rhomboidalis Wilckens. Leptiena Dalman, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand1., for 1827, 1828, pp. 93, 94.— King, Mon. Permian Foss., Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 104.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 276.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p.409.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 277. Leptagonia McCoy, Carb. Foss. Ireland, 1844, p. 116. Plectambonites Ghlert, Fischer’s Manuel Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1283. Leptena alternata Conrad= Rafinesquina alternata. Leptena alternistriata Hall= Rafinesquina alternata alternistriata. Leptiena barabuensis Whitfield=Syntrophia barabuensis. Leptna bipartita Hall=Strophomena bipartita. Leptrna camerata Hall= Rafinesquina camerata. Leptena charlotte Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Leptiena charlottwe Winchell and Schuchert, American Geol., 1X, April 1, 1892, p. 288;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 410, pl. 32, figs. 1-5. Strophomena halli Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., III, April 9, 1892, p. 334, pl. 4, figs. 36-38. Loc. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. Leptina concava Hall=Leptnisca concava. Lepteena corrugata Hall=Strophomena corrugata. Leptina decipiens Billings=Leptella decipiens. Leptiena detlecta Hall=Dinorthis deflecta. Leptena deltoidea=Rafinesquina deltoidea and R. minnesotaensis. Leptna depressa Hall=bL. rhomboidalis. Leptiena fasciata Hall=Rafinesquina fasciata. Leptiena incrassata Hall=Rafinesquina incrassata. Leptena indenta Conrad=Stropheodonta indenta. Leptiena julia Shaler=Strophomena julia. Leptiena laticosta de Verneuil=Tropidoleptus carinatus. Leptrena melita Hall and Whitfield =Dalmanella melita. Leptena mesacosta Shumard= Rafinesquina mesicosta. Leptiena minnesotensis Sardeson=Plectambonites sericeus. Leptena nucleata Hall= Anoplia nucleata. Leptina obscura Hall= Rafinesquina obscura. Leptna orthididea Hall=Strophonella orthididea. Leptiena patenta Hall=Strophonella patenta. Leptiena planoconvexa Hall=Strophomena plauiconvexa. Leptiena planumbona Hall=Strophomena rugosa. Leptna plicatella Ulrich= Plectambonites plicatellus. Leptiena plicifera Hall=Dalmanella? plicifera. Leptena preecosis Sardeson=Plectambonites sericeus. Leptiena profunda Hall=Stropheodonta profunda. Leptena prolongata Foerste=Plectambonites transversalis prolong- atus. Leptzna punctulifera Conrad=Strophonella punctulifera. 240 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [svtt.87. Leptiena quadrilatera Shaler=L. rhomboidalis. Leptiena recedens Sardeson=Plectambonites sericeus. Leptiena recta Hall=Dinorthis deflecta. Leptzna rhomboidalis (Wilckeus). Trenton- Waverly (Ord.-L. Carb.). Conchita rhomboidalis Wileckens, Nachrict von selten Versteinerungen, 1769, p. 77, pl. 8, figs. 43, 44. Strophomena undulosa Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1841, p. D4. Strophomena depressa Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 79, fig, 5.—Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 18435, p. 77, fig. 5; p. 104, fig. 2.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 59, pl. 1, fig. 5.—Roemer, Sil- Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 65, pl. 5, fig. 2. Strophomena undulatus Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 139, fig. 3. Strophomena undulata Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 175, fig. 3.— Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, p. 11. Productus? suleatus Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. VAmérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 39, pl. 13, fig. 7. Productus sulcifer de Verneuil, Ibidem, 1843, p. 39. Leptiena tenuistriata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 108, pl. 314A, fig. 4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 8, figs. 12-16. Leptna depressa Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 62, pl- 21, tig. 8; p. 257, pl. 53, fig. 6.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. 11, 1858, p. 823, fig. 630. Strophomena rugosa Hall, Pal. New York, IL], 1859, p. 195, pl. 19, fig. 1. Strophomena rhomboidalis Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 336, figs. 111, 112;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 311, fig. 314; p. 367, fig. 373;—Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 107, pl. 3, fig. 1.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 76, pl. 12, figs. 16-18; p. 414, pl. 15, figs. 15, 16.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, II], 1868, p. 426, pl. 10, fig. 7.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1875, p. 75, pl. 5, fig. 6.—Billings, Pal. Foss., II, 1874, p. 27.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., ]1V, 1875, p. 85, pl. 5, fig. 5 —Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 258, pl. 4, fig. 4.—Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 151, pl. 22, figs. 4-10.—Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p. 1.—Hall, Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 288, p)]. 22, figs. 4-10;—Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pl. 38, figs. 17-31.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 118.—Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 18, pl. 2, figs. 1-13.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 150, pl. 18, figs. 1-3.—Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 298.—Beecher, American Jour. Sei., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p..357, pl. 17, figs. 18-21.—Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 20, tig. 6. Strophomena analoga Davidson, Quart. Jour, Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 173, pl. 9, fig. 18.—Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 295, fig. 95. Leptiena quadrilatera Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 65. Strophomena gibbosa James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., I, 1874, p. 333. Strophomena tenuistriata Miller, Ibidem, II, 1875, p. 55.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 188%, p]. 38, figs. 12-16. Leptzena rhomboidalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 279, pl. 8, figs. 17-81; pl. 15A, figs. 40-42; pl. 20, figs. 21-24.—Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 566. Leptwna (Strophomena) rhomboidalis, Beecher, American Jour. Sei., 3d ser., XLIV, 1892, p. 150, pl. 1, figs. 7-9. Plectambonites rhomboidalis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 70, fig. 6. Loc. Generally distributed in the above-given formations throughout America and Kurope. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. >» 24g Leptena rhomboidalis ventricosa Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Strophomena depressa var. ventricosa Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 55. Strophomena rugosa var. ventricosa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 417, pl. 94, figs. 2, 3. Leptzna rhomboidalis var. ventricosa Ilall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 154, fig. 43. Loe. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Cumberland, Maryland; Cayuga, Ontario. Leptena rugosa=L. rhomboidalis. Leptena saxea Sardeson=Plectambonites sericeus. Leptena sericea Sowerby =Plectambonites sericeus. Leptena sordida Billings=Leptella sordida. Leptena(?) stelzneri Kayser. Ordovician. Leptiena stelzneri Kayser, Paleontographica, Suppl., III, 1876, p. 21, pl. 3, fig. 21. Loc. Guaco, Argentine Republic. Obs. Since this species has a high ventral area and a perforated deltidium it is . probably a Clitambonites. Leptena striata Hall=Strophonella striata. Leptena subplana Hall—Orthothetes subplanus. Lepteena subquadrata Hall=Christiania subquadrata. Leptena subtenta Hall=Strophomena trentonensis or S. rugosa sub- tenta. Leptena sulcata de Verneuil=Strophomena sulcata. Leptena tenuilineata Hall=Rafinesquina tenuilineata. Leptena tenuistriata Hall=L. rhomboidalis. Leptena transversalis=Plectambonites transversalis. Leptena transversalis var. alabamaensis Foerste = Plectambonites transversalis alabamaensis. Leptena trilobata Owen=Strophomena trilobata. Leptena unicostata Meek and Worthen. Lorraine (Ord.). Leptena (n. sp.?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pl. 2B, fig. 3. [See specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17908. ] Strophomena unicostata Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, ITI, 1868, p. 335, pl. 4, fig. 11.—Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 262, pl. 12, fig. 14. Rafinesquina unicostata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 15A, fig. 39; pl. 20, fig. 25. Leptena unicostata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p- 411, pl. 32, figs. 6-9.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 174. Loc. Savanna and Wilmington, Illinois; Delafield and Iron Ridge, Wisconsin; Spring Valley and Granger, Minnesota; Lattners, lowa; Rapidsof the Nelson River, Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. Leptena variolata d’Orbigny=Chonetes variolatus. Leptena vicina Castelnau=Chonetes vicinus. LEPTZANISCA Beecher. Genotype Leptzna concava Hall. Leptenisca Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 239, pl. 9, figs. 1-5.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 3cc;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 291. Bull. 87 16 242 © SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [sutt.87. Leptenisca adnascens Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Leptienisca adrascens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 301, 352, pl. 15A, figs. 22, 23. Loc. Near Clarksville, New York. Lepteenisca concava Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Leptiena concava Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 47 ;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 197, pl. 18, fig. 2. Leptena? (subgenus?) concava Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, figs. 30, 31. Lepteniseca concava Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 238, pl. 9, figs. 1-5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 300, pl. 15, figs. 30, 31; pl. 15A, figs. 19-21. Loc. Albany County, New York; Decatur County, Tennessee. Leptenisca tangens Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).. Leptnisca tangens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 301, 352, pl. 15A, figs. 24-30. Loc. Near Clarksville, New York. LEPTELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Leptzna sordida Billings. Leptella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p, 293;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 277. Leptella decipiens (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.). Leptena decipiens Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 74, fig. 67; p. 219 ;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 231, fig. 243. Leptella decipiens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 294. Loc. Point Levis, Canada; Portland Creek, Newfoundland. Leptella sordida (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.). Leptina sordida Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 73, tig. 66 ;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 231, fig. 242. Leptella sordida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293, pl. 15A, figs. 12-16. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. ULEPTOBOLUS Hall. Genotype L. lepis Hall. Leptobolus Hall, Description n. sp. Foss. from Hudson River Group, 1871, p. 3;— Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 226.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 73, 165;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 241. Leptobolus grandis Matthew. Lowest Ordovician. Leptobolus grandis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1874, p. 91, pl. 16, fio ie Loc. Hardingville, New Brunswick. Leptobolus insignis Hall. Utica (Ord.). Leptobolus insignis Hall, Descrip. n. sp. Foss. from Hudson River Group, 1871, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. 17;—Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 227, pl. 7, fig. 17.—Nicholson, Pal. Province Ontario, 1875, p. 85.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 74, pl. 3, figs. 1-6. Loc. Middleville, Utica, ete., New York; Ottawa, Canada; Cincinnati, Ohio. Leptobolus lepis Hall. Utica (Ord.). Leptovoius lepis Hall, Description n. sp. Foss. from Hudson River Group, 1871, p. 3, pl. 3, figs. 19, 20;—Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 226, pl. 7, figs. 19, 20.—Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 69, pl. 1, figs. 10, 11.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 11,—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 74, pl. 3, figs. 8-10. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 243 Leptobolus occidentalis Hall. Maquoketa (Ord.). Leptobolus occidentalis Hall, Description n. sp. Foss. from Hudson River Group, 1871, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. 18;—Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 227, pl. 7, fig. 18.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 3, fig. 7. Loc. Hawleys Mills, lowa; Platteville, Wisconsin; Ottawa, Canada (Ami). Leptocelia Hall= Anoplotheea. Leptocelia propria Hall= Anoplotheea flabellites. Leptoceelia disparilis Hall= Atrypina disparilis. Leptoceelia imbricata Hail= Atrypina imbricata. LEPTOSTROPHIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Stropheodonta magnifica Hall. Leptostrophia Hall and Clarke, Pai. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288;—FEley- enth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 281. Obs. This is a subdivision of Stropheodonta. The following species have been referred toit: S. magnifica, S. perplana, 8. textilis, S. beckei, S. magniventra, S. junia, S. irene, 8. blainvillei, and S. tullia. LINDSTREMELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype L. aspidium H. and C. Lindstremella Hall and Clarke, Extract Pal. New York, VIII, 1890, p. 134;—Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 184;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 257. Lindstremella aspidium Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Deyv.). Lindstremella aspidium Hall and Clarke, Extract Pal. New York, VIII, 1890, p. 134, pl. 4E, figs. 25-28 ;—Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 134, 178, pl. 4E, figs. 25-28. Loc. Leonardsville, Hamilton, Darien, etc.,New York. | LINGULA Bruguitre. Genotype Lingula anatina Lamarck. Lingula Bruguiére, Encyclopédie Méthodique, I, 1792, pl. 250.—Meek and Hay- den, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864, p. 68.—Hall, Pal. New York, [V, 1867, p. 5.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, pp. 153, 154.—Meek, Hayden’s U.S. Geol. Survey Terr., IX, 1876, p. 7.— Dall, Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, 8, 1877, p. 43.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 2, 161.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 338.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 226. Lingula acuminata Hall= Lingulepis acuminata. Lingula acutangula Roemer= Lingulepis acutangulus. Lingula acutirostris Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Lingula acutirostra Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 77, fig. 9 on p. 76;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 56, pl. 20, fig. 5. Loc. Wolcott, New York. Obs. Based upon a single specimen now lost. Lingula equalis Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Lingula equalis Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 95, pl. 30, fig. 3.—Walcott, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, p. 480, fig. 3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 9, fig. 4. ‘Loc. Middleville, Trenton Falls, and Rome, New York. Lingula alba-pinensis W alcott. Upper Devonian. Lingula albapinensis Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 108, pl. 2, fig. 1. Loe. White Pine district, Nevada. 244 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA,. _ [BvLt.87. Lingula alveata Hall= Dignomia alveata. Lingula ampla Owen= Lingulella ampla. Lingula antiqua Emmons=Lingulepis acuminata. Lingula antiqua Hall, 1851, 1862, Hayden, 1863 (non Hall, 1847)=Lin- gulepis pinniformis. Lingula antiquata Emmons=Lingulepis acuminata. Lingula artemis Billings. Gaspé No. 5 (lL. Dev.). Lingula artemis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 14, fig. 4. Loc. Gaspé, Cape Bon Ami. Lingula atra Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Lingula atra Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 13, 16, pl. 10, fig. 30;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, figs. 5, 6. Loc. Cuyahoga River, Ohio. Lingula attenuata Hall=Glossina trentonensis. Lingula aurora Hall=Lingulella aurora. Lingula aurora var. Hall=Lingulella stoneana. Lingula belli Billings. Chazy (Ord.). Lingula belli Billings, Canadian Nat, Geol., IV, 1859, p. 431, figs. 7, 8;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 124, fig. 47. Loc. Island of Montreal, Allumette Island, Canada. Lingula beltrami Winchell and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula beltrami Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 351, figs. 25a, 25b. Loc. Spring Valley, Minnesota. Lingula bicarinata Ringueberg. Niagara (Sil.). Lingula bicarinata Ringueberg, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1884, p. 149, pl. 3, fig. 8.—Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 349. Loc. Lockport, New York. Lingula billingsana Whitcaves=Lingulella billingsana. Lingula bisuleata Ulrich. Utica (Ord.). Lingula bisuleata Ulrich, American Geologist, IJI, 1889, p. 380, fig. 2, on p. 378. Toc. Ludlow, Kentucky. Lingula brevirostris Meek and Hayden. Jurassic. Lingula brevirostris Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1858, p. 50;—Ibidem, 1860, p. 419;—Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1865, p. 69, pl. 3, fig. 3.— Whitfield, Powell’s Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mt. Region, 1880, p. 346, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5. Loc. Black Hills, Dakota. Lingula briseis Billings. Trenton (Ord.). Lingula briseis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 48, fig.52;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 136. Loc. Bayonne River, Canada. Lingula (??) calumet N. H. Winchell. ? Cambrian. Lingula calumet N. H. Winchell, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota, 1885, p. 65.—Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 349. Loc. Pipestone, Minnesota. Obs. It is not certain that these specimens are organic. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 245 Lingula(?) canadaensis Billings. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula canadensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 114, fig. 95;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 210, fig. 209.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 27.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 352, fig. 26. Loc. Anticosti; in the Galena at Mantorville and Hader, Minnesota. Lingula carbonaria Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Lingula carbonaria Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p, 215, Loc. Clarke County, Missouri. Lingula centrilineata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Lingula centrilineata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 155, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 15. Loc. Albany County, New York. Lingula ceryx Hall. Schoharie (Dev.). Lingula ceryx Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 19;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 1. Loc. Clarkesville, New York. Lingula cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield. Lorraine (Ord.). Lingulella (Dignomia) cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, I, 1875, p. 67, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3. Lingulella cincinnatiensis Miller, American Pal. Foss., 1877, p. 115. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio. Lingula clathrata Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Lingula clathrata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 345, pl. 29, fig. 42. Loe. St. Paul, Minnesota. Lingula clintoni Vanuxem. Clinton (Sil.). Lingula oblonga Conrad (non Eichwald), Third Ann. Rep. Geoi. Survey New York, 1839, p. 65.—Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 77, fig. 4;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 54, pl. 20, fig. 1.--Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 823, fig. 629. Lingula clintoni Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 79, fig. 4. Lingula suboblonga d’Orbigny, Prodrome Pal. Stratig., 1850, p. 34. Loc. Cayuga County, New York; Pennsylvania; Hamilton, Ontario; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Honeyman and Ami). Lingula cobourgensis Billings. Trenton (Ord.). Lingula cobourgensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 50, fig. 54;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 132. Lingula cobourgensis? Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III 1893, p. 346, pl. 29, fig. 12. Loc. Cobourg and Colingwood, Canada; ?Minneapolis, Minnesota; in the Utica at Ottawa, Canada (Ami). 3 Lingula coheni A. Ulrich. ; Middle Devonian. Lingula coheni A. Ulrich, N. Yahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 82 Diao uel Loc. Near Pulquina, Bolivia. Lingula complanata Williams. Hamilton-Ithaca (Dev.). Lingula nada Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pl. 2, fig. 4 (not figs. 5, 6). Lingula complanata Williams, Proc. American Ass. Ady. Sci., XXX, 1882, p. 188 ;— Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 3, 1884, pp. 14, 15, 20, 22.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 1, fig. 17. Loc. Ithaca and Canandaigua Lake, New York. 246 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULt.87. Lingula compta Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Dey.). Lingula compta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 171, pl. 1, fig. 16, Loc. Canandaigua Lake, New York. Lingula concentrica Vanuxem=Schizobolus concentricus. Lingula concentrica Conrad. ? Corniferous (Dev.). Lingula concentrica Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1839, p 64. Loc. “‘ Helderberg Mountains,” New York. Obs. Insufficiently defined to be recognized. Lingula covingtonensis Hall and Whitfield. Utica (Ord.). Lingula covingtonensis Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 67, pl. 1, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 8. Loc. Covington, Kentucky. Lingula crassa Hall=Glossina crassa, Lingula crawfordsvillensis Gurley. Keokuk (Ll. Carb.). Lingula crawfordsvillensis Gurley, New Carboniferous Foss., 1, 1883, p. 2.—Mil- ler, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 350. Loc, Crawfordsville, Indiana. Obs. Should be compared with L. varsaviensis. Lingula cuneata Conrad. Medina (Sil.). Lingula cuneata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1839, pp. 63, 64.—Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 48, fig. 5;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII Pt. Tel8925 p22) ple dhies: 1 12) ple aks ios 9: Lingulella cuneata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 352. Loc. Medina and Lockport, New York. Lingula curta Conrad. Trenton- Utica (Ord.). Lingula curta Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 266, pl. 15, fig. 12.—Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 97, pl. 30, fig. 6.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. I], 1858, p. 818, fig. 604.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 188; p. 201, fig. 197.—Emerson, Geol. Frobischer Bay; Nourse’s Narr. Hall’s Arctic Exped., App., III, 1879, p. 578. Loc. East Canada Creek and Middleville, New York; Carlisle, etc., Pennsyl- vania; Montmorency Falls, Canada; Frobischer Bay. Lingula cuyahoga Hall. Chemung- Waverly (Dev.-L. Carb.). Lingula cuyahoga Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 24;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 5 ea Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 13; Seton Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, fig. 9. Lingula oan thoga? Hall anil Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 1, fig. 18. Loe. Akron and Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio; Chemung group, Panama, New York. Lingula cyane Billings=Glossina cyane. Lingula daphne Billings=Glossina trentonensis. Lingula dawsoni Matthew=Lingulella dawsoni. Lingula delia Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Lingula deiia Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 22;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 29. Loc. Canandaigua Lake, New York. Lingula densa Hall. Hamilton Tey 5 Lingula densa Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 22;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 11, pl. 2, figs. 10, 11. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 247 Lingula densa Hall—Continued. Lingula densa? Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. = plea, fig. 23. Loc. Summit and Centerfield, New York. Lingula desiderata Hall. Corniferous (Dey.). Lingula desiderata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 19;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 2. Loc. Ontario County, New York. Lingula(?) dolata Sardeson. Calciferous (Ord.), Lingula dolata Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., LV, 1896, pl. 6, fig. 12. Loc. Stillwater, Minnesota. Lingula dubia d@’Orbigny=Glossina cubes Lingula elderi Whitfield. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula elderi Whitfield, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XIX, June, 1880, p. 472, figs. 1, 2;—Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 345, pl. 27, figs. 1-5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 11, pl. 1, figs. 21, 22.— Winchell and Schu- chert, Minnesota Geol, Survey, III, 1893, p. 339, pl. 29, figs. 1-4. Lingula minnesotensis N. H. Winchell, Eighth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur- vey Minnesota, July, 1880, p. 61. Loc. Rochester, Minneapolis, etc., Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin; Cincinnati, Ohio. Lingula elegantula Shaler=L. rectilateralis. Lingula elliptica Hall (non Phillips)=L. subelliptica. Lingula(?) elliptica Emmons. Cambrian. Lingula elliptica Emmons (non Phillips, 1836), American Geology, Pt. IT, 1855, p. 112. Loe. Augusta County, Virginia. Obs. This species belongs to another genus. The specific name will therefore not conflict with that of Phillips. Lingula elongata Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Lingula elongata Hall, Pal: New York, I, 1847, p. 97, pl. 30, fig. 5.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 135.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 165. Loc. Lewis County, New York; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba; Ottawa, Canada, in the Utica terrane (Ami). Lingula ererensis Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Lingula ererensis Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 16. Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Lingula exilis Hall=Lingulodiscina exilis. Lingula eva Billings. Black River (Ord.). Lingula eva Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VI, 1861, p. 150;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 141, fig. 73.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 341, pl. 29, figs. 5, 6. Loc. Murray Bay, Canada; Fremont, Winona County, Minnesota. Lingula forbesi Billings. Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula forbesi Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 115, fig. 96. Loc. Anticosti. Lingula gannensis Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Lingula gannensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 12, 17, pl. 3, figs- 2,3;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, figs. 2, 3. Loc. Gann, Knox County, Ohio. 248 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [svtt.87. Lingula gibbosa Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Lingula gibbosa Hall, Description n. sp. Foss. Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 13;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 284, pl. 27, fig. 2;—Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 69. Loc. Waldron, Indiana. Lingula gorbyi Miller. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Lingula gorbyi Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 309, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4. Loc. Sedalia, Missouri. Lingula gracana Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Lingula gracana Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 259, fig. 2. Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Lingula halli White. Burlington (L. Carb.). Lingula halli White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1X, 1862, p. 30. Loe. Burlington, Iowa. Lingula howleyi Matthew. Lower Ordovician. Lingula howileyi Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 259, pl. ils sig ay Loc. Kelleys Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland. Obs. Appears to be a synonym for L. murrayi Billings. Lingula hurlbuti N. H. Winchell = Glossina hurlbuti. - Lingula huronensis Billings. Chazy (Ord.). Lingula huronensis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 433, fig. 9;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 124, fig. 48. Loc. St. Joseph Island, Lake Huron. Lingula indianaensis Miller and Gurley. Keokuk (L. Carb.). Lingula indianensis Miller and Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, 1893, p. 69, pl. 7, fig. 1. Loc. Crawfordsville, Indiana. Lingula ingens Spencer. , Niagara (Sil.). Lingula ingens Spencer, Bull. Univ. State Missouri, 1884, p. 56;—Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., IV, 1886, p. 606, pl. 8, fig. 6. Loc. Hamilton, Ontario. Lingula insularis Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Lingula insularis Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 40. Loc. Anticosti. Lingula iole Billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Lingula iole Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 215, fig. 199. Loc. Near Portland Creek, Newfoundland. Lingula iowaensis Owen. Galena (Ord.). Lingula iowensis Owen, Geol. Rep. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844, p. 70, pl. 15, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 14.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 349, pl. 29, figs. 19-22.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 164. Lingula quadrata? Owen (not Eich.), Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minne- sota, 1851, pl. 2B, fig. 8. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17873. ] Lingula quadrata Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 46, fig.1, and p. 435.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 305, pl. 2, fig. 4. Lingulella iowensis Whitfield. Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 242, pl. 9, fig. 1. Loc. Wisconsin; lowa; Minnesota; Illinois; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. _ 249 Lingula irene Billings=Lingulella irene. Lingala iris Billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Lingula iris Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 301, fig. 290. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Lingula kingstonensis Billings. slack River (Ord.). Lingula kingstonensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 48, fig. 51;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 141, fig. 74. Loc. Long Island, near Kingston, Canada. Lingula lamellata Hall, 1852 (partim, non Hall, 1843)—L. teeniola. Lingula lamellata Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Lingula lamellata Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 108, fig. 2;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 249, pl. 53, figs. 1, 2 (non p. 55, pl. 20, fig. 4—L. teniola).—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 16, pl. 1, figs. 9, 10; pl. 4K, figs. 10-13. Loc. Lockport and Rochester, New York; Hamilton, Ontario. Lingula leana’Hall=Glossina leana. Lingula ligea Hall. Hamilton—Portage (Deyv.), Lingula ligea Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 76;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 107, pl. 2, fig. 2.—Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 62. Lingula ligea var. Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 8. Lingula ligea? Whitfield, Annals New York Acad. Sci., V, 1891, pp. 547, 573, pl. 11, figs. 3, 4;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 441, pl. 7, figs. 3,4; p. 462. Loc. Seneca Lake, Ithaca, ete., New York; Thedford, Ontario (Whiteaves); Delaware County, Ohio (Whitfield); Eureka district, Nevada. Lingula ligea nevadaensis Walcott. Lower Devonian. Lingula ligea var. nevadensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 107, pl. 2, fig. 3. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Lingula lingulata Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.). Lingula lingulata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 173, pl. 4K, fig. 5. Loc. Hamilton, Ontario. Lingula lonensis Walcott. Lower Devonian. Lingula lonensis Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 108, pl. 13, ives Loc. Lone Mountain, Nevada. Lingula lucretia Billings. Gaspé No. 5 (Dey.). Lingua lucretia Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 14, fig. 3. Loc. Cape Bon Ami, Gaspé. Lingula lyelli Billings. Chazy (Ord.). Lingula lyelli Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 348, fig. 1; p.431;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 124, fig. 49. Loc. Alumette Island. i Lingula maida Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Lingula maida Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 20;— - Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 13. Loc. Moscow, New York. 250 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Lingula manni Hall. Corniferous (Dey.). Lingula manni Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 20;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 6, pl. 2, ig. 3.—Whitfield, Annals New York Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 546, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 441, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Delaware County, Ohio. Lingula mantelli Billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Lingula mantelli Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 349, figs. le-1f;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 113, fig. 20. Loc. St. Eustache, Canada. Lingula (?) manticula White. Upper Cambrian. Lingula? manticula White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100 Merid., Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 9;—Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 2.—Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 13, pl. 9, fig. 3; pl. 11, fig. 2. Loc. Schell Creek Range, Nevada. Lingula marginata @’Orbigny (non Phillips)=L. submarginata. Lingula matthewi Hartt=Aecrothele matthewi. Lingula meeki Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Lingula meeki Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 18, 18, pl. 10, fig, 31;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, figs. 7, 8. Loc. Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio. Lingula melie Hall. Waverly (L. Carb.). Lingula melie Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 24;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 276, pl. 14, fig. 3.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 13.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 12, fig. 9; pl. 1, fig. 32.—Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 20, fig. 1; pl. 22, fig. 10. Loe. Chagrin Falls and Berea, Ohio. Lingula membranacea Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.). Lingula membranacea A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 3.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 12, 17, pl. 3, fig. 4;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, fig. +. Lingula (Lingulella?) membranacea Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 275, pl. 14, fig. 4. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Harts Grove and Loudonville, Ohio; Shafers, Pennsyl- vania. Lingula metensis Terquem? Lower Lias (Jurassic). Lingula cf. metensis (Terquem) Méricke, Neues Jahrbuch f. Mineral., Beilage- band, IX, 1894, p. 58, pl. 5, fig. 10. Loc. Sierra de la Ternera; Mine Amolanes, Chile. Lingula minnesotensis N. H. Winchell=L. elderi. Lingula minuta Meek. Hamilton (Dev.). Lingula minuta Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 87, pl. 13, fig. L. Loc. Near Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, British America. Lingula modesta H. O. Ulrich. Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula modesta Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 382, fig. 4 on p. 378.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 344, pl. 29, fig. 41. Lingula vanhorni Hall and Clarke (non Miller), Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 1, fig. 4. Loc. Covington and Frankfort, Kentucky ; Lattners, lowa; Granger and Wykoff, Minnesota. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 251 Lingula morsei (N. H. Winchell). . St. Peters (Ord.). Lingulepis morsensis N. H. Winchell, Fourth Ann. Rep. Geol, Nat, Hist, Sur- vey Minnesota, 1876, p. 41, fig. 6. Lingulepis morsii Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 352. Lingula morsii Halland Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 62.—Sarde- son, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., [V, 1896, p. 77, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3. Loc, Near Fountain, Minnesota, Lingula mosia Hall. Upper Cambrian. Lingula mosia Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 126, pl. 6, figs. 1-3;—Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 102.—Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1V, 1896, p. 95. Loc. Lagrange Mountain, Minnesota; Mazomanie, Wisconsin. Lingula minsteri d’Orbigny. Ordovician. Lingula miinsterii d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 29, pl. 2, fig. 6. Lingula miinsteri A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 7. Loc, Tacopaya, ete., Bolivia. Lingula(?) murrayi Billings. Upper Cambrian. Lingula murrayi Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 467, fig. 3;— Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 66, fig. 34. Loc. Bell Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland. Obs. See Lingula howleyi. Lingula mytiloides Sowerby. Upper Carboniferous. Lingula mytiloides Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1813, p. 55, tab. 19, figs. 1, 2.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 572, pl, 25, fig. 2. Loc. Illinois. Lingula nitida Meek and Hayden. Upper Cretaceous. Lingula nitida Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 443.—Meek, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., IX, 1876, p. 9, pl. 28, fig. 18.— White, Eleventh Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1879, p. 205.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1885, p. 29. Loc. Mouth of Big Horn River, Nebraska; Sage Creek, Colorado; Near Irvine Station, Canadian Pacific Railroad, Canada. Lingula norwoodi James=Lingulops norwoodi. Lingula nuda Hall (partim)=L. complanata. Lingula nuda Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Lingula nuda Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 22;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 10, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6 (non fig. 4=L. complanata). Loc, Canandaigua Lake, New York. Lingula nympha Billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Lingula nympha Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 214, fig. 198. Loc. Table Head, Newfoundland. Lingula oblata Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Lingula oblata Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 77, fig. 8 on p. 76;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 54, pl. 20, fig. 2. Loc. Sodus and Wolcott, New York. Lingula oblonga Conrad (non Eichwald)=L. elintoni. Lingula obtusa Hall. Trenton: Utica (Ord.). Lingula obtusa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 98, pl. 30, fig. 7.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 137.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 165. Loc. Middleville, New York; Lake Winnipeg and Ottawa, Canada. 202 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Lingula paliformis Hall=Lingulella paliformis. Lingula papillosa Emmons. Trenton (Ord.). Lingula papillosa Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 202, fig. 64;— Manual Geol., 1860, p. 99, fig. in text. Loe. Unknown. Lingula paracletus Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.). Lingula paracletus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 10, 12, fig. 8; p. 172. Loc. Chardon, Ohio. Lingula parrishi Miller. Upper Carboniferous. Lingula parrishi Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 307, pl. 8, fig. 2; pl. 9, fig. 1. Loc. Kansas City, Missouri. Lingula perlata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Lingula perlata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 156, pl. 9, figs, 3-5. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Lingula perovata Hall=Glossina perovata. Lingula perplexa Hall=L. subelliptica. Lingula perryi Billings. ? Chazy (Ord.). Lingula perryi Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1861, p. 20, fig. 23;—Geol. Vermont, IT, 1861, p. 957, fig. 363;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 274, fig. 278. Loc. Highgate Spring, Vermont. Lingula philomela Billings. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula philomela Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 49, fig. 53;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 183.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 1, fig. 8.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 342, pl. 29, figs. 7, 8. Loe. Montmorency Falls, Ottawa, etc., Canada; Florenceville, Lowa. Lingula plagemanni Méricke. Jurassic. Lingula plagemanni Moricke, Neues Jahrbuch f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, D209, ple oa, ue. o> Loc. Canales and Caracoles, Bolivia. Lingula pinnaformis Hall = Lingulepis pinniformis. Lingula polita Hall=Obolella polita. Lingula prima Hall=Lingulepis prima. Lingula procteri Ulrich=L. vanhorni. Lingula progne Billings. Trenton-Utica (Ord.). Lingula progne Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 47, fig. 50;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 134; p. 201, fig. 196. Loc. Montreal, Collingwood, Ottawa, ete., Canada. Lingula punctata Hall. Hamilton and Ithaca (Dev.). Lingula punctata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 21;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 10, pl.1, fig. 6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 11, 17, pl. 1, figs. 26-28. Loc. Canandaigua Lake and Summit, New York; Portage group at Ithaca (Williams). Lingula quadrata, American authors=L. rectilateralis and L. iowaensis. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 253 Lingula quebecensis Billings. Upper Cambrian and Calciferous. Lingula quebecensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 72, fig. 65; pp. 72, 216;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 230, fig. 241. Loe. Point Levis, Sillery, ete., Canada; Cow Head, Newfoundland. Lingula rectilatera Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Lingula rectilatera Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 156, pl. 9, figs 6-8. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). Lingula rectilateralis Emmons. Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula rectilateralis Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 399, fig. 6. Lingula quadrata Hall (non Eichwald), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 96, pl. 30, fig. 4; p. 285, pl. 79, fig. 1.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 319, fig. 8.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 820, fig. 615.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 131;—Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 10.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 1, fig. 13. Lingula elegantula Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 61. ?Lingula quadrata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour Sci., II, 1875, p. 9. Toc. Rodman, Lorraine, Middleville, Trenton Falls, ete., New York; Ottawa ete., Canada; Anticosti. Obs. This species is more closely related to L. iowaensis than to L. quadrata Eichwald. Lingula riciniformis Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Lingula riciniformis Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 95, pl. 30, fig. 2.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 343, fig. 24; pl. 29, fig 9. Lingula (Glossina) riciniformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 1, fig. 3. Loc. Middleville, New York; Charlesbourg, Canada; St. Paul, Minnesota. Lingula riciniformis galenaensis Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Lingula riciniformis var. galenensis Winchell and Schuchert, American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 284;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 344, pl. 29, figs. 10, 11. Loc. Near Kenyon and Fountain, Minnesota; Neenah and Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Lingula rodriguezii Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Lingula rodriguezii Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 260. Loc, Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Lingula scotica Meek (non Davidson)=Glossina waverlyensis. Lingula scotica var. nebraskensis Meek= Glossina nebraskensis. Lingula scutella Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dev.). Lingula scutella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 171, pl. 1, fig. 30. Loc. Alleghany County, New York. Lingula shumardi Cragin. Lower Cretaceous. Lingula shumardi Cragin, Geol. Survey Texas; Fourth Ann. Rep., 1893, p. 166. Loc. Bonham-Sherman road, Fannin County, Texas. Lingula spathata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Lingula spathata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 157, pl. 9, figs. 7, 9, 11. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). Lingula spatiosa Hall=Glossina spatiosa. Lingula spatulata Vanuxem. Genesee and Portage (Dey.). Lingula spatulata Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 168, fig. 3.—Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. 3;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 1.—Clarke, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 25,— 254 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Lingula spatulata Vanuxem—Continued. Tschernyschew, Mémoires du Comité Géologique de St. Pétersbourg, 1887, p- 116, pl. 14, fig. 29.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 1, fig. 15. Lingula spatulata? Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 258, fig. 1;— Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 16. Loc. Lodi, Seneca Lake, ete., New York; Portage group at Ithaca, New York (Williams); Erere, Province of Para, Brazil; Urals of Russia. Lingula stautoniana Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Lingula stautoniana Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 259, fig. 3. Loe. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Lingula(?) striata Emmons. Cambrian. Lingula striata Emmons, American Geology, Pt. IT, 1855, p. 112, pl. 1, fig. 17;— Manual Geol., 1860, p. 88, fig. 74. Loc. Augusta County, Virginia. Lingula subelliptica d’Orbigny. Clinton (Sil.). Lingula elliptica Hall (non Phillips), Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1848, p. 76, fig. 7. Lingula subelliptica d’Orbigny, Prodrome de Pal., I, 1850, p. 34. Lingula perplexa Hall, Miller’s American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 244. Loe. Wolcott, New York. Lingula submarginata d’Orbigny. Ordovician. Lingula marginata d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p- 28, pl. 2, fig. 5. Lingula submarginata @Orbigny, Prodrome de Pal., I, 1850, p. 14. Loc. Tacopaya, Bolivia. Lingula suboblonga @Orbigny=L. clintoni. Lingula subspatulata Meek and Worthen (non Hall and Meek)=Bar- roisella subspatulata. Lingula subspatulata Hall and Meek. Upper Cretaceous. Lingula subspatulata Hall and Meek, Mem. American Acad. Arts Science, n. ser., V, 1854-1856, p. 380, pl. 1, fig. 2.—White, Rep. Geogr. Geol. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 169, pl. 15, fig. 4. Lingula subspatulata? Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 185. Loc. Near Red Cedar Island, Nebraska; near old Fort Wingate, New Mexico; Rolling River, Manitoba. Lingula teniola Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.). Lingula lamellata Hall (partim), Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 55, pl. 20, fig. 4. Lingula teniola Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 18, 173, pl. 4K, fig. 8. Loc. Clinton, New York; Hamilton, Ontario. Lingula thedfordensis W hiteaves. Hamilton (Dev.). Lingula thedfordensis Whiteaves, Extract Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1887, p. 3, pl. 15, fig. 1;—Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 111, pl. 15, fig. 1. Loc. Thedford, Ontario. Lingula tighti Herrick. Upper Carboniferous. Lingula tighti Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 43, pl. 4, fig. 5. Loe. Newark, Ohio. Lingula trentonensis Conrad=Glossina trentonensis. Lingula triangwata Nettelroth=Glossina triangulata, SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 255 Lingula triquetra Clarke. Portage (Dev.). Lingula triquetra Clarke, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 62, pl. 3, fig. 11. Loe. Ontario County, New York. Lingula truncata Sowerby. Neocomian (Cret.). Lingula truncata Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, IV, 1836, pl. 14, fig. 15.— Davidson, British Cret. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1852, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. 27, 28, 31.— Behrendsen, Zeit. der Deutschen Geol. Gessel., XLIV, 1592, p. 27. Loe. Europe; Arrogo, Triuguico, Argentine Republic. Lingula umbonata Cox. Upper Carboniferous. Lingula umbonata Cox, Owen’s Geol. Survey Kentucky, III, 1857, p. 576, pl. 10, fig. 4.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 120, pl.- 25, fig. 14.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IT, 1887, p. 144, pl. 14, fig. 2.—Keyes, — Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 226;—Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 38, pl. 35, fig. 4. Loc, Crittenden, Union, and Hancock counties, Kentucky; Newark, Ohio; Des Moines, Iowa; Clinton and Kansas City, Missouri. Lingula vanhorni Hall and Clarke (partim)=L. modesta. Lingula vanhorni Miller. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula vanhorni Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 9, fig. 1;— Eighteenth Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 309. Lingula procteri Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 377, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 5-7. Loc. Versailles, Indiana; Covington and Burgin, Kentucky. Obs, An examination of the type specimen led to the above synonymy. Lingula varsaviensis Worthen. Warsaw (L. Carb.). Lingula varsoviense Worthen, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, 1884, p. 24;—Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 104, pl. 11, fig. 8. Loc. Warsaw and Hamilton, Illinois. Lingula waverlyensis Herrick=Glossina waverlyensis. Lingula whitfieldi Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.). Lingula whitfieldi Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 381, fig. 3 on p. 378. Loc. Covington, Kentucky. Lingula whitei Walcott. Lower Devonian. Lingula whitii Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 109, pl. 13, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 31. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. 7 Lingula winona Hall=Lingulella winona. LINGULASMA E. O. Ulrich. Genotype L. schucherti Ulrich. Lingulasma Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 383.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 24, 46, 163.—Winchell and Schuchert, Min- nesota Geol. Survey, ITI, 1893, p. 353.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist,01894, p. 335. Lingulelasma Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 351. Lingulasma galenaense Winchell and Schuchert. Galena (Ord.). Lingulasma galenensis Winchell and Schuchert, American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 285 ;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 354, pl. 30, figs. 1-4. Loc. Fillmore and Goodhue counties, Minnesota; Decorah, Iowa; Neenah and Oshkosh, Wisconsin. 256 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULt.87. Lingulasma schucherti Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.). Lingulasma schucherti Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 389, fig. 5 on p. 378.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 17-23. Lingulelasma schucherti Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 351. Loc. Wilmington and Savanna, Illinois. LINGULELLA Salter. Genotype Lingula davisi MeCoy. Lingulella Salter, Mem. Geol. Survey Great Britain, III, 1866, p. 333.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 55, 163;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 232. Lingulella affinis Billings=Lingulobolus affinis. Lingulella ampla (Owen). Middle Cambrian. Lingula ampla Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 583, pl. 1B, fig. 5.—Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 125, pl. 6, fig. 10;—Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 101. Loc. Trempealeau, Wisconsin; Winona, Minnesota. Lingulella aurora Hall. Upper Cambrian. Lingula aurora Hall, Ann. Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, 1861, p. 24;—Geol. Surv. Wis- consin, I, 1862, p. 21, fig. 4; p. 435;—Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 126, pl. 6, figs. 4, 5;—Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 103. Lingulella aurora Hall, Twenty-third Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 244.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 2, figs. 12, 13. Loc. Mazomanie, Wisconsin; Osceola, Wisconsin, and Otisville, Minnesota (Sar- deson). Lingulella(?) billingsana (Whiteaves). Upper Cambrian. Lingula billingsana Whiteaves, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XVI, 1878, p. 226. Lingula cfr. billingsiana Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1894, p. 93, pk 16, fig. 6. Loc. Conception Bay, Newfoundland. Lingulella celata (Hall). Lower Cambrian. Orbicula celata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 290, pl. 79, fig. 9. Obolella celata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., 2d ser., VI, 1871, p. 218. Obolella (Obolus) cxelata Ford, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., II, 1871, p. 33. Lingulella celata Ford, Ibidem, XV, 1878, p. 127.—Walcott, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 95, pl. 7, fig. 1;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 607, pl. 67, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 57, pl. 2, figs. 1-4. Lingula ? cwelata Matthew, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 126. Loc. Troy and Schodack Landing, New York; New Brunswick. Lingulella cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield =Lingula cincinnatiensis. Lingulella(?) cuneata Matthew. Lowest Ordovician. Lingulella(?) cnneata Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1894, p 92, pl. 16, fig. 5. Loc. Hardingville, New Brunswick. Lingulella dawsoni Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Lingula? dawsoni (Matthew MS.) Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 10, 1884, p. 15, pl. 5, fig. 8. Lingulella dawsoni Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 33, pl. 5, fig. 9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 58, pl. 2, fig. 5. Loc. Portland, ete., New Brunswick. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 257 Lingulella ella (Hall and Whitfield). Lower and Middle Cambrian. Lingulepis ella Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, - AST, p. 232, pl. 1, fig. 8. Lingulella ella Walcott, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 97, pl. 7, fig. 2; pl. 8, fig. 4;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 607, pl. 67, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 58, figs. 19-21. Loc. Wasatch Range, Utah; near Pioche, Nevada. Lingulella granvillensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Lingulella granvillensis Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, 1887, p. 188, pl. 1, tig. 15;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 607, pl. 67, fig. 4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 58. Lingulella efr, granvillensis Matthew, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 114. Loc. North Granville, New York; ? New Brunswick. Lingulella(?) inflata Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Lingulella? inflata Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 33, pl. 5, fig. 7;—Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 127, pl. 5, fig. 3. Loc. Hanford Brook, St. Martins, New Brunswick. Lingulella inflata ovalis Matthew. ? Middle Cambrian. Lingulella inflata var. ovalis Matthew, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 127, pl. 5, fig. 4. Loc. Hanford Brook, New Brunswick. Lingulella irene (Billings). Upper Cambrian and Calciferous. Lingula irene Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 71, fig. 64;—-Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 230, fig. 240. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Lingulella levis Matthew. Upper Cambrian. Lingulella levis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 39, pl. 12, figs. da, 4b. Loc, Near St. John, New Brunswick. Lingulella lamborni Meek. ?Upper Cambrian. Lingulella lamborni Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1871, p. 185, fig. 1.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 38, pl. 35, fig. 5. Loc. Madison County, Missouri. Lingulella linguloides Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Lingulella linguloides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 34, pl. 5, fig. 8. Loc. Porters Brook, St. Martins, New Brunswick. Lingulella macconelli Walcott. Middle Cambrian. Lingulella macconelli Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, XI, 1888, p. 441. Loc. Mt. Stephens, British Columbia. Lingulella martinensis Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Linguilella martinensis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IV, 1890, p. 155, pl. 8, fig. 4;—Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 113, pl. 2, fig. 6. Loc. Hanford Brook, New Brunswick. Lingulella minuta Hall and Whitfield. Up. Camb. and Pogonip (Ord.). Lingulella? minuta Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 206, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4. Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 13. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Bull. 87 17 258 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Butt.87. Lingulella(?) paliformis Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Lingula paliformis Hall, Thi1teenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, Delos tips Lingula paleformis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 7.—Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 324, pl. 25, fig. 10. Lingulella? paleformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 59, 64, pl. 2, figs. 6-8. Loc. Cayuga Lake, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Lingulella radula Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Lingulella radula Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VIII, 1891, p. 147, pl. 15, figs. 7, 8. Loc. St. John, New Brunswick. Lingulella roberti Matthew. ' Lower Ordovician. Lingulella roberti Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 256, pl. 1, fig. 2. Loc. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Lingulella selwyni Matthew. Lower Ordovician. Lingulella selwyni Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 255, ple teed, Loc. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Lingulella? spissa=Sphrobolus spissus. Lingulella starri Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Lingulella starri Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VIII, 1891, p. 146, pl. 15, figs. 5, 6. Loe. St. Johns, New Brunswick. Lingulella starri minor Matthew. Upper Cambrian. Lingulella starri var. minor Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 58. Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick. Lingulella stoneana Whitfield. Upper Cambrian. Lingula aurora var. Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 127, pl. 6, figs. 6-8;—Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 104;—Twenty- third Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pl. 13, fig. 5. Lingulella stoneana Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 334, pl. 27, figs. 6, 7.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 2, figs. 9-11. Loc. Prairie du Sac and Mazomanie, Wisconsin. Lingulella winona (Hall). Middle Cambrian. Lingula winona Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 126, pl. 6, fig. 9;—Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 102.—Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, 1896, p. 96. Loc. Lansing, lowa; Wisconsin. LINGULEPIS Hall. Genotype Lingula pinniformis Owen. Lingulepis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18638, p. 129.— Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864, p.1.—Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 106.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 59, 163;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 231. Obs. The essential difference between Lingulepis and Lingulella is that the ven- tral beak of the former is often much attennated. The amount of attenna- tion, however, is often a very changeable feature in specimens of a species from a locality. It is this variation and the want of large collections that has lead to the making of too many species of Lingulepis. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 259 Lingulepis acuminata (Conrad). Upper Cambrian. Lingula acuminata Conrad, Third. Ann. Rep. New York Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 64.—Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 9, with fig.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 102, fig. 8. Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 257, pl. 2, fig. 5. Lingula antiqua Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 268, fig. 68.—Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 3.—Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 202, pl. 4, fig. 7. Glossina acuminata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2. Loe. Saratoga and Franklin counties, ete., New York; Lansdowne, Bastard, ani Beverly, Canada. Obs. The material of this species in the collection of the U. 5. Geological Sur- vey has specimens which are difficult to separate from L. pinniformis and L. dakotensis, and there is every gradation between these and L, acuminata. See L. pinniformis. Lingulepis acutangulus (Roemer). Upper Cambrian. Lingula acutangula Roemer, Texas, 1849, p. 420;—Kreidebildung Texas, 1852, p. 90, pl. 11, fig. 10. ; Loe. Burnett and Llano counties, Texas. Lingulepis affinis = Lingulobolus affinis. Lingulepis cuneolus Whitfield. Upper Cambrian. Lingulepis cuneolus Whitfield, Powell’s Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain Region, Prel. Kep., 1877, p. 8;—Ibidem, Final Rep., 1880, p. 336, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6. Lingulepis perattenuatus Whitfield, Ibidem, Prel. Rep., 1877, p.9;—Final Rep., 1880, p. 337, pl. 2, figs. 7-9. Loc. Red Canyon Creek, Black Hills, South Dakota. Lingulepis dakotensis Meek and Hayden=L. pinniformis. Lingulepis ella Hall and Whitfield=Linguleila ella. Lingulepis(?) mera Hall and Whitfield. Up. Camb. and Pogonip (Ord.). Lingulepis mera Hall and Whitfield, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p- 206, pl. 1, figs. 5-7.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 12. Lingulepis? mera Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 61. Loc. Secret Canyon, Ruby Hill, and Eureka district, Nevada. Lingulepis matinalis Hall. Upper Cambrian. Lingulepis pinnaformis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 180;—Ibidem, 1863, p. 130, pl. 6, figs. 12, 15. Obs. A distinct species occurring in numbers in a blue shale just above the trap at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. Lingulepis minima Whitfield=L. prima. Lingulepis minuta Hall and Whitfield=Obolella whittieldi. Lingulepis morsensis N. H. Winchell=Lingula morsei. Lingulepis perattenuata Whitfield=L. cuneolus. Lingulepis pinniformis (Owen). Upper Cambrian. Lingula antiqua and prima (non Emmons, Hall, 1847) Foster and Whitney, Geol. Rep. Lake Superior Dist., II, 1851, p. 204, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2.—Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 21, fig. 3.—Hayden, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XXXITI, 1863, p. 73. Lingula pinnaformis Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, p. 583, pl. 1B, figs. 4, 6,8.—Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, pp. 21, 435, fig. 3. 260 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [putt.87. Lingulepis pinniformis (Owen)—Continued. Orbicula prima Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, figs. 17, 19. Lingulepis pinnaformis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 129, pl. 6, figs. 14-16;—Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 107.— Whitfield, Powell’s Geol. Geogr. Survey Rucky Mountain Region, 1880, p. 335, pl. 2, figs. 1-4;—Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 169, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3. Lingulepis pinniformis and dakotensis Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864, pp. 2, 3, pl. 1, fig. 1. Lingulepis dakotensis Whitfield, Powell’s Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain Region, 1880, p. 337, pl. 2, figs. 10, 11. Lingulepis pinniformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 60, figs. 22, 23; pl. 1, figs. 35, 36. Loc. Falls of St. Croix, Hudson, ete., Wisconsin; Black Hills, South Dakota. Obs. This species also occurs at Ausable Chasm and Whitehall, New York, and are there regarded as L. acuminata. It may be advisable to refer Owen’s species to L. acuminata (Conrad). Lingulepis prima Meek and Hayden=Obolella polita. Lingulepis prima (Hall). Upper Cambrian. Lingula ovata Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 105 (undefined). Lingula prima (Conrad MS.) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2.— Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 202. Obolella prima Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1884, p. 142, pl. 14, figs. 3-5. Lingulepis minima Whitfield, Ibidem, 1884, p. 141, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2. Lingulella? prima Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 69. Loc. Keeseville, Essex, etc., New York; ?Black Hills, South Dakota. Lingulepis primiformis Whitfield. Upper Cambrian. Lingulepis primeformis Whitfield, Ludlow’s Rep. Reconn. Black Hills South Dakota, 1875, p. 103, pl. 1, fig. 4. Loc. Black Hills, South Dakota. LINGULOBOLUS Matthew. Genotype Lingulella(?) affinis Billings. Lingulobolus Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 260. Lingulobolus affinis (Billings). Lower Ordovician. Lingulella? affinis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 468, fig. 4;—Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 67, fig. 35. Lingulepis affinis Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XX XVII, 1889, p. 381. Lingulobolus affinis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I., 1896, p. 261, pl. 1, fig. 4. Loc. Bell Island, Newfoundland. Lingulobolus affinis cuneata Matthew. Lower Ordovician. Lingulobolus affinis var. cuneata Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 262, pl. 1, figs. 4e, 4d. Loc. Great Bell Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland. LINGULODISCINA Whitfield. Genotype Lingula exilis Hall. Lingulodiscina Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., III, 1890, p. 122, figs. 1-8. (Ehlertella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1890, pp. 133, 168 ;—Elev- enth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 257. Lingulodiscina(?) connata (Walcott). Lower Carboniferous. Discina connata Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 214, pl. 7, fig. 3. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 261 Lingulodiscina exilis (Hall). Marcellus (Dey.). Lingula exilis Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 77, fig. 2;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.7, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9. Lingulodiscina exilis Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., IIT, 1890, p. 122, figs. 1-8. Loc. Schoharie County, New York. Lingulodiscina newberryi (Hall). Waverly (L. Carb.). Discina newberryi Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p: 30 ;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 25, pl. 1, figs. 10, 11. Discina (Orbiculoidea) newberryi Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 277, pl. 14, fig. 1. Discina newberryi Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 213, pl. 18, fig. 3.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 40. Orbiculoidea newberryi Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 12;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, figs. 11, 13. (Ehlertella newberryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 152, pl. 4F, fig. 18. Loe. Cuyahoga Falls, Akron, and Farmington, Ohio; Eureka district, Nevada. Obs. This species should be compared with Orbiculoidea(?) capax (White. ) Lingulodiscina pleurites (Meek). Waverly (L. Carb.). Discina (Orbiculoidea?) pleurites Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 278, pl. 14, fig. 2. Orbiculoidea pleurites Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 12, 19, pl. 3, fig. 5;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, fig. 12. (Ehlertella pleurites Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 132, pl. 4E, figs. 21-24; pl. 4F, figs. 19, 20. Loc. Newark and Gann, Knox County, Ohio. LINGULOPS Hall. Genotype L. whitfieldi Hall. Lingulops Hall, Notes on some New or Imperfectly Known Forms among tle Brachiopoda, 1871, p. 2;—Ibidem, 1872, p. 2, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2;—Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 244, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2.—Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 164.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 18, 46, 163;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 233. Lingulops granti Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Lingulops granti Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 19, 178, pl. 4K, figs. 14, 15. Loc, Hamilton, Ontario. Lingulops norwoodi (James). Utica (Orc Lingula norwoodi James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 10, fig. 2 Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 1883, p. 235, pl. 10, fig. 1. Lingulops norwoodi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 19, pl. 2, figs. 24-26. Loc. Covington, Kentucky. Lingulops whitfieldi Hall. Maquoketa (Ord.). Lingulops whittieldi Hall, Notes on some New or Imperfectly Known Forms among the Brachiopoda, 1872, p. 2, pl. 13, fig. 12; Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pl. 13, figs. 1,2.—Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 164, pl. 19, fig. 9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 19, pl. 2, figs. 27-30. Loc. Near Lattners, Dubuque County, Iowa. LINNARSSONIA Walcott. Genotype Obolella transversa Hartt. Linnarssonia Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX, 1885, p. 11°; XXX, p. 21.—Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 35.—Hall and i) ’ 262 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. LINNARSSONIA Waleott—Continued. ; Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 107, 167;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 251.—Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 42. Linnarssonia belti Davidson. Upper Cambrian. Linnarssonia belti ? Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 42, pl. 12, figs. Ta-7e. Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick. Linnarssonia misera (Billings). Middle Cambrian. Obolella? misera Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 470. Linnarssonia misera Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 35, fig. 12.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 108, pl. 8, figs. 35-37. Loc. Trinity Bay, Newfoundland; St. Martins, New Brunswick. Linnarssonia pretiosa (Billings). Upper Cambrian. Obolella pretiosa Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 68, fig. 61;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 230, fig. 239. Obolella? pretiosa Walcott, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 111. Linnarssonia pretiosa Dawson, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VII, 1889, p. 53, fig. 26.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 70, pl. 3, figs. 43, 44. Loc. Bridge of the Grand Trunk Railroad across the Chaudiere River; Cape Rouge; Little Metis; Sillery and Point Levis, Canada. Linnarssonia sagittalis taconica Walcott. Lower and Middle Cambrian. Linnarssonia taconica Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, 1887, p. 189, pl. 1, fig. 18.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 106. Linnarssonia sagittalis Walcott, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, p. 442. Linnarssonia sagittalis var. taconica Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXVIII, 1889, p. 36;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 610, pl. 68, fig. 1. Loc. Washington. County, New York; Mount Stephan, British Columbia. Linnarssonia taconica Walcott=L. sagittalis taconica. Linnarsonia transversa (Hartt). Middle Cambrian. Obolella transversa Hartt, Dawson, Acadian Geol., 2d ed., 1868, p. 644.—Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 10, 1884, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 5. Linnarssonia transversa Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX, 1885, p. 116, figs. 3, 4, 6. Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 35, pl. 5, fig. 11.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 108, pl. 3, figs. 38-42.—Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 125, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. Loe. St. John, New Brunswick. LISSOPLEURA Whitfield. Genotype Rhynchonella quivalvis Hall. Lissopleura Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 232. Lissopleura equivalvis (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella xquivalvis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 66 ;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 224, pl. 29, pp. 2, 3. Lissopleura wquivalvis Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 252, figs. 1-5. Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York. MARTINIA McCoy. Genotype Anomites glabra Martin. Martinia McCoy, Carboniferous Fossils Ireland, 1844, p. 128, fig. 18; p. 139, fig. 132.—King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soe., 1850, pp. 81, 134.—Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864, p. 19.—Waagen, Palwontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 528.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Uniy., IV, 1888, p. 14.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 9, 32, 40. SeUOEEDT: | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 263 Martinia athyroides A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.). Martinia athyroides A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 94. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Martinia glabra (Martin). Upper Carboniferous. Anomites glabra Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, pl. 48, figs. 9, 10. Spirifera glabra Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 170, pl. 9, figs. 9, 10.—Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 291, fig. 89. Loc. Europe; Pictou, Windsor, etc., Nova Scotia. Martinia glabra contracta (Meek and Worthen), Kaskaskia (lL. Carb.). Spirifera glabra var. contracta Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 1861, p. 143;—Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 298, pl. 23, fig. 5.— White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 136, pl. 10, fig. 2 Spirifera (Martinia) contractus Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 583, pl. 13, figs. 17-19. Spirifera (Martinia) contracta Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 471, pl. 9, figs. 17-19. Loc. Chester, Illinois; Newtonville, Ohio; Lincoln County, Nevada. Martinia glanscerasi (White). Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifera glanscerasi White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 24. Loc. lowa City, Iowa. Martinia(?) insolita A. Winchell. Huron (Dev.). Spirifera? insolita A. Winchell, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 406. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Martinia levigata (Swallow). Keokuk (L. Carb.). Spirifera levigata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 86. Loc. lowa and Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for Spirifer logani. Martinia maia (Billings). Corniferous (Dey.). Athyris maia Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci., V, 1860, p. 276, figs. 53, 34;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 373, fig. 398. Athyris? maia Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p. 88. Spirifera maia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 116, pl. 63, figs. 6-13.—David- son, Suppl. British Sil. Brach., Paleontographical Soc., 1882, p. 122.—Whit- field, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 549, pl. 11, fig. 14.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 38, figs. 5, 6.—Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 444, pl. 7, fig. 14. x Spirifera (Martinia) maia Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 141, pl. 14, fig. 13 (?pl. 3, fig. 1). Loc. St. Marys, Township of Blanchard, Ontario; Columbus and Delaware, Ohio; Eureka district, Nevada. Martinia meristoides Meek. Middle Devonian. Spirifera (Martinia) meristoides Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci, I, 1868, p. 106, pl. 14, fig. 3.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 142.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 226. Loc. Mackenzie River Basin, British America. Martinia planoconvexa Meek and Hayden=Amboceelia planiconvexa. Martinia sublineata Meek. ' Middle Devonian. Spirifera (Martinia) sublineata Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 103, pl. 14, fig. 1. Loc. Great Slave Lake, British America. 264 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Martinia subumbona (Hall). Hamilton-Portage (Dey.). Orthis subumbona Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y.. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 168. Ambocelia subumbona Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1860, p. 71. Spirifera subumbona Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 234, pl. 33, figs. 22-30. Martinia subumbona Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 352. Spirifer subumbona Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 29, fig. 14. Loc. Shore of Lake Erie, Tully, and McKinneys Station, New York. Obs. Professor Williams says this species is a synonym for Amboccelia gregaria. MEEKELLA White and St. J. Genotype Plicatula striatocostata Cox. Meekella White and St. John, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 120, figs. 4-6.— Meek, Final Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p.175.—Waagen, Palzon- tologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 576.--Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 264 ;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 287. Meekella occidentalis (Newberry). Upper Carboniferous. Streptorhynchus occidentalis Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 126, pl. 1, fig. 5. Meekella occidentalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 266, pl. 11B, figs. 18, 19. Loc. Canyon of Cascade River. Obs. See Meekella pyramidalis. Meekella(?) occidentalis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous. Orthisina occidentalis Swallow, Trans. St. Lonis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 82. Loc. Caldwell County, Missouri. Obs. If a Meekella it should be compared with M. striaticostata. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for M. striaticostata. Meekella pyramidalis (Newberry). Upper Carboniferous. Streptorhynchus pyramidalis Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 126, pl. 2, figs. 11-13. Meekella pyramidalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 266. Loc. Colorado River. Obs. This species is quite distinct from M. striaticostata Cox, with which it has been confounded. M. occidentalis Newberry, however, may prove to be but a large individual of M. pyramidalis. Meekella striaticostata (Cox). Upper Carboniferous. Plicatula striatocostata Cox, Owen’s Geol. Survey Kentucky, III, 1857, p. 568, plis; ne. a Orthisina shumardianus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 183. Orthisina missouriensis Swallow, Ibidem, 1858, p. 219.—Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ITI, 1859, p. 26. Orthisina shumardiana Meek and Hayden, Ibidem, 1859, p. 26. Orthis striatocosta Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 48, pl. 3, figs. 22-24, Meekella striatocostata White and St. John, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, pp. 120, 122, figs. 4-6.—Meek, Final Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 175, pl. 5, fig. 12.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 571, pl. 26, fig. 21.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 160th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 26, pl. 9, fig. 4. Kayser, Richthofen’s China, IV, 1883, p. 178, pl. 23, fig. 8.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 130, pl. 26, figs. 12-14.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 265, pl. 10, figs. 18-23; pl. 11B, figs. 20-22.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 68, pl. 39, fig. 1. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 265 Meekella striaticostata (Cox)—Continued. Streptorhynchus (Meekella) striatocostata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pl. 40, figs. 18-23. Loc. Hopkins County, Kentucky; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; lowa; Nebraska; New Mexico; Nevada; Utah; ?China. Obs. See M. occidentalis (Swallow). MEGALANTERIS (Ehlert. Genotype Terebratula archiaci de Verneuil. Meganteris Suess, Sitz. der k. k, Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, X VIII, 1855, p, 51. Megalanteris Ehlert, Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1319.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 277;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 859. Megalanteris condoni (McChesney). Oriskany (Dev.). Rensselieria condoni McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 85;—Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 36, pl. 7, fig. 2.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 401, pl. 8, fig. 4. Newberria? condoni Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p.7 of extract. Megalanteris condoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 280. Loc. West of Jonesboro, Union County, Illinois. Megalanteris ovalis Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Meganteris ovalis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 101. Rensseleria ovalis Hall, Pal. N. Y., III, 1859, p. 458, pl. 106, fig. 2.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 962, fig. 471. Megalanteris ovalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 280, pl. 77, figs. 12-22. Loe. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Meganteris equiradiata Hall= Rensseleria equiradiata. Meganteris cuinberlandize Hall=Rensseleria cumberlandi. Meganteris elliptica Hall=Rensseleria elliptica. Meganteris elongata Hall= Amphigenia elongata. Meganteris levis Hall=Meristella levis. Meganteris mutabilis Hall=Rensseleria mutabilis. Meganteris ovalis Hall=Megalanteris ovalis. Meganteris ovoides Hall= Rensselvria ovoides. Meganteris subtrigonalis Hall= Amphigenia elongata subtrigonalis. Meganteris suessana Hall= Beachia suessana. Megerlia dubitanda Cooper=Terebratella(?) dubitanda, MERISTA Suess. Genotype Atrypa herculea Barrande. Merista Suess, Jahrbuch Kéngl. Kais. Geol. Reichs., II, 1851, pp. 150, 160.—Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 73;—Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 258.—Dall, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 47.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 70, fig. 54;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 771. Camarium Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 42;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 486;—Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, p. 176. Merista arcuata Hall=Meristella arcuata. Merista bella Hall=Meristella bella. Merista bisuleata Hall= Whitfieldella bisulcata. Merista crassirostra Hall=Whitfieldella cylindrica. Merista cylindrica Hall= Whitfieldella cylindrica. 266 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [svt.87. Merista elongata (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Camarium elongatum Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 488, pl. 95A, fig. 4. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Obs. Probably only a variety of M. typa. Merista houghtoni Winchell= Meristella houghtoni. Merista levis Hall=Meristella levis. Merista lata Hall=Meristella lata. Merista lens Hall=Meristella lens. Merista meeki Hall= Meristella meeki. Merista princeps Hall=Meristella princeps. Merista subquadrata Hall= Meristella subquadrata. Merista tennesseensis Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Merista tennesseensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 71, 365, pl. 42, figs. 1-6. Loc. Perry County, Tennessee. Merista typus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Camarium typum Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 487, pl. 954A, figs. 2a, 3, 5, 6. Merista typum Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 93, figs. 10-13. Merista typa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1895, pl. 42, figs. 7-12. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. MERISTELLA Hall, 1860. Genotype Merista arcuata Hall. ?Meristella Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Meristella Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1860, pp. 74, 93 ;—Sixteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1863, p. 50, figs. 27-34;—Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 139 ;—American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XX XV, 1863, p. 396; XXXVI, p. 11;—Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, pp. 155, 258;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 295.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 97.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 73, figs. 55, 56 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 773. Athyris Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 115. Meristella arcuata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Merista arcuata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 95, figs. 1-4;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 249, pl. 41, fig. 1 (?2). Meristella arcuata Hall, Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 298, figs. 1, 2.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 1, 2; pl. 44, fig. 5. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; St. Blandine, New Brunswick. Meristella barrisi Hall. Marcellus- Hamilton (Dey.). Meristella barrisi Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 84;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 304, pl. 49, figs. 5-22.—?Tschernyschew, Mémoires du Comité Géologique de St. Pétersbourg, III, 3, 1887, p. 55, pl. 9, figs. 12, 15; pl. 13, figs. 1, 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 25, 26; pl. 44, figs. 27-30. Loc. York and Leroy, New York; Urals of Russia. Meristella bella (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Merista bella Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 92, figs. 1-7 ;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 248, pl. 40, fig. 1. Meristella bella Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 510, pl. 5, figs. 8-10.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 7-9; pl. 44, figs. 1-3.—Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VIT, 1895, p. 412, pl. 1, figs. 8-10. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Greenfield, Ohio; Lake Temis- couata, New Brunswick. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 267 - Meristella(?) blancha (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Athyris blancha Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 115, pl. 3, fig. 13. Meristina (?) blancha Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 68, pl. 41, figs. 22, 23. Loc. Square Lake, Maine. Obs. Compare with Meristella arcuata. Meristella clusia (Billings). Corniferous (Dey.). Athyris? clusia Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci., V, 1860, p. 279. Loe. Cayuga, Ontario. Meristella doris Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Meristella doris Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 84:-- Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 303, pl. 50, figs. 1-12.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 21, 22. Charionella doris Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 374, figs. 400E, 401a, b. Loe. Schoharie and Williamsville, New York; Cayuga, Ontario. Meristella elissa Hall=Meristella nasuta. Meristella haskinsi Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Meristella haskinsi Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 84;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 306, pl. 49, figs. 23-35.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, ViII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 23, 24; pl. 44, fig. 31. Loc. Seneca Lake, York, Moscow, etc., New York; Thedford, Ontario. Meristella (?) houghtoni (A. Winchell). Huron (Dey.), Merista houghtoni Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 407. Meristella (?) houghtoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 78. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Meristella (?) incerta Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.). Meristella incerta Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soc., n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 442, fig. 7. Loc. Warren, Pennsylvania. Obs. Based upon a crushed and broken specimen. Meristella levis (Vanuxem). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Atrypa levis Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 120, fig. 2.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 825, fig. 642. Merista levis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 94, figs. 1-6 ;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 247, pl. 39, figs. 3, 4.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 376, pl. 7, fig. 8. Meristella levis Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 510, pl. 5, figs. 6,7.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 3-6; pl. 44, fig. 4.—Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 411, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Greenfield, Ohio; Perry County, Missouri; Pennsylvania; Square Lake, Maine; St. Blandine, New Brunswick. Meristella (?) levis (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Meganteris levis Hall (non Vanuxem), Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 99. Rensseleria levis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 256, pl. 40, fig. 2. Loc. Albany County, New York. Meristella lata Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Merista lata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 431, pl. 101, fig. 3. Meristella lata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 78, pl. 44, fig. 12. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Cayuga, Ontario. 268 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Meristella lens (A. Winchell). Hamilton (Dev.). - Merista lens A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 94. Meristella lens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 78. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Meristella lenta Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Meristella lenta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 420, pl. 63, figs. 19-22.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 44, figs. 15-18. Loc, Cayuga, Ontario. Meristella maria Hall=Meristina maria. Meristella meeki Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Merista meeki Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist , 1857, p. 97;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 252, pl. 44, fig. 6. Camarium meeki Hall, Ibidem, III, 1859, p. 486. Meristella meeki Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 78. Loc. Perry County, Tennessee. Meristella meta Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Meristella meta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 308, pl. 49, figs. 1-4.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 29, 30. Loc. Delphi, New York. Meristella nasuta (Conrad). Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Atrypa nasuta Courad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 265. Terebratula valenciennii Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 39, pl. 18, fig. 6. Meristella nasuta Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 93, figs. 8, 9;—Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, p. 160, figs. 17-22 on p. 161;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 299, pl. 48, figs. 1-25.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 98, pl. 15, figs. 2-8.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 18-20; pl. 44, figs. 13, 14, 19-26. Athyris clara Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci., V, 1860, p. 274, figs. 29-32;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 373, fig. 397;—-Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VII, 1874, p. 240. Meristella elissa Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 100 ;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pl. 3, figs. 21, 22. Athyris nasuta Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p 86. Meristella (Whitfieldia) nasuta Walcott, Mon. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 148, pl. 3, fig. 8. Loc. Schoharie, Clarence, Williamsville, etc., New York; Cayuga, Ontario; Colum- bus and Dublin, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Lone Mountain, Nevada. Meristella nucleolata Whitfield= Whitfieldella nucleolata. Meristella princeps Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Merista princeps Hall, Tenth Rep. N.Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 95, figs. 1-5;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 251, pl. 44, figs 1-5. Camarium princeps Hall, Ibidem, ITI, 1859, p. 486. Meristella princeps Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 93, figs. 5-7.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 48, figs. 10-138. Loc. Carlisle and Schoharie, New York; St. Blandine, New Brunswick. Meristella rectirostra Hall—=Meristina rectirostris. Meristella riskowskyi A. Ulrich. Middle Devonian. Meristella riskowskyi A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 64, pl. 4, figs. 16-18. Loc. Chahuarani and near Oconi, Bolivia. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 269 - Meristella rostrata Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Atrypa rostrata Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 202, fig. 2. Athyris? rostrata Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci., V, 1860, p. 281, figs. 43, 44. Charionella rostrata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 385, fig. 420. Meristella rostrata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 307, pl. 50, figs. 13-17.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, Vol. VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 43, figs. 27, 28. Loc. Eighteen Mile Creek, etc., New York; Bosanquet, Ontario. Meristella subquadrata Hall. Lower Helderberg ( Dev.) Merista subquadrata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 93;— * Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 249, pl. 40, fig. 3. Meristella subquadrata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 78, pl. 43, figs. 14, 15. Loc. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York. Meristella unisulcata Hall= Pentagonia unisulcata. Meristella unisuleata biplicata Hall=Pentagonia unisuleata biplicata. Meristella unisulcata uniplicata Hall= Pentagonia unisulcata uniplicata. Meristella walcotti Hall and Clarke. Oriskany (Dey.). Meristella walcotti Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 77, 365, figs. 55, 56, pl. 43, figs. 16, 17; pl. 44, figs. 6-11, 23, 32. Loc. Cayuga, Ontario. MERISTINA Hall. Genotype Meristella maria Hall. Meristina Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 157;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 299.—Nettelroth (partim), Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 101.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1898, p. 65;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 770. Whitfieldia Davidson, Supplement British Sil. Brach., Paleontographical Soc., 1882, p. 107.—Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 73. Meristina maria Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Athyris tumida Roemer, Sil. Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 70, pl. 5, fig. 12. Meristella maria Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 212.—Hall and Whit- field, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 196. Meristina maria Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 157;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 299.—Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 132, pl. 7, figs. 5, 6.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 101, pl. 29, figs. 7-10.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 67, pl. 41, figs. 1-17. Meriste!la tumida Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p- 597. Meristella (Meristina) maria Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 159, pl. 25, figs. 8-12;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 299, pl. 25, figs. 8-12. Whitfieldia maria Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 73, pl. 7, figs. 1-3. Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Springfield, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; Perry County, Tennessee; Bridgeport, Illinois; Racine, Wisconsin; Bessels Bay, 81° 6’. Obs. This species is not identical with M. tumida Dalman. Meristina nitida Hall= Whitfieldella nitida. Meristina rectirostris Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Meristella rectirostra Hall, Descriptions n. sp. Fossils from Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 15;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 301, pl. 27, figs. 10- 14;—Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 71.—Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N.Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 67, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5, 11-13. 270 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BUtt. 87. Meristina rectirostris Hall—Continued. Meristina rectirostra Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 68, figs. 52, 53, pl. 41, figs. 18-21. Loc. Waldron, Indiana. Meristina trisinuata (McChesney). Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus trisinuatus McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 86. Athyris? trisinuatus McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 33, pl. 8, fig. 2. Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Obs. Probably synonymous with Meristina maria. METAPLASIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Spirifer pyxidata Hall. Metaplasia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.56;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 762. Metaplasia disparilis (Hall). Corniferous (Dey.). Spirifer disparilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 134. Spirifera disparilis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 204, pl. 30, figs. 10-15. Metaplasia pyxidata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 39, figs. 19-22, Loc. Williamsville and Clarence Hollow, New York. Metaplasia pyxidata Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Spirifer pyxidata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 428, pl. 100, figs. 9-12. Metaplasia pyxidata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 56. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Cumberland, Maryland; Cayuga, Ontario. Micromitra Meek=Iphidea. MIMULUS Barrande. Genotype M. perversus Barrande. Mimulus Barrande, Systeme Silurien du Centre de la Boheme, V, 1879, p. 109.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 272;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 289. Mimulus waldronensis (Miller and Dyer). Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera (?) waldronensis Miller and Dyer, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 37, pl. 2, fig. 3. Triplesia putillus Hall, Descriptions n. sp. Fossils Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 16 ;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 298, pl. 27, figs. 19-22;—Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 72. Streptis waldronensis Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 50) pl. 3;igs: 9710: Mimulus waldronensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 273, pl. 11C, figs. 23-28. Loc. Waldron, Indiana. MONOMORELLA Billings. Genotype M. prisea Billings. Monomorella Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 220;—American Jour. Sei., 3d ser., III, 1872, p. 358.—Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 155.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 40, 46;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y, State Geologist, 1894, p. 238. Monomorella egani Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Monomorella egani Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 42, 175, pl. 4C, fig. 16. Loc. Near Grafton, Wisconsin. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 271 Monomorella greenei Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Monomorella greenii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 42, 174, pl. 4D, figs. 5-10. Loc. Near Grafton, Wisconsin; Risingsun, Ohio. Monomorella kingi Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Monomorella kingi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 42, 174, pl. 4D, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Near Cedarburg, Wisconsin; Hawthorne, Illinois. Monomorella newberryi Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.). Monomorella newberryi Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 131, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4C, figs. 1, 2. Loe. Genoa, Ohio. Monomorella orbicularis billings. Guelph (Sil.). Monomorella orbicularis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 221;— American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., III, 1872, p. 359.—Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 158, pl. 17, fig. 10. Monomorella enf. orbicularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4C, figs. 3-5. Loc. Hespelar, Ontario; near Grafton, Wisconsin, Monomorella ortoni Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Monomorella ortoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 42, 175, pl. 4C, figs. 14, 15. Loc. Risingsun, Wood County, Ohio. Monomorella ovata Whiteaves. Guelph (Sil.). Monomorella ovata Whiteaves, Pal. Fossils, III, 1884, p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 1; pl. 8, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 42, pl. 4D, figs. 13-15. Loc. Durham, Ontario. Monomorella ovata lata Whiteaves. Guelph (Sil.). Monomorella ovata var. lata Whiteaves, Pal. Fossils, III, 1884, p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 2; pl. 8, fig. 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4, figs. 11, 12; pl. 4C, figs. 17, 18. Loc. Durham, Ontario; Hawthorne, Illinois. Monomorella prisca Billings. Guelph (Sil.). Monomorella prisca Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol, n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 221;—Amer- ican Jour. Sci., 3d ser., III, 1872, p. 359.—Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 156, pl. 17, figs. 5-8.—Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 68, fig. 38.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4C, figs. 6-13. Loc. Hespelar and Elora, Ontario; Risingsun, Wood County, Ohio; Hawthorne, Port Byron, and Cicero, Illinois. NEWBERRYA Hall. Genotype Rensseleria? johanni Hall. Rensselandia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 385. Newberria Hall, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 236;—Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 91 (extract, p.4).—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I], 1893, p. 261;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 851. Obs. It is unfortunate that Rensseliria johanni is the type for two generic names. Adhering strictly to the rules of nomenclature Rensselandia will take precedence over Newberrya. The first term is, however, improperly constructed and is without meaning. at? SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Newberrya claypolei Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Rensselwria marylandica? Claypole, Proc. American Phil. Soc., 1883, p. 235. Newberria claypolii Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 9, extract, pl. 5, figs. 1-9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 263, pl. 78, figs. 1-9. Loc. Perry County, Pennsylvania. Newberria? condoni McChesney=Megalanteris condoni. Newberrya johannis Hall. Middle Devonian. Rensseleria? johanni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 385, pl. 58A, figs. 9-20. Rensselandia johanni Hall, Ibidem, 1867, at end of description. Newberria johanni Hall, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 237. Newberria johannis Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 8, extract, pl. 6, figs. 1-11.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 262, pl. 78, figs. 10-16. Loc. Waterloo, Iowa. Newberrya levis (Meek). Middle Devonian. Rensselria levis Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 8; pl. 14, fig. 4. Newberria levis Hall, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 237, pl. 30, figs. 3, 4. Newberria levis Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 7, extract, pl. 6, figs. 12-15.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 264, pl. 78, figs. 17-20. Loc. Mackenzie, Onion, and Lockhart rivers, Canada. Newberrya missouriensis Swallow. Hamilton (Deyv.). Newberria missouriensis (Swallow MS.) Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 9, extract, pl. 5, figs. 10-12.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 263, pl. 78, figs. 21-23. Loc. Moniteau County, Missouri. NOTOTHYRIS Waagen. Genotype Terebratula subvesicularis David. Notothyris Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1882, p. 875.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 274;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 857. Notothyris (?) smithii Derby. Middle Devonian. Notothyris (?) smithii Derby, Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio De Janeiro, IX, 1890, p. 81.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 267, 275. Loc. Head of the Paraguay in Matto-Grosso, Brazil. NUCLEOSPIRA Hall. Genotype Spirifer ventricosa Hall. Nucleospira Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 24;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 219;—Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 278.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 103.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 142 ;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y: State Geologist, 1895, p. 806. Nucleospira barrisi White. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Nucleospira barrisi White, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1860, p. 227. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Nucleospira concentrica Hall. Lower Helderberg (Devy.). Nucleospira concentrica Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 223, pl. 28B, figs. 15- 19.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 48, fig. 7. Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 273 Nucleospira concinna Hall. Corniferous-Hamilton (Dey.). Atrypa concinna Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 200, fig. 3. Nucleospira concinna Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, pp. 25, 26;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 279, pl. 45, figs. 833-57.—Davidson, Suppl. British Silurian Brach., Palkeontographical Society, 1882, p. 121.—Waleott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 147.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 103, pl. 52, figs. 1-4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 145, fig. 131; pl. 48, figs. 12-17, 19-34; pl. 84, fig. 38. Loc. Moscow, Darien, ete., New York; Monroe County, Pennsylvania; Thed- ford, Ontario; Hardy County, Virginia; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Lone Mountain, Nevada. Nucleospira elegans Hall. ? Niagara and L. Helderberg (Sil. and Dev.). Nucleospira elegans Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 222, pl. 28B, figs. 10-15.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 104.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 48, figs. 8-11. Loe. Cherry Valley, New York; Cumberland, Maryland. In the Niagara near Louisville, Kentucky (Nettelroth). Nucleospira indianensis Miller=Parazyga hirsuta. Nucleospira pisiformis Hall. | Niagara (Sil.). Orthis pisum Hall (non Sowerby), Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 250, pl. 2, fig. 1. Nucleospira pisiformis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, pl. 28B;—Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 226;—Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 160, pl. 25, figs. 22-28;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 301, pl. 25, figs. 22-28.—Kayser, Richthofens China, IV, 1883, p. 47, pl. 4, figs. 9-11.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur- vey, 1889, p. 104, pl. 33, figs, 7-9.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 94, pl. 41, fig. 5. Loc. Wolcott, New York; Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Pike County, Missouri; Tshau-Tien, China. Nucleospira rotundata Whitfield. Waterlime (Sil.). Nucleospira rotundata Whitfield, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 194;— Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 511, pl. 5, figs. 11-14;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 413, pl. 1, figs. 11-14. Loc. Greenfield, Ohio. Nucleospira ventricosa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer ventricosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 57. Nucleospira ventricosa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 220, pl. 14, fig. 1; pl. 28B, figs. 2-9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 145, figs. 128-130; pl. 48, figs. 2-6, 18; pl. 84, figs. 39, 40. Loc. Schoharie, Cherry Valley, etc., New York; Cumberland, Maryland. OBOLELLA Billings. Genotype O. chromatica Billings. Obolella Billings, Geol. Vermont, II, 1861, p. 946;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1861, p. 7.— Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 131.—Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowledge, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 3.—Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 108.—Dall, American Jour. Conchology, VI, 1870, pp. 162, 164.—billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 217, figs. 5, 6;—American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., IIL, 1872, p. 355, figs. 5-7;—Ibidem, 3d ser., XI, 1876, p. 176.—F ord, Ibidem, 3d ser., XXI, 1881, p. 181.—Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, }. 109.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 66, 164;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, Bull. 87 ——18 274 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. __ [BULL. 87. OBOLELLA Billings—Continued. p. 240.—Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 39.—Mickwitz, Mém. l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, VIII, 1896, p. 116. Dicellomus Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat Hist., 1873, p. 246. Obolella ambigua Waleott=Elkania ambigua. Obolella atlantica Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Obolella atlantica Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p. 36;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 611, pl. 71, fig. 1. Loc. Conception Bay, Newfoundland; Attleboro, Massachusetts. Obolella celata Billings=:Lingulella celata. Obolella chromatica Billings. Lower Cambrian. Obolella chromatica Billings, Geol. Vermont, II, 1861, p. 947, fig. 346;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1861, p. 7, fig. 7;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 284, fig. 288.—Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 110.— Billings, American. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XI, 1876, p. 176, figs. 1-4.—F ord, Ibidem, 3d ser., X XI, 1881, p. 133, figs. 3, 4,5.—Walcott, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 112, pl. 11, fig. 1;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, p. 611, pl. 71, fig. 2,—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VILL, Et, 1892) p. 70: Loc. Anse au Loup, Canada. Obolella cingulata Billings=Kutorgina ¢ingulata. Obolella circe Billings. Lower Cambrian. Obolella circe Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., 1V, 1871, p. 218;—American Jour. Sci., III, 1872, p. 357.—Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 118, pl. 10, fig. 3;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 611, pl. 71, fig. 3. Loc. Trois Pistoles, Canada. Obolella crassa (Hall). Lower Cambrian. Orbicula? crassa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 290, pl. 79, tig. 8. Avicula? desquamata Hall, Ibidem, 1847, p. 292, pl. 80, fig. 2. Obolella crassa Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 218.—Ford, Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XV, 1878, p. 128;—Ibidem, 3d ser., XXI, 1881, p. 131, figs. 1, 2.—Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 114, pl. 10, fig. 1.— Shaler and Foerste, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVI, 1888, p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 1.— Walcott, Tenth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Burvey, 1891, p. 612, pl. 71, fig. 4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 70, pl. 2, figs. 31-36. Obolella desquamata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 217, tig. 6;—American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., III, 1872, p. 355, fig. 6. Obolella (Orbicula?) crassa Ford, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., II, 1871, p. 33. Dicellomus crassa Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 246, pl. 13, figs. 6-9. Obolella chromatica (lap. crassa) Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX, 1885, p. 116, figs. 1, 2;—Ibidem, XXX, 1890, p. 21. Loc. Troy and Schodack Landing, New York; North Attleboro, Massachusetts ; St. Simon and Bie Harbor, below Quebec, Canada. Obolella desiderata Billings=Elkania desiderata. Obolella desquamata Billings=Obolella crassa. é Obolella (?) discoidea Hall and Whitfield. Up. Camb. and Pogonip (Ord.). Obolelladiscoidea Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 208, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2.—Walcott, Mon. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 14. Obolella? discoidea Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1826, p. 111.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 69. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 275 Obolella gemma Billings. Lower Cambrian. Obolella gemma Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., V1, 1871, p. 217, fig. 5;— American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., III, 1872, p. 357, fig. 5.—Walcott, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 116, pl. 10, fig. 2;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 612, pl. 71, fig. 5; pl. 72, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 71, fig. 30; pl. 2, figs. 42-44. Loc. Bie and St. Simon harbors, below Quebec, Canada; Troy, New York. Obolella (?) gemmula Matthew. Upper Cambrian. Obolella (?) gemmula Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 41, pl. 12, figs. 8a-8e. Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick. Obolella (?) ida Billings. Upper Cambrian and Caleiferous (Ord.). Obolella ida Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 71, fig. 68, on p. 68. Obolella ? ida Walcott, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 50, 1886, p. 111. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Obolella misera Billings=Linnarssonia misera. Obolella minuta (Hall and Whitfield). Upper Cambrian. Lingulepis ? minuta Hall and Whitfield, Rep. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., 1V, 1877, p- 206, pl. 1, figs. 3,4.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 13. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Obolella nana Meek and Hayden. Middle Cambrian. Obolella nana Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 435.—Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 67.—Hayden, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XX XIII, 1863, p. 73.—Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. to-Knowl- edge, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 3.— Whitfield, Powell’s Geol. Geogr. Sur- vey Rocky Mountain Region, 1880, p. 340, pl. 2, figs. 14-17.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 69. Loc. Black Hills, South Dakota. Obolella nitida Ford. Lower Cambrian. Obolella nitida Ford, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., V, 1873, p. 213.—Walcott, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 118, pl. 11, fig. 2;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 612, pl. 72, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 69, 70.—?Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 125, pl. 2, fig. 8. Loc. Troy, and Washington County, New York; Hanford Brook, New Brunswick. Obolella pectenoides (Whitfield). Upper Cambrian. Obolus pectenoides Whitfield, Ludlow’s Rep. Reconn. Black Hills, Dakota, 1875, p- 103, figs. 1-3. - Obolus? pectenoides Whitfield, Powell’s Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain Region, 1880, p. 338, pl. 2, figs. 18, 19. Loc. Black Hills, South Dakota. Obolella polita Hall. Middle Cambrian. Obolus appolinus Owen (non Eichwald), Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minne- sota, 1852, pl. 1B, figs. 9, 11, 15, 20. : Lingula? polita Hall, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1861, p. 24;—Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, I, 1862, pp. 21, 435. Obolella ? polita Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 133, pl. 6, figs. 17-21 ;—Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 112. Lingulepis prima Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XTV, 172, 1864, p- 3, pl. 1, fig. 2. Dicellomus polita Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 246. 276 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA,. _ [Butt. 87. Obolella polita Hall—Continued. Obolella polita Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain Region, 1880, p. 339, pl. 2, figs. 12, 13.—Walcott, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 111.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 2, figs. 37-41. Loc. Trempealeau, Wisconsin; Black Hills, South Dakota. Obolella pretiosa Billings=Linnarssonia pretiosa. Obolella prima Whitfield=Lingulepis prima. Obolella transversa Hartt=Linnarssonia transversa. Obolellina Billings=Dinobolus. Obolellina canadensis Billings=Dinobolus canadaensis. Obolellina galtensis Billings=Rhinobolus galtensis. Obolellina magnifica Billings=Dinobolus magnificus. OBOLUS Hichwald. Genotype Obolus appolinus EKichwald. Obolus Eichwald, Zoologia Specialis, I, 1829, p. 274.—Hall and ae Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 80, figs. 33, 34; pp. 164, 337.—Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 48.—Mickwitz, Mém. l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Péters- bourg, VIII, 1896, pp. 25, 126. Euobolus Manley itz, Mém. l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, VIII, 1896, pp. 25, 129, 133. Obs. Both Euobolus and Obolus are based upon the same species. Obolus appolinus Owen (non Hichwald)=Obolella polita. Obolus canadensis Billings, 1858=Dinobolus magnificus. Obolus canadensis Billings=Dinobolus canadaensis. Obolus conradi Hall=Dinobolus conradi. Obolus galtensis Billings=Rhinobolus galtensis. Obolus labradoricus Billings=Iphidea Jabradorica. Obolus (?) major Matthew. Lower Cambrian. Obolus? major Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IV, 1890, p. 155, pl. 8, fig. 3. Mickwitzia (?) major Mickwitz, Mém. V’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, VIII, 1896, p. 23. Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick. Obolus (?) murrayi Billings. Cambrian. eee murrayi Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 362. . Hare Bay, Newfoundland. aa ? pectenoides Whitfield=Obolella pectinoides. Obolus pulcher Matthew=Botsfordia pulchra. Obolus pristinus Matthew. ? Middle Cambrian. Obolus pristinus Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 121, pl. 4, fig. 1. Loc. Hanford Brook, New Brunswick. Obolus (?) refulgens Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Obolus refulgens Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 44, pl. 12, figs. 6a-6d. Obolus (?) refulgens Mickwitz, Mém. l’Acad. lnp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, VIII, 1896, ». 23. Loc. Nese St. John, New Brunswick. (Ehlertella Hall and Clarke=Lingulodiscina. Orbicula Cuvier=Crania. Orbicula Sowerby, 1830=Discina. Orbicula cxlata Hall=Lingulella cielata, SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 277 Orbicula corrugata Hall=Lichenalia, a bryozoan. Orbicula crassa Hall=Obolella crassa. Orbicula deformata Hall—Crania deformata. . 2Orbicula excentrica I:mmons. Cambrian. Orbicula excentrica Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 112, pl. 1, fig. 4. Crania excentrica Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 341. Loc. Augusta County, Virginia. Obs. Probably a gastropod, Orbicula filosa Hall=Schizoerania filesa. Orbicula grandis Vanuxem=Romerella grandis. Orbicula lamellosa Hall (non Broderip)—Orbiculoidea lamellosa. Orbicula lodensis Vanuxem=Orbiculoidea lodiensis. Orbicula lugubris Conrad= Discinisca lugubris. Orbicula minuta Hall=Orbiculoidea minuta. Orbicula multilineata Conrad=Discinisea multilineata. Orbicula parmulata Hall=Orbiculoidea parmulata. Orbicula prima Owen=Lingulepis pinniformis. Orbicula squamiformis Hall=Pholidops squamiformis. Orbicula subtruncata Hall=Pholidops subtruneata. Orbicula tenuilamellata Hall=Schizotreta tenuilamellata. Orbicula terminalis Emmons=Trematis terminalis. Orbicula truncata Emmons=Orbiculoidea lamellosa. ORBICULOIDEA d’Orbigny. Genotype Orbicula morrisi Davidson. Orbiculoidea @Orbigny, Prodrome de Paléontologie stratigraphique, I, 1850, p. 44.—Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, 1871, p. 37;—American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 74.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 12.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 125, fig. 64; p. 128, fig. 160 and pp. 160, 168.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 363.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 256. Discina Hall (non Lamarck), Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 159;—Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 180;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 15. Orbiculoidea alleghania (Hall). Chemung (Devy.). Discina alleghania Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 77, figs. 1,2;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 25, fig. 1, pl. 1, fig. 17. Loc. Hobbieville, Alleghany County, New York. Orbiculoidea ampla Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Discina grandis Hall (non Vanuxem, 1842), Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 406, pl. 92, fig. 1. Discina ampla Hall, Ibidem, corrigenda in volume with plates, 1859. Orbiculoidea ampla Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 127. Loc, Albany County, New York; Cayuga, Ontario. Orbiculoidea baini (Morris and Sharpe.) Middle Devonian. Orbicula baini Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, IT, 1846, p. 277, pl. 10, fig. 5.—Sharpe and Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2d ser., VII, 1856, p. 210, pl. 26, figs. 20-23. Discina baini von Ammon, Zeits. Gessels. fiir Erdk., Berlin, XXVIII, 1893, p. 359, fig. 4. Loc. Falkland Islands; Taquarassu, Matto-Grosso, Brazil; South Africa. 278 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BuLt.87. Orbiculoidea (?) capax (White). Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Discina capax White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 30.—A. Winchell, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 112;—Proc. American Phil. Soce., XII, 1870, p. 249. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Girard and Rockville, Ohio (A. Winchell). Obs. This species should be compared with Lingulodiscina newberryi Hall. Orbiculoidea capuliformis (McChesney). Upper Carboniferous. Discina capuliforma McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p.72;—Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 73, pl.2, fig. 20. Loc. Springfield, Illinois. Obs. Compare with O. convexa Shumard. Orbiculoidea conica Dwight=Schizotreta conica, Orbiculoidea conradi (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Discina conradi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 161, pl. 9, figs. 16, 17; pl. 10A, fio. 2. Loc. Near Hudson, New York. Orbiculoidea convexa (Shumard). Upper Carboniferous. Discina convexa Shumard, Trans. St. Loius Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 221.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 121, pl. 25, fig. 9.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univy., II, 1887, pl.3, fig. 19.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 40, pl. 35, fig. 7. Loc, Valley of Verdigris River, Kansas; KansasCity, Missouri; Vermilion County, Indiana; Newark, Ohio. Obs. See Orbiculoidea capuliformis McChesney. Orbiculoidea discus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Discina discus Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 159, pl. 9, figs. 13-15. Schizocrania (?) discus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 132. Orbiculoidea discus Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, pl. 45, fig. 18. Loc. Near Hudson and Albany counties, New York. Orbiculoidea doria (Hall). Hamilton (Dev.). Discina doria Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 26;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 19, pl. 2, figs. 19-22, 31 ( ?30).—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 32. Loc. Madison County, New York; Thedford, Ontario; Clark County, Indiana. Orbiculoidea elmira (Hall). ; Chemung (Dev.). Discina elmira Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 29;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 38, 39. Loe. Elmira, New York; Wellsboro, Pennsylvania. Orbiculoidea gallaheri (A. Winchell). Marshall (L. Carb.). Discina gallaheri A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p, 112;— Proc. American Philosophical Soc., XII, 1870, p. 249. Loc. Hillsdale, Michigan; Granville, Ohio; Shafers, Pennsylvania. Orbiculoidea herzeri Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.). Orbiculoidea herzeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 126, 127, 178. Orbiculoidea pulchra Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, pl. 4E, fig. 19; pl. 4F, figs. 9-13, 30, (214-16). Loc. Berea and Baconsburg, Ohio; Meadville, Pennsylvania. Orbiculoidea humilis (Hall). Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.). Discina humilis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 25;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 18.—Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 560;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 452, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Bridgewater, Canandaigua Lake, ete., New York; Leroy, Ohio. SCHUCHERT. INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 219 Orbiculoidea illinoisensis (Miller and Gurley). Upper Carboniferous. Discina illinoiensis Miller and Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, 1893, p. 70, pl. 7, figs. 2-5. Loc. Knox and Peoria counties, Illinois. Obs. Closely related to O. convexa. Orbiculoidea jervisensis (barrett). Oriskany (Dev.). Discina jervensis Barrett, Annals N. Y. Acad. Scei., I, 1878, p. 121. Loc. Port Jervis, New York. Orbiculoidea keokuk (Gurley). Keokuk (L. Carb.). Discina keokuk Gurley, New Carb. Fossils, 1884, p. 6. Loc. Crawfordsville, Indiana, Orbiculoidea lamellosa Hall. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Orbicula lamellosa Hall (non Broderip, 1833), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 99, pl. 30, fig. 10. Orbicula truncata Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, ». 200, fig. 62. Discina truncata Emmons, Manual of Geol., 1860, p. 99. Orbiculoidea lamellosa? Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 364, pl. 29, fig. 25. Orbiculoidea lamellosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4K, fig. 12. . Discina circe Billings. Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 51, fig. 55;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 125. Loe. Middleville and Lowville, New York; Bellville and Ottawa, Canada; Spring Valley, Minnesota. Obs. Orbicula lamellosa Broderip, is the type species of Discinisca, and Hall’s name will therefore stand. Orbiculoidea lodiensis (Vanuxem),. Genesee (Dey.). Orbicula lodensis Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 168, fig. 1.— Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. 1. Discina lodensis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 2, fig. 35.— Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sei., I, 1874, p. 257;—Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 17.—Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 112, pl. 2, fig. 5.—Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 24.—Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 547, pl. 11, fig. 7;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 442, pl. 7, fig. 7. Discina sp.a A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. fiir Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 81, pl. 5, fig. 10. Orbiculoidea lodensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4F, fig.-21. Loc. Lodi, ete., New York; White Pine district, Nevada; Erere, Province of Para, Brazil; Chahuarani, Bolivia. In the Marcellus shale of Delaware County, Ohio (Whitfield). Orbiculoidea lodiensis media Hall. Marcellus-Chemung (Dev.). Discina media Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 27;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 20, pl. 2, figs. 25-29.—Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 113. Orbiculoidea media Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4K, figs. 15-17. Loc. Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, New York; Chemung group, Troupsburg, New York. Orbiculoidea magnifica (Herrick). Waverly (L. Carb.). Discina magnifica Herrick, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, II, 1891, p. 46, pl. 1, fig. 17. Loc, Wooster, and Ashland County, Ohio. 280 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Orbiculoidea manhattanensis (Meek and Hayden). Upper Carboniferous. Discina manhattensis Meek and Hayden, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 25. Loc. Near Manhattan, Kansas. Orbiculoidea marginalis (Whitfield). Hamilton (Dev.). Discina marginalis Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1880, p. 70 ;— Geol. Survey Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 325, pl. 25, fig. 11. Orbiculoidea marginalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 127, pl. 4F, fig. 17. Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Orbiculoidea minuta (Hall). Marcellus-Hamilton (Dev.). Orbicula minuta Hall, Geol. N.Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 180, fig. 9. Discina minuta Hall, Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 16.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 112, pl. 13, fig. 5.—Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 547, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 442, pl. 7, figs. 5, 6. Orbiculoidea minuta Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 356, pl. 17, figs. 5-7 ;—American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLIV, 1892, p. 150, pl. 1, figs. 4-6. Loc. Avon, New York; Delaware County, Ohio; near Eureka, Nevada. Orbiculoidea missouriensis (Shumard),. Upper Carboniferous. Discina missouriensis Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 221. Discina nitida? Meek and Worthen (non Phillips), Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 572, pl. 25, fig. 1. Discina nitida White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geologist Indiana, 1884, p. 121, pl. 25, fig. 10.—Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 226.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 131, pl. 4F, figs. 23-28.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 39, pl. 35, fig. 6. Discina meekana Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 228.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 145, pl. 2, fig. 8.— Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 598, pl. 15, figs. 1-3;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 483, pl. 11, figs. 1-3. Loc. Lexington, Missouri; Illinois; Carbon Hill and Flint Ridge, Ohio; Des Moines, lowa; Vermilion County, Indiana. Obs. This species is not D. nitida Phillips. It differs from it in form and in the muscular scars. Orbiculoidea (?) munda (Miller and Gurley). _ Upper Carboniferous. Discina munda Miller and Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, 1893, p. tiS ple 7, tigss: (6,77; Loc. Kansas City, Missouri. Obs, This species may be a Lingulodisecina, but since the ventral valve is unknown satisfactory generic reference can not be made. Orbiculoidea neglecta (Hall). Chemung (Dev.). Discina neglecta Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 29;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 24, pl. 1, figs. 12, 13. Loc. Ithaca, New York. Orbiculoidea newberryi Meek=Lingulodiscina newberryi. Orbiculoidea nitida (Phillips). Upper Carboniferous. Orbicula nitida Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 221, pl. 9, figs. 10-13. ?Discina nitida Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 213, pl. 7, fig. 4, Loc. England; White Pine district, Nevada, SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 281 Orbiculoidea numulus Hall and Clarke. Waterlime (Sil.). Orbiculoidea numulus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 178, pl. 48, fig. 14. Loc. Marshall, New York. Orbiculoidea parmulata (Hall). Medina (Sil.). Orbicula parmulata Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 48, fig. 4;— Pal. New York, II, 1852, pl. 4, fig. 3. Loc. Medina and Lockport, New York. Orbiculoidea patellaris (A. Winchell). Kinderhook (l. Carb.). Discina patellaris A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Orbiculoidea pleurites Meek=Lingulodiscina pleurites. Orbiculoidea pulchra Hall=Orbiculoidea hertzeri. Orbiculoidea randalli Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Discina randalli Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 25;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 18, pl. 2, fig. 34. Orbiculoidea randalli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4E, fig. 18. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Orbiculoidea saffordi (A. Winchell). Lower Carboniferous. Discina saffordi A. Winchell, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 443;—Proc. American Philosophical Soc., XII, 1870, p. 248. Loc. ‘‘ Just above Black Slate,” Hickman County, Tennessee. Orbiculoidea sampsoni (Miller). Chouteau (L. Carb.). Discina sampsoni Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1891, p. 80, pl. 13, figs. 10-12. Loc. Sedalia, Missouri. Orbiculoidea seneca (Hall). Hamilton (Deyv.). Discina seneca Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 26;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 20, pl. 2, figs. 23, 24. Loc. East shore of Seneca Lake, New York. Orbiculoidea subplana (Hall). Arisaig (Sil.). Discina tenuilamellata var. subplana Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 144.— Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 595. Loc. Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Orbiculoidea subtrigonalis (McChesney). Upper Carboniferous. Discina subtrigonalis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1865, p. 97. Discina trigonalis McChesney, Ibidem, 1865, pl. 2, fig. 19;—Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 24, pl. 2, fig. 19. Loc. Lasalle, Illinois. Orbiculoidea tenuilineata (Meek and Hayden). Upper Carboniferous. Discina tenuilineata Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 25. Loc. Cottonwood Creek, Kansas. Orbiculoidea tenuistriata (Ulrich). Utica (Ord.). Discina tenuistriata Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 96, pl. 4, fig. 10. Loc, Covington, Kentucky, 282 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Orbiculoidea tullia (Hall). Tully (Dev.). Discina tullia Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 28;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 22, pl. 2, figs. 16, 17. Loc. Seneca Lake, New York. Orbiculoidea utahensis (Meek). Upper Carboniferous. Discina sp. undet., Meek, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., 1V, 1877, p. 99, pl. 10, fig. 3. Discina utahensis Meek, Ibidem, 1877, p. 99 (also see footnote, p. 9). Loc. Weber Canyon, Wasatch Range, Utah. Orbiculoidea vanuxemi (Hall). Arisaig and Waterlime (Sil.). Discina vanuxemi Hall, Pal. New York, I1I, 1859, p. 162, pl. 8, fig. 1. Loc. Manlius-square, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). Orbiculoidea varsaviensis (Worthen). Keokuk (. Carb.). Discina varsoviensis Worthen, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, 1884, p. 23 ;—Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 102, pl. 11, fig. 7. Loc. Warsaw, Illinois. ORISKANIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype O. navicella H. and C. Oriskania Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I], 1893, p. 270;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 854. Oriskania navicella Hall and Clarke. Oriskany (Dey.). Oriskania navicella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 269, figs. 181-183, pl. 79, figs. 25-27. Loc. Near Hudson, New York. ORTHIDIUM Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orthis gemmicula Billings. Orthidium Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 244;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 276. Orthidium gemmicula (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis gemmicula Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 75, fig. 68. Orthidium gemmicula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 217, 244, pl. 7A, figs. 22-25. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Orthis of authors. Orthis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 33.—Shaler, Fossil Brachiopoda of the Ohio Valley, 1887, p. 18.—Herrick, Bull. Denison University, 1V, 1888, p. 14.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 34.—Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 19.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 185, 186;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 264. ORTHIS Dalman (emend Hall and Clarke). Genotype Orthis calligramma Dalman. Orthis Dalman, Kong]. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand1., for 1827, 1828, pp. 93, 96.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 192.—Winchell and Sebu- chert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 417.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. State Geologist, 1894, p. 265. Orthis equivalvis Hall, 1847=Plectorthis «quivalvis. Orthis zquivalvis Hall, 1857 (non 1847)=Orthis eryna. Orthis zequivalvis Shaler (non Hall)=Rhipidomella uberis. Orthis (?) acuminata Billings. Chazy (Ord.). Orthis ? acuminata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., LV, 1859, p. 440, fig. 19. Orthis acuminata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 130, fig. 59. Loc. Caughnawaga, Canada. ‘SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 283 Orthis acutilirata Meek=Platystrophia acutilirata. Orthis acutiloba Ringueberg=Bilobites acutilobus. Orthis alata Shaler=Orthis davidsoni. Orthis alsus Hall=Rhipidomella alsa. Orthis (?) alternans Castelnau. Formation. ? Orthis alternans Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. ’ Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 38, pl. 14, fig. 2. Loe. ‘‘From an erratic block, Lake of the Woods.” Undeterminable. Orthis amcena N. H. Winchell=Dalmanella amcena. Orthis anticostiensis Shaler=Dinorthis porcata. Orthis (?) apicalis billings. ? Upper Cambrian. Orthis ? apicalis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 301, fig. 291.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217. Loc. Point Levis and west end of Island of Orleans, Canada. Orthis arachnoides Roemer and Hall (non Phillips)=Derbya crassa. Orthis armanda billings=Syntrophia armanda. Orthis assimilis Hall=Rhipidomella assimilis. Orthis aurelia Billings=Plectorthis aurelia. Orthis aymara Salter= Anoplotheca flabellites. Orthis barabuensis Winchell=Syntrophia barabuensis. Orthis battis Billings=Hebertella battis. Orthis bellarugosa Conrad=Hebertella bellirugosa. Orthis bellarugosa Hall, 1883=Hebertella inseulpta. Orthis bellula Meek =Dalmanella bellula. Orthis benedicti Miller. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis benedicti Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1891, p. 78, pl. 13, figs. 7-9. Loe. Hartsville, Indiana. Orthis bicostatus Vanuxem= Reticularia bicostata. Orthis biforata of authors=Platystrophia biforata. Orthis biforata acutilirata White=Platystrophia acutilirata. Orthis billingsi Hartt=Billingsella billingsi. Orthis biloba Hall=Bilobites bilobus. Orthis bisuleata Emmons=Cyclospira bisulcata. Orthis borealis Billings= Hebertella borealis. Orthis(?) buchi d’Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous. Orthis buchi d’Orbigny, Voyage dans Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 49. Productus andii d’Orbigny, Ibidem, p. 54, pl. 5, figs. 1-3.—de Koninck, Recher. Animaux Foss., Pt. I, 1847, p. 238. Loe. Yarbichambi, Bolivia. Orthis calligramma Foerste (non Dalman)=Orthis flabellites. Orthis calligramma davidsoni Nicholson and Hinde=Orthis davidsoni. Orthis calligramma Kayser. Lower Ordovician. Orthis calligramma Kayser (non Davidson), Paleontographica, Suppl., III, 1876, pp. 18, 26, pl. 3, figs. 9-18. Loc. Cordillere San Juan, Argentine Republic. Obs. These shells appear to be more closely related to O. plicatella than to O. calligramma. 284 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Orthis canalis Hall=Dalmanella elegantula. Orthis carbonaria Swallow=Rhipidomella pecosi. Orthis carinata Hall=Schizophoria carinata. Orthis carleyi Hall=Dinorthis retrorsa. Orthis carausii Salter. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis carausii (Salter, MS.) Davidson, Geol. Mag. London, V, 1868, p. 315, pl. 16, fig. 23. Orthis carausii? Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1893, p. 102, pl. 7, fig. 7. Loc. England; near St. John, New Brunswick. Orthis (?) centrilineata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis centrilineata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 289, pl. 79, fig. 5*. Loc. Lorraine and Turin, New York. Orthis centrosa Miller=Platystrophia crassa. Orthis charlotte Winchell=Dinorthis pectinella. Orthis cincinnatiensis Miller=Orthis? pumila. Orthis (?) cireularis N. H. Winchell= Dalmanella subiequata circularis. Orthis cireulus Hall=Rhipidomella circulus. Orthis clarkensis Swallow=Rhipidomella clarkensis. Orthis cleobis Hall=Rhipidomella cleobis. Orthis clytie Hall=Heterorthis clytie. Orthis coloradoensis Meek, 1870=Orthis ? desmopleura. Orthis coloradoensis Shumard= billingsella coloradoensis. Orthis concinna Hall=Dalmanella concinna. Orthis (?) concinna Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian. Orthis coneinna Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soe. London, IT, 1846, p. 275, pl. 10, fig. 2. Loc. Falkland Islands. Obs. Probably a species of Orthothetes. Orthis conradi Castelnau = Hipparionyx proximus. Orthis conradi N. H. Winchell=Dalmanella subsequata conradi. Orthis cooperensis Swallow=Rhipidomella dubia. Orthis cora @’Orbigny=Schizophoria cora. Orthis corinna Billings. ; Calciferous (Ord.,). Orthis corinna Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 302, fig. 292. Orthis ? corinna Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 217. Loc. Stanbridge, Quebec, Canada. Orthis corpulenta Sardeson=Dalmanella testudinaria meeki. Orthis costalis Hall. Chazy (Ord.). Orthis costalis Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 20, pl. 4 bis, fig. 4;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 34, figs. 35-38.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 221, 228, pl. 5, figs. 15-17. Loc. Chazy, New York. Orthis costata Hall (non Sowerby)=Orthis pumila. Orthis crassa James=Platystrophia crassa. Orthis crenistria Geinitz=Derbya crassa. Orthis crispata Emmons= Dalmanella crispata. Orthis cumberlandia Hall=Rhipidomella cumberlan@dia. Orthis cuneata Owen=Khipidomella cuneata. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 285 Orthis cyclas Hall=Rhipidomella cyclas. Orthis cyeclus James=Dalmanella testudinaria emacerata, Orthis cypha James=Platystrophia laticosta. Orthis dalyana Miller=Rhipidomella dalyana. Orthis davidsoni de Verneuil. Anticosti and Niagara (Sil.). Orthis davidsoni de Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, 2d ser., V, 1848, p. 341, pl. 4, fig. 9.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 312, fig. 318.—Hall and Clarke, _ Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 192, 193, 221, 228, pl. 5, figs. 5-8. Orthis alata Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 66. Orthis calligramma var. davidsoni Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jour., n. ser., XIV, 1874, p. 144.—Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 47, fig. 21g. Loc. Europe; Anticosti; Dundas, Ontario. Orthis daytonensis Foerste=Hebertella daytonensis. Orthis deformis Hall=Orthothetes deformis. Orthis (?) delicatula Billings. ? Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis delicatula Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 217. Loc. Pistolet Bay and near Portland Creek, Newfoundland. Orthis dentata Meek (non Pander)=Platystrophia crassa, Orthis (?) desmopleura Meek. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis coloradoensis Meek (non Shumard), Proc. American Phil. Soc., II, 1870, p. 425. Orthis desmopleura Meek, Hayden’s U. 8. Geol. Survey Wyoming, 1872, p. 295. Loc. Colorado City and Manitou, Colorado. Orthis dichotoma Hall=Plectorthis dichotoma. Orthis discus Hall=Rhipidomella discus. Orthis disparilis Conrad=Orthis tricenaria. Orthis disparilis Owen=Dalmanella testudinaria. Orthis disparilis Kayser. Ordovician. Orthis disparilis Kayser (non Conrad), Paleeontographica, Suppl., II, 1876, p. 26, pl. 3, figs. 4-8. Loc. Potrero de los Angulos, etc., Argentine Republic. Obs. Probably a new species. Orthis dubia Hall=Rhipidomella dubia. Orthis eboracensis Miller=Dalmanella lenticularis. Orthis electra Billings=Dalmanella electra. Orthis elegantula Dalman= Dalmanella elegantula. Orthis elegantula parva Foerste=Dalmanella elegantula parva. Orthis ella Hall=Plectorthis ella. Orthis emacerata Hall=Dalmanella testudinaria emacerata. Orthis emacerata Meek (non Hall)=Dalmanella testudinaria meeki. Orthis emarginata Hall=Rhipidomella oblata emarginata. Orthis eminens Hall=Rhipidomella eminens. Orthis erratica Hall=Catazyga erratica. Orthis (?) eryna Hall. Corniferous (Dey.). Orthis «quivalvis Hall (non Hall, 1847), Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 109. Orthis eryna Hall, Sixteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1863, p. 35;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, corrigenda. Orthis idas Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 42, pl. 5, fig. 11. Loc. Williamsville, New York. Obs. Possibly a species of Hipparionyx. 286 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [bvtt.87. Orthis (?) eudocia billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis eudocia Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 83, fig. 76. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Orthis (?) eurekaensis Walcott. Upper Cambrian. Orthis eurekensis Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 22, pl. 9, fig. 8. Protorthis? eurekensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 232. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Orthis euryone Billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis euryone Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 78, fig. 71.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 221, 228, pl. 5, fig. 4. Orthis euryone? Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 1893, p. 101, pl. 7, fig. 5. Loc. Point Levis, Canada; near St. John, New Brunswick. ‘ Orthis evadne Billings=Dalmanella evadne. Orthis fasciata Hall=Orthostrophia fasciata. Orthis fausta Foerste=Hebertella fausta. Orthis fissicosta Meek, and Miller=Plectorthis dichotoma. Orthis fissicosta Hall=Plectorthis fissicosta. Orthis (?) fissiplica Roemer. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis fissiplica Roemer, Die silurische Fauna des west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 64, pl. 5, fig. 5. Loc. Perry County, Tennessee. Orthis flabella Hall—Orthis flabellites. Orthis flabellites Foerste. Clinton and Niagara (Sil.). Orthis flabellulum? Hall (non Sowerby), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 5. Orthis flabellulum var. Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, pp. 254, 255, pl. 52, figs. 6, 7. Orthis flabellulum Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 136, pl. 2, fig. 6.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 38, pl. 34, fig. 30. Orthis flabella Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 34, figs. 41, 42; pl. 35, figs. 6-8.—Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 82, pl. 13, fig. 12. Orthis calligramma Foerste (non Dalman), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 308, pl. 6, figs. 4, 5. Orthis flabellites Foerste, Ibidem, 1890, p.311.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 221, 227, pl. 5, figs. 37-41; pl. 20, fig. 1. Orthis (Dinorthis) calligramma Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 570, pl. 25, figs. 12a, 12b; pl. 31, figs. 4, 5; pl. 37A, fig. 20. Loc. Lockport, Rochester, ete., New York; Dayton, Ohio; Osgood, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Dundas, Ontario. Orthis flabellites spania Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis flabellites var. spania Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. HU, 1895, pl. 84, figs. 10. Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Orthis flabellulum Hall (non Sowerby)=Orthis flabellites. Orthis (?) flava A. Winchell. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Orthis flava A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 117. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Orthis futilis Sardeson == Dalmanella testudinaria futilis. Orthis gemmicula Billings=Orthidium gemmicula. Orthis gibbosa Billings=Dalmanella subequata gibbosa. Orthis goodwini Nettelroth=Rhipidomella goodwini. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 287 Orthis (?) glypta Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis ? glypta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIIT, Pt. II, 1895, p. 359, pl. 84, figs. 8, 9. Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Orthis halli Safford=Orthostrophia strophomenoides. Orthis hamburgensis Walcott=Dalmanella hamburgensis. Orthis harttii Rathbun=Rhipidomella hartti. Orthis (?) highlandensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Orthis(?) highlandensis Walcott, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 119, pl. 8, fig. 3. Orthis highlandensis Waleott, Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 612, pl. 72, fig. 5. Loe. Pioche and Highland Range, Nevada. Orthis hipparionyx Hall—Hipparionyx proximus. Orthis hippolyte billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis hippolyte Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 81, fig. 73; p. 218.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 217, 221, 228. Orthis hippolyte? Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 464. Loc. Point Levis and Phillipsburg, Canada; Cow Head, Newfoundland; near Malade City, Utah. Orthis (?) holstoni Safford. Trenton (Ord.). Orthis? holstoni (Safford MS.) Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 218, 340, pl. 5A, figs. 35-37. Loc. Near Nashville, Tennessee. Orthis humboldti @Orbigny. Silurian. Orthis humboldtit d@Orbigny, Voyage dans ?Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, De aie Spirifer humboldtii d’Orbigny, Ibidem, pl. 2, figs. 16-20. Loc. Bolivia. Orthis huroniensis Castlenau= Rafinesquina alternata. Orthis hybrida Sowerby=Rhipidomella hybrida. Orthis idas Hall=Orthis eryna. Orthis idonea Hall=Rhipidomella idonea. Orthis ignota Sardeson=Dalmanella testudinaria ignota. Orthis imperator Billings=Hebertella imperator. Orthis impressa Hall=Schizophoria striatula. Orthis inequalis Hall=Orthothetes iniequalis. Orthis inca @Orbigny=Rhipidomella inea. Orthis infera Calvin=Dalmanella infera. Orthis insculpta Hall= Hebertella insculpta. Orthis insignis Hall=Scenidium insignis. Orthis interlineata Hall (non Sowerby) =Schizophoria tioga. Orthis interstriata Hall=Orthothetes interstriatus. Orthis iowensis Hall=Schizophoria striatula. Orthis iowensis furnarius Hall=Schizophoria striatula. Orthis iphigenia Billings=Dinorthis iphigenia. Orthis jamesi Hall=Plectorthis jamesi. Orthis jugosa James=Dalmanella testudinaria meeki. Orthis kankakensis McChesney=Plectorthis kankakiensis. 288 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Orthis kaskaskiensis McChesney= Derbya kaskaskiaensis. Orthis kassubee Winchell=Dalmanella sub:equata pervetus. Orthis kennicotti McChesney= Dinorthis retrorsa. Orthis keokuk Hall=Derbya keokuk. Orthis lasallensis McChesney = Derbya crassa. Orthis laticosta Meek=Platystrophia laticosta. Orthis (?) laticostata d@’Orbigny. Devonian. Orthis lacticostata d’Orbigny, Voyage dans ’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 39. Loc. ? Bolivia. Orthis laurentina Billings=Billingsella? laurentina. Orthis lenticularis Wahlenberg?. Upper Cambrian. Orthis lenticularis (Wahl.) Kayser, Paleeontographica, Suppl., III, 1876, p. 9, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12.—Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 46, pl. 12, figs. 9a—9d. Loc. Province Salta and Jujuy, Argentine Republic; near St. John, New Bruns- wick. Orthis lenticularis atrypoides Matthew. Upper Cambrian. Orthis lenticularis var. atrypoides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 48, pl. 12, figs. 11a, 11b. Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick. Orthis lenticularis lyncioides Matthew. Upper Cambrian. Orthis lenticularis var. lyncioides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 49, pl. 12, figs. 10a-10e. Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick. Orthis lenticularis strophomenoides Matthew. Upper Cambrian. Orthis lenticularis var. strophomenoides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 49, pl. 12, figs. 12a, 12b. Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick. Orthis lenticularis Vanuxem= Dalmanella lenticularis. Orthis lentiformis Hall=Dalmanella lenticularis. Orthis lentiformis Owen=Schizophoria striatula. Orthis leonensis Hall=Dalmanella tenuilineata. Orthis lepida Hall=Dalmanella lepida. Orthis (7) lepteenoides Emmons. Trenton (Ord.). Orthis leptzenoides Emmons, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1842, p. 396, fig. 1. Loc. New York. ; Obs. Undefined and figure too poor for identification. Orthis leucosia Hall=Rhipidomella leucosia. Orthis limitaris Vanuxem=Leiorhynchus limitare. Orthis linneyi James=Orthorhynchula linneyi. Orthis livia Billings=Rhipidomella livia. Orthis lonensis Waleott=Hebertella lonensis. Orthis loricula Hall=Dinorthis deflecta. Orthis lucia Billings=Rhipidomella lucia. Orthis lynx Eichwald=Platystrophia lynx and P. biforata. Orthis maria Billings=Hebertella maria. Orthis mactarlanii Meek=Schizophoria macfarlanii. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 289 Orthis macleodi Whitfield =Dalmanella macleodi. Orthis macrior Sardeson=Dalmanella testudinaria emacerata. Orthis media Shaler=Rhipidomella media. Orthis media N. H. Winchell=Dalmanella subiequata pervetus. Orthis meeki Miller=Dalmanella testudinaria meeki. Orthis menapie Hicks. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis menapi:e (Hicks MS.) Davidson, Geol. Mag. London, V, 1868, p. 514, pl. 16, figs. 24-28.—Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1893, p. 101, pl. 7, figs. 2-6. Loc. England; near St. Johns, New Brunswick. Orthis merope Billings=Scenidium merope. Orthis michelini L’Eveillé=Rhipidomella michelini. Orthis michelini Meek, 1877=Rhipidomella nevadaensis. Orthis michelini burlingtonensis Hall=Rhipidomella burlingtonensis. Orthis (?) minna Billings. Jaleiferous (Ord.). Orthis minna Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 303, fig. 294. Loe. Stanbridge, Quebec, Canada. Orthis minneapolis N. H. Winchell=Dalmanella subequata. Orthis minnesotensis Sardeson= Dinorthis meedsi. Orthis missouriensis Shumard. Cape Girardeau Limestone (Sil.). Orthis missouriensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 205, pl. C, fig. 9.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 60. Loc, Two miles above Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Orthis missouriensis Swallow (non Shumard)=Rhipidomella missouri- ensis. Orthis mitis Hall=Rhipidomella mitis. Orthis morganiana Derby=Orthotichia morganiana. Orthis (?) morrowensis James. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis (?) morrowensis James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 21. Loc. Warren County, Ohio. Orthis multisecta (James) Meek=Dalmanella multisecta. Orthis multistriata Hall=Schizophoria multistriata. Orthis musculosa Hall=Rhipidomella musculosa. Orthis (?) mycale Billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis mycale Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 82, fig. 75.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892. p. 217, pl. 7A, figs. 10, 11. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Orthis neglecta James=Plectorthis dichotoma. Orthis nettoana Rathbun=Dalmanella nettoana. Orthis nevadensis Meek=Rhipidomella nevadaensis. Orthis (?) nisis Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis nisis Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 181;—Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pl. 9, figs. 4-8.—Nettel- roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 42, pl. 27, figs. 4, 5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217. Loe. Louisville, Kentucky. Orthis nucleus Hall= Amboccelia umbonata. Orthis oblata Hall=Rhipidomella oblata. Bull. 8719 290 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [putt.87. Orthis oblata emarginata Hall=Rhipidomella oblata emarginata. Orthis obtusa Pander. Ordovician. Orthis obtusa (Pander) Kayser, Pal:eontographica, Suppl., III, 1876, p. 19, pl. 3, figs. 1,2. Loc. Europe; Cordillere San Juan, Argentine Republic. Orthis oecasus Hall=Rhipidomella oceasus. Orthis occidentalis Hall=Hebertella occidentalis. Orthis orthambonites Billings=O. panderiana. Orthis palmata Sharpe and Salter=Anoplotheca flabellites. Orthis panderiana Hall and Clarke. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis orthambonites Billings (non Murchison and de Verneuil), Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 77, fig. 70;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 231, fig. 245.—Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 43.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 221, 228, pl. 5, figs. 1-3.—Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1893, p. 101, pl. 7, fig. 4. Orthis panderiana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Ft. I, 1892, pl. 5, footnote. Loc. Point Levis and St. John, Canada. Orthis parva de Verneuil=Da!manella elegantula. Orthis pecosi Marcou=Rhipidomella pecosi. Orthis (?) pectinata d’Orbigny. Devonian. Orthis pectinatus d’Orbigny, Voyage dans |’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, Deco: Spirifer pectinatus d’Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, pl. 2, figs. 13-15. Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Obs. Probably a species of Orthothetes. Orthis pectinella Emmonus= Dinorthis pectinella. Orthis pectinella Whitfield, 1882=Plectorthis whitfieldi. Orthis pectinella semiovalis Hall=Dinorthis pectinella. Orthis peduneularis Hall=Schizophoria peduncularis. Orthis peloris Hall=Rhipidomella peloris. Orthis penelope Hall=Rhipidomella penelope. Orthis penniana Derby = Rhipidomella penniana. Orthis pennsylvanica Simpson=Rhipidomella pennsylvanica. Orthis pepina Hall=Billingsella coloradoensis. Orthis perelegans Hall=Dalmanella perelegans. Orthis perversa Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis perversus. Orthis perveta Conrad=Dalmanella subequata pervetus. Orthis perveta Hall, 1883=Dalmanella subsequata. Orthis petrie Sardeson=Dinorthis proavita. Orthis (?) pigra Billings. Chazy (Ord.). Orthis piger Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 442. Loc. Mingan Island. Obs. This species is probably congeneric with Billingsella grandieva. Orthis pisum Hall (non Murchison)=Nueleospira pisiformis. Orthis plana Castelnau (non Pander)=Rafinesquina alternata. Orthis planoconvexa Hall=Dalmanella planiconvexa. Orthis platys Billings=Dinorthis platys. Orthis plicata Vanuxem=Spirifer vanuxemi. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 291 Orthis plicatella White (non Hall)=Orthis tricenaria. Orthis plicatella Hall=Plectorthis plicatella. Orthis pogonipensis Hall and Whitfield =Dalmanella pogonipensis. Orthis porcata McCoy =Dinorthis porcata. Orthis (?) porcia billings. Chazy (Ord.). Orthis porcia Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., 1V, 1859, p. 439, figs. 16-18 ;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 150, fig. 58. Loc. Near Montreal, Canada. Orthis porrecta Sardeson=Dalmanella testudinaria porrecta. Orthis preumbona Hall=Amboccelia preeumbona. Orthis pratteni McChesney = Derbya pratteni. Orthis pravus Hall=Orthothetes pravus. Orthis propinqua Hall=Schizophoria propinqua. Orthis propinqua Nettelroth=Schizophoria striatula. Orthis (?) pumila Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis costata (non Sowerby) Hall, American Jour. Sci., XLVIII, 1845, p. 295.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 33. Orthis pumila Ulrich, Catalogue Cincinnati Fossils, 1880, p. 14. Orthis cincinnatiensis Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 2d ed., 1883, p. 296. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio. Orthis (?) punctostriata Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis punctostriata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 254, pl. 52, fig. 5. Orthis? punctostriata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217, pl. 20, figs. 2-4. Loc. Lockport, New York. Orthis pyramidalis Hall=Scenidium pyramidalis. Orthis quacoensis Matthew=billingsella quacoensis. Orthis quadrans Hall=Dalmanella quadrans. Orthis quadricostata Vanuxem=Leiorhynchus quadricostatum. Orthis(?) remnicha N. H. Winchell. Upper Cambrian. Orthis remnicha N. H. Winchell, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey of Minnesota, 1886, p. 317, pl. 2, fig. 7. Loc. Red Wing, Minnesota; Cold Creek Canyon, Burnett County, Texas. Orthis resupinata Hall, 1843 (non Martin)=Schizophoria tulliensis. Orthis resupinata Martin=Schizophoria resupinata. Orthis resupinata latirostrata Toula=Schizophoria cora. Orthis resupinoides Cox=Schizophoria resupinoides. Orthis retrorsa Salter=Dinorthis retrorsa. Orthis rhynchonelliformis Shaler=Rhipidomella rhynchonelliformis. Orthis richmonda McChesney= Derbya crassa. Orthis robusta Hall=Derbya robusta. Orthis rogata Sardeson= Dalmanella testudinaria. Orthis (?) rugiplicata Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis rugeplicata Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 182;—Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pl. 9, figs,s ete, Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 34, figs. 25-27 roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1®}6 distinct 27, figs. 1-3. Orthis rugiplicata, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. 292 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Orthis (?) ruida Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Orthis ruida Billings, Catalogue Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 42. Loc. Anticosti. Orthis (?) saffordi Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.). Orthis ? saffordi, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 218, 340, pl. 5A, figs. 38-40. Loc. ‘‘ Kast Tennessee.” Orthis (?) salemensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Orthis salemensis Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, 1887, p. 190, pl. 1, fig. 17;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 612, pl. 72, fig. 6. Loc. Washington County, New York; near Quebec, Canada. Orthis saltensis Kayser. Upper Cambrian. Orthis saltensis Kayser, Paleeontographica, Suppl., II, 1876, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 16. Loc. Province Salta and Jujuy, Argentine Republic. Orthis (??) sandbergeri N. H. Winchell. Upper Cambrian. Orthis sandbergeri N. H. Winchell, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist., Sur- vey of Minnesota, 1886, p. 318, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9. Loc. Red Wing, Minnesota. Orthis schohariensis Castelnau=Strophonella schohariensis. Orthis scovilli Miller= Hebertella scovilli. Orthis sectostriata Ulrich=Plectorthis sectistriata, Orthis semele Hall=Rhipidomella semele. Orthis sinuata Hall= Hebertella sinuata. Orthis (?) sola Billings. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis sola Billings, Catalogue Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 12. Loc. Anticosti. Orthis solitaria Hall=Rhipidomella solitaria. Orthis stonensis Safford =Dalmanella stonensis. Orthis striatocostata Geinitz=Meekella striaticostata. Orthis striatula Emmons (non Schlotheim) = Dalmanella testudinaria. Orthis striatula of authors=Schizophoria striatula. Orthis strophomenoides Hall=Orthostrophia strophomenoides. Orthis subsequata Conrad=Dalmanella subequata. Orthis subearinata Hall=Dalmanella subecarinata. Orthis subecircula Simpson=Rhipidomella subcireulus. Orthis subelliptica White and Whitfield=Rhipidomella subelliptica. Orthis subjugata Hall=Hebertella occidentalis. Orthis (?) subnodosa Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis subnodosa Hall, Descriptions of n. sp. Fossils from Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 14;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 286, pl. 27, fig. 17;— Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 70.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem., Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 44. Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky. Orthis suborbicularis Hall=Rhipidomella suborbicularis. Orthis subquadrata Hall=Dinorthis subquadrata. Orthis subumbona Hall=Martinia subumbona. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 293 Orthis (?) sulivanti Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian. Orthis sulivanti Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846, p. 275, pl. 10, fig. 1. Loc. Falkland Islands; South Africa. Orthis swallovi Hall=Schizophoria swallovi. ‘Orthis sweeneyi Winchell= Dinorthis pectinella sweeneyi. Orthis (?) tenuidens Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Orthis tenuidens Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 58, pl. 20, fig. 9. Loe. Oneida County, New York. Obs. May be a species of Orthothetes. Orthis (?) tenuis Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian. Orthis tenuis Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, IT, 1846, p. 275, pl. 10, fig. 4; pl. 11, fig. 4. Loc. Falkland Islands. Obs. Similar to Chonostrophia complanata Hall. Orthis (2?) tenuistriata Hall. Portage (Dey.). Orthis tenuistriata Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 245, fig. 3. Loc. Shores of Crooked Lake, New York. Obs, This is not an Orthis; probably a pelecypod. Orthis tersus Sardeson=Dalmanella tersa. Orthis testudinaria Dalman= Dalmanella testudinaria. Orthis testudinaria Owen, 1844=—O. tricenaria. Orthis thiemii White= Rhipidomella thiemei. Orthis tioga Hall=Schizophoria tioga. Orthis tricenaria Conrad. Trenton (Ord.). Orthis tricenaria Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 333.— Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 121, pl. 32, fig. 8.—Salter, Canadian Organic Remains, Decade 1, 1859, p. 39, pl. 9, figs. 1-4.—Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 42, figs. 8-11.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 167, fig. 151.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 35, figs. 1-5.—?Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 74, pl. 11, fig. 4. Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 191, 193, 221, 228, pl. 5, figs. 9-14.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 418, pl. 32, figs. 18-23.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 60, pl. 39, fig. 4. —-Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. LE Soi pe liS- Orthis disparilis Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 333.— Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 119, pl. 32, fig. 4.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., 1V, 1859, p. 440, fig. 20.—Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 435.—Bill- ings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 130, fig. 60.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 191, 221, 228. Orthis testudinaria? Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844, pl. 15, fig. 11. ?Orthis plicatella White (non Hall), Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 72, pl. 4, fig. 10. Loc. Mineral Point, Wisconsin; Middleville, etc., New York; Kentucky; Ten- nessee; near Ottawa and Montreal, Canada; Mingan Islands; Lake Winni- peg, Manitoba; White Pine and Eureka districts, Nevada; Minneapolis, etc., Minnesota; Pike County, Missouri. Obs. O. plicatella White and O. tricenaria Walcott may prove to be distinct from O, tricenaria Conrad. 294 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (BULL. 87. Orthis (?) trinucleus Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Orthis trinucleus Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 58, pl. 20, fig. &. Loc. Wayne County, New York. Orthis triplicatella Meek= Plectorthis triplicatella. Orthis (?) tritonia Billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Orthis tritonia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 76, fig. 69;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 231, fig. 244.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217, pl. 7A, figs. 12, 13. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Orthis tubulostriata Hall=Rhipidomella tubulistriata. Orthis tulliensis Vanuxem=Schizophoria tulliensis. Orthis uberis Billings=Rhipidomella uberis. Orthis umbonata Conrad=Amboccelia umbonata. Orthis umbraculum Owen (non von Buch)=Derbya robusta. Orthis umbraculum Hall, 1852, Newberry, 1861—Orthothetes umbrae- ulum. Orthis unguiculus Hall, 1843 (non Phillips)=Amboceelia gregaria. Orthis unguiformis Castelnau, and Emmons=Hipparionyx proximus. Orthis vanuxemi Hall=Rhipidomella vanuxemi. Orthis vanuxemi pulchella Herrick =Rhipidomella vanuxemi pulchella. Orthis varica Conrad=Bilobites varicus. Orthis vespertilio Sowerby. Ordovician. Orthis vespertilio (Sowerby) Kayser, Paliweontographica, Suppl., III, 1876, p. 27, pl. 3, figs. 22, 23. Loc, Europe; Potrero de los Angulos, ete., Argentine Republic. Orthis whittfieldi N. H. Winchell=Plectorthis whitfieldi. Orthisina @’Orbigny =Clitambonites. Orthisina alberta Walcott=—Billingsella alberta. Orthisina alternata Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis perversus. Orthisina americana Whitfield =Clitambonites diversus. Orthisina aretostriata Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis arctistriatus. Orthisina crassa Meek and Hayden=Derbya crassa. Orthisina diversa Shaler=Clitambonites diversus. Orthisina festinata Billings=Billingsella festinata. Orthisina grandieva Billings=Billingsella grandeva. Orthisina missouriensis Swallow=Meekella striaticostata. Orthisina transversa Walcott=Billingsella transversa. Orthisina verneuili Billings=Clitambonites diversus. ORTHORHYNCHULA Halland ©. Genotype Orthis (?) linneyi James. Orthorhynchula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 181;—Thir- teenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 824. Orthorhynchula linneyi (James). Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis (?) linneyi James, The Paleontologist, 5, 1881, p. 41. Orthis linneyi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 41, pl. 34, figs. 7-18; errata, p. 1. Orthorhynchula linneyi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 181, pl. 56, figs. 10-13, 19. Loc. Near Danville, etc., Kentucky; Cincinnati, Ohio; Nashville, Tennessee. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 295 ORTHOSTROPHIA Hall. Genotype Orthis strophomenoides Hall. Orthostrophia Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 32-34.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 199, 223, 253 ;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 267. Orthostrophia (?) fasciata Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis fasciata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 255, pl. 52, fig. 8. Orthostrophia ? fasciata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 200, 223. Lec. Rochester and Lockport, New York. Orthostrophia strophomenoides Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Orthis strophomenoides Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 46 ;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 177, pl. 14, fig. 2. Orthis halli Safford, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, pp. 328, 533. Orthostrophia strophomenoides Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 32-34.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 200, 223, pl. 5A, figs. 24-27; pl. 6, figs. 39-34. Orthostrophia halli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 5A, figs. 22, 23. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Square Lake, Maine; Perry County, Tennessee. ORTHOTHETES Fischer de Wald. Genotype Spirifera crenistria Phil. Orthothetes Fischer de Waldheim, Oryctographie du Gouvernement de Moscou, 1837, p. 133.—Waagen, Palwontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, p. 607, 1884.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 253;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 284. Streptorhynchus Hall (non King), Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 61, figs. 1-6;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 64.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 139. Orthothetes agassizi (Rathbun). Middle Devonian. Streptorhynchus agassizi (Hartt) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 248, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4, 10, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28-30;—Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 24. Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Orthothetes anomalus (A. Winchell). Hamilton (Deyv.). Crania (Pseudocrania) anomala A. Winchell, Geol. Rep. Lower Peninsula Mich- igan, 1866, p. 92. Streptorhynchus anomala Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 152. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Orthothetes bellulus Clarke. Marcellus (Dey.). Orthothetes bellulus Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, pp- 176, 187, pl. 4, figs. 2-4. Loe. Livonia salt shaft, Livonia, New York. Orthothetes chemungensis (Conrad). Chemung (Dey.). Strophomena chemungensis Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 257, pl. 14, fig. 12. Strophomena bifureata Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 266, fig. 2. Strophomena pectinacea Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 266, fig. 4. Streptorhynchus chemungensis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 67;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 40, fig. 9.—Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 117, pl. 18, fig. 16. Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. pectinacea Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 73, pl. 10, fig. 6. 296 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Orthothetes chemungensis (Conrad)—Continued. Orthothetes chemungensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pl. 10, fig. 9; pl. 114, fig. 14.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 285. Loc. New York and Pennsylvania; Eureka district, Nevada; Lake Winnipego- sis, Canada; Waverly group of Ohio. Orthothetes chemungensis arctistriatus Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Strophomena arctostriata Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 266, fig. 3. Orthisina arctostriata Hall, Thirteenth Kep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, pp. 80, 81, figs. 1, 2; p. 112. Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. arctostriata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 71, pl. 9, figs. 1-12;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 40, fig. 8. Hemipronites chemungensis var, arctostriata Meek, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th let OVE IRIS on ean nls sel eb ee Streptorhynchus arctostriata Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 117, pl. 13, fig. 7.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 140, pl. 31, figs. 31-33. Orthothetes chemungensis var. arctostriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIL bts Llso2s pl 10 sio as: Loc. New York; Falls of Ohio; Eureka district, Nevada. Orthothetes chemungensis perversus (Hall). Cornif. and Ham. (Dev.). Orthis perversa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 137. Orthisina alternata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 81, figs. 1,2; p. 112. Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. perversus Hall, Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 72, pl. 9, figs. 13-17, 26. Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. alternata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 40, fig. 7. Orthothetes chemungensis var. alternata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Bil 18925 ple lO) tro: bi. Loc. New York; Bosanquet, Ontario; Kureka district, Nevada. Orthothetes crenistria (Phillips?). Lower Carboniferous. Streptorhynchus crenistria? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 410. Streptorhynchus crenistria Davidson, Quart. Jour, Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 178, pl. 9, fig. 19.—Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 296, fig. 96.— Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 362. Hemipronites crenistria? Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 279, pl. 10, fig. 5. Hemipronites crenistria Meek, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., [V, 1877, p. pl. 7, fig. 2.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IIT, 1888, p. 37, pl. 5, fig.14; pl. 3, fig. 24; pl. 6, fig. 8; pl. 9, fig. 21; IV, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 1,5;—Geol. Ohio, VIL, 1895, pl. 15, fig. 1; pl. 21, fig. 14. Orthothetes crenistria Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pl. 114, fig. i5. Loc. Medina and Granville, Ohio; Port aux Barques, Michigan; East River and Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43’; White Pine dis- trict, Nevada. Obs. These references are unsatisfactory identifications of Phillips’s species. It may prove that more than a single species 1s here included. Orthothetes deformis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Orthis deformis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 44;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 174, pl. 10A, fig. 13; pl. 15, fig. 3, SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 297 Orthothetes deformis Hall—Continued. Streptorhynchus deformis |iall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39, fig. 32. Orthothetes deformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pl. 9, fig. 32. Loc. Albany County, New York; Cumberland, Maryland. Orthothetes deformis sinuatus Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Orthothetes deformis var. sinuata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 20, figs. 8, 9. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Orthothetes desideratus Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.). Orthothetes desideratus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 345, pl. 9A, figs. 26, 27. Loc. Medina County, Ohio. Orthothetes flabellum (Whitfield). Corniferous (Dey.) Streptorhynchus flabellum Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 200;— Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 521, pl. 6, figs. 7, 9;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 421, pl. 2, figs. 7, 9. Loe. Columbus, Ohio. Orthothetes hydraulicus (Whitfield). Waterlime (Sil.). Streptorhynchus hydraulicum Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Seci., II, 1882, p. 193;—Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 508, pl. 5, figs. 1-3;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 410, pl. 1, figs. 1-3. Loc. Bellville and Greentield, Ohio. Orthothetes inequalis Hall. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Orthis inequalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. IL, 185%, p. 490, pl. 2, fig. 6. Streptorhynchus inequalis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, Deviie Streptorhynchus equivalvis Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 252, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2. Streptorhynchus :equivalvis Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 42, figs. 20-23. Orthothetes incequalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 9A, figs. 20-23. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Newark and Granville, Ohio; Shafers, Pennsylvania; Wasatch Range, Utah. Orthothetes inflatus (White and Whitfield). Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Streptorhynchus inflatus White and Whitfield, Prov. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1862, p. 293.—Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8S. Geol. Expl. 40 Parl., IV, 1877, p. 252, pl. 4, fig. 3.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 42, figs. 24, 25. Orthothetes inflatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 9A, figs. 24, 25. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Dry Canyon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah; Montana. Orthothetes interstriatus (Hall). Coralline (Sil.). Orthis interstriata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 326, pl. 74, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Orthothetes lens (White). Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Streptorhynchus lens White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 28.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 67, pl. 39, fig. 2. Streptorhynchus lens? A. Winchell, Proc, Acad, Nat, Sci, Philadelphia, 1865, p. 117, 298 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BuLL.87. Orthothetes lens (White)—Continued. Orthothetes lens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 256, pl. 11A, figs. 16-22. Loc. Clarksville, etc., Missouri; Hamburg, Illinois; Medina County, Ohio (Win- chell). Orthothetes pandora (Billings). Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Streptorhynchus pandora Billings, Canadian Jour., V, 1860, p. 226, figs. 12, 13;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 369, fig. 384.—Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p. 70. Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. pandora Hall, Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 68, pl. 4, figs. 11-19; pl. 9, figs. 18-25, 27;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 40, figs. 1-6. Orthothetes chemungensis var. pandora Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pl. 9, fig. 30; pl. 10, figs. 1-6. Loc. Schoharie, Knoxville, Clarksville, ete., New York; Cayuga, Ontario; Columbus, Ohio (Whitfield); Eureka district, Nevada. Orthothetes pravus Hall. (?Upper) Devonian. Orthis prava Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 490. Orthothetes prava Halland Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pl. 11A, fig. 13. Loc. Lime Creek, Worth County, Iowa. Orthothetes subplanus (Conrad). Niagara and L. Held. (Sil. and Dev.). Strophomena subplana Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 258.—Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 104, fig. 1;—Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82. Leptiena subplana Hall, Pal. New York, IT, 1852, p. 259, pl. 53, figs. 8-10.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 138, pl. 2, figs. 16, 17. Strophomena pecten Roemer, Die Sil. Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 67, pl. 5, tig. 4.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 311, fig. 315;—Catalogue Silurian Fos- sils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 40. Streptorhynchus (Strophodonta) subplanus Hall, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 436. Streptorhynchus subplanus Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 226;— Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 63, figs. 1, 2;—Twenty- eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 151, pl. 21, figs. 26-33 ;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 288, pl. 21, figs. 26-33;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39, figs. 21-24; pl. 42, fig. 19.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 141, pl. 29, figs. 11, 12.—Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 23, pl. 2, figs. 14-20. Streptorhynchus hemiaster Winchell and Marcy, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1865, p. 93, pl. 2, fig. 10.—Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 392. Hemipronites subplanus Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 349. Hemipronites propinquus Meek and Worthen, Ibidem, III, 1868, p. 351, pl. 6, fig. 6. Orthothetes subplana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pl. 9, figs. 21-24; pl. 9A, fig. 19; pl. 114, figs. 9-12. Loc. Lockport, Rochester, ete., New York; Thorold, Ontario; Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Thebes, Alexander County, and Bridgeport, Illinois; Pike County, Missouri; Decatur County, Tennessee; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami); Anticosti. Orthothetes tapajotensis (Derby). Upper Carboniferous. Streptorhynchus tapajotensis Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 37, pl. 5, figs. 3, 6, 7, 9, 10; pl. 8. fig. 9. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 299 Orthothetes tapajotensis (Derby)—Continued. Orthothetes tapajotensis Waagen, Palwontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, pp. 607, 608. Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Orthothetes tenuis Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Streptorhynchus tenuis Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 210;—Twenty- eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 150, pl. 23, figs. 11-13;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 287, pl. 23, figs. 11-13.—Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 105, pl. 8, figs. 31, 32, 38.—Nettelroth, Ken- tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 142. Orthothetes tenuis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255. Strophomena (Orthothetes) tenuis Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 568, pl. 27, figs. 31, 32, 38. Loc, Waldron, Indiana; near Louisville, Kentucky; Dayton, Ohio. Orthothetes umbraculum of authors (non von Buch). LL. and Up. Carb. Orthis umbraculum Hall, Stansbury’s Expl. Survey Valley Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1852, p. 412, pl. 3, fig. 6.—Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 125. Streptorhynchus umbraculum? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, -1865, p. 117. Hemipronites umbraculum? A. Winchell, Proc. American Philosophical Soc., XII, 1870, p. 251. Orthothetes umbraculum Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 256. Loc. Waverly group, Newark, Sciotoville, Warren, ete., Ohio; Up. Carb., Leaven- worth, Kansas. Orthothetes woolworthanus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena woolworthana Hall, Tenth. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 48, figs. 1, 2;—Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 192, pl. 17, figs. 1, 2. Streptorhynchus woolworthana Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 449.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39, figs. 25-31. Orthothetes woolworthana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pl. 9, figs. 25-31. Loc. Schoharie, Carlisle, Clarksville, and Hudson, New York. ORTHOTICHIA Hall and C. Genotype Orthis? morganiana Derby. Orthotichia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 213;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 272. Orthotichia morganiana (Derby). Upper Carboniferous. Orthis ? morganiana Derby, Bull. Cornell University, I, 1874, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 1-9, 11, 34; pl. 4, figs. 6, 14, 15. Orthis morganiana Waagen, Paiontoiogie1 Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 564. a Orthotichia ? morganiayja Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 213, 226, pl. 7, figs. 11-15. Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. ORTHOTROPIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype O. dolomitica H. and C. Orthotropia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, explanation sheet to pl. 84, figs. 3-7.—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1895, p. 943. Orthotropia dolomitica Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Orthotropia dolomitica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 84, figs. 3-7. Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 300 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. PARASTROPHIA Hall and C. Genotype Atrypa hemiplicata Hall. Parastrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 221;—Thir- teenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 839. Parastrophia divergens Hall and Clarke. Lorraine (Ord.). Parastrophia divergens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York. VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 222, 366, pl. 63, figs. 4-7. Loc. Wilmington, Dlinois. Parastrophia greenei Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Parastrophia greenii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 222, 367, pl. 63, figs. 17-20, 22. Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Parastrophia hemiplicata Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Atrypa hemiplicata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 144, pl. 33, fig. 10.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 208, figs. 20-23. Atrypa cireulus Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 142, pl. 33, fig. 7;—Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 65. Pentamerus hemiplicatus Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 66.—Billings, Canadian Jour., IV, 1859, p. 316. Camarella hemiplicata Billings, Geol. Canada, 18638, p. 168, fig. 154. Camarella circulus Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 107. Camarella bernensis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., III, 1892, p. 328, pl. 4, figs. 4-6. Anastrophia ? hemiplicata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 382, pl. 30, figs. 29-31.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 167. Parastrophia hemiplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 221, pl. 63, figs. 1-3. Loc. Middleville, Watertown, etc., New York; Center County, Pennsylvania; Wisconsin; Minnesota; Ottawa and Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Parastrophia hemiplicata rotunda (Winchell and Schu.). Trenton (Ord.). Anastrophia ? hemiplicata var. rotunda W. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 383, pl. 30, figs. 32-35. Loc. Cannon Falls, Minnesota; Decorah, Iowa. Parastrophia latiplicata Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Parastrophia latiplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 222, 368, pl. 63, figs. 23-27. Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Parastrophia multiplicata Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Parastrophia multiplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 222, 367, pl. 63, figs. 15 7% ° Loc. Milwaukee_ , ooscura (Hall and Whitfield), Parastrophie ites obseurus Hall Pogonip (Ord.). and Whitfield, Kino’ 5 “oram 1877, p. 234, pl. 1, fig. 16. rasa ee Migence Porambonites ? obseurus Hall and Clarke, Pal ee New York, VIir. pt. II, 1893, Loc. White Pine district, Nevada. Obs. Based upon a Single ventr whether it belongs to P Porambonites. al valve which is insufficient to i arastrophia or determine Some rhynchonelloid. It is not a SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 301 Parastrophia ops (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Camarella ops Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 148, fig. 128. Loc. Anticosti. Obs. May be only a variety of P. reversa, Parastrophia reversa (billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Pentamerus reversus Billings, Geol. Survey Canada; Rep. Progress for 1856, 1857, p. 295;-——-Canadian Jour., IV, 1859, p. 316. Brachymerus reversus Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 69. Anastrophia reversa Miller, American Pal. Foss., 1877, p. 104. Parastrophia reversa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 63, figs. 8-14. Loc. Anticosti. Obs. Billings says this species is a large P. hemiplicata Hall. It appears, how- ever, to be distinct. See P. ops Billings. Parastrophia scofieldi (Winchell and Schuchert). Trenton (Ord.). Anastrophia ? scofieldi W. an S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 383, pl. 30, figs. 24-28. Loe. Near Cannon Falls, Minnesota. PARAZYGA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Atrypa hirsuta Hall. Parazyga Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 127;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 800. Parazyga deweyi Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Waldheimia deweyi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 89. Trematospira (Rhynchospira) deweyi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1889, p. 216, pl. 36, fig. 3. Parazyga deweyi Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 128, fig. 112, pl. 49, figs. 40-46. ; Loe. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Parazyga hirsuta Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.). Atrypa hirsuta Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 168. Trematospira hirsuta Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1860, p. 101;—Fourteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1861, p. 101;—Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pl. 2, figs. 11-16 ;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 274, pl. 45, figs. 16-32.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 136, pl. 16, figs. 15-19. Athyris ? chloe Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., V, 1860, p. 282, figs. 45-47. Retzia chloe Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 385, fig. 419. Nucleospira indianensis Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1892, p.79, pl. 13, figs. 18-15. Parazyga hirsuta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIL, Pt. II, 1895, p. 128, fig. 111; pl. 49, figs. 28-39. Loc. New York; Thedford, Canada; Falls of Ohio; Bunker Hill, Indiana. Paterina Beecher=Iphidea. PATERULA Barrande. Genotype Paterula bohemica Barrande. Paterula Barrande, Systeme Sil. du Centre de la Bohéme, V, 1879, p. 110.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 78, 165;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 242. Paterula amii n. sp. Calciferous (Ord.). Paterula species Hall and Clarke, VIII, Pt. I, p. 78, pl. 4K, fig. 1. Loc, Quebec, Canada. 302 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. PENTAGONIA Cozzens. Genotype Pentagonia peersii Cozzens= Atrypa unisuleata Conrad. Pentagonia Cozzens, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1V, 1846, p. 158.—Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. Knowledge, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 16.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, p. 80;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 775. Goniocelia Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 101. Pentagonia peersii Cozzeus=Pentagonia unisulcata. Pentagonia unisuleata (Conrad). Oriskany to Hamilton (Dev.). Atrypa unisulcata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep, Geol. Survey of N. Y., 1841, p. 56.— Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, pl. 11, fig. 10. Pentagonia peersii Cozzens, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., LV, 1846, p. 158, pl. 10, fig. 3. Rhynchonella unisuleata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 125. Athyris? unisulecata Billings, Canadian Journal, V, 1860, p. 279, figs. 39-42. Goniocelia uniangulata Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 101. Meristella ? unisulecata Hall, Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pl. 2, figs. 17-25. Athyris unisulcata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 373, fig. 396. Meristella (Pentagonia) unisulcata varieties biplicata and uniplicata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 309, pl. 50, figs. 18-35. Meristella unisuleata Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 99, pl. 15, figs. 9-16. Pentagonia unisulcata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 80, pl. 42, figs. 22-32. Loc. New York; county of Haldimand and Bosanquet, Ontario; Falls of Ohio. PENTAMERELLA Hall. Genotype Atrypa arata Conrad. Pentamerella Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 373, 375.—Nettelréth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 49.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 245;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 845. Pentamerella arata (Conrad). Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Atrypa arata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey N. Y., 1841, p. 55. Atrypa octocostata Conrad, Ibidem, 1841, p. 55. Pentamerus aratus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 120, figs. 1-10.—Billings, Canadian Journal, VI, 1861, p. 269, figs. 93-96 ;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 370, fig. 389. ; Pentamerella arata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 375, pl. 58, figs. 1-21.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 49, pl. 18, figs. 17-20.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 245, pl. 71, figs. 21-29. ? Pentamerus aratus Tschernyschew, Mém. Comité Géologique de St. Péters- bourg, III, 1887, p. 101, pl. 4, figs. 18, 19. Loc. New York; Cayuga, ete., Ontario; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; ? Urals of Russia. Pentamerella borealis (Meek). Hamilton (Dev.). Pentamerus borealis Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 95, pl. 13, fig. 11. Loc. Anderson River, British America. Pentamerella (?) compressa Ringueberg. Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerella compressa Ringueberg, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., V, 1886, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 4. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 303 Pentamerella (?) compressa Ringueberg—Continued. Loe. Lockport, New York. Obs. May be a pathologic or compressed specimen of Spirifer crispus or 8. sul- catus. Pentamerella dubia all. ? Hamilton (Deyv.). Atrypa (n. sp.?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pl. 3A, fig. 1. [See specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat., Invert. Foss., 17927. ] Spirifer dubius Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 90. Pentamerella dubia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 379, pl. 58, figs. 38-43. Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 245, pl. 71, figs. 32-38. Loe. Iowa City, Iowa. Obs. See Pentamerella micula Hall. Pentamerella intralineata (A. Winchell). Hamilton (Dey.). Pentamerus intralineatus A. Winchell, Geol. Rep. Lower Peninsula of Michi- gan, 1866, p. 94. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Pentamerella micula [all. ? Hamilton (Dev.). Pentamerella micula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 378, pl. 58, figs. 26, 27.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 245. Loc. Iowa City, Lowa. Obs. Compare with Pentamerella dubia Hall. Pentamerella obsolescens Hall. ? Hamilton (Dev.). Pentamerella obsolescens Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 379, pl. 58, figs. 24, 25.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 245. Loc. Waterloo, lowa. Pentamerella pavilionensis Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Pentamerus papilionensis Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 86. Pentamerella papilionensis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 377, pl. 58, figs. 28- 37.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 50. Pentamerella pavilionensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 245, pl. 71, figs. 30, 31. Loc. Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, etc., New York; Falls of Ohio. Pentamerella thusnelda Nettelroth. Corniferous (Dev.). Pentamerella thusnelda Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 51, pl. 31, figs. 26-28. Loc, Near Louisville, Kentucky. Pentamerella ventricosa Hall=Clorinda ventricosa. PENTAMERUS Sowerby. Genotype P. levis Sowerby. Pentamerus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1813, p. 76.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 236;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 844. Pentamerus arcuosus McChesney=Clorinda arcuosa. Pentamerus aratus=Pentamerella arata. Pentamerus barrandi Billings=Clorinda barrandei. Pentamerus beaumonti Castelnau=P. oblongus. Pentamerus bisinuatus McChesney=P. oblongus. Pentamerus borealis Meek=Pentamerella borealis. Pentamerus brevirostris Hall= Anastrophia brevirostris. 304 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Pentamerus chicagoensis Winchell and Marcy=Clorinda ventricosa. Pentamerus colletti Miller=Conchidium colletti. Pentamerus comis Meek and Worthen=Gypidula comis. Pentamerus complanatus Nettelroth=Conchidium tenuicostatum. Pentamerus conchidium=Conchidium biloculare. Pentamerus coppingeri Etheridge=Gypidula coppingeri. Pentamerus crassoradius McChesney =Conchidium crassiradiatum. Pentamerus decussatus Whiteaves=Conchidium decussatum., Pentamerus deshayessii Castelnau= Rensselieria ovoides. Pentamerus elongatus Vanuxem=Amphigenia elongata. Pentamerus fornicatus Hall=Clorinda fornicata. Pentamerus galeatiformis Meek and Worthen=Gypidula comis. Pentamerus galeatus Hall=Gypidula galeata. Pentamerus galeatus Hall and Whitfield=Gypidula nucleus. Pentamerus galeatus Roemer=Gypidula remeri. Pentamerus globulosus Nettelroth=Gypidula globulosa. Pentamerus hemiplicatus Billings= Parastrophia hemiplicata. Pentamerus interplicatus Hall= Anastrophia interplicata. Pentamerus intralineatus Winchell=Pentamerella intralineata. Pentamerus knappi Hall and Whitfield =Conchidium knappi. Pentamerus knighti Sowerby=Conchidium knighti. Pentamerus knotti Nettelroth=Gypidula knotti. Pentamerus laqueatus Conrad=Conchidium laqueatum. Pentamerus lenticularis White and Whitfield =Camarophorella lenticu- laris. Pentamerus littoni Hall=Conchidium littoni. Pentamerus lotis Walcott=Gypidula lotis. Pentamerus multicostatus=Conchidium multicostatum. Pentamerus nobilis Emmons=Conchidium laqueatum. Pentamerus nucleus Hall and Whitfield =Gypidula nucleus. Pentamerus nysius var. crassicosta Hall=Conchidium nysius. Pentamerus nysius var. tenuicostatus Nettelroth=Conchidium nysius. Pentamerus nysius var. tenuicosta Hall=Conchidium tenuicosta. Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby. Clinton and Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby, Murchison’s Silurian System, 1839, p. 641, pl. 19, fig. 10.—Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 70, figs. 1-5.— Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois, 1844, pl. 14, fig. 10.—Hall, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XX, 1849, p. 227;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 79, pl. 25, fig. 1; pl. 26, fig. 1.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 58, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 316, fig. 326.—Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 183;—Geol. Survey Ohio, Pal., I], 1875, p. 137, pl. 7, fig. 9.—Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 288, pl. 17, figs. 4-9.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 60, pl. 33, figs. 15-17.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1895, p. 237, figs. 169-171; pl. 67, fig. 20; pl. 68, figs. 1-5; pl. 69, figs. 1, 4-7, 13, 14; pl. 70, figs. 1-4. Pentamerus beaumonti Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. VAmérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 38, pl. 13, fig. 9. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 305 Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby—Continued. Pentamerus bisinuatus McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 85;— Trans. Chicago Acad, Sci., I, 1868, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Whittield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 290, pl. 17, fig. 3. Loc. England; New York; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Illinois; lowa; Wiscon- sin; Thorold, Ontario; Anticosti. Pentamerus oblongus cylindricus Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus oblongus var. cylindrica Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 183;—Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pl. 10, figs. 13, 14.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken- tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 61, pl. 30, figs. 2-4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 237, fig. 172; pl. 68, figs. 7, 8; pl. 69, figs. 11, 12. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Pentamerus oblongus maquoketa Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus oblongus (partim) Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, pp. 288, 291, pl. 17, figs. 8, 9. Pentamerus oblongus var. maquoketa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 239, pl. 67, figs. 11-13. Loc. Ashford, Wisconsin; near Dubuque and Hopkinton, Lowa. Pentamerus oblongus subrectus Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus oblongus var. subrectus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 238, 239, pl. 68, fig. 6; pl. 69, figs. 2, 3, 8-10; pl. 70, fig. 5. Loc. Earlville, lowa; Wisconsin. Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, 1858 (non 1852)=Gypidula comis. Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, 1852=Conchidium occidentale. Pentamerus ovalis Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Pentamerus ovalis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 103, pl. 31, fig. 1.—Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 324, pl. 5, figs. 17, 18. Loc. New Hartford, Oneida County, New York; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee; Collinsville, Alabama. Obs. Compare with P. oblongus. Pentamerus papilionensis Hall=Pentamerella pavilionensis. Pentamerus pergibbosus Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.). Pentamerus pergibbosus Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 139, pl. 7, figs. 10, 11.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 162 —Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 239, pl. 67, figs. 10, 14-19. Loc. Greenfield, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; Wisconsin (Whitfield). Pentamerus pesovis Whitfield. Waterlime (Sil.). Pentamerus pesovis Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 195;—Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 513, pl. 5, figs. 11-22;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 414, pl. 1, figs. 18-22. Loc. Greentield, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; Wisconsin (Whittield). Pentamerus pseudogaleatus Hall=Gypidula pseudogaleata. Pentamerus reversus Billings=Parastrophia reversa. Pentamerus salinensis Swallow=Conchidium saliense. Pentamerus subglobosus Meek and Worthen=Gypidula subglobosa. Pentamerus trisinuatus McChesney=Meristina trisinnata. Pentamerus uniplicatus Nettelroth=Gypidula uniplicata. Pentamerus ventricosus Hall=Clorinda ventricosa. Bull. 87 20 306 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Pentamerus verneuili Hall=Anastrophia verneuili. PHOLIDOPS Hall. Genotype Orbicula squamiformis Hall. Pholidops Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 489;—Thirteenth Rep., N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 92;—Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, p. 195;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 31, 413.—Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp., Zool., III, 1871, p. 27.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 155.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 376.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 262. Craniops Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 84.—Chlert, fod Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1272. Pholidops arenaria Hall. Oriskany (Deyvy.). Pholidops arenaria Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 415, pl. 3, fig. 10.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 41, fig. 24. Loc. Albany County and Hudson, New York. Pholidops areolata Hall. Schobarie (Dey.). Pholidops areolata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.31;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 31, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 41, figs. 25, 26. Loc. Clarksville and Knox, New York. Pholidops bellula Walcott. Lower Devonian. Pholidops bellula Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 113, pl. 2, fig. 6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Pholidops calceola Hall and Clarke. Corniferous (Dev.). Pholidops caleeola Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 157, 182, pl. 41, fig. 30. Loc, Falls of Ohio, Pholidops cincinnatiensis Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Pholidops cincinnatiensis Hall, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, pl. 7, fig. 10;—Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 180, pl. 5, fig. 2.—Miller, Cincin- nati Quart. Jour. Science, II, 1875, p. 14;—Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 107.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pl. 41, fig. 18. Loc. Cineinnati, ete., Ohio. Pholidops greenei Miller and Gurley. Hamilton (Dey.). Pholidops greenei Miller and Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 12, 1897, p. 48, pl. 3, figs. 16-21. Loc. Falls of Ohio. Pholidops hamiltoniz Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Pholidops hamiltonixe Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 92;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 32, pl. 3, figs. 6-9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pl. 41, figs. 31-34 (372). Loc. Darien, Moscow, Canandaigua Lake, etc., New York. Pholidops lamellosa Hall=Pholidops oblata. Pholidops lepis Hall and Clarke. Corniferous (Dev.). Pholidops lepis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157. Loc. Not given. Obs. A nomina nudum. Pholidops linguloides Hall=Pholidops oblata. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 307 Pholidops oblata Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Pholidops oblata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 414, pl. 3, fig. 10. Pholidops (?) linguloides Hall, Ibidem, 1867, p. 414. Pholidops lamellosa Hall, [bidem, 1867, pl. 3, fig. 11. Pholidops linguloides and oblata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pl. 41, figs. 35, 36. Loe. Aurora and Canandaigua Lake, New York. Pholidops ovalis Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Pholidops ovalis Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 209;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2;—Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 149, pl. 21, figs. 1,2;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 284, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pl. 41, fig. 20. Loc. Waldron, Indiana: Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). Obs. This species and P. squamiformis are probably identical with P. implicata Sowerby. Pholidops ovata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Pholidops ovatus Hall, Pal. New York, IIT, 1859, p. 490, pl. 103B, fig. 7. Pholidops ovata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pl. 41, figs. 22, 23. Loc. Albany County, New York; ? Square Lake, Maine. Pholidops patina Hall and Clarke. Corniferous (Dev.). Pholidops patina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 182, pl. 4I, figs. 27-29. Loc. De Ceuville, Ontario. ? Pholidops quadrangularis Walcott. Lower Devonian. Pholidops quadrangularis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 114, ple. Loe. Lone Mountain, Nevada. Obs. Apparently a plate of a crinoid. Pholidops squamiformis Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Orbicula ? squamiformis Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 108, fig. 1;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 250, pl. 53, fig. 4. Craniops squamiformis Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. &4. Pholidops squamiformis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 490, pl. 103B, fig. 6.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 156, pl. 4I, fig. 21. Loc. Lockport, Rochester, etc., New York. Obs. See Pholidops ovalis Hall. Pholidops subtruncata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orbicula ? subtruncata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 290, pl. 79, fig. 7. Pholidops subtruncata Hall, Descrip. n. sp. of Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866, p. 14;—Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 221, pl. 7, fig. 9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 41, fig. 19. Loc. Lorraine and Turin, New York. In the Trenton at Ottawa, Canada (Ami). Pholidops terminalis Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Pholidops terminalis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 490, pl. 103B, fig. 8.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Pholidops trentonensis Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Pholidops trentonensis Hall, Descrip. n.sp. of Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866, p. 14;—Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 221, pl. 7, fig. 8—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pl. 41, ikea We Loc. Middleville, New York. 308 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [sutt.87. Pholidops trentonensis minor Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Pholidops trentonensis var. minor Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur- vey, III, 1893, p. 376, pl. 29, fig. 40. Loc. St. Paul and Cannon Falls, Minnesota. PHOLIDOSTROPHIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Strophodonta nacrea Hall=Chonetes (?) iowensis Owen. Pholidostrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 287;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 281. Pholidostrophia iowaensis (Owen). Corniferous and Hamilton (Devy.). Chonetes (?) iowensis Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, lowa, Minnesota, 1852, p. 584, pl. 3A, fig. 7. [See specimens in U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17942. ] Chonetes sp. undet. Owen, Ibidem, 1852, pl. 5A, fig. 17. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17916. ] Strophomena (Strophodonta) nacrea Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 144. Strophomena lepida Hall, Geol. Iowa, I, 1858, p. 493, pl. 3, fig, 3.—Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 344. Strophodonta nacrea Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 104, pl. 18, fig. 1;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, figs. 20-24.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 146. Stropheodonta (Pholidostrophia) nacrea Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 287, pl. 15, figs. 20-24; Pt. II, 1895, pl. 84, fig. 11. Loc. lowa City, lowa; western New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Rock Island, Illinois; Alpena, Michigan; Ontario, Canada. Obs. Owen’s type specimens preserved in the United States National Museum prove to be identical with Strophomena lepida, which Hall in 1867 said is a synonym for Stropheodonta nacrea. Plesiomys Hall and Clarke=Dinorthis. PLATYSTROPHIA King. Genotype Terebratulites biforata Schlotheim. Platystrophia King, Mon. Permian Fossils of England, Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 116.— Hall, Geol. Soe. America, I, 1889, pp. 19, 20.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 200.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, IIT, 1893, p. 454.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 268. Obs. It is doubtful whether all the various forms of Platystrophia can be regarded as species. This genus is nearly always abundantly represented by one or more forms throughout the American Ordovician and Silurian systems. When individuals of the same region or of widely separated localities are compared with each other it is apparent that the specific characters are very inconstant. Individuals of a stratum, however, are fairly constant in form, size, and plications, and it is this hmited constancy that has served in many of the following species. Platystrophia acuminata James. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis (Platystrophia) acuminata James, The Palwontologist, 1, 1878, p. 7. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Platystrophia acutilirata (Conrad). Lorraine (Ord.). Delthyris acutilirata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 260, pl. 14, fig. 15. Orthis (Platystrophia) acutilirata Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 119, pl. 10, fig. 5, Orthis acutilirata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour, Sci., II, 1875, p. 28, SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 309 Platystrophia acutilirata (Conrad)—Continued. Orthis biforata var. acutilirata White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 487, pl. 2, figs. 5-9;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 119, pl. 2, figs. 5-9. Platystrophia acutilirata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 223. Loc. Richmond, Indiana; Oxford, Ohio; Louisiana, Missouri (Keyes). Platystrophia biforata (Schlotheim). Chazy-Niagara (Ord. and Sil.). Terebratulites biforatus Schlotheim, Petrefactenkunde, 1820, p. 265. Spirifer sheppardi Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. VAmérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 42, pl. 14, fig. 15. Delthyris brachynota Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 70, fig. 6. Orthis and Delthyris Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, 1844, pl. 15, OEE Ore tle Delthyris lynx Hall (partim; non Eichwald), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 133, pl. 32D, fig. 1. Spirifer biforata var. lynx Hall, Ibidem, II, 1852, p. 65, pl. 22, fig. 1. Orthis biforatus Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 206, figs. 6-10.—Nichol- son and Hinde, Canadian Jour., XTV, 1874, p. 158.—White, Rep. U.S. Geogr. Geol. Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1874, p. 74, pl. 4, fig. 9.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 35, pl. 29, figs. 18-29.—Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 312. Orthis lynx Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 167, fig. 149.—Miller (partim), Cin- einnati Quart. Jour. Sci., IT, 1875, p. 25. Platystrophia reeularis Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 67. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 112.—Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 579, pl. 25, figs. 7, 8. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata var. lynx Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1883, pl. 35, figs. 11-14 (non figs. 9, 10, 15 of pl. 35 and fig. 30, pl. 34—P. biforata lynx). Orthis biforata var. lynx forma reversata and daytonensis Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, pp. 81, 82, pl. 13, figs. 7, 8. Platystrophia lynx Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 202, 223, pl. 5B, fig. 10.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 64, pl. 39, fig. 5. Platystrophia biforata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 455, pl. 33, figs. 51-54.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, [Oe IU/L Loc. Throughout the horizons mentioned above in North America; also in England, Scotland, Ireland, Gotland, Scandinavia, Oeland, and Russia. Platystrophia crassa James. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis (Platystrophia) dentata?? Meek (non Pander), Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 117, pl. 10, fig. 3. Orthis (Platystrophia) crassa James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 20. Orthis dentata Miller, Ibidem, II, 1875, p. 27. Orthis centrosa Miller, North American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 356. Platystrophia crassa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 223. Platystrophia biforata var. crassa Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Survey Min- nesota, III, 1893, p. 458, pl. 33, figs. 55, 56.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 178. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Spring Valley, Minnesota; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. Platystrophia laticosta Meek. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis (Platystrophia) laticosta (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 116, pl. 10, fig. 4. Orthis (Platystrophia) cypha James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 20. 310 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (BULL. 87. Platystrophia laticosta Meek—Continued. Orthis laticosta Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 27. Platystrophia biforata var. laticosta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. TI, 1892, p. 223, pl. 5B, figs. 5-9 Loc. Cincinnati, ete., Ohio. Platystrophia lynx (Kichwald),. Lorraine (Ord.). Terebratula Jynx Eichwald, Skizze von Podolis, 1830, p. 202. Delthyris lynx (partim) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 133, pl. 32D, fig. 1.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 820, fig. 616. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata var. lynx Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 114, pl. 10, fig. 1.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 35, figs. 9, 10, 15. Orthis lynx (partim) Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., I, 1875, p. 25. Orthis biforata Nicholson, Pal. Province Ontario, 1875, p. 16, fig. 5. Orthis (Platystrophia) lynx Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 34, fig. 30. Platystrophia biforata var. lynx Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 202, 223, pl. 5B, figs. 1-4. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio, and elsewhere in the Ohio Valley. Platystrophia regularis Shaler=Platystrophia biforata. PLECTAMBONITES Pander. Genotype P. planissima Pander. Plectambonites Pander, Beitrage zur. Geognosie des Russ. Reiches, 1830, p. 90, pl. 3, figs. 8, 16; pl. 28, fig. 19.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 236, 295.—Winchell and Schucherf, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 413.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 290. Plectambonites areca Shaler=Plectambonites transversalis. Plectambonites gibbosus Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Plectambonites gibbosa W. and S., American Geol., [X, 1892, p. 288;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 416, pl. 32, figs. 13-17. Loc. Mantorville, Old Concord, and near Cannon Falls, Minnesota. Plectambonites glaber Shaler. Anticosti (Sil.). Plectambonites glaber Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 64. Leptena glabra Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 294. Loc. Anticosti. Plectambonites plicatellus (Ulrich). Utica (Ord.). Leptena plicatella Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1879, p. 15, pl. 7, fio. 12. Plectambonites plicatella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 15A, figs. 34, 35. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Covington, Kentucky. Plectambonites productus Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Plectambonites producta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 360, pl. 84, figs. 23-25. Loc. Yellow Springs, Ohio. Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby). Trenton to Clinton (Ord.-Sil.). Leptiena sericea J. de C. Sowerby, Murchison’s Silurian System, 1839, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2.—Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, pp. 110, 287, pl. 31B, fig. 2; pl. 79, fig. 3;— Ibidem, II, 1852, p. 59, pl. 21, fig. 1.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p- 41, fig. 2.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 818, fig. 599.—Bill- ings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 163, fig. 189.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 70, pl. 5, fig. 3.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., 11, 1875, p. 57.—Kayser, Palie- ontographica, Suppl., II, 1876, p. 21, pl. 3, fig. 19.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. ala Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby)—Continued. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, figs. 25-29.—-Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 293.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 75, pl. 39, fig. 9. Leptwna sericea? White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west of the 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 70, pl. 4, fig. 7. Strophomena sericea Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey N. Y., 1840, p. 201.— Emmons, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 394. Strophomena semiovalis Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 47. Leptna aspera James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 151. Plectambonites sericea, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 15, figs. 25-29.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol]. Survey, IIT, 1893, p. 414, pl. 32, figs. 10-12.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 174. Leptiena minnesotensis Sardeson, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., III, 1892, p. 329, pl. 4, figs. 24, 25. Leptena precosis Sardeson, Ibidem, 1892, p. 329, pl. 4, figs. 26-28. Leptzna recedens Sardeson, Ibidem, 1892, p. 330, pl. 4, figs. 29-32. Leptzna saxea Sardeson, Ibidem, 1892, p. 330, pl. 4, figs. 33-35. Loe. England; New York; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Missouri; Wisconsin; Minnesota; Manitoba; Talacastra, Argentine Republic. Plectambonites tenera Shaler=Plectambonites transversalis. Plectambonites transversalis (Wahlenberg). Clinton- Niagara (Sil.). Anomites transversalis Wahlenberg, Act. Soc. Upsaliensis, III, 1821, p. 64. Strophomena elegantula Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 72, fig. 1. Strophomena transversalis Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 105, fig. 4. Leptiena transversalis Hall, Pal. New York, TI, 1852, p. 256, pl. 53, fig. 5.—Bill- ings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 138, pi. 2, figs. 14, 15.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, figs. 34-36. Plectambonites areca and tenera Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 64. Leptiena transversalis var. elegantula Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 294, pl. 6, fig. 6. Plectambonites transversalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p- 298, pl. 15, figs. 34-36.—Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 566, pl. 25, fig. 5; pl. 30, fig. 13; pl. 31, fig. 6. Loc. Kurope; New York; Osgood, Indiana; Wisconsin; Dundas and Hamilton, Ontario; Anticosti; Lake Temiscouata, New Brunswick. Plectambonites transversalis alabamaensis (I*oerste). Clinton (Sil.). Leptna transversalis var. alabamensis Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 296, pl. 5, fig. 9. Loe. Collinsville, Alabama. Plectambonites transversalis prolongatus (I*oerste). Clinton (Sil.). Leptiena prolongata Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 79, pl. 13, fig. 5. Leptiena transversalis var. prolongata Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 297, pl. 5, fig. 13. Loc. Dayton, Ohio; Wildwood Station, Georgia. PLECTORTHIS Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orthis plicatella Hall. Orthis (group of O. plicatella) Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 20. Plectorthis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 194, 221.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 435.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 266. Plectorthis equivalvis (Hall). Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis equivalvis Hall (non Davidson, 1847), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p, 120, pl. 32, fig. 6. 312 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL, 87. Plectorthis equivalvis (Hall)—Continued. Plectorthis «equivalvis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 194, 221. Loe, Cincinnati, Ohio; Wisconsin (Whitfield). Plectorthis (?) aurelia (Billings). Oriskany (Dey.). Orthis aurelia Billings, Pal. Iossils, II, 1874, p. 34, pl. 3, fig. 3. Plectorthis ? aurelia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221. Loc. Indian Cove, Gaspé. Plectorthis dichotoma Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis dichotoma Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 125, pl. 32, fig. 18.—Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 117. Orthis fissicosta Meek (non Hall), Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 106, pl. 8, fig. 6.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., IL, 1875, p. 30. Orthis neglecta James, The Paleeontologist, 4, 1879, p. 26. Plectorthis dichotoma Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221, pl. 5, fig. 21. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio. Plectorthis ella Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis ella Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 121. Orthis ? ella Hall, Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pl. 2, figs. 6-8;—Twenty-fourth Rep. Ibidem, 1872, pl. 7, fig. 21.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 105, pl. 8, fig. 9.—Hall and Whitfield, Ibidem, II, 1875, p. 76, pl. 1, fig. 20.—Miller, Cin- cinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 32, Plectorthis ? ella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 221, pl. 5, figs. 22, 23. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Plectorthis fissicosta Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis fissicosta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 121, pl. 32, fig. 7. Plectorthis fissicosta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 194, 221. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio. Plectorthis jamesi Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis jamesi Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 89.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 33.—Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 77, pl. 1, figs. 21, 22. Plectorthis jamesi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 194, 221. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. ; Plectorthis kankakiensis (McChesney). Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis kankakensis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 77;—Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 29, pl. 9, fig. 3. Plectorthis kankakensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221, pl. 5, figs. 24, 25. Loc. Wilmington, Illinois; Wisconsin (Whitfield). Plectorthis plicatella Hall. Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis plicatella Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 122, pl. 32, fig. 9.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 108, pl. 8, fig. 7.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 30. ?Orthis plicatella Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 165, fig. 145. Plectorthis plicatella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221, pl. 5, figs. 18-20, Orthis (Plectorthis) plicatella Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur- vey, III, 1893, p. 436, pl. 33, figs. 5-7. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Middleville and Watertown, New York; Burgin, Ken- tucky; Cannon Falls, Kenyon, ete., Minnesota; Wisconsin. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 313 Plectorthis sectistriata (HW. O. Ulrich). Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis (?) sectostriata Ulrich, Jour, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1879, p. 15, pl. 7, fig. 11. Plectorthis? sectostriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio. Plectorthis triplicatella (Meek). Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis triplicatella Meek, American Jour. Sci., 1V, 1872, p. 281;—Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 109, pl. 8, fig. 8.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., Il, 1875, p 31. Plectorthis triplicatella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 194, 921. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio. Plectorthis whitfieldi (N. H. Winchell). Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis whitfieldi N. H. Winchell, Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist., Survey of Minnesota, 1881, p. 115. Orthis pectinella Whitfield (partim, non Emmons non Hall), Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 259, pl. 12, fig. 8. Plectorthis whitfieldi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221. pl. 5, fig. 26. Orthis (Plectorthis) whitfieldi Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur- vey, III, 1893, p. 487, pl. 33, figs. 8-13. Loc. Spring Valley and Granger, Minnesota; Delafield, Wisconsin; Lattners Iowa; Savanna, Illinois. PLETHORHYNCHA Halland C. Genotype Rhynchonella speciosa Hali, Plethorhyncha Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 191;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 827. Obs. Proposed as a subgenus of Camarotcchia. It, however, does not seem to be worthy even of that rank. The species referred to Plethorhyncha are Camarotechia barrandei Hall, C. pleiopleura (Conrad), and C. speciosa Hall. Plicatula striatocostata Cox=Meekella striaticostata. POLYTECHIA Halland Clarke. Genotype Hemipronites apicalis Whitf. Polytcchia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 239, figs. 11, 12;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 275. Polytcechia apicalis (Whitfield). Calciferous (Ord.). Hemipronites apicalis Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1886, p. 300, pl. 24, figs. 1-5. Polytechia apicalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 239, fig. 11, 12, pl. 7A, figs. 26-30. Loc. Fort Cassin, Vermont. PORAMBONITES Pander. Genotype Porambonites intermedia Pander. Porambonites Pander, Beitrage zur Geognosie des Russ. Reiches, 1830, p. 95, pl. 3, fig. 9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 225. Obs. Not represented in America. Porambonites obscurus Hall and Whitfield=Parastrophia obscurus. Porambonites ottawaensis Billngs=Rhynchotrema ottawaensis. PROBOSCIDELLA (ihlert. Genotype Productus proboscideus de Vern. Proboscidella Gihlert, Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1277.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 333. Proboscidella (?) clava (Norwood and Pratten). Upper Carboniferous. Productus clavus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 4. Proboscidella clava Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 334, Loc. Graysville, Illinois, 314 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Burt.87. PRODUCTELLA Hall. Genotype Productus subaculeatus Murchison. Productella Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 245;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 153.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken- tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 69.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p.328;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 298. Productella arctirostrata Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Productus arctirostrata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 177. Productella arctirostrata Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 182, pl. 26, figs. 16-23 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, fig. 36.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 36. Loc. Jasper and Cadiz, New York. Productella arcuata Hall. Kinderhook (. Carb.). Productus arcuatus Hall, Geol. Survey of Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 518, pl. 7, fig. 4.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 31, pl. 3, fig. 18.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 40. Productella arcuata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. aly 32: Loc. Burlington, lowa; Granville, Newark, ete., Ohio; Hannibal, Missouri. Obs. See P. cooperensis. Productella bialveata Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Productella bialveata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 183, pl. 26, figs. 24-28. Loc. Meadville, Pennsylvania. Productella boydi Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Productus boydi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 179, figs. 1-3. Productella boydi Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 169, pl. 24, figs. 10-16 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, fig. 24.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 24. Loc. Phillipsburg, Elmira, ete., New York. Productella concentrica (Hall). Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Productus concentricus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 180;—Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 517, pl. 7, fig. 3.—A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 411;—Ibidem, 1865, p. 114;— Proc. American Philosophical Soe., XII, 1870, p. 249.—Herrick, Bull. Deni- son Univ., III, 1888, p. 33, pl. 6, fig. 16. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Port aux Barques, Michigan; Rockford, Indiana; Scio- toville, ete., Ohio. Obs. Compare with Productella shumardana. Productella costatula Hall. Chemung (Dey.). Productella costatula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 180, pl. 26, figs. 9, 15;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 18-20, 35.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, figs. 18-20, 35. Loc. Randolph Conewango, New Albion, etc., New York. Productella costatula strigata Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Productella costatula var. strigata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 181. Loc. Near Cadiz, New York. Productella dumosa Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Productus dumosus Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 99. Productella dumosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 162, pl. 23, figs. 38-40 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, tig. 21.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 21. Loc. Delphi, Bellona, Moscow, Hamilton, etc., New York. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 315 Productella(?) eriensis Nicholson. Corniferous (Dev.). Productella eriensis Nicholson, Geol. Magazine London, n. ser., I, 1874, p. 118;— Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p. 77, fig. 26. Loc. Port Colborne and Hagersville, Ontario. Obs, See Anoplia nucleata Hall. Productella exanthemata Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.). Productus exanthematus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 174. Productella exanthemata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 163, pl. 23, figs. 45, 46;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, fig. 17.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 17. Productus exanthematus ?? Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 412, pl. 10, fig. 3. i Loc, Tinkers Falls and Seneca Lake, New York; Jackson and Union counties, Tllinois. Productella hallana Walcott. Upper Devonian. Productus dissimilis Hall (non de Koninck, 1846), Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. I, 1858, p. 497, pl. 3, fig. 7.—Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 91, pl. 18, fig. 3. Productus ? Meek, Ibidem, 1868, p. 91, pl. 13, fig. 4. Productus (Productella) hallanus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, poo spl 135 fie. 7. Productus hallanus Tschernyschew, Mémoires du Comité Géologique de Sb. Pétersbourg, ITI, 1887, p. 114, pl. 14, fig. 27.—von Toll, Wissensch. Resultate d. Neusibirischen Exped., 1885 u. 1886, 1889, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 19. Productus hallianus Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, pl. 12, figs. 8, 9. Productella dissimilis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 216. Productella hallana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17A, figs. 11, 12. Loe, Rockford, Iowa; High Point, New York; Eureka district, Nevada; Atha- basea River, Canada; Urals of Russia. Productella hirsuta Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Strophomena membranacea Vanuxem (non Productus membranaceus von Buch), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 179, figs. 4, 5. Productus hirsutus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 175, figs. 1-3. Productella hirsuta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 166, pl. 24, figs. 17-29 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 28, 39.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, figs. 28, 39, 45. Loc. Phillipsburg and Rockville, New York; Covington, Pennsylvania. Productella hirsuta rectispina Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Productella hirsuta var. rectispina Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 168, pl. 24, figs. 30-37 ;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, fig. 37.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 37. Loc. Meadville, Pennsylvania. Productella hirsutiformis (Walcott). Upper Devenian. Productus hirsutiforme Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 133, pl. 2, fig. 10. Loc. Eureka and White Pine districts, Nevada. Productella hystricula Hall=Strophalosia hystricula. Productella lachrymosa (Conrad). Chemung (Dey.). Strophomena lachrymosa Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 256, pl. 14, fig. 9. 316 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (BULL. 87. Productella lachrymosa (Conrad )—Continued. Productus lachrymosus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 177. Productella lachrymosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 172, pl. 25, figs. 23-28. Loe. Factoryville, Bath, Ellington, ete., New York. Productella lachrymosa lima (Conrad). Chemung (Dey.). Strophomena lima Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 256. Productella lachrymosa var. lima Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 174, pl. 25, figs. 29-32 ;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl: 48, figs. 22, 23.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 217.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, figs. 22, 23. Productus (Productella) lachrymosus var. limus Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Sur- vey, VIII, 1884, p. 132, pl. 13, fig. 18. Loc. Randolph, Ellington, ete., New York; Eureka district, Nevada; Mackenzie River, Canada. Productella lachrymosa stigmata Ilall. Chem.and Wav.(Dev.and L. Car.). Productella lachrymosa var. stigmata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 174, pl. 25, figs. 33-41. ?Productus ? Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 91, pl. 13, fig. 5. Productus (Productella) lachrymosus var. stigmatus Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 182.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 34, pl. 3, fig. 28. Loc. Olean, Conewango, and Randolph, New York; Licking County, Ohio; Eureka district, Nevada; Northwest Territory, Canada. Productella mecuruensis Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Productella mecuruensis Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 17. Loc. Province of Para, Brazil. Productella marquessi Kowley. Hamilton (Dey.). Productella marquessi Rowley, American Geologist, XIII, 1894, p. 153, figs. 7, 8. Loe. Callaway County, Missouri. Productella minneapolis Sardeson=Trematis huronensis. Productella murchisoniana (de Koninck). Hamilton (Dev.). Productus murchisonianus de Konineck, Mém. de la Soc. Royale des Sciences de Liége, IV, 1846, p. 245, pl. 16, fig. 8.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 21. Loc. Devils Back Bone, Ilinois. Productella navicella Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.). Productus navicellus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 172. Productella navicella Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 156, pl. 23, figs. 1, 3, 9-11;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 8, 9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, figs. 8, 9;—Ibidem, VIII, Pt. IT, 1895, pl. 84, fig. 19. Productus (Productella) navicellus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 131, pl. 13, fig. 9. Loc. Schoharie County, Moscow, and Pavilion, New York; Eureka district, Nevada. Productella onusta Hall. . Chemung (Deyv.). Productella onusta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 184, pl. 26, figs. 29-42 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1883, pl. 48, figs. 40-46.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, figs. 40-43, 46. Loc. Conewango, Napoli, and New Albion, New York. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. SLT Productella papulata Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Productus papulatus Hall, Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 165, pl. 23, figs. 47, 48. Productella papulata Hall, [bidem, 1867, corrigenda, Loe. Bellona, Yates County, New York. Productella productoides (Murchison). Hamilton (Dev.). Orthis productoides Murchison, Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, XI, 1840, p. 254, pl. ya va ? 5 Strophalosia productoides Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 112, pl. 15, fig. 2;—Ibidem, I, 1891, p. 216. Productella productoides Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, Deol t- Productella productoides var. membranacea Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 282. Loc. Europe; Athabasca River, Lake Manitoba, and Thedford, Canada. Productella pyxidata Hall. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Productus pyxidatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 498, pl. 3, fig. 8.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 130. Productella pyxidata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol, 1883, pl. 48, fig. 34.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 34; pl. 17A, fig. 14.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 52. Loc. Hamburg, Illinois; Louisiana, Missouri. Obs. Compare with Productella shumardana. Productella rarispina Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Productus rarispinus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 178. Productella rarispina Hall Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 170, pl. 24, figs. 1-9 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, fig. 33.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 33. Loc. Philipsburg, New York. Productella semiglobosa Nettelroth. Corniferous (Dey.). Productella semiglobosa Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 70, pl. 26, fig. 7. Loc. Falls of Ohio. Productella shumardana Hall. Kinderhook (LL. Carb.). Productus shumardianus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 499, pl. 3, fe Cero Gana, 2y Productella shumardiana Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, fig. 7.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 7. Productus (Productella) shumardianus Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 32, pl. 6, fig. 16; pl. 7, fig. 18. Loc. Clarksville, Missouri: Burlington, lowa; Licking County, Ohio. Obs. The identifications of this species from Devonian horizons are here referred to P. spinulicosta. P.shumardana is probably synonymous with P. pyxi- data Hall. Productella speciosa Hall. Portage, Chem., and Kinderh. (Dev.-L. Carb.). Productus speciosus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 176. Producta speciosa A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4. Productella speciosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 175, pl. 25, figs. 1-11;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 25, 26.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, figs. 25, 26.—Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 35. Productus (Productella) speciosus Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 188, pl. 13, fig. 8, 318 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [sutt.87. Productella speciosa Hall—Continued. Productus (Productella) speciosus? Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., ITI, 1888, p. 34. Loc. Leon, New Albion, and Ithaca, New York; Licking County, Ohio; Burling- ton, lowa; Eureka district, Nevada. Productella spinulicosta Hall. Corniferous to Hamilton (Dev.). Productus subaculeatus Norwood and Pratten (non Murchison), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 21.—Meek, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 36, pl. 3, fig. 7. Productus subaculeatus? Meek, Simpson’s Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 345, pl. 1, fig. 3. Productus spinulicostus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 173. Productella spinulicosta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 160, pl. 23, figs. 6-8, 25-34 ;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 3-6.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 217, pl. 29, fig. 3; pl. 31, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, figs. 3-6. Productella subaculeata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 154, pl. 23, figs. 4, 5.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 283.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York Vall Pile So2 pls ii ips. ls Productella subaculeata? Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 1, 2. Productus (Productella) subaculeata Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, pp. 128, 214, pl. 7, fig. 2; pl. 13, figs. 19, 20. Productus (Productella) subaculeatus var. cataractus Hall and Whitfield, Twenty- fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 198;—Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pl. 9, figs. 9,10. Productella subaculeata var. cataracta Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 69, pl. 17, figs. 5-9.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 217. Loc. New York; Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Illinois; Iowa; Wisconsin; Eureka dis- trict, Nevada; Utah; Mackenzie and Hay rivers, and Lake Manitoba, Canada. Obs. Some authors are disposed to regard as synonyms of this species, besides the above, P. pyxidata, P. shumardana, and P. concentrica, and all of these forms are thought to be identical with P. subaculeata Murchison. For the present it is preferable to retain the name P. spinulicosta for these American Devonian forms. P. pyxidata, P. shumardana, and P. concentrica are here arranged as species, but will probably be shown to be synonymous with P. spinulicosta. Productella striatula Hall. Chemung (Dey.). Productella striatula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 177, pl. 25, figs. 14-21;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 27, 38.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, figs. 27, 38, 44. Loe. New Albion, Conewango, and Cold Spring, New York. Productella subaculeataof American authors=Productellaspinulicosta. Productella subaculeata cataracta Hall and Whitfield = Productella spinulicosta. Productella subalata Hall. Middle Devonian. Productus subalatus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 174;— Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 500, pl. 3, fig. 10. Productus callawayensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 640. Productella subalata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 165, pl. 23, fig. 49;—Sec- ond Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, fig. 16.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17, fig. 16.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 52. Loc. Rock Island, Illinois; Callaway County, Missouri; Spring Valley, Minnesota. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 319 Productella truncata Hall=Strophalosia truncata. Productella tullia Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Productella tullia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 164, pl. 23, figs. 41-44. Loe, Tully and Delphi Falls, New York. PRODUCTUS Sowerby. Genotype Anomites productus Martin=Pro- ductus martini Sowerby— Productus semireticulatus (Martin). Productus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1814, p. 153.—de Koninck, Recher. Animaux Foss., Pt. I, 1847, p. 11.—Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 245;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 146.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 321;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 297. Productus wquicostatus Shumard=Productus cora. Productus alternatus Norwood and Pratten. Keokuk (lL. Carb.). Productus alternatus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 1.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 49, fig. 14.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 18, fig. 14. Productus vittatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 639.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 18, figs. 15-17.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 43. Productus vittata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1883, pl. 49, figs. 15-17. : Loe. Rocky Run, Hancock County, Illinois; Keokuk, lowa; Burlington group, Burlington, Iowa. Obs. Compare with Productus fimbriatus and P. gradatus. Productus altonensis Norwood and Pratten. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Productus altonensis Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Misha pari, ple i figs 1. Loc. Alton, Ilinois. Productus americanus Swallow=Productus cora. Productus andii @Orbigny=Orthis buchi. Productus arctirostratus Hall=Productella arctirostrata. Productus arcuatus Hall=Productella arcuata. Productus asperus McChesney=Productus nebrascensis. Productus auriculatus Swallow. ?Upper Carboniferous. Productus auriculatus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1863, p. 92. Productus (?auriculatus) Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17A, fig. 24. Loc. Formation and locality not given. (‘‘ Near Kansas City, Missouri,” H. and C.) Productus batesianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous. Productus batesianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 54, pl. 1, figs. 2, 10-13, 15; pl. 2, fig. 14; pl. 6, tigs. 4, 7, 9. Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Productus biseriatus Hall. St. Louis (Ll. Carb.). Productus biseriatus Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 12.—Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 46, pl. 6, figs. 8-12.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p, 325, pl. 29, figs. 8-12.—Keyes, Geol. Sur- vey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 43. Loc. Alton, Illinois; Bloomington and Spergen Hill, Indiana; Crittenden County, Kentucky; Missouri. 320 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Productus blairi Miller. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Productus blairi Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. of Indiana, 1891, p. 79, pl. 13, figs. 16, 17. Loc. Sedalia, Missouri. Productus boliviaensis d’Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous. Productus boliviensis d@Orbigny, Voyage dans Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 52, pl. 4, figs. 5-9.—de Koninck, Mém. de la Soc. Royale des Sci. Liége, IV, 1847, p. 177, pl. &, fig. 2; Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I, 1847, p. 76, pl. 8, fig. 2.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 11. if Productus cancrini Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII, 1881, p- 302. Loe. Yarbichambi and Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; near Richmond, Missouri. Productus boonensis Swallow. Upper Carboniferous. Productus boonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 217. Loc. Near the mouth of Platte River; Kansas and Missouri. Obs. Compare with Productus undiferus de Koninck. Productus boonensis elevata Swallow. Upper Carboniferous. Productus boonensis var. elevata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 217. Loc. Near the mouth of Platte River, Missouri. Productus boydi Hall=Productella boydi. Productus buchianus de Koninck. Upper Carboniferous. Productus buchianus de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I, 1847, p. 129, pl. 18, fig. 4.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 20. Loc. Belgium; Big Creek, Posey County, Indiana. Productus burlingtonensis Hall. Burlington (Ll. Carb.). Productus flemingi var. burlingtonensis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 598, pl. 12, fig. 3.—Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8S. Geol. Expl]. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 265, pl. 5, figs. 9-12.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 49, figs. 6-8.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., ITI, 1888, p. 32, pl. 3, figs. 20 (?22).—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 18, figs. 6-8. . Productus burlingtonensis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 41. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Quincy, Illinois; Missouri; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Obs. Compare with P. mesialis. Productus calhounianus Geinitz (non Swallow)=Productus cora. Productus calhounianus Swallow=Productus semireticulatus. Productus calhounianus kansasensis Swallow=Productus semireticula- tus kansasensis. Productus callawayensis Swallow=Productella subalata. Produetus cancrini Geinitz=Productus pertenuis. Productus cancrini Gabb=P. boliviaensis. Productus capacii d’Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous. Productus capacii d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 50, pl. 3, figs. 24-26. Loc. Yarbichambi, Bolivia. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 321 Productus carbonarius de Koninck. Carboniferous. Productus carbonarius de Koninck, Description Animaux Fossiles, 1844, p. 181, pl. 12 bis, fig. 1.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat, Sei, Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 11. Loc. Belgium; Fountain Bluff, Illinois. Productus cestriensis Worthen=Productus fasciculatus. Productus chandlessii Derby. Upper Carboniferous. Productus chandlessii Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 51, pl. 4, figs. 144, 7, 9-11, 13, 16; pl. 6, fig. 1;—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1876, p. 280. Loc. Itaituba, Brazil; Yampopata, Bolivia. Obs. Compare with Productus boliviaensis d’Orbigny. Productus clarkianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous. Productus clarkianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 59, pl. 6, fig. 6; pl. 9, figs. 12, 13. Loe. Itaituba and Bomjardim, Brazil. Productus clavus Norwood and Pratten=Proboscidella clava. Productus concentricus Hall=Productella concentrica. Productus confragosus Conrad. Upper Carboniferous. Productus confragosus Conrad, Trans. Geol. Soc. Pennsylvania, I, 1835, p. 268, pl. 12, fig. 5. Loc. Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania. Obs. Not well established. Productus cooperensis Swallow. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Productus cooperensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 64C.—A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 115. Productus cooperensis? A. Winchell, Proc. American Philosophical Soc., XII, 1870, p. 249. Loc. Cooper County, Missouri; Burlington, lowa; Sciotoville, Ohio. Obs. Keyes regards this species as a synonym for Productella arcuata. Productus cora d’Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous. Productus cora d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 55, pl. 5, figs. 8-10.—de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I, 1847, p- 50, pl. 4, tig. 4; pl. 5, fig. 2.—Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Min- nesota, 1852, pp. 103, 136, pl. 5, fig. 1.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 6.—Marcou, Geol. North America, 18538, p. 45, pl. 6, fig. 4.—Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p.. 174, pl. 9, figs. 22, 23.—Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 50.— Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1876, p. 281.—Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 297, fig. 98.—Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 677.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 126, pl. 26, figs. 1-3.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 47, pl. 2, fig. 26.— Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 227;—Geol. Survey Mis- souri, V, 1895, p. 47, pl. 37, fig. 2. Productus efr. cora Toula, Sitzb. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 9. Productus cora? Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 49, pl. 2, fig. 17; pl. 6, fig. 17. Productus lyelli de Verneuil, Lyell’s Travels in North America, II, 1845, p. 221.— Dawson, Acadian Geology, 1855, p. 219, fig. g. Productus sp. Christy, Letters on Geology, 1848, pl. 5, fig. 1. Bull, 87——2 322 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [xvtt.87. Productus cora @Orbigny—Continued. Productus semireticulatus Hall, Stansbury’s Expl. and Survey Valley Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1852, p. 411, pl. 3, figs. 3,5. Productus prattenianus Norwood, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p- 17, fig. 10.—Meek, Final Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey of Nebraska, 1872, p. 163, pl. 2, fig. 5; pl. 5, fig. 13; pl. &, fig. 10.—White, Wheeler’s Exp]. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 113, pl. 7, fig. 1.—Meek, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 72, pl. 7, fig. 7. Productus «quicostatus Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, I, 1855, p. 201, Pl. C, fig. 10.—Schiel, Pacific R. R. Reports, II, 1855, p. 108, pl. 2, figs. 4,5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, figs. 22, 23. Productus pileiformis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 40.—Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 582, pl. 13, figs. 13, 14;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 470, pl. 9, figs. 18, 14. Productus americanus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Scei., IJ, 1863, p. 91. Productus flemingi Geinitz (non de Koninek), Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 52, pl. 4, figs. 1-4. Productus koninckianus Geinitz (non de Verneuil), Ibidem, 1866, p. 53, pl. 4, fig. 5. Productus calhounianus Geinitz (non Swallow), Ibidem, 1866. Loc. Throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North America; Itaituba and Barreirinha, Brazil; Yampopata, Cochabamba, and Lake Titieaca, Bolivia; Kashmere. Obs. See Productus nodosus and P. hildrethianus. Productus cora mogoyoni Marcou. Upper Carboniferous. Productus cora var. mogoyoni Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 45, pl. 6, fig. 5. Loc, Sierra de Mogoyn, or Sierra Blanca, near the extinct yoleano San Francisco, Arizona. Productus coriformis Swallow. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Productus corweformis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 94. Loc, Cooper County, Missouri. Obs. Keyes regards this species a8 a synonym for P. levicostus. Productus costatoides Swallow. Upper Carboniferous. Productus costatoides Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1, 1858, p. 217.— Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p 123. Loc. Kansas; banks of Colorado River. Obs. Keyes regards this species as identical with P. longispinus. Productus costatus (Sowerby ?) de Koninck. Upper Carboniferous. ?Productus costatus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, VI, 1827, p. 115, pl. 560, fig. 1. Productus costatus de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I, 1847, p. 92, pl. 8, fig. 3; pl. 10, fig. 3; -pl. 18, fig. 3.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 11.—Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 46, pl. 5, fig. 5.—Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 51.—Meek, Final Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 159, pl. 6, fig. 6.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey West 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 109, pl. 8, fig. 2;—Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 516, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 148, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 50, figs. 8-13.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 124, pl. 24, figs. 4-6; pl. 25, figs. 3-5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 19, figs. 8-13,—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 51, pl. 36, fig. 1. SCHUCHER?.} INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 323 Productus costatus (Sowerby?) de Koninck—Continued. Productus costatus? Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1876, p. 280. Productus costatus var. Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 712, pl. 28, figs. 3, 4.—Meek, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th, Parl., IV, 1877, pl. 7, fig. 4. Productus portlockianus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, III, 1854, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 9. Productus sp. Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 833, fig. 687. Productus viminalis White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1X, 1862, p. 29. Loc. Europe; throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North America; Yampo- pata, Bolivia. Obs. Sowerby’s species is of uncertain value. The above synonomy is based upon P, costatus as redefined and illustrated by de Koninck. Productus curtirostratus A. Winchell. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Producta curtirostra A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 114. Productus curtirostratus Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 364. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Productus delawarei Marcou. Carboniferous. Productus delawarii Marcou, Geol. North America, 185%, p. 45, pl. 5, fig. 3. Loc. Foot of Delaware Mountain, Texas. Obs. Compare with Productus cora d’Orbigny. Productus depressus Swallow. Keokuk (LL. Carb.). Productus depressus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 18638, p. 93. Loc. Fenton, St. Louis County, Missouri. Productus dissimilis Hall (non de Koninck)=Productella hallana. Productus dolorosus A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.). Productus dolorosus A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 114. _ Loc. Weymouth, Medina County, Ohio. Productus dumosus Hall=Productella dumosa. Productus duplicostatus A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.). Productus duplicostatus A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 113.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 21, pl. 11, figs. 26, 29. Loc. Knox and Licking counties, Ohio; Battlecreek, Michigan. Productus elegans Norwood and Pratten (non McCoy)=Productus fasi- culatus. Productus exanthematus Hall=Productella exanthemata. Productus fasciculatus McChesney. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Productus elegans Norwood and Pratten (non McCoy), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 13, fig. 7.—Whittield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 581, pl. 13, figs. 15-16 ;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 469, pl. 9, figs. 15, 16. Productus fasciculatus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 38. Productus cestriencis Worthen, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 570.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 44. ?Productus elegans Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 268, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4. : Loc. Chester and Kaskaskia, Illinois; Leavenworth and Washington County, Indiana; Missouri; Monongalia County, West Virginia; Caldwell County, Kentucky; Newtonville, Ohio; ?Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. 324 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (BULL. 87. Productus fentonensis Swallow. Keokuk (lL. Carb.). Productus fentonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Lonis Acad. Sei., II, 1863, p. 93. Loe, Fenton, St. Louis County, Missouri. Obs. Keyes says this is a synonym for P. magnus. Productus fimbriatus Sowerby. 2St. Louis. ?Upper Carboniferous. Productus fimbriatus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, V, 1824, p. 85, pl. 459, fig. 1.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 19.—Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXTV, 1878, p. 630. Loc. Alton, Winois; Posey County, Indiana; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43’, Obs. Compare with Productus alternatus Norwood and Pratten. Productus flemingi Geinitz (non de Koninck)=Productus cora. Productus flemingi Marcou, and Roemer=Productus longispina. Productus flemingi burlingtonensis Hall=Productus burlingtonensis. Productus flexistria McCoy. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Productus flexistria McCoy, Synopsis Carb. Fossils of Ireland, 1844, p. 109, pl. 20, fig. 16.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, II, 1854, p. 6. Loc. Chester, Kaskaskia, and Fountain Bluff, Illinois; Stephensport, Kentucky. Productus giganteus (Martin). Upper Carboniferous. Anomites giganteus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, p. 6, pl. 15, fig. 1. Productus giganteus White, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., III, 1880, p. 46;—Twelfth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey of the Terr., 1883, p. 132, pl. 36, fig. 1. Loc. Europe; McCloud River, Shasta County, California, Productus gracilis A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.). Productus gracilis A. Winchell, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 112.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 34, pl. 7, fig. 2. Productus gracilis? A, Winchell, Proc. American Philosophical Soc., XII, 1870, p. 250. Loc. Near Cuyahoga Falls, Sciotoville, and Granville, Ohio. Productus gradatus Swallow. Keokuk (L. Carb.). Productus gradatus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 93. Loc. Keokuk, lowa; Lewis and St. Louis counties, Missouri. Obs. Keyes regards this species as identical with P. vittatus—P. alternatus. Productus granulosus Phillips. Keokuk (lL. Carb.). Productus granulosus Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 216, pl. 8, fig. 15.—Nor- wood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 21. Loc. Nauvoo, Illinois. Productus hepar Morton. Upper Carboniferous. Productus hepar Morton, American Jour. Sci., X XIX, 1836, p. 153, pl. 26, fig. 39. Loc. Junior Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio. Obs. Not recognizable. Productus hildrethanus Norwood and Pratten. Upper Carboniferous. - Productus hildrethianus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philadel- phia, III, 1854, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 11. Loc. Charboniere, Missouri. Obs. Keyes regards this form as a synonym for P. cora. Productus hirsutiforme Walcott=Productella hirsutiforme. Productus hirsutus Hall=Productella hirsuta. Productus horridus (non Sowerby)=Productus longispina, SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 325 Productus humboldti d’Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous. Productus humboldti @’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 54, pl. 5, figs. 4-7.-de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I, 1847, p. 114, pl. 12, fig. 2.—Toula, Sitzb. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch., XVIII, 1873, p. 16, pl. 2. fig. 3.—Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 695, pl. 76, figs. 1-3. Productus humboldti ? de Keyserling, Reise in das Petschora-Land, 1846, p. 201, pl. 4, fig. 3. Loc. Yarbichambi, Bolivia; south end of Spitzbergen; Nishnei-Irginsk, Russia; India; Kashmere. Productus inea d@’Orbigny = Productus semireticulatus. Producta incurvata Shepard=Strophomena incurvata. Productus indianaensis Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Productus indianensis Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 13.—Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p.47, pl. 6, figs. 6, 7.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 326, pl. 29, figs. 6, 7. Loc. Spergen Hill, Indiana. Productus inflatus McChesney. Upper Carboniferous. Productus inflatus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 40;—Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 27, pl. 6, fig. 1. Loc. Leavenworth, Indiana. Productus ivesi Newberry. Upper Carboniferous. Productus ivesi Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 122, pl. 2, figs. 1-8. Loc, Colorado River near mouth of Diamond River. Productus koninckianus Geinitz (non de Verneuil)=Productus cora. Productus levicosta White. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Productus levicostus White, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, p. 230.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 41, pl. 38, fig. 1. Productus levicostus ? Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 266, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Louisiana, Missouri; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Obs. Compare with P. core formis. Productus lasallensis Worthen. Upper Carboniferous. Productus lasallensis Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 569, pl. 25, fig. 9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 174, fig. 13. Loc. Lasalle, Illinois. Productus latissimus Sowerby. Carboniferous. Productus latissimus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, 1822, pl. 330.—Meek, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terr., II, 1876, p. 354, pl. 1, fig. 1. Loc. Europe; Vancouver Island. Productus leuchtenbergensis de Koninck. Carboniferous. Productus leuchtenbergensis de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I, 1847, p. 121, pl. 14, fig. 3.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 19. Loc. Europe; Masons Landing, Jersey County, Illinois. Productus longispina Sowerby? Upper Carboniferous. ? Productus longispinus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1814, p. 154, pl. 68, fig. 1. Productus longispinus Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc: London, XVII, 1861, p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 2.—Meek, Final Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 161, pl. 326 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ (Bvtt.87. Productus longispina Sowerby ?—Continued. 6, fig. 7; pl. 8, fig. 6.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1878, p. 569, pl. 25, fig. 10.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 118, pl. 8, fig. 5.—Meek, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 78, pl. 8, fig. 4.—Hall, Second Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 50, figs. 1-4.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 127, pl. 24, figs. 10, 11.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 48, pl. 2, figs. 25, 27, 28.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 45, fig. 4. Productus flemingi Roemer (non de Koninek), Kreidebildung Texas, 1852, p. 89, pl. 11, fig. 8.—Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 47, pl. 6, fig. 7. Productus splendens Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 5.—Schiel, Pacific R. R. Reports, II, 1855, p. 108, pl. 1, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 19, figs. 1-4. Productus splendens (?) Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IIT, 1859, p. 25.—Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 124. Productus wabashensis Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, ITT, 1854, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 6. Productus horridus Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 55, pl. 4, fig. 7. Productus orbignyanus Geinitz (?non de Koninck), Ibidem, 1866, p. 56, pl. 4, figs. 8-11. Productus (Marginifera) splendens Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XXXYV, 1897, p. 29. Loc. Throughout the Upper Carboniferous of the United States; Bolivia. Obs. Since considerable uncertainty exists as to Sowerby’s species, it may be better to adopt P. orbignyanus de Koninck for the above synonymy. P. costatoides is also regarded by Keyes as a synonym for P, longispinus. Productus longus Meek. Carboniferous. Productus sp. undet. Meek, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 67. Productus longus Meek, Ibidem, 1877, end of description. Productus ivesi? Meek, Ibidem, 1877, pl. 7, fig. 6. Loc. White Pine district, Nevada. Productus lyelli de Verneuil=Productus cora. Productus magnicostatus Swallow. Upper Carboniferous. Productus magnicostatus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis. Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 641. Loe, Johnson County, Missouri. Obs. Keyes regards this species as a synonym for P. semireticulatus. Productus magnus Meek and Worthen. Keokuk (lL. Carb.). Productus magnus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 142;—Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 528, pl. 20, fig. 7.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 41. Loc. Monroe County, Illinois; St. Genevieve County, Missouri. Obs. Compare with P. fentonensis. Productus margaritaceus Phillips. Upper Carboniferous. Producta margaritacea Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 215, pl. 8, fig. 8. Productus margaritaceus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, ITI, 1854, p. 6. Loc. Near Richmond, Missouri. Productus marginicinctus Prout. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Productus marginicinctus Prout, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1857, p. 43, pl. 2, figs. 1-16.—Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 674, pl. 24, fig. 3.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 43. Loc. St. Louis, Missouri; Milan, Illinois. Obs. See Productus wortheni Hall. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. BPA | Productus martini Sowerby=Productus semireticulatus. Productus mesialis Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.). Productus mesialis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. I1, 1858, p. 636, pl. 19, fig. 2;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 49, figs. 9, 10.—Iall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 18, figs. 9, 10. Loe. Keokuk, lowa; Nauvoo, Illinois. Obs. Keyes regards this species as identical with P. burlingtonensis. Productus mesolobus Phillips. Carboniferous. Productus mesoloba Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1856, p. 215, pl. 7, figs. 12, 13. Productus mesolobus Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 630. Loc. Europe; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43’. Productus mexicoanus Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Productus mexicanus Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 291.— Kayser, Richthofens China, IV, 1883, p. 182, pl. 28, fig. 7. Productus mexicanus? White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 120, pl. 8, fig. 6. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico; Lincoln County, Nevada; Lo-Ping, China. Productus morbillianus A. Winchell. Burlington (L. Carb.). Producta morbilliana A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 113. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Sciotoville, Ohio. Productus multistriatus Meek. Carboniferous. Productus multistriata Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 309. Productus multistriatus Meek, Simpson’s Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 350, pl. 1, fig. 8;—King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 76, pl. 8, fig. 3. Loc. Utah and Nevada. Productus muricatus Norwood and Pratten. Upper Carboniferous. Productus muricatus Norwood and Pratten (non Phillips), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 8.— White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Sur- vey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 120, pl. 8, fig. 4.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 49.—Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 228. Loc. Pike County, Illinois; near Richmond, Missouri; Des Momnes Valley, lowa; Flint Ridge, Ohio; Lake County, Colorado; northern New Mexico. Obs. Since Phillips’s P. muricatus is regarded as a synonym for P. costatus, there is no need for another specific name for Norwood and Pratten species. Productus nanus Meek and Worthen. Upper Carboniferous. Productus nanus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p- 450 ;—Geol. Survey Illinois, IT, 1866, p.320, pl. 26, fig. 4. Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 227. Loe. Jefferson County, Iowa; northern New Mexico (White). Productus navicella Hall=Productella navicella. Productus nebraskaensis Owen. Upper Carboniferous. Productus nebrascensis Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 584, pl. 5, fig. 3.—MeChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 24, pl. 1, fig. 7.—Meek, Final Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 165, pl. 2, fig. 2; pl. 4, fig. 6; pl. 5, fig. 11.—Meek aud Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 569, pl. 25, fig. 8—White, Wheeler’s Exp]. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p.116, pl.&, fig. 3.—Meek, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 65.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 122, pl. 24, figs. 7-9.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 49, pl. 2, 328 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Bvtt. 87. Productus nebraskaensis Owen—Continued. fig. 30.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 19, figs. 5-7.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 48, pl. 37, fig. 3. Productus nebrascensis? Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 31, pl. 1, fig. 24; pl. 3, fig. 23. Productus rogersi Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., IIT, 1854, p.9, pl. 1, fig. 3.—Hall, Pacific R. R. Reports, III, 1856, p. 104, pl. 2, figs. 14, 15.—Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 26.—Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 121.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 50, figs. 17,18. Productus asperus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p.34.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 50, figs. 5-7. Productus wilberanus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 36 ;—Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 26, pl. 1, fig. 8. Strophalosia horrescens Geinitz (non Murchison Vern. and Keyser.), Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 49. Loc. Bellevue, Missouri; Illinois; Indiana; Ohio; Nebraska; New Mexico; Nevada; Arizona; Utah. Obs. Compare with P. norwoodi. Productus nevadaensis Meek. Upper Carboniferous. Productus nevadensis Meek, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 64, pl. 8, fig. 2. Loc. White Pine district, Nevada. Obs. Compare with Productus punctatus (Martin). Productus newberryi Hall. Waverly (lL. Carb.). Productus newberryi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y.State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 180.— A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 115.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 20, pl. 10, figs. 24, 25.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 18, figs. 1-3. Productella newberryi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 49, figs. 1-3. Loc. Medina County and Newark, Ohio. Productus newberryi annosus Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Productus newberryi var. annosus Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 20, pl. 3, fig. 17;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 23, fig. 13. Loc. Alexandria, Ohio. Productus nodicostatus Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Productus nodocostatus Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 23. Loc. Rushville, Ohio. Productus nodosus Newberry. Upper Carboniferous. Productus nodosus Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861. p. 124, pl. 1, fig. 7;—-Macombes’ Rep. Expl. Exped. Santa Fe to the Great Col- orado River of the West, 1876, p. 140, pl. 3, fig. 3. Loc. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Obs. Probably a synonym for Productus cora d’Orbigny. Productus norwoodi Swallow. Upper Carboniferous. Productus (Strophalosia?) norwoodii Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 182. Productus norwoodi Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 35. Loc. Cottonwood Valley, Kansas. Obs. Compare with Productus pustulosus Phillips and P. scabriculus (Martin), Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for P, nebraskaensis, SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 329 Productus occidentalis Newberry. Upper Carboniferous. Productus occidentalis Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, pe l22 ply 2) figs..9, 20: Loc. Banks of Cascade River near the junction of Great and Little Colorado rivers. Productus orbignyanus Geinitz (non de Koninck)=Productus longi- spinus. Productus ovatus Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Productus ovatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 674, pl. 24, fig. 1;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 49, fig. 19.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 18, fig. 19. Loc. Ottumwa and Keosauqua, Iowa. Productus papilio Gabb. Upper Carboniferous. Productus papilio Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII, 1881, p. 302, pl. 42, fig. 12. Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Productus papulatus Hall=Productella papulata. Productus parvulus A. Winchell. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Producta parvula A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4. Loe. Burlington, Iowa. Productus parvus Meek and Worthen. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Productus parvus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 450 ;—Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 297, pl. 23, fig. 4. White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 83, pl. 5, fig. 6. Loc. Chester, Illinois; Mountain Spring, Nevada. Productus (?) pectinoideus Shepard. Producta. pectenoidea Shepard, American Jour. Sci., XX XIV, 1838, p. 150, fig. 4. Loc. Vermilionville, Lasalle County, Illinois. Obs. The geological position of this species may be Trenton or Upper Carbonif- erous. The illustration is unsatisfactory. Productus pertenuis Meek. Upper Carboniferous. Productus cancrini Geinitz (non de Verneuil), Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 54, pl. 4, fig. 6. Productus pertenuis Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 164, ple, ne. 145 pl. 8, fig. 9. Loc. Nebraska City, Nebraska; Leavenworth, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri. Productus peruvianus d’Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous. Productus peruvianus d’Orbigny, Voyage dans Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 52, pl. 4, fig. 4. Loc. Yarbichambi, Bolivia. Obs. Probably a synonym for Productus semireticulatus. Productus phillipsi Norwood and Pratten. Carboniferous. Productus phillipsii Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 2. Loc. Big Canyon, Humboldt River, Utah. Productus pileiformis MecChesney=Productus cora. Productus pileolus Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Productus pileolus Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad, Scei., I, 1858, p. 291, Loc, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, 330 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Productus pocillum Morton. Upper Carboniferous. Productus pocillum Morton, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 150, pl. 2, fig. 2. Loc. Putnam Hill, Ohio. Obs. Not recognizable. Productus popei Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Productus popei Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 290, pl. 11, fig. 8. Loc. New Mexico and Texas. Productus portlockianus Norwood and Pratten=Productus costatus. Productus prattenianus Norwood=Productus cora. Productus punctatus (Martin). Upper Carboniferous. Anomites punctatus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, p. 8, pl. 37, fig. 6. Productus punctatus? Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 153, pl. 26, fig. 38. Productus punctatus Shumard, Marcy’s Rep. U. 8. Expl. Red River, Louisiana, 1853, p. 201, pl. 1, fig. 5; pl. 2, fig. 1.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 19.—Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 12.—Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 55.— McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 27, pl. 1, figs. 10, 11.—Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 169, pl. 2, fig. 6; pl. 4, fig. 5.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 569, pl. 25, fig. 13.— White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 114, pl. 7, fig. 2;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 373, pl. 42, figs. 1-3.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol. 1883, pl. 50, figs. 14-16.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 124, pl. 27, figs. 1-3.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 48, pl. 2, fig. 29.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17A, fig. 21; pl. 19, figs. 14-18.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 51, pl. 37, fig. 1.—Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XXXV, 1897, p- 29 (extract). Praducras aujabummnantan: Sheppard, American Jour. Sci., XXXIV, 1838, p. 153, fio. 9. Productus tubulospinus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 37. Productus allied to punctatus Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 630. Loc. Europe; Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; Arkansas; Nebraska; Iowa; Nevada; New Mexico; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43’. Productus pustulosus Phillips. Upper Carboniferous. Producta pustulosa Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 216, pl. 7, fig. 15. Productus pustulosus Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 1.— Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 55. Productus pyxidiformis Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 3. Productus pustulosus? Meek and Hayden, Proce, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 26. Loc. Europe; Leavenworth, Kansas; Tigeras, New Mexico. Obs. See Productus norwoodi. Productus pyxidatus Hall=Producteila pyxidata. Productus pyxidiformis de Koninck=Productus pustulosus. Productus raricostatus Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Productus raricostatus Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 19 ;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 22, fig. 9. Loc. Moots Run, Ohio. Productus rarispinus Hall=Productella rarispina. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 331 Productus reticulatus Gabb. Upper Carboniferous. Productus reticulatus Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII, 1881, p. 302, pl. 42, fig. 13. Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Productus rhomianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous. Productus rhomianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 56, pl. 3, figs. 20, 41-44, 49. Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Productus rogersi Norwood and Pratten=Productus nebraskaensis. Productus rushvillensis Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Productus rushvillensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 15;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 23, fig. 15. Loc. Rushville, Newark, and Loudonville, Ohio. Productus scabriculus (Martin). Lower and Upper Carboniferous. Anomites scabriculus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, p. 8, pl. 36, fig. 5. Productus scabriculus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, TIT, 1854, p. 17.—Marcon, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 47, pl. 5, fig. 6.— Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 125. Productus seabriculus? Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 54. Loc, Europe; Pecos Village and Santa Fe, New Mexico; Plattsmouth, Nebraska; Caldwell County, Kentucky; Kashmere. Productus scitulus Meek and Worthen. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Productus scitulus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 451;—Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 280, pl. 20, fig. 5. Loc. Alton, Illinois. Productus semipunctatus Sheppard=Productus punctatus. Productus semireticulatus Hall, 1852 (non Martin)=Productus cora. Productus semireticulatus (Martin). Lower and Upper Carboniferous. Anomites semireticulatus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, p. 7, pl. 32, figs. 1, 2; pl. 33, fig. 4. Productus inca d’Orbigny, Voyage dans Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 51, pl. 4, figs. 1-3.—Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1876, p. 280. Productus semireticulatus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, III, 1854, p. 11.—Hall, Pacific R. R. Reports, III, 1856, p. 103, pl. 2, figs. 16, 17;—Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 637.—Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 46, pl. 5, fig. 4; pl. 6, fig. 6.—Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 292.—Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 124.—Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 1.—Davidson, Ibidem, XIX, 1863, p. 174, pl. 9, figs. 20, 21.—Meek, Pal. Cal- ifornia, I, 1864, p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 4.—Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, 1865, p. 115.—Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 51.— Toula, Sitzb. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, IX, 1869, p. 9.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 160, pl. 5, fig. 7.— Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 47, pl. 4, fig. 8; pl. 6, fig. 18; pl. 7, figs. 5-7, 15, 16.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west of the 100th Merid- ian, IV, 1875, p. 111, pl. 8, fig. 1.—Meek, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 69, pl. 7, fig. 5.—Hall and Whitfield, Ibidem, 1867, p. 267, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6.—Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 296, fig. 97.—Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 629.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 49, figs. 11-13; pl. 50, figs. 19-23.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 125, pl. 24, figs. 1-3.—Herrick, Bull. Deni- son Univ., III, 1888, p. 31, pl. 1, fig. 26; pl. 3, fig. 24; pl. 7, fig. 11; pl. 10, 302 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA,. _ [suzz.87. Productus semireticulatus (Martin )—Continued. fig. 6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17A, figs. 16-18; pl. 18, figs. 11-13; pl. 19, figs. 19-23.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p- 50, pl. 36, fig. 4. Productus calhounianus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, pp. 181, 215.—Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 26.— Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 123. Productus setigerus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 638, pl. 19, fig. 3. Productus setigerus var. keokuk Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 639, pl. 19, fig. 4. Productus martini A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4. Productus magnus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17A, fig. 15. Loc. Europe; throughout the Carboniferous of North America; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43’; Vixixil and Sansiguan, Guatemala; Yarbichambi, Bolivia; Bom- jardim and Itaituba, Brazil; Tibet and Kashmere. Obs. See Productus peruvianus d@’Orbigny and P. magnicostatus. Productus semireticulatus kansasensis Swallow. Upper Carboniferous. Productus calhounianus var. kansasensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 216. Loc. Kansas and Missouri. Productus semistriatus Meek. Upper Carboniferous. Productus semistriatus Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 309.— Meek, Simpson’s Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 349, pl. 1, fig. 7;—King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., 1V, 1877, p. 74, pl. 7, fig. 8.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, 1881, Appendix, p. V. Loe. Utah and northern New Mexico. Productus setigerus Hall=Productus semireticulatus. Productus setigerus var. keokuk Hall=Productus semireticulatus. Productus shumardianus Hall=Productella shumardana. Productus speciosus Hall=Productella speciosa. Productus spinulicostus Hall=Productella spinulicosta. Productus splendens Norwood and Pratten=Productus longispina. Productus subaculeatus of American authors=Productella spinulicosta. Productus subalatus Hall=Productella subalata. Productus subhorridus Meek. Carboniferous. Productus subhorridus Meek, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., [V, 1877, p. 75, pl. 7, fig. 3. Loc. Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Productus suleatus Castelnau=Leptena rhomboidalis. Productus sulcifer de Verneuil= Leptiena rhomboidalis. Productus swallovi Beecher. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Koninckina americana Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 94. Productus swallovi Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 214. Loc. Barretts Station, St. Louis County, Missouri. Productus symmetricus McChesney. Upper Carboniferous. Productus symmetricus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 35;—Trans. Chi- cago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 25, pl. 1, fig. 9.—Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Nebraska, 1872, p. 167, pl. 5, fig. 6; pl. 8, fig. 13.—White, Thir- teenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 123, pl. 25, figs. 1 and 2.—Hall and SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 333 Productus symmetricus McChesney—Continued. Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17A, figs. 19, 20.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 48, pl. 36, fig. 2. Loc. Lasalle and Springfield, IWinois; Iowa; Missouri; Nebraska; Indiana. Productus tenuicostatus Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Productus tenuicostatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. 11, 1858, p. 675, pl. 24, fig. 2;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 49, fig. 18.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 18, fig. 18.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 44. Loe. Milan, Illinois. Productus truncatus Hall=Strophalosia truncata. Productus tubulospinus Sheppard=Productus punctatus. Productus undiferus de Koninck. Upper Carboniferous. Productus undiferus de Koninck, Mém. de la Soc. Royale des Sciences de Liége, IV, 1846, p. 153, pl. 5, fig. 4; pl. 11, fig.5.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 9. Loc. Europe; Caseyville, Illinois; Posey County, Indiana. Obs. See Productus boonensis Swallow. Productus villiersi d’Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous. Productus villiersi d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 53, pl. 4, figs. 12, 13.—de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I, 1847, p. 109, pl. 11, fig. 1.—Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 17. Loe, Yarbichambi, Bolivia; Keg Creek, Missouri. Productus viminalis White. Burlington (L. Carb.). Productus viminalis White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 29. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Obs. White regards this species as a synonym for Productus costatus Sowerby. Productus vittatus Hall=Productus alternatus. Productus wabashensis Norwood and Pratten=Productus longispina. Productus wallacianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous. Productus wallacianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 57, pl. 3, tigs. 46-48; pl. 6, fig. 5. Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Productus wilberanus McChesney =Productus nebraskaensis. Productus wortheni Hall. Keokuk (LL. Carb.). Productus wortheni Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 635, pl. 19, fig. 1. Loc. Nauvoo, Illinois. Obs. Compare with Productus marginicinctus Prout. Productus weyprechti Toula. Upper Carboniferous. Productus weyprechti Toula, Sitzb. der k.k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, 1873, p. 138, pl. 1, fig. 4. Productus weyprechti? Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX1V, 1878, p- 631, Loc. Cape Joseph Henry, lat. 82° 50’. PROTORHYNCHA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Atrypa dubia Hall. Protorhyncha Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 180;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N, Y, State Geologist, 1895, p. 824. aya! SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BuLt.87. Protorhyncha (?) antiquata (Billings). Lower Cambrian. Camarella antiquata Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1861, p. 10, fig. 13;—Geol. Vermont, II, 1861, p. 949, fig. 353;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 284, fig. 290.—Walcott, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 122, pl. 7, fig. 8;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 613, pl. 72, fig. 3. Camarella ? antiquata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 18938, p. 220. Loc. Swanton, Vermont. Protorhyncha dubia Hall. Chazy (Ord.). Atrypa dubia Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 21, pl. 4 bis, fig. 5. Rhynchonella dubia Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 66. Protorhyneha dubia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I1, 1893, p. 180. Loc. Chazy, New York; Highbridge, Kentucky; Lascassas, Tennessee. Protorhyncha (?) minor (Walcott). Lower Cambrian. Camarella (?) minor Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p. 36;—Tenth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 614, pl. 72, fig. 4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 221. Loc. Stissingville, New York. Obs. May be the type of anew genus. Its affinities are rather with the Rhyn- chonellid than with Pentameridi. Protorthis Hall and Clarke= Billingsella. Protosiphon Matthew. Genotype P. kempanus Matthew. Protosiphon Matthew, Geol. Mag., dec. IV, IV, 1897, p. 70. Protosiphon kempanus Matthew. Lower Cambrian. Protosiphon kempanum Matthew, Geol. Mag., dec. IV, IV, 1897, p. 70, figs, 1-4. Loc. Long Island, Kings County, New Brunswick. Protozyga Hall and Clarke=Zygospira. Pseudocrania anomala A. Winchell=Orthothetes anomalus. PTYCHOSPIRA Hall and C. Genotype Terebratula ferita von Buch. Ptychospira Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IH, 1893, p. 112, fig. 102;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 792. Ptychospira sexplicata (White and Whitfield.) Waverly (L. Carb.). Retzia sexplicata White and Whitfield, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1862, p. 294. : Ptychospira sexplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 112, pl. 50, figs. 13, 14; pl. 83, fig. 28. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. PUGNAX Hall and C. Genotype Rhynchonella acuminata (Martin). Pugnax Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 202;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 828. Obs. Subgenus of Hypothyris. Pugnax (?) dawsoniana (Davidson). Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella dawsoniana Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 172, pl. 9, figs. 18, 14. Rhynchonella ? dawsoniana Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 294, fig. 93. Pugnax (?) dawsonianus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 214, pl. 62, figs. 30-33. Loc. Lennox Passage, Nova Scotia. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 335 Pugnax globulina (Phillips sp.?) (Davidson). Upper Carboniferous. ? Terebratula globulina Phillips, Enecyl. Metr., IV, 1834, pl. 3, fig. 3. Camarophoria? globulina? Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soe. London, XIX, 1863, Dp. Lad pl. 9) figs. 11, 12. Camarophoria globulina? Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 293, fig. 92. Pugnax globulina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 214. Loc. De Bert River, Nova Scotia. Pugnax grosvenori Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella grosvenori Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 10.—Whit- field, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 53, pl. 6, figs. 31-34.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 331, pl. 29, figs. 31-34. Pugnax grosvenori Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1895, pl. 60, figs. 18-17. Loe. Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; Alton, Illinois; near Princeton, Kentucky. Pugnax mutata Hall. Keokuk and St. Louis (lL. Carb.). Rhynchonella mutata Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 10;—Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 658, pl. 23, fig. 2.— Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 52, pl. 6, fig. 46.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 332, pl. 29, figs. 43-45. Pugnax mutatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204, pl. 60, figs. 18-22. Loc. Alton and Warsaw, Illinois; Boonville, Missouri. Pugnax ottumwa (White). St. Louis (lL. Carb.). Rhynchonella ottumwa White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 23;— Twelfth Ann. Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p. 165, pl. 41, fig. 5. Pugnax ottumwa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204, pl. 60, figs. 23-26. Loe. Ottumwa and Oskaloosa, Iowa; Clark County, Missouri. Pugnax pugnus (Martin). Upper Devonian. Conchyliolithus Anomites pugnus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, tab. 22, figs. 4, 5. Terebratula pugnus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, 1825, pl. 425, figs. 1-6. Rhynchonella pugnus Davidson, Mon. British Carb. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1860, p. 97, pl. 32, figs. 1-15.—Williams, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XX V, 1883, p. 99.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 155, pl. 14, fig. 7.—Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 73.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, pp. 230, 290. ?Rhynchonella pugnus Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 295. Pugnax pugnus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 203, pl. 60, figs. 6-10. Loc. Europe;*High Point, New York; Eureka district, Nevada; Mackenzie and Athabasca rivers, Canada; in the Carboniferous of Windsor and East River, Nova Scotia (Dawson); San Saba Valley, Texas (Roemer). Pugnax pugnus alta (Calvin). Upper Devonian. Rhynchonella alta Calvin; paper read before the Iowa Acad. Sci., and a named photographie plate distributed. Rhynchonella pugnus var. alta Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, pl. 12, figs. 5-7. Pugnax altus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 203, pl. 60, figs. 1-5. Loc. Solon, Iowa. 336 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Pugnax pugnus missouriensis (Shumard). Waverly (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella missouriensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 204, pl. 5C, fig. 5a (non figs. 5b, 5e = Pugnax striaticostata).—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 153, pl. 14, fig. 4.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 100. Pugnax missouriensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204, pl. 60, figs. 33, 34; pl. 62, figs. 44, 45. Loc, Cooper County, Missouri; Burlington, lowa; Rockford, Indiana; Scioto- ville and Richfield, Ohio. Pugnax rockymontana (Marcou). Upper Carboniferous. Terebratula rockymontana Marcou, Geol. N. America, 1858, p. 50, pl. 6, fig. 13. Rhynchonella eatonixeformis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 49. Rhynchonella rockymontana White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 131, pl. 9, fig. 1. Pugnax eatoniiformis Halland Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204, pl. 60, figs. 11, 12. Loc. Pecos Village, New Mexico; Cedar Range, Utah; Graysville, Illinois. Pugnax striaticostata (Meek and Worthen). Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella missouriensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 204, Pl. C, figs. 5b, 5¢ (non 5a—Pugnax pugnus missouriensis).—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 450, pl. 14, fig. 7. Rhynchonella striatocostata Meek and Worthen, Ibidem, III, 1868, p. 452. Pugnax striatocostata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204. Loc. Cooper County, Missouri. Pugnax swallovana (Shumard). Upper Carboniferous. Camarophoria swallovana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 394, DE ioe: Pugnax swalloviana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 204, pl. 60, figs. 27-32. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas. Pugnax utah (Marcou). Upper Carboniferous. Terebratula utah Marcou, Geol. N. America, February, 1858, p. 51, pl. 6, fig. 12. Rhynchonella (Camarophoria) osagensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, June, 1858, p. 219. Rhynchonella utah, Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 27.—Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p, 128.— White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 128, pl. 9, fig. 2;—Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 132, pl. 25, fig. 6. ?Rhynchonella species Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 5. . Camarophoria globulina Geinitz (non Phillips), Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 38, pl. 3, fig. 5. Rhynchonella osagensis Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 179, pl. 1, fig. 9; pl. 6, fig. 2.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 571, pl. 26, fig. 22. Pugnax utah Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204, pl. 60, figs. 39-42. Rhynchonella uta Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 103, pl. 41, fig. 7. Loc. Salt Lake City, Utah; Indiana; Illinois; lowa; Missouri; Kansas; Arkansas; Nebraska. Obs. Compare with Pugnax pleurodon. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 334 RAFINESQUINA Halland. Genotype Strophomenaalternata Emmons. Strophomena (non Rafinesque) Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 133 ;— Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 329;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 115,—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 76.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 75.—N. H. Winchell, Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota, 1881, p. 118.—Shaler, Fossil Brachiopoda of the Ohio Valley, 1887, p. 4.—Herrick, Bull. Denison University, IV, 1888, p. 14.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken- tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 159. Rafinesquina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 281.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, ITI, 1893, p. 400.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 279. Rafinesquina alternata (Iimmons). Trenton to Lorraine (Ord.). Leptena alternata Conrad, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1838, p. 115 (undefined).—Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, pp. 102, 286, pl. 31, fig. 1; pl. 351A, fig. 1; pl. 79, fig. 2.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 818, fig. 600. Strophomena alternata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 63 (undefined) ;—Fourth Rep. Ibidem, 1840, p. 201 (undefined) ;—Fifth Rep. Ibidem, 1841, p. 37 (undefined).—Emmons, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 395, fig. 3.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 204, figs. 3, 4;— Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 51;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 117;--Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 163, fig. 140.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 88, pl. 7, fig. 1.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p.51.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 481, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 113, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 38, figs. 6-11.—Shaler, Fossil Brachiopoda of the Ohio Valley, 1887, p. 4, pls. 2, 3.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 70, pl. 39, fig. 3. Orthis huroniensis Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien l’Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 37, pl. 14, fig. 6. Orthis plana Castelnau {non Pander), Ibidem, 1843, p. 38, pl. 14, fig. 1. Strophomena angulata? Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844, pleis; aes 1s 3: Strophomena anticostiensis Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 62. Rafinesquina alternata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 282, pl. 8, figs. 6-11, 27, 28; Pt. II, 1895, pl. 84, figs. 17, 18.—Winchell and Schu- chert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, IIT, 1893, p. 404, pl. 31, figs. 32-34.—W hiteaves, Pal. Foss., ITI, Pt. III, 1897, p. 171. Loc. New York; Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; Wisconsin; Minnesota; Can- ada; Manitoba; Anticosti. Obs. This species was not defined or figured by Conrad. The first illustration was given by Emmons, and in the following year it was figured and defined by Castelnau as Orthis huroniensis. Rafinesquina alternata alternistriata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Leptiena alternistriata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 109, pl. 31B, fig. 1. Strophomena alternistriata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70. Strophomena alternata var. alternistriata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., Histo. p. D3 Ratinesquina alternistriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio; Maysville, Kentucky; Madison, Indiana. Obs. Meek regarded this variety as a synonym for 8. alternata. Bull. 87 22 338 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Rafinesquina alternata fracta (Meek). Lorraine (Ord.), Strophomena alternata var. fracta Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 91, pl. 7, fig. 3. Strophomena fracta Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 13;—Ibidem, Il, 1875, p. 54. Loc, Cincinnati, Ohio. Rafinesquina alternata loxorhytis Winchell and Schuchert=R. kingi. Rafinesquina alternata loxorhytis (Meek). Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena alternata var. loxorhytis Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 91.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 53. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Rafinesquina alternata nasuta (Conrad). Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena nasuta Conrad, Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 260.—Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 403, fig. 3. Strophomena alternata var, nasuta Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Scei., II, 1875, p. 53. Loc. Jefferson County, New York; Cincinnati, Ohio. Rafinesquina (?) atava (Matthew). Calciferous (Ord.). Strophomena atava Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 1893, p. 102, pl. 7, fig. 8. Loc. Mary Island, near St. John, New Brunswick. Rafinesquina aurora (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.). Strophomena aurora Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 218, fig. 202. Loe. Table Head, etc., Newfoundland. Rafinesquina ceres (Billings). Lorraine and Anticosti (Ord. and Sil.). Strophomena ceres Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 54;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 119. Loe. Anticosti. Rafinesquina deltoidea (Conrad). Trenton and Utica (Ord.). Strophomena deltoidea Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 64;—Fifth Rep., Ibidem, 1841, p. 37.—Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 46, fig. 2.—Emmons, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 389, fig. 2.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 163, fig. 141.—Keyes, Geol. Sur- vey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 69. Strophomena camerata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 254, pl. 14, fig. 5. Leptna camerata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 106, pl. 314, fig. 2. Leptiena deltoidea Hall, Ibidem, 1847, p. 106, pl. 314, fig. 3. Streptorhynchus (Strophonella) deltoidea Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pl. 42, figs. 1, 2, 4 (non fig. 3). Refinesquina deltoidea Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 9A, figs. 1, 2,4.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 403, pl. 31, figs. 30, 31.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 170. Loc. Trenton Falls, etc., New York; St. Paul, Cannon Falls, etc., Minnesota; Oshkosh, Wisconsin; Dubuque, lowa; Pike County, Missouri; Ottawa and Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Rafinesquina fasciata Hall. Chazy (Ord.). Leptena fasciata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 20, pl. 4 bis, fig. 3. Strophomena fasciata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70. Rafinesquina fasciata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283. Loc. Chazy, Clinton County, New York. Obs. Should be compared with R. alternata. Rafinesquina imbrex (Pander). Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena imbrex(?) Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 128, fig. 106. Loc. Europe; Anticosti. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 339 Rafinesquina incrassata (Hall). Chazy and Black River (Ord.). Leptiena incrassata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 19, pl. 4 bis, fig. 2.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 817, fig. 591. Strophomena incrassata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., 1V, 1859, p. 443. Loc. Chazy, New York; Mingan Island, Canada. Rafinesquina kingi (Whitfield). Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena kingi Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877, p. 72;— Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 261, pl. 12, figs. 15, 16. Rafinesquina alternata var. loxorhytis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 407, pl. 31, figs. 35-37; pl. 32, figs. 59, 60. Rafinesquina kingi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283. Loc. Delatield, Wisconsin; near Spring Valley, Minnesota. Rafinesquina lata Whiteaves. Lorraine (Ord.). Rafinesquina lata Whiteaves, Canadian Rec. Sci., 1895, p. 392;—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 172, pl. 19, figs. 2-5. Loc. Red River Valley and Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. Rafinesquina mesicosta (Shumard). ? Trenton (Ord.). Leptena mesacosta Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 205, Pl. C, fig. 2.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 76. Loc. Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Rafinesquina minnesotaensis (N. H. Winchell). Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena deltoidea Owen (non Conrad), Geol. Expl. lowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844, pl. 16, fig. 8; pl. 17, fig. 6. Leptena deltoidea Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 620, tab. 2B, fig. 10 (not the middle figure). Strophomena incrassata Hall (non 1847), Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 42, fig. 16.— Hall (non 1847), Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 38, figs. 1-5. Strophomena minnesotensis N. H. Winchell, Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota, 1881, p. 120. Rafinesquina minnesotensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 401, pl. 31, figs. 25-29. Loc. Minneapolis, etc., Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin; Decorah and McGregor, Iowa; central Kentucky; Lebanon, Tennessee. Obs. This species is probably not identical with R. incrassata (Hall) of the Chazy terrane. Rafinesquina minnesotaensis inquassa (Sardeson),. Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena inquassa Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., IIL, 1892, p. 334, pl. 5, figs. 22-24. Rafinesquina minnesotensis var. inquassa Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 403, pl. 31, figs. 27, 28. Loc. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota; Mineralpoint, Wisconsin. Rafinesquina nitens (Billings). Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena nitens Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 53, fig. 1;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 118, fig. 97;—-Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 209, fig. 208. Rafinesquina nitens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283. Loc. Anticosti. Rafinesquina (?) obscura Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Leptena obscura Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, pp. 62, 103, pl. 21, figs. 2, 6. Strophomena obscura Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82. Strophomena obscura? Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 306, pl. 6, figs. 15, 16. Rafinesquina ? obscura Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283. Loc. Near Utica and Kirkland, New York; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. 340 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Bvtt.87. Rafinesquina squamula (James). Lorraine (Ord.), Strophomena squamula James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour Sei., I, 1874, p. 335. Rafinesquina squamula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio. Rafinesquina tenuilineata (Conrad). Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena tenuilineata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 259.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70. Leptzena tenuilineata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 115, pl. 31B, fig. 8. Loc. ‘* Occurs in Trenton limestone.” Rafinesquina ulrichi (James). Utica (Ord.). Strophomena (?) ulrichi James, The Palieontologist, 1, 1878, p. 6. Rafinesquina ulrichi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283, pl. 15A, figs. 37, 38. Loc. Cineinnati, Ohio. RENSSELARIA Hall. Genotype Terebratula ovoides Eaton. Rensselzria Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 39;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 454.—Dall, American Jour. Conchology, VI, 1870, p. 105.—Claypole, Proc. American Philosophical Soc., 1883, p. 235.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 255;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 849. Rensseleria equiradiata (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Atrypa «quiradiata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 266, pl. 16, fig. 17. Meganteris «equiradiata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 99, figs. 1-3, Rensseleria equiradiata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 255, pl. 45, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 258, pl. 76, figs. 23-25. Loc. Cherry Valley, Schoharie, and Carlisle, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). Rensseleria cayuga Hall and Clarke. Oriskany (Dev.). Rensseleria cayuga Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I1, 1895, pp. 258, 370, pl. 75, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Cayuga, Ontario. Rensseleeria condoni McChesney = Megalanteris condoni. Rensseleria cumberlandie Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Meganteris cumberlandize Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 101. Renssel:eria cumberlandize Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 464, pl. 108, fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 258, pl. 77, figs. 23-25. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Rensseleeria elliptica Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Meganteris elliptica Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 98. Rensselieria elliptica Hall, Pal. New York, IIT, 1859, p. 256, pl. 45, fig. 4.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 258, pl. 76, figs. 26-28. Loc. Schoharie County, New York. Rensseleria elongata Hall=Amphigenia elongata. Rensseleria intermedia Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Rensseleria intermedia Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 463, pl. 108, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 77, figs. 26-28. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Rensseleria johanni Hall=Newberrya johannis. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 341 Rensseleria levis Hall=Meristella levis. Rensselxria levis Meek=Newberrya levis. Rensselieria marylandica Claypole=Newberrya claypolei. Rensseleria marylandica Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Rensseleria marylandica Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 461, pl. 108, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I], 1893, p. 258, pl. 76, figs. 8-20. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Rensseleria mutabilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Meganteris mutabilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 97. Rensseleria mutabilis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 254, pl. 45, fig. 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 258, 259, figs. 178, 179; pl. 76, figs. 1-3a, 21, 22. Loc. Albany and Columbia counties, New York. Rensselweria ovalis Hall=Megalanteris ovalis. Rensseleria ovoides (Katon). Oriskany (Dev.). Terebratula ovoides Eaton, Geological Text-Book, 1832, p. 45. Terebratula perovalis Laton, Ibidem, 1852, p. 45. Atrypa elongata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 65.— Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 123, fig. 2.—Hall, Ibidem, Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 138, fig. 2;—(Conrad) Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, pl. 11, fig. 14. Pentamerus deshayesii Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien l’ Amérique Septentrio- nale, 1843, p. 38, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2. Meganteris ovoides Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 102.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. IJ, 1858, p. 826, fig. 649. Rensseleria ovoides Hall, Pal. New York, IIT, 1859, p. 456, pl. 104, figs. i-4; pl. 105, figs. 1-6.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 961, fig. 470;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1874, p. 41, pl. 3, figs. 7, 10.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 258, pl. 75, figs. 5-9; pl. 76, figs. 16, 18. Loe. New York; Pennsylvania; Maryland; Virginia; Gaspé, Canada. Rensseleria ovulum Hall and Clarke. Oriskany (Dev.). Rensseleria ovulum Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, pl. 75, figs. 3, 4. Loc, Cayuga, Canada. Lahey) Rensselxria portlandica Billings=Trigeria portlandica. Rensselieria suessana Hall=Beachia suessana. Rensselandia Hall=Newberrya. RETICULARIA McCoy. Genotype Terebratula ? imbricata Sowerby. Reticularia McCoy, Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland, 1844, p. 142.—Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 538. Reticularia bicostata (Vanuxem). Niagara (Sil.). Orthis bicostatus Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, pp. 91, 94. Spirifer bicostatus Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 263, pl. 54, fig. 4. Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 37, pl. 36, fig. 7. Spirifera bicostata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, fig. 7. Loe. Vernon Center, New York; Louisville, Kentucky. Reticularia bicostata petila (Hall). Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera bicostata? var. petila Hall, Descrip. n. sp. of Fossils from Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 15. Spirifera bicostata var. petila Hall, Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 279, pl. 27, figs. 8, 9;—Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 71. 342 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BUtt.87. Reticularia bicostata petila (Hall)—Continued. Spirifer bicostatus var. petilus Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 75, pl. 6, figs. 1-3. Loe. Waldron, Indiana. Reticularia canandaigue (Hall and Clarke). Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifer canandaigue Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 360, pl. 37, figs. 23-25. Loc. Centerfield and Canandaigua Lake, New York. Reticularia clara (Swallow). Kaskaskia (Ll. Carb.). Spirifera clara Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 86. Loc. St. Genevieve County, Missouri. Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow). Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Spirifera cooperensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 643.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 155, pl. 14, fig. 5.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 78. Spirifer hirtus White and Whitfield, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1862, p. 293.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 21, 37, pl. 38, fig. 14 (? pl. 84, figs. 36, 37). Spirifera semiplicata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, Dp. wt Spirifer hirtus ? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 119;— Proc. American Phil. Soc., XII, 1870, p. 251. Loe. Chouteau Springs, etc., Missouri; Rockford, Indiana; Burlington, lowa; Hickman County, Tennessee. Reticularia fimbriata (Conrad). Oriskany-Ithaca (Dev.). Delthyris fimbriatus Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhiladelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 263.—Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 208, fig. 10. Spirifer fimbriatus Hall, Geol. Survey Jowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 505, pl. 4, fig. 5.— Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 257, figs. 68-70;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 372, fig. 393.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 20, 21, 33, 37, pl. 36, figs. 17-22; pl. 38, figs. 9, 10. Spirifera fimbriata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 214, pl. 33, figs. 1-11;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, figs. 17-22.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 286. Spirifer compactus Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 102, pl. 14, fig. 11. Spirifer (Martinia) richardsoni Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 104, pl. 14, fig. 2. Spirifera (M.) richardsoni Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 226;— Ibidem, 1892, p. 287, pl. 37, fig. 7. Spirifera conradana Miller, American Pal. Foss., 2d ed., 18838, p. 372.—Nettel- roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 110, pl. 7, figs. 11-13. Spirifera (M.) undifera Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, pl. 3, figs. 3, 6; pl. 14, fig. 11. Loc. New York; Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Illinois; Iowa; Maryland; Virginia; Eureka district, Nevada; Ontario and lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis; Mackenzie River, Northwest Territory, Canada. Obs. Mr. Walcott is correct in regarding this species the same as Spirifer undiferus Roemer. Conrad’s species, however, was published in 1842, while that of Roemer is two years later, or in 1844. S. richardsoni is a young specimen of S. compacta which Mr. Walcott has shown to be a synonym for 8. undiferus. See Reticularia knappiana. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 343 Reticularia franklini (Meek). Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifer (Martinia) franklini Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 107, pl. 14, fig. 12. Spirifera (M.) glabra var. franklini Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 225. Loc. Mackenzie River, Northwest Territory, Canada. Obs. The type specimen in the U. S. National Museum collection proves to be closely related to Reticularia levis Hall. Reticularia guadalupensis (Shumard),. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifera guadalupensis Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Scei., I, 1859, p. 391.. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, Texas. Reticularia knappiana (Nettelroth). Corniferous (Dey.). Spirifera knappiana Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 122, pl. 7, fig. 14. Loe. Falls of Ohio. Obs. Probably the same as R. fimbriata. Reticularia levis (Hall). Portage (Deyv.). Delthyris levis Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 245, fig. 1. Spirifera levis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 239, pl. 39, figs. 1-12. Spirifer levis Williams, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XX, 1880, p. 456.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 33, 37, pl. 38, figs. 11-13; pl. 84, fig. 29.—Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 36. Spirifera (Martinia) glabra var. levis Williams, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., I, 6, 1881, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2.—Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884,p. 140. Loc. Ithaca and Cortlandville, New York. Reticularia modesta (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer modestus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 61;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 203, pl. 28, fig. 1—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 37, pl. 38, figs. 1, 3. Loe. Cumberland, Maryland. Reticularia nevadaensis (Walcott). Upper Devonian. Spirifera (M.) glabra var, nevadensis Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 139, pl. 3, fig. 5; pl. 14, fig. 14. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Reticularia (?) nympha (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Spirifera nympha Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1863, p. 116, pl. 3, fig. 15. Loc. Masardis, Maine. Reticularia perplexa (McChesney). Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer lineatus Shumard, Geol. Survey Missouri, 1855, p. 216.—Hall, Pacific R. R. Reports, II, 1856, p. 101, pl. 2, figs. 6-8.—Marcou, Geol. N. America, 1858, p. 50, pl. 7, fig. 5.—Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 127.—Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1866, p. 408.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 10, 11, 17, 21, 30, 39, pl. 38, figs. 2, 4, 7, 8. Spirifer perplexus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 43. Spirifer lineatus? Meek, Geol. Survey California, I, 1864, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 6. Spirifer lineatus var. perplexus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1866, p. 408. Spitifera lineata Meek, Final Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, pl. 2, fig. 3.—Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 230. Spirifer (Martinia) perplexa Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 27, 39, 40, 45, 50; pl. 8, fig. 13. 344 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [svtt.87. Reticularia perplexa (McChesney)—Continued. Spirifera (Martinia) lineata? White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west LOOth Meridian, III, Appendix, 1881. Spirifera (Martinia) lineata White, Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 372, pl. 42, figs. 4-6;—Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 153, pl. 27, figs. 4-6.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 46, pl. 1 fio haste Whitfield, annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 603, pl. 16, figs. 3-5;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 488, pl. 12, figs. 3-5. Spirifera perplexa Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 84. “Loc. Ohio; Indiana; Hlinois; Missouri; Iowa; Kentucky; California; Texas; Pecos and Tigeras, New Mexico; Shasta County, California; Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Obs. This species is not identical with Reticularia lineata Martin, as found in England and Belgium. Reticularia pseudolineata (Hall) is more closely allied to that species than R. perplexa (McChesney). Reticularia perplexa striatilineata (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer lineatus var. striatolineatus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., H, 1866, p. 408. Loc. Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for R. perplexa. Reticularia prematura (Hall). Chemung (Dev.). Spirifera prematura Hall, Proc. American Philosophical Soc., X, 1866, p. 246;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 250, pl. 33, figs. 31-35;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 18838, pl. 61, figs. 25-25. Martinia prematura Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 23, fig. 12. Spirifer prematurus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 37, pl. 36, figs. 23-25. Loc. Meadville and Oil Creek, Pennsylvania. Reticularia pseudolineata (Hall). Burlington-Keokuk (LL. Carb.). Spirifer pseudolineatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. IT, 1858, p. 645, pl. 20, fig. 4.—?Herrick, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, II, 1891, p. 45, pl. 1, fig. 18.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 21, 37, pl. 36, figs. 28-30. Spirifera lineatoides Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 645. Spirifera pseudolineata Satiord, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 360.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, figs. 28-30. Reticularia pseudolineata Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, 1, 1883, p. 542. : Spirifera lineatoides and pseudolineata Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, VY, 1895, pp. 81, 82, pl. 40, fig. 6. Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw, Illinois; Crawfordsville, Indiana; Missouri. Obs. See R. perplexa (McChesney). Reticularia setigera (Hall). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Spirifer setigerus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 705, pl. 27, fig. 4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 21, 37, pl. 36, figs. 26, 27. Spirifera setigera Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 270, pl. 5, figs. 17, 18.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, figs. 26, 27.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 83. Reticularia setigera Waagen, Paliwontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 542. Loc. Kaskaskia and Chester, Illinois; Caldwell and Crittenden counties, Ken- tucky; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Obs. See R. translata. Reticularia subundifera (Meek and Worthen). Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifera subundifera Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1868, p. 434, pl. 10, fig. 5. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 345 Reticularia subundifera (Meek and Worthen)—Continued. Spiritera (M.) undifera var, subundifera Walcott, Mon, U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 145. Loc. Rock Island, Illinois. Reticularia (?) temeraria (Miller). Lower Carboniferous. Spirifera temeraria Miller, Jour, Cincinnati Soc. Nat, Hist., IV, 1881, p. 314, pl. 7, fig. 9. Loc. Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico. Reticularia tenuispinata (Herrick). Waverly (lL. Carb.). Spirifera (Martinia) tenuispinata Herrick, Bull. Denison Uniy., IV, 1888, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 4. Spirifer tenuispinatus Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 15, fig. 4. Loc. Granville, Ohio. Reticularia translata (Swallow). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Spirifera translata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 85. Loe. Chester, Illinois; St. Marys, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as asynonym for R. setigera. RETZIA King. Genotype Terebratula adrieni de Verneuil. Retzia King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 137.—Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 53, figs. 1-3 on p. 55.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 103, figs. 80-100 on pp. 106, 107;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 787. Obs, It is very probable that all of the species here referred to Retzia will prove to belong to other genera. Retzia altirostris White=Eumetria altirostris. Retzia chloe Billngs=Parazyga hirsuta. Retzia (?) circularis Miller. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Retzia circularis Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 316, pl. 9, figs. 32-34. Loe, Sedalia, Missouri. Retzia compressa Meek =Hustedia mormoni. Retzia dubia Billings=Trematospira dubia. Retzia electra Billings=Rhynchospira electra. Retzia eugenia Billings=Rhynchospira eugenia. Retzia evax Hall=Homeeospira evax. Retzia formosa Whitfield=Rhynchospira formosa. Retzia (?) granulifera Meek. Lorraine (Ord.). Retzia (Trematospira) granulifera Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872, p. 318;—Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 128, pl. 11, fig. 6. Trematospira (?) granulifera Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1875, p. 61. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio, Obs. This species is probably a rhynchonelloid. Retzia hippolyte Billings=Trematospira hippolyte. Retzia (?) jamesiana Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Retzia jamesiana (Hartt) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1874, p. 243, pl. 10, figs. 23, 27-38. Retzia ? jamesiana Derby, Archives do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, IX, 1890, p. 79. Retzia cf. jamesiana A, Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 68, pl. 4, fig. 14. Loc. Erere and Rio Maecuru, Province of Para, Brazil; Bolivia. 346 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL, 87. Retzia marcyi Shumard=Eumetria marcyi. tetzia meekana Shumard=Hustedia meekana. Retzia mormoni Marcou=Hustedia mormoni. Retzia osagensis Swallow=Acambona osagensis. Retzia papillata Shumard=Hustedia papillata. Retzia (?) plicata Miller. Chouteau (lL. Carb.). Retzia plicata Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 316, pl. 9, figs. 29-31. Loc. Sedalia, Missouri. Retzia polypleura A. Winchell. Portage (Dev.). Retzia polypleura A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 406. Loe. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Retzia (?) popeana Swallow. ? Chouteau (Ll. Carb.). Retzia (?) popeana Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 654. Loc. Locality and formation not given. Retzia punctulifera Shumard= Hustedia mormoni. Retzia radialis Walcott (non Phillips)=Hustedia mormoni. Retzia sexplicata White and Whitfield=Ptychospira sexplicata. Retzia sobrina Beecher and Clarke=Homeospira sobrina. Retzia (?) subglobosa Hall. Schoharie (Dey.). Rhynchospira subglobosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.421, pl. 63, figs. 23-25,— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 49, fig. 22. Retzia subglobosa Miller, N. American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 367. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Retzia subglobosa McChesney= Hustedia mormoni. Retzia triangularis Miller=Hustedia triangularis. Retzia vera Hall=Eumetria marcyi. Retzia vera costata Hall=Eumetria marcyi costata. Retzia verneuiliana Hall=Eumetria marcyi. Retzia ? wardiana Rathbun=Trigeria wardiana. Retzia woosteri White=Eumetria woosteri. RHINOBOLUS Hall. Genot. Rhynobolus sp. H.= ?Oboius galtensis Bill. Rhynobolus Hall, Notes on some New or Imperfectly Known Forms among the Brachiopoda, 1871, p.5;—Ibidem, 1872, p. 5, pl. 13, fig. 10;—Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 247, pl. 18, fig. 10.—Waagen, Palx- ontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1885, p. 761.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 44, 46, 164;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 239. Rhinobolus davidsoni Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Rhinobolus davidsoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 45, 176, pl. 4B, figs. 10-12. Loc. Near Gratton, Wisconsin. Rhinobolus galtensis (Billings). Guelph (Sil.). Obolus galtensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 168, fig. 153. Obolellina galtensis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VI, 1871, p. 222;—Ibidem, 1872, p. 328. Trimerella minor Dall, American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 83, pl. 11, fig. 6. ?Rhynobolus sp.? Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1878, p. 247, pl. 13, fig. 10. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 347 Rhinobolus galtensis ( Billings)—Continued. Trimerella (?) galtensis Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 151, pl. 18, fig. 13; pl. 19, fig. 4. Rhynobolus galtensis Whiteaves, Pal. Fossils, III, 1884, p. 7, pl. 2, fig. 1; pl. 8, fig. 3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 45, pl. 4B, figs. 7-9. Loc. Galt, Elora, Hespelar, and Durham, Ontario. RHIPIDOMELLA (Ehlert. Genotype Terebratula michelini L’Eveillé. Rhipidomys Ghlert (non Wagnor, 1844), Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1288.—Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 21. Rhipidomella Gehlert, Journal de Conchyliologie, 1891, p. 372.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 209;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 271. Rhipidomella alsa Hall. Schoharie (Deyv.). Orthis alsus Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 33;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 36, pl. 4, figs. 2-7. Rhipidomella alsa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Albany County, New York. ; Obs. Probably a synonym for R. peloris Hall. Rhipidomella assimilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Orthis assimilis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 175, pl. 15, fig. 1. Rhipidomella assimilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224. Loe. Schoharie, New York. Rhipidomella burlingtonensis Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.). Orthis michelini var. burlingtonensis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. IT, 1858, p. 596, pl. 12, fig. 4. Rhipidomella burlingtonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p- 225, pl. GA, fig. 13; pl. 20, figs. 5, 6. Orthis burlingtonensis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 63, pl. 38, fig. 7. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; Hannibal, Missouri. Rhipidomella circulus Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Orthis circulus Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 71, fig. 1;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 56, pl. 20, fig. 6.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 134, pl. 2, fig. 1. Rhipidomella circulus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 224, pl. 6A, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Reynales Basin, New York; Hamilton, Ontario. Rhipidomella clarkensis (Swallow). Keokuk (LL. Carb.). Orthis clarkensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 81. Rhipidomella clarkensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loe. Clark County, Missouri. Obs. Keyes regards this species as a synonym for Schizophoria swallovi. Rhipidomella cleobis Hall. Onondaga (Dey.). Orthis cleobis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 35;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 41, pl. 5, figs. 9, 10. Rhipidomella cleobis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Williamsville and Clarence, New York. Rhipidomella cumberlandie Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Orthis cumberlandi:e Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 481, pl. 95A, figs. 20, 21. Rhipidomella cumberlandize Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. 348 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Rhipidomella (?) cuneata (Owen). Hamilton (Dey.). Orthis cuneata Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 585, pl. 3A, fig. 10. Rhipidomella cuneata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. New Buffalo, Iowa Rhipidomella cyclas Hall. Marcellus and Hamilton (Dey.). Orthis eyclas Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 78;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 52, pl. 7, figs. 2, 3. Rhipidomella cyclas Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. York, Pavilion, Bellona, etc., New York. Rhipidomella dalyana (Miller). Burlington (l, Carb.). Orthis dalyana Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p. 313, pl. 7, fig. 8. Rhipidomella dalyana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico. Rhipidomella discus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Orthis discus Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 165, pl. 10A, figs. 7-12. Rhipidomella discus Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 225. Loc. Hudson, Catskill, ete., New York; Square Lake, Maine. Rhipidomella dubia Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Orthis dubius Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 12.—Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 45, pl. 6, figs. 1-5.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 324, pl. 29, figs. 1-5. Orthis cooperensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., II, 1863, p. 82. Rhipidomella dubia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 225, pl. 6A, figs. 18-22. Orthis dubia Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 64. Loc. Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; Alton, Appanoose, ete., Illinois; Boonville and Barretts Station, Missouri; Keokuk, lowa; Caldwell County, Kentucky. Obs. Typical examples of R. cooperensis have been studied in Professor Hall’s collection. Rhipidomella eminens Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Orthis eminens Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 42, figs. 1, 2;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 167, pl. 11, figs. 7-14. Rhipidomella eminens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 225. Loc. Schoharie, Carlisle, etc., New York. Rhipidomella goodwini (Nettelroth). Hamilton (Dev.). Orthis goodwini Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur- vey, 1889, p. 39, pl. 17, figs. 30-32. i Loc. Falls of Ohio. Rhipidomella hartti (Rathbun). Middle Devonian. Orthis hartti Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 23. Loc. Province of Para, Brazil. Rhipidomella hybrida (Sowerby). Niagara (Sil.). Orthis hybrida Sowerby, Murchison’s Silurian System, 1839, p. 630, pl. 13, fig. 11.—Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 7;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 253, pl. 52, fig. 4. Roemer, Die Silurische Fauna des West. Ten- nessee, 1860, p. 63, pl. 5, fig. 6. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, 1868, p. 371, pl. 7, fig. 7.—Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Naf. Hist., 1879, p. 149, pl. 21, figs. 18-25;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 285, pl. 21, figs. 18-25 ;—Second Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 349 Rhipidomella hybrida (Sowerby )—Continued. figs. 1-5.—Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 83, pl. 13, fig. 10.—Beecuer and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 13-18.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem, Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 39, pl. 32, figs. 32-35. Orthis hybrida? Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 209. Rhipidomella hybrida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 224, pl. 6, figs. 1-5. Orthis (Rhipidomella) hybrida Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VIT, 1895, p. 584, pl. 25, fig. 10. Loc. Europe; Lockport, ete., New York; Waldron, Indiana; Dayton, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; Perry County, Tennessee; Perry County, Missouri; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). Rhipidomella idonea Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Orthis idonea Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 52, pl. 63, figs. 1-5. Rhipidomella idonea Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Moscow and HKighteen Mile Creek, New York. Rhipidomella inca (d’Orbigny). Devonian. Orthis inca d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p, 38. Spirifer inca d’Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, pl. 2, figs, 10-12. Loc. Cochabamba, Bolivia. Rhipidomella leucosia Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Orthis leucosia Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 80;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 48, 63, pl. 7, fig. 4; pl. 8, figs. 9, 10;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, fig. 16. Rhipidomella leucosia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225, pl. 6, fig. 16; pl. 6A, fig. 9. Loc. Kighteen Mile Creek, Canandaigua Lake, etc., New York; Cumberland, Maryland. Rhipidomella livia (Billings). Corniferous (Deyv.). Orthis livia Billings, Canadian Journal, n. ser., V, 1860, p. 267, figs. 14-16 ;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 369, fig. 385.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 38, pl. 5, fig. 4.—Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 32, figs. 14-16.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 40, pl. 16, figs. 23, 24; pl.17, figs. 33-35. Rhipidomella livia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Walpole, Ontario; New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Indian Cove, Gaspé. Rhipidomella lucia (Billings). Oriskany (Dey.). Orthis lucia Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 35, pl. 3, fig. 4. Rhipidomella lucia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Indian Cove, Gaspé. e Rhipidomella media (Shaler). Anticosti (Sil.). Orthis media Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 65.—Billings, Cata- logue Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 41. Loc. Anticosti. Rhipidomella michelini (L’Fveillé). Waverly (L. Carb.). Terebratula michelini L’Eveillé, Mém. Société Géol. de France, II, 1835, p. 39, pl. 2, figs. 14-17. Orthis michelini Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, p. 21.— A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 116. Orthis michelini? A. Winchell, Proc. American Philosophical Soc., XII, 1870, p. 251,—Hall, Second Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 19-21. 350 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL.87. Rhipidomella michelini (L’Mveillé)—Continued. Rhipidomella michelini Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 194, 225, pl. 6A, fig. 12. Loc. South of Louisville, and near Lebanon, Kentucky; Newark, Granville, etc., Ohio; Shafers, Pennsylvania; Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico. Obs. It is probable that the American identifications of this species are the same as R. oweni Hall and Clarke. Rhipidomella missouriensis (Swallow). Chouteau (L. Carb.). Orthis missouriensis Swallow (non Shumard, 1855), Trans. St, Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 639. Rhipidomella missouriensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225, pl. 6A, figs. 16, 17. Loc. Cooper and Marion counties, Missouri. Rhipidomella (?) mitis (Hall). Schoharie (Dev.). Orthis mitis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 34;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 37. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Rhipidomella musculosa Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Orthis musculosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 46;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 409, pl. 91, figs. 1-35; pl. 95, figs. 1-7. Rhipidomella musculosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 190, 210, 225, pl. 6A, fig. 5 Loc. Schoharie and Albany counties, New York; Cumberland, Maryland. Rhipidomella nevadaensis (Meek). Carboniferous. Orthis michelini (non L’Eveillé) var. Meek, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., LVe LSiiisp.0s, DL. dw, te. le Orthis nevadensis Meek, Ibidem, 1877; end of description. Rhipidomella nevadensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. White Pine district, Nevada. Rhipidomella oblata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Orthis oblata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 41, figs. 1-5 ;—Pal. New Wonk III, ae p. 162, pl. 10, figs. 1-22.—Whittield, Geo]. Wis- consin, IV, 1882, p. 320, pl. 25, figs. 1, 2 EE a oblata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 25, pl. 6A, figs. 3, 4. Loc eohouace! Carlisle, Hudson, etc., New York; Ww aunakee, Wisconsin. Rhipidomella oblata emarginata (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Orthis oblata var. emarginata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 164, pl. 10A, figs. 4-6. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Rhipidomella occasus Hall. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Orthis occasus Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 111. Rhipidomella oceasus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Rockford, Indiana. Obs. Compare with R. thiemei White. Rhipidomella oweni Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.). Orthis (Rhipidomella) oweni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 342, pl. 6, figs. 19-21. Loc. Buttonmould Knobs, south of Louisville, Kentucky. Obs. See R, michelini L’Eveillé. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 351 Rhipidomella pecosi (Marcon). Upper Carboniferous. Orthis pecosi Marcou, Geol. N. America, February 1858, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 14.— White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 125, pl. 9, fig. 5.—Kayser, Richthofen’s China, IV, 1883, p. 177, pl. 24, fig. 1.—Waagen, Palontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 573, pl. 56, figs. 1-3.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 129, pl. 32, figs. 20-22.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 64.—Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XXXV, 1897, p. 27 (extract). Orthis carbonaria Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, June, 1858, p. 218.— Meek, Final Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 173, pl. 1, fig. 8.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 571, pl. 25, fig. 4.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 37, figs. 1-4. Orthis sp. undet. Meek, Pal. California, I, 1864, p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 5. Rhipidomella pecosi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 226, pl. 7, figs. 1-4. Loc. Throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North America; Lo-Ping, China; Amb, India. Rhipidomella peloris Hall. Schoharie (Deyv.). Orthis peloris Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 32;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 34, pl. 4, figs. 1, 8-10. Rhipidomella peloris Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225, pl. 6A, fig. 6. Loc. Clarksville and Knox, New York. Obs. Probably the same as R. alsa Hall. Rhipidomella penelope Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Orthis penelope Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 79, figs. 1, 2;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 50, pl. 6, fig. 2;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 6-18. Rhipidomella penelope Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 211, 225, pl. 6, figs. 6-13; pl. 6A, fig. 10 (?11). Loc. Hamburg, Alexander, Pavilion, York, Moscow, etc., New York. Rhipidomella penniana (Derby). Upper Carboniferous. Orthis penniana Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 26, pl. 5, figs. 18, 15, 17, 19-22; pl. 8, fig. 2. Rhipidomella penniana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 225, pl. 7, figs. 5-10. Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Rhipidomella pennsylvanica (Simpson). Chemung (Dev.). Orthis pennsylvanica Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soce., n.ser., X VI, 1889, p. 437, fig. 1. Loc. Tioga and McKean counties, Pennsylvania. Rhipidomella rhynchonelliformis (Shaler). Anticosti (Sil.). Orthis rhynchonelliformis Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 66.—Bill- ings, Catalogue Sil, Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 42. Loe. Anticosti. Obs. Probably a variety of Rhipidomella uberis (Billings). Rhipidomella semele Hall. Onondaga (Dey.). Orthis semele Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 34;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 40, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8. Rhipidomella semele Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Erie County, New York; Columbus, Ohio. 352 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [sutt.87. Rhipidomella solitaria Hall. Hamilton (Dev.), Orthis solitaria Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p, 80;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 45, pl. 7, fig. 1. Rhipidomella solitaria Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225, Loc. York, New York. Rhipidomella subcirculus (Simpson). Clinton (Sil.). Orthis subcircula Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soc., n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 437, fig. 2. Loc. Mifflin and Huntington counties, Pennsylvania. Rhipidomella subelliptica (White and Whitfield). Kinderhook (L.Carb.). Orthis subelliptica White and Whitfield, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.. VIII, 1862, p. 292. | Rhipidomella subelliptica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Rhipidomella suborbicularis Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Orthis suborbicularis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 486, pl. 2, fig. 1. Rhipidomella suborbicularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p- 225. : Loe. Rock Island, Illinois. Rhipidomella thiemei (White). Chemung (Dev.) and Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Orthis thiemii, White, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, p. 251;—Twelfth Rep. Hayden’s U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p. 164, pl. 41, fig. 4. Orthis thiemii? Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 63, pl. 8, fig. 2. Rhipidomella thiemii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225, pl. 6A, figs. 14, 15. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; In the Chemung group at Leon, Napoli, and New Albion, New York. Rhipidomella tubulistriata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Orthis tubulostriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 42;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 166, pl. 11, figs. 1-6. Rhipidomella tubulostriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 225. Loc. Albany County, New York. Rhipidomella uberis (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Orthis «#quivalvis Shaler (non Hall, 1847), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 66. Orthis uberis Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 42. Rhipidomella uberis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224. Loc. Anticosti. Obs. See Rhipidomella rhynchonelliformis (Shaler). Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. Corniferous-Hamilton (Dev.). Orthis vanuxemi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 135, figs. 1-7 ;—Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 487, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3.—Billings, Canadian Jour., V, 1860, p. 269.—A. Winchell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 1862, p. 409.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 384, fig. 417.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 40, 47, pl. 5, fig. 6; pl. 6, fig. 8;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 14, 15.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fos- sil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 45, pl. 16, figs. 4-6, 12-14.— Herrick, Geol, Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 20, fig. 10. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 353 Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall—Continued. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225, pl. 6, figs. 14, 15; pl. 6A, figs. 7, 8. Loc. New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Rock Island, Illinois; Buffalo, Iowa; Bosanquet, Ontario; Huron group, Port aux Barques, Michigan. Rhipidomella vanuxemi pulchella (Herrick.) Waverly (L. Carb.). Orthis vanuxemi var. pulchella Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 38, pl. by tio. 9: Orthis vanuxemi var. gracilis Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 21, fig. 9. Loe. Granville, Ohio. RHYNCHONELLA Fischer de Waldheim. Genotype R. loxia Fischer de Waldheim. Rhynchonella Fischer de Waldheim, Notice des Fos. Gouy. Moscou, 1809, p. 35, tab. II, figs. 5, 6.—Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 65.—Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864, p. 70.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 332;— Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 269.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 151;—Ibidem, VII, 1871, p. 70.—Billings, Pal. Fos- sils, Il, 1874, p. 35.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 72.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 177, 178;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 822. Rhynchonella enigma (d’Orbigny). Jurassic. Terebratula enygma d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 62, pl. 22, figs. 10-18. Terebratula concinna (non Sowerby) Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, ser. ii, 1V, 1851, p. 23, pl. 8, figs. 4-6. Rhynchonella enigma Gottsche, Paleeontographica, Suppl., III, 1878, p. 34. Rhynchonella cfr. enigma Steinman. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beilageband, 1881, p. 253. Loc. Guasco, Coquimbo, Dona Ana, Chile; Copiapo, Caracoles, and Iquique, Peru. Rhynchonella equiplicata Gabb. Triassic. Rhynchonella «quiplicata Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 35, pl. 6, fig. 37. Loc. Cinnabar district, Humboldt Mountain, Nevada. Rhynchonella :equiradiata Miller=Camarotechia equiradiata. Rhynchonella equivalvis Hall=Lissopleura equivalvis. Rhynchonella abrupta Hall=Uneinulus abruptus. Rhynchonella acadiaensis Davidson. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella acadiensis Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 172, pl. 9, fig. 16.—Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 294, fig. 94. Loc. Brookfield, Nova Scotia. Rhynchonella acinus Hall=Camarotechia acinus. Rhynchonella acinus convexa Foerste = Camarotechia acinus convexa. Rhynchonella acutiplicata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella acutiplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 73, fig. 7;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 232, pl. 33, fig. 3. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Bull. 87 23 354 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [putt.87. Rhynchonella (?) acutirostris Hall. Chazy (Ord.). Atrypa acutirostra Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 21, pl.4 bis, fig. 6. Rhynchonella acutirostris Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 65. Loc. Chazy, New York. Obs. This species is referred to Zygospira by Whitfield. Rhynchonella ainsliei Winchell=Rhynchotrema ainsliei. Rhynchonella algeri McChesney. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella algeri McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 51. Loc. Near New Harmony, Indiana. Rhynchonella allegania Williams. Chemung (Dey.). Rhychonella allegania Williams, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 41, 1887, p. 87, pl. 4, figs. 1-8. Loc. Olean and Little Genesee, New York; Bradford, Pennsylvania. Rhynchonella alta Calvin=Pugnax pugnus alta. Rhynchonella altilis Hall=Camarotechia plena. Rhynchonella altiplicata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella altiplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 72, figs. 14;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 231, pl. 33, fig. 2 Loe. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Rhynchonella alveata Hall=Centronella alveata. Rhynchonella ambigua Calvin. Middle Devonian. Rhynchonella ambigua Calvin, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey Terr., IV, 1878, p. 729. Loc. Independence, Iowa. Rhynchonella anduin Gottsche. Jurassic. Terebratula «enigma (non d’Orb.) Darwin, Geol. Observations South America, 1846, pp. 215, 233, pl. 5, figs. 10-12.—Burmeister and Giebel, Abh. Naturf. © Gessel. Halle, VI, 1862, p. 128. Terebratula subtetreda (non Davidson) Conrad, U. S. Astronomical Exped. Southern Hemisphere, 1855, p. 282, pl. 42, fig. 8. Rhynchonella anduin Gottsche, Paleontographica, Suppl., III, 1878, p. 34, pl. 4, figs. 4-7. Loc. Iquique, Portezuelo de Manflas, and Cordillera de Dona Ana, Chile. Rhynchonella angulata Geinitz (non Linné)—Enteletes hemiplicatus. Rhynchonella (?) anticostiensis Billings. Lorraine (Ord.). Rhynchonella anticostiensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 142, fig. 119;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 211, fig. 212. Rhynchonella (?) anticostiensis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 464, fig. 34. Rhynchonella anticostiensis var. Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 179. Loc. Anticosti; Wilmington and Savanna, Dlinois; Lattners, lowa; Wisconsin; Manitoba. Obs. Compare with R. argenturbica White. Rhynchonella (?) antisiensis (d’Orbigny). Lower Devonian. Terebratula antisiensis d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 36, pl. 2, figs. 26-28. ? Rhynchonella ef. antisiensis A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 57, pl. 4, figs. 1-7. Loc. Cochabamba, Tarabuco, Bolivia. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 355 Rhynchonella antonii Gabb. ? Cretaceous. Rhynchonella antonii Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., IV, 1881, p. 299, pl. 42, fig. 10. Loc. Cerro de San Antonio, and near Chota, Peru. Rhynchonella arctirostrata Swallow. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella arctirostrata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 84. Loc, Cooper County, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as asynonym for R. subcuneata = Camarophoria sub- cuneata. Rhynchonella (?) argentea Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Rhynchonella ? argentea Billings, Catalogue Silurian Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 43. Loc. Anticosti, Rhynchonella argenturbica White=Rhynchotreta inequivalvis. Rhynchonella aspasia Billings. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Rhynchonella aspasia Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1863, p. 111, pl: 3, fig. 6. Loc. Square Lake, Maine. Rhynchonella barquensis A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella barquensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia, 1862, p. 408. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Rhynchonella barrandi Hall=Camaroteechia barrandei. Rhynchonella (?) belliformis Nettelroth. Niagara (Sil.). Rhynchonella bellaforma Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 73. Loe. Louisville, Kentucky. Rhynchonella belemnitica (uenstedt. Jurassic. Rhynchonella belemnitica (Quenst.) Moricke, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 61. For locality and observations see R. plicatissima. Rhynchonella bialveata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella ? bialveata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 73;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 233, pl. 34, figs. 1-4. Loc. Albany County, New York; Square Lake, Maine. Rhynchonella (?) bidens Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Atrypa bidens Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 69, pl. 23, fig. 3. Rhynchonella bideris Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77. Loc. Lockport, New York. Rhynchonella (?) bidentata (Hisinger),. Niagara (Sil.). Terebratula bidentata Hisinger, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., fdr 1825, 1826, p. 343, pl. 7, fig. 5. Atrypa bidentata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 276, pl. 57, fig. 3. Rhynchonella bidentata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist , 1859, p. 77. Loe. Lockport, New York. Rhynchonella billingsi Hall=Camaroteechia billingsi. Rhynchonella booensis Shumard=Leiorhynchus boonense. Rhynchonella brevirostris Billings=Anastrophia brevirostris. 356 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [sutt.87. Rhynchonella camerifera A. Winchell. Marshall (lL. Carb.), Rhynchonella camerifera A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 408. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Rhynchonella campbellana Hall=Uncinulus campbellanus. Rhynchonella camura Hall=Trematospira camura. Rhynchonella capax Hall=Rhynchotrema capax. Rhynchonella caput-testudinis White=Camarophoria caput-testudinis. Rhynchonella caracolensis Gottsche. Jurassic. Rhynchonella caracolensis Gottsche, Palwontographica, Suppl., II, 1878, p. 44, pl. 4, fig. 8.—Steinman, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, 1881, p. 253,— Moricke, Ibidem, Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 61. Loe. Iquique, Chile; Caracoles, Bolivia. Rhynchonella carbonaria McChesney. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella carbonaria McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 51. Loc. Near Farmington, Illinois. Rhynchonella carica Hall=Camarotechia carica. Rhynchonella carolina Hall=Camarotechia carolina, Rhynchonella castanea Meek=Hypothyris castanea. Rhynchonella congregata Hall=Camarotcechia congregata. Rhynchonella contracta Hall=Camarotechia contracta. Rhynchonella contracta var. saxatilis Hall=Camarotechia contracta saxatilis. Rhynchonella colletti Miller. Niagara (Sil.). Rhynchonella colletti Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 311, pl. 9, figs. 8, 9. Loc. Wabash, Indiana. Rhynchonella cooperensis Shumard. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella cooperensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 204, pl. C, fig. 4. #Camarophoria cooperensis Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 224, pl. 18, fig. 6. Loc, Cooper County, Missouri; Eureka district, Nevada. Rhynchonella (?) corinthia Billings. Calciferous (Ord.). Rhynchonella corinthia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 220. Loc. Table Head, Newfoundland. Rhynchonella cuneata Billings, and Hall = Rhynchotreta cuneata americana. Rhynchonella dawsoniana Davidson=Pugnax dawsoniana. Rhynchonella (?) decemplicata Sowerby. Clinton (Sil.). Rhynchonella decemplicata Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 320, pl. 6, figs. 23, 24. Loc. England; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. Rhynchonella dentata Hall=Rhynchotrema dentatum. Rhynchonella dotis Hall=Camarotechia dotis. Rhynchonella dryope Billings. Oriskany (Dey.). Rhynchonella dryope Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 37, pl. 3A, fig, 1. Loc. Grand Greve, Gaspé. SCHUCRERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 357 Rhynchonella dubia Hall=Protorhyncha dubia. Rhynchonella duplicata Hall=Camarotcchia duplicata. Rhynchonella eatonieformis McChesney=Pugnax rockymontana. Rhynchonella emacerata Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Atrypa emacerata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 71, pl. 23, fig. 6.—Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 599. Rhynchonella emacerata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77. Loe. Sodus and Rochester, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Rhynchonella eminens Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella eminens Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 78;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 237, pl. 37, figs. 3, 4. Loc. Albany County, New York. Rhynchonella emmonsi Hall and Whitfield = Hypothyris emmonsi. Rhynchonella endlichi Meek=Camarotcechia endlichi. Rhynchonella ererensis Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Rhynchonella ererensis Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 32. Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Rhynchonella eurekaensis Walcott. Lower Carboniferous. Rhynchonella eurekensis Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 223, pl. 18, fig. &. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Rhynchonella (?) eva Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Rhynchonella eva Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 44. Loe. Anticosti. Rhynchonella evangelina Hartt. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella evangelina Hartt, Dawson’s Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 299. Loc. Windsor, Nova Scotia. Obs. Compare with Pugnax pugnus as identified by Davidson, from the same locality. Rhynchonella excellens Billings. Oriskany (Dev.). Rhynchonella excellens Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 36, figs. 17, 18. Loc. Indian Cove, Gaspé. Rhynchonella eximia Hall=Camarotechia eximia. Rhynchonella explanata McChesney =Camarophoria explanata. Rhynchonella fitchana Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Rhynchonella fitchana Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 85 ;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 441, pl. 103, fig. 1. Loc. Carlisle, New York. Rhynchonella formosa Hall=Rhynchotrema formosum. Rhynchonella fringilla Billngs=Camaroteechia fringilla. Rhynchonella gainesi Nettelroth. Hamilton (Dev.). Rhynchonella gainesi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geo- logical Survey, 1889, p. 76, pl. 31, figs. 6-9. Loc. Jefferson County, Kentucky. Rhynchonella glacialis Billngs=Camarotechia glacialis. Rhynchonella glansfagea Hall=Centronella glansfagea. 358 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Rhynchonella gnathophora Meek. Jurassic. Rhynchonella gnathophora Meek, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 39, pl. 8, fig. 1. Rhynchonella gnathophora? Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 284, pl. 7, fig. 6. Loc. Plumas County, California; Uinta Range, Utah. Rhynchonella greenana Ulrich=Leiorhynehus greeneanum. Rhynchonella guadalupe Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella guadalupe Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 295, pl. 11, fig. 6. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas. Rhynchonella halli Gabb. Triassic. Rhynchonella halli Gabb, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., IV, 1860, p. 308, pl. 48, fig. 29. Loc. Bath County, Virginia. Rhynchonella heteropsis A. Winchell. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Rhynchonella heteropsis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 121. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Hamburg, Illinois; Medina County, Ohio. Rhynchonella horsfordi Hall=Camarotechia horsfordi. Rhynchonella hubbardi A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella hubbardi A. Winchell, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 407 ;—Ibidem, 1865, p. 122. Loc. Marshall and Port aux Barques, Michigan; Summit County, Ohio. Rhynchonella huronensis A. Winchell. Huron (Dev.). Rhynchonella huronensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 409. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Rhynchonella huronensis precipua A. Winchell. Huron (Dev.). Rhynchonella huronensis var. precipua A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia, 1862, p. 409. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Rhynchonella (?) hydraulica Whitfield. Waterlime (Sil.). Rhynchonella hydraulica Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 194;— Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 512, pl. 5, fig. 17;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 414, pl. 1, fig. 17. Loc. Greenfield, Ohio. Rhynchonella ida Hartt. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella ida Hartt, Dawson’s Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 298. Loc. Windsor, Nova Scotia. Rhynchonella iilinoisensis Worthen. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella illinoisense Worthen, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, 1884, p. 24;—Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 104, pl. 11, fig. 3. Loc. Peoria, Illinois. Rhynchonella inerebescens Hall, 1860 (non 1847) = Rhynchotrema capax. Rhynechonella increbescens Hall=Rhynchotrema inzquivalve. Rhynchonella indentata Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella indentata Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., I, 1859, p. 393, Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. Rhynchonella indianensis Hall=Camarotechia indianaensis. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 359 Rbynchonella inequiplicata Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dey.). Rhynchonella inequiplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 126. Loc. ‘*Western New York.” Rhynchonella intermedia Barris=Hypothyris emmonsi. Rhynchonella inutilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella inutilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 74;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 223, pl. 34, figs. 7, 8. Loc. Albany County, New York. Rhynchonella (?) janea Billings. Lorraine and Anticosti (Ord. and Sil.). Rhynchonella janea Billings, Catalogue Sil. Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 43.— Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc, Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 316, pl. 5, figs. 23, 24. Loc. Anticosti; Collinsville, Alabama. Rhynchonella kokomoensis Miller=Wilsonia kokomoensis. Rhynchonella lacunosa (Schlotheim),. Jurassic. Terebratulites lacunosa Schlotheim, Leonhardt’s Min. Tasch., VII, 1813, pl. 1, fig. 2. Rhynchonella lacunosa Davidson, British Oolitic and Liassie Brach., Pal. Soc., 1852, p. 96, pl. 16, figs. 18, 14.—Aguilera, Datos para la Geologia de Mexico, 1893, p. 18;—Bol. Com. Geolégica de Mexico, I, 1895, p. 1, pl. 1, figs. 1-13. Loe. Europe; Rancho Alamitos, Sierra de Catorce, Mexico. Rhynchonella lacunosa arolica Oppel. Jurassic. Rhynchonella lacunosa var. arolica Aguilera, Datos para la Geologia de Mexico, 1893, p. 18;—Bol. Com. Geolégica de Mexico, I, 1895, p. 1, pl. 1, figs. 14-25; pl. 2, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Europe; Rancho Alamitos, Sierra de Catorce, Mexico. Rhynchonella levis Simpson. Clinton (Sil.). Rhynchonella (Stenochisma) levis Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soc., n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 443, fig. 8. Loc. Blair County, Pennsylvania. Rhynchonella (?) lamellata Hall. Coralline (Sil.). Atrypa lamellata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 329, pl. 74, fig. 11. Rhynchonella lamellata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Rhynchonelta laura Billings=Leiorhynchus laura. Rhynchonella lingulata Gabb. Triassic. Rhynchonella lingulata Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 34, pl. 6, fig. 36. Loc. Humboldt County, Nevada. Rhynchonella louisvillensis Nettelroth. Corniferous (Dev.). Rhynchonella louisvillensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 77, pl. 31, figs. 1-4. Loc, Falls of Ohio. Rhynchonella macra Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella macra Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 11.—Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 52, pl. 6, figs. 40-42.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 334, pl. 29, figs. 40-42. Loc, Alton, Illinois, 360 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [nvtr.87. Rhynchonella mainensis Billings. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella mainensis Billings, Proc. Portland Soc, Nat. Hist,, I, 1863, p, 110, pl. 3, fig. 4. Loc. Square Lake, Maine. Rhynchonella manflasensis Moricke. Jurassic. Rhynchonella manflasensis Méricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 62, pl. 5, figs. Ta-7e. Loc. Manflas and Melon, Chile. Rbhynchonella mansoni Salter=Atrypa mansonii. Rhynchonella marshallensis A. Winchell=Camarotcechia marshallensis. Rhynchonella maudensis W hiteaves. Cretaceous. Rhynchonella maudensis Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils, Geol. Sury. Canada, I, 1884, p. 252, pl. 33, fig. 8. Loc. Maud Island. Rhynchonella medea Billings. Corniferous (Dey.). Rhynchonella medea Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., V, 1860, p. 271;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 370, fig. 388. Loc. Township of Rainham, Ontario. Rhynchonella medialis Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella medialis Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soc., n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 444, fig. 9. Loc. Warren, Pennsylvania. Rhynchonella (?) metallica White. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella metallica White, Wheeler’s Exp]. and Survey west 100th Merid., Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 20;—Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 129, pl. 10, fig. 10. Loc. Lincoln County, Nevada. Obs. Probably an Uncinulus. Rhynchonella mica Billings=Zygospira mica. Rhynchonella (?) micropleura A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella (Retzia?) micropleura A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 1865, p. 122. Loc. Battlecreek, Michigan. Rhynchonella minnesotensis Sardeson=Rhynchotrema inzequivalvis. Rhynchonella missouriensis Shumard, fig. 5a (non Sb, 5¢)=Pugnax pugnus missouriensis. ¥ Rhynchonella missouriensis Shumard, figs. 5b, 5¢ (non 5a)=Pugnax striaticostata. Rhynchonella multistriata Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Rhynchonella multistriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 85;—Pal. New York, II, 1859, p. 440, pl. 102, fig. 3; pl. 106, fig. 3. Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York. Rhynchonella mutabilis Hall=Uncinulus mutabilis. Rhynchonella mutata Hall=Pugnax mutata. Rhynchonella myrina Hall and Whitfield. Jurassic. Rhynchonella species? Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1865, p. 71, pl. 4, fig. 3. Rhynchonella myrina Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 284, pl. 7, figs. 1-5.—Whitfield, Powell’s Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain Region, 1880, p. 347, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7. Loc. Uinta Range, Utah; Black Hills, Dakota. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 361 Rhynchonella neenah Whitfield. Lorraine (Ord.). Rhynchonella neenah Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 265, pl. 12, figs. 19-22. Rhynchonella (?) neenah Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Survey Minnesota, ITI, 1893, p. 465, pl. 34, figs. 35-37. Loe. Ironridge, Clifton, etc., Wisconsin; Savanna, Illinois; Lattners, lowa. Rhynchonella neglecta Hall=Camarotechia neglecta. Rhynchonella neglecta var. scobina Meek =Camarotcechia neglecta. Rhynchonella nitens Dana=Terebratula nitens. Rhynchonella nobilis Hall= Uncinulus nobilis. Rhynchonella nucleolata Hall= Uncinulus nucleolatus. Rhynchonella nucula (Sowerby). Silurian. Terebratula nucula Sowerby, Murchison’s Silurian System, 1839, pl. 5, fig. 20. Rhynchonella nucula Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 595. Loe. England; Bessels Bay, lat. 81° 6’. Rhynchonella nutrix Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Rhynchonella nutrix Billings, Catalogue Silurian Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 43. Loc. Anticosti. Rhynchonella oblata Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Rhynchonella oblata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 86;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 439, pl. 102, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Rhynchonella obsolescens Hall. Kinderhook (l. Carb.). Rhynchonella (Eatonia) obsolescens Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 111. Loc. Rockford, Indiana. Rhynchonella obtusiplicata Hall=Camarotechia obtusiplicata. Rhynchonella occidens Walcott. Lower Devonian. Rhynchonella occidens Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 152, pl. 15, fig. 3. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Rhynchonella opposita White and Whitfield. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Rhynchonella opposita White and Whitfield, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1862, p. 294. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Rhynchonella orbicularis Hall=Camarotechia orbicularis. Rhynchonella orientalis Billings. Chazy (Ord.). Rhynchonella orientalis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 448, fig, 21;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 126, fig. 51. Loc. Mingan Island. Rhynchonella osagensis Swallow=Pugnax utah. Rhynchonella ottumwa White=Pugnax ottumwa. Rhynchonella parvini McChesney =Camarophoria subtrigona. Rhynchonella perlamellosa Whitfield=Rhynchotrema perlamellosum. Rhynchonella perrostellata Swallow. St. Louis (lL. Carb.). Rhynchonella perrostellata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., I, 1863, p. 85. Loc. Cooper County, Missouri. 362 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Butt.87. Rhynchonella persinuata A. Winchell. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella persinuata A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 121. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Rhynchonella phoca Salter=Atrypa phoca. Rhynchonella pipira Derby. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella pipira Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 24, pl. 3, figs. 18, 23, 25, 26, 31. Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Rhynchonella pisa Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.). Rhynchonella pisa Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, IH, 1875, p. 185, pl. 7, figs. 18-22.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geological Sur- vey, 1889, p. 78, pl. 32, figs. 24-27. Loc. Highland County, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky. Rhynchonella planiconvexa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella planoconvexa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 75;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 235, pl. 34, fig. 22. Loc. Albany County, New York. Rhynchonella plena Hall=Camaroteechia plena. Rhynchonella pleiopleura Hall=Camarotechia pleiopleura. Rhynchonella pleurodon (Phillips). Upper Carboniferous. Terebratula pleurodon Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, I, 1836, p. 222, pl. 12, figs. 25-30. Rhynchonella pleurodon Davidson, Mon. British Carb. Brach., 1860, p. 101, pl. 23, figs. 1-15.—Toula, Sitzungsb. der k. k. Akad. zu Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 6.—Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 632. : Loc. Europe; ‘‘Common in the Carboniferous rocks of America,” Davidson; Bolivia; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43/. Obs. Compare with Pugnax utah (Marcou). Rhynchonella plicata Hall. Medina (Sil.). Atrypa plicata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 10, pl. 4, fig. 6. Rhynchonella plicata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Loc. Lockport, New York. Rhynchonella plicatella (Linné). Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa plicatella? Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 279, pl. 58, figs. 3, 4. Rhynchonella plicatella Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat, Hist., 1859, p. 738. Atrypa plicatella Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 337. Loc. Europe; Wolcott, New York. Rhynchonella plicatilis (Sowerby). Cretaceous. Terebratula plicatella Sowerby, Mineral Conchl., V, 1825, p. 167, tab. 503, fig. 1. Rhynchonella plicatilis Davidson, British Cretaceous Brach., Pal. Soc., I, 1852, p. 75, pl. 10, figs. 387, 42.—Eichwald, Geog, Paleont. Bemerk. Halb. Mang. Aleutischen Inseln, 1871, p, 200. Loc. England; Alaska. Rhynchonella plicatissima Quenstedt. Jurassic. Rhynchonella plicatissima (Quenst.) Méricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilage- band, IX, 1894, p. 61. Loc. Sierra de la Ternera, Coquimbo, Guasco, and Copiapo, Chile. Obs. Moricke says that Terebratula enigma Forbes in great part belong to this species and R. belemnitica, SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 363 Rhynchonella plicifera Hall—Camarotechia plena. Rhynchonella principalis Hall. Oriskany (Devy.). Rhynchonella principalis Hall, Tenth Rep. N.Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 84;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 443, pl. 106, fig. 4. Loe. Auburn, New York. Rhynchonella prolifica Hall=Camarotechia prolifica. Rhynchonella pugnus of authors=Pugnax pugnus. Rhynchonella pustulosa White=Rhynchopora pustulosa. Rhynchonella pyramidata Hall=Uncinulus pyramidatus. Rhynchonella pyrrha Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Rhynchonella pyrrha Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 44. Loc. Anticosti. Rhynchonella ramsayi Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Rhynchonella ramsayi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 446, pl. 101A, figs. 7, 8. Loe. Cumberland, Maryland. Rhynchonella (?) raricosta Whitfield. Corniferous (Dev.). Rhynchonella ? raricosta Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sei., II, 1882, p. 201;— Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 522, pl. 6, fig. 6 ;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 421, pl. 2, fig. 6. Loc. Columbus, Ohio. Rhynchonella reticulata Hall=Dictyonella reticulata. Rhynchonella ricinula Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella ricinula Hall, Trans Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 9.—Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 53, pl. 6, fig. 46.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 330, pl. 29, fig. 46. Loc. Spergen Hill, Indiana. Rhynchonella ringens Swallow=Camarophoria ringens. Rhynchonella robusta Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Atrypa robusta Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 71, pl. 23, fig. 7. Rhynchonella robusta Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Loc. Lockport, New York. Rhynchonella rockymontana Marcou=Pugnax rockymontana. Rhynchonella royana Hall. Corniferous (Dey.). Rhynchonella? (Stenocisma?) royana Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 338, pl. 54, figs. 20-23. Loc. Near Leroy, New York. Rhynchonella rudis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella rudis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 75;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 235, pl. 34, figs. 20, 21. Loc. Hudson, New York. Rhynchonella rugicosta Nettelroth. Niagara (Sil.). Rhynchonella rugecosta Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 78, pl. 32, figs. 48-5]. Loe. Louisville, Kentucky. Rhynchonella saffordi Hall= Wilsonia saffordi. Rhynchonella saffordi var. depressa= Wilsonia saffordi depressa. Rhynchonella sageriana A. Winchell=Camaroteechia sageriana. Rhynchonella sancta Sardeson=Rhynchotrema inequivalve laticos- tatum. Rhynchonella sappho Hall=Camarotcechia sappho. 364 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Rhynchonella schucherti Stanton. Upper Cretaceous (Knoxville). Rhynchonella schucherti Stanton, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 133, 1896, p. 31, pl. 1, figs. 1-4. Loc. Paskenta, California. Rhynchonella scobina Meek =Camarotechia neglecta. Rhynchonella semiplicata (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Atrypa semiplicata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey N. Y., 1841, p. 56. Rhynchonella semiplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 65, figs. 1,2;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 224, pl. 29, fig. 1. Loe. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York. Rhynchonella septata Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Rhynchonella septata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 443, pl. 103, fig. 2. Loc. Albany County, New York. Rhynchonella sordida Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Atrypa sordida Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 148, pl. 33, fig. 16. Rhynchonella sordida Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 66. Loc. Not given. Rhynchonella speciosa Hall=Camarotcechia speciosa. Rhynchonella stephani Hall=Camarotechia stephani. Rhynchonella (?) striata Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella striata Simpson, Trans. American Phil. Soc., n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 444, fig. 10. Loc. Near Warren, Pennsylvania. Obs. Compare with Camarophoria ringens and C. caput-testudinis. Rhynchonella striatocostata Meek and Worthen= Pugnax striaticostata. Rhynchonella stricklandi Sowerby= Uncinulus stricklandi. Rhynchonella subacuminata Webster. Chemung (Dey.). Rhynchonella subacuminata Webster, American Naturalist, XXII, 1888, p. 1015. Loc. Near Rocixford, Iowa. Rhynchonella subcircularis A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella subcireularis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 408. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Rhynchonella subeuneata Hall—Camarophoria subecuneata. j ] Rhynchonella subtetredra (Conrad). ? Cretaceous. Terebratula subtetredra Conrad, U. 8. Astronomical Exped. Southern Hemi- sphere, 1855, p. 282, pl. 42, fig. 8. Loc. Portezuelo de Manplas and Cordillera de Dona Ana at an altitude of 13,432 feet above the ocean. Rhynchonella subtrigona Meek and Worthen=Camarophoria sub- trigona. Rhynchonella subtrigonalis Hall. Trenton (Ord.), Atrypa subtrigonalis Hall, Pal. New York, J, 1847, p. 145, pl. 33, fig. 12. Rhynchonella subtrigonalis Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 66. Loc. Turin, New York. Obs. Compare with Rhynchotrema inxqnivalve. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 365 Rhynchonella sulciplicata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Rhynchonella sulcoplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 76.—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 236, pl. 35, fig. 1. Loc. Albany County, New York. -Rhynchonella tayloriana (Lea). ? Jurassic. Terebratula tayloriana Lea, Trans. American Phil. Soc., n. ser., VII, 1841, p. 259, pl. 10, fig. 12. Loc. Habana, Cuba. Rhynchonella tennesseensis Hall (non Roemer)=Uncinulus stricklandi. Rhynchonella tennesseensis Koemer. Niagara (Sil.). Rhynchonella tennesseensis Roemer, Die Sil. Fauna des West. Tennessee, 1860, p. 72, pl. 5, fig. 14.—Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pl. 9, figs. 24-26;—Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 136, pl. 7, figs. 16, 17. Loc. Perry County, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; Yellow Springs, Ohio. Rhynchonella tethys Billings=Camarotechia tethys. Rhynchonella tetreedra (Sowerby). Liassic. Terebratula tetredra Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1812, p. 191, pl. 83, fig. 5.— Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, ser. ii, IV, 1851, p. 17, pl. 7, figs. 9-10. Rhynchonella tetredra Davidson, British Oolitic and Liassic Brach., Pal. Soc., 1852, p. 93, pl. 18, figs. 5-10.—Behrendsen, Zeit. der Deuschen geol. Gessel., XLII, 1891, p. 396.—Mo6ricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 63. Loc, Europe; Portezuelo Ancho, Argentine Republic; Manflas, Las Amolanas, etc., Chile. Rhynchonella (?) tetraptyx A. Winchell. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella ? tetraptyx A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 120. Loc. Rockford, Indiana. Rhynchonella tenuistriata Nettelroth. Corniferous (Dey.). Rhynchonella tenuistriata Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 82, pl. 7, figs. 27-29. Loc. Falls of Ohio. Rhynchonella texana Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella texana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 393. Loc. Mouth of Delaware Creek, Texas. Rhynchonella thalia Billngs=Camarotechia billingsi. Rhynchonella thera Walcott=Camarophoria thera. Rhynchonella transversa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella transversa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 74, figs. 5, 6;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 234, pl. 34, figs, 9-16. Loc. Albany County, New York. Rhynchonella triplicata Quenstedt. Jurassic. Rhynchonella triplicata (Quenst.) Méricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilage- band, IX, 1894, p. 63. Loc. Europe; Quebrada de la Iglesia, etc., Chile. 366 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BvLt.87. Rhynchonella tuta Miller. Burlington (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella tuta Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p. 315, pl. 7, Pes. Loc. Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico. Rhynchonella unica A. Winchell. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella unica A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 122. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Rhbynchonella unisuleata Hall=Pentagonia unisuleata. Rhynchonella utah of authors=Pugnax utah. Rhynchonella vellicata Hall=Uncinulus vellicatus. Rhynchonella ventricosa Hall=Camaroteechia ventricosa. Rhynchonella venustula Hall=Hypothyris cuboides. Rhynchonella vicina Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Rhynchonella vicina Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 44. Loc. Anticosti. Rhynchonella (?) warrenensis Swallow. Lower Devonian. Rhynchonella warrenensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 653. Loc. Callaway County, Missouri. Rhynchonella wasatchensis White=Seminula wasatchensis. Rhyuchonella whitiana Miller=Camarotechia whitei. Rhynchonella whitii Hall (non Winchell) =Camarotechia whitei. Rhynchonella whitei A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella whitei A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 407. Loc. Marshall, Michigan. Rhynchonella whitneyi Gabb. Cretaceous (Shasta). Terebratella whitneyi Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., II, 1869, p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 62. Rhynchonella whitneyi Gabb, Ibidem, 1869, p. 204, pl. 34, fig. 105.—Stanton, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, 133, 1896, p. 32, pl. 1, figs. 5-10. Loc. Napa and Colusa counties, California. Rhynchonella wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby). Eocene. Terebratula wilmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, I, 1845, p. 431. Rhynchonella wilmingtonensis Conrad, American Jour. Conch., I, 1865, p. 35. Loc. Wilmington, North Carolina. Rhynchonella wilsoni Sowerby= Wilsonia wilsoni. Rhynchonella wortheni Hall=Camarophoria wortheni. RHYNCHOPORA King. Genotype Terebratula geinitziana de Verneuil. Rbynchopora King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., XVII, 1856, p. 506.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 210;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 832. Rhynchoporina (Lhlert, Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1305. Rhynchopora pustulosa (White). Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Rhynchonella pustulosa White, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1860, p. 226.— Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 257, pl. 4, figs. 12-14. Rhynchopora pustulosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 210, pl. 58, figs. 1-4. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Wasatch Range, Utah; Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico (Miller). SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 367 RHYNCHOSPIRA Hall. Genotype Waldheimia formosa Hall. Rhynchospira Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 29;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, pp. 213, 484;—Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 58, figs. 12-17;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 276.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 108, fig. 101;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 791. Retzia Billings, Canadian Journal, VI, 1861, p. 147. Rhynchospira (?) acadie (Hall). Arisaig (Sil.). Trematospira acadie Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 146, fig. 4.—Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 597. Loc. Nova Scotia. Rhynchospira aprinis Hall=Homeeospira apriniformis. Rhynchospira (?) ashlandensis Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Rhynehospira ? ashlandensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 16;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 23, fig. 16. Loe. Lyon Falls, Ohio. Rhynchospira electra (billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Retzia electra Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 114, pl. 3, fig. 11. Rhynchospira electra Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 11, 1893, p. 111, pl. 50, figs. 29-31. Loe. Square Lake, Maine. Rhynchospira equiradiata Hall=Camarotechia «equiradiata. Rhynchospira (?) eugenia (Billings). Corniferous (Dey.). Retzia eugenia Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1863, p. 147, fig. 58 ;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 373, fig. 395. Rhynchospira (?) eugenia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 111, pl. 50, figs. 41-43. Loe. Walpole, Ontario. Rhynchospira evax Hall=Homeospira evax. Rhynchospira formosa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Waldheimia formosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 88. Trematospira (Rhynchospira) formosa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 215, pl. 36, fig. 2; pl. 95A, figs. 7-11. Rhynchospira formosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 278, figs. 1-6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 109, fig. 101, pl. 50, figs. 21-25. Retzia formosa Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 366.—Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 512, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 413, pl. 1, figs. 15-16. Loc. Welderberg Mountains, New York; Square Lake, Maine; Greenfield, Ohio. Rhynchospira globosa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Waldheimia globosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 87. Trematospira (Rhynchospira) globosa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 215, pl. 36, fig. 1. Rhynchospira globosa Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 111. Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York. Rhynchospira (?) helena (Nettelroth). Niagara (Sil.). Trematospira helena Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 187, pl. 32, figs. 40-43. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Rhynchospira lepida Hall=Trigeria lepida. 368 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Rhynchospira nobilis Hall=Cyclorhina nobilis. Rhynchospira rectirostris Hall. Oriskany (Deyv.). Waldheimia rectirostra Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 89. Trematospira (Rhynchospira) rectirostra Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 217, pl. 95A, fig. 1, and p. 485. Rhynchospira rectirostra Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 111. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Rhynchospira scansa Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.). Rhynchospira secansa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, pl. 50, fig. 45. Loc. McKean County, Pennsylvania. Rhynchospira (?) sinuata Hall. Arisaig (Sil). Rhynchospira sinuata Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 146.—Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 597. Retzia sinuata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 367. Loc. Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Rhynchospira subglobosa Hall=Retzia subglobosa. RHYNCHOTREMA Hall. Genotype Rhynchonella capax Conrad. Rhynchotrema Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 68, figs. 12-14.—Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1888, p. 410.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 458.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 182;—Thirteenth Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 825. Rhynchotrema ainsliei N. H. Winchell. Trenton (Ord.). Rhynchonella ainsliei N. H. Winchell, ess ay Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota, 1886, p. 315, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6. Rhynchotrema ainsliei Winchell and Sohachert: Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 459, pl. 34, figs. 1-8. Loc. Minneapolis, St. Paul, etc., Minnesota; Decorah, Iowa. Rhynchotrema capax (Conrad). Lorraine (Ord.). Atrypa capax Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 264, pl. 14, fig. 21. Atrypa increbescens (partim) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 146, pl. 33, figs. 13i, 13k-13y.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 207, figs. 15, 16.—Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 66. figs. 6, 7, 9-11. Rhynchonella increbescens (partim) Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 123, pl. de ign 2 Rhynchonella capax Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 211, fig. 213.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1878, p. 123, pl. 11, fig. 2.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1875, p. 17.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 489, pl. 1, figs. 9-11;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 121, pl. 1, figs. 9-11.—Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 263, pl. 12, figs. 26, 27.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 99, pl. 41, fig. 12. Rhynchotrema capax Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 462, pl. 34, figs. 30-34.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 183, 185, pl. 56, figs. 14-18, 20-27; pl. 83, fig. 31.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 178. Loc. Richmond, Indiana; Oxford, etc., Ohio; Wilmington, Illinois; Cape Girardeau, Missouri; Stockbridge, Ironridge, ete., Wisconsin; Lattners, Iowa; Spring Valley, Minnesota; Anticosti; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba; Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 369 Rhynchotrema dentatum Hall. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Atrypa dentata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 148, pl. 33, fig. 14. Rhynchonella dentata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 65.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 121, pl. 11, fig. 5.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., Il, 1875, p. 18.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 490, pl. 1, figs. 12-14;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 122, pl. 1, figs. 12-14. Rhynchotrema dentata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 185. ?*Rhynchonelia dentata Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 100, pl. 41, fig. 3. Loc. Turin, New York; Dayton and Oxford, Ohio; Richmond, Indiana; near Nashville, Tennessee. Rhynchotrema formosum (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella formosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 76, figs. 1-5;—Pal. New York, ILI, 1859, p. 236, pl. 35, fig. 6. Stenocisma formosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 334.—Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 187, pl. 56, figs. 41-45. Loc. Schoharie and Albany counties, New York; Lake Temiscouata, New Bruns- wick, and Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). Rhynchotrema inequivalve (Castelnau). Trenton (Ord.). Spirifer inequivalvis Castelnau, Essai Systeme Sil. ’/ Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 40, pl. 14, fig. 8. Atrypa inerebescens (partim) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, pp. 146, 289, pl. 33, figs. 18a-18h; ?pl. 79, fig. 6. Rhynchonella increbescens (partim) Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 207, figs. 11-14.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 66.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 168, fig. 153.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 83, pl. 34, figs. 26-29. Rhynchonella argenturbica White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Merid., IV, Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 14;—Ibidem, Final Rep., 1875, p. 75, pl. 4, fig. 12. Trematospira (?) quadriplicata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 60, figs. 6, 7. Rhynchotreta quadriplicata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 370. Rhynchonella minnesotensis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad Nat. Sci., III, 1892, p. 333, pl. 4, figs. 21-23. Rhynchotrema inzquivalvis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 459, pl. 34, figs. 9-25.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 179. Rhynchotrema increbescens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 183, 185. Loc. Drummonds Island (Castelnau); New York; Kentucky; Tennessee; Illi- nois; Wisconsin; Iowa; Minnesota; Silver City, New Mexico; Ottawa, Canada; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. Obs. Compare Rhynchonella subtrigonalis. Rhynchotrema inequivalve laticostatum Win.and Schuch. Trenton (Ord.), Rhynchotrema inequivalvis var. laticostata W. and S8., American Geol., IX, April 1, 1892, p. 293 ;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 461, pl. 34, figs. 26-29. Rhynchonella sancta Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., III, April 9, 1892, p. 333, pl. 4, figs. 19, 20. Loc. Cannon Falls, Minnesota. Rhynchotrema ottawaense (Billings). Trenton (Ord.). Porambonites? ottawaensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 140, fig, 117. Bull. 87 24 370 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (BULL. 87. Rhynchotrema ottawaense (Billings)—Continued. Protorhyneha? and Orthorhynchula? ottawaensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 181, 228. Loc. Pauquette Rapids, Canada; near Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Rhynchotrema perlamellosum ( Whitfield). Lorraine (Ord.). Rhynchonella perlamellosa Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877, p. 73.—James, The Palieontologist, 2, 1878, p. 15.—Whitfield, Geol. Wiscon- sin, IV, 1882, p. 265, pl. 12, figs. 23-25. Loc. Delafield and Tron Ridge, Wisconsin; Oxford, Ohio. RHYNCHOTRETA Hall. Genotype Rhynchonella cuneata Dalman. Rhynchotreta Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 166, figs. 1-4;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882. p. 309.—Nettelroth, Ken- tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 84.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 185;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 825. Rhynchotreta cuneata americana Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa cuneata Hall (non Dalman), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, Table of Organic Remains, 13, figs. 3, 4;—Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 276, pl. 57, fig. 4.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 138, pl. 2, fig. 13. Rhynchonella cuneata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 315, fig. 323. Rhynchotreta cuneata var. americana Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 167, pl. 25, figs. 29-88;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 310, pl. 25, figs. 29-38.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 85, pl. 32, figs. 58, 59, 62, 63.—Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 47, pl. 4. figs. 12-22.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 187, pl. 56, figs. 31-38. Loc. Lockport, etc., New York; Hamilton, Ontario: Waldron and Osgood, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Rbynobolus Hall=Rhinobolus. REMERELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orbicula grandis Vanux. Remerella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 137, fig. 65 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 257. Remerella grandis (Vanuxem). Hamilton (Dev.). Orbicula grandis Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 152, fig. 4. Discina grandis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 18; pl. 2, figs. 32, 33.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 3. Discina (Orbiculoidea?) grandis Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 187;—Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pl. 9, figs. 33-35. Remerella grandis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 137, fig. 65, pl. 4E, figs. 29-31. Loc. Cazenovia and Pratts Falls, New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio. ROMINGERINA Hall and Cl. Genotype Centronella julia A. Winchell. Romingerina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 272;—Thir- teenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 855. Romingerina julia (A. Winchell). Waverly (L. Carb.). Centronella julia A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 405;— Ibidem, 1865, p. 123.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 419, pl. 614, figs. 41-46.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 49, pl. 2, fig. 5. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 371 Romingerina julia (A. Winchell)—Continued. Romingerina julia Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 271, figs. 187, 188, pl. 79, figs. 28-30. : Loc. Port Aux Barques, Michigan; Cuyahoga and Licking counties, Ohio. ?In the Chemung at Rushford, New York (Williams). SCAPHIOCELIA Whittield. Genotype 8. boliviaensis Whitfield. Scaphiocelia Whitfield, Trans. American Inst. Min. Engi., XIX, 1891, p. 106.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 275;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 857. Scaphiocelia boliviaensis Whitfield. Middle Devonian. Seaphioceelia boliviensis Whitfield, Trans, American Inst. Min. Engi., XTX, 1891, p. 106, figs. 1-4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 276, figs. 193-196. Loc. Serere or Quechista, Bolivia. SCENIDIUM Halli. Genotype Orthis insignis Hall. Skenidium Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 70, figs. 1-5.—Waagen, Paleeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 549. Scenidium (Ehlert, Bull. Societe d’Etudes Scientifiques d’Angers, 1887, p. 4, extract.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p.241.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 381.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 276. Scenidium anthonense Sardeson. Trenton (Ord.). Skenidium halli Safford, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 287 (undefined). Skenidium anthonensis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., ITI, 1892, p. 333, pl. 4, fig. 7. Scenidium halli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 242, pl. 7A, figs. 33-39. Scenidium anthonensis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 381, figs. 20-23. Loc. Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Cannon Falls, Minnesota; Dixon, Illinois; Leb- anon, Tennessee. Scenidium devonicum Waleott=Dalmanella devonica. Scenidium halli Safford=S. anthonense. Scenidium insigne Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Orthis insignis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 173. Skenidium (Orthis) insignis Hall, Ibidem, 1859, pl. 10A, figs. 13-15. Skenidium insignis Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 70, figs. 1-5 ;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, p. 37, figs. 31-35. Scenidium insigne Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 242, pl. 7, figs. 31-35. Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York; Perry County, Tennessee. Scenidium (?) merope (Billings). Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Orthis merope Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p, 139, fig. 116. Scenidium ? merope Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 242, pl. 7A, figs. 31, 32. Loc. Ottawa, Canada; Cincinnati, Ohio; Burgin, Kentucky. Scenidium pyramidale Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Orthis pyramidalis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 251, pl. 52, fig. 2. Skenidium pyramidalis Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 70. Skenidium pyramidata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 37, figs. 29, 30, 372 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Scenidium pyramidale Hall—Continued. Scenidium pyramidale Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 242, pl. 7, figs. 29; 30; pl. 7A, figs. 40-42. Loc. Lockport, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). SCHIZAMBON Walcott. Genotype 8. typicalis Walcott. Schizambon Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 69.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 113, 167.—Winchell and Sehu- chert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 360.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 253. Schizambonia (Ehlert, Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1266. Schizambon (?) dodgei Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Schizambon (?) dodgii W. and §., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 361, pl. 30, figs. 5-7. Loc. Sandyhill, New York. Schizambon (?) fissus canadaensis (Ami). Utica (Ord.). Siphonotreta scotica Whiteaves, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIV, 1882, p. 278 ;—Canadian Nat. Geol., X, 1885, p. 396. Siphonotreta scotica var. canadensis Ami, Ottawa Naturalist, I, 1887, p. 124. Schizambon (?) fissus var. canadensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 115, pl. 4, figs. 32-36. Loc. Gloucester, Ontario. Schizambon (?) lockei Winchell and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.). Schizambon (?) lockii Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, U1, 1893, p. 362, pl. 30, figs. 8-10. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Schizambon typicalis Walcott. Pogonip or Calciferous (Ord.). Schizambon typicalis Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 70, pl. 1, fig.3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 114, fig. 65, pl. 4, figs. 27-30. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada; Manitou, Colorado. SCHIZOBOLUS Ulrich. Genotype Discina truncata Hall=Lingula concentrica Vanuxem. Schizobolus Ulrich, Cont. American Pal., I, 1886, p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 87, 165;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y State Geologist, 1894, p. 246. Schizobolus concentricus (Vanuxem). Genesee (Dev.). Lingula concentrica Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 168, fig. 4.— Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. 4. Discina truncata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 28;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 23, pl. 1, fig. 15; pl. 2, figs. 36, 37. Discina (Trematis) truncata Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 187. Trematis truncata Hall, Twenty-third Rep. Ibidem, 1873, pl. 13, fig. 20. Schizobolus truncatus Ulrich, Cont. American Pal., I, 1886, p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 87, pl. 3, figs. 11-14. Loc. Ogdens Ferry, Cayuga Lake, etc,, New York; Falls of Ohio; Madison County, Kentucky. SCHIZOCRANIA Hall and Whitfield. Genotype Orbicula ? filosa Hall. Schizocrania Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 71.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 142, 168.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 369.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p, 259. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. ote Schizocrania filosa Hall. Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.). Orbicula? filosa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 99, pl. 30, fig. 9. Trematis filosa Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 126.—Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pl. 13, figs. 21, 22. Trematis (?) filosa Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 15. Schizocrania filosa Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 73, pl. 1, figs. 12-15.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 143, pl. 4G, figs. 22-30.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 370, fig. 31; pl. 29, figs. 29-31. Loc. Middleville, Utica, etc., New York; Ottawa, Canada; Cincinnati, Ohio; Cannon Falls and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Schizocrania (?) helderbergia Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Schizocrania (?) helderbergia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 144, 179, pl. 4G, figs. 34, 35. Loc. Near Clarksville, New York. Schizocrania (?) rudis Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Trematis rudis Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 243, pl. 13, fig. 19. . Schizocrania (?) rudis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 144, pl. 4G, fig. 21. Loc. Clifton, Tennessee. Schizocrania schucherti Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.). Schizocrania schucherti Hall and Ciarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 143, 179, pl. 4G, figs. 31-33. Loc, Covington, Kentucky. Schizocrania superincreta Barrett. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Trematis (Schizocrania) superincreta Barrett, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., I, 1878, p. 122. Schizocrania (?) superincreta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 144. Loc. Port Jervis, New York. SCHIZOPHORIA King. senotype Orthis resupinata (Martin). Schizophoria King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 106.—Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 21.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 211;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 272. Schizophoria carinata Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Orthis carinata Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 267, fig. 1;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 58, pl. 8, figs. 30-32;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, fig. 22. Schizophoria carinata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 213, 226, pl. 6, fig. 22. Loe. Painted Post, High Point, ete., New York. Schizophoria cora (d’Orbigny). Upper Carboniferous. | Orthis cora d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 48. Terebratula cora d’Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, pl. 3, figs. 21-23. Orthis resupinata var. latirostrata Toula, Sitzungsb. der k. k. Akad: der Wis- sensch. zu Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 8. pl. 1, fig. 7.—Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 63. Loc. Yarbichambi and Cochabamba, Bolivia. Schizophoria macfarlani (Meek). Middle and Upper Devonian. Orthis macfarlani Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 88, pl. 12, fig. 1.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 423, pl. 13, fig. 10.— 374 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (BULL. 87. Schizophoria macfarlani (Meek)—Continued. Kayser, Richthofen’s China, IV, 1883, p. 91, pl. 13, fig. 3.— Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 114. Schizophoria macfarlanii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 190, 212, 225, pl. 6A, figs. 28-32. . Loc. Independence, Iowa; Howard and High Point, New York; Mackenzie River, Canada; Lower Devonian, Eureka district, Nevada; Southwestern China. Schizophoria manitobaensis W hiteaves. Upper Devonian. Orthis (Schizophoria) manitobensis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 283, pl. 37, figs. 3, 4, 5. Loc. Lake Winnipegosis, Canada. Schizophoria multistriata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Orthis multistriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 45, figs. 1, 2;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 176, pl. 15, fig. 2. Schizophoria multistriata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 212, 226, pl. 6A, fig. 25. Loe. Schoharie and Catskill, New York. s Schizophoria (?) peduncularis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Orthis peduncularis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 174, pl. 13, fig. 16. Schizophoria ? peduncularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 226. Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York. Schizophoria propinqua Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Orthis propinqua Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 110;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 48, pl. 5, fig. 3;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 30, 31. Schizophoria propinqua Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 212, 226, pl. 6, fig. 30. Loc. New York; Columbus, Ohio. Schizophoria resupinata (Martin). Carboniferous. Orthis resupinata Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 265, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. Schizophoria resupinata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 194, 213, 226. Loc, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah; Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico. Schizophoria resupinoides (Cox). Upper Carboniferous. Orthis resupinoides Cox, Owen’s Geol. Survey Kentucky, II, 1857, p. 570, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 106, pl. 11, fig. 4. Orthis resupinoides? White, Wheeler’s Exp]. and Survey west 100th Meridian, Appendix, 1881, p. xxiii. Schizophoria resupinoides Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 213, 226. Schizophoria cfr. resupinoides Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XXXYV, 1897, p. 28 (extract). Loc. Haneock County, Kentucky; Manuelitos Creek, New Mexico; ? White and Conway counties, Arkansas. Obs. Probably identical with Schizophoria resem Schizophoria senecta Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.). Orthis (Schizophoria) senecta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 343, pl. 6A, figs. 23, 24. Loc. Reynales Basin, Niagara County, New York. SCHUCHERT.} INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 375 Schizophoria striatula (Schlotheim). - Middle and Upper Devonian. Anomia Terebratulites striatulus Schlotheim, Min. Taschenbuch, VIII, 1813, pl. 1, fig. 6. Orthis striatula Davidson, Brit. Devonian Brach., Pal. Soc., 1865, p. 87, pl. 17, figs. 4-7.—Whiteaves (non Schlotheim), Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, pp. 218, 283. Orthis impressa Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 267, fig. 2;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 60, pl. 8, figs. 11-19.—Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 326, pl. 25, figs. 13-15.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 115, pl. 13, fig. 13.—Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 36. Orthis lentiformis? Owen (non Hall), Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pl. 3, figs. 10, 10a, young specimen. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17918. ] Orthis iowensis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 488, pl. 2, fig. 4.— Billings, Hind’s Rep. Expl. Assiniboine and Saskatch., 1859, p. 187, fig. 1.— Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 90, pl. 12, fig. 2.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 501, pl. 5, figs. 10-12;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 133, pl. 5, figs. 10-12.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 62, pl. 38, fig. 6. Orthis iowensis var. furnarius Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 489, pl. 2, fig. 5—-Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 424, pl. 13, fig. 9. ' ?0rthis iowensis ? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 410. Orthis propinqua Nettelroth (non Hall), Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken- tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 43, pl. 16, figs. 1-3, 7-11. Schizophoria iowensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 212. 226, pl. 6A, fig. 29. Schizophoria impressa Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, pp. 212, 216, pl. 6, fig. 31; pl. 6A, figs. 26, 27. Loe. New York; Falls of Ohio; Illinois; Iowa; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Perry County, Missouri; Eureka district, Nevada; Mackenzie River Valley, North- west Territory, Canada. Obs. The writer has compared American forms with O. striatula from the Kifel, Germany, and he agrees with authors in regarding both as one species. Orthis (Schizophoria) macfarlani is often found associated with O. striatula and may be only a variety of it. Schizophoria swallovi Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.). Orthis swallovi Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 597, pl. 12, fig. 5;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 23, 24.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 63, pl. 38, fig. 5. Schizophoria swallovi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 213, 226, pl. 6, figs. 23, 24. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Quincy, Illinois; Pike County, Missouri. Obs. Compare with Rhipidomella clarkensis. Schizophoria tioga Hall. Portage and Chemung (Dev.). Orthis interlineata Hall (non Sowerby), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 267, figs. 3, 4. Orthis tioga Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 59, pl. 8, figs. 20-29;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 17, 18.—Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sei., V, 1891, p. 561, pl. 12, fig. 3;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 453, pl. 8, fig. 3. Schizophoria tioga Hall and Clarke. Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 212, 226, pl. 6, figs. 17, 18. Loc. Factoryville, Elmira, etc., New York; Lake County, Ohio. 376 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Schizophoria tulliensis (Vanuxem). Tully (Dey.). Orthis tulliensis Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 164, fig. 2.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 55, pl. 7, tig. 5.—Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 115, pl. 2. fig. 12.—Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, p. 492, pl. 12, fig. 16. Orthis resupinata Hall (non Martin), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 215, fig. 2. Orthis (Schizophoria) tulliensis Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 36, figs. 25-29. Sehizophoria tulliensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 212, 226, pl. 6, figs. 25-29. Loc. Tully, Tinkers Falls, and Ovid, New York; Eureka district, Nevada. SCHIZOTRETA Kutorga. Genotype 58. elliptica Kutorga. Schizotreta Kutorga, Verhand. Kais. Min. Gessel. zu St. Petersburg, VII, 1848, - p. 273.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 135, 169.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 365,—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 257. Schizotreta conica (Dwight). Trenton (Ord.). Orbiculoidea conica Dwight, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XIX, 1880, p. 452, pl. 21, figs, 1-11. Schizotreta conica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 126, 135, pl. 4H, figs. 6-8; pl. 4F, fig. 7. Loc. Near Newburg, New York. Schizotreta minutula Wincheli and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.). Schizotreta minutula Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 366, fig. 28. Loc. Near Granger, Minnesota. Schizotreta ovalis Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.). Orbiculoidea (Schizotreta) ovalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 177, pl. 4K, figs. 4, 5. Loe. Middleville, New York. Schizotreta pelopea (Billings). Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Discina pelopea Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 52, fig. 56;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 124. Discina concordensis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., III, 1892, p. 328, pl. 4, figs. 13, 14. Schizotreta pelopea, Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 365, pl. 29, figs. 26-28. Loc. Montreal, Canada; Mantorville, Old Concord, and Spring Valley, Minne- sota; Dubuque, lowa; Neenah, Wisconsin; in the Utica at Ottawa, Canada (Ami). Schizotreta tenuilamellata (Hall). Niagara (Sil.). Orbicula tenuilamellata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 250, pl. 53, fig. 3. Discina forbesi Nicholson (non Davidson), Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 62. Discina solitaria Ringueberg, American Naturalist, 1882, p. 175, figs. a-e. Discina clara Spencer, Bull. Univ. State Missouri, 1, 1884, p. 56;— Trans. St. Louis Acad Sci., IV, 1886, p. 606, pl. 8, fig. 5. Schizotreta tenuilamellata Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. apy Ary o epi bye pa atopy 1a Orbiculoidea (Schizotreta?) tenuilamellata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 127, 135, pl. 4K, figs. 9-11; pl. 4F, figs. 2-6. Loc. Lockport, New York; Hamilton, Ontario, and Arisaig, Noya Scotia (Ami). SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. SUE SELENELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype S. gracilis Hall and Clarke. Selenella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 271;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 855. Selenella gracilis Hall and Clarke. Corniferous (Deyvy.). Selenella gracilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 271, figs. 184-186. Loe. Ontario. SEMINULA McCoy emend Hall and Clarke. Genotype Terebratula pentiedra Phillips=Athyris ambigua (Phillips). Seminula McCoy, Synopsis Carb. Fossils Ireland, 1844, pp. 150, 158.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IJ, 1893, p. 93;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 781. Seminula argentea (Shepard). Upper Carboniferous. Terebratula argentea Shepard, American Jour. Sci., XXXIV, 1838, p. 152, fig. 8. Terebratula roissyi d’Orbigny (non L’Eveillé), Voyage dans Amérique Méri- dionale, Pal]., 1842, p. 46. Terebratula antisiensis dOrbigny, Ibidem, 1842, p. 46 (non p. 36). Terebratula peruviana d’Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, pl. 3, figs. 17-19 (non p. 36). Terebratula subtilita Hall, Stansbury’s Exped. Great Salt Lake of Utah, 1852, p. 409, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2.—Shumard, Marey’s Rep. U. 8. Expl. Red River of Louisi- ana, 1853, p. 202, pl. 4, fig. 8.—Schiel, Pacific Railroad Rep., II, 1855, p. 108, pl. 1, fig. 2.—Hall, Ibidem, III, 1856, p. 101, pl. 2, figs. 3-5.—Marcou, Geol. N. America, 1858, p. 52, pl. 6, fig. 9—Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 714. Terebratula (?) subtilita Davidson, Mon. British Carboniferous Brach., Pal. Soc., 1857, p. 18, pl. 1, figs. 21, 22; 1860, p. 86; 1862, p. 217, pl. 17, figs. 8-10. Spirigera subtilita Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 20.—White, Wheeler’s Expl, and Survey west of the 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 141, pl. 10, fig. 6. Athyris differentis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 47. Athyris subtilita Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 126.— Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, X VII, 1861, p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 4.—Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 40, pl. 3, figs. 7-9.—Meek, Final Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, Nebraska, 1872, p. 180, pl. 1, fig. 12; pl.5, fig. 9; pl. 8, fig. 4.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p.570, pl. 25, fig. 14.— Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 5, 8 (not 7—=Spirigerella derbyi); pl. 3, figs. 8, 16,19; pl. 6, fig.2; pl. 9, fig.4.—Meek, Simpson’s Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 350, pl. 2, fig. 4;—Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey Terr., II, 4, 1876, pl. 1, fig. 2.—Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1876, p. 279.—Newberry, Macomb’s Rep. Expl. Exped. from Santa Fe to the Great Colorado River of the West, 1876, p. 188.—Meek, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 83, pl. 8, fig. 6.—White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 136, pl. 35, figs. 6-9.—de Koninck, Annales du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, XIV, 1887, p. 73, pl. 18, figs. 1+4, 7-10, 12-28; pl. 19, figs. 47-56.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IT, 1887, p- 44, pl. 2, fig. 23.—Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 231.— Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 604, pl. 16, figs. 7-9;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 488, pl. 12, figs. 7-9. Spirifera (Athyris) subtilita Toula, Sitzungsb. der k. k, Akad. der Wissensch, zu Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 5. Seminula subtilita Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 95, figs. 66, 67, and 58, 59 on p. 86; pl. 47, figs. 17-31. Athyris argentea Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 92, pl. 39, fig. 11. Loc. Throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North America; Brazil and Bolivia, South America; England; India; Thibet and Kashmere. Obs. See Seminula charitonensis, 8, caput-serpentis, 8, hawni, and 8. singletonii Swallow. 378 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Seminula caput-serpentis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous. Spirigera caputserpentis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, II, 1868, p. 90. Loc. Missouri and Kansas. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for 8. argentea. Seminula charitonensis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous. Spirigera charitonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 651. Loc, Chariton and Randolph counties, Missouri. Obs. Probably a synonym for Seminula argentea. Seminula claytoni (Hall and Whitfield). Kinderhook (. Carb.). Athyris claytoni Halland Whitfield, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., LV, p. 256, 1877, pl. 4, figs. 15-17. : Loc. Little Cottonwood, Wasatch Range, Utah. Seminula dawsoni Hall and Clarke. Upper Carboniferous. Athyris subtilita Davidson (non Hall), Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 170, pl. 9, figs. 4,5.—Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 290, fig. 88. Seminula dawsoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, pp. 95, 96, 364, figs. 69-71; pl. 47, figs. 32-34. Loe. Windsor Nova Seotis: Seminula formosa (Swallow). Keokuk (L. Carb.). Spirigera formosa and euzona Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 91. Athyris formosa Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 91. Loc. Boonville, Missouri. Seminula hawni (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous. Spirigera hawni Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 652. Loc. Missouri. Obs. Probably a synonym for Seminula argentea. Seminula maconensis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous. Spirigera maconensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 651. Loc. Montgomery County, Missouri. Seminula parva (Swallow). Keokuk (lL. Carb.). Terebratula parva Swallow (non d’Archiac, 1846), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 83.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 105. Terebratula cooperensis Miller, N. American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 384. Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Monroe and Cooper counties, Missouri. Obs. Specimens of this species in Professor Hall’s collection seen by the writer do not*show a punctate shell structure, but are distinctly fibrous. Seminula persinuata (Meek). Carboniferous. Athyris (?) persinuata Meek, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 81, pl. 9, fig. 4 Loc. White Pine district, Nevada. Seminula (?) plattensis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous. Spirigera plattensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 87. Loc. Missouri; Kansas; Nebraska. Seminula (?) rogersi Hall and Clarke. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Seminula rogersi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 97, 364, pl. 47, figs. 1-4. Loc. Pendleton, Indiana. Seminula singletonii (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous. Spirigera singletonii Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 87. Loc. Boone and Audrain counties, Missouri. Obs. Probably a synonym for Seminula argentea. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 379 Seminula subquadrata Hall. Kaskaskia (lL. Carb.). Athyris subquadrata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 703, pl. 27, fig. 2, woodcut p. 708.—Whittield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 585, pl. 14, figs. 1-3 ;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 472, pl. 10, figs. 1-3.—Keyes, Geol, Sur- vey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 92. Athyris subquadrata? Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., LVL Stl peril, plo, nes, 19.20) Seminula subquadrata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 95, pl. 47, figs. 7-9, 15, 16; pl. 84, figs. 30, 31. Loc. Chester, Illinois; Crittenden County, Kentucky ; Newtonville and Maxville, Ohio; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Obs. See Cleiothyris clintonensis. Seminula titicacaensis (Gabb). Upper Carboniferous. Terebratula titicacensis Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII, 1881, p. 302, pl. 42, fig. 11. Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Seminula trinucleus Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Terebratula trinucleus Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 7;—Geol. Sur- vey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 659, pl. 23, figs. 4, 5. Athyris trinuclea Whitfield, Bull. American Mus, Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 50, pl. 6, figs. 22-27.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 329, pl. 29, figs. 22-27. Seminula trinuclea Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 94, 95, fig. 65; pl. 47, figs. 5, 6, 10-14. Loc. Bloomington and Spergen Hill, Indiana; Alton, Illinois; Boonville, Mis- souri; Princeton, Kentucky. Obs. See Cleiothyris reflexa. Seminula wasatchensis (White). Upper Carboniferous. Rhynchonella wasatchensis White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west of 100th Meridian, Prel. Rep. 1874, p. 19;—Ibidem, Final Rep., 1875, p. 130, pl. 9, fig. 3. Loc. Wasatch Range, near Provo, Utah. Obs. Is related to 8S. subtilita. The great anterior thickening is due to old age. Sieberella Gihlert, and Hall and Clarke=Gypidula. Obs. It may prove that Sieberella will be useful as a subgenus of Gypidula. SIPHONOTRETA de Vern. Genotype Crania unguiculata Eichwald. Siphonotreta de Verneuil, Géol. de la Russie d’Europe et des Mont. de l’Oural, II, 1845, p. 286.—Dall, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 62.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 110, 167.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1898, p. 358.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 252. Siphonotreta (?) micula McCoy. Calciferous (Ord.). Siphonotreta ? micula Ami, Rep. Progress Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Canada for 1887-88, 1889, p. 52K. Loc. Great Britain; near Laevis, Canada. Siphonotreta (?) minnesotaensis Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.), Siphonotreta ? minnesotensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 112, 177, pl. 4, figs. 37, 38.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 358, pl. 29, figs, 23, 24. Loc, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Siphonotreta scotica Whiteaves=Schizambon ? fissus americanus. SPHAROBOLUS Matthew. Genotype Lingulella ? spissa Billings. Spherobolus Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 263. 380 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spherobolus spissus (Billings). Lower Ordovician. Lingulella ? spissa Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 468, fig. 5;—Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 67, fig. 36. Sphierobolus spissus Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 263, pl. 1, fig. 5. Loc. Bell Island, Newfoundland. SPIRIFER Sowerby. Genotype Anomites striatus Martin. Spirifer Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, II, 1815, p. 41.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 134.—Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowledge, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 17.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1898, pp. 1-40;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 751. Spirifera Billings, Canadian Journal, VI, 1861, p. 253.—Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 251;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 186.— White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west of the 100th Merid., 1875, p. 90.— Herrick, Bull. Denison University, IV, 1888, p. 14.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 105.—Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, p. 567;—Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 9. Spirifer acanthopterus (Conrad). ? Hamilton (Dey.). Delthyris acanthoptera Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 264. Loc. Oneonta, Otsego County, New York. Spirifer acuminatus (Conrad). Corniferous and Hamilton (Dey.). Delthyris acuminata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 65. Delthyris prora Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 263. Terebratula acuminatissima Castelnau, Essai Syst. Silurien l’Amérique Septen- trionale, 1843, p. 40, pl. 14, fig. 16. Spirifer cultrijugatus Yandell and Shumard (non Roemer, 1844), Cont. Geol. Ken- tucky, 1847, p. 10. 3 Spirifer acuminata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 135. Spirifera acuminata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 198, 234, pl. 29, figs. 9-18; pl. 35, fig. 24.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 105, pl. 8, figs. 1-8. Spirifer acuminatus White, Second Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 503, pl. 4, figs. 1-3;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 135, pl. 4, figs. 1-3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 31, 39, pl. 39, figs. 39-42. Loc. Schoharie, Williamsville, Clarence Hollow, Hamilton, Madison, etc., New York; Columbus and Sandusky, Ohio; Falls of Ohio. Spirifer acuticostatus de Koninck. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer acuticostatus de Koninck, Animaux Fos. Carb. Belgique, p. 265, pl. 17, fig. 6. Spirifera acuticostata Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 171, pl. 9, figs. 7, 8—Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 292, fig. 91. Loc. Europe; Brookfield and Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. Spirifer agelaius Meek. Lower Carboniferous. Spirifer triradialis? Meek (non Phillips), Sixth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 470. Spirifer agelaius Meek, Ibidem, 1873, p. 470, footnote.—White, Twelfth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p, 135, pl. 34, fig. 10. Loc. Near Virginia City, Montana. Spirifer alatus Castelnau (non Schlotheim)=Spirifer aliformis. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 381 Spirifer aliformis de Verneuil. Upper Helderberg (Dey.). Spirifer alatus Castelnau (non Schlotheim), Essai Systeme Silurien Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 42, pl. 12, fig. 4. Spirifer aleeformis de Verneuil, Ibidem, 1843, p. 42, footnote. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Obs. Compare with Spirifer arenosus. Spirifer alba-pinensis Hall and Whitfield. Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Spirifera albapinensis Hall and Whitfield, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl., 40th Parl., LV, 1877, p. 255, pl. 4, figs. 7, 8. Loe. Wasatch Range, Utah. Obs. Appears to be a synonym of 8. centronatus. Spirifer aldrichi [Mtheridge. Devonian. Spirifer aldrichi Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 634, pl. 29, fig. 2. Loc. Dana Bay, lat. 82° 42’. Spirifer alta Hall=Cyrtia alta. Spirifer amarus Swallow. Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifer amarus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 642. Loe. On page 658 it is given as Callaway County, Missouri, in association with Hamilton terrane fossils. It is probably the same as 8. anne Swallow. Spirifer angustus Hall. Hamilton and Portage (Dey.). Spirifer angusta Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 164, fig. in text. Spirifera angusta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 230, pl. 38A, figs. 23-32.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, LV, 1882, p. 329, pl. 26, fig. 3.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 54; figs. 14-17. Spirifer angustus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 31, 39, pl. 24, figs. 14-17. Loe, Livingston and Genesee counties, and Ithaca, New York; Portage group of New York (Williams); Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Spirifer anne Swallow. - Hamilton (Devy.). Spirifer annze Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 641. Loe. Callaway County, Missouri. Obs. See S. amarus. Spirifer annectans Walcott. Lower Carboniferous. Spirifera annectans Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 216, pl. 18, fig. 7. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Spirifer antarcticus Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian. Spirifer antarcticus Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846, p- 276, pl. 11, fig. 2. Loc. Falkland Islands. Obs. Compare with §. boliviaensis, 8. chuquisaca, and S. orbignyi. Spirifer arata Hall=Spirifer granulosus. Spirifer arcticus Houghton. Devonian. Spirifer arcticus Houghton, Jour. Royal Dublin Soc., I, 1857, p. 183. Obs. The writer has not seen this journal. Spirifer arctisegmentum Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer arctisegmenta Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 131. Spirifera arctisegmenta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 208, pl. 31, figs. 9, 10;— 382 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BURE.. 8T. Spirifer arctisegmentum Hall—Continued. Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 59, figs. 10-12.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 108, pl. 12, figs. 14, 15. Spirifer arctisegmentus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 36, pl. 34, figs. 10-12. Loc. Stafford and Genesee counties, New York; Falls of Ohio. Spirifer arenosus (Conrad). Oriskany and Corniferous (Dev.). Delthyris arenosa Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 65.— Mather, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. First Dist., 1843, p. 342, fig. 1.—Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1848, p. 148, fig. 1. Delthyris arenaria Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 123, fig. 1; p. 124, fig. 5. Spirifer arenosa Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 826, fig. 650.— Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 425, pl. 98, figs. 1-8; pl. 99, figs. 1-10; pl. 100, figs. 1-8. Spirifera arenosa Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 960, fig. 465.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 55, figs. 3-7. Spirifera unica Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 203, pl. 30, fig. 21; pl. 55, fig. 8. Spirifer arenosus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24, 27, 37, pl. 29, figs. 1-4; pl. 30, figs. 3-8. Loe. Schoharie, Clarence Hollow, etc., New York; Cumberland, Maryland; Vir- ginia; Frankstown, Pennsylvania; Cayuga, Ontario. Spirifer argentarius Meek=Spirifer pinonensis. Spirifer arrectus Hall=Spirifer murchisoni. Spirifer asper Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifer aspera Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 508, pl. 4, fig. 7. Spirifera (Cyrtina) aspera Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 331, pl. 26, figs. 1, 2. Spirifer asper Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 31, 32, 39, pl. 25, figs. 20-25. Loc. Independence and Rockford, lowa; Rock Island, Illinois; Milwaukee, Wis- consin; Canandaigua, New York. Spirifer asperatus Ringueberg. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera asperata Ringueberg, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., V, 1886, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 5. Loc. Lockport, New York. Spirifer atwateranus Miller=Spirifer iowaensis. Spirifer audaculus (Conrad). Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.). Delthyris audacula Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 262. Delthyris medialis Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 208, fig. 8.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 828, fig. 669. Spirifer eatoni Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 157. Spirifer medialis Hall, Ibidem, 1857, p. 164, fig. 1. Spirifera medialis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 227, pl. 38, figs. 1-25 ,— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 54, figs. 1-13.—Nettelroth, Ken- tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 125, pl. 26, figs. 2-5. Spirifera medialis var. eatoni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pl. 38, figs. 12-18. Spirifera audacula Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 329, pl. 25, figs. 25, 26. Spirifer audaculus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, pp. 29-31, 39, pl. 24, figs. 1-13; pl. 29, fig. 5. Loc. Otsego, Cayuga, Moscow, Darien, ete., New York; Falls of Ohio; Milwan- kee, Wisconsin, SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 383 Spirifer audaculus macronotus Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Delthyris macronota Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 206, fig. 5. Spirifera macronota Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 231, pl. 38A, figs, 1-22 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 54, figs. 18-27. Spirifer audaculus var. macronotus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 24, figs. 18-27. Loc. Bristol, Moscow, Darien, etc., New York. Spirifer buarquianus Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Spirifera buarquiana Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 28. Loc. Rio Maecuru, Province of Para, Brazil. Spirifer belphegor Clarke. Genesee (Dey.). Spirifera belphegor Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 30, pl. 3, fig. 13. Loe. Ontario County, New York. Spirifer bicostatus Hall=Reticulara bicostata. Spirifer bicostatus var. petilus Hall=Reticularia bicostata petila. Spirifer bidorsalis Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifera bidorsalis A. Winchell, Geol. Rep. Lower Peninsula of Michigan, 1866, p. 93. Loe. Grand Traverse district, Michigan. Spirifer biforatus var. lynx Hall=Platystrophia biforata. Spirifer bifurcatus Hall=Spirifer leidyi. Spirifer billingsanus Miller. Oriskany (Dev.). Spirifera superba Billings (non Eichwald), Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 45, pl. 3A, fig. 3. Spirifera billingsana Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 372. Loc. Indian Cove, Gaspé. Spirifer bilobus Hall=Bilobites bilobus. Spirifer bimesialis Hall. Upper Devonian. Spirifer bimesialis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. IT, 1858, p. 507, pl. 4, fig. 6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36, pl. 34, figs. 23-26. Spirifera bimesialis Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 59, figs. 23-26. Loc. Independence, Iowa; Naples, New York (Clarke). Spirifer biplicatus Meek (non Hall)=Spirifer centronatus. Spirifer biplicatus Hall. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Spirifer biplicata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 519, pl. 7, fig. 5. Spirifera biplicata Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p.45; IV, 1888, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 8. Spirifer biplicatus Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 15, fig. 8. Loc, Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; Richfield, etc., Ohio. Spirifer boliviaensis d’Orbigny. Devonian. Spirifer boliviensis d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal,, 1842, p. 37, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9. Loe. Cochabamba and Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Obs. Compare with §. antarcticus and 8, hawkinsi. Spirifer boonensis Swallow. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer booensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 646. Loc. Boone, Randolph, and Monroe counties, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S, rockymontanus. 384 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer byrnesi Nettelroth. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifera byrnesi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur- vey, 1889, p. 109, pl. 10, figs. 1-5?, 31-34, 36-39. Loc. Falls of Ohio. Spirifer cameratus Derby (non Morton)=Spirifer condor. Spirifer cameratus Morton. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer cameratus Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 150, pl. 2, fig. 3.— Hall, Pacific Railroad Reports, III, 1856, p. 102, pl. 2, figs. 9, 12;— Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 709, pl. 28, fig. 2.—Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 44.—Meck, Final Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 183, pl. 6, fig. 12; pl. 8, fig. 15.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 573, pl. 25, fig, 7.—Toula, Neues Jahrbuch f. Mineral., 1874, p. 240;—Sitzungsb. der Kais. Akad. der Wissen. zu Wien, 1875, p. 543.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 132, pl. 10, fig. 1.—Newberry, Macomb’s Rep. Expl. Exped. from Santa Fe to the Great Colorado River of the West, 1876, p. 138.—Meek, Simpson’s Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 353, pl. 2, fig. 3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38, pl. 32, figs. 9-15. Spirifer meusebachanus Roemer, Kreidebildung Texas, 1852, p. 88, pl. 11, fig. 7. Spirifer triplicatus Hall, Stansbury’s Expl. Survey of the Valley of Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1852, p. 410, pl. 4, fig. 5. Spirifer inequicostatus? Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 586, pl. 5, fig.6. [Seespecimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17954. J Spirifer fasiger Owen (non Keyserling), Ibidem, 1852, pl. 5, fig. 4. Spirifer striatus var. triplicatus Marcou, Geol. N. America, 1858, p. 49, pl. 7, fig. 3 « bp Ue Spirifer species Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 853, fig. 694. Spirifer camerata Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 27. Spirifera camerata Newberry, Ives’s Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 127.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 517, pl. 8, fig. 3;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 149, pl. 8, fig. 3.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 57, figs. 9-15.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 132, pl. 35, figs. 3-5,— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Il, 1887, p. 45, pl. 2, fig. 22.—Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 230;—Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 83, pl. 40, fig. 5. Spirifera camerata var. kansasensis Swallow, Trans. St Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1867, p. 409. Spirifer (Trigonotreta) camerata Meek, King’s U. 8. Geol. Exp]. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 91, pl. 9, fig. 2. Loc. Putnam Hill, Ohio; throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North Amer- ica; western side of Spitzbergen (‘Toula). Obs. S. cameratus is often regarded as identical with S. striatus (Martin). The latter species, however, is closely and finely reticulated with concentric growth lines, while in S. cameratus the plications are crowded with small pustules arranged in radiating lines. See S. condor and 8. striatus. Spirifer cameratus var. kansasensis Swallow=Spirifer cameratus. Spirifer cameratus percrassus Swallow. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer cameratus var, percrassus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad, Sci., II, 1866, p. 409. Loc. Missouri and Kansas. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as asynonym for S, cameratus. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 385 Spirifer capax Hall=Spirifer euryteines. Spirifer canandaigue Hall and Clarke= Reticularia canandaigue. Spirifer carteri Hall=Syringothyris carteri. Spirifer carteri Meek (non Hall)=Syringothyris texta. Spirifer catskillensis Emmons=Spirifer mesistrialis. Spirifer cedarensis Owen=S. iowaeunsis. Spirifer centronatus A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.). Spirifer centronatus A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 118.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 86, pl. 5, fig. 8. Spirifera (Trigonotreta) biplicata (Hall??) Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 290, pl. 14, fig. 5. Spirifera centronata Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 254, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6. Loc. Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio; Black Hills, South Dakota; Wasatch Range, Utah; Mountain Spring, Nevada; Yellowstone Park. Obs. See S. alba-pinensis. Spirifer chilensis Forbes=Spiriferina rostrata. Spirifer chuquisaca A. Ulrich. Middle Devonian. Spirifer chuquisaca A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 65, pl. 4, figs. 19, 20. Loc. Chahuarani, Tarabuco, etc., Bolivia. Obs. Compare with S. boliviaensis and 8. antarcticus. Spirifer clarus Swallow=Reticularia clara. Spirifer clavatulus McChesney. ~ Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifera clavatula McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 84;—Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 36, pl. 6, fig. 5. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Spirifer clintoni Hall=Spirifer granulosus. Spirifer clio Hall= Delthyris consobrina. Spirifer compactus Meek= Reticularia fimbriata. Spirifer concinnus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer concinna Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 60, figs. 1-3. Spirifera concinna Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 200, pl. 25, fig. 2; pl. 28, fig. 7;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 55, figs. 1, 2. Spirifer concinnus Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24, 27, 38, pl. 30, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York. Spirifer condor d’Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer condor d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 46, pl. 5, figs. 11-14.—Waagen, Palzontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 514. Spirifer striatus var. multicostatus Toula, Sitzungsb. der kais. Akad. der Wis- sensch. zu Wien, 1869, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 2-4. Spirifera camerata Derby (non Morton), Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 12, pls. 1, 2, 4,5;—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1875, p. 279. Loc. Bolivia; Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil; Yampopata and the Island of Titicaca, Bolivia; Pichis River, Peru. Bull, 87—-—25 386 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer condor d’Orbigny—Continued. Obs. “‘It has for a long time been considered a synonym of S. striatus and later of S. cameratus. It is distinct, however, from the former by the lamellose strie of growth and from the latter by these as well by the nearly entire . absence of bundling of the ribs” (Waagen). Spirifer conradanus Miller=Reticularia fimbriata. Spirifer consobrina @’Orbigny = Delthyris consobrina. Spirifer consors A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifer consors A. Winchell, Geol. Rep. Lower Peninsula of Michigan, 1866, p. 93. Loc. Grand Traverse district, Michigan. Spirifer cooperensis Waagen= Reticularia cooperensis. Spirifer corticosus Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifer corticosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 160. Spirifera corticosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 236. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Obs. Compare with 8. granulosus. Spirifer(?) costalis Castelnau. ? Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer costalis Castelnau, Essai Systéme Silurien l’Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 41, pl. 14, fig. 7. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Spirifer crispatus Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifer crispatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 360, pl. 36, figs. 9, 10. Loc. ‘‘Maryland.” Spirifer crispus (Hisinger). Niagara and Coralline (Sil.). Terebratula crispa Hisinger, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, 1826, tab. 7, fig. 4. Delthyris staminea Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 3. Spirifer crispus Hall, American Jour. Sci., XX, 1849, p. 228;—Pal. New York, I, — 1852, p. 262, pl. 54, fig. 3; p. 328, pl. 74, fig. 9.—Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 75, pl. 6, figs. 6, 7,—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 20, 36, pl. 36, figs. 1-6. Spirifera crispa Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 157, pl. 24, figs. 6-12, 19;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 295, pl. 24, figs. 6-12,19;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, figs. 1-6. Loc. Europe; Lockport, Lewiston, and Schoharie, New York; Hamilton and Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami); Ontario; Waldron, Indiana. Spirifer crispus simplex Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera crispa var. Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 212. Spirifera crispa var. simplex Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 157, pl. 24, figs. 1-5 ;—-Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 296, pl. 24, figs. 1-5.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 111, pl. 17, figs. 36, 37. Spirifer crispus var. simplex Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 75, pl. 6, figs. 4, 5. Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky. Spirifer cultrijugatus Yandell and Shumard=Spirifer acuminatus. Spirifer cumberlandie Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Spirifer cumberlandie Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 63;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 421, pl. 96, fig. 9.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36, pl. 33, figs. 16-23. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 387 Spirifer cumberlandie Hall—Continued. Spirifera cumberlandiwe Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 58, figs. 16-23. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Spirifer cuspidatus of American authors=Syringothyris carteri. Spirifer cuspidatiformis Miller=Syringothyris texta. Spirifer cyclopterus Hall. Lower Helderberg and Oriskany (Deyv.). Spirifer cycloptera Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat, Hist., 1857, p. 58;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 199, pl. 25, fig. 1. Spirifera cycloptera Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 457;—Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 48, pl. 3A, fig. 4.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, figs. 12, 13. Spirifer cyclopterus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 36, pl. 36, figs. 12, 15. Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York; Gaspé and New Brunswick. Spirifer cyrtinaformis Hall and Whitfield =Cyrtia cyrtiniformis. Spirifer davisi Nettelroth. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifera davisi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 112, pl. 12, figs. 1-4. Loc, Falls of Ohio. Spirifer deltoideus Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Spirifera deltoidea Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 7. Spirifer deltoideus Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 15, fig. 7. Loe. Licking County, Ohio. Spirifer desideratus Walcott. Lower Carboniferous. Spirifera desiderata Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 217, pl. 7, fig. 8. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby. Jhemung (Dev.). Spirifera disjuncta Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc., 2d ser., V, 1840, pl. 53, fig. 8; pl. 54, figs. 12, 13.—Davidson, Mon. British Devonian Brach., Pal. Soc., 1864, p. 23, pl. 5, figs. 1-12; pl. 6, figs. 1-5.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 243, pl. 41, figs. 1-19; pl. 42, figs. 1-20;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 55, figs. 14-17.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 134.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 221, pl. 29, fig. 4. Delthyris perlatus Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 54. Delthyris chemungensis Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 263. Delthyris prolata Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 179, fig. 3. Delthyris cuspidata Hall (non Martin), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 270, fig. 1.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 829, fig. 683. Delthyris disjuncta? Hall, Geology N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 269, fig. 3. Delthyris acanthota Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 270, fig. 2. Delthyris inermis Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 270, fig. 4. Spirifer disjunctus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 21, 24, 27, 37, 49, pl. 30, figs. 14, 15, 17.—Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 23, fig. 11. Loc. Europe; New York; Pennsylvania; Eureka district, Nevada; Peace, Hay, and Liards rivers, Canada. Spirifer disjunctus occidentalis Whiteaves. Upper Devonian. Spirifera disjuncta var. occidentalis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 222, pl. 29, fig. 5. Loc. Hay River, Canada. 388 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer disjunctus sulcifer Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dev.). Spirifera disjunctus var, sulcifer Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 361, pl. 30, fig. 16. Loc. Near Olean, New York. Spirifer disparilis Hall=Metaplasia disparilis. Spirifer divaricatus Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifer divaricata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 133, Spirifer venustus Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem,1860, p. &2. Spirifera divaricata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 213, pl. 32, figs. 1-6.—Net- telroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 113, pl. 11, figs. 6-11; pl. 12, figs. 5-11. Spirifer divaricatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24, 27, 39, pl. 38, figs. 15-17. Loc. Schoharie, Stafford, Williamsville, York, etc., New York; Port Colborne, Canada; Falls of Ohio; Lebanon, Kentucky. Obs. Compare with 8. multicostatus Castelnau. Spirifer dubius Hall=Pentamerella dubia. Spirifer dubius Nettelroth. ?Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera dubia Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur- vey, 1889, p. 115, pl. 33, figs. 23, 24. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Spirifer duodenarius (Hall). Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Delthyris duodenaria Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p.171, fig. 5. Spirifera duodenaria Billings, Canadian Jour.,n. ser., V, 1861, p. 256, figs. 65-67 ;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 372, fig. 394.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 189, pl. 27, figs. 13-16; pl. 28, figs. 24-33;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 58, figs. 8-13.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 114, pl. 12, figs. 12, 13, 16. Spirifera duodenaria? Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 25. Spirifer duodenarius Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 37, pl. 33, figs. 8-15. Loc. New York, Ontario, Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Rio Maecuru, Province of Para, Brazil. Spirifer duplicatus Hall=Spirifer dupliplicatus. Spirifer duplicicosta Phillips. Carboniferous. Spirifer duplicicostus Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1829, p. 218, pl. 10, fig. 1. Spirifera duplicicosta Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 628. Loc. Europe; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43’. Spirifer dupliplicatus (Conrad). Hamilton (Dey.). Delthyris dupliplicata Conrad, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 261, pl. 14, fig. 16. Spirifera duplicata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 223, 236. Loc. Near Smyrna, New York. Obs. Compare with S. granulosus Conrad. Spirifer eatoni Hall=Spirifer audaculus. Spirifer elize Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Spirifer elize (Hartt MS.) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 239, pl. 8, figs. 15, 21; pl. 9, fig. 22. Spirifera elize Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 28. Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. SCHUCHERT. ] ’ INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 389 Spirifer engelmanni Meek and Worthen (non Meek)=Spirifer worth- enanus. Spirifer engelmanni Meek. Middle Devonian. Spirifera engelmanni Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 308.— Simpson’s Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 346, pl. 1, fig. 1.— King’s U. 8S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 3. Loc. Neils Valley, Utah; White Pine district, Nevada. Spirifer eudora Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera eudora Hall, Annual Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1861, p. 25;—Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, I, 1863, p. 69, pl. 5; p. 436;—Trans. Albany Inst., IV, 1863, p. 211;—Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 370, pl. 13, figs. 5, 7;—Ibidem, Twenty-eighth Rep., 1879, p. 156, pl. 24, figs. 13-18 ;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 294, pl. 24, figs. 13-18;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 51, figs. 19-21, 29. Spirifer eudora Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 13, 35, pl. 21, figs. 19-21, 29. Loc. Racine, Wisconsin; Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky. Spiriter euruteines Hall (non Owen)=S. fornacula. Spirifer euruteines var. fornacula Hall=S. fornacula. Spirifer euryteines Owen. Hamilton (Dev.). Delthyris euruteines Owen, Rep. Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844, p. 69, pl. 12, fig. 9. Spirifer euruteines Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 586, pl. 3, figs. 2,6. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17924.] Spirifer parryana Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 509, pl. 4, fig. 8.— Keyes, Geol. Surv. Missouri, V, 1895, p. 77, pl. 40, fig. 4. Spirifer capax Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 520, pl. 7, fig. 7. Spirifera parryana Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 261, figs. 77, 78;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 386, fig. 422.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 52, figs. 8, 9.—Calvin, Bull. Lab. State Univ. Iowa, 1888, p. 19. Spirifera fornacula Meek and Worthen (non Hall), Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 433, pl. 13, fig. 8. Spirifera capax Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 52, figs. 15-17. ?Spirifera parryana Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 137, pl. 14, fig. 10. Spirifer parryanus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 31, 39, pl. 22, figs. 8, 9, 15-17. Loc. Pine Creek and elsewhere in Iowa; Eureka district, Nevada; Bosanquet, Ontario, Canada. Obs. Owen described this species in 1839, but it was not published until 1844. In 1841 Owen sent Professor Hallspecimens from the Falls of the Ohio labeled S. euruteines. This species was again retigured in his report of 1852, where he cites the same localities as in 1844 (p. 32 last paragraph), adding Falls of Ohio and Columbus, Ohio. Professor Hall is correct in regarding the Ohio specimens as distinct from those of the Mississippi Valley, but is in error in thinking that figures 6-6b of the 1852 report are drawn from an Ohio Falls specimen. These figures are of the same specimen as of figure 9 of the 1844 report, which is from Pine Creek, Iowa. The type specimens are in the National Museum collection. Owen’s figure 2 is the same species as Hall’s S. capax, while his figure 6 is a small individual of 8. parryana Hall. Pro- fessor Calvin has shown these two species to be identical. Therefore it follows that S. euryteines must be restricted to the specimens from the Mississippi Valley. For the specimens from the Falls of the Ohio §, forna- culus Hall will be the proper name. 390 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer extenuatus Hall=Syringothyris extenuata. Spirifer fasciger Owen (non Keyserling)=Spirifer cameratus. Spirifer fastigatus Meek and Worthen (non Mortou)=Spirifer morton- anus. Spirifer fastigatus Morton. ?Lower Carboniferous. Spirifer fastigatus Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 152, pl. 14, fig. 35. Loc. Junior Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio. Obs. Not recognizable. Spirifer filicosta A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifera filicosta A. Winchell, Report Lower Peninsula of Michigan, 1866, p. 94. Loc. Grand Traverse district, Michigan. Spirifer (?) fimbriatus Morton Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer fimbriatus Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 150, pl. 2, fig. 1. Loc. Putnam Hill, Ohio. Obs. Not recognizable. Spirifer fimbriatus Hall=Reticularia fimbriata. Spirifer fischeri Castelnau=Spirifer macropleura. Spirifer foggi Nettelroth. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera foggi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur- vey, 1889, p. 117, pl. 32, figs. 28-31. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Spirifer forbesi Norwood and Pratten. Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifer forbesi Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 73, pl. 9, fig. 3—Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 600, pl. 13, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38, pl. 37, fig. 18. Spirifera forbesi Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 80, pl. 40, fig. 3. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Hannibal, Louisiana, and Sedalia, Missouri. Spirifer formosus Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifer formosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 154. Spirifera formosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 220, pl. 28, tigs. 12-16. Loc. Bakeoven, Illinois. Spirifer fornacula Meek and Worthen (non Hall)=Spirifer euryteines. Spirifer fornacula Hall. Hamilton (Mid. Dey.). Spirifer fornacula Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 154. Spirifera euruteines Hall (non Owen), Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 209, pl. 31, figs. 14-19.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 504, pl. 4, figs. 4,5;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 136, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 115, pl. 6, figs. 1-7, 9, 11-17. Spirifera euruteines var. fornacula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 211, pl. 31, figs. 11-13.—Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 330, pl. 25, fig. 22.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.. 117, pl. 6, figs. 8, 10, 18-20. Loc. Jackson County, Illinois; Falls of Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Whitfield). Obs. See remarks on S. euryteines Owen. Spirifer fornax Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifer fornax Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist,, 1857, p. 155. Loe. Illinois. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 391 Spirifer franklini Meek= Reticularia franklini. Spirifer fultonensis Worthen. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifera fultonensis Worthen, Geol. Survey Ilinois, V, 1873, p. 572, pl. 25, fig. 5. Loe. Canton, Illinois. Spirifer gaspensis billings. Oriskany (Dev.). Spirifera gaspensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 44, pl. 3, fig. 8. Loc. Gaspé. Spirifer gibbosus Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifer gibbosus Hall, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1861, p. 25. Spirifera gibbosa Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 370, pl. 13, figs. 6, 8. Loc. Racine, Wisconsin. Obs. Probably the same as S. eudora Hall. Spirifer glabrus Davidson=Martinia glabra. Spirifer glabrus var. contractus Meek and Worthen=Martinia glabra contracta. Spirifer glabrus nevadensis Walcott=Reticularia nevadaensis. Spirifer glanscerasus White=Martinia glanscerasi. Spirifer granuliferus Hall=Spirifer granulosus. Spirifer granulosus (Conrad). Hamilton (Dev.). Delthyris granulosa Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey N. Y., 1839, p. 65. Delthyris granulifera Hall, Geology N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 206, fig. 1. Delthyris congesta Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 206, fig. 2,—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 828, figs. 670, 673. Spirifer huroniensis Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien Amérique Septentrion- ale, 1843, p. 41, pl. 12, fig. 6. Spirifer osteolatus Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, p. 14. Spirifer granulifera Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 163. Spirifer arata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 161. Spirifer clintoni Hall, Ibidem, 1857, p. 157. Spirifer oweni Hall, Ibidem, 1857, p. 129.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, NA OUI Pt. II, 1895, pl. 22, figs. 1-7. Spirifera oweni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 197, pl. 29, figs. 1-8;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 52, figs. 1-7.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 126, pl. 7, figs. 1-10. Spirifera granulifera Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 223, pl. 36, figs. 1-13 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 53, figs. 1-15. Spirifera arata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 225. Spirifer granulosus Hall, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 30, 31, 39; pl. 23, figs. 1-15; pl. 29, figs. 9-12. Loc. Schoharie, Moscow, Darien, Canandaigua, etc., New York; Pennsylvania; Cumberland, Maryland; Virginia; Falls of Ohio; Alpena, Michigan. Spirifer gregarius Clapp. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Delthyris gregaria Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, pp. 9, 10. (Nomina nudum. ) Spirifer gregaria (Clapp MS.) Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 127. Spirifera gregaria Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., VI, 1861, p. 260, figs. 74-76 ;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 372, fig. 391.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 195, pl. 28, figs. 1-11.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, pl. 4, figs. 10, 11;—Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 136, pl. 4, figs. 1¢, 11.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 119, pl. 8, figs. 9-13; pl. 10, figs. 6-10. 392 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer gregarius Clapp—Continued. Spirifer gregarius Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36, pl. 29, fig. 7; pl. 37, figs. 11, 12. Loc, Falls of Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Genesee and Erie counties, New York; Ontario. Spirifer grieri Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer grieri Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 127;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 194, pl. 27, fig. 29; pl. 28, figs. 17-23.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24, 27, 38, pl. 30, figs. 9-13. Spirifera grieri Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 55, figs. 9-13.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 120, pl. 9, figs. 8-14. Loc. Clarence, Williamsville, ete., New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio. Spirifer grimesi Hall. Kinderhook and Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifer grimesi Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 604, pl. 14, figs. 1-5. — Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 23, 25, 38, pl. 31, figs. 8, 16-19. Spirifer allied to grimesi Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 628, pl. 25, fig. 5. Spirifera grimesi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 56, figs. 8, 16-19.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 79. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; Fielden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43’; Han- nibal, Louisiana, Sedalia, ete., Missouri. Spirifer guadalupensis Shumard=Reticularia guadalupensis. Spirifer hannibalensis Swallow=Syringothyris carteri. Spirifer hartti Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Spirifera hartti Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 29. Loc. Rio Maecuru, Province of Para, Brazil. Spirifer hawkinsi Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian. Spirifer hawkinsii Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846, p. 276, pl. 11, fig. 1. Loc. Falkland Islands. Spirifer hemicyclus Meek and Worthen. Oriskany (Dev.). Spirifer hemicyclus Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, ITI, 1868, p. 399, pl. 8, figs. 6, 7. Loc. Union and Alexandria counties, Illinois. Spirifer hemiplicatus Hall=Enteletes hemiplicatus. Spirifer hesione Billings=Delthyris raricosta. Spirifer hirtus White and Whitfield=Reticularia cooperensis. Spirifer hobbsi Nettelroth. Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifera varicosa var. Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 206, pl. 31, fig. 23. Spirifera hobbsi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 121, pl. 10, figs. 21, 22, 26-30, 35, 40. Loc. Falls of Ohio. Spirifer homfrayi Gabb=Spiriferina homfrayi. Spirifer hungerfordi Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Spirifer hungerfordi Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 501, pl. 4, fig. 1.— Tschernyschew, Mémoires du Comité Géologique de St. Petersbourg, ITI, 3, 1887, p. 62.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 23, 25, 37, pl. 29, fig. 6; pl. 37, figs. 26-30.—Webster, American Naturalist, XXII, 1888, p. 1101. Loc. Rockford, Iowa. *SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 393 Spirifer huroniensis Castelnau =Spirifer granulosus. Spirifer huronensis A. Winchell. Portage (Dev.). Spirifer huronensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 406. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Spirifer imbrex Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.), Spirifer imbrex Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 601, pl. 13, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38, pl. 31, figs. 11, 12. Spirifera imbrex Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 56, figs. 11, 12. Loe. Burlington, lowa; Hannibal and Louisiana, Missouri. Spirifer inequivalvis Castelnau=Rhynchotrema inequivalvis. Spirifer incertus Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifer incerta Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. I, 1858, p. 602, pl. 13, fig. 3. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Spirifer inconstans Hall=Spirifer nobilis. Spirifer increbescens Hall. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Spirifer increbescens Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 706, pl. 27, fig. 6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 27, 39, pl. 30, figs. 27-30; pl. 31, figs. 1-3.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 82. Spirifera increbescens Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 55, figs. 27-30; pl. 56, figs. 1-3. Loc, Kaskaskia and Chester, Illinois; Kentucky. Obs. Not synonymous with S. bisuleatus Sowerby, as stated by Meek and Safford. It has also been referred to S. trigonalis (Martin). Spirifer increbescens americanus Swallow. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Spirifer increbescens var. americana Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. sci., II, 1866, p. 410. Loc. Illinois and Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. increbescens. Spirifer increbescens transversalis Hall. Kaskaskia (LL. Carb.). Spirifer increbescens var. transversalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 708, pl. 27, fig. 6. Loc. Kaskaskia and Chester, Illinois. Spirifer inequicostatus Owen=Spirifer cameratus. Spirifer insolitus Winchell=Martinia ? insolita. Spirifer intermedius Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Spirifer intermedia Hall (non Brongniart, 1829), Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 424. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Spirifer inutilis Hall. Upper Devonian. Spirifer inutilis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 505, pl. 4, fig. 4. Spirifera inutilis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 223. Loc. Independence, Iowa; Athabasca River, Canada. Spirifer iowaensis Owen. Middle Devonian. Spirifer iowensis Owen, Geol. Survey Iowa, Winconsin, and Minnesota, 1852, p- 585, pl. 3, fig.1. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17925.) Spirifer pennatus Owen (non Atwater), Ibidem, 1852, p. 585, pl. 3, figs. 3, 8. {Ibidem, Cat., 17919, 17920.] Spirifer ligus Owen, Ibidem, 1852, p. 585, pl. 3, fig. 4, and pl. 3A, fig. 2 [Ibidem, Cat., 17921, 17922].—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 31, 39, pl. 22, figs. 19-24; pl. 29, fig. 13.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, iV, 1895, p: 77. 394 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer iowaensis Owen—Continued. Spirifer cedarensis Owen, Geol. Survey Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, 1852,. p. 586, pl. 3, fig. 5. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17 923. ] Spirifer pennata Hall, Geol. Survey, Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1*58, p. 510, pl. 5, fig. 1. *Spirifera allied to pennata Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV,, 1878, p. 633, pl. 29; fig. 1. Spirifera atwaterana Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., 1878, p. 222.—Nettel- roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 107. Spirifera pennata Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 330, pl. 26, fig. 4.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 52, figs. 19-24, Loc. New Buttalo, Independence, etc., Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Falls of Ohio; south of Cape Joseph Henry, lat. 82° 42’. Obs. Owen’s type specimens of §. iowaensis, 8. pennatus, S. ligus, and 8. cedar- ensis are preserved in the National Museum collection. The six specimens of these species show, when compared with a large series of similar shells. from Iowa, that they are but variations of a very variable and widely dis- tributed Spirifer of the Devonian of the Mississippi Valley. The width and degree of curvature of the ventral area and the length of the cardinal] line are extremely variable features in 8. iowaensis. Upon these characters Owen has based his species. The name S. iowaensis has been selected not only because it is very appropriate but also since it is the first one described. S. parryanus is another closely allied species, but can be separated generally by its wider ventral area and in the cardinal lines not being drawn out into: more or less mucronate extensions. Spirifer kelloggi Swallow. Keokuk (L. Carb.). Spirifera kelloggi Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 86.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 81. Spiriferina kelloggi Safford, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 360. Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Tennessee. Spirifer kennicotti Meek. Middle Devonian... Spirifer kennicotti Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 101, pl. 14, fig. 9. Loc. Mackenzie River Valley, Northwest Territory, Canada. Obs. This species is much like S. pennatus Miller, but with the fold and sinus. plicated. It is unlike S. disjunctus, to which it has been referred by Whit-- eaves, in its shallow visceral cavity. Spirifer kentuckiensis Shumard=Spiriferina cristata. Spirifer kentuckiensis var. propatula Swallow=Spiriferina cristata. Spirifer keokuk Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.).. Spirifer striatus? var. attenuatus? Owen (non Sow.), Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pl. 3A, fig.8. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17944. ] Spirifer keokuk Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 642, pl. 20, figs. 3 and 2d;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 55, figs. 21-24.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 27, 38, pl. 30, figs. 21-24; pl. 37, figs. 13-15. Spirifer keokuk var. Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 676, pl. 24, fig. 4. Spirifer keokuk? Meek, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., IT, 1876, p. 355, pl. 1, fig. 3. Spirifera keokuk Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 81, pl. 40, fig. 2. Loe. Keokuk, Iowa; Nauvoo and Warsaw, Illinois; Utah; Rushville and Lou- donville, Ohio (Herrick). Obs. See S. littoni. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 395 Spirifer keokuk shelbyensis Swallow. Warsaw (lL. Carb.). Spirifer keokuk var. shelbyensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., II, 1866, p. 410. Loc. Shelby County, Missouri. Spirifer knappanus Nettelroth=Reticularia knappiana. Spirifer lateralis Hall. Warsaw (L. Carb.). Spirifer lateralis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 661, pl. 28, fig. 7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 32, figs. 1-3; pl. 37, fig. 19. ?Spirifera lateralis Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 188°, pl. 57, figs. 1-3. Loc. Clifton and Warsaw, Illinois. Spirifer latior Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Spirifer latior Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 86. Loe. Cooper County, Missouri. Obs. Compare with 8. marionensis. Spirifer levigatus Swallow=Martinia levigata. Spirifer levis Hall=Reticularia levis. Spirifer laminosus Geinitz (non MceCoy)=Spiriferina cristata. Spirifer leidyi Norwood and Pratten. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Spirifer leidyi Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 72, pl. 9, fig. 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 27, 39, pl. 30, figs. 25, 26. Spirifer bifurcatus Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1857, p. 8. Spirifera bifurcata Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 47, pl. 6, figs. 13-15.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 326, pl. 29, figs. 13-15. Spirifera leidyi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 55, figs. 25, 26.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 216, pl. 18, fig. 4.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 82. Loc. Chester, Illinois; Spergen Hill, Indiana; Princeton, Kentucky; Utah; Eureka district, Nevada. Spirifer leidyi chesterensis Swallow. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Spirifer leidyi var. chesterensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1866, p. 409. Loc. ‘‘ Above the St. Louis limestone,” Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. leidyi. Spirifer leidyi merimacensis Swallow. Warsaw (L. Carb.). Spirifer leidyi var. merimacensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1866, p. 410. Loc. Barrets Station, St. Louis County, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. leidyi. Spirifer ligus Owen=S. iowaensis. Spirifer lineatoides Swallow=Reticularia pseudolineata, Spirifer lineatus of American authors=Reticularia perplexa. Spirifer lineatus striatolineatus Swallow=Reticularia perplexa striati- lineata. Spirifer linguiferoides Forbes=Spiriferina rostrata. Spirifer littoni Swallow. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Spirifer littoni Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 646. Loc. St. Louis County, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. keokuk. 396 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL 87. Spirifer logani Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.). Spirifer logani Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. IJ, 1858, p. 647, pl. 20, fig. 7; pl. 21, figs. 1, 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 25, 38, pl. 32, figs. 7, 8. Spirifera logani A. Winchell, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XII, 1870, p. 245.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 57, figs. 7, 8.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 81. Loe. Nauvoo, Illinois; Clark County, Missouri; Tennessee. Spirifer lyelli de Verneuil=Spirifer pennatus. Spirifer macbridei Calvin. Upper Devonian. Spirifera macbridei Calvin, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXV, 1883, p. 433.— Calvin, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, II, 1892, p. 166, pl. 12, fig. 3. Spirifer macbridii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 31, 39, pl. 25, figs. 9-16 ( ?17-19). Loc. Rockford, Iowa. Spirifer macconathei Nettelroth. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifera macconathii Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 123, pl. 11, figs. 1-5. Loe. Falls of Ohio. Spirifer macra Meek (non Hall)=Spirifer strigosus. Spirifer macrus Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer macra Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 134. Spirifera macra Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 190, pl. 27, figs. 17-28 ;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 59, figs. 1-3. Spirifer macrus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36, pl. 34, figs. 1-3. Loc. Schoharie, Williamsville, etc., New York; Columbus, Ohio. Spirifer macronotus Hall=S. audaculus macronotus. Spirifer macropleura (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Delthyris macropleura Conrad, Fourth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1840, p. 207.—Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 120, fig. 1.—Mather, Ibidem, Rep. First Dist., 1843, p. 343, fig. 1. Spirifer macropleurus Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien Amérique Septentri- onale, 1843, p. 41, pl. 13, fig. 5. : Spirifer fischeri Castelnau, Ibidem, 1843, p. 42, pl. 13, fig. 4. Spirifer macropleura Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 202, pl. 27, fig. 1; pl. 28, fig. 8.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 18, 35, pl. 20, figs. 22-24, 27. Spirifera macropleura Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 456;—Proc. Port- land Soe. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 117, pl. 3, fig. 16.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 51, figs. 22-24, 27. Loc. Schoharie, Carlisle, Catskill, ete., New York; Square Lake, Maine; Cum- berland, Maryland; Perry County, Tennessee. Spirifer macrothyris Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer macrothyris Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 182.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 31, 39, pl. 23, figs. 16-18. Spirifera macrothyris Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 202, pl. 30, figs. 16-20 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 53, figs. 16-18. Loc. Williamsville and Clarence Hollow, New York; Cayuga, Ontario; Colum- bus, Ohio. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 397 Spirifer mecuruensis Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Spirifer mecuruensis Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 30. Loc. Rio Maecuru, Province of Para, Brazil. Spirifer maius Billings=Martinia maia. Spirifer manni Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer manni Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 128. Spirifera manni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 211, pl. 31, figs. 20-30. Loe, Sandusky and Columbus, Ohio; Williamsville, New York. Spirifer marcoui Waagen. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer striatus Marcou (non Martin), Geol. North America, 1858, p. 49, pl. 7, fig. 2. Spirifer marcoui Waagen, Palzeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 510, pl. 47. Loe. Shasta County, California; Tigeras, New Mexico; Vancouver Island. Spirifer marcyi Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifer marcyi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 158, figs. 1, 2.—Hali and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, pp. 29, 39, pl. 22, figs. 10-14. Spirifera marcyi Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 226, pl. 37, tigs. 10-20;—Sec- ond Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 52, figs. 10-14. Loc. Covington; Cayuga and Seneca lakes, New York; Columbus, Ohio (Whit- field). Spirifer marionensis Shumard. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Spirifer marionensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 203, pl. C, fig. 8.—Hall, Geol. Survey, Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 501, pl. 6, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 25, 38, pl. 31, fig. 15.—Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 15, fig. 2. Spirifera marionensis A. Winchell, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XII, 1870, p. 252.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 56, fig. 15.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 43, pl. 6, figs. 2-4; pl. 7, fig. 11; IV, 1888, p. 26, pl. 2, fig. 2.—Keyes, Geol. Sury. Missouri, V, 1895, p. 78. ?Spirifera marionensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 124. Loc. Louisiana and Hannibal, Missouri; Portsmouth, Sciotoville, ete., Ohio; ? Falls of Ohio. Obs, Compare with S. osagensis, S. missouriensis, and 8S. vernonensis. Spirifer medialis Hall—Spirifer audaculus. Spirifer meeki Swallow. Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifer meeki Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 645. Loc, Pettis and Saline counties, Missouri. Spirifer meristoides Meek—Martinia meristoides. Spirifer mesacostalis Hall—Delthyris mesicostalis. Spirifer mesistrialis Hall. Portage and Chemung (Dev.). Delthyris mesastrialis Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 269, fig. 1. Spirifer catskillensis Emmons, Manual of Geology, 1860, p. 151. Spirifera mesastrialis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 242, pl. 40, figs. 14-22, and p. 417. Spirifer mesastrialis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 14, 35, pl. 37, figs. 4, 5. Loe. Schoharie, Cortlandville, Cayuta Creek, and Ithaca, New York. Spirifer metus Hall —Cyrtia meta. Spirifer meusebachanus Roemer—Spirifer cameratus. 398 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87, Spirifer mexicanus Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifera Mexicana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., I, 1858, p. 292, pl. 11, fig. 4, and p. 390. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas. Spirifer missouriensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Spirifer missouriensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 643. Loc. Cooper County, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. marionensis. Spirifer modestus Hall=Reticularia modesta. Spirifer mortonanus Miller. Keokuk (LL. Carb.). Spirifera fastigata Meek and Worthen (non Worthen), Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadeiphia, 1870, p. 36;—Geol. Survey Iinois, VI, 1875, p. 521, pl. 30, fig. 3. Spirifera mortonana Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 2d ed., 1883, p. 298. Spirifer mortonanus Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38, pl. 38, figs. 18, 19. Loc. Crawfordsville, Indiana; Kings Mountain and Lebanon, Kentucky. Spirifer mucronatus Conrad=Spirifer pennatus. Spirifer multicostatus Castelnau. ? Corniferous (Deyv.). Spirifer multicostatus Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien l’Amérique Septentrio- nale, 1843, p. 42, pl. 12, fig. 3. Loe. Schoharie, New York. Obs. See 8. divaricatus. Spirifer multigranosus Worthen=Spirifer texasanus. Spirifer multistriata Hall=Trematospira multistriata. Spirifer mundulus Rowley. Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifera mundula Rowley, American Geologist, XII, 1893, p. 307, pl. 14, figs. 10-12. Loc. Louisiana, Missouri, Spirifer murchisoni Castelnau. Oriskany (Dey.). Spirifer murchisoni Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien l’Amérique Septentrionale, 1343, p. 41, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2. Spirifer arrecta Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 422, pl. 97, figs. 1, 2. Spirifera arrecta Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 960, fig. 466.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 58, figs. 24-27, __ Spirifer sp. a A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 22. Spirifer arrectus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 19, 37, pl. 33, figs. 24-27. ; Loc. Schoharie and Albany counties, New York; Cumberland, Maryland; Cayuga, Ontario; near Totora, Bolivia. Obs. Castelnau’s figures prove conclusively that he was the first to describe this species. Spirifer mysticensis Meek. Lower Carboniferous. Spirifera mysticensis Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 466.—Miller, North American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 374. Loc. Outlet of Mystic Lake, Montana. Spirifer neglectus Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.). Spirifer neglectus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 643, pl. 20, fig. 5. Spirifera neglecta Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, VI, 1875, p. 523, pl. 30, figs. le, 2a.—Waleott, Mon. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 217, pl. 18, fig. 10. ‘SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 399 Spirifer neglectus Hall—Continued. ? Spirifera neglecta de Koninck, Annales du Musée Royal d’Historie Nat. de Belgique, XIV, 1887, p. 154, pl. 31, figs. 10-15. Loe, Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illinois; Eureka district, Nevada; ? Belgium. Spirifer newberryi Hall. Waverly (L. Carb.). Spirifera newberryi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 56, figs. aL: Spirifer newberryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 362, pl. 31, figs. 9, 10. Loc, Northern Obio. Spirifer niagaraensis (Conrad). Niagara (Sil.). Delthyris niagarensis Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 261.—Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 1. Spirifer niagarensis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 264, pl. 54, fig. 5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, pp. 14, 35, pl. 21, figs. 1-4, 25; 11) Gas ye i ee Spirifera niagarensis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 137, pl. 2, fig. 8;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 329.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 51, figs. 1-4, 25. Loe. Lockport, Rochester, etc., New York; Osgood, Indiana. Spirifer niagaraensis oligoptychus Roemer. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera niagarensis var. oligoptychus Roemer, Sil. Fauna West. Tennessee, 1860, p. 68, pl. 5, fig. 8. Spirifer macropleurus Satford, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 321. Loc, Decatur County, Tennessee. Obs. Compare with 8S. eudorus Hall and S. macropleurus Conrad. Spirifer nictauvensis Dawson. Oriskany (Dev.). Spirifera nictavensis Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 499, fig. 176;— Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., IX, 1879, p. 3. Loc. Near Nictaux, Nova Scotia. Spirifer nobilis Barrande. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifer nobilis Barrande, Ueber die Brach. der Sil. Schicht von Béhmen, 1847.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 14, 35, pl. 29, fig. 16; pl. 37, figs. 2,3. Spirifer racinensis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 84. Spirifer inconstans Hall, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1861, p. 26;—Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 69, fig. 6; p. 436. Spirifera nobilis Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 372, pl. 18, figs. 14-16. Spirifera racinensis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1868, p. 84. Loe, Racine, Wisconsin; Chicago, Illinois. Spirifer norwoodana Hall=Spiriferina norwoodana. Spirifer norwoodi Meek=Cyrtia norwoodi. Spirifer nova-mexicanus Miller. Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifera novamexicana Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., LV, 1881, p. 344, pl. 7, tig. 10. Loc. Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico. Spirifer nymphus Billings=Reticularia nympha. Spirifer obtusus Gabb=Spiriferina obtusa. 400 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer octocostatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Spirifer octocostata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat, Hist., 1857, p, 62;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 205, pl. 28, fig. 4. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Spirifer octoplicatus Hall=Spiriferina cristata. Spirifer opimus Hall=Spirifer rockymontanus. Spirifer orbignyi Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian.. Spirifer orbignii Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846, p. 276, pl. 11, fig. 3. Loc. Falkland Islands. Obs. Probably identical with S. antarcticus. Spirifer oregonensis Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer oregonensis Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 108. Loc. Near Fort Filmore, New Mexico. Spirifer orestes Hall and Whitfield. Chemung (Dev.). Spirifera orestes Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 237, pl. 11, figs. 16-20.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 55, fig. 20. Spirifer orestes Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 27, 38, pl. 30, fig. 20. Loc. Rockford, lowa; Naples, New York. Obs. Compare with 8. strigosus. Spirifer osagensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.).. Spirifer osagensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 641. Loc. Pettis County, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for 8. marionensis. Spirifer ovalis Phillips. Carboniferous. Spirifer ovalis Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 5.—Ether- idge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 629. oc. Europe. Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43’. Spirifer oweni Hall=Spirifer granulosus. Spirifer paradoxus (Schlotheim). Corniferous (Dev.). Terebratula paradoxa Schlotheim, Petrefactenkunde, VII, 1813, p. 249, tab. 2, fig. 6. Spirifer paradoxus? Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 415, pl. 10, fig. 2 Loc. Europe; Union and Jackson counties, Illinois. Spirifer parryana Hall=S. euryteines Owen. Spirifer peculiaris Shumard. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Spirifer? peculiaris Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 202, Pl. C, fig. 7. Spirifera (Martinia) peculiaris White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Sits ey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 90, pl. 5, fig. 7. Loe. Cooper County, Missouri; Mountain Spring, Nevada. Spirifer pedroanus Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Spirifera pedroana (Hartt) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 237, pl. 8, figs. 1-9, 13, 14, 16-20;—Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 27. Loc. Erere and Province of Para, Brazil. Spirifer pennatus Owen=Spirifer iowaensis. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 401 Spirifer pennatus (Atwater). Marcellus, Hamilton, and Chemung (Dev.). Terebratula pennata Atwater, Aweyjcan Jour. Sci, Arts, I, 1820, p. 244, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3. Delthyris mucronata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1841, p. 54.—Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 150, fig. 3.—Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 198, figs. 2,3; p. 205, fig. 3 (non p. 270, fig. 3S. pennatus posterus).—(Conrad) Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, pl. 11, fig. 18. Spirifer sowerbyi Castelnau, Essai Syst. Silurien Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, pl. 18, fig. 1 (non Fischer). Spirifer lyelli de Verneuil, Ibidem, 1845, p. 43. Spirifer mucronata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 474, pl. 7, figs. 9, 10.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, 1858, p. 828, tig. 668. Spirifera mucronata Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., VI, 1861, p. 254, figs. 59- 62;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 386, fig. 424.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 216, pl. 34, figs. 1-32.—Nicholson, Pal. Proy. Ontario, 1874, p. 80.—Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 328, pl. 25, figs. 27, 28.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 59, figs. 13-22.—Calvin, American Geologist, I, 1888, p.82.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem, Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 126, pl. 31, figs. 10, 11. Spirifer mucronatus var, Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, pl. 12, fig. 13. Spirifer mucronatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, pp. 14, 17, 36, pl. 29, fig. 8; pl. 34, figs. 13-22. Loc. New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia; Bosanquet, Ontario; Mil- waukee, Wisconsin. Obs. Atwater’s specimen was found in the drift of Ohio. Mr. Miller is correct in regarding it the same as the well-known 8. mucronatus. Spirifer pennatus posterus Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dey.). Delthyris mucronata (partim) Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 270, fig. 3. Spirifer mucronatus var. posterus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, P+. UJ, 1895, p. 361, pl. 34, figs. 27-31. Loc. Tompkins County, New York. Spirifer pennatus tulliensis Williams. Tully (Dev.). Spirifer mucronatus var. tulliensis Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, p. 491, pl. 12, fig. 12. Loc. Tinkers Falls, New York. Spirifer pentlandi d’Orbigny. Carboniferous. Spirifer pentlandi d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 48, pl. 5, figs. 15. Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Spirifer perforata Hall=Trematospira perforata. Spirifer perextensus Meek and Worthen. Corniferous (Dey.). Spirifera perextensa Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 414, pl. 10, fig. 1. Loe. Near Jonesboro, Union County, Illinois. Cbs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. ligus=S. iowaensis. _Spirifer perlamellosus Hall=Delthyris perlamellosa. Spirifer perplexus McChesney=Reticularia perplexa. Bull. 87 ——26 402 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer pertenuis Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifer pertenuis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 163. Spirifera perextensa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867. p. 236. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland (Whitfield). Obs. Compare with S. macronota Hall. Spirifer pharovicinus A. Winchell. Huron (Dev.). Spirifera pharovicina A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 406. Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan. Spirifer pinonensis Meek. Lower to Upper Devonian. Spirifer (Trigonotreta) pinonensis Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1870, p. 60;—King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. AD, pla Lo eiged: Spirifer (Trigonotreta) argentarius Meek, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 42, pl. 4, fig. 4. Spirifera pinonensis Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 138, pl. 4, fig. 1. Loc. White Pine and Eureka districts, Nevada. Spirifer planoconvexus Shumard=Amboceelia planiconvexa. Spirifer plenus Hall=Syringothyris plena. Spirifer plicatella of authors=Spirifer radiatus. Spirifer pluto Clarke. Genesee (Dey.). Spirifera pluto Clarke, Bull U. 8. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 31, pl. 3, fig. 12. Loc. Ontario County, New York. Obs. See Leiorhynchus hecate Clarke. Spirifer prematura Hall=Reticularia prematura. Spirifer propinquus Hall=Syringothyris texta. Spirifer prorus Conrad=Spivifer acuminatus. Spirifer pseudolineatus Hall=Reticularia pseudolineata. Spirifer pulehrus Meek=Spiriferina pulchra. Spirifer pyramidalis Hall=Cyrtina pyramidalis. Spirifer pyxidatus Hall=Metaplasia pyxidata. Spirifer quichuus d’Orbigny. Devonian. Spirifer quichua d’Orbigny, Voyage dans VAmérique Méridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 37, pl. 2, fig. 21. Loc. Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Spirifer racinensis McChesney =Spirifer nobilis. Spirifer radiatus Sowerby. Clinton and Niagara (Sil.).. Spirifer plicatella var. radiata Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, V, 1825, p. 493) figs. 1, 2. Delthyris bialveata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 261, pl. 14, fig. 17. Delthyris radiata Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 2. ; Spirifer radiata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1852, pp. 66, 265, pl. 22, figs. 2d-25 (non 2a-2c —Cyrtia meta); pl. 54, fig. 6. Spirifera radiata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 135, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 328.—Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pl. 9, figs. 17, 18.—Hall, Twenty- eighth Rep. Ibidem, 1879, p. 157, pl. 24, figs. 20-30.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Burean of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 497, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6;— Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 129, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6.—Hall, Eleventh SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 403 Spirifer radiatus Sowerby—Continued. Rep. Ibidem, 1882, p. 296, pl. 24, figs. 20-30.—Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 287, pl. 17, figs. 1, 2. Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 51, figs. 9-13, 26 (?14-17).—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 130, pl. 29, figs. 13-16.—Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 313, pl. 5, fig. 6. Spirifer radiatus Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 77, pl. 6, figs. 9-11.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, pp. 18, 35, pl. 21, figs. 5, 9-13, 26 (?14-18). Spirifer tenuistriatus Shaler (non Hall), Bull. Mus. Com. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 70. Spirifera plicatella Billings, Catalogue Silurian lossils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 48. Spirifera plicatella var. radiata Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 371, pl. 13, fies. 9-11. Loc. Europe; Lockport, Rochester, ete., New York; Hamilton, Ontario; Squa- took Lake, New Brunswick; Waldron and Osgood, Indiana; Louisville, Ken- tucky; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee; Bridgeport, Illinois; Racine, Wauwa- tosa, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Spirifer raricostus Hall=Delthyris raricosta. Spirifer rectiplicatus (Conrad), ? Oriskany (Dev.). Atrypa rectiplicata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p, 265. Loe. ** Helderberg Mountains in Middle Silurian limestone.” Obs. May be the same as Metaplasia pyxidata Hall. Spirifer richardsoni Meek= Reticularia fimbriata. Spirifer rockymontanus Marcou. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer rockymontani Marcou, Geol. North America, March, 1858, p. 50, pl. 7, fig. 4. Spirifer opima Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, December, 1858, p. 711. Spirifera subventricosa McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 44;—Trans. Chi- cago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 4. Spirifera opima Derby, Bull. Cornell University, I, 1874, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 2, fig. 7; pl. 4, fig. 12.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 56, figs. 4-7.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1887, p. 44, pl. 2, fig. 23. Spirifera (Trigonotreta) opima Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 329, pl. 19, figs. 1a- 14d (?14e);—King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 88, pl. 9, fig. 6. Spirifera rockymontana White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 134, pl. 11, fig. 9.—Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 231;—Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 84. *Spirifera rockymontana? Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 584, pl. 13, fig. 20;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 471, pl. 9, fig. 20. Spirifer opimus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, pp. 27, 39, pl. 31, tigs. 4-7. Loc. Vigeras and Canyon of San Antonio, New Mexico; Oquirrh Range, Utah; Arkansas; Iowa; Missouri; Illinois; Indiana; Ohio; Maryland; West Vir- ginia; Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil; ?Chester group at Newtonyille, Ohio (Whitfield). Obs. See S. boonensis. Spirifer rostellatus Hall. Keokuk (Ll. Carb.). Spirifer rostellata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 641, pl. 20, fig. 2. Spirifer rostellatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p, 26, pl. 32, fig. 5. Loc. Skunk Riyer, Iowa, 404 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer rostellum Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera rostellum Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 182;—Hall, Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pl. 9, figs. 11- 13.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 129, pl. 29, fig. 25; pl. 27, figs. 17-19. Spirifera (Cyrtia) rostellum Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc, Nat, Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 313, pl. 5, fig. 5. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky; Collinsville, Alabama. Spirifer rostratus Morton. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer rostrata Morton, American Jour. Sei. Arts, 1836, p. 152, pl. 14, fig. 34. Loc. Junior Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio. Obs. Poorly defined. May be a species of Athyris. Spirifer rugicostus Hall=Delthyris rugicosta. Spirifer saffordi Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Spirifer saffordi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 203, pl. 28, fig. 2. Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee; Hudson, New York. Spirifer scobina Meek. Carboniferous. Spirifera scobina Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 310. Spirifer (Spiriferina?) scobina Meek, Simpson’s Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 351, pl. 2, fig. 5. Spirifera (Trigonotreta) scobina Meek, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 90, pl. 9, fig. 1. Loc. Divide between Long and Ruby Valleys, Utah. Spirifer sculptilis Hall=Delthyris sculptilis. Spirifer segmentum Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dey.). Spirifer segmentus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 181. Spirifera segmenta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 207, pl. 31, figs. 14-19.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 132, pl. 13, figs. 36-38. Loc. Falls of Ohio; Columbus, Ohio. Spirifer semiplicatus Hall=Reticularia cooperensis. Spirifer setigerus Hall=Reticularia setigera. Spirifer sheppardi Castelnau= Platystrophia biforata. Spirifer sillanus A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.). Spirifera sillana A. Winchell, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1865, p, 119. Loc. Near Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Spirifer similior Winchell and Marcy. Niagara (Sil.). Spirifera (Martinia) similior W, and M., Mem. Boston Soc. Nat, Hist., I, 1865, p. 93. Pentamerus similior Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1868, p. 397. Loc. Bridgeport, lllinois. Obs. This shell has spirals. F Spirifer solidirostris White=Spiriferina solidirostris. Spirifer sowerbyi Castelnau (non Fischer)=Spirifer pennatus. Spirifer spinosus Norwood and Pratten=Spiriferina spinosa. Spirifer striatiformis Meek. Waverly (L. Carb.). Spirifera (Trigonotreta) striatiformis Meek, Pal, Ohio, IT, 1875, p. 280, pl. 14, fig. 8. Spirifer striatiformis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p, 44, pl. 3, fig. 26; pl. 6, figs. 6, 7;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 15, fig. 9. Loc. Sciotoville and Licking County, Ohio, sietitetietialied SCHUCHERT, } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 405 Spirifer striatus Marcou (non Martin)=Spirifer marcou. Spirifer striatus (Martin). Carboniferous. Anomites striatus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, pl. 23. Spirifera striata Davidson, Mon. British Carb. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1857, p. 19, pl. 2, figs. 12-21; pl. 3, figs. 2-6.—White, Wheeler’s Exp]. and Survey westof 100th Meridian, LV, 1875, pp. 88, 134, pl.5, fig. 10.—Hall and Whitfield, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., [V, 1877, p. 269, pl. 5, figs. 13-15.—Hartt, Dawson’s Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 301.—Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., LV, 1881, p. 2. Loe, Mountain Spring, Nevada; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah; Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico; Windsor, Nova Scotia. Spirifer striatus attenuatus Owen=S. keokuk. Spirifer striatus multicostatus Toula=Spirifer condor. Spirifer striatus triplicatus Marcou=Spirifer camaratus. Spirifer strigosus Meek. Devonian. Spirifera macra Meek (non Hall), Proc, Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 309. Spirifera strigosa Meek, note appended to extras of the paper mentioned above.— Webster, American Nat., XXII, 1888, p. 1102. Spirifer strigosus Meek, Simpson’s Rep. Expl, Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 347, pl. 1, fig. 5. , Spirifera (Trigonotreta) strigosa Meek, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 43, pl. 3, fig. 5. Loe. Neils Valley, Utah; Nevada; Rockford, Iowa. Obs. See S. orestes. Spirifer subzequalis Hall. Warsaw (L. Carb.). Spirifer sub:equalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. IT, 1858, p. 663, pl. 23, fig. 9;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 56, figs. 15, 14.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 36, pl. 31, figs, 13, 14. Loe. Warsaw, Illinois. Spirifer subattenuatus Hall. Chemung and Marshall (Dev.-L. Carb.). Spirifer sp. undet. Owen, Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, pl. 3, fig. 9. Spirifera submucronata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 504, pl. 4, fig. 3. Spirifer subattenuata A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 405.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 223. Loc. Independence and Buffalo, Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois; Naples, New York; Athabasca River, Canada; in the Marshall group at Port aux Barques, Michigan. Spirifer subcardiformis Hall. Warsaw (L. Carb.). Spirifer subcardiformis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 660, pl. 23, fig. 6. Spirifera subeardiformis White, Twelfth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p. 165, pl. 41, fig. 2. Loc, Alton, Illinois; Spergen Hill, Indiana. Spirifer subeuspidatus Hall=Syringothyris texta. Spirifer subdecussatus W hiteaves. Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifera subdecussata Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 114, pl. 15, fir. 3. Loe Moravianton Thames River, Canada. Spirifer subelliptice MeChesney=Spiriferina subelliptica. Spirifer sublineata Meek = Martinia sublineata. Spirifer submucronatu Hall 1858 (non 1857)= Spirifer subattenuatus. 406 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer submucronatus Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Spirifer submucronata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 62;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 419, pl. 96, fig. 7. Spirifera submucronata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 58, figs. 5-7. Spirifer sabmucronatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, pp. 17, 36, pl. 33, figs. 5-7. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Obs. Possibly the young of Spirifer cumberlandia. Spirifer suborbicularis Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.). Spirifer suborbicularis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 644, Spirifera suborbicularis Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, VI, 1875, p. 523, pl. 30, fig. 1. Loc. Keokuk, lowa; Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illinois. Spirifer subrotundatus Hall. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Spirifer subrotundata Hall (non McCoy, 1855), Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. I, 1858, Doocl, ple, He. o- Spirifera subrotundata Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1835, p. 78. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Sciotoville, Ohio (Winchell). Obs. This specific name was first used by McCoy in 1855 but is usually regarded as a synonym for 8. pinguis Sowerby. De Koninck, however, retains McCoy’s name as late as 1887. Spirifer substrigosus Webster. Chemung (Dev.). Spirifera substrigosa Webster, American Nat., XXII, 1888, p. 1101. Loc. Near Rockford, Iowa. Spirifer subsulcatus Hall. Arisaig (Sil.). Spirifer subsulcata Hall (non Dalman, 1828), Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 145. Spirifera subsuleata Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 597.—Miller, N. American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 376. Loc. Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Spirifer subumbona Hall=Martinia subumbona. Spirifer subundifera Meek and Worthen=Reticularia subundiferw. Spirifer subvaricosus Halli and Whitfield. ? Hamilton (Dev.). Spirifera subvaricosa Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third Rep, N, Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 237, pl. 11, figs. 12-15. Loc. Waterloo, Iowa. Spirifer subventricosus McChesney =Spirifer rockymontana. Spirifer sulcatus Hall= Delthyris sulcata. Spirifer sulcifer Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer sulcifera Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 293, pl. 11, fig. 3. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. Spirifer superbus Billings (non Eichwald)=Spirifer billingsana. Spirifer taneyensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Spirifer taneyensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 645. Spirifera taneyensis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 78. Loc. Taney County, Missouri. Spirifer temeraria Miller=Reticularia temeraria. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 407 Spirifer tenuicostatus Hall. Keokuk and Warsaw (L. Carb.). Spirifer tenuicostata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 662, pl. 23, fig. 8. Loe. Keokuk, lowa; Warsaw and Dallas, Minanis: Spirifer tenuimarginatus Hall. Keokuk (Ll. Carb.). Spirifer tenuimarginata Ilall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 641, pl. 20, fig. L. Spiritera tenuimarginata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 57, figs. 4-6. Spirifer tenuimarginatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 38, pl. 32, figs. 4, 6. Loe. Warsaw, Illinois. Spirifer tenuis Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifer tenuis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 162. Spinifera tenuis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 236, Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Obs. Compare with Spirifer granulosus Conrad. Spirifer tenuispinatus Herrick=Reticularia tenuispinata. Spirifer tenuistriatus Shaler (non Hall)=Spirifer radiatus. Spirifer tenuistriatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer tenuistriata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 204, pl. 28, fig. 3. Spirifera tenuistriata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, fig. 8. Spirifer tenuistriatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 36, fig. 8. Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee. Spirifer texasanus Meek. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer (Trigonotreta?) texana Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1871, peurg: Spirifer (Trigonotreta?) texanus Meek, Macomb’s Rep. Expl. Exped. from Santa Fe to the Great Colorado of the West, 1876, p. 139, pl. 3, fig. 5. Spirifera multigranosa Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 105, pl. 11, fig. 5. Spirifer texanus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, pp. 26, 38, pl. 37, figs. 16, 17. Loc. Young and Jack counties, Texas; Springtield, [linois. Spirifer textus Hall=Syringothyris texta. Spiifer translatus Swallow=Reticularia translata. Spirifer transversus McChesney=Spiriferina transversa. Spirifer tribulis Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Spirifer tribulis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 420, pl. 96, fig. 8;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 58, figs. 1-4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, pp. 19, 37, pl. 33, figs. 1-4. Loe. Cumberland, Maryland. Obs. Possibly the young of Spirifer murchisoni. Spirifer trigonalis (Martin). Carboniferous. Anomites trigonalis Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, tab. 36, 1809, fig. 1. Spirifera trigonalis Walcott, Mon, U. 8S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 215, pl. 18, fig. 11. oc. Europe; Eureka district, Nevada. Spirifer triplicatus Hall=Spirifer camaratus. Spirifer triradialis Meek (non Phillips)=Spirifer agelaius. 408 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spirifer troosti Castelnau. ? Formation. Spirifer troosti Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 41, pl. 12, fig. 5 Loc. *‘ Kentucky.” _ Spirifer tullius Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifera tullia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 218, pl. 35, figs. 1-9;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 52, fig. 18. Spirifera tullia var. Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 224, pl. 32, fig. 1. Spirifer tullius Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. I, 1893, pp. 14, 35, pl. 22, fig. 18; pl. 37, figs. 6, 7. Loc. Tully, Apulia, ete., New York; Athabasca River, Canada. Spirifer tumidus Bayle and Coquand=Spiriferina rostrata. Spirifer undiferus Roemer= Reticularia undifera. Spirifer unica Hall=Spirifer arenosus. Spirifer urbanus Calvin. Hamilton (Deyv.). Spirifera urbana Calvin, Bull. Lab. Univ. of Iowa, 1888, p. 28.—Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, II, 1892, p. 166, pl. 12, fig. 1. Loc. lowa City and Linn County, Iowa. Spirifer utahensis Meek=Cyrtia norwoodi. Spirifer valenteana Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Spirifera valenteana (Hartt MS.) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soe, Nat, Sei., I, 1874, p. 241, pl. 8, fig. 11. Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Spirifer vanuxemi Hall. Tentaculite (Sil.). Orthis plicata Vanuxem (non Sowerby), Geol. New York; Rep, Third Dist., 1842, p. 112, fig. 1. Orthis? (Delthyris) plicatus Hall, Ibidem, Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 142, fig. 1. Spirifer vanuxemi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 198, pl. 8, figs. 17-23 ;—Sec- ond Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, fig. 11.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 36, pl. 36, fig. 11. —Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 411, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5. Spirifera vanuxemi W Birneta, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 509, pl. 5, figs. 4, 5. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Put in Bay Island, Lake Erie. Obs, Vanuxem’s specific name is restored, since Sowerby’s species is an Orthis. Spirifer varicosus Hall. Corniferous (Dey.). Spirifer varicosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat, Hist., 1857, p. 130. Spirifera varicosa Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 255, fines 63, 64;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 960, fig. 467.—Hall, Pal. New York, LV, 1867, p. 205, pl. 31, figs. 1-4;—Second Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 59, figs. 4-8.—Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 136.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 134, pl. 10, figs. 11-20, 23-25. Spirifer varicosus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I], 1893, pp. 17, 36, pl. 34, figs. 4-8. Loc. Williamsville, New York; Woodstock, Canada; Columbus, Ohio; Louis- ville, Kentucky; Eureka district, Nevada. Spirifer ventricosa Hall=Nucleospira ventricosa. Spirifer venustus Hall=Spirifer divaricatus. Spirifer vernonensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Spirifer vernonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 644,.—A. Winchell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 119. Loc. St. Louis County, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for 8, marionensis, SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 409 Spirifer vernonensis ozarkensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Spirifer vernonensis var. ozarkensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 644. Loc. Taney County, Missouri. Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for 8. marionensis. Spirifer vogeli von Ammon. Middle Devonian. Spirifer vogeli von Ammon, Zeits. Gesell. fiir Erdk., Berlin, XXVIII, 1893, p. 362, fig. 6. Loc. Taquarassu, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Spirifer waldronensis Miller and Dyer=Mimulus waldronensis. Spirifer waverlyensis A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.). Spirifer waverlyensis A. Winchell, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XII, 1870, p. 251. Loc. ‘Newark, Ohio” (A. Winchell’s MS.). Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Chemung (Dey.). Spirifer whitneyi Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 502, pl. 4, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24, 57, pl. 30, figs. 18, 19. Spirifera whitneyi Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 243, 417;—Second Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1885, pl. 55, figs. 18, 19.—Tschernyschew, Mém. du Comité Géol. de St. Petersbourg, III, 1887, p. 60. Loc. Rockford, lowa; North Saskatchewan, Canada; Russia. Spirifer williamsi Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dev.). Spirifer williamsi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 361, pl. 37, figs. 20-22. Loc, Allegany County, New York. Spirifer winchelli Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Spirifer winchelli Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., III, 1888, p. 46, pl..5, figs. 2, 3; pl. 2, fig. 16;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 21, figs. 2, 3. Loc. Granville, Ohio. Spirifer worthenanus Schuchert. Oriskany (Dey.). Spirifera engelmanni Meek and Worthen (non Meek, 1860), Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 398, pl. 8, fig. 5. Spirifera wortheni Meek (non Hall, 1857), King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 42. Spirifera worthenana Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 54. Loe. Union County, Llinois. Spirifer wortheni Meek (non Hall)=Spirifer worthenanus. Spirifer wortheni Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Spirifer wortheni Hall, Tenth Rep., N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 156.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 27, figs. 19, 20. Loc. Calhoun County, Mlinois. Spirifer ziczac Hall (non Roemer) =Delthyris consobrina. SPIRIFERINA d’Orbigny. Genotype Spirifer walcotti Sowerby=S. rostrata (Schlot- heim). Spiriferina @Orbigny, Paris Acad. Sci., Comptes Rendus, XXV, 1847, p. 268;— Ann. Sci. Nat., XIII, 1850, p. 334.—White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 24.—Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 498.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 51;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 764. 410 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Spiriferina aciculifera (Rowley). Kinderhook (lL. Carb.). Spirifera aciculifera Rowley, American Geologist, XII, 1893, p. 307;—Ibidem, 1893, pl. 14, figs. 13, 14. Loc, Louisiana, Missouri. Spiriferina (?) alia Hall and Whittield. Triassic. Spirifera (Spiriferina?) alia Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 281, pl. 6, fig. 17. Loc. Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range, Nevada. Spiriferina billingsi Shumard. Uyper Carboniferous. Spiriferina billingsi Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 294, 391. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas, Spiriferina binacuta A. Winchell. Burlington (Ll. Carb.). Spiriferina binacuta A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 120. Loc. Burlington, lowa. Spiriferina borealis Whiteaves. Triassic. Spiriferina borealis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1888 p. 128, pl. 17, fig. 1, abstract. Loc, Liard River, Canada. Spiriferina clarksvillensis A. Winchell. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Spiriferina clarksvillensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 119.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 85. Loc. Clarksville, Missouri. Spiriferina cristata Walcott=S. spinosa. Spiriferina cristata (Schlotheim). Upper Carboniferous. Terebratulites cristatus Schlotheim, Beit. zur Naturg. der Verst.; Akad. der Wiss. zu Miinchen, 1816, pl. 1, fig. 3. Spirifer octoplicata? Hall (non Sowerby), Stansbury’s Exped. Great Salt Lake of Utah, 1852, p. 409, pl. 4, fig. 4. Spirifer kentuckyensis Shumard, Geol. Survey Missouri, I, 1855, p. 203.—Hall, Pacifie Railroad Rep., III, 1856, p. 102, pl. 2, figs. 10, 11.—Meek and Hay- den, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 27. Spiriferina cristata Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 1863, p. 170, pl. 9, fig. 6. Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 291, fig. 90.—Waleott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 218, pl. 18, figs. 12, 13.—Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XXV, 1897, p. 32. F Spirifer laminosus Geinitz (non McCoy), Carb. und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 45, pl. 3, fig. 19. Spirifer kentuckyensis var. propatulus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., IT, 1866, p. 489. ?Spiriferina octoplicata Toula, Sitzungsb. der kais. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 5. Spiriferina kentuckyensis Meek, Final Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey of Nebraska, 1872, p. 185, pl. 6, fig. 3; pl. 8, fig. 11.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 138, pl. 10, fig. 4; Thirteenth Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1884, p. 135, pl. 35, figs. 138, 14.—Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1890, p. 231.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 52, fig. 41, pl. 29, fig. 17.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 86. Spiriferina cristata? Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 629. Spirifer (Spiriferina) kentuckyensis Hall, Second Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 61, figs. 14-16. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 411 Spiriferina cristata (Schlotheim)—Continued. Loc. Europe; Kentucky; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; lowa; Kansas; Arkansas; Nebraska; Texas; New Mexico; Utah; Arizona; Nevada; Nova Scotia; Cape Joseph Henry, lat. 82° 43’; near Cochabamba, Bolivia. Obs. See Spiriferina octoplicata and 8. norwoodana. Spiriferina depressa Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.). Spiriferina depressa Herrick, Bull. Denison Uniy., III, 1888, p. 47, pl. 10, fig. 3. Loc. Near Granville, Ohio. Spiriferina gonionotus Meek. Upper Carboniferous. Spiriferina sp. undet. Meek, King’s U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., 1V, 1877, p. 84, pl. 8, fig. 5. Spiriferina gonionota Meek, Ibidem, 1877, at end of description. Loc. Diamond Mountains, Nevada. Obs. Compare with Spiriferina laminosa (McCoy). Spiriferina homfrayi (Gabb). Triassic. Spirifer ? homfrayi Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 35, pl. 6, fig. 38. Spiriferina homfrayi Hall and Whitfield, King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 281, pl. 6, fig. 18. Loc. Star Canyon, Humboldt County, Nevada; Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range, Nevada. Spiriferina kentuckyensis Shumard=Spiriferina cristata. Spiriferina kentuckyensis propatula Swallow=Spiriferina cristata. Spiriferina cfr. munsteri Davidson. Jurassic. Spiriferina cf. munsteri (Dav.) Méricke, Neues Jahrbuch f. Mineral., Beilage- band, IX, 1894, p. 60. Loc. Europe; Cordillere of Copiapo, Chile. Spiriferina norwoodana (Hall). Warsaw (L. Carb.). Spirifer norwoodana Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., IV, 1858, p. 7 Spiriferina norwoodana Whitfield, American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 48, pl. 6, figs. 16, 17.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 327, pl. 29, figs. 16, 17. Loc. Spergen Hill, Indiana; Alton, linois; Princeton, Kentucky. Obs. Probably identical with Spiriferina cristata. Spiriferina obtusa (Gabb). Triassic. Spirifer obtusus Gabb, American Jour. Conch., V, 1870, p. 17, pl. 7, fig. 16. Loc. “Volcano,” Nevada. Spiriferina octoplicata (Sowerby). Upper Carboniferous. Spirifer octoplicata Sowerby, Mineral Conch., 1827, p. 120, pl. 562, figs. 2-4. Spiriferina cristata var. octoplicata Davidson, Mon. British Carb. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1857, p. 38, pl. 7, figs. 37-47. Spiriferina spinosa var. campestris White, Wheeler’s Expl. and Survey west 100th Merid., Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 21. Spiriferina octoplicata White, Ibidem, Final Rep., 1875, p. 189, pl. 10, fig. 8. Loc, Europe; Santa Fe, New Mexico; northern Colorado; Lincoln County, Nevada. Obs. Probably identical with Spiriferina cristata. Spiriferina pulchra Meek. Upper Carboniferous. Spirifera pulchra Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 310. Spiriferina pulchra Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 1864, 172, p. 19;—King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 85, pl. 8, fig. 1; pl. 12, fig. 12. 412 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL, 87. Spiriferina pulchra Meek—Continued. Spirifer (Spiriferina) pulcher, Meek. Simpson’s Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 352, pl. 2, fig. 1. Loc. White Pine district, Nevada; Long and Ruby valleys, Utah. Spiriferina rostrata Schlotheim. Jurassic. Spirifer chilensis Forbes, Darwin’s Geol. Observations S. America, 1846, p. 267, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16. Spirifer linguiferoides Forbes, Ibidem, 1846, p. 267, pl. 5, figs. 17, 18. Spirifer tumidus Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Géol. Soc. France, ser. ii, IV, 1851, p-. 19, pl. 7, figs. 11, 12. Spirifer chilensis and rostratus Burmeister and Geibel, Abh. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, VI, 1862, p. 125. Spiriferina rostrata (Schl.) Méricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 59. Loc. Europe; Sierra de la Ternera, Las Amolanes, Rio Claro, Tres Cruces, Manflas, Cordillera de Guasco, and Juntas, Chile. Spiriferina solidirostris White. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Spirifer solidirostris White, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, p. 232. Spiriferina solidirostris White, Ibidem, IX, 1862, p. 24.—A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 120.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Uniy., III, 1888, p. 47, pl. 2, figs. 9-11; pl. 5, fig. 13;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 21, fig. 138. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Hamburg, Illinois; Newark and Sciotoville, Ohio. Spiriferina spinosa (Norwood and Pratten). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Spirifer spinosa Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., III, 1856, p. 71, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 706, pl. 27, fig. 5. Spiriferina spinosa? Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 23, pl. 6, figs. 8, 13, 14. Spiriferina spinosa Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1885, pl. 60, figs. 26-29. Spiriferina cristata Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 218, pl. 18, figs. 12, 13.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 52-54, pl. 35, figs. 26-29. ?Spiriferina spinosa Herrick, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, II, 1891, p. 46, pl. 1, fig. 19. Loc. Kaskaskia, Alton, and Chester, Illinois; Bloomington, Indiana; Crittenden County, Kentucky; Itaituba, Brazil. Spiriferina spinosa campestris White=Spiriferina octoplicata. Spiriferina subelliptica (McChesney). Keokuk (Ll. Carb.). Spirifer subelliptica McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 43. Spiriferina subelliptica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 54, pl. 35, figs. 21, 22. Loc. Buttonmould Knob, Kentucky; New Providence, Indiana. Spiriferina subtexta White. 3urlington (L. Carb.). Spiriferina ? subtexta White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 25. Loc. Burlington, lowa. Spiriferina transversa (McChesney). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Spirifer transversa McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 42;—Trans. Chicago Acad, Sci., I, 1868, p. 34, pl. 6, fig. 3.—Hall, Second Rep, N. Y. State Geol. 1883, pl. 60, figs. 19-22. SCNUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 413 Spiriferina transversa (McChesney)—Continued. Spiriferina transversa Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 4, 5, 6, 13; pl. 13, figs. 12-14, 17; pl. 5, fig. 4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 46, 64, vl. 35, figs. 19, 20, 23-25. Loc. Buzzards Roost, Alabama; Litchfield, Rentuelay; Bompardien and Itaituba, Brazil. Spirigera @’Orbigny = Athyris. Spirigera eborea A. Winchell=Athyris fultonensis. Spirigera planosulcata White (non Phillips)=Cleiothyris crassicardi- nalis. SPIRIGERELLA Waagen. Genotype 8S. derbyi Waagen. Spirigerella Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 450.—Hali and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IJ, 1893, p. 98;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N, Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 782. Spirigerella derbyi Waagen. Upper Carboniferous. Athyris subtilita (partim) Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 7 (not the other figures). Spirigerella derbyi Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 453, pl. 35, figs. 4-7, 9-13; pl. 37, figs. 11-13.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIE Pt. T1893, p..99) fis. TS: Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Stenochisma Cihlert (non Conrad or Hall)=Camarophoria. STENOCHISMA Conrad. Genotype Terebratulites schlotheimii Conrad (non von Buch)=Rhynchonella formosa Hall. Stenocisma Conrad, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, pp. 58, 59.— Meek and Hayden (partim), Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 16, footnote.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 334, 335.— Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, pp. 411, 431, 436.—Miller, N. American Geol. and Pal., 1890, p. 337.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 187;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1895, p. 826. Obs. The above synonymy is retained for historical purposes. The only species left in the genus by Hall and Clarke is the type species, Rhynchonella for- mosa, which seems to be nothing more than a Rhynchotrema. This will leave Stenochisma without a species. This name, however, should not dis- place either Rhynchotrema or Camarotechia, since it was not defined, and in addition to this was founded by Conrad upon an erroneous identification. Nor can the view of Ghlert be adopted, i. e., that Stenochisma should dis- place Camarophoria King, because Conrad gave as the type C. schlotheimii. This name did not apply to von Buch’s species, but to the she]l now known as Rhynchonella formosa Hall. All the species formerly referred to Stenochisma will be found under Camarote- chia except R. formosa, which is referred to Rhynchotrema. Stenocisma Hall, 1857 (non Conrad, 1839, Hall, 1867)=Zygospira. STREPTIS Davidson. Genotype Terebratula grayi Davidson. Streptis Davidson, Geol. Mag., VIII, 1881, p. 150, pl. v, fig. 13.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 274;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 289. Streptis grayi Davidson. Niagara (Sil.). Terebratula grayii Davidson, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 2d ser., V, 1848, p. 331, pl. ili, fig. 33. 414 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Streptis grayi Davidson—Continued. Atrypa? grayi Davidson, British Sil. Brach., Paleontographical Soc, (1866), 1867, p. 141, pl. xiii, figs. 14-22. Streptis grayi Williams, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLVIII, 1894, p. 331. Loc. England; Batesville, Arkansas. Streptis waldronensis Beecher and Clarke=Mimulus waldronensis. STREPTORHYNCHUS King. Genotype Terebratulites pelargonatus Schlotheim. Streptorhynehus King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 107.—Derby (partim), Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, pp. 32, 39.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 267;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 288. Streptorhynchus equivalvis Hall=Orthothetes inequalis. Streptorhynchus agassizi Rathbun=Orthothetes agassizi. Streptorhynchus approximata James=Strophomena approximata. Streptorhynchus arctostriata Walcott=Orthothetes chemungensis are- tistriatus. Streptorhynchus biloba Hall=Derbya biloba. Streptorhynchus cardinale Whitfield=Strophomena cardinalis. Streptorhynchus chemungensis Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis. Streptorhynechus coreanus Derby=Derbya correana. Streptorhynchus crenistria Keyes (non Phillips)=Derbya crassa. Streptorhynchus crenistrius American authors=Orthothetes crenistria. Streptorhynchus elongatus James=Strophomena rugosa. Streptorhynchus filitextus Hall=Strophomena incurvata. Streptorhynchus flabellum Whitfield=Orthothetes flabellum. Streptorhynchus hallianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous. Streptorhynchus hallianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Uniy., I, 1874, p. 35, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18; pl. 8, fig. 3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 268, pl. 11, figs. 6-17. Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. Streptorhynchus hallanum Miller=Strophomena halli. Streptorhynchus hemiaster Winchell and Marey=Orthothetes sub. planus. Streptorhynchus hydraulicum Whitfield =Orthothetes hydraulicus. Streptorhynchus inequalis Winchell=Orthothetes inequalis. Streptorhynchus inflatus White and Whitfield=Orthothetes inflatus. Streptorhynchus lens White=Orthothetes lens. Streptorhynchus minor Walcott=Strophomena minor. Streptorhynchus (?) multistriata (Meek and Hayden). Upper Carboniferous. Orthisina umbraculum ? Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 26. Orthisina multistriata Meek and Hayden, Ibidem, 1859, at end of description. Loc. Fort Riley, Kansas. Streptorhynchus neglectus James=Strophomena neglecta. Streptorhynchus occidentalis Newberry=Meekella occidentalis. SCHUCHERT ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 415 Streptorhynechus pandora Billings=Orthothetes pandora. Streptorhynchus perversus=Orthothetes chemungensis perversus. Streptorhynchus planoconvexus Hall=Strophomena planiconvexa, Streptorhynchus planumbonus Hall=Strophomena rugosa. Streptorhynchus primordiale Whitfield = Billingsella primordialis. Streptorhynchus pyramidalis Newberry = Meekella pyramidalis. Streptorhynchus robusta Hall=Derbya robusta. Streptorhynehus subplanus Hall=Orthothetes subplanus. Streptorhynchus subsuleatum Sardeson=Strophomena scofieldi. Streptorhynchus subtenta Hall, 18853=Strophomena trentonensis. Streptorhynehus tapajotensis Derby=Orthothetes tapajotensis. Streptorhynchus tenuis Hall=Orthothetes tenuis. Streptorhynchus ulrichi Hall and Clarke. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Streptorhynchus ulrichi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 268, 351, pl. 11B, fig. 15. Loc. Crittenden County, Kentucky. Streptorhynchus umbraculum Winchell=Orthothetes umbraculum. Streptorhynchus vetusta James=Strophomena vetusta. Streptorhynchus woolworthianus Hall=Orthothetes woolworthianus. Stricklandia Billings=Stricklandinia. Stricklandia arachne Billings=Syntrophia arachne. Stricklandia arethusa Billings=Syntrophia arethusa. STRICKLANDINIA Billings. Genotype Stricklandia gaspensis Bill. Stricklandia Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., IV, 1859, p. 182;—Canadian Journal, VI, 1861, p. 265;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 84;—Proc. Portland Soe. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 114.—Waagen, Palzeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 412. Stricklandinia Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., VIII, 1863, p. 370.—Hall, Twen- tieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 160;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 369.—Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 78.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 64.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 249;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 847. Stricklandinia anticostiensis Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Stricklandinia anticostiensis Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., VIII, 1863, p. 370.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 251, pl. 73, figs. 12-14. Loc. Anticosti. Stricklandinia billingsana Dawson. Arisaig (Sil.). Stricklandinia billingsiana Dawson, Canadian Nat. and Geol., 2d ser., IX, 1880, p. 341. Loc. Nova Scotia. Stricklandinia brevis Billings. Anticosti (Sil.), ?Spirifer species? Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 66, pl. 22, fig. 3. Stricklandia brevis Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., TV, 1859, p. 155. Stricklandinia brevis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 84, pl. 6, fig. 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 251. Loe. Anticosti; ? Sodus, Wayne County, New York. A16 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Stricklandinia canadaensis Billings. Clinton (Sil.). Stricklandia canadensis Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., :V, 1859, p. 135. Stricklandinia canadensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 81. ee and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251. », Near Thorold, Ontario. sirisiianain castellana White. Niagara (Sil.). Stricklandinia castellana White, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 30.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pl. 73, figs. 3-7. Loc, Castle Grove, Jones County, Iowa. Stricklandinia chapmani Hall and Clarke. . Niagara (Sil.). Stricklandinia chapmani Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, pl. 83, fig. 40. Loc. Hamilton, Ontario. Stricklandinia davidsoni Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Stricklandinia davidsoni Billings, Geol. Mag., V, 1868, p. 59, pl. 4, figs. 1-1d;— Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 86, pl. 6, fig. 1.—White, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., III, 1880, p. 48.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pl. 73, fig. 15. Loc. Anticosti; eastern Canada; Ringgold, Catoosa County, Georgia. Stricklandinia deformis Meek and Worthen. Niagara (Sil.). Stricklandinia deformis Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1870, p. 37;—Geol. Survey Illinois, VI, 1875, p. 502, pl. 24, fig. 5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 251, pl. 73, figs. 8-10. Loc. Carroll County, Ilinois. Obs. Probably the same as 8. melissa. Stricklandinia elongata Billings=Amphigenia elongata. Stricklandinia elongata curta Meek and Worthen=Amphigen‘a curta. Stricklandinia gaspiensis Billings. Gaspé (Sil.). Stricklandia gaspiensis Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., IV, 1859, p. 134. Stricklandinia gaspiensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 83, fig. 49;—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pl. 73, fig. itil. Loc. Bay of Chaleurs, Canada. Stricklandinia lens (Sowerby). Silurian. Atrypa lens Sowerby, Murchison’s Silurian System, 1839, pl. 21, fig. 3. Stricklandinia lens Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 45.—Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 321, pl. 5, figs. 1-4. Loc. England; Anticosti; Collinsville, Alabama. Stricklandinia lirata (Sowerby). Anticosti (Sil.). Spirifer liratus Sowerby, Murchison’s Silurian System, 1859, pl. 22. fig. 6. Stricklandinia lirata Davidson, Mon. British Sil. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1867, p. 159, pl. 20, figs. 1-13.—Billings, Cat. Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 45. Loc. Europe; Anticosti. Stricklandinia (?) louisvillensis Nettelroth. Niagara (Sil.). Stricklandinia louisviliensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 65, pl. 34, figs. 31-34. Loc. East of Ronee, Kentucky. Stricklandinia melissa Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Stricklandinia melissa Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 89, pl. 7, fig. 4.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251 Loc. Anticosti. Obs, Probably the same as 8. deformis. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. ALT Stricklandinia multilirata Whitfield. Guelph (Sil.). Stricklandinia multilirata Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877, p. 81;—Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 315, pl. 23, figs. 3-5.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pl. 73, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Sheboygan, Wisconsin. Stricklandinia salteri Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Stricklandinia salteri Billings, Geol. Mag., V, 1868, p. 61, pl. 4, figs. 2-2a;—Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 87, pl. 7, fig. 1.—White, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, 1880, p. 48.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251. Loc. Anticosti; Ringgold, Catoosa County, Georgia. Stricklandinia (?) subquadrata Herrick. Upper Carboniferous. Stricklandinia ? subquadrata Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 14. Loc. Flint ridge, near Newark, Ohio. Obs. Probably a terebratuloid. Stricklandinia triplesiana Foerste. Clinton (Sil.). Stricklandinia triplesiana Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 89, pl. 14, figs. 13, 14.—Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 323;—Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 594, pl. 26, figs. 13, 14. Loe. Dayton, Ohio. STRINGOCEPHALUS Defrance. Genotype 8. burtini Defrance. Strygocephalus Defrance, Dict. Sci. Nat., LI, 1827, p. 102, pl. 75, fig. 1. Stringocephalus Sandberger, Leonhard und Bronn’s Jahrb. fiir Min., 1842, p. 386.—Dall, American Jour. Conch,, VI, 1870, p. 112.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 282, figs. 203-207. Stringocephalus burtoni Defrance. Middle Devonian. Strygocephalus burtoni Defrance, Dict. Sci. Nat., LI, 1827, p. 102, pl. 75, fig. 1. Stringocephalus burtoni Whiteaves, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VIII, 1891, p. 93 ;— Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 235, pl. 29, figs. 10-11; p. 290.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 283, fig. 203. Loc. Europe; Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis and the ‘‘ Ramparts,” Macken- zie River, British America. Two loose specimens have been found near Devonian rocks in southern Minnesota. STROPHALOSIA King. Genotype Orthis excavata Geinitz. Strophalosia King, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XTV, 1844, p. 313;—Ibidem, XVII, 1846, p. 92;—Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 93.—Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 245;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 146.—Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 240.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 314;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 295. Strophalosia beecheri Rowley. Kinderhook (L. Carb.). Strophalosia beecheri Rowley, American Geologist, XII, 1893, p. 308, pl. 14, figs. 18, 19. Loc, Louisiana, Missouri. Strophalosia cornelliana Derby. Upper Carboniferous. Strophalosia cornelliana Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 45, pl. 3, figs. 28, 30, 32, 33, 35-38; pl. 4, fig. 5; pl. 8, fig. 17; pl. 9, figs. 10, 11.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 15B, figs. 36, 37. Loc. Bomjardim, Brazil. Strophalosia cymbula Hall and Clarke. Keokuk (l. Carb.). Strophalosia cymbula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 17A, figs. 3,4, 8,9. Loc, Near Louisville and Lebanon, Kentucky. Bull. 87 27 418 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Strophalosia (?) guadalupensis (Shumard). Upper Carboniferous. Aulosteges guadalupensis Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 292, pl. 11, fig. 5; p. 390. Strophalosia ? guadalupensis Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 241. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas. Strophalosia horrescens Geinitz (non Murchison, de Verneuil, and Keyserling)=Productus nebraskaensis. Strophalosia hystricula Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Productella hystricula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 178, pl. 26, figs. 1-8;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 29, 30. Strophalosia hystricula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 516, pl. 15B, fig. 31; pl. 17, figs. 29, 30. Loc. Forestville, Conewango, and East Randolph, New York. Strophalosia keokuk Beecher. Keokuk (L. Carb.). Strophalosia keokuk Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 244, pl. 9, figs. 18-24.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316, pl. 174, figs. 5-7. Loc. Keokuk, Iowa. Strophalosia muricata (Hall). Chemung (Dey.). Chonetes muricata Hali, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 1438, pl. 22, figs. 29-43. Chonetes (Productella?) muricata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 47, figs. 12, 16, 30, 38, 42. Strophalosia? muricata Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 241. Strophalosia muricata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316, pl. 16, figs. 12, 16, 30, 38, 42. Loe. Ellington, New York, and Meadville, Pennsylvania. Strophalosia nummulina A. Winchell. Kinderhook (1. Carb.). Strophalosia? nummularis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4. Strophalosia? nummulina Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 242. Strophalosia nummularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. L, 1892, p. 316. Loc. Burlington, Iowa. Strophalosia radicans (A. Winchell). Hamilton (Dev.). Crania radicans A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 92. Strophalosia radicans Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, pp. 240, 243, pl. 9, figs. 14-17.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316, pl. 15B, figs. 27-30. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Strophalosia rockfordensis Hall and Clarke. Upper Devonian. Strophalosia rockfordensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 316, 353, pl. 17A, figs. 1-3; Pt. II, 1895, pl. 84, figs. 20-22. Loc. Rockford, Iowa. Strophalosia scintilla Beecher. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Strophalosia scintilla Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 243, pl. 9, figs. 10-13.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316, pl. 15B, figs. 32-34. Loc. Pike County, Missouri. Strophalosia spondyliformis (White and St. John). Upper Carboniferous. Aulosteges spondyliformis White and St. John, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 118, fig. 2. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 419 Strophalosia spondyliformis (White and St. John)—Continued. Strophalosia spondyliformis Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 5d ser., XL, 1890, p. 242.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 174A, figs. 25, 26. Loc, Appanoose and Pottawattamie counties, Iowa. Strophalosia truncata (Hall). Hamilton, Portage, and Ithaca (Dey.). Strophomena pustulosa Hall (non Productus pustulosus Phillips), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 189, fig. 4. Productus truncatus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 171. Productella truncata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 160, pl. 25, figs. 12-24 ;-- Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 10-15.—Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 35. Productus (P.) truncatus Walcott, Mon. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 131, pl. 14, fig. 2. Productella (Strophalosia?) truncata Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 112, pl. 16, figs. 1, 2. Strophalosia truncata Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 244 — Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316, pl. 15B, figs. 24-26; pl. 17, figs. 10-15. Loc. New York; Thedford, Ontario; Eureka district, Nevada. STROPHEODONTA Hall. Genotype Strophomena demissa Conrad. Stropheodonta Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 63.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 284. Strophodonta Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 491.—Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, n. ser., VI, 1861, p. 332;—Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 108.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 78.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 142. Brachyprion Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63. Brachyprion and Douvilina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 220, 286, 288, 289, 292; Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, pp. 280, 281. Stropheodonta acanthoptera (Whiteaves). Upper Silurian, Strophomena acanthoptera Whiteaves, Canadian Rec. Sci., 1891, p. 294, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2. Loc. District of Saskatchewan and Lake Winnipegosis, Canada. Stropheodonta alveata Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Strophodonta alveata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 36;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 81, pl. 11, figs. 1-3. Loc. Albany County, New York. Stropheodonta arcuata Hall. Chemung (Dev.). Strophodonta arcuata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 492, pl. 3, figs. la-le, 2a-2f.—Calvin, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, IV, 1878, p. 728.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 285. Strophodonta arcuata? Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 121. Stropheodonta arcuata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 289, pl. 15B, figs. 1-3. Loc. Rockford, Iowa; Naples, New York; Eureka district, Nevada; Lake Win- nipegosis, Canada. Stropheodonta beckei Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Strophodonta beckii Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 191, pl. 22, figs. la-1t.— Meek, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XL, 1865, p. 33.—Hall, Second Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 44, figs. 23, 24. Strophomena (Strophodonta) beckii Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 52, figs, 1-4. 420 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Stropheodonta beckei Hall—Continued. Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) becki Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288, pl. 13, figs. 23, 24. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Kennedy Channel, Arctic region. Lower Devonian. Stropheodonta blainvillei (Billings). Strophomena blainvillei Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 1; pl. 3, fig. 1. Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) blainvillii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288. Loc. Gaspé, Canada. Obs. Compare with 8. perplana. “it Stropheodonta callawayensis Swallow. Strophodonta callawayensis, quadrata, and #quicostata Swallow, Trans, St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 638. Loc. Callaway County, Missouri. Obs. See 8. navalis. Stropheodonta callosa Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dey.). Strophodonta callosa Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 36;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 82, pl. 11, figs. 4-10; pl. 12, figs. 8, 9. Chonetes (Strophodonta?) callosa Hall, Second Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geol., Hamilton (Dey.), 1883, pl. 47, fig. 37. Stropheodonta callosa Hall and Clarke, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 16, fig. 37. Loc. Albany County, New York. Stropheodonta calvini Miller. Chemung (Dey.). Strophodonta quadrata Calvin (non Swallow, 1860), Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., IV, 1878, p. 728. Strophodonta calvini Miller, Cat. American Pal. Foss., 2d ed., January, 1885, p. 298.—Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 122, pl. 13, fig. 6. Strophodonta exilis Calvin, American Jour, Sci., 3d ser., XXV, June, 1883, p. 443. Loc. Rockford and Independence, Iowa; Eureka district, Nevada. Stropheodonta canace Hall and Whitfield. Chemung (Dev.). Strophodonta canace Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 236, pl. 11, figs. 8-11; abstract of same in 1872;—King’s U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 246, pl. 3, figs. 1-3. Loc. Rockford, lowa; White Pine district, Nevada; Naples, New York. Stropheodonta cincta A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dey.). Strophodonta cincta A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 93. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Obs. Insufficiently defined to be recognized. Stropheodonta concava Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dey.). Strophomena (Strophodonta) concava Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, pp. 115, 140, fig. 1. Strophodonta concava Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 96, pl. 16, figs. la-Lh;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 45, figs. 16-22. Stropheodonta concaya Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 14, figs. 16-23. Loc. New York, from Cayuga Lake westward to Lake Erie. Stropheodonta corrugata (Conrad). Strophomena corrugata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p 256, pl. 14, fig. 8. Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 73, fig. 2 on p. 72;—Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p., 82.—Foerste, Proc. Bos- ton Soc, Nat, Hist, XXIV, 1890, p. 303, pl, 6, fig, 25. Clinton (Sil.). — Rs ie. x” ee a SCHUCHERT:] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 4?1 Stropheodonta corrugata (Conrad)—Continued. Leptiena corrugata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 59, pl. 21, figs. 2a-2e. Strophodonta corrugata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, fig. 1. Stropheodonta corrugata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 15, fig. 1; Pt. II, 1895, pl. 84, fig. 14. Loc. Rochester, Wolcott, ete.. New York; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. Stropheodonta (?) corrugata pleuristriata (Foerste.) Clinton (Sil.). Leptiena corrugata (partim) Hall, Pal, New York, II, 1852, p. 59, pl. 21, figs. 2d, 2e. Strophomena corrugata var. pleuristriata Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 303, pl. 6, figs. 26, 27. Loe. Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. Stropheodonta (?) costata Owen. Hamilton (Dey.). Strophodonta (?) costata Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 585, pl. 3A, fig. 5; pl. 3, figs. 11, 1la. Loe. Davenport, Iowa. Stropheodonta crebristriata Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena crebristriata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 254, pl. 14, fig. 3. Strophodonta crebristriata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 37;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 86, pl. 11, figs. 12, 13, 18-21. Loe. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Stropheodonta demissa (Conrad). Middle and Upper Devonian. Strophomena demissa Conrad, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 258, pl. 14, fig. 14.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, 1858, p. 827, fig. 666.— Billings, Canadian Jour, Sci. Arts, 2d ser., VI, 1861, p. 341, figs. 116-118 ;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 567, figs. 377a-d. Strophodonta dimosa(?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and,Minnesota, 1852, tab. 3A, fig. 14. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17917. } : Strophomena (Strophodonta) demissa Hall, Tenth Rep N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 187, fig. 1.—Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 87, figs. 6a-c. Strophomena (Strophodonta) subdemissa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 145.—Meek (non Hall), Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 88, plea. ete. 1 Strophodonta demissa Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. I, 1858, p.495, pl. 8, fig. 5;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 81, pl. 11, figs. 14-17; pl. 12, figs. 1-5.—Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1873, p. 65.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 500, pl. 4, figs. 6, 7;—Tenth Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1881, p. 132, pl. 4, figs. 6, 7— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 327, pl. 25, fig. 18.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 45, figs. 7-12.—Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 118, pl. 2, fig. 9.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 143, pl. 18, figs. 10-16; pl. 33, fig. 22.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 219.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 70, pl. 39, fig. 7. Stropheodonta demissa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 14, figs. 7-12. Loc. New York; Pennsylvania; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Illinois; Iowa; Wis- consin; Ontario; Mackenzie and Athabasca rivers, Canada; Eureka district, Nevada. Stropheodonta demissa imitata Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.). Strophodonta imitata A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 93. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. 422 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL 87. Stropheodonta erratica A. Winchell. Alamilton (Dev.). Strophodonta erratica and varieties solidicosta and fissicosta A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 93. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Obs. This species may prove to be only a local variation of S. costata Owen. Stropheodonta feildeni Etheridge. ? Lower Devonian. Strophodonta feildeni Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soe. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 598, pl. 25, fig. 4. Loc, Cape Hilgard, lat. 79° 41’. Obs. Since this species is very closely related to S. magnifica of the Oriskany sandstone the horizon is probably Lower Devonian. Stropheodonta galatea (Billings). Lower Devonian. Strophomena galatea Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 20, fig. 9. Toc. Indian Cove, Gaspé, Canada. Stropheodonta (?) geniculata (Shaler). Anticosti (Sil.). Brachyprion geniculatum Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63. Loc. Near Southwest Point, Anticosti. Stropheodonta (?) gilpeni (Dawson). Upper Arisaig (Sil.). Strophomena gilpeni Dawson, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., IX, 1880, p. 341. Loc. Nova Scotia, Canada. Stropheodonta hemispherica Hall. Upper H elderberg (Dev.) Strophomena (Strophodonta) hemispherica Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 113. ; Strophodonta hemispherica Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 90, pl. 13, figs. 12, 13;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 45, fig. 23.—Nettelroth, Ken- tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 144, pl. 18, figs, 4-6. Loc. New York; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Ontario. Stropheodonta inequiradiata Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dey.). Strophomena (Strophodonta) inequiradiata Hall, Tenth Rep. N.Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 113, figs. 1-3. Strophomena in:equistriata Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 338, fig. 118 ;—Geol. Canada,1863, p. 367, fig. 8375 ;—Pal. Fossils, II,1874, p. 24, fig.13; pl. 2, fig.4; p. 240. Strophodonta inzequiradiata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 87, pl. 11, figs. 24-31; pl. 12, fig. 12; pl. 13, figs. 6-11;—-Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl]. 45, figs. 13, 14.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 120, pl. 11, fig. 11. Stropheodonta inzequiradiata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 14, figs. 15, 14. Loc, Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Columbus, Ohio; Eureka dis- trict, Nevada; Gaspé Bay, Canada. Stropheodonta inequistriata (Conrad). Corniferous to Hamilton (Dev.). Strophomena inequistriata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 254, pl. 14, fig. 2.—Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 200, fig. 4.— Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 338, figs. 113, 114;—Geol Can- ada, 1863, p. 367, fig. 375. Strophomena (Strophodonta) inequistriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 142. Strophodonta inwequistriata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 93, pl. 12, figs. 6-8; p- 106, pl. 18, fig. 2; Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 45, figs. 1-6.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 145, pl]. 17, figs. 10, 11. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 423 Stropheodonta inequistriata (Conrad )—Continued. Stropheodonta (Douvillina) inequistriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 289, pl. 14, figs. 1-6; pl. 15B, fig. 9. Loc. Caledonia, Moscow, Darien, etc., New York; Ontario, Canada; Milwau- kee, Wisconsin; Falls of Ohio. Stropheodonta indenta (Conrad), Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Leptiena indenta Conrad, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1838, pp. 112, 117. Strophomena indenta Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 109, pl. 3, fig. 3. Strophodonta indenta Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 135. Loc. ‘‘ Helderberg Mountains,” New York; Square Lake, Maine; Gaspé, Canada. Stropheodonta interstrialis (Phillips). Middle Devonian. Orthis interstrialis Phillips, Pal. Foss. Cornw. and W. Somerset, 1841, p. 61, pl. 25, fig. 103. Strophodonta interstrialis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 286, pl. 37, fig. 6. Loc. Europe; Lake Winnipegosis, Canada. Stropheodonta interstrialis (Vanuxem). Ithaca (Dey.). Strophomena interstrialis Vanuxem (non Phillips), Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist. 1842, p. 174, fig. 1. Strophodonta mucronata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 111, pl. 15, figs. 13, 14. Loc. Ithaca, Elmira, Bath, etc., New York. Obs. My attention was directed to the above synonymy by Professor Williams and as well that of S. mucronata Conrad (non Hall). Stropheodonta iowaensis Owen. ?Upper Devonian. Strophodonta iowensis Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, lowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 585. Loc. Pine Creek, near Rockford, Iowa. Stropheodonta irene (Billings). Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena irene Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 5. Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) irene Halland Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288. Loc. Grand Greve, Gaspé Bay, Canada. Stropheodonta junia Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Strophomena (Strophodonta) textilis Hall (non 1852), Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 141, figs. 1-3. Strophodonta textilis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 108, pl. 18, figs. 3, 4. Strophodonta junia Hall, Ibidem, 1867, corrigenda;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1883, pl. 46, fig. 16. Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) junia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288, pl. 15, fig. 16. Loc. York, Moscow, Darien, etc., New York. Stropheodonta kemperi Swallow. Hamilton (Dey.). Strophodonta kemperi Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 636. Loc, Callaway County, Missouri. Stropheodonta(?) leda (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Strophomena leda Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., V, 1860, p. 55, figs. 2,3;— Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 120, figs. 98, 99;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 311, fig. 316. Brachyprion leda Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63. Stropheodonta leda Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p, 288. Rafinesquina leda Whiteaves, Pal. Foss. III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 172. Loc, East Point, Anticosti, Lake Winnepeg, Manitoba. 424 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Stropheodonta linckleni Hall. Oriskany (Dey.). Strophodonta linckleni Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 55;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 415, pl. 93, figs. 2, 3. Loc, Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Stropheodonta macra (Winchell and Marcy). Niagara (Sil.). Strophomena macra W. and M., Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1865, p. 91,— Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 392. Loc, Probably near Chicago, Llinois. Stropheodonta macrostriata (Walcott). Lower Devonian. Chonetes macrostriata Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 126, pl. 2, fig. 13; pl. 13, fig. 14. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Obs. The type material proves it to be a Stropheodonta. Stropheodonta magnifica Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Strophodonta magnifica Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 54;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, pp. 414, 482, pl. 93, fig. 4; pl. 94, fig. 2; pl. 95, fig. 8; pl. 95A, figs. 15-19;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 44, figs. 27, 28. ; Strophomena magnifica Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 348;— Geol. Canada, 1868, p. 961, fig. 468. Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) magnifica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288, pl. 13, figs. 27, 28. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Cumberland, Maryland; county of Haldimand, Ontario, Canada. Stropheodonta magniventer Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Strophodonta magniventra Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 54;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 411, pl. 92, figs. 2, 3; pl. 95, fig. 9;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1885, pl. 44, figs. 25, 26. Strophomena magniventra: Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 349;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 961, fig. 469;—Pal. Fossils, IJ, 1874, p. 22, figs. 10-12, and pl. 2, fig. 2. Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) magniventra Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288, pl. 18, figs. 25, 26. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Cayuga, Ontario, and Gaspé Bay, Canada. Stropheodonta mucronata (Conrad). Portage and Chemung (Dey.). Strophomena mucronata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 257, pl. 14, fig. 10. Strophomena interstrialis Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 266, fig. 5. Strophodonta cayuta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 110, pl. 19, figs. 1-5 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, figs. 18, 19. Stropheodonta (Douvillina) cayuta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 289, pl. 15, figs. 18, 19; pl. 15B, figs. 7, 8; Pt. II, 1895, pl. 84, fig. 13. Loc. Steuben County, New York. Obs. See 8. interstrialis. Stropheodonta navalis Swallow. Hamilton (Dev.). Strophodonta navalis, cymbiformis, subeymbiformis, and altidorsata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, pp. 635, 656, 637. Strophodonta cymbiformis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 74. Loe. Callaway County, Missouri. Obs. The ten species of Stropheodonta described in this transaction by Swallow are all from one locality and appear to be nothing more than peculiar yvari- ations of S. demissa Conrad. No other locality is known where a species Matted beret = SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 425 Stropheodonta navalis Swallow—Continued. of Brachiopoda has taken on as many variations as has §. demissa in the vicinity of Fulton, Missouri. Mr, D.K. Greger has furnished the writer over one hundred examples of this species and no two are exactly alike. Swal- low’s ten species are here reduced to three and one variety: S. nayalis and var. boonensis, 8S. kemperi, and 8. callawayensis. Keyes (Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895) regards S. navalis, callawayensis, quadrata, and «quicostata as synonyms for $8. demissa, while 8. cymbi- formis, subcymbiformis, kemperi, inflexa, and boonensis are regarded by him as but one species, 8S. cymbiformis. 8. altidorsata is regarded as “insuffi- ciently described.” Stropheodonta navalis boonensis Swallow. Hamilton (Dey.), Strophodonta booensis and inflexa Swallow Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, pp. 637, 638. Loc. Callaway County, Missouri. Stropheodonta nearpassi Barrett. Coralline limestone (Sil.). Leptzena— Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, pl. 74, fig. 3. Strophodonta nearpassi Barrett, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XV, 1878, p. 372. Loc. Near Port Jervis, New York. Stropheodonta parva Owen. Hamilton (Dey.). Strophodonta parva Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Lowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 584, pl. 3A, fig. 9. Loc. New Buffalo, Iowa. Obs. This may prove to be young S. demissa. Stropheodonta parva Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dey.). Strophodonta parva Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 37 ;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 85, pl. 11, figs. 5, 11. _ Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Stropheodonta patersoni Hall. Oriskany to Corniferous (Deyv.). Strophomena (Strophodonta) patersoni Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 114, figs. 1-5. Strophomena ? patersoni Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, 2d ser., VI, 1861, p. 340, fig. 115. Strophomena patersoni Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 367, fig. 8374.—Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1873, p. 67. Strophodonta patersoni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 89, pl. 12, figs. 9-11; pl. 18, figs. 1-5;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 45, fig. 15.— Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 119. Stropheodonta patersoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 14. fig. 15. Loc. Schoharie, Stafford, Williamsville, etc., New York; Columbus, Ohio; Bake- oven, Illinois; Eureka district, Nevada; county of Haldimand, Ontario, Canada. Stropheodonta perplana (Conrad). Upper Helderberg-Chemung (Dey.). Strophomena perplana Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 257, pl. 14, fig. 11.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 827, fig. 665.— Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, 2d ser., VI, 1861, p.343;—Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 109.—Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontaric, 1873, p. 64. Strophomena delthyris Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842 p. 258, pl. 14, fig. 19. Strophomena pluristriata Conrad, Ibidem, 1842, p. 259. Strophomena crenistria Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 171, fig. 4. 426 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [ BULL. 87. Stropheodonta perplana (Conrad)—Continued. Strophomena (Strophodonta) crenistria Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 111. Strophomena (Strophodonta) fragilis Hall, Ibidem, 1857, p. 143. Strophodonta fragilis Hall, Geol. lowa, I, Pt. IT, 1858, p. 496, pl. 3, fig. 6. Strophodonta perplana Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 92, 98, pl. 11, fig. 22; pl. 12, figs. 138-15; pl. 17, fig. 1.—Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 25.—Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, figs. 2-15.—Walcott, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 120, pl. 13, fig. 11.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 147, pl. 18, fig. 17.—Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 5d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 357, pl. 17, fig. 17.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 220. Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) perplana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288, pl. 15, figs. 2-13. Loc. New York; Pennsylvania; Maryland; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Illinois; Iowa; Wisconsin; Eureka district, Nevada; Square Lake, Maine; Ontario and Peace River, Canada; Rio Maecuru and Rio Curua, Province of Para, Brazil. Stropheodonta perplana nervosa Hall. Portage and Chemung (Dey.). Strophomena nervosa Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 266, fig. 1. Strophodonta perplana var. nervosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 113, pl. 19, figs. 13-16;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, fig. 17. Stropheodonta perplana var. nervosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, figs. 14, 15, 17. Loc. Ithaca, Bath, Campbelltown, ete., New York. Stropheodonta perplana tulliensis Williams. Tully (Dev.). Strophodonta perplana var. tulliensis Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, p. 493, pl. 12, figs. 1-4. Loc. Cuyler, New York. Stropheodonta planulata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Strophodonta planulata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 184, pl. 16, figs. 9-12. Loc. Schoharie, Dryhill, and Litchfield, New York. Stropheodonta plicata Hall. -Hamilton (Dev.). Strophodonta plicata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 90;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 114.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 149. Loc. Iowa City. and Independence, Iowa; Thedford, Ontario; Falls of Ohio. Stropheodonta prisca Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Stropheodonta prisca Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 63, pl. 21, fig. 9. Loc. Kirkland, Oneida County, New York. Stropheodonta profunda Hall. Clinton and Niagara (Sil.). Leptena profunda Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 61, pl. 21, figs. 4, 5. Strophomena profunda Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82. Strophomena niagarensis Winchell and Marcy, Mem. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., I, 1865, p. 92, pl. 2, fig. 9. Strophodonta profunda Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, pp. 369, 392, pl. 13, figs. 3, 4;—Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 151, pl. 23, figs. 9, 10;—Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1882, p. 289, pl. 23, figs. 9, 10; pl. 27, fig. 18;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 44, figs. 1-5 (? figs. 19, 20).—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 148, pl. 29, fig. 26; pl. 17, figs. 20, 21. —_—— SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 427 Stropheodonta profunda Hall—Continued. Stropheodonta (Brachyprion) profunda Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 13, figs. 1-5 (719, 20); pl. 20, figs. 29-31; Pt. II, 1895, pl. 84, fig. 12. Loe. Lockport, New York; Waldron, Indiana; Bridgeport, Illinois; Racine, Wisconsin; Louisville, Kentucky. Stropheodonta textilis Hall. Coralline (Sil.). Stropheodonta textilis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 327, pl. 74, fig. 6. Stropheodonta Giaptontmeghin) textilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288. Loc. Schoharie, New York, Stropheodonta tullia’( Billings). Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena tullia Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 29, pl. 2, fig. 6. Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) tullia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288. Loc. Mount Joli and Split Rock, Percé, Canada. Stropheodonta variabilis Calvin. Chemung (Dey.). Strophodonta variabilis Calvin, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., IV, 1878, p. 727. Stropheodonta variabilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 289, pl. 15B, figs. 4-6. Loc. Independence, Iowa; Naples, New York. Stropheodonta varistriata (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Strophomena varistriata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 255, pl. 14, fig. 6.—Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 26, pl 2, fig. 3. Strophomena rectilateris Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1812, p. 255, pl. 14, fig. 7 Strophomena impressa Conrad, Ibidem, 1842, p. 255. Strophodonta varistriata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 180, pl. 8, figs. 1-16; pl. 16, figs. 1-8;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 44, figs. 6-16 (? figs. 21, 22). Stropheodonta (Brachyprion) varistriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 13, figs. 6-16, 21, 22. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Dalhousie, New Brunswick, and Gaspé, Canada. Stropheodonta varistriata arata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Strophodonta varistriata var. arata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 183, pl. 18, fig. 1;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 44, figs. 17, 18. Stropheodonta varistriata var. arata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York. VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 13, figs. 17, 18. Loc. Hudson and Albany counties, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami). Stropheodonta vascularia Hall. Oriskany (Dev.). Strophodonta vascularia Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 412, pl. 92, fig. 4; pl. 95, fig. 10 (? pl. 93, fig. 2). Loc. Albany County, New York. Stropheodonta (?) ventricosa (Shaler). Anticosti (Sil.). Brachyprion ventricosa Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63. Loc. Southwest Point, Anticosti. Strophodonta eequicostata Swallow=S. callawayensis. Strophodonta altidorsata Swallow=S. navalis. Strophodonta ampla Hall=Strophonella ampla. 428 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Strophodonta boonensis Swallow=S. navalis boonensis. Strophodonta cxelata Hall=Strophonella celata. Strophodonta cavumbona Hall=Strophonella cayumbona. Strophodonta cayuta Hall=Stopheodonta mucronata. Strophodonta cymbiformis Swallow=S, navalis. Strophodonta exilis Calvin=Stropheodonta calvini. Strophodonta fragilis Hall=S. perplana. Strophodonta geniculata Hall=Strophonella geniculata. Strophodonta headleyana Hall=Strophonella headleyana. Strophodonta hybrida Hall and Whitfield =Strophonella reversa. Strophodonta imitata A. Winchell=S. demissa imitata. Strophodonta inflexa Swallow=S. navalis boonensis. Strophodonta intermedia Hall=Hipparionyx proximus. Strophodonta leavenworthana Hall=Strophonella leavenworthana. Strophodonta mucronata Hall=S. interstrialis. Strophodonta nacrea Hall= Pholidostrophia iowaensis, Strophodonta punctulifera Hall=Strophonella punctulifera. Strophodonta quadrata Swallow=S. callawayensis. Strophodonta quadrata Calvin (non Swallow)=S. ealvini. Strophodonta reversa Hall=Strophonella reversa. Strophodonta striata Hall=Strophonella striata. Strophodonta subcymbiformis Swallow=S. navalis. Strophodonta subdemissa Hall=S. demissa. Strophodonta textilis Hall, 1857 (not 1852)=S. junia. STROPHOMENA (Rafinesque) Blainville. Genotype S. rugosa Blainy. Strophomena Blainville, Manuel de Malacologie et Conchyliologie, I, 1825, p. 513, pl. 53, fig. 2.—Defrance, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, LI, 1827, p. 151 and atlas.—King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 103.—Meek (par- tim), Pal. Ohio, J, 1873, p. 73.—C¢hlert, Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1281.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 245.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 384.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 283. Strophomenes Rafinesque, Desc. Remarkable Objects in the Cabinet of Professor Rafinesque, 1831, p. 4. Hemipronites Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl. XIV, 172, 1864, p. 24.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., II, 1875, p. 41. Obs. This genus is characteristic of the Ordovician, and probably does not extend into the Silurian, where Orthothetes replaces Strophomena. A num- ber of Silurian species are still left under Strophomena since their generic characters are unknown. Strophomena acanthoptera Whiteaves=Stropheodonta acanthoptera. Strophomena acutiradiata Hall=Chonetes acutiradiatus. Strophomena alternata Emmons=Rafinesquina alternata. Strophomena alternata fracta Meek =Rafinesquina alternata fracta. Strophomena alternata loxorhytis Meek=Rafinesquina alternata lox- orhytis. Strophomena alternistriata Hall= Rafinesquina alternata alternistriata. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 429 Strophomena (?) alterniradiata Shaler. Anticosti (Sil.). Strophomena alterniradiata Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63. Loc. Southwest Point, Anticosti. Strophomena ampla Hall=Strophonella ampla. Strophomena anologa Davidson, 1865=Leptiena rhomboidalis. Strophomena angulata Owen=Rafinesquina alternata. Strophomena anticostiensis Shaler=Rafinesquina alternata. Strophomena (?) antiquata Sowerby. Anticosti (Sil.). Strophomena antiquata Sowerby, Murchison’s Silurian System, 1839.—Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 129, fig. 107. Loc. Europe; Anticosti; forks of the Chatts River, Gaspé. Obs. This identification is doubtful. Strophomena approximata (James). Lorraine (Ord.). Streptorhynchus approximata James, The Paleontologist, 5, 1881, p. 43; 2, 1878, p. 15. Loc. Dearborn County, Indiana. Obs. Not detined so as to be recognizable. Strophomena arctostriata Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis arctos- triatus. Strophomena (?) arcuata Shaler. Anticosti (Sil.). Strophomena arcuata Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 62. Loc. Ellis Bay, Anticosti. Strophomena (?) arethusa Billings. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena arethusa Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 152. Loe. Observation Cape, Anticosti. Strophomena atava Matthew=Rafinesquina atava. Strophomena aurora Billings=Rafinesquina aurora. Strophomena bifurcata Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis. Strophomena billingsi Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena recta Billings (non Conrad), Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 130, fig. 108. Strophomena billingsi W. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1895, p. 397, fig. 32.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 170. Loc. Ottawa, Canada; St. Paul, Cannon Falls, and Fountain, Minnesota; East Selkirk, Manitoba. Strophomena (?) bipartita Hall. Coralline (Sil.). Leptena bipartita Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 326, pl. 74, figs. 4, 5. Strophomena bipartita Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82, Loc. Schoharie, New York. Strophomena blainvillii Billings=Stropheodonta blainvillei. Strophomena camerata Conrad=Rafinesquina deltoidea. Strophomena cardinalis (Whitfield). Lorraine (Ord.). Streptorhynchus cardinale Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 261, pl. 12, figs. 9, 10. Strophomena cardinale Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 252. Loc. Delafield, Wisconsin. Strophomena carinata Conrad, 1838=Tropidoleptus carinatus. Strophomena carinata Conrad, 1842 (non 1838)—Chonetes coronatus, Strophomena ceres Billings=Rafinesquina ceres. 430 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Strophomena chemungensis Conrad=Orthothetes chemungensis. Strophomena concava Hall=Stropheodonta concava. Strophomena conradi Hall (1859)=Strophonella conradi. Strophomena conradi Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena conradi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 344, pl. 9A, fig. 3; pl. 20, figs. 32, 33. Loc, Jacksonburg, New York. Strophomena convexa Owen=S. incurvata. Strophomena cornuta Hall=Chonetes cornutus. Strophomena corrugata Conrad=Stropheodonta corrugata. Strophomena crebristriata Conrad=Stropheodonta crebristriata. Strophomena crenistria Hall=Stropheodonta perplana. Strophomena (?) declivis James. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena declivis James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., I, 1874, p. 240. Loc. Boyds Station, Kentucky. Strophomena deflecta Conrad=Dinorthis deflecta. Strophomena delthyris Conrad=Stropheodonta perplana. Strophomena deltoidea Conrad=Rafinesquina deltoidea and R. min- nesotaensis. Strophomena demissa Conrad=Stropheodonta demissa. Strophomena depressa Vanuxem=Leptena rhomboidalis. Strophomena depressa ventricosa Hall=Leptwena rhomboidalis ven- tricosa. Strophomena (?) doneti Salter. Silurian. Strophomena doneti Salter, Jour. of a Voyage in Baftins Bay and Barrow Straits, 1852. Loc. Wellington Channel. Strophomena elegantula Hall=Plectambonites transversalis. Strophomena (?) elliptica Conrad. Niagara (Sil.). Strophomena elliptica Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1839, p. 64. Loc. Rochester, New York. Strophomena (?) elongata Conrad. ‘Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena elongata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 259. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Strophomena emaciata Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena emaciata W. and 8., American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 287;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 399, pl. 31, figs. 22-24. Loc. Near Cannon Falls, Minnesota. Strophomena euglyphya Conrad, and Roemer=Strophonella punctuli- fera. Strophomena fasciata Hall= Rafinesquina fasciata. Strophomena filitexta Meek, White, and Hall=S. neglecta or S. ineur- vata. Strophomenes flexilis Rafinesque. ‘‘ Limestone of Ohio.” Same paper as for §. levigata, 1831, p. 4. Obs. Not defined so as to be recognizable. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 431 Strophomena fluctuosa Billings. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena fluctuosa Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 57, fig. 6;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 123, fig. 102;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 209, fig. 207.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251, pl. 114, figs. 4, 5.—Win- chell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 395, pl. 31, figs. 14-17. Loc. Charletor Point, Anticosti; Spring Valley, etc., Minnesota. Strophomena fontinalis White=Dinorthis fontinalis. Strophomena fragilis Hall=Stropheodonta perplana. Strophomena galatea Billings=Stropheodonta galatea. Strophomena gibbosa James=Leptiena rhomboidalis. Strophomena (?) gibbosa Conrad. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena gibbosa Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1841, p. 54. Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York. Strophomena gilpeni Dawson=Stropheodonta gilpeni. Strophomena halli Sardeson=Leptena charlottie. Strophomena hallie Miller. Utica (Ord.). Streptorhynchus (?) hallie Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 148, figs. 14-16. Streptorhynehus hallanum Miller, North American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 378. Strophomena hallie Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 252. Loe. Cincinnati, Ohio. Strophomena hanoverensis Foerste=Strophonella striata. Strophomena hecuba Billings. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena hecuba Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 60, fig. 7;—Pal. Fos- sils, I, 1862, p. 126, fig. 104;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 209, fig. 206.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 252. Loc. Anticosti. Strophomena hemispherica Hall=Stropheodonta hemispherica. Strophomena (?) imbecilis Billings. ?Calciferous (Ord.). Strophomena imbecilis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 219. Loe. Near Portland Creek, Newfoundland. Strophomena imbrex Billings=Rafinesquina imbrex. Strophomena impressa Conrad=Stropheodonta varistriata. Strophomena inzquiradiata Hall=Stropheodonta ineequiradiata. Strophomena incrassata=Rafinesquina incrassata and KR. minneso- taensis. Strophomena incurvata (Shepard). Trenton (Ord.). Producta inecurvata Shepard, American Jour. Sci., XXXIV, 1838, p. 144, figs. 1, 2. Orthis incurvata Castelnau, Essai sur le Systeme Silurien de l’Amérique Septen- trionale, 1845, p. 38. Strophomena conyexa Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844, p. 70, pl. XVII, fig. 2. Leptiena filitexta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 111, pl. 31B, fig. 3. Strophomena filitexta Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 203, figs. 1, 2.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70.—Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 164, fig. 142.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251, pl. 9, figs. 1-7; pl. 9A, figs. 11-14 (non figs. 10, 15=S. neglecta). Streptorhynchus filitexta Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39, figs. 1-7; pl. 42, figs. 11-14 (non figs, 10, 15 —S. neglecta). 432 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Strophomena incurvata (Shepard)—Continued. Strophomena incurvata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 385, pl. 30, figs. 36-40.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 167. Loc. New York; Kentucky; Tennessee; Missouri; Wisconsin; Iowa; Minne- sota; Manitoba; Canada. Strophomena inquassa Sardeson = Rafinesquina minnesotaensis in- quassa. Strophomena interstrialis Hall=Stropheodonta mucronata. Strophomena interstrialis Vanuxem, and Hall=Stropheodonta inter- strialis. Strophomena irene Billings=Stropheodonta irene. Strophomena ithacensis Vanuxem=Atrypa reticularis. Strophomena (?) julia Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Strophomena julia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 127, fig. 105. Leptiena julia Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 65. Loc. Anticosti. Strophomena kingi Whitfield=Rafinesquina kingi. Strophomena levis Emmons. Birdseye (Ord.). Strophomena levis Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 385, fig. 972. Loc. Great Bend, Jefferson County, New York. Strophomena lachrymosa Conrad=Productella lachrymosa. Strophomena leda Billings=Stropheodonta leda. Strophomena lepida Hall=Pholidostrophia iowaensis. Strophomenes levigata Rafinesque. ‘Kentucky limestone.” Enumeration and Account of Some Remarkable Natural Objects in the Cabinet of Professor Rafinesque, 1831, p. 4. Obs. Not defined so as to be recognizable. Strophomena lima Conrad =Productella lachrymosa lima. Strophomena lineata Conrad=Chonetes lineatus. Strophomena macra Winchell and Marcey=Stropheodonta macra. Strophomena magnifica Billings=Stropheodonta magnifica. Strophomena magniventra Billngs=Stropheodonta magniventer. Strophomena membranacea Vanuxem=Productella hirsuta. Strophomena minnesotensis Winchell=Rafinesquina minnesotaensis. Strophomena (?) minor (Walcott). Pogonip (Ord.). Streptorhynchus minor Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 75, pl. 11, fig. 9. Loc. Eureka district, Nevada. Strophomena (?) modesta Conrad. ? Clinton (Sil.). Strophomena modesta Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 64. Loe. Rochester, New York. Obs, Compare with Plectambonites sericea and P. elegantula. Strophomena mucronata Hall (non Conrad)—Chonetes mucronatus. Strophomena mucronata Conrad (non Hall) =Stropheodonta mucronata, Strophomena nacrea Hall=Pholidostrophia iowaensis. Strophomena (?) nassula Conrad. Carboniferous. Strophomena nassula Conrad, Proe. Acad. Nat, Sei. Philadelphia, III, 1846, p. 28. Loc. Jersey Shore, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. eR aera eta tse nt SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 433 Strophomena nasuta Conrad=Rafinesquina alternata nasuta. Strophomena neglecta (James). Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena filitexta Meek (non Hall), Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 83, pl. 6, fig. 5. ? Strophomena filitexta White, U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 69, pl. 4, fig. 8. Hemipronites filitextus Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., II, 1875, p. 43. Streptorhynchus neglecta James, The Paleontologist, 5, 1881, p. 41. Streptorhynchus filitextus (partim) Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 42, figs. 10, 15 (non figs. 11-14); pl. 39, figs. 1-7. Strophomena filitexta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 9A, figs. 10, 15 (non figs. 11-14); pl. 114, fig. 3. Strophomena neglecta Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 388. Loc. Oxford, Clarksville, Waynesville, etc., Ohio; Richmond, Versailles, etc., Indiana; Savanna, Illinois; ? Silver City, New Mexico. Strophomena neglecta acuta Winchell and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena neglecta var. acuta W. and §., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 388, pl. 31, figs. 6, 7. Loe. Spring Valley, Minnesota. Strophomena ? nemea Hall and Whitfield=Dalmanella pogonipensis. Strophomena nervosa Hall=Stropheodonta perplana nervosa. Strophomena niagarepsis Winchell and Marcy=Stropheodonta pro- funda. Strophomena nitens Billings=Rafinesquina nitens. Strophomena nutans Meek. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena (Hemipronites) nutans (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 77, pl. 6, fig. 1. Hemipronites nutans Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 46. Streptorhynchus nutans Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 378. Strophomena nutans Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII. Pt. I, 1892, p. 251, pl. 8, fig. 11; pl. 9A, figs. 5-7; pl. 114, figs. 6, 7. Loc. Oxford, Clarksville, ete., Ohio; Richmond, Versailles, ete., Indiana. Strophomena obscura Hall=Rafinesquina obscura. Strophomena (?) orthididea Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Leptzna orthididea Hall, Pal. New York, IT, 1852, p. 62, pl. 21, fig. 7. Strophomena orthididea Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82. Loc. Kirkland, Oneida County, New York. Strophomena patenta Hall=Strophonella patenta. Strophomena patersoni Hall=Stropheodonta patersoni. Strophomena pecten Roemer, and Billings=Orthothetes subplanus. Strophomena pectinacea Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis. Strophomena perplana Conrad=Stropheodonta perplana. Strophomena philomela Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Strophomena philomela Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 56, figs. 4, 5;— Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p, 122, figs. 100, 101;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 311, fig. 317. Loc. Anticosti. Strophomena planiconvexa Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Leptxna planoconvexa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 114, pl. 31B, fig. 7. Bull. 87 28 434 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. __ [BUutL.87. Strophomena planiconvexa Hall—Continued. Strophomena planoconvexa Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251, pl. 9, figs. 19, 20. Strophomena (Hemipronites) planoconvexa Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 82, pl. 6, fig. 2. Hemipronites planoconvexa Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., Il, 1875, p. 48. Streptorhynchus planoconvexus Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 134.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39, figs. 19, 20. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Strophomena planidorsata Winchell and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena planodorsata W. and S., American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 286 ;—Minne- sota Geol. Survey, ITI, 1893, p. 393, pl. 31, figs. 8-10. Loc. Spring Valley, Minnesota; Iron Ridge, Wisconsin; Wilmington, Illinois. Strophomena planumbona Hall=S. rugosa. Strophomena plicata Meek=S. rugosa subtenta. Strophomena plicifera Hall=Dalmanella plicifera. Strophomena pleuristriata Conrad=Stropheodonta perplana. Strophomena profunda Hall=Stropheodonta profunda. Strophomena punctulifera Vanuxem=Strophonella punctulifera. Strophomena pustulosa Hall (non Phillips)=Strophalosia truncata. Strophomena radiata Vanuxem=Strophonella radiata. Strophomena recta Conrad=Dinorthis deflecta. Strophomena recta Billings=S. billingsi. Strophomena rectilateraria Meek and Worthen=Strophonella cavum- bona. Strophomena rectilateris Conrad=Stropheodonta varistriata. Strophomena (*) reticulata Shaler. Niagara (Sil.). Strophomena reticulata Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 62. Loe. Anticosti. Strophomena rhomboidalis=Leptzna rhomboidalis. Strophomena rugosa Hall (non Blainville)=Leptzna rhomboidalis. Strophomena rugosa (Rafinesque MS.) Blainville. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena rugosa (Rafinesque) Blainville, Malacologie et Conchyliologie, I, 1825, p. 513, pl. 53, figs. 2, 2a.—King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., 1850, p- 103.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 247, figs. 13, 14.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 390, pl. 31, figs. 4, 5.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Il, Pt. III, 1897, p. 168. Strophomenes rugosa Defrance, Dictionaire des Sciences Naturelles, I, 1827, p. 151 and atlas. Lepteena planumbona Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 112, pl. 31, fig. 4, Leptena (n.sp.?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, lowa, Minnesota, 1852, pl. 2B, fig. 21. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17876.) Strophomena planumbona Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 54, fig. 7.—White, See- ond Arn. Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol. , 1880, p. 483, pl. 2, figs. 13, 14;—Tenth Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1881, p. 115, pl. 2, figs. 13, 14.—Shaler (partim), Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1887, p. 13, pls. 4, 5.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 73. Strophomena (Hemipronites) planumbona Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 79, pl. 6, fig. 3. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 435 Strophomena rugosa (Rafinesque MS.) Blainville—Continued. Streptorhynchus (Strophomena) elongata James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 240. Hemipronites planumbona Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., IT, 1875, p. 45. Streptorhynchus planumbonus Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 134. Streptorhynuchus elongata Mickelborough and Wetherby, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 76. Streptorhynchus planumbona Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39, figs. 15-17; pl. 42, figs. 8, 9. Strophomena planumbona or rugosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251, pl. 9, figs. 15-17; pl. 9A, figs. 8, 9. Loc. Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Missouri; Minnesota and Anticosti. Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba. Probably also at Lattners, lowa, and Ironridge, Wisconsin. Strophomena rugosa subtenta (Hall). Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena subtenta Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 37 (undefined ).—Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 132, fig. 109 on p. 130. Leptiena subtenta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 115, pl. 31B, fig. 9. Strophomena (Hemipronites) plicata (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 81, pl. 6, fig. 4. Hemipronites subtenta Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., II, 1875, p. 46. Strophomena rugosa var. subtenta Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 393. —Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, p. 169. Loc. The same as for 8. rugosa. Strophomena rugosa ventricosa H.=Leptiena rhomboidalis ventricosa. Strophomena scofieldi Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena scofieldi W. and 8., American Geol., IX, April, 1892, p. 286;— Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 398, pl. 31, figs. 18-21. Streptorhynchus subsuleatum Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., III, April 9, 1892, p. 335, pl. 4, fig. 39. Loc. Cannon Falls, Minneapolis, and St. Paul, Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin. Strophomena semifasciata Hall=Strophonella semifasciata. Strophomena semiovalis Conrad (non Shaler) =Plectambonites sericeus. Strophomena (?) semiovalis Shaler. Anticosti (Sil.). Strophomena semioyalis Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 61. Loc. Anticosti. Strophomena septata Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena septata W. and S., American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 285;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 18938, p. 390, pl. 30, figs. 1-3. Loc. St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Rochester, Minnesota. Strophomena sericea= Plectambonites sericeus. Strophomena setigera Hall=Chonetes setigerus. Strophomena (?) siluriana Davidson. Silurian. Strophomena siluriana Davidson, British Sil. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1871, p. 303, pl. 47, i figs. 1-4.—Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 597. Loc. England; Cape Leidy, lat. 79° 38’. Strophomena sinuata Emmons (non Meek)=S. sulcata. Strophomena sinuata Meek. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena (Hemipronites) sinuata (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 87, pl. 5, fig. 5 (non S. sinuata Emmons, 1855). Hemipronites sinuata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 50. Strophomena sinuata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251. Loc, Cincinnati, Ohio. 436 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Bvtt.87. Strophomena squamula James= Rafinesquina squamula, Strophomena striata Hall=Strophonella striata. Strophomena subplana Conrad=Orthothetes subplanus. Strophomena subtenta Conrad=S. rugosa subtenta. Strophomena sulcata ( Verneuil). Lorraine (Ord.). Leptiena sulcata Verneuil, Bull. Geol. Soc. France, 2d ser., V, 1848, p. 350. Strophomena sinuata Emmons, American Geol., I, 1855, p. 199, fig. 61. Strophomena (Hemipronites?) sulcata Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 85, pl. 5, fig. 4. Hemipronites suleata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1875, p. 48, fig. 5. Streptorhynchus sulcatus Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39, figs. 8, 9. Strophomena sulcata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 9, figs. 8,9; pl. 114, fig. 8. Loc. Oxford, Clarksville, ete., Ohio; Richmond, Indiana. Strophomena syrtalis Conrad =Chonetes coronatus. Strophomena (?) talacastrensis Kayser. Ordovician. Strophomena talacastrensis Kayser, Palweontographica, Suppl., III, 1876, p. 20, pl. 3, tig. 20. Loc. Talacastra, Cordillere San Juan, Argentine Republic. Strophomena tenuilineata Conrad=Rafinesquina tenuilineata. — Strophomena tenuistriata=Leptiena rhomboidalis. Strophomena textilis Hall=Stropheodonta junia. Strophomena thalia Billings. Trenton (Ord.). Strophomena thalia Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 59;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 125, fig. 103;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 164, fig. 143.,—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251. Loe. Ottawa, Canada. Strophomena transversalis Hall=Plectambonites transversalis. Strophomena trentonensis Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Leptiena subtenta (partim) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 115. Streptorhynchus subtenta Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39, fig. 18. Strophomena subtenta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251, pl. 9, fig. 18. Strophomena trentonensis W. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, IIT, 1893, p. 389, pl. 30, fig. 41. Loc. Cannon Falls, Minneapolis, and Fountain, Minnesota; Janesville and Beloit, Wisconsin; Frankfort, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; Trenton Falls, New York. Strophomena trilobata (Owen). Trenton (Ord.). Leptiena trilobata Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, p. 584, pl. 2, figs. 17,18. [See specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17875. ] Strophomena trilobata Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 188.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 395, pl. 31, figs, 12, 13.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. III, 1897, pp. 169, 241. Loc. Turkey River, lowa; Goodhue County, Minnesota; Lake Winnipeg, Mani- toba. Strophomena tullia Billings=Stropheodonta tullia. Strophomena ulrichi James=Rafinesquina ulrichi. Strophomena unicostata Meek and Worthen=Rafinesquina unicostata. et eee ee SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 437 Strophomena undulatus Vanuxem=Leptiena rhomboidalis. Strophomena undulosa Conrad=Leptiena undulosa. Strophomena varistriata Conrad=Stropheodonta varistriata. Strophomena vetusta James. Lorraine (Ord.). Streptorhynchus (Strophomena) vetusta James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 241. Streptorhynchus vetusta Mickelborough and Wetherby, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 76.—James, The Paleontologist, 2, 1878, p. 15. Loc. Upper part of Cincinnati group in Ohio and Indiana. Strophomena winchelli Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.). Streptorhynchus (Strophonella?) deltoidea Hall (non Leptiena deltoidea 1847), Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 188%, pl. 39, figs. 10, 12-14 (non fig. 11— S. nutans). Strophomena winchelli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 344, pl. 9, figs. 10, 12-14; pl. 20, fig. 26.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 394, pl. 31, fig. 11. Loc, Janesville, Clifton, and Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Strophomena wisconsinensis Whitfield. Lorraine (Ord.). Strophomena wisconsinensis Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 263, pl. 12, figs. 11-13. Strophomena winconsinensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251, pl. 114, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Delafield, Wisconsin. Strophomena woolworthana Hall=Orthothetes woolworthana. STROPHONELLA Hall. Genotype Strophomena semifasciata Hall. Strophonella Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 153 ;— Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geologist, 1882, p. 291.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 290;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geolo- gist, 1894, p. 282. Strophonella ampla Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena (Strophodonta) ampla Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 111, figs. 1, 2. Strophomena ampla Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 345, figs. 119, 120;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 367, figs. 376, 378. Strophodonta ampla Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 93, pl. 14, fig. 1. Strophonella ampla Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 154;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 43, figs. 13-15.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293, pl. 12, figs. 13-15. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, Cherry Valley, Williamsville, etc., New York; Columbus, Ohio; Ontario, Canada. Obs. Compare with 8. schohariensis (Castelnau). Strophonella celata Hall. Chemung (Dey.). Strophodonta cxelata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 112, pl. 19, figs. 6, 7. Strophonella cxelata Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 154;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 43, fig. 21.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293, pl. 12, fig. 21; pl. 15B, fig. 10. Loc. Near Elmira, New York. Strophonella cavumbona Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Strophodonta cavumbona Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 51;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 187, pl. 21, figs. 1-3. Strophomena (Strophodonta) cavumbona Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. IIli- nois, III, 1868, p. 374, pl. 7, fig. 10. 438 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Strophonelia cavumbona Hall—Continued. Strophomena rectilateraria Meck and Worthen, Ibidem, 1868, p. 375. Strophonella cavumbona Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 291, 292. Loc. Schoharie, Hudson, and Catskill, New York; Perry County, Missouri. Obs. Probably synonymous with 8S. punctulifera. Strophonella costatula Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Strophonella costatula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, p. 359, pl. 84, figs. 15, 16. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Strophonella (?) conradi Hall. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Strophomena conradi Hall, Pal. New York, IIT, 1859, p. 194, pl. 16, figs. 13, 14. Strophonella? conradi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292. Loc. Schoharie, New York. . Strophonella crassa Rowley. Hamilton (Dev.). Strophonella crassa Rowley, American Geologist, XIII, 1894, p. 153, figs. 4-6. Loc. Callaway County, Missouri. Strophonella geniculata (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Strophodonta geniculata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 483, pl. 23, fig. 6. Loc. Cumberland, Maryland. Strophonella headleyana Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena (Strophodonta) headleyana Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 49, figs. 1, 2. Strophodonta headleyana Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 185, pl. 20, figs. 1-3.— Meek, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XL, 1865, p. 33. Strophonella headleyana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292. Loc. Schoharie, Hudson, ete., New York; Kennedy Channel and Cape Frazire, Arctie regions. Strophonella leavenworthana Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Strophomena (Strophodonta) leavenworthana Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 53. Strophodonta leavenworthana Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 189, pl. 21, figs. 5-7; pl. 23, figs. 1-3. Strophonella leavenworthana Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p.154;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 43, figs. 6-9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292, pl. 12, figs. 6-9. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Strophonella (?) patenta Hall. Clinton (Sil.). Leptena patenta Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 60, pl. 21, fig. 3.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 823, fig. 631. Strophomenapatenta Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82.— Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 115, pl. 5, fig. 10.—Foerste, Bull. Denison Uniy., II, 1887, p. 105, pl. &, figs. 34-37;—Proc. Boston Soc. Nat, Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 300, pl. 5, fig. 22. Streptorhynchus patenta Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 42, fies. 16-18. Strophomena ? (Strophonella?) patenta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 291, 292, pl. 9A, figs. 16-18. Strophomena (Strophonella) patenta Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 569, pl. 27, figs. 35-37. Loc. Reynales Basin, Medina, ete., New York; Dayton, Ohio; Hanover, Indiana; Collinsville, Alabama. . a ee SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 489 Strophonella punctulifera (Conrad). Lower Helderberg. (Dev.). Leptena punctulifera Conrad, Second Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1838, pp. 112, 117. Strophomena euglypha Conrad, Fifth Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 36.— Roemer, Sil. Fauna d. West. Tennessee, 1860, p. 66, pl. 5, fig, 3.—Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 597. Strophomena punctulifera Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third. Dist., 1842, p. 122, fig. 5.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 825, fig. 648.—Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 108, pl. 3, fig. 2;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 448 ;—Pal. Fossils, I], 1874, p. 31, pl. 3, fig. 2. Strophomena (Strophodonta) punctulifera Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 50, fig. 1. Strophodonta punctulifera Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 188, pl. 21, fig. 45 pl. 23, figs. 4-7.— Walcott, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 121, pl. 13, fig. 10. Strophonella punctulifera Hail, 'wenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 154 ;—Second. Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Geol., 1885, pl. 43, figs. 10-12.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292, pl. 12, figs. 10-12. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Square Lake, Maine; Pennsyl- vania; Decatur County, Tennessee; Dalhousie, New Brunswick, and Gaspé, Canada; Eureka district, Nevada; Cape Hilgard and Cape Louis Napoleon, Arctic regions. Obs. See S. cavumbona Hall. Strophonella (?) radiata (Vanuxem), Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Strophomena radiata Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 122, fig. 6.—Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 50, fig. 1;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 193, pl. 21, figs. 8, 9; pl. 18, fig. 3. Streptorhynebus radiatus Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 134. Strophonella radiata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292. Loc. Hudson, Albany, and Schobarie counties, New York. Strophonella reversa Hall. Chemung (Dey.). Strophodonta reversa Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 494, pl. 3, fig. 4. Strophodonta hybrida Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 239. Strophonella reversa Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 154.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293, pl. 12, figs. 16-20. Strophonella? (Strophodonta) reversa Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 48, figs. 16-20. Loc. Rockford, lowa; Naples, New York. Strophonella schohariensis (Castelnau), ? Upper Helderberg (Dev.). Orthis schohariensis Castelnau Essai Syst. Sil. l’ Amérique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 36, pl. 14, fig. 5. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Obs. Compare with §. ampla. Strophonella semifasciata Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Strophomena (Strophodonta?) semifasciata Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., LV, 1863, p. 210. Strophonella semifasciata Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 154, pl. 22, figs. 1-3; pl. 23, figs. 7,8;—Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1882, p. 292, pl. 22, figs. 1-3; pl. 23, figs. 7,8;—Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 43, figs. 4,5,—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 12, figs. 4, 5. Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Wisconsin. 440 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87, | Strophonella striata Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Strophomena striata Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 104, fig. 3;— Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82. Strophodonta striata Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep., [bidem, 1879, p. 152, pl. 23, figs. 1-6 ;—Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1882, p. 290, pl. 23, figs. 1-6.—Net- telroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 149. Leptena striata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 259, pl. 53, fig. 7. Strophodonta (Strophonella?) striata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 43, figs. 1-3. Strophonella striata Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 25, pl. 3, figs. 1-8. Strophomena hanoverensis Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 301, pl. 6, fig. 1. Strophonella (Amphistrophia) striata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. TI, 1892, p. 292, pl. 12, figs. 1-3. Sane mena (Orthothetes) hanoverensis Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, Bs 567, pl. 27, fig. 34; pl. 31, fig. 1 Loc. Maceoee New “ak ‘Walonenvand Hanover, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky. Syntrielasma Meek and Worthen= Enteletes. SYNTROPHIA Halland Clarke. Genotype Triplesia lateralis Whitfield. Syntrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270;—Ibidem, Pt. II, 1893, p. 216;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 836. Syntrophia arachne (Billings). Upper Cambrian. Stricklandia? arachne Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 85, fig. 77. Syntrophia arachne Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. H, 1893, p. 216. Loc. Point Levis, Canada. Syntrophia arethusa (Billings). Upper Cambrian. Stricklandinia? arethusa Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 85, fig. 78. Syntrophia arethusa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 216. Loe. Point Levis, Canada. Syntrophia (?) armanda (Billings). Upper Cambrian. Orthis? armanda Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 303, fig. 293.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217. Loc. Phillipsburg, Canada. Obs, This species may prove to be a Billingsella. In the interior of the ventral valve “the dental plates seem to form an imperfect triangular chamber” (Billings). If there is present a true spondylium and the foramen is ‘‘appar- ently open” O. armanda will prove to be more nearly related to Syntrophia than to any other genus. If, however, there is present only an imperfect triangular chamber and the foramen closed by a deltidium, then the species is probably a Billingsella. Syntrophia barabuensis (A. Winchell). Upper Cambrian. Orthis barabuensis A. Winchell, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XX XVII, 1864, p, 228. Leptena barabuensis Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877, p. 60 ;— Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, pp. 171, 195, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7; pl. 3, fig. 6. Syntrophia barabuensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 216. Loc. Near Baraboo, Wisconsin. Syntrophia calcifera (Billings). Upper Cambrian. Camarella calcifera Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VI, 1861, p. 318, fig. 3;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 231, fig. 247;—Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 220.—Meek, Sixth - Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 464. eet Bo nae, ge SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 441 Syntrophia calcifera (Billings)—Continued. Triplesia calcifera Walcott, Mon. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 75, pl. 11, figs. 7, 8. Triplecia? calcifera Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270. Syntrophia (?) calcifera Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p, 218, pl. 62, fig. 24. Loe. Point Levis and Phillipsburg, Canada; Cow Head, Newfoundland; near Malade City, Utah; Eureka district, Nevada; Carter County, Missouri (Keyes). Syntrophia lateralis (Whitfield). Calciferous (Ord.). Triplesia lateralis Whitfield, Bull. American Mus, Nat. Hist., 1886, p. 303, pl. 24, figs. 9-11. Syntrophia lateralis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270;— Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 216, pl. 62, figs. 1-10. Loe. Fort Cassin, Vermont. Syntrophia primordialis ( Whitfield). Upper Cambrian. Triplesia primordialis Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877, p. 51;—Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 172, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2. Triplecia primordialis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 271. Syntrophia primordialis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 218. Loc. Adams County, Wisconsin. SYRINGOTHYRIS A. Winchell. Genotype Spirifer carteri Hall. Syringothyris A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 6.— Meek, Ibidem, 1865, p. 275;—Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 288.—White, Wheeler’s Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 90.—Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 14.—Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 28.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 47;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 760. Syringothyris alta Schuchert=Cyrtia alta. Syringothyris angulata Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.). Syringothyris angulata Simpson, Trans. American Phil. Soc., n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 440, fig. 5.—Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 32. Loc. Warren, Pennsylvania. Syringothyris carteri (Hall). Waverly and Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifer carteri Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 170.—Meek (partim), Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 285 (not his igures—S. texta Hall). Spirifer (Crytia?) hannibalensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 647. Syringothyris typa Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 7;— Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XII, 1870, p. 252.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 8, 48, 50, pl. 26, figs. 6, 7,10; pl. 27, figs. 1-3. Spirifer cuspidatus Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., Philadelphia, 1865, p. 275;—Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XLII, 1867, p. 407. Spirifer cuspidatus ? Meek, U.S. Geol. Expl]., 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 87. Syringothyris cuspidatus Walcott (non Martin), Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 219, pl. 3, tig. 11.—Herrick (partim), Bull. Denison Univ., IIT, 1888, p. 41, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 2, fig. 17 (non pl. 5, figs. 4-7=S. herricki). Syringothyris carteri Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 30.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 87, pl. 40, fig. 10. Syringothyris typa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 48, fig. 40. Syringothyris hannibalensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 25, figs. 33-35. Loc. Licking County.and Bedford, Ohio; Burlington, Iowa; Marion and Pike, counties, Missouri; White Pine and Eureka districts, Nevada; near Clen- denin, Montana. 442 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL, 87. Syringothyris cuspidatus Walcott, and Herrick=S, carteri. Syringothyris extenuata (Hall). Waverly (L. Carb.). Spirifer extenuatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 520, pl. 7, fig. 6.— White, Wheeler’s Expl]. and Sury. west 100th Merid., 1875, p. 88, pl. 5, fig. 9. Syringothyris halli A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelyhia, 1863, p. 8. Syringothyris extenuata Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 33.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 86. Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Clarksville, Missouri; Battlecreek, Michigan; Moun- tain Spring, Nevada. Syringothyris gigas (‘l'roost). Subcarboniferous, Cyrtia gigas Troost, Sixth Geol. Report Tennessee, 1841, p. 12. Syringothyris gigas Schuchert, Ninth Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 33. Loc. Harpeth River, Tennessee. Syringothyris halli Winciiell=S. carteri extenuata. Syringothyris herricki Schuchert. Waverly (L. Carb.). Syringothyris cuspidatus Herrick (partim), Bull. Denison Uniy., III, 1888, pl. 5, figs. 4-7 (not pls. 1, 2). Syringothyris herricki Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1890, p. 36.—Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pl. 21, figs. 4-7. Loe. Granville, Ohio. Syringothyris missouri Hall and Clarke. Chouteau (L. Carb.). Syringothyris missouri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 363, pl. 39, figs. 29-31. Loc. Chouteau Springs, Missouri. Syringothyris (?) plena (Hall). Burlington (L. Carb.). Spirifer plena Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 603, pl. 13, fig. 4. Syringothyris? plena Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Geologist, 1890, p. 37. Spirifer plenus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 31, 39, 48, pl. 37, figs. 32, 33. Syringothyris plena Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 88, pl. 40, fig. 8. Loc. Burlington, lowa; Hannibal, Missouri; Quincy, Illinois. Syringothyris randalli, Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.). Syringothyris randalli Simpson, Trans. American Phil. Soc., n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 441, fig. 6.—Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1890, p. 36.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 50, pl. 27, figs. 13-16. Loc. Near Warren and Union City, Pennsylvania. Syringothyris texta (Hall). Waverly to Keokuk (L. Carb.). Spirifer cuspidatus Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, pp. 19, 21. Spirifer textus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 169.— White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 512, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2;—Tenth Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1881, p. 144, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2. Spirifer subcuspidatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 646, pl. 20, fig. 5;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 249. Spirifer propinquus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 647.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, 1868, III, p. 530, pl. 19, tig. 8. Spirifer carteri Meek (partim), Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, pl. 14, fig. 7. Spirifer cuspidatiformis Miller, North American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 372. Syringothyris texta Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 34.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 88. Syringothyris subcuspidatus and texta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 50, pl. 26, figs. 8, 11 (?9, 12); pl. 27, figs. 4-12, 18. Loc. New Albany and New Providence, Indiana; near Louisville, Kentucky; Sciotoville, Ohio; Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illinois. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 443 Syringothyris typa Winchell=S. carteri. TEREBRATELLA @’Orbigny. Genotype Terebratula chilensis Brod.=Terebratula dorsata Gmelin. Terebratella d’Orbigny, Pal. Frane. Ter. Cret., IV, 1847, p. 110.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 115.—Beecher, Trans. Connecticut Acad., IX, 1893, p. 377. Terebratella californica Stanton. Upper Cretaceous (Knoxville). Terebratella californica Stanton, Bull. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, 133, 1896, p. 33, pl. 1, figs. 12, 13. Loc. Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, California. Terebratella (?) dubitanda (Cooper). ? Upper Cretaceous. Megerlia dubitanda Cooper, Bull. California State Mining Bureau, 4, 1894, p.50, pl. 3, figs. 48, 49. Loe, Lajolla and Point Loma, California. Terebratella (?) imbricata (Cooper). ? Upper Cretaceous. Megerlia imbricata Cooper, Bull. California State Mining Bureau, 4, 1894, p. 51, pl. 3, figs. 50,51. Loe. Lajolla, California. Terebratella obesa Gabb. Cretaceous (Chico). Terebratella obesa Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 205, pl. 26, fig. 194. ? Terebratella obesa Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils, Geol. Survey Canada, I, 1884, p. 245. : Loc. Texas Flat, Placer County, California; Queen Charlotte Island. Terebratella plicata (Say). Cretaceous. Terebratula plicata Say, American Jour. Sci., II, 1820, p. 48;—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VI, 1829, p. 73, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6. Terebratula sayi Morton, Syn. Cret. United States, 1834, p. 71, pl. 3, figs. 3,4;— American Jour. Sci., XLVIII, 1845, p. 283. Terebratella plicata d’Orbigny, Prod. Pal., 1849, p. 259.—Gabb, Proc. American Phil. Soc., VIII, 1861, p. 193.—Credner, Zeitscr. d. Deuschen Geol. Gessel., 1870, p. 224.—Whitfield, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 5-9. Loc. New Jersey. Terebratella vanuxemi (Lyell and Forbes). Cretaceous. Terebratula vanuxemiana Lyelland Forbes, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, 1844, p. 308, with figures. Terebratula vanuxemi Lyell and Forbes, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, I, 1845, p. 62, with figures. Terebratella vanuxemiana d’Orbigny, Prod. Pal., 1849, p. 259.—Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 19;—Proc. American Phil. Soc., VIII, 1861, p- 194.—Whitfield, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 1-4. Terebratella vanuxemi Hollick, Trans. N. Y,. Acad. Sci., XI, 1892, p. 98, pl.1, fig. 6. Loc. New Jersey; Tottenville, Staten Island. Terebratella whitneyi Gabb=Rhynchonella whitneyi. . TEREBRATULA Lihwyd. Genotype T. perovalis Sowerby. Terebratula Llhwyd, Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia, 1696.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 386.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 101.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 153. Terebratula enigma d’Orbigny=Rhynchonella enigma. 444 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87._ Terebratula enigma Darwin=Rhynchonella anduin. Terebratula acuminatissima Castelnau=Spirifer acuminatus, Terebratula andii d’Orbigny=Enteletes andii. Terebratula antissiensis VOrbigny=Rhynchonella antissiensis. Terebratula atlantica Morton=Terebratulina atlantica. Terebratula arcuata Swallow (non Roemer)=Dielasma shumardanum. Terebratula augusta Hall and Whitfield. Triassic-J urassic. Terebratula augusta Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 285, pl. 7, figs. 7-10.—White, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., IV, 1880, p. 108;—Twelfth Ann. Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p. 109. Loe. Shoshone Springs, Nevada; Triassic, southwestern Idaho. Terebratula bicanaliculata Schlotheim. Jurassic. Terebratula bicanaliculata Schl., Mém. Soe. Géol. France, 2d ser, IV, 1851, p. 31, pl. 8, figs. 17-19. Terebratula cornuta Burmeister and Geibel, Abh. Naturf. Gessel. Halle, VI, 1862, p. 127. Loc. Europe; Dona Ana, Chile. Terebratula bisacula McChesney. Kaskaskia (L, Carb.). Terebratula bisacula McChesney, Descriptions New Fossils, 1861, p. 82. Loe. Chester and Goleonda, Illinois. Terebratula borealis Castelnau=Clitambonites borealis. Terebratula bovidens Morton=Dielasma bovidens. Terebratula brevilobata Swallow. Warsaw (L. Carb.). Terebratula brevilobata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., II, 1863, p. 84. Loe. Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri. Terebratula burlingtonensis White=Dielasma burlingtonensis. Terebratula camila Morton=T. harlani. - Terebratula canipes Ravenel. Jackson (Kocene). Terebratula canipes Ravenel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, II, 1844, p.97.— Conrad, American Jour. Conch., I, 1865, p. 15. Loc. South Carolina. Terebratula carneoidea Guppy. Eocene. Terebratula carneoidea Guppy, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXII, 1866, p. 296, pl. 19, fig. 2. Loe. San Fernando, Trinidad. Obs. May be the same as living Terebratula cubensis Pourtales (Dall)—Liothyris sphenoidea. (Philippi). The latter also occurs fossil in the Pliocene of Calabria and Sicily (Davidson). Terebratula chiliensis d’Orbigny. Quarternary. Terebratula chilensis d’Orbigny, Voyage dans Amérique Mérid., Pal., 1842, p- 163. Loc. Coquimbo, Chile. Terebratula choctawensis Shumard=Kingina wacoensis. Terebratula concinna Bayle and Coquand=Rhynchonella enigma. Terebratula cooperensis Miller=Seminula parva, Terebratula copiapensis Moricke. Jurassic. Terebratula copiapensis Méricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 63, pl. 2, figs. 5a—5e. Loc. Quebrada de Maricinga, Chile. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 445 Terebratula demissirostris Conrad. Kocene. Terebratula demissirostra Conrad, Kerr’s Geol. North Carolina, App. A, 1875, p. 18, pl. 3, fig. 1. ' Loc. Wilmington, North Carolina. Terebratula derbyana Rathbun. Middle Devonian. Terebratula derbyana (Hartt MS.) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1874, p. 236, pl. 10, figs. 15, 17, 22, 24, 25.—Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 35. Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Terebratula domeykana Bayle and Coquand. Jurassic. Terebratula domeykana Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, 2d ser., IV, 1851, p. 30, pl. 8, figs. 1-3.—Burmeister and Geibel, Abh. Naturf. Gessel. Halle, VI, 1862, p. 126.—Moricke, Neues Jahrb, f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 64. Loe. Sierra de la Ternera, Dona Ana, and Juntas, Chile. Terebratula dorenbergi Felix. Upper Jurassic. Terebratula dorenbergi Felix, Paleontographica, XXXVII, 1891, p. 176, pl. 27, figs. 8-8b. Loc. Cerro de Titania, Oaxaco, Mexico. Terebratula elia Hall. Middle Devonian. Terebratula elia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 390, pl. 60, figs. 26-28. Loz. Waterloo, Iowa. Terebratula elongata of American authors=Dielasma bovidens. Terebratula emarginata Sowerby. Jurassic. Terebratula emarginata (Sowerby) Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Soe. Géol. France, 2d ser., IV, 1851, p. 32, pl. 8, figs. 7-9. Loc Europe; Dona Ana, Chile. Terebratula ficoides Bayle and Coquand. Jurassic, Terebratula ficoides Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Soe. Géol. France, 2d ser., IV, 1851, p. 30, pl. 8, figs. 20-22. Loc. Dona Ana, Chile. Terebratula floridana Morton=Terebratulina floridana. Terebratula formosa Hall=Dielasma formosum. Terebratula fragilis Morton=Terebratula harlani. Terebratula gaudryi d@’Orbigny=Enteletes gaudryi. Terebratula geniculosa McChesney = Dielasma bovidens. Terebratula glossa Conrad=Terebratulina atlantica. Terebratula gorbyi Miller=Dielasma gorbyi. Terebratula gottschei Steinman. Jurassic. Terebratula gottschii Steinman, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beilageband, 1881, p. 252, pl. 14, figs. 7, 8. Loc. Caracoles, Bolivia. Terebratula gracilis Swallow (non Von Buch)=T. swallovana. Terebratula guadalupwe Roemer=Terebratulina guadalupe. Terebratula halliana Gabb=Terebratulina atlantica. Terebratula harlani Morton. Upper Cretaceous. Terebratula harlani Morton, American Jour. Sci., XVIII, 1829, p. 250, pl. 3, fig. 16;—Ibidem, XVII, 1829, p. 283;—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VI, 1829, p. 73, pl. 3, figs. 1-4, 7,8; Syn. Cret. U. 8., 1834, p. 70, pl. 3, fig. 1; pl. 9, 446 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [svtt.87. Terebratula harlani Morton—Continued. figs. 2, 8, 9.—Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 18;—Proe. American Phil, Soce., VIII, 1861, p. 196.—Credner, Zeit. d. Deutschen Geol. Gessel, 1870, p. 221.—Whitfield, Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. 15-23. Terebratula fragilis Morton (non Schloth.), Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VI, 1829, p. 75, pl. 3, figs. 3,4;—American Jour. Sci., XVIII, 1829, p. 250, pl. 3, fig. 17;—Ibidem, XVII, p. 283;—Syn. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 70, pl. 3, fig. 2. Terebratula perovalis Morton (non Sowerby), Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VI, 1829, p. 77, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8. Terebratula camilla Morton, Syn. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 70, in text. Terebratula harlani var. discoidea Morton, Syn. Cret. U. S., 1883. Terebratula harlani var. rectilatera Morton, Ibidem. Terebratula subfragilis d’Orbigny, Prod. Pal., II, 1849, p. 258. Terebratula atlantica (non Morton) Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 18. Loc. New Jersey; Delaware and South Carolina. Terebratula harmonia Hall=Eunella harmonia. Terebratula hastata of American authors=Dielasma bovidens. Terebratula helena Whitfield. Upper Cretaceous. Terebratula helena Whitfield, Ludlow’s Rep. Black Hills Dakota, 1875, p. 103, figs. 5-10. Loc. North of Belle Fourche, South Dakota. Terebratula hochstetteri Toula=Dielasma hochstetteri. Terebratula hohmanni Moricke. Jurassic. Terebratula hohmanni Moricke, Neues Jahr. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 64, pl. 6, figs. 4a, 4b. Loc. Quebrada de Maricunga, Chile. Terebratula humboldtensis Gabb. Triassic. Terebratula humboldtensis Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 34, pl. 6, fig. 35.—Hall and Whitfield, King’s U. 8. Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 282, pl. 6, figs. 22-24.—Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 129. Loc. Star Canyon, Humboldt County, and Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range, Nevada; Nicola Lake, Canada. Terebratula ignaciana d’Orbigny. Jurassic. Terebratula ignaciana d’Orbigny, Voyage dans Amérique Mérid., Pal., 1842, p. 63, pl. 22, figs. 14, 15.—Darwin, Geological Observations on South America, 1846, p. 216. Loc. Cordillere du Chili, South America. Terebratula inca Forbes=T. perovalis. Terebratula inconstans Herrick =Cryptonella inconstans. Terebratula inornata McChesney. ‘““Keokuk to Coal Measures.” Terebratula inornata McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 48. Loc. Sangamon County, Ilinois. Terebratula itaitubensis Derby= Dielasma itaitubense. Terebratula jucunda Hall. Micdle Devonian. Terebratula jucunda Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 390, pl. 60, figs. 29-31.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 154. Loc. Waterloo, lowa; Jetterson and Clark counties, Indiana. Terebratula lachryma Morton=Terebratulina lachryma. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 447 Terebratula lacunosa Schl. Jurassic. Terebratula lacunosa (Schl.) Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, ser. ii, IV, 1851, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 10, 11. Loe, Europe; Dona Ana, Chile. Terebratula lapillus Morton. Coal Measures. Terebratula lapillus Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 153, pl. 26, fig. 36. Loc. Junior Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio. Obs. Not determinable. Terebratula lecta Guppy. Hocene. Terebratula lecta Guppy, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXII, 1866, p. 296, pl. 19, fig. 3. Loc. San Fernando, Trinidad. Terebratula lens Hall—Cryptonella lens. Terebratula leonensis Conrad=Kingena leonensis. Terebratula liardensis Whiteaves. Triassic. Terebratula liardensis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 130, pl. 17, fig. 2. (Abstract of same pub. 1888.) Loc. Liard River, Canada. Terebratula linckleni Hall=Eunella linekleni. Terebratula marcyi Shumard=Eumetria marcyi. Terebratula meridionalis Conrad. Oolite or Cretaceous. Terebratula meridionalis Conrad, U. 8. Astronomical Exped. to the Southern Hemisphere, 1855, p. 282, pl. 42, fig. 10. Loc. Cordillera de Dona Ana, Chile. Terebratula mesogona Castelnau. Formation. ? Terebratula mesogona Castelnau (non Paes Essai Syst. Sil. VAmérique Sep- tentrionale, 1843, p. 40, pl. 13, fig. Loc. Vicinity of Quebec, Canada. Obs. Undeterminable. Terebratula mexicana Hall. ? Upper Carboniferous. Terebratula mexicana Hall, Emory’s Rep. U. S. and Mexican Bound. Survey, I, 1857, pl. 20, fig. 2. , Loc. Not given. Obs. Undetined. Compare with Seminula argentea. Terebratula millipunctata Hall=Dielasma bovidens. Terebratula mormoni Marcou=Hustedia mormoni. Terebratula navicella Hall=Centronella navicella. Terebratula nitens Conrad. Miocene. Terebratula nitens Dana, Wilkes’s U. S. Exped., X, 1849, p. 726, pl. 19, fig. 1. (Conrad’s earlier description I have not found. ) Rhynchonella nitans Conrad, American Jour. Conch., 1865, p. 154. Terebratula nuciformis Morton. Coal Measures. Terebratula nuciformis Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 150, pl. 2, fig. 5 Loc. Putnam Hill east of Flint Ridge, Ohio. Obs. Not detined so as to be recognizable. Terebratula nucula Sowerby = Rhynchonella nucula. Terebratula occidentalis Miller=Dielasma occidentale. Terebratula ovoides Katon=Rensseleria ovoides. 448 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [Bvtt.87. Terebratula ontario Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Terebratula ontario Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 418, pl. 60, figs. 45-48. Loc. Canandaigua Lake, New York. Terebratula ornithocephala Bayle and Coquand=T. subovoides. Terebratula parva Swallow=Seminula parva. Terebratula patagonica Sowerby. Tertiary. Terebratula patagonica Sowerby, Darwin’s Geol. Observations on South America, 1846, p. 252, pl. 2, fig. 25. Loc. St. Josef and St. Julian, Patagonia. Terebratula pennata Atwater=Spirifer pennatus. Terebratula (Zeilleria) perforata Piette. Jurassic. Terebratula (Zeilleria) perforata (Piette) Méricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX. 18:14, p. 65. Loc. Europe; Sierre de la Ternera, Chile. Terebratula perinflata Shumard. Upper Carboniferous. Terebratula perinflata Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 392. Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, Texas. Terebratula perovalis Eaton (non Sowerby)=Rensselxria ovoides. Terebratula perovalis Morton (non Sowerby)=". harlani. Terebratula perovalis Sowerby. Jurassic. Terebratula inca Forbes, Darwin’s Geol. Observations 8S. America, 1846, p. 268, pl. 5, figs. 19-20. Terebratula perovalis Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, ser. ii, IV, 1851, p. 22, pl. 8, figs. 15, 16.—Gottsche, Paleontographica, Suppl., IL, 1878, p. 33, pl. 4, fig. 9.—Steinman, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beilageband, I, 1881, p. 952.—Moiricke, Ibidem, Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 65, pl. 3, figs. Gabe. Loc. Europe; Manflas, Tres Cruces, Iquique, and Espinazito, Chile; Caracoles, Bolivia. Terebratula peruviana @Orbigny=Seminula argentea. Terebratula planirostra Hall=Cryptonella planirostris. Terebratula planosuleata Meek and Worthen =Cleiothyris roissyi. Terebratula plicata Say=Terebratella plicata. Terebratula poeyana Lea. ? Jurassic. Terebratula poeyana Lea, Trans. American Phil. Soc., n. ser., VII, 1841, p. 260, pl. 10, fig. 13. Loc. Habana, Cuba. Terebratula prisca=Atrypa reticularis. Terebratula punctata Sowerby. Liassic. Terebratula punctata Sowerby, Mineral Conch., I, 1812, p. 46, tab. 15, fig. 4.— Davidson, British Oolitic and Liassic Brach., Pal. Soc., 1852, p. 45.—Bur- meister and Geibel, Abh. Naturf. Gessel. Halle, VI, 1862, p. 127. Terebratula efr. punctata Behrendsen, Zeit. der. Deutschen Geol. Gessel., XLII, 1891, p. 395. Terebratula (Waldheimia) punctata (Sowerby) Méricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Min- eral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 66. Loc. Europe; Portezuelo Ancho, Argentine Republic; Manflas, Juntas, Chile. Terebratula raimondiana Gabb. ?Cretaceous. Terebratula raimondiana Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII, 1881, p. 298, pl. 42, fig. 9. Loc. Near Ollon, Peru. a SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 449 Terebratula reticularis= Atrypa reticularis. Terebratula rectirostra Hall=Cryptonella rectirostris. Terebratula repellini @’Orbigny. Jurassic. Terebratula repellini Anguilera, Datos para la Geologia de Mexico, 1893, p. 18. Loc. Europe; Mexico. Terebratula robusta Whiteaves. Jurassic (?Cretaceous). Terebratula robusta Whiteaves. Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 163, pl. 22, figs. a eh Loe. Rocky Mountains, near Devils Lake, Canada. Obs. The horizon of this locality is probably Jurassic (Stanton). Terebratula rockymontana Marcou=Pugnax rockymontana. Terebratula romingeri Hall=Cranena romingeri. Terebratula rowleyi Worthen=Dielasma rowleyi. Terebratula royssii d’Orbigny (non L’fveillé) =Seminula argentea. Terebratula royssii Marcou=Cleiothyris roissyi. Terebratula sacculus Dawson, and Davidson=Dielasma sacculus. Terebratula semisimplex White. Triassic. Terebratula semisimplex White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., V, 1879, p. 108. Loc. Southeastern Idaho. Terebratula serpentina Owen=Eumetria marcyi. Terebratula shumardana Miller=Dielasma shumardanum. Terebratula simulator Hall=Eunella simulator. Terebratula spiriferoides Eaton=Athyris spiriferoides. Terebratula subexcavata Conrad. Oolite or Cretaceous. Terebratula subexcavata Conrad, U. 8. Astronomical Exped. to the Southern Hemisphere, 1855, p. 282, pl. 41, fig. 4. Loc. Cordillera de Dona Ana, Chile. Terebratula subfragilis @’Orbigny=T. harlani. Terebratula subovoides Roemer. Lias (Jurassic). Terebratula ornithocephala (non Sowerby) Bayle and Coquand, Mém. Soe. Géol. France, 2d ser, IV, 1851, p. 18, pl. 8, figs. 12-14. Terebratula subovoides Behrendsen, Zeit. der Deutschen Geol. Gessel., XLIII, 1891, p. 395.—Miricke, Neues Jahrb., f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 66. Loc. Europe; Valle lenas amorillas, Rio Salado, Argentine Republic; Mine Amolanas, Manflas, and Tres Cruces, Chile. Terebratula subnumismalis Davidson ?. Lias (Jurassic). Terebratula subnumismalis Davidson, British Oolitic and Liassic Brach:, Pal: Soc., 1852, p. 36, pl. 51, fig. 10. Terebratula cfr. subnumismalis Behrendsen, Zeit. der. Deutschen Geol. Gessel., XLIII, 1891, p. 396. Loc. Europe; Rio Salado, Argentine Republic. Terebratula subretziforma McChesney. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Terebratula subretziaforma McChesney, Descrip. New Fossils, 1861, p. 82. Loc, Fountain Bluff, Mlinois. Terebratula subtetredra Conrad=Rhynchonella anduin. Terebratula subtilita Hall—Seminula argentea. Terebratula sullivanti Hall=Eunella sullivanti. Bull. 87 29 450 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [BULL. 87. Terebratula swallovana Miller. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.). Terebratula gracilis Swallow (non von Buch), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., II, 1863, p. 83. Terebratula swallovana Miller, American Pal. Foss., 2d ed., 1883, p. 299. Loc. St. Marys, Missouri; Chester, I1linois. Terebratula tayloriana Lea=Rhynchonella tayloriana. Terebratula tetreedra Sowerby=Rhynchonella tetredra. Terebratula titicacensis Gabb=Seminula titicacaensis. Terebratula traversensis A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dey.). Terebratula traversensis A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 95. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Terebratula trinitatensis Guppy. Eocene. Terebratula trinitatensis Guppy, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXII, 1866, p. 296, pl. 19, fig. 1. Loc. Sanfernando, Trinidad. Terebratula trinucleus Hall—Seminula trinucleus. Terebratula turgida Hall=Dielasma turgidum. Terebratula turpis Verneuil=Clitambonites borealis. Terebratula utah Marcou (non Hall and Whitfield)=Pugnax utah. Terebratula (?) utah Hall and Whitfield. Lower Carboniferous. Terebratula utah Hall and Whitfield, King’s Geol. Expl. 40th Parl., IV, 1877, p. 258, pl. 4, fig. 18. : Loc. Cottonwood Divide, Wasatch Range, Utah. Obs. Not well established. Based upon asingle dorsal valve. May bea Dielasma. Terebratula valenciennii Castelnau=Meristella nasuta. Terebratula wacoensis Roemer=Kingena wacoensis. Terebratula wilmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby=Rhynchonella wil- mingtonensis. Terebratula (2) cfr. zieteni Loriol. Jurassic. Terebratula cfr. zieteni Aguilera, Bol. Com. Geolégica de Mexico, I, 1895, p. 1, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7. Loc. Rancho Alamitos, Sierra de Catorce, Mexico. TEREBRATULINA d’Orb. Genotype Anomia caputserpentis Linné. Terebratulina d’Orbigny, Ann. Des. Sci. Nat., VIII, 1848, p. 67.—Hall and Clarke, — Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1895, p. 872. Terebratulina atlantica (Morton). Upper Cretaceous. Terebratula atlantica Morton, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 214. Terebratula halliana Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, V, 1861, p. 19. Terebratulina halliana Gabb, Proc. American Phil. Soc., VIII, 1861, p. 200. Terebratula glossa Conrad, American Jour. Conch., V, 1869, p. 42, pl. 1, fig. 22. Terebratulina atlantica Whitfield, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 9, pl. 1, figs. 10-13.—Hollick. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XI, 1892, p. 98, pl. 1, fig. 8. Loc. New Jersey; Tottenville, Staten Island. Terebratulina filosa Conrad. ?Cretaceous. Terebratulina filosa Conrad, American Jour. Conch., II, 1866, pp. 77, 105, pl. 9, figs. 4, 5. Loc, Uniontown, Alabama. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 451 Terebratulina floridana (Morton). Cretaceous. Terebratula floridana Morton, Syn. Cret.,U. 8., 1834, p. 72, pl. 16, fig. 17. Terebratulina floridana d’Orbigny, Prod. Pal., II, 1849, p. 258.—Whitfield, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 11. Loc. Prairie Bluff, Alabama. Terebratulina gracilis (Schlotheim). Eocene. Terebratula gracilis Schlotheim, Die Petrefactenkunde, 1820, p. 270. Terebratulina gracilis Conrad, American Jour. Conch., I, 1865, p. 15. Loc. Europe; Alabama. Terebratulina guadalupe (Roemer). Upper Cretaceous. Terebratula gaudalupze Roemer, Texas, 1849, p. 408;—Kreidebildung von Texas, 1852, p. 82, pl. 6, fig. 3.—Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 19. Loc. New Braunfels, Austin, and 200 miles north in Dallas County, Texas (Hill). Terebratulina halliana Gabb=T. atlantica. Terebratulina lachryma (Morton). (Cretaceous?) Eocene ?. Terebratula lachryma Morton, Syn. Cret. U. 8., 1834, p. 72, pl. 10, fig. 11; pl. 16, fig. 6. Terebratulina lachryma d@’Orbigny, Prod. Pal., 1849, p. 396.—Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 19;—Proc. American Phil. Soc., VIII, 1861 p. 200.—Conrad, American Jour. Conch., I, 1865, p. 15.—Whitfield, Mon. U. S. Geol..Survey, IX, 1885, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 14. Loc. New Jersey; Claiborne, Alabama. TORYNIFER Hall and Clarke. Genotype T. criticus Hall and Clarke. Torynifer Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, explanation to pl. 84. Torynifer criticus Hall and Clarke. St. Louis (L. Carb.). Torynifer criticus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IJ, 1895, pl. 84, figs. 34, 35. TREMATIS Sharpe. Genotype Orbicula terminalis Sharpe (non Emmons)=T. millipune- tata Hall. Trematis Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, IV, 1847, p. 66.—Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1871, p. 37;—Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 73.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 138, 168.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 367.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 258. Trematis crassipuncta Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis crassipuncta Ulrich, American Geologist, IV, 1889, p. 22; ILI, p. 378, fig. 7. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Trematis (?) dyeri Miller. Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis dyeri Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 347, fig. 39. Trematis (?) dyeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 142. Loe, Cincinnati, Ohio. Trematis filosa Billings=Schizocrania filosa. Trematis fragilis Ulrich. Trenton (Ord.). Trematis fragilis Ulrich, American Geologist, IV, 1889, p. 21; III, p. 378, fig. 6.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 142, pl. 4G, fig. 14. Loc. Near Covington, Kentucky. 452 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [svutt.87. Trematis huronensis Billings. Black River (Ord.). Trematis huronensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 53, fig. 59 on p. 52;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 130. Productella minneapolis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., III, 1892, p. 332, pl. 4, figs. 11, 12. Trematis huronensis? Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol, Survey, III, 1893, p. 368, fig. 29. Loc. Pallideau Islands, Lake Huron; Minneapolis, Minnesota. Trematis millepunctata Hall. Utica and Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis millepunctata Hall, Description n. sp. Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866, p. 14;—Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 221, pl. 7, figs. 22-25.—Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, IT, 1875, p. 70, pl. 1, figs. 4-7.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 16.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 139, pl. 4G, figs. 4-10. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Obs. See T. quineuncialis and T. reticularis. Trematis montrealensis Billings. Trenton (Ord.). Trematis montrealensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 52, fig. 57;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 128. Loc. Montreal, Canada. Trematis oblata Ulrich. Utica and Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis punctostriata Hall and Whitfield (non Hall, 1873), Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 70, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9. Trematis oblata Ulrich, American Geologist, IV, 1889, p. 23; III, p. 378, fig. 9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. [, 1892, p. 142, pl. 4G, fig. 20. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Trematis ottawaensis Billings. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis ottawaensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 53, fig. 58 on p. 52;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 129;—Cat. Sil. Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 11.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 139, pl. 4G, figs. 15-17.—Win- chell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 369, fig. 30. Loc. Ottawa, Canada; Anticosti; Trenton Falls, New York; Frankfort, Ken- tucky; St. Paul, Minnesota. Trematis? pannulus White=Iphidea pannulus. Trematis punctostriata Hall and Whitfield=T. oblata. Trematis punctistriata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis punctostriata Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 243, pl. 13, figs. 17, 18.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 142, pl. 4G, figs. 11-13 (73). Loc. Clifton, Tennessee. Trematis (?) pustulosa Hall. Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis? pustulosa Hall, Descrip. n. sp. Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866, p. 15 ;—T wenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 222. Loc. Near Horicon, Wisconsin. Trematis quincuncialis Miller and Dyer. Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis quincuncialis Miller and Dyer, Cont. to Pal., IT, 1878, p. 8, pl. 3, fig. 9. Loc. Lebanon, Ohio. Obs. Seems to be only a variety of T. millepunctata occurring at a higher horizon. a ee a SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 453 eB Trematis reticularis (Miller). Lorraine (Ord.). Crania reticularis Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., Il, 1875, p. 280, fig. 1 Loc. Brookville, Indiana. Obs. The type specimens have been examined and appear to be young T. mille- punctata. Trematis rudis Hall=Schizoerania rudis. Trematis terminalis Emmons. Trenton (Ord.). Orbicula terminalis Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 395, fig. 4.—Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 100, pl. 30, fig. 11. Trematis terminalis Emmons, American Geologist, Pt. II, 1855, p. 201, fig. 63.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 127.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 139, pl. 4G, figs. 1, 2 ?Trematis terminalis Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., I, 1875, p. 14. Loc. Middleville, Trenton Falls, Watertown, and elsewhere in New York. Trematis truncata Hall—Schizobolus conecentricus. Trematis umbonata Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.). Trematis umbonata Ulrich, American Geologist, IV, 1889, p. 23; III, 1889, fig. 8 on p. 378.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 139, pl. 4G, figs. 18, 19. Loc. Covington, Kentucky; Cincinnati, Ohio. TREMATOBOLUS Matthew. Genotype T. insignis Matthew Trematobolus Matthew, Canadian Rec. Science, 1893, p. 276.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1894, p. 252. Trematobolus insignis Matthew. Middle Cambrian. Trematobolus insignis Matthew, Canadian Record Science, 1893, p. 276, fig. 1;— Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, Vol. XI, 1894, p. 88, pl. 16, fig. 4a-d ;—Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 2. Loc. St. Martins, New Brunswick. TREMATOSPIRA Hall. Genotype Spirifer? cee Hall. Trematospira Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 207;—Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 27;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 2 eae Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 135.—Hail and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 124;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 798. ?Trematospira Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 54 Trematospira acadive Hall and Clarke=Rhynchospira needie Trematospira camura Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa camura Hall, Pal. New York, IJ, 1852, p. 273, a 56, fig. 3. Trematospira camura Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 212, pl. 284A, fig. 1.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 126, pl. 49, figs. 2-4. Rhynchonella camura Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 315, fig. 322. Loc. Lockport, New York. Trematospira costata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Trematospira costata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 210, pl. 28A, 1859, fig. 4;— Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 276, figs. 5, 6.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 49, figs. 19, 20. Loe. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Trematospira deweyi Hall=Parazyga deweyi. Trematospira disparilis Hall=Atrypina disparilis. 454 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL.87. Trematospira dubia (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Retzia dubia Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1863, p. 113, pl. 3, fig. 10. Trematospira dubia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 126, pl. 49, figs. 15, 16. Loc. Square Lake, Maine. Trematospira equistriata Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Trematospira equistriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. LC, 1895, pl. 49, fig. 47. Loe. Cumberland, Maryland. Trematospira gibbosa Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Trematospira gibbosa Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 82;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 272, pl. 45, figs. 7-15.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, pl. 49, figs. 23-27. Loc. Bellona, York, and Darien, New York. Trematospira helena Nettelroth=Rhynchospira helena. Trematospira hippolyte (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Retzia hippolyte Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 112, pl. 13, fig. 9. Trematospira hippolyte Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 126, pl. 49, figs. 7, 8. Loc. Square Lake, Maine. Trematospira hirsuta Hall=Parazyga hirsuta. Trematospira imbricata Hall=Atrypina imbricata. Trematospira (?) liniuscula A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dey.). Trematospira ? liniuscula A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 94. Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan. Trematospira matthewsoni McChesney =Atrypa marginalis. Trematospira maria (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Retzia maria Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 112, pl. 3, fig. 8. Trematospira maria Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 126, pl. 49, fig. 21. Loc. Square Lake, Maine. Trematospira multistriata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer multistriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 59, figs. 1-6. Trematospira multistriata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 209, pl. 24, fig. 3; pl. 28A, fig. 5;—Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 276. figs. 1-3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 126, fig. 110, pl. 49, figs. 9-14. Retzia multistriata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 958, fig. 458. Loc. Schoharie, New York. Trematospira nobilis Hall=Cyclorhina nobilis. Trematospira perforata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Spirifer ? perforata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 60. Trematospira perforata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 208, pl. 28A, fig. 3;— Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 276.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 49, figs. 5, 6. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties and Hudson, New York. Trematospira simplex Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Trematospira simplex Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 211, pl. 28A, fig. 2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1895, pl. 49, figs. 17, 18. Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 455 Trematospira quadriplicata Miller= Rhynchotrema inequivalve. Trematospira tennesseensis Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Trematospira tennesseensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 83, figs. 21-23. Loe. Perry County, Tennessee. TRIGERIA (Bayle partim) Hall and Clarke. Genotype Terebratula guerangeri de Verneuil. Trigeria Bayle (partim), Explic. Carte Géol de France, Atlas, 1875, pl. 13.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1I, 1893, pp. 272, 273, tig. 189;—Thir- teenth Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 856. Trigeria gaudryi ((ihlert),. Oriskany (Deyv.). Centronelia gaudryi Ghlert, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3d ser., V, 1877, p. 593, pl. 10, fig. 8;—Bull. de la Soc. d’Etudes Scientif. d’Angers, separate 1883, p. 2, pl. —. figs. 10-17. Trigeria gaudryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 273, fig. 189, pl. 76, figs. 6, 7. Loc. France; Cumberland, Maryland. Trigeria (?) lepida Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). « Rhynchospira lepida Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 83;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 276, pl. 45, figs. 1-6. Retzia lepida Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 366. Trigeria ? lepida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 274, pl. 50, figs. 36-40. Loc. Canandaigua Lake and Bellona, New York. Trigeria (?) margarida (Derby). Middle Devonian. Centronella (?) margarida Derby, Archivos do Museu Nacional Rio de Janeiro, IX, 1890, p. 84, with figures in text. Trigeria ? margarida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 274. Loc. Head of Paraguay; Matto Grosso, Brazil. Trigeria (?) portlandica (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Rensselxria portlandica Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1863, p. 115, pl. 3, fig. 12. Trigeria ? portlandica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 273, pl. 76, figs. 4, 5.. Loc. Square Lake, Maine. Trigeria (?) wardiana (Rathbun). Middle Devonian. Retzia wardiana (Hartt) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 245, pl. 10, figs. 2-5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16.—Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 31. Retzia ? wardiana Derby, Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janerio, IX, 1890, p. 78. Trigeria ? wardiana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1893, p. 274. Loc. Province of Para, Brazil. TRIMERELLA Billings. Genotype T. grandis Billings. Trimerella Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 166.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 160;—Ibidem, VII, 1871, p.79.—Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 143.—Dall, Bull. U. 8S. National Mus., 8, 1877, p. 74.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 33, 46, 163;—Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 236. Gotlandia Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 160. 456 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA, [vvtt.87. Trimerella acuminata Billings. Guelph (Sil.). Trimerella acuminata Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, pp. 167, 168, fig. 152;— American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., I, 1871, p. 471;—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., VIII, 1871, p. 140.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 82.—David- son and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 146, pl. 15, figs. 4-7; pl. 16, figs. 1, 2.—Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 68, fig. 36.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4B, fig. 6. Loc. Galt, New Hope, and Hespelar, Ontario; near Hillsboro, Ohio; Port Byron, Illinois; Gotland and Faré. Trimerella billingsi Dall. Guelph (Sil.). Trimerella billingsi Dall, American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 82, pl. 11, figs. 1-3.—Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 150, pl. 16, figs. 8, 9. Loc. New Hope, Ontario, Canada. Trimerella dalli Davidson and King. Guelph (Sil.). Trimerella dalli Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 154, pl. 15, figs. 1-3.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4A, fig. 10. Loc. Hespelar, Elora, and New Hope, Ontario, Canada, Trimerella galtensis Hall=Rhinobolus galtensis. Trimerella grandis Billings. Guelph (Sil.). Trimerella grandis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, pp. 166, 167, fig. 151.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., II, 1870, p. 160;—Ibidem, VII, 1871, p. 82.—Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pl. 13, figs. 11-16.— Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, pl. 13, figs. 2, 3.—Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 67, fig. 37.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4A, figs. 1, 2; pl. 4B, figs. 2-5. Loc. Galt, New Hope, and Elora, Hespelar, Ontario, Canada; near Hillsboro, Ohio; Wisconsin. Trimerella minor Dall=Rhinobolus galtensis. Trimerella ohioensis Meek. Niagara (Sil.). Tzimerella ohioensis Meek, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., I, 1871, p. 305.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 88.—Davidson and King, Geol. Mag., IX, 1872.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 183, pl. 16, fig. 1.—Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 153, pl. 16, figs. 3-7; pl. 19, figs. 1-2.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pl. 4A, figs. 3-9. Loc. Genoa, Ottawa County, Ohio; Port Byron, Illinois; Ontario, Canada, TRIPLECIA Hall. Genotype Atrypa extans Emmons. Triplesia Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 522;—Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab - Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 44.—Waagen, Palwontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 576. Triplecia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 269.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, ITI, 1893, p. 408.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 289. Dicraniscus Meek, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., IV, 1872, p. 279.—Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 576. Triplecia cuspidata Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Atrypa cuspidata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 138, pl. 33”, fig. 1, and p. 318, Triplesia cuspidata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 522.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270. Loc. Lowville, Lewis County, New York. SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 457 Triplecia extans (I’mmons). Trenton (Ord.). Atrypa extans Emmons, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 395, fig. 6.— Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 187, pl. 33, fig. 1. Triplesia extans, Hall, Ibidem, ILI, 1859, p. 523, figs. 1-3. Triplecia extans Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270, pl. 11C, figs. 1-7. Loc. Watertown, Lowville, and Boonville, New York. Triplecia niagaraensis Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.). Triplecia niagarensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 83, figs. 16-20. Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Triplecia nucleus Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Atrypa nucleus Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 138, pl. 33, fig. 2. Triplesia nucleus Hall, Ibidem, III, 1859, p. 522. Triplecia nucleus, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270, pl. 11C, figs. 8, 9. Loc, Middleville, New York. Triplecia ortoni Meek. Clinton (Sil.). Dicraniscus ortoni Meek, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., IY, 1872, p. 280. Triplesia ortoni Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 178, pl. 15, fig. 1. Triplecia ortoni, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270; pl. 110, figs. 12-20.—Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VIT, 1895, p. 585. Loe. Dayton, Ohio; Newson, Tennessee. Triplecia (?) radiata Whitfield. Calciferous (Ord.). Triplesia radiata Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1889, p. 48, pl. 7, figs. 5-8. Triplecia radiata, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 271. Loc. Beekmantown, New York. Triplecia ulrichi Winchell and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.). Triplecia ulrichi W. and §., Minnesota Geol. Survey, ITI, 1893, p.409, fig. 34, Loc. Wykoff and Spring Valley, Minnesota. Triplesia ambigua Hall=Camarella ambigua. Triplesia calcifera Waleott=Syntrophia calcifera. Triplesia congesta Hall=Hyattella congesta. Triplesia lateralis Whitfield=Syntrophia lateralis. Triplesia primordialis Whitfield=Syntrophia primordialis. Triplesia putillus Hall=Mimulus waldronensis. Triplesia quadricostata Hall= Hyattella congesta. TROPIDOLEPTUS Hall. Genotype Strophomena carinata Conrad. Tropidoleptus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 152 (unde- fined) ;—Twelfth Rep. Ibidem, 1859, p. 31 (undefined); Twentieth Rep.— Ibidem, 1867, pp. 165, 279;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 404.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 46.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 302;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 870. Tropidoleptus carinatus (Conrad). Marcellus and Hamilton (Deyv.). Strophomena carinata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 64. Leptena laticosta (Hall) de Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Geol, France, 2d ser,, IV, 1847, p. 703. Tropidoleptus carinatus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 151, figs. 1,2;—Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 31, figs. A458 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [Bvzt.87. Tropidoleptus carinatus (Conrad)—Continued. 1-4.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 828, fig. 672.—Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 407, pl. 62, figs. 2, 3.—Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, ITI, 1868, p. 427, pl. 13, fig. 2—Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 254, pl. 9, figs. 1, 9, 10, 26.—Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1876, p. 282.—Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 35.—Nettel- roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 146, pl. 17, figs. 14, 15.—A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 73, pl. 4, figs. 32-34.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 304, figs. 227, 228, pl. 82, figs. 26-36. Loc. New York; Fallsof Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Pennsylvania; Jackson County, Illinois; Erere, Province of Para, Brazil; Island of Coati, Lake Titicaca (Agassiz), and Rio Sicasica (Ulrich), Bolivia, South America; South Africa (Ulrich); France; Germany and England. Tropidoleptus occidens Hall. Hamilton (Dey.). Tropidoleptus occidens Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 91;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 408, pl. 614, figs. 50-52.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 82, figs. 37, 38. Loc. Iowa City, Iowa. UNCINULUS Bayle. Genotype Rhynchonella subwilsoni d’Orbigny. Uncinulus Bayle, Explic. de la Carte Géolog. France, LV, Atlas, 1878, pl. 11, figs. 17-20.—Waagen, Paleontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 424.—Cchlert, Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1306.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 195;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 828. Uncinulus abruptus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Rhynchonella abrupta Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 68, fig. 1;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 228, pl. 31, fig. 3. Uncinulus abruptus Hall and Clarke, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 199, pl. 58, figs. 15-21. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York. Uncinulus campbellanus (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella campbellana Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 79;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 239, pl. 43, fig. 2. Loc. Albany County, New York. Uncinulus mutabilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Rhynchonella mutabilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 66, figs. 1-7 ;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 225, pl. 29, fig. 4; pl. 30, figs. 1, 2. Uncinulus mutabilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 199, pl. 58, figs. 22-25. Loc. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York. Uncinulus nobilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella nobilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 80, figs. 1-8.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, 1858, p. 825, fig. 645,—Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 240, pl. 43, fig. 3. Uncinulus nobilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. Il, 1895, pl. 58, fig. 26. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Pennsylvania. Uncinulus nucleolatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Rhynchonella nucleolata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 68;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 227, pl. 31, figs. 1f, 2.—Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 110, pl. 3, fig. 5. SCHUCHERT. ] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 459 Uncinulus nucleolatus Hall—Continued. Uncinulus nucleolata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 199. Loc. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York; Square Lake, Maine; St. Blaudine, New Brunswick, Canada. Uncinulus pyramidatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella pyramidata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p- 70;—Pal. New York, ITI, 1859, p. 229, pl. 32, figs. 1, 2. Uncinulus pyramidatus Halland Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IL, 1895, pl. 58, figs. 27, 28. Loc. Albany County, New York. Uncinulus stricklandi (Sowerby). Niagara (Sil.). Terebratula stricklandi Sowerby, Murchison’s Sil. System, 1839, pl. 13, fig. 19. Rhynchonella tennesseensis Hall (non Roemer), Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1860, p. 228;—Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Doc. ed., 1876, pl. 26, figs. 34-40.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Sta- tistics and Geol., 1880, p. 496, pl. 3, figs. 2-4;—-Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 128, pl. 3, figs. 24. Rhynchonella stricklandi Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Doc. ed., 1879, p. 165, pl. 26, figs. 34-40 ;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 308, pl. 26, figs. 34-40.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 81, pl. 27, figs. 9-11; pl. 29, figs. 3-6. Uncinulus (Uncinulina) stricklandi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 58, figs. 38-40. Loe. Europe; Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky. Uncinulus vellicatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.). Rhynchonella vellicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, pp. 69, 71, figs. 2, 3;—Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 230, pl. 33, fig. 1. Uncinulus vellicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 199. Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Dalhousie, New Brunswick, Canada. VITULINA Hall. Genotype V. pustulosa Hall. Vitulina Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 72, figs. 1, 2;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.410.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 188 ;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 804. Vitulina pustulosa Hall. Hamilton (Dev.). Vitulina pustulosa Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 82;—Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 410, pl. 62, fig. 1.—Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 255, pl. 9, figs. 2, 6-8, 11-13, 15, 20, 21, 27, 32.—Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III, 1876, p. 282.—Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 36.—A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1891, p. 273;—Ibidem, Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 71, pl. 4, figs. 26-29.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 139, 317, pl. 82, figs. 18-25. Loc. Near Tully and Tinkers Falls, New York; Monroe County, Pennsylvania; Erere, Province of Para, and provinces Parana and Matto Grosso, Brazil; island of Coati, Lake Titicaca, Tarabuco and Rio Sicasica, Bolivia; South Africa. WALDHEIMIA King. Genotype W. flavescens Lamarck. Waldheimia King, Mon Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., 1850, p. 81.—Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 107. Waldheimia (?) catorcensis Aguilera. Jurassic. Waldheimia catorcensis Aguilera, Bol. Com. Geologica de Mexico, I, 1895, p. 1, pl. 2, fig. 8. Loc. Rancho Alamitos, San Luis, Potosi, Mexico. 460 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [pur 87. Waldheimia compacta White and St. John=Cryptacanthia compacta. Waldheimia coutinhoana Derby=Harttina coutinhoana. Waldheimia deweyi Hall=Parazyga deweyi. Waldheimia formosa Hall=Rhynchospira formosa. Waldheimia globosa Hall=Rhynchospira globosa. Waldheimia imbricata Cooper=Terebratella? imbricata. Waldheimia kennedyi Dall. Miocene. Waldheimia kennedyi Dall, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 1874 (extract, p. 4). Loe. Cerros Island, Lower California. Waldheimia rectirostra Hall—Rhynchospira rectirostris. Whitfieldia Davidson— Meristina. WHITFIELDELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Atrypa nitida Hall. Whitfieldella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 58:—Thir- teenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 766. Whitfieldella (?) billingsana (Meek and Worthen). Niagara (Sil.). Centronella billingsiana Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 352, figs. a, b,c; pl. 6, fig. 5. Loc. Alexander County, Illinois. Whitfieldella (2?) bisuleata (Vanuxem). Lower Helderberg (Deyv.). Atrypa bisuleata Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 112. Merista bisuleata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 253. Loc. Litchfield, New York. Whitfieldella cylindrica Hall. Clinton-Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa cylindrica Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 76, pl. 24, fig. 2. Atrypa ecrassirostra Hall, Pal. New York, 1852, p. 269, pl. 55, fig. 4. Merista cylindrica Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77. Athyris cylindrica Billings, Geol. Canada, 1868, p. 317, fig. 333;—Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 332. Meristella (?Meristina) cylindrica Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 180, pl. 15, fig. 2. Whitfieldella cylindrica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 60, pl. 40, figs. 16-22. Loc. Lockport, New York; Hillsboro, Ohio; Hamilton, Ontario; Anticosti. Whitfieldella (?) harpalyce (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Athyris harpalyce Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 116, pl. 3, fig. 14. Whitfieldella (?) harpalyce Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 60. Loc. Square Lake, Maine. Whitfieldella hyale (Billings). Guelph (Sil.). Charionella ? hyale, Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 166, fig. 150. Whitfieldella hyale Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 60. Charionella hyale Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, pl. 42, figs. 20, 21. Loc, Galt and Elora, Ontario; Wisconsin (Whitfield). Whitfieldella intermedia Hall. Clinton-Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa intermedia Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p.77, pl. 24, figs. 3, 4, ?6.—Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, 1858, Pt. I, p. 823, fig. 634. Merista intermedia Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77. Athyris intermedia Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jour. Sci., XIV, 1874, p, 157.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 61, fig. 32A. SCHUCHERT. | INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 461 Whitfieldella intermedia Hall—Continued. Whitfieldella intermedia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 60, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2. Loc. Lockport, New York; Thorold, Ontario; Pennsylvania. Whitfieldella (?) julia (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Athyris julia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 146, fig. 124. Meristella julia Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 354. Loc. Anticosti. Whitfieldella (?) naviformis Hall. Clinton-Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa naviformis Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 71, fig. 3 ;— Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 76, pl. 24, fig. 1.—Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jour. Sci., n. ser., XVI, 1874, pp. 144, 157. Meristella naviformis Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Athyris naviformis Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 320,—Nicholson, Pal. Proy. Ontario, 1875, p. 62, fig. 82K. Whitfieldella naviformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 60, pl. 40, fig. 3. Loe. Rochester, Sodus, ete., New York; Dundas, Ontario; Anticosti. Whitfieldella nitida Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa nitida Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., Tables of Organic Remains, 13, 1843, fig. 5;—Pal. New York, I, 1852, p. 268, pl. 55, fig. 1.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 187, pl. 2, fig. 9. Merista nitida Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Athyris nitida Hall, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 334. Meristella nitida Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 226. Meristina nitida Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 299;—Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 169, pl. 25, figs. 1-7;—Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 300, pl. 25, figs. 1-7.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 102, pl. 33, figs. 10, 11.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 70, pl. 7, figs. 6-10. Whitfieldella nitida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 59, figs. 43,44; pl. 40, figs. 4-13. Loc. Lockport, ete., New York; Hamilton, Ontario; Waldron, Indiana; Louis- ville, Kentucky; Anticosti. Whitfieldella nitida oblata Hall. > Niagara (Sil.). Atrypa nitida var. oblata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 269, pl. 55, fig. 2. Merista nitida var. oblata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist,, 1859, p. 78. Loc. Lockport, etc., New York. Whitfieldella (?) rucleolata (Hall.) Coralline (Sil.). Atrypa nucleolata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 328, pl. 74, fig. 10. Merista nucleolata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Meristella nucleolata Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, LV, 1882, p. 321, pl. 25, fig. 5. Loc. Schoharie, New York; near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Whitfieldella oblata Hall. Medina (Sil.). Atrypa oblata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5. Merista oblata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78. Whitfieldella (?) oblata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 60. Loc. Lockport, New York. Whitfieldella sulcata (Vanuxem). Waterlime (Sil.). Atrypa sulcata Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 112, fig.5.— Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 142, fig. 5. Merista sulcata Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 115. Loc. Near Vienna village, New York. 462 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [svtt.8z7. WILSONIA Kayser. Genotype Terebratula wilsoni Sowerby. Wilsonia Kayser, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geolog. Gesselsch., XXIII, 1871, p. 502.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.195;—Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 827. Uncinulina Bayle, Explic. de la Carte Géolog. France, IV, 1878, Atlas, pl. 13, figs. 13-16. Obs. A subgenus of Camarotechia. Wilsonia kokomoensis (Miller). Waterlime (Sil.). Rhynchonella kokomoensis Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 312, pl. 9, figs. 22-24. Loc. Kokomo, Indiana. Wilsonia saffordi Hall. Niagara and Lower Helderberg (Sil. and Deyv.). Rhynchonella saffordi Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 146.—Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pl. 9, figs. 27-29.—Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 598.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 79, pl. 27, figs. 22-24; pl. 33, figs. 4-6. Wilsonia saffordi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 198, pl. 58, figs. 5-14. Loc. In the Arisaig group of Nova Scotia; Perry County, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky. Wilsonia saffordi depressa (Nettelroth). Niagara (Sil.). Rhynchonella saffordi var. depressa Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 80, pl. 33, fig. 1-3. Loc. Louisville, Kentucky. Wilsonia wilsoni (Sowerby). Niagara (Sil.). Terebratula wilsoni Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, 1818, p. 118, fig. 3. Rhynchonella wilsoni Roemer, Sil. Fauna d. West. Tennessee, 1860, p. 71, pl. 5, fig. 13. Wilsonia wilsoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 198. Loc. Europe; Decatur County, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; Lake Temis- couata, New Brunswick. YORKIA Walcott. Genotype Y. wanneri Walcott. Yorkia Walcott, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 714. Yorkia wanneri Walcott. ; Lower Cambrian. Yorkia wanneri Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 715, pl. 60, figs. 1-le. Loc. Emigsville, Pennsylvania. Yorkia (?) washingtonensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian. Yorkia (?) washingtonensis Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 715, pl. 60, fig. 3. Loc. Salem, Washington County, New York. ZYGOSPIRA Hall. Genotype Atrypa modesta Hall. Stenocisma Hall (non Conrad), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 142.—Meek and Hay- den, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 1864, p. 16. Zygospira Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, p. 154, figs. 1, 2.—Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VI, 1862, p. 393.—Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 267.—Meek, Geol. Survey, Illinois, III, 1868, p. 377.—Davidson, Suppl. British Silurian Brachiopoda, Pal. Soce., 1882, p. 122.—Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 465.— Beecher and Schuchert, Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, 1893, pp. 71-82.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1893, p. 154. Anazyga Davidson, Suppl. British Silurian Brachiopoda, Pal. Soc., 1882, p. 128. SCHUCHERT. } INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 463 ZYGOSPIRA Hall—Continued. Hallina Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, ITI, 1893, p. 471. Protozyga Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 151. Protozyga, Hallina and Zygospira Hall and Clarke, Thirteenth Ann, Rep. N. Y, State Geologist, 1895, pp. 809, 810, 812. Zygospira cequila Sardeson=Z. nicoletti. Zygospira anticostiensis Davidson=Catazyga erratica. Zygospira cincinnatiensis Meek. Lorraine (Ord.). Zygospira cincinnatiensis (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 126, pl. 11, fig. 5.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1875, p. 59.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 54, figs. 13, 14. Loe, Cincinnati, Ohio. Zygospira concentrica Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.). Zygospira concentrica Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat, Hist., II, 1879, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 10. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Zygospira deflecta Hall. Trenton (Ord.). Atrypa deflecta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 140, pl. 33, fig. 4. Zygospira deflecta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, palot. Loc, Lewis County, New York; Ottawa, Canada. Zygospira exigua (Hall). Trenton (Ord.). Atrypa exigua Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 141, pl. 33, fig. 6. Genus? exigua Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 66. Protozyga exigua Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt, II, 1893, p. 149, figs. 137, 138, pl. 54, figs. 47, 48. Loc. Lowville, Watertown, and Martinsburg, New York. Zygospira erratica Davidson=Catazyga erratica. Zygospira headi Hall=Catazyga headi. Zygospira kentuckiensis James. Lorraine (Ord.). Zygospira modesta var. kentuckiensis James, The Paleontologist, 1878, p. 7. Zygospira kentuckiensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 138, pl. 34, figs. 21-25.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 54, figs. 11, 15, 16. Loc. Oldham and Jefferson counties, Kentucky. Zygospira (?) mica (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.). Rhynchonella mica Billings, Cat. Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 44. Zy gospira ? mica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 157. Loc. Division 4 of the Anticosti group, Anticosti. Zygospira (?) minima Hall. Niagara (Sil.). Zygospira minima Hall, Descrip. n. sp. Foss. Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 14 i— Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geologist, 1882, p. 305, pl. 27, fig. 7;—Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 70. Loe. Waldron, Indiana. Zygospira modesta Hall. Utica and Lorraine (Ord.). Atrypa modesta (Say) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 141, pl. 15, fig. 15;—Thir- teenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 69. Zygospira modesta Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, p. 154;—Twentieth Rep. Ibidem, 1867, p. 267, figs. 1, 2.—Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 125, pl. 11, fig. 4.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 58.— Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brachiopoda, Pal. Soc., 1882, p, 122.—Winchell 464 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. _ [BULL 87. Zygospira modesta Hall—Continued. and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, IIT, 1893, p. 467, pl. 34, figs. 42-44.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 155, figs. 146-149, pl. b4, figs. 7-10, 12.—Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 98. Rhynchonella? modesta Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 211, fig. 211. Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Turin, ete., New York; Lattners, Iowa; Spring Valley, Minnesota; Wisconsin; St. Louis County, Missouri; Ottawa, Canada (Ami). Zygospira nicoletti Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Hallina nicoletti W. and S., American Geol., IX, April 1, 1892, p. 293 ;—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 474, pl. 34, figs. 59-62. Zygospira aquila Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Geol. Survey, IIT, April 9, 1892, p. 335, pl. 4, figs. 15-18. Zygospira nicolleti Beecher and Schuchert, Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 71, pl. 10, fig. 23; pl. 11, figs. 11, 12. Loc. Minneapolis, Rochester, and Fountain, Minnesota; Decorah, Iowa; Beloit, Wisconsin; Auburn, Missouri. Zygospira paupera Billings. Anticosti (Sil.). Zygospira paupera Billings, Cat. Sil. Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 46.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 157. Loc. Division 3 of Anticosti group, Anticosti. Zygospira putilla Hall and Clarke. ? Lorraine (Ord.). Zygospira putilla Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 157, fig. 150, p. 365, pl. 54, figs. 35-37; pl. 88, figs. 29, 30. Loc. Pike County, Missouri. Zygospira recurvirostris (Hall). Trenton (Ord.). Atrypa recurvirostris Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 140, pl. 33, fig. 5. Rhynchonella recurvirostris Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 168, fig. 152. Anazyga recurvirostra Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brachiopoda, Pal. Soc., 1892, p. 129. Zygospira recurvirostra Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 466, pl. 34, figs. 88-41.—Beecher and Schuchert, Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, 1893, p. 71, pl. 10, figs. 7-21; pl. 11, figs. 1-10.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 54, figs. 1-6.—Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., III, Pt. U1, 1897, p. 180. Loc. New York; Kentucky; Iowa; Minnesota; Wisconsin; Ottawa, Canada; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. According to Billings it oceurs also in the Lor- raine group of Anticosti. Zygospira saffordi Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.). Hallina saffordi W. and S., American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 292;:—Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 478, pl. 34, figs. 55-b8.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 83, figs. 36-38. Zygospira saffordi Beecher and Schuchert, Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, 1893, p. 71, pl. 10, fig. 22; pl. 11, figs. 18, 13a.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 151, figs. 139-141. Loc. Lebanon, Tennessee; Highbridge, Kentucky. Zygospira (?) subeoncava Meek and Worthen. Lower Helderberg (Dey.). Zy gospira subeoncava Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, IIT, 1868, p. 380, pla, fig. 1. Loc. Perry County, Missouri. Zygospira uphami W. and 8,=Catazyga uphami. ADVERTISEMENT. {Bulletin 87.] The statute approved March 3, 1879, establishing the United States Geological Survey, contains the following provisions: “The publications of the Geological Survey shall consist of the amnual report of operations, geological and economic maps illustrating the resources and classification of the lands, and reports upon general andeconomic geology and paleontology. The annual report of operations of the Geological Survey shall accompany the annual report of the Secretary of the Interior. All special memoirs and reports of said Survey shall be issued in uniform quarto series if deemed necessary by the Director, butother- wisein ordinary octayos. Three thousand copies of each shall be published for scientific exchanges and for sale at the price of publication; and all literary and cartographic materials received in exchange shall be the property of the United States and form a part of the library of the organization; and the money resulting from the sale of such publications shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States.” Except in those cases in which an extra number of any special memoir or report has been supplied to the Survey by resolution of Congress or has been ordered by the Secretary of the Interior, this office has no copies for gratuitous distribution. ANNUAL REPORTS. I. First Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, by Clarence King. 1880. 8°. 79pp. 1 map.—A preliminary report describing plan of organization and publications. II. Second Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1880-'81, by J. W. Powell. 1882. 8°. lv, 588 pp. 62pl. 1map. II. 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Price 15 cents. 42. Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Year 1885-'86. EF. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1887. 8°. 152 pp. lpl. Price 15 cents. 43. Tertiary and Cretaceous Strata of the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers, by Eugene A. Smith and Lawrence C. Johnson. 1887. 8°. 189pp. 21 pl. Price 15 cents. 44. Bibliography of North American Geology for 1886, by Nelson H. Darton. 1887. 8°. 35 pp. Price 5 cents. 45. The Present Condition of Knowledge of the Geology of Texas, by Robert T. Hill. 1887. 8°. 94 pp. Price 10 cents. 46. Nature and Origin of Deposits of Phosphate of Lime, by R. A. F. Penrose, jr., with an Intro- duction by N.S.Shaler. 1888. 8°. 143 pp. Price 15 cents. 47. Analyses of Waters of the Yellowstone National Park, with an Account of the Methods of Analysis employed, by Frank Austin Gooch and James Edward Whitfield. 1888. 8°. 84pp. Price 10 cents. 48. On the Form and Position of the Sea Level, by Robert Simpson Woodward. 1888. 8°. 88 pp. Price 10 cents. 49. Latitudes and Longitudes of Certain Points in Missouri, Kansas, and New Mexico, ef Robert Simpson Woodward. 1889. 8°. 133 pp. Price 15 cents. 50. Formulas and Tables to facilitate the Construction and Use of Maps, by Robert Simpson Wood- ward. 1889. 8°. 124pp. Price 15 cents. 51. On Invertebrate Fossils from the Pacific Coast, by Charles Abiathar White. 1889. 8°, 102 pp. l4pl. Price 15 cents. 52. Subaérial Decay of Rocks and Origin of the Red Color of Certain Formations, by Israel Cook Russell. 1889. 8°. 65 pp. 5pl. Price 10 cents. 53. The Geology of Nantucket, by Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. 1889. 8°. 55 pp. 10pl. Price 10 cents. 54. On the Thermo-Electric Measurement of High Temperatures, by Carl Barus. 1889. 8°. 313 pp. incl. 1pl. ll pl. Price 25 cents. 55. Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Year 1886-87. Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1889. 8°. 96 pp. Price 10 cents. 56. Fossil Wood and Lignite of the Potomac Formation, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1889. 8°. 72pp. Tpl. Price 10 cents. 57. A Geological Reconnaissance in Southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 8°. 49pp. 2pl. Price 5 cents. 58. The Glacial Boundary in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by George Frederick Wright, with an Introduction by Thomas Chrewder Chamberlin. 1890, 8°. 112 pp., inel. 1 pl. €pl. Price 15 cents. 59. The Gabbros and Associated Rocks in Delaware, by Frederick D. Chester. 1890. 8°. 45 pp. 1 pl. Price 10 cents. 60. Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Year 1887-88. FF. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1890. 8°. 174 pp. Price 15 cents. 61. Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Pacific Coast, by William Harlow Melville and Waldemar Lindgren. 1890. 8°. 40 pp. 3pl. Price 5 cents. 62. The Greenstone Schist Areas of the Menominee and Marquette Regions of Michigan; a Contri- bution to the Subject of Dynamic Metamorphism in Eruptive Rocks, by George Huntington Williams; with an Introduction by Roland Duer Irving. 1890. 8°. 241 pp. 16 pl. Price 30 cents. ADVERTISEMENT. v 63. A Bibliography of Paleozoic Crustacea from 1698 to 1889, including a List of North American Species and a Systematic Arrangement of Genera, by Anthony W. Vogdes. 1890. 8°. 177 pp. Price 15 cents. 64. A report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Viseal Year 1888-'89. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1890. 8°. 60 pp. Price 10 cents. 65. Stratigraphy of the Bituminous Coal Field of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, by Israel C. White. 1891. 8°. 212 pp. l1pl. Price 20 cents. 66. On a Group of Volcanic Rocks from the ‘Tewan Mountains, New Mexico, and on the Occurrence of Primary Quartz in Certain Basalts, by Joseph Paxson Iddings. 1890. 8°. 84 pp. Price 5 cents. 67. The Relations of the ‘Traps of the Newark System in the New Jersey Region, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1890. 8°. 82 pp. Price 10 cents. 68. Earthquakes in California in 1889, by James Edward Keeler. 1890. 8°. 25 pp. Price 5 cents. 69. A Classed and Annotated Bibliography of Fossil Insects, by Samuel Hubbard Seudder. 1890. 8°. 101 pp. Price 15 cents. 70. Report on Astronomical Work of 1889 and 1890, by Robert Simpson Woodward. 1890. 8°. 79pp, Price 10 cents. 71. Index to the Known Fossil Insects of the World, including Myriapods and Arachnids, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1891. 8°. 744 pp. Price 50 cents. 72. Altitudes between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains, by Warren Upham. 1891. 89°, 229pp. Price 20 cents. 73. The Viscosity of Solids, by Carl Barus. 1891. 8°. xii, 139 pp. 6pl. Price 15 cents. 74. The Minerals of North Carolina, by Frederick Augustus Genth. 1891. 8°. 119 pp. Price 15 cents. 75. Record of North American Geology for 1887 to 1889, inclusive, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1891. 8°. 173 pp. Price 15 cents. 76. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (Second Edition), compiled by Henry Gannett, Chief Topographer. 1891. 8°. 393 pp. Price 25 cents. 77. The Texan Permian and its Mesozoic Types of Fossils, by Charles A. White. 1891. 8°. 51 pp. 4pl. Price 10 cents. 78. A Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Year 1889-’90. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1891. 8°. 131 pp. Price 15 cents. 79. A Late Volcanic Eruption in Northern California and its Peculiar Lava, by J.S. Diller. 1891. 89°. 32 0p. 17 pl. Price 10 cents. 80. Correlation Papers—Devonian and Carboniferous, by Henry Shaler Williams. 1891. 8%. 279 pp. Price 20 cents. 81. Correlation Papers—Cambrian, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1891. 8°. 447 pp. 3 pl. Price 25 cents. 82. Correlation Papers—Cretaceous, by Charles A. White. 1891. 8°. 273 pp. 3 pl. Price 20 cents. 83. Correlation Papers—Eocene, by William Bullock Clark. 1891. 8°. 173 pp. 2 pl. Price 15 cents. 84. Correlation Papers—Neocene, by W. H. Dall and G. D. Harris. 1892. 8°. 349pp. 3pl. Price 25 cents. 85. Correlation Papers—The Wewark System, by Israel Cook Russell. 1892. 8°. 344 pp. 13 pl. Price 25 cents. 86. Correlation Papers—Archean and Algonkian, by C. R. Van Hise. 1892. 8°. 549 pp. 12 pl. Price 25 cents. 87. A Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda, including Bibliography and Synonymy, by Charles Schuchert. 1897. 8°. 464 pp. Price 30 cents. 90. A Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Year 1890-’91. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1892. 8°. 77 pp. Price 10 cents. $1. Record of North American Geology for 1890, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1891. 8°. 88pp. Price 10cents. 92. ‘The Compressibility of Liquids, by Carl Barus. 1892. 8°. 96 pp. 29pl. Price 10 cents. 93. Some Insects of Special Interest from Florissant, Colorado, and Other Points in the Tertiaries of Colorado and Utah, by Samuel Hubbard Seudder. 1892. 8°. 35 pp. 3pl. Price 5 cents. 94. The Mechanism of Solid Viscosity, by Carl Barus. 1892. 8°. 138 pp. Price 15 cents. 95. Earthquakes in California in 1890 and 1891, by Edward Singleton Holden. 1892. 8°. 31 pp. Price 5 cents. 96. The Volume Thermodynamies of Liquids, by Carl Barus. 1892. 8°. 100 pp. Price 10 cents. 97. The Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States, by William Bullock Clark. 1893. 8°. 207 pp. 50pl. Price 20 cents. B 98. Flora of the Outlying Carboniferous Basins of Southwestern Missouri, by David White. 1893. 8°. 139pp. Spl. Price 15 cents. 99. Record of North American Geology for 1891, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1892. 8°. 73 pp. Price 10 cents. 100. Bibliography and Index of the Pubiications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1879-1892, by Philip Creveling Warman. 1893. 8°. 495 pp. Price 25 cents. VI : “am 7 ADVERTISEMENT! 101. Insect Fauna of the Rhode Island Coal Field, by Samuel Hubbard Sendder. 1893. 8°. 27 pp. 2pl. Price 5 cents. . 102. A Catalogue and Bibliography of North American Mesozoic Invertebrata, by Cornelius Breck- inridge Boyle. 1893. 8°. 315 pp. Price 25 cents. 103. High Temperature Work in Igneous Fusion and Ebullition, chiefly in Relation to Pressure, by Carl Barus. 1893. 8°. 57 pp. 9pl. Price 10 cents. 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by Walter Harvey Weed. 1893. 8°, 4i pp. 4pl. Price 5 cents. 105. The Laramie and the Overlying Livingston Formation in Montana, by Walter Harvey Weed, with Report on Flora, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1893. 8°. 68pp. 6pl. Price 10 cents. 106. The Colorado Formation and its Invertebrate Fauna, by T. W. Stanton. 1893. 8°. 288 pp, 45 pl. Price 20 cents. 107. The Trap Dikes of the Lake Champlain Region, by James Furman Kemp and Vernon Free- man Marsters. 1893. 8°. 62pp. 4pl. Price 10 cents. 108. A Geological Reconnoissance in Central Washington, by Israel Cook Russell: 1893. 8°. 108 pp. 12pl. Price 15 cents. 109. The Eruptive and Sedimentary Rocks on Pigeon Point, Minnesota, and their Contact Phenom ena, by William Shirley Bayley. 1893. 8°. 121 pp. 16 pl. Price 15 cents. 110. The Paleozoic Section in the Vicinity of Three Forks, Montana, by Albert Charles Peale. 1893, 8°. 56pp. 6pl. Price 10 cents. 111. Geology of the Big Stone Gap Coal Field of Virginia and Kentucky, by Marius R. Campbell, 1893. 8°. 106pp. 6pl. Price 15 cents. 112. Earthquakes in California in 1892, by Charles D. Perrine. 1893. 8°. 57 pp. Price 10 cents. 118. A Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry during the Fiscal Years 1891-’92 and 1892-’93. EF. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1893. 8°. 115 pp. Price 15 cents. 114. Earthquakes in California in 1893, by Charles D. Perrine. 1894. 8°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 115. A Geographic Dictionary of Rhode Island, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 31 pp. Price 5 cents. 116. A Geographic Dictionary of Massachusetts, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 126 pp. Price 15 cents. 117. A Geographic Dictionary of Connecticut, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 67 pp. Price 10 cents. 118. A Geographic Dictionary of New Jersey, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 131 pp. Price 15 cents. 119. A Geological Reconnoissance in Northwest Wyoming, by George Homans Eldridge. 1894. 8°. 72pp. 4pl. Price 10 cents. 120. The Devonian System of Eastern Pennsylvania and New York, by Charles 8. Prosser. 1894. 8°. 8lpp. 2pl. Price 10 cents. 121. A Bibliography of North American Paleontology, by Charles Rollin Keyes. 1894. 8°. 251 pp. Price 20 cents. 122. Resultsof Primary Triangulation, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 412pp. 17pl. Price 25 cents. 123. A Dictionary of Geographic Positions, by Henry Gannett. 1895. 8°. 183 pp. 1lpl. Price 15 cents. 124. Revision of North American Fossil Cockroaches, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1895. 8°. 176 pp. 12pl. Price 15 cents. 125. The Constitution of the Silicates, by Frank Wigglesworth Clarke. 1895. 8°. 109 pp. Price15 cents. 126. A Mineralogical Lexicon of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden Counties, Massachusetts, by Benjamin Kendall Emerson. 1895. 8°. 180pp. lpl. Price 15-cents. 127. Catalogue and Index of Contributions to North American Geology, 1732-1891, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1896. 8°. 1045 pp. Price 60 cents. 128. The Bear River Formation and its Characteristic Fauna, by Charles A. White. 1895. 8°. 108 pp. llpl. Price 15 cents. 129. Earthquakes in California in 1894, by Charles D. Perrine. 1895. 8°. 25 pp. Price 5 cents. 130. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for 1892 and 1893, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1896. 8°. 210 pp. Price 20 cents. 131. Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Years 1893 and 1894, by Frederick Haynes Newell, Topographer in Charge. 1895. 8°. 126pp. Price 15 cents. 132. The Disseminated Lead Ores of Southeastern Missouri, by Arthur Winslow. 1896. 8°. 31 pp. Price 5 cents. 133. Contributions to the Cretaceous Paleontology of the Pacific Coast: The Fauna of the Knoxville Beds, by T. W. Stanton. 1895. 8°. 132 pp. 20pl. Price 15 cents. +134. The Cambrian Rocks of Pennsylvania, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1896. 8°. 43pp. 15 pl. Price 5 cents. 135. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1894, by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 141 pp. Price 15 cents. 136. Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain, Pennsylvania, by Florence Bascom. 1896. 8°. 124 pp. 28 pl. Price 15 cents. 137. The Geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation and Vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1896. 8°. 35pp. 8pl. Price 5 cents. ADVERTISEMENT. vil 138. Artesian-well Prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Region, by N. H. Darton. 1896. 8°. 228 pp. 19pl. Price 20 cents. ‘ 139. Geology of the Castle Mountain Mining District, Montana, by W. H. Weed and L. V. Pirsson. 1896. 8°. 164pp. 17 pl. Price 15 cents. 140. Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Year 1895, by Frederick Haynes Newell, Hydrographer in Charge. 1896. 8°. 356 pp. Price 25 cents. 141. The Eocene Deposits of the Middle Atlantic Slope in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, by Will- iam Bullock Clark. 1896. 8°. 167 pp. 40 pl. Price 15 cents. 142. A Brief Contribution to the Geology and Paleontology of Northwestern Louisiana, by T. Way- land Vaughan. 1896. 8°. 65 pp. 4pl. Price 10 cents. 143. A Bibliography of Clays and the Ceramic Arts, by John C. Branner. 1896. 8°. 114 pp. Price 15 cents. 144. The Moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their Attendant Deposits, by James Edward Todd. 1896. 8°. T7lpp. 21pl. Price 10 cents. 145. The Potomac Formation in Virginia, by W. M. Fontaine. 1896. 8°. 149 pp. 2pl. Price 15 cents. 146. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Miner- alogy for the Year 1895, by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 130 pp. Price 15 cents. 147. Earthquakes in California in 1895, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Earthquake Observations at the Lick Observatory. 1896. 8°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 148. Analyses of Rocks, with a Chapter on Analytical Methods, Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1896, by F, W. Clarke and W. F. Hillebrand. 1897. 8°. 3806 pp. Price 20 cents. WATER-SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION PAPERS. By act of Congress approved June 11, 1896, the following provision was made: “Provided, That hereafter the reports of the Geological Survey in relation to the gauging of streams and to the methods of utilizing the water resources may be printed in octavo form, not to exceed one hundred pages in length and five thousand copies in number; one thousand copies of which shall be for the official use of the Geological Survey, one thousand five hundred copies shall be delivered to the Senate, and two thousand five hundred copies shall be delivered to the House of Rep- resentatives, for distribution.” Under this law the following papers have been published: . Pumping Water for Irrigation, by Herbert M. Wilson. 1896. 8°. 57 pp. . Irrigation near Phoenix, Arizona, by Arthur P. Davis. 1897. 8°. 97 pp. . Sewage Irrigation, by George W. Rafter. 1897. 8°. 100 pp. . A Reconnoissance in Southeastern Washington, by Israei Cook Russell. 1897. 8°. 96 pp. . Irrigation Practice on the Great Plains, by Elias Branson Cowgill. 1897. 8°. 39 pp. . Underground Waters of Southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth. 1897. 8°. 65 pp. In preparation: 7. Seepage Waters of Northern Utah, by Samuel Fortier. 8. Windmills for Irrigation, by E.C. Murphy. 9. Irrigation near Greeley, Colorado, by David Boyd. 10. Irrigation in Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, by F.C. Barker. Oo om & Doe TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. When, in 1882, the Geological Survey was directed by law to make a geologic map of the United States, there was in existence no suitable topographic map to serve as a base for the geologic map. The preparation of such a topographic map was therefore immediately begun. About one-fifth of the area of the country, excluding Alaska, hasnow beenthus mapped. The map is published in atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small quadrangular district, as explained under the following heading. The separate sheets are sold at 5 cents each when fewer than 100 copies are purchased, but when they are ordered in.lots of 100 or more copies, whether of the same sheet or of different sheets, the price is 2cents each. The mapped areas are widely scattered, nearly every State being represented. More than 800 sheets have been engraved and printed; they are tabulated by States in the Survey’s ‘List of Publications,” a pamphlet which may be had on application. GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES. The Geologic Atlas of the United States is the final form of publication of the topographic and geologic maps. The atlas is issued in parts, progressively as the surveys are extended, and is designed ultimately to cover the entire country. Under the plan adopted the entire area of the country is divided into small quadrangular districts (designated quadrangles), bounded by certain meridians and parallels. The unit of survey is also the unit ot publication, and the maps and descriptions of each quadrangular district are issued as a folio of the Geologic Atlas. Each folio contains topographic, geologic, economic, and structural maps, together with textual Vili ADVERTISEMENT. descriptions and explanations, and is designated by the name of a principal town or of a prominent natural feature within the district. Two forms of issue have been adopted: A hbrary edition, bound between heavy paper covers and stitched; and a field edition, similarly bound, but unstitched. Under the law a copy of each folio is sent to certain public libraries and educational institutions. The remainder are sold at 25 cents each, except such as contain an unusual amount of matter, which are priced accordingly. Prepayment is obligatory. The folios ready for distribution are listed below. | Area, in| Price, No Name of sheet. State. Limiting meridians. Limiting parallels. | square) in miles. |cents. 1 | Livingston ......-. .| Montana... 1109-1119 | 459-469 | 3, 354 25 2| Ringgold .......- { ecore i 85°-85° 30! 340 30/-350 | 980| 25 3] Placerville ...-... California. 120° 30/-121¢ 38° 30/-39° 932 25 4| Kingston -........ | Tennessee 84° 30/-85° 35° 30'-36° 969 | 25 5 | Sacramento..-.... California. 1219-1219 30 38° 30/-39° 932 | ».25 G6 | Chattanooga. ....- Tennessee 85°-85° 30/ 35°-35° 30! 975 25 7 | Pikes Peak Sees Colorado. . 105°-105° 30’ 38° 30/-39° 932 25 8 | Sewanee .......... Tennessee 85° 30/-86° 35°-35° 30! 975 25 9} Anthracite- Crest- Colorado. . 106° 45'-107° 15! | 38° 45/-39° | 465 | 50 | ed Butte. Virginia .. | ! 10 | Harpers Ferry...| West Va.. i} 77° 30-780 | 399-299 30! 925 25 Maryland. 11°) acksonsss-ess 22 California. 120° 30/-1210° | 380-389 30’ 938 25 Virginia - 12 | Estillville .... Kentucky. | 82° 30/--83° 36° 30'-37° 957 25 Tennessee 13 | Fredericksburg..{| Voie ; 770-770 30’ 380-38¢ 30’| 998| 25 14 | Staunton ...2.... Neeser ly 79°-79° 30! 380-380 30'| 938| 25 15 | Lassen Peak.....- California.| 1219-1220 402-419 | 3,634 25 16 | Knoxville ....... { Wont 830 30/840 35° 30-360 | 925] 25 17 Marysville ....... California. | 121° 30/-122° 39°-39° 30/| 925 25 18 | Smartsville.....- epreae ae 1219-121° 30/ 39°-39° 30/ 925 25 Alabama 19 | Stevenson ...-... Georgia. . 85° 30/-86° 34° 30/-35° 980 25 Tennessee | 2 20 | Cleveland ........ Tennessee | 84° 30/-85° 35°-35° 30’ 975 25 215) peakewille® -Sacocee Tennessee 85°9-85° 30/ 35° 30/-36° 969 25 22 | McMinnville -...-. Tennessee 85° 30/-86° 35° 30/-86° 969 25 23 | Nomini.......... eas 76° 30/-77° 380-380 30'| 938 | 25 Virginia -. fi 24 | Three Forks...... Montana...) 1119-112° 450-46° | 3,354 50 Jo ooud Onna sene eee Tennessee | 84°-84° 30! 35° 30/-36° 969 23. 26 | Pocahontas ....-- { Nae ue a 819-819 30! 370-372 30'| 951] 25 27 | Morristown....-.. Tennessee | 83°-83° 30! 36°-36° 30! 963 25 Virginia .. 28 || Piedmont_--- 222: Maryland. 79°-79° 30! 39°-39° 30’ 925 25 West Va.. 29 | Nevada City: Nevada City. 121° 00! 25/-121° 03! 45” | 39° 13/50-399 17/16" | 11.65 Grass Valley: California. 121° 01’ 35/’-121° 05! 04’ | 39° 10/ 22/'-39° 13/ 50” 12. 09 50 Banner Hill - 120° 57! 05/"-1219 00! 25” | 39° 13’ 50"-39° 17/16” | 11.65 30 | Yellowstone Na- tional Park: Gallatin.....- | Canyon .....-. ‘ = STashoreneann Wyoming. 110°-111° 440-45° | 3,412 75 RKO ese. ee 31 Pyramid Peak .... California. 120°-120° 30 38° 30/-39° 932 25 32 | Franklin......... ql vege ae acaly 79°-79° 30! 38° 30-399 | 932 | 25 BbelaGradsden..-..2e. 22 Alabama | 86°-86° 30’ 34°-34° 30/ 986 25 STATISTICAL PAPERS. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1882, by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. xvii, 813 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883 and 1884, by Albert Williams, jr. pp. Price 60 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885. 1885. 8°. xiv, 1016 Division of Mining Statistics and Technology. 1886. 8°. vii, 576 pp. Price 40 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1886, by David T. Day. 1887. 8°. viii, 813pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1887, by David T. Day. 1888. 8°. vii,832pp. Price50 cents. ee eee ADVERTISEMENT. Ix Mineral Resources of the United States, 1888, by David T. Day. 1890. 8°. vii, 652 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1889 and 1890, by David T. Day. 1892. 8°. viii, 671 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1891, by David T. Day. 1893. 8°. vii,630pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892, by David T. Day. 1893. 8°. vii,850pp. Price 50cents Mineral Resources of the United States, 1893, by David T. Day. 1894. 8°. viii,810pp. Price 50 cents. On March 2, 1895, the following provision was included in an act of Congress : “Provided, That hereafter the report of the mineral resources of the United States shall be issued as a part of the report of the Director of the Geological Survey.” In compliance with this legislation, the report Mineral Resources of the United States for the Calendar Year 1894 forms Parts IIT and IV of the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Survey, and Min- eral Resources of the United States for the Calendar Year 1895 forms Part III of the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Survey. The money received from the sale of these publications is deposited in the Treasury, and the Secre- tary of the Treasury declines to receive bank checks, drafts, or postage stamps; all remittances, there- fore, must be by POSTAL NOTE or MONEY ORDER, made payable to the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, or in CURRENCY, for the exact amount. Correspondence relating to the publications of the Survey should be addressed To THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WASHINGTON, D. C. WAsHINGTON, D. C., June, 1897. a Wet eT Rae " AP a MA si dt ; Se MUMS Te Da NIT LP Uli di 8 Rg 08 OE Se Ee Aig ew Aree RI RONG 2 RG FGy8 in ae a oF sh Ailes . '} TD at dahil Tees pea ge ea Ca i eT iL aid hl al f i \ : tf . , Jy. ROR ay ale bay Sag AA waild fertt nd) rel 10 ya's ae Aden eA. Ay Diba ahees : j Liat! Tims heT iy AOA a 4 Dall eae ee We Ge Kins CAPR! rapt’ ay ck ad wl eh ROA AL TAR, ee). | MRO ee ee Aa Liye eA IM Aa oe umay.’ eae ht, PAs) hae Rarater sine, a hee eh ae , ‘ i f na Heb? (asi festa ST. at wy. ie ae 8 FR | ee eee Ws ee ape 42S ake al petal) ee ‘ft ait 4qnf ay Aare Per! Pat ats canal Uy oar SVQ tee i fad im) AAT Ma iA Ay ahah § nie Powe LO Raa Te ee ee 1s 4 (eal J ‘ ree) a TMS ae et | PMs wre oily (ire 4 ' ‘ ' ha yy ] pa bs, ab wiuba “Oar a tn J a wit ia (a } wal i vel hie re. f bea) PAWL RT Ol EAC) cali MU Aine ETS O18 TD ae ' wah Give (ere Ale Caw ia ete ra 4 4 ; : ; y Vee J f G Fol? cap et) 8 So) ae ‘ \ Ye ai tf el Abe Meaney if ea ri! ; Pt ys ; ae. ——— 7 SL Epes ‘ , ; % @ ' i : ¥ ' 17¢ 7 , r ’ 7 ; = Va - Ua ; . } hon, (ud ’ wey OAM (At, ar ¢ a7 ‘ ' a Psy i ; )) Ane, The) ; ids | eR e An are r : o-19 14 "a Ls Py ae ps \ 4) ‘ iy , ans Le ie {Take this leaf out and paste the separated titles upon three of your catalogue ecards. The first and second titles need no addition; over the third write that subject under which you would place the book in your library. ] LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. United States. Department of the interior. (U.S. geological survey.) Department of the interior | — | Bulletin | of the | United States | geological survey | no. 87 | [Seal of the department | Washington | government printing office | 1897 = Second title: United States geological survey | Charles D. ra Walcott, director | — | A synopsis | of | American fossil brachi- opoda | including | bibliography and synonymy | by | Charles Schuchert | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1897 8°. 464 pp. Schuchert (Charles). United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- rector | — | A synopsis | of | American fossil brachiopoda | in- x cluding | bibliography and synonymy | by | Charles Schuchert | = [Vignette] | < Washington | government printing office | 1897 8°. 464 pp. [UNITED SratTes. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) Bulletin 87. ] United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- rector | — | A synopsis | of | American fossil brachiopoda | in- ¢ cluding | bibliography aud synonymy | by | Charles Schuchert | = [Vignette] | Z Washington | government printing office | 1897 8°. 464 pp. [UNITED STATES. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) Bulletin 87.] aie re t Dat) ies i fi en Alder ag i an) ete Py ea Vy Mey Sen EA : PF ete ‘ us RUA an by ea": vate athe » @f > beer fers 665% ‘ ‘ Aad hed S haved: botn bar 4 bnmited tay if 20d od Davai bee vot tote .! ' mn 1. An ’ ivi Le I - . j j ‘ \ per eee a ’ te ( 4 il rm: j : ! . ita nh ‘ } os i x i t + , A t ‘ ‘ fl a P A ( gif ibas = af : rr i- iene) 2Fate [et 4 nl taste. C8 waleadt) 1 vacmetdiaiguiows BAM noite |} Orie) read laa) We vires i Ay mdainto’ alesd {ot yar aria hah editatyi ithe | gall pete ; ’ | | (ae SLAF Vpal ve meeane OEE A FOR : Hi yee uy b: veg OOH Lyrrius tortoisyy -A 3) rater aA We eareqell. “Tee AL | . bad = ’ ’ ui 1 o. ‘ ¥ ‘ Re! 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