*'

SYNOPSIS OF THE

BRITISH BASIUIOMYCETES

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF

THE DRAWINGS AND SPECIMENS

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

BRITISH MUSEUM

BY

WORTHINGTON GEORGE SMITH, F.L.S.

r >

LONDON
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM
1908

{All rights reserved)

>S6

LONDON :

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.

L.IJ3KAJ

NEW Y<

BOTANli
CARD I

PREFACE

In 1905 the Trustees acquired the manuscript descriptions drawn up
by Mr. Worthington G. Smith, when preparing the fine series of
coloured drawings of British Fungi which are exhibited in the
Public Gallery of the Department of Botany. The descriptions
were accompanied by line drawings illustrating the characters of
each genus. In 1907 the Trustees gave permission for their
publication in the form of the present Handbook, which it is hoped
will prove a useful introduction to the study in the field of the
larger British Fungi. Of the numerous introduced species all that
have appeared in the open air are included; but those occurring
in greenhouses and stoves are omitted, except those which con-
tinually reappear, and those which stray into gardens.

Mr. Smith himself and Mr. W. E. St. John Brooks, Assistant in
the Department, have given valuable help in the preparation of the
book for the press.

A. B. Rendle.

Department of Botany,
British Museum.

October ; 1908.

SYNOPSIS

OF

BRITISH BASIDIOMYCETES

INTRODUCTION

The British Basidiomycetes include nearly all the larger British
Fungi. They comprise all the Mushroom-like Fungi, practically all
the larger woody corky and gelatinous fungi of trees stumps and
fallen branches (Hymeno?nycetes), the Phalli, Puff-balls and their allies,
and a small number of Truffle-like subterranean species (Gastero-
mycetes). The term Basidiomycetes is used in the sense in which

Fig. i. — Section through Mushroom, showing

exposed hymenium (h).

One-half natural size.

Fig. 2. — Section through Puff-ball, showing
hymenium (h) closed in.
One-quarter natural size.

it was employed by De Bary, and not with the larger meaning
assigned to it by Brefeld, which includes the Rust-fungi or
UredinecR.

In the Hymenomycetes the spore-bearing surface or hymenium is
exposed during development, as in the Mushroom (fig. i) ; in the
Gasteromycetes the hymenium is closed or hidden within the substance
of the fungus until maturity, as in the Puff-ball (fig. 2).

B

INTRODUCTION

TLB

The larger Fungi not described in this work are a few of the
Ascomycetes, including the Morel and its allies, the true ascus-
bearing Truffles and a limited number of Cup-fungi.

The microscope is unnecessary for the determination of the
greater number of the Basidiomycetes ; nearly all are large and can
be satisfactorily examined by the unaided eye or with the assistance
of a hand-lens. A few forms found under Family iv Thelephoracece,
as Solenia and Cyphella, superficially resemble certain of the Ascomy-
cetes, as Peziza; but with a little experience even obscure forms

may be easily determined with the aid of a
simple lens. In some genera of the Thelephoracece
a microscopic examination of the hymenium is
sometimes desirable.

The Basidiomycetes are highly plastic and
variable. No one species is constant in all its
characters, and a single example seldom wholly
accords with any other single example of the
same species. Examples which appear to be
intermediate between allied, and sometimes
between not allied, species are frequently met
with. About one species in ten is perhaps fairly
well and distinctly marked, but all species will
at times present aberrant characters. Any one
character is liable to fail ; in the determination
of species, therefore, all the characters must be
studied together.

The Basidiomycetes are so named on
account of the spores being borne on more or
less club-shaped cells named basidia (fig. 3).
They are commonly borne in fours, on slender usually short threads
or supports named sterigmata. In rare instances, however, the
basidium bears two spores or perhaps only one ; in these cases the
normal number of four is sometimes reverted to in well-developed
examples. In some species of the Tremellinacece the spores are
septate, and in some Gasteromycetes six or even more spores are
produced on a basidium.

The spores are usually smooth and simple or composed of one
cell ; they are sometimes echinulate or warted. The commonest
form is oval or round ; a few are multangular. They are of micro-
scopic size, varying from about 18/x to 3/x in length, and of various
colours.

The character of the basidium with its four naked spores is one
of great importance, as it separates the Basidiomycetes from the
Ascomycetes. In the latter the spores are borne usually in a series
of eight, within microscopic transparent elongated colourless sacs
named asci (fig. 4) ; the asci when ripe open at the apex and the
spores escape.

In an examination of the spore-bearing surface or hymenium of

Fig. 3. — Pleurotus
ostreatus Quel.

A, basidium ; B, sterigma
c, spore. X 750.

INTRODUCTION

the Basidiomycetes three kinds of cells are met with, — the ordinary

barren cells of the hymenium, the basidia with the spores, and

certain other large cells named cystidia.

The last-named are sometimes very small

or practically absent, as in C lav aria ; in

other genera they are very large, as in

Coprinus (fig. 5), HymenocJmte (fig. 6) and

Peniophora.

The more highly developed Basidiomy-
cetes as a rule bear white or slightly tinted
spores ; the lower or dung-borne species
usually produce black spores. In most
instances the spore-colour is permanent, but
in some species it vanishes and leaves the
spores hyaline. The colour of the spores
is often used as a generic or subgeneric
character ; the tint often, but not invariably,
gives the distinctive hue to the mature
hymenial surface. It is readily seen by
placing examples with the hymenium down-
wards upon a piece of glass on which the
spores will be deposited.

At maturity, the spores of the Hymeno-
mycetes drop from the sterigmata and are
free in the air, but in the Gasteromycetes
the outer coats become naturally ruptured
before the spores can escape. In the Phal-
loidacecz the sporiferous surface is at first
enclosed in a veil (vo/va), and even after the
elongation of the stem, the cap (pileus) is
covered by a very thin, almost invisible Fig. ^.—Morcheiia escuienta Pers.
membrane; when the spores are ripe they A>ascus; B- spore^ c, paraphysis.
are enveloped in mucus which runs down

from the upper parts of the fungus to the lower, where there
is a gelatinous stratum; the spores may possibly germinate in the
decomposing gelatine. In the fetid species the odour attracts
swarms of flies and sometimes small beetles to the sporiferous
mucus, which they eagerly devour. On flying away the insects
disseminate the spores, which have been seen to germinate after
having passed through flies. In the Lycoperdaccce the spores are at
first enclosed in a peridium, and it is only when this is ruptured
that they are set free. The Hymenogastracece are subterranean, or
nearly so, and the spores must either germinate in the decaying
substance of the mother plant or be carried away by larvse,
insects, etc.

In germination the spores open at one or both ends ; a trans-
parent germinal tube emerges (fig. 7) and forms strands, threads
or hyphae of cellular mycelium. The strands branch and coalesce

b 2

INTRODUCTION

with other hyphae belonging to other spores of the same species.
In rare instances, as in the Tremellinacecs, the spores germinate and

Fig. 5. — CoJ>rimts atramentaritis Fr.

a, cystidium, orifice open at d ;
B, basidium ; c, spores. X 200.

Fig. 6. — Hymenoch<ete
nigrescens Cooke.

Part of hymenium with
long cystidium, c. X 300.

produce a
from which

Fig. 7. — Psathyrella firona Gill.
Spores germinating. X 350.

rudimentary mycelium {pro mycelium) bearing spores,

only is a true mycelium produced. The mycelium

or finely matted growth produced by ger-

^i minating spores is the " spawn " of gar-

Ji\ ^^ m I deners ; it is usually white in colour, but is

m I I ^ I V sometimes tinted ; in one or two instances

% W m % ^X^^~\ ]t ^s ^lood-red- If the mycelium or spawn
vT ^"\ (j§ WT be placed upon a suitable matrix the

fungus will, under favourable circumstances,
be reproduced. The spores of some
Basidiomycetes very speedily die after
falling from the hymenium. No sexual organs are known in the
Basidiomycetes.

The season of growth is usually the autumn, but a considerable
number appear in the spring and summer, and some continue to grow
till late in the autumn or even early winter. Many species of
Maras?nius will, after being quite parched in dry weather, revive in
rain, and several of the late- growing species of Clitocybe and Collybia
revive after being frozen. There are two crops of some Basidio-
mycetes every year, one vernal and the other autumnal ; this is the
case with Coprinus atrame?itarius, of which the first crop appears after
the rains of April and May, the second in September or October.
If vernal examples are gathered and buried with decayed wood or
beside decaying posts a crop of perfect fungi will appear in
September or October. There are sometimes three crops of
Coprim/s micaceus in one year. If living plants of Coprifius

INTRODUCTION 5

radiatus are placed upon manure heaps the spores will germinate
at once and reproduce the plant in a day or two.

Some of the perennial Polyporacece continue to increase in size for
many years. The years of growth can be counted in the annual flesh-
strata, which are easily seen when sections are made. Mycelium will
continue to live in wood or in the ground for an apparently unlimited
time. I have known a " fairy-ring" of Clitocybe geotropa on Dunstable
Downs for forty or more years, which under favourable conditions of
light can be seen at a distance of more than a mile. The diameter
has not altered much during the time I have known it, for sometimes
it grows inwardly for several years and then again outwardly.

Most species are terrestrial and grow on or just below the ground ;
a large number grow on dead leaves and twigs ; others on dead
wood, bark, branches and trunks. It is unusual to see fungi on
healthy trees; the majority of the larger fungi so commonly seen
growing on tree-trunks in parks, woods and forests are " wound
parasites," which germinate upon a damp injured place and grow
parasitically upon the living host. Rootlets are often attacked by
mycelium which at length develops as a perfect fungus at the
tree's base, as in Fames annosus, or in other cases travels further up
the trunk as in F. igniarius, and other species. Polyporus
Schweinitzii is well known to be highly destructive to conifers ;
Pinns Strobus, P. sylvestris and Larix europoza especially suffer.
Many other species of Polyporus are more or less destructive.
Amongst the Agaricace<z, Ar miliaria mellea is one of the most
destructive; it often grows upon living roots, not uncommonly under
the shade of large trees, the growth of the fungus being limited to
the extent of the root-growth of the trees. One form of its mycelium,
named Rhizomorpha, lives perennially beneath the bark of trees.
It destroys tree-roots, chiefly those of conifers, but sometimes attacks
plum and other trees ; it also appears on squared timber, when
used for bridges, in mines, etc.

Certain species grow parasitically upon other Basidiomycetes.
Volvaria Loveiana grows upon the pileus of Clitocybe nebularis ;
two species of Nyctalis grow upon the pileus or stem of species
of Russula and Lactarius ; and Boletus parasiticus grows from the
base or side of Scleroderma vulgare. Some species are almost
peculiar to human habitations : Coprinus radians grows upon
plastered walls, C. aphthosus commonly appears in kitchens and
cellars, Merulius lacrymaiis (Dry Rot), Poria hybrida and Polyporus
destructor are almost entirely confined to the interior of houses
and ships, and Merulius corium often grows in dwelling-houses.
Coprinus domesticits is usually seen in or close to human dwellings ;
C. comatus and Cortinarius urbicus commonly grow close to houses
or to places where human beings resort. Many species grow on
burnt wood and earth, as Clitocybe fumosa, Collybia atrata, C. ambusta,
Flammula decipiens, F. sapinea, F carbonaria, Lepiota Fries ii, Cau-
tharellus radicosus, Polystictus cinnamomeus, and many others.

6 INTRODUCTION

The taste of the majority of the Basidiomycetes when raw is
watery-insipid ; many are practically tasteless or mild. Some when
uncooked have a pleasant nutty flavour, as Psalliota campestris
(mushroom) and Lepiota procera. Several are bitter, as Boletus
felleus ; others are bitter-nauseous, as Hypholoma fascicttlare, and
many species of Lactarius and Russula are very acrid or bitter
acrid.

The odours are most diverse. Clitocybe fragrans is very sweet
and recalls Melilot, as does also Hydnum graveolens ; C. odora is
fragrant of Woodruff or Vernal Grass ; Trametes sitaveolens, T.
odora, Lactarius glyciosmus and Clavaria stricta are also very sweet-
scented. One variety of Cantharellus cibarius smells strongly of
apricots, and Clitocybe geotropa is almond-scented. Many smell
strongly of onions or garlic, the best known examples being
different species of Marasmius. Fetid and disgusting odours are
common ; a familiar instance is that of Ithyphallus impudicus. The
odours possibly serve some purpose at present unknown. The
carrion-scented species attract swarms of carrion-feeding insects
which greedily devour the highly fetid, soft, sporiferous material
of the Phalloidacece.

The exudation of fluid, the so-called milk, when the stem is
broken, is a remarkable character of some species. Mycena galopus
and M. lactea contain a white, M. crocata and M. ckdidonia a yellow,
M. hcematopus a dark purple-red, and M. sanguinolenta a red juice ;
Lactarius deliciosus exudes an orange-coloured and L. sanguifluus
a deep blood-red juice which, on exposure to the air, quickly
becomes green. The milk of L. chrysorrheus and Z. theiogalus is
sulphur-yellow, that of Z. acris is at first white, then reddish. The
milk of Z. uvidus is white and quickly changes to violet ; that of
Z. scrobiculatus is first white, then sulphur ; that of Z. fuliginosus is
white, then saffron. The stem of Marasmius varicosus is filled with
dark blood-red juice, which flows when the stem is bruised or
broken.

Some species of Agaricacece, as Hypholoma lacrymabundum and
H. velutiuum, have " weeping gills " ; in mature examples drops of
fluid may be seen sprinkled all over the surface of the gills which,
when examined under the microscope, are seen to be charged with
spores and cystidia. The hymenium of the dry rot fungus, Merulius
lacrymans, is usually covered with globules of exuded moisture ;
Polyporus dryadeus is often seen in the same condition.

The Basidiomycetes as a rule do not exhibit brilliant colouring,
but there are remarkable exceptions, the most striking being scarlet
and crimson, as in Amanita muscaria. Yellow, orange, blue, purple,
and white also occur, also rarely green and black, but the majority
are pallid, watery-brown, brown, greyish or buff. The brown and
buff colours of Agarics often cause the fungi to be overlooked when
growing amongst dead leaves.

The Mushroom is a highly nitrogenous plant and contains a con-

INTRODUCTION 7

siderable amount of fat. The following are its chief constituents,
as given by Professor A. H. Church : —

In ioo parts. In i lb.

Water 90*0 14 oz. 175 gr.

Albuminoids etc 5*0 o oz. 350 gr.

Carbohydrates etc 3*8 o oz. 266 gr.

Fat "j o oz. 49 gr.

Mineral matter .. .. '5 o oz. 35 gr.

The chemical composition of the Champignon, Marasmius oreades, is
nearly the same. Several species are known to be highly poisonous
in all stages of growth, both cooked and uncooked ; those without
unpleasant taste are the most dangerous, as Amanita phalloides .

Specimens of fungi for determination must be quite perfect and
fresh ; examples past maturity are useless. Young specimens should
be secured whenever possible, as some characters which are then
very obvious vanish as the plant advances to full growth.

In the descriptions which follow the sequence is almost identical
with that of Fries's Hymenomycetes Europcei, 1874. This sequence
has been almost universally approved, and has been followed in this
country by Berkeley, Cooke, Stevenson, and in my supplementary
volume to Berkeley's Outlines of British Fungology. The large
collection of drawings, prints and dried examples of British Basidio-
mycetes in the Herbarium of the British Museum is arranged on the
same plan.

The number before each species corresponds with the number in
my series of coloured drawings of British Fungi exhibited in the
Public Gallery of the Department of Botany, British Museum.

The letters a b c used in the text refer to the drawings and speci-
mens in the British Museum. The letter a indicates that there is a
drawing of the species in the Public Gallery, b that there is a draw-
ing and c that there is a specimen in the Herbarium.

The specific descriptions contain the salient distinctive characters,
which must be used with the generic and sectional characters. If
fuller descriptions of the Hymenomycetes are desired, Fries's
Hymenomycetes Europtzi (1874) and his Mo?iographia Hymenomycetum
Suecitz (1857) may be consulted; the Gasteromycetes are described
in greater detail in Massee's Monograph of the British Gasteromycetes
(1889) and the same author's British Fungus Flora, vol. i. (1892).
Saccardo's Sylloge F?mgorum (1882-1908) may also be consulted.

The names of species obviously introduced are printed in small
capitals ; introduced genera are distinguished typographically.

The text was prepared and checked at the time when the draw-
ings were made, when living and dried examples, drawings, plates,
printed descriptions, and notes were before me.

The dimensions give the typical size in inches of well-developed
examples as found in Britain, for which those given by Fries are

8

INTRODUCTION

sometimes very misleading. The numerals represent the diameter
of the pileus, the height from the base of the stem to the top of the
pileus, and the diameter of the stem near the middle. The stem in
most of the stem-bearing Basidiomycetes is cylindrical or slightly
attenuated upwards ; this character is not reiterated in the descrip-
tions, where departures from the type only are given. In stemless
species, which are generally excentric, the longer diameter of the
pileus is given.

The notes as to taste and odour are generally original, sup-
plemented by the observations of others ; those as to colour have in
most instances been drawn up from living examples, supplemented
by printed descriptions and by reference to characteristic coloured
drawings and plates.

The habitats and dates of appearance are from my own notes,
and from observations of other British botanists ; in a few instances
no habitat or date is on record.

Spore measurements have been omitted as untrustworthy; in
many cases authors have measured immature spores from young
plants, in others it is certain that authors have misnamed the fungus
from which the spores have been taken.

The following abbreviations are employed :

HYMENOMYCETES.

A.

Annulus.

Br.

Bristles.

CI.

Clubs.

Co.

Cortina.

G.

Gills.

Gr.

Granules,

Hym.
H.
Myc.
P.

Hymenium.
Hymenophore.
Mycelium.
Pileus.

circ. circumference

gr. granules

marg. margin
mid. middle

•

sc. scales

sq. squamules
um. umbo

z. zones.

Pa.

Papillae.

Pi.

Pileoli.

Po.

Pores.

Scl.

Sclerotium

Se.

Setae.

Sp.

Spines.

St.

Stem.

Sub.

Subiculum.

T.

Tubes.

Te.

Teeth.

Tub.

Tubercles.

V.

Veil.

Ve.

Veins.

Vo.

Volva.

Z.

Zone.

The stem is supposed to be cylindrical or nearly so unless otherwise described,
and simple if without volva and annulus.

GASTEROMYCETES.

Cap.

Capillitium.

Ex.

Exoperidium.

Per.

Peristome.

Col.

Columella.

Fun.

Funiculus.

Peri.

Peridiolum

Cor.

Cortex.

Gl.

Gleba.

Rec.

Receptacle

End.

Endoperidium.

Pe.

Ped.

Peridium.
Pedicel.

Vo.

Volva.

9

Order I. HYMENOMYCETES

Basidia and spores exposed in the mature plant (fig. 8).

Families I-VI.

IV.

V.

VI.

Fig. 8. — Basidia and spores of Mushroom {Psalliota campestris Quel.).
b, basidia ; sp, spores ; c, cystidia or barren basidia ;
st, sterigmata ; h.c, hymenial cells. X 1000.

I. Agaricace^e. Hymenium spread over the surface of radiating
gills or lamellae. Genera 1-58

II. Polyporace^e. Hymenium lining the surface of small pores
or tubes. Genera 59-69

III. Hydnace^e. Hymenium spread over spines or protuberances.

Genera 70-79

ThelephoracEjE. Hymenium unilateral, spread over a firm
smooth or corrugate under or upper face. Genera 80-90

CLAVARiACEiE. Hymenium spread over the surface of smooth,
simple or branched clubs ; in Sparassis over a large sponge-
like mass of coalescing branches. Genera 91-96

TrEMELLINACEjE.

surface.

Hymenium spread over a smooth gelatinous

Genera 97-106

10

Order II. GASTEROMYCETES

Hymenium concealed within a peridium until the spores are

mature (fig. 9). Families VII-XI

Fig. q. — Basidia and spores of Scleroderma vulgare Fr.
b, basidia ; sh, spores ; st, sterigmata. X 400.

VII. Phalloidace^e. Pileus and stem or latticed receptacle at first
enclosed in a globular peridium with a gelatinous stratum.
Peridium at length opening at the apex and the gleba
extended on a stem or lattice. Genera 107-110

VIII. Lycoperdace^e. Peridium globular, with a capillitium ; at
length opening for the dispersion of the spores.

Genera 111-116

IX. Sclerodermace/E. Peridium globose, thick, without a

capillitium, dehiscing irregularly. Genera 117-118

X. Nidulariace^e. Peridium bell- or cup-shaped, containing
compressed or globose peridiola which become free at
maturity. Genera 119-122

XI. Hymenogastrace/e. Subterranean, peridium without a capil-
litium, indehiscent. Genera 123-128

II

Order I. HYMENOMYCETES
Fam. I. AGARICACE^

Hymenium spread over the surface of radiating gills, the axis a
stem, rarely a point, usually central, sometimes lateral. In some
forms the young fungus is entirely enclosed in a primary or universal
veil (fig. 10 B). During growth, as the stem elongates, the veil is
ruptured, the lower portion called the volva (Vo.) remaining as a
sheath round the base of the stem, while the upper portion, still
attached to the pileus, is torn into fragments as the latter
expands (u.v.). In some species a secondary or partial veil is also
present in the earlier stages, spreading from the upper part of the
stem to the edge of the pileus. This veil is finally ruptured, and
partly persists as a ring or annulus (A), encircling the stem. Contains
two-thirds of the whole Basidiomycetes. Species 1 — 1455

Key to the Genera.

In using the key for the determination of the genus the following
characters must be ascertained : — i. Colour of the spores. 2. Nature
of the substance, whether fleshy, putrescent, deliquescent or coriaceous.
3. Whether the hymenophore is distinct from the stem, or confluent
and homogeneous with it. 4. Nature of the pileus, whether dry,
viscid, silky, etc. 5. Nature of the stem, whether simple, annulate
or volvate, and whether it is homogeneous with the pileus, or
heterogeneous with a cartilaginous bark. 6. Nature of the gills and
their attachment to the stem.

I. Spores white.

A. Plant fleshy, more or less firm, not deliquescent or
coriaceous.
Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem.

Pileus bearing warts or patches free from the cuticle.

Stem volvate and annulate 1 Amanita.

Stem volvate 2 Amanitopsis.

Pileus pulverulent, smooth or scaly ; scales, when
present, concrete with the cuticle.

Stem annulate 3 Lepiota.

Stem simple 4 Hiatula.

Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with the
fleshy stem.
Stem without cartilaginous bark.

Stem central (some of the plants under 50 are
stemless).
Annulate 5 Armillaria.

12

AGARICACEiE

Simple.

Gills sinuate 6 Tricholoma.

Gills decurrent

edge acute 7 Clitocybe.

edge swollen 50 Cantharellus.

separating from hymenophore 46 Paxillus.

(Group 1. Lepista.)
Gills adnate.

Parasitic on Agarics 51 Nyctalis.

Not parasitic.

Milky 48 Lactarius.

Not milky.

Rigid and brittle 49 Russula.

Waxy 47 Hygrophorus.

Stem lateral or absent 11 Pleurotus.

Stem with cartilaginous bark.

Gills usually adnate 8 Collybia.

Gills sinuate 9 Mycena.

Gills decurrent 10 Omphalia.

B. Plant tough, coriaceous or woody.
Stem central.

Gills simple 52 Marasmius.

Gills branched 55 Xerotus.

Stem lateral or absent.

Gills toothed 53 Lentinus.

Gills not toothed 54 Panus.

Gills channelled longitudinally or crisped ... 56 Trogia.

Gills splitting longitudinally 57 Schizophyllum.

Gills anastomosing 58 Lenzites.

II. Spores rosy or salmon-colour.

A. Stem without cartilaginous bark.
Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem.

Stem volvate 12 Volvaria.

Stem annulate 13 Annularia.

Stem simple 14 Pluteus.

Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with the

fleshy stem.
Stem central.

Gills adnate or sinuate 15 Entoloma.

Gills decurrent 16 Clitopilus.

Stem lateral or absent 20 Claudopus.

B. Stem with cartilaginous bark.

Gills decurrent 19 Eccilia.

Gills not decurrent.

Pileus scaly 17 LEPTONIA.

Pileus papillose, subcampanulate.

Gills membranous, persistent 18 NoLANEA.

Gills subdeliquescent 43 Bolbitius.

III. Spores brown, reddish- or yellowish-brown.

Stem without cartilaginous bark.
Stem central.
Stem annulate.

Annulus membranous.

Terrestrial 22 Togaria.

Growing on wood 24 Pholiota.

Annulus arachnoid, fdamentous or evanescent.

Gills adnate, terrestrial 44 Cortinarius.

Gills decurrent or adnate, growing on wood... 27 Flammula.

KEY TO GENERA

13

Stem simple.

With a volva 21 ACETABULARIA.

Without a volva.
Gills adhering to the hymenophore and
sinuate.

Cuticle fibrillose or silky 25 Inocybe.

Cuticle smooth, viscid 26 Hebeloma.

Gills separating from the hymenophore and

decurrent, stem sometimes obsolete 46 Paxillus.

(Group 2. Tapinia.)

Gills decurrent 30 Tubaria.

Gills not decurrent.

Margin of pileus at first incurved 28 Naucoria.

Margin of pileus always straight.

Hymenophore free from the stem 23 PLUTEOLUS.

Hymenophore confluent with the stem... 29 Galera.
Stem lateral or absent 31 Crepidotus.

IV. Spores purple, brownish-purple, dark purple, or dark

brown.

A. Stem without cartilaginous bark.
Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem.

Stem volvate 32 Chitonia.

Stem without a volva.

Stem annulate 33 Psalliota.

Stem simple 34 Pilosace.

Hymenophore confluent with the stem.

Veil normally ring-like on the stem 35 Stropharia.

Veil normally fibrillose and adhering to the

margin of the pileus 36 Hypholoma.

B. Stem with cartilaginous bark.

Margin of pileus at first incurved 37 Psilocybe.

Margin of pileus at first straight 38 Psathyra.

V. Spores black or nearly so.

Gills deliquescent 42 Coprinus.

Gills not deliquescent.

Gills decurrent 45 Gomphidius.

Gills not decurrent.

Stem annulate 39 Anellaria.

Stem simple 40 Pan^eolus.

Pileus striate 41 Psathyrella.

Genera 1-41 represent the genus Agaricus as understood by
Fries who regarded the modern genera as of subgeneric rank only.
They include species 1-920, and are arranged in five series defined
by the colour of the spores as illustrated in the five diagrams
(Plates I.-V.).

The genera which are marked in corresponding positions on the
different diagrams are structurally identical ; the only difference is
in the colour of the spores. For instance, Amanitopsis, on the first
diagram, has white spores ; it corresponds in structure with Vo/varia,
with pink spores, on the second diagram, with Acetabularia, with
brown spores, on the third, and with Chitonia, with purple spores, on
the fourth. There is no genus structurally identical with Amanitopsis

14

AGARICACE.E

Amanita

in Britain with black spores, consequently this position on the fifth
diagram is left vacant.

White-spored species represent the highest types and black-spored
species the lowest, the pink-, brown-, and purple-spored species are
intermediate. Amanita is the highest type of the white-spored
Agarics. The majority of the white-spored species are terrestrial
and more or less persistent, whilst the black-spored species commonly
grow on dung and are evanescent.

Series I. LEUCOSPORI Fr.

(From the white spores ; Gr. leukos, white, sporos, a seed.)

Spores white, rarely with a faint shade of ashy-grey, a faint tint
of ochre, pale brown or pale greenish ; usually oval or round and
smooth, rarely slightly spinulose. Genera I — XL

I. AMANITA Pers.
(Galen's name for certain fungi.)

Veil universal, clothy, distinct from the cuticle of the pileus, after
rupture, as maturity is reached, remaining as a volva at the base
of the stem, with broken patches of its substance frequent on the
pileus. Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem. Pileus convex,

uv-

p v

Fig. 10. — Amanita phalloides Link. One-third natural size.
A, perfect plant ; B, section of young plant showing universal
veil ; C, section of half-grown example showing rupture of universal
veil; D, section of mature example; u.v, universal veil; p.v, partial
veil, becoming annulus ; A, annulus ; vo, volva.

then expanded, not decidedly fleshy. Stem central, annulate and
volvate. Gills free or nearly so, white or whitish. (Fig. 10.)

All the species grow on the ground in woods and uncultivated
places. A few are edible, others are poisonous or suspicious.

Species 1 — 17

Amanita AGARICACE^: 1 5

Volva bulb-like, large, exhibiting a free expanded border in split-
ting. Pileus naked or nearly so, and viscid, except 4a, 4b, and
4c ; margin striate, except 4a, 4b, and 4c. Gills free or adnexed.

1—4

Volva splitting regularly, its margin closely adpressed to the stem
and the detached upper part forming patches or warts on the
pileus. Gills free. 5 — 9

Volva friable, broken into small scales or warts, not persistent at
the somewhat bulbous base of the stem. 10 — 13

Volva rudimentary, floccose, disappearing. Stem slightly enlarged
at the base, not truly bulbous. 14 — 17

1. A. virosa Quel, (virus, poison) a b c. Wholly white.

P. marg. lobed, floccose with V. St. somewhat scaly. A. large.

Vo. lax, wide.

Poisonous, fetid. Woods; uncommon. Aug. -Oct. 5 x 7§ X f in. Com-
pare 3. This and the next when young greatly resemble the edible
mushroom.

2. A. phalloides Link (from the volva as in Phalloidacece) a b c.

P. white, yellowish or light, or dark olivaceous. St. somewhat

smooth, white.

Poisonous, narcotic, acrid. Odour when young, strong, not disagreeable,
at length fetid. Woods ; frequent. Apr.-Nov. 3s X 4J X § in. Many
fatal cases of poisoning on record.

3. A. verna Quel, (ver, spring) a b. Wholly white.

P. marg. not lobed, not floccose. St. floccose. A. not large.

Vo. somewhat adpressed to stem.

Probably poisonous. Odour not strong, but unpleasant. Woods ; uncommon.
May-Oct. 3 x 5 X f in. Probably a var. of 2. Compare 1.

4. A. mappa Quel, (from the resemblance of the volva to a

napkin, mappd) a b c.
P. dry, patched with remains of Vo., white to pale yellowish-buff.

St. somewhat smooth, white.
Poisonous, fetid. Woods ; frequent. Usually small. Aug. -Nov.

3 X 3! X £ in. Compare 12.

4a. A. porphyria A. & S. (from the colour of the pileus) a b.

P. warm brown or purplish-brown \ marg. smooth. St. slightly

scaly below, whitish. A. distant.
Odour none. Woods, pine. Sept. c,\ X 3^ X § in.

4b. A. recutita Gill, (from the smoothly cut edge of the volva) a.
P. sometimes umbonate, dry, glabrous, pale or vinous-umber ;
marg. smooth. St. slightly scaly below, white, becoming faintly
brownish. A. distant. Vo. more or less adpressed.
Woods, pine. Sept. 6£ x 4§ X f in.

4e. A. aureola Gill, (from the golden colour of the pileus) a b c.
P. slightly umbonate, bright yellow or orange-yellow; marg.

1 6 AGARIC ACE/E Amanita

smooth. St. noccoso-squamose, white. A. superior, large,

spreading.
Woods, under birches. Sept. 3s X 7l x i m-
4d. A. eitrina Pers. (from the lemon-coloured pileus) b.

P. convex, obtuse, brassy-yellow, with white warts. St. hollow,

white. A. large. Vo. imperfect. G. free, broad, white.
Woods. Oct. 4§ x 4j x i.

5. A. musearia Pers. (from its former use as a fly-poison; mtisca,

a fly) a b c.

P. scarlet or orange, rarely yellow, brown or liver-colour; marg.

slightly striate. St. white, rarely yellowish. Vo. bulb-like, large.

Poisonous, narcotic, acrid. Woods, birch, fir. July-Nov. 7 x 9f X 1 in.
Compare brown form with 6.

6. A. pantherina Quel, (from the markings of the pileus) a b c.

P. viscid, pale or dark brown ; marg. striate. St. whitish.
Poisonous. Woods and pastures ; frequent. July-Oct. 4 X 5 X \ in.
Compare 11.

7. A. exeelsa Gonn. & Rab. (excelsus, tall) a b c.

P. viscid, papilloso-wrinkled, brownish ; marg. striate. St.

brownish- white.

Solitary. Poisonous. Taste not unpleasant. Woods, chiefly beech and
birch; frequent. July-Oct. 4I X 5J X | in.

8. A. strobiliformis Quel, (from the resemblance of the scales of the

pileus to the scales of certain fir-cones; strobi/us, a pine
cone) a b c.
P. white, then ashy-brown, covered with large sc. ; marg. even.

St. whitish.
Said to be edible. Taste and odour at first slight, becoming disagreeable.
Open places in and near woods; rare. Pileus sometimes 12 in. in diam.
July-Sept. 8 X 6J x if in.

9. A. solitaria Seer, (from its solitary habit) a b. White or buff-white.

P. marg. even. St. brownish-white. Vo. forming an obconic

bulb ; base rooting.
Solitary. Taste insipid. On the ground, damp places. Sept. 6x5^Xigin.

10. A. rubeseens Pers. (from the flesh becoming sienna-red when

broken or bruised) a b c.

P. reddish-sienna, light to dark. St. pale sienna-red.

Edible ; Golmelle of continental markets. Taste not unpleasant ; odour
strong. Woods; common. Commonly much eaten by larvae. There is a
white variety. June-Nov. 5 J x 5 X I in. Compare 14.

11. A. spissa Opiz (from the small crowded warts ; spisstis, crowded) a b.
P. smoky-brown or grey, with ash-coloured warts. St. concen-

trico-squamulose, obconic at base, rooting, whitish.
Woods, mixed ; uncommon. July-Oct. 4 x 4j X f in. Compare 6.

11a. A. eariosa Gill, (from the carious stem) a b,

P. soft, even, brown, whitish-brown, or dark grey, unequally
clad with thin, mealy, white patches and clouds. St. fragile,

Amanita AGARICACEiE \J

somewhat enlarged below, white, pale umber and brown, scaly
at base. G. adnate then seceding and free.
Suspected poisonous. Woods. Sept. 4| X 5ij X f in. Closely allied to 11.

12. A. nitida Fr. (from the shining pileus ; nitidus, shining) a b.

P. whitish, cream or whitish-buff, rarely yellowish or olive, warts

brownish. St. squamulose, white to buff-white.
Woods. Aug. 4 X 4^ X | in. Compare 4.

13. A. aspera Pers. (from the rough pileus) a b c.

P. whitish- or dusky-olive, crowded with small, pointed warts.

St. white.
Poisonous. Taste not unpleasant ; odour strong. Woods, beech, fir -y

uncommon. June-Nov. 3 x 3J X f in.

14. A. magnifiea Sacc. (magnificuSj splendid) a.

P. whitish, pallid-tan or sienna-brown, floccoso-spotted ; marg.

sulcate. St. reddish-white. G. adnato-decurrent. Flesh white,

tawny when broken.
Woods, fir, beech ; rare. July-Oct. 4 X 4J X \ in. Compare 10.

15. A. arida Gill, (aridus, dry) a. Greyish.

P. soon plane ; marg. sulcate. St. subglabrous, white. A.

distant. G. adnexo-free or adnexed. Flesh white.
Plantations, birch. Sept. -Oct. 3 X 3J X § in.

15a. A. junquillea Quel, (from a fancied resemblance in the colour
of the pileus in some examples to the flowers of the jonquil) b.
P. campanulato-convex, viscid, buff with paler marg., clad with
the greyish remains of the V. ; marg. deeply striate, white.
St. hollow, villous-scaly, white, whitish or pale yellowish, pale
olive at base. A. superior, membranous, partly appendiculate
at marg. of P. in young examples. Vo. marginate, at length
torn, white, becoming brown at the edge. G. crowded, adnate
with a tooth or adnexed, broader in front, white to faint
yellowish-ivory.
WToods. Spring and autumn. 4f X 5J X §. Compare 20.

16. A. megalodaetyla Sacc. (from its tall stem; Gr. megas, great,

dactulos, a finger) a c.

P. reddish-grey or brownish ; marg. not sulcate. St. solid, white.

A. large. G. free, at length red, not olive-tinged.

Odour strong. Woods. Oct. -Nov. 4 x 5| X | in. Allied to 17 and to
Lepiota.

17. A. lentieularis W. G. Sm., Agaricus leiiticutaris Lasch. (from its

lentil-shaped stem) a.

P. tan or buff; marg. not sulcate. St. solid or slightly stuffed,

tan-white. A. large. G. free, sometimes faintly olive.

Odour mouldy. Plantations, mixed. Oct. 4$ X 6 x £ in. Allied to 16
and to Lepiota.

i8

AGARIC AC E^E

Amanitopsis

II. AMANITOPSIS Roze

(From its relationship to Ama?iita.)

Veil universal, clothy, distinct from the cuticle of the pileus. After
its rupture, as maturity is reached, it remains as a volva at the
base of the stem and as broken patches on the pileus. Hymenophore

uv-

Fig. ii. — Amanitopsis vaginata Roze. One-third natural size.
a, perfect plant ; b, section of young example showing
universal veil ; c, section of half-grown example showing
rupture of universal veil ; d, section of mature example ;
U.V, universal veil ; P.V, partial veil, adnate to stem; vo, volva.

distinct from the fleshy stem. Pileus convex, then expanded, not
decidedly fleshy. Stem central, volvate, simple. Gills free, adnate
in 20, white or whitish. (Fig. n.)

All the species grow on the ground. Species 18 — 20

18. A. vaginata Roze (from the volva ; vagina, a sheath) a b c.

, P. brown ; marg. sulcate. St. white or pale brown. Vo. large,

free, lax, sheathing within.

Said to be edible, but sometimes produces perspiration and illness. Tasteless
or insipid when raw, but cooking brings out a strong meat-like flavour ;
odour none. Woods ; common. Sept. -Nov. 4J X 6\ x § in. There are
several varieties ; nivalis W. G. Sm. {Amanita nivalis Grew) is white.

A. fulva W. G. Sm., Agaricus fulvus SchaerT. (from the bright
reddish-tawny colour) b.
P. sienna; mid. dark, sometimes almost black; marg. striate or
sulcate. St. squamulose, pale sienna. Vo. large, free, lax,
sienna.

3 J X 6| x § in. Amanita spadicea

18a.

Poisonous. Woods, birch. June-Sept.
Pers. is a brown form of this.

Lepiota

AGARICACE^

19

19. A. strangulata Roze (from the transverse constrictions of the

stem) a b c.
P. mouse-colour, brown or yellowish-brown ; marg. sulcate.

St. brownish-white. Vo. not large, adpressed to St. Flesh

whitish, tawny when broken.
Taste sweet ; odour none. Woods ; uncommon. May-Oct. 6J x 8 X £ in.

20. A. adnata Sacc. (from the adnate gills) a b c.
P. firm, not brittle, buff-yellow; marg. not sulcate.

fibrillose, buff-white. G. crowded. Vo. not

irregularly torn, pubescent.

Woods and plantations, oak, holly ; uncommon. Oct.
Compare 15a.

St. minutely
large, lax,

0*

X £ in.

III. LEPIOTA Quel.

(From the scaly pileus and stem ; Gr. lepis, a scale.)

Veil universal, concrete with the cuticle of the pileus, breaking up in
the form of scales, granules or silkiness. Hymenophore distinct from
the fleshy stem. Pileus never compact, often very thin, at first plane,

Fig 12. — Lepiota procera Quel. One-quarter nat. size.
A, perfect plant ; B, section of young example showing
universal veil ; c, section of half-grown example show-
ing at ** rupture of veil ; d, section of mature example
showing at a annulus free from the stem ; u.v, remains
of universal veil.

then scaly, granular, silky, smooth or viscid. Stem central, annulate,
somewhat cartilaginous, firmer in texture than the pileus. Gills free

c 2

20 AGARICACE.E Lepiota

or nearly so, except 46, 47, and 50. Spores normally white, some-
times yellowish, greenish or green. (Fig. 12.)

The species grow mostly in rich grassy places, more often in fields
than woods ; some occur in stoves and greenhouses. Nearly all are
autumnal. Some are edible. Species 21 — 59

A. Epidermis dry.

a. Procerce. Scales of pileus brown or brownish on a white

ground. Stem bulbous. Annulus more or less movable.
Gills remote. Edible. The species are nearly allied ; inter-
mediate forms occur between all. 21 — 25

b. Clypeolarice. Pileus and usually the stem scaly or covered

with granules. Annulus fixed. Gills free. Odour, except
29, strong, disagreeable, pungent, sometimes weak. 26 — 37

c. Anmdosoz. Annulus superior, fixed, somewhat persistent ;

fugacious in 41 and 42. 38 — 43

d. Granulosa. Pileus and lower part of stem covered with

granules. Annulus inferior. Gills approaching stem,
adnate in 47. 44 — 48

e. Mesomorphce. Pileus dry, entire, not torn, not usually

granular, small, slender. 48a — 54

B. Pileus smooth, viscid.

f. Viscid<z. 55 — 59

a. Procerce.

21. L. proeera Quel, (procerus, tall) a b c.

P. umbonate, finely scaly. St. minutely scaly. G. subremote.

Flesh unchanging white.

Solitary or in troops. Edible. Taste and odour pleasant, delicate. Pastures,
parks, gardens, heaths, among bracken, etc. ; common. July-Oct.
8 X iof x I in.

22. L. raehodes Quel, (from the ragged pileus ; Gr. rakos, a ragged

garment) a b c.
P. subglobose, coarsely scaly. G. subremote, sometimes reddening
when bruised. Flesh changing to saffron-reddish when broken.

Gregarious or csespitose. Edible. Taste and odour pleasant, strong, varying
to rank. Woods and hedges, fir-plantations, greenhouses ; common.
July-Dec. 5| x 6 X I in. The form puellaris is smaller and shining
white. Bears the same relation to 21 as the horse-mushroom does to the
pasture-mushroom. There is a white variety.

22a. L. prominens Sacc. (from the prominent umbo) a b.

P. sphaerico-expanded, strongly and subacutely umbonate ;
sc. imbricate on urn. ; brownish or dull pale ochreous.
St. abruptly bulbous at the base.
Edible. Fields. Oct. 8f X 4§ x J in.

22b. L. permixta Barla (from its mixed characters) a.

P. campanulato-convex, slightly subumbonate, then expanded,
smooth then fibrillose ; sc. opaque, somewhat pale brown on a
brownish-ivory ground; marg. sublacerate, white. St. hollow,

Lepiota AGARIC ACE/E 21

enlarged at base, irregularly scaly, colour as P. Flesh becoming

faintly rufous. A. membranous, fibrillose, lax. G. free, ventri-

cose, crowded, ivory or faintly flesh-coloured.

Odour weak. Hilly pastures. Autumn. 7 X 4J X J in. With the mixed
characters of 21, 22, and 23.

23. L. excoriata Quel, (from the cracked membrane of the pileus) a b c.
P. semiglobose, slightly scaly, pale buff. A. less movable than

in 21 and 22. Flesh unchanging white.

Said to be edible. Taste and odour usually delicate and agreeable, but
varying to rank and unpleasant. Pastures and hedge-sides ; less common
than 21 and 22. May-Oct. 4 X 4 X f in.

24. L. graeilenta Quel, (from its slender stem) a b c.

P. subumbonate, slightly scaly ; sc. broad, adpressed, pale brown.

A. slightly movable. Flesh unchanging white.

Often coespitose. Edible. Pastures, under beeches ; uncommon. June-
Nov. 4 x 7 X § in.

25. L. mastoidea Quel, (from the resemblance of the pileus to a

breast ; Gr. mastos) a b c.
P. acutely umbonate, whitish ; sc. minute, dark brown, varying

whitish. St. brownish-white.
Woods. Sept. -Oct. 2 x 3 J X T36 in.

b. Clypeolarice.

26. L. Friesii Quel, (after Elias Fries) a b c.

P. tomentoso-scaly, rich dark brown. St. pale brown. A.

superior. G. crowded, branched.

Odour heavy, strong. Pastures, grassy places, gardens, sawdust, tree-roots,
cinder-heaps. Aug.-Oct. \\ X 4 X | in.

27. L. aeutesquamosa Gill, (from the sharp pointed scales of the

pileus) a b c.
P. lobed, ochreous buff-brown ; sc. dark brown. St. pale brown.
A. large. G. free, but close to stem, branched.

Sometimes crespitose. Said to be edible. Taste mild, insipid ; odour slight.,
mephitic, disagreeable. Gardens, yards, hot-beds, melon-frames, church-
yards, greenhouses. Sept. -Nov. 4^ X 4f X f in.

28. L. Badhami Quel, (after C. D. Badham) a b c.

P. pale crimson-brown ; sc. small velvety, dark purple-brown.

St. crimson-brown or deep purple-brown below, paler above.

G. at length black edged. Flesh changing to saffron-crimson

when broken.

Taste none or insipid ; odour strong, usually unpleasant. Under yews,
hawthorns, hedges. Sept. -Nov. 3i X 5 X § in.

29. L. emplastrum Sacc. (from the plaister-like scales) a b.

P. yellow-buff; sc. large, smooth, brown. St. dull pale buff-
yellow. Flesh pink when broken.

Gregarious. Taste and odour none. Amongst grass under trees. Oct.
3 x l\ X \ in.

22 AGARICACE^: Lepiota

30. L. meleagris Quel, (from its markings, as of the guinea-fowl,

meleagris) a b c.
P. pale salmon ; sc. minute, almost black. St. bulbous-rooting,

black-spotted, blackish at base. G. white or lemon-yellow.

Flesh bright red when broken, reddish when dry.
Hothouses, greenhouses, on spent tan ; rare. May-Oct. z\ X 2.\ X T3^ in.

31. L. biorxata Sacc. (from its twofold ornamentation) a c.

P. whitish ; sc. dot-like, dark red. St. enlarged below, rooting,
red-spotted. A. red-spotted at marg. Flesh white, reddish
in St., dark when dry.

In hot-beds, stoves, melon and cucumber frames. July. i\ X 4^ X T5ff in.

32. L. hispida Gill, (from the rough pileus ; hispidus, rough) a b.

P. velvety, rich brown. St. woolly-scaly, brown below A. Flesh

unchanging white.

Odour disagreeable, somewhat pungent of radishes. Woods, chiefly pine.
July-Oct. 3 X 3 X g in.

33. L. elypeolaria Quel, (from the shield-like pileus • clypei/s, a

shield) a b c.

P. floccoso-scaly, sometimes pale buff, rosy or rufescent. St.

scaly, whitish. Flesh white.

Odour weak or none. Woods, stoves, greenhouses. Oct.-Xov. 2|X3f X^ in.
Colour variable, sometimes wholly white. Sometimes very small.

Var. alba Bres. (from the dead-white colour) b.

P. fleshy, convex, then expanded, broadly umbonate, silky-
white ; mid. glabrous ; marg. nbrilloso-flocculose, then squamu-
lose, becoming yellowish with age. St. equal or attenuate
downwards, white, somewhat fuscous at base, white-floccose
and yellow-spotted below the distant, floccose, fugacious white A.
G. free, crowded, white then ochreous. Flesh white, some-
what yellowish in stem. Often forming a spurious second A.

Edible. On the ground. Nov.

33a. L. felina Karst. (from the markings on the pileus ; felts > a
cat) a b.
P. subumbonate, black when young, then black-scaly on a white
ground. St. white, often black-scaly below. A. large, often
black-dotted.
Woods, fir, amongst moss. May-Sept, if X 3 X T3B in.

33b. L. nigromarginata Mass. (from the black-edged gills) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, subumbonate ■ sc. umber on a pale

sienna-ochre ground. St. hollow, attenuate upwards, smooth,

salmon-white. A. persistent, membranous, white. G. broader

in front, whitish; edge bordered with dark umber. Flesh

thin.

Amongst grass. May. 2 x 2f x -^in. Allied to 33, and especially to 33a,
but differing from both in the dark-edged gills.

Lepiota AGARICACE.E 23

34. L. metulsespora Sacc. (from its obelisk-shaped spores ; metula,

an obelisk) a b c.

P. umbonate, white ; urn. and sc. pallid ; marg. sulcate. V.

appendiculate. St. pallid or lemon-colour within and without.

Odour weak or none. Woods, fir, amongst moss and leaves ; rare. Sept.-
Oct. \\ X 2.\ X T3s in.

35. L. eristata Quel, (from the scaly-crested pileus) a b c.

P. white ; sc. and mid. bright dark brown. St. not scaly, brown

at base. Sometimes red when broken.

Suspected poisonous. Taste strong, disagreeable ; odour pungent, mephitic,
sulphurous, or like radishes, but noxious. Fields, orchards, gardens,
lawns, etc. ; common. Aug.-Nov. i\ x 3J X T3S in. Sometimes red when
broken.

36. L. erminea Gill, (from the ermine-like pileus) a b c. Wholly

white. Very fragile.
P. silky.

Taste radish-like or none ; odour slight. Grassy places. Sept.-Nov.
2 X 3l X & in.

37. L. micropholis Sacc. (from the minute scales on the pileus;

Gr. mikros, small, p/io/is, a scale).
P. white ; sc. radiating, erect, dark grey or black ; marg. sub-

striate. St. white.
Stoves on coco-nut fibre, f X 1 X ^ in.

c. Annnlosce.

38. L. Vittadinii Quel, (after Carlo Vittadini, Italian mycologist) a b.

Wholly white or whitish.
P. rough with pointed sc. St. concentrically scaly. A. large.

Suspected poisonous. Groves, pastures, downs. June-Aug. 5J X 6| X £ in.
Allied to Amanita.

38a. L. nympharum Karst. (from its beauty, as of a wood-nymph) a b.
P. umbonate, covered with large revolute scales, white. St.
white, or faintly buff-stained below. G. crowded, ventricose,
white.
Grassy places. Oct. 4 X 4! X \ in.

39. L. holoserieea Gill, (from the silky pileus ; Gr. holos, entire,

serikos, silken) a b c. Buff-white. Substance very soft.
P. fibrilloso-silky, then even. St. longitudinally fibrillose, then

even. A. large.
Edible. Odour none. Gardens, cultivated places. Sept. -Oct. 3fx2§xfin.

40. L. naueina Quel, (from the nut-like flavour; nurinus, of a

nut) a b c. Buff-white.

P. granular; marg. not plicate, appendiculate with V. A. large.

G. becoming faintly rosy. Flesh white, usually becoming pale

salmon or salmon-brownish when cut.

Somewhat coespitose. Edible. Taste mild, pleasant ; odour strong. Fields ;
rare. July-Oct. 5 X 3$ X § in. Compare 790.

24 AGARICACE^: Lepiota

41. L. ceP/ESTipes Quel, (from the onion- or chive-shaped stem;

cepa, an onion, stipes, a stem) a b c. White, pale lemon, or
sulphur.
P. floccose ; marg. plicate. St. floccose. A. fugacious.

Gregarious. Stoves, frames, pine-pits, on tan and leaves, melon-beds, etc. ;

common. Mar.-Sept. 2§ X 4f X § in. Sometimes becomes vinous or

claret-colour in drying.
Var. cretacea Sacc. P. white ; sc. darker.

42. L. eitrophylla Sacc. (from the lemon-tinted gills) a c. Lemon-

yellow.
P. sc. rufous ; um. rich-brown ; marg. not crenate or sulcate
St. squamulose. A. fugacious. Flesh and G. sometimes
change to green.

On the ground ; rare. Oct. i^ X l| X § in.

43. L. licmophora Sacc. (from the sulcate pileus : a fancied resem-

blance to a winnowing fan, Gr. likmos) a b c.

P. lemon-yellow. A. small. G. remote.

Hothouses, conservatories, etc., on the ground, on coco-nut fibre. Aug.-Oct.
2\ X 4§ X T3^ in. Resembles a Bolbitius or a yellow Hygrophorus. Some-
times wholly sulphur-white. At one time regarded as a var. of 41.

d. Granulosce.

44. L. eareharias Karst. (from a fancied resemblance in the granules

of the pileus to the teeth of a dog-fish, Gr. karcharias) a b c.
P. Flesh-colour; gr. darker. A. granulose.

Taste disagreeable, bitter or none ; odour faint to strong of meal. Woods,
fir. May-Nov. 2 x if X ^ in. Sometimes very small.

45. L. einnabarina Karst. (from the cinnabar or vermilion colour)

a b c.
P. granular, often coarsely so ; marg. fimbriate with V. St.
granular below A., orange-vermilion.

Taste mild. Woods, fir, grassy places. Sept. -Nov. 2\ x 2\ X T55 in.
Agaricus Terrevi B. & Br. is a form of this snecies.

46. L. granulosa Quel, (from the granular pileus) a b e.

P. floccoso-granular, red-brown. St. granular-scaly, red-brown
below. G. slightly adnexed, sometimes adnate.

Woods, fir, grassy places ; very common. July-Nov. 2 X 2\ X T3^ in.
There is a white var. rufescens Sacc, which becomes red in drying.

46a. L. atroeroeea Mass. (titer, black, eroeeus, saffron) a b.

P. expanded, slightly depressed, bright salmon-orange, more or
less covered with purple-brown almost black granular rlocci.
St. hollow, attenuate upwards, bright salmon-orange ; salmon-
brown-squamulose. A. fugacious. G. broadly adnate, salmon-
white. Flesh thin ; salmon-orange-brown.

Oct. i* X ii X i in. Allied to 46 and 47.

Lepiota AGARICACE/E 25

47. L. amianthina Karst. (from its pure colour ; Gr. amiantos, unde-

nted) a b.
P. ochraceous ; mid. orange. St. squamulose, yellow. A. fugacious.
G. adnate or slightly decurrent, becoming light yellowish.
Flesh wholly or partially yellow.

Woods ; uncommon. Aug.-Nov. \\ X 2 X \ in. A form occurs inter-
mediate between this and 46.
Var. Broadzvoodice Sacc. P. hemispherical, tomentose, yellow ; G. white.

48. L. polystieta Gill, (from the many-spotted pileus j Gr. polus,

many, stiktos, spotted) a b c.

P. fleshy, livid-brownish ; sc. small, red-brown. A. fugacious.

G. faintly yellowish.

Taste insipid ; odour none or mephitic, like 35. Grassy places, roadsides, etc. ;
uncommon. Sept. -Nov. 2 x if X § in.

e. Mesomorphce.

48a. L. parvannulata Gill, (from the small annulus) a.

P. umbonate or gibbous, at first slightly pruinose, white to
faintly yellowish. »S/. fibrillose below A.3 white. A. spreading,
subpersistent.
Pastures. Autumn. £ X ij x rtr m-

49. L. sistrata Quel, (from a fancied resemblance to a rattle,

sistrum) a b.

P. shining-atomate, whitish, becoming light yellowish or flesh-
colour ; marg. appendiculate with V. St. pruinoso-silky, white.
A. fibrillose.

Sandy ground amongst grass, gardens, etc. Oct. I X 2 X \ in.

50. L. seminuda Gill, (from the partially mealy pileus and stem ;

semi, half, nudus, naked) a b c. Whitish or flesh-coloured.
P. floccoso-mealy then naked, usually white. St. mealy and

flesh-coloured below, naked and white above. G. adnate
Odour none. Woods. May-Nov. |x \\ X T^ in.

51. L. Bueknalli Sacc. (after Cedric Bucknall) a c. White.
P. and St. minutely granular, lilac.

Odour strong of gas-tar. Oct. \\ X 2J x \ in.

52. L. mesomorpha Gill, (from its intermediate characters; Gr.mesos,

middle, morphe, form) a b c. Whitish, yellowish, brownish

or brown.
P. and St. smooth. A. entire, persistent.
Woods. Oct.-Dec. \\ X if X Tx5 in.

53. L. partialis Sacc. (from its red colour) a b.

P. fibrillose, ochreous-red ; marg. striate. St. ochreous above,

rufous below.
Conservatories, tree-fern stems. March. \\ x l| X x1^ in.

54. L. ianthina Sacc. (from the violet pileus \ Gr. ion, a violet) a.
P. fibrillose; mid. darker; marg. not striate.

Stoves. March. 1 x ij X J in.

26 AGARICACE/E Hiatula

54a. L. submarasmioides Sacc. (from its slight resemblance to a
species of Marasmms) a b.
P. umbonate, tough, arachnoid-squamuiose, white to pale burl;.
urn. rufous ; marg. subplicate, cracking. St. at first arachnoid-
pruinose, white. A. superior, movable. G. membranous-
tough. Flesh tough, rufous within towards base.
Low ground at Worcester. Sept. I x 2\ x \ in.

f. Viscidce.

55. L. medullata Gill, (from its pith-bearing stem ; medulla, pith) a b.

White or grey-white.
P. umbonate ; marg. appendiculate with V. St. with a remov-
able pith.

Odour of radish or mephitic like 35. Woods, fir. Aug. -Oct. 2 x 3^ X \ in.
Compare 58. Resembles 1188 in stature, colour and viscidity of pileus.

56. L. glioderma Gill, (from the clammy pileus ; Gr. glows, clammy,.

derma, skin) a c.
P. brownish-red. St. dry, floccoso-scaly below, white or buff-white.
Woods, thickets, pine ; uncommon. July-Sept, if x 3^ X \ in.

57. L. delicata Gill, (delicate) a b.

P. thin, subumbonate, rufescent, yellowish, pale rose or brownish.

St. dry, floccoso-scaly below, whitish.
Taste and odour sometimes rank, like PoZypoms squatnosus . Hothouses,.

woods, stumps, etc. Sept. 1\ X I X \ in.

58. L. illinita Quel, (from the glutinous pileus ; illinitus, besmeared)

a b.
P. umbonate white, varying to ochreous or clay-colour with a

brown um. St. glutinous below. A. well developed on St.,

or appendiculate at edge of P.
Woods. Aug.-Sept. 2| x 3f X T55 in. Compare 55 and 1188.

59. L. Georgin^e Sacc. (after Georgina E. Johnstone) a b.

White, all parts becoming bright crimson when touched. P.

viscido-pruinose. Brown when dry.

Taste and odour none. On sphagnum in greenhouses. May-Nov.
l\ X 2\ x \ in.

IV. HIATULA Mont.
(From the furrows on the pileus ; Gr. hio, to gape.)

Hyme?iophore distinct from the stem. Veil universal, manifest
in the granular or powdery covering, and sometimes in the appen-
diculate margin of the pileus. Pileus fleshy to membranous. Stem
central, simple. Gills free. Spores normally white, sometimes
greenish or green as in Lepiota. (Fig. 13.)

Differing from Lepiota in the absence of an annulus, and agreeing
in structure with Pluteus, Pluteolus, and Pilosace.

Pileus somewhat fleshy. 60, 60a

Pileus membranous, sulcate. 60b, 60e.

Hiatula

AGARICACEiE

27

60. H. Eyrei W. G. Sm., Schulzeria Eyrei Mass. (after Rev. W. L. W.
Eyre) a b c.
P. broadly umbonate, smooth, pallid ; mid. minutely granular
ochreous ; marg. incurved, appendiculate with V. St. smooth,

<^^f^^>

Fig. 13. — A, section through Hiatula Eyrei
W. G. Sm. ; b, ditto, H. lycoperdoides W.
G. Sm. ; c, ditto, H. Wynnice B. & Br.
One-half natural size.

even, glabrous, minutely mealy above, pallid. G. free, narrowed
behind, thin, crowded then distant, pale green then deep bluish-
green. Spores same colour as G.

Gregarious. Taste and odour none. Under spruce-firs. Autumn.
if X 2 1 x ^ in.

60a. H. lycoperdoides W. G. Sm., Schulzeria lycoperdoides Cooke &

Mass. (from a resemblance in the pileus to certain species of

Lycoperdon as 2063 and 2064) a b.

P. convex, then expanded, soft, buff-ivory, beset with pyramidal

silky-fibrous dark brown warts ; marg. appendiculate. St. solid,

equal, minutely fibrillose, whitish ; faintly buff-ivory below.

G. somewhat crowded, white. Flesh white, pale buff-brown

under cuticle of P.

Taste and odour none. Under cedars. Autumn.

l£ X

I*

X

I5 in.

60b. H. Wynnes B. & Br. (after Mrs. Lloyd Wynne).

P. campanulate then plane, subumbonate, pulverulent, white ;
mid. brownish. St. hollow. G. free, at first very slightly
adnexed, somewhat distant, with a shrivelled appearance as
in 41. Has been observed emitting a greenish phosphorescent
light.
Stoves, 'on wood.

60e. H. grange i W. G. Sm., Schulzeria graiigei Eyre (from the
original locality, Grange Park, Hants).
P. flatly umbonate, cracking into dark green fibrous scales on a
white ground. St. squamose, sq. tipped with colour of P.
G. widest in front, minutely denticulate.
Coespitose. On soil amongst beech-leaves. Nov. 1§ X 2g X \ in.

28

AGARICACE/E

Ar miliaria

V. ARMILLARIA Quel.
(From the annulus ; arm ilia, a ring.)

Veil universal, imperfect, remaining as minute, concrete warts or
flocci on the pileus and as the scales of the stem. Hy??ie?iophore
confluent and homogeneous with the fleshy stem. Pileus usually

Fig. 14. — Armillaria mellea Quel. One-third natural
size, a, perfect plant ; B, section of young example
showing universal veil ; c, section of mature example.

fleshy, the surface broken up into small scurfy warts or floccose
scales. Stem central, of the same substance with the pileus, annulate.
Gills sinuato-adnexed, adnate or decurrent. Spores white, elliptical,
smooth. (Fig. 14.)

The species grow on the ground or on or about stumps.
Must not be confounded with the last section of Amanita.

Species 61 — 72

Stem furnished with a fugitive annulus. Gills sinuato-adnexed.

61—68

Stem furnished with a sometimes fugitive annulus. Gills more or
less decurrent. 69 — 71

Stem annulate. Gills adnate, varying rounded, sinuate or sinuato-
decurrent. 72

61. A. bulbig'er Quel, (from the bulbous stem) a b c.

P. subumbonate, nearly smooth, pale yellowish or buff. St.
strongly bulbous, whitish, longitudinally black fibrillose. G.
becoming pale yellowish. Flesh whitish.

Taste and odour none. Woods, pine. Oct. -Nov. 3^ X 3J X \ in.

Armillaria AGARICACE^L 29

62. A. foealis Gill, (from the thick clothy annulus ; focale, a neck-

cloth) a b.
P. umbonate, silky-fibrillose, rich yellowish-red, ochre or livid
yellow. Flesh pale yellowish-brown.

Woods, pine, heaths, bare ground under old laurels. Aug. - Oct.
4^ x 3 J X £ in. The dimensions of the variety called Goliath by Fries are
6| X 6| X \\ in.

63. A. robusta Gill, (from its sturdy growth) a b c.

P. convex, nearly smooth, rich brown. St. attenuate downwards,

not scaly, brownish-white. Flesh hard.

Odour of new meal, but nauseous. Woods and plantations, pine, maple ;
rare. Oct. 2J X 2 x f in. The form major is twice the size of minor,
the form illustrated.

63a. A. ealigata Gill, (from a fancied resemblance in the stem to a

leg with a soldier's shoe, caliga) b.

P. compact, convex, then plane, tawny, weasel-colour, spotted

with adpressed silky sq. of the same colour. St. solid, zoned

with brown sq. below the persistent membranous A.

G. emarginate, white.

Odour strong. On the ground in woods, pine. Autumn. 3§ X 3§ X ij in.
Agaricus causetta Barla, is a form of this species.

64. A. aurantia Quel, (from its orange colour) a b.

P. convex, innato-squamulose, viscid. St. very scaly. Flesh

yellowish.
Woods, pine. Oct. 2% x 3! X J in.

65. A. ramentaeea Quel, (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus

to wood-shavings, ramentd) a c.
P. floccose becoming revolute, whitish, then yellowish or
brownish ; sc. and punctate mid. darker. St. white, clad with ad-
pressed brown sc. below A. C7. becoming yellowish. Flesh white.

Odour unpleasant. Under pines ; uncommon. Sept. i\ x 2^ x y\ in.
Allied to Lepiota.

66. A. haematites Sacc. (from the colour of the pileus ; Gr. haima,

blood) a.
P. hemispherical, red liver-colour. St. liver-colour. Flesh pale

liver-colour, darker at base of St.
Amongst fir-leaves. Nov. i§ x i| X \ in. Allied to Lepiota.

67. A. Jasonis Sacc. (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus to the

golden fleece of Jason) a b.
P. campanulate, granular, golden-yellow ; mid. reddish. St. golden-
yellow.

Csespitose. Taste none ; odour usually none, but sometimes strong. Stumps.
Sept. 2 x 2\ x T55 in. Resembling Pholiota.

68. A. eonstrieta Gill, (from the compact substance ; constrictus,

compact) a. "White.

P. convex, silky-smooth. Flesh becoming pale yellow when

bruised.

Odour of new meal. Pastures, sunny and urine-scorched places. Sept.-Oct.
2 x if X f in.

30 AGARICACE^ Trieholoma

69. A. mellea Quel, (from the honey-coloured pileus ; ;;/<?/, honey) a be.
P. smoky yellow-olivaceous, usually dark-scurfy or squamulose ;

marg. striate. St. often sulphur-yellow at base. A. usually

large and white-floccose, sometimes small or absent. G.

usually yellowish or pale salmon.

Solitary, gregarious, or caespitose. Taste acrid and disagreeable ; odour
strong, foxy. Sold as an esculent in Continental markets ; said by Mrs.
Hussey to be poisonous. On or near stumps, tree-roots or root-fibres,
squared timber. July-Nov. 4^ X 5 x § in. Extremely variable. Com-
pare 222. Colly bi a tabesceno Sacc. is a ringless form.

Var. versicolor W. G. Sm., Agaricus versieoloi- With, (from the
change of colour in the stem and gills).

St. bulbous, white then brown. G. yellow-white, then deep red-
brown.

Amongst grass. July. 1-4 x 2 x | in.

Var. larieina W. G. Sm., Agaricus laricinus Bolt.

P. flesh-colour, glabrous ; marg. smooth. G. white. On larch.

69a. A. denigrata Gill, (from the very dark or blackish pileus :
denigro, to colour black) a.
P. subviscid, guttato-punctate ; marg. even. St. solid, pallid-
fuscous, whitish above. A. superior, entire fugitive, white.
G. pale brown, becoming darker.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground, damp, shady places, bases of
trunks. 2.\ x 2\ X f in. Sometimes confused with 560, which has
brown, not white spores.

70. A. eitri Gill, (from the citron-colour of pileus) a b.

P. subumbonate, smooth, sulphur-yellow ; marg. crenulate,

becoming white. St. whitish, reddish-brown below.
Csespitose. Odour of new meal. Stumps. Sept. 2 x 3 X ^ in.

71. A. subeava Gill, (from the partially hollow stem \ cavus, hollow) a.

White.
P. umbonate, thin ; mid. brownish.
Woods, pine. Nov. 2 x 3 J X T35 in. Allied to Lepiota.

72. A. mueida Quel, (from the slimy pileus) a b c. White.

P. hemispherical, radiato-wrinkled ; mid. sometimes faintly

brownish. St. externally cartilaginous. G. broad, mucid.
On beeches. Aug.-Nov. 3^ X 6 x \ in.

VI. TRICHOLOMA Quel.

(From the hairy, silky, or downy covering of the pileus, best seen
in young examples ; Gr. thrix, a hair, loma, a fringe.)
Veil universal, imperfect, manifest in scales, flocci, fibrils or
down, which adhere to the margin of the pileus in infancy, sometimes
obsolete or nearly so. Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous
with the fleshy stem. Pileus usually convex and fleshy, never
umbilicate. Stem central, fleshy, simple, with cartilaginous bark.
Gills sinuate, sometimes separating from the hymeno-phore.
(Fig- I5-)

Tricholoma

AGARICACE^E

31

The species, except 91, 98 and 149, grow on the ground, the
larger usually grow in upland woods, the smaller in pastures. Mostly
autumnal ; some late ; section Guttata is usually vernal. Many have
a pleasant odour of meal, a few have a disagreeable odour ; some
are edible, a few suspicious or poisonous. Species 73 — 152

Fig. 15. — Section of Tricholoma personatum Quel.

One-third natural size.

The separation of the stem from the hymenophore is

shown at A.

A. Pileus viscid when damp, pubescent, fibrillose or scaly, not
scaly- torn. Stem fibrillose. Flesh, except 77, not hygro-
phanous.

a. Limacince. Pileus fleshy. Stem solid, except 73a, 76, and 79.
Gills not changing colour or becoming rufescent. 73 — 79

Gills changing colour usually to rufescent, commonly red-
spotted. " 80 — 89

b. Genuinoz. Pileus torn into scales or fibrils, not viscid or

hygrophanous, moist in 94. Taste sometimes bitter and

disagreeable. Odour, except 93, generally not unpleasant

or none.
Gills, except 94, not changing colour, or becoming rufous or

black-spotted. 90 — 95

Gills rufescent or becoming grey, usually marked with rufous

or blackish spots. 96 — 101

<r. Rigidce. Pileus, except 106, punctato-granulate or broken up
into smooth squamules, not viscid, scaly-lioccose or fibril-
lose. Flesh in stout species cartilaginous-hard, in thin species
fragile. Odour of the majority of the species unpleasant.
Gills unchanging white or becoming hyaline-whitish, except
103, which often becomes reddish. 102 — 108

Gills changing colour, rufescent, or becoming ashy or spotted.

109—112

32 AGARIC ACE^E Tricholoma

d. Sericellce. Pileus smooth, dry, silky, never scaly, moist or

viscid, flocculose in 121.

Gills broad, somewhat thick, subdistant, except 115. Odour
strong, fetid. 113 — 116

Gills narrow, thin, crowded. Odour none, except 119.

117—121
B. Pileus smooth, moist in wet weather, not viscid, downy or scaly.
Flesh soft, spongy, watery, hygrophanous.

e. Guttata. Pileus thick, fleshy. Stem obese, solid. Odour

pleasant. Usually vernal ; often growing in troops, or

caespitose or forming large rings.
Gills whitish. 122—124

Gills changing colour, rufescent or smoky. 125 — 127

/. Spongioses. Pileus obtuse, smooth, moist, except 133 ; not

hygrophanous. Gills sinuato-decurrent. Often late autumnal.

Usually growing in troops. Must not, on account of the

sinuato-decurrent gills, be confounded with Clitocybe.
Gills whitish. 128 — 134

Gills changing colour. 135 — 142

g. Hygrophancz. Pileus hygrophanous, changing colour on
parting from its absorbed water.

Gills white or faintly brownish, unspotted. 143 — 148

Gills becoming violet, grey, or smoky. 149 — 152

a. Limacince.

73. T. equestre Quel, (from its being the handsomest of the group ;

eques, a knight) a b c.
P. gibbous, then expanded, sulphur-olive or ochraceous, streaked
olive-brown or olive-purplish. St. sulphur-olive, sulphur-white
within. G. sulphur-olive.

Taste pleasant or none ; odour none. Woods, fir ; uncommon. Aug. -Nov.
4 X 2f X i.

73a. T. eoryphseum Gill, (from its position as type of group; Gr.
koriphaios, a leader).
P. white, shaded sulphur-white or sulphur, punctato-virgate with
dull purplish scales. St. equal to obclavate, white, shaded
sulphur-white. G. crowded, white, edged or clouded pale
sulphur.
Under beeches. Nov. 2\ x 4 X % in.

74. T. sejunetum Quel, (from the gills, separated from the stem ;

sejwictus, separated) a b c.
P. at first umbonate, buff or yellow, streaked brownish or purple-
sooty. St. white, clouded pale yellow. G. white.

Taste disagreeable, bitter ; odour strong of rancid meal. Woods, chiefly
pine; uncommon. Sept. -Nov. 4^ x 4! X \ in.

Trlcholoma AGARIC ACE^E 33

75. T. portentosum Quel, (from its variability ; portcntosus, strange)

a b c.
P. unequal, slaty -brown, black-fibrillose ; mid. darker. St. white
or greyish. G. somewhat distant, white, pale grey or yellowish.

Solitary, gregarious or coespitose. Taste mild or somewhat nauseous ; odour
none. Woods, fir ; frequent. Aug. -Nov. 4J X 3^ X £ in. Pileus some-
times 8 in. in diameter. Sometimes springing from an involved mass of
thick cord-like mycelium.

76. T. fueatum Gill, (from the dyed appearance of the pileus ; fuco,

to dye) a b c.

P. yellowish or palest yellow, streaked brownish-buff or pale
slate. St. yellowish, sometimes white above and below, grey-
or blackish-squamulose or fibrillose. G. whitish.

Woods, chiefly pine ; frequent. Aug.-Nov. 3J X 3f X f in.

77. T. quinquepartitum Gill, (from the pileus being supposititiously

five-lobed; the character does not however belong to this

species) a b. Somewhat hygrophanous.
P. yellowish-buff; mid. darker, unstreaked. St. ivory-white, not

squamulose. G. white.
Taste mild ; odour none. Woods, pine ; rare. Oct. 3! x 4J X f in.

78. T. resplendens Karst. (from its brightly shining appearance) a b.

Shining white.
P. sometimes very faintly stained yellowish or brownish.

Gregarious. Taste and odour pleasant. Woods, beech, hazel, etc. ; frequent.
Sept. -Oct. 2§ X 2§ X J in. Resembles 1188 in general appearance.

79." T. spermatieum Gill, (derivation obscure) a b. White.

P. sometimes cream or faintest ochre-white. G. coarsely notched.

Poisonous. Odour strong like tallow, varying to cucumber, but stinking.
Woods, fir. Oct. 3I X i\ x fin. Resembling 78.

80. T. eolossum Quel, (from its great size) a b.

P. rich brown, paler or whitish at marg. St. bulbous, reddish-
brown with a white floccose apex. G. white or dull flesh-
colour. Flesh hard, changing to tawny when broken.

Odour none or cheese-like. Under Scotch firs, elms. Oct. 8 x 4J X if in.
Resembling 1490 in size and colour. A form occurs apparently between
this and 83. Boudier considers this species to belong to Armillaria.

81. T. nictitans Gill, (from its sporadic appearance ; nictitans, winking)

a b.
P. rich brown ; mid. darker. St. enlarged below. G. yellowish.

Taste usually mild or sweet, slightly of mushrooms, sometimes disagreeable,
but not bitter ; odour none or sweet. Woods ; rare. Sept. 5±X3^X§ in.
Resembling 1458 in form, colour and viscidity.

82. T. fulvellum Gill, (from the tawny pileus j fulvus, tawny) a c.

P. dotted-wrinkled, rich tawny-brown j mid. darker. St. not

enlarged below. G. white.
Odour none. Woods, beech. Oct.-Nov. 3^ x 3 X * in.

D

34 AGARIC ACE^E Tricholoma

83. T. flavobrunneum Quel, {flaws, light yellow, brunneus, brown)

a b c.
P. streaked, tawny or rich brown ; mid. darker. St. slightly

enlarged below, rich brown or brownish. G. light yellowish.

Flesh white or partially pale yellowish.
Gregarious, crespitose or in troops. Odour strong of rank meal or cheese.

Deciduous woods, especially birch, beech ; amongst gorse. Sept. -Nov.

l\ X 2.\ X § in. A form occurs apparently between this and 80.

84. T. albobrunneum Quel, (albus, white, brunneus, brown) a b c.

P. streaked, rich ochreous to pale brown ; mid. darker. St. not
enlarged below, yellowish-brown, white above and below.
G. white. Flesh permanently white.

Said to be edible. Taste usually mild, sometimes bitter ; odour none.
Plantations, fir. Sept. -Dec. 4 x 2 x f in.

85. T. ustale Quel, (from its scorched appearance ; usfus, burnt) a b c.
P. dotted-wrinkled, rich- or purple-brown, becoming black-brown,

unstreaked. St. slightly attenuate downwards, brownish-white.
G. white. Flesh sometimes changing to faintest rose.
Odour none. Woods, chiefly pine ; rare. Aug.-Nov. 3 x 2§ x f in.
Intermediate between 83 and 86.

86. T. pessundatum Quel, (from the foot-trodden appearance in

Sterbeek's illustration) a b c.

P. guttato-spotted, not streaked, brown. St. equal, pale ochre-
brown. G. white.

Said to be edible, but suspected poisonous. Taste mild ; odour strong of new
meal. Woods, fir ; rare. Sept. -Nov. 4J x i\ X I in.

87. T. stans Gill, (from its standing distinct from 86) a b c.

P. reddish-brown. St. equal, white. G. white. Flesh reddish

under cuticle.
Woods. Sept. -Oct. 3§ x 4 X 1. Compare 106.

88. A. Russula Gill, (from its resemblance to certain of the red

Russulce) a b c.

P. rose, or crimson-granulate, or rose-liver-purplish, variegated

rose and ivory-white. G. white, palest rose or clouded as P.

Eaten in Austria. Taste and odour mild, pleasant. Under trees. Oct.
4§ X 2J x £ in. Perhaps allied to 1192.

89. T. frumentaeeum Quel, (from its odour of meal ; frumentum,

corn) a c.
P. whitish-buff; mid. brownish-buff. St. equal. G. white. Flesh

white.
Odour strong of new meal. Sept.-Oct. 3^ x 1$ X § in.

b. Genuince.

90. T. rutilans Quel, (rutilo, to be reddish) a b c.

P. dark purple on a yellow ground. St. enlarged below, light sulphur,

purple-floccose. G. bright yellow. Flesh sulphur to yellow.

Suspected poisonous. Odour none. Woods, pine, birch ; base of trees ;
common. Aug.-Nov. 5^ X 45 X I in. Pileus sometimes 7 in. or more
in diam.

Tricholoma AGARIC ACEyE 35

91. T. variegatum Gill, (from the variegated pileus) a b.

P. reddish-purple on a yellow ground. St. slightly enlarged

below, reddish-purple-floccose on a yellowish-white ground.

G. yellowish-white. Flesh whitish to palest sulphur.

Rotten wood. June-Oct, 2 J x 2§ x f in. Resembling a small, attenuate,
dull-coloured state of 90.

92. T. luridum Quel, (from its lurid colour) a b c.

P. whitish-brown-livid, or ashy-yellowish ; mid. darker. St. white.
G. very crowded, whitish.

Taste mild ; odour of new meal. Woods, pine, etc. ; common. Sept. -Oct.
2| X i\ X \ in. Compare 74 with distant gills and 103 with odour of
soap.

93. T. g-uttatum Gill, (from its spotted pileus ; gutta, a drop) a.

P. pale buff, mid. darker, clad with large brown granular sq. ;

marg. remotely sulcate, white or faint rose-floccose. G. white.

Flesh white, pale rose under cuticle and at base of St.

Somewhat caespitose. Taste and odour acid-bitter. Woods. Oct. 3X2Xfin.
Resembling 99.

94. T. eolumbetta Que'l. (from its dove-colour; columla, a dove)

a b c.

P. moist, white or faintly clouded buff-white ; mid. sometimes

brownish-grey. G. separating from stem.

Solitary. Said to be edible. Taste mild ; odour none. Pastures, woods,
birch, fir, beech. Aug.-Nov. 4 x 3 X § in. Sometimes red- or blue-
spotted ; sometimes exuding a deep bright permanent violet stain.

95. T. sealpturatum Quel, (from its scratched appearance ; scalpto^

to scratch) a c.

P. livid- or grey-brown on a whitish ground. St. and Flesh

whitish. G. white to yellowish.

Woods, fir; uncommon. Sept.-Nov. 3* X 3^ X § in. Differs from 101 in
the yellowish, not grey gills.

96. T. imbrieatum Quel, (from the scales of the pileus ; imbricatus>

overlapping) a b c.
P. rich reddish- or crimson-brown. St. crimson-brown, white-
pulverulent above. G. crowded, at first white.

Scattered or in troops. Said to be edible. Taste when raw disagreeable.
Woods, pine, oak. Sept.-Nov. 4J X 2§ x § in.

97. T. vaeeinum Quel, (from the reddish-brown colour ; vaeca, a

cow) a b c.

P. warm-rose to crimson-brown. St. crimson-brown, not white
above. G. somewhat distant, separating from St.

In troops. Taste bitter, disagreeable ; odour strong, not unpleasant. Woods,
fir. Aug.-Oct. 2f x i\ X £ in.

98. T. immundum Quel, (immundus, discoloured) a b c.
P. grey-buff. St. greyish-buff. G. pearly-grey.

Crespitose. Taste bitter, disagreeable ; odour mealy to offensive. On sheep -
dung ; rare. Sept.-Oct. 3 x 2| X | in.

D 2

36 AGARICACE/E Tricholoma

99. T. inodermum Gill, (from the fibrils of the pileus ; Gr. is, inosi a

nerve, derma, the skin) a b.
P. pink-buff; mid. brownish, brown-scaly. St. white, then

partially reddish, mealy above. G. white, red-spotted when

bruised. Flesh pale pink-buff.
Damp, dense pine-woods. 2§ X i\ X \ in. Resembling 93.

100. T. gausapatum Quel, (from the shaggy pileus ; gausapa, a

shaggy woollen cloth) a b.

P. bullate, obtuse, wavy, woolly-fibrillose, somewhat dark-ashy-
grey ; edge at first incurved, white-woolly. St. solid, white,
fibrillose. G. adnate, pale grey.

Taste mild ; odour none. Woods; grassy places. Sept.- Oct. 3 x 2 x f in.

101. T. terreum Quel, (from its earthy colour ; terra, the earth) a b c.
P. umbonate, dark purplish-grey or pale slate. St. grey, white-

pruinose above. G. white to grey.

Solitary, gregarious or coespitose. Taste slightly rancid ; odour none.
Woods, chiefly beech, pine ; common. Aug. -Nov. 3| X 2§ x § in.
Often becoming black in drying. Sometimes springing from rose-
coloured mycelium or from rhizomorphoid threads. Var. orirttbens Mass.
G. red-edged. Var. argyraceiim Mass. Wholly silvery-whitish. Var.
virescens W. G. Sm., Agaricus scalpturatus Fr. var. virescens Cooke.
Becoming yellowish-green. Var. atrosqziamosum Mass. Black, scaly. Var.
chry sites Mass. Becoming yellow.

101a. T. squarrulosum Bres. (sguarrulosus, scaly) a.

P. becoming striato-hairy, fuscous to lurid tan ; mid. black-
squamulose. St. broadly striato-rough, dark grey-umber on a
pale dull salmon ground. G. grey-white as in 101.
Under oaks, hazel. Sept. 3^ X 3^ X § in.

101b. T. horribile Rea {horribilis, rough) a.

P. dark-fuscous-squamulose, the ground pink at maturity. St.
enlarged below, white, smooth, hollow. G. emarginate, crowded ;
marg. uneven, whitish, becoming pinkish. Flesh white, becom-
ing pinkish and fuscous-spotted.
Under beech. 4§ X 3| X 1 in.

c. Rigidce.

102. T. maerorhizum Sacc. (Gr. makros, long, rhiza, a root) a b.

P. smooth, then tessulato-cracked, ochreous-buff. St. whitish-

ochreous. Flesh slightly yellowish.

Taste mushroom -like or unpleasant ; odour strong like 113, cadaverous, like
Li Hum auratum, like carrion or fetid-sweet, varying pleasant to unpleasant.
Nov. 44 X 5§ X 1 J in. Pileus sometimes 8 in. or more in diam. with a
long rooting stem in proportion.

103. T. saponaeeum Quel, (from its soapy odour) a b c.

P. smooth, then olive-brown scaly. St. pale yellowish-grey, often

minutely black scaly. G. distant, yellowish-grey-white.

Woods, hedgesides, etc., amongst leaves; common. Aug. -Nov. 3^X2fxfin.
Often reddish when bruised. Must not be confounded with the scentless
112b.

Tricholoma AGARICACE.^E 37

104. T. cartilagineum Quel, (from its gristly substance) a c.

P. black-dotted on a brownish ground ; mid. darker. St. smooth,
whitish. Flesh white. G. crowded, white or pale greyish.

Odour none. Grassy places in woods and pastures, amongst pines ; uncommon.
Aug.-Nov. 3J x 2.\ X fin. Compare 112a. An abnormal growth of
this, 4 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 1 in., with many pilei, raised the pavement of
Goswell Road, London, in 1865.

105. T. tenuieeps Mass. (from the thin flesh of the pileus ; tenuiceps,

thin-headed) a.
P. conico-hemispherical, granular, dark smoky-brown. St.
punctato-granulose, ochreous-white. G. subdistant, ventricose,
white.

Solitary or in clusters of two or three, springing from thick cord-like
mycelium. Amongst grass under trees. July. 2\ X if x f in. Resem-
bling 227 (var. repens).

106. T. lorieatum Gill, (from the leathery cuticle ; Iorica, a leather

cuirass) a c.
P. unusually lobed, moist or subviscid, the thick cuticle peeling
off, rich brown ; marg. paler. St. reddish-buff. G. whitish
straw-colour.

Odour strong, pleasant or nauseous. Woods, mixed. Sept. 2^ X i\ X \ in.
Compare with 87.

107. T. atroeinereum Quel, (ater, black, cinereus, ash-coloured) a.

P, ashy-brown or blackish; mid. darker. St. whitish. Flesh
hygrophanous.

Odour of new meal. Grassy ground. Oct. if X if X J in.

108. T. euneifolium Gill, (from the wedge-shaped gills ; cuneusi a

wedge, folium, a leaf) a b c. Fragile.
P. smooth, brittle, often concentrically cracked, rich brown to
livid. St. slightly attenuate downwards, splitting, pale brownish,
white above. G. distant.

Said to be edible. Taste disagreeable, rancid ; odour strong of new meal.
Pastures ; frequent. Sept. -Nov. • if x \\ X § in. Agaricus cinereo-
rimosum Batsch, a form of this, is British.

109. T. erassifolium Sacc. (from its thick gills j crassus, thick, foliimi,

a leaf) a.
P. ochraceous or somewhat buff; mid. umber. St. pale
ochreous.

Gregarious or subcaespitose. Odour strong. Woods, fir ; uncommon. Oct.
i\ x if X § in.

109a. T. sudum Quel, (sudus, dry) a.

P. ashy-rufous or blackish-umber ; marg. paler. St. punctate
with minute squamules, pallid, shaded rufous. G. whitish,
edge rufescent.

Woods. Amongst grass. 3f X 3J X f in. Compare 131.

38 AGARIC ACE^E Tricholoma

110. T. tumidum Gill, (tumidus, swollen) a b.

P. irregular, often cracked, ashy-livid ; mid. darker. St. often

swollen and attenuate below, white, often red-tinged within.

Taste and odour weak, not unpleasant. "Woods, pine, moist places. Oct.-
Nov. 3^ X 3f X f in. Var. Keithii Sacc. (after the Rev. Dr. J. Keith)
the whole plant becomes partially rufescent.

111. T. murinaeeum Gill, (from its mouse-colour; mus, a mouse)

a b c. Ashy- or lilac-greyish.

P. cracked, streaked grey-silky-scaly ; sc. sometimes blackish.

St. more or less scaly like P. G. grey.

Taste very disagreeable, bitter ; odour strong, unpleasant, sometimes nitrous.
Open woods and pastures ; rare. Aug. -Nov. 4J X 3J X f in. Must not
be confounded with 1244.

Ilia. T. hordum Quel, (perhaps from hordeum, barley, on account
of the hard substance).
P. subumbonate, soon cracking, in dry weather squarrose, mouse-
grey ; mid. darker. St. glabrous, whitish, shaded greyish. G.
subdistant, white to greyish.
Taste mild ; odour none. Under beeches. 3 J X 4§ x f in.

112. T. virgatum Gill, (from the streaked pileus ; virga, a stripe) a c.
P. pale ashy-grey, finely-streaked black-fibrillose. St. subbulbous.

G. crowded, becoming hoary. Flesh cinereous-whitish.

Usually solitary. Taste when young very bitter, becoming tasteless ; odour
usually none, sometimes sweet like melilot. Woods, mixed, oak, pine.
Aug.-Oct. zl X 3f X 2 in-

112a. T. elytroides Karst. (from the appearance of the pileus, like
the wing-cases of certain beetles ; Gr. elutront a beetle's wing-
case, eidos, appearance) a b.
P. expanded, obtuse, scabrous, with minute linear black-brown
scales on a yellowish or pale brown ground, caused by the
cracking of the cuticle. St. soft, densely brownish-fibrillose.
G. ashy-grey or brownish-white. Flesh white.
Odour faint of new meal. Oct. 3J X 2>l X § in. Compare 104.
112b. T. opieum Gill, (opiais, clownish) a.

P. somewhat thin, obtusely umbonate, even, soon squamulose, at
length unusually upturned and split, very dry, becoming minutely
squamulose, grey. St. stuffed, fibrillose, becoming almost
glabrous, pallid to greyish. G. arcuato-adfixed, somewhat
thick, hoary. Flesh greyish.

Odour none. Woods, pine, amongst moss. i| x 3 X 5 in. Must not be
confounded with 103, which smells strongly of soap.

d. Sericellce.

113. T. sulphureum Quel, (from its sulphur-colour) a b c.

P. sulphur-yellow, sometimes rufescent-clouded. St. striate,

sulphur. G. light sulphur. Flesh sulphur.

Gregarious. Probably poisonous. Odour strong and penetrating of gas-tar,
fetid, like Hemerocallis flava, sometimes pleasant. Woods, mixed ;
common. Aug. -Nov. 3^ X 4 X \ in.

Tricholoma AGARICACE^E 39

114. T. bufonium Gill, (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus to a

toad's back ; bufo, a toad) a b c.

P. dotted-wrinkled, yellowish-tan or buff; mid. rufescent.

St. flocculose, yellow or yellow rufescent. G. yellow-tan.

Odour same as 113, but fainter, sometimes not unpleasant. Woods, under
pines. Sept. -Nov. 3 x 2§ X \ in.

115. T. laseivum Gill, (from its many affinities; lascivus, playful,

wanton) a b.

P. not umbonate, becoming depressed, cream to pale buff; mid.

darker. St. ivory-white. G. separating from stem, crowded,

white.

Taste strong, disagreeable, pungent, somewhat acid ; odour like gas-tar,
varying to fried mushrooms, but disagreeable, more or less like 113.
Mixed woods; frequent. May-Nov. 3J X 2§ X h in. Not unlike 1188
in general appearance.

116. T. inamcenum Gill, (from its unpleasant odour; inamamus,

unpleasant) a c.

P. subumbonate, ivory-white. G. white or buff-white. Spores

ochre-white.

Suspected poisonous. Odour, especially when young, as in 113, but stronger
and more fetid. Woods, amongst pine-leaves. Sept. -Nov. 25 x 3^ X § in.
Sometimes confounded with 115. Resembling 1188 in general appearance.

117. T. cerinum Quel, (from its colour, like yellow wax ; cera, wax)

a c.
P. yellow, then fuscous-brown. St. yellow, base often brownish,

or wholly fuscous. G. deep yellow.
Pine-woods, lawns. June- July, if X 2\ X \ in.

118. T. fallax Sacc. (from its resemblance to a dwarf form of 114 or

117 ; fallax, deceitful) a.
P. yellow; mid. sometimes rufous. St. yellowish. G. white,

then yellowish.
Under firs. Autumn, ij x I X T35 in.

118a. T. onyehinum Gill, {onychinus, of the colour of the human
nail) a.
P. fleshy, subumbonate, convexo-plane, glabrous, purplish or
sienna-umber ; marg. striate, orange sienna or silky-purple.
St. solid, almost equal, fibrilloso-silky, pallid or dull orange-
sulphur, reddish or sienna pulverulent above, brownish below.
G. rounded, at length free, crowded, yellow. Flesh yellowish-
white, or pale olive-sulphur.
Amongst pines, mossy places. Autumn. 2% x 3 X \ in.

119. T. ionides Quel, (from its violet colour ; Gr. ion) a c.

P. lilac or violaceous, sometimes livid-reddish. St. pale lilac.

Flesh lilac under membrane of P., and at base of St.

Odour faint, agreeable, like 1280. Woods, moist places, open pastures,
under firs, cedars. Aug. -Nov. 2j X 2^ X \ in. Resembles 298 in
general appearance.

40 AGARICACEiE Tricholoma

120. T. earneum Quel, (from its flesh-colour ; card) a b c.

P. becoming whitish. St. attenuate downwards, paler than P.
G. white. Flesh white.

Fields and waysides in woods ; frequent. May-Oct. if X U X | in.

121. T. eselatum Gill, (from its umbilicus, chiselled out; ccehim, a

chisel) a b c.

P. becoming flocculose, brownish, then pale grey. St. pale

brown. G. dull white or grey.

Woods, downs. April-Sept. \\ X \\ X T3S in. Resembling certain species
of Omphalia.

e. Guttata.

122. T. gambosum Gill, (from the hoof-like pileus ; gamba, a hoof)

a b c. Buff-white.

P. hemispherical. G. crowded.

Solitary or 2-3 connate ; in large rings or troops. Edible if gathered in dry
weather and not rank smelling. Odour strong of new meal, pleasant,
varying to rank as in Polyporus squamostis . Fields and downs. April-
July. 3|x 2 X i^in. " St. George's mushroom." Must not be confounded
with 133 or the solitary form of 123.

123. T. albellum Quel, (albus, white) a b c.

P. conical, then convex, pale dull yellowish-white. St. ovato-
bulbous, colour as P. G. very crowded.

Solitary or connate. Taste pleasant ; odour weak. Woods. April-Oct.
Solitary — 3 X 2 x 1 in. Connate — if X ij X \ in. The connate form
must not be confounded with connate 153.

124. T. boreale Karst. (from its growing chiefly in northern countries ;

borealis, northern) a b c.

P. subumbonate, flesh-colour. St. attenuate downwards, pale

flesh-colour. G. crowded.

Said to be edible. Odour of fresh meal. Grassy places. 2f x 2| x J in.
Not unlike 648 in general appearance.

125. T. amethystinum Gill, (from its colour) a.
P. livid lilac or grey-purple. St. livid.
Woods, pine. Sept. 2§ X 2 X \ in.

126. T. tigrinum Quel, (from the markings on the pileus) a b.
P. pallid brown, spotted-brown. St. white.

Solitary or coespitose. Odour usually none, sometimes fetid. Woods, fir,
open places; rare. June- July. Allied to 129 and 142.

127. T. pes-eaprse Quel, (from a fancied resemblance in the stem to

a goat's foot, pes-caprce) a c.
P. umbonate, fragile, grey or brownish; marg. cracked. St.
brownish-white. G. becoming ashy, rarely olive.

Odour of meal. Open places, under oaks. Oct. -Nov. 1$ x 2f X § in.
Var. multiforme Mass. Smaller and flesh of pileus thinner than type,
gregarious.

Tricholoma AGARIC ACE.E 4 1

f. Spongioscz.

128. T. Sehumaeheri Gill, (after Christian Friedrich Schumacher) a b.
P. livid grey or faint brownish-lilac ; mid. darker ; marg.

exceeding G. Sf. ivory-greyish or white, base villous. G.
subdecurrent, very crowded, white or brownish-white.
Woods, hothouses. Autumn. 3§ X 3§ X f in. Not unlike 153.

128a. T. amieum Gill, (from its being well known ; amicus, a friend) a.

P. fleshy, convexo-expanded, broadly umbonate, even, glabrous,

dusky- or olive-brown ; membrane of P. extending beyond G.

St. solid, firm, bulbous, white or slightly suffused with colour of

P. G. rounded, almost free, broad, distant, white. Flesh

white.

Solitary. Odour none. Amongst pines, mossy places. Autumn.
3 X 3^ X i in.

129. T. eireumteetum Sacc. (from the encircling margin of the

pileus, circumtectus) a b.

P. olive or dusky; mid. tawny. St. white. G. emarginate,

distant.

Taste mild ; odour none. Sept. 2\ x i| x f in. Elastic. Compare 126
and 142.

130. T. patulum Quel, (from the spread out pileus, patulus) a b c.

P. ivory-brown to pale, dull lavender-brown or whitish, becoming

pale yellowish. St. white. G. rounded, almost free to distant,

whitish.

Solitary, caespitose or in troops. Odour none. Woods, under birches. Only
appearing in very wet seasons. Oct. 4 X 3 X ij in. The caespitose
form must not be confounded with 179.

131. T. areuatum Quel, (from its arched gills) a c.

P. dark-brown • mid. almost black, becoming lighter. Sf. sub-
bulbous, white, brown at base. G. sinuate, white or buff-white.
Flesh becoming yellow or brownish.

Gregarious. Grassy ground. Oct -Nov. 2% x \\ X T75 in. Sometimes
confounded with 109a and 144.

132. T. oreinum Gill, (from its usual habitat ; Gr. oreinos, hilly) a.
P. livid brown ; marg. exceeding G. St. subbulbous, white

above, ochreous below. G. rounded, free. Flesh white.

Solitary. Odour none. Heaths and open ground. Autumn. I J x ij X 5 in.
Sometimes confounded with 144.

133. T. album Quel, (albus, white) a b c. Ivory-white, sometimes

becoming faintly yellowish or slightly buff, fleshy.
P. dry. St. attenuate upwards. G. sinuate.

Perhaps poisonous. Taste unpleasant, bitter, acrid ; odour weak or none.
Woods; frequent. Aug.-Nov. 4 x 35 x f in. Var. cccsariatiim Quel.
P. thin. St. thin. G. almost free. Must be carefully distinguished from
other white species.

42

AGARIC AC E^E Tricholoma

134. T. leueoeephalum Quel. (Gr. leukos, white, cefihak, head) a b c.

Unchanging white.

P. silky-downy. St. attenuate downwards. G. rounded.

Odour strong and pleasant of new meal. Woods, amongst leaves, lawns,
numerous specimens growing through, the flattened remains of a dead
hedgehog. Aug. -Oct. i\ x 2f x § in.

135. T. aeerbum Quel, (acerbus, bitter) a b c.

P. viscid when moist, buff or brown ; marg. involute brown-
wrinkled. St. solid, squamulose, light buff, darker below.
G. crowded, pallid, then spotted or rufescent.

Taste usually bitter, sometimes none ; odour strong and unpleasant, some-
times pleasant or none. Woods, shady places ; frequent. Aug.-Dec.
6 x 3j X \\ in.

136. T. militare Gill, (from its appearance as contrasted with 137 ;

miles ; a soldier) a.
P. very fleshy, viscid, cinnamon ; marg. white-floccose. St.

pallid. G. somewhat crowded, becoming livid-spotted.
Csespitose or in rows. Taste and odour unpleasant. Woods. Oct.

Si X 3l X I in.

137. T. civile Gill, (from its appearance as contrasted with 136 ;

avis, a citizen) a c.
P. subfleshy, subviscid, pale yellowish ; mid. darker. St.

whitish. G. becoming pale yellow, rarely spotted.
Odour none. Woods, pine. Oct. -Nov. 3 X 2\ x h in. Resembling an

exannulate 17.

138. T. personatum Que'l. (from its mask — the velvety edge of the

pileus and the scales on the stem as contrasted with 139 ;

persona, a mask) a b c.

P. very fleshy, somewhat pale livid-brown. St. brownish, bright

purple above, brittle below. G. livid, sometimes becoming

purplish.

Solitary or gregarious. Edible in dry weather, soddened and unwholesome
in wet. Pastures and downs, sometimes woods ; common. June-Nov.
5^ X 3| X I in. The "bluette," "blewitt," or "blue-leg." Often con-
founded with 139 and 1039.

138a. T. glaueoeanum Bres. {glaums, bluish-grey, canus, grey-
whitish) a b.
P. fleshy, somewhat soft, convexo-expanded, moist; marg. involute,
somewhat flocculoso-pruinose. St. solid, bulbous, fibrilloso-
striate, subsquamulose above, whitish-grey. G. emarginate,
very crowded, separating from hymenophore, purple-greyish.

Edible. Taste mild ; odour strong of new meal. Under conifers. Autumn.
2^ x 3 X f in. At length wholly hoary. Intermediate between 138
and 139.

138b. T. ssevum Gill, (from its aspect ; stevus, sinister) a.

P. convex, then plane, pallid brownish. St. somewhat shaggy-
squamulose, bright lilac-purple, lighter above, white at base.
G. crowded, pallid whitish.
On the earth, in woods, pasturages. Nov. 3! x 2| X £ in.

Tricholoma AGARICACE^E 43

139. T. nudum Quel, (from the naked edge of the pileus and smooth

stem when contrasted with 138) a b c.

P. somewhat thin, purple, rufescent. St. purple. G. purple to

rufescent.

Odour acid, pleasant. Woods, often amongst firs ; frequent. Sept. -Dec.
;,i X 2l x | in. Often confounded with 138, 149, 160, and 1039.
There is a large form twice the size of type.

140. T. eineraseens Gill, (from its ashy colour ; cims, ashes) a b.

P. white to ashy-grey. St. whitish. G. rounded, free, white,

then darker than P.

Gregarious, coespitose. Odour somewhat disagreeable, pungent, sometimes
like new meal. Woods ; frequent. Sometimes becomes blackish when
bruised. Aug.-Oct. 3 X 3J X \ in.

141. T. panseolum Quel. (Gr. panaiolos, variegated) a b.

P. convex, then flat, sooty-grey pruinose, or brown-yellow blotched

different shades of umber. St. naked, whitish-grey. G. sinuato-

rounded, then subdecurrent, white, then grey to dusky or

brownish.

Said to be edible and delicious. Odour not unpleasant. Grassy places.
Sept. -Nov. 3? X if X J in.

141a. T. enista Gill, (perhaps from Gr. knisa, odour of roasting fat) a-

P. convex, obtuse, plane, even, glabrous, moist, pale tan or

whitish • disc darker ; marg. incurved, even, naked. St. solid,

equal, even, glabrous, tough, white. G. adnexo-rounded,

crowded, transversely veined, inclined to separate from hymeno-

phore, white, pallid yellow or reddish when bruised. Flesh

rather thick, soft, white.

Grassy open places. Autumn. 3! x 3 J X h in. Similar to 141, but white,
not becoming grey.

142. T. duraeinum Sacc. (durus, hard, acinus, a berry) a. Ashy-grey.
P. very fleshy, broadly umbonate. St. attenuate upwards, reticu-

lato-squamose above, paler than P. or white. G. cinereous.
Under cedars. Oct. 2§ x 2| X ij in. Allied to 126.

g. Hygropha?ice.

143. T. grammopodium Quel, (from the striate stem ; Gr. gramme,

a line, pons, a foot) a b c.

P. depressed, umbonate, livid, opaque, brownish. St. whitish

brown, enlarged and white-villous below. G. whitish or livid.

Taste unpleasant ; odour mouldy, unpleasant. Pastures and grassy places in
woods; frequent. June—Nov. 5 J X 4 X f in. The pileus is frequently
clouded with white mycelium as in 153. There is a wholly white variety.

144. T. melaleueum Quel, (from the dark pileus and white stem;

Gr. melas, black, leukos, white) a b c.

P. flat, subumbonate, dark, smoky, olive- or slate-brown, varying

to lavender. St. white, often buff below. G. white, sometimes

becoming yellowish. Flesh unchanging white.

Taste strong and disagreeable or none ; odour pleasant or none. Grassy
places, orchards, gardens ; uncommon. March-Oct. 3§ X 2j X 5 in.

44 AGARIC ACEiE Tricholoma

Sometimes confounded with 131 and 132. Var. polioleiiaim Gill. jP. livid^
then grey. Var. porphyroleucum Gill. Firmer. P. fuliginous or fuscous,
then rufescent, with evanescent um.

145. T. brevipes Quel, (from its short stem ; brevis, short, pes, a

foot) a b c.

P. broadly subumbonate, livid pale- or red-brown or dull lavender.

St. bulbous, white to brownish. G. whitish to fuscous. Flesk

brown, white when dry.

Solitary or somewhat connate. Odour none. Woods, open places, fields,
etc. June-Nov. 3f X if X J in.

146. T. humile Quel, (humilis, low, dwarf) a b c.

P. livid ashy- or warm-brown, pale dull buff or pale slate, some-
times faintly zoned darker. St. pulverulento-villous, ashy-
white. G. whitish. Flesh whitish or ashy-brown.

Gregarious or caespitose. Taste not unpleasant ; odour none. Woods, open
places, gardens, cinder-heaps; frequent. Aug. -Nov. 2.\ X if X \ in.

147. T. exseissum Quel, (from the linear gills, as if cut away ;

excindo, to tear out) a b c.
P. umbonate, brownish-white, pale mouse-colour or somewhat

buff, varying dark brown. St. smooth, white. Flesh white.
Pastures. May-Nov. 3 X i\ X § in.

148. T. subpulverulentum Karst. (from the minute hoary powder

frequent on the pileus ; pulvis, dust) a b.
P. broadly subumbonate, pale livid-brown, greyish or whitish.
St. smooth, slightly striate, white. G. white. Flesh white.

Sometimes in large rings, twenty or more feet in diameter. Taste at first
agreeable, at length astringent. Woods, pastures, gardens. Aug.-Oct.
2? X if X f in.

149. T. sordidum Quel, (sordidus, dirty) a b e.

P. broadly subumbonate, pale livid to purplish pale brown. St.

colour as P. G. sinuato- or adnato-decurrent, becoming distant,

purplish or pale brownish.

Gregarious, somewhat caespitose. Odour none. Pastures, manure, dung
heaps. July-Nov. 3J X 2§ X § in. Sometimes mistaken for a pale form
of 139.

150. T. psedidum Quel, (padidus, nasty, mean) a.

P. tough, flaccid, umbonate, smoky-grey or dull brown, at first
radiato-streaked with fibrils. St. paler than P. G. crowded,
rounded, whitish, then grey.

Odour none. Woods, grassy places, gardens, on dunghills. Aug.
if X i| X 5 in.

151. T. lixivium Karst. (from its watery-ashy colour ; lixivium, ashes

and water) a b c.
P. umbonate, umber, ashy-brown when dry. St. floccoso-
pruinose, white, then as P. G. distant, adnexo-rounded, grey.
Woods, pine. Nov. 3 x 2§ x \ in.

Clitocybe

AGARICACE/E

45

152. T. putidum Karst. (putidus, stinking) a c.

P. subumbonate, olive-grey or brown, hoary or sprinkled white-
silky. St. grey, white pruinose. G. crowded, adnexo-free,
ashy-grey.

Odour strong, rancid. Woods, pine. Oct.-Nov. 2 x 2j x | in.

VII. CLITOCYBE Quel.
(From the decurrent gills ; Gr. klitos, a declivity, kube, a head.)

Veil universal, imperfect or obsolete, manifest as pruina, flock,
silkiness or squamules on the pileus and stem. Hymen op hore
confluent and homogeneous with the fleshy stem. Films varying

Fig. 16. — Section of Clitocybe uebularis Quel.
One-third natural size.

infundibuliform to piano-depressed, usually fleshy at the disc,
margin at first involute. Stem central, simple, without cartila-
ginous bark. Gills decurrent, rarely adnate, with an acute edge.
Spores elliptical or subglobose, smooth. (Fig. 16.)

The species usually grow on the ground, but exceptions occur in
185, 201, 208, 212, and 223, which rarely grow on logs, stumps or
rotten wood ; they commonly grow in clusters, many are fragrant
and appear in the late autumn or early winter ; a few are
edible.

Must not be confounded with Hygrophorus, where the gills are
thick and often of a wax-like substance, or with Ca?itharellus, where
the gills are very thick and fold-like, or Lent'mus, Panus or Xerotus,
where the substance is leathery and the habitat usually stumps.

Species 153 — 224

46 AGARIC ACE^ Clitocybe

A. Pileus fleshy, not hygrophanous, often becoming pale and silky

in drying.

a. Disciformes. Pileus convex, then plane or depressed, regular.

Gills adnate or adnato decurrent.

Pileus ashy or brownish. 153 — 159

Pileus violaceous, rufescent. 160 — 163

Pileus becoming yellow. 164 — 167

Pileus green, except 170, then pale ; odour sweet. 168 — 170

Pileus white. 171 — 177

/;. Difformes. Pileus at first umbonate, then expanded or

depressed. Gills unequally decurrent. Generally caespitose,

sometimes solitary. 178 — 189

c. Infuudibuliformes. Pileus at length deeply depressed. Gills

truly decurrent. Often losing colour in drying.
Pileus coloured, becoming hyaline, minutely flocculose or
silky. Hygrophanous but not externally moist. 190 — 195

Pileus varied in colour. Moist in rainy weather. 196 — 204
Pileus shining whitish, slightly flocculoso-sprinkled or smooth.

205—207

B. Hygrophanous.

d. Cyathiformes. Pileus cup-shaped. Gills at first adnate, then

decurrent. Colours dull when moist. (Must not be
confounded with the Hydi'ogrammce, under Omfilialia.)

208—214

e. Orbiformes. Pileus convex, then plane or depressed, shining,

not mealy or squamulose. Gills adnate or adnato-toothed.

Colours dull or watery-hyaline.
Pileus at first dark. Gills becoming ashy. 215 — 217

Pileus becoming pale. Gills whitish. 218 — 221

f. Versiformes. Pileus tough, more or less squamulose or

furfuraceous. Gills adnate or decurrent, somewhat thick,,
distant. Stem tough.

Pileus dull or dusky with darker squamules. 222, 223

Pileus bright in colour. 224

a. Disciformes.

153. C. nebularis Quel, (from the frequent clouds of white mycelium
on the pileus ; nebula, a cloud) a b c.
P. smoky-brown, grey, or pale slate. St. spongy-elastic, whitish
or grey. G. crowded, shortly decurrent, white. Flesh opaque
white.

Laxly gregarious, rarely connate as in 1 23. Edible. Taste somewhat peppery ;
odour of curd cheese. Woods, fir, beech, hedge-bottoms, etc , amongst
leaves; common. Aug.-Dec. 6 X 4.5 X ij in. There is a white variety.
Must not be confounded with 128. The mycelium on pileus gives rise to
451. A similar mycelium occurs on 143.

Clitocybe AGARIC AC E^E 47

154. C. elavipes Gill, (from the club-shaped stem • clava^ a club,

pes, a foot) a b c.

P. flat, sooty-brown or grey ; marg. often white. St. smoky-livid,

somewhat fibrillose. G. subdistant, deeply decurrent, white.

Flesh hyaline-whitish.

Odour mild, pleasant. Woods, spruce-fir, pine, beech ; common. July-Nov.
2^ x 2§ x h in. There is a white variety. The pileus is sometimes 4 in.
or more in diam.

154a. C. eomitialis Gill, (perhaps from its being one of a number of

allied forms which meet at this position in Clitocybe) a.

P. obtuse, soon plane, even, glabrous, somewhat moist, not

hygrophanous, sooty-brown, almost black. St. stuffed, attenuate

upwards, obconic, glabrous, sooty-brown. G. subdecurrent,

horizontal, thin, crowded, white. Flesh white or whitish.

Odour none. Pine - woods, damp places amongst moss. Autumn,
if x 3| X T5^ in. Firmer and smaller than 154.

155. C. gangrenosa Gill, (from its ulcerous appearance ; gangrtzna,

an ulcer) a b c.
P. livid, at first white-pulverulent. St. slender to stout, sooty-
grey. G. sub- or sinuato-decurrent.

Taste insipid, unpleasant ; odour sometimes strongly fetid, meal-like but
nauseous, sometimes strong and not unpleasant. Woods and plantations,
larch ; rare. Oct.-Nov. 3§ X 3$ X § in. More or less changing within
and without to slate-colour or black ; the flesh changes from livid to
indigo, then black ; sepia-black when dry. Must not be confounded
with 1168.

155a. C. polia Karst. (Gr. polios, grey) a b.

P. glabrous, not hygrophanous, pale grey or pale olive-brownish ;

marg. whitish. St. solid, slightly attenuate upwards, white,

pale brownish below. G. somewhat deeply decurrent, closely

crowded, very narrow, white. Flesh white, pale brown in P.

Caespitose, usually in small clusters, but sometimes 1 ft. 4 in. in diam.
Woods. Autumn. 2 x 3 J X § in.t

156. C. inornata Gill, (inornatus, unadorned) a b c.

P. with a separable livid-brownish pellicle, which frequently
cracks from the marg. upwards and peels up, unchanging livid.
St. greyish or brownish. G. decurrent, colour as St. Flesh

^rey.

Odour mushroom-like. Fields, woods ; under cedars ; rare. Oct.-Nov.
4 x 2J x i in.

156a. C. luseina Karst. (from the often small eye-like pileus and the
solitary habit ; luscinus, one-eyed) a.
P. somewhat fleshy, even, edge spreading, glabrous, grey on a
pale reddish or buff ground, purple or slate-brown when young ;
marg. striate. St. solid, attenuate downwards, greyish or
faintly brownish, white pulverulent. G. subdecurrent, crowded,
yellowish- or salmon-whitish, shaded grey.
In pastures. Autumn. 2 x 2 X ^ in.

48 AGARICACE^E Clitocybe

157. C. eurtipes Gill, (from the short stem; curto, to shorten,/^, a

foot) a.
P. expanded, oblique, obtuse, olive-ochre to olive- or flesh-brown.

St. rigid, thickened upwards, olive-brown, subpruinose. G.

adnate, closely crowded, ivory-white.
Grassy places. Autumn, if x I X § in.

158. C. hirneola Quel, (from a fancied jug-like shape ; hiruea, a jug)

a be.
P. umbilicate, minutely silky-hoary, whitish, grey, tan or olive
shaded. St. colour as P., hoary above. G. decurrent, crowded,
lighter than P., becoming hoary.

Amongst moss and grass, roadsides. Oct. ij x if X J in. Must not be
confounded with members of Omphalia.

159. C. zygophylla Sacc. (from the vein-connected gills ; Gr. zygon,

a yoke, phullon, a leaf) a b.

P. whitish; mid. pale buff; marg. rugose or plicate, becoming

white. St. whitish, downy at base. G. decurrent, subdistant,

pale clay-colour.

Amongst leaves. Oct. -Nov. 4 X if X £ in. Resembling in general appear-
ance 202 and 1278. In the whitish-tawny pileus and clay-coloured gills it
resembles 570.

160. C. eyanophsea Sacc. (Gr. kuanos, blue, phaios, dusky) a.

P. pale slate-blue ; mid. brown. St. paler than P., becoming
yellowish, abruptly white above. G. deeply decurrent, pale
slate-blue.

Woods. 2f x 2§ X \ iii. Must not be confounded with 139.

161. C. opipara Gill, (opiparus, splendid) a b.

P. shining, bronzy flesh-colour. St. pale brownish. G. adnato-
decurrent, white to pale yellowish.

Taste and odour pleasant. Mossy places under trees, beech. Oct.
3 x 3 X I in.

162. C. amara Quel, (amarus, bitter) a b c.

P. flat, dull buff, then whitish. St. white. G. adnato -decurrent,

crowded, white.
Odour of new meal. Woody places. Oct. 3^ X i£ X § in.

163. C. soeialis Gill, (from its gregarious habit) a.

P. acutely umbonate, reddish-buff. St. brownish, strigose at base.
G. sinuato-decurrent, scarcely crowded, becoming yellowish.

Odour none. Amongst fir-leaves. Sept. -Oct. if X i|X 5 in. Must not
be confounded with 165.

164. C. amarella Quel, {amarus, bitter) a b.

P. subumbonate, pallid fawn to whitish. St. solid, colour as P.

G. subdecurrent, crowded, pallid.

Taste very fetid-bitter ; odour strong of prussic acid or very disagreeable.
Woods. Oct. 2.\ X if X \ in.

Clitocybe AGARICACE^ 49

165. C. vernieosa Gill, (from the shining pileus ; vends, varnish) a b.
P. yellowish or buff. St. stuffed, yellow. G. adnato-decurrent,

subdistant, sulphur-yellow. Flesh whitish to pale sulphur.

Odour none. Woods, fir, larch ; rare. Autumn. 3^ X if X § in.
Somewhat resembles a yellow Hygrophorus.

166. C. venustissima Karst. {yemistus, beautiful) a b.

P. thin, subumbilicate, orange-vermilion ; marg. crenate. St,

orange-yellow, base white. G. decurrent, subdistant, yellow.

Odour none. Amongst larch and pine leaves. Autumn. 2 x lh X J in.
Resembles a yellow Hygrophorus.

167. C. subalutaeea Gill, (from its colour ; aluta, soft leather) a c.
P. thick, subumbonate or depressed, pale tan. St. pale straw.

G. adnato-decurrent, distant, pallid white.

Odour as in 168, or weak of anise, sometimes strong and disagreeable of
rancid meal or none. Under trees, hollies. Nov. 2 x if X § in.

168. C. odora Quel, (odorus, fragrant) a b c.

P. subumbonate, dull greenish or bluish. St. greyish, whitish,

greenish or pale brownish. G. paler than P.

Single or subcsespitose. Odour strong and pleasant of melilot, anise,
almonds, meadow-sweet or new-mown hay, stronger in recently dried
examples. Woods, grassy places, roadsides. Aug.-Nov. 3 x if X § in.

169. C. Trogii Sacc. (after Jacob Gabriel Trog, Swedish botanist) a.
P. subumbonate, ashy-white to buff-grey. St. solid, white. G.

white.

Said to be edible. Odour fragrant and spicy as in 168. Woods, amongst
leaves. Oct.-Nov. 3A x \\ X \ in. The colour approaches 215.

170. C. rivulosa Quel, (from the rivulose cracks on the pileus) a b.
P. whitish, very pale or brownish flesh-colour or brownish-ochre

with no shade of green, appearing at first as if whitish-
varnished, the cracking of this coat giving the rivulose appear-
ance. St. colour as P. G. flesh-colour.

Solitary, gregarious or coespitose. Taste mild ; odour pleasant. On leaves,
amongst moss, pastures, roadsides, etc. Oct.-Nov. if x I J X ^ in.
Some small forms, as the var. neptunea Mass. approach 171.

171. C. cerussata Quel (from its colour ; cerussa, white-lead) a b c.

St. solid. G. adnato-decurrent, very crowded, never yellow.

Often in troops. Taste mild, pleasant, sweet, or like 1394, sometimes
rancid ; odour pleasant or none. Woods, mixed, fir ; frequent. April-
Oct. 3§ X 2 X f in. There are three forms : — I. Stout; like 122 and 123.
2. Slender; like 172. 3. Large, stout, irregular. The var. difforjnis
Gill, is British. Sometimes springs from dense, creeping mycelium. A
close ally of 188.

172. C. phyllophila Quel. (Gr. phiilion, a leaf, fi/iilos, loving) a b c.
P. tan or white. St. stuffed or hollow, sometimes pale brownish.

G. slightly decurrent, subcrowded, sometimes buff-white or
yellowish.

Caespitose and larger, solitary and smaller. Odour mealy or none. Woods,
chiefly amongst beech-leaves, one form on pine-leaves. Sept. - Dec.
3 X 2| x § in. Must not be confounded with 367.

E

50 AGARICACE,^ Clitocybe

173. C. pithyophila Gill. (Gr. fiitus, pine, philos, loving) a b c.

Persistently white.

P. plano-umbilicate, thin, hygrophanous. St. somewhat hollow,

tomentose at base. G. adnato-decurrent, very crowded.

Gregarious or subc?espitose. Odour pleasant. Pine-woods ; frequent.
Sept. -Nov. 2§ X § X ^V m- Must not be confounded with 206.

174. C. tornata Quel, (from its shape ; torno, to turn on a lathe) a.
P. gibbous; mid. fleshy. St. stuffed, pubescent at base. G.

adnate with a decurrent tooth, very crowded.

Odour none. Woods, amongst grass, by decayed stumps, elm. Oct.
2 X 2 X \ in. Always small.

175. C. eandieans Quel, (amdicans, shining-white) a b c.

P. mid. not fleshy. St. somewhat hollow. G. adnato-decurrent,
crowded.

Odour of new meal. Woods, amongst damp leaves ; common. July-Nov.
I^ X l| X J in. Must not be confounded with 176.

176. C. dealbata Gill, (dealbatus, whitewashed) a b c.

P. not fleshy. St. stuffed or hollow. G. adnate or adnato-
decurrent, crowded.

Odour sweet, weak, pleasant, mealy but fungoid. Woods and pastures,
sometimes on old mushroom-beds ; common. July-Nov. 2.\ X if X § in.
Some small, delicate forms, var. minor Sacc, are at times confounded
with 175.

177. C. gallinaeea Gill, (from its colour, like a hen's egg ; gallina,

a hen) a b c.

St. solid. G. adnato-decurrent, crowded.

In troops, sometimes in rings, amongst grass. Taste slightly fetid-acrid ;
odour strong, earthy. Woods and pastures, amongst grass and moss ;
common. Sept. -Nov. if x i£ X \ in.

b. Difformes.

178. C. ampla Gill, (amplus, large) a b.

P. fleshy, somewhat silky, sooty or ochreous-brown. St. white
or brownish- white. G. decurrent or sinuato-adnate and toothed.
Flesh fibrous.

Tasteless ; odour none. Woods, amongst moss. Sept. -Nov. 6|X3fXifin.

178a. C. molybdina Gill, (from the dark, lead-coloured pileus ; Gr.

molubdaina, lead-ore) a.

P. fleshy, campanulate, expanded, umbonate, even, glabrous ;

marg. thin, somewhat dark sooty-umber; mid. sooty-buff.

St. solid, stout, fibroso-striate, mealy-squamulose above, pallid

or yellowish salmon-white, white at base. G. adnate, broad,

pale yellowish-salmon.

Caespitose. Woods. Autumn. 5J X 6| X f in. With the general appear-
ance of 458 (var. eximius), but the adnate gills and white spores very
different.

Clitocybe AGARICACE.^ 5 1

179. C. deeastes Quel, (from its growing in clusters of about ten ;

Gr. dekas, a company of ten) a b.

P. very thin, of two easily separable strata, tan-grey or tan.
St. whitish. G. adnato-decurrent, subdistant, white.

Coespitose, in clusters of about one foot in diam. Woods, oak, beech, by-
paths, plantations, gardens, orchards, on sawdust. Oct.-Nov. 9X4! Xh in.
Must not be confounded with 130.

180. C. subdeeastes Sacc. (from its affinity with 179) a b.

P. very thin, campanulate, smooth, even, ivory-white ; mid.

ochreous. St. silky-fibrous, shining-white. G. rounded,

crowded, thin, white.
Caespitose. Taste and odour none. On the ground. Sept. 35 x Sh X 2 in-

181. C. aggregata Gill, (from its growing in clusters ; aggregates,

collected together) a c.

P. gibbous, then depressed, not fleshy, often excentric, grey or

dull ochreous. St. whitish. G. subdecurrent, crowded, pale

ochreous or flesh-colour.

Odour strong. Woods, oak, on sawdust, mushroom-beds. July-Oct.
3i X 3J X f in. Becoming rufous-stained.

182. C. elixa Karst. (from its sodden condition in wet weather ;

elixus, soaked) a b.

P. gibbous, very fleshy, hygrophanous, sooty-brownish or greyish,

becoming pale. St. pallid brownish. G. decurrent, distant,

white.

In troops. Woods ; frequent. Oct.-Nov. 4I X 2.\ x f in. Very bibulous,
becoming saturated with moisture ; heavy and brittle in wet or frosty
weather, breaking with its own weight.

183. C. fumosa Quel, (from its smoky colour ; fwmis, smoke) a b c.
P. subgibbous, then plane, greasy-looking brown to livid-
whitish ; mid. sometimes slightly scurfy as in 69. St. whitish
or brownish. G. rounded, adnate, or decurrent, crowded,
greyish- or brownish-white, or yellowish-olive-white.

Gregarious or caespitose in groups a foot or more in diam. Suspected
poisonous. Tasteless or insipid ; odour strong, fungoid, or none. Woods,
often on wood-ashes, old sawdust, amongst grass, on rubbish-heaps, on
earth where trees have been felled ; uncommon. June-Nov. 4^X2§x§in.
Often in company with 277 and 1374.

184. C. tumulosa Sacc. (from the mound-like appearance of the

connate groups ; tumulus, a mound) a b.
P. gibbous, umber becoming pale. St. floccoso-pruinose, white.

G. subdecurrent, crowded, white to livid grey.
Larger forms laxly coespitose, smaller, densely caespitose. Woods. Sept.

3h X 3i X f in.

185. C. pergamena Mass. (from its colour, like parchment, perga-

mend) a.
P. umbonate, at first brown. St. solid, with a brittle cartila-
genous bark. G. broadly sinuato-decurrent.

Caespitose. Stumps. Oct. 2 x 5 X T5g in. The habitat and cartilaginous
bark point to Collybia rather than Clitocybe.

E 2

52 AGARIC ACE^: Clitocybe

186. C. eryptarum Mass. (from its occasional appearance in cellars ;

crypta, a vault) a b.
P. subcorneal, then depressed, floccose, pale buff or brown,
spotted. St. hollow, paler than P., mottled within. G. sub-
decurrent, white.

Densely caespitose. Taste insipid ; odour none. Sawdust. Oct. 2lx3^x£in.
With the varying habit and size of 184.

187. C. monstrosa Gill, (monstrosus, strange) a b. White.

P. convexo-umbonate. St. solid, white-farinose above. G.
rounded, crowded.

Often densely caespitose. Probably edible. On the ground. Sept. -Oct.
2£ X 1^ X § in. May be an autumnal form of 122 or a variety of 133, or
a form of 94. It may be a Tricholoma, as suggested by Berkeley, but
cannot be a form of 124 as suggested by Fries. It is more probably a
form of 123 ; the spores are the same in size. Stem sometimes 6 in. long.

188. C. opaea Gill, (from its opaque colour) a b c. White with a

silvery glare.
P. convexo-plane, subumbonate then repand, floccose. St.
stuffed. G. adnato-decurrent, very crowded. Flesh pale
brownish.

Single or connate. Woods. Oct.-Nov. 3 x 2§ x T55 in. A close ally
of 171.

189. C. occulta Mass. (from its doubtful characters ; occultus, hidden) a.

Cartilaginous, tough.
P. convexo-plane, then slightly depressed, innato-virgate ; mid.

livid-smoky ; marg. whitish. St. solid, paler than P. or white.

G. subdecurrent, subdistant, white.
Gregarious. Charred ground. Nov. 3 x 2£ x § in.

c. Infundibuliformes,

190. C. maxima Quel, (maximus, the greatest) a b. Tan-whitish.

P. thin, umbonate ; marg. even. St. solid. G, subcrowded,
not branched. Flesh white.

Odour weak and pleasant, sometimes strong. Grassy places, hedge- banks,
woods, pastures ; frequent. July-Nov. iof X 4$ X if in. Sometimes a
foot or more high and broad. Often confounded with 1172 ; the latter has
no umbo, has a sulcate margin, is less infundibuliform, has branched gills,
and a short stem.

191. C. infundibuliformis Quel, (infwidibulum, a funnel, forma,

form) a b c.
P. thin, typically umbonate, pale buff then white. St. spongy-
stuffed, ivory-white. G. subcrowded, ivory-white.

Odour usually weak and pleasant, often like anise, sometimes none. Woods,
grassy places, near trees, beeches, rarely on rotten wood ; common.
June-Dec. 3| X 1^ X ^ in. A variable species. There is a wholly white
variety. Var. membranacca Gill. P. membranous ; brick-red. Woods,
pine.

Clitocybe AGARICACE^: 53

192. C. trullaeformis Karst. (triilla, a ladle, forma, form) a c.

P. thin, flocculoso-villous, dry, brown-grey to brown. St. spongy-
stuffed, ashy-grey. G. distant, connected by veins, white.

Borders of fir-woods, amongst grass and bushes. Oct. 2\ x l§ X J in.
Must not be confounded with 208.

193. C. ineilis Gill, (from its incised or crenate pileus ; incilis,

incised) a b.

P. piano-depressed, silky-flocculose, reddish. St. hollow, attenuate

downwards, colour as P. G. distant, veined, white.

Odour strong of meal, sometimes none. Woods, under firs. Nov.
2| X I X \ in. Resembles a small 1297.

194. C. sinopiea Gill, (from Sinope in Patagonia, where red-lead is

found — from the vermilion-brownish pileus) a b c.

P. slightly depressed, floccoso-rivulose, dry. St. stuffed, colour

as P. or buff. G. subdecurrent, very crowded, white, then

yellowish.

Woods, chiefly on burnt places. Oct. if x \\ X T3F in. Resembling a
small 1300.

195. C. parilis Gill, (from its symmetrical growth) a b c.

P. subdepressed, atomate or flocculose, brownish, mottled darker,
then white-grey. St. stuffed, pale yellowish-brown or brown-
grey. G. very crowded, ivory-grey.

Woods, sides of plantations. Sept.-Oct. 2^ X \\ X \ in. Resembling a
Lactarius. Must not be confounded with Tricholoma or Omphalia.

196. C. gilva Quel, (gilvus, pale yellowish-brown) a b c.

P. subdepressed, sometimes reddish, guttate-spotted. St. paler

than P. G. pallid, then ochreous.

Woods, pine. Oct. -Dec. 3 X 2^ x £ in. Staining paper umber when
dried. Resembles in form Paxillus and Lactarius.

197. C. subinvoluta W. G. Sm., Agaricus subinvolutus W. G. Sm.

(from the subinvolute margin of the pileus) a b. Wholly pale

buff, at length slightly spotted or clouded buff or yellow.

P. fleshy, plane, subdepressed ; mid. darker guttate-spotted ;

marg. at first subinvolute. St. solid, subbulbous, darker

below. G. decurrent, broad. Flesh buff-white, darker

below.

Under firs. Oct. 3§ X i\ X f in. Not Agaricus subinvolutus Batsch,
which is a form of 1181.

198. C. geotropa Quel, (from the often strongly deflected margin of

the pileus ; Gr. ge, the earth, trepo, to turn) a b c.
P. depressed, typically umbonate, pale brown, at first guttate-
spotted. St. attenuate upwards, tan-brownish. G. white.

Sometimes in fairy-rings of great size. Odour of almonds. Woods, pastures.
Sept. -Dec. 6| x 6 x & in. Pileus sometimes 9 in. in diam. Varies with
a short stem and exumbonate. Intermediate forms occur between this
and 197.

54 AGARICACE^ Clitocybe

199. C. spinulosa Sacc. (from a mistaken reference to the supposed

spinulose spores) a b.
P. plane, subdepressed, umbonate, leathery, pale buff to rufe-
scent flesh-colour. St. red-buff above, paler below, concen-
trically cracked white, as in 21. G. white, then light yellowish.
Flesh white.

In troops or two or three connate. Odour sweet, pleasant. Amongst grass
by roadsides. Nov. 4 x 3! X f in.

200. C. splendens Gill, (splendens, shining) a b.

P. depressed, pale shining metallic-yellowish, shaded reddish-
brown. St. solid, attenuate upwards, colour as P. G. white,
then light yellow.

Solitary. Woods, amongst dead pine-leaves, etc. Sept. 4 X i£ X f in.
Intermediate between 196 and 202.

201. C. inversa Quel, (from the down-turned margin of the pileus)

a b c.

P. depressed, somewhat fragile, oily-smooth in appearance, not

guttate, yellowish-buff to dull crimson-brownish. St. stuffed

or solid, lighter than P. G. whitish or yellowish. Flesh as

P. but lighter.

Solitary, subgregarious or caespitose. Taste same as mushroom ; odour acid.
Woods, chiefly fir, sometimes on logs ; frequent. Aug. -Dec. 3J X 3 X ^ in.
Not unlike 1299 in general appearance. A luxuriant form is Agaricus
lobatus Sowerby.

202. C. flaeeida Quel, (from the limp pileus ; flaccidus, limp) a b c.
P. broadly umbilicate, sienna or buff. St. subhollow, pale

sienna. G. obconico-decurrent, crowded, whitish, becoming

yellow. Flesh white to brownish.

Solitary, sometimes gregarious, forming rings. Taste insipid. Plantations,
fir, hills. Sept. -J an. 3 x i\ X § in. 201 and 202 are sometimes undis-
tinguishable ; the colours \ary yellowish-brown to brick-red. Must not be
confounded with 159. Resembles 1278.

203. C. vermicularis Quel, (from its colour • vermis, a worm) a b.
P. broadly umbilicate, flesh-colour or light brownish. St. yellow

to white. G. arcuato-decurrent, colour as St. Flesh lighter
than P.
Fir-woods. Sept. -Oct. i\ X 2.\ x f in. Resembling a small 1288.

204. C. senilis Gill, (from the wrinkled aspect of the pileus ; senilis,

old) a b.

P. infundibuliform, concentrically cracked, olive -brown or tan-
brownish. St. solid, paler than P. G. decurrent in a straight
line, paler than St.

Gregarious. Odour none. Woods, pine, lawns, etc. Autumn. 3jX if X -^ in.

205. C. eatinus Quel, (from its bowl-shaped pileus ; eatimis, a

bowl) a.
P. depressed, becoming flesh-colour. St. spongy-stuffed, attenuate

upwards. G. colour as P.
Odour pleasant. Amongst dead leaves. Autumn. 2f X 2 x § in.

Clitocybe AGARICACE.E 55

206. C. tuba Gill, (from its trumpet-shaped pileus ; tuba, a trumpet)

a c.
P. narrowly umbilicate, sometimes pale blue-grey. St. stuffed or
hollow, colour as P. G. deeply decurrent, very crowded,
white.

Gregarious. Taste mild of radish ; odour of meal or horseradish or none.
Woods, pine, on dead leaves. Oct.-Nov. 2J x 2\ X T% in. Must not be
confounded with 173.

207. C. erieetorum Quel, (from its habitat ; ericetum, a heath) a b c.
P. deeply depressed, arid. St. solid, attenuate downwards. G.

subdecurrent, subdistant.

Odour pleasant. Sept. -Nov. i| X I X J in, Resembling 1214 in
appearance.

d. Cyathiformes.

208. C. eyathiformis Quel {cyatlms, a cup, forma, form) a b c.

P. broadly umbilicate, deep brown, pale when dry. ,5"/. attenuate
upwards, paler than P. G. distant, pale brownish-white.
Flesh colour as G.

Woods, pastures, etc., rarely on rotten wood and tan-heaps ; common.
Aug.-Feb. 2\ x 2\ x § in. Must not be confounded with 192.

209. C. eineraseens W. G. Sm., Agaricus cinerascens Batsch (from its

colour; cinis, ashes) a.
P. piano-depressed, lavender-brownish. St. equal, striate, pale
greyish or brownish. G. adnato-decurrent, white, then
yellowish or grey.

Amongst moss. Autumn. \\ x \\ X T3S in.

210. C. expallens Quel, (expallens, growing pale) a b.

P. piano-depressed, very watery, white or pale brown. St.
hollow-flocculose, paler than P. G. adnato-decurrent, white
or greyish.

Woods, mixed, pastures, etc. Aug.-Dec. 2 x i£ X ^n m» Smaller, usually
earlier, paler, less depressed and with less distant gills than 208.

211. C. obbata Quel, (from the cup-shaped pileus ; obba, a cup) a c.
P. deeply depressed, submembranous, blackish-brown or blackish-
grey ; marg. striate. St. hollow, ashy-brown. G. distant, dull
grey.

Odour none. Woods, fir, downs. Oct. -Nov. i\ x 2 x -^ in.

212. C. pruinosa Quel, (from its pruinose appearance) a c.

P. broadly and somewhat deeply depressed, sometimes squamu-
lose, olive-brown, then grey. St. paler than P. G. crowded,
white, then dull yellowish.

Odour none. Pine-woods amongst moss, sometimes on rotten wood. Nov.-
Dec. 3 X if x \ in.

56 AGARICACE^E Clitocybe

213. C. eoneava Gill, (from the concave pileus) a c.

P. deeply umbilicato-depressed, very thin, tough, grey- or olive-
brown ; marg. not striate. St. ashy-grey. G. very crowded,
colour as P.

Often gregarious. Odour none. Plantations, woods, fir, pastures ; rare.
Sept. 2j X I X r5 in. Must not be confounded with Omphalia.

214. C. brumalis Quel, (from its usual time of appearance ; bruma,

winter) a b c.
P. broadly plano-umbilicate, brown or whitish. St. hollow, paler
than P. G. crowded, livid to yellowish-white.

Taste sometimes slightly nauseous ; odour weak, earthy, not unpleasant,
evanescent or none. Woods, on pine-leaves, amongst heather, on commons,
on dirt-heaps ; common. Oct. -Jan. 2 x z\ x \ in.

e. Orbiformes.

214a. C. orbiformis Gill, (orbis, a circle, forma, form) a c.

P. convex, plane, obtuse, not truly depressed, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, smoky-grey ; marg. spreading, even. St. stuffed,
elastic, somewhat striate, attenuate and naked upwards, grey,
base downy. G. adnato-decurrent, somewhat distant, greyish-
white.

Odour none. Grassy places in pine-woods. Autumn. 2 X 3 X j35 in.
Analogous with, but not allied to 208.

215. C. metaehroa Que'l. (Gr. mefachroos, changing colour) a b c.

P. umbonate, then piano-depressed, ochreous-whitish to brownish-
grey ; marg. at length striate. St. white. G. adnato-decurrent,
ashy-whitish.

Odour none. Woods, pine, dry places, grassy woods, on leaves, rotting
fern, turf, earth, dirt-heaps. May-Nov. if X 2 J x ^ in.

216. C. pausiaea Gill, (from its olive-coloured gills ; fiausia, an

olive) a c.
P. piano-depressed, subumbonate, tan, brown or grey. St. ashy-
grey, white above. G. obtusely adnato-rounded.

Odour weak of meal. Woods, pine. Oct. if x if X £ in.

217. C. ditopus Gill, (from the habit, often growing in twos ; Gr. dittos,

twofold, potis, a foot) a b c.

P. broadly umbilicate, horny, dark ashy-grey, or dull brown- or
fuscous-ochre ; marg. clouded-sooty. St. hollow, pale ashy-
grey. G. adnate, crowded, colour as P.

Odour strong of new meal. Woods, pine, dead leaves. Oct. 3 X 2 X \ in.

218. C. diatreta Quel, (from its perforate stem ; Gr. diatretos, per-

forate) a.
P. piano-depressed, flesh-colour, then tan. St. pallid flesh-
colour. G. adnato-decurrent, colour as St.

Odour almost obsolete. Woods, pine. Autumn. i\ x ij X J in.

Clitocybe AGARICACE^ 57

219. C. fragrans Quel, (fragrans ^ sweet-scented) a b c.

P. broadly depressed, pallid white • marg. substriate. St. colour

as P. G. adnato-decurrent, somewhat crowded.

Odour strong of anise. Woods, pastures. July-Jan. 2^X3XT3^in. Often
attacked by the mould, Sporodinia Aspergillus.

220. C. angustissima Gill, (from its very narrow gills; a?igusttis,

narrow) a b. Pallid white.
P. broadly umbilicate, very thin, firm. St. fibrous, flexuous. G.

decurrent, very crowded.
Odour none. Woods, amongst leaves. Oct. 2 X 2.\ x \ in.

221. C. obsoleta Quel, (from its pallid tint ; obsoletiis, faint) a c.

Hygrophanous.

P. piano-depressed, pale grey or flesh-colour, soon white. St.

not flexuous. G. adnato-decurrent, somewhat broad, pale grey.

Gregarious. Slightly fragrant of bitter almonds or anise. Amongst grass
and leaves. Oct. -Nov. i^xifx^in.

f. Versifor??ies.

222. C. eetypa Gill, (from the projecting sooty squamules in the

middle of the pileus ; Gr. ektupos^ worked in relief) a b.

P. fleshy, piano-depressed, yellowish or brownish ; marg. striate.

St. attenuate upwards, dull light yellow, becoming black at

base. G. decurrent, white, then rufous-spotted.

Gregarious, often caespitose. Odour pleasant of anise, becoming fetid.
Meadows, damp places. Dec. 2| x 55 X T% in. Often greatly resembles 69.

223. C. bella Gill, (bellus, beautiful) a c.

P. convex, umbilicato-depressed, orange ; sq. rufescent. St. pale

orange. G. adnato-toothed, broad, yellow, rufescent or pale

flesh-colour.

Subcaespitose. Fetid. Plantations, fir, sometimes on rotten fir- wood ;
uncommon. Sept. if X if X 3^ in.

224. C. laeeata Quel, (from the red colour — as of gum-lac — of the

pileus) a b c.
P. convex, plano-umbilicate, then repand, mealy-squamulose,
rufescent, becoming ochreous. St. usually attenuate down-
wards, nbrillose, colour as P. G. adnato-toothed, flesh-colour.

Odour sometimes of garlic. Woods, forests, commons ; common. May-Dec.
2 X 3 X f in. The pileus is sometimes brilliant or blackish-purple,
becoming lavender, with stem and gills bright purple {Agaricus amethy-
stimts Bolt.). A very small form with a hair-like stem occurs.

Agaricus Sadleri B. & Br. placed in this position by Stevenson is probably
the same as 824. Berkeley has proposed a new genus, Laccaria, for the
reception of 224 and its allies.

224a. C. proxima Boud. (from its being like the brown form of

224) a.

P. convex, then plane, glabrous, yellowish-brown. St. even,

smooth, paler than P. G. adnato-decurrent, somewhat pink.

Woods. Oct. 1 J x i\ X ^ in. Differs from 224 in the glabrous P. and
warted spores.

53

AGARICACE^E

Collybia

VIII. COLLYBIA Quel.

(From the pileus, which is frequently small and regular in form
like a small coin ; Gr. kollubos)

Veil almost obsolete, when present represented by a fibrillose,
floccose, or pruinose covering. Hymenophore confluent with, but
heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus slightly fleshy to

Fig. 17. — Section of Collybia macu-
lata Quel. One-third natural size.

thin, margin at first involute. Stem central, wholly cartilaginous,,
or with a cartilaginous bark and stuffed with a pith ; often rooting,
simple. Gills membranous, soft, free or adnexed. Spores smooth.
(Fig. 17.)

Often small, frequently somewhat tough, maturing more slowly
and lasting longer than other Agarics. The species grow on stumps,

branches and leaves, sometimes on

other fungi

or on the ground.

Must be carefully distinguished from members of Afarasmius, where
the species are less fleshy, less putrescent, more leathery, and revive
with moisture after becoming dry. Species 225 — 286

A. Gills white or brightly coloured, not ashy. Flesh white.

a. Stricepedes. Stem stout, hollow, or with a spongy pith,

longitudinally striate, except 225a.

Gills broad, except 228, somewhat distant.
Gills crowded, narrow.

b. Vestipedes. Stem thin, equal, fistulose or with

velvety, floccose, or pruinose.
Gills broad, somewhat distant.
Gills very narrow, very crowded.

225—229
230—236

pith, even,

237—242
243—249

Collybia AGARIC AC EyE 59

c. Lcevipcdes. Stem thin, equal, fistulose, naked, smooth except

at base, not conspicuously striate.
Gills usually broad, lax, commonly more or less distant.

250—260
Gills narrow, crowded except 270. 261 — 270

B. Gills becoming cinereous. Hygrophanous.

d. TephrophancR. Colour fuscous, becoming cinereous.

Gills crowded, somewhat narrow. 271 — 278

Gills very broad, except 285, more or less distant. 279 — 286

a. Stricepedes.

225. C. radieata Quel, (from the rooting stem ; radix, a root) a b c.
P. glutinous, umber ; mid. radiato-rugose. St. rigid, brittle,

attenuate downwards, deeply rooting, white. G. adnexed or

adnate, sometimes with a tooth.

Solitary. On and about stumps, amongst fir-leaves ; common. June-Xov.
4! X 1-2^ X f in. There is a white variety.

225a. C. Henriettse Sacc. (after Henrietta Smith, who first found

it) a b.

P. dry, even, somewhat downy, somewhat yellowish-umber.

St. attenuate upwards, even, slightly rooting, subpruinose, pale,

pallid yellowish-brown within and without, somewhat darker

below. G. broad, broadly adnate, distant, slightly rounded

near St. Flesh very thin.

On and about trees, stumps, etc. Sept. 4 x 7§ X \ in. Intermediate
between 225 and 226.

225b. C. retig'era Bres. (from the net-like veining of the pileus ; rete,
a net, gero, to carry) a b.
P. thin, campanulate, expanded, subumbonate, dry, glabrous,
with a network of anastomosing veins best seen when old,
pallid ; mid. shaded tawny-brown j marg. striate. St. equal,
solid to stuffed, pallid, minutely downy at base, somewhat
rooting. G. somewhat broad, ventricose; edge fimbriate,
pallid.
Bases of stumps, ash, beech. Dec. 2 X 3^ X \ in.

226. C. longipes Quel, (from the long stem; longus, long, pes, a

foot) a b c.
P. dry, velvety, livid brown. St. attenuate downwards, deeply

rooting, villous, dark brown, varying paler. G. rounded,

adnexed, white.
Stumps, etc. ; uncommon. Aug.-Oct. 2.\ x 9J X \ in.

226a. C. erioeephala Rea (from the velvety pileus ; Gr. erion, wool,

kepliale, a head) a.

P. convex, expanded, velvety, fulvous-tawny. St. stuffed, then

hollow, fusiform, extended into abundant long branched

rhizomorphoid proliferous brown mycelium, striate ; mid.

60 AGARIC AC E.E Collybia

slightly velvety, colour as P. above but paler, brown below.
G. sinuato-adnate, distant, pale to deep ochre. Flesh thick at
mid., thin at marg., yellow- white, then yellowish, rufous
externally at base.
Caespitose. Interior rotten elm. Jan. 2\ x 3! X f in. Rooting base \\ in.

227. C. platyphylla Quel, (from the broad gills ; Gr. platus, broad,

phulloti, a leaf) a b c.

P. flat, ashy- or livid-yellow-brown to sepia, streaked fibrillose.

St not attenuate or rooting, colour as P. G. adnate or

adnexed.

Woods, amongst leaves, on rotten logs ; rare. May-Oet. 4§ X 4§ X f in.
Frequently springs from a villous cord-like mycelium. The var. repens
Gill, resembles 105.

228. C. semitalis Quel, (from its growing in footpaths, semitd) a b c.
P. plane, hygrophanous, sooty-brown, yellowish or grey when

dry. St attenuate upwards, greyish. G. sometimes narrow,

adnato-rounded, sometimes with a tooth, white, brown-spotted.

Sometimes caespitose. On the ground after much rain. Oct. -Nov.
3i X 4J X ^ in. Sometimes turns black. Compare 227.

229. C. fusipes Quel, (from the spindle-shaped stem ; fusus, a

spindle, pes, a foot) a b c.

P. convex, umbonate, brown. St. attenuate downwards, rooting,

often split, yellowish. G. adnexed, pale brown, pinkish,

faintly brown-spotted.

Csespitose. Considered edible by some persons. Stumps ; common. June-
Nov. 2\ X 4I; X £ in. Var. cedematopus has a stout ventricose St.

229a. C. laneipes Gill, (from a fancied resemblance in a longitudinal
section of the stem to the blade of a spear j lancea, a spear,
pes, a foot) a b.
P. convex, expanded, umbonate, radiately rugose from mid., dry,
glabrous, pale flesh-colour, becoming pallid ; marg. striate.
St solid or stuffed with twisted filaments, striate, gradually
attenuate to the rooting, downy base, whitish or pale flesh-
colour. G. adnexed, emarginate, broad behind, distant, thick,
firm, connected with veins, pale flesh-colour. Flesh thick,
firm, not watery.

Solitary, scattered, rarely clustered. On the ground. Autumn. i\ x 5 x f in.
Every part firm and rigid.

230. C. maeulata Quel, (from its foxy stains ; macula, a spot), a b c.

White or pale brown, spotted — sometimes wholly — rufescent.

P. convexo-plane. St. hard, subventricose, attenuate downwards,

sometimes deeply rooting. G. rounded free.

Taste slightly acid, unpleasant, odour not unpleasant. Woods, chiefly pine,
beech, alder, moist places. May-Nov. 3^ x 4J X f in. There is a
permanently whitish or white var. immaculata Mass., with G. sometimes
abnormal, labyrinthiform, merulioid. Var. scorzonerea Gill. Small,
yellow ; St. long-rooting ; G. yellow.

Collybia AGARIC ACE^ 6 1

231. C. fodiens W. G. Sm., Agaricus fodiens Kalch. (from the rooting

stem ; fodiens, digging) a.
P. convex, faintly yellowish ; mid. ochreous-flesh-colour. St.

ventricose, attenuate downwards, rooting, white. G. rounded

or emarginate-free, yellowish-white.
Odour of meal. Grass-borders. Oct. 3J x 5^ X I in.

232. C, prolixa Gill, (from the stretched out appearance of the

pileus ; prolixus, stretched out) a b.
P. campanulate, subumbonate, rufescent-brown ; mid. darker.

St. solid or imperfectly hollow, often contorted, paler than P.

G. rounded-free, whitish, unspotted.
In dense clusters on leaf-heaps. Aug.-Sept. 4§ x 4! X £ in.

233. C. distorta Quel, (from the twisted stem) a b c.

P. convex, subumbonate, buff-brown ; mid. darker, usually with

darker blotches. St. attenuate upwards, pale brown. G.

rounded-free, livid white, stained brown if bruised.

Gregarious or fasciculate. Taste insipid ; odour strong, mephitic, like 35.
On tree-roots, pine, rotten pine-trunks, heaps of leaves. Oct. -Nov.
2§ X 4 X § in. Somewhat resembling 230.

234. C. butyraeea Quel, (from the pileus, buttery to the touch ;

btityrum, butter) a b c.

P. plane, subumbonate, pale brown with a darker marginal
zone • mid. almost black. St. attenuate upwards, pale rufe-
scent or ochreous-brown. G. adnexed, white. Flesh pale
brown.

Woods, fir. Jan.-Dec. 3| X i\ x \ in. Becomes whitish when dry.

234a. C. bibulosa Mass. (from the bibulous substance) a b.

P. fleshy, subglobose, obtuse, expanded, moist, very smooth,
even, deep olive- or blackish-green when moist, pale grey to
whitish when dry. St. cartilaginous, spongy within, stuffed to
imperfectly hollow, attenuate upwards, minutely striate, pale
clear warm-brown, often rooting into the wood. G. adnexo-
rounded, thin, edge subundulate, dingy.

In groups of three or four. Stumps. Autumn. 2 X3 X f in.

235. C. stridula Que'l. (strideo, to creak, derivation obscure), a b.
P. broadly umbonato-plane, dark brown. St. fibrous, paler than

P. G. adnexed, pale brown.
On the ground. Oct. i\ X i\ X \ in.

235a. C. pulla Gill, ({xomfiultus, dark-coloured) a b.

P. fleshy, thin, fragile, campanulate, then expanded, obtuse,
smooth, even, glabrous, hygrophanous, shining dark rich
brown, purplish-bay, livid purplish-slate or nearly black, paler
when dry. St. hollow, twisted, somewhat striate, soft, naked,
sometimes slightly rooting, whitish. G. adnexed, somewhat
broad, crowded, transversely pellucid-striate, whitish. Flesh
white.
Under birch-trees, amongst Polytrichum. Oct. 2\ X 3§ X \ in.

62 AGARICACE/E Collybia

236. C. xylophila Gill. (Gr. xulon, timber, philos, loving) a.

P. campanulate, subpapillate, very thin, ivory-white; mid. ivory-
buff. St. ivory-buff, pale yellowishrbrown within. G. adnate
with a tooth, white.

Gregarious, caespitose. Stumps and rotten trunks of elm, etc. Sept.
3I X 3 X I in.

b. Vestipedes.

237. C. velutipes Quel, (from the velvety stem ; vellus, fleece, pes, a

foot) a b c.
P. plane, fleshy, viscid, yellow ; mid. brown. St. yellow above,
brown and almost black towards base, or wholly brown.
G. adnate or adnexed, pallid white or yellowish.

Caespitose. Taste agreeable. Trunks, stumps, sometimes on timber ;
common. Aug.-April. 2§ X 2§ X r55 in. Sometimes springs from a
luxuriant golden byssoid mycelium {Ozoneum auricomum Link), some-
times from thick cord-like, branching and deeply rooting mycelium or
from a sclerotium. See 1569. The var. rubescens Sacc. becomes foxy-
spotted.

238. C. laxipes Quel, (from the lax stem; laxus, lax, pes, a

foot) a b.
P. convexo-plane, moist, white. St. white above, rich brown

below. G. adnexo-free, white.
On wood, chips, twigs. Feb. £ X 3^ X TV in.

239. C. mimiea Sacc. (from its resemblance to 709) a b.

P. fiat, thin, smooth, with a separable cuticle, pale yellow-buff;
mid. buff-brownish. St. solid, apex subpruinose, with brownish
bark, attenuate downwards, fibrilloso-strigose at base, yellow-
buff above, deep brown below. G. adnate with a tooth.

Taste and odour strong of fish. On deal-shavings. Nov. if x 2 X | in.

240. C. floeeipes, Gill, (from the floccose-woolly stem; floccosus,

floccose, pes, a foot) a b.
P. plane, umbonate, deep umber. St. hollow, black punctato-

floccose on a white ground. G. adnexed, white.
On the ground and about trunks. Sept. i£ X 2 x jg- in.

241. C. vertirugis Sacc. (from the rugose pileus ; vertex, the top, ruga,

a wrinkle) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, radiato-wrinkled, minutely pulverulent, brown-
ashy or indigo-lead colour. St. strigose at base, brown, paler
above. G. adnate, whitish.

Rootstocks of dead ferns, twigs, stumps, etc. Sept. -Oct. £ X 3^ X ^ in.

242. C. stipitaria Gill, (from its habitat ; stipes, a stem) a b c.

P. umbilicato-plane, velvety or fibrillose ; mid. pale ochre to
sienna ; marg. whitish. St. tough, fibrilloso-shaggy, light to
dark sienna. G. adnexo-free, white.

Frequent. July-Nov. § X if X TV in.

Collybia AGARICACE^ 63

243. C. hariolorum Quel, (from its fancied use by soothsayers;

hariolus, a soothsayer) a b.

P. campanulato-convex, smooth, pale ochreous-white ; mid.

ochreous. St. colour as P. or gradually dark fuscous below,

naked and pallid above. G. adnato-free, whitish.

Densely gregarious, somewhat ccespitose. Odour strong. Woods, amongst
dead leaves, beech, sometimes on rotten wood. Sept. if x 2§ x J- in.
Closely allied to Marasmius.

244. C. eonfluens Que'l. (from the confluent stems) a b c.

P. convexo-plane or subumbonate, tough, white-buff. St. com-
pressed, pulverulento-woolly, white or pale brownish-lavender
or purplish.

In troops, or connate confluent rows. Amongst fir-leaves ; frequent.
June-Oct. 2 X 3i5 X \ in. Closely allied to Marasmius.

245. C. ingrata Quel, (from the unpleasant odour; ingratus, un-

pleasant) a b.
P. umbonato-expanded, very thin, pale livid buff. St brownish-
purple, white mealy above. G. free, colour as P.

Caespitose. Taste none, or slightly sweet ; odour slight, mouldy, fungoid,
sweetish-unpleasant. Woods, pine, damp places ; uncommon. Aug. -Oct.
2i X 3-j x 4 in- There is a smaller form one-half the size of type.

246. C. eonigena Quel, (from its habitat ; conus, a cone, gigno, to

bear) a b c .

P. convexo-plane or slightly umbonate, smooth, whitish-ochre or

brownish. St. strigose at base, white. G. adnexo-free, white.

Usually gregarious. Under conifers on the cones and amongst the leaves.
June-Dec. I X i\ X \ in. Must not be confounded with 259 and 260.

247. C. eirrhata Quel, (from the twisted base of the stem ; cirrus, a

curl) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, slightly silky, white; mid. pale sienna. St.

flexuous, attenuate and twisted at the smooth or strigoso-

fibrillose base. G. adnate, white.
In troops. Amongst leaves of fir, etc., and decaying fungi. Aug.— Nov.

§ X 3 X TV in. Must not be confounded with 1424a.

248. C. tuberosa Quel, (from the tuberous base of the stem) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, subumbonate, slightly silky, white ; mid. faintly

ochreous. St. slightly pulverulent, base smooth, sometimes

fibrillose, occasionally proliferous, attached to a sclerotium.

G. adnate, white.

Gregarious. On dead Agarics, Russules (1306, 1307), Lactarii, on Polyporus
squamosus, fir-leaves, rotten fir-twigs, amongst moss, etc. Aug. -Nov.
2f X 4J X ^g in. Fries says the summer form has no sclerotium ; this is
very doubtful. The autumnal forms may have no sclerotium as the rloccose
mycelium condenses in winter and forms a summer sclerotum.

249. C. racemosa Quel, (from the glandular hairs round the stem ;

racemus, a cluster) a b.
P. expanded, papillate, subtomentose, white or faintly greyish.
St. racemose, apparently proliferous with minute hairs bearing

64 AGARICACEyE Collybia

glands or abortive pilel, colour as P. Attached to Sclcrotium
lacunosum. G. adnate, white.
Terrestrial and on putrid fungi, chiefly Agarics ; very rare. Autumn.

1 X if X 32 in. Turns black in drying.

c. Lcevipedes.

250. C. eollina Quel, (from its frequent habitat ; collinus, a hill) a b c.
P. expanded, subumbonate, somewhat viscid, pale yellowish-
brown. St. colour as P. G. adnexo-toothed, white.

Usually gregarious. Grassy slopes, about beech-stumps ; uncommon. Oct.

2 x 4? X & in.

251. C. thelephora Sacc. (from its bearing a small umbo on the

pileus ; Gr. thele, a nipple, phero, to bear) a b.
P. campanulate, brown or yellow-brown, paler at marg. St.

brown above and whitish below, or the reverse. G. adnato-

toothed, white to yellowish.
Gregarious. Inodorous. Peat-bogs, partly dry sphagnum -bogs. i§X3ix^in.

A near ally of 250.

252. C. ventrieosa Gill, (from the enlarged lower part of stem ;

venter, the belly) a b c. Pale warm-brownish.
P. campanulato-convex, slightly umbonate. St. attenuate upwards

and attenuato-rooting, darker below. G. broadly adnato-

toothed.
Woods. Oct. 2§ x 3§ X T3s in.

253. C. Stevensonii Sacc. (after the Rev. Dr. Stevenson, mycologist) a.
P. semi-ovate, viscid, pallid yellow. St. attenuate downwards,

deeply rooting, whitish-yellow above, brownish below. G. very

broad, adnato-toothed, white.

Old pastures. Aug. § X 2§ x TV in. Resembling in habit members of
Psathyra.

254. C. psathyroides Sacc. (from its resemblance to members of

Psathyra) a. Ivory-white.
P. semi-ovate or conic, subviscid. St. not rooting. G. broadly

adnato-toothed.
Oct. £ X 3f X £ in. Greatly resembles a Mycena. Allied to 253.

255. C. xanthopus Quel (from the yellow stem ; Gr. xanthos, yellow,

pous, a foot) a b c.

P. campanulato-convex, subumbonate, whitish to deep biscuit ;

urn. sienna. St. strigose at base, yellow to sienna-biscuit. G.

adnexo-free, whitish.

Pine-woods, amongst cones, leaves and twigs. July-Nov. if X 2j X \ in.
Not unlike 1394 in general appearance.

256. C. nitellina Gill, (from its colour ; nitella, a dormouse) a b.

P. convexo-plane, smooth, reddish-tan or brown, sometimes pale.

St. yellow above, brown below, or tan. G. adnate, attenuate

in front, tan.

Solitary or gregarious. Odour none. By roads and paths in woods. May-
Oct. 2\ x 35 X T3£ in. There is a very small umbonate variety. Allied
to Clitocybe.

CottyUa AGARICACE/E 65

257. C. sueeinea Quel, (from its colour ; succumm, amber) a b c.

P. plano-convex, smooth, deep rich brown. St. colour as P.

G. adnate, white.

Solitary. Odour none. Woods, mixed, grassy places, under trees. May-
Dec, if X if X J in.

258. C. nummularia Gill, (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus

to a small coin, nummulus) a c. White, sometimes faintly

shaded ochreous or reddish.

P. expanded, slightly depressed, somewhat umbonate. St.

attenuate downwards. G. adnexo-free.

In troops, caespitose. Woods, mixed, amongst leaves and twigs. July-Nov.
if X2ix| in.

259. C. eseulenta Quel, (from its edible qualities) a b c.

P. plane, dull ivory-ochreous to umber. St. attenuate downwards,

deeply rooting, yellow to pale reddish-brown. G. adnexed to

adnato-toothed, whitish.

Gregarious. Edible. Taste bitter, agreeable to some, unpleasant to others.
Pastures, grassy places near plantations, pine-woods, sometimes on hotbeds ;
common. April-May. 1 x 5 X re m- Sold in Austrian markets as food
under the name Nagelschwamme.

260. C. tenaeella Quel. (te?iax, tough) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, subumbonate, brown or brownish to white.

St. attenuate and fibrillose at base, whitish above, rufescent

below. G. adnexo-toothed, whitish.

Solitary or in troops. Taste pleasant. On leaves and cones in pine- woods,
and under cedars. April-Dec. l£ X 35 X ^ in. The var. stolonifer Quel,
roots for four or more inches. It is difficult to distinguish 260 from 259,
and neither must be confused with 246.

260a. C. planipes Sacc. (from the plane stem ; planus, plane, pes, sl
foot) a.
P. orbicular, expanded, somewhat viscid, bay. St. rooting,

colour of P. G. free.
Caespitose. Woods. Sept. £ X if X ■& in.

261. C. aeervata Gill, (from its growing in dense clusters ; acervtis,

a heap) a b.
P. hemispherical, then flat, tan or brown. St. tan- to deep

rufous-brown. G. adnexo-free, salmon.
Woods, fir, dead wood; frequent. Sept. -Oct. 2j X 3^ X 5 in.

262. C. dryophila Quel. (Gr. drus, oak, philos, loving) a b c.

P. plane, tan, brown or brownish when soddened ; mid. faintly
ochreous. St. villous at base, tan to brown. G. adnexo-free,
whitish. Flesh white.

Dangerous when cooked according to a case cited by Dr. Badham {Esculent
Fungusest 1863, p. 107). The taste when raw leaves a burning sensation
on the fauces and a sense of suffocation. Amongst leaves, woods, hedge-
bottoms, gardens, grassy places; common. May-Oct. 3t X 4f X £ in.
Variable, gills sometimes sterile. Var. funicularis Karst. Large, tutted,
decumbent ; G. sulphur.

F

66 AGARICACE/E Collybia

263. C. aquosa Gill, (from its watery substance ; aa?ia, water) a b c.
P. plane to sub depressed, tan-ochreous to ochreous. St. fibrillose

at base, ochreous-brown. G. adnexo-free, pale yellowish.
Woods, damp places, amongst moss. Autumn, if x 2| x J in.

264. C. extuberans Quel, (from the broad umbo ; extuberans, swell-

ing) a b c.
P. olive-brownish. St. attenuate downwards, pale grey-brownish.
G. adnexo-toothed, white.

Usually solitary when on the ground, caespitose and smaller when on trunks.
Odour none. Amongst grass, hillsides. May-Sept, if X 3| X ^6 in.

265. C. exseulpta Gill, (from the cut-out, smuato-rounded gills) a b c.
P. plane, subumbilicate, dull ochreous-orange or umber, pale

whitish-buff when dry ; mid. darker. St. equal or subbulbous,
ochreous or sulphur, darker below. G. adnato- or adnexo-
toothed, subdecurrent, sulphury.

Gregarious. Taste and odour strong, mushroom-like, but with a suggestion
of tar. Trunks, dead wood, on the ground. May-Oct. ih X 2 x £ in.
Dry, tough, reviving with moisture after the manner of a Marasmius.

266. C. maeilenta Gill, (inacies, leanness) a.

P. convexo-plane, subumbonate, deep yellow. St. yellow. G.
adnexo-free, bright yellow. Flesh pallid yellowish.

Woods, pine, on leaves. Autumn. i£ X 2 J x jg in. Resembles some of
the slender yellow Efygrophori.

267. C. elavus Que'l. (from the nail-like shape, davits) a c.

P. hemispherical, orange-vermilion. St. substrigose at base,

whitish, brownish below. G. adnexed, whitish.
On fir, twigs, leaves, moss ; rare. Oct. \ x % X g'5 in.

268. C. oeellata Quel, (from the eye-like umbonate umbilicus • ocellus,

a little eye) a b c.
P. white ; mid. pale sienna. St. attenuate downwards, rooting,

fibrillose, brownish-white, or buff above and white below. G.

adnate, white.
Pine-woods, amongst leaves, grassy places, on Jiingermannia ; uncommon.

Sept.-Oct. | X 2 x T'e in.

269. C. museigena Quel, (from its habitat ; muscus, moss, gigno, to

bear) a. White.
P. hemispherical, pellucid, thin. G. adnate.
Amongst moss and grass, near trunks. Aug. f X ih X T'g in.

270. C. leueomyosotis Sacc. (from its resemblance to a pale form of

736, Naucoria Myosotis ; Gr. leukos, white) a b.

P. convex, broadly umbonate, pale translucent umber ; marg.

striate. St. brittle, subpruinose above, colour as P. G.

adnato-sinuate, thick, somewhat distant, whitish.

Strong-scented, somewhat fragrant. On Sphagnum in wet places in bogs.
May. if X 3f X \ in. Whitish when dry.

Collybia AGARIC AC E/E 6j

d. TephrophaiKZ.

271. C. raneida Quel, (from its rancid odour) a b c.

P. convex, umbonate, sometimes viscid, dark umber, slate or
slate-grey, or slate with mid. umber. St. subfusiform, rooting,
sometimes deeply, colour as P. G. adnexo-free, slaty flesh-
colour, grey-white or almost white.

Taste disagreeable ; odour strong and offensive when cut or broken, like rancid
meal. Woods, amongst trunks. Oct.-Nov. i| x 4 X 5 in.

272. C. eustygia Sacc. (Stygian, from its becoming black) a.

P. convexo-plane, subdepressed, white or white-brownish. St.

attenuate downwards, rooting, white above, grey and punctato-

scaly below. G. adnexo-rounded, dark grey.
Odour of rancid meal. On the ground. Oct. 2\ x 3^ X T56 in. Black when dry.

273. C. eoraeina Gill, (from its colour ; Gr. korax, a raven) a c.

P. convexo-expanded, black to dark- or grey-umber. St. attenuate
upwards, not rooting, white above, brown below. G. adnate,
greyish or yellowish.

Odour strong of new meal. Grassy places, fir-plantations. Nov.
if X i| X te in.

274. C. ozes Karst. (Gr. ozo, to smell) a.

P. convexo-plane, subumbonate, grey- or clay-brown. St. slightly

attenuate upwards, white above, sooty-grey below. G. adnate,
smoky-olivaceous.

Odour of new meal. On the ground and on pine-leaves. Feb. ig X 3J x ^ in.

274a. C. mephitiea Karst. (from the offensive mephitic odour, some-
times, however, like new meal) a.

P. fleshy, convex, subumbonate, hygrophanous, smooth, dry,
silky, greyish-ochre, becoming whitish. St. equal, enlarged
below, stuffed, grey, white-floccose or pruinose-velvety. G.
obtusely adnate, separating from stem, attenuate in front,
crowded, grey. Flesh yellowish.

Amongst fir-needles. Oct. i§ X 2§ X T35 in.

275. C. inolens Quel, {inolens, scentless) a.

P. convexo-plane, umbonate, tan, greyish or rufous. St. attenuate
upwards, slightly rooting at the white, strigose base. G. adfixed,
almost free, whitish- or ochreous-grey.

Woods, chiefly pine. Sept. -Nov. 2^ x i\ [ X I in.

276. C. plexipes Gill, (from the twisted stem ; plecto^ to twist, pes, a

foot) a b c.
P. hemispherical, umbonate, pale umber or greyish ; mid. darker.
St. attenuate downwards, rooting, pale umber. G. narrowly
adnate, whitish-grey. Flesh pale umber.

Odour none. Woods, beech, amongst grass ; uncommon. Sept.-Nov.
\\ x 6 X \ in.

F 2

68 AGARIC ACE/E Collybia

211. C. atrata Quel, {ater\ black) a b c.

P. piano-depressed, greasy feeling, blackish-umber. St. fuscous

within and without. G. adnato-decurrent, livid-brownish.

Scattered or in groups. Odour strong, disagreeable. On burnt ground often
in company with 183, 685 and 1374. Sept. -Dec. l| X if X £ in.
Must not be confounded with 369.

278. C. ambusta Quel, (from its habitat, burnt ground; ambustus,

burnt) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, papillate, umber. St. paler than P. G. adnate

with a tooth, pale umber. Flesh colour as G.
Odour of meal. July-No v. f X \\ X T1ff in.

279. C. laeerata Gill, (from the torn pileus) a. White-grey or

slightly ochreous-brown.
P. convex, shining, often cracked, sometimes brown-nbrillose.

St. twisted. G. adnexed, thick.
Somewhat caespitose. Woods, pine ; rare. Autumn. 2 x 3 X + in.

280. C. murina Gill, (from its mouse-colour ; mus, a mouse) a.

P. convex, subdepressed, brown, becoming paler. G. attenuato-

adnexed.
Woods, under oaks. Oct. ij X 2§ X £ in.

281. C. protraeta Gill, (from the long stem; pvtractus, drawn

out) a b.

P. convexo-plane, slightly umbonato-depressed, grey-brown or

slaty flesh-colour. St. attenuate downwards, rooting, strigose,

colour as P., dark slate-colour below. G. adfixed, ventricose,

grey, white-pruinose.

Mossy ground, near stumps of pine, etc., amongst dead leaves. Aug.-
Nov. ilx8x| in.

282. C. tesquorum Gill, (from its growing in waste places, tesqua) a.
P. convex or umbonate, fuscous-black or olive-brown. ,5V. white

above, brown below. G. adnexo-free, ashy-fuscous or pale
olive-brown.
Scattered. Amongst grass, sunny banks, f x ij X T^ in.

283. C. clusilis Gill, (dusilis, easily closing, derivation obscure) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, depressed, whitish tan or greyish ; mid. faintly

ochreous. St. shining, colour as P., or paler. G. adnato-
toothed, colour as St.
Amongst moss, grass, often with 597. Sept. -Oct. if X 2J x J in.

284. C. tylieolor Gill, (from its colour, that of a small worm ; Gr.

tiilos) a b c.

P. piano -umbonate, ashy-grey or brown; mid. darker. St. wavy,

whitish-pulverulent on a grey-brown ground. G. adnato-free,

varying in attachment, livid-brownish or grey. Flesh pale

brown.

Taste slightly rank; odour weak or none. Shady woods amongst grass.
Oct. \\ X 2J X \ in.

Myce?ia

AGARICACE/E

69

285. C. Dorotheas Sacc. (after Lady Dorothy Neville) a.

P. globose, then flat, slightly umbilicate, very thin, dark brown ;
marg. denticulate. St. slightly swollen at base, minutely
velvety, white, yellowish or rufous. G. adnexed, narrow,
white.
On dead fern-stems in hothouses.

->i

in.

286. C. caldarii Sacc. (from its habitat, a caldarium or hot-hoUse) a.
P. hemispherical, slightly umbonate, brown. St. paler than P.

G. adnato-decurrent, somewhat ashy.
On Sphagmttn in orchid-pot. f X2jx jj$ in.

IX. MYCENA Quel.
(Gr. ??iukes, a fungus.)

Veil almost obsolete, only seen in fibrillse, pile, flock, tomentum
or gluten. In Section h, Basipedes, the edge of the pileus is
connected with the circumference of the basal disc in infancy, and

Fig. 18.— a, a, Mycena epipterygia Quel. ;
B, ditto in section. One-half natural size,
c, M. tenerrima Quel., young state showing
basal disc and veil ; d, M. stylobates Quel.,
young state, showing basal disc and veil ;
e, basal disc ; c, D, e, enlarged.

so forms a kind of universal veil. Hymenophore confluent with but
heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus at first conico-
cylindrical, becoming more or less campanulate, submembranous,
not cartilaginous, never truly umbilicate, margin more or less

JO AGARICACE/E Mycena

striate, at first adpressed to the stem, never involute. A few species
as the next genus is approached have the pileus slightly depressed.
Stem simple, slender, central, fistulose (except 310) and cartila-
ginous, sometimes hair-like, sometimes rooting amongst dead leaves.
Gills adnate or adnexed, often sinuate, varied in attachment, not
truly decurrent, often minutely denticulate or fringed at the edge.
(Fig. 18.)

Most of the species grow on twigs, stumps, dead branches and
dead leaves ; some grow on the ground. They are usually slender,
small, beautiful and scentless, some have a strong alkaline or
mephitic odour ; some contain a coloured juice termed milk. They
appear after rain in summer and autumn ; a few remain till early
winter. Species 287 — 366

a. Calodontes. Stem juiceless, base not dilated into a disc.

Gills saw-edged or fimbriate, darker edged. 287 — 297

b. Adonidece. Colour pure and bright, not becoming fuscous or

ashy, except 300. Stem juiceless, base not dilated into a
disc. Gills of one colour, including the edge. Single,
terrestrial, except 306 and sometimes 305. 298—306

c. Rigidipedes. Stem firm, tough, juiceless, somewhat strigose

and rooting. Gills white, changing to grey or reddish.
Persistent, odourless, usually growing on stumps and very
caespitose, but single examples occur on the ground.

307—316

d. Fragilipedes. Pileus hygrophanous. Stem fragile, juiceless,

not dilated into a disc at the base. Gills changing colour.
Normally terrestrial and single, a few caespitose and growing
on wood. Strong smelling. 317 — 334

e. Filipedes. Not hygrophanous. Stem juiceless. Gills

changing colour. Terrestrial amongst grass ; usually single.

335—342

f. Lactipedes. Whole plant exuding a white or coloured juice.

343—349

g. Glutinipedes. Stem glutinous. Must not be confounded with

species with smooth, moist or slippery stems. 350 — 356

h. Basipedes. A small dilated base, bulb or disc at the base of
the dry, equal, stem. Usually solitary. 357 — 361

i. Insititice. Stem apparently inserted or grafted into dead
leaves, etc. Soon flaccid, very tender. 362 — 366

a. Calodontes.

287. M. pelianthina Quel, (from the livid pileus ; Gr. peliaino, to
make livid) a b.
P. umbonato-convex, pale brown, dull flesh-colour or lavender,
whitish when dry. St. ochreous-whitish or whitish-lavender.

Mycena AGARIC ACE^E 7 1

G. adnate, purplish or brownish-white, minutely black-dotted at
edge. Flesh white to faintly purplish.

Woods, beech, oak, stumps and dead leaves. Aug.-Oct. if x 3! X ■£% in.
Somewhat resembles 224.

287a. M. earneosanguinea Rea (from the change of colour in the
flesh — on section — from white to blood-red ; caro, flesh,
sanguis, blood) a.
P. convex, subumbonate, smooth, livid-grey; mid. tinging to
rufous, paler when old. St. grey, yellowish below, base clad
with short mycelial threads. G. adnate, dull purplish-brown
with a crimson-red edge. Flesh moderately thick at mid. of P.
and apex of St., white, changing above to bright rose or
blood-red.
Woods. Aug. 1 1 X if X \ in.

288. M. balanina Karst. (from its frequent habitat, beech-mast ; Gr.

balanos) a b.
P. convexo-umbonate, granulose, umber-ochreous. St. attenuate

downwards, satiny, white above, deep brown below. G.

rounded, free, sprinkled and fringed with dull purple spiculae.
Beech-mast, acorns, oak-leaves ; rare. Sept. i£ X 3§ X J in.

289. M. iris Que'l. (from its rainbow tints ; Gr. iris, the rainbow) a b c.
P. hemispherical, evanescent blue-fibrillose on a pale umber,

lead-coloured or greenish ground; marg. sometimes cobalt.
St. pilose, pale umber above, bright blue-fibrillose at base.
G. adnexo-free, forming a collar behind, sometimes denticulate,
ashy.
On decayed twigs, stumps, chips, sticks and cones of fir, often deeply rooting
amongst pine-leaves. Sept. -Nov. f X 3j X TV in.

290. M. mirabilis Quel, (mirabilis, wonderful) a.

P. conical, dull lavender-blue ; mid. ochreous. St floccose, sub-
rooting, bluish below. G. adnexed, white, edge dotted with
dark particles.

Fir-trunks, amongst Hypnum. Aug. \ X 3 X ^3 in. Perhaps the same
as 291.

291. M. marginella Quel, (from the minute fringe at the margin of

the gills) a.
P. conico-convex, floccose, pallid ; marg. dull bluish. St. tomen-

tose and bluish below. G. adnate or adnexed, white, edge

bluish- or reddish-flocculose.
Fir-trunks amongst Hypnum cupressiforme. Aug. -Sept. \ X 1% X ^ in.

292. M. aurantiomarginata Quel, (from the orange margin of the

gills) a.
P. hemispherical, umbonate, olive-brown. St attenuate upwards,
pale yellowish. G. attenuato-adnexed with a tooth, whitish,
floccose at edge.

Odour strong. Woods, silver fir. Nov. if X i£ X & in.

j2 AGARIC ACE^ Mycena

293. M. elegans Quel, {elegans, neat) a b c.

P. campanulate, livid yellowish; mid. fuscous. St. floccose at

base, livid-yellowish. G. adnato-decurrent, whitish or yellowish,

edge orange.

Odour weak of fennel or none. Woods, chiefly pine, fir-leaves, stems of
Rubus ; frequent. Aug. -Nov. f X 2§ x ^ in.

294. M. rubromarginata Gill, (from the red margin of the gills) a c.
P. hemispherical, subumbonate, white or pale reddish. St. white.

G. adnato-decurrent, whitish or grey, edge rose or brown-
purple.

Odour none. On branches, leaves and rotten twigs in woods, chiefly pine
and larch ; frequent. July-Nov. | x U X T\ in. A variety, fusco-
purpurea Mass., with a dusky purple pileus, grows on willows.

295. M. olivaeeomarginata Mass. (from the olive margin of the

gills) a b.
P. conico-hemispherical, subumbonate, honey-colour. St. colour

as P., base tinged rufous. G. uncinato-adnexed, broad,

subdistant, pallid with a brownish-olive edge.
Woods, lawns. Oct. | X if X ^ in.

296. M. strobilina Gill, (from its usual habitat, fir-cones, strobilus) a b.
P. campanulate, acutely umbonate, scarlet, paler at marg. St.

scarlet, white-strigose at base. G. adnato-decurrent, paler than
P., edge blackish-scarlet. Flesh crimson.

Cones, leaves and twigs of Scotch fir, sometimes in beech-woods ; rare. Oct.
| X 2 x ts in.

297. M. rosella Quel. (rose?is, rose-coloured) a b c.

P. campanulate, subumbonate, deep or pale rose. St. colour as

P., seldom strigose at base. G. adnate, pale rose, edge dark

purple.

Laxly gregarious. Amongst leaves, twigs, and decaying cones in fir-woods ;
uncommon. June-Dec. f X if X ^ in.

b. Adonidece.

298. M. pura Quel, (from its pure colour) a b c.

P. campanulate, broadly umbonate, brittle, flesh-colour, variable

in shade. St. often rooting, flesh-colour, pale ochreous below.

G. sinuato-adnate, veined, whitish to pale flesh-colour.

Taste and odour strong, hot, disagreeable, pungent of radish or cabbage-
stalk. Woods, meadows ; common. June-Nov. 2 X 4 X \ in. There
is a white variety. Varies larger and smaller, sometimes very dark when
dry. Sometimes attacked by Mucor macrocarpus.

299. M. pseudopura Sacc. (from its resemblance to 298; Gx.psettdos,

false) a.
Structure and colour same as 298, of which it is probably one of

the smaller forms. Colour rosy. G. whitish.
Odour none. Woods. Autumn. I X 2| x TV in.

Mycena AGARICACE^E 73

300. M. zephira Quel, (from its coming with the rain-wind or west

wind Zephyros) a c.

P. hemispherical, diaphanous, white flesh-colour; mid. often

fuscous. St. white to flesh-colour. G. adnate, veined, white.

Decayed fir, amongst dead leaves in woods. Sept. -Dec. if X 3^ X J in.
G. and P. sometimes foxy-stained.

301. M. Adonis Quel, (from its beauty — like Adonis) a b.

P. conico-campanulate, white, yellow, greenish, orange or crimson.

St. lighter than P. G. ascending, adnexo-toothed or adnate,

colour as St.
Woods, pastures ; uncommon. Sept.-Nov. f X 2| x j5 in.

302. M. lineata Quel, (from the lined or sulcate pileus) a b.

P. plane, subumbonate, membranous, pale yellowish. St. colour

as P. G. adnate, white. Flesh pale brownish.
Amongst moss. Sept. -Oct. I X i\ X j*g in. Colour variable.

302a. M. farrea Quel, (from the pileus, the colour of ripe wheat and
powdered as if with flour ; farreus, made of spelt) a.
P. very thin, campanulato-expanded, subumbonate, pale buff-
yellowish, becoming pale, shining white pulverulent ; marg.
sulcate, crenulate. St. somewhat rooting, silky-striate, pale
steel-grey, white pulverulent above. G. adnate, thin, connected
with veins, somewhat fimbriate, white.

Mossy and grassy places. 1 x 3| X ^ in. This and 336a are the only
species of the genus with pulverulent pilei.

303. M. luteoalba Quel, (luteus, yellow, allms, white) a b c.

P. expanded, umbonate, pale yellow. St. white, faint yellowish

at base. G. adnato-toothed, shining white.
Woods, fir, amongst moss ; uncommon. Aug.-Nov. f X if X -^ in.

304. M. flavoalba Quel, (flavus, light yellow, albus, white) a b c.

P. expanded, broadly umbonate, ochre-biscuit, paler at marg.

St. faint yellowish at base. G. adnexed or adnate, distant,

white.

In troops. Woods and meadows, under firs ; frequent. July - Dec.
I X if X iV in.

305. M. laetea Quel, (from the milk-white colour ; lac, milk) a b c.
P. campanulate, umbonate, varying faint biscuit. St. attenuate

upwards, fibrillose at base. G. adnato-rounded or sinuate,

crowded.

Scattered, rarely cosspitose. Woods, chiefly amongst and on pine-leaves ;
common. July-Dec. I X 2§ X T^ in. Must be carefully distinguished
from other species of the genus which become white.

306. M. gypsea Que'l. (from its colour, like gypsum) a b.

P. conico-campanulate, umbonate ; mid. faintly biscuit. St.

attenuate upwards, strigose at the faintly biscuit base. G.

adnexo-ascending or adnate.

Coespitose. Tasteless ; odour alkaline, varying strong to weak. Stumps.
June-Nov. £ x 3 J X J in.

74 AGARICACE/E Mycencc

c. Rigidipedes.

307. M. eohserens Gill, (from the adherent stems ; cohce.ro, to stick

together) a c.

P. campanulate, broadly umbonate, pale umber, cinnamon or

orange-brown ; mid. darker : marg. striate. St. even, smooth,

shining whitish above, downy and ochreous-whitish to dark

brown below. G. rounded-free, distant, white to yellowish or

greyish. Flesh brown.

Sometimes solitary. Brambles, pine-leaves, etc., on the ground. Oct.-Feb,
1 1 x 4 j X § in. Resembles 313 (var. calopus).

307a. M. Berkeleyi Mass. (after the Rev. M. J. Berkeley) a.

P. campanulate, expanded, subumbonate, hygrophanous, dull

brown ; um. darker and brighter, paler when dry ; marg. striate.

St. with a tapering, rooting base, somewhat striate, dull pale

brownish with a purple tinge. G. adnato-sinuate with a

decurrent tooth, subdistant, ventricose, thin, tinged purplish or

flesh-colour. Flesh pale flesh-colour, tinged purplish.

Solitary or subcsespitose. Tree-trunks. 3^X5X^in. Rooting base, 2^ in.
May be the same as 309.

308. M. prolifera Gill, (from the stem, sometimes densely pro-

liferous with small individuals at the base) a b.
P. campanulato-expanded, broadly umbonate, pale umber ; marg.
sulcate. St. ventricose, splitting, white. G. adnexed or adnate,
white.

Inodorous, at length nauseous. Woods and gardens, on gravel, near bushes.
Sept. -Oct. i|x6x T3^ in. There is a white variety.

309. M. exeisa Gill, (from the cut-out gills) a c.

P. expanded, umbonate, brown ; mid. darker. St. as in 308, pale

brown, white above. G. adnexed or sinuato-free, thick,

distant, hoary, veined, white, pale brown or purplish.

Woods, trunks, sometimes on the ground. Sept.-Oct. 2§ x 4 X ^ in.
"V 'at . fagetorum Karst. Small, amongst beech-leaves.

310. M. psammieola Sacc. (from its habitat ; Gr. psammos, sand) a.
P. hemispherical, sprinkled with minute particles, brown ; marg.

whitish. St. solid, rooting, white pulverulent on a brownish
ground. G. adnate, white.
Sandy banks amongst moss. Sept. | X i|x ■£% in.

311. M. rugosa Quel, (from the wrinkled pileus ; ruga, a wrinkle) a b,
P. expanded, subumbonate, pale grey-brown ; mid. brownish.

St. subventricose, colour as P. G. adnato-toothed, whitish.
Tasteless or at length slightly bitter. On and near stumps ; common.
July-Dec. ih X 3§ X \ in. Very tough and dry.

312. M. sudora Gill, (from the viscid pileus; sudor, sweat) a b c.

P. campanulate, umbonate, whitish, livid-biscuit or brownish. St,

colour as "P. G. adnate, white, flesh-colour or yellowish-white.

Usually solitary. Stumps, beech. Aug.-Nov. i§ X 5J X J in. Colour
often like 350 or 1228.

Mycena AGARIC ACE^E 75

313. M. galerieulata Quel, (from the shape of the pileus; galericulum ,

a little cap) a b c.

P. expanded, broadly umbonate, pa.le brown; mid. darker. St.

colour as P. G. adnato-toothed, veined, white to pale rose.

Usually tasteless. Stumps, bramble, willow, and on the ground ; common.
July-Jan. 2§ X 4J X T3ff in. Var. calofius Karst. has an umber pileus and
dark sienna stem. Mucor macrocarpus is frequent on this species.

314. M. polygramma Quel, (from the longitudinally striate stem ; Gr.

po/us, many ; gramme, a stroke) a b c.
P. campanulate, umbonate, pale to dark brown. St. steel-grey.

G. adnato-toothed, attenuate near St., pale salmon.
Gregarious. Odour disagreeable, or none. Stumps ; common. Sept.-

Jan. 2 X 5§ X \ in.

315. M. paraboliea Quel, (from the parabolic curves of the pileus)

a b c.
P. conico-campanulate, sides incurved, slate ; mid. umber. St.
attenuate upwards ; colour as P., paler below. G. adnato-
ascending, white or faint grey. Flesh brownish-grey.

Gregarious or caespitose. Rotten wood, stumps, especially fir, willow, fern ;
uncommon. Sept. -Dec. i£ x i\ x \ in.

316. M. tintinnabulum Quel, (from the bell-shaped pileus; tini'ni-

nabtilum, a bell) a b.
P. plane, subumbonate, umber, varying bluish, yellow-brownish

and whitish. St. white. G. adnate with a tooth, white or

pale flesh-colour.
Gregarious, sometimes ceespitose. Fallen trunks, beech. April-Dec.

i|Xi|X Jin.

d. Fragilipedes.

317. M. codoniceps Sacc. (from the bell-shaped pileus ; Gr. kodon,

a bell ; kephale, a head) a b.

P. campanulate, obscurely sulcate and rugulose, hispid, umber;
marg. recurved. St, attenuate downwards, moist, smooth,
white above, umber below. G. vertically ascending, somewhat
thick, distant, adnate with a tooth, white.

Single or crespitose. Tree-fern stems. June. ^XjX ^¥ in.

318. M. flavipes Quel, (from the yellow stem ; flavus, yellow, pes, a

foot) a b.
P. hemispherical, rose or flesh-colour. St. tough, villous at base.

G. adnate, paler than P.
Odour of radishes. Stumps. Autumn, f X 2| X ^ in.

319. M. atroalba Gill, (ater, black, a/bus, white) a b c.

P. broadly campanulate, dark slate-grey; marg. whitish. St.

with a large strigose bulb, apt to split as in 320, grey and

white. G. free, white, then glaucous.
Woods, amongst moss. July-Nov. ig x 3^ X J in. Shape and colour of

315, habit different.

j6 AGARICACEyE Myce?ia

320. M. dissiliens Quel, (from the stem splitting when broken;

dissilio, to burst asunder) a b.
P. campanulato-fiat, sulcate, ashy-brown ; marg. whitish. St. ashy.

G. rounded-free, white.
Odour insipid, sometimes strong, rancid rather than alkaline. Trunks,
branches, on the ground amongst grass ; frequent. July-Nov.
if X 2§ X £ in.

321. M. atroeyanea Gill, (from the blackish-indigo pileus ; ater,

black, cyaneus, dark blue) a b c.
P. campanulato-conical, umbonate, sulcate. St. slightly attenuate

upwards, colour as P. G. ascending, attenuato-adnate. Flesh

pale slate.
Solitary or csespitose. Odour none. Amongst fir-leaves, on the ground.

Sept. -Nov. | X 3§ X y1^ in. Becoming black when dry.

322. M. pullata Sacc. (put/us, dark-coloured) a.

P. campanulate, umbonate, sulcate, dark umber, becoming
paler with age. St. slightly attenuate upwards, colour as P.,
base white-floccose. G. adnexed, white.

Odour slightly nitrous. Amongst dead leaves. Oct.-Nov. £ X 3§ X T\ in.

323. M. paupereula Sacc. (from its appearance ; pauper, poor) a b.
P. hemispherical, white or faint tawny. St. attenuato-rooting,

white. G. adnexo-free, white.
Odour of fresh meal, or sweet. Inside decayed stumps, oak ; uncommon.
July-Sept. T3S X § X ^ in.

324. M. leptoeephala Gill, (from the delicate pileus ; Gr. /eptos, fine,

kephalc, a head) a.
P. expanded, umbonate, sulcate, ashy; mid. darker. St. colour

as P. G. emarginate, ashy-white.
Solitary. Odour strong of nitre. On the ground and on trunks.

Autumn. \ X i\ X T^ in.

325. M. alkalina Quel, (from its alkaline odour) a b c.

P. campanulate, umbonate, brown or ashy ; mid. darker. St.

brown or yellow. G. adnato-ascending, white, or ashy with a

white edge.
Solitary or csespitose. Odour strong, disagreeable. Stumps, etc., bramble,

privet, fir ; uncommon. Jan.-Dec. if X 5 X £ in. Variable in colour,

often exhibiting shades of yellow or pale rose. There is a white variety.

326. M. ammoniaea Quel, (from its ammoniacal odour) a b.

P. conico-campanulate, papillate, deep brown to greyish ; marg.

ashy. St. whitish-grey or brownish. G. adnate, whitish or grey.
Solitary. Odour strong. On the ground, amongst grass. Sept.-Nov.

i X 3f X h in.

327. M. metata Quel, (from the pileus, like a meta, the conical

column at the end of the Roman Circus) a b c.
P. conico-campanulate, cream-grey, flesh-colour or livid. St.
colour as P. G. adnato-ascending, whitish.
• Gregarious. Odour alkaline, strong to weak or none. Woods, amongst
moss. Oct.-Nov. £ X 31 x J iu.

Mycena agaricace^e jj

328. M. plieosa Gill, (from the sulcate pileus ; plico, to fold) a b c.
P. expanded, umbonate, often split, pale tan ; mid. sienna ;

marg. greyish. St. colour as P., white at base. G. adnate,
greyish.

Woods, on the ground ; rare. Sept. -Oct. ij X 1£ X J in.

329. M. peltata Gill, (from the shield-like pileus ; pelta, a. small

shield) a b.
P. plane, with a central projecting ring, fuscous-blackish or
greyish. St. pale umber. G. sinuate, pale grey.

Woods, commons, etc., amongst moss ; rare. Aug.-Oct. \\ X 2§ X ^ in.

330. M. eonsimilis Sacc. (from its likeness to various other species

of the genus) a.
P. campanulate, umbonate, splitting, pale grey ; mid. umber.
St. pale umber. G. adnato-ascending, pale grey.

Odour none. Amongst grass. Autumn, if x 2 X £ in.

331. M. setites Quel, (from the colour ; Gr. cetites, iron ore) a b c.

P. expanded, umbonate, sulcate, opaque brown-ochre. St. paler
than P. or pale livid-umber. G. adnato-sinuate, veined, white
or whitish-grey. Flesh pale brown-ochre.

Scattered or loosely gregarious. Odour bitter or none. Woods, amongst
moss and grass. June-Oct. \\ X i£ X \ in.

332. M. stannea Quel, (from the colour ; stannum, tin) a b.

P. expanded glistening, grey, sometimes umber. St. pale tan.
G. adnato-toothed, whitish-grey.

Scattered or loosely gregarious. Odour none. Woods, amongst grass, on
the ground. Sept. -Oct. f X 3^ X £$ in.

333. M. vitrea Quel, (from its fragility ; vitrum, glass) a b.

P. campanulate, subumbonate, umber; mid. darker. St. glisten-
ing, paler than P. G. sinuato-adnate, whitish.

In troops. Odour none. Woods, fir, moist places ; uncommon. Sept.-Oct.
i| X A\ X I in.

334. M. tenuis Gill, (tenuis, thin) a b c.

P. campanulato-convex, white; mid. pale brown; marg. toothed.
St. white. G. adnate, whitish.

Woods, shady moist places, often on the root-fibres of trees ; rare. Sept.
I X 5 X xg in. Watery, delicate, fragile, wavering.

e. Filipedes.

335. M. filopes Quel, (from the thread-like stem ; filum, a thread,

pes, a foot) a b c.
P. expanded, pale livid-brown or whitish. St. rooting, pilose at
base, white. G. adnexo-free, white or greyish.

Singly or in troops. Woods, amongst leaves. Aug. -Nov. 1 x 6| x g^ m'

78 AGARICACE^E Mycena

336. M. amieta Quel, (from the pulverulent pileus and stem ; a?nicio,

to clothe) a.
P. conico-campanulate, subumbonate, greenish, pale slate or

livid. St. rooting, livid. G. adnexo-free, pale grey with

lighter edge.
Gregarious. Odour none. Amongst moss and leaves, about roots of Nardus

stricta. Sept. § x 2>i x sV m*

336a. M. plumbea Karst. (from the colour of the pileus ; filumbeus,
leaden).
P. membranous, convexo-flattened, obtuse, sulcate, sprinkled
white-pruinose. St. fragile, ashy-pulverulent, white-hyaline
above, strigose below. G. adnate, horizontal, colour as P.
Odour none. Mossy pastures. Autumn, § X 4 in.

336b. M. einerea Mass. & Crossl. (from its colour • cinis, ashes).
Wholly grey.
P. slightly gibbous or obtuse, then expanded • marg. striate, paler
and silky when dry. St. glabrous, base white-downy. G.
adnate, subdistant ; edge paler.

Amongst short grass. Odour strong of radishes. 1 x 2§ x ^ in. Differs
from 324 in sulcate P. ; from 327 in white G. ; from 336a in absence of
odour.

337. M. debilis Quel, (debilis, weak) a c.

P. conico-campanulate, subumbonate, livid-whitish or brownish-
salmon. St. colour as P., fibrillose at rooting base. G.
broadly adnate, whitish.

Gregarious. Woods, chestnut, fir, amongst moss. Oct. § X 2^ X ^ in.

338. M. vitilis Que'l. (from the deep striae of the pileus; vitilis,

plaited) a b.
P. conico-campanulate, sometimes papillate, brownish, becoming
whitish. St. shining, livid. G. attenuato-adnate or slightly
sinuate, whitish or grey, or dark ashy with a white edge.

Solitary or gregarious. Odour none. Woods, mixed amongst leaves ;
frequent. Sept .-Nov. \ X 4§ X ^ in.

339. M. eollariata Quel, (from the union of the gills in a minute

collar at the top of the stem) a c.
P. campanulato-convex, subumbonate, greyish-white, rose-tinged;

mid. fuscous. St. smooth, whitish-brown. G. adnate, hoary

white or faintly salmon.
Woods, amongst grass and oak-bark. Oct. -Nov. f X i\ X ^ in.

340. M. speirea Gill, (from the twisted base of the stem ; Gr. speira,

a coil) a.
P. plane, umbonate, pallid grey or whitish ; mid. dark fuscous.

St. attenuato-rooting, fibrillose and brown below, white above.

G. adnate, thin, deeply decurrent, white.
In troops during very rainy weather. Woods, mixed, mossy trunks ;

uncommon. Aug.-Oct. h X i£ X 3*5 in.

Mycena AGARICACE^E 79

341. M. tenella Quel, (tener, tender) a. White or livid flesh-colour.
P. campanulato-convex, pellucid. G. adnato-decurrent.
Caespitose. Decayed trees. Autumn. | X f X 3^ in.

342. M. aeieula Quel, (from its resemblance to a small pin, aricula)

a b c.

P. conico-campanulate, papillate, orange-vermilion. St. attenuate
and fibrilloso-rooting, deep yellow. G. adnate or adnexo-
rounded, yellow with a whitish edge or wholly white.

Wood, leaves, twigs, etc. ; frequent. July-Oct. § X if X ^ in.

f. Lactipedes.

343. M. hsematopus Quel, (from the blood-red juice of the stem ;

Gr. kaima, blood, potts, a foot) a b c.

P. conico-campanulate, subumbonate, whitish flesh-colour. St.

pulverulent, colour as P. G. adnate, whitish. Milk deep

brown-crimson.

Coespitose. Taste slightly disagreeable. Stumps, old timber, alder, birch ;
frequent. Aug.-Xov. if x 3 X ^ in.

344. M. eruenta Quel, (from the blood-like juice ; cruor, gore) a b.
P. conico-campanulate, subumbonate, brown. St. tense, villous-

rooting, paler than P. G. adnate, whitish. Milk deep
brownish-crimson.

Solitary or subcsespitose. Woods, pine-cones, etc. ; rare. Sept.
IX3|X Tij in.

345. M. sanguinolenta Quel, (from the blood-red juice; sanguino-

lentus, bloody) a b c.
P. hemispherical, brown or purplish-brown. St. flaccid, fibrillose
at base, colour as P. G. pale purplish-brown ; edge some-
times dark purple. Milk brownish-crimson.

Gregarious. Woods, chips, twigs, fir-leaves, moss, etc., tree-fern stems in
greenhouses. May-Nov. \ X 3§ X 35 in. Sometimes wholly pale brown
and varying \ to ^ in. high.

346. M. croeata Gill, (from the saffron-coloured juice ; crocus, saffron)

a b.

P. convex, olivaceous, ashy, yellowish or white ; mid. reddish.

St. tense, deep yellow, orange-crimson at fibrillose base. G.

adnato-ascending or adnexed, white.

Scattered. Woods, beech., amongst leaves ; uncommon. Autumn.
£ X 4! X ixff in. A small var. appears on beech-trunks.

347. M. chelidonia Que'l. (from the yellow juice, like that of

Chelidonium majus) a b c.
P. hemispherical, yellowish flesh-colour ; mid. ochreous. St. firm,
yellow at the villous-rooting base. G. adnate, white or yellow-
white. Milk, saffron to vinous-red.

Subcaespitose. Odour somewhat alkaline. Stumps, beech, alder; rare.
Oct. fX2jx & in.

80 AGARICACEiE Mycena

348. M. galopus Quel, (from the white juice ; Gr. gala, milk, pons,

a foot) a b c.
P. hemispherical, subumbonate, dark then pale purplish-flesh-
colour; mid. blackish. St. colour as P., base villous. G.
adnexed or adnate, white or glaucous. Milk white.

In troops. Almost tasteless or like radishes. Woods, amongst moss and
leaves ; common. July-Nov. § X 2$ X T^ in. Sometimes wholly dark
in colour.

349. M. leueogala Sacc. (from the milk-white juice ; Gr. leukos, white,

gala, milk).
P. campanulate, umbonate, purple-brown. St. lighter than P.,

white tomentose at base. G. adnate with a tooth, ashy.
Csespitose. Amongst grass, rotten stumps. Oct. ^ X 3 X Tx5 in.

g. Glutinipedes.

350. M. epipterygia Quel, (from its frequent growth on brake-fern,

Pteris a qui Una) a b c.
P. conical with a separable viscid pellicle, dark olivaceous then
pale livid-sulphur. St. greenish-sulphur. G. sinuato-ascending,
whitish or greyish. Flesh pale sulphur.

Solitary, gregarious or caespitose. Odour none. Woods, amongst grass,,
leaves, dead bracken, on manure-heaps ; common. Aug. - Dec.
I X Si x tV m- There is a white var.

351. M. elavieularis Gill, (from its shape ; davus, a nail) a b.

P. expanded, subumbonate, dry, pelliculose, white or light
yellowish. St. tough, slightly viscid, whitish. G. adnato-
decurrent, whitish.

Woods, fir, grassy places. Oct. f X 2\ X ^ in.

352. M. pellieulosa Quel, (from the thin separable pellicle of the

pileus) a b c.
P. at first umbonate then plane, viscid, brownish; mid. darker.
St. rigid, livid grey-whitish. G. adnato-decurrent, thick, white.

In troops during very rainy weather. Taste none. Heaths, heathy woods \
frequent. Sept. -Dec. £ X 2§ X -£% in.

353. M. vulgaris Quel, (vulgaris, common) a b c.

P. convex, depressed, papillate, subviscid, brownish or ashy-grey.
St. attenuate and slightly strigose below, ashy-grey. G. adnato-
decurrent, white.

Gregarious. Odour strong of new meal, or none. Woods, fir, amongst moss,
on dead twigs, larch and pine leaves ; common. July-Nov. \ X if X ^ "*•

354. M. eitrinella Quel, (from its colour ; citrus, lemon) a b c.

P. hemispherical, subviscid. St. pale brown villous at base.
G. adnato-ascending, at first white.

Gregarious. Woods, pine, rotten trunks ; uncommon. Oct. ^ X | X 5^j in.
The var. Candida Gill, is at first white, sulphur in drying.

Mycena AGARICACE^E 8 1

355. M. plieatoerenata Gill, (from the folded and margin-notched

pileus ; plica, a fold, crena, a notch) a.
P. conic, subumbonate, white then light yellow. St. pale pallid-
reddish. G. adnato-ascending, white.
Amongst heath and moss, under larches. Oct. | X if X ^ in.

356. M. rorida Quel (from the dripping jelly of the stem; roridus,

dewy) a b c.
P. convex, whitish-ochre, pale buff, faintly ashy or white.

St. white. G. arcuato-decurrent, white.
Taste none ; odour somewhat rank, strong. Dead sticks, twigs, bramble ;

rare. June-Sept. £ X if X ^ in.

h. Basipedes.

357. M. stylobates Quel, (from the shape of the stem ; Gr. stulos, a

pillar, basis, a base) a b c. White or faint grey.

P. campanulate, sprinkled with minute hairs. St. pruinose above.

G. free.

Dead grass, leaves, rushes, fern-stems, twigs, bark, chips, in wet places ;
uncommon. June-Oct. § X i\ x ^j in. In infancy the edge of the
pileus is attached to the edge of the basal disc and forms a veil.

358. M. tenerrima Quel, {tenerwnus, very tender) a b c. White.

P. hemispherical, pruinose. St. pubescent below. G. free.

Gregarious. Mossy bark of trees, willow, dead bramble, fir-cones, dead
wood, sticks, chips, etc. ; uncommon. Aug.-Mar. Tx5 x § X ^ in.
Edge of pileus and disc as in 357.

359. M. diseopus Gill, (from the basal disc of the stem ; Gr. diskos, a

disc, pons, a foot) a b. White.
P. conical, subumbonate, pulverulent. G. adnate.
Twigs, acorns, dead wood, etc., in moist places. Autumn. Jg x | X ^ in.

360. M. saeeharifera Gill, (from its sugary appearance under a lens ;

saccharoii, sugar, fero, to bear) a b c. Whitish.

P. hemispherical, covered with minute subglobose granules. G.

subdecurrent.

Dead bramble, rose, furze, nettle. Nov.-Mar. -^ x ^ X ^ in. In var.
elcctica Mass. the P. is sulcate and G. adnate.

361. M. pterig'ena Quel, (from its habitat; pteris, a fern, gigno, to

bear) a b c.

P. hemispherico-oblong, pale rose with orange marg. St. paler

than P. G. adnate, pallid with bright orange edge.

Gregarious, sometimes fasciculate. Dead Laslrca, veins of dead leaves, etc. ;
uncommon. Sept. -Nov. T3,j X if X ■£% in.

i. Insititice.

362. M. cortieola Quel, (from its habitat; cortex, bark, colo, to

inhabit) a b c.

P. hemispherical, depressed, brownish, varying grey. St. slightly

furfuraceous, paler than P. G. sinuate, colour as St.

Amongst moss, on living ash, bramble, oak, willow, apple, pear ; common.
June-Jan. ^6 X i£ X & in.

Cx

82

AGARICACE/E

Omphalia

363. M. hiemalis Quel, (from its time of growth • /items, winter) a c.

Whitish or flesh-colour, rarely brownish or slate.
P. hemispherical. St. slightly downy below. G. adnato-ascend-

ing, narrow.
Scattered. Trunks, oak, willow ; rare. Sept. -Mar. g X i§ X ^ in.

364. M. setosa Gill, (from the hairy stem ; seta, a bristle) a b. White,

becoming brownish.
P. hemispherical. G. adnate.
Densely gregarious. Dead beech-leaves; rare. Oct.-Xov. xgXfXjJgin.

365. M. eapillaris Quel, (from the hair-like stem; capillus, a hair)

a b c. White.

P. plane, slightly depressed. St. smooth, attenuate downwards.

G. adnato-decurrent.

Woods, on herbaceous stems, moss and dead leaves, chiefly beech, oak.
Sept. -Nov. ^ X | X T|g in. Chiefly seen in very rainy weather.

366. M. juneieola Gill, (from its habitat ; juncus, a rush, colo, to

inhabit) a.
P. acutely conic, rose-colour, rufescent, blood-red or tawny. St.
brownish. G. adnate, white or pale yellowish.

Rushes in bogs, twigs ; rare. June-July,

is

x# X

125

in.

X. OMPHALIA Quel.

(From the umbilicus ; Gr. omphalos.)

Veil almost obsolete, only seen in pruina, squamules or tomentum
of the pileus and stem, and rarely in a basal disc to which the edge

Fig. 19. — A, section of OmpJialia muralis

Quel. X 3. B, O. pseudodirecta W. G. Sm. ;

young state seen from above to show volva-like
base.

of the pileus is attached in infancy. Hymenophore confluent with,
but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus somewhat

Omphalia AGARICACE^E 83

membranous, umbilico-infundibuliform, hygrophanous. Stem simple,
central, cartilaginous, fistulose or stuffed, more or less lustrous, some-
times hair-like. Gills decurrent. Spores more or less elliptical,
smooth. (Fig. 19.)

Many of the species are small, beautiful and generally epiphytal.
Odour obsolete or nearly so. Mostly peculiar to hilly positions,
preferring damp, woody situations and rainy seasons.

The species must not be confounded with the thick-gilled species
of similar structure found amongst the Cantharelli.

Species 367—406

Collybiarle (from the resemblance to Collybia). Pileus with a
deflexed margin.

a. Hydrogrammcz. Comparatively large. Gills narrow, very

crowded, arcuate, from the first truly decurrent. 367-370

b. Pyxidatce. Intermediate in size. Gills narrow, slightly

distant, attenuate at both ends. 371-382

c. Umbelliferce. Gills broad, commonly thick, very distant.

Must not be confounded with Xerotus. 383-392

Mycenari^e (from the resemblance to Mycend). Pileus at first
companulate, margin straight, pressed to the stem.

d. Campanellce. Gills broad, perfect, unequal. 393-403

e. Integrellce. Gills fold-like, narrow. 404-406

COLLYBIARLE.

a. Hydrogrammcz.

367. 0. hydrogramma Quel, (from its watery streakings ; Gr. hudor,

water, gramme, a line) a b.
P. subconvex, striate, broadly umbilicate, tan. St. subattenuate

and villous below, tan. G. livid whitish or tan.
Somewhat caespitose. In woods amongst dead leaves, beech. Oct.

2f X 3! x 4 m- Resembles 172 in appearance.

367a. 0. detrusa Gill, (from the umbilicus — as if pushed in ; detrudo,
to push down) a b.
P. somewhat fleshy, convex, expanded, at length umbilicate,
even, glabrous, indistinctly zoned, dark grey or whitish-umber.
St. stuffed to hollow, glabrous, dark grey or dull lavender.
G. subdecurrent with a tooth, thin, crowded, whitish or
somewhat pale ochreous.
Woods, amongst moss. Autumn. i§ X 2\ X j,- in.

368. 0. umbilieata Gill, (from the umbilicate pileus) a.

P. plane, deeply umbilicate, tan to fuscous. St. silky striate
above, villous below, whitish-buff. G. whitish.

Somewhat ccespitose. Woods, chiefly pine, amongst moss. Autumn.
If X XJX A in.

G 2

84 AGARICACEiE Omphalia

369. 0. maura Gill, (from its swarthy appearance ; maurus, a Moor)

a b.
P. plane, striate, deeply umbilicate, sooty-brown. St. sometimes
rooting, livid to dark brown. G. white.

Odour of new meal. Lawns and moist places. Oct. -Nov. if x l\ X \ in.
Must not be confounded with 277.

370. 0. offuciata Gill, (from its appearance ; offucia, paint) a b.

P. deeply depressed, rarely plane, with a small papilla, tan to
brownish or riesh-colour. St. colour as P., brown within at
base. G. colour as P.

Solitary or slightly fasciculate. Under beeches. Oct. -Nov. if X if X J in.
The salmon-colour of the gills must not cause this to be confounded with
Series II. Hyporhodii.

b. Pyxidatce.

371. 0. ehrysophylla Gill, (from the golden-yellow gills ; Gr. c/irusos,

gold, phullon, a leaf) a b.
P. plane, broadly umbilicate, ochreous-rufescent, tan or grey-
hoary when dry. St colour as G.

Gregarious. Decayed pine, stumps, chips, sawdust. Aug. -Oct. 2.\ x 2 x T3ff in.
The colou:
Flammula

The colour of gills and stem must not cause this to be confounded with

372. 0. Postii Karst. (after H. von Post) a b.

P. plane, broadly umbilicate, striate, bright orange or rufescent.
St. light yellow7 to whitish. G. whitish to grey-white.

Charcoal beds, swampy places. July-Oct. z\ x i\ x \ in. Thevar. aurea
Mass. bright golden-yellow, amongst Sphagnum in swamps.

373. 0. pyxidata Quel, (from the shape of the pileus ; pyxis ; a small

box) a b c.
P. infundibuliform, striate, rufous-fuscous to umber or pallid. St.
colour as P. G. white to brown. Flesh pale brown.

Lawns and woods amongst grass and moss ; frequent. July - Nov.
\\ X if X \ in. Sometimes \ X \ in.

374. 0. leueophylla Gill, (from the white gills ; Gr. leukos, white,

phullon, a leaf) a b c.
P. plane, broadly depressed, at length subrimose, dark ashy to
pale or dark umber. St. colour as P., usually white at top and
bottom.

Taste insipid ; odour somewhat strong. "Woods, moist places, amongst short
grass. April-Sept, if X if X \ in.

375. 0. strisepileus Gill, (from the striate pileus) a b c.

P. plane, depressed, rarely with a small papilla, livid olivaceous
or brownish; mid. brown. St. pale livid umber, becoming
fuscous. G. whitish.

Woods, amongst moss and grass. Oct.-Nov. if X ij X £ in.

Omphalia AGARIC ACE^: 85

376. 0. telmatisea Sacc. (from its habitat ; Gr. telmatiaios, occurring

in marshy places) a b.

P. infundibuliform, minutely virgate, dark brown or fuscous to

livid. St. slate or tan flesh-colour. G. livid or pale brown.

On Sphagnum. Aug. 2§ x ii X \ in. {Agariais affricatus B. & Br.,
not Fr.)

376a. 0. epiehysium Quel, (from a fancied resemblance to an
ancient Greek wine-vessel, epichusis).
P. membranous, plane, umbilicate, livid umber, pale livid-reddish-
umber, or mid. slate-lavender and marg. dull salmon, silky
rloccoso-squamose and pallid when dry ; marg. striate when
moist. St. somewhat hollow, glabrous, ashy, grey or slate,
dull salmon above and below. G. plano-decurrent, ashy or
salmon-brown-white.

On wet rotten wood, rarely in bogs. Autumn. \\ x if X ^ in.
Wholly soft and watery.

377. 0. sphagnieola Karst. (from its habitat; sphagnum, bog-moss,

co to, to inhabit) a b c.
P. infundibuliform, substriate, brownish-tan or dull pale ochreous.
St. tan-white or ashy. G. thick, colour as P. or whitish.

In swamps, on Sphagnum acutifolium ; uncommon. June-Sept. \\ X
if X \ in.

378. 0. philonotis Que'l. (Gr. philos, loving, notis, moisture) a.

Smoky-ashy or brown-white.
P. infundibuliform, fragile. St. floccose at base.

On Sphagnum, swampy places in fir-woods. Aug. i\ x 2§ X J in. Fries
says this is one of the vernal species, with 377 and 380.

379. 0. onisea Gill, (from its colour, like a codfish ; Gr. oniskos) a b c.

Dark ashy to pale umber, becoming grey-hoary.
P. broadly umbilicate, striate. G. shortly decurrent.

Not caespitose. Woods, swampy places ; rare. Dec. \\ X £ X \ in.

379a. 0. Luffli Mass. (after Mr. John Luff).

P. convex, undulate, then depressed, even, glabrous ; marg.

usually upturned' at extreme edge, pallid, white when dry. St.

solid, thickened above, cartilaginous, often crooked, glabrous,

polished, pallid. G. decurrent, crowded, colour as St. Flesh

very thin, white.

Gregarious. Odour fragrant, spicy, like 219. \\ x \ X TV in. Allied to
379.

380. 0. esespitosa Sacc. (from its csespitose habit) a b c.

P. hygrophanous, piano-depressed, livid buff, yellowish-white or
olive-shaded, at length white ; marg. crenate, sulcate. St.
slightly enlarged below, colour as P. G. very distant, some-
times branched, whitish or yellowish-buff.

Moors, by boggy water-courses under pines, damp peaty soil. May-Oct.
ij X 1 X J in. Whole plant sometimes becomes bright yellow in drying.

86 AGARIC AC EJE Omphalia

381. 0. glaueophylla Gill, (from the olive-grey gills ; Gr. glaukos, the

bluish-grey of the olive, ///?///<?//, a leaf) a c.
P. plano-umbilicate, mouse-colour; marg. striate. St. colour
as P.

Woods, mossy places. Sept. 5 X | X fff in. Pileus sometimes £ in. in
diameter.

382. 0. rustiea Quel, (from its habitat ; rus, the country) a b.

P. plano-umbilicate, fuscous to grey, or whitish-umber, shaded
lavender; marg. striate. St. colour as P., or dull rather pale
lavender. G. thick, olivaceous or olive-grey.

Woods, grassy avenues, heathy ground, charcoal heaps. Aug. -Sept.
i x i x t<j in-

382a. 0. alutaeea Sacc. (from its colour ; a/uta, tanned leather) a b.
Tan-colour, or dull pale ochreous.
P. membranous, convex, then umbilicate, smooth ; marg. incurved,
even. St. hollow, smooth, paler than P. G. somewhat
narrow, crowded, arcuate, colour as St.

Amongst grass and moss. Sept. f X if X ^ in.

c. Umbellifercz.

383. 0. demissa Karst. (demissus, drooping) a b.

P. infundibuliform, fuscous-rufescent to tan-brown. St. liver-
rufescent to pale tan-brown. G. becoming purple.

Waste places, banks in woods, burnt wood ; rare. Aug.-Oct. § X £ X ^ in.
Agaricus rufulus B. & Br. Not unlike some forms of 224.

384. 0. hepatiea Gill, (from its colour ; Gr. hepar, the liver) a b c.
P. infundibuliform, tough, rufous flesh-colour to tawny and tan.

St. fuscous flesh-colour. G. whitish.

Lawns, mossy pathsides in woods, etc. ; rare. Nov. -Dec. \\ X if X \ in.
Often in company with 373.

385. 0. muralis Que'l. (from one of its habitats ; murus, a wall) a b c.
P. infundibuliform, rufous-brown to tan-umber; marg. striate.

St. paler than P. G. brownish-white.

Old mossy walls, amongst moss in woods, on turf wralls, sandy banks, etc.
Jan. -Nov. 1 x § X \ in. Sometimes only \ X J in. There is a white
var. Several other species of OmpJiaaa occur on old mossy walls.

386. 0. umbellifera Quel, (from the umbrella-like pileus ; umbella,

an umbel or umbrella, fero, to bear) a b c.
P. piano-depressed, deep brown to ochreous-whitish ; marg.
striate. St. slightly attenuate downwards, colour as P. G.
grey-whitish, umber or dusky flesh-colour, edge whitish.

Taste none ; odour at first somewhat disagreeable, evanescent. Boggy
ground, stumps, rotten wood, old walls, heathy banks, etc. Mar. -Dec.
£ X £ X j1^ in. Var. abiegna Mass. grows on firwood. Var. viridis Sacc.
is verdigris-green. There is also a wholly deep yellow variety.

Omphalia AGARIC AC E/E Sy

386a. 0. velutina Quel, (velutinus, velvety) a.

P. convex, umbilicate, striate, greyish or yellowish-grey. St.
solid, colour as P., white at base. G. arcuate, wide, distant,
colour as P. Flesh dark grey.
In heaths. Sept. J X l£ X ^ in. Has characters between 386 and 391.

387. 0. infumata Sacc. (from its colour ; infumo, to smoke) a b.

P. obtuse, at first green. St. dilated at base, tomentose, yellow.

G. yellow.
Moss on bark. Autumn. T55 X if X J in. Colours of 350.

388. 0. retosta Gill, (from its appearance ; retostus, scorched) a c.

Umber within and without.
P. piano-depressed. St. equal or attenuate below. G. some-
what darker than flesh.
Lawns, etc., amongst dead leaves. Oct. i^ X I X \ in. Firmer than 386.

389. 0. abhorrens Sacc. (from its fetid odour) a.

P. piano-depressed, fuscous to warm ochreous. St. brown-ochre

above, dark brown below. G. colour as P.

Csespitose. Odour dung-like. On lawns, under yews. Oct. J X f X ■£$ in.
A close ally of 388 ; much like 1411.

390. 0. pseudoandrosaeea Gill, (from its resemblance to 1420

Marasmius androsaceus Fr. ; Gr. pseudos, false) a c. White,

whitish-grey, or umber-white.
P. piano-depressed; marg. striato-plicate, crenulate.
Mossy lawns. Oct. -Nov. |x ij X ^ in.

391. 0. griseopallida Quel, (from its colour; grisetis, grey, pallidus,

pallid) a b c.
P. infundibuliform, squamulose, fuscous-grey or pale greyish-
umber ; marg. sometimes slightly striate. St. paler than P.
G. fuscous- or slate-grey.
On the ground, gardens. Sept. -Oct. $ X § X £ in.

392. 0. stellata Quel, (from the star-like, radiate base) a b c. White.

P. piano-depressed, diaphanous-striate.

In woods, on sticks, decayed stems of herbaceous plants, wood ; uncommon.
Feb. -Nov. T5£ x I X gj in. Must not be confounded with the Basipedes
section of Mycena.

Mycenarle.
d. Campaiicllce.

393. 0. campanella Quel, (from the shape of the pileus ; campa/ic/ia,

a little bell) a b c.

P. campanulato-plane, umbilicate, yellow-ferruginous, orange or

brown. St. brown, usually dark strigose at base. G. dull

ochre.

Csespitose. Woods, pine, trunks. Aug.-Nov. f X i£ X £g in. Sometimes
completely covering stumps. There is a var. with a small acute papilla
in the umbilicus.

88 AGARICACE^: Omphalia

394. 0. pieta Gill, (from its varied colours ; pictus, painted) a.

P. hood-shaped, subdepressed, fuscous ; marg. striate ; mid.
yellow or brown. St. horny, brown ; blackish at strigose
base. G. adnate, broader than long, subdecurrent, whitish or
yellowish.

Woods, mixed, on sticks, chips, dead wood, sawdust, etc. Aug.-Oct.
j X i4 X T£ in.

395. 0. eamptophylla Sacc. (from the curved gills ; Gr. kampto,

to curve, phullon, a leaf) a b.
P. convexo-depressed, brown or brown-white ; marg. striate,

grey. St. yellow to white above, rufescent to pale brown

below. G. adnate, subdecurrent, white.
Sticks, chips, etc. ; rare. Aug.-Oct. | X 2 x ^ in.

396. 0. umbratilis Gill, (from its growing in the shade ; umbratilis,

remaining in shade) a c.
P. convexo-plane, broadly depressed, black-fuscous, hoary when

dry. St. fuscous-dead-black. G. adnato-decurrent, becoming

fuscous-white.
Gregarious. Amongst grass. Autumn. £ X § X T\ in.

397. 0. grisea Quel, (griseiis, grey) a b c.

P. conico-campanulate, subumbonate, then expanded and um-
bilicate, livid grey to umber, becoming hoary. St. attenuate
downwards, longitudinally cracking, ashy-whitish. G. sinuato-
decurrent, whitish-grey, dull lavender with a white edge or
livid umber.

Taste and odour somewhat unpleasant. Woods, pine, mixed, dead sticks,
leaves; rare. Sept.-Nov. £ x if X j^ in.

398. 0. fibula Quel, (from its shape ; fibula, a pin) a b c.

P. piano-depressed, sometimes papillate, orange-yellow or ver-
milion. St. colour as P. G. decurrent, yellow or orange.
Flesh orange.

Mossy ground, shady banks, moist woods, moss, sedge, grass, stumps, etc.
Mar.-Dec. \ X if X ^ in. Yar. Sivartzii Kaist. P. tan or white-purple ;
mid. deep purple-brown. The variation from orange to purple agrees with
224 and its purple form. There is a white variety.

399. 0. direeta Sacc. (from the long hairs at right angles to the stem ;

diredus, straight) a c. White.
P. piano-depressed. St. sometimes faintly rufous. G. sub-
distant, decurrent.
Dead leaves. May-Nov. ^ X | X T|g in.

400. O. pseudodirecta W. G. Sm. (from its being mistaken by

Dr. M. C. Cooke for 399 ; Gr. pseudos, false) a b.
P. piano-depressed, white-pruinose. St. white, mealy-granular

below, springing from a white floccose disc or volva which

becomes obsolete as the stem lengthens. G. few, adnate,

white then saffron, pruinoso-sparkling.
On Encephalartos cone at Messrs. Veitch's nursery, Chelsea. May.

lV X 2 X T^g in. Stems bristle-like, often non-pileate.

JPleurotus AGARICACE.E 89

401. 0. Belliae Karst. (after the Misses Bell of Coldstream) a b.

P. infundibuliform, pale livid-brown ; marg. waved and furrowed.
St. whitish above, pale brown below, springing from a slightly
enlarged, floccose base. G. wrinkled, veined, white.

Dead reeds. Oct. J X if X T^ in.

401a. 0. gracilis Quel, (gracilis, slender) a. Wholly white.

P. membranous, campanulate, papillate, striate, smooth, trans-
parent. St. filiform, fistulose, transparent, pruinose, fibrillose
at base. G. distant, very decurrent, thin.
Dead grass. Oct. \ X ij X £$ in.

402. 0. graeillima Quel, (gracillimus, very slender) a b. White.

P. convex, subumbonate then plane and umbilicate. St. springing
from a floccose base. G. fold-like, disappearing short of
marg. of P.

Scattered. Dead sticks, herbaceous stems. Aug. T5S X I X ^ in.

403. 0. bullula Sacc. (from its watery appearance ; bullula, a watery

vesicle) a. White.
P. hemispherical, diaphanous.
Scattered. Dead sticks, twigs. Autumn. | x f X 3\ in.

e. IiitegrellcB.

404. 0. integrella Quel, (from its perfect structure ; integer, whole)

a b c. White.
P. hemispherical, depressed or plane. St. pilose downwards to

a minute villous disc at base. G. adnato-decurrent disappearing

short of marg. of P.
Commonly fasciculate. Shady places, woods, on decayed sticks, rotten wood,

grass, twigs, etc. May--Oct. T| X ^ X jfa in.

405. 0. bueeinalis Sacc. (from its trumpet-shaped pileus • buccina,

a trumpet) a. White.

P. fleshy, piano-depressed. St. with a stellate disc at base. G.

vein-like as in Cantharellus.

Twigs, stems, etc. ; common. | x | X 35 in. Sometimes branching as in
1437 on a small scale.

406. O. nevilije Sacc. (after Lady Dorothy Neville) a.

P. hemispherico-depressed, granulate, striate, brown becoming
pale at marg. St. very thin, brown, rough with black gr.,
villous, subdilated at base. G. veined at sides and interstices.

On Sphagnum in orchid-pot. ^ X I X ^ in.

XI. PLEUROTUS Quel.

(From a fancied resemblance in many of the species to an
ear; Gr. pleuron, a side, ous, an ear.)

Veil universal, seen in the squamules, scurf and appendiculate
margin of the pileus and in the fugitive annulus, sometimes developed

90 AGARICACEiE Pleurotus

as gluten, or obsolete or nearly so. Hymenophore confluent and
homogeneous with the fleshy stem, when present. Pileus usually
excentric, compact, spongy to fleshy or membranous, sometimes
resupinate. Stem usually excentric, lateral, annulate, simple or

Fig. 20. — A, section of Pleurotus dryinus Quel. One-third
natural size. B, young state, section, showing veil ; c, section
of P. applicatus Quel. X 2.

none ; when present without cartilaginous bark ; when the larger-
stemmed species grow vertically on prostrate trunks, the stem is
sometimes central or nearly so. Gills sinuate, adnate or decurrent,.
in some of the Resupinate often starting from an excentric point.
Spores more or less elliptical, smooth. (Fig. 20.)

The majority of the species grow on trunks, branches, twigs,,
moss, etc., a few are terrestrial; many are large, handsome and
polymorphic ; some are small and resupinate. They generally
appear late in the year, 421 and 422 commonly grow in the spring
and reappear year after year on the same habitat. All are harmless,,
and a few are considered by some to be edible. All become putrid
when old, and none are leathery or woody — in this they differ from
members of Lentinus, Pamis, Xerotus, Trogia, Schizophyllum and
Lenzites. Species 407 — 448

a. Exeeutriece. Pileus laterally extended ; stem excentric.

Veil forming an annulus to the stem and hanging as a ragged
fringe at the margin of the pileus. 407 — 409

P#7 obsolete. Gills sinuate or obtusely adnate. 410 — 417

Veil obsolete. Stem distinct, somewhat vertical. Gills deeply
decurrent. 418 — 420

Veil obsolete. Pileus lateral, sessile or extended behind into
a short, oblique, stem-like base. Gills deeply decurrent.

421—425

b. Dimidiatce. Pileus definitely lateral, immarginate behind, not

at first resupinate. 426 — 435

Pkurotus AGARIC ACEiE 9 1

c. Resupinata.. Pileus at length reflexed, sessile. Gills starting

from an excentric point.
Pileus fleshy, uniform. 436, 437

Pileus fleshy, striate, with an upper gelatinous stratum or

viscid pellicle. 438 — 444

Pileus membranous, not viscid. 445 — 448

a. ExcentriccB.

407. P. eortieatus Quel, (from the thick covering of the pileus and

stem ; cortex, bark) a b.

P. fleshy, floccose, pale buff and grey. St. squamuloso-fibrillose

white to pale buff. A. silky-floccose. G. decurrent, anasto

mosing near St., yellowish when old. Flesh white or faintly

yellowish.

Solitary or caespitose. Tasteless ; odour pleasant, rather strong. Trunks,
elm, ash, apple, etc. Sept. -Oct. 9 X 3§ X if in.

408. P. dryinus Quel, (from its frequent habitat ; Gr. drus, oak) a b c.
P. fleshy, plane, whitish with fuscous sc. ; mid. darker. St.

white or yellowish- white, fuscous at base. A. floccose. G.

decurrent. white, yellowish when old.

Taste pleasant, mushroom -like. Trunks, oak, elm, apple, willow, walnut,
ash, poplar. Sept.-Feb. 6 x 4 X ij in.

409. P. spongiosus Sacc. (from its spongy substance) a b c.

P. pulvinate, subumbonate, downy, white, tan or ashy. St. white-

tomentose, sometimes almost obsolete. A. evanescent. G.

decurrent, anastomosing on stem, whitish.

Stumps, beech, apple, poplar, hornbeam ; rare. Oct.-Nov. 3J X ij X f in.
Soft and spongy, shrinking to almost half its original size in drying.

410. P. ulmarius Quel, (from its usual habitat ; ulmus, elm) a b c.

Whitish.

P. pulvinate, broadly umbonate, smooth. St. villous at base,

rarely central. G. adnate.

Solitary or caespitose. Said to be edible. Odour mealy or slightly acid.
Trunks, elm, wych elm, beech, oak, poplar, willow, sometimes parasitic
on 1587. Sept. -Dec. 6| x 4 X if in. Sometimes proliferous, with
many small growths at base of stem.

411. P. tessulatus Gill, (from the tesselated markings of the pileus) a.
P. convex, subumbonate, pale tawny, brown-tesselated. St.

smooth, white. G. sinuate, white or faintly brownish.
Solitary or caespitose. Odour of new meal. Trunks. 4^ X 2 X § in.

412. P. subpalmatus Gill, (from a fancied resemblance to the shape

of the hand) a b c.

P. convex, with a thick, gelatinous, reticulato-corrugate pellicle,

rufescent-salmon. St. whitish above, salmon below. G.

sinuate with a decurrent tooth or adnato-rounded, sometimes

adnate with a collar, paler than P. Flesh salmon-streaky.

Taste bitter-aromatic. Squared timber, trunks, etc., willow, elm, oak;
rare. Sept. -Nov. 4^ x i\ X \ in.

92 AGARICACE^: Plenrotus

413. P. eraspedius Gill, (from the thick stem ; crassus, thick, pes, a

foot) a b.
P. pulvinate or subumbonate, pale buff; marg. crenato-lobed. St.
and Flesh white. G. rounded or adnate.

Caespitose. Strong odour of cucumber. Trunks, rotten wood, poplar.
Sept.-Oct. 4§ x 2 x if in.

414. P. fimbriatus Gill, (from the fringed margin of pileus ; fimbria,

fringe) a.

P. infundibuliform, hygrophanous, whitish ; marg. lobed and

reflexed. St. central or lateral, somewhat attenuate downwards,

whitish. G. adnato-ascending, narrow, thin, crowded, white.

Flesh remarkably thin.

Gregarious, somewhat caespitose. Trunks, dead; rare. Aug. -Jan.
4§ X if X ^ in. Habit not unlike Lentinics.

415. P. Ruthse Sacc. (after Ruth Berkeley) a.

P. piano-depressed, fan-shaped, tan-whitish ; marg. striate. St.

lateral or excentric, salmon-reddish. G. adnato-decurrent,

veined, paler than St.

Sawdust. Oct. 2§ X § X \ in. Sometimes twisted and contorted like 1158,
for the white variety of which with similar habitat it might be readily
mistaken.

416. P. lignatilis Gill, (from its habitat and hardness ; lignum, wood)

a b c. Whitish-tan.

P. convexo-plane, slightly depressed, flocculoso-pruinate ; mid..

pale buff. St. stuffed, woody, pruinato-villous. G. adnate or

sinuate. Flesh whitish, faintly sienna at base of stem.

Caespitose or single. Odour strong of meal. Beech, growing on 1532
and 1593. 3 x 2h X J in. A variety has P. ashy with mid. black and
marg. white.

417. P. eireinatus Gill, (from the orbicular pileus ; circ'uw, to make

round) a b c. White.

P. plane, silky-lustrous. St. smooth, attenuate downwards. G.

subdecurrent.

Odour weak and pleasant, not mealy. Rotting stumps, birch. Sept.-Oct.
2f X if X & in.

418. P. sapidus Sacc. (from its taste ; sapidus, savoury) a b c.

P. piano-depressed, fleshy, smooth, white, pale ochreous, brown
or lavender shaded. St. connato-branched, smooth, white.
G. subdistant, reticulate on stem, white. Spores pale lilac.

Caespitose. Trunks, elm. July-Aug. 4J x 2\ X | in.

419. P. pantoleueus Gill, (from its colour; Gr. pas, all, leukos, white)

a b c.

P. convex, dimidiate, spathulate, smooth. St. excentric. G.

broad.

Solitary. Trunks, branches, willow. Oct. 4^X2|xfin. Sometimes small
with a depressed pileus.

Pleurotus AGARICACE/E 93

420. P. mutilus Gill, (from its being changeable in form ; mutilus,

maimed) a c. White. *

P. excentric, lateral, reniform or spathulate, depressed, silky-
smooth. St. excentric or lateral with a villous base.

Dead wood, rotting elm, fir-plantations, on a grassy hillside. Aug.-Dec.
if X £ X \ in. Might be mistaken for a small Clitocybe. Sometimes
appears on mushroom-beds.

421. P. ostreatus Quel, (from the shape and colour of the pileus ;

ostrea, an oyster) a b c.
P. convexo-depressed, subexcentric, slate or brownish, when
young sometimes almost black. St. connato-branched, excen-
tric, rarely central, sometimes obsolete, white. G. reticulate
below, whitish.

Caespitose-imbricate. Said to be edible. Odour strong. Trunks and logs,
elm, poplar, walnut, beech, laburnum, apple, Wistaria; once on dry-
cerebral matter in skull of a stranded whale. Jan. -Dec. 4! x 2 x $■ in.
Var. cohimbinus Quel, has a purplish pileus and bluish or greenish marg.
Var. glandulosus Mass. has tear-like drops on the gills.

422. P. euosmus Sacc. (Gr. euosmtis, sweet-smelling) a b c.

P. convexo-depressed, tan to olivaceous-brown. St. varying

long, short or obsolete. G. reticulate below. Spores tan,

lilac or salmon-shaded.

Caespitose-imbricate. Said to be poisonous. Odour of tarragon. Stumps,
logs, poplar, elm. April-Oct. 5| X 3J X 1 in. Intermediate forms
between this and 421 occur.

423. P. revolutus Gill, (from the ultimately revolute margin of the

pileus) a.
P. plane, smoky, lead- or mouse-colour ; mid. darker. St.

whitish. G. serrulate, whitish.
Solitary or subcaespitose. Trunks, poplar, beech. Autumn. 10^X2^X2 in.

424. P. salignus Quel, (from one of its habitats ; Salix, willow) a b c.
P. pulvinate, plane, ochreous, smoky slate-colour or almost black.

St. almost obsolete, tan. Spores dull whitish.

Solitary, rarely caespitose or imbricate. Trunks, willow, ash, elm, sycamore,
alder. Sept.-Feb. $h X h X if in.

425. P. aeerinus Gill, (from one of its habitats ; Acer, maple) a b.

White.
P. tough, fleshy, thin, silky-villous, pale rufous when dry. St.

sublateral or obsolete, villous. G. very crowded, thin, white

then yellow ; livid-vinous when dry.
Trunks, maple, ash, plane. Autumn. 3 x i£ X 1 in.

b. Dimidiates.

426. P. petaloides Quel, (from a fancied resemblance to a leaf;

Gr. petalon, a leaf, eidos, appearance) a b c.

P. plane, subumbonate, fuscous, brown, ochreous or purplish.

St. sublateral, villous, whitish. G. decurrent, white, yellowish

or ashy.

Gregarious, caespitose or imbricate. Taste bitter. Terrestrial and on stumps,
pine ; rare. Aug. -Jan. 3! X I X I in.

94 AGARIC AC EJE Pleurotus

427. P. pulmonarius Quel, (from its lung-like texture; pulmo,

a lung) a e.

P. plane, smooth, ashy or rufous. St. lateral, whitish. G.

decurrent or adnato-decurrent, whitish or ashy.

Solitary, rarely caespitose. Trunks, beech. Sept. 2§ x f X \ in. Var.
j'uglandis Karst. grows on walnut.

428. P. serotinus Gill, (from its late appearance ; serotinus, late) a b c.
P. reniform, olivaceous. St. lateral, brilliant deep yellow,

squamulose, spotted near gills, somewhat rich brown. G.

crowded, sinuato-decurrent, cream ochre to bright yellow or

orange.

Taste insipid ; odour apple-like. Trunks, posts, ash, birch, hornbeam, alder,
beech ; rails. Oct.-Dec. 2 X f X h in.

429. P. mitis Quel, (from its taste ; mitis, mild) a b c.

P. reniform, gristly, without a viscid pellicle, pale flesh-colour or

tan. St. lateral, minutely scaly, whitish flesh-colour or tan.

G. somewhat rounded, white.

Taste and odour almost obsolete. Dead trunks, sticks, fir, larch. Oct.-
Dec. \ X § X f in. Sometimes if in. in diam. Somewhat like 1444 in
general appearance.

429a. P. ruflpes Sacc. & D. Sacc. (from the reddish stem; rufus,
red, pes, a foot) a b.
P. dimidiate or reniform, convex, membranous, very glutinous
when moist, white ; mid. salmon ; marg. incurved. St. becom-
ing recurved, vinous-reddish, salmon-red within, white in centre,
base white-downy. G. adnate, broad, distant, white, interstices
pale salmon.
On wood. Autumn. \ X T35 X -£$ in.

430. P. gadinioides Sacc. (from its resemblance to the bivalve

Gadinia ; Gr. eidos, appearance) a b c. White.
P. convex, hygrophanous, smooth or clothed with adpressed flocci,

no gelatinous upper stratum. St. minute, lateral or none. G.

adnate, slightly branched.
Tree-fern stems. May. Diam. f in. Reniform as seen from below.

431. P. limpidus Gill, (from its pellucid substance ; limpidus, clear)

a b e.

P. reniform, plane, subumbonate, whitish. St. sublateral,
rudimentary or obsolete. G. sinuato-decurrent, white or straw-
whitish.

Taste mild. Stumps, ash, willow, beech. Dec. Diam. ij in.

432. P. reniformis Karst. (from the kidney-shaped pileus ; rents, a

kidney, forma, form) a.

P. plane, whitish, or greyish-brown. St. lateral, rudimentary.

G. sinuato-decurrent, paler than P.

Branches, silver fir, on the ground amongst moss. Aug. -Oct. Diam. I in.

Pleurotus AGARICACE/E 95

433. P. Lauroeerasi Sacc. (from its habitat, stems of cherry-laurel,

Primus Laiirocerasus) a b.
P. convex, oyster-shaped, silicate, pale brownish-salmon. St.

obsolete. G. very broad, adnate, veined, salmon-white.
Oct. Diam. if in.

434. P. tremulus Quel, (from its tremulous habit) a b c.

P. reniform, depressed behind, fuscous-grey, pale slate or brown.
St. attenuate downwards, grey. G. adnato-decurrent, whitish-
umber or greyish.

Solitary. On the ground, on moss, fungi, e.g. 1790, when growing on moss ;
rare. Aug.-Dec. \\ X T3g- X \ in.

435. P. aeerosus Quel, (from its habitat, amongst dead pine-leaves ;

acersosus, full of chaff or husk) a b c.

P. plane, reniform, membranous, whitish, brownish or greyish.

St. faintly umber-whitish. G. adnate, branched, colour as P.

or paler.

Taste insipid, somewhat disagreeable. Lawns, wood, gravel, leaves, pine-
wood, pine-leaves, Sphagnum ; rare. Aug. - Dec. i£ X \ X \ in.
Resembles 1388.

c. ResiLpinatce.

436. P. porrigens Gill, (from its stretched out habit ; fiorrigo, to

stretch out) a b c. White.
P. at length piano-depressed, undulate. G. thick, sometimes

forming pores. Flesh thin, subcartilaginous.
Imbricate. Odour pleasant or insipid. Stumps, chiefly pine. June-Nov.

Diam. 6\ in. Base villous.

437. P. septieus Quel, (from its habitat, rotten wood ; septicus,
putrifying) a b c. White.

P. convex, villous. St. lateral, villous, at length disappearing.

G. rounded-adnate, subdistant.
Decayed wood, branches, twigs, pine, bramble, straw, dung, fungi. Mar.-

Nov. f X ^ X TV in.

438. P. mastrueatus Sacc. (from its somewhat woolly coat;

mastruca, a sheepskin) a b c.

P. ear-shaped, plane, squarrose-scaly, greyish- or whitish-brown.

G. adnato-decurrent. Flesh mouse-colour.

Imbricate. Old trunks, logs, beech, amongst moss and lichens ; rare.
Diam. 3§ in.

439. P. atroeseruleus Gill, (from the colour of the pileus • ater,

black, cceruleus, azure-blue) a b c.
P. plane, reniform j marg. ochreous-sienna. G. whitish straw-
colour. Flesh with an olive middle stratum.

Gregarious, subimbricate. Odour pleasant. Trunks, birch, elm, poplar,
beech, etc. Oct.-Dec. Diam. if in.

440. P. Leig'htonii Sacc. (after the Rev. W. A. Leighton) a b c.

P. at first obliquely conical, furfuraceous, umber or lead-colour.

G. thick, distant, forked at base, pallid tan.
Wood, rotten rails. Dec. Diam. \ in. Might be mistaken for 444.

96 AGARICACEyE Pleurotus

441. P. algidus Quel, (from its frequent growth in northern countries;

algidus, cold) a b c.

P. plane, subreniform, pruinose when young, viscid, brown.

G. adnate, becoming pallid yellow.

Usually caespitose and imbricate. Trunks, mountain-ash, willow. Aug.—
Oct. Diam. 2\ in.

442. P. fluxilis Gill, (from the gelatinous, upper stratum of the

pileus ; fluxilis ', fluid) a.

P. plane, reniform, umber. G. adnato-rounded, whitish. Flesh

a gelatinous stratum without a membrane.

Solitary. Wood, amongst moss on trunks, sawdust, mosses. Oct.
Diam. \ in. Not usually resupinate.

443. P. eyphellseformis Sacc. (from its resemblance to a Cyphelld)

a b c.
P. cup-shaped then conico-dependent, greyish or brownish. G.

radiating from a central point, white. Flesh, upper stratum

dark brown, lower white.
Gregarious. Dead herbaceous stems, Fceniculum, Epilobium ; rare. Feb.—

Oct. Diam. TV~t in.

444. P. applieatus Quel, (from its close attachment to branches, etc. ;

applicatus, closely attached) a b c.

P. cup-shaped, then expanded or reflexed, dark grey. G.

radiating from a central point, lighter than P.

Dead branches, twigs, bramble, oak, ash, pine, Ribes, Vitis. Sept. -June.
Diam. f in. Sometimes proliferous.

445. P. Hobsonii Sacc. (after Lieut. Julian C. Hobson) a.

P. plano-convex, reniform, downy, pale grey. G. subdistant,

adnate, pallid.
Stumps, larch. Sept. Diam. § in.

446. P. striatulus Quel, (from the slightly striate pileus) a c.

P. cup-shaped, not usually reflexed, fuscous or grey. G. few,

radiating from a central point, lighter than P.
Gregarious. Stumps, twigs, etc., fir, hazel, elm. May-Dec. Diam. ^ in.

447. P. hypnophilus Sacc. (from its frequent habitat, Hypmim ; Gr.

philos, loving) a c. White.

P. at length plane, subreniform. St. villous, at length vanishing.

G. narrow, radiating from a central point.

On the larger mosses, leaves, leaves and stems of grass. Sept.-Dec.
Diam. f in. Resembles 553 in habit.

448. P. ehioneus Gill, (from its colour ; Gr. chion, snow) a b c.

P. subresupinate, convex, villous. St. lateral, villous, at length
vanishing. G. very distant, broad, radiating from a central
point.

Wood, decorticated elder, leaves, dung, bone ; rare. Sept.-Dec. ^ x ^ X

Valvar id

AGARICACEiE

97

Series II. HYPORHODII Fr.
(From the rose-coloured gills ; Gr. hupo, beneath, rhodon, a rose.)

Spores white when young, then pale rose-colour, salmon, yellowish-
salmon, salmon-whitish, nankeen, whitish-vinous or salmon-brownish,
never lilac, elliptical and smooth or globose or nodulose and
angularly warted.

There is no analogue of Amanita amongst the British Hyporhodii,
but an analogous genus, Metraria, occurs in Australia.

It is remarkable that Sowerby has modelled an example of 450
with an ample annulus ; if correct this plant would be a Metraria.

Genera XII-XX.

XII. VOLVARIA Quel.
(From the volva.)

Ph7 universal, entirely enveloping the young plant. Hyme?wphore
distinct from the fleshy stem. Stem central, simple, solid, volvate,,

Fig. 21. — a, section of Volvaria volvacea Quel. ;
one-third natural size ; b, of young plant showing
universal veil ; half natural size.

without cartilaginous bark. Gills free, at first white, then rose or
salmon, sometimes becoming brownish. Spores smooth, salmon or
rose-colour. (Fig. 21.)

All the species are beautiful, some appear in spring and early
summer. They grow in gardens, hothouses and pastures ; and on
dung, manured ground and rotten wood; 451 grows on the pileus

H

98 AGARICACE/E Volvaria

of 153. They are almost all tasteless or insipid; 455 is fetid and
said by Letellier to be poisonous. None are known to be edible.

Volvaria agrees in structure with Amanitopsis, Acetabularia and

Chitonia. Species 449 — 457

Pileus dry, silky or fibrillose. 449 — 453

Pileus more or less viscid, smooth. 454 — 457

449. V. bombyeina Quel, (from the silky pileus ; bombyx, silk) a b c.
P. broadly umbonate, white or pale brownish. St. colour as P.

Vo. large, lax, ochre-sienna or umber. G. becoming rufous.

Solitary or caespitose. Decayed wood, stumps, hollow trees, ash, elm, birch.
June-Sept. 8£ X 7 X f in.

450. V. voivaeea Quel, (from the large volva) a b c.

P. campanulate, subumbonate, black-nbrillose on a brown ground

or brown-nbrillose on a white ground. St. white. Vo. large,

lax, umber.

Gregarious. Reputed poisonous. Stoves, on tan, roadsides. 5 x 7 X h, in.
Sowerby has modelled an example of this with a large annulus.

451. V. Loveiana Gill, (after the Rev. R. T. Lowe) a b c.

P. convex, white-silky. St. white. Vo. lax, whitish. G. thick.
Gregarious, subcaespitose. On 153 and other species of Clitocybe. 2% X 2 x

452. V. Taylorii Gill, (after Michael A. Taylor) a b c.

P. expanded, subumbonate, rimose, whitish ; marg. faint umber.

St. white. Vo. lax, small, white or umber. G. sinuato-free,

irregular, attenuate near St.

Odour none. On the ground, gardens. July-Oct. 2§ X 2 x \ in. Variable
in size, sometimes as small as 453 and smaller than 457.

453. V. temperata Sacc. (from its growing in temperate green-

houses) a b.
P. campanulate, umbonate, pulverulent, pale ochreous-sienna ;
marg. striate. St. white. Vo. ample, faintly ochreous.

Greenhouses. Feb. f X f X ^ in.

454. V. speeiosa Gill, (speciostts, handsome) a b c.

P. campanulate, subumbonate, whitish, greyish or brownish;

mid. darker. St. attenuate upwards, white. Vo. bulb-like,

white.
Odour strong. Roadsides, rubbish heaps, manure heaps ; rare. June-Oct.

4 X 6| X \ in.

455. V. gloioeephala Gill, (from its glutinous pileus; Gr. gloios,

sticky, kephale, a head) a b c.
P. convex, subumbonate, whitish; marg. striate, greyish or
brownish ; mid. darker. St. subfibrillose, pale brownish or
tawny. Vo. bulb-like, adpressed, brown. G. serrulate, becoming
reddish.

Probably poisonous. Taste disagreeable ; odour strong, offensive, like putrid
broad beans. On the ground. June-Nov. 4^ x 6| X J in. Fragments
of Vo. often left on P.

Ammlaria

AGARICACE^E

99

456. V. media Gill, (from its intermediate position between 455

and 457) a b e.
P. convexo-plane, subumbonate, white ; mid. pale brownish ;

marg. pale rose. St. white. Vo. small, lax, spreading;

whitish.
Woods, on the ground. Aug.-Oct. 2\ x 3 X J in.

457. V. parvula Quel, (parvulus, small) a b c. Whitish.

P. convexo-plane, subumbonate. Vo. large, lax.

Gregarious. Pastures, gardens, fir-woods, dead wood ; frequent. May-Oct.
i^Xi^Xgin. A minute form of this occurs in stoves.

XIII. ANNULARIA Gill.
(From the annulate stem.)

Veil universal, concrete with the cuticle of the pileus. Hymenophore
distinct from the fleshy stem. Pileus plane or broken up into minute
squamules. Stem central, annulate, hollow. Gills free. (Fig. 22.)

\A

ft

Fig. 22. — Section of Annularia Itzvis Gill.
One-half natural size.

Terrestrial. Annularia agrees in structure with Lefiiota, Togaria
and Ps all iota.

457a. A. lsevis Gill, (from the usually smooth pileus; Icevis,
smooth) a b.
P. convex, expanded, obtuse to subumbonate, smooth, glabrous
or minutely squamulose, white or pallid. St. slightly attenuate

h 2

IOO AGARICACEiE Pluteus

upwards, even, smooth, silky, bulbous, colour as P. A. some-
what distant, large, becoming free. G. free to distant, thin,
somewhat crowded, white, then salmon. Flesh somewhat firm
white.
Busby places, amongst grass. Aug.-Oct. 3+ X 5f X | in.

XIV. PLUTEUS Quel.

(From a fancied resemblance in the pileus to the roof of a turret

or sentry box, pluteus!)

Veil represented by the fibrils, flock or pruina of the pileus.
Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem. Stem central, simple.
Gills free, white, then usually salmon, or with a shade of yellow.

Fig. 23. — Section of Pluteus cervinus Quel.
One-third natural size.

Spores smooth or warted, pale rose, salmon or somewhat reddish.

(Fig- 23-)

Mostly growing on or close to tree-trunks, appearing from the

spring to late autumn. They are all beautiful and tasteless ; none

are edible.

Pluteus agrees in structure with Hiatula, Pluteolus and Pilosace.

Species 458—472
Cuticle of pileus separating into fibrils or flocci. 458—463

Pileus pruinate, atomate, somewhat pulverulent. 464 — 467

Pileus naked, smooth. 468 — 472

458. P. eervinus Quel, (from the fawn-brown pileus ; cervus, a

deer) a b c.

P. expanded, broadly umbonate ; marg. entire. St. solid, whitish,

black-fibrillose, lighter above. Flesh silky-white.

Tasteless, insipid, or subacid. Trunks, fir, pear, sawdust, earth, straw, dung;
common. April-Nov. 4! X 4! X \ in. Sometimes mistaken for the
mushroom. Var. eximius Mass. rufous-black. 6| X 5 X 1^ in. Some-

Pluteus AGARICACE^E

101

times P. 12 in. in diam. Yzx.petasatus Mass., P. greyish-white. 6x8xfin.
Var. patrkuis Mass., P. scaly. Var. Pullii Mass., P. deep-brown.
6§- in. in diam.

459. P. umbrosus Gill, (from its habitat ; umbrosus, shady) a b.

P. convex, broadly subumbonate, wrinkled, umber ; marg. fim-
briate with V. St. solid, villous-scaly ; umber- whitish. G.
fuliginous-fimbriate at marg.

Dead wood, fir, oak. Sept. 2§ x 2h x T5ff in. This has less claim to
specific rank than var. eximius of 458.

460. P. ephebius Gill, (from the down on the pileus ■ ephebius, like

a youth) a b.
P. convex, tomentose, pale slate-blue or lilac, sometimes slate.

St. stuffed, whitish or bluish. G. salmon.
Rotten wood, trunks. 2§ x i\ X \ in.

461. P. salieinus Quel, (from its usual habitat, willow, Salix) a b.

P. convex, subumbonate, subpilose, pale blue-grey ; mid. slightly
wrinkled. St. colour as P., or clouded greenish.

Willow, bramble, alder. Feb. -Dec. if X 2j X \ in. Var. beryllus
Karst., P. greenish-streaked ; alder. Nds.floccosa Sacc, two or three times
smaller than 460, to which it is allied.

462. P. hispidulus Gill, (from the slightly hispid pileus) a b.
P. convex, grey or purplish-grey. St. hollow, silvery-white.
Stumps, beech, earth in hothouses, § x \\ X ^ in.

463. P. pellitus Quel, (from the separable membrane of the pileus ;

pellitus, clad in skins) a b.

P. hemispherical, silky-white. St. stuffed, white.

Odour disagreeable. Trunks, earth, rotten branches, twigs, chips, roots of
trees, amongst grass in pastures. July-Sept, if X if X £ in.

464. P. nanus Quel, (from its small size j nanus, dwarf) a b c.

P. convex, umber or slate-brown ; mid. wrinkled. St. solid,
whitish.

Thatch, rotten wood, rotten sawdust, earth, sticks, leaves and in gardens.
Aug. -Oct. if X 2^ x jS in. Var. hit esc ens Karst. has an orange-
yellow St., sulphur-yellowish flesh and salmon or sulphur G. Var.
major Mass. is larger than the type.

465. P. spilopus Sacc. (from the spotted stem ; Gr. spilos, a spot, pons,

a foot) a b c.
P. convex, subumbonate, rugulose, brown. St. stuffed, tan-white

or greyish, black-dotted.
Stumps, wood. Oct. 7.\ X I J X \ in. Sometimes small, J x I in. or less.

466. P. semibulbosus Gill, (from the slightly enlarged base of stem)

a b.
P. hemispherical, sulcate, mealy, white. St. hollow, white, base

sienna and white cottony. G. distant ; marg. entire.
Wood, branches, rotten wood. § x $ X £ in.

102

AGARICACE^E Entoloma

467. P. violarius Sacc. (from its bright violet exudation) a b.

P. expanded, smooth, even, spongy, dry, purple, crimson-purple
or sienna. St. hollow, silky-white, black-fibrillose on a pale
umber ground below. G. serrulate, crowded. Flesh grey.

Gregarious. Taste pleasant ; odour none. Stumps, rotten wood. i|xixjin.

468. P. roseoalbus Gill, (from the rosy-white or salmon pileus) a b.
P. expanded, subumbonate. St. solid, pale rose or white. Flesh

pale salmon.
Trunks, elm. Sept.-Nov. 3^ x 3 J X T5g in.

469. P. leoninus Quel, (from the colour of the pileus, often lion-

tawny) a b c.
P. convex, striate, lemon, yellow, orange, tawny or scarlet ; mid.
darker ; or orange with sulphur marg. St. solid, yellowish. G.
often with a yellowish edge.

Csespitose. Wood ; rare. Sept. -Jan. 2§ X i\ X \ in. Var. coccineus
Mass., P. crimson-orange or vermilion.

470. P. ehrysophaeus Quel, (from the dusky-golden stem ; Gr. chnisos,

gold, phaios, dusky) a b c.
P. plane, cinnamon ; marg. striate. St. sulphur, sulphur-white or
yellowish. G. colour as St., then salmon.

Taste insipid ; odour none or subacid. Rotten wood, rotten sawdust,
rotten ash, beech-stumps, boards, earth, hollow trees. May-Nov.
2l X 2\ X § in.

471. P. phlebophorus Gill, (from the strongly veined pileus ; Gr.

phleps, a vein, phero, to carry) a b c.
P. convex, subumbonate, umber ; marg. plain. St. hollow, white.

Flesh greyish-white.
Dead stumps, rotten wood, sawdust, sticks ; rare. June-Oct. 2 X 2§ x \ in.

472. P. umbrinellus Gill, (from its umber pileus) a b.

P. sub membranous, expanded, sometimes subumbonate ; marg.

fimbriate. St. hollow, fibrous, shining, whitish becoming

brownish.
On the ground. Oct. 1 \ X 2^ x \ in.

XV. ENTOLOMA Quel.

(From the potential, rather than definite veil ; Gr. etitos, within,

loma, a fringe.)

Veil universal, faintly indicated by silkiness, flock, or scaliness.
Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with the fleshy stem.
Pileus somewhat fleshy, margin at first incurved. Stem central,
simple, fleshy, fibrous, soft or sometimes waxy. Gills sinuato-
adnexed, sinuate or adnate often separating from stem, at first
white then usually salmon. Spores elliptical and smooth or sub-
globose and coarsely warted, rosy or salmon. (Fig. 24.)

Entoloma

AGARICACE/E

103

All the species grow on the ground in fields and woods chiefly
after heavy rain, several appear in spring and summer; none are
known to be edible, some are poisonous, many smell of meal.

Fig. 24. — Section of Entoloma rhodopolium Quel.
One-quarter natural size.

Entoloma agrees in structure and habit with Tricholoma and
Hebeloma, and to a great extent with Hypholoma. It is necessary to
carefully distinguish the rose- and salmon-coloured spores of Entoloma
from the sometimes pale clay-coloured spores of Hebeloma.

Species 473—502

a. Genuince. Ellens fleshy, when full grown ; smooth, often

viscid but not hygrophanous, not innato-floccose or
squamulose. 473 — 483

b. Leptonidece. Pileus dry, except 484, flocculose, somewhat

scaly. 484—490

c. NolanidecE. Pileus thin, commonly irregular and repand, for

the most part scissile, hygrophanous, smooth, with a silky
appearance when dry. 491 — 502

a. Genuince.

473. E. sinuatum Quel, (from the sinuate margin of the pileus) a b c.
P. expanded, then repand, white or shaded tan, lavender, pale

yellowish or brownish. St. solid, whitish. G. at first livid-
whitish, then pinkish, at length brownish-salmon.

Gregarious. Poisonous. Odour strong, pleasant, somewhat of burnt sugar.
Woods, mixed. July .-Oct. 7 X 5 X 1 in. P. sometimes 8 to 10 in. in
diam. Young examples are sometimes mistaken for the mushroom.

474. E. lividum Quel, (from the livid colour of the pileus) a b.

P. plane, broadly subumbonate, livid tan ; mid. pale yellowish-
buff. St. subhollow, whitish. G. adnexo-rounded, salmon.

Poisonous. Odour of new meal or none. Woods. April-Oct. 4fX3jx£in.
Sometimes mistaken for the mushroom. Var. roseum Sacc., P. slightly
rose-tinted ; logs.

104 AGARIC ACE/E Entoloma

475. E. prunuloides Quel, (from its odour being like that of 503

Clitopilus prunulus Quel.) a b c.

P. convex, broadly subumbonate, whitish, yellowish, greyish or

brown ; marg. striate. St solid, white. G. emarginate, salmon.

Scattered. Odour of new meal, after maturity like decaying turnips. Woods,
amongst moss and grass ; uncommon. May-Sept. 2§ x 2 x \ in.

475a. E. porphyrophseum Karst. (Gr. porphureos, purple, p/iaios,

dusky) a.

P. campanulate, expanded, subumbonate, not hygrophanous, even,

almost glabrous, opaque sooty-brown or deep umber, becoming

paler and mouse-colour when dry ■ marg. wavy, often incised

and lobed. St. solid, attenuate upwards, fibrous, soft, opaque

sooty-purple or brownish ; base white-downy. G. truncate

behind, almost free, subdistant, ventricose, greyish-white to

reddish-grey or salmon. Flesh white.

Amongst grass. Autumn. 3§ X \\ X TBg- in. Must not be confused with 486.

476. E. repandum Gill, (from the pileus being occasionally repand),

a b c.

P. expanded, umbonate, whitish or faintly ochreous ; marg.

lobed. St. solid, colour as P. G. emarginate, salmon or

faintly ochreous.

Odour of new meal. Amongst grass ; rare. June-Oct. 3 x 2\ x § in.
Not unlike some forms of the mushroom.

476a. E. erophilum Karst. (from its frequent appearance in spring ;
Gr. eros, spring, p/ii/os, loving) a b.
P. convex, obtuse to umbonate, venoso-striate, dry, pale ashy or
pale olive-brownish ; mid. somewhat darker. St. solid, equal
or attenuate downwards, farinose, white, shaded ivory. G.
rounded-adnate, broad, subdistant, pallid or pale salmon.
Flesh white.
Woods, amongst grass, often in large circles. Sept. if x i\ x r55 in.

477. E. placenta Quel, (from the shape of the pileus ; placenta, a

flat cake) a b.

P. flat, umbonate, brownish or brown. St. solid, tan-brownish.

G. emarginate, pallid flesh-colour. Flesh thin.

Solitary. Taste at length acrid ; odour none. Hedge-rows, damp places ;
rare. April-Oct. i\ X 3 X \ in.

478. E. helodes Gill, (from its frequent habitat ; Gr. helos, a marsh) a.
P. umbonate, ashy or sooty-purplish. St hollow, ashy or greyish.

G. adnate, salmon. Flesh thin, pallid.

Taste watery ; odour of new meal. Grassy places, heathy pastures, turfy
swamps, moors. Autumn. 2§ x \\ X § in.

479. E. Batsehianum Karst. (after Aug. Jo. Georg. Car. Batsch) a c.
P. convex, subumbonate, dark fuscous. St hollow, grey. G.

adnate, sub sinuate, ashy or sooty. Flesh colour as P., white
when dry.

Odour none. Woods, moist places, amongst grass in damp places.
Oct. if x 3§ X \ in. Resembles one of the Pmtelli as 804.

Entoloma AGARIC ACE^E 105

480. E. Bloxamii Sacc. (after the Rev. A. Bloxam) a b c.

P. convex, umbonate or papillate, waved, splitting, dull dark
purple. St. solid, lighter than P. G. adnexed, pale salmon.

Downs and exposed pastures. Sept. -Nov. 4| X 2§ x f in. Compare
482a.

480a. E. Farrahii Mass. & Crossl. (after Mr. John Farrah) a.

P. cylindrico-ovate, then campanulate and somewhat repand,
umbonate, smooth, fibrilloso-silky, blackish-blue ; marg. pallid.
St. solid, ventricose, glabrous, colour as P. with a white
base. G. sinuato-adnexed, broad, ventricose, somewhat distant,
salmon-colour.

Gregarious. Taste mild ; odour none. Amongst short grass. 2jrX2§xfin.
Differs from its allies in its smooth, elliptical spores.

481. E. ardosiaeum Quel, (from its slate-coloured pileus ; ardosia, a

slate) a c.
P. convex, steel-blue, shaded greenish, brownish or purplish.
St. hollow, steel-blue, white at base. G. free, grey then
salmon. Flesh dull pale purplish.

Odour none. Meadows, pastures, moist grassy places and under pines.
3! X 4 X x55 in- Might be mistaken for one of the Pratelli as 802.

482. E. liqueseens Sacc. (from the gills becoming liquescent) a b.

P. campanulate, broadly subumbonate, ochreous ; mid. sienna.
St. hollow, white. G. free, crowded, pale slate.

Gregarious. Under trees. April. 2§ X 2f x | in. Deliquescent like a
Coprinus, which character with the dull pink spores and time of growth
points to Bolbitius. Resembles one of the Pratelli.

482a. E. madidum Gill, (from the moist pileus ; madidus, moist) a b.
P. campanulate, convex, obtuse, even, glabrous, moist, often
viscid in rainy weather, shining when dry, not hygrophanous ;
when young blackish-violet, purple-slate, dull smalt or dull
deep cobalt ; sooty when old ; mid. umber and whitish-yellow ;
marg. thin, inflexed, substriate. St. hollow, sometimes solid,
fleshy-fibrous, slightly attenuate upwards, fibrillose, apex naked,
colour as P., base whitish. G. slightly adnexed. ventricose,
greyish- white to salmon. Flesh white.

Suspected poisonous. Odour strong, pungent, like 1341. Amongst moss,
leaf-heaps, etc. 2§ X 2§ X § in. Much like 480 in appearance.

483. E. ameides Sacc. (from its odour of starch) a b.

P. convex, broadly subumbonate, pale reddish-grey ; mid. darker.
St. stuffed, paler than P. or almost white. G. emarginato-
adnexed, pale pink.

Tasteless; odour of hay, apples, meal, linseed, orange-flower-water and
starch. Pastures. Sept. -Nov. 2 x 2 J< x £ in. Changing to yellowish
or reddish when bruised. Must not be mistaken for 1222.

106 AGARIC ACE^ Entoloma

b. Leptonidece.

484. E. Saundersii Sacc. (after W. Wilson Saunders) a b.

P. expanded, broadly subumbonate, then repand, glutinous,
white, becoming fuscous. St. solid, silky-fibrous, whitish.
G. emarginato-adnexed, salmon.

Caespitose. On earth, river-sand, sawdust ; rare. June-Oct. 3J x 4 X f in.

485. E. fertile Gill, (from its large, fruitful appearance) a b.

P. expanded, broadly subumbonate, pinkish-buff. St. solid,,
fibrillose, whitish. G. emarginato-adnexed, salmon.

Woods; rare. Aug.-Sept. 6\ x 4.5 X i\ in.

485a. E. Rozei Quel, (after M. E. Roze, French mycologist) a c.
P. convexo-plane, thin, pallid grey, or somewhat pale, dull
slate-grey, paler when dry, minutely white-velvety or silky
shining. St. solid, tough, silky-fibrillose, white. G. adnate,
crowded, narrow, whitish flesh-colour.

Amongst pines. Oct. ij x 2§ X T35 in. "Wholly dark umber when dry.

486. E. jubatum Karst. (from the fibrillose pileus ; jubatus, having

a mane) a b.

P. expanded, umbonate, mouse-colour. St. hollow, colour as P.

G. adnexed, salmon or dusky purplish.

Single or caespitose. Taste watery, disagreeable. Old pastures and mossy
places. May-Dec. 3i X 45 X j\ in. Must not be confused with 475a.

487. E. resutum Karst. (from the fibrillose pileus; resutus, ripped

open) a.
P. convex, subumbonate, fuscous. St. stuffed, smooth, greyish.

G. adnexed, grey or reddish-grey.
Odour none. Old pastures, woods. Oct. l£ x 3§ X £ in.

488. E. griseoeyaneum Quel, (griseus, grey, cyaneus, dark blue) a c.
P. campanulate, steel-grey, lilac shaded. St. hollow, fibrillose,

colour as P. or whitish. G. adnexed or adnate, ventricose,
salmon.
Sunny pastures, grassy places, open woods ; rare. Oct. if X 3 X T35 in.

488a. E. pulvereum Rea (from the mealy stem ; pulvereus, dusty) a.
P. campanulate then flat, minutely scaly, fuliginous ; marg. at
first striate. St. stuffed then hollow, velvety, covered with
reddish meal. G. thick, sinuato-adnate, veined, somewhat
distant, exceeding marg. of P., edge irregular, pale or pinkish,
then deep rose.
Amongst oak-leaves, under holly. Oct. i| X 2| x ^ in.

489. E. serieellum Quel, (from the slightly silky pileus ; sericeus,

silky) a b c.
P. plane, whitish. St. subhollow, smooth, white. G. adnate,
salmon.

Gregarious. Odour none. Woods, grassy places ; frequent. July-Oct.

IxifX J5 in.

Entoloma AGARIC ACE/E 107

489a. E. Cookei Ch. Richon (after Dr. M. C. Cooke) a.

P. convex, expanded, pale reddish- or sienna-orange or brick-
red, reticulate all over with raised pale yellowish ribs ; marg.
incurved. St. solid, often slightly incurved, almost central,
whitish, shaded pale yellowish. G. adnexed, subdistant,
thickish, pale salmon. Flesh thick at disc of P., thin elsewhere,
colour as G.

Stumps. Autumn. l|XIX T3B- in. Cooke described this as a form of
471, but Ch. Richon and Massee have made it an Entoloma. I have
followed them with great doubt, thinking it more probably an abnormal
form of 412.

490. E. Thomsonii Sacc. (after Dr. Thomson) a.

P. flat, umbonate, velvety, grey ; mid. reticulato-ribbed. St. sub-
hollow, tomentose, paler than P. G. adnexed, salmon.
Amongst grass in plantations. Autumn. i£ X i£ X T3^ in.

c. Nolanidece.

491. E. elypeatum Quel, (from the shape of the pileus • clypeus, a

shield) a b c.

P. flat, umbonate, umber or grey-brown, streaked darker. St.
stuffed or hollow, paler than P. or almost white. G. adnexo-
rounded, salmon or shaded greyish or brownish.

Solitary or caespitose. Woods, gardens, waste places ; frequent. April-Oct.
3i X 4f X § in.

492. E. nigroeinnamomeum Sacc. (from the blackish-cinnamon

colour of the pileus) a b.
P. flat, umbonate, moist, shining, silky when dry. St. hollow,
fibrillose, grey-brown. G. emarginato-rounded, reddish-salmon.

Gregarious. Odour of new meal. Pastures, amongst grass and heather.
Oct. 3£ x z\ X § in.

493. E. rhodopolium Quel, (from its occasionally rosy-grey colour ;

Gr. rhodoti, a rose, polios, grey) a b c.

P. expanded, subumbonate, varying pale to dark fuscous, livid,

brown or purplish-brown. St. stuffed or hollow, smooth,

whitish. G. sinuate, rose.

Odour rank of new meal, of 1527, of nitric acid or none. Woods ;
frequent. May-Oct. 2* X 3! X \'m.

494. E. pluteoides Karst. (from its resemblance to Pluteus) a b.

P. convexo-plane, subumbonate, pale purplish-slate. St. hollow,

fibrillose, whitish. G. emarginato-adnexed, crowded, salmon.
Stumps. 2.\ x 3I x I in.

495. E. majale Karst. (from its appearance in May) a.

P. campanulate, subumbonate, dark ochreous or brown, becoming
pale. St. hollow, whitish. G. free, salmon. Flesh very thin.

Subcoespitose. Meadows, open woods, mossy places in fir-woods ; rare.
April-May. 3^ X 3g x § in.

108 AGARICACE/E Entoloma

496. E. Wynnei Sacc. (after Mrs. Lloyd Wynne) a b.

P. plane, smooth, sometimes umbilicate, pale umber or smoky ;

marg. crisped, striate, at first smooth, then breaking up into

minute sc. St. hollow, dusky grey. G. sinuate, veined,

pallid salmon.
Taste insipid ; odour of bugs or like 1278. Woods, fir. Sept.-Nov.

i\ X 3 X T3g- in. Allied to 497, but with G. less veined, less undulate and

less distant.

497. E. eostatum Gill, (from the transverse ribs or veins on the gills ;

cost a, a rib) a b c.

P. plane, fuscous-livid or greyish. St. hollow, colour as P. G.

very broad, almost free, salmon.

Solitary or ceespitose. Odour none. Damp meadows, pastures, swampy
ground, grass-covered stumps : common. Aug.-Nov. 2§ x 2 x ^ in.

498. E. serieeum Quel, (from the silky pileus ; sericeus, silky) a b c.
P. plane, umber; mid. darker. St. hollow, pale greyish-umber.

G. emarginate, greyish then rufescent.

Gregarious. Odour strong of new meal. Meadows, open woods; frequent.
May-Oct. 2 X 2^ X T3g- in. This and 499 may be one species.

499. E. Persoonii Sacc. (after C. H. Persoon) a b c.

P. campanulate, subumbonate, silky-fibrous, splitting, membranous,
white ; mid. faintly ochreous ; marg. striate to disc. St. hollow
above, abruptly bulbous, cartilaginous, white. G. adnexo-
adnate, pale rose or flesh-colour, then darker.

Grassy places. Autumn. 2X2jx T\ m-

500. E. nidorosum Quel, (from its strong odour ; nidor, reeking) a b c.
P. plane, ashy fawn-colour, whitish or purple-brown. St. stuffed,

whitish. G. emarginate, salmon.

Odour nitrous, alkaline, sometimes obsolete. Lawns, open woods ; common.
Aug.-Xov. 3 x 3f X T5ff in.

501. E. speculum Quel, (from the shining pileus ; speculum, a mirror)

a c.

P. plane or depressed, umbonate, whitish-straw or whitish ; marg.

striate. St. stuffed or hollow, paler than P. G. adnexo-free,

ventricose, salmon.

Solitary or subcaespitose. Odour none. Amongst grass and twigs. Oct.
2| X 2j X \ in.

502. E. tortipes Mass. (from the twisted stem ; tortus, twisted, pes, a

foot) a b.
P. hygrophanous, thin, splitting, plane, depressed, umbonate, livid

brown. St. solid, with a bark, striate above, pale brown within

and without. G. sinuate, salmon-white.
On dung. Autumn. 3§ X 2| X ^ in.

Clitopilus AGARIC ACE^E 109

XVI. CLITOPILUS Quel.

(From the decurrent hymenophore ; Gr. klitos, a declivity,

pilos, a cap.)

Veil indicated by silkiness and flock. Hymenophore confluent and
homogeneous with the fleshy stem. Pileus more or less depressed
or umbilicate, margin at first involute. Stem central, simple, fleshy

6^f~^S>

Fig. 25. — Sections of Clitopilus prttnulus Quel.
One-half natural size.

or fibrous. Gills decurrent, white, except 506, then salmon. Spores
smooth or warted, salmon, sometimes very pale. (Fig. 25.)

All the species grow on the ground. They have a more or less
mealy odour. Some are tasteless, others edible.

Clitopilus agrees in structure with Clitocybe and in part with
Flammula. Species 503 — 513

a. Orcellce. Pileus irregular, somewhat excentric, flexuous,

somewhat hygrophanous, margin at first flocculose. Gills
deeply decurrent. 503 — 509

b. Sericellce. Pileus regular, silky or hygrophanous-silky, margin

involute, naked. Gills adnate, slightly decurrent. 510 — 513

a. Orcellce.

503. C. prunulus Quel, (from the pruinose appearance of the pileus)

a b c.

P. plane or convex, broadly subumbonate ; when young faintly

grey, then whitish. St. solid, frequently central, paler than P.

G. subdistant, flesh-colour.

Edible. Odour strong of new meal, or like 1527. Woods and open
places ; common. June-Oct. 3^ X 2| x | in. This and 504 are not
insect eaten.

504. P. oreella Quel, (from the old Italian popular name ; orgella,

like an ear) a b c.

P. piano-depressed, lobed, undulate, white. St. solid, flocculose,

often excentric, colour as P. G. crowded, whitish flesh-colour.

In troops. Edible. Odour as in 503 or of Syringa leaf or cucumber, or fresh
meal and cucumber. Open grassy places, sometimes in rings 20 feet in
diam. ; frequent. June-Oct. 4§ X £ X h in. Intermediate forms occur
between this and 503.

110 AGARIC AC E^E Clitopilus

505. C. mundulus Gill, (mundus, neat) a b c.

P. convex, then depressed, white. St. stuffed, sometimes

excentric, white, becoming black internally at base. G.

crowded, whitish salmon. Flesh white.

Taste bitter ; odour none. Woods, amongst leaves ; uncommon. Autumn,
ifxf XT35 in. In var. nigrescens Sacc. the flesh becomes wholly black.

505a. C. Sarnieus Mass. (after the place of finding — Sarnia, the
Roman name for Guernsey) a.

P. campanulate, plane, subumbonate, often more or less depressed
round the um., slightly striate when moist, even when dry,
minutely silky-flocculose, mouse-colour or grey, paler with a
ruddy tinge when dry. St. minutely fistulose, equal, sub-
flexuous, even, glabrous, white. G. subcrowded, plane nearly
to the stem, then suddenly decurrent, pinkish-salmon. Flesh
very thin.

On the ground, in Guernsey, i^ X i^ X ^ in. Allied to 505.

506. C. popinalis Gill, (from its edible qualities ; popina, a cook-

shop) a b c.
P. convex, subumbonate or depressed, ashy or dull slate. St.
stuffed, paler than P. G. crowded, grey or brown, becoming
reddish.

Solitary or gregarious. Odour of new meal or rank and strong. Downs,
fields, grassy roadsides. Aug.-Oct. 2| X ij X \ in.

507. C. undatus Gill, (from the undulate pileus) a b c.

P. expanded, depressed, sometimes much lobed, sometimes with
a papilla, dull ashy or tan-ochreous. St. hollow, colour as P.
or paler, faintly salmon-shaded. G. not crowded, salmon,
sometimes reddish.

Odour none. Downs, etc. Oct. i§ X if X £ in.

508. C. eanerinus Quel, (from the frequently cracked pileus ; cancer,

a lattice) a b c.
P. hemispherical, depressed, dry, at length shining and silky

fibrillose, whitish. St. stuffed or fistulose, colour as P. G.

distant, flesh-colour.
Odour none. Pastures. July-Oct. ij X i| X J.

509. C. eretatus Sacc. (from the colour of the pileus ; creta, chalk)

a b c.
P. lobed, umbilicato-depressed. St. excentric, tomentose, colour
as P. G. rose.

Solitary or gregarious. Woods, pastures ; uncommon. Oct. | X | X ^ in.
Resembles a small 504.

b. Sericellce.

510. C. earneoalbus Gill, (from the flesh-coloured gills and white

pileus ; caro, flesh, albiis, white) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, subdepressed, white, faintly greyish or rufescent.

St. stuffed or hollow, white. G. subdistant, flesh-colour.
Gregarious. Odour none. Woods, heathy places. Sept. if X 2 X T35 in.

JLeptonia

AGARICACE^:

III

511. C. vilis Gill, (vi/is, insignificant) a b c.

P. convex, depressed, grey. St. fistulose, colour as P. G.

crowded, pale salmon.
Downs, amongst moss. July-Aug. ij x 2§ x £ in.

512. C. stilboeephalus Sacc. (from the sparkling pileus; Gr. sti/bo,

to glisten, kephale, a head) a b.
P. campanulate, obtuse or umbonate, whitish or greyish ; urn

and marg. sometimes ochreous. St. hollow, pale greyish,

pallid below. G. sinuate, veined, salmon.
Odour of new meal. Aug.-Oct. if X 2& X ^ in.

513. C. straminipes Sacc. (from the straw-coloured stem ; stramen,

a straw, pes, a foot) a b.
P. expanded, depressed, subumbonate, glabrous, shining-silky,

whitish or faintly ochreous. St. hollow, white-farinose above.

G. salmon.
Among grass. Sept. 2 X 2 x | in. Very fragile.

XVII. LEPTONIA Quel.
(From the slender growth ; Gr. /epos, slender.)

F«7 indicated by fibrillae, scales, dots on stem, etc. Hymenophore
confluent with but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem.

B

^

^

Fig. 26. — A, section of Leptonia lampropus Quel., showing at
B separation of gills from hymenophore; c, section of L. chalybaa
Quel. Natural size.

Pileus thin, umbilicate or with a dark middle, cuticle fibrillose or
separating into darker scales ; margin at first incurved. Stem central,

1 1 2 AGARICACEiE Leptonia

simple, cartilaginous, tubular or stuffed, glabrous, sublustrous. Gills
adnexed or adnate, readily separating from their attachment to
the stem, not decurrent, variable in colour. Spores smooth or rough,
salmon. (Fig. 26.)

Many of the species are gregarious and grow in troops, they are
mostly small, inodorous, except 517 and 524, and often beautiful in
colour, shades of light or dark blue or green being frequent.

All grow on the ground except 521 ; they chiefly grow in mossy
pastures and marshy places. One non-British species — L. parasitica
Quel. — grows on the hymenium of 1370. They are most common
in rainy seasons. The species generally are suspected to be
poisonous.

Leptonia agrees in structure with Collybia, Naticoria, Psilocybe
and Panceolus. Species 514 — 528

Pileus slightly fleshy, without striae, hygrophanous. Gills whitish.

514—519

Gills light or dark blue or bluish. 520 — 523

Gills pallid, becoming yellow or green. 524 — 526

Pileus somewhat striate, hygrophanous. Gills grey or glaucous.

527, 528

514. L. plaeida Karst. (from its pleasing appearance) a.

P. campanulate, broadly subumbonate, dusky brown or dusky-
slate-squamulose on a tan ground. St. stuffed, slaty-blue,
black-dotted above. G. adnexed or somewhat adnate, salmon-
white. Flesh brownish or lavender.

Usually solitary. By beech-trunks. Autumn. 2 X i\ x j3^ in.

515. L. anatina Quel, (from the colours; andknus, pertaining to a

duck) a b c.
P. campanulate, broadly subumbonate, umber-squamulose. St.
stuffed, purple-bluish or smalt above, brown and whitish below.
G. adnexed or somewhat adnate, pale salmon.

Fields. Oct. if X 1^ x \ in.

516. L. lappula Quel, (from the prickly pileus ; lappa, a burr) a.

P. convex, umbilicate, grey or purple-slate ; mid. black-punctate.
St. hollow, lilac, shaded brownish. G. subadnate, broad,
white, faint greyish or whitish-salmon.

Odour none. Amongst beech-leaves. Autumn, ij x 2| x T35 in.

517. L. lampropus Que'l. (from the lustrous stem ; Gr. lampros,.

shining, pons, a foot) a b c.
P. expanded, depressed, mouse-colour, steel-blue, pallid yellowish,
brownish or brown. St. fistulose, steel-blue, pale slate or
purplish, brownish below, white at base. G. adnexed or sub-
adnate, broad, pale salmon.

Taste and odour somewhat strong, disagreeable. Pastures ; common.
July-Nov. if x 2\ x \ in.

Leptonia AGARICACE^: 113

518. L. sethiops Gill, (from the black pileus and stem ; Gr. aithiops,

an Ethiopian) a.
P. piano-depressed, smooth. St. stuffed, fuscous-blackish. G.

subadnate or adnexed, narrow, pale salmon-white.
Woods, grassy places. Sept. i| x 2^ x J in.

519. L. solstitialis Gill, (from its sometimes appearing in the summer

solstice — June) a.
P. plane, umbonate, fuscous, brown- or olive-shaded. St. fistulose,

dusky, whitish above or as P. G. emarginate, pale salmon.
Amongst stones, grassy ground, woods. Aug.-Sept. i£ X 2 x | in.

520. L. serrulata Quel, (from the black -toothed edge of the gills,

contrasted with 528 ; serrula, a saw) a b c.
P. convex, depressed, blackish-blue. St. fistulose, paler than P.

G. adnexed or adnate, slate-whitish, then grey-salmon, varying

slate-purplish. Flesh slate-white.
Sometimes caespitose. Pastures and grassy woods. June-Oct. i^X2jx£in.

521. L. euehroa Gill, (from its fine colour, Gr. euchroos) a b c.

P. convex, subumbonate, purple-blue or bright smalt-purple. St.

stuffed, colour as P. or lighter, or bluish flesh-colour. G.

adnexed or subadnate, pale grey-blue, blue, purple-blue or slate.
Solitary, gregarious or csespitose. Probably poisonous. Woods, trunks,

stumps, branches, alder, hazel ; rare. Aug.-Oct. if x 2 x \ in.

Pileus sometimes \ in. or less in diam.

522. L. ehalybsea Quel, (from its steel-blue colour; Gr. chalups,

steel) a b c.

P. plane, subumbonate, separable, dark violaceous, brownish-slate

or slate with satin-like threads from mid. to marg. St. stuffed,

colour as P. G. adnate, bluish-grey-whitish, pale olive-salmon,

salmon or purplish.

Taste somewhat mushroom-like, but strong and unpleasant. Pastures ;
frequent. July-Oct. if X i£ X J in.

523. L. lazulina Quel, (from the lapis lazuli colour of the stem) a b.
P. expanded, dusky-black, steel-slate, dark-brown-streaky. St.

fistulose, light or dark blue. G. adnate, colour as St., then
shaded salmon. Flesh slate-steel.
Gregarious. Amongst moss and grass. Sept. ^ X 2J x ^ in.

524. L. ineana Gill, (incanus, hoary) a b c.

P. plane, umbilicate, striate, olive- or bronzy-green, streaked.

St. fistulose, colour as P. or verdigris or greenish-blue. G.

adnexed or adnato-toothed, whitish-green then salmon.

Gregarious. Odour strong of mice. Woods, pastures, downs; frequent.
July-Oct. i§ x 2 x TV in.

525. L. formosa Gill, (formosus, beautiful) a b.

P. plane, broadly umbilicate, yellow or brownish, minutely sooty-

squamulose. St. fistulose, yellow. G. adnato-toothed, light

salmon-yellow, then pale flesh-colour.

Amongst Equisetum, grass, commons, pine woods. Sept. i\ X 3| X \ in.
Var. suavis Sacc. St. steel-bluish.

ii4

AGARICACE^

Nola?iea

526. L. chloropolia Gill, (from the pale green-grey pileus ; Gr.

c/iloros, greenish-yellow, polios, hoary) a.
P. flat, slightly subumbonate, livid or sulphur-livid • mid. black-

squamulose. St. fistulose, colour as P. above, pale grey-bluish

below. G. adnate, salmon-white.
Grassy places, woods. Oct. if x 2§ x I in.

527. L. asprella Quel, (asper, rough) a b c.

P. expanded, broadly umbilicate, striate, smoky or mouse-colour ;
mid. villous-squamulose. St. fistulose, grey-white. G. adnato-
rounded, at length grey-salmon.

X I:

X £in.

Open pastures, grassy places ; uncommon. Oct.

528. L. nefrens Quel, (from the edge of the gills being without teeth,
contrasted with 520 • nei not, frendo, to bite) a.
P. flat, depressed, smoky, yellowish-umber or olivaceous. St.
fistulose, lighter than P., or fuscous-livid. G. adnexed or
adnate, at length light red with a blackish edge.

Grassy places. Autumn.

if X i{

x

TS

in.

XVIII. NOLANEA Quel.
(From a fancied resemblance in the pileus to a little bell, no/a.)

Veil indicated by fibrils, squamules, silkiness or flock ; Mr. George
Massee has observed a rudimentary annulus in 534. Hymenophore

Fig. 27.— Section of Nolanea pascua Quel.
Natural size.

confluent with but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem.
Pileus submembranaceous, more or less campanulate, subpapillate or

Nolanea AGARTCACE^: 1 1 5

subumbonate, not umbilicate, except 536 and 542, striate, even or
floccose, margin straight, at first adpressed to the stem, not involute.
Stem central, simple, fistulose or stuffed, cartilaginous. Gills free
or adfixed, not decurrent, usually whitish at first, then salmon or
rose. Spores rose-coloured or salmon. (Fig. 27.)

The species are thin, slender, and usually brittle, some are tough.
They are terrestrial except 541, and appear in summer and autumn
on grassy hills and in damp places in woods. The group generally
is suspected to be poisonous.

Nolanea agrees in structure with Mycena, Galera, Psatliyra, and
Psathyrella. Species 529—543

Pileus dark-coloured, hygrophanous. Gills grey or fuscous.

529—533
Gills becoming yellow or rufescent. 534 — 537

Pileus hygrophanous. Gills shining white then rosy. 538, 539
Pileus not hygrophanous. Gills whitish. 540 — 543

529. N. paseua Quel, (from its habitat, pastures) a b c.

P. flat or subumbonate, silky, grey- or pinkish-brown. St. striate,
faintly brownish or ochreous, or almost white. G. adnato-
adnexed, pale salmon.

Odour none. Fields, open woods ; common. May-Nov. i£ X 2§ x T3g- in.

530. N. Babingtonii Sacc. (after Prof. C. C. Babington) a.

P. conico-campanulate, ashy-grey ; mid. dark-brown-squamulose.
St. equal, downy, dark brown. G. adnato-ascending, ashy-grey.
Woods ; rare. Oct. -Nov. |X i^X T^ in.

531. N. mammosa Quel, (from the shape of the pileus ; 7namma, a

breast) a b c.
P. umber or smoky. St. smoky white-brown. G. adnexed,
grey then salmon.

Lawns, woods. Feb. 2§ X 3J X T35 in. Often grows in company with
1238.

531a. N. papillata Bres. (from the papillate pileus).

P. submembranaceous, subcampanulate, convex, expanded, striate,
fuscous-bay becoming cinnamon. St. glabrous, shining, obso-
letely white-mealy at apex, white-tomentose at base. G.
sinuato-adnate, somewhat crowded, livid white becoming
fuscous flesh-colour. Flesh colour as P. but paler.

Odour pleasant, sometimes absent. In grassy or woody places. Sept.
\\ X 2.\ x ^ in.

532. N. juneea Quel, (from its usual habitat, rushy places ; junciis, a

rush) a b.
P. hemispherical, papillate or subumbilicate, smoky or umber.
St. smooth, reddish-brown. G. adnato-ascending, grey- or
brownish-salmon.

Odour none. Woods, commons. Oct. i£ X 2| x £ in.

I 2

1 1 6 AGARIC ACE/E Nolanea

533. N. fulvostrigosa Sacc. (from the tawny strigose stem).

P. hemispherical, subwrinkled, grey. St. furfuraceo-squamulose,

reddish. G. adnate, grey.
Woods. Sept. I X I X TV in.

534. N. piseiodora Gill, (from its fishy odour ; piseis, a fish, odor,

a smell) a b c.
P. campanulate, velvety, umbonate, tawny-cinnamon, salmon-
brownish or dark brown. St. rarely with a rudimentary
A., chestnut-brown or black. G. adnexed, toothed, pale
yellowish-tawny, then flesh-colour or dull salmon. Flesh warm
brown, dark at base of stem.

Odrur strong of rotten fish, varying to cucumber. Woods, amongst decayed
leaves, on sticks ; frequent. Oct. if X 2h X £ in. This may be only a
form of 709. See 239, 535 and 538. Spores may possibly vary white,
salmon and brown.

535. N. nigripes Gill, (from the black stem ; niger, black, pes, a foot)

a b.

P. hemispherical, floccose, fuscous or umber. St. equal, twisted,

somewhat wavy, hollow. G. adnexed, yellow-flesh-colour or

salmon.

Odour as in 534. Swamps. Nov. if x 2i x i in- Perhaps a form of
534.

536. N. rufocarnea Sacc. (from its colour ; rufus, reddish, caro,

flesh) a b c.
P. hemispherical, subumbilicate, red-brown. St. minutely fibril-
lose, pale rufous. G. adnate, rose-colour.
Taste somewhat bitter. Grassy heaths ; frequent. Sept. i| X 2 X ^ in.

537. N. ieterina Quel, (from its colour ; Gr. ikteros, jaundice) a b.
P. hemispherical, sometimes papillate, slightly silky, greenish-
sulphur or olive-brassy. St. stuffed, colour as P. or full
ochreous. G. adnexed, adnate or decurrent, salmon-white to
salmon, saffron in decay. Flesh sulphur in P., white with a
buff bark in St.

Woods, gardens. Oct. i£xi£x£in.

538. N. pieea Gill, (from the more or less pitch-black colour ; pieeus,

pitch-black) a b.
P. campanulate, papillate, smooth, at first umber ; marg. lighter,
shaded slate. St. pruinose, colour as P., or dull salmon,
blotched and shaded slate. G. ascending, emarginate, flesh-
colour.

Odour of decaying fish and cucumber. Grassy places, gardens, if X i\ X \ in.
Perhaps the same as 534, 535 and 709.

539. N. infula Gill, (perhaps from the lustrous gills, at first dazzling

white then rose ; infula, a fillet or ornament) a b.
P. plane, papillate, fawn or smoky when damp, ochreous-tan

when dry. St. smooth, colour as P. or grey-brown. G. varied

in attachment.
Odour none. Lawns, woods, burnt ground. Sept. -Oct. i x i\ x \ in.

Eccilia

AGARICACE.*:

117

540. N. vereeunda Gill, (from its appearance ; verecundus, modest) a.
P. convex, umbonate, watery-reddish. St. faintly ochreous.

G. adnate, salmon-white. Spores reddish.
Densely gregarious or in troops. Amongst short grass. Sept. fx^X^in.

541. N. ecelestina Gill, (from the colour of the pileus, sometimes

azure ; caelum, the sky) a.
P. convex, umbonate, pale slate. St. colour as P. G. adnate,

salmon-grey or hoary-white. Spores faintly rosy.
Woods, pine ; on wood, rotten oak. Oct. \\ X 2\ x \ in.

541a. N. exilis Quel, (exilis, small).

P. membranous, conical, expanded, glabrous, striate, livid grey
to lilac ; mid. papillose, darker. St. hollow, glabrous, tough,
apex naked, greyish-green. G. adnexed, subcrowded, whitish
with a tinge of pink.

Amongst grass, leaves, etc., under beeches, pines ; in swamps. §X3X^li in.
Allied to 526, but more slender and delicate.

542. N. rubida Sacc. (from its frequent reddish tinge) a b c.

P. convex, subumbilicate, greyish or faintly ruddy. St. attenuate
below, colour as P or paler. G. adnate, rose.

Odour of new meal. Amongst grass in a conservatory. Mar.-Nov.
I X h X j in.

543. N. rhodospora Sacc. & D. Sacc. (from the rose-coloured

spores) a b c.
P. convex, sooty-fibrillose or rufescent-pilose. St. subbulbous,

white. G. sinuate or free, salmon or rose.
On earth and wooden borders in stoves. May-Sept. I x \\ X ^ in.

XIX. ECCILIA Quel.

(From the hollowed out or depressed pileus ; Gr. ekkoiloo,

to hollow out.)

Veil represented by pruina, fibrillar or dot-like scales. Hymeno-
phore confluent with but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem.

B

Fig. 28. — a, section of Eccilia atropuvcta Gill.
B, section of E. acus Sacc. Natural size.

Il8 AGARIC AC EJE Eccilia

Pileus somewhat membranous, margin at first incurved, umbilicate,
except 548. Stem central, simple, fistulose, stuffed in 550. Gills
decurrent, not separating from their attachment to the stem as
in AWanea. Spores smooth or warted, salmon or rose-colour.
(Fig. 28.)

Most of the species grow on the ground, one grows on rotten
wood and on walls, another amongst leaves.

Eccilia agrees in structure with Omphalic: and Tubaria.

Species 544 — 552

544. E. parkensis Quel, (from its being first noted in the King's

park, Upsala) a c.
P. plano-convex, fuscous or blackish, not pale when dry ; marg.

substriate. St. attenuate downwards, not dotted, fuscous.

G. dull flesh-colour.
Grassy places. July-Aug. | x i| X ^ in.

545. E. earneogrisea Gill, (from the colour of the pileus ; caro,

flesh, griseus, grey) a b.
P. plane ; marg. striate. St. colour as P. G. distant, rosy,

edge darker.
Gregarious. Amongst fir-leaves, grass. Aug. -Oct. i£ X ij X | in.

545a. E. Smithii W. G. Sm., Agaricus Smithii Mass. (after

Worthington George Smith) a b.

P. soon plane, orbicular, umbilicate, even, atomate, yellowish- or

buff-white ; marg. somewhat undulate, becoming salmon-striate.

St. equal or slightly attenuate upwards, surface undulate,

fibrillose, salmon, paler above, white downy below. G. broadly

adnato-decurrent, salmon-rose. Flesh somewhat thick except

at marg., pale salmon-white.

On the ground. Oct. if X2^x£ in. Differs from 512 in the plane pileus,
coloured stem, different spores, etc.

546. E. griseorubella Que'l. (from the reddish- grey pileus) a.

P. hygrophanous, plane, brown or grey-brown ; marg. striate.
St. smooth, colour as P. G. subdistant, flesh-colour.

Gregarious. Suspected poisonous. Inodorous. On earth and wood.
Autumn. l| X 2X^in.

547. E. atrides Quel, (aler, black) a.

P. plane, fuscous, black-streaked, becoming pale ; marg. striate.
St. pallid, black-dotted upwards. G. distant, slightly serrulate,
pallid with a black edge.

Gregarious. Woods, moist places. Autumn, ij x if X J in. Perhaps
a form of 520.

548. E. atropuneta Gill, (from the black-dotted stem ; ater, black,

fiunctum, a dot) a b c.

P. convex, pale ashy or dull umber ; marg. lighter. St. umber,

dark or pale, black-punctato-scaly. G. distant, ashy flesh-colour.

Taste disagreeable. On the ground amongst moss. Sept. - Oct.
£ X i£ X £ in.

Claudopus AGARICACE^-E 1 19

549. E. nigrella Gill, (from the blackish pileus ; niger, black) a b.

P. smooth, deep umber. St. glaucous, pale salmon-brown, not
black-punctate. G. flesh-colour or subashy, not serrulate or
with a black edge.

Sometimes caespitose. Pastures. Autumn. J x 2 x ^ in.

550. E. rhodoeylix Gill, (from the resemblance of the pileus to a

rose-coloured cup ; Gr. r/wdon, a rose, kulix, a cup) a b.

P. convex, fuscous, grey or tan ; marg. striate when moist. St.

stuffed, ashy, tan, or white. G. very distant, flesh-colour.

Rotten wood, stumps, alder, wall-tops. Sept. \\ x 1 x ^ in. In the
young state when the gills are white this resembles 386.

551. E. flosculus Sacc. (from its likeness to a small flower) a b.

P. slightly irregular, pruinoso-crystalline, pink-tan ; mid. dark
brown. St. pruinose or innately fibrillose, pinkish-tan, dark at
base. G. slightly wavy, bright rose.

In conservatories, on the ground and on tree-fern stems. June, f Xf X^ in.

552. E. acus Sacc. (from the needle-like stem ; aeus, a needle) a b,
P. deeply umbilicate, pruinose, white ; marg. incurved, striate.

St. smooth, white. G. thick, distant, deeply decurrent, rose.
Coco-nut fibre in conservatories. Aug. | x \\ X -£% in.

XX. CLAUDOPUS Gill.

(From its dwarfed stem ; claudus, lame, Gr. pous, a foot.)

Veil represented by tomentum or down. Hymenophore confluent
and homogeneous with the fleshy stem when the latter is present.
Pileus excentric, lateral or resupinate. Stem, when present, lateral,

Fig. 29. — A, sections of Clatidopus variabilis Gill. ; B, sections of
C. byssiscdus Gill. Natural size.

simple, without cartilaginous bark. Gills reaching to the excentric
stem or axis. Spores smooth or waited, rubiginous. (Fig. 29.)

The species are small. They grow on wood or on the ground.

Claudopus agrees in structure and habit with Pleurotus and
Crepidotus. Species 553 — 555

553. C. variabilis Gill, (from its variability) a b c.

P. resupinate, then reflexed, white-tomentose. St. minute,
excentric or none. G. salmon-pink or salmon-brownish.

Sticks, stumps, leaves, oak, beech, maple, bramble, apple, sedge, moss,
living chickweed ; common. May-Mar. Diam. \\ in. Sometimes
sterile with white gills. Sometimes ^ in. or less in diam.

120

AGARICACE/E

Acetabularia

554. C. depluens Gill, (from its watery substance; depluo, to rain)

a b c.
P. resupinate, then reflexed, hygrophanous, rufescent-hoary.

St. small, lateral, rarely central, or none, white villous. G.

adnato-decurrent, rufescent.
On the ground, amongst moss, sawdust, wood-ashes, sometimes in stoves ;

rare. Oct. Diam. I in.

555. C. byssisedus Gill, (from the fibrils on the stem ; byssus, fine

linen thread, sedeo, to sit) a b c.
P. resupinate, then horizontal and reniform, villous, pale grey.

St. small, white-villous. G. adnato-decurrent, salmon.
On the ground, rotten wood, beech ; rare. Sept. -Oct. Diam. £ in.

Series III. DERMINI Fr.
(From the membrane of the pileus; Gr. derma, a skin.)

Spores various shades of reddish-brown, brown, red, yellowish-
brown or dull yellow. \ Genera XXI — XXXI.

XXI. ACETABULARIA Mass.
(From the cup-like volva ; acetabulum, a vinegar-cup.)

P*r/7 universal, forming a volva. Hymenophore distinct from the
fleshy stem. Stem central, simple, volvate. Gills adnexed. Spores
pallid-tawny or brownish.

Fig. 30. — Acetabularia acetabulosa Mass. _ Natural size.
A, perfect plant ; b, plant in section.

Acetabtclaria agrees in structure with Amanitopsis, Volvaria and
Chito?iia.

Togaria

AGARICACEiE

121

Saccardo (Sylloge Fungorum, vol. v. p. 761) makes Berkeley's
Acetabularia analogous with Gillet's Locellina. The two genera are
quite distinct ; Locellina is not represented in Britain.

Locellina.

Pileus smooth, glabrous.
Gills broadly adnate.
Stem fibrilloso-annulate.

Acetabularia.

Pileus sulcate, white-furfuraceous.
Gills adnexo-free.
Stem simple.

556. A. aeetabulosa Mass. (from the cup-like volva; acetabulum, a

vinegar-cup) a b.

P. convex, salmon ; mid. sienna-reddish, white-furfuraceous ; marg.

striate, denticulate, splitting. St. hollow, whitish, white-mealy

above. G. adnexed, subdistant, glandular, pale brownish-

salmon with a lighter edge.

By the Thames at Millbank. May. if x 2 x J in.
gills, as illustrated by Sowerby, may be cystidia.

The glands on the

XXII. TOGARIA W. G. Sm.

(From the annulus, like a cloak, well seen in the young state of 557 ;

toga j a Roman garment.)

Veil universal, manifest in the membranous annulus and in the

Fig. 31. — Section of Togaria aursa W. G. Sm.
One-quarter natural size.

squamules, fibrillar and flock of the pileus ; the squamules, etc.
being sometimes appendiculate at the margin. Hyitie?wphore not

122 AGARICACE/E Togaria

truly distinct from the fleshy stem, except in 564, although in the
majority of cases it is nearly so. Pileus fleshy. Stem central,
fleshy, annulate. Gills adnato-decurrent, adnate, adnexed, or rounded-
free. Spores ferruginous. (Fig. 31.)

All the species grow on the ground.

Togaria agrees in nearly all points of structure and habit with
Lepiota, Annularia and Psalliota.

In 564 the gills are normally rounded-free, and in several other
species the gills are frequently adnexed. In Lepiota one species —
47 — has adnate gills and several others have approximate gills ; in
Psalliota several species have approximate gills. Species 557 — 566

a. Eudermince. Spores ferruginous. 557 — 564

b. Phceotce. Spores fuscous-ferruginous. 565, 566

a. Eudermince.

557. T. aurea W. G. Sm., Agaricus auretis Mattusch. (from its golden

colour ; aurum, gold) a b c.

P. convex, velvety, squamulose ; marg. partially appendiculate

with V. St. solid, striate and scurfy below A. A. superior,

large. G. adnato-decurrent to adnexo-free, ochreous then

sienna. Flesh whitish-sulphur above, golden-sienna below.

Subcaespitose. Plantations, cedar; rare. Aug .-Nov. 10 x n| X if in.
Var. Va/iliiW. G. Sm. {Agaricus Vahlii Schum.). P. even, smooth. Var.
iierefordensis W. G. Sm. {Agaricus aureus Mattusch. var. herefordensis
Renny.) St. granulate, tuberculate.

558. T. eaperata W. G. Sm., Agaricus caper atus Pers. (from the

wrinkled pileus ; capero, to wrinkle) a b c.

P. convex, white-floccose on a deep yellow or buff-tan ground ;

marg. deeply wrinkled or lobed. St. solid, white, shaded dull

salmon • wbite-squamulose above A. A. median, somewhat

large. G. adnate or adnexed, dull ochreous or clay-cinnamon,

sometimes colour of iron-oxide.

Solitary. Woods. Aug.-Dec. 4^ X 4J X f in. Sometimes there is an
obscure volva. Pale forms resemble 789.

559. T. terrigena W. G. Sm., Agaricus terrigenus Fr. (from its

habitat ; terra, the earth, gigno, to bear) a.

P. convex, silky-fibrillose, yellowish ; marg. partially appendiculate

with V. St. colour as P., clad with ferruginous-yellow warts.

A. apical. G. adnate with a decurrent tooth, yellowish then

brownish.

Woods, damp places, old earthy stumps. Aug.-Nov. 2§ x 2§ X ^ in.
Perhaps 589 is a form of this. Small forms must not be confounded
with 1085.

560. T. erebia W. G. Sm., Agaricus erebius Fr. (Gr. erebos, dark) a b c
P. convex, at first viscid, dark ferruginous brown or umber,

becoming paler; marg. often streaky-wrinkled. St. hollow,
smooth, pale salmon-brownish, darker at base and white above,

Togaria AGARICACE^E 1 23

white squamulose below. A. apical, membranous, white. G.
adnate, sometimes with a decurrent tooth, somewhat pale livid-
brown. Flesh pale brownish.

Gregarious. Taste fungoid, insipid ; odour slight or obsolete. Woods,
shrubberies, grassy places, under birches. Aug. -Oct. 2 X 2f X \ in. Not
unlike some forms of 792. Must not be confounded with 69a.

561. T. ombrophila W. G. Sm., Agaricus ombrophilus Fr. (Gr. ombros,

rain, ■philos, loving) a b.
P. convex, gibbous, smooth, clay-colour, sometimes shaded ferru-
ginous ; marg. with traces of the white V. St. hollow, paler
than P. or almost white. A. distant, white. G. adnate with
a tooth or adfixed, pallid brownish, then ferruginous-brown.

Grassy places after heavy rain. Oct. 2^ x ih X T5^ in. Var. brunneola
W. G. Sm. {Agaricus ombrophilus var. brunneolus Fr.). P. brown.
\\ X \\ in.

562. T. molliseorium W. G. Sm., Agaricus 7nolliscorium Cooke &

Mass. (from the skin of the pileus ; molliseorium, with a soft,
leather-like skin) a b.
P. convex, smooth, polished, dry, subumbonate, tawny yellow ;
mid. ochreous or sienna. St. hollow, equal, pale ochreous,
silky fibrillose, broken up into minute sq. above A. A. deciduous,
brownish. G. adnate or uncinate, crowded, ferruginous.
Taste and odour none. June. 2§ x 2§ x 5 in.

563. T. tog'ularis W. G. Sm., Agaricus togularis Bull, (from the

annulus, like a little cloak, togula) a b.

P. convex, pallid ochreous ; mid. sienna or umber. St. hollow,

whitish, yellowish or brownish. G. adnate or adnexed, yellow

then pallid ferruginous. Flesh colour of exterior.

In troops. Grassy woodlands, gardens, wood-yards, amongst chips ; rare.
May-Nov. 2| X j| X T3B in.

564. T. blattaria W. G. Sm., Agaricus blattarius Fr. (from the colour

of the pileus ; blatta, a cockroach) a.

P. fiat, subumbonate, ferruginous ; mid. darker. St. fistulose,

whitish, brownish at base. A. white. G. rounded-free or

slightly adnexed, watery cinnamon.

Gardens and cultivated places. Autumn. i|xi|xjin. Like an annulate
Galera.

b. Phceotce.

565. T. dura W. G. Sm., Agaricus durus Bolt, (dunis, hard) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, kid-leather-like, becoming cracked, tawny, pale

ochreous or almost white ; marg. partially appendiculate with
V. St. paler than P., sometimes with root-like fibres at base.
A. ample, fugitive. G. adnate with a decurrent tooth, livid
brown to deep ferruginous.

Possibly poisonous. Fields, gardens ; uncommon. May-Oct. 2fx3^X§in.
Sometimes gathered for 792.

124 AGARIC ACE^E Pluteolus

566. T. prseeox W. G. Sm., Agaricus prcecox Pers. (prcecox, early)

a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, smooth, whitish or whitish-ochre. St. hollow

above, mealy-floccose, white, sometimes with root-like fibres at

base. A. ample, fugitive, white. G. rounded-adnexed or sub-

adnate, at length fuscous.

Said to be edible. Taste rank ; odour strong, not unpleasant. Gardens,
pastures, road-sides ; common. May-Oct. 3 X 4 X § in. Sometimes
wholly whitish. May not be distinct from last. Sometimes gathered for
792.

566a. T. sphaleromorpha W. G. Sm., Agaricus sphaleromorphus Bull,
(from the difficulty of distinguishing this from the two last
species ; Gr. splialeros, delusive, morphe, form) a b.
P. globose, convex, plane, obtuse, even, smooth, expanded, white
or pale buff to ochre. St. stuffed, then partially hollow, in-
crassate and villose below, when young clavate, silky, pale
buff to yellowish. A. entire, median to distant, ample, mem-
branous. G. arcuato- or adnato- to sinuato-decurrent, yellowish-
white, becoming ochre, ferruginous-tan or brownish.

Leaf-soil. Oct. 4^ X 3§ X h in. Must not be confounded with 565
and 566.

XXIII. PLUTEOLUS Gill.
(Diminutive of Pluteus, Genus XIV.)

Veil indicated by gluten, fibrillar and meal. Hymenophore distinct
from the fleshy stem. Pileus conical or campanulate, then expanded,

Fig. 32. — Section of Pluteolus ret lad at 71s Gill.
One-half natural size.

slightly fleshy, viscid, margin striate, at first straight and adpressed
to the stem. Stem fistulose, simple. Spores ferruginous or saffron.
Gills rounded-free. (Fig 32.)

The species grow on dead wood, rotten sticks, etc.

Pluteolus agrees in structure with Hiatula, Pluteus, and Pilosace.

Species 567, 568

Pholiota

AGARICACE^

125

567. P. retieulatus Gill, (from the network of veins on the pileus ;

rete, a. net) a b.
P. expanded, subumbonate, violaceous, fuscous or greyish ; mid.

faintly ochreous. St. fibrillose, whitish. G. dull cinnamon.

Spores dark ferruginous.
Dead wood ; rare. Sept. i£ X i\ X § in.

568. P. aleuriatus Karst. (from the flour-dusted appearance of the

stem ; Gr. aleuron, flour) a.
P. convexo-plane, bluish-grey, rose-colour or tan • mid. darker.
G. safFron-ochraceous.

Rotten sticks. Oct. IXIX^ in.

XXIV. PHOLIOTA Quel.
(From the scaly pileus ; Gr. pholis, a scale.)

Veil partial in the form of an annulus, or universal as scales and
gluten on the pileus and stem. Hymcnophore confluent and homo-
geneous with the fleshy stem. Pileus fleshy, viscid, dry, naked or

Fig. 33. — Pholiota spectabilis Gill. One-half natural size.
a, plant in section; b, young state.

scaly. Stem central, annulate. Annulus persistent, membranous,
spreading, not arachnoid or fibrillose. Gills usually adnate, with
or without a decurrent tooth, variously attached, at first pale or
tawny, then usually becoming dark fuscous, but not the bright

126 AGARICACE.dE Pholiota

ferruginous colour of Cortinarius. Spores sepia-brown, bright
yellowish-brown, or light red. (Fig. 33.)

All the species except 596 and 597 grow on trees, stumps and
branches.

Pholiota agrees in structure and habit with Armillaria and
Stropharia.

Pholiota must not be confounded with Cortinarius^ where all the
species are terrestrial, have an arachnoid veil and spores the colour
of iron-oxide. Species 569 — 597

Truncigen/E. Mostly caespitose, growing on trunks and stumps.

a. sEgeritincB. Pileus naked, not scaly, but here and there

rimoso-rivulose. Gills pallid, then rufescent, becoming
fuscous. 569 — 574

b. Squamosa. Pileus scaly, not hygrophanous. Gills changing

colour.
Gills pallid, then fuscous, olivaceous, clay-coloured, not
purely ferruginous. 575 — 579

Gills yellow, then purely ferruginous or tawny. 580 — 586

c. HygrophancE. Gills cinnamon, not at first light yellow.

Hygrophanous. 587 — 595

Muscigen/e. Hygrophanous, resembling annulate Galerce ; mostly
growing on moss. 596, 597

Truncigen^e.
a. ALgeritince.

569. P. radieosa Quel, (from the rooting stem) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, viscid, pale tan-brownish, clouded darker.
St. spongy-solid, enlarged below and fusiform rooting, whitish-
tan. A. distant, fugitive. G. adnato-toothed or rounded.

Solitary or gregarious, rarely csespitose. Taste pleasant or obsolete ; odour

strong, like prussic-acid or sweetish, not unpleasant. Woods, about

stumps, on wood ; frequent. Aug. -Oct. 4J x iof x | in. P. some-
times 6 in. in diam.

570. P. pudiea Gill, (from its modest colour ; pudicus, modest) a b c.
P. convex, moist, hygrophanous, rivuloso-wrinkled, tan ; mid.

sienna. St. solid, firm, rigid, paler than P. A. persistent.
G. adnato-rounded, colour as St. Flesh pallid white.

Single or csespitose. Odour strong, penetrating, disagreeable. Stumps,
elder, elm, rarely on lawns, downs. May-Nov. 2% X i\ X § in. Some-
times mistaken for 792.

571. P. leoehroma Sacc. (from its lion-tawny colour ; Gr. leo?i, a lion,

chroma, colour) a b.
P. convex, then depressed ; mid. yellowish-white or pale sienna ;
marg. pale. St. solid, whitish above, brown below. A. per-

Pholiota AGARICACEiE 1 27

sistent. G. adnato-rounded, dark cinnamon. Flesh pale

livid-brownish, darker in St.

Caespitose. Said to be edible. Stumps, elm, fir, larch. July-Sept.
3^ x 4^ X \ in. Perhaps a form of 570.

572. P. eapistrata Sacc. (from a fancied resemblance in the annulus

to a halter, capistrum) a b.

P. flat, subviscid, tan ; mid. pale sienna ; marg. rivuloso-wrinkled.

St. stuffed, squamulose, tan-white. A. large, inrolled, persistent.

G. decurrent or rounded, thin, tan-white.

Caespitose. Said to be edible. Taste varying pleasant to unpleasant.
Stumps, elm. Aug. -Nov. 4 x 4 X f in. Intermediate forms occur
between this and 570 and 571.

573. P. segerita Quel, (from its frequent habitat, poplar trunks ;

Gr. aigeiros, the black poplar) a b.
P. convex, rivuloso-wrinkled, pale buff to bright full tawny.
St. stuffed, sometimes sub striate from the decurrent base of G.,
tan- white, white-mealy above. A. superior, swollen. G. serru-
late, adnate with a tooth, fuscous.

Caespitose. Odour pleasant. Stumps, Popidus fastigiata, willow, ash, elm.
July-Xov. 4 x Si x i m- The " Pioppini " of Italy.

574. P. luxurians Gill, (from its frequent luxuriant growth) a b.

P. flat, silky, squamulose, yellowish-white then rufous. St. stuffed,
subsquamulose, colour as P. A. apical, fugacious. G. adnate
with a tooth, fuscous.

Caespitose. Stumps, elm, poplar, oak, ash. July. 3 x 2§ X § in.

b. Squamosce.

575. P. eomosa Quel, (from the hairy scales of the pileus ; coma,

a hair) a b.

P. convex, obtuse, viscid, tawny ; sc. paler ; marg. appendiculate

with V. St. solid, bulbous, fibrillose, brassy-white. A. superior,

subpersistent. G. adnate or adnato-decurrent, fuscous.

Subcaespitose. Odour faint. Stumps, beech, poplar, birch ; rare. Oct.-
Nov. 7 X 4^ X 1^ in.

576. P. heteroelita Quel, (from the curved stem ; Gr. lieteros, other,

klijio, to lean) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, viscid when old and wet, whitish, yellowish or

brownish ; marg. appendiculate with V. St. solid, bulbous,

fibrillose, whitish-brown at base. G. adnate or rounded-adnexed.

Solitary. Odour strong and pungent of horse-radish. Trunks, birch,
poplar ; small examples on chips. Sept. -Nov. 5^ x 3f X 1 in.

577. P. aurivella Quel, (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus to

a golden fleece ; aurum, gold, vellus, fleece) a b c.

P. convex, subumbonate, sulphur or deep ferruginous yellow.

St. stuffed, fibrillose, colour as P. A. superior. G. adnate

with a tooth or sinuato-adnexed, brown.

Caespitose or solitary. Odour faint. Trunks, ash, willow, beech ; uncommon.
Sept. -Nov. 4§ x 4 X £ in.

128 AGARICACE^: Pholiota

578. P. squarrosa Quel, (from the rough-scaly pileus ; squarrosus,

rough) a b c.
P. convex, gibbous, dry, ochreous-sienna \ marg. appendiculate
with V. St. stuffed, attenuate downwards, brown-squarrose
below A. G. adnate with a decurrent tooth, olivaceous-
ferruginous. Flesh light yellow.

Csespitose, sometimes in fascicles of 50 or more. Sometimes eaten. Odour
strong and nauseous of putrid cheese or none. On or near stumps, beech,
oak, ash, laburnum, acacia, apple, plum ; common. July-Dec. 3^ X 4^ x § in.
Sometimes twice the size of type. Var. verruculosa Gill. P. glutinous
when wet ; maple. Var. reflexa Gill. P. umbonate. Var. Miilleri Gill,
small, wholly sulphur.

579. P. subsquarrosa Quel, (from the pileus, less scaly than 578) a c.
P. plane, viscid, brown ; marg. appendiculate with V. St. sub-

squarrose below A., yellow-ferruginous. G. adnate with a

decurrent tooth, or almost emarginato-free, pale brown. Flesh

pale ochreous-brownish.

Subcsespitose. Odour almost obsolete. Trunks, fir, and on the ground.
Sept. 2 x 2g x T% in.

579a. P. grandis Rea (grandis, large) b.

P. convex, then expanded, broadly gibbous, dry, fulvous-tawny,

covered with small innate deeply tawny sq. at the circ, revolute

at mid. St. solid, fusiform, slightly squamulose and tawny

below the distant, almost fugacious A., deeply striate above.

G. broad, attenuate in front, deeply sinuato-decurrent behind,

somewhat crowded, pallid, then fuscous. Flesh light yellow,

ferruginous in St.

C?espitose. Taste and odour very pleasant. Trunks, ash, oak. Oct.
9 X 8| X 2| in.

580. P. speetabilis Gill, (sfiectabilis, notable) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, dry, rich sienna-yellow. St. solid, squamulose

or smooth, ventricose, rich yellow. G. adnate with a tooth or

subdecurrent. Flesh sulphur.

Ccespitose. Taste, bitter-aromatic. Stumps, oak, beech, hornbeam,
hawthorn ; frequent. Aug.-Dec. 5fX5§Xi|fin. Stem sometimes 9 in.
Resembles 1049 in appearance.

581. P. adiposa Quel, (from the pileus, as if covered with fat) a b c.
P. plane, subdepressed, very glutinous, sulphur ; sc. floccose,

ferruginous ; mid. deep sienna-yellow ; marg. appendiculate

with V. St. squarrose, viscid, colour as P. A. small, floccose.

G. adnato-rounded.

Coespitose. Trunks, beech, ash, plum, silver-fir, birch ; frequent. July-Oct.
7 X 5 X f in.

581a. P. lueifera Quel, (from the flame-like colours ; lux, light,

fero, to carry) a.

P. fleshy, convex, almost plane becoming umbonate, viscid,

covered at first with darker adpressed sc. which soon disappear,

yellow, or orange with sulphur marg. St. stuffed to hollow,

Pholiota AGARIC ACE/E 1 29

sometimes solid, equal, somewhat squamulose, becoming smooth,
whitish above, brown below without and within. A. distant.
G. emarginato-adfixed, narrow, crenulate, yellow-white, luminous
yellow, then olive or ferruginous.
Trunks, branches, straw, almost terrestrial. Odour strong. Autumn.
z\ X 2 X f in.

582. P. flammans Karst. (from its fiery colours) a b c.

P. convex, subumbonate, yellow or orange; sc. sulphur. St.

squarrose, sulphur or yellow. A. superior. G. sulphur, then

brown. Flesh sulphur.

Gregarious or in clusters. Odour none. Woods, pine, pine-leaves, dead
pine-branches. July-Oct. 2 X 2^ X T5^ in. Mycelium often deep orange.

583. P. Junonia Karst. (from its beauty, belonging to Juno) a b.

P. convex-plane, subumbonate, yellow to deep sienna-orange.

St. even, solid, yellow above, sienna below. A. distant.

G. adnate.
Usually solitary. Trunks. Oct. 3§ X 3§ X f in. Must not be confounded

with 695.

584. P. tuberculosa Gill, (from the bulbous base of the stem) a b.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, tawny or pale sulphur ; mid. brown.
St. hollow, subbulbous, attenuato-rooting, fibrilloso-scaly, light
yellow or ochre. A. fugitive. G. adnate or emarginate,
serrulate.

Solitary or caespitose. Trunks, birch ; sawdust. Oct. 2 X if X | in.

585. P. eurvipes Quel, (from the frequently curved stem ; curva,

a curve, pes, a foot) a b c.

P. expanded, subumbonate, tawny or orange ; marg. at first

appendiculate with white V. St. fistulose, fibrillose, light

yellow. A. floccose, fugitive. G. adnate with a white edge.

Flesh light yellow.

Gregarious, subcaespitose. Taste somewhat pleasant-insipid ; not strongly
scented. Trunks, sawdust, deal boards in greenhouses. Oct. 2^xi§X^in.

586. P. eruentata Sacc. (from the blood-coloured scales of the

pileus ; cruentatus, blood-stained) a b.
P. convex, obtuse, yellow; sc. crimson-brown. St. solid,

attenuato-rooting, subsquamulose below A., colour as P.

A. fibrillose. G. adnate or emarginate, brown, somewhat

olive. Flesh pale yellow.
Taste insipid. Trunks, oak ; burnt ground. Aug.-Sept. if x ii X J in.

c. Hygropha?ice.

587. P. Paxillus Gill, (from its resemblance to 1181, Paxillus invo-

lutus Fr.) a.
P. expanded, subumbonate, ochreous-buff; mid. darker. St.
solid, smooth, colour as P., brown at base. A. narrow,
spreading. G. subdecurrent, crowded.
Trunks. Autumn. 6 X 6| X | in. Sometimes wholly cinnamon.

K

I30 AG A RI C AC E #: PJwliota

588. P. dissimulans Sacc. (from its appearing like, but differing

from, 560 • disswiulo, to dissemble) a c.
P. convex, subumbonate, buff-brown, becoming whitish. St.

-fistulose with transverse dissepiments, attenuate upwards, white.

<A. fragile. G. adnexed or adnate with a tooth, clay-brown.
Sticks, hawthorn, sloe. Oct.-Nov. if x if X T3^ in.

589. P. Cookei Sacc. (after Dr. M. C. Cooke) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, viscid, dull yellowish ; sc. adpressed, faintly
brownish. St. solid, whitish above, fibrillose and yellowish-
brown at base. A. narrow. G. adnate.

Damp places, amongst grass, stumps. Sept. -Oct. 2jX2^x^in. Perhaps
the same as 559.

590. P. sublutea Karst. {subluteus, yellowish) a c.

P. flat, subumbonate, squamulose, dull brownish-yellow; sc.

darker. St. stuffed, smooth, attenuate upwards, paler than P.

A. narrow, spreading. G. decurrent, crowded.
Subcsespitose. Grassy ground. Oct. 2.\ x 4^ X \ in.

591. P. eonfragosa Karst. (confragostis, rough) a b.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, densely furfuraceous, red, cinnamon-
rufous or umber, tawny when dry; flocci fugitive, white.
St. hollow, shining pale warm-umber ; flocci fugitive. G. adnate
or subdecurrent.

Somewhat csespitose. Fallen elm. Oct. ij x 2 x T3S in. Resembles 917.

592. P. mutabilis Quel, (mutabilis, changeable) a b c.

P. convex, obtusely umbonate, cinnamon, pale when dry, or mid.

deep cinnamon, with marg. straw-colour; sometimes appen-

diculate with V. St. pale above, cinnamon below, sub-

squarrose below A. A. narrow, spreading, fugitive. G. adnato-

decurrent, crowded.

Sometimes eaten, taste of gingerbread. Stumps, lime, ash, sawdust. April-
Dec. 2 x 3f X ^ in.

593. P. marginata Quel, (from the striate margin of the pileus) a b c.
P. expanded, subumbonate, honey-colour, tan when dry. St.

fistulose, fibrillose, paler than P. A. spreading, fugitive.

G. adnate or somewhat rounded.

Solitary, gregarious, ceespitose. Woods, fir, beech, pine, chips ; frequent.
Sept. -Dec. i£ X 2 x | in.

594. P. mustelina Quel, (from its colour ; mustella, a weasel) a.

P. convex, dry, yellow or reddish. St. fistulose, whitish. A.

superior, reflexed. G. adnate.
Solitary, subgregarious. Woods, pine, stumps. Sept. f X f X ^ in.

595. P. unieolor Gill, (from its being wholly of one colour) a c.

Bay-brown then ochreous.

P. convex, subumbonate. St. fistulose, somewhat smooth. G.

adnexed, adnate or subdecurrent.

Subgregarious, subcaespitose. Trunks, branches, larch. Sept. - Nov.
i£ x i\ X J in.

Inocybe

AGARICACE/E

131

MuSCIGENiE.

596. P. pumila Gill, {pumilus, diminutive) a b c.

P. hemispherical, smooth, ochreous ; marg. substriate. St. fistu-
lose, smooth, colour as P. or paler; base often darker.
A. floccose. G. adnate with a tooth, subdistant, pallid-
brownish.

Solitary, gregarious. Moss, walls, earth, sticks, sawdust, firs ; common.
Aug.-Jan. f X 2§ X £ in.

597. P. myeenoides Quel, (from its resemblance in stature to a

Mycenct) a b c.
P. hemispherical, ferruginous, tawny pale or medium ; marg.

striate. St. fistulose, smooth, colour as P. A. persistent,

white. G. adnate with a decurrent tooth.
Amongst moss in damp places, lawns. Sept.-Oct. ^Xi|x £% in. Often

accompanied by 283.

XXV. INOCYBE Quel.
(From the fibrous pileus ; Gr. is, inos, a fibre, ktcbe, a head.)

Veil concrete with the cuticle of the pileus, fibrillose or somewhat
arachnoid, often appendiculate at the margin of the pileus and
sometimes forming an indefinite annulus. Hymenophore confluent

B

Fig. 34- — a, section of Inocybe scabra
Gill. ; b, ditto /. fastigiata Quel.
One-half natural size.

and homogeneous with the fleshy stem. Pileus squarrose, fibrillose
or velvety ; in a few species becoming smooth or viscid. Stem central,
scaly, fibrillose or smooth, simple or imperfectly scmarroso-annulate.

k 2

132 AGARICACEiE Inocybe

Gills usually sinuate, sometimes adnexed, adnate or decurrent,
adhering to the hymenophore, except 602 and 621, at first pale,
changing colour, but not to fuscous-ferruginous. Spores often
angular; pale dull tan, brownish or brown. (Fig. 34.)

All the species, except 644, grow on the ground ; they are
somewhat small; none are edible, and the majority have a some-
what nauseous odour.

Inocybe as defined by Fries (Hymenomycetes Europai, p. 226) has
no genus corresponding wholly with it in structure amongst the
white-, pink-, purple- or black-spored groups. Certain of the fibrous-
pileated species of Tricholoma, Entoloma and Stropharia might,
however, be separated as analogues. Inocybe was formerly included
in the next genus, Hebeloma. Species 598 — 646

Mr. George Massee, in his monograph of the genus (Annals
of Botany, XVIII. (1904), p. 459), has rearranged the species in two
groups, viz. : I. Spores rough, and II. Spores smooth ; these groups he
has again divided into — A. Cystidia present, and B. Cystidia absent,
with minor distinctions as to a whitish or coloured stem and brownish
or olive-tinted gills.

a. SquarroscE. Pileus squarrose, somewhat fuscous. Stem scaly,

smooth above, same colour as pileus, solid except 204.

598—607

b. lacerce. Pileus torn into scales or fibres, not split into

cracks. Stem fibrillose, paler than the pileus. 608 — 619

c. Rimosce. Pileus longitudinally fibrous, soon cracked, partially

adpressed-scaly. Stem fibrillose, whitish, slightly tinged
with the colour of the pileus. Many become yellow when
old. 620—634

d. Velutince. Pileus not cracked, the cuticle fibrilloso-woven,

becoming even or adpressedly-scaly. Stem shining, smooth,
whitish, mealy above. 635 — 642

e. Viscidce. Pileus viscid, even. 643 — 646

a. Squarrosce.

598. I. hystrix Karst. (from the scaliness ; Ziystrix, a porcupine)

a b c.
P. plane, subgibbous, mouse-colour to brown. St. attenuate

downwards ; sc. fuscous, brownish or mouse-colour. G. adnate,

fuscous.
Woods, beech. Oct. 3 x 2^ x § in. Resembling a small 578 in appearance.

599. I. relieina Quel, (from the recurved floccose scales of the

pileus ; reclinus, curled backwards) a c.

P. expanded, obtuse, fuliginous or rufescent livid-brown. St.

slightly attenuate downwards, floccoso-scaly, colour as P. G.

adnexed, olivaceous.

Odour almost obsolete. Woods, fir, marshy places, amongst Sphagmim. July-
Oct. 2£ x 3i X T5B in.

Inocybe AGARICACE/E 1 33

599a. I. mimiea Mass. (from its resemblance to 26 as figured in
Cooke's Illustrations, p. 941).
P. campanulate, obtusely umbonate, fibrillose, yellow-brown,
covered with large adpressed fibrous slightly darker sc. St.
solid, equal, fibrillose, paler than P. G. deeply sinuate, broad,
yellow-brown.
Woods. Autumn. 3 X 3 X § in.

600. I. ealamistrata Gill, (from the curled scales of the pileus ;

calamister, a curling iron) a b c.
P. campanulate, fuscous-scaly on a tan ground. St. squarrose,

somewhat bulbous, at first pale, then as P., tinged with dull

blue at base. G. adnexed, ferruginous with a white edge.

Flesh becoming red when cut.
Sometimes subcaespitose. Odour strong, not unpleasant. Woods, pine, by

paths and ditch-sides; rare. Aug.-Oct, 2 x 2| x T36 in.

601. I. hirsuta Quel, (from the bristly pileus ; hirsutus^ bristly) a b.
P. campanulate, acutely umbonate ; mid. fuscous or greenish ;

marg. pale tan. St. fibrillose, pale tan above, greenish at
base. G. adnexo-ascending, umber with a white edge. Flesh
faintly rose when cut.

Odour fainter than 600. Woods, beech, damp places, pastures ; rare. Oct.
\\ x 2.\ X TV in.

602. I. lanuginosa Quel, (from the woolly pileus ; lanuginosus,

woolly) a b c.

P. hemispherico-convex, obtuse, umber then yellow. St. squamu-

loso-fibrillose, whitish-fuscous. G. separating-free, denticulate,

pallid clay-colour.

Odour faint or none. Wcods, mixed, near paths, sandy places, near firs.
July-Nov. if X if X & in.

602a. I. calospora Quel, in Bres. (from the beautiful spores ; Gr.
hales, beautiful) a.
P. convex or campanulate, then expanded and umbonate,
fibrillose with darker sq. at mid., yellowish-brown or tawny-
grey ; edge paler. St. pale then reddish, or as P. G. sinuato-
free, tawny-ochre or brownish.
Woods, shady places. Autumn. I x i\ x \ in.

603. I. dulcamara Quel, (from the taste — sweet, becoming bitter;

dtdcis, sweet, amarus, bitter) a c.
P. campanulato-convex, umbonate, olivaceo-fuscous. St. squamu-

loso-fibrillose below, paler than P. G. adnexed, olivaceous.
Gregarious. Woods, plantations, fir, mixed. Aug.-Oct. if x i£ X \ in.

604. I. plumosa Que'l. (from the downy tufts on the pileus ; plumosus,

feathery) a b.
P. hemispherico-convex with squarrose flocci in erect fascicles,
mouse-colour or shaded rufous. St. stuffed or hollow, floccoso-

1 34 AGARICACE.-E Inocybe

scaly, paler than P. or smoky. G. subadnate, pallid mouse-
colour.

Odour faint, not unpleasant. Woods, pine, moist places ; rare. Aug.
if x 2§ x J in. The colours are not unlike those of Series II.,
Hyporhodii.

605. I. eineinnata Quel, (from the curved scales of the pileus;

cinci7i7ius, a curl) a.
P. convexo-plane, usually subumbonate, villoso-scaly, fuscous.
St. nbrilloso-scaly, fuscous-violaceous or lavender above,
brownish below. G. adnexed, fuscous-violaceous or lavender.

Subgregarious. Odour none. Woods, beech. Autumn. I x 2 x | in.
Compare 618 and 641a.

606. I. hsemaeta Sacc. (from the change of colour to blood-red when

broken ; Gr. haimaktos, mingled with blood) a b.

P. plano-convex, floccoso-fibrillose, umber ; mid. dark ; marg.
pallid. St. scaly-fibrillose, whitish above, dull verdigris below
inside and out. G. adnate, clay-umber. Flesh crimson in
P., greenish-blue below.

Subcaespitose. Lawns. Aug.-Oct. if X 2 x £ in.

607. I. faseiata Sacc. (from its growing in bundles ; fasciatus, bound

together in bundles) a b.

P. convex, obscurely acuto-umbonate, minutely brown-squarroso-
scaly on a pale ground. St. solid, attenuate below, pallid
above, vinous within and without at base. G. adnato-sinuate,
crowded, thin, soft, pallid.

Densely caespitose. Taste and odour none. Grassy places. 3 X 3j X T5& in.

b. Lacerce.

608. I. pyriodora Quel, (from its odour of pears ; pyrtis, a pear, odor,

a smell) a b c.
P. convex, subumbonate, fuscous to tan-ochreous. St. solid,
whitish. G. adnato-emarginate, fuscous, often olive-shaded,
edge whitish. Flesh becoming pale reddish.

Taste none ; odour strong, sweet, pleasant of pears, decaying pears, violets,
cinnamon, of Muscari racemosum. Woods, gardens. May-Dec.
2£ X 3f X T5S in. Sometimes P. and St. whitish-tan, G. tan-rufescent.

609. I. inearnata Bres. (from the flesh-coloured pileus ; incar?iattis)

a b.
P. expanded, broadly umbonate, sometimes tinged with pale
orange-scarlet, crimson or purple ; marg. appendiculate with V.
St. solid, base enlarged, colour as P. G. sinuate, whitish to
olive-brownish, often spotted orange, scarlet or crimson, or
wholly rufescent, edge crenulate, white. Flesh pale orange or
pale purple-hyacinth.

Odour strong of meal or pears. Woods, pine, etc. June-Oct. 3 X 3^ X J in.
Red when bruised or broken. Closely allied to 608.

Inocybe AGARICACE^: 1 35

609a. I. adequata Sacc. (from its claim to equal specific rank with
610).

P. campanulate, then expanded, squarrose and fibrous-scaly,
yellow and red-brown or pale, somewhat vinous-umber with
darker umber sc. St. whitish- or reddish-fibrous, or as P.
G. adnexed, thick, somewhat distant, pale greyish-white or
yellowish-umber, becoming greyish-brown, always with a white
edge.

Odour none. Woods. Summer and autumn. 3j X 4J X T%in. Allied to 610.

610. I. seabra Gill, (seaber, rough) a b c.

P. convex, subgibbous, pale fuliginous, tan or umber. St. solid,

whitish. G. adnexed, often separating from stem, dull

whitish-brown. Flesh white.

Suspected poisonous. Woods, plantations, fir, mixed; frequent. June-Oct.
if X if X \ in. Yox.Jirma Mass. fuscous-tan with fuscous scales.

611. I. maritima Karst. (from its being first found on the sea-shore)

a b c.

P. hygrophanous, expanded, obtuse or umbonate, fuscous or

mouse-colour, hoary when dry. St. solid, paler than P. G.

adnexo-rounded, or somewhat sinuate, grey, then ferruginous.

Sometimes caespitose. Odour faint. Woods, pine, sandy places, damp sand
by sea-shores. Sept.-Oct. i| x if x ^ in.

612. I. laeera Quel, (from the scaly-torn pileus ; laeerus, torn) a c.

P. expanded, subumbonate, mouse-colour, pale and yellow when
old. St. stuffed, paler than P., white and mealy. G. attenuato-
adnexed, mouse-colour. Flesh reddish.

Commonly gregarious. Woods, pine, mixed. July-Oct. ij x if X ^ in.

613. I. floeeulosa Sacc. (from the small flocci on the pileus) a b c.
P. convex, umbonate, rufescent-sienna. St. paler than P., solid,

stuffed or hollow. G. adnato-ascending, colour as St., then

chocolate with a white edge.

Odour of new meal, but nauseous. Amongst grass, woods. Sept.-Oct.
I X 2| X £ in. Compare 602 and 612.

614. I. Bongurdii Karst. (after H. G. Bongard, a Russian botanist)

a b c

P. campanulate, obtuse, greatly to slightly scaly, often cracking

between the sc. and showing the flesh, fuscous, pale when

dry. St. solid, subbulbous, lighter than P., sometimes dark

below. G. adnexed, ventricose, reddish, cinnamon or umber,

edge white. Flesh reddish.

Usually solitary. Odour pleasant of ripe pears or bergamot. Sandy ground,
sand-hills, pine-woods, pastures. May-Oct. 2 J X 4 X § in.

615. I. mutiea Karst. (from the at first obtuse pileus ; mutieus,

curtailed) a b.
P. obtuso-convex, plane, then subdepressed, whitish, tan or straw.

St. hollow, attenuate downwards, colour as P. G. adnate,

white or tan, then subfuscous.
Woods, shady places, roadsides. Sept.-Oct. 2| x 2 x | in.

136 AGARICACEyE Inocybe

616. I. earpta Quel, (from the torn woolly pileus ; carpo, to tear)

a b c.
P. flat or depressed, dark fuscous or umber. St. hollow, attenuate
downwards, paler than P. G. adfixed to adnate, ventricose,
brown-fuscous with a pale edge.

Taste bitterish-sweet. Woods. Aug. ij x if X J in.

617. I. deglubens Gill, (from the fibrils of the pileus which peel off;

deghibens, peeling off) a b.

P. expanded, obtusely umbonate, date-brown-rufescent, becoming
yellowish. St. solid, colour as P. above, paler and yellowish
below. G. adnate, ventricose, grey then cinnamon.

Woods, pine, moist places ; rare. Aug.-Sept. if x i\ x \ in.

617a. I. eervieolor Quel, (from its dark tawny colour, as of a deer ;
arvus, a stag) a.
P. campanulate, covered with brown recurved fibrils. St. firm,
whitish, fibrillose, with brown recurved filaments throughout
its length. G. emarginate, ventricose, distant, rusty brown ;
marg. denticulate, whitish. Flesh white, tinged purplish
when cut.

Odour strong, unpleasant. Amongst grass, woods. Autumn, f x 3 X | in.
Compare 614.

618. I. obscura Gill, (from the dark scales of the pileus ; obscurus,

dark) a b c.
P. expanded, umbonate, purplish-brown or shaded lavender or
faint crimson. St. stuffed, lilac or purplish above, yellow-
brownish below, lilac within. G. sinuato-adnexed, olivaceous,
then brown.

Subcaespitose. Odour strong, somewhat bitter. Amongst pines, damp
places, woods; rare. July-Nov. i\ X if X \ in. Var. ruja Sacc, P.
brownish-rufous, G. violet.

619. I. Rennyi Sacc. (after James Renny, mycologist) a b.

P. hemispherical, fawn-colour; mid. brown. St. equal, whitish
at top and bottom, yellow-brown in mid. G. adnexo-ascending
with a tooth, whitish-brown then cinnamon.

Woods, fir. Nov. 1 J X 2§ x £ in. The var. major Mass. is illustrated in
the Public Gallery, the type is little more than half this size.

c. Rii?iosce.

620. I. sehista Sacc. (from the clefts in the pileus; Gr. sc/iistos,

a cleft), a b.

P. campanulate, obtuse, shining bay-brown ; mid. sienna. St.
solid, twisted, splitting, paler than P. G. adnato-ascending
with a tooth, separating, sienna-cinnamon ; edge serrate,
white.

Taste pleasant, somewhat insipid. Lawns. May. 2§ x 3 X J in.

Inocybe AGARICACE.E 1 37

621. I. fibrosa Gill, (from the fibrous pileus) a b c.

P. campanulato-expanded, umbonate; mid. foxy-red, lighter at
marg. St. solid, splitting, pale ochreous. G. adnexo-sinuate,
separating, foxy.

Odour fetid. Woods, fir. May-Sept. si x 4J X £ in.

621a. I. proximella Karst. (from its superficial resemblance to 628) a.
P. conico-convex, then expanded and umbonate, even, then
longitudinally fibrosely cracked, pallid ; mid. and um. rusty-
brown or bay. St. stuffed, sometimes wavy, subfibrillose,
pallid. G. adnate, crowded, broad, ventricose, pallid, tan, then
brown. Flesh white.
Woods. Sept. if X 2§ X \ in. Distinguished by its ventricose gills.

622. I. perlata Sacc. (from the pileus; perlatus, very broad) a.
P. expanded, broadly umbonate, straw-ochreous ; mid. black-
fuscous; marg. pale. St. solid, straw-pallid, black-fuscous at
base. G. adnexed, subrounded or slightly sinuate, umber.

Under trees, hornbeam. Aug. 4§ x 2 J x J in.

623. I. phseocephala Sacc. (from the dusky pileus; Gr. phaios,

dusky, kephale, a head) a.

P. conico-campanulate, umbonate, bay-brown, fuliginous or

rufous. St. solid, subbulbous, pale brown above, white below.

G. adnexo-free, olive-brown.

Woods, pine, mixed. Oct. 3f X 4! X § in. Perhaps not belonging to
Inocybe.

624. I. fastigiata Quel, (from the pileus, pointed like a gable,

fastigium) a b c.

P. conico-campanulate, acutely umbonate, dull yellow-brownish.

St. solid, paler than P. G. adnexo-free, crowded, olive-brown.

Gregarious, sometimes caespitose. Woods, grassy places ; uncommon.
June-Oct. 3f X 5 X & in.

625. I. hiulea Gill, (from the furrow-like cracks of the pileus ; Gr. hio,

to gape) a c.

P. expanded, umbonate, fuscous, olivaceous or ochreous. St.

stuffed, whitish. G. adnexo-free, subdistant, olive-brown.

Woods, pine ; uncommon. Aug.-Nov. 2| x 2f x T5ff in. Young examples
sometimes wholly white. Rufescent when bruised.

626. I. Curreyi Sacc. (after Frederick Currey, mycologist) a b.

P. expanded, dull yellowish-brown. St. solid, pale rufescent-

brown. G. free, olive-brownish. Flesh pale olive-brown.
Odour none. Woods. Aug. 2^ x 3§ X f in.

627. I. rimosa Quel, (from the cracked pileus ; rima, a crack) a b c.
P. campanulate, subumbonate or obtuse, rufescent- or olive-brown ;

mid. darker ; cracks yellowish. St. solid, slightly marginato-

bulbous, pallid above, yellowish and rufescent below. G.

attenuato-adnexed, olivaceous-brown or fuscous.

Subgregarious. Odour earthy. Woods and open places amongst trees.
June-Oct. 2^ x 3J X ^ in.

138 AGARICACE^E Inocybe

627a. I. subrimosa Sacc. (from the slightly cracked pileus ; rima^ a
crack) a.
P. conico-campanulate, then expanded, prominently umbonate,
even, smooth, longitudinally nbrillose, at length cracked, pale
ochre, brown or pallid ferrugineo-ochreous ; mid. brown. St.
solid, equal, shining, base somewhat marginately bulbous,
white-pruinose. G. attenuate behind, adnexed or free,
slightly ventricose, whitish clay-colour, then ferruginous.

Taste insipid ; odour none. Grassy places, gardens. Sept. ij x if X \ in.

628. I. asterospora Quel, (from the star-shaped spores • aster, a

star) a b.
P. expanded, umbonate, shining, sometimes viscid, sooty-brown,
brown-striate. St. marginato-bu.lbous, whitish, often reddish at
base. G. emarginato-adnexed to adnate, cinnamon.

Taste none ; odour mouldy or none. Woods and open places amongst trees.
Aug.-Oct. 2£ x 3! X T5R in.

628a. I. brunnea Quel, (from its brown colour) a.

P. campanulate, umbonate, fibrilloso-silky, then cracked, chestnut-
brown. St. stuffed, thickened below, fibrilloso-striate, light
brown, apex white-pruinose. G. emarginate, broadest in front,
ivory then umber, edge white, indented.

Amongst grass, near pines. Oct. if x i£ X | in.

629. I. eutheles Quel, (from the well-formed umbo ; Gr. eu, well,

thele, a teat) a b c.
P. expanded, umbonate, fawn-colour, with darker striag. St. solid,
subbulbous, whitish above, brownish below. G. adnate, sub-
attenuate, tan- or olive-brownish.

Taste not unpleasant ; odour of new meal, but disagreeable, or none.
Amongst fir-leaves, woods. Aug.-Oct. i\ X 3^ X \ in.

630. I. margarispora Sacc. (from the pearl-like spores ; Gr. mar-

garites, a pearl) a.
P. expanded, broadly umbonate, fawn-colour or olive tan-brown.
St. solid, whitish or shaded tan-olive, darker below. G.
ascending, adnexo-adnate, faintly rufescent-pallid.

On the ground. Oct. 2 x 3f X \ in.

630a. I. prsetervisa Quel, in Bres. (from the fact that it had been

previously confused with 624 ; prater •, before, video, to see) a.

P. conico-campanulate, then expanded, umbonate, fibrilloso-

virgate, slightly viscid, fawn. St. solid, bulbous, pubescent,

white then pale straw. G. attenuate behind, adnexed, white,

then fawn with a white edge. Flesh white.

Taste mild ; odour somewhat earthy. Woods, pine. Aug. i|X2^X^ in.
Distinguished by its viscid pileus. Related to 624 and 627, but distinct in
its white or straw-coloured stem.

Inocybe AGARICACE^E 1 39

630b. I. Bueknallii Mass. (after John Bucknall, mycologist) a.

P. campanulato-convex, fibrillose ; mid. subsquamose, brownish.
St. fibrillose, brownish. G. adnexed, thick, subdistant, rusty-
brown, edge minutely fimbriate.

Under bushes. Autumn, § x ij X T\ in. Distinguished by the large size
of the basidia, spores and periphyses.

630e. I. duriuseula Rea (from its firm substance) a.

P. fleshy, campanulate, expanso-gibbous, floccose, soon longi-
tudinally fibrillose, tawny-ochreous ; mid. paler ; marg. at length
revolute. St. solid, firm, apex and base slightly enlarged,
striate, white. G. sinuato-adnate, decurrent as ribs on apex of
St., somewhat crowded, white, then brown. Flesh white.
Open places in woods. Sept. 2§ — 1% x 3? X § in.

631. I. destrieta Quel, (from the fibres of the pileus stripping off;

destringo, to strip off) a b c.
P. flat, umbonate, whitish to vinous or rich sienna-brown, fibres
stripping off and often showing white cracks. St. solid, some-
times subbulbous, light or dark rufescent or whitish above or
below. G. uncinato-adnate, grey-brown or olive-shaded.
Flesh rufescent.

Odour unpleasant. Woods, pine, oak. July-Oct. i\ X i\ x \ in. Some-
times 4 inches or more high.

632. I. perbrevis Gill, (from the comparatively short stem ; perbrevis >

very short) a b.

P. expanded, undulate, umbonate, dry, silky, fibrillose, tawny or
rufous, becoming yellowish. St. stuffed, attenuate downwards,
colour as P. G. uncinato-adnexed or sinuate, subdistant,
tawny to cinnamon.

Woods, shady places. Autumn. 2 x i^X T35 in.

633. I. deseissa Quel, (from the split pileus ; scissus, split) a b c.

P. campanulate, umbonate, whitish to pallid fuscous or ochreous-

sienna. St. hollow or solid, white or pallid, darker below.

G. adnexo-free, fuscous.

Suspected poisonous. Woods, pine ; rare. Sept.-Nov. i£ x if X £ in.
Var. auricoma Gill, smaller, P. golden-fibrillose. Somewhat resembling
640, but differing in colour of P. and absence of odour.

633a. I. Godeyi Gill, (after Dr. Godey, French botanist) a.

P. campanulate, obtusely umbonate, silky, fibrillose, rimose,
whitish, then tinged rosy, sometimes rosy and ochreous.
St. equal, subbulbous, colour of P., apex white-pruinose.
G. adnexo-free, narrowed behind, whitish, then dusky
cinnamon with an olive tinge, edge minutely flocculose, white.
Autumn. 1 f X 2.% X \ in. Rosy-red and ochreous-rosy when bruised.

634. I. Trinii (after Carl Bernard Trinius, Russian botanist) a b.

P. convex, obtuse, whitish-rufescent, tawny or pale brown-reddish.
St. stuffed, colour as P., or paler. G. rounded-adnexed,

140 AGARIC ACE^E Inocybe

ventricose, cinnamon with a white slightly jagged edge. Flesh

pale salmon.

Odour strong of clove-pinks, evanescent. Grassy places, woods. Aug.-
Sept. |x i|x ^ in. Sometimes \\ X \\ in.

d. Velutina.

635. I. sambueina Quel, (from its being first noted under elder,

sambucus) a.

P. convex, obtuse, often repand, whitish. St. solid, striate,

colour as P. G. adnexed, colour as P. or pale tan-brownish.

Solitary. Odour strong, disagreeable. Woods, pine, grassy places.
2^ X if X 2 in. Compare 638, which has narrower gills.

636. I. esesariata Karst. (from the woven-hairy pileus ; ccesariaftts,

covered with hair) a b c.

P. expanded, subumbonate, dull tawny. St. solid, pale brownish-

ochreous. G. adnexo-adnate, dull whitish to brown.

Gregarious, subcaespitose. Odour disagreeable. Under beeches. Sept. -Oct.
2| X i£ X & in.

637. I. lueifuga Gill, (from its habit, apparently shunning light;

tux, light, fugiO) to flee) a b c.

P. plane, subumbonate, brownish-olivaceous or fawn. St. solid,

paler than P., or pallid. G. adnexed, yellowish or olivaceous,

then dark olive.

Odour strong, pleasant or unpleasant, somewhat of radish. Woods, pine ;
frequent. Sept. -Oct. i| X 2f x \ in.

638. I. sindonia Karst. (from the woven surface of the pileus ;

Gr., sindon, muslin) a b c.

P. convex, gibbous or subumbonate, whitish or faintly ochreous ;

marg. when young fibrillose with V. St. hollow, whitish. G.

attenuato-adnexed, whitish-fuscous.

Mixed woods, damp shady places ; rare. Sept. -Oct. 2^ x i\ X T3^ in.
Resembling 640, but differing in the hollow stem and absence of odour.

639. I. Clarkii Sacc. (after J. Aubrey Clark) a.

P. campanulate, obtuse, whitish. St. stuffed to solid, flocculose,
colour as P. G. ascending, adnexed, whitish-fuscous with a
white edge.

On the ground, shady places in woods. Oct. I x if X T35 in.

639a. I. eorydalina Quel, (from its odour of Corydalis cava) a.

P. campanulate, then expanded, fibrillose, white, the prominent
um. glaucous-green. St. fragile, pruinose, white, then fuscous.
G. adnato-emarginate, narrow, brown, with a white edge.
Flesh white, sometimes tinged violet.
Under oaks. Sept. 2 x 2§ x § in.

640. I. geophylla Quel, (from the earthy colour of the gills ;

Gr. ge, the earth, fthullon, a leaf) a b c.
P. expanded, umbonate, never truly squamulose, white, lilac or
pale or dark bright purplish-blue ; mid. sometimes brown ;

Inocybe AGARIC ACE^ 141

or whole P. brown. St. stuffed, sometimes with slight trace

of A., white, or as P. G. adnexo-free, separating from

hymenophore, umber.

Odour usually faint, sometimes very strong and unpleasant. Woods, under
trees, hedges. Autumn, f X 2 X j^ in. Var. lateritia W. G. Sm.,
Agaricus geophyllus Sowerb., var. lateritins Stev. P. red, varying yellow
or white, sometimes white-scaly. There is a large form, twice the size
of type or larger.

641. I. seabella Quel, (from the roughish pileus ; scaber, rough) a b.
P. expanded, umbonate, scaly-torn, fuscous. St. white, or as P.

G. adnato-adnexed, yellow-brown or fuscous.
Gregarious. Odour none. Woods, amongst short grass. Sept. -Nov.
if X if X \ in.

641a. I. fulvella Bres. (ftdvtts, yellowish-brown).

P. subhygrophanous, conico-campanulate, then expanded and
umbonate, floccosely silky, yellowish, then brownish-olive ;
mid. tawny. St. stuffed, narrowed downwards, glabrous, lilac,
then rufescent, apex white-pruinose. G. subdistant, ventricose,
rounded behind and nearly free, pale lilac, then ochraceous-
cinnamon ; edge fimbriate. Flesh yellow, rufescent-lilac at
apex of stem.
Shady places. Autumn. ^ x i£ X ^ in. Allied to 641.

642. I. violaeeofusca Sacc. (from the dusky-violet colour of the
stem and gills) a.

P. expanded, obtusely subumbonate, squamose, umber ; marg.

fimbriate with V. St. solid, pale violaceous above, pallid below.

G. adnate or emarginate, pale dull violaceous, then umber.
Subcsespitose. Amongst grass in open places. Autumn. 2^ x if X ' \ in.

e. ViscidcB.

643. I. trechispora Karst. (from the rough spores ; Gr. trac/ius,
rough, spora, a seed) a b c.

P. expanded, umbonate, whitish with mid. tawny. St. stuffed,

white with a mass of white mycelium at the base. G.

emarginate, or attenuato-adnexed, pinkish-grey, then brown.

Woods, damp places, amongst ferns. July-Oct. \\ X 2% X £ in. Sometimes
fatal to pheasants.

644. I. vatrieosa Karst. (from the stem, twisted below ; vatricosus,

with bad feet) a c.

P. plane, broadly subumbonate, whitish or shaded light-yellowish.

St. hollow, colour as P., white-pulverulent. G. adnexed,

broadly emarginate, ochreous-fuscous.

Odour none. Woods, pine, bare places, on dead stumps, twigs, chips.
Sept. if X 2| x ^ in.

645. I. Whitei Sacc. (after Dr. F. Buchanan White, botanist) a c.

P. hemispherico-campanulate, obtuse, tawny ; marg. whitish.

St. solid, white, becoming tawny. G. adnexed, tawny.
Woods, pine. Oct. ij x if X J in. Allied to 640.

142

AGARICACE^i

Hebeloi?ia

646. I. Trieholoma Sacc. (from its resemblance to species of
Tricholomd) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, subdepressed, ivory-whitish, shaded pale buff;
marg. fringed with V. St. stuffed, fibroso-scaly above, colour
as P., or faintly shaded salmon. G. adnato-decurrent, crowded,
pale clay-fuscous or faintly olive-shaded.
Woods, mixed. Nov. ij X ij X T\ in.

XXVI. HEBELOMA Quel.

(From the fringe-like veil, seen in certain young examples ; Gr. fcebe,

youth, loi?ia, a fringe.)

Veil partial — in 648, 654a and 655 forming an imperfect annulus
— or universal, indicated by gluten, squamules, fibrillar or silkiness.
Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with the fleshy stem.
Pileus fleshy, cuticle continuous, smooth, damp, subviscid or

Fig. 35. — A, section of Hebelo7)ia fastibile Quel. ; B, ditto half-grown
example showing veil. One-half natural size.

glutinous, margin at first incurved, sometimes silky from veil. Stem
central, simple, fibrous-coated, submealy at the apex, simple or
rarely imperfectly annulate. Gills sinuato-adnate or adnexed, at
first pallid-whitish or clay-colour, then darker. Spores dull tan or
somewhat clay-colour or brown. (Fig. 35.)

All the species, except 649, grow on the ground; they are
gregarious and strongly scented ; some are poisonous, none are edible ;
they appear early in autumn and last till late in the season.

Hebcloma corresponds with the non-fibrillose species of T?'icho-
lo?na^ Eiitoloma and Uypholoma. Species 647 — 669

a. Indusiatce. Pileus furnished with a cortina from the veil, by

which the margin is often superficially silky. Stem usually
white-pruinate or white-mealy above or minutely white-
scaly. 647—657

b. De?mdatce. Pileus smooth ; cortina obsolete. 658 — 667

Hebeloma AGARIC ACE^E 1 43

c. Pusillce. Pileus scarcely an inch broad; stature that of
Naucoria, but without the cartilaginous bark. 668, 669

a. IndusiatcR.

647. H. mussivum Sacc. (from its uncertain position amongst the

IndusiatcR; mussivus, undecided) a.
P. plane, obtuse or subumbonate, pale primrose-yellowish ; mid.

sienna. St. stuffed or hollow above, fibrillose, light yellow.

G. emarginate or somewhat rounded adnate, light yellow then

subferruginous. Flesh becoming yellow.
Odour faint, not unpleasant. Woods, pine. Oct. 4f X 5J X I in.

647a. H. sinuosum Quel, (from the frequently irregular pileus) a b.
P. fleshy, convex, expanded, obtuse, even, almost glabrous,
viscid, then dry, yellowish-red to pale buff, sometimes whitish ;
marg. wavy. St. stuffed to hollow, equal, fibrilloso-striate, at
first flocculoso-squamulose above, soft, biscuit. G. slightly
adnexed, broadly emarginate to emarginato-free, dry, crowded,
dull white to brownish-salmon and ferruginous. Flesh white.
Odour faint, pleasant. Woods. Aug. 3§ x 5 X £ in.

648. H. fastibile Quel, (from its disagreeable odour) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, viscid in wet weather, pale yellowish-tan ;

mid. darker, sometimes sienna. St. solid, fibrillose, scaly or

white silky, sometimes with an imperfect silky-floccose A. G.

emarginate, subdistant, dull whitish-clay-colour or tan-brownish.

Subccespitose, often in large dense rings. Poisonous. Taste like radishes,
but disagreeable and bitter ; odour disagreeable, fetid. Woods, mixed
pastures, near trees and bushes, sometimes on mushroom-beds ; common.
July-Oct. 4 X 2§ x I in. Often mistaken for the mushroom and sold
in markets with mushrooms. Often slug-eaten. Var. elega?is Mass., P.
purple-brown.

649. H. glutinosum Sacc. (from the glutinous pileus) a b c.

P. plane, obtuse, yellow-white or pale buff with mid. rich sienna-
buff, white-squamulose. St. stuffed, attenuate upwards, white,
dull faint ochreous below, clad with fugitive white sc. G.
sinuato-adnate, light yellowish then clay-cinnamon. Flesh pale
reddish in stem.

Taste and odour mild, not unpleasant of radish. Woods, amongst leaves and
branches, oak, beech ; frequent. Sept.-Dec. 3^ X 3§ X J in. Some-
times one-third the size of type. Compare 678.

650. H. testaeeum Quel (from the colour of the pileus ; testa, a

brick) a b c.
P. convex, obtuse or subumbonate, crimson-sienna through red
and yellowish to tan. St. hollow above, fibrillose, colour as P.
or paler. G. attenuato-sinuate or almost free, clay-colour then
subferruginous or crimson-sienna.

Taste disagreeable, sickly-nauseous ; odour faint of radish or none. Woods,
fir, pastures ; frequent. Sept. -Nov. 2f x 3^ X -{'s in.

144

AGARICACE^ Hebeloma

651. H. firmum Gill, (from its firm substance) a.

P. flat, subumbonate, subsquamulose, yellowish-brown or reddish ;
mid. darker. St. solid, brownish, darker below, white-
squamulose. G. adnexed or adnate, rounded, ferruginous,
edge white, serrulate.

Odour faint. Woods, fir. Feb.-Oct. 2§ X 3 X | in.

652. H. elavieeps Quel, (from its resemblance, when young, to a

nail ; clavus, a nail, caputs the head) a.
P. hemispherical, gibbous-expanded, viscid, whitish or faintly
yellowish ; mid. sienna ; marg. fibrillose with V. St. stuffed,
whitish, fuscous below. G. emarginate, pallid brown.

Woods, mixed ; uncommon. Sept.-Oct. if X 3^ X J in.

653. H. punetatum Quel, (from the viscid-dotted pileus ; punctus^

a point) a.
P. piano-gibbous, pale sienna-brown, whitish at marg. St.
hollow, silky-fibrillose, faintly brownish. G. sinuato-adnate,
brownish.

Gregarious, in troops. Odour faint, not unpleasant. Woods, pine ;
uncommon. Sept. 2 X 3J X \ in.

654. H. versipelle Gill, (from its changeable appearance ; verto, to

turn, pellis, skin) a b c.
P. flat, silky-agglutinate, sienna-reddish or dull tan. St. hollow,
tan-white, fuscous below. G. rounded, serrulate, whitish-flesh-
colour.

Subcaespitose. Odour faint, not unpleasant, bat sometimes strong, fetid -
oily or like bugs. Grassy places, amongst fir-leaves. Aug.
2J X 3 X T3<j in.

654a. H. strophosum Sacc. (from a fancied resemblance in the
annulus to a sword-belt, Gr. strophos) b.
P. convex, plane, slightly subumbonate, somewhat viscid, bay
or vinous-sienna, clouded deep claret-brown ; marg. white-
silky. St. hollow, equal, silky, whitish, shaded brown or red-
salmon within and without near base. A. superior, silky-
white. G. adnexo-free, crowded, ventricose, cream to dull
flesh-colour and dull cinnamon. Flesh white.

On the ground. Oct. i\ x if X T35 in.

655. H. mesophseum Quel, (from the dusky centre of the pileus ;

Gr. mesos, the middle, p/iaios, dusky) a b c.
P. plane, subgibbous, pale yellowish or pale pinkish-brown. St.
fistulose, fibrillose, whitish or faintly ochreous, ferruginous
below, sometimes with an imperfect fugitive A. G. rounded
or emarginate, pale clay-ferruginous.

In troops, gregarious. Odour faint. Woods, pine ; uncommon. Sept.-Oct.
If X 2§ x T3s in.

Hebeloma AGARICACEiE 145

656. H. subeollariatum Sacc. (from the gills which form an im-

perfect collar at the apex of the stem) a b.
P. convex, subviscid, pallid ; mid. fuscous ; marg. at first white
and scaly. St. stuffed or fistulose, brown at base. G. sinuato-
adnate, clay-colour with white edge.

Subcaespitose. Taste and odour strong and rank, like 1527. On the
ground. May-Oct. \\ x 2^ X T3ff in.

657. H. seneseens Sacc. (from the hoary margin of the pileus and

the white apex of the stem ; senseco, to grow old) a.
P. obtuse or subdepressed, ochreous-tawny. St. solid, squamu-

lose, white above, fuscous below. G. rounded-adnexed,

crowded, cinnamon.
Odour acrid. Amongst firs. Sept. 4 x 3§ X | in.

b. Denudatce.

658. H. sinapizans Gill, (from its odour ; sinapi, mustard) a b.

P. expanded, undulate, subdepressed, subviscid, pale clay-
colour; mid. yellowish. St somewhat solid, whitish. G.
emarginate, crowded, unspotted, not distilling drops, clay-
cinnamon.

Solitary. Odour strong, usually of radish. Under trees, fields, woods ;
uncommon. Sept.-Oct. 5§ X 2$ x ij in. P. sometimes 9 in. in diam.
Compare with 473.

659. H. erustuliniforme Quel, (from the shape of the pileus;

crustulum, a small pie) a b c.

P. expanded, obtuse or subumbonate, subviscid, whitish ; mid.

pale reddish-ochreous. St. whitish. G. adnexed, crowded,

distilling drops, clay-colour or brown.

Sometimes forming large rings. Poisonous. Odour very strong of radish,
but fetid or like laurel flowers. Woods, mixed, lawns, pastures, on heavy
soil ; common. Aug.-Nov. \\ x i\ x I in. Variable in size. Often
mistaken for the horse- mushroom, 789.

659a. H. subsaponaceum Karst. (from the somewhat soapy odour;

sapo, soap).

P. fleshy, obtuse, pallid, darker when dry. St. equal, somewhat

wavy, adpressedly fibrillose, apex somewhat mealy. G. adnate.

Taste bitter ; odour strong of soap. Woods, mixed, fir. Aug. i^x I X \ in.

660. H. elatum Gill, (elatus, tall) a b.

P. expanded, subviscid, tan ; mid. faintly ochreous, slightly
reddish or shaded brown. St. stuffed, twisted, whitish or
faintly ochreous. G. adnato-rounded with a tooth, pale
cinnamon, becoming cinnamon-salmon, sometimes with a white
edge.

Odour very strong of radish. Woods, pine, commons, under oaks. Sept-
Nov. 2 X 4J X J in.

L

146 AGARIC ACE^E Hebeloma

661. H. longieaudum Quel, (from the long stem; longus, long,

catiria, a tail) a b.

P. expanded, sometimes umbonate, viscid, clay-colour ; mid.

darker. St. stuffed, subbulbous, fibrous-elastic, white above,

tawny below within and without. G. emarginate, crowded,

serrulate, cinnamon.

Odour faint, not unpleasant. Woods. Sept. -Nov. 5 X 7f X § in. Var.
radicatum Sacc. St. fusiform-rooting.

662. H. lugens Gill, (from its sombre colour ; lugeo, to mourn) a.

P. convexo-plane, subviscid, brown or yellowish. St. solid,
shining, fibrilloso-striate, whitish. G. attenuato-adnexed or
almost free, ferruginous.

Odour strong, not radish-like. Under beeches. 2§ X i\ x § in.

663. H. truneatum Sacc. (from the short stem • truncus, maimed)

ab.

P. obtuse, repand, irregular, ochreous-rufous or tan-ochreous,

faintly shaded rose. St. solid, pruinate, white. G. emarginate

or emarginato-free, watery-ferruginous.

Subcaespitose. Odour faint, not unpleasant. Grassy places in woods. Sept.
3i X 2l X f in.

664. H. nudipes Karst. (from the naked stem ; nudusz naked, pes,

a foot) a b.
P. expanded, subumbonate, viscid, pale clay or ochreous-white ;

marg. thin, exceeding G. St. solid, smooth, whitish. G.

emarginate, sienna-tan.
Odour faint, not unpleasant, somewhat of meal. Woods. Oct. 2§ X 3 X \ in.

665. H. ischnostylum Sacc. (from the thin stem ; Gr. isc/mos, thin,

stu/os, a pillar) a b.

P. expanded, broadly subumbonate, subviscid, whitish; mid.

pallid. St. naked, colour as P. G. adnate, clay-colour.

Odour none, or faint of meadow-sweet. Fields, plantations, woods,
amongst grass. Sept. -Oct. if X 2 x J in.

666. H. nauseosum Sacc. {nauseosus, rank-smelling) a b.

P. convex, gibbous, subviscid, ochreous-white ; mid. sienna-tan.
St. solid, silky-fibrillose, white-mealy above, base at length
black. G. sinuate, broad, subdistant, salmon then ferruginous,
sometimes with a purplish shade.

Odour very strong and offensive. Woods, mixed. Oct. 2\ X 3^ X \ in.

667. H. eapnioeephalum Gill, (from the sooty-coloured pileus • Gr.

kapnoS) smoke, kep/iale, the head) a c.

P. convexo-plane, viscid, pale yellowish ; mid. sienna or sooty ;
marg. at length black. St. stuffed, attenuate below, rufescent,
fibrilloso-striate on a whitish ground. G. emarginate, sub-
crowded, brown-ferruginous.

Woods, mixed, elm-stumps. Oct. -Nov. 3^ x 2\ X § in.

Flam mul a

AGARICACE.^

147

c. Pusillce.

668. H. magnimamma Karst. (from the large umbo : mag/ius, large,
mamma, breast) a.
P. plane, ochreous-red, then pale yellowish. St. stuffed or
fistulose, smooth, naked, colour as P. G. adnate, subsinuate,

ferruginous.

1 x i± x i in.

Amongst grass, under apple-trees. Sept.

669. H. petiginosum Quel, (from the scurfy-hoary pileus • petigo,
scab) a b c.
P. convex, subumbonate, hoary-silky, brown or shaded ochreous,
rufescent, slate or purplish. St. stuffed, rufescent, paler above,
white-pulverulent. G. slightly adnexed, or free, crowded,
olivaceous-brown or shaded rufescent.
Woods, beech. Oct. 1 x i£ X \ in.

XXVII. FLAMMULA Quel.
(From the frequent flame-like colours ; flamma, a flame.)

Veil fibrillose, fugitive or obsolete. Hymenophore confluent and
homogeneous with the fleshy stem. Pileus fleshy, margin at first
involute. Stem central, subannulate or simple, fleshy-fibrous, not

Fig. 36. — a, section of Flammula gymnopodia Quel. ;
B, ditto F.Jlavida Quel. One-third natural size.

mealy above. Gills decurrent or adnate, without a sinus, commonly
entire and of one colour, at first whitish, clay-colour or yellowish,
then coloured by the spores. Spores mostly pure ferruginous, some-
times fuscous-ferruginous or tawny-ochraceous. (Fig. 36.)

The species usually grow on wood, some grow on the ground,
many are bright yellow, orange or orange-brown in colour. Some
agree in structure with Clitocybe and Clitopilus, those growing on
wood approach P/ioliota, and agree with Armillaria and in part with
Hebeloma and Stropharia. Species 670 — 702

L 2

148 AGARIC AC EM Flammula

a. Gymnotce. Pileus dry, most frequently squamulose. Veil

none, except 673 and 676. Spores ferruginous, fuscous-
ferruginous in 675. 670—677

b. Lubricce. Pileus covered with a continuous, subseparable,

smooth, viscid pellicle, ^//fibrillose. Gills usually not
truly sinuate. Spores ferruginous, fuscous-ferruginous in
685, not tawny. Gregarious, terrestrial, rarely growing on
wood. Allies of Hebeloma. 678 — 685

c. Udce. Piletis with a continuous, non-separable cuticle, slightly

viscid in rainy weather. Veil appendiculate at the margin
of the pileus, or forming an imperfect fibrillose annulus.
Spores not tawny or ochraceous. Caespitose. Growing
on wood. Allies of Pholiota. 686 — 694

d. Sapinecz. Piletts scarcely pelliculose, flesh scissile or torn

above into scales, not viscid. Veil fibrilloso-adpressed to
the stem, not appendiculate at the margin of the pileus.
Gills light yellow or yellow, then tawny. Subcaespitose.
On pines, or terrestrial amongst pine-branches. 695 — 698

e. Sericellce. Pileus dry, or at first viscid, slightly silky. Veil
fibrillose. 699—702

a. Gynmotce.

670. F. gymnopodia Quel, (from the naked stem ; Gr. gumnos,

naked, pous, a foot) a.
P. convex, gibbous, squamulose, ochreous-sienna ; mid. darker.
St. solid, paler than P. G. deeply decurrent, crowded, colour
as P., cinnamon or orange.

Caespitose. Pine sawdust, on the ground. Autumn. 4I X 3 X J in.

671. F. Aldridgei Mass. (after Miss Emily Aldridge) a.

P. infundibuliform, velvety, rich orange ; mid. sienna. St.

hollow, colour as P., black below. G. deeply decurrent, rich

orange.
Gregarious. Woods, amongst moss. Sept. i\ x 2§ x \ in.

672. F. vinosa Gill, (from its colour ; vinum, wine) a c.

P. infundibuliform, flocculose, umber, pink-shaded. St. solid,
attenuate upwards, flocculose, paler than P. G. decurrent,
colour as St., faintly pinkish at base.

On the ground ; rare. Oct. 2§ X ij X T55 in.

673. F. purpurata Sacc. (from its purple colour) a b.

P. expanded, subumbonate, minutely flocculose, purple to
brownish-purple. St. solid, pallid above, purplish-brown below.
A. superior, red-fibrillose. G. adnate, lemon-yellow then
bright ferruginous, purple-brown where touched.

Taste very bitter. Tree-fern stems. May. 2 X if X -£% in.

Flammula AGARICACEvE 1 49

674. F. floeeifera Sacc. (from the white fibrils on the pileus ; floccus,

a flock of wool, /ero, to carry) a.

P. expanded, tawny. St. hollow, attenuate downwards, white-
silky, pale ochreous below. G. adnate, wrinkled, ferruginous
with a white edge.

Csespitose. Lime-stumps. Oct. 2 x ij X ^ in.

675. F. deeipiens Sacc. (from its likeness to 685 ; decipio, to deceive)

a b c.

P. convex, subumbonate, sienna ; mid. almost white. St. stuffed,

attenuate downwards, striate, tawny. G. decurrent, crowded,

sienna. Flesh yellowish.

Subfasciculate. Burnt gorse-stumps ; in company with 685. June. i£ X
if X I in.

676. F. elitopila Sacc. (from the depressed pileus ; Gr. klitos, a

declivity) a b.

P. expanded, dry, pale purplish-brown, becoming whitish. St.
hollow, subventricose, attenuate downwards, slightly fibrillose
towards base, at first white then paler than P. A. imperfect,
fibrillose. G. sinuato-adnexed, crowded, colour as St.

Amongst firs. Nov. 2J X z\ X f in.

677. F. nitens Sacc. (from the shining pileus ; nite/is, shining) a b.
P. expanded, obtuse, dry, silky, deep purple-brown or deep

bright chestnut. St. solid, fibrillose, reddish-salmon. G.

adnate, crowded, clay-umber. Flesh salmon-white.

Caespitose. Taste and odour none. On the ground. Aug. -Sept.
if X 2J x § in.

b. Lubriece.

678. F. lenta Gill, (leutus, tough) a b e.

P. plane, obtuse, whitish, clay-colour to lemon-white. V. white,

stretching from marg. to St. in infancy. St. substuffed, paler

than P., pale rufous below, white-scaly. G. adnate, sinuate or

decurrent, ferruginous. Flesh white to pale sulphur, brownish

at base of St.

Sometimes casspitose. Woods, mixed, beech, oak, fir, on wood, leaves, on
the ground, meadows. Sept. -Dec. 2| x i\ X \ in. See 649.

679. F. lubriea Quel, (from the slimy pileus ; lubricus, slimy) a.

P. flat, obtuse or depressed ; mid. deep sienna ; marg. orange-
yellow. St. solid, laxly fibrillose, white above, -fuscous below.
G. adnate or with a decurrent tooth, clay-colour.

Almost scentless. On or near trunks. Autumn. 2\ X 2J X ^ in.

680. F. lupina Karst. (from the colour of the pileus ; lupus, a

wolf) a c.
P. obtuse, then piano-depressed, tawny. St. stuffed, whitish

above, ferruginous and adpressed-fibrillose below. G. adnato-

decurrent, light yellowish. Flesh white.
Taste bitter ; odour mild to strong and pungent. Pastures. Aug. -Oct.

i£ X 2l x I in.

1 50 AGARICACE^ Flammula

681. F. mixta Karst. (from its position amongst its allies ; mixtus,

mixed) a b c.
P. plane, subdepressed, tan or shaded-ochreous ; mid. slightly
sienna. St. white-ochreous above, laxly fibrillose and rufous
below, minutely fibrilloso-annulate. G. adnate or adnato-
decurrent, separating from stem, clay-colour.

Subcaespitose. Taste disagreeable ; odour slight or none. Woods, pine,
mixed ; rare. Aug.-Nov. i\ x 3 X T35 in.

682. F. juneina Sacc. (from its habitat ; juncus, a rush) a b c.

P. convex, sulphur-ochreous ; mid. brown. St. stuffed, attenuate
downwards, subfibrillose, colour as P. G. adnate, crowded,
very thin, red-brown. Flesh sulphur-whitish or livid-brownish.

Taste nauseous, disagreeable, somewhat bitter. Dead bulrushes. Nov.
if X 3f X T\ in. A close ally of 681.

683. F. gummosa Quel, (from the viscid-gummy pileus) a b c.

P. flat, obtuse or depressed, light yellowish or olive-shaded ;
marg. appendiculate with V. St. silky-fibrillose, paler than P.,
ferruginous below. G. adnate, crowded, cinnamon.

Csespitose. Suspected poisonous. Taste not bitter ; odour none. On and
about stumps. Oct. -Dec. 2\ X 2§ X T55 in.

684. F. spumosa Karst. (from the frothy-viscid pileus ■ spuma, froth)

a b c.
P. flat, obtuse or depressed, light yellowish or olive-shaded ; mid.
sienna ; or whitish with mid. sulphur and yellow ; marg.
appendiculate with V. St. silky-fibrillose, paler than P.,
ferruginous below within and without. A. slight, fibrillose,
evanescent. G. adnate, crowded, pale olive-brown to cinna-
mon.

Solitary, gregarious or subcsespitose, sometimes in rings. Taste not bitter ;
odour none. Woods, fir, stumps, sawdust. Sept. -Dec. 2f X 2^ x T55 in.

685. F. earbonaria Quel, (from its habitat ; carbo, charcoal) a b c.
P. plane, sometimes depressed, tawny. St. fibrilloso-squamulose,

brownish-white above, brown below. G. adnate, fuscous, clay-
colour. Flesh brownish-white. Spores fuscous-ferruginous.

Single or subcsespitose. Taste sweetish. Burnt wood, earth and leaves in
and near woods ; frequent. Sept. -Dec. 2\ X 2| x \ in. Sometimes
4 X 4 in.

c. UdcB.

686. F. filia Mass. {filia, a daughter ; derivation obscure) a b.

P. expanded, subumbonate, buff; mid. sienna ; marg. white-
zoned with V. St. stuffed, fibrilloso-striate, rooting, partially
annulate, whitish above, buff or salmon-buff below. G. sinuato-
decurrent, tan-buff or olive-shaded.

Odour none. Woods, logs, on the ground. Oct. 4 X 6 x 2 in.

Flam inula AGARICACE.E 151

687. F. fusus Gill, (from the spindle-shaped stem ; fusus, a spindle) a.
P. plane, depressed, whitish-brown ; mid. sienna. St. stuffed,

whitish above, pale brown below. G. subdecurrent, ferruginous.

Solitary, gregarious, sometimes csespitose. Taste mild. Woods, stumps,
on the ground. Sept. -Nov. 4 X2^ x f in. Var. superba Mass., bright
deep orange ; G. bright yellow.

688. F. astragalina Quel, (from its colour ; Gr. astragalinos, a gold-

finch) a b.
P. expanded, blood-saffron j mid. almost vermilion ; marg.
yellow, with fibrillose sulphur-white V. when young. St. hollow,
saffron ■ base darker. G. sinuato-adnate, white, sulphur, then
yellowish-brown or olive-shaded. Flesh saffron.

Taste and odour bitter, nauseous, as in 69. Stumps, pine, fir. Aug.-Oct.
li x 3i x i m- Sometimes turns black when cut or bruised.

688a. F. rubieundula Sacc. (from the vinous stains ; rubicundulus ,
somewhat reddish) a b.
P. fleshy, convex, plane, viscid and innato-fibrillose, then smooth,
yellow, becoming vinous-shaded ; marg. paler. St. solid,
whitish then red-shaded, white-mealy above. G. sinuato-
adnate to adnato-decurrent, crowded, light ochre then ferru-
ginous ; edges reddening with age. Flesh bright yellow, then
lighter.

Taste acrid; odour none. Woods, under scrub-oak. July- Sept.
3X4|X T9ff in. Allied to 688.

689. F. alnieola Quel, (from its frequent habitat j alnus, alder)

a b c.
P. flat, sulphur-yellow ; mid. sienna ; marg. clouded sulphur-
greenish. St. attenuato-rooting, sulphur-yellow above, sienna
below, sometimes with an imperfect fibrillose A. G. adnate
with a small tooth, bright ferruginous. Flesh sulphur-yellow.
Spores umber.

Usually fasciculate. Taste and odour strong, dry-insipid, bitter or acrid. On
or near stumps, alder, willow, oak, thorn, birch, sallow ; rare. Sept. -Oct.
i\ X 4^ X \ in.

690. F. flavida Quel, (flavus, light yellow) a b c.

P. expanded ; mid. darker yellow. St. colour as P., ferruginous
at base. A. slight, fibrillose, fugitive. G. adnate, tawny-
ferruginous. Flesh light-yellowish.

Caespitose, sometimes in large clusters. Tasteless or insipid. Woods,
stumps, fir, lime, on the ground ; frequent. Aug. -Nov. 3^ x 3^ X ys m-

691. F. inaurata Sacc. (from the colour ; inauro, to gild) a b c.

P. expanded, sulphur-ochreous ; marg. appendiculate with V. St.
lemon-white, ferruginous within at base. V. slight, fibrillose,
fugitive. G. adnate with a tooth, pale yellowish clay-colour,
then vinous-clay.

Single or caespitose. Tasteless or insipid. Willows. Nov. \\ x i§ X T3ff in.

152 AGARICACEyE Flammula

692. F. eonissans Gill, (from its abundant dust-like spores ; Gr.

ko?iis, dust) a b c.
P. flat, subdepressed, light yellowish-tan or pale bronzy-ochre.
St. attenuate downwards, lighter than P., ferruginous below,
base white-villous. G. adnate with a tooth, crowded, fuscous-
ferruginous. Flesh white.

Densely caespitose. Taste and odour none or acid. Woods, willows. Oct.-
Nov. 7.\ x 4 x \ in. Often passed over as 826.

693. F. inopus Karst. (from its fibrillose stem ; Gr. is, inos, a fibre,

pons, a foot) a b c.

P. expanded, obtuse, pale yellowish-tan or sulphur ; mid. sienna.

St. fistulose, attenuato-rooting, pallid above, sienna-brown below

within and without, sometimes with a fibrillose A. when young.

G. adnate, yellowish-white, pale olive-brown or sulphur-greenish,

sometimes fuscous. Flesh paler than P.

Fasciculate. Woods, stumps, fir, larch, rooting amongst pine-leaves, on the
ground ; rare. Vernal and Aug.-Dec. 3 X 8J x T5B in. Must not be
confounded with 824.

694. F. apierea Gill, (from its taste ; Gr. apikros, not bitter) a.

P. expanded, pale ochreous-tan ; mid. sienna. St. hollow, colour
as P., fibrillose, ferruginous below. G. adnate or adnato-
decurrent, ferruginous.

Subcaespitose. Odour mild. Woods, pine, trunks. Sept.-Oct.
42 X 3i X T7<j in.

d. Sapi?iece.

695. F. hybrida Gill, (from its hybrid characters) a b c.

P. flat, obtuse or subdepressed, tawny-buff, orange or sienna. St.
attenuate upwards, tan-brownish, brownish below. G. adnate,
tawny or rufous, unspotted. Flesh yellowish or brownish.

Subcaespitose or in troops. Fir, stumps, branches, under beeches, on saw-
dust and wood ; rare. Aug.-Dec. 2J x 2.\ X \ in.

696. F. sapinea Quel, (from its growing on pine-wood ; sapi?ius, a

pine) a b c.

P. flat, golden-tawny or orange-vermilion ; mid. darker ; marg.
appendiculate with white V. in young examples. St. sulcate,
orange or fuscous-white above, white or brown below. A.
fibrillose, fugitive. G. adnate, colour as P. or tawny-
cinnamon.

Single or csespitose. Taste unpleasant, bitter ; odour strong, not unpleasant.
Fir-stumps, branches, sawdust, wood, in and near woods, sometimes on
the ground, under beeches and larches. Aug.-Jan. 2§ x 3J X | in.
Var. terrestris Sacc, fusiform-rooting.

697. F. liquiritise Quel, (from its taste of liquorice) a c.

P. flat, subumbonate, bay-brown or orange-tawny ; mid. darker.

St. hollow, attenuate upwards, striate, tawny or ferruginous.

G. adnate or sinuate, golden or tawny.
Gregarious or caespitose. Taste sweet ; odour acid. Firs. Oct.

1$ X 2.1 X T36 in.

Naucoria AGARICACE^E 1 53

698. F. pierea (Gr. pikros, bitter) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, rufous ; traces of white V. at marg. in young
examples. St. nstulose, umber, darker at base ; when young
wholly white-pulverulent. G. adnato-ascending or decurrent,
ferruginous.

Caespitose. Pine-stumps, old deal boards ; rare. Oct. -Dec. 2^X4§X^in.

e. SericellcB.

699. F. filicea Sacc. (from its habitat, tree-fern stems ; filix, a

fern) a b c.
P. flat, subumbonate, golden-yellow, appendiculate with V. St.

stuffed or hollow, fibrillose, colour as P., ferruginous below.

V. annulate, fibrillose, fugacious, reddish. G. adnate,

tawny.
Tree-ferns in greenhouses. Spring and summer. i| X if X J in.

700. F. oehrochlora Karst. (from the colour of the pileus ; Gr.

ochros, yellow, chloros, green) a b.

P. plane, subumbonate, subviscid, pale dull olive-ochre, minutely
white-squamulose. St. fistulose, paler than P., ferruginous at
base, white-squamose. V. slight, seen in young examples. G.
adnate, olivaceous, then olive-brown.

Caespitose. Old trunks, furze-roots, hazel-sticks. Aug.-Xov. 2^X2fx^in.

701. F. helomorpha Quel, (from its resemblance to a nail ; Gr. helos,

a nail, 7/wrphe, form) a c.

P. convex, gibbous or obtusely umbonate, viscid, white or clay-
white. St. solid, smooth, tan-white. G. plano-decurrent,
clay-white. Spores pale brown.

Scattered. Wood, fir. Nov. § X if X \ in.

702. F. seamba Sacc. (from the frequently curved stem ; Gr. skambos,

bow-legged) a b.
P. plane, subdepressed, viscid in wet weather, whitish or faintly
ochreous. St. stuffed, flocculose or mealy, colour as P. ; base
sometimes faintly rufescent. G. adnate, light clay-yellowish.
Flesh brownish.

Gregarious. Suspected poisonous. Odour strong like 1527. Woods,
pine, rotten wood, larch, on the ground ; uncommon. Sept. -Oct.
if X \% X \ in.

XXVIII. NAUCORIA Quel.
(From the almost obsolete veil ; naucum, a trifle.)

Veil squamulose, fugacious or obsolete. Hymenophore confluent
with, but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus more
or less fleshy, convex, conical or convexo-plane, becoming flat,

154

AGARICACE/E

Naucoria

naked, flocculose, squamulose, silky or atomate; margin at first
incurved, not usually striate. Stem normally central, cartilaginous,
fistulose or spongy-stuffed, simple or imperfectly annulate. Gills
free or adnate, not decurrent. Spores ferruginous. (Fig. 37.)

Fig. 37. — A, Naucoria Cucumis Gill. ; B, N. porrighiosa Karst.
Entire and in section ; one-half natural size.

The species grow on the ground or are epiphytal, sometimes
rooting ; they are mostly small in size and brown in colour.

Naucoria corresponds in structure with Collybia, Leptoraa, and
partially with Psilocybe and Panceolus. Species 703 — 746

a. Gymnotce. Pileus smooth. Veil obsolete, except 711 and 717.

Spores ferruginous, not becoming fuscous-ferruginous,

except 712.
Gills usually free or slightly adnexed. 703 — 716

Pileus convexo-plane. Gills usually adnate. 717 — 721

Pileus campanulate, then expanded, except 722 and 723.

Gills usually adnate. 722 — 728

b. Phceotce. Pileus naked. Veil potential, but rarely manifest ;

when visible, in the form of a fugacious cortina. Gills

and spores fuscous-ferruginous.
Growing in fields and on plains, except 730.
Growing in moist uncultivated woody places.

c. Lepidotce. Pileus flocculose or squamulose.

Spores ferruginous, except 744.
Pileus with separating, superficial squamules.
Pileus with innate squamules.
Pileus without scales, silky or atomate.

729—734
735—738

Veil manifest.

739, 740

741—744

745, 746

Naucoria AGARICACE^E 1 55

a. Gymnotcz.

703. N. lugubris Sacc. (from its sombre colours ; lugeo, to mourn) a.
P. expanded, gibbous or subumbonate, sometimes glutinous,

ochreous-tan to ferruginous. St. fusiform-rooting, whitish

above, ferruginous below. G. ferruginous.

Often caespitose. Mountainous fir-woods. Autumn. 2 x 3^ X § in.
Resembling 229.

704. N. festiva Bres. (festivus, handsome) a b.

P. expanded, umbonate, glutinous, brownish-olive, whitish when
dry. St. attenuate downwards, buff- white. G. ventricose,
crowded, salmon-ferruginous.

Woods, amongst dead leaves and grass. Sept. if x 4 X ^ in.

705. N. obtusa Sacc. (from the obtuse pileus) a b.

P. campanulate, sienna-reddish, becoming pale • marg. substriate.

St. paler than P. V. obsolete. G. adnato-ascending, edge

serrulate, colour as P. or St.
On the ground. Autumn, if x z\ X T35 in.

706. N. subglobosa Sacc. (from the shape of the pileus) a c.

P. subviscid, yellowish or pale brassy-yellow. St. striate, paler
than P. G. ascending, ventricose, ochreous flesh-colour.
Spores pale, pallid.

On the ground. Autumn. 1 x 2^ x J in.

707. N. hamadryas Sacc. (from the habitat ; Gr. hamadruas, a wood-

nymph) a b.

P. hygrophanous, expanded, gibbous or umbonate, bay-brown-
ferruginous, becoming buff or ochreous-tan. St. shining silky-
fibrillose, whitish-tan, with slight A. low down in some young
examples. G. sinuato-adnexed, crowded, edge eroded, fer-
ruginous.

Woods, on the ground. Nov. 2J x 3^ X ^ in.

708. N. eidaris Sacc. (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus to a

tiara, Gr. kidaris) a.
P. campanulate, clay-cinnamon to tan. St. attenuate downwards,

colour as P. above, deep sienna-blackish below. G. adnexo-

ascending, honey-colour.
Odour none. Woods, pine. Nov. 2J x 3J X ^ in.

709. N. Cueumis Gill, (from its frequent odour of cucumber,

CiLcumis). a b c.

P. campanulate, deep chestnut-umber; marg. tan-buff; or wholly

tan-buff. St. attenuate downwards, bay or rich purple-brown.

G. adnexo-ascending, or strongly sinuate, ventricose, tan-buff.

Flesh purple-brown.

Odour strong, rank and penetrating of stale or rotten fish, sometimes ol
cucumber or a combination of fish and cucumber as in the odour of the
smelt. Woods, fir, grassy places, gardens, sawdust, fragments of wood ;
frequent. Sept. -Nov. 2\ x 2g X yB in. See 534.

156 AGARICACE.E Naucoria

710. N. echinospora Sacc. (from the spinulose spores; echinus, a

hedgehog) a b c.

P. flat, subumbonate, moist hygrophanous, slightly furfuraceous,
buff, then pale; marg. substriate. St. brownish-salmon, paler
above, rufescent below, white-flocculose. G. sinuate, sub-
distant, ochre, olive-shaded.

Greenhouses. Aug. J X £ X ^ in.

711. N. anguinea Sacc. (from the stem, spotted like a snake, anguis)

a b.

P. expanded, gibbous, ochreous to tan ; marg. white-zoned with
patches of V. St. attenuate upwards, tan above, bay-brown
below, white-fibrillose with V. G. adnexo-ascending, pale
ferruginous. Flesh brownish.

Odour none. On the ground. May-Nov. 2\ x 3§ X T35 in.

712. N. eentuneula Gill, (from the change of colour in the pileus ;

cento, patchwork) a.
P. plane, often excentric, fuscous-olive to light ochreous-greenish

or ashy. St. attenuate upwards, ashy -light -yellowish. G.

adnate, thick, colour as St. Spores ochraceous.
Gregarious or csespitose. Rotten wood, beech ; rare. Oct. 1 X if X £ in.

713. N. horizontalis Quel, (from the partially horizontal stem) a b c.

Watery-cinnamon or rufescent.
P. convexo-plane, obtuse, subexcentric, splitting. St. curved.

G. rounded-free, broad.
In troops. Branches, logs, felled trees, elm ; rare. Dec. § x 5 X \ in.

714. N. rimulineola Sacc. (from its growing in small cracks of bark ;

rimula, a small crack, incolo, to inhabit) a c.

P. hemispherical, umbilicate, plicate, subexcentric, deep cin-
namon. St. curved, colour as P. G. broad, crenulate,
whitish-cinnamon. Spores cinnamon.

Twigs, branches, elm, pear. Oct. -Dec. \ X J X ^ in.

715. N. semiflexa Sacc. (from the slightly curved stem ; semi, half,

flecto, to bend) a.
P. convex, subexcentric, chestnut. St. tan. G. adnexed,

distant, tawny.
On the ground, on branches. Oct. \ X \ X ^ in.

716. N. rubrieata Sacc. (from the white pileus tinged with red ;

rubrico, to colour red) a.
P. expanded. St. tan. G. adnexed, whitish to brownish.

Spores pale.
Twigs, bramble. Autumn. | X | X ^ in.

717. N. abstrusa Sacc. (from its secluded habitat ; abstrusus, hidden) a.
P. viscid, ferruginous clay-colour ; mid. brown. St. lustrous,

colour as P., darker at base. G. crowded, cinnamon. Flesh
pallid ferruginous.
On the ground, woods, sawdust. Oct. i| x 2^ x \ in.

Naucoria AGARICACE^:

157

718. N. innoeua Sacc. (innocuus, harmless) a.

P. striate, pale ochreous-rufous to rufous, pale when dry. St.

tan-flesh-colour, white-fibrillose, base woolly. G. light yellow-

ochreous. Spores rubiginous.
Damp places. Autumn, ij X 1^ X J in.

719. N. eerodes Quel, (from its waxy appearance ; Gr. keros, wax)

a c.

P. depressed, striate, watery-cinnamon to tan. St. pallid above,

brown below. G. adnate or adnexed, cinnamon.

Gregarious. Woods, amongst moss, on the ground, on burnt earth. May-
Sept, if X if X & in.

720. N. melinoides Quel, (from its resemblance to honey in colour ;

Gr. ?nel, honey, eidos, appearance) a b c.
P. obtuse, striate, shining, ochreous to sienna-ochreous. St. paler

than P., whitish at top and bottom. G. crowded, somewhat

tawny.
Lawns, pastures, roadsides. June-Nov. \\ x if X -£% in.

721. N. pusiola Gill, (from its small size ; pusus, a little boy) a.

P. subviscid, shining, yellow, tawny or lemon. St. subviscid,

lemon. G. crowded, watery-cinnamon.
On the ground, amongst moss, grass. Autumn. | x i| X B^ in.

722. N. nucea Sacc. (from the shape and colour ; nuxt a nut) a.

P. globose, lobed, umbilicate, pale chestnut; marg. strongly
incurved. St. bulbous, silky-fibrillose, then even, white. G.
adnexo-free, often waved, cinnamon.

Woods, pine, amongst heath and furze ; rare. Autumn, f X 3^ X ^ in.

723. N. glandiformis Sacc. (from the shape of the pileus ; glans, an

acorn) a b.

P. at length hemispherical, obtuse or slightly depressed, lobed,
tan, sienna-shaded; marg. strongly incurved. St. equal,
striate, twisted, splitting, pale brownish-tan. G. adnexo-
ascending, broad, crowded, serrate, whitish-umber.

On the ground. Oct. ij X 3& X & in.

724. N. seoleeina Quel, (from the flexuous stem; Gr. skolex, a

worm) a b.
P. sometimes umbonate, bay-brown-ferruginous ; paler at the

striate marg. St. whitish above, fuscous below, at first wholly

white-mealy. G. subdistant, ferruginous.
Dead leaves, moist ground under alders. Sept. f X if X TV m-

725. N. strisepes Sacc. (from the striate stem ; pes, a foot) a b.

P. obtuse, sometimes rugulose or lacunose, ochreous. St. brittle,
white. G. adnexo-ascending, serrate, crowded, tawny-
ferruginous.

Gregarious or csespitose. Lawns, amongst grass on soil-heaps. Nov.
if X 3g X j&. Perhaps a var. of 723.

158 AGARIC ACEiE Naucoria

726. N. sideroides Gill, (from the colour of the stem, like oxide of

iron ; Gr. sideros, iron, eidos, appearance) a c.

P. subumbonate, subviscid, pale yellowish to cinnamon ■ marg.
slightly striate. St. slightly attenuate downwards, white above,
becoming yellowish or ferruginous. G. with a tooth, some-
what cinnamon.

Stumps, trunks, chips, ash ; rare. Oct. -Nov. \\ X 2§ x T^ in.

727. N. badipes Sacc. (from the brown stem ; badins, bay-brown,

pes, a foot) a b.
P. umbonate, tan to cinnamon ; mid. darker ; marg. striate.

St. ferruginous, fuscous-blackish below, base white-floccose.

G. ventricose, pale yellowish-ferruginous.
Under larches. Oct.-Nov. i£ x 3 X ^g in.

728. N. nasuta Sacc. (from the shape of the umbo ; 7iasutus, with a

conspicuous nose) a b.

P. acutely umbonate, ochreous to citron- or greenish-ochreous ;

marg. striate ; mid. orange or sienna. St. equal, flexuous,

smooth, even, yellow, ferruginous below. G. broadly adnate,

then rounded adnate, subcrowded, pallid, then brownish.

Flesh thin, citron-lemon, ferruginous in St.

Gregarious. Swampy places under trees. Autumn. 1^ x if X ^ in.
Massee regards the British form as a distinct species, N. hydrophila.

b. Phesotee.

729. N. vervaeti Quel, (from its habitat ; vervaetum, fallow ground) a c.
P. plane, subviscid, light yellow ; mid. darker. St. smooth,

whitish. G. adnate, toothed, ferruginous-fuscous. Flesh white.
Pastures, gardens ; uncommon. May-Nov. i£ x if X J in.

730. N. triseopus Sacc. (from the hair-like stem; Gr. thrix, a hair,

pons, a foot) a.
P. convexo-plane, umbonate, bay-brown to ochreous. St. flexuous,

ferruginous. G. adnate or adnexed, subcrowded, dark

ferruginous.
Copses, rotten wood, old wood in cellars. Autumn. \ X \\ X -^ in.

731. N. pediades Quel, (from its frequent habitat ; Gr. pedion, a

plain) a b c.
P. plane, obtuse, rimoso-rivulose, yellow or somewhat buff.

St. with a small basal bulb, colour as P., paler above and below.
G. adnexed or adnate, subdistant, dull cinnamon. Flesh whitish.
Pastures, lawns, roadsides, etc. ; frequent. July-Nov. \\ X 2§ X ^ in.

732. N. arvalis Quel, (from its habitat ; arvum, a cultivated field) a be.
P. plane, subviscid, subrugose, tan-buff. St. enlarged downwards,

rooting, or branched-rooting, colour as P., furnished with an
arachnoid A., when young. G. adnexo-sinuate, subdistant,
warm-umber.
Taste disagreeable. On the ground, sea-sands. July. i£ x if X £ in.
Rooting base ij in.

Naucoria AGARICACE^: 159

733. N. semiorbieularis Quel, (from the hemispherical pileus;
semi, half, orbicularis, round) a b c.

P. smooth, viscid, corrugate when dry, tawny-ferruginous to tan.

St. pallid-ferruginous or tan, rarely with trace of A. G. adnate,

subrounded or sinuate, ferruginous.
Pastures, roadsides, etc., examples in Brit. Mus. from interior of skull of a

stranded whale ; common. June-Nov. i| x 2§ x £ in.

734. N. tabaeina Gill, (from the colour of the pileus as of tobacco,

tabacum) a. Bay-brown-fuscous.
P. plane, subobtuse, hygrophanous, traces of V. at marg.

St. lighter above, darker below. G. adnate or adnexed.
Subcoespitose. Waysides, amongst short grass. Autumn. J X ij X ^ in.

735. N. tenax Gill, (tenax, tough) a b c.

P. expanded, obtusely umbonate, viscid, cinnamon or shaded
olive, fuscous or pale fuscous-slate. St. adpressedly fibrillose,
light-yellowish to slate-white. G. adnate, subcrowded, whitish-
fuscous.

Fields, amongst sticks. Oct. 1 x i\ X ^ in.

736. N. Myosotis Quel, (from its growing in wet places with forget-

me-not, Myosotis) a b.
P. expanded, umbonate, viscid, olivaceous or olive-brownish,
becoming light; marg. striate, cortinate with white V.
St. often nexuous, fibrillose, white above, brownish below,
sometimes with a fugitive A. G. adnate with a tooth, sub-
distant, brown-ferruginous, with a serrate white edge.

Bogs with Myosotis and Potentilla Comaram. July-Aug. 2\ x 5§ X \ in.
Very variable.

737. N. temulenta Quel, (from the bibulous substance and fiexuous

stem ; temulentus, drunken) a b.

P. expanded, subumbonate, moist, ferruginous or reddish,
ochreous or whitish when dry ; marg. striate. St. pale dull
orange or reddish, white at base. G. adnate, subdistant,
attenuate in front, reddish.

Woods, open moist places. Aug.-Sept. \\ X i\ X \ in.

738. N. latissima Sacc. (from the very broad gills ; /atissimus, very

broad) a b c.

P. hemispherical, umber, orange-sienna-shaded, or orange-yellow ;

mid. flat. St. greatly attenuate downwards, tan with a

brownish base. G. rounded adnate, separating, greyish then

brown.

Amongst grass. Sept. i£ X 2 J x T3^ in. Pileus sometimes if in. in
diam. The mycelium forms an earthy ball at base of stem.

c. Lepidotce.

739. N. porriginosa Karst. (from the scurfy pileus; porriginostis,

full of scurf) a b.
P. expanded, obtuse or subumbonate, dull yellow, clad with
saffron flocci ; marg. appendiculate with V. St. silky, then

l6o AGARICACE^E Naucoria

smooth, whitish above and below ; mid. ochreous. G. adnate,
cinnamon. Flesh lemon-white.
Amongst twigs and rubbish. Oct. 2 X 4 X T35 in.

740. N. sobria Gill, (from its not being hygrophanous; sobrius,

sober) a c.

P. convex, obtuse or subumbonate, honey-colour. V. appendicu-

late at marg., fugacious. St. tan above, ferruginous below,

sometimes white spotted with V. G. adnate, paler than P.

Woods, mixed, on the ground. July-Oct. £ x if X £ in. Var. dispersa
Sacc. is half the size of type.

741. N. erinaeea Gill, (from the bristly pileus ■ erinaceus, a

hedgehog) a b c.

P. expanded, depressed or umbilicate, umber or sienna.

St. shaggy, deep sienna, lighter above and below. G. adnate

with a tooth, clay-umber.

Solitary. Taste insipid. Dead branches ; rare. Jan.-Dec. I X \ X \ in.
Often difficult to see, being exactly the colour of the bark-matrix to which
it is frequently adpressed.

742. N. siparia Gill, (from the covering formed by the veil ; siparium,

a small curtain) a. Rufous-ferruginous, upper part of St. and

G. somewhat paler.

P. convex, densely villoso-squamulose. V. appendiculate at

marg. St. villoso-downy, except upper part. G. adnate.

Wood, earth, dead fern-stems, caddis-worm cases, twigs ; rare. July-Oct.
h X i£ X x1^ in. Often differs greatly in length of stem from 741.

743. N. eonspersa Quel, (from the besprinkled scales of the pileus ;

conspersus, besprinkled) a b c.

P. convex, hygrophanous, bay-brown or crimson-shaded. St.

fibrillose, cinnamon or ochreous. G. adnate, crowded, dark

cinnamon.

Gregarious. On the ground or amongst dead leaves and Sphagnum in
woods ; uncommon. Sept. -Oct. £ x \ X ^ in.

744. N. eseharoides Quel, (from the scurfy pileus ; Gr. eschar a, a

scar, eidos, appearance) a b.

P. campanulate, obtuse, umbonate or umbilicate, tan or whitish •
mid. ochreous or fuscous, with an evanescent white V.
St. adpressedly fibrillose, then smooth, pallid or pale ochre to
fuscous. G. adnate with a tooth or emarginato-free, some-
what cinnamon, with a pale edge.

Gregarious, subccespitose. Bare damp ground, under alders. Aug. -Oct.
i X ij X ^ in.

745. N. earpophila Quel, (from its growing on fruit, beech-mast, etc. ;

Gr. karpos, fruit, phi/os, loving) a.
P. convex, obtuse, furfuraceous, atomate, tan-whitish. St. fur-

furaceous, then naked, pallid. G. adnexo-rounded or adnate,

ochreous.
Beech-mast, leaves, etc. ; rare. Sept. -Oct. T3j x | X ^ in.

Galera

AGARIC AC E.-E

iGl

746. N. graminieola Gill, (from its habitat ; gramen, grass, colo, to
inhabit) a c.
P. convex, sometimes papillate, shaggy-tomentose, fuscous to
fawn-ochraceous. St. hirsute, fuscous. G. slightly adnexed,
pallid ochreous

Decaying rashes, straw, grass, twigs. Oct. § x ih X g^ in. The stem is
rarely branched.

XXIX. GALERA Quel.
(From the shape of the pileus; galerus, a cap.)

Veil fibrillose or obsolete. Hymmophore confluent with, but
heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus more or less
membranous, conical or semi-ovate, sometimes expanding ; margin
striate, at first straight and adpressed to the stem. Stem central,

•a-

VX/C

*>>u

Fig. 38. — a, Galera- tenera Quel., entire and in

section, b, G. ravida Quel.

One-half natural size.

somewhat cartilaginous and, except 752, fistulose, simple or imperfectly
annulate. Gills adnate or with a decurrent tooth, or adnexed and
becoming almost free. Spores elliptical, smooth, ochreous-ferruginous
or tawny-ochreous. (Fig. 38.)

The species are usually small, slender, tender and fragile ; they
grow on the ground or amongst moss. Mostly autumnal.

Galera agrees in structure with Myce?ia, NoLviea, Psathyra and
Psathyretta. Species 746a— 761

M

1 62 AGARIC ACE^E Galera

a. Conocephalce. Veil obsolete. Pileus usually conico-cam-

panulate, hygrophanous, somewhat even, when dry dotted
with soft particles. Stem tense and straight. Gills ascend-
ing, inserted at the top of the cone, somewhat crowded.

746a— 754

b. BryogencB. Veil cortinate, fugacious. Pileus membranous,

campanulate, striate, smooth, hygrophanous, even when
dry, opaque, very slightly silky. Stem thin, lax, flexile,
slender. Gills broadly and planely adnate, broad, some-
what denticulate. Habitat amongst moss except 758.

755—759

c. Eriodermecz. Veil manifest, superficial, separating, at first

chiefly round the margin, silky and squamulose. Pileus
somewhat membranous. 760, 761

a. Conocephalce.

746a. G. apala Quel, (from its habitat, rich pastures, not marshes as

in some allied plants ; a without, pains, a marsh) a c.

P. obtusely campanulate, submembranous, smooth, hygrophanous,

somewhat pale warm brown, or pallid-livid to white. St

hollow, attenuate upwards, fragile, velvety, white. G. almost

free, somewhat narrow, ventricose, pale whitish-ochre.

In rich grassy places. Sept. 7J X 2| X T35 in. The form Sphccrobasis has
a smooth stem and bulbous base.

747. G. lateritia Quel, (from its reddish-brick-colour ; later, a brick)

a b c.
P. conico-cylindrical, membranous, pale yellowish to ochreous-
brown ; marg. striate when moist. St. shining-whitish or paler
than P., white-pruinose. G. adnexo-ascending, cinnamon.

Rich pastures, grassy places ; rare. June-Oct. 1 x 4! X £ in.

748. G. tenera, Quel, (tener, tender) a b c.

P. submembranous, deep buff or ferruginous to whitish ; marg.
striate when moist. St. shining, striate above, colour as P.
G. adnato-ascending, cinnamon.

Pastures, gardens, flower-pots, roadsides, grassy places in woods ; common.
April-Dec. I J X 4J X £ in. Var. pilosella Karst. P. pubescent ; rotten
wood.

749. G. siliginea Quel, (from the colour, like bread ; siligineus,

wheaten) a b.
P. campanulate, smooth, membranous, whitish to sienna-bay ;
when dry whitish and atomate-sparkling ; mid. sometimes
brown. St. subpruinose, tan-whitish, lilac or purplish, darker
below. G. adnato-ascending, subdistant, ochreous then bright
cinnamon.

Taste none ; odour strong. Amongst short grass, road scrapings. Oct.
I x i\ X j£ in. G. campanulata Mass. is a form of this.

Galera AGARIC ACE^£ 1 63

750. G. ovalis Gill, (from the semi-oval pileus) a b c.

P. ferruginous to dull yellowish. St. colour as P., at first
imperfectly annulate. G. adnexo-ascending or free, ferruginous.
Amongst grass, on dung ; uncommon. Sept. -Oct. i| x 4J X £ in.

751. G. antipus Quel, (from the sinuous, rooting base differing from

the straight stem ; Gr. anti, opposite, pons, a foot) a b c.

P. expanded, hygrophanous, atomate, deep ochreous to whitish ;

marg. paler. St. attenuate below, the rooting base long,

tortuous, tan-ochreous, sometimes with an imperfect A. G.

adnexo-ascending, cinnamon. Spores rubiginous.

Single. Gardens, dung, newly made lawn ; rare. Mar. -Aug. if X 2\ x £s in.
Rooting base 2 in.

752. G. conferta Gill, (from the crowded habit ; confertus,

crowded) a.
P. somewhat acutely pointed, white ; mid. yellowish-brown. St.
solid, shining white. V. downy, fugitive. G. ascending,
adnexed or free, crowded, pale brownish. Spores fuscous-
ferruginous.

Csespitose. Amongst tan in hothouses. Nov. Withering and becoming
like soft paper in decay. Resembles 41 in habit.

752a. G. spicula Quel, (from the atomate pileus ; spiculum, a little
hard point) b.
P. membranous, conico-campanulate, then expanded, smooth,
hygrophanous, striate when moist, flocculose and atomate when
dry, brown-ochre. St. hollow, thickened below, densely white-
floccose. G. adnate, ventricose, ochreous then cinnamon.
Coco-nut fibre. Nov. | X I X ^ in.

753. G. spartea Quel, (from the rigid grass-like stem; spartum,

esparto-grass) a b.

P. expanded, ferruginous-cinnamon, becoming paler ; marg.

striate when moist. St. smooth, whitish. G. adnate, darker

than P.

Gregarious. Amongst short grass and moss. Sept. \ X 2.\ X £% in.
Sometimes wholly whitish-orange.

754. G. pygmseoaffinis Quel, (from its resembling Naucoria

pygmeea, but differing in the elongate stem) a b.

P. flat, reticulato-wrinkled fuscous, honey-colour or tan. St.

shining-white. G. adnexo-free, ferruginous-ochreous.

Tree-shaded walks, amongst grass, in a cucumber house, base of trunks.
Nov. I§ X i\ X y1^ in.

b. BryogencB.

755. G. vittseformis Que'l. (from a fancied resemblance in the striate

margin to a head-band or chaplet, vitta) a.
P. brown ; mid. sometimes paler. St. bright rusty-brownish. V.

almost obsolete. G. adnato-ascending, colour as St.
Amongst moss. Nov. | x 2§ X j^ in.

M 2

164 AGAKICACE/E Tubaria

756. G. rubiginosa Gill, (from the dark ferruginous stem ; rubigo,

rust) a c.
P. wholly striate, cinnamon or honey-colour to tan ; mid. darker.
G. adnato-ascending, distant, ochreous.

Amongst moss. Sept.-Oct. i| X 2§ x J in.

757. G. hypnorum Quel, (from its growing on moss ; Hypnum, a

genus of mosses) a b c.
P. campanulato-expanded, obtuse or umbonate, pale ochre or pale
sienna to tan ; mid. darker. St sienna below, paler and white-
pruinose above. G. ventricose, distant, cinnamon-tawny.

Odour very strong, alkaline. Amongst mosses and hepatics in woods.
May-Xov. 1 x 4 X T\ in. Var. bryorum Gill. Larger than type.
Var. sphagnorum Quel. On Sphagnum in swamps.

758. G. mniophila Gill, (from its growing on moss ; Gr. mnion, moss,

p kilos, loving) a.
P. subpapillate, fuscous - light-yellowish to clay-colour. St.
fibrillose, mealy above, rloccose below, yellow. G. adnato-
ascending, fuscous-clay-colour.

On moss. Sept.-Oct. f X 3^ X ^ in.

759. G. minuta Quel, (from its very small size) a.

P. tan-ochreous. St. tawny; base forming a small white disc.
G. triangular, adnate, clay-colour, edge whitish.

Decayed wood, amongst moss. Sept.-Oct. £ x § X -$% in.

c. Eriodermece.

760. G. ravida Quel, (ravus, grey) a.

P. tan-greyish or tan-umber ; marg. appendiculate with white V.
St. pallid, white-silky. G. adnexed, ventricose, ochreous-
salmon.

Gregarious. On the ground, amongst chips and rotten wood. Autumn,
ij X 2\ x \ in.

761. G. myeenopsis Quel, (from its resemblance to a Mycena; Gr.

ofisis, resemblance) a.
P. expanded, umbonate, pale honey-colour ; marg. appendiculate
with white V. St. white-yellowish, white silky. G. adnexed,
ventricose, yellowish.

On Sphagnum, marshy ground. Aug. -Oct. \\ X 4§ X £ in. Somewhat
like 350.

XXX. TUBARIA Gill.
(From the trumpet-shape of typical species ; tuba, a trumpet.)

Veil universal, noccose at margin of pileus. Hymenophore confluent
with, but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus sub-
membranaceous, sometimes umbilicate or depressed, margin — except

Tubarici

AGARICACE.*:

l65

770— striate. Stem central, subcartilaginous, fistulose, simple or
imperfectly annulate. Gills subdecurrent, broadest behind and

UC-v^-pv^^v^r

^/////M\\^

Q>

- B-

v/c

y>

Fig. 39. — a, Ttibaria furfuracea Gill. ; b, T. faludosa Karst.
Entire and in section. One half natural size.

somewhat triangular. Spores ferruginous or fuscous-ferruginous.

(Fig. 39.)

The species are all small ; some grow on the ground, others on
mosses, twigs, chips, leaves, etc.

Tubarici agrees in its chief structural characters with Omphalia
and Ecdlia. Species 762 — 771

a. Genuince. Spores ferruginous. 762 — 768

b. PhceotcE. Spores fuscous-ferruginous. 769 — 771

a. Genuince.

762. T. eupularis Gill, (from the shape of the pileus ; cupularis, cup-

shaped) a.
P. piano-depressed, hygrophanous, smooth, rufescent to light
yellowish. St. whitish or faintly ochreous. G. serrulate,
reddish.

Mountainous heaths, amongst grass. Aug. -Sept. i£ X 2 X^ in.

763. T. furfuracea Gill, (from the scurfy pileus ; furfur, bran) a b c.
P. flat, umbilicate, cinnamon to tan-whitish j marg. substriate

when moist, appendiculate with white-squamulose V. St.
floccose, colour as P., villous at base. G. subdecurrent,
bright cinnamon or clay.

Gregarious. Tasteless or pleasant. Thatch, chips, twigs, wood, shavings, ivy,
humus. Jan. -Dec. if x l| X J in. Polymorphous. Var. trigonophylla
Sacc. Smaller than type ; G. triangular. Var. heterosticlia Karst. /'.
depressed, umbonate.

1 66 AGARICACE/E Tubaria

764. T. paludosa Karst. (from its habitat ; fialus, a marsh) a b.

P. expanded, papillate, sometimes striate, pale yellowish-fuscous
to whitish. St. colour as P., flocculose above, white-villous
below. G. adnato-decurrent, paler than P.

Amongst Sphagnum. May-Sept, i^ X 3f X ;J in.

765. T. stagnina Gill, (from its habitat ; stagmim, a swamp) a b.

P. expanded, brown, or somewhat pale and ochreous ; marg.

white-scaly with V. St. attenuate below, rubiginous. G.

adnato-decurrent, broad, ferruginous.
Amongst Sphagnum in bogs. Sept. I X 4 X ^ in.

766. T. pellueida Gill, (from the translucent pileus ; pellucidus, trans-

parent) a b.
P. campanulate, umbonate, cinnamon to ochreous-tan ; marg.

striate, silky-squamulose with V. St. shining, paler than P.,

pruinose above. G. adnato-decurrent, subtriangular, colour as

P., faintly sienna-tinted.
Roadsides, amongst leaves. Autumn. £ X if X ^g- in.

767. T. embolus Karst. (from the wedge-shaped gills ; Gr. cmbolos, a

wedge) a b c.
P. expanded, obtuse, pale yellowish-tawny to ochreous-tan. St.
attenuate downwards, smooth, naked, paler than P. G. thick,
very distant, separating from hymenophore, bright tawny-
cinnamon.

Damp heathy ground, amongst moss and grass ; rare. June-Nov. $ x 2 x T^ in.
Stem sometimes drawn up abnormally amongst grass.

768. T. autochthona Sacc. (from its terrestrial habit ; Gr. autos, self,

chthon, the earth) a b c.
P. flat, ochreous-white ; marg. flocculose with V. St. paler than

P., base white. G. adnato-toothed, honey-colour.
On the ground, amongst grass. July-Oct. I x I \ X jg in.

b. P/l(ZOt<Z.

769. T. museorum Gill, (from its growing on moss, muscus) a b.

P. expanded, subdepressed, tawny-yellow ; mid. sienna. St.

colour as P. G. horizontal, adnate with a decurrent tooth,

paler than P.
Amongst mosses on heaths, on tree-trunks. July. £ X 2 J x ■£% in.

770. T. erobulus Karst. (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus to

a knot of hair on the crown of the head, Gr. krobulos) a.
P. expanded, obtuse, sienna- to whitish-tan, white-floccose with

V., then naked. St. white-floccose, sometimes subannulate.

G. adnato-decurrent, crowded, fuscous-ferruginous.
Amongst sticks, chips. Sept. -Oct. I X \\ X \ in.

771. T. inquilina Gill, (from its growing on other substances •

inquiliuus, a lodger) a b c.
P. plane, depressed, broadly umbonate, viscid when moist,
yellowish-sienna, becoming pale ; marg. striate, sienna. St.

Crepidotus AGARIC ACE,tt 1 67

attenuate downwards, paler than P., white-fibrillose, base white-

rloccose. G. adnato-decurrent, subdistant, umber.

Gregarious. Grass, ferns, stalks, chips; common. May-Oct. |xi^XTx5in.
Must not be confounded with 858 or 860. Var. ecbola Karst. Stem
rooting ; roots of grasses.

XXXI. CREPIDOTUS Quel.
(From the shape of some of the species ; Gr. fcrepis, a slipper.)

Veil obsolete. Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with
the fleshy stem. Pileus excentric, lateral or resupinate, commonly
thin and with soft flesh. Stem lateral, simple or absent. Gills

Fig. 40. — A, Crepidotus applanatics Karst. One-half natural size.

B, C. epibryus Quel. Twice natural size.

Entire and in section.

more or less decurrent, reaching the stem or axis, or radiating from
an excentric point. Spores pale ferruginous or cinnamon. (Fig. 40.)

The species, except 784, grow on wood, trunks, twigs, grass,
moss, etc., they are mostly small in size.

Crepidotus agrees in structure with Pleurotus and Claudoptis.

Species 772—785

772. C. palmatus Gill, (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus to

the palm of the hand) a c.

P. fleshy, convex, expanded, smooth, ferruginous to warm
brownish-buff. St. solid, excentric or lateral, curved, smooth,
whitish. G. rounded, subdistant, brownish-buff.

Trunks. Oct. 5 x if X J in.

773. C. alveolus Quel, (from a fancied resemblance, when inverted,

to a little trough ; alveus, a trough) a c.
P. obovate, dimidiate, ochreous-fuscous. St. a villous base. G.

subdecurrent on base, clay-fuscous.
Stumps, oak ; rare. Aug -Nov. Diam. 2 in.

774. C. mollis Quel, (mollis, soft) a b c.

P. obovate, dimidiate, pale yellowish-tan ; marg. at first incurved,
then undulate. St. a strigose base. G. rounded on base,
sometimes broad, cinnamon.

Stumps, poplar, willow, pear, sticks, logs, sawdust, squared timber, humus ;
common. May-Dec. Diam. 2j in.

1 68 AGARICACE.^ Crepidotus

lib. C. applanatus Karst. (from the plane pileus) a c.

P. reniform, watery, pale cinnamon to whitish • marg. substriate
when moist. St. when present white-tomentose. G. sub-
rounded, watery-cinnamon or ochreous.

Decaying wood. Oct. ij X ^ X ^ in. Much like 1444 in appearance.

776. C. ealolepis Karst. (from the beautiful scales of the pileus ; Gr.

ka/os, beautiful, kpis, a scale) a b.
P. reniform, pale dull-ochreous, rufescent-scaly. St. a small villous
base. G. rounded on base, pale brown then fuscous-ferruginous.
Dead wood, poplar. Oct. Diam. i| in., sometimes 2f in.

777. C. haustellaris Karst. (from its watery substance ; haustellaris ■,

a drawer of water) a.
P. ob ovate or reniform, pale yellowish-tan, then paler. St.

excentric, slightly attenuate upwards, white. G. rounded,

adnexed, fuscous-cinnamon.
Gregarious. Dead trunks, poplar ; rare. I X § X | in.

778. C. Rubi (from its habitat ; Rubus, bramble) a c.

P. obovate or reniform, crystalline-mealy, yellow to livid-grey,
then pallid. St. excentric, whitish, strigose at base. G. sub-
decurrent, brown. Spores brown.

Gregarious; uncommon. July-Oct. xgX^X^in.

779. C. ehimonophilus Sacc. (from its time of growth ; Gr. cheimou,

winter, p/n'/os, loving) a.
P. circular, convex, white, villous-downy. St. excentric, almost

obsolete, white. G. subdecurrent on base, few, distant, pale

yellow-brown. Spores pale yellow-brown.
Dead leaves, Pyrus torminalis, logs. Dec. Diam. ^ in.

780. C. epibryus Quel, (from its frequent habitat, moss ; Gr. epi,

upon, bruon, moss) a c.
P. resupinate, at first cup-like, sessile, membranous, white. G.

rounded to a central or excentric axis, pale yellowish.
Mosses, grass, leaves, holly, Vaccinium . Oct. Diam. T3^ in.

781. C. Phillipsii Sacc. (after William Phillips, mycologist) a b c.

P. ovate, expanded, smooth, pale umber; marg. striate. St.

curved, colour as P. G. rounded-adnate, paler than P.
Dead grass. May-Oct. \ X \ X 3^ in.

782. C. proboseidens Gill, (from the trunk-like stem; Gr. proboskis,

a snout) a b.

P. obovate, pendulous, scabrous-spotted, pale sepia; marg.
incurved. St. attenuate to base, inserted on and darker than
P., shaded umber-sienna. G. inferior, adnate, rounded to an
excentric axis, flesh-colour.

Pendulous from a wooden ceiling. Dec. | X | X ^ in.

783. C. pezizoides Gill, (from its resemblance! to certain cup-fungi

of the genus Pezizd) a.
P. resupinate, saucer-shaped, then reflexed, sessile, mealy,

whitish. G. radiating from a central axis, tawny.
Gregarious. Rotten branches ; rare. Diam. ^ in.

Chitonia

AGARICACE/E

169

784. C. epigseus Sacc. (from its growing on the ground ; Gr. epigaios,

upon the earth) a.
P. subreniform, becoming horizontal, fragile, reddish-grey. St. a

villous lateral base. G. rounded on base, watery, rufescent.
On marlstone clay. Nov. Diam. ij in.

785. C. Ralfsii Sacc. (after J. Ralfs) a b c.

P. reniform, horizontal, slightly hispid-furfuraceous, yellow.
St. almost obsolete. G. rounded to a lateral base, clay-colour,
edge whitish.
Decaying wood, dead branches. March. Diam. J in.
785a. C. putrigenus Sacc. (from its habitat, rotten logs ; puter,
putrid, gigno, to bear) a c.
P. membranous, dimidiate or reniform, pubescent, whitish ;
marg. substriate, base villose. G. broad, irregular, unequal,
whitish, then coloured by the ferruginous-brown spores.

Gregarious, or imbricate, in close clusters, closely sessile. Damp or putrid
logs, beech. Sept. P. f x § in.

Series IV. PRATELL^ Fr.
(From the habitat ; pratum, a meadow.)
Spores typically black-purple or fuscous-purple, often

brown-black or dark brown.

Genera XXXII-

fuscous,
XXXVIII.

XXXII. CHITONIA Karst.

(From the veil which in infancy covers the plant like a cloak;

Gr. chiton, a tunic.)

Veil universal, separate from the pileus and remaining as a volva
at the base of the stem. Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy

Fig. 41. — Section of Chitonia rubriccps Sacc.
One-half natural size.

stem. Pileus subfleshy. Stem central, simple, hollow, volvate.
free. Spores fuscous-purple. (Fig. 41.)

Represented only by one introduced species.

Gills

170

AGARICACE^E

Psalliota

Chitonia agrees in structure with Amanitopsis, Volvaria and
Acetabular! a. Species 786

786. C. rubriceps Sacc. (from the red pileus ; ruber, red, caput, the
head) a.
P. expanded, umbonate, smooth, even, brick-red. St. rooting,
dull pale reddish-ochreous, paler below. Vo. large, sheathing,
saccate, torn at edge. G. subcrowded, purplish-brown.
Soil in an aroid house. Dec. if x 3j X \ in.

XXXIII. PSALLIOTA Quel.
(From the annulus ; Gr. psaliou, a ring.)

Veil universal, concrete with the cuticle of the pileus and forming
an annulus on the stem. Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy
stem. Pileus fleshy. Stem central, fibrous-fleshy, annulate. Gills

u.v--

Fig. 42. — Psalliota cai7ipcstris Quel. In section. Half natural size.
A, full grown example ; an, annulus ; uv, universal veil ; B, young example,
showing universal veil ; c, half-grown example, showing rupture of veil at *.

free, at first whitish, then frequently salmon-colour, at length
deep purple-brown. Spores dark brownish-purple, brown or reddish-
purple. (Fig. 42.)

All the species grow on the ground and are late aestival or
autumnal, rarely vernal ; they mostly grow in rich pastures and on
manured ground, sometimes in woods; a non-British species,
Agaricus geniculatus Briz., grows on wood.

Several species are valued for their esculent qualities.

Psalliota agrees in structure with Lepiota, Annular ia and Togaria.

Species 787—800

a. Edules. Larger, fleshy. Edible. 787 — 794

b. Minores. Usually smaller, thinly fleshy. Not used as food.

795—800

Psalliota AGARIC ACE/E \J\

a. Edules.

787. P. augusta Quel, (from its appearance ; augustus, noble) a b.
P. expanded, fibrilloso-squamose, rich ochreous-brownish ; marg.

almost white, sometimes appendiculate with V. St. solid,
enlarged below, tan, faintly sienna below. G. crowded, faintly
brownish.

An inferior esculent. Orchards, woods, under spruce-firs, on ant-hills.
Aug -Sept. 7 x 6| x i j in. Might when young be mistaken for a
Lepiota.

788. P. Elvensis Henn. (from its place of growth when first named,

near the River Elwy, N. Wales, 1863) a b.
P. expanded, fibrilloso-scaly, warm brown with darker scales.
St. solid, equal or attenuate downwards, fibrillose, paler than P.
A. large. G. brownish flesh-colour. Flesh changing to red or
pale rose when cut.

Sometimes c?espitose. Under oaks, beech, fir. Aug -Sept. 6J x 5 X \\ in.
A drawing in Brit. Mus. is dated 1847.

789. P. arvensis Quel, (from its habitat; arvum, a cultivated

field) a b c.
P. at length flat, floccose, silky or squamulose, whitish; mid.
faintly yellowish ; marg. ragged with V. St. hollow, attenuate
upwards, even, smooth, white. A. large. G. ventricose, at
length dark purple-brown. Flesh white, changing to pale
yellowish or brownish.

Spring to winter. 7 J X 4^ X 1^ in. The cultivated mushrooms of
gardeners belong to this species. There are several named varieties.
1. purpurascens W. G< Sm., Agaricus arvensis Schaeff., var . piirpnrascens
Cooke, P. purple. 2. albosquamosa W. G. Sm., P. white-scaly.

3. vaporaria W. G. Sm., A. vaporarins Otto, P. even, brown-pilose.

4. hortensis W. G. Sm., A. campestris L., var . hortensis Cooke, P. brownish
fibrillose or squamulose. 5. Buchananii W. G. Sm., A. campestris L.,
var. Buchananii Berk., P. smooth as if whitewashed, A. slight, fugacious.
6. cryptarum W. G. Sm., A. cryptartcm Let ell, the name applied to the
form grown in caves, grey-white or brownish- white.

789a. P. perrara Magnus (fterrartis, very rare) a b.

P. fleshy, globoso-hemispherical, then expanded, scaly, whitish-
ochre ; sc. concentric, floccose, brownish-yellow to sienna.
St. stuffed, then hollow, equal or attenuate upwards and sub-
marginately-bulbous, smooth above, squamose below, white to
pale yellowish or salmon-shaded ; sc. salmon-brown. A. large,
superior, membranous, floccose, persistent. G. free to remote,
crowded, whitish, then salmon to full brownish-slate or fuscous.
Flesh white, becoming yellowish, faint reddish-ochre or salmon
when broken.

Taste somewhat sweet ; odour somewhat of anise. Damp ground, under
oaks, near conifers. Aug. 5^ x 4 X £ in. Analogous with 21, 33 and
792a.

172 AGARICACEiE Psalliota

789b. P. xanthoderma W. G. Sm., Agaricus xanthodermus Genev.
(from the yellow-stained outer surface and flesh ; Gr. xanthos,
yellow, derma, skin) a.
P. fleshy, convex, even, greyish-white, becoming yellowish when
touched. St. stuffed to hollow, white, yellow at base. A.
membranous. G. sinuato-free, pale rose, becoming purple-
brown. Flesh becoming yellow.

Pastures. Autumn. 3 J x 4 X § in.

790. P. eretaeea Quel, (from its chalky-white colour; creta, chalk)

a b c.
P. convexo-nattened, obtuse ; marg. even, rivulose or squamu-
lose. St. hollow, attenuate upwards, smooth. G. becoming
fuscous. Flesh unchanging white.

Pastures, stoves ; rare. Feb. -Oct. 3§ X 4 X g in. Resembling 40.

791. P. pratensis Quel, (from its habitat ; pratum, a meadow) a c.
P. expanded, obtuse, floccoso-farinose, then smooth, whitish, then

greyish. St. hollow, colour as P. G. arcuate, brown.

Taste and odour pleasant. Pastures, woods. Oct. 3J x 3 X § in.

792. P. eampestris Quel, (from its habitat ; campus, a field or plain)

a b c.
P. expanded, silky-even, sometimes squamulose, whitish. St.
stuffed, even or squamulose, whitish. G. crowded, bright
salmon, then umber-fuscous. Flesh white.

Odour pleasant. May-Dec. 5 x 3! X I in. Variable in size and colour.
The common edible mushroom. Sometimes the flesh becomes faintly
reddish or brownish when cut or broken. Sometimes the odour is strong
and somewhat unpleasant. The following varieties have been described :
— 1. alba W. G. Sm., Agarictis eampestris L. var. albus Viv., P. silky-
white ; St. short. 2. praticola Magnus, P. rufous-squamukse ; flesh rufescent
when cut. 3. rnfescens W. G. Sm., A. eampestris L., var. raj esc ens Fr.,
P. rufous-squamulose, St. long. 4. umbrina Magnus, P. at length even ;
umber. 5. fulvastera W. G. Sm., A. eampestris L., var. fidvaster Viv.,
P. ochreous-tawny ; St. solid. 6. costata W. G. Sm., A. eampestris L.,
var. costatus Viv., P. sulcate. 7. silvieola Magnus, P. smooth, shining ;
St. elongate, somewhat bulbous, hollow ; A. large. 8. elongata W. G. Sm.,
A. eampestris L., var. elongatus Berk., P. at length even, shining-white;
marg. permanently appendiculate with veil ; St. elongate, bulbous.
9. exannulata W. G. Sm., A. eampestris L., var exannulatus Cooke,
A. fugitive or obsolete. The gills of cultivated mushrooms are frequently
thickened or obliterated by disease ; this is caused by a white parasitic
fungus, Mycogone pemiciosa. Diseased examples are not fit for food. Sound
examples of true mushrooms sometimes cause diarrhoea and sweating.

792a. P. villatiea Magnus (from its frequent habitat, near houses in
the country • villa, a country house) a b.
P. convex then expanded, silky, soon squamose, ground pale
yellowish or brownish straw-colour then vinous-brownish ; sc.
vinous-brown. St. solid, somewhat ventricose, paler than P.,
clouded pale vinous-brown. A. superior, large, tomentose
beneath. G. free, very crowded, not at first bright salmon,

Psalliota AGARICACE^E 173

becoming vinous-brown. Flesh white, pale reddish-yellow
when broken.

Edible. Taste of almonds, odour somewhat rank. Rich pastures, lawns,
manured fields, in cellars, on mushroom-beds in and out of doors ; rare,
ift. 2 in. x 7j X 3| in. This is the "gigantic mushroom " of newspapers ;
it attains a diam. of 1 ft. 5 in. or more and a weight of 4^ lbs. By some
authors considered a var. of 792 or 789, but probably distinct. Badham,
"Esculent Funguses of England," p. 100, mentions an example with a
circumference of 43 ins., and weight of 5 lbs. 6 ozs.

793. P. silvatiea Quel, (from the habitat ; silva, a wood) a b.

P. at length flat, subumbonate, fioccoso-squamulose, pale rusty-
brown or rufescent to pale ashy-brown. St. fibrillose below A.,
much paler than P. or white. G. thin, arid, reddish to umber-
fuscous.

Edible, with a delicate flavour. Woods, under cedars ; frequent. July-Sept.
3f x 3 J X I in. Usually thinner than its allies. St. varying long and short.

794. P. hsemorrhoidaria Magnus (from the flesh changing colour to

blood-red when bruised ; Gr. haimorrhoides, veins which dis-
charge blood) a b.
P. at length expanded, obtuse, adpressed-scaly, rufous-fuscous.
St. hollow, fibrillose, slightly attenuate upwards, whitish. G.
crowded, bright salmon to umber-purple.
Suspected sometimes poisonous. Woods, parks. Aug. -Nov. 4§ x 4§ X & in.

794a. P. peronata W. G. Sm., Agaricus peronatus Mass. (from the
scaly stem j peronatus, sheathed) a.
P. hemispherical then expanded, pale dull ochreous, densely
scaly • sc. small, silky, brown. St. hollow, equal, marginately
bulbous, smooth above A., white-scaly below. A. large,
spreading. G. very distant, crowded, pink then pale purple-
brown. Flesh white, brownish in St. when cut.

Edible. Pine-woods. Oct. 3J X 6£ x J in. Attaining a size of 4J x 8 in.
Allied to 787 (but differing in the hollow, peronate stem) and 794.

b. Minores,

795. P. eomtula Quel, (from the beautifully coloured gills ; comptus,

gaily adorned) a b.
P. flat, adpressedly fibrilloso-scaly, yellowish-white : marg. appen-
diculate with V. St. hollow, colour as P. or paler. A.
fugacious. G. crowded, fuscous-flesh-colour. Flesh colour
as P.

Edible. Taste and smell strong of anise. Woods. May-Oct.
i£ X l§ X Ta8 in. Might be mistaken for a small 792.

796. P. subgibbosa Henn. (from the somewhat obtuse pileus ■

subgibbosus, somewhat gibbous) a c.
P. plane, smooth, sienna-tan ; marg. silky-fibrillose. St. hollow,
tan-white. A. fugacious. G. ashy-brown.

Woods. Sept. 4 x 3^ X \ in. Might be mistaken for 792.

174 AGARICACE^: Pilosace

797. P. sagata Henn. (from the pelliculose pileus, clothed with a

cloak ; saga, a mantle) a b.
P. plane, smooth, bright yellowish-brown. St. hollow, colour as
P., ochreous or reddish. A. distant, white. G. pale purple-
brown or brown-salmon.

Taste and odour of 792. Under beeches. Oct. 2§ X 2§ x J in.

798. P. rusiophylla W. G. Sm., Agaricus rusiophyllus Lasch. (from

the rose-coloured or reddish gills ; ruseus, reddish, Gr. phullon,

a leaf) a b.
P. somewhat fleshy, convex then plane, subumbonate, fibrillose,
pale flesh-colour or pale purple, becoming pallid. St. im-
perfectly hollow, attenuate upwards, silky fibrillose, white,
shaded faint ochre. A. persistent, drooping. G. free,
crowded, thin, dry, rosy, then pale purple, pinkish-sienna and
brownish. Flesh whitish, unchangeable.

On the ground. Autumn. 2\ x 2.\ x \ in.

799. P. duleidula Henn. (from its taste ; dulcis, sweet) a.

P. plane, subgibbous, glabrous, dry, whitish to pale ochreous.
St. hollow, sometimes subbulbous, colour as P. A. persistent.
G. crowded, slate-colour.

Odour mild. Heaths. Oct. i\ X 2 x \ in. Might be mistaken for
792.

800. P. eehinata Quel, (from the rough pileus • echimis, a hedge-

hog) a b c.
P. expanded, obtuse, floccoso-pulverulent, dark brown ; mid.
darker ; marg. appendiculate with V. St. fistulose, usually
attenuate downwards, floccose, light or dark dull-brownish,
crimson, purple or grey-brown. G. crowded, rose, cinnamon-
crimson, crimson or purple. Flesh brownish or reddish.
Spores very pale whitish-dull-purple.

Gregarious or coespitose. Odour strong and disagreeable, mephitic or like
cucumber or like 35. Woods, beech, greenhouses. May-Nov.
i| X 3 X | in. Springing from a compact ball of earth or mycelium.
Becomes jet-black when dry. The vesiculose meal on the pileus is trans-
parent yellow. Sometimes placed in Inocybe, but retained here on account
of the colour of the spores when fresh.

XXXIV. PILOSACE Quel.
(From the pelliculose pileus ; Gr. piles, felt, sakos, a garment.)

Veil obsolete. Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem. Pileus
fleshy. Stem central, simple, without cartilaginous bark. Gills free
or remote. Spores purple-brown. (Fig. 43.)

The only British species grows on the ground.

Stropharia

AGARICACE/E

175

Pilosace agrees in structure with the fleshy species of Hiatula,
Pluteus and Pluteolus. Species 801

Fig. 43. — Pilosace algeriensis Quel.
In section. Half natural size.

801. P. algeriensis Quel, (from its being first found in Algeria) a b.

P. plane, gibbous or subumbonate, smooth, white, becoming

brownish above when fully developed. St. solid, silky; white.

G. narrow, salmon to rose, becoming dark purple-madder.

Edible. On the ground. Aug. 3l X ij X ij in. Intermediate between
Psalliota and Stropharia with the aspect of an exannulate 789.

XXXV. STROPHARIA Quel.

(From a fancied resemblance in the annulus to a sword-belt,

Gr. strophes.)

Veil annular on stem. Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous
with the fleshy stem. Piletts with or without a pellicle, even, scaly

Fig. 44. — Stropharia aritgiitosa Quel. ;
entire and in section.
One-third natural size.

and viscid, or innato-fibrillose and dry. Stem central, fleshy,
annulate. Gills more or less adnate, at first whitish, or pale
clay-brownish. (Fig. 44.)

176 AGARIC ACE^: Strophctria

Most of the species are epiphytal, some grow on the ground.
Stropharia agrees in structure with Armillaria and Pholiota.

Species 802—820

a. Visripelles. Pileus with an even or scaly, usually viscid

pellicle.

Not usually growing on dung. 802 — 810

Growing on dung ; annulus often imperfect. 811 — 814

b. Spintrigerce. Pileus without a pellicle, innato-fibrillose, not

viscid. 815 — 820

a. Visripelles.

802. S. aeruginosa Quel, (from its verdigris colour ; cerugo, verdigris)

a b c.
P. expanded, subumbonate, brownish-yellow, covered with trans-
parent blue gluten, clad with white scales • marg. appendiculate
with V. Si. hollow, white scaly and viscid below A., blue or
verdigris, often furnished with stringy root-like growths.
G. purple.

Sometimes caespitose. Odour strong of rancid ointment. Woods, meadows,
damp thatch, wood, stumps, hazel, amongst stones ; common. July-Nov.

32 X 4i X 2 in-

802a. S. squamulosa Mass. (from the small scales of the pileus ;

squama, a scale)

P. soon plane, dry, silky, deep verdigris-green with darker,

innate, floccose squamules : mid. yellow-orange ; marg. white

with veil. Si. at length hollow, paler than P., white at base.

A. fragmentary in the form of large hard white sq. at apex.

G. crowded, brown, with a vinous tinge. Flesh white in P.,

pale verdigris in St.

Amongst stones, Ripon. Sept. 1895. 2§ x 2§ x § in.

803. S. alboeyanea Quel, (from its colours ; albus, white, cyaneus,

blue) a b c.

P. plane or subumbonate, bright blue or verdigris from the

gluten, becoming dull yellowish or white. St. hollow, not

viscid, white. A. fibrillose, purple. G. fuscous - salmon.

Flesh white, pale verdigris-green or pale blue.

Sometimes caespitose. Pastures, woods, sometimes on dung ; uncommon.
Sept.-Nov. \\ x 3! X \ in.

804. S. inuneta Quel, (from the besmeared pileus ; immgo, to

besmear) a b c.

P. convex, subumbonate, light yellowish or brownish, slate-purple

from the gluten. St. fistulose, not viscid, white. A. fibrillose.

G. adnate, dull fuscous-purple. Flesh white.

Gregarious, sometimes caespitose. Taste and odour like radishes, but
disagreeable. Rich pastures, graveyards, lawns, stumps, sticks. Sept.-
Nov. if X3§ X x\in. Form hmdensis Sacc, P. convex, expanded ; St.
stuffed. Form iipsaliensis Sacc, P. convex, plane, umbonate ; St. hollow.
Var. pallida W. G. Sm., Agaricus inunctus Fr., var. pallidus B. & Br.,
pale.

Stropharia AGARICACE/E 177

805. S. eoronilla Quel, (from a fancied resemblance to a crown in

the whitish-floccose margin of the pileus ; corona, a crown) a b.

P. convexo-expanded, obtuse, light yellow ; mid. sub- or wholly-
vinous. St. stuffed, fibrillose, white. G. crowded, vinous-
brownish.

Waysides, parks. May-Oct. i^ x £ X J in. Perhaps the same as 807.

806. S. obturata Quel, (from the stuffed stem; obturo, to stuff)

a b e.

P. very fleshy, convex, obtuse, often rimoso-squamulose, pale

ochreous ; mid. shaded sienna. St. not scaly, white, with a

membranous collapsing A. G. crowded, dull purplish-brown.

On the ground, amongst grass ; rare. Sept.-Oct. I \ x if X -^ in.
Might be mistaken for 792.

807. S. melasperma Quel, (from the blackish spores; Gr. me/as,

black, sperma, sl seed) a c.
P. expanded, biscuit-colour or pale buff, or white with a yellowish
marg. St. hollow, white. G. rounded, ventricose, purplish,
then deep purple-brown. Flesh white, yellowish in St.

Meadows and borders of thickets; rare. Aug.-Oct. 2§ x 2 x T35 in.
Might be mistaken for 792.

808. S. squamosa Quel, (from the scaly pileus ; squama, a scale) a be.
P. expanded, obtuse, ochreous or brownish; mid. darker, clad

with small whitish or brown scales. St. hollow, viscid-scaly
below distant A., pallid above, sienna below. G. rounded-
adnate, blackish, with a whitish edge.

Woods, fields, amongst chips, sometimes from interior of beech-nuts. Sept-
Nov. i\ x 5§ X ^ in. Var. thrausta Mass. P. soon glabrous, more
slender than type. Var. aurantiaca Mass. P. orange or brick-red.

809. S. Pereevalii Sacc. (after Cecil H. Spencer Percival) a b c.

P. expanded, subumbonate, warm brown-ochreous ; marg.

appendiculate with noccose white V. St. hollow, attenuate

upwards, fusiform-rooting, pallid above, pale brownish and

squarrose below distant A. G. distant, pallid umber.

Sawdust, rotten wood. Nov. 2g x 3§ X § in. Possibly the same as
S. depilata Karst., but that has a solid stem. Might be mistaken for a
Flammula. Allied to 808.

810. S. Worthingtonii Sacc. (after Worthington G. Smith) a b.

P. hemispherico-conical, smooth, golden-yellow. St. fistulose,
cobalt, or turquoise-blue. A. imperfect. G. adnato-ascending,
pallid brown. Flesh pale sulphur-yellow in P., pale bright blue
in St.

Pastures, woods. Nov.-Dec. £ X 2j x ^ in.

811. S. luteonitens Que'l. (from the shining yellow pileus ; lutcus,

yellow, nitens, shining) a.
P. expanded, umbonate, sometimes whitish, with a few small
sienna scales. *S7. hollow, even, pruinose above distant A.,

N

178 AGARIC ACE/E Stropharia

colour as P., sienna at base. G. adnexed, ventricose, pale
purplish-brown.
Dung, sawdust, earth. Sept. 2f x i\ X \ in. Not unlike 818.

812. S. merdaria Quel, (from its habitat ; merda, dung) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, smooth, hygrophanous, yellow or brownish

then straw-colour ; marg. appendiculate with white V. St. stuffed,

floccose, dry, straw-white or brownish, base white-villous.

G. adnato-rounded or subdecurrent, purplish-fuscous.

Gregarious, subcaespitose. Dry dung, road scrapings. Aug. - Oct.
\\ X \\ X \ in. 817 is perhaps form major Fr. of this species. Easily
overlooked, colour of pileus exactly that of dry horse-dung.

813. S. stereoraria Que'l. (from the habitat ; stercus, dung) a b c.

P. hemispherical, smooth, yellow ; mid. darker ; marg. substriate.

St. stuffed, yellowish. A. viscid. G. very broad, subdistant,

purple-slate.
Dry dung in pastures. May-Nov. \\ X l\ X \ in.

814. S. semiglobata Quel, (from the half-globose pileus) a b c.

P. yellowish. St. fistulose, smooth, colour as P., thickly covered

with transparent gluten below the glutinous A. G. very broad,

pale purplish, clouded purple-black.
Gregarious. Dung, rabbit, horse, in pastures ; common. April-Nov.

J4 X 5 2 x a m- Usually smaller than 813, but sometimes twice the size

of type.

b. Spintrigerce.

815. S. eaput-medusse Karst. (from a fancied resemblance in the

pileus to the head of Medusa ; caput, a head) a b c.
P. expanded, obtusely umbonate, scaly -squarrose, soon naked,
pale white umber ; mid. umber ; sc. sepia. St. hollow, white
above, squarrose and white umber below superior A., if present.
G. ventricose, at length separating free, pallid umber or olive-
shaded, spotted ferruginous, edges white.

Subcaespitose. Woods, pine, about fir-stumps, base of elm ; rare. Sept.-
Oct. 3 X 3J X \ in. Becoming darker when dry.

816. S. serobinaeea Sacc. (from the appearance of the pileus as if

sprinkled with sawdust, scrobis) a b.

P. expanded, obtuse, tan ; mid. ochreous-tan, or grey or brown

shaded, clad with minute, fugitive sepia squamules. St. hollow,

fibrillose, whitish, squamulose below the fugitive A. G. crowded,

purple.

Subcsespitose. On or near stumps, ash ; rare. Aug. -Oct. i£ X 3§ X \ in.
Thinner and more graceful than 815.

817. S. ventrieosa Mass. (from the ventricose gills) a.

P. expanded, broadly gibbous, even, smooth, subviscid in wet
weather, tawny-ochreous, becoming paler. St. hollow, ventricose
below with a rooting base, minutely squamulose, pale yellow.
A. large, persistent. G. slightly adnexed, ventricose, sub-
crowded, purplish-brown.

Csespitose. On the ground. i£ X 3 X \ in. Perhaps only a form of 812
form majo?- Fr.

Hypholoma

AGARICACE^

179

818. S. Jerdonii Sacc. (after Archibald Jerdon) a.

P. expanded, obtusely umbonate, minutely rivulose, pale ochreous ;
mid. slightly darker ; sc. white. St. hollow, attenuate upwards,
white above A., subscaly, tan-ochreous and brownish below.
G. transversely striate, purple-brownish.
Stumps, fir ; rare. Sept. -Nov. 2 x 2.\ x 5 in.

819. S. spintrigera Sacc. (from the annulus ; spint/ier, a bracelet,

gero, to carry) a.

P. flat, obtuse, even, smooth, faintly ochreous or brownish.
St. hollow, attenuate upwards, floccoso-fibrillose below A.>
white. A. distant, fugacious. G. crowded, fuscous-brown.

Caespitose. Stumps, beech. Sept. 3 J x l\ X T3^ in.

820. S. hypsipus Karst. (from the long stem ; Gr. hups'ipous, high-

footed) a b.
P. plane, subobtuse, even, smooth, hygrophanous, pallid, pale
brownish, or shaded dull flesh-colour ; marg. striate.
St. hollow, smooth, white. A. distant. G. subdistant, brown
or dull purplish-slate.

Swampy places, amongst grass, sometimes on moss and sticks. Oct.
3J x 6J X T55 in.

XXXVI. HYPHOLOMA Quel.
(From the web- or fringe-like veil ; Gr. huphe^ a web, loma, a fringe.)

Veil fringe -like, adhering to the margin of the pileus, some-
times forming a fibrillose annulus. Hymenophore confluent and

Fig. 45. — Hypholoma sublateritiumQuQ.
Entire and in section.
One-third natural size.

homogeneous with the fleshy stem. Pileus more or less fleshy,

Stem central, simple, or slightly

N 2

the margin at first incurved

l8o AGARIC ACE^E Hypholoma

fibrilloso-annulate. Gills adnate or sinuate. Spores slate-purple.

(Fig. 45-)

The species grow on wood and have a caespitose habit. None
are edible, some are nauseous-bitter.

Hypholoma agrees in structure with Ti'icholoma, Entoloma and
Hebeloma. Species 821 — 844

a. Fasciculares. Pileus tough, smooth, dry, except 821 and 828,

brightly coloured, not hygrophanous. Gills adnate.

821—828

b. Viscidce. Pileus naked, viscid. 829, 830

c. Velutiuce. Pileiis silky with innate fibrils or streaked.

831—834

d. Flocculosce. Pileus with floccose superficial separating scales.

835, 836

e. Appendiculatce. Pileus smooth, hygrophanous. 837 — 844

a. Fasciculares.

821. H. silaeeum Quel, (from its colour ; sil, yellow-ochre) a.

P. subexpanded, obtuse, viscid, brown-ochreous ; marg. cracked,

whitish. Si. bulbous, fibrilloso-striate, shining, colour as P.

G. purplish-brown or grey-olivaceous.
Solitary to caespitose. Taste mild ; odour mealy. Old pastures, under firs.

Aug. -Nov. 2 X 2>h x i in- NQt unlike some forms of 822 ; intermediate

forms occur.

822. H. sublateritium Quel, (from the colour of the pileus; sub,

somewhat, later, a brick) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, tawny brick-red ; marg. paler, ap-

pendiculate with V., sometimes with sc. St. stuffed, attenuate

downwards, scaly-fibrillose, pale yellow above, ferruginous

below. G. sinuate, arcuate or decurrent, dull yellow-greenish

to pale slate-purple. Flesh sulphur-white.

Caespitose to solitary, sometimes in rings near trees. Probably poisonous.
Taste usually bitter-nauseous. Forests, hedgerows, stumps, rails, old pine
wood, oak ; common. April-Dec. 3 J x 4! X J in. Polymorphic, P.
sometimes 7 in. in diam. Var. Schaeffcri Sacc. G. deeply decurrent.
Var. sqtiamosum Sacc. P. brown-squamulose.

823. H. eapnoides Quel, (from the smoky-tinted gills ; Gr. kapnos,

smoke, eidos, appearance) a b c.
P. subexpanded, obtuse, shining, pale ochreous with mid. sienna-
red, or wholly orange. St. hollow, silky, even, elastic, pale
ochreous, or whitish above and brownish below. G. sub-
crowded, arid, grey to fuscous-purple.

Taste and odour mild. Woods, pine, pine-stumps ; uncommon. April-Dec.
2£ X 5 X § in.

824. H. epixanthum Quel, (from the yellowish-brown colour ; Gr.

epixanthos, yellowish-brown) a b c.
P. expanded, obtuse, silky, apt to split; marg. lobed, undulate.
St. hollow, floccoso-fibrillose, reddish-sienna, darker below.

Hypholoma AGARICACE.E l8l

G. crowded, light yellow, sometimes cinereous. Flesh white,
becoming light yellow, sienna in St.

Taste acrid; odour strong, acid. Stumps, fir, fallen firs, on the ground;
frequent. Aug. -Dec. 3f X 65 X § in. Sometimes wholly bright yellow ;
often sterile. One form of this is Clitocybe Sadleri Sacc.

825. H. elseodes Gill, (from the olive colour of the gills ; Gr. elaios,

olive, eidoSj appearance) a b c.
P. plane, subumbonate, tan or buff. St. fibrillose, colour as P.,
becoming ferruginous. G. crowded, thin, white to olivaceous.
Flesh pale buff.

Taste bitter ; odour sour. Stumps, on the ground. Oct. 2§ X 2\ x \ in.
Sometimes wholly ivory-whitish. Sometimes regarded as a form of 826.

826. H. faseieulare Quel, (from the fasciculate habit) a b c.

P. flat, subobtuse, sulphur-yellow ; mid. sienna. St. hollow,
fibrillose, sulphur above, sienna below or wholly sulphur-yellow7,
often nbrilloso-annulate. G. crowded, sulphur to green. Flesh
sulphur.

Gregarious, densely csespitose. Probably poisonous. Taste and odour acrid,
nauseous, bitter, sickening. Stumps, on the ground ; very common.
April-Dec. 2§ X 4! X \ in. There are many varieties. Recorded from
Glyncorrwg collieries with stems 4 feet long.

827. H. instratum Mass. (from the naked, uncovered pileus;

instratus, uncovered) a.
P. convex, broadly umbonate, rugose, rich dark-brown. St. hollow,
smooth and white above, fibrillose and pale brown below. G.
adnato-ascending, brown to purple-brown, edge paler. Flesh
pale sienna-brownish.

Stumps. Autumn, if X 2§ X T\ in.

828. H. dispersion Quel, (from the scattered habit of growth ;

disfiergo, to scatter) b.
P. expanded, viscid, obtuse, tawny-yellowish to purplish-umber.
St. fistulose, sometimes rooting, silky-fibrillose, faintly ferru-
ginous above, rich fuscous-brown below. G. distant, thick,
brownish flesh-colour or shaded olive, with a white edge.
Flesh pale yellow-tawny.

Woods, pine, dry to marshy places, on the ground, on sawdust. April-Xov.
if X 4^ X J in. Variable in colour and habit.

b. Viscidce.

829. H. ineomptum Mass. (from its simple, unadorned appearance ;

incomptuS) rough, without ornament) a.
P. expanded, broadly gibbous, even, deep bay-brown, or orange-
tawny. St. hollow, equal, pale above, dark ferruginous below,
brown-fibrillose and yellow tomentose. G. adnato-rounded,
crowded, deep olive, purple-clouded.

Stumps. Autumn. 4x3^ X \ in.

1 82 AGARICACE^ Hypholoma

830. H. cedipus Sacc. (from the swollen base of the stem ; oidiftous,

with a swollen foot) a.

P. hemispherical ; mid. umber ; marg. pallid, appendiculate with
V. St. solid, semibulbous, fibrillose below the distant A.,
whitish, shaded pale sienna. G. adnate, umber.

Solitary or in groups of two or three. Sticks and dead leaves. Feb.
& X \\ X i in.

c. Veluti?ice.

831. H. pseudostorea Rea (from its being at first considered the

same as H. Stored) a b.

P. convex, obtuse or subumbonate, then expanded, fleshy, at first

purplish-brown with mid. darker, soon breaking up into large

fibrillose purplish-brown scales, silky-white to pale fawn

beneath; marg. appendiculate and entire when young. St.

hollow, equal or attenuate downwards, at first even, then silky-

brown-fibrillose, white above, pale yellowish below. G. adnate,

at first white, then rose, becoming brown to purple-brown, not

exuding drops of water.

Usually ccespitose, sometimes solitary. Taste insipid, somewhat disagree-
able ; odour strong, disagreeable. Woods, plantations, under larches.
Sept. -Nov. 2§ X 4^ X | in. This is the plant referred to Agariais
Storea Fr. by Berkeley, and afterwards named A. Storea, var. ccespitosa by
Cooke. Sometimes confounded with 832.

832. H. laerymabundum Quel, (from the tear-like drops on the gills ;

lachrymabundus ', tearful) a b c.
P. expanded, obtuse, innato-pilose, whitish, then fuscous ; sc.
darker; marg. appendiculate with V. St. hollow, fibrilloso-
scaly, fuscous-white. G. adnato-rounded, whitish to white-
purple-brownish, studded with drops of water.

Csespitose. Stumps or on the ground, yards. Sept.-Dec. 3 X 3J X T56 in.
Often confounded with 831 and 834. Used for inferior ketchup. Some-
times sold for the mushroom.

833. H. pyrotriehum Quel, (from the fiery-red fibrils of the pileus ;

Gr. p?ir, fire, t/irix, a hair) a.
P. expanded, obtuse, pale bright vermilion-ochre ; marg. appen-
diculate with V. St. hollow, fibrillose, whitish to pale orange,
sometimes imperfectly annulate with V. G. adnate, dull
purplish-brown, studded with drops of water.

Caespitose. Woods, pine, beech, about roots. Aug.-Oct. 3 x 35 X T55 in.
Var. egreghim Mass., with a densely shaggy stem.

834. H. velutinum Quel, (from the velvety pileus of young examples ;

velhis, fleece) a b c.
P. expanded, obtusely umbonate, tawny, umber or sienna ; marg.
appendiculate with V. St. hollow, fibrillose, whitish above,
sienna or umber below. G. adfixed, brown-fuscous, dark-
spotted, studded with drops of water.

Subcaespitose. Taste insipid. Stumps ; common. July-Oct. 4X 5 X |in.
Variable in stature ; pileus sometimes 6 in. in diam. Often confused with

Hypholoma AGARTCACE/E 1 83

832. Intermediate forms occur between this and 832 and 833. Some-
times sold for the mushroom. Used for inferior ketchup. Var. leiocephalam
Mass. P. mid. rugged, much smaller than type.

d. Flocculosce.

835. H. easeum Quel, (from its grey and white colours ; cascus,

old) a b. Fragile.

P. hemispherical, obtuse, dull greyish-ochre or ochre ; marg.
paler, appendiculate with white V. St. hollow, fibrillose,
white. G. ascending, adnexo-rounded, arid, at first pale dove-
colour then blackish-brown, edge whitish.

Gregarious or c?espitose. Pastures. July, ij x 3 J X T3^ in.

836. H. punctulatum Mass. (from the squamuloso-punctate pileus) a.
P. convex, pallid, shaded yellowish, brownish or white sulphur ;

sc. dot-like, pale. St. stuffed, punctiform-squamulose from

base to A., colour as P. ; sc. faintly rufescent. G. sinuato-

adnate, subcrowded, pale umber to whitish-sienna. Flesh

colour as P. Spores brown.

Densely 'coespitose. Chips, sawdust, rotten twigs. if X if X \ in.
Berkeley, Cooke and Massee assign this plant to the present position.
Kalchbrenner places it in Pholiota near 578. Fries includes it in Stropharia
after 816.

e. Appendicular.

837. H. lanaripes Sacc. (from the woolly stem ; lana, wool,

pes, a foot) a b c.

P. expanded, obtuse, thin, tough, apt to split, somewhat hairy-
scaly, atomate, rugose, tawny or brownish • marg. appendiculate
with white V. St. hollow, fibrous, striate above, subfibrillose
or tomentoso-squarrose below. G. adnato-ascending, at first
white, then pale-brown, at length purplish-brown.

Subccespitose. Soil in conservatories. June-July. 3J x 4^ X \ in.

838. H. Candolleanum Quel, (after Alphonse de Candolle) a b c.

P. flat, obtuse, depressed, smooth, apt to split, thin, brown,
becoming white ; mid. ochreous. St. hollow, striate above,
white. G. adnexo- or adnato-rounded, ventricose, serrulate,
fuscous-cinnamon. Flesh white.

Gregarious, csespitose. Taste slightly styptic, disagreeable or none ;
odour strong. Stumps, elm, on the ground ; frequent. April-Nov.
3 X 3h x i in- Firmer than 839.

839. H. appendieulatum Quel, (from the appendiculate veil at the

margin of the pileus) a b c.
P. hygrophanous, expanded, rugose, thin, apt to split, atomate,

faintly ochreous-white ; mid. ochreous. ^S7. fistulose, pruinate

above, white. G. adnato-rounded, purplish flesh-colour or

brownish.
Csespitose. Stumps, sticks, under elm, on the ground ; common. June-Oct.

3 x 3t x h m' Thinner and more fragile than 838.

1 84 AGARICACEiE Psilocybe

840. H. felinum Sacc. (from the tawny pileus, coloured like members

of the cat genus, Felis) a b.
P. expanded, smooth, ochreous, biscuit-colour when dry. St.
fistulose, shining, striate above, white-floccose at base. V.
annulate. G. dove-colour, shaded brown.

Gregarious, subcaespitose. Parks, roadsides, etc., on the ground. Sept.

I X l| X | in.

841. H. leueotephrum Sacc. (from the colour of the gills ; Gr. leukosi

white, tephros, ash-coloured) a b c.
P. convexo-expanded, wrinkled, whitish or faint-salmon or
ochreous-shaded. St. hollow, striate above, silky-fibrillose
below, whitish. A. large. G. adnato-ascending, deep slate-
black, edge whitish.

Coespitose. Base of ash-trees. Sept. -Oct. 2 x 4§ X \ in.

842. H. egenulum Sacc. (from its poor appearance ; egenulus^ poor) a.
P. hemispherical, broadly umbonate, smooth, white ; marg. finely

striate. St. fistulose, minutely adpressedly scaly, white, faintly
sienna-ochreous below. G. adnate with a tooth, ventricose,
purple-umber, edge white.

Solitary. On the ground amongst grass. May. i§ x if X J in.

843. H. hydrophilum Quel, (from its hygrophanous habit ; Gr. hudor,

water, pliilos, loving) a b.
P. flat, brittle, smooth, rugose, deep ferruginous-sienna or tawny-
ochreous, paler when dry. St. hollow, fibrilloso-mealy, shining,
whitish above, faintly sienna below. G. adnexed or adnato-
rounded, crowded, exuding drops of water, brown or sienna.

Caespitose. About and on trunks and stumps. Oct. -Nov. 2g x 4J X \ in.
Pileus sometimes 5 in. in diam. Sometimes placed in Bolbitius.

844. H. pilulseforme Gill, (from the appearance of the pileus, like a

little ball, pilula) a.
P. even, smooth, fuscous, ochreous when dry. St. fistulose,
white. V. annulate in young examples. G. adnexo-ascending,
fuscous.

Crespitoso-crowded. Mossy trunks ; rare. Autumn, f x ij X ^ in.

XXXVII. PSILOCYBE Quel.

(From the naked pileus, owing to the usually obsolete veil ;
Gr. fisilos, naked, kube, a head.)

Veil very fugacious, usually obsolete. Hymenophore confluent
with, but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus more
or less fleshy, smooth; the margin at first incurved. Stem central,
fistulose or stuffed, subcartilaginous, rigid or tough, often rooting,
simple. Gills becoming fuscous, brownish or purplish. (Fig. 46.)

Psilocybe

AGARICACEzE

I85

Nearly all the species grow on the ground and are gregarious
and sometimes ceespitose, a few grow on dung ; they are inodorous
and none are edible.

Fig. 46. — A, Psilocybe semilanceata Quel. ; B, 6". spadicca Quel.
Entire and in section. One-half natural size.

Psilocybe agrees in structure with Collybia, Leptonia, Naucoria
and Pa/iceolus. Species 845 — 871

a. Tenaces. Veil rarely conspicuous. Pileus pelliculose, slightly

viscid in wet weather, bright in colour, becoming pale.

Stem with a thick tough bark, flexile, usually coloured.
Gills ventricose, not decurrent. 845 — 854

Gills plane, very broad behind, subdecurrent 855 — 860

Gills ascending sublinear. 861, 862

b. Rigidce. Veil obsolete. Pileus scarcely pelliculose, flesh

usually scissile, hygrophanous. Stem rigid. Gills adnexed,
rarely adnate. 863—871

a. Tenaces.

845. P. sareoeephala Gill, (from the fleshy pileus ; Gr. sarx, flesh,
kephale, the head) a b.

P. expanded, obtuse, dry, pale tawny, salmon or pale ferruginous.

St. whitish to rusty. G. adnato-rounded, salmon, then sooty.

Flesh white, pale salmon in stem.

Gregarious, subcrespitose. Woods, grassy places, usually about or near
stumps, elm. Sept. -Nov. 4 x 5f X f in. Resembles 230.

845a. P. helvola Mass. (from the yellowish colour ; /iclvolus, pale

yellow) a.

P. campanulate or conical, convex, then expanded, obtuse, even,

glabrous, tawny-ochreous ; mid. darker; cuticle often cracked

into patches near mid. St. equal, hollow, fibrillose, often

1 86 AGARIC ACEyE Psilocybe

twisted, white or tinged ochreous, base thickened, white-downy.
G. adnate, then separating, broad, subdistant, purplish-umber,
clouded, edge white.
On the ground amongst grass. Sept. i\ x 2f x T3ff in.

846. P. eriesea Quel, (from the habitat ; erica, heath) a b.

P. flat, obtuse or subumbonate, tawny-ferruginous or umber,

ochre when dry. St. smooth, subsilky, tan above, brownish

below, base white-villous. G. adnate, subdistant, blackish

with a light edge.

Gregarious. Woods, pastures ; rare. May-Oct. i^ x 4 X ^ in. A
smaller form occurs in wet places.

847. P. suberiesea Sacc. (from its partial resemblance to 846) a b.
P. plane, obtuse or subumbonate, tawny or whitish-yellow, paler

when dry. St. pallid or pale yellowish. G. adnato-sinuate,
blackish.
Taste acid. Fields, under firs. June-Aug. 2\ x 2§ x T35 in.

848. P. uda Gill, (from the moist pileus ; udus, moist) a b c.

P. flat, obtuse, smooth or wrinkled, brick-tawny or yellowish.

St. fibrillose, ran above, pale tawny-ferruginous below.

G. adnato-sinuate, broad, fuscous-purple.

Scattered. Swampy places amongst Sphagnum. Oct.-Nov. i^X3fx£in.
Gills sometimes remaining pallid and sterile.

849. P. eanofaeiens Mass. (from the hoary appearance ; canofaciens,

making hoary) a b.
P. expanded, obtuse, umber ; mid. subareolate, sienna ; marg.

darker with feeble traces of a fibrillose or arachnoid V.

St. equal, hollow, brittle, umber-greyish, sooty below, white scaly.

G. adnato-ascending, broad, livid-brownish, purple clouded.
Csespitose. Rotten straw and rubbish. May. if X 2£ x T3ff in.

850. P. areolata Sacc. (from the cracked-areolate pileus) a b c.

Not brittle.

P. sub expanded, minutely fibrillose, white, then ochreous or
fuscous. St. fibrillose, striate, tan and pulverulent above,
sienna below. V. fibrillose, evanescent. G. adnato-rounded,
dull purple with a white edge.

Densely caespitose. Gardens, on wood. May-Oct. if x 2\ x \ in.

851. P. vireseens Mass. (from the green tints ; virescens, green) a b.
P. expanded, at first minutely silky, cracking, bright dark-brown,

interstices of cracks clear pale verdigris-green, then yellowish.

St. downy, apex striate, pale green above, ferruginous below.

G. adnexed, subcrowded, smoky-purple with paler edge.

Solitary. Taste and odour none. Rotten stumps and chips. Autumn.
J X 2.\ x \ in.

852. P. agraria Karst. (from the habitat ; ager, a field) a.

P. flat, obtuse or umbonate, white or ashy. St. smooth, white.

G. adnate, ashy to fuscous. Flesh white.
Near stumps. Sept. -Oct. if X 2| x T3& in.

Fsilocybe AGARICACE^: 1 87

853. P. chondroderma Sacc. (from the parchment-like pellicle of

the pileus ; Gr. chondros, cartilage, derma, skin) a.
P. conico-campanulate, smooth, cracked, dark date-brown ;

marg. jagged-appendiculate with V. St. fibrillose, pale sienna,

darker below. G. ascending, adfixed, purplish-brown, edge

white.
Woods, fir. Sept. ij X i\ X T3S in. Stains paper etc., yellow.

854. P. serobieola Sacc. (from its habitat ; scrobis, sawdust) a.

P. convex, umbilicato-depressed, whitish ; marg. undulate.

St. attenuate downwards, fibrillose, colour as P. G. arcuato-

adnate, brown, with a red tinge.
Pine sawdust, branches. Nov. if X i| X r3ff in.

855. P. ammophila Gill, (from the habitat; Gr. amnios, sand,

p kilos, loving) a b.
P. expanded, subumbonate, sienna-buff; marg. striate. St. base

clavate, apex striate, white to pale buff, half buried in sand.

G. adnate or with a decurrent tooth, pale purplish, becoming

slate-pulverulent with spores.
Sea-shores, amongst sand. Aug.-Sept. if X 2 x J in.

856. P. eoprophila Quel, (from the habitat ; Gr. kopros, dung,
philos, loving) a c.

P. expanded, obtuse or subumbonate, downy, white, then

rufescent. St. shaggy-flocculose, whitish. G. adnate, very

broad, crowded, fuscous.

Amongst grass, rabbits'-dung, on dung-heaps ; rare. Oct. -Jan. if X if x £in.
Sometimes infesting mushroom-beds.

857. P. bullaeea Quel, (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus,

when young, to a knob, bulla) a b c.

P. expanded, subumbonate, dark tawny, tan when dry ; marg.

appendiculate with V. St. subfibrillose, tawny or yellow, base

fuscous-ferruginous, fibrilloso-annulate when young. G. adnate

with a small sinus, very broad, crowded, fuscous-ferruginous.

Gregarious. Dung, rich soil, amongst Polytrickum. April - Sept.
l| X I X 1 in.

858. P. physaloides Quel, (from a fancied resemblance in the pileus

to a bladder ; Gr. phusalis, a bladder, ados, appearance) a b c.

P. flat, umbonate, fuscous-purple. St. adpressedly fibrillose,

date-brown below, paler above. G. adnato-decurrent, crowded,

ventricose, pallid ferruginous-fuscous.

Rich grassy places, woods, on moss, horse-dung ; old walls ; uncommon.
Feb.-Sept. if X I J X jfj in. Must not be confounded with 771.

859. P. atrorufa Quel, (from the blackish-red pileus ; atcr, black,

ritfus, red) a.
P. expanded, obtuse, black-rufous or purple-fuscous ; mid.
darker ; marg. striate. St. at first subfibrillose, subpruinate

1 88 AGARICACE/E Psilocybe

above, colour as P., base darker. G. adnate with a small
tooth, umber to purple-umber.

Woods, mixed. Nov. \\ x 2\ X jfe in.

860. P. nueiseda Mass. (from the frequent habitat, nuts ; mix, a nut,

sedeo, to sit) a.
P. expanded, subumbonate, subsilky when dry, light yellow or
shaded sienna; mid. sienna. St. slightly attenuate down-
wards, fuscous, or white below. G. adnate, broad, ventricose,
fuscous to umber-black.

Beech and hazel nuts, chips, wood. i£ x i£ X -^ in. Habit of 771.

861. P. eompta Sacc. (from the adorned pileus, sprinkled with

minute shining spots ; comptus, ornamented) a.
P. expanded, obtuse, pallid to ochreous ; marg. striate, sub-
crenulate. St. flexuous, silky-shining, tan, faintly rufous below.
G. adnato-ascending or adnexed, distant, rosy-umber.

Woods, amongst grass ; rare. Sept. -Oct. i| x 2| x j5 in.

862. P. semilaneeata Quel, (from a fancied resemblance in the

pileus, as seen in vertical section to a lance-head ; semi, half,

lanced) a spear) a b c.
P. acutely conical, whitish-ochre ; mid. pale : marg. slightly
striate, slate, sometimes fuscous-shaded. St. flexuous, smooth,
fibrilloso-annulate when young, colour as P., base pale sienna.
G. adnexo-ascending, crowded, purplish to purple-black.

Gregarious. Reputed poisonous. Pastures, roadsides ; common. Stem
sometimes 6 in. high. Aug. -Nov. ^ x § X ^% in. Var. cicrukscens Sacc.
P. subobtuse. St. more or less distinctly tinged with biue.

b. Rigidce.

863. P. eanobrunnea Que'l. (from the greyish-brown pileus ; ca?ius,

hoary, brunneus, brown) a b.
P. plane, subviscid when moist, flesh-brown, pale clay when dry.
St. rooting, squamulose, whitish. G. adnexed, crowded,
broad, ventricose, brownish-purple.

Solitary or laxly gregarious. On the ground in sunny places, on scorched
ground. Autumn. 2 x if X T35 in.

864. P. spadieea Quel, (from the colour of the pileus ; sfiadiceus>

date-brown) a b c.
P. plane, usually cracked, dark to ochreous-brown, becoming
paler in patches. St. smooth, whitish, base pale sienna. G,
adnexo-rounded, adnate or adnate with a tooth, crowded,
brown.

Laxly clustered. Stumps, earth, manure-heaps, amongst short grass ; common.
Feb. -Nov. 2g X 4 X J in. Var. hygrophila Karst. larger than type.
Var. polycephala Gill, densely crowded.

Psilocybe AGARICACE^E 189

■865. P. squalens Karst. (from its dirty colours ; squalens, dirty) a.
P. flat, pale livid-ferruginous, pale dull clay-colour when dry.
St. striate above, colour as P. G. adnato-decurrent, crowded,
cinnamon-umber.
Solitary or csespitose. On and near trunks ; rare, if X 2 J X £ in.

866. P. eernua Quel, (from the frequently drooping pileus ; cerniio,

to fall head foremost) a b c.
P. expanded, slightly wrinkled when dry, whitish. St. smooth,

flexuous, colour as P. G. adnato-ascending, cinereous-blackish

or slate-sprinkled.
Solitary or gregarious, usually caespitose. Dead wood, chips, leaves, lawns ;

uncommon. Aug. -Dec. \\ X 2>h x I m-

867. P. hebes Karst. (from the obtuse pileus ; hebes, blunt) a b.

P. becoming flat, striate when moist, lurid, obscure olive, pale

when dry. St. naked, whitish. G. adnexo-rounded, broad,

crowded, brownish or brown.

Usually solitary. Amongst grass and leaves, near chestnut-trees, trunks.
Nov. ij X ij X £ in.

868. P. foeniseeii Que'l. (from its habitat, meadows ; fcenisiaa, hay-

harvest) a b c.
P. campanulate, obtuse, pale ferruginous-fuscous to deep umber,
becoming paler in patches. St. pulverulent, then naked,
rufescent, sienna-tan or flesh-colour. G. adnato-ascending,
ventricose, separating from stem, umber to black-purple.

Gregarious. Fields, lawns, roadsides, manure, horse-dung ; common. Feb.-
Dec. § X 2| X & in.

869. P. eallosa Quel, (from the tough stem • callosus^ having a hard

skin) a b c.

P. conico-campanulate, obtuse, pale buff. St. smooth, paler
than P. G. adnato-ascending, ventricose, sooty or purple-
black.

Scattered or in small groups. Fields, lawns, roadsides. Aug. -Oct.
ts X 2§ X 3L in.

870. P. elivensis Sacc. (from the place where it was first observed,

King's Cliffe, Northamptonshire) a b.
P. expanded, shining-atomate, striate, pallid brown or ochre to

white. St. silky, whitish. G. adnate, widely emarginate,

ventricose, umber, edge white.
Amongst grass, on downs. June-Oct. I J X if X J in.

871. P. eatervata Mass. (from its fasciculate habit ; caterva, a troop)

a.
P. campanulate, obtuse, satiny, brittle, white. St. white. G.

slightly adnexed, somewhat broad, crowded, purple-shaded or

cinnamon, edge white.
On the ground. Oct. % X 2§ X jfe in.

190

AGARICACE^E

Psathyra

XXXVIII. PSATHYRA Quel.
(From the friable substance; Gr. psathuros, friable.)

Veil when present universal, floccoso-fibrillose, not annulate,
sometimes obsolete. Hymcnophore confluent with, but heterogeneous
from the cartilaginous stem. P ileus conical or campanulate, then
expanded, submembranous, margin at first straight and adpressed to

Fig. 47. — a, section of Psathyra conopilea Quel. ;

B, P. bifrons Sacc. entire and in section.

One-half natural size.

the stem, except 884. Stem central, somewhat cartilaginous, fistulose,.
lustrous, fragile, simple. Gills at first pale, becoming purple or
fuscous. Spores purple, brownish-purple, dark purple or dark brown.

(Fig- 47-)

The species grow on the ground, or on rotten wood, they are

slender, fragile, hygrophanous and with fugitive colouring.

Psathyra agrees in structure with Myeeua, ATolanea, Galera and

Psathyrella. Species 872 — 893

a. Conopikce. Veil obsolete. Pileus conico-campanulate. Stem

tense and straight, fistulose. Gills usually adnexo-
ascending, often free. On the ground in grassy or damp
places. ' 872 — 877

b. Obtusatce. Veil obsolete. Pileus campanulato - convex,

becoming flat ; smooth or atomate. Gills piano- or arcuato-
adfixed. 878 — 880

e. FibrilloscB. Pileus — except 884 and 888 — and stem at first
fibrillose or floccose from the veil. Stem fistulose.

881—893

Psathyra AGARICACE^: 191

a. ConopilecB.

872. P. elata Mass. (from its long stem ; elatus, tall) a b.

P. even, glabrous, atomate, dark brown, pale ochreous when dry.

St. hollow, silky-shining, white. G. broadly adnate, crowded,

purplish-brown.
Amongst grass, on hedge-banks. Aug. 2 x 7§ X ^ in.

873. P. eonopilea Que'l. (from the conical pileus) a b c.

P. even, smooth, whitish, greyish-brown or umber with marg.

tan. St. attenuate upwards, whitish, silvery-lustrous. G.

slightly adnexed, subventricose, dark slate or fuscous-purple.

Grassy places, gardens, ditch-bottoms, under beeches ; rare. Sept. -Nov.
l% X 4§ x I in- Stem sometimes 6| in. long. Var. sttperba W. G. Sm.,
Agaricus superbus Jungh. larger. P. chestnut-brown to buff.

874. P. mastigera Sacc. (from the breast-like shape ; Gr. mastos,

the breast, gero, I bear) a b.
P. acutely umbonate, dark chestnut-brown, umber-tan when dry.

St. fibrillose, furfuraceous or smooth, white. G. narrow,

umber. Flesh pale brown.
Amongst grass, roadsides. July-No v. £ X 3§ X \ in.

875. P. glareosa Sacc. (from the habitat, gravelly soil ; glareosus,

gravelly) a.
P. obtuse or umbonate, minutely tomentose, atomate, striate,

grey ; mid. pale chestnut. St. brown, white fibrillose. G.

broadly adnate, umber. Flesh brown.
Gravelly soil after wet weather. June, f X 2\ x jg- in.

876. P. eorrugis Quel, (from the pileus, at length wrinkled ; comigis^

having folds) a b c.

P. subumbonate or obtuse, smooth, substriate, whitish, pale rose,

ochreous-tan or pale umber. St. smooth, colour as P. G.

adnato-ascending or somewhat sinuate, pale, then purple-black

or dark slate.

Pastures, grassy places, open places in woods, amongst grass and sticks, old
manure patches ; frequent. April-Jan. if x 3^ X T3g- in. Stem some-
times 5 in. long. Var. vinosa Mass. P. rosy-vinous half-way up. Var.
gracilis Mass. more slender than type.

876a. P. pellosperma WT . G. Sm., Agaricus fiellospermus Cooke
(from the dark coloured spores • Gr. J>ellos, dark coloured,
sperma, a seed) a.
P. subcampanulate or subovate, even, then striate, sometimes
rugose, white or ochreous-white, becoming fuliginous with age.
St. fistulose, naked, nearly equal, white or as P. G. broad,
free, much narrowed at the tips, cinereous, then fuliginous, at
length black. Flesh thin, white.
On the ground. Autumn, ig X 4& X £ in.

192 AGARICACEiE Psathyra

877. P. gyroflexa Quel, (from the weak flexuous stem; gyrus, a

circle, flexus, bent) a b.
P. atomate, striate, whitish or pale grey ; mid. pale buff or
rufescent. St. white, silky-shining. G. adnato-ascending,
ventricose, greyish-purple to slate.

Scattered or subcaespitose. Margins of woods, amongst rubbish. Aug.
igX2X Jg in.

b. Obtusatce.

878. P. spadieeogrisea Quel, (from the brown-grey pileus; spadix,

bay-brown, griseus, grey) a b c. Watery, fragile.
P. even, pellucid-striate to mid., date-brown, greyish and buff
when dry. St. subpulverulent, striate above, whitish. G.
adnexed, crowded, narrow, umber-fuscous or brown.

Solitary or gregarious, subcaespitose. On trunks, old boards, chips, on the
ground. Aug.-Nov. if x 3 J X J in.

879. P. obtusata Gill, (from the obtuse pileus) a b c.

P. even, brown-fuscous or pale umber, paler and striate at marg.
St. fibrilloso-silky, not pulverulent, even above, whitish. G.
adnate, broad, subdistant, ashy-brown or umber.

Single or caespitose. Woods, on the ground, on wood, trunks, oak ; rare.
June-Dec. if X 2^ X \ in. Stem sometimes rooting.

880. P. negleeta Mass. (from its having been overlooked) a b.

P. almost plane, even, glabrous, atomate, pale rufous, almost
white when dry • mid. pale clay. St. somewhat wavy, pellucid,
pruinose above, white, tinged pale rufous below. G. slightly
attached, ventricose, crowded, pink then purple-brown.

On the ground, gardens. Oct.-Xov. | x I X ^ in.

c. FibrilloscB.

881. P. frustulenta Sacc. (from its fragility, breaking at a touch ;

frustulentus ', full of pieces) a.
P. hygrophanous, glabrous, substriate, sienna-tan, tan when dry.
St. subwavy, whitish. G. adnato-ascending, crowded, brownish.

Gravel in damp places. Sept. ij x 2\ X ^ in.

882. P. bifrons Sacc. (from the two-coloured pileus ; bifrons, with

two faces) a b.
P. obtuse, subwrinkled, ochreous-brown tinged with red, whitish
when dry, evanescent white-fibrillose. St. subrooting, minutely
satiny, fibrillose below, white. G. adnate, broad, ventricose,
pink-cinereous ; edge white.

Sometimes two or three connate. Woods, amongst sticks, twigs, chips ;
rare. Aug.-Sept. ij X 3§ X ^ in. Var. semitincta Sacc. P. vinous-
purple ; mid. pale ochre.

Psathyra AGARICACE.E 1 93

883. P. semivestita Sacc. (from the pileus white-fibrillose halfway

to the middle ; semi, half, vestio, to clothe) a b.

P. obtuse, chestnut-brown, tan when dry. St. fibrilloso-silky,

whitish. G. adnato-ascending, grey, becoming umber.

Solitary and large, or caespitose and smaller. Rich pastures, waysides,
woods. Oct. Solitary 2\ x \% X \ in. Caespitose £ x ~$\ X ^ in.

884. P. Loseosii Sacc. (after Francisco Loscos) a b.

P. flat, radiato-pitted, sulcato-wrinkled, moist, cracking, atomate,
tan-umber. St. striate, twisted, subfibrillose, elastic, tan,
white-pruinose above, rufescent below. G. adnate, ventricose,
thin, purple-umber with pale edge. Flesh sienna.

Caespitose. Taste and odour slight, fungoid. Gardens, on mushroom-bed.
Nov. 2 X 7|x T3s in.

885. P. fatua Quel, (from its resemblance to its allies ; fatuus,

foolish) a.
P. rugose, at length smooth, dingy-ochreous, then whitish ; mid.

sienna. -5"/. striate and mealy above, becoming smooth, white.

G. adnato-ascending, crowded, brown.
Gardens. Autumn, ij x 3§ X £ in.

886. P. fibrillosa Quel, (from the fibrillose covering) a b.

P. conical then flat, striate, becoming smooth, livid or whitish,
the white fibrils becoming black with age or disappearing. St.
white squamulose on pale steel-grey ground, or spreading white-
fibrillose. G. adnate, pale slate then purple-black.

Solitary. Woods, damp places, rotten branches, sticks and leaves ; rare.
Oct. 2| x 2J x T3& in.

887. P. Gordonii Gill, (after the Marchioness of Huntly) a.

P. sulcato-striate, pale cinereous to white. St. transversely
undulate, white-pruinose above, then shining, smooth, white.
G. ascending, narrowly adnate, cinereous.

Densely caespitose. Odour faint to strong and nauseous. Stumps, amongst
chips. Oct. if x 2% x £ in.

888. P. helobia Sacc. (from its habitat ; Gr. helos, a marsh, bios, life) a c.
P. flat, suburnbonate, radiato-rugose ; mid. with concentric

elevated ridges, sooty-brown, becoming ochreous-salmon or
reddish. St. reddish-umber, salmon when dry. G. adnate,
sooty-brown. Flesh pale pink.
Woods. Sept. 2\ X Si X ts *n- Allied to 884.

889. P. pennata Quel, (from the feathery scales ; pe/ma, a feather)
a b e.

P. livid, whitish or pale brown ; mid. sienna ; marg. appendiculate

with large white sc, then naked. St. villous, white pulverulent

above, white. G. adnexo- or adnato-ascending, ventricose,

fuscous-blackish.

Gregarious. Gardens, scorched ground, earth, burnt sawdust ; rare. June-
Oct. ig x 2§ x J in.

0

194 AGARICACE.E Anellaria

890. P. gossypina Gill, (from its cotton-like fibrils ; gossyphmi,

cotton) a b c.
P. expanded, ochreous-clay ; mid. pale sienna ; marg. striate.

St. whitish-tomentose. G. adnexed, ventricose, white, then

fuscous-black.
Subcaespitose. Woods, twigs, on the ground. May-Oct. 2.\ x 2§ x T3^ in.

891. P. noli-tangere Quel, (from its fragility, breaking at a touch;

noli tangere, do not touch) a b.
P. expanded, obtuse, hygrophanous, pale umber when large, dark
fuscous when small, becoming pale ; marg. striate, appendicu-
late with sc. St. subnaked, even, grey-white above, fuscous
or slate below. G. adnexo- or adnato-rounded, fuscous. Flesh
pale brownish.

Gregarious. Oak chips, amongst moss, damp sandy ground. Sept. -Dec.
I X if X ^g in.

892. P. mierorrhiza Sacc. (from the small rooting stem ; Gr. mikros^

small, r/iiza, a root) a b c.
P. ochreous or rufous, at first yellow-pilose, then pale, atomate.
St. attenuato-rooting, whitish-scaly. G. adnexo-ascending,
black-brown.

Gregarious. Gardens, on the ground. Sept. if X 4 X T\ in.

893. P. urtieseeola Sacc. (from its habitat, nettle-roots ; urtica, a

nettle, eolo, to inhabit).
P. white-flocculent ; marg. striate. St. white-flocculent. G.

adnexo-ascending, rich chocolate.
At the base of old nettle-stems. Aug. T5ff X I X ^ in.

Series V. COPRINARII Fr.
(From the habitat ; Gr. kofiros, dung.)

Spores black. Gills from the first separate, not cohering and
becoming fluid as in Copriuus.

Intermediate between the preceding series and Coprinus.

Genera XXXIX-XLI.

XXXIX. ANELLARIA Karst.
(From the annulus ; anellus^ a little ring.)

Veil appendiculate at the margin of the pileus. Hymenophore
confluent with, but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus
subfleshy, conico-campanulate, without striae, shining when dry, not
expanding, the margin exceeding the gills. Stem central, lustrous,
somewhat firm, fistulose, annulate. Gills ascending, black or
variegated slate-blackish, not deliquescent. (Fig. 48.)

Aiiellaria

AGARICACE/E

195

The species usually grow in rich grassy places or on dung, from
summer to late autumn, often near towns and villages.

Fig. 48. — Anellaria separata Karst.
Entire and in section.
One-third natural size.

The nearest structural allies are found in Amanita, and the non-
British genera Metraria and Locellina. Species 894 — 896

894. A. separata Karst. (from its appearance, distinct from species

placed near it) a b c.
P. whitish to tan-ochreous ; mid. sienna-tinted. St. attenuate

upwards, colour as P. A. distant, persistent, white. G. adnato-

ascending, broad, dark purplish-slate.
In pastures on dung ; common. April-Dec. 2\ X 6| x \ in. Stem

sometimes 8 in.

895. A. seitula Sacc. (satulus, handsome) a I?.

P. dull pale ochre. St. white, base peronate, ending as a per-
sistent A. below mid. G. adnexo-ascending, ashy-grey to
black. Flesh white.

On cow-dung, on soil in a flower-pot, Scarborough, 1885. 3^ X 1^ X TV in.

896. A. fimiputris Karst. (from its habitat, rotten dung ; fimus, dung,

putris, rotten) a b c.
P. innato-silky, pale umber to dark lead-colour ; marg. appen-
diculate with white V. St. colour as P., umber below. A.
superior, small, imperfect. G. adfixo-ascending.

Solitary, rarely coespitose. Taste insipid. Fields, gardens, horse-dung ;
common. April-Dec. \\ X 5§ X \ in. Examples with a wrinkled
pileus must not be confounded with 900.

O 2

196

AGARICACE.E

Panceolus

XL. PAN^OLUS Quel.
(From the variegated gills ; Gr. panaiolos, all variegated.)

Veil appendiculate at the margin of the pileus. Hymenophore
confluent with, but heterogeneous from the cartilaginous stem.
Pileus subfleshy, conical without striae, not expanding, the margin
exceeding the gills, viscid when moist, lustrous when dry. Stem
central, lustrous, somewhat firm, fistulose except 905 — 8, simple.

Fig. 49. — Pavceolus campamdatus Quel.
One-half natural size. Entire and in section.

Gills ascending, black or variegated slate-blackish, not deliquescent.

(Fig- 49-)

The species usually grow in rich grassy places or on dung from

summer to late autumn, often near towns and villages.

The nearest structural allies are found in Collybia, Leptonia^

Naucoria and Psilocybe. Species 897 — 908

Pileus conico-campanulate with a gelatinous-liquescent cuticle,
viscid, shining when dry. Stem fistulose, minutely so
in 898. 897—899

Pileus hemispherical to conico-campanulate, moist or damp,
opaque, bibulous, somewhat flocculose when dry. Stem
fistulose. 900, 901

Pileus hemispherical to conico-campanulate, dry, smooth,
slightly shining, not zoned. Stem fistulose. 902 — 904

Pileus conical to campanulate, dry, smooth, zoned round the
margin. 905—908

Panceolus AGARIC ACE^E 1 97

897. P. leueophanes Sacc. (from its white appearance ; Gr. leukos,

white, phaino, to appear) a b.
P. expanded, obtuse, innato-silky, white or faintly ochreous ;

marg. appendiculate with V. St. mealy, fibrillose, white.

G. adnato-ascending, black with white edge.
Pastures, grassy places, manure-heaps. Aug. -Nov. 1^ X 3§ X \ in.

898. P. egregius Sacc. (egregius, distinguished) a b.

P. slightly agglutinato-downy, watery, virgate when dry, bright
orange-brown ; mid. darker. St. solid, attenuate upwards,
fibrous, fibrillose, splitting longitudinally, warm umber, base
white-cottony. G. adnexo-ascending, ventricose, crowded,
brownish- or purple-black. Flesh ochreous.

Solitary. Odour none. On the ground, on horse-dung in fields. Jan.
2i X 4! X § in.

899. P. phalsenarum Quel, (from the variegated gills, like the wings
of certain moths ; Gr. phallaina, a moth) a b c.

P. obtuse, clay-white ; marg. appendiculate with fugacious V.

St. subnaked, tan-rufescent. G. adnexo-ascending, broad,

ventricose, ashy-black.
Rich pastures, on dung. Sept. -Oct. if X 4^ X § in.

900. P. retirugis Gill, (from the net-like wrinkles on the pileus ;

rete, a net, ruga, a wrinkle) a b c.
P. obtuse, atomate, fleshy-tan ; mid. ochreous-tan or dark umber
with paler marg., appendiculate with V. St. pruinose, flesh-
colour, then purplish, rufe scent or cinereous. G. adfixo-
ascending, cinereous-blackish.

Sometimes fasciculate. Dung, cow, manure-heaps, woods; uncommon.
Feb.-Nov. 1 1 x 4! X £ in.

901. P. sphinetrinus Quel, (from the pileus, contracted, never

expanded ; Gr. sphigkter, a muscle naturally contracted) a b c.

P. opaque, silky or fibrillose when dry, fuliginous or greyish-
shaded, livid when dry ; marg. appendiculate with V. St.
smooth, pruinose above, fuliginous-grey. G. adnato-ascending,
crowded, cinereous-blackish.

Pastures, on dung and on garden soil. April-Nov. I x l\ X ^g in.

902. P. papilionaeeus Quel, (from the speckled pileus, as in some

butterflies ; papilio, a butterfly) a b c.
P. rimoso-scaly when dry, dull tan whitish or greyish ; mid.

faintly ochreous. St. white pulverulent above, whitish or

faintly ochreous. G. adnato- or adnexo-ascending, broad,

ventricose, blackish.
Pastures, lawns, manured ground, dung; common. July-Nov. if x 4J X Jin.

903. P. eampanulatus Que'l. (from the bell-shaped pileus ; campanula,

a little bell) a b c.
P. sometimes umbonate, not cracked, fuliginous-fuscous, or
somewhat umber-slate with umber mid., sienna and umber or
grey when dry. St. smooth, pruinose and grey above, rufescent

198 AGARICACE^E Psathyrella

or purplish below. V. fugacious or obsolete. G. adnato-
ascending, crowded, grey and black, edge whitish.
Pastures, rich ground, horse-dung, amongst grass ; common. June-Nov.

i| X 4 x I in.

904. P. ealiginosus Gill, (from its gloomy colour ; caligo, gloom) a b c.
P. obtuse, even, smooth, ochreous-brown or grey. St. naked,

rufescent-brown, lighter above. V. feeble or obsolete. G.
adnato- or adnexo-ascending, ventricose, fuliginous-black.
Rich pastures, lawns. Oct. -Nov. T% X 2| X ^ in.

905. P. subbalteatus Sacc. (from the somewhat zoned margin of the

pileus ; balteus, a band) a.

P. obtuse or subumbonate, hygrophanous, irregular, subwrinkled,
dull fawn or pale ochreous ; mid. pale sienna. St. splitting
longitudinally, white-nbrillose, red-brown and ochreous above,
pale sienna below. G. adnato-ascending, ventricose, brownish ;
edge toothed, white.

Caspitose. Borders of fields, on the ground. Sept.-Oct. § x 3! X T^ in.

906. P. aeuminatus Quel, (from the sharp apex of the pileus ;

acu7?rinat2is, sharp pointed) a b.
P. even, shining, flesh-tan ; mid. faint sienna. St. pruinose, tan

above, fuscous below. G. adnexo-ascending, crowded, grey

and black.
Dung, roadsides. Oct. -Nov. £ X I J X \ in.

907. P. fimieola Quel, (from the usual habitat ; fimus, dung, colo, to

inhabit) a b c.

P. obtuse, smooth, opaque, fuliginous-grey, clay-hoary when dry :
marg. with a fuscous zone. St. slightly silky-striate, white-
pruinose above, dingy below. G. adnato-ascending, ventricose,
grey and fuliginous.

Dung, rich pastures ; rare. Oct. £ X 3^ X TV *n-

908. P. einetulus Sacc. (from the zone round the margin of the

pileus ; ci?ictus, a girdle) a.
P. even, smooth, reddish-cinnamon ; marg. zoned, dark brown.

St. dull fuscous. G. ascending, adnexo-free, dusky- or olivaceus-

black or slate.
Dunghills after rain. June-July. 2§ x 4^ X £ in.

XLI. PSATHYRELLA Quel.
(Diminutive of Psathyra)

Veil almost obsolete. Hymenophore confluent with, but hetero-
geneous from the cartilaginous stem. Pileus membranous, striate ;
margin not exceeding the gills, straight and at first adpressed to the
stem. Stem central, fistulose, simple. Gills adnate or free, not
variegated or becoming fuscous or purple, not deliquescent. Spores
black or nearly so. (Fig. 50.)

The species grow on rich ground, in gardens, by hedges and
stumps, sometimes on wood.

Psathyrella

AGARICACE.E

199

Psathyrella agrees in structure with Mycena, JVola?tea, Galera and
Psathyra. Species 909—920

Pileus conical to campanulate. Stem tense, straight, fistulose.

909—914

Pileus hemispherical to campanulate or conical. Stem flexuous,

pruinate at the apex, fistulose. 915 — 920

Fig. 50. — Psathyrella subatrata Gill.
One-half natural size.
Entire and in section.

909. P. subatrata Gill, (from the blackish pileus ; ater, black) a b.
P. obtuse, subexpanded, umber-rufescent, pallid-rufescent when

dry. St. smooth, whitish. G. adnexo-ascending, crowded,
fuliginous, blackish-umber.
Gregarious. Rich ground, grassy places, woods. Sept. 2 J x 5§ X £ in.

910. P. gracilis Quel, (gracilis, slender) a b c.

P. obtuse, smooth, dark- or pale-fuliginous or livid with pale
shades of rose, tan when dry. St. smooth, whitish. G. adnate,
cinereous-blackish ; edge rose.

Gregarious, waysides, hedgerows, etc. ; common. July-Oct. i£ x 4 X £ in.

911. P. hiaseens Quel, (from the pileus opening in furrows ; hiasco,

to gape) a.
P. expanded, obtuse, thin, cracked-revolute, white or warm tan,

becoming pale tan-yellow ; mid. pale sienna. St. smooth,

whitish. G. adnate, distant, black.
Grassy places, hedgerows, damp woods, rubbish-heaps ; rare. Nov.

in x 3& X Jin.

200 AGARICACE^E Psathyrella

912. P. arata Sacc. (from the furrowed pileus ; aro, to plough) a.

P. attenuato-conical, deeply sulcate, sienna-brown. St. smooth,
whitish or faint sienna-white. G. ascending free, purplish-
black.

Hedgerows. Autumn, ij x 5| X J in.

913. P. trepida Gill, (from its trembling habit ; trepidus, trembling)

a b c.
P. obtuse, smooth, fuliginous ; mid. date-brown. St. naked,

tan-whitish. G. adnate, crowded, fuliginous-black.
Moist ground, bases of trunks, gardens. Oct. £ X 3J X -^ in.

914. P. hydrophora Quel, (from its hygrophanous substance ; Gr.

hudor, water, ft hero, to carry) a b c.
P. expanded, obtuse, then cracked-revolute ; mid. rufous; marg.

paler. St. white, studded with drops of moisture. G. adnate,

crowded, black.
Gardens. Autumn, if X 3J X \ in.

915. P. eaudata Quel, (from the tail-like base of the stem ; cauda, a

tail) a b c.

P. gibbous then flat, smooth, sometimes areolato-cracked,

atomate, date-brown or umber. St. with rooting base,

undulate on surface, white. G. adnate, ventricose, ashy-black

or dull purplish-brown.

Wooden pavement, rotten wood, rich soil, gardens, amongst dead leaves.
Sept.-Dec. 2§ x 4f X £ in.

916. P. prona Gill, (from its frequent prostrate state ; promts,

prostrate) a b c.

P. subexpanded, obtuse, subsilky, fuliginous, atomate and hoary

when dry. St. smooth, whitish. G. adnate or adnexed, livid

fuliginous, black-dotted.

Grassy places ; rare. May-Oct. f X i|x ^ in. Var. Smithii Mass. P.
hemispherical J in. in diam.

917. P. empyreumatiea Sacc. (from its odour of burning; Gr.

empuros, scorched) a b.

P. hygrophanous, atomate, rufous, becoming pale. St. silky-
furfuraceous, pale sienna. G. adnate with a tooth, distant,
veined, rufous to brown-purple ; edge pallid. Flesh colour as St.

Wooden pavement. Oct. if X 2 J x \ in. Resembles 591.

918. P. atomata Quel, (from the atomate pileus) a b c.

P. obtuse, hygrophanous, livid, tan or pale flesh-colour, sometimes
reddish. St. white. G. adnate, cinereous-blackish or purple-
brown.

Solitary or gregarious. Woods, hedgerows, waysides, amongst leaves ;
common. June-Jan. I X 2§ X ^ in.

919. P. erenata Gill, (from the scalloped margin of the pileus;

crenatus, scalloped) a b.
P. hygrophanous, atomate, subochreous, rufescent or flesh-colour,
then pale; mid. sometimes sienna. St. attenuate below,

Coprinus

AGARICACEJE

201

whitish. G. adnato-ascending, dull brownish-purple to
blackish.
Amongst grass, amongst beech leaves with 1973. Nov. \\ x 2\ x J in.

920. P. disseminata Quel, (from the scattered habit ; disse?ninoi to

scatter) a b c.

P. scurfy, then smooth, whitish or pale umber, then purple-grey

and ashy ; mid. grey-umber. St. subscurfy, then smooth,

whitish. G. adnato-ascending, blackish.

Densely crowded, gregarious, c?espitose. About decayed stumps, poplar,
willow, piles, in hedgerows, on brick walls, heaps of weeds and rubbish,
etc. April-Nov. \ x 2 J x fg- in.

XLII. COPRINUS Pers.
(From the habitat ; Gr. kopros, dung.)

Veil usually universal, floccose, furfuraceous or obsolete. Hymeno-
phore distinct from the stem. Pileus at first cylindrical or ovate,

Fig. 51. — A, Coprimis coniatus Fr., entire and in section ;
b, C. radiatiis Fr. ; c, C. domcsticus Fr. ; d, ditto in section.
One-third natural size.

usually floccose or scurfy ; margin at first straight and adpressed to
the stem ; flesh thin to membranous. Stem central, hollow, usually

202 AGARICACE^E Coprinus

attenuate upwards, annulate, volvate or simple, confluent with or
distinct from the hymenophore. Gills membranous, linear or
ventricose, at first white and closely pressed together, cohering,
scissile, at length melting into black fluid. Trama obsolete. Spores
oval, even, black or dark brown. (Fig. 51.)

The species are of rapid growth, often ephemeral. They grow
on rich and highly manured places in fields, parks, gardens and near
human habitations, often on dung, sometimes on decaying wood,
rotting straw, etc. Some are edible. Species 921 — 963

Mr. George Massee, in a revision of the genus (Ann. Bot. x.
(1896), p. 123), establishes new sectional characters, and the sequence
of the species, as here given, is somewhat altered.

PelliculoSjE. Pileus with a pellicle not opening into furrows over
the gills, but becoming torn and revolute.

a. Comatce. Pileus slightly fleshy, at first ovate, the cuticle torn

into large or small scales from the concrete veil ; margin
striate or sulcate. Stem annulate, volvate or both. Gills
free or remote. 921 — 925

b. AtramentaricB. Pileus slightly fleshy, at first ovate, dotted or

spotted with innate scurfy squamules from the veil. Stem
imperfectly ridged-annulate at the base. Gills free.

926—928

c. Picacece. Pileus submembranous, at first continuous, then

broken up into usually large flocculose superficial scales
— warts in 932. Stem simple. Gills free. 929—932

d. To7?ie)itos<z. Pileus membranous, at first evanescent-floccose

or laxly villous from the veil, margin striate. Stem simple.
Gills, except 936, free. 933—937

e. Micacece. Pileus membranous, covered with fine, evanescent

scurf and minute glittering particles from the veil, margin
striate or sulcate. Stem simple, or with a slight basal
annular ridge. Gills reaching the stem, adnexed in 938.

938—941

f. Glabratce. Pileus membranous, smooth ; margin striate ; veil

obsolete. Stem simple, smooth. 942 — 946

Veliformes. Pileus very thin, without a pellicle, opening into
furrows over the gills and becoming plicato-sulcate. Veil
present. Stem thin, fistulose. Gills melting into thin,
black lines. 947—963

g. Cyclodece. Pileus membranous, striate. Stem annulate or

volvate. Gills free. 947, 948

h. Lanatulce. Pileus submembranous to membranous, clothed
with superficial, separating floccules. Stem simple. Gills
free or remote. 949 — 955

Coprinus AGARICACE.E 203

i. Furfurellce. Pileus micaceous or furfuraceous, striate or sulcate.
Stem simple. Gills adnate, adnexed, free or remote.

956—961

j. Hemerobice. Pileus smooth. Stem simple. 962

k. Basipedes. Pileus flocculose. Stem dilated, disc-like at the
base. 963

PeLLICULOSjE.

a. Comatce.

921. C. eomatus Pers. (from the shaggy pileus ; eoma, a hair) a b.

P. cylindrical, then expanded, white ; sc. large. St. fibrillose,

white. A. ragged, movable, evanescent. Vo. adnate, almost

obsolete. G. white, through reddish and purple to black.

Often caespitose. Edible when young, used for inferior ketchup, sometimes
candied with sugar, sold in American markets, at Boston, as the " English
Mushroom." Gardens, parks, fields and roadsides, often near human
habitations, on the ground, on rotten leaves ; frequent. April-Nov.
4i X 8} X f in.

922. C. ovatus Fr. (from the egg-shaped pileus ; ovum, an egg) a.

P. at length expanded, densely imbricato-scaly, white ; mid. pale
buff. St. flocculose, rooting, scaly. A. ragged, movable,
evanescent. Vo. adnate, almost obsolete. G. white to umber-
blackish.

Usually solitary. Rich ground, pastures. 3 x 5J X f in. Intermediate
forms occur between this and 921.

923. C. umbrinus Cooke & Mass. (from the colour of the pileus) a.
P. campanulato-plane then revolute, dark umber ; sc. white.

St. subrooting, bulbous from the Vo., lustrous dark umber.

G. black, edge white. Flesh pale umber.

Manured ground. Aug. 2 x 6 J x ^ in. Perhaps a form of C. stetwcoleus
Lindbl.

924. C. sterquilinus Fr. (from the habitat; sterquiliniumy a

dunghill) a.
P. campanulato-expanded, whitish ; marg. pale umber ; sc. small.

St. whitish. A. inferior, sometimes forming an adnate Vo.

G. slate-purple.
Dung, cow, manured grounds, dung-heaps ; rare. July-Aug. 2 x 4! X T5s in.

925. C. obleetus Fr. (from its growing on — delighting in — dung j

obleeto. to delight) a.

P. expanded, minutely scaly, then silky-smooth, white then

sienna ; mid. ochreous ; marg. dull purplish. St. silky-white.

Vo. large, free, spreading. G. black.

Newly-made dunghills, manure-heaps, street sweepings. Nov. i| X 4 X Jin.
A close ally of 924. Mr. C. Crossland, who has found this plant at Halifax,
says that the pileus is covered with white silky scales and always passes from
white through bright flesh-colour to black, and the annulus sometimes pro-
jects nearly J inch from the stem. In 924 the gills are at length ventricose,
but in this plant, as described by Bolton, they are linear and slightly arcuate
and pass from white through purple to black. In 924 the stem turns
black when bruised, but there is no change of colour in the Halifax plant.

204 AGARICACE/E Coprinus

925a. C. squamosus Morg. (from the scaly pileus and stem ; squama,
a scale) a.
P. submembranous, ovoid then expanded, cinereous, covered
with persistent reddish-brown sc, becoming split and
revolute. St. hollow, almost equal, smooth and white above,
scaly as P. below. A. median, small. G. free, ventricose,
white, then reddish-brown and purple-brown, becoming black.
Caespitose. Base of trunks, elm. Sept. 3J x \\ X f in.

b. Atrame?itari(z.

926. C. atramentarius Fr. (from the ink-like fluid into which the

gills deliquesce ; atramentum, ink) a b c.

P. campanulato-expanded, ribbed, sulcate, slate-white, then

slate-purplish. St. fibrillose, white, pale umber at base.

A. forming a fugacious ridge near base of St. G. grey-umber

to umber-purple and black.

Caespitose. Said to be edible, used for inferior ketchup, preferred by some
to 921. Rich soil by grassy roadsides, near stumps, usually near human
habitations, amongst rubbish, has appeared in abundance on burnt coffee,
rich soil, does not grow on dung ; common. June-Xov. 3 J x 6| x § in.
A group of this fungus lifted a large mass of asphalt paving in Hampton
Road in 1889 ; a similar occurrence took place at Dunstable in 1899.

927. C. soboliferus Fr. (from its caespitose habitat ; soboks, an

offshoot, fero, to bear) a b.

P. irregularly conical, abruptly truncate, then expanded, ribbed,

grey ; mid. pale sienna-brownish. St. furrowed, bluntly

rooting, whitish. A. forming a fugacious ridge near base of

St. G. dark brown-purplish or blackish.

Caespitose. Base of rotten wooden palings, fences, stumps, elm. Spring
and Autumn. 2\ x 8 X § in. The mycelium produces two crops
annually. Intermediate forms between this and 926 occur. Sometimes
both forms grow in one group.

928. C. fuseeseens Fr. (from the dusky colour of the pileus ; fuscus,

dark, swarthy) a b.

P. campanulate, then revolute, somewhat ribbed, tan ; mid.

brownish; marg. purplish. St. whitish. A. forming a

fugacious ridge near base of St. G. purple-umber to black.

Caespitose. Stumps, rotten wood, wood in cellars, elm, in woods ; uncommon.
May-Dec. 2§ x \\ X \ in. Var. rimososquamosus Cooke. P. cracked
into angular squamose patches.

c. Picacecs.

929. C. pieaeeus Fr. (from the white patches on the black ground

of the pileus ; pica, a magpie; a b c.

P. campanulato-expanded, very smooth, then revolute. St.

smooth, somewhat bulbous, biscuit, furfuraceous below.

G. ventricose, grey, then black.

Somewhat caespitose. Considered poisonous. Odour often fetid. Grassy
places, roadsides, borders of woods, beech, rarely on rotten wood ; rare.
Sept.-Dec. 4 x 11 X £ in.

Coprinus AGARICACE.E 20 5

930. C. aphthosus Fr. (from the pileus, like a " thrush "-diseased

tongue ; Gr. aphthai, the " thrush") a b.

P. campanulate, pale dull ochreous ; sc. darker, grey-brown or

dull sienna. St. fibrillose, glossy white. G. adnate, linear,

black.

Subcaespitose. Hollow trees, wood in cellars, kitchens ; rare. Autumn,
if x 3 J X T3^ in. Var. Boltonii Mass. P. repand, olivaceous.

931. C. floeeulosus Fr. (from the white-floccose scales of the pileus) a.
P. campanulate, pale purplish-grey-tan ; mid. brownish \ marg.

striate. St. whitish. G. slate-purple to fuscous-black.

Usually solitary, sometimes caespitose. Pastures, gardens ; rare. June-Sept.
4 X 5 X | in.

932. C. similis B. & Br. (from its resemblance to 930 ; similis,

like) a.
P. campanulate, biscuit-white ; sc. wart-like, acute, brownish at

apex ; marg. striate. St. white. G. adnate, sublinear,

brownish near edge.
Trunks of dead trees. Sept. I J X 3 X £ in.

d. Tomentosce.

933. C. exstinetorius Fr. (from the pileus, shaped like an

extinguisher, exstinctor) a b c.
P. campanulate, tan- or ochreous-white ; mid. livid ; marg.

splitting. St. subrooting, becoming smooth, whitish.

G. lanceolate, fuscous-blackish to black.
On the ground, sandy places, about trunks, ash. Sept. 3 x 6 x \ in.

934. C. fimetarius Fr. (from the habitat ; fimetum, a dunghill) a b c.
P. campanulato-expanded, then cracked and revolute, white-
floccose, becoming grey-slate and black. St. subrooting,
white villous. G. narrow-lanceolate, black.

Frequently clustered, sometimes solitary. Dung, horse, rich soil ; common.
April-Oct. 2f x 8J X -^ in. Var. pullatus Fr. P. soon naked and
black. Dunghills, rich meadows. Var. macrorhizus Fr. St. bulbous,
rooting. Var. cinereus Fr. P. ashy-grey.

935. C. tomentosus Fr. (from the downy pileus ; tomentum, down) a b.
P. campanulato-expanded, flocculose, grey-white. St. white-

villous. G. narrow-lanceolate, fuscous-blackish, edge at first
white.
Subcoespitose. Dung, rich pastures, gardens. Sept. 2\ x 3 X T3g- in.

936. C. niveus Fr. (from the snow-white pileus ; nix, nivis, snow) a b c.
P. at length flat, revolute, mealy-floccose or squamulose.

St. white-downy, sometimes imperfectly annulate, G\ adnexed

or adnate, blackish to black.

Csespitose. Dung, horse, deer, sometimes invading mushroom-beds. June-
Dec. 2 J x 4J X i35 in. There is a var. with white gills and (when
present) colourless spores.

206 AGARICACE^: Coprimes

936a. C. roseotinetus Rea (from the rose-coloured meal on the
pileus and stem) a.
P. membranous, cylindrical, then expanded and revolute,
umbonate, fuscous, densely powdered with deep rose-coloured
meal ; marg. sulcate. St. hollow, semibulbous below, when
young powdered as P., less so at maturity, base white-floccose.
G. adnexed, at first white, becoming black.
On the ground. Aug. \\ X 2§ x ^ in. Allied to 936 and 946a.

937. C. eothurnatus Godey in Gill, (from the stem, sheathed with

woolly squamules at the base, as if buskined; cothurnus, a

buskin) a b.
P. conico-expanded, revolute, reddish-white or pale buff. St.

white. G. narrow lanceolate, salmon to blackish.
Dung, cow. Autumn, i^ x i£ X £ in.

e. Micacece.

938. C. mieaeeus Fr. (from the minute shining particles on the

pileus ; mica, a shining grain) a b c.
P. campanulato-expanded, lobed, splitting, yellow-ferruginous ;
mid. darker ; marg. plicate, becoming purple-brown. St. white-
silky or fibrillose, with an annular ridge near base, white or
pale ochreous-whitish. G. adnexed, purple-brown to dark slate.

Densely clustered. Amongst grass, at base of stumps and posts, gardens ;
common. Jan. -Nov. 2§ x 7 X T35 in. Two to three crops annually.
Pileus sometimes white.

938a. C. truneorum Fr. (from its habitat, tree-trunks) a.

P. at first globose, then campanulate, densely covered with

micaceous meal, soon naked, then tawny ochreous ; marg.

striate, not becoming sulcate. St. glabrous, hollow, white.

G. free, rosy, then black.

Rotten willows, etc. \\ x 2§ x \ in. Distinguished from 938 by the P.
being at first globose, with marg. striate, not plicate, and with free
rosy gills.

939. C. aratus B. & Br, (from a fancied resemblance in the sulcate

pileus to furrows ; aro to plough) a b.
P. campanulate then revolute, umber. St. smooth or silky, with

a slight annular ridge near base, white, pale sienna-tan within.

G. lanceolate, dark brown to purple-brown and black.
Solitary. Hollow trees, rich ground, dunghills. May-Aug. 2j x 6| X \ in.

940. C. radians Fr. (from the radiating mycelium at the base of the

stem) a b c.
P. campanulato-expanded, then revolute, tawny ; mid. sienna.
St. at first with an annular ridge, then smooth, white or faintly
ochreous. G. lanceolate, reddish-purplish-brown to violaceous-
black.

Subcaespitose. Damp plaster walls, sculleries, cracks in ceilings ; uncommon.
Jan. -July, if X \\ X \ in. The usually white or olive-ochre mycelium
is sometimes black, resembling radiating threads of black silk.

Coprinus AGARICACE^E 207

941. C. papillatus Fr. (from the minute umbo on the pileus ; papilla,

a teat) a b.
P. campanulato-flat, then revolute ; um. prominent, ochreous-
umber; mid. darker. St. smooth, flocculose below, whitish.
G. ventricose, blackish.

On the ground, amongst grass, dung. June. J X 1^ X ^ in. Less
fugacious than other Coprini. Var. oxygena Fr., whitish or greyish.
P. and St. sparingly flocculose.

f. Glabratce.

942. C. alternates Fr. (from the striae of the pileus, alternately

broad and narrow) a c.
P. hemispherical, whitish ; mid. umber, sometimes pale. St.

whitish. G. adnate, narrow, purple-black to black.
Subcaespitose. On the ground, if X 4^ X T35 in.

943. C. deliqueseens Fr. (from the dissolving gills; deliquesco, to

dissolve) a c.

P. campanulato-expanded, grey or livid ; marg. granuloso-

punctate, faintly ochreous. St. shining white. G. free, slate

to blackish.

Subcaespitose. Stumps, amongst fallen leaves, thatch ; frequent. Aug.-
Sept. 2| x 4 X fV in.

944. C. tardus Karst. (from its sometimes late appearance ; tardus,

slow, late) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, viscid, bright brown to pale ochreous-

tan. St. thinly pruinose, shining white, minutely striate above,

woolly below. G. adnexed, brown to shining black.

Densely caespitose. Odour none. On the ground. Oct. 2\ x 6^ x T35 in.
Brittle, hygrophanous.

945. C. digitalis Fr. (from the finger-like young state; digitus, a

finger) a.

P. conico-hemispherical, faint ochre ; mid. sienna, then yellowish-
grey or olive tinted. St. faint ochreous-white. G, adnexed,
blackish.

Tufted. On the ground, woody places. Autumn. 1^ X 4J X T35 in.

946. C. eongregutus Fr. (from the densely caespitose habit), a b c.
P. campanulato-expanded, viscid, ochreous ; mid. sienna. St.

faintly ochreous-white. G. adnexo-free, linear, black.
On the ground by roadsides, hothouses. Oct. -Nov. 1 x if X -^ in.

Veliformes.

g. Cyclodcce.

946a. C. dileetus Fr. (from its beauty ; dilcdus, beloved) a b.

P. cylindrical, then campanulate, obtuse, floccose or mealy, rosy-
white, then pale, tawny ; marg. finely striate, at length splitting
and becoming revolute and naked. St. hollow, whitish,

208 AGARICACE^E Coprinus

sprinkled rosy-pulverulent. Vo. reduced to whitish spreading
sq. G. free, sublanceolate, reddish-brown, then black.

Csespitose. On the ground, on dead and on partially buried hawthorn sticks.
Nov. |X2|x x1^ in. Allied to 936a. Differing from 925 in very
rudimentary volva and generally smaller size.

947. C. Hendersonii Fr. (after J. L. Henderson) a b c.

P. campanulato-expanded, minutely granular, tan * mid. sienna •
marg. grey. St. tan. A. inferior, erect. G. subdistant,
black, edge white.

Hotbeds, in fields on dung, horse, cow ; rare. Feb. -Sept. | x I X ^ in.

947a. C. Bresadolse Schulz. (after J. Bresadola).

P. subcylindrical, membranous, greyish-white, faintly brownish at

mid. St. hollow, attenuate upwards, glabrous, white.

A. deciduous. G. narrow, crowded, black, with a white edge.

Gregarious. Odour none. On wood, squared wood, near woods, § X 4§ X J in.
Not unlike a small 926, but whiter in colour.

948. C. volvaeeominimus Crossl. (from its volva and small size) a.
P. campanulate, ashy-grey, white-squamulose * mid. darker.

St. hyaline. G. adnexo-free, linear, blackish-purple.
Decaying straw on dunghills. T35 x £ X ^ in.

h. Lanatulce.

949. C. lagopus Fr. (from the woolly stem, like a hare's foot, Gr.

lagopous) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, whitish or greyish; mid. sienna.

St. densely white-woolly. G. remote, linear, black.

Sometimes csespitose. Inodorous. Rich soil, dung, rotten wood, shady
places in woods, rooting in rotten sawdust ; rare. July-Oct. i\ x Si X J in.

950. C. nareotieus Fr. (from the opium-like odour) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, then revolute, villous-scaly, then

naked, white or greyish ; mid. pale sienna. St. villous, then

smooth, faintly ochreous-white. G. lanceolate, blackish.

Odour very powerful, like opium, but fetid, or narcotic-alkaline, like 1211.
Manure-heaps. Oct. I x if X TV in.

951. C. tuberosus Quel, (from the tuber at the base of the stem) a.
P. campanulato-expanded, then revolute, striate, white-pulverulent.
St. attenuate above and below, villous-white, springing from a
comparatively large sclerotium. G. linear, violet-black.
Dung, cow, decaying vegetable matter. Oct. -Dec. § X 2f X ^ in.

952. C. maeroeephalus Berk, (from the long-headed young state;
Gr. makros, long, kephale, the head) a.
P. campanulate, slate ; mid. brown, white-scaly. St. downy,
sprinkled with fine spreading fibres, dull white. G. linear,
black.
Subcaespitose. Putrid dung ; rare. March-Sept. I X 2 X -^ in.

Coprinus AGARIC ACE^ 209

953. C. nyethemerus Fr. (from its length of life, a night and day,

Gr. nuchthemeron) a b.
P. at length flat, then revolute, furfuraceo-flocculose, then naked,
grey; mid. sienna. St. flaccid, smooth, white. G. linear,
blackish.

Subcaespitose. Dung, manured ground, decayed straw, tan ; rare. July-Oct.
ijx 3 X ^ in. Sometimes very small.

953a. C. eordisporus Gibbs (from the heart-shaped spores ; cor, the
heart, Gr. sporos, a seed) a.
P. cylindrico-ovate, then expanded and upturned, very thin,
plicato-sulcate ; marg. crenate, whitish or pallid ochraceous,
furfuraceo-papillose and tawny at mid. St. filiform, glabrous,
except at the densely strigoso-squamulose base, whitish hyaline.
G. free, somewhat narrow. Spores heart-shaped, compressed.

Dung, horse, sheep, rabbit. April. ^ x 1 X ^ in.

954. C. radiatus Pers. (from the radiating striae or furrows of the

pileus) a b c.
P. at length flat, downy, then naked, whitish, soon translucent ;
mid. pinkish-sienna. St. minutely pruinate or smooth, hyaline.
G. few, pallid-blackish.

In troops. In fields on dung, horse, cow ; common. May-Nov. § X 3 X gjin.
Often minute.

954a. C. Gibbsii Mass. & Crossl. (after Thomas Gibbs of Sheffield,

the first observer) a.

P. hemispherical, then expanded, striate, glabrous, minutely

atomate, pale ochreous or very pale buff ; mid. darker.

St. very slender, glabrous, pellucid shining white, attached by

a few white strands of mycelium. G. adnate, 5-7 in number.

Dung, sheep, horse. Nov. \ in. high. Probably the smallest agaric known ;
differs from 954 in its smaller size, glabrous pileus and stem, and in its
circular, compressed spores.

955. C. Spraguei Berk. & Curt, (after Charles J. Sprague) a.

P. campanulato-expanded, tomentose, grey ; mid. sienna.
St. pale cinnamon. G. few, narrow, grey-black.

Gardens. July, f X i\ X -£$ in.

i. Furfurelltz.

956. C. domestieus Fr. (from its usual habitat ; domus, a house) a b c.
P. campanulato-expanded, furfuraceous, whitish, greyish or

brownish ; mid. sienna. St. adpressedly silky, white.
G. adnexed, linear, reddish to fuscous-blackish.

Often csespitose. In and near human habitations, greenhouses, gardens,
cellars, cupboards, ceilings, under floors, on burnt ground, matting, damp
carpets, rubbish, etc. ; frequent. April-Dec. 3 x 3^ X \ in. Sometimes
very light in colour.

P

210 AGARIC ACE^E Coprinus

957. C. stereorarius Fr. (from the habitat ; stercus, dung) a b c.

P. campanulato-expanded, then revolute, clad with dense white

micaceous meal ; mid. pale sienna ; marg. faint greyish or

brownish. St. pruinate, white. G. adnexed, narrow, black.

Rich soil, clung, roadsides. \\ X \\ X \ in. Brefeld illustrates this plant
as growing from a sclerotium. Must not be confused with 936, which
is usually much smaller and with a white floccose pileus.

957a. C. stellaris Quel, (from the pileus splitting in a star-like
manner) a.
P. ovoid then campanulate, striate, afterwards split in star-shape
and crowned with points formed of minute diaphanous vescicles,
white, becoming grey. St. filiform, fistulose, hyaline, velvety
with long silky hairs, white. G. narrow, adnexed, attenuate,
greyish then sooty-brown.
Dung, fox, man. Spring and Summer. -^ x § X ^ in.

958. C. ephemerus Fr. (from its length of life ; Gr. ephemeros, lasting

for a day) a b c.

P. campanulato-expanded, delicately scurfy, white; mid. prominent,

faint sienna ; marg. greyish. St. smooth, whitish. G. adnexed,

linear, fuscous then black.

Dunghills, manured ground, roadsides ; common. May-Oct. i| X 2f X T^ in.
Must not be confounded with 960, which has a depressed disc to the pileus.

958a. C. velox Godey in Gill, (from its rapid growth ; velox, swift) a.
P. obovate, striate then plicato-sulcate, scurfy between the
furrows and on the mid., grey. St. white-floccose. G. narrow,
grey then black.
Dung, ox, horse. § X 2§ x 2V in- Must not be mistaken for 954a.

958b. C. aquatilis Peck (from its habitat, watery places; aqua,
water) a.
P. ovate, then campanulate, coarsely sulcate to mid., at first
somewhat furfuraceous, when young pale orange, then red-
brown ; mid. darker. St. somewhat swollen at base, hollow,
smooth below, pulverulent above, dull white. G. adnexed,
grey then black. Flesh in P. pale orange.

Decaying twigs, moss, Luzula sylvatica, etc., partly submerged in shaded
swamps. June. I X 2J x jj in.

959. C. soeiatus Fr. (from its habit, growing in groups; socio, to

associate) a.
P. at length expanded, slightly scurfy, umbilicate, fuscous ; mid.
brown, becoming pale. St. white. G. adnexed, ashy-black.

Damp, loose soil, gardens, walls. Oct. i| X 2 in.

960. C. plieatilis Fr. (from the folds or furrows of the pileus ; plico,

to fold) a b c.

P. expanded, grey and livid-umber; mid. depressed, sienna.

St. smooth, pallid to ochreous. G. remote, linear, slate.

Pastures, gardens, roadsides, under trees, woods ; common. April-Oct.
if X 4 X T^ in. Sometimes very small.

Bolbitius

AGARICACE^

211

961. C. filiformis B. & Br. (from the thread-like stem ; Jihim, a

thread) a.
P. campanulato-expanded, grey, white-mealy; mid. sienna. St.

pallid or white. G. linear, adnate, blackish.
On the ground in woods. Sept. £ x T5g X ■£% in.

j. Hemerobice.

962. C. hemerobius Fr. (from the length of its life — one day ; Gr.

hemera, a day, bios, life) a.
P. campanulato-expanded, umber. St. smooth, pallid. G. adnate,
linear, blackish.

Damp, shady, rich grassy places, roadsides, etc. ; rare. Sept.-Oct.

if X 5 X ^ in.

k. Basipedes.

963. C. platypus Berk, in Cooke (from the basal disc ;. Gr. plains,

broad, pons, a foot) a.
P. campanulato-expanded, white, then ochreous ; mid. umber.

St. even, whitish. G. free, narrow, distant, white.
Palm-stems in conservatories. T35 X T5ff X 3\ in.

XLIII. BOLBITIUS Fr.
(From a frequent habitat of the species • Gr. bolbiton, cow-dung.)

Veil rudimentary, indicated by squamules on the pileus or stem,
or obsolete. Hymenophore distinct from the stem. Pileus moist,

Fig. 52. — A, Bolbitius Boltonii Fr. ; B, B.fragilis Fr., entire and in section.

One-half natural size.

mucid or viscid, fleshy-membranous to membranous, at first conical
or ovate with the margin adpressed to the stem, usually yellow or

p 2

2 1 2 AGARICACE^E Bolbitius

salmon ; margin striate or sulcate. Stem central, simple, equal or
attenuate upwards, fistulose. Gills adnexed or free, membranous,
becoming moist, not deliquescing. Spores somewhat ferruginous or
salmon. (Fig. 52.)

A group of species resembling the Coprini in habit and short life,
but not deliquescing. They chiefly grow on dung or manured
ground, often near and in roads, frequently near towns, villages and
human habitations. None are edible. Species 964 — 973

964. B. grandiuseulus Cooke & Mass. (from its well-grown

appearance ; grandiuseulus, well-grown) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, papillose, ochreous-tan; mid. brownish-
orange ; marg. whitish-salmon. St. white. G. linear, adnexed
or free, orange or rusty-ochre.

Amongst grass. Autumn. 2 x 4J X J in.

965. B. flavidus Mass. (flavus, light yellow) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, glutinous, olivaceous-ochre ; mid.

somewhat elevated, sienna; marg. striate. St. pale yellow

within and without, fibrillose below, faintly olivaceous. V.

fugacious, white. G. adnexo-free, white, yellow then dusky

brown.

Dunghills after rain, rotten cloth in wood. June-Aug. 2\ X 2J X T35 in.
" Whole plant dissolves in a brown jelly," Bolton.

966. B. Boltonii Fr. (after James Bolton of Halifax) a b.

P. flat, sulcate, viscid, sulphur-white, then dull salmon-whitish ;

mid. somewhat depressed. St. floccose, sulphur-white. V.

fugacious. G. subadnate, white to yellow, pale dull salmon or

livid brown.
Heaps of leaves and dung. May-Sept, if X 3 X J in.

967. B. vitellinus Fr. (from the colour of the pileus, like yoke of egg,

vitellus) a.

P. campanulate, lobed, sulcate, viscid. St. white squamulose,
faint sulphur at base. G. slightly adnexed or free, ochreous-
tan.

Rich pastures, dung, horse. Autumn. i£ X 3£ X x3^ in.

968. B. fragilis Fr. (from its fragility) a b c.

P. flat, viscid, sulphur-white, straw or yellow. St. at first covered
with fine matted down, colour as P. G. attenuato-adnexed,
yellow, faintly olivaceous then pale cinnamon.

Road-drift and dung, horse, roadsides; common. April-Nov. 2|X4jx£ in.

969. B. titubans Fr. (from its tremulous habit; titubans, shaking)

a b e.

P. flat, subdepressed, viscid, faint salmon-purplish ; mid. faintly
ochreous. St. even, shining-yellowish, sometimes white,
squamulose at base. G. adnexed, narrow, colour as P.

Odour unpleasant. Grassy richly-manured soil, mushroom-beds, by rotten
stumps; common. May-Oct. 2 X 3§ X jg in.

Cortinarius AGARIC ACE.E 21 3

970. B. apiealis W. G. Sm. in Cooke (from the well denned apex of

the pileus) a b.

P. conical, plicate to apical disc, tan-sienna or tan-umber ; mid.
abruptly ochreous. St. striate, minutely pruinose, salmon-
whitish. G. free, ventricose, sienna.

Pastures. June. £ x 1$ X TV in.

971. B. niveus Mass. (from the white pileus ; ?iiveus, snowy) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, striate halfway, subumbonate, slightly
viscid ; mid. cracked-areolate, faint ochre. St. clavato-bulbous,
striate above, mealy-pruinose, white. G. free to adnate,
whitish to rufescent salmon.

On earth, in palmhouse at Kew. I J X 4 J X J in. Very delicate and
fragile.

972. B. tener Berk, (from its tender substance ; tener, tender) a b.
P. smooth, even, white • mid. faintly ochreous ; marg. faint

salmon, sometimes wholly salmon. St. bulbous, white. G.

adnexed, salmon.

Rich grassy ground ; uncommon. May-Sept. I X 3! X T^ m- Sometimes
8 ins. high.

973. B. rivulosus B. & Br. (from the rivulose pileus) a.

P. campanulate, dull tan or clay. St. white. G. free, narrow,

cinnamon.
Earth in orchid-house. July, ij X 3 X £ in.

XLIV. CORTINARIUS Fr.

(From the cort'ma or veil.)

Veil single, partially double or double. When single there is
only an arachnoid cortina extending from the margin of the pileus to
the stem, on the latter of which it often forms a more or less perfect
fibrillose zone. When partially double the pileus and stem are more
or less fibrous and the arachnoid cortina distinct. When double the
whole plant is enveloped in infancy in a veil of gluten from which
the arachnoid cortina is distinct. Hyme?iophore continuous with the
stem. Pileus more or less fleshy. Stem central, more or less
viscid, annulate from the veil or fibrillose-zoned from the cortina;
annulus and zone often evanescent. Gills usually adnate, but some-
times adnexed, free or sinuate with a decurrent tooth, membranous,
persistent, arid, at first often purple or blue changing to cinnamon
— from the spores. Spores the colour of iron-rust, rusty-ochre,
somewhat ochreous or pale or dark cinnamon.

The species are variable in size and changeable in colour, purple
and blue being common in infancy ; they present a different appear-
ance in different stages of growth and according as they are moist or
dry ; young as well as mature examples must therefore be studied.
All are terrestrial except 1140, which sometimes grows on wood.

Some species of Pholiota and Flammula somewhat resemble the

214

AGARICACE^

Cortinarius

Cortiuarii, but these usually grow upon stumps and are structurally
distinct. Species 974—1167

Subgenus i. Phlegmacium. ^//partial. Pileiis viscid. Stem dry.

974—1021

Subgenus 2. Myxacium. Veil universal. Pileus glutinous. Stem
glutinous. 1022—1034

Subgenus 3. Inoloma. Veil single. Pileus fleshy, silky or
fibrillose, then smooth. Stem somewhat bulbous. Not
hygrophanous. 1035 — 1057

Subgenus 4. Dermocybe. Veil single, fibrillose. Pileus thinly
fleshy, innato-silky, then smooth, dry. Stem equal. Not
hygrophanous. 1058 — 1085

Subgenus 5. Telamonia. Veil universal, somewhat double. Pileus
thin, moist, smooth or sprinkled with whitish fibres. Stem
annulate or peronate with scales. Hygrophanous. 1086 — 1128

Subgenus 6. Hydrocybe. Veil thin, fibrillose. Pileus smooth or
superficially white-fibrillose, not viscid, changing colour when
dry. Stem somewhat rigid, sometimes irregularly annulato-
zoned. 1129—1167

Subgenus i. Phlegmacium.

(From the clammy pileus ; Or. phlegm a, shiny moisture.)
Veil partial, arachnoid, dry. Pileus equally fleshy, with a con-

Fig. 53. — A, Cortinarius {Phlegmaciuni) triumphans Fr.

B, C, (Phlegmaciujji) fulmineus Fr.

Entire and in section. One-third natural size.

tinuous viscid pellicle. Stem firm, dry, usually solid, more or less
zoned with the cortina. (Fig. 53).

Cortinarius AGARICACE/E 215

a. CliduchicB. Partial veil depending in the form of a ring from

the apex of the nearly equal or clavate stem.

Gills pallid then clay-colour. 974 — 980

Gills violaceous or purplish then cinnamon. 981 — 985

Gills yellow, cinnamon, ferruginous, not at first whitish or

violaceous. 986, 987

Gills olivaceous. 988 — 990

b. Scaurce. Stem fleshy-fibrous, marginato-bulbous, rounded

bulbous in 988 and 1007. Cortina commonly inferior,
arising from the margin of the bulb. Gills more or less
sinuate.
Gills whitish, then clay-colour or pale cinnamon. 991 — 994
Gills violaceous, dark blue, purplish, then pale cinnamon.

995—998
Gills ferruginous, tawny or yellow. 999 — 1005

Gills olivaceous. 1006 — 1009

c. Elasticce. Veil simple, thin, fugacious, median or inferior.

Pileus usually somewhat thin, often hygrophanous. Stem
commonly thin, not usually bulbous, generally attenuate
upwards, rigid-elastic, externally subcartilaginous, lustrous,
usually becoming hollow.

Gills whitish, then clay-colour or dull cinnamon. 1010 — 1014
Gills violaceous, purplish or flesh-coloured. 1015 — 1017

Gills usually ochre, tawny or ferruginous. 1018 — 1021

a. Cliduckiee.

974. C. triumphans Fr. (from the appearance of the stem, like an

enwreathed triumphal column) a b e.
P. convexo-plane, obtuse, yellow; marg. fringed with Co.
St. striate, yellow, with transverse evanescent bands of sienna
rings and an imperfect Z. G. emarginate, crowded. Flesh
white or sulphur.

Grassy ground, woods, under birch ; rare. Sept. -Oct. 5 J X 5 J X £ in.

975. C. elarieolor Fr. (from the clear colour • clarus, clear) a b c.
P. convexo-plane or depressed, often broken into sc. ; marg.

fringed with Co. St. white-scaly. G. emarginate or adnate,
sometimes almost free, crowded.
Mixed woods, under birch, amongst heather. Aug.-Nov. 4J X 4^ x f in.

976. C. turmalis Fr. (from growing in troops, turma) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, yellow tan ; marg. fringed with Co. St.
evanescent, white or faintly ochreous-woolly, zoned. G.
variously attached, crowded, serrate.

Densely ca;spitose. Mixed woods, chiefly beech, larch. Sept. -Oct.
Zi X 4i X § in.

2i6 AGARIC ACE^E Cortinarhts

977. C. erassus Fr. (from the thick stem ; crassus, thick) a b.

P. expanded, plane or slightly depressed, subfibrillose, dull
yellow or tan-brown. St. fibrillose, mealy above, whitish,
with an imperfect Z. G. rounded, crowded.

Moist woods. Aug.-Oct. 6 x 4§ X i\ in.

978. C. balteatus Fr. (from the band or zone round the stem from

the veil ; balteatus, belted) a b.
P. convexo-expanded, gibbous, innato-floccose, umber ; marg.

lilac. St. tomentose, palest lilac. G. rounded or variously

attached, crowded.
Chiefly pine-woods, under birch, dry places. Sept. -Oct. 4J X 2§ x £ in.

979. C. sebaeeus Fr. (from its colour and clamminess, tallow-like ;

sebum, tallow) a.
P. campanulato-convex, then repand, smooth; marg. fringed

with Co. St. subfibrillose, paler than P. with an imperfect Z.

G. emarginate, veined, not crowded.
Taste mild. Woods, mixed, pine. Sept.-Nov. 4§ X 5^ X f in.

980. C. lustratus Fr. (from the absence of colour; lustratus,

purified, whitish) a.
P. convexo-expanded, smooth ; marg. fringed with Co.

St. zoned. G. crowded.
Sunny places, amongst heath, grass. Autumn. 2 J x if X \ in.

981. C. varius Fr. (from its changeable characters) a b c.

P. convexo-expanded, obtuse, yellow-tawny or umber; marg.

fringed with Co. St. adpressedly flocculose, whitish, zoned.

G. emarginate, subcrowded.
Taste somewhat nauseous. Woods, fir ; uncommon. Sept.-Nov.

4^ X 3f X S m« Must not be confounded with 1015.

982. C. eyanopus Fr. (from the dark to pale purple stem ; Gr. kuanos,

dark blue, fious, a foot) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, obtuse, date-brown-livid, then tan. St. naked,

colour as P. G. adnate or emarginate, edge unequal. Flesh

sometimes changing to violet.
Woods, under oak ; frequent. Aug. -Nov. 4 X 3§ X £ in.

983. C. variieolor Fr. (from its variable colour) a b.

P. convexo-expanded, reddish-bay ; marg. violet, fringed with

Co. St. solid, grey-bluish and whitish, transversely 3-5 zoned

with Co. G. emarginato-decurrent, crowded.

Woods, pine. Sept.-Nov. 5^ X 6£ X ij in. Var. nemorensis Fr. smaller.
P. rivulose, yellow-bay. St. hollow. Woods, beech.

984. C. largus Fr. (from its large size) a b.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, tawny brick-red, sometimes deep bright
purple when young ; marg. pale purple, fringed with Co.
St. fibrillose, pale purple above, tan below, sometimes
becoming red when bruised. G. emarginate or adnate,
crowded.

Somewhat csespitose. Woods, pine. Sept.-Oct. 2§ X 4^ X f in.

Cortinarius AGARIC ACE^E 217

985. C. Riederi Fr. (after M. Rieder of St. Petersburg) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, obtuse, ochreous ; marg. fringed with
Co. St. lilac-silky and tan-fibrillose. G. adnate or rounded,
eroded, somewhat thick.

Woods, pine. Sept.-Oct. i\ X 4! X § in.

986. C. saginus Fr. (from its great size ; sagina, corpulence) a c.

P. convexo-expanded, obtuse, repand, yellow; mid. darker;

marg. paler. Co. fugacious. St. somewhat bulbous, fibrillose,

light yellowish. G. decurrent, eroded.
Gregarious, somewhat caespitose. Woods, larch. Oct. 5§ X 4 X if in.

987. C. russus Fr. (russus, red) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, obtuse ; marg. fibrillose. St. not bul-
bous, whitish. G. adnate or subadnate, crowded, veined.

Taste nauseous-bitter. Woods, moist places ; uncommon. Sept.-Oct.
4§ X 3 X h in.

988. C. infractus Fr. (from the broken and bent margin of the

pileus ; infractus, broken, incurved) a c.

P. expanded, slightly depressed, virgate, olive then yellowish ;

marg. at first broken, then revolute and wavy. St. adpressedly

fibrillose, dull olive becoming pale. Co. fugacious. G. adnate,

broad, crowded.

Taste nauseous-bitter. Woods, beech. Oct. 3 x \\ X \ in. Becoming
olive-blackish in drying.

989. C. anfraetus Fr. (from the margin of the pileus; anfractiis,

recurved) a b.
P. convexo-expanded, then repand, dark olivaceous ; marg.

thinner than 988, broken, usually sinuous and very irregular.

St. fibrillose, violaceous above, dull olivaceous below. Co.

superior. G. emarginate, distant. Flesh reddish when cut.
Woods ; rare. Sept.-Oct. 3! X 3 X \ in.

990. C. Berkeleyi Cooke (after the Rev. M. J. Berkeley) a.

P. convexo-expanded, obtuse or subumbonate, silky, bright
ochreous-brown, white-patched with Co. ; marg. plicato-sulcate
tan-brown, lilac or violaceous, appendiculate with Co. St.
fibrillose, whitish. G. emarginate, arcuate.

Woods. Autumn. 7 J x 4§ X \\ in. In infancy the whole plant is covered
with a whitish veil.

b. ScaurcB.

991. C. multiformis Fr. (from its varied shapes) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, slightly depressed, light yellow, clay or tawny ;
marg. fringed with Co. St. white or pale yellow. G. emar-
ginate or free, serrulate, crowded, thin.

Taste and odour usually mild, odour sometimes of Stephanotis . Woods,
beech; uncommon. Aug. -Nov. 3& X 2f X g in. Var.Jiavescens Cooke.
P. tawny-yellow. G. yellow. Flesh tinged yellow.

218 AGARICACE^: Cortinarius

992. C. napus Fr. (from the turnip-shaped base of the stem ; napus,

a turnip) a.
P. convexo-plane, obtuse, fuliginous or date-brown-tawny ; marg.

fringed with Co. St. white, becoming yellowish below. G.

emarginate or broadly adnate, subdistant, crisped.
Woods, pine. Oct. 2§ X I £ X § in.

993. C. allutus Fr. (from its viscidity ; allutus, bathed) a b.

P. convexo-plane, reddish-russet or orange-yellow. St. viscid,
white above, reddish-striate below. G. adnate, subcrowded,
thin, crenulate.

Woods, pine. Oct. i| x if X T3F in.

994. C. talus Fr. (from the base of the stem, like swollen ankles ;

talus, an ankle bone) a b.
C. convexo-plane, dull ochre ; marg. faintly olivaceous. St.

smooth, tan or dull ochreous tan. G. adnato-emarginate.

Flesh pallid whitish.
Woods. Sept. -Nov. 3§ X 2§ x | in.

995. C. glaueopus Fr. (from the pale blue stem ; Gr. glmtkos, pale

blue, J>ous, a foot) a b.

P. convexo-expanded, unequal, dull ochre, commonly floccoso-

scaly with a raised dark zone at marg. St. fibrilloso-woolly and

steel-blue above, base ochreous. G. rounded emarginate,

crowded.

In troops. Woods, pine, beech ; frequent. Aug.-Oct. 3i X 2i x f in.
Becomes bright violet when cut or bruised.

996. C. ealoehrous Fr. (from its beautiful colours ; Gr. kalos,

beautiful, ckros, colour) a b c.
P. convexo-expanded, guttate, tawny; marg. yellow. St. fibril-
lose, tan, yellow at base. G. emarginate, crowded, serrate.

Taste acrid ; odour fetid. Woods, oak, beech, pastures ; frequent. Sept.-
Nov. 2§ x 2.\ x f in.

997. C. eseruleseens Fr. (from the azure-clouded pileus ; cceruleiis,

azure) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, dull yellow, clouded pale purple, sometimes

dull or bright purple or violet. St. at first fibrillose, faint or

deep purple, bright or dull. G. adnate, thin, crowded. Flesh

pale violaceous.

Taste insipid ; odour almost obsolete. Mixed woods, mossy places ; frequent.
Aug. -Nov. 2^ x 2§ x § in. Not changing colour when broken.

998. C. purpuraseens Fr. (from the gills becoming purple when

bruised) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, then repand, brown clouded with purple at the

sometimes zoned marg. St. solid, fibrillose, clouded pale

brown and blue. G. emarginate, crowded.

Single or caespitose. Mixed woods, beech, pine ; common. Sept. -Nov.
4-4 X 3 X l£ in. The purple hues have sometimes a tendency to crimson.

Cortinarius AGARIC ACE^ 219

Sometimes the whole plant is purple and not unlike 139. Var. subpur-
purascens Fr., thinner than type, slightly virgate. P. tawny smoke-colour.
St. hollow, pale bluish or whitish.

999. C. dibaphus Fr. (from the two colours; Gr. dibaphos, twice

dipped or dyed) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, or slightly depressed, yellow or sienna with

purple or lilac marg. St. deep yellow to straw. G. sinuato-

adnate, somewhat crowded, straw to purple-ferruginous. Flesh

yellow.

Taste and odour none. Woods, beech, oak. Sept. -Oct. 4 x 3§ X ^ in.
Wholly deep claret when dry. Var. xanthophyllns Cooke, the young
state. P. for a long time yellow.

1000. C. turbinatus Fr. (from the shape of the base of the stem ;

turbo, a spinning-top) a b.

P. convexo-depressed, dull yellowish ; marg. somewhat olive-
brownish. St. stuffed to hollow, faintly dull yellowish. G.
attenuato-adnate or decurrent, thin, crowded.

Woods, beech ; uncommon. Sept. 5^ X 2£ x f in.

1001. C. eorrosus Fr. (corrosus, gnawed to pieces, in reference to

the late condition of the pileus) a.
P. convexo-depressed, subfloccose, ferruginous to pale tan. St.

almost hollow, tan, white above. G. emarginate, narrow.
Woods, pine. Sept. 3 x 1 J X f in.

1002. C. fulgens Fr. (from its shining colour ; fulgeo, to shine) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, silky-fibrillose, brilliant yellow. St. fibril-

loso-woolly, colour as P. G. emarginate. Flesh yellow.
Woods, pine ; rare. Sept. 3§ X 2\ X £ in.

1003. C. fulmineus Fr. (from the shining pileus ; fuhnen, lightning) a.
P. convexo-expanded, agglutinato-scaly, hard, bright yellow to

tawny. St. yellow. G. rounded.

Shady woods, oak. Oct. 2J x i| X | in.

1004. C. oriehaleeus Fr. (from the colour, like yellow copper ore,

orichalchum) a b.
P. convexo-depressed, sienna-crimson ; mid. spotted-scaly ; marg.

dull yellow or faintly olive. St. fibrillose, sulphur to dull

yellow. G. rounded-adnate.
Under trees, woods, pine. Sept. -Oct. 3 x 3§ X § in.

1005. C. testaeeus Cooke (from the colour ; testaceus, brick-red) a b.
P. convex, flat, umbonate, vinous brick-red. St. fibroso-striate

below, white above, rufous below. G. adnato-emarginate.
Woods, amongst leaves. Oct. -Nov. 3! x 3§ X \ in.

1006. C. prasinus Fr. (from the colour ■ Gr. praso?i, a leek) a c.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, spotted, verdigris or tawny-fuliginous.

St. greenish-pallid. G. emarginate, subdistant, somewhat

crisped.
Commonly sporadic. Edible. Taste mild. Woods, beech. Sept. -Oct.

34 X 3f X § in.

220 AGARIC ACE^E Cortinarius

1007. C. atrovirens Kalch. (from the pileus, often dark green, atro-

virens) a b.
P. convex, slightly depressed, green, sometimes olive-umber or

bluish-green. St. pale-green, ferruginous below. G. adnate.

Flesh tinged with green. Myc. sulphur or tawny.
Taste bitter ; odour none. Woods, pine. Oct.-Nov. 3f X 2| X f in.

1008. C. scaurus Fr. (from the stem, as if with swollen ankles,

scaurus) a b.

P. convex, plane, depressed, spotted, tawny-fuliginous to
vinous ; mid. darker. St. fibrilloso-striate, bluish-grey or
pale olive, becoming white. G. adnate or adnexo-rounded,
crowded.

Woods ; rare. Sept. -Nov. 3^ x 3 X f in.

1009. C. herpetieus Fr. (from the lengthening stem ; Gr. herpetikos^

creeping) a b.
P. convex, obtuse, spotted, olive or yellow-olive, then tan. St.

stuffed, fibrillose, greyish above, yellowish or tan below. G.

adnate.
Woods. Sept. 2\ x 2\ x § in.

c. ElasticcB.

1010. C. eumatilis Fr. (from the colour of the pileus; eumatilis,

sea-coloured, blue) a b c.
P. convex, slate-grey or purple-grey ; marg. fringed with Co.

St. subbulbous, sometimes slightly rooting, white. G. attenuato-

adnexed or adnate, serrate.
Sometimes subcaespitose. Woods. Sept. -Oct. 3§ X 4| X f in.

1011. C. serarius Fr. (from the whey-like moisture of the pileus, like

serum) a.

P. convexo-plane, gibbous, ochreous, buff-whitish or white.
St. fibrillose, subrooting, ochre-whitish or white. G. broadly
adnate, crowded, at first pale olive, then sienna-olive with
ochre. Flesh pale yellowish.

WToods. Autumn. 3J x 3| X f in.

1012. C. emollitus Fr. (from its soft substance ; emollitus, soft) a b.
P. convex, obtuse, subrepand, fibrilloso-virgate, tawny ochreous-

yellow. St. fibrillose, white, then tinged yellow. G. emarginate,
broad, subdistant.

Often csespitose. Taste acrid. Woods, beech, grassy places. Sept.-Oct.
2^ X 1^ X £ in.

1013. C. erystallinus Fr. (from the shining white pileus; Gr.

krustallinos, crystalline) a b.
P. expanded, obtuse, at first watery-pallid, or ivory. St. fibrillose,

whitish-straw, zoned. G. emarginate.
Taste acrid. Woods, beech, fir, oak. Oct. ifx l| x| in.

Cortinarius AGARIC ACE^: 221

1014. C. deeoloratus Fr. (from the change of colour in the bibulous

pileus, drying lighter in patches) a b c.
P. campanulato-expanded, obtuse, clay-colour or tan, corrugate

when old. St. whitish. G. emarginate, adnate, or decurrent.
Taste acrid. Woods, birch, pine, beech. Aug.-Oct. Protean, varying

large and small. Large 3^ x 2>i X t in« Small § — if x if X J in.

1015. C. deeolorans Fr. (from the gills, soon changing colour from

purple to cinnamon, but unchanging when bruised) a b.

P. convexo-flat, yellow ; marg. fringed with Co. St. shining-
white, zoned. G. emarginate or sinuato-adnexed, crowded,
thin. Flesh white.

Woods, fir. Sept.-Oct. 2§ x 3^ X § in. Must not be confounded
with 981.

1016. C. porphyropus Fr. (from the purple stem; Gr. porphureos,

purple, potts, a foot) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, innately streaked, livid brownish-clay. St.

purple, becoming whitish, but again lilac or purple if bruised.

G. adnato-emarginate or rounded, at length cinnamon, but

again purple if bruised. Flesh deep purple.

Taste insipid ; odour in drying sometimes of mice. Woods. Sept.-Oct.
2l X 2£ x \ in.

1017. C. eroceoeseruleus Fr. (from the saffron-gills and blue-purple

pileus ; croceus, saffron, cceruleus, azure) a b.
P. gibbous, plane or depressed. St. naked, whitish or pale

purple, zoned. G. emarginate. Flesh pallid.
Odour disagreeable. Woods, beech. Oct. ij X if X T35 in.

1018. C. coruseans Fr. (from the glittering pileus; coruscans,

glittering) a.
P. obtuse, flat, ochreous, often spotted tawny. St. solid fibrilloso-

striate, white. G. plano-decurrent.
Taste and odour obsolete. Copses, beech. 5J X 4J X £ in.

1019. C. papulosus Fr. (from the granular patches on the pileus ;

papulosus, full of pimples) a.
P. convexo-plane, honey-tan; mid. glabrous, ferruginous-patchy

when dry. St. solid, fibrillose, white. G. adnato-decurrent.
Woods, pine. Oct.-Nov. 2^ x 3§ X £ in.

1020. C. vespertinus Fr. (from the dull colours, as of evening,

vesper) a b.
P. convexo-plane, pale umber ; marg. fringed with Co. St. solid,

fibrillose, white. G. emarginate, broad, crowded, umber,

shaded olive.
Woods, oak. Oct. 2f x 4 X | in.

1021. C. olivaseens Fr. (from the olive-greenish pileus) a c.

P. convexo-plane, glabrous; marg. striate, fringed with Co.

St. tan-white. G. emarginate or adfixed, olive-brown. Flesh

yellowish near surface of P. and St.
Taste acrid. Damp places amongst pines. Sept. i\ X 3^ X ^ in.

222

AGARICACE^

Cortinarms

Subgenus 2. Myxacium.
(From the glutinous pileus and stem ; Gr. muxa, mucus.)

Veil universal, glutinous. Pileus fleshy, glutinous, somewhat thin.
Stem scarcely bulbous, viscid, more or less zoned. Gills adnate or
decurrent. (Fig. 54.)

a.

Fig. 54. — Cortinarms ( Myxaciuiii) collinitus Fr.

a, section of mature example ; b, young state.

One-third natural size.

CollinitcB. Stem floccoso-peronate, the flocci at first covered

with gluten. 1022—1027

Delibutce. Veil entirely viscid. Stem not floccoso-peronate,

viscid, with a varnished appearance when dry. 1028 — 1034

Gills whitish, then clay-colour. 1028

Gills at first violaceous, dark blue or reddish. 1029 — 1031

Gills at first ochraceous or cinnamon. 1032 — 1034

a. Collinitce.

1022. C. arvinaeeus Fr. (from the viscid greasy pileus and stem ;

arvina, grease) a b

P. flat, slightly depressed, repand, orange-tawny ; marg. striate.
St. solid, equal, silky-viscid, white. Co, fugitive, forming an
imperfect Z. G. adnato-decurrent, subdistant, crenulate, straw
or ochreous-tan to bright ochreous.

Woods, beech. Oct. 3J x Si x i m-

1023. C. eollinitus Fr. (from the pileus and stem, besmeared with

gluten ; collifio, to besmear) a b c.
P. convexo-flat, obtuse, orange-tawny or umber, white-patched
with Co. ; marg. not striate. St. solid, equal or attenuate

Cortinarius AGARICACEyE 223

upwards, floccoso-glutinous and concentrico-scaly with the
fugitive viscid-floccose Co., tan-ochreous. G. adnate, sub-
crowded, whitish-bluish-grey to cinnamon.

Woods, amongst heather ; common. July-Nov. 4| X 5i X l m- Var.
mucosus Fr., firmer, stem even, silky. Woods, pine.

1024. C. mueifluus Fr. (from the abundant flowing gluten ; muci-

fluus, flowing with mucus) a b.
P. campanulato-expanded, obtuse, reflexed, livid-clay or shaded
olivaceous, white-patched with Co. ; marg. striate. -5*/. attenuate
downwards, white, with steel-blue gluten forming zones. G.
adnate, clay-colour then watery-cinnamon.

On the ground. Aug. -Oct. 3J x 5 X § in.

1025. C. elatior Fr. (from its tall growth ; elatus, tall) a b c.

P. convex o-flat, subreflexed, plicato- wrinkled, light yellow, dull
• ochreous, deep orange, whitish, brown, grey or blackish;
whitish, violaceous or olivaceous at marg. St. attenuate
downwards, longitudinally fibrous, viscid-scaly, whitish, greyish
or pale-purplish with a fugitive viscid Co. G. adnate, veined,
brown-cinnamon.

Taste mild. Mixed woods, pine, beech; common. Aug.-Nov. 4jx6|xi|in.

1026. C. grallipes Fr. (from the long, stilt-like stem ; grallce, stilts,

pes, a foot) a b.
P. flat, umbonate, repand, hygrophanous, ferruginous to ochreous-
tan. St. stuffed to hollow, equal, fibroso-striate, yellowish-
tawny to ochreous, with a fugacious, arachnoid Co. G. adnate
with a decurrent tooth, crowded, clay to cinnamon.

Caespitose. Mixed woods, grassy places near trees, poplar, oak. Oct.
34 X 4f X i\ in.

1027. C. livido-oehraeeus Berk, (from the livid ochre colour of the

pileus) a b.

P. convexo-flat, white, with faint ochre, pale dull-lavender, or
faint brown mid. or wholly brownish ; lavender-purplish when
young. St. violet, steel-blue or white above, brownish below,
with a fugitive Co. which forms an imperfect ochre Z. G.
rounded-adnexed, subdistant, ochre to cinnamon ; edge pale.

Odour none. Woods ; uncommon. Sept. -Oct. 2^ x 2\ X \ in.

b. Delibutce.

1028. C. nitidus Fr. (from its shining, beautiful appearance ; nitidus,

bright) a.
P. convex, plane, obtuse then depressed, honey-colour, some-
times white. St. clavate, pallid-white or yellowish-tan. G.
decurrent, crowded, serrate.

Subcsespitose. Woods, beech. Autumn. 3J x 3 X £ in.

224 AGARICACEyE Cort'marius

1029. C. salor Fr. (from its greyish colour, like the sea, salum) a b.
P. convex, obtuse or broadly umbonate ; mid. grey ; marg.

violaceous or steel-grey. St. attenuate upwards, white, when
young covered with bluish gluten. Co. forming an imperfect
Z. G. emarginate or adnate, distant, grey or cinnamon.
Woods. Oct. 3 X 3f X f in.

1030. C. delibutus Fr. (from the besmeared gluten ; delibuo, to

besmear) a b.

P. convexo-flat or subdepressed, light yellow. St. stuffed or

hollow, attenuate upwards, white, sometimes pale steel-blue

above. Co. forming an imperfect Z. G. adnate, slightly

emarginate or subdecurrent, subdistant, serrulate.

Taste watery to slightly pungent. On the ground, damp grassy places.
Sept.-Oct. i\ x 3f X T55 in.

1031. C. illibatus Fr. (from the gills, the margin entire, not serrulate,

as in the last ; illibatus, entire) a.
P. convexo-plane, obtuse or subumbonate, yellow ; mid. darker.
St. stuffed or hollow, slightly attenuate above, white, often red-
dotted upwards. G. adnato-decurrent, crowded.

Woods, pine. Autumn, if x 2§ x T35 in. Smaller and more slender than
1030, with no trace of violet colour.

1032. C. stillatitius Fr. (from the dripping gluten ; stillo, to drip) a b.
P. convexo-plane, subumbonate, hygrophanous ; mid. tan-grey j

marg. steel-grey and appendiculate with gluten. St. hollow,

attenuate upwards, steel-grey with gluten. Co. forming an

imperfect Z. G. emarginate, subdistant.

Odour none. Mossy places, pastures, amongst dead leaves ; uncommon.
Oct. 2.\ X 3^ X | in.

1033. C. vibratilis Fr. (from a fancied tremulous habit; vibratilis,

quivering) a b.

P. piano-gibbous, hygrophanous, shining golden-yellow. St.
stuffed, attenuate upwards, whitish. Co. forming a glutinous
fugitive Z. G. emarginato-decurrent, thin, crowded.

Taste and odour disagreeable. Woods. Sept. i| X if X \ in.

1034. C. pluvius (from its viscidity in rainy weather ; pluo, to rain) a
P. convexo-gibbous, hygrophanous, pale yellow-tawny ; marg.

striate. St. stuffed to hollow, nearly equal, naked, obsoletely
viscid, white. G. adnexed, crowded.
Taste watery, then acrid-pungent. Woods, pine. Sept.-Nov. i|x2x£in.

Subgenus 3. Inoloma.

(From the fibrillose or fringed veil ; Gr. is, inos, a fibre,

loin a, a fringe.)

Veil single, fibrillose. Pileus equally fleshy, dry, subcompact, at
first silky with innate scales or fibrils, becoming smooth, flesh

Cortinarius

AGARICACE/E

225

continuous, not hygrophanous. Stem fleshy, somewhat bulbous.

(Fig. 55-)

Handsome and easily distinguished. Species 1035 — 1057

Fig. 55. — Cortinarius {Inolirma) violaceus Fr.

One-half natural size.
a, section of mature example ; b, young state.

Gills at first white or pallid.

Gills ', Veil and Stem violaceous.

Gills or Veil cinnamon, red or ochreous.

Gills or Veil dark, fuscous, olivaceous.

1035—1038
1039—1045
1046—1052
1053—1057

1035. C. argutus Fr. (from the graceful habit ; argutus, graceful) a b.
P. expanded, gibbous then subdepressed, ochreous. St. solid,

ventricose, fibroso-squamose, yellowish-white. G. adnate,
rounded, subdistant, white clay-colour.

Woods, amongst leaves, oak. Oct. 4J x 3J X £ in.

1036. C. argentatus Fr. (from the silvery white pileus and stem ;

argentum, silver) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, broadly gibbous ; marg. pale lilac then dun.
St. solid, slightly attenuate upwards, yellowish at base. G.
emarginate, crowded, becoming watery-cinnamon or sienna.

Taste insipid; odour weak to strong, sweet, not fetid. Woods. Sept. -Oct.
5 X 3 £ X 5 in. Var. pinetorum Cooke, smaller and more graceful, odour
faint. Woods, pine.

1037. C. opimus Fr. (from its obese appearance ; opimus, fruitful) a.
P. convexo-plane, hard, dry, wavy-deformed, rimoso-rivulose,

white, covered with short ochreous down. St. solid, hard,
subturbinate, white-fibrillose with Co., base rooting. G.
emarginate, subcrowded, whitish then tan.
Solitary. Woods. Autumn. 4$ x ii X \\ in.

226 AGARICACE/E Cortinarius

1038. C. turgidus Fr. (from the stem, frequently swollen or bulbous ;

turgidus, swollen) a.

P. convexo-obtuse, flat, clay-white ; marg. white-silky. St. solid,
bulbous, rimoso-striate, surface often undulate, colour as P.,
with an imperfect Z. G. emarginate, narrow, crowded, whitish
to tan.

Odour strong. Woods, beech. Autumn. 3 x 2\ X f in.

1039. C. violaeeus Fr. (from the violet colour) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, flat, villous-scaly, dark purple, smeared
copper-brown. St. solid, bulbous, zoned. G. adnate, distant,
dark violaceous, clouded cinnamon. Flesh dark blue or dark
purple.

Edible. Taste like that of 792. Woods and open ground. Aug.-Nov.
4 X 4 X £ in. Often confounded with 138 and 139.

1040. C. eyanites Fr. (from the dark blue colour ; Gr. kuanites, dark

blue) a b.
P. convex, flat, not villous-scaly, at first dark blue, then pale
turquoise ; marg. fringed with Co. St. solid, bulbous, colour
as P., zoned. G. rounded, crowded, turquoise to grey-bluish.
Flesh colour as P., becoming reddish, with a red juice.

Woods, mixed. Oct. 5 x 6 x f in. Yar. majorYx. P. and St. compact ;
G. subdistant, cinereous, dark blue ; flesh turning red more slowly than type.
When bruised the blue colour changes to salmon.

1041. C. muricinus Fr. (from the purple colour, as of the mollusc

Murex) a.
P. convex, obtuse, becoming smooth, violaceous to reddish-liver ;
marg. whitish, fibrillose. St. bulbous, villous, zoned, not juicy.
G. emarginate, subcrowded, colour as St.

Odour strong. Woods, larch, fir. Oct. 3§ x i\ X f in.

1042. C. alboviolaeeus Fr. (from the violaceous-white pileus ; albus,

white, violaeeus, violet) a b.
P. convexo-expanded, broadly umbonate or gibbous, dry. St.
solid, clavato-bulbous, white villous, zoned. G. adnate, sub-
distant, cinereous-violaceous to cinereous-cinnamon. Flesh
palest azure-blue.

Taste insipid ; odour none. Woods, beech, shady places. Sept. -Oct.
3^ X 4 X i in.

1043. C. malaehius Fr. (from the pale purple colour, as of the

mallow) a.
P. convex, obtuse, white fibrillose becoming smooth, lilac,
brownish or reddish when dry. St. bulbous, bluish-lilac, then
whitish, zoned. G. emarginate, crowded, purple to watery
ferruginous. Flesh whitish.

Odour none. Woods, fir. Sept. 2£ x z\ X § in. Must not be confounded
with 1133.

Cortinarms AGARICACE^ 227

1044. C. eamphoratus Fr. (from its powerful odour; camphoratus,

strong scented) a c.
P. convex, obtuse then flat, lilac, whitish, yellowish or tan-livid ;
marg. fringed with Co. St. clavato-bulbous, pale violet or lilac,
zoned. G. emarginate or adnato-decurrent, grey-blue to
purplish. Flesh pale bluish.

Odour strong, fetid, penetrating, like fenugreek or curry-powder. Woods,
fir. Autumn. 4 x 4J X § in.

1045. C. hireinus Fr. (from its strong odour ; hircus, a he-goat) a.
P. convex, obtuse, violet ; mid. becoming ferruginous • marg.

fringed with Co. St. bulbous, becoming pallid, yellowish at
base, zoned. G. emarginate, subdistant, azure blue or violet
to cinnamon. Flesh dingy, becoming yellowish.

Fetid. Woods, fir. Autumn. 2§ x 2§ x § in.

1046. C. traganus Fr. (from its strong odour; tragus, a he-goat)

a b c.
P. convex, obtuse, flat, lilac-purplish, becoming yellowish. St.
bulbous, spongy-solid, violaceous to whitish, zoned, sub-
annulate. G. emarginate, broad, distant, thick, safTron-
ochreous to cinnamon. Flesh yellowish.

Woods, pine, amongst ling. Taste strong, pleasant to unpleasant ; odour
fetid. Aug.-Sept. 4J x 2>h X s m- ^ ar« finitimus Fr., odour pleasant,
peculiar, like fermenting gum.

1047. C. suillus Fr. (from its odour of the pig ; suillus, relating to

swine) a.
P. convex, obtuse, pallid brick-red or ochreous-cinnamon ;
marg. silky or floccoso-squamulose. St. clavate or equal,
spongy, pallid, apex shaded light violet, darker when bruised,
zoned. G. adnate, subdistant, fragile, connected by veins,
cinnamon.

Woods, fir. Autumn. 2§ x 2§ x § in.

1048. C. tophaeeus Fr. (from the colour ; tophus, tufa) a b.

P. hemispherico-convex, very obtuse, glittering golden-
tawny, with small sienna sq. St. solid, subbulbous, villoso-
squamulose, tawny, zoned. G. emarginate, distant, tawny,
cinnamon.

Subcaespitose or solitary. Odour sometimes strong. Woods, beech. Aug.
2g X 4 X I in. Var. rcdimitus Fr. St. not bulbous or villoso-scaly.

1049. C. eallisteus Fr. (Gr. kallistos, most beautiful) a b e.

P. convexo expanded, obtuse, yellow-tawny to yellow-ferru-
ginous. St. clavato-bulbous, solid, fibrillose, yellow, rhubarb-
colour at base, imperfectly zoned. G. adnate, subdistant,
yellow-tawny.

Odour pungent or none. Woods, oak, pine ; rare. July-Oct. 2£x4|x£in.
Resembles 580 in appearance.

Q 2

228 AGARIC ACE^E Cortinarius

1050. C. Bulliardii Fr. (after Pierre Bulliard, French mycologist) a b c.
P. convex, flat, crimson bay-brown or umber. St. solid, bulbous,

fibrillose, blood-red below, pale above, irregularly zoned.
G. adnato-subdecurrent, purplish to ferruginous, edge whitish.
Flesh pale purplish-rose, flecked pale blue.

Odour strong. Woods, mixed, beech. Sept.-Oct. 2\ x 2 x J in. Some-
times approaching 1041, at other times 1064.

1051. C. vinosus Cooke (from its colour ; vinosus, like red wine) a.
P. flat, subdepressed, shining. St. solid, marginato-bulbous, pale

violet above, reddish below, zoned. G. adnato-subdecurrent,
scarcely crowded, ferruginous-cinnamon.
Under trees. Oct. 2§ x 2 x \ in.

1052. C. bolaris Fr. (from its being marked with red ; bolare, to

mark) a b.
P. convexo-plane, obtuse, light yellow-red, covered with sienna-
red sc. St. stuffed to hollow, apex white, elsewhere covered
with sienna-red sc, often in irregular zones. G. decurrent,
adnate or emarginate, crowded, pale to dark cinnamon.

Solitary or subcrespitose. Woods, beech ; uncommon. Aug.-Xov.
2^ X 2\ X \ in. When young P. and St. wholly sienna-crimson. Very
dark when dry.

1053. C. pholideus Fr. (from the scaly pileus and stem ; Gr. pholis, a

scale) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, sometimes subumbonate, fawn-colour, covered
with smaller umber and sepia sc. St. solid, pale white-purplish
above, fawn below, clad with dark umber sc, often in zones,
zoned cortinate above. G. adnexo-emarginate, violaceous or
pale slate to cinnamon.

Woods. Sept.-Oct. 3 x 35 X £ in.

1054. C. sublanatus Fr. (from the somewhat woolly pileus ; Icrna,
wool) a b c.

P. campanulate, expanded, umbonate, fawn, becoming ferruginous,
covered with dark sq. St. solid, clavato-bulbous, apex faint
azure-purplish, colour as P. below, covered with dark sc,
sometimes zoned. G. adnate, scarcely crowded, olivaceous-
yellowish to cinnamon.

Odour of radish. Woods, larch, fir ; rare. Oct. 3f X 3J X ^ in. Inter-
mediate between 1053 and 1084.

1055. C. phrygianus Fr. (from the colour, like gold embroidery ;
flhrygio, an embroiderer in gold) a.

P. convex, obtuse, honey-colour, covered with small black sc.
St. subbulbous, paler than P., black-scaly below. G. rounded-
adnate, subcrowded, dull yellow.

Odour of radish. Shady moist places, under beeches. Autumn.
2§ x 2+ x i in. Habit like that of 69.

Cortinarius

AGARICACEiE

229

1056. C. arenatus Fr. (from the granulose pileus, as if sand-covered \

arena, sand) a b c.
P. convexo-expanded, sometimes umbonate, pale yellowish-
fuscous ; mid. umber, minutely squamulose. St. usually
attenuate upwards, pallid above, fuscous and dark squamulose
below. G. adnexo-emarginate, yellowish-cinnamon or salmon.

Woods ; uncommon. Aug. -Oct. 2£ x 2f X § in.

1057. C. penicillatus Fr. (from the pencilled pileus) a b.

P. campanulato-convex, subumbonate, ferruginous-fuscous,
densely floccoso-scaly. St. stuffed, attenuate upwards, clothed
with ferruginous-fuscous, concentric sc. G. rounded-adnate,
dark brown. Flesh ferruginous-fuscous.

Woods, pine. Sept. -Oct.

ij X 2\ x T% in.

Subgenus 4. Dermocybe.
(From the thinly fleshy pileus ; Gr. derma, skin, kube, a head.)

Veil single, fibrillose, forming a zone in 1064. Pileus thin,
equally fleshy, at first silky, with innate villous down, becoming
smooth when old, dry, not viscid or hygro-
phanous. Stem hollow or stuffed, except
1058, often equal or attenuate, rigid, elastic
or brittle. Gills changeable in colour.
Flesh when moist watery or coloured.

(Fig. 56.)

Polymorphous species defined with diffi-
culty owing to the changeable colour of the
gills. Species 1058—1085

Gills at first whitish or pallid.

1058

1063

Gills at first violaceous, becoming
purple. 1064—1070

Stem and fibrillose Cortina coloured.
Gills bright cinnamon, red or
yellow. 1071—1080

Olivaceous. Films not torn into scales
fuscous.

Fig. 56. — Cortinarius {Dermo-
cybe) cinnamomeus Fr.
A, section of mature example ;
b, young state.
One-half natural size.

Veil dull pallid or
1081—1085

1058. C. oehroleueus Fr. (from the yellowish-white pileus ; Gr. oc/iros,
yellowish, leukos, white) a b.
P. convex, gibbous. St. solid, ventricose or subbulbous, naked,
fibrillose above with Co., colour as P. G. adnexo- or adnato-
rounded, clay to ochreous or cinnamon.

Taste none or bitterish, not unpleasant ; odour none or sweetish. Woods,
mixed ; rare. Sept.— Nov. 2§ x ij X % in.

230

AGARIC AC E^E Cortinarius

1059. C. deeumbens Fr. (from the usually decumbent stem) a.

P. convex, gibbous or subumbonate, shining white or yellowish.
St. stuffed to hollow, subclavate, smooth, white, with a fuga-
cious Co. G. adnexed or adnato-rounded, white to clay and
ochreous-cinnamon.

Woods and grassy places. Autumn, if X ij X t3q in.

1060. C. rieulatus Fr. (from the cortina or veil ; rica, a veil) a.

P. convexo-plane, gibbous or umbonate, atomate, buff, brown
ochre or whitish ; marg. adpressedly silky-floccose from Co.
St. hollow, subclavate, smooth, naked, buff-white, with a slight
and imperfect pallid Z. G. adnato-rounded, subcrowded,
colour as P., tan to watery-ferruginous. Flesh palest yellow.

Woods, pine. Autumn. i\ x 2\ x § in.

1061. C. tabularis Fr. (from the flat pileus ; tabula, a flat board) a c.
P. convex, broadly gibbous, then plane, clay or fuscous-clay,

becoming pale ; marg. fringed with Co. St. stuffed to hollow,
equal or subclavate, white, zoned. G. emarginate, crowded,
white to clay.
Woods ; common. Sept. -Oct. 2f X 2.\ x \ in.

1062. C. eamurus Fr. (from the frequently crooked stem ; camurus,

crooked) a b c.
P. campanulato-convex, obtuse or umbonate, pallid fuscous-
hoary becoming pale pallid-yellowish ; mid. darker ; marg.
fringed with Co. St. subhollow, twisted, equal, white. G.
adnato-rounded or emarginate, grey-clay to subfuscous-watery-
cinnamon.

Csespitose. Taste not remarkable; odour somewhat rancid. Woods, mixed,
oak. Sept.-Oct. 2.\ X 3§ X T55 in. Very fragile.

1063. C. diabolieus Fr. (from its doubtful position in Dermocybe) a c.
P. hemispherical, obtuse, flat, often unequal and cracked, fuscous,

crusted with grey, then smooth and fuscous-yellowish. St.
attenuate downwards, white, pale bluish-grey above. G. adnato-
emarginate, pale bluish-grey to whitish and clay.

Odour none. Woods, mixed, beech ; uncommon. Aug.-Oct. I \ X 2 x T35 in.

1064. C. eaninus Fr. (from its commonness ; cams, a dog) a b c .

P. convexo-plane, tan-sienna to fuscous-rufescent or tawny. St.
stuffed to hollowT, slightly attenuate upwards, whitish, violaceous
above, zoned. G. emarginate, subdistant, bluish-grey or
purplish to cinnamon.

Edible. Mixed woods ; common. Sept. -Nov. 3i X 3^ X f in.

1065. C. myrtillinus Fr. (from its chestnut-brown colour ; myrteus,

chestnut-brown) a b.
P. convex, gibbous, plane, fuliginous, violet or dusky-brown.

Cortinarius AGARICACE.E 231

St. clavato-bulbous, stuffed, whitish or pale violet. Co. obsolete.
G. adnate, amethyst-azure-blue, or pale violet to dusky, not
purple. Flesh watery fuscous or whitish.

Mixed woods, near trunks, beech. Sept. -Oct. 2| x 23 x § in. Greatly
resembles 138 and 139, but these have no arachnoid veil, etc.

1066. C. azureus Fr. (from the sky-blue pileus; azureus, sky-

blue) a b.
P. expanded, obtuse, atomate, lilac, then fuscous and pallid.
St. stuffed, slightly attenuate upwards, smooth, striate, bright
azure then whitish, zoned. G. adnato-emarginate, bright
bluish-violet. Flesh white in P., blue in St.

Solitary. Woods, beech, amongst moss and leaves. Autumn, if x 2^ x T% in.

1067. C. alboeyaneus Fr. (from the white pileus and blue gills ;

albtis, white, cyaneus, sea-blue) a b.
P. convex, plane, obtuse or umbonate, becoming yellowish,
fringed with Co. St. subclavate, stuffed, whitish, zoned. G.
emarginate, crowded, bluish-purple to subochreous.

Sometimes caespitose. Woods, beech. Sept. 2§ X 4J X T\.

1068. C. anomalus Fr. (from the colour of all its parts being very

changeable ; anomalus, irregular) a b c.
P. convex, expanded, gibbous or subumbonate, fuliginous or
olive-shaded to rufescent, then yellowish with ochreous-sienna
mid. St. stuffed to hollow, attenuate upwards, nbrillose or
scaly, whitish, then palest yellow, zoned. G. adnato-emar-
ginate, crowded, thin, violaceous to cinnamon.

Gregarious. Odour none. Woods; common. Aug.-Oct. 2§X2|xT55in.

1069. C. spilomeus Fr. (from the spotted pileus and stem ; Gr. sfiilos,

a spot) a.
P. convex, expanded, gibbous, rufescent to clay-colour, spotted
with reddish-tawny sc. St. hollow, almost equal, white-lilac
above, pale yellowish below, with many zones of reddish tawny
sc. G. adnato- or adnexo-emarginate, crowded, thin, bluish-
grey or violaceous to watery cinnamon.

Subcrespitose. Woods ; uncommon. Oct. 2 x 3§ X § in.

1070. C. lepidopus Cooke (from the nbrillose zones round the stem ;

Gr. lepis, a scale, pons, a foot) a b.
P. convex, flat, slightly depressed, shining umber ; mid. becoming
rufescent ; marg. steel-grey or pale violet. St. clavate, becoming
hollow, violet or steel-grey above, whitish below, with con-
centric biscuit-coloured zones. G. adnato-rounded, thin, violet
to cinnamon, or olive-shaded.

Gregarious or fasciculate. Woods, amongst heath. Sept. -Oct.
2§ x 4 X \ in. Perhaps a form of 1064.

232 AGARIC ACEvE Cortinarius

1071. C. miltinus Fr. (from the colour, like red lead, Gr. miltos)

a b.
P. expanded, gibbous or subumbonate, bay-brown-cinnamon to
brick-red. St. hollow, attenuate upwards, cinnamon, reddish
or crimson, salmon above and below, zoned red with Co.
G. adnate, crowded, reddish-cinnamon to ferruginous. Flesh
rose in St., pale brown in P.

Odour none. Woods, mixed, mossy places. Oct. if X \\ X jff in.

1072. C. einnabarinus Fr. (from the vermilion colour; cinnabaris,

vermilion) a b c.
P. convex, obtuse or subumbonate, vivid scarlet-red. St. equal,
solid, colour as P. G. adnate or subdecurrent, blood-red, and
then blood-sienna. Flesh orange-vermilion in P., vermilion
in St.

Taste mushroom-like ; odour of radish. Woods, beech. Sept. -Oct.
2 x 2| X | in. Wholly dark-brown when dry.

1073. C. sanguineus Fr. (from the wholly blood-red colour ; sanguis,

blood) a b c.
P. convex, obtuse, plane. St. equal, stuffed to hollow. G.
adnate.

Odour of radish. Woods, pine, oak. Sept.-Nov. 2\ X 2\ X \ in. Giving
out a blood-red juice when pressed. Sometimes very small.

1074. C. anthraeinus Fr. (from the colour of the stem and gills, like

burning coal, Gr. anthrax) a b c.
P. convex, umbonate, dark chestnut. St. hollow, equal, deep
blood-red, fuscous below. G. rounded adnate, crowded, red
to fiery-red, blood-red when bruised.

Woods, amongst moss. Aug.-Sept. \\ X if X £ in.

1075. C. einnamomeus Fr. (from the cinnamon colour) a b c.

P. expanded, obtuse or subumbonate, somewhat pale or bright
cinnamon. St. stuffed to hollow, zoned. G. adnate, crowded,
blood-red, red-cinnamon, saffron, golden, or light yellow.
Flesh yellowish.

Tasteless. Woods, mixed, fir ; common. Aug. -Feb. Variable in size.
Large 2§ X3J X T5B in. Small f X if X £ in. Var. semisanguineus Fr.
G. blood-red. Var. crocens Fr., smaller than type. G. yellowish or olive.
Intermediate forms occur between the type and its varieties.

1076. C. eroeeoeonus Fr. (from the saffron colour of the conical

pileus ; croceus, saffron, conns, a cone) a.
P. conical, campanulate, acutely umbonate, tawny-cinnamon to
yellowish-tawny. St. stuffed to hollow, yellow, zoned.
G. adnexo-rounded, crowded, yellow to cinnamon. Flesh
vellow.

Woods, pine, mossy places. Autumn. 1 x i£ X ^ in.

Cortinar'ms AGARIC ACE^: 233

1077. C. uliginosus Berk, (from its habitat ; uligo, marshy ground)

a b c.
P. campanulato-conical, expanded, strongly and somewhat acutely
umbonate, bright brown-red. St. stuffed to hollow, paler than
P., zoned. G. adnate with a tooth, distant, yellow to olive and
cinnamon.

Woods, boggy places amongst Sphagnum. Autumn. 1^ X 3 X T3g in.

1078. C. orellanus Fr. (derivation obscure) a b c.

P. convex, obtusely umbonate, orange-tawny. St. solid, sub-
equal, striato-fibrillose, tawny, orange-striate. G. adfixed or
adnate, subdistant, orange to tawny-cinnamon. Flesh as P.,
reddening.

Taste mushroom-like. Woods, mixed. Aug.-Oct. i\ x if X f .

1079. C. malieorius Fr. (from the colour, like the fruit of the

pomegranate ; malicoriwn, the rind of the pomegranate) a.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, golden-tawny, or golden to fuscous or
olive. St. hollow, golden. G. adnexo-rounded, crowded, golden-
tawny. Flesh yellow to greenish-olive.

Taste and odour pleasant. Woods, pine. Autumn. if X 2£ X \ in.

1080. C. infueatus Fr. (from the bright colour ; fucot to paint) a.

P. convex, obtuse, bright yellow to pale sulphur; marg. fringed
with Co. St. solid, clavate, fibrillose, pallid light yellow,
zoned. G. adnate, crowded, tawny to cinnamon. Flesh
whitish, light yellow or pale olivaceous.

Woods. Sept. -Oct. 2.\ x 4f X T5g- in.

1081. C. eotoneus Fr. (from the colour, like the olive, Or. kotinos) a b.
P. campanulate, expanded, obtuse, subrepand, velvety, olivaceous.

St. solid, attenuate upwards, pallid olivaceous, with one or
more fuscous zones. G. adnexo- or adnato-rounded, sub-
crowded, olivaceous to cinnamon.
Odour of radish. Woods, mixed, oak. Autumn. 3J x Si x 2 m-

1082. C. subnotatus Fr. (from its characters, hardly distinct ; sub-

notatus, hardly marked) a b.

P. convex, flat, hoary-floccose, olive or shaded yellowish to dark
fuscous. St. stuffed, conical to equal, naked above, yellow
fibrillose below, zoned. G. adnate, slightly emarginate, sub-
distant, yellowish to olivaceous-cinnamon.

Odour strong. Under trees, beech, fir. Nov. 3^ X 3§ x § in.

1083. C. raphanoides Fr. (from the strong odour of radish ; Gr.

raphanoS) radish, eidos, resemblance) a b.

P. campanulate, expanded, umbonate, silky-fibrillose, fuscous-
olivaceous to tawny. St. stuffed, slightly attenuate upwards,
paler than P., yellowish above. G. adnate, scarcely crowded,
somewhat olivaceous or orange-sienna to cinnamon ferruginous,
edge paler. Flesh pale yellow or sulphur-white.

Taste acrid-bitter. Woods, mixed, beech, fir. Sept. -Oct. 2X 2|X T35 in.

234

AGARICACE/E

Cortinarius

1084. C. valgus Fr. (from the frequently twisted stem; valgus,

bow-legged) a.
P. convex, gibbous, olivaceous to brick-red. St. somewhat

hollow, clavato-bulbous, whitish, apex pale violaceous, zoned.

G. adfixed or rounded-adnate, yellowish to brick-red and

cinnamon.
Odour none. Woods, pine, amongst moss. Oct. 3 X 3f X § in.

1085. C. venetus Fr. (from the sea-green pileus and stem ; venetus,

sea-coloured) a b.
P. hemispherico-obtuse, convex, umbonate, becoming greenish-
yellow. St. stuffed or hollow above, equal or subclavate,
colour as P. G. adnate, scarcely crowded, olivaceous to
orange-cinnamon. Flesh pallid yellowish.

Gregarious. Woods. Aug.-Oct. if X i£ x T55 in.

Subgenus 5. Telamonia.
(From the whitish, lint-like fibres of the veil ; Gr. telamon^ lint.)

Veil universal, somewhat double. Pileus moist, hygrophanous,
at first smooth or sprinkled with the superficial, arachnoid, whitish

Fig. 57. — Cortinarius (Telatnonia) armillatus Fr.

Young examples and section of a mature

specimen. One-third natural size.

fibres of the veil, thin or moderately compact at the middle, thin
towards margin, splitting. Stem annulate from the inferior veil, or
peronate with scales, somewhat cortinate at the apex. Flesh thin

Cortinarius AG A R I C A C E J£ 235

throughout or becoming so abruptly near the margin, scissile.

(Fig. 57.)

The species are mostly large and handsome. Species 1086 — 1128

a. Platyphyllce. Gills broad.

Stem and Cortina white or whitish. 1086 — 1092

Stem violaceous. Cortina usually white-violaceous. Universal
Veil white. Gills violaceous. 1093 — 1098

Stem and Veil reddish or yellow, except 1104. Gills tawny or
cinnamon, neither violaceous nor becoming brown.

1099—1107

Stem becoming fuscous. Veil fuscous or dull. Gills dark
coloured. 1108 — 1114

b. Leptophyllce. Pileus thin. Stem externally more rigid, sub-

cartilaginous, stuffed or hollow, often attenuate downwards.
Gills more or less crowded, thin, narrow.

Stem whitish, pallid, not floccoso-scaly. 1115, 1116

Stem inclining to violet. 1117 — 1119

Pileus and Stem tawny, ferruginous. 1120 — 1122

Pileus fuscous. Stem floccoso-scaly, fuscous. 1123 — 1128

a. Platyphyllce.

1086. C. maeropus Fr. (from the long stem ; Gr. makros, long, pons,

a foot) a c.

P. convex, obtuse, flat, brick-red to ferruginous, hoary with
small sc. St. solid, equal, fibrillose, dull whitish, then as P.,
zoned. G. adnexed or adnate, distant, pallid to watery
cinnamon.

Woods, moist places. Oct. 3^ X 6J x J in-

1087. C. laniger Fr. (from the woolly pileus ; lana, wool) a.

P. hemispherical, expanded, obtuse, bright tawny, clad with

white sc. St. solid, equal, white, annulate or bi-annulate.

G. rounded-adnexed, tawny-saffron.

Odour strong. Woods, larch, pine, beech, mossy places. Sept.
3J x 6 x % in.

1088. C. bivelus Fr. (from the double veil ; bis, double, velum, a veil)

a c.

P. convex, obtuse, plane, tawny-ferruginous ; mid. spotted or
darker. St. solid, clavato-bulbous, dull whitish, squarrose
below. G. adnexo-rounded, bright tawny-cinnamon.

Taste mild ; odour strong. Woods. Sept. -Oct. 3§ X 3 X \ in.

1089. C. bulbosus Fr. (from the bulbous stem) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, gibbous, olivaceous, or date-brown to
reddish-fuscous. St. solid, paler than P., yellow below,
fugaciously zoned white. G. adnate, subdistant, cinnamon,
never violet.

Odour of radish. Woods, mossy places ; rare. Sept. -Oct. 3±X3f x£ in.

236 AGARIC ACE^: Cortinarius

1090. C. urbieus Fr. (from its habitat, near trees and human habita-

tions ; iirbs, a city) a b.
P. hemispherical, convexo-plane, clay-whitish ; marg. crenato-

torn. St. solid, equal, white zoned. G. emarginate, crowded,

watery-ferruginous.
Grassy places. Sept.-Oct. i\ x 2\ x § in.

1091. C. lieinipes Fr. (from the woolly stem ; licinium, lint, pes, a

foot) a b.

P. campanulate, flat, obtusely umbonate, pale yellow to pallid tan.

St. stuffed to hollow, equal, whitish, fugitive floccose, villous

below, annulate. G. adnate, subcrowded, watery cinnamon.

Odour none. Woods, fir, damp places. Oct. 2\ x 2 x T35 in. Var.
robustior Cooke is larger and stouter than type.

1092. C. mieroeyelus Fr. (from the veil, forming a small circle ; Gr.

mikros, small, kiiklos, a circle) a b.

P. campanulato-expanded, reddish-fuscous ; mid. darker, paler
when dry. St. stuffed, attenuate upwards, whitish, zoned
white. G. adnate, distant, lilac to cinnamon.

Under trees, pines. Oct. i| x 2 x T3R in.

1093. C. torvus Fr. (from its habit, growing in wild places as con-

trasted with 1090 ; iorvus, savage) a b c.
P. convex, obtuse or subumbonate, brick-red, brown, coppery or
pale brown, shaded purplish. St. solid, clavate or equal,
pale violaceous above, whitish and floccoso-scaly below. A.
white. G. adnate, thick, distant, becoming purplish-umber
and dark cinnamon. Flesh faintly dull purplish, often much
eaten by larvae.

Taste insipid, not unpleasant. Odour disagreeable, like 648. Woods, mixed,
beech ; frequent. Aug. -Oct. 4§ X 5J X | in. Intermediate forms occur
between this and 1094.

1094. C. impennis Fr. (from its smoothness as contrasted with 1095 ;

impewiis, without feathers) a b.

P. hemispherico-convex, glabrous, brown to reddish ; marg. silky

and pale violet when young. St. solid to hollow, equal or

subclavate, fibrillose, pallid, with a white Z. G. adnate or

emarginate, very broad, cinnamon, shaded flesh-violet, becoming

watery ferruginous. Substance soft and watery.

Taste none. Woods, pine., amongst dead leaves. Sept.-Oct. 4§X5^X^ in.
Var. luco7-M)i Fr. St. sometimes tinged with violet above. G. emarginate,
cinnamon slightly shaded violet. Massee {Eur. Fling. Fl. 192) regards
this as a species.

1095. C. plumiger Fr. (from the scales on the pileus and stem ;

plumiger, bearing feathers) a.

P. convexo-plane, umbonate, fuscous, olive-shaded to brick-tan,
white floccoso-scaly. St. solid, clavate, floccoso-scaly below,
whitish. A. white. G. adnate, scarcely crowded, becoming
pale cinnamon.

Woods, mixed. Sept.-Oct. 2\ x 2\ x ^ in.

Cortinarius AGARIC ACE/E 237

1096. C. seutulatus Fr. (from the stem, chequered with the veil ;
seutu/a, lozenge-shaped) a b.
P. hemispherico-expanded, squamuloso-rivulose or lacunoso-
wrinkled, purple-umber or brick-fuliginous ; marg. white silky.
St. solid, subclavate, deep violaceous to fuscous, annulate and
4- to 7-zoned with white V. G. adnate, becoming cinnamon.
Flesh violaceous.

Odour strong of radish. Woods, moist places. Aug. -Oct. 2§X4|

in.

1097. C. evernius Fr. (from the stem growing tall ; evernius,

sprouting) a b c.
P. conico-campanulate, expanded, obtuse or subumbonate, purple-
bay-brown to pale pink-brown or umber with purplish marg.,
hoary when old. St. stuffed, slightly attenuate upwards,
squamulose, violaceous or paler than P., obsoletely multi-zoned.
G. adnate, distant, becoming cinnamon. Flesh yellowish-white
in P., purplish or greyish in St.

Woods, pine, mixed, damp places; frequent. Sept. -Dec. 2\ x 5^ x \ in.

1098. C. quadricolor Fr. (from the four colours, yellow, violaceous,

cinnamon, and white) a b.
P. campanulate, expanded, umbonate, yellow to tawny. St. stuffed
to hollow, fibrillose, violaceous-whitish. A. fugitive, white.
G. adnate, distant, sometimes violet, becoming cinnamon, edge
white.

Woods, beech. Oct. i£ x 3 X \ in.

1099. C. armillatus Fr. (from the rings or zones round the stem ;

armi/la, a ring) a b e.
P. campanulate, flat, dry, innately fibrillose or squamulose, brick-
red or sienna, often cinnabar-zoned or spotted at marg. St
solid, bulbous, fibrillose below, 1- to 6-zoned vermilion. G.
rounded or sinuato-adnate, becoming dark ferruginous.

Taste agreeable or insipid ; odour of radish or of 1394, or of cold cooked
potatoes. Woods, mixed, under hazel ; frequent. Aug. -Oct. ^xyxh'm.
The vermilion zones are permanent after drying.

1100. C. hsematochelis Fr. (from the blood-red zone of the stem ;

Gr. haima, blood, ehe/us, the chest) a b e.
P. convex, gibbous, flat, pallid fuscous-brick-colour or claret-
sepia. St. solid, clavate, zoned rufous. G. rounded, adnate,
crowded, pallid cinnamon.

Woods, beech. Aug.-Oct. 5 X 4J X \ in. Colour of bright red zone
permanent after drying.

1100a. C. paragaudis Fr. (from the fibrillose veil ; paragauda, a

border or trimming of a garment) a.
P. somewhat fleshy, campanulato-expanded, umbonate, becoming
somewhat fibrillose, brown, tawny, bay or tawny-tan, some-
times orange. St. hollow, twisted, soft, pallid reddish, clad

238 AGARIC ACE^E CorHnarhus

with reddish adpressed fibrillose sc. G. adnexed, ventricose

subdistant, opaque cinnamon.

Damp places under pines. Autumn. 2.\ x 6^ x § in. Var. finzstigiostcs Fr.
P. submembranous, striate, silky-fibrous towards edge, dark bay, then
lighter. St. red-squamulose. G. distant, tawny-cinnamon. Under pines.

1101. C. eroeeofulvus Fr. (from the colour of the pileus ; croceus

saffron, fulvtis, tawny) a.
P. campanulate, obtuse, flat, bright tawny-orange. St. hollow,

equal, striate, yellow, rufous-tinged. Z. a bright red line.

G. adnato-sinuate, thick, subdistant, becoming ferruginous.
Woods, fir. Sept. 2§ X l\ X § in.

1102. C. limonius Fr. (from the lemon-coloured pileus; limoneus,
lemon-coloured) a.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, tawny lemon-yellow, sometimes orange.

St. solid, equal, orange-yellow, light yellow floccoso-scaly.

G. adnate, distant, at first light yellow. Flesh colour as P.
Odour none. Woods, pine ; rare. 3J X 3J X \ in.

1103. C. helvolus Fr. (from the pileus, becoming pale yellow,

helvolus) a b.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse or subumbonate, at first dark tawny-
cinnamon. St. solid, equal, fibrillose, paler than P. with a
median ferruginous A. G. emarginate, distant, thick, some-
what veined.

Woods, mixed, wooded pastures. Sept. -Oct. 2\ x 3J X ^ in.

1104. C. hinnuleus Fr. (from its fawn colour, hinnuleus) a b c.

P. campanulato-expanded, umbonate, often pierced-dotted, tawny-
cinnamon ; marg. silky. St. stuffed, slightly attenuate down-
wards, dull tawny ; Z. broad, fugitive, white. G. emarginato-
adnexed or adnate, distant, thin, veined.

Tasteless. Woods, mixed ; common. Aug. -Dec. 3^ x 4 X § in. Variable
in size.

1105. C. gentilis Fr. (from its relationship to its neighbours ; gentilis,

of the same race) a b c.

P. campanulate, expanded, obtuse, orange, tawny-cinnamon or
yellowish. St. stuffed to hollow, equal, colour as P., with 3-5
yellow or sulphur zones. G. adnate, very distant, thick.
Flesh yellowish or pale brownish.

Gregarious. Woods, chiefly pine. Aug.-Oct. if x 6 x \ in.

1106. C. helvelloides Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to certain

species of Helvetia, a Discomycetous fungus) a b c.

P. convex, flat, obtuse or umbonate, hygrophanous, ferruginous
to tawny ; marg. striate. St. hollow, equal, flexuous, sub-
ferruginous, white-silky above. Z. broad, yellowish. G. adnate,
very thick, very distant, violaceous umber to cinnamon and
ferruginous.

Woods, mixed, beech, among rotten leaves ; uncommon. Aug.-Oct.
1 x 4 X \ in.

Cortinarius AGARIC ACE/E 239

1107. C. rubellus Cooke (rubellus, ruddy) a.

P. campanulate, expanded, umbonate, rufous-orange ; mid.

darker. St. solid, equal or subclavate, paler than P., 3- to 6-

zoned ferruginous. G. adnato-sinuate, scarcely crowded, pale

then bright ferruginous-red.

Swampy places. Autumn. 2f x 3J X J in. With the appearance of an
abnormal 1099 or 1111.

1108. C. bovinus Fr. (from its stout habitat ; bovimis, like a bull) a b.
P. convex, obtuse, pallid to watery-cinnamon and tawny.

St. solid, spongy-bulbous, brownish-cinnamon, whitish above
the brown Z. G. adfixed or adnate, subdistant, cinnamon,
becoming dark.
Woods, mixed, pine. Sept. 3 x 2| x 1 in.

1109. C. nitrosus Cooke (from the nitrous odour) a b.

P. convexo-expanded, obtuse, flat, becoming scaly, fawn to
tawny ; mid. brownish and darker. St. solid, subequal,
ochreous, paler than P., marked below with squamose zones.
G. emarginate, subdistant, violet to watery-cinnamon. Flesh
pale brown.

Woods, mixed. Autumn. 2| x 2 x § in.

1110. C. brunneus Fr. (from its brownish colour ; brunneus, brown) a b.
P. campanulate, flat, subumbonate, umber to dull reddish-tan.

St. stuffed, subequal, brownish, white-striate. A. dull brownish-
white. G. rounded-adnate, thick, distant, purplish to brownish-
cinnamon.
Woods, pine, moist places, amongst grass. Sept. -Oct. 3| X 3§ X 1 in.

1111. C. brunneofulvus Fr. (from its colours ; brunneus, brown,

fulvus, tawny) a b.

P. convexo-flat, subumbonate, fibrilloso-virgate, tawny-cinnamon ;
marg. at first white fibrillose. St. stuffed to solid, subequal,
fibrilloso-striate, tawny, patched cinnamon, with a fugitive dull-
white Z. G. adnate, ventricose, subdistant, tawny-cinnamon.

Woods, pine, oak, amongst moss. Sept. if x i\ x T55 in.

1112. C. injueundus Fr. (from its unpleasant odour ; injucundus,

unpleasant) a b.
P. convex, plane, obtuse, fuscous-cinnamon. St. solid, subclavate,

colour as P., then tawny-yellow, faintly lilac above Z.

G. emarginate, lilac-tan, then clay.
Odour musty. Woods, fir. Nov. 5 x 4^ X f in.

1113. C. glandieolor Fr. (from its colour as of the acorn, glans) a.

P. campanulate, expanded, umbonate, becoming dull pale-

ochreous ; marg. striate. St. hollow, subfibrillose with a

fugacious white Z. G. adnexo-adnate.

Woods, pine, Sphagnum bogs, mossy places. Autumn, ig x 3 X T35 in.
War. airtits Fr. St. 1 in., flexuous, peronate with white Co., cingulate ;
urn. becoming blackish.

240 AGARICACE7E Cortinarius

1114. C. punetatus Fr. (from the minute dots or punctures on the

pileus ; punetatus, dotted) a.

P. campanulate, flat, subumbonate, tan or somewhat cinnamon.
St. fistulose, fibrilloso-striate, yellow-fuscous, with a fugacious
brownish Z. G. adnato-rounded, very distant, brown-cinnamon.

Woods, beech, fir. Autumn, if x 2§ x £ in.

b. LcptophyllcB,

1115. C. triformis Fr. (from its assuming three forms) a, the type

form, Schafferi.
P. flat, gibbous or subumbonate, fawn to yellowish and whitish-
grey. St. stuffed, subbulbous, pallid or faintly pinkish-ochre.
A. distant, white. G. emarginato-adnate, ventricose, watery-
ochreous to pale cinnamon.

Woods, beech. Oct. 3§ X 3J X § in. 1. Sc/nefflri, as above. 2. Melleo-
pallens. P. hemispherical, honey-colour, then pale tan. G. at first
yellowish. St. conically attenuate, pallid yellow. Woods, pine.
3. Fuscopallens. P. thin, fuscous, becoming pale. G. at first watery-
white. Woods, pine.

1116. C. biformis Fr. (from its resembling two subgenera ; a Tela-

monia with the appearance of a Hydrocybe) a.

P. campanulate, expanded, umbonate, dark ferruginous-brown to
pale bay. St. stuffed, attenuate downwards, fibrilloso-striate,.
paler than pileus. A. fugitive, white. G. adnato- or emarginato-
rounded, greyish to watery-cinnamon or whitish-umber.

Woods, mixed. Oct. i\ x 2§ x \ in. With the habit of 1140.

1117. C. periseelis Fr. (from the garter-like annulus ; Gr. periskelis, a

garter) a e.

P. campanulate, convex, umbonate, lilac, greyish or brownish,,
white-silky. St. stuffed, colour as P., or pale steel-grey,
fibrillose, multi-zoned fuscous. G. adnato-ascending, pallid or
salmon-tan to dark ferruginous.

Bogs and under beeches. Autumn. 2 x 3! X T3g in.

1118. C. flexipes Fr. (from the flexuous stem ; flexus, bent, pes, a

foot) a b.
P. campanulate, expanded, acutely umbonate, dark-brown-fuscous,

shaded violaceous to pale yellow, hoary-fibrillose. St. stuffed,

pallid violaceous or steel-grey, floccoso-scaly below the white Z.

G. adnate, slightly rounded, purple or umber-violaceous to

cinnamon, edge whitish.
Woods, larch, fir ; frequent. Sept. -Oct. if X 3 X \ in.

1119. C. flabellus Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to a small fan,

flabellus) a b.
P. conical, expanded, umbonate, olivaceo-fuscous to yellow-
umber, then tan, at first white scaly, then incised and torn-
fibrillose. St. stuffed, floccoso-scaly, pallid, apex violet.

Cortinarius AGARICACEjE 241

Z. or A. white or none. G. adnate, dark violaceous to cinnamon
and olive.
In troops, gregarious. Odour strong, somewhat of radish. Woods, beech,
moist places. J X 2§ x £ in.

1120. C. psammoeephalus Fr. (from the furfuraceo-squamulose pileus,

as if sand-covered ; Gr. psammos, sand, kephale, the head) a.
Tawny-cinnamon.
P. convex, plane, subumbonate, at length revolute. St. stuffed
to hollow, slightly attenuate upwards, squamulose below A.
G. sinuato-adnate, becoming umber-cinnamon.
Odour none. Woods, mixed, fir, charcoal heaps ; frequent. Sept. -Oct.
2J X if X & in.

1121. C. ineisus Fr. (from the cracked, incised pileus) a b.

P. convex, expanded, broadly umbonate, naked, then fibrilloso-
scaly, brown of various shades. St. stuffed, fibrous, fibrillose,
tan to ochreous and brown. A. white or obsolete. G. adnate,
subdistant, salmon to deep sienna.

In troops or subcsespitose. Odour slight. Woods, pine, naked ground, dry
places, dry turf bogs. Sept. i| X if X £ in.

1122. C. iliopodius Fr. (from the colour of the stem, as if dirty ;

Gr. ilus, mud, pons, a foot) a b c.

P. expanded, umbonate, opaque cinnamon to tan. St. stuffed,
equal, fuscous, pale saffron-cinnamon within. A. median
white. G. adnate, subdistant, thin, salmon to cinnamon.

Taste somewhat of radish. Woods, mixed, fir, beech ; common. July-Dec.
if X 2| x T3s in.

1123. C. hemitriehus Fr. (from the partly hairy pileus and stem ; Gr.

hemi, half, thrix, a hair) a b.

P. convex, expanded, umbonate, grey or dark fuscous to fuscous-
tan, erect white-fibrillose, especially round marg. ; um. dark.
St. hollow, equal, white flocculose below the median white A.
G. adnate, very crowded, clay to cinnamon or sienna. Flesh
sienna.

Woods, mixed, mossy places, boggy ground, amongst fallen leaves ;
uncommon. April-Oct. i£ X 2§ x J in.

1124. C. stemmatus Fr. (from the silky marginal band of the pileus,

like a wreath, Gr. stemma) a.

P. convex, expanded, subumbonate, dark to pale brown. St.
stuffed to hollow, equal or slightly attenuate downwards,
ferruginous-brown within and without, with grey-white zones.
G. adnate, crowded, opaque date-brown.

Woods, moist places. Autumn, ij X 3§ X j3g in.

1125. C. rigidus Fr. (rigidus, firm) a b.

P. conico-campanulate, umbonate, cinnamon-bay to yellowish-
tan j marg. pellucidly striate. St. stuffed to hollow, equal,
colour as P. variegated with tan-white and umber zones. G.
adnate, ventricose, subcrowded, salmon to cinnamon.

Odour strong. Woods, damp places. Nov. \% X i\ x T3R in.

R

242

AGARICACE/E

Cortinarius

1126. C. paleaeeus Fr. (from the chaffy white scales of the pileus ;

pa/en, chaff) a b c.

P. convex, expanded, acutely umbonate, fuscous to greyish ; mid.
umber; marg. paler or whitish. St. fistulose, floccoso-scaly,
fuscous within and without. A. and 1-7 zones whitish. G.
adnate, crowded, grey pallid to cinnamon.

Odour weak. Woods, beech, moist places. Sept. -Nov. ij x 2§ x J in.

1127. C. iris Mass. (from the rainbow-like colours ; iris, the rainbow) a.
P. conical, expanded, umbonate, pale ochreous-brown, densely

white-fibrillose ; marg. silky, splitting. St. stuffed to solid,
clavate, densely fibrillose, violet, then pale above the fibrillose,
bright-brown A., orange-brown at base within and without.
G. sinuato-adnexed, subcrowded, dull ochreous to orange-
brown.
Solitary, or in clusters of two to four. Woods. Oct. 1 J x 3 X £ in.

1128. C. Cookei Quel, (after Dr. M. C. Cooke) a b.

P. conical, hemispherical, umbonate, tawny-yellow ; marg. woolly,
white. St. stuffed, pale yellowish with 4-5 floccose yellow
zones. G. adnate, violet to reddish and rust-colour.

Woods, fir. J x i§ X xV in.

Subgenus 6. Hydrocybe.

(From the moist or hygrophanous pileus ; Gr. hudor, water,

kude, a head.)

Veil thin, fibrillose, rarely collapsing and forming an irregular
zone on the stem. Pileus smooth or only covered with white

Fig. 58. — Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) saturninus Fr., and section.
One-half natural size.

superficial fibrils, not viscid, but moist when fresh, changing colour
when dry ; flesh very thin, scissile, rarely more compact in the middle.

Cortinarius AGARICACE^E 243

Stem slightly rigid, subcartilaginous externally, not sheathed, annulate
or scaly. (Fig. 58.) Species 1129—1167

a. Firmiores. Pileus subfleshy, convex, or campanulato-convex,

then expanded, obtuse or at length gibbous, margin at
first incurved. Stem for the most part attenuate upwards.
Stem and cortina white. 1129 — 1137

Stem and gills inclining to violet. 1138 — 1141

Stem and somewhat obsolete veil yellow or rufous. 1142 — 1146
Stem inclining to fuscous. Cortina pallid, dull or white.
Gills dark. " 1147—1150

b. Tenuiores. Pileus somewhat membranous, conical, then

expanded, umbonate ; umbo acute or rarely obtuse and
vanishing ; margin at first straight. Stem usually almost
equal, or attenuate downwards.

Stem white. 1151—1156

Stem inclining to violet or reddish. 1157 — 1160

Stem yellowish, commonly becoming pale. 1161 — 1163

Stem inclining to fuscous. 1164 — 1167

a. Firmiores.

1129. C. firmus Fr. (from the compact substance ; firmus, firm) a.

P. ! ferruginous to ochreous ; marg. tan. St. solid, clavate,
fibrilloso-striate. Z. ferruginous. G. adfixed or emarginate,
pale umber to cinnamon.

Woods, mixed, grassy places. Autumn. 5 x 3! X \\ in.

1130. C. subferrugineus Fr. (from the colour of the pileus, some-

what rust-colour, ferrugo), a c.
P. umbonate, hygrophanous, dry, ferruginous to watery-cinnamon

tawny or tan ; V. at marg. only. St. solid, attenuate upwards,

adpressedly fibrillose, pallid, saffron-yellow at base. G.

emarginate or adnate, subcrowded, pallid to dark ferruginous.
Taste and odour unpleasant. Woods, oak, amongst rotting pine-leaves.

Sept. -Oct. 2J X 4f X § in.

1131. C. armeniaeus Fr. (from the colour of the pileus, like the

apricot, Pyrus armeniaca) a b c.

P. obtuse or subumbonate, tawny-cinnamon to ochreous ; marg.

substriate. St. stuffed, attenuate upwards. Z. white. G.

adnate, pallid to clay-cinnamon.

Woods, pine ; uncommon. Aug. -Oct. 2^x2fx§in. Var. fulsarius Fr.
P. yellow, white when dry.

1132. C. damaseenus Fr. (from the colour of the pileus, like the

damson) a.
P. rivulose when dry, bay-cinnamon or deep umber with a
crimson shade to brick-red. St. solid, equal. Z. whitish. G.
rounded-adnate, cinnamon or paler than P.
Subcsespitose. Taste acrid. Under trees, grassy places, pastures. Sept.
3i X 3£ x \ in.

R 2

244

AGARIC ACE M Cortinarius

1133. C. privignus Fr. (from its being fragile in a non-fragile group ;

privignus, a stepson) a b.
P. obtusely umbonate, flat, reflexed, hygrophanous, fuscous to tan.
St. stuffed to hollow, equal, silky with V. and Z. G. rounded-
adnate, not crowded, watery- then opaque-cinnamon.

Taste scarcely acrid. Odour strong, unpleasant. Woods, pine, oak, damp
places. Oct. 2\ X 2 x \ in.

1134. C. duraeinus Fr. (from its firmness ; durus, hard, acinus, a

berry) a b.

P. obtusely umbonate, pale brick-colour or sienna to tan, or mid.
sienna and marg. tan ; marg. clad with V. St. solid, ventricose,
attenuato-rooting, imperfectly zoned. G. adnate or emarginate,
ventricose, pale cinnamon or whitish-sienna.

Woods, old pastures, near stumps. Aug. -Oct. 2\ X 3 X \ in.

1135. C. illuminus Fr. (dark, as contrasted with the allied non-British

C. candelaris ; illuminus, dark) a b.
P. gibbous, or subumbonate, pale brick-red, or orange with mid.
orange-sienna to tan. St. stuffed, equal or slightly attenuate
upwards, silky-fibrillose, pallid or tan-ochre, or white above and
ochre to sienna below. Z. ochre. G. adnate, subcrowded, sub-
distant, pallid to cinnamon or whitish-sienna.

Woods, pine. Sept. ij X 2§ X ^ in.

1136. C. tortuosus Fr. (from the somewhat twisted stem ; tortuosus,

twisted) a b.

P. gibbous, ferruginous-bay to brick-red, or warm- tan with mid.
and marg. somewhat dark crimson-umber, purple or turkey-red
when bruised. St. stuffed, equal, silvery, spotted with white
imperfect zones. G. adnate, crowded, tawny, purple or turkey-
red when bruised.

Woods, pine, damp places. Autumn. 2 J x \\ X § in.

1137. C. dilutus Fr. (from the watery colour, dilutus) a.

P. obtuse or subumbonate, opaque bay-brown or pale brick-red
to tan ; marg. white-silky and fringed with V. St. stuffed,
equal, silky-white. G. deeply emarginate, ventricose, crowded,
pale cinnamon or brownish-ochre.

Odour none. Woods; rare. Nov. if x 2§ X T3ff in.

1138. C. saturninus Fr. (from its colour ; satuminus, gloomy) a b.

P. obtuse or umbonate, dark bay-brown or umber, soon pale ;
marg. silky and appendiculate with V. St. stuffed to hollow,
attenuate upwards, deep violet or purple to pale dove-grey,
partially white-zoned. G. rounded-adfixed or emarginate,
crowded, thin, pale purple-grey to purplish and ferruginous.

Sometimes subcaespitose. Odour faint. Grassy places. Oct. -Nov.

3^ X 2| X I in.

Cortinarius AGARICACE/E 245

1139. C. imbutus Fr. (from the moist, stained flesh; imbuo, to

soak) a.

P. flat, obtuse, sienna-brown to pale yellowish ; marg. white
hoary-fibrillose. St. solid, equal, whitish, pale violaceous
above. G. rounded-adnate, subdistant, dark bluish-grey to
watery-cinnamon. Flesh dingy pale violaceous at top of St.

Subccespitose. Woods. Sept. 3§ x 2 x J m«

1139a. C. sciophyllus Fr. (from the dusky gills ; Gr. skia, shade,
phullon, a leaf) a.
P. thin, convexo-expanded, obtuse, blue-purple-slate, paler towards
marg. ; mid. fleshy ; edge narrow, silky white ; Co. white.
St. solid, slightly attenuate upwards, pale lavender to violet,
gradually reddish towards the white base, clad with irregular
white Z. G. adnate, crowded, narrow, purple-brownish or
dusky umber. Flesh purple-slate above, salmon-buff and reddish
below.
Single or coespitose. Under beeches. Autumn, if x 2§ x \ in.

1140. C. eastaneus Fr. (from its colour ; castanea, a chestnut) a b c.
P. obtuse or subumbonate, shining fuscous- or purplish-chestnut ;

mid. darker. St. stuffed, fibrillose with V., pale purplish

above, purple-brownish below. Z. white or ochre. G. adnate

or emarginate, thin, violaceous to ferruginous, edge whitish.

Gregarious, sometimes ccespitose. Edible. Taste like that of 1394 or 792 ;
odour none or fungoid. Woods, pastures, gardens, on the ground, rarely
on wood ; common. June-Xov. i| x 2% x T35 in.

1141. C. bieolor Cooke (from its two prevailing colours, purple and

tan) a b.

P. broadly and acutely umbonate, whitish or lilac shaded. V.
fugacious, white. St. solid, equal or attenuate downwards,
pallid violet or steel-grey to whitish, zoned. G. adnate with a
tooth, subcrowded, purplish-violet to cinnamon. Flesh whitish
to bright lavender, purple at base of St.

Woods, mixed, on the ground. Aug.-Oct. 2^ X 2 J X f in.

1142. C. balaustinus Fr. (from the colour of the pileus, like the

flower of the pomegranate, Gr. balaustion) a.

P. convex, flat, virgate, innato-fibrillose, shaded sienna-crimson
or vermilion. St. solid, fibrilloso-striate, pallid to tawny-
ferruginous within and without, zoned red-sienna. G. adnate,
subcrowded, ferruginous-red or paler than P.

On the ground, woods, mixed, beech. Oct. 2\ X 2§ x ^s in.

1143. C. colus Fr. (from the fibrillose stem ; coins, a distaff) a b.

P. convex, obtuse or obtusely umbonate, brown-rufescent, deep
bay or umber, becoming paler. St. stuffed, attenuate upwards,
paler than P., base encircled by blood-red or fiery-saffron
mycelium. G. ascending-adnate, subcrowded, pale lilac or
brownish to dark cinnamon.

Woods, pine. Oct. 2g x 3 J X & in.

246 AGARICACEjE Cortinarius

1144. C. isabellinus Fr. (from the dirty-yellow colour, like unwashed

linen ; from Isabel of Austria, daughter of Philip II., who
vowed not to change her linen till Ostend was taken) a b.
P. subumbonate, at first honey-colour then paler. St. stuffed,
equal, striate, colour as P., or tan, imperfectly zoned. G.
rounded-adnate, subdistant, yellow to cinnamon.
Woods, pine. Autumn, if X 3^ X f in.

1145. C. renidens Fr. (from the glistening pileus ; renidens, shining) a.
P. expanded, flat, at first broadly and acutely umbonate, hygro-

phanous, ferruginous-tawny to ochreous. St. stuffed, at first
bulbous, then equal, fibrillose, colour as P., imperfectly zoned
yellow. G. rounded-adnate, subcrowded, pallid cinnamon to
tawny.
Caespitose. Woods, shady places. Sept. 3 X 3 X § in.

1146. C. angulosus Fr. (from the small, pointed scales of the pileus ;

angtilosus, full of corners) a b.

P. convex, expanded, shining tawny-yellow, variegated with small

sienna or ochreous sc. V. fugacious, tawny. St. equal, striate,

tan-orange, zoned tawny-sienna. G. adnate, thick, subdistant,

orange-sienna.

Woods, fir. Aug.-Sept. 2^X2^x^in. Var. gracilescens Mass. /'.some-
what fleshy. St. hollow, base somewhat attenuate, tortuous.

1147. C. uraeeus Fr. (from its mouse-colour ; Gr. hurax, a mouse) a b.
P. umbonate or obtuse, subfibrillose, brown, olive, red or buff.

St. stuffed or hollow, equal, pale or yellowish above, fuscous
or blackish below, imperfectly zoned. G. adnate or sinuate,
distant, cinnamon.
Taste and odour not unpleasant. Woods, pine. Nov. i| X 3^ X T3E in.

1148. C. jubarinus Fr. (from the shining pileus ; jubar, radiance) a b c.
P. umbonate, often repand, rich tawny-cinnamon ; marg. white-
silky with V. St. stuffed or hollow, fibrilloso-striate, pale
tawny within and without. G. ascending-adnate, ventricose,
subdistant, tawny-cinnamon.

Woods, pine, grassy places, on pine-leaves. May. 2 x 2j X T3S in.

C. irregularis Fr. has been published as British by Massee and Crossland

{Fung. Ft. Yorks. p. 97) following Bolton {Hist. Brit. Fung. t. 13), but

this figure and description differ entirely from Fries, Hym. Eur. p. 394,

and Hym. Succ. ii. p. 106. Thus —
In Fries — F. dry, glabrous. St. brick-red. G. decurrent, ferruginous. Hab.

amongst pine-leaves.
In Bolton — P. covered with glutinous matter. St. pale grey. G. adnexed or

free, pale dusky flesh-colour. Hab. pastures and meadows. Bolton's plant

is probably an Entoloma with viscid P.

1149. C. pateriformis Fr. (from the shape of the pileus when

depressed, like a patera or libation saucer) a b.
P. plane to depressed, shining dark chestnut, sprinkled with
fugacious white fibrils. St. stuffed or hollow, equal, fibrillose,

CorHnarius AGARICACE/E 247

white to dusky, zoned sienna. G. emarginato-adnate, ventri-
cose, brick-red to vinous-ochre.
Woods, damp grassy places. Sept. -Oct. 2§ x 3 X ^ in.

1150. C. unimodus Britz. (from its uniform colour ; unimod'us, of one

kind) a b.

P. umbonate, brown, shaded rufous, vinous or sienna. St. stuffed,
equal, paler than P., sometimes pale purple above, imperfectly
2-5-zoned. G. emarginato-adnate, distant, brown.

Grassy places. Sept.- Oct. 2 x 3 J X | in.

b. Tenuiores.

1151. C. dolabratus Fr. (from the shape of the stem and gills as seen

in section ; dolabra, a pickaxe) a b.

P. obtusely umbonate, smooth, brick-red to tan ; marg. silky.

St. stuffed or hollow, smooth, white, sometimes faintly ochreous

above. G. rounded-adnate, distant, tawny-cinnamon or orange.

Odour strong, pungent-nauseous, stinking. Woods, pine, damp places
amongst Vaccinium, Sphagnum, etc. Sept. -Nov. 3^ x 3j X \ in.

1152. C. rigens Fr. (from the rigid stem) a b.

P. obtusely umbonate, smooth, tan- clay to tan-whitish. St. stuffed,
cartilaginous externally, zoned. G. sinuato-adnate, watery-clay
to cinnamon or sienna.

Woods, pine, mixed ; uncommon. June-Oct. if X 2^ X fa m-

1153. C. Krombholzii Fr. (after J. V. Krombholz) a b.

P. obtusely or acutely umbonate, smooth, yellowish-brown to
ochreous; mid. always dark; marg. appendiculate with V. St.
fistulose, naked, whitish. V. membranous, fugitive, whitish. G.
rounded-adnexed, dull purplish-brown, edge yellowish.

Often caespitose. Amongst moss. 2§ x 4J X T3g- in. Much like a Hypholoma.

1154. C. Reedii Berk, (after Miss Reed, sister of Mrs. Hussey) a b.
P. conical, expanded, strongly umbonate, brown ; mid. areolate.

St. solid, bulbous, shaded pale umber. G. ascending, attenuato-
free, ventricose, white to cinnamon.
Taste and odour none. Amongst moss and beech - mast. May.

ij X ij X & in.

1155. C. leueopus Fr. (from the white stem; Gr. tciikos, white, pous,

a foot) a b c.

P. conical, expanded, umbonate, smooth, moist, yellowish or
somewhat buff to tan. St. hollow, equal, attenuate upwards,
shining, zoned. G. adnexed, crowded, ventricose, pallid to
cinnamon.

Woods, fir, mixed ; frequent. Sept. -Nov. 1^ X 1^ X fa in.

1156. C. seandens Fr. (from the long wavy stem ; scando, to climb) a b.
P. conico-campanulate, obtusely or acutely umbonate, moist,

smooth, tawny-ferruginous to honey-colour and tan ; marg.

248 AGARIC AC EM Cortinarius

striate ; Co. white. St. fistulose, flexuous, rooting, greatly
attenuate downwards, yellowish to whitish. G. ascending-
adnate, tan to yellow and tawny-cinnamon.
Woods, pine, moist places. Oct.-Nov. i| X 2| x T3g in.

1157. C. erythrinus Fr. (Gr. eruthros, red) a.

P. umbonate, smooth, bay-brown-rufous, or vinous-sienna to
tawny; Co. white. St. stuffed to hollow, equal, smooth,
striate, white, pale purple or violaceous. G. adnexed or
somewhat adnate, pallid to pale cinnamon or sienna.

Woods, amongst leaves in damp places. Oct. i\ X i£ X ^b" m- ^ar-
argyropus Fr. more slender than type. St. silvery, white-mealy above.

1158. C. deeipiens Fr. (from its resemblance to several other species ;

dccipio, to deceive) a b c.

P. acutely or obtusely umbonate, smooth, bay-brown to shining
brick-red ; mid. darker. St. solid, stuffed or hollow, fibrillose,
pale rufescent, clouded brick-red. Z. imperfect, fugacious,
white. G. adnate, sometimes with a tooth, crowded, thin,
sienna-umber or sienna-tan.

Woods, mixed ; frequent. Sept. -Oct. i\ x 3^ X ^ in. Var. msignisEx.
P. paler ; St. flexuous, glabrous ; G. less crowded.

1159. C. germanus Fr. (from its close relationship to adjoining

species ; germanus, born of the same parents) a b.
P. obtusely or acutely umbonate, silky, hygrophanous, fuscous to

clay or tan-umber ; mid. sepia ; marg. whitish, or wholly tan.

St. fistulose, equal, silvery-pale or somewhat lilac. Z. fugacious,

ochre. G. adnate, slightly rounded, subdistant, watery -

cinnamon.
Odour powerful. Woods, pine, beech. Oct. \ x 2§ X £ in.

1160. C. ianthipes Fr. (from the violet stem ; Gr. ianthios, violet-

coloured, pons, a foot) a b c.

P. obtusely umbonate, fibrillose, brown ; marg. yellowish. St.
stuffed, smooth, equal, violaceous, base rufescent, imperfectly
zoned. G. adnexed or adnate, subcrowded, brown olivaceous,
then dark umber-sienna or deep red-brown.

Woods. Sept. % X 1 \ X T^ in.

1161. C. detonsus Fr. (from the smooth pileus and stem ; detondeo, to

shear) a c.

P. subumbonate, slightly silky to somewhat smooth, brick-red,
umber or yellowish. St. fistulose to stuffed, yellowish-pallid,
dull purple at mid. G. adnate, subdistant, yellowish brick-
colour.

Woods, pine, amongst moss in damp places. Sept. if X if X \ in.

1162. C. obtusus Fr. (from the obtuse umbo which at length

disappears) a.
P. bay-brown-ferruginous, cinnamon, or orange-sienna to pale
ochreous or tan-whitish ; marg. striate. St. stuffed to hollow

Cortinarius AGARICACE/E 249

attenuate downwards, lighter than P. ; Co. whitish. G. adnate,

ventricose, orange-sienna ; edge white.

Gregarious. Odour strong. Woods, chiefly pine ; requent. April-Oct.
if X 2^ X J in.

1163. C. aeutus Fr. (from the acute umbo) a b c.

P. honey-colour or pale yellow to whitish ; marg. white fibrillose.

St. fistulose, equal, white-fibrillose, colour as P., zoned.

G. adnate, crowded, thin, white-ochre, ochreous-cinnamon or

watery-brown.

Scattered, in troops, or coespitose. Odour at length nitrous. Woods, fir,
mixed, moist places ; frequent. Sept. -Nov. ij x i\ X \ in.

1164. C. Jung-huhnii Fr. (after Francis Junghuhn) a.

P. papillate, cinnamon or dull crimson-orange to tawny ; marg.
striate. St. stuffed to hollow, reddish, whitish below, adpressedly
fuscous-fibrillose. G. adnate, subdistant, thin, reddish-ochre
or olive shaded. Flesh reddish.

Odour none. Woods, mossy places. Aug. ij x 2| x jg in.

1165. C. depressus Fr. (from the pileus, at length depressed) a.

P. smooth, vinous- or ochreous-umber ; marg. at first silky then
striate. St. hollow, attenuate downwards, reddish or yellow-
brownish. G. adnate, ventricose, saffron-yellow, reddish or
reddish-brown-ochre.

Odour faint of stale fish or cucumber, as in 709, which resembles this inhabit.
Woods, moist places. Autumn. 1 J x if X J in.

1166. C. milvinus Fr. (from the coloration, like a kite's back ; i?iilvits,

a kite) a b.

P. obtusely umbonate, olivaceous-fawn or olive to tan ; marg.
striate, white squamulose. St. stuffed, equal, pale fuscous,
with white silky spots, or whitish above, tan-brown below ;
Co. white. G. adnate, subdistant, ochreous olive-tan to olive.

Gregarious. Odour strong. Woods. Oct. if X 2§ x \ in.

1167. C. faseiatus Fr. (from the fibrous-splitting stem, as if in

bundles, fascice) a b.

P. acutely umbonate, smooth or subsilky, brick colour or umber;
mid. sepia. St. fistulose, equal, splitting longitudinally into
fibres, pallid to cinnamon-fuscous, or variegated with bands of
white, tan and brown. G. adnate, subventricose, thin, distant,
cinnamon.

Woods, pine, damp places, pastures under pines. Sept. -Oct. l|x2|x \ in.

XLV. GOMPHIDIUS Fr.

(From the shape, like a large bolt or nail, Gr. gomphos.)

Veil universal, viscoso-floccose. Pileus at length turbinate,
glutinous when moist. Stem central, continuous and homogeneous
with the hymenophore, imperfectly rloccoso-annulate or cortinate ;

250

AGARICACE^E

Gomphidius

annulus fugitive. Gills decurrent, distant, soft and somewhat
branched, edge acute, composed of a mucilaginous membrane which
often admits of being detached from the hymenophore and stretched

Fig. 59. — Gomphidius viscidus Fr.

A, section ; b, young state : c, half-grown example

showing floccose veil. One-third natural size.

out into a continuous membrane, not deliquescent. Spores large,
fusiform, black or nearly so. (Fig. 59.)

The species grow on the ground, chiefly in pine woods, solitary,
subpersistent.

The species are most nearly allied to ffygrophorus, but they
differ greatly in the annulate stem and the blackish spores. There
is also an affinity with Cortinarius, as shown by the cortina, but the
spores differ greatly in shape and colour. Species 1168 — 1171

1168. G. glutinosus Fr. (from the glutinous pileus) a b c.

P. becoming flat, smooth, purple-umber or umber-crimson, at first
paler. St. solid, viscid and zoned with the fugitive V., whitish
above, yellowish or brownish below ; Co. white. G. whitish
or olive-whitish, then cinereous. Flesh whitish, greyish or
pale rose.

Said to be edible. Eaten at Hereford Fungus Forays, but not much approved,
1870. Taste watery, mouldy; odour faint. Woods, chiefly pine, larch ;
common. July-Nov. 4% x 3§ X § in. Must not be confounded with
155. Var. rosens Fr. P. rose-colour, sometimes dark crimson-red. St.
white above, pale rose below.

1169. G. viscidus Fr. (from the somewhat viscid pileus) a b c.

P. becoming flat, rich apricot, shaded vermilion, sometimes
brick-red, often mottled bright purple. St. solid, orange, pale
purplish above. G. olive, then crimson-purple, purplish or

Gomphidius

AGARICACEzE

251

whitish-purple. Flesh yellowish, often with purple stains,
rhubarb-colour at base.

Said to be edible ; odour not unpleasant. Woods, chiefly pine ; frequent.
July-Oct. 4! X 42 X 1 1 in. Var. testaceus Fr. P. brick-red. Woods,
beech. Every intermediate form occurs between this and 1168, including
the varieties ?'osetis and testaceus.

1170. G. maeulatus Fr. (from the spotted pileus and stem; metcu-
latus, spotted) a.
P. becoming flat and depressed, white to brownish-salmon with

large umber or blackish spots

marg.

striate. St. solid,

slightly attenuate downwards, yellow or yellowish below, white,

grey or purplish in middle, whitish above. G. pale slate,

shaded umber. Flesh reddish.

Woods, fir. Autumn. 2.\ x i\ x \ in. Var. Cookei Mass. St. whitish above,
blackish at base.

1171. G. gracilis B. & Br. {gracilis^ slender) a b c.

P. becoming flat and depressed, pale vinous-brown covered with
dingy-fuliginous gluten, at length black-spotted and black-
bordered with the drying gluten. St. solid, slightly attenuate
downwards, white-scaly above, yellow and virgate below,
clouded vinous-tan. G. slate-white, white umber or greenish-
white.

Woods, fir ; frequent. July-Oct. if X 2\ X \ in. Berkeley's illustration,
Outlines, t. 12, fig. 7, does not agree with his description. Every inter-
mediate form occurs between this and 1170.

XLVI. PAXILLUS Fr.

(From the form, like a small stake or peg, paxillus.)

Veil obsolete. Pileus fleshy, margin at first involute. Stem
central, excentric or obsolete, when present fleshy, continuous and

Fig. 60. — a, Paxillus ifivohttus Fr., entire and in section ; gills
separating from hymenophore at * ; b, section of P. panuoides
Fr. One-third natural size.

homogeneous with the hymenophore. Gills decurrent, often anas-
tomising behind and forming spurious pores as in Boletus, readily

252 AG ARIC AC EiE Paxillus

separating from the hymenophore owing to the — except in 1185 —
absence of a trama, usually separated from the flesh of the pileus
by a thin differentiated horny or cartilaginous layer. Spores whitish
to ferruginous. (Fig. 60.)

Fleshy, putrescent fungi, some growing on the ground, others on
tree-trunks or sawdust. Some of the members of the first subgenus
are allied to Tricholoma and Clitocybe amongst the white-spored
Agarics ; those of the second to Flammula, amongst the brown-spored
Agarics.

The gills of 1181 are sometimes wholly porous, in 1181a always
wholly porous, as in Boletus.

Most of the species are said to be edible. Species 1172 — 1186

Subgenus i. Lepista. Spores dull white — reddish- or fuscous-
pallid in 1174— faintly ferruginous in 1176. 1172—1179

Subgenus 2. Tapinia. Pileus usually more or less excentric,
sometimes lateral and stemless, at length depressed. Spores
ferruginous. 1180—1186

Subgenus i. Lepista.
(From the type, 1174 P. lepista.)

1172. P. giganteus Fr. (from its great size) a b c. Tan white.

P. depressed or infundibuliform, not umbonate ; marg. sulcate,

very involute. St. solid, smooth, stained faintly vinous.

G. deeply decurrent, very crowded, inclined to branch and

anastomose.

Odour strong, like 1394. Woods and pastures ; uncommon. Aug.-Nov.
1-iJ X 4J X £ in. Very different from 190, with which it is often
confounded.

1173. P. Alexandri Fr. (from P. Alexander, who gathered the first

examples described) a b.
P. piano-depressed, dry, fawn to umber-whitish ; marg. striate,

involute. St. colour as P., or faintly ochreous. G. sub-

decurrent, crowded, yellowish or brownish.
Amongst moss, on the ground. Sept. -Oct. 3J X i| X & in.

1174. P. lepista Fr. (from the shape of the pileus when young ;

lepista, a pan) a b c.

P. piano-depressed, dry to subviscid ; marg. involute, undulato-
flexuous, rimuloso-squamulose, not striate, whitish or yellowish-
white. St. solid, whitish, sometimes inclining to fuscous
below. G. decurrent, very crowded, whitish or pale yellowish-
white.

Solitary, sporadic, changeable in habit. Odour of rancid meal, or strong
and acid. Woods, oak, fir, moist places. Oct. -Nov. 5§ x 3^ X I in.

1175. P. extenuatus Fr. (from the thin margin of the pileus ;

exte?iuatus, made thin) a b.
P. campanulato-convex, broadly umbonate or obtuse, tan, clay
or yellowish ; marg. involute, smooth, even or striate. St.

Paxillus AGARIC ACE^E 253

solid, smooth, somewhat tuberous-rooting, colour as P. G.
deeply decurrent, very crowded, white to mouse-colour.
Woods, fir, grassy places. Oct. 4 x i\ X f in.

1176. P. panseolus Fr. (from the change of colour of the flesh to

black ; Gr. panaiolos, all variegated) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, depressed, smooth, moist, whitish ; marg. sub-
involute. St. stuffed, attenuate upwards, striato-fibrillose,
rufescent or as P., ochreous below. G. subdecurrent, crowded,
becoming watery ferruginous or cinnamon.

Subgregarious. Woods, fir, mixed. Oct. -Nov. ij x ij X J- in. Var.
spilomaolus Fr. P. spotted with dots.

1177. P. oreelloides Cooke & Mass. (from its resemblance to 504,

Clitopilus orcella) a b.

P. convexo-plane, silky, white, then clouded greyish or livid ;
marg. involute. St. solid, attenuate downwards, elastic, silky-
fibrillose, livid-ochreous. G. adnato-decurrent, crowded, whitish
to salmon-brown.

Woods, amongst grass. Sept. -Nov. 2^ x i| x T35 in.

1178. P. lividus Cooke (from its livid colour) a.

P. convex, then depressed, dull whitish or livid-ochreous ; marg.

subinvolute. St. stuffed to hollow, attenuate downwards,

fibrillose, whitish. G. subdecurrent, somewhat crowded,

white.

In small clusters. Odour pleasant. Woods, fields. Oct. 2 x 24 x f in.
Allied to 1179.

1179. P. revolutus Cooke (from the, at length, slightly revolute

margin of the pileus) a.

P. campanulato-obtuse, pale ochreous ; mid. darker ; marg. some-
times pale lavender. St. solid, attenuate downwards, whitish
or pale lavender. G. arcuato-decurrent, pallid to clay.

Odour of meal. Fields. Oct. if x if X § in.

Subgenus 2. Tapinia.
(From the pileus, at length depressed ; Gr. tapeinoo, to depress.)

1180. P. paradoxus Berk, ex Cooke (from its being a new, unexpected

species ; paradoxus, strange, unexpected) a b c.

P. convex to plane, densely tomentose, deep rufous-umber to

yellowish-brown ■ marg. subinvolute. St. solid, attenuate

downwards, sometimes rooting, yellow or reddish, or crimson

to rose above, and yellow to brownish below. G. decurrent,

distant, veined, yellow to deep yellow, reddish when bruised.

Woods, on the ground, on earth inside hollow trees, oak. Aug. -Nov.
4 X i£ X § in. With the general appearance of a dark pileated 1472.

1181. P. involutus Fr. (from the involute margin of the pileus) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, then depressed, ochreous-ferruginous ; marg.

very involute. St. solid, slightly enlarged downwards, dull

254 AGARIC ACE^E PaxilhlS

yellowish, dull purplish below. G. decurrent, branched,
sometimes forming elongate Po. near the St., pallid, pale or
umber-yellow to ferruginous, changing to vinous when bruised.

Said to be edible and highly esteemed in Belgium and Russia ; tasteless when
raw. Eaten at Hereford Fungus Forays, but not much approved, 1870.
Woods, by and on stumps ; very common. June-Nov. 7 X 2§ X I \ in.
A yellow parasitic mould, Hypo?7iyces chrysospermus^ frequently grows on
the gills. Var. excentricus Mass. St. excentric. Var. subinvolutus
W. G. Sm. {Agaricus subinvohitus Batsch) margin of P. less involute than
type.

1181a. P. porosus Berk, (from the porous hymenium) a b.

P. fleshy, viscid when moist, reddish-claret or olive-brown ; marg.
thin, even, not involute. St. excentric, tough, equal or
attenuate downwards, claret-brown, darker below, somewhat
reticulate above with the Po. G. decurrent, shallow, poriform,
yellow to sulphur-green, changing to pale blue and then
brownish when bruised, dull green when old. Po. round to
elongate, irregular, large to small. Flesh dull pale vinous-
brown, mottled and streaked, darker in stem, changing colour
as St.
Tasteless. Odour very strong, unpleasant. Moist woods, under firs. Autumn.
4§ x 3& x I m- ^°* unlike 1181, to which it is closely allied, but the
margin is never involute and the pores are different in colour. Small forms
somewhat resemble 1468.

1182. P. leptopus Fr. (from the thin stem ; Gr. leptos, thin, flous,

a foot) a b.

P. depressed, excentric, downy, then torn-villous-scaly, fuscous-
yellowish to yellow-olive-umber ; marg. subinvolute. St. solid,
attenuate downwards, yellowish. G. deeply decurrent, some-
times poriform at base, yellowish to full yellow or shaded olive.
Flesh straw-white to yellow.

On the ground, about stumps, fir. Aug. -Sept. 3^ x f X § in.

1183. P. atrotomentosus Fr. (from the black downy pileus ; ater,

black, tome?itum, down) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, then depressed, deep opaque umber or deep

orange-umber, somewhat orange-sienna at involute marg.

St. solid, equal, somewhat rooting, excentric, rarely lateral,

blackish-umber or intense crimson-umber, pale yellowish at

apex. G. subdecurrent, branching and somewhat porous at

base, yellowish to deep yellow. Flesh white or sulphur-white

in P., rose-purple in St., mottled dull purplish.

Taste insipid ; odour when cut rank and strong like 2086. Stumps, pine, on
the ground. Aug.-Nov. 5§ x i\ x if in.

1184. P. erassus Fr. (from the stem, thick above ; crassus, thick) a.
P. plane, even, ferruginous ; marg. subinvolute. St. stuffed,

attenuate downwards, excentric, colour as P. G. subdecurrent,
subdistant, cinnamon.
On the ground, woods. Nov. 3J x 1 X \ in.

Paxillus

AGARICACE/E

255

1185. P. panuoides Fr. (from its shape, as in genus Panus ; Gr.

eidos, appearance) a b c. Dull, opaque, yellow.

P. conchato - dimidiate, imbricate ; marg. subinvolute. St.

obsolete. G. decurrent to base, crowded, branched and

anastomosing, trama well developed, tan-sienna or somewhat

pale yellow-ochre, sometimes studded with drops.

Beech, fir, hawthorn, sawdust, in cellars, on wood ; uncommon. July-Nov.
Diana. 4 in. P. sometimes whitish-ochre with reddish marg. G. sienna.
The resupinate and cup-shaped form is Gomphus pezizoides Pers.

1186. P. Fagi B. & Br. (from its habitat, stumps of beech, fagus) a.
P. dimidiate, crisped, becoming revolute, pallid. St. obsolete.

G. decurrent to base, crisped, orange.
Gregarious. Autumn. Diam. 3J in.

XLVII. HYGROPHORUS Fr.

(From the water-bearing character ; Gr. hugros, moist, fi/iero, to bear.)

Veil universal and viscid or obsolete. Pileus more or less fleshy,
glutinous, viscid or watery ; margin slightly incurved. Stem central,
continuous and homogenous with the hymenophore, usually exannu-
late. Gills furnished with a subfloccose trama, usually distant and

Fig. 61. — a, Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus Fr., entire
and in section ; b, H. virgineus Fr., entire and in
section. One-third natural size.

thick, but acute at the edge, not membranous, often branched and
veined, the hymenium waxy and at length removable from the trama,
which is of the same substance as the pileus. Spores subglobose or
elliptical, smooth, white, pale umber in 1208. (Fig. 61.)

The species are putrescent, often brilliant in colour as scarlet,
orange, sulphur, green and shining-white ; they all, except 1215,
grow on the ground, and often appear after the first frosts of late
autumn. They differ from Cort'uiarius, Gomphidius and Paxillus
in the colour of the spores, from Lactarius in being non-milky, from
Rits sulci in not being vesciculoso-rigid, and from Cantharellus in the
sharp-edged gills. Many have a pleasant taste and are edible.

256 AGARICACE^ Hygrophorus

Typical species of the genus are best seen in Subgenus 3,
Hygrocybe. Species 1187—1228

Subgenus 1. LlMAClUM. Pileus glutinous. Universal veil viscid, with
occasionally a floccose partial veil which is annular or
marginal. Stem clothed with minute scales or rough with
dots above. Gills adnato-decurrent.

White or yellowish-white. 1187—1190

Reddish. 1191—1194.

Tawny or light yellow. 1195—1198

Olivaceous umber. 1199—1202

Fuscous-cinereous or livid. 1203 — 1206

Subgenus 2. Camarophyllus. Veil none. Pileus firm, opaque,
moist in rainy weather, not viscid, except 1216, 1219, 1220 and

1224, where the pileus is somewhat viscid. Stem even,
smooth or fibrillose, not rough with dots. Gills distant,
arcuate.

Gills deeply and at length obconically decurrent. 1207 — 1217
Gills ventricose, sinuato-arcuate or plano-adnate. 1218 — 1224

Subgenus 3. Hygrocybe. Veil none. Pileus viscid when moist,
shining when dry, rarely floccoso-scaly. Stem hollow, except

1225, 1228, stuffed in 1232, soft, not punctate. Gills soft.
Whole fungus thin and watery-succulent, fragile, mostly bright
coloured and lustrous.

Gills decurrent. 1225—1234-

Gills adnexed, adnate in 1241 and 1243, broadly emarginate in

1244, somewhat separating. 1235 — 1246

Subgenus i. Limacium.
(From the pileus and stem glutinous with the veil ; Umax, a slug.)

1187. H. ehrysodon Fr. (from the golden, tooth-like scales ; Gr.

chrusos, gold, odous, a. tooth) a b c. White or sulphur- white.
P. convexo-plane or flat, yellow squamulose at mid. and marg.
St. stuffed, equal, colour as P., minutely yellow squamulose
above, sometimes imperfectly floccoso-annulate. G. decurrent,
distant, white with a faintly yellowish edge.

Woods, lime, beech, under trees ; rare. Aug.-Xov. 2% x 3§ X \ in. Var.
leucodon Stew, with shining-white pubescence.

1188. H. eburneus Fr. (from its ivory-white colour ; ebur, ivory) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, flat, repand ; marg. pubescent, soon naked.

St. stuffed to hollow, equal or nearly so. G. adnato-decurrent,

distant.

Said to be edible. Odour mild, sweetish, not unpleasant or none. Woods,
grassy roadsides, pastures ; frequent. Aug. -Oct. 2§ X 3J X \ in. Not
unlike 115.

Hygrophorus AGARIC ACEyE 257

1189. H. Cossus Fr. (from its odour of the goat-moth, Cossus ligniperda)

a b c. Faintly yellowish-white.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse ; mid. slightly ochreous ; marg. naked.

St. stuffed, slightly attenuate downwards. G. adnato-decurrent,

distant.

Odour powerful, persistent. Woods, oak ; frequent. Sept. -Nov.
2| x 3f X I in.

1189a. H. melizeus Fr. (a fanciful name to express its beauty, like
the melody of a song • Gr. melizo, to sing) a. Straw colour.
P. fleshy, convexo-expanded, depressed, even, viscid ; marg. thin,
at first involute. St. stuffed, attenuate downwards, white
punctato-squamulose above. G. decurrent, thin, distant.
Odour pleasant. Woods. Nov. 3J x 4| X § in.

1189b. H. diseoxanthus Rea (from the yellow middle of the pileus ;
Gr. diskos, a disc, xanthos, yellow) a.
P. convex, then expanded and depressed, viscid, white then
yellowish, deeper coloured at mid. ; marg. becoming brownish
with age. St. solid, attenuate downwards, often curved, viscid,
white, soon becoming reddish-brown. G. somewhat distant,
decurrent, veined at base, exceeding marg. of P., white, then
yellowish to reddish-brown. Flesh white, becoming reddish
in St.
Odour pleasant of anise. Amongst grass. Oct. 2 x if X | in.

1190. H. penarius Fr. (from its edible qualities ; peiius, provisions)

a b. Tan-whitish.

P. convexo-expanded, umbonate obtuse, then flat, sometimes
clouded fawn-vinous ; mid. palest sienna or ochre. St. solid,
attenuate downwards, fusiform. G. adnato-decurrent, distant,
thick, veined.

Taste sweet ; odour pleasant. Woods, mixed. Oct. 3§ X 3| X § in.

1191. H. pulverulentus B. & Br. (from the powdered stem ; pulvis,

dust) a b.

P. pulvinate, white ; marg. tomentose, sometimes rose- or pale
rufous-mealy. St. stuffed, attenuate downwards, fusiform,
wholly powdered with rose, rose-sienna or pale rufous meal.
G. decurrent, thick, whitish, edge obtuse.

Amongst pine-leaves. Nov.-Dec. f x i| X J in.

1192. H. erubeseens Fr. (from becoming red, erubesco) a b c.

P. gibbous, convexo-flat, adpressedly dotted-squamulose, white
or pale buff, becoming red, rose-salmon or vinous-crimson-
brown ; mid. sienna. St. solid, equal or attenuate downwards,
red-fibrillose, red or pale dull brownish-purple, pale above.
G. decurrent, distant, narrow, white, red-spotted or rose, or
sienna-shaded. Flesh white or pale rose.

In troops, sometimes in large circles. Woods, pine. Oct. 4 X 3| X § in.
Perhaps allied to 88.

S

258 AGARIC ACE^E Hygrophorus

1193. H. pudorinus Fr. (from its flesh-colour ; pudorinus, blushing) a b.
P. convex, flat, salmon-rose ; mid. darker. St. solid, attenuate

upwards or subventricose, white or salmon-rose above, paler or
faintly ochreous below. G. decurrent, thick, distant, white or
pale flesh-colour, edge sometimes salmon.
Odour none. Woods, fir. Oct. 4 X 3 X f in.

1194. H. glutinifer Fr. (from its gluten-bearing habit ■ fero, to carry)

a b c.
P. convex, obtuse, rufescent, mid. wrinkled-dotted, buff, deep
buff or umber : marg. whitish. St. stuffed, ventricose down-
wards, white above, gradually sienna-umber below. G.
decurrent, white or faintest olive-white. Flesh white.

Gregarious. Taste mild. Woods, grassy places. Sept.-Oct. 4§X4X§in.
Must not be confused with 1201.

1195. H. arbustivus Fr. (from its habitat, plantations, arbustum) a b.
P. convexo-plane, subrepand, innato-fibrillose, smooth, buff-tan,

fawn-tan or sienna ; marg. paler. St. solid to stuffed, equal,

white above, tan at base. G. adnate, subdecurrent, distant,

white.

Edible. Taste and odour pleasant. Woods, birch, fir. Sept. -Dec.
2| x 2^ X 5 in.

1196. H. aureus Arrh. ex Fr. (from the golden-yellow pileus ; aureus,

golden) a.
P. convex, flat, even. St. stuffed, equal, pale sulphur above,

yellow below, sometimes annulate with the glutinous reddish V.

G. decurrent, distant, thin, whitish to deep sulphur.
Woods. Nov. ij X 2 x | in.

1197. H. diseoideus Fr. (from the disc-shaped pileus) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, flat, even, smooth, ochreous-white ; mid. pale
reddish-brown, sometimes dark. St. stuffed, slightly attenuate
upwards, whitish, faintly ochreous or brownish below. G.
decurrent, becoming distant, faint yellowish-tan.

Gregarious, forming rings, solitary. Woods, pine, grassy places. Oct. -Nov.
l\ X 2§ X \ in.

1198. H. aromatieus Berk, (from its odour of cinnamon) a b.

P. convexo-plane, flat, cuticle netted-reticulate and separable,
cinnamon. St. stuffed to hollow, rosy-cinnamon. G. rounded-
adnate to decurrent, separating from hymenophore, salmon.

Taste acrid ; odour spicy. Autumn. 3§ X 2§ X § in.

1199. H. limaeinus Fr. (from its slime ; Umax, a slug) a b.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, umber, fuliginous or olive ; marg.
paler. St. solid, equal, fibrilloso-striate, white or sulphur-green-
white, somewhat sienna below. G. adnato-decurrent, sub-
distant, thin, white or pale olive-cinereous.

Sometimes ccespitose. Woods, amongst damp leaves. Oct. -Nov.
3f x 3 X I in.

Hygrophorus AGARIC ACE^E 259

1200. H. olivaeeoalbus Fr. (from the olivaceous pileus and white

gills) a b c.
P. conical, convex, subumbonate, even, smooth. St. solid,
attenuate below, white above, spotted with milky drops,
spotted squamulose below with fuscous V., and more or less
annulate. G. adnato-decurrent, distant, veined, white or
sulphur-greenish- white.

Taste insipid ; odour none. Woods, woodland pastures, chiefly under pine,
oak. Aug. -Nov. 3 J X 4 J X \ in.

1201. H. hypothejus Fr. (from the sulphur-colour under the gluten ;

Gr. hupo, under, theion, sulphur) a b c.
P. convex, flat, depressed, gluten leaf-green or olivaceous, umber
or deep madder-brown. St. stuffed to hollow, equal or slightly
attenuate downwards, at first yellow-greenish, then yellow,
sometimes flesh-colour, fugaciously subannulate. G. decurrent,
distant, white to yellow, sometimes flesh-colour. Flesh pale
sulphur-yellow.

Woods, pine, larch, amongst heather, etc. ; frequent. Sept. -Dec. 3 X 3 X \ in.
Must not be confused with 1194.

1202. H. eeraeinus Berk, (from its odour, like cherry-laurel ; Primus

Laurocerasus) a b c.
P. convexo-expanded, obtuse or subumbonate, umber to grey ;
marg. minutely tomentose. St. solid, equal or attenuate
downwards, white. G. adnato-decurrent, very distant, branched,
white.

Somewhat gregarious. Woods, fir. Sept. -Oct. 2§ X 2f X § in.

1203. H. fuseoalbus Fr. (from the brown pileus and white gills) a b.
P. convexo-plane, obtuse, becoming cinereous ; marg. white-

floccose. St. solid, equal, white above, tan below, sometimes
floccoso-annulate. G. decurrent, somewhat thick.

Woods, mixed, amongst moss. Sept. if X 2\ X J in.

1204. H. aguthosmus Fr. (from the pleasant odour ; Gr. agat/ios,

good, osme, scent) a b c.
P. convexo-plane, gibbous, livid grey or dull pale yellowish-olive ;
mid. usually darker. St. solid to hollow, equal, somewhat
fibrilloso-striate, white above, as P. below. G. decurrent,
distant, white.

Odour sweet of anise, or of fruit with spirit. Woods, fir. Sept. -Nov.
3J X 2£ x % in.

1205. H. mesotephrus B. & Br. (from the brown-grey middle of the

pileus ; Gr. mesos, middle, tcphros, ash-coloured) a b c.
P. hemispherical to flat, white; mid. pale sienna or buff; marg.
striate. St. stuffed, attenuate downwards, white, faint sienna
or buff below. G. decurrent, subdistant, white.

Woods, damp places ; rare. Oct. if X i\ X \ in.

S 2

260 AGARICACE^E Hygrophorus

1206. H. lividoalbus Fr. (from the livid pileus and white gills) a b c.
P. flat, buff-white or white, with white-umber marg. St. stuffed,

equal, somewhat even, glabrous, white. G. decurrent, sub-
distant, white.
Woods. Oct. -Nov. 2f X 3f X I in.

Subgenus 2. Camarophyllus.
(From the arcuate gills ; Gr. kamera, a vault, phullon, a leaf.)

1207. H. eaprinus Fr. (from the fibrillose stem, as if covered with

goat's hair ; caper, a goat) a c.

P. conical, umbonate, convex, then flat or depressed, streaked-
fibrillose, blackish, cinereous-fuliginous or umber. St. solid,
or hollow above, equal, pale umber- or grey-white. G. very
distant, white, then glaucous.

Woods, pastures, under firs. Oct. 3j X 4 X \ in.

1208. H. leporinus Fr. (from the colour, like a hare, lepus) a c.

P. convex, gibbous, fibrilloso-floccose, ochre-sienna or umber.
St. solid, rigid, subfusiform, fibrillose, pallid above, brownish-
tawny below. G. pale yellowish. Flesh brownish above and
below.

Taste and odour none. Woods, downs ; rare. Sept. -Oct. 2§ x 2\ x f in.

1209. H. nemoreus Fr. (from the habitat ; nemus, a grove) a b.

P. convexo-expanded, gibbous, then depressed, orange, or
yellowish-white-sienna. St. stuffed, squamulose, fibroso-striate,
slightly attenuate downwards, pale biscuit-colour. G. thick,
whitish to orange.

Edible. Taste mild. Woods, pastures. Oct.-Dec. 2§ X i£ X \ in.

1210. H. pratensis Fr. (from the habitat ; prcitum, a meadow) a b c.

Pale buff or yellowish.

P. convex, obtuse or umbonate, then repand, even, smooth. St.

stuffed, attenuate downwards. G. very distant, thick, veined.

Edible, but with little flavour. Pastures, roadsides, downs ; common.
Aug .-Nov. 3f X 2§ x § in. Sometimes wholly white. Var. umbrinus
W. G. Sm. P. olive-slate or whitish-umber. Var. cinereus Fr. P. thin,
cinereous, margin striate. Var. pallidus Cooke. P. infundibuliform, pallid.
Var. Meisnerie7isis Fr. P. skin easily separable. Tasteless or slightly insipid.

1210a. H. Karstenii Sacc. & Cub. (after P. A. Karsten) a.

P. fleshy, convexo-plane, compact at mid., glabrous, even,

whitish. St. solid, attenuate downwards, wavy, white. G. deeply

decurrent, distant, yellow.

Woods. Nov. 3! X 5§ X § in. Distinguished from 1210 by its chalk-
white downward tapering stem.

1211. H. foetens Phill. (from its nauseous-fetid odour) a b c.

P. convex, plane, smooth, then squamulose, sepia. St. stuffed,
attenuate downwards, paler than P. G. somewhat thick,
vinous-brown-tan, somewhat slate, glaucous-pruinose.

Odour cadaverous, ordure-like, fetid-nauseous. Grassy places. Oct. -Nov.
1 X I J X \ in.

Hygrophorus AGARICACE/E 26 1

1212. H. virgineus Fr. (from the pure white colour) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, flat, depressed, at length cracked and floccose.
St. stuffed, attenuate downwards. G. very decurrent, some-
what thick.

Edible. Pastures, woods, roadsides, downs. Aug.-Dec. if X if X \ in.
Very variable in size. Sometimes clouded with beautiful shades of clear
lilac, caused by the growth of the mould named Verticillium Marquandii.
Must not be confounded with the white form of 1210 or with 1214. Var.
roseipes Mass. ex Cooke. St. rose-colour or salmon within and without,
sometimes strigose at base.

1213. H. ventrieosus B. & Br. (from the ventricose stem) a b.

White.

P. convex, unequal, lobed. St. solid or partially hollow. G.

narrow, forked.

Amongst grass. Sept. i| X 2| X | in. Often tinged with red from the
growth of a parasitic Fusisporhtm, which maybe the cause of the hypertrophy.
Greatly resembles one form of 123.

1214. H. niveus Fr. (from its snow-white colour; niveus, snow-

white) a b c.
P. convex, flat, umbilicate ; marg. striate. St. fistulose, equal or
slightly attenuate downwards. G. thin.

Pastures, roadsides, parks, downs, etc. ; common. Sept.-Nov. ^X2X^ in.
Much like 207 in appearance. Sometimes minute. Sometimes stained
lilac, as in 1212.

1215. H. Wynnise B. & Br. (after Mrs. Lloyd Wynne) a b c. Semi-

transparent lemon, faintly greenish, sometimes tan or white.
P. convex, umbilicate, or subinfundibuliform ; marg. striate.
St. stuffed, equal, or attenuate downwards. G. narrow, thin.

On chips, twigs, old stumps, etc. Oct. 1 X if X \ in. The habitat
points to Mycena or Om'phalia.

1216. H. russoeoriaeeus Berk. & Mill, (from the odour of Russian

leather \ coriaceus, leathery) a b c. White.

P. convex, expanded, obtuse, slightly viscid. St. solid, attenuate

downwards, smooth. G. thick, distant, few.

Odour varying of Potentilla atrosanguinea. Pastures ; rare. Sept. -Dec.
1 X ij X T35 in. Odour sometimes persistent in dried examples for more
than twenty years. Must not be confounded with 207.

1217. H. mieaeeus B. & Br. (from the shining mica-like particles on

the pileus) a c.
P. hemispherical, flat, slightly depressed, wrinkled, light yellow to

cinereous. St. solid, equal, colour as P., then brown below.

G. pallid umber to clay-sienna.
Clayey soil. Oct. | x § X -^ in. Whole plant turns brown in drying.

1218. H. fornieatus Fr. (from the pileus, at first convex ; fornicafusi

arched) a b c.
P. becoming expanded and obsoletely broadly umbonate, viscid,
white or pale livid ; mid. brown. St. solid, hollow or stuffed.,

262 AGARICACE.E Hygrophorus

equal, smooth or subscaly, whitish to greyish. G. adnexed or

sinuato-adnexed, ventricose, distant, white.

Pastures. Oct. -Nov. 3 X 2§ X f in. Var. clivalis Fr., white, /'.thin,
fragile ; marg. incurved, striate, not viscid. St. short, fragile, attenuate
downwards. G. rather thick.

1219. H. distans Berk, (from the very distant gills) a b.

P. convex, plane, subdepressed or umbilicate, viscid, white or

faintly brownish. St. solid, attenuate downwards, white,

cinereous or pale ochre-tan below. G. plano-decurrent, few.

Sometimes fragrant of essence of almonds, pleasant, sweet. Woods ; rare.
Oct. 2X ]|x|in.

1220. H. Clarkii B. & Br. (after J. Aubrey Clark) a b.

P. obtuse, convexo-plane, viscid, opaque umber or livid-
cinereous ; marg. even, white. St. solid, stuffed or hollow,
equal or attenuate downwards, viscid and white-squamulose
above, pale umber-scaly below. G. adnate, distant, broad,
thick, veined, ivory-white.

Woods, pastures. Sept. -Oct. 3f X 2§ x ij in. H latitabundus Britz. is
this species, as is Kalchbr. Hymen. Hung. t. 24, f. I, incorrectly named
H. lim acinus Fr.

1221. H. metapodius Fr. (from the stem, sometimes thick above and

attenuate below ; Gr. meta, upside down, pons, a foot) a b c.
P. convex, plane, obtuse, cinereous-fuscous or pale rose-shaded
sepia. St. stuffed, unequal, smooth, cinereous. G. adnate,
broadly emarginate, distant, veined, grey-white. Flesh pallid-
grey, reddish when broken.

Sometimes in clusters and deformed. Taste mild, insipid to sweet ; odour 01
new meal. Old mossy pastures. Oct. -Jan. i\ x if X f in. At
maturity becoming black or deep sepia within and without. Analogous
with 1306 and 1307.

1222. H. ovinus Fr. (from the woolly pileus ; ovis, a sheep) a b c.

P. campanulate, expanded, subumbonate, revolute, incised, sub-
viscid, then obscurely squamulose, dull-sienna or yellow ; mid.
sienna-slate ; marg. tan. St. somewhat stuffed, almost equal,
smooth, tan-grey. G. emarginate or arcuato-adnate, veined,
whitish-grey then rufescent.

Odour of new meal. Woods, pastures, mossy places ; uncommon. Sept.-
Dec. 2.\ X 2| x \ in. Sometimes changing to black.

1223. H. subradiatus Fr. (from the radiato-striate pileus) a b.

P. convex, expanded, subumbonate, pale yellowish ; mid. sienna

and umber ; marg. sienna, sometimes lilac. St. stuffed to

hollow, equal, smooth, often twisted, whitish or pale lilac

above, tan-brownish below. G. decurrent, somewhat thin,

distant, veined, white to pale yellowish.

Old pastures, heathy ground. Sept. -Oct. 3| x 2 X | in, Var. lactnus Fr.
wholly or almost wholly shining-lavender.

1224. H. irrigatus Fr. (from its watery texture ; irrigo, to wet) a.

P. convex, obtuse, flat, smooth, viscid, pale fawn ; mid. brown •

Hygrophorus AGARICACE^: 263

marg. striate. St. hollow, equal, smooth, very viscid, colour
as P., but with a pale yellowish tinge. G. adnate with a tooth,
subdistant, somewhat thick, veined, white, grey, or tan.
Woods, fir, grassy places. Oct. -Nov. 2 X 2§ x \ in.

Subgenus 3. Hygrocybe.
(From the moist pileus ; Gr. hugros, moist, kube, a head.)

1225. H. Colemannianus Blox. ex Berk, (after W. H. Coleman) a b c.
P. convexo-expanded, umbonate, dark reddish-umber; marg.

striate, paler. St. solid, nearly equal, somewhat silky, salmon-
whitish, shaded pale brownish. G. distant, veined, paler than
P. to whitish.
Grassy places, lawns. Oct. -Nov. i| x if X \ in.

1226. H. seiophanus Fr. (from its delicacy as compared with 1210 ;

Gr. skia, a shadow, fihaino, to appear) a.

P. hemispherical, expanded, obtuse, deep tawny, brown, red or
vermilion to white; marg. striate, paler. St. equal, smooth,
tawny-yellowish to white. G. adnate to plano-decurrent,
ventricose, distant, colour as P., or inclining to rose or yellow.

Densely gregarious. Grassy and mossy places. Autumn, i£ x i£ X J in.

1227. H. lsetus Fr. (from the bright colour ; Icetus, pleasing) a b c.

P. convex, flat, slightly depressed, slippery-smooth, deep yellow,
tawny, vermilion-orange or salmon ; marg. striate. St. fistulose,
equal, slippery-smooth, tawny or yellow. G. plano-decurrent,
distant, thin, veined, flesh-colour, whitish, fuliginous or shaded
brownish. Flesh in P., yellow and orange, in St., tan-yellow.

In troops. Pastures, downs ; frequent. Oct. -Nov. 1^ x l\ X \ in.

1228. H. Houg-htonii B. & Br. (after the Rev. Wm. Houghton) a b c.
P. convex, flat, umbilicate, glutinous, rugose to mid., flesh-colour

with sienna marg., pale vermilion shaded darker or wholly
cinnabar, sometimes very pale. St. fistulose, equal, very
glutinous, pale salmon above, pale or dark yellow below,
sometimes wholly cinnamon. G. plano-decurrent, thick, pale
yellowish or salmon. Flesh in P. flesh-colour or orange, in St.
salmon above, tan below.
Tasteless ; odour strong, foxy. Amongst grass. Oct. i| X 2| X J in.

1229. H. vitellinus Fr. (from the egg-yellow colour, within and

without ; vitellus, yolk of egg) a b.

P. convexo-expanded, smooth, varying lemon-yellow with a sug-
gestion of olive, becoming white; marg. plicato-striate. St. equal,
even, smooth, becoming white. G. decurrent, subdistant.

Woods, pastures. Oct. -Dec. 1 x 2^ X J in.

1230. H. eeraeeus Fr. (from the colour, like yellow wax ; cera, wax) a b c.
P. convexo-plane ; marg. striate, not becoming white ; mid. some-
times vermilion. St. equal to unequal, even, smooth. G.
adnato-decurrent.

In troops. Woods, pastures; common. Sept. -Dec. i| X 3J X £ in.

264 AGARICACE^E Hygrophorus

1231. H. eoeeineus Fr. (from its scarlet colour, coccineus) a b c.

P. hemispherical, convex, plane, smooth, not floccoso-scaly,
crimson-scarlet or yellow to orange, clouded and blotted
carmine, becoming whitish or yellowish. St. even, not slippery-
smooth, unequal, scarlet above, yellow below, sometimes rose
or purplish, becoming whitish or yellowish. G. adnate, some-
times with a decurrent tooth, distant, veined, yellow below,
purplish above, edge glaucous. Flesh crimson, orange or
sulphur, external layer of St. orange-vermilion.

Pastures ; very common. June-Nov. 2§ x 2§ x J in.

1232. H. miniatus Fr. (from its colour ; minium, vermilion) a b c.

P. convex, umbilicate, even, smooth then squamulose, becoming

rose or orange. St. stuffed, slightly attenuate downwards,

smooth, shining. G. adnate or slightly decurrent, distant,

rather thick, yellow or vermilion-shaded. Flesh of P. and

external layer of St. scarlet.

Open and boggv places, woods, moist banks, pastures. June -Oct.
I X2jX^ in. Sometimes very small. Does not adhere to paper in drying.

1233. H. turundus Fr. (from the flocculose pileus ; turunda, lint)

a b c.

P. convex, plane, depressed or umbilicate, yellow to orange ;

mid. vermilion ; sq. cinereous-fuscous ; marg. sometimes

crenate. St. equal, even, lustrous, tawny-reddish or orange

above, sulphur below, base white. G. slightly to deeply

decurrent, white to orange.

Bogs amongst Hydrocotyle vulgaris, peaty soil, grassy places. July-Oct.
if X 2\ X T3g in. Adheres to paper in drying. Var. mollis B. & Br.
P. golden-yellow-squamulose.

1234. H. mueronellus Fr. (from the shape of the pileus, acutely

conical when young ; mucro, a sharp point) a.
P. becoming campanulate and repand, umbonate, scarlet, bright

red, orange or yellow, then hoary ; marg. striate when moist.

St. equal, even, smooth, yellow or scarlet, white below.

G. subdecurrent, yellow, orange above.
Fields. Dec. f X \\ X ^ in.

1235. H. punieeus Fr. (from the colour ; puniceus, blood-red) a b c.
P. convex, obtuse, expanded, subumbonate, scarlet-crimson, some-
times clouded orange, sometimes orange-brown. St. equal or
ventricose, striate; colour as P., white, yellowish or sulphur at
base. G. ventricose, thick, distant, white-yellow, often reddish
above. Flesh deep orange and sulphur in P., sulphur in St.

Pastures, downs, mossy places, sometimes woods ; frequent. June-Nov.
4i X 5 X I in.

1236. H. obrusseus Fr. (from the golden colours ; obrussa, the

assaying of gold by fire) a b c.
P. campanulate, expanded, obtuse or umbonate, golden sulphur-
yellow or golden to orange ; mid. somewhat vermilion. St.

Hygrophorus AGARICACE^: 265

compressed, unequal, hollow, smooth, even, light or dark
sulphur, base tawny or sulphur-white. G. ventricose, distant,
white to sulphur and yellow-orange.

Woods, grassy places. Aug. -Oct. 2\ X 4^ X § in.

1237. H. intermedius Pass, (from its resemblance to adjoining
species) a.

P. convex, obtuse, flat, fibrilloso-silky, golden-yellow becoming
cinereous ; mid. orange. St. compressed, fibrilloso-striate,
sulphur to orange. G. ventricose, distant, whitish then
yellowish.

Odour of meal. Roadsides, grassy places, damp ground. Autumn.
2§ X 2§ x § in. Like 1236, but becoming grey.

1238. H. eonieus Fr. (from the conical pileus) a b c.

P. often acute, then expanded and cracked, smooth, blood-
scarlet, orange, sulphur-greenish, sulphur or smoky light yellow.
St. equal, fibroso-striate, twisted, sulphur or yellow, reddish at
base. G. ventricose, thin, subcrowded, white, yellowish or
sulphur.

Pastures, downs, roadsides, etc. ; common. July-Nov. 2| x 3} X § in.
Usually, but not invariably, becoming wholly jet black at maturity.

1239. H. ealyptrseformis B. & Br. (from the pointed hood-shaped

pileus ; calyptra, a hood) a b c.
P. acutely conical, expanded, repand, splitting, minutely innato-
fibrillose, salmon-rose, purplish-rose or white • mid. ochreous
or salmon. St. somewhat ventricose, smooth, substriate, white.
G. ventricose, rose to pallid, or as P.

Said to be edible. Pastures, lawns, etc. ; uncommon. July - Oct.
3 X 4j X § in. Var. niveiis Cooke, wholly white.

1240. H. ehlorophanus Fr. (from the pale yellow colour • Gr. c/i/oros,

greenish-yellow, phaino^ to appear) a b c.
P. hemispherical, expanded, obtuse, plane, smooth, cracked,
viscid, sulphur, yellow, orange or scarlet ; mid. sometimes
vermilion ; marg. striate. St. equal, viscid when moist, rich
light yellow. G. emarginato-adnexed, ventricose, thin, distant,
yellow. Flesh yellowish.

Woods, grassy and mossy places ; common. July-Oct. I £ X 3^ X \ in.

1241. H. psittaeinus Fr. (from the yellow or red and green colours ;

psittacus, the ringed green parrot) a b c.
P. campanulate, expanded, umbonate, yellow-reddish or whitish,
smeared with green gluten. St. equal, even, colour as P.
G. adnate or with a decurrent tooth, ventricose, thick, sub-
distant, yellow, green above.

Pastures, downs, roadsHes, etc. ; common. Aug. -Dec. i\ X 2% X \ in.
When young wholly green from the gluten.

266 AGARICACE^E Hygrophorus

1242. H. spadieeus Fr. (fram the brown pileus; spadiceus, date-

brown) a.
P. conical, subacute, campanulate, fibrillose, virgate, covered
with olive-bay gluten. St. equal, dry, fibrillose, tawny or
yellow, white below. G. ventricose, distant, lemon or clear
yellow.

Mossy and grassy places, on the ground. July. 2§ X 2\ x f in. Not
turning black.

1243. H. unguinosus Fr. (from the glutinous pileus and stem;

unguinosus, oily) a b.
P. campanulato-convex, obtuse, sepia, umber, fuliginous or
yellowish-brown. St. equal or slightly attenuate above and
below, colour as P. G. adnate with a tooth, ventricose,
white.

Taste and odour none. Woods, pastures, moist places ; frequent. Aug.-Oct.
i£ X 3§ X l'\n.

1244. H. nitratus Fr. (from the nitrous odour) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse or depressed, at first viscid, then flocculoso-
squamulose and rimosely incised, fuscous-cinereous, blotted,
becoming pale, or deep umber with whitish marg. St. equal,
smooth, lustrous, grey-whitish. G. broadly emarginate, distant,
veined, whitish to glaucous.

Odour very strong and disagreeable, like compounds of nitrogen and oxygen.
Woods, pastures ; uncommon. Aug. -Nov. if x 2§ x \ in. Must not
be confounded with 111. There is a form larger than type. Var. glauco-
nitens Fr., rigid. P. dark-olive or sooty, becoming pale. G. becoming
glaucous. Persoon and others, including myself, regard the variety as a
distinct species. Berkeley, I believe, looked upon it as a Tricholoma
near 111.

XLVIII. LACTARIUS Fr.

(From the milky juice ; lac, milk.)

Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with the stem. Veil
more or less obsolete, present in the ragged-appendiculate or
pubescent margin of the pileus in some species and in the gluten of
others. Pileus fleshy, somewhat rigid, the texture floccose or vesci-
culose, not fibrous, often zoned, margin at first involute, milky. Stem
usually central, not corticate, exannulate, milky. Gills adnato-
decurrent, adnate in 1256, 1264, 1270, 1290 and 1302, often branched,
unequal, membranous-waxy, subrigid, edge acute, trama vesiculose,
milky. Spores subglobose, minutely echinulate, white, rarely
yellowish. (Fig. 62.)

Every part of the plant contains numerous anastomosing
lactiferous cells filled with densely granular latex or milk which
is usually white, but in some instances the colour changes on exposure

Ladarhis

AGARICACE.E

267

to the air ; in a few cases the milk is coloured before its escape from
the cells ; it varies in taste from mild to intensely acrid, and is of a
resinous nature,
r. The species, except 1305, grow on the ground. The nearest allies

Fig. 62. — a, Lnctarucs torminosus Fr. ; b, L. fiiperatus Fr. ; c, L. obliqum Fr. ; entire and
in section. One-third natural size, d, Lactiferous tubes of L. subdidcis Fr. X ioo.

are found in Pussula, which has no latex. Some are edible, others
are poisonous.

The Ladarii of France and Italy are popularly termed " cows "
or "goats"; the acrid species are called " pepero?ie" and " poivre
blanc"

The sclerotia and perfect plants of 248 sometimes grow from the
gills of Ladarii. Sphceronema vitreum (Sphceropsidece) frequently
grows on the Lada?'ii and Russulce. The mould Peniallium macro-
sporum occurs on Ladarhis. Species 1245 — 1305

Piperites. Stem central. Gills not changing colour, not pruinose.
Milk white, usually acrid.

a. Tridiolomoidcce. Pileus viscid when moist ; margin at first

involute and tomentose. 1245 — 1253

b. Limarince. Pileus viscid when moist, pelliculose, margin

usually naked. 1254—1261

c. Piperatce. Pileus without a pellicle, dry, usually not shining.

1262—1274

Dapetes. Stem central. Gills naked. Milk from the first deeply
coloured. 1275, 1276

268 AGARICACE^E Lactarius

Russulares. Stem central. Gills pallid, then changing colour

to darker, glancing when turned to the light, at length white

pruinose. Milk at first white, mild or from mild turning acrid.

Films at first viscid. 1277—1283

Pileus not lustrous, squamulose, villous or pruinose.

1284—1294
Pileus lustrous, smooth. 1295 — 1304

Pleuropod/E. Stem excentric or lateral. Growing on trunks. 1305

Piperites.
a. Tricholomoidece.

1245. L. serobieulatus Fr. (from the pitted stem ; scrobis, a trench)

a b c.
P. convex, then infundibuliform, villous-downy ; marg. at first
appendiculate, yellowish or buff. St. stuffed to hollow, equal,
light yellowish or white above, tan below. G. thin, crowded,
whitish to yellowish. Milk white, then sulphur-yellowish.

Taste very acrid ; odour not unpleasant. Woods, on the ground, damp
places. Sept.-Oct. 9 X 2\ X ih in. Pileus sometimes 12 in. in diam.

1246. L. intermedius B. & Br. (from its position between 1245, 1247

and 1248) a b.

P. convex, then infundibuliform, smooth, ochreous or brownish-
yellow, somewhat zoned ; marg. at first ragged-tomentose. St.
solid to hollow, equal, pitted as in 1245, yellowish. G. whitish.
Flesh white then pale sulphur. Milk white, then yellow-white.

Somewhat acrid. Woods. 3§ X l§ X f in. Perhaps the same as 1248.

1247. L. torminosus Fr. (from its painful acridity ; tormina, gripes)

a b c.

P. convex, then infundibuliform, becoming even, somewhat
zoned, pallid flesh-colour ; marg. ragged-fibrillose, white. St.
stuffed to hollow, equal or attenuate downwards, even or
obsoletely pitted, white, palest rose above, ochre or tan below.
G. very thin, crowded, paler than P. or tan. Milk white.

Eaten with oil and vinegar in Russia after being preserved in salt. Very
acrid ; odour none. Mixed woods, on the ground, fields, amongst grass,
heather, etc. ; common. Aug. -Nov. 5J x if X £ in. Often confounded
with 1276. Hypomyces torminosus, a parasitic white mould, changing to
yellow and dark-brown is frequent on the gills.

1248. L. eilieioides Fr. (from the tomentose pileus ; Gr. kilikion,

goat's-hair cloth, eidos, appearance) a b c.
P. convex, then infundibuliform, wholly tomentose, flesh-colour

to yellowish or fuscous ; marg. fibrillose-woolly. St. solid to

hollow, equal or attenuate downwards, even, pallid. G.

crowded, branched, white to yellowish. Flesh yellowish-white.

Milk white to yellowish-white.
Woods, pine, on the ground ; frequent. Aug.-Nov. 6J X 2J X if in.

Intermediate between 1247 and 1250.

Lactarius AGARICACE^E 269

1249. L. lateritioroseus Karst. (from the colour ; lateritius, brick-

red, roseus, rosy) a.
P. convex, then subinfundibuliform or umbilicate, wavy, usually
zoneless, sometimes flesh-colour, becoming pale or lavender-
salmon ; mid. granuloso-squamulose. St. stuffed to hollow,
unequal, slightly flocculose, colour as P. or paler. G. sub-
distant, furcate, veined, colour as St., becoming yellowish.
Milk white.

Acrid. Woods. Autumn. 3J x 2 X f in.

1250. L. tuppis Fr. (from its ugly appearance ; turpis, base) a b c.

P. convex, then depressed, rigid, usually zoneless, umber or
olivaceous. St. solid to hollow, equal or attenuate downwards
(sometimes upwards), pallid or dark olivaceous or shaded
pale slate. G. thin, crowded, furcate, white straw-colour or
tan. Flesh white or shaded pale slate. Milk white.

Poisonous. Gregarious. Woods, fir, mixed, roadsides, etc. ; common.
Sept. -Nov. 8 x 7.\ X i| in. Habit of 1181. Var. plumbeiis Cooke.
P. blackish-brown.

1251. L. eontroversus Fr. (from the pileus, at first convex then

infundibuliform) a b c.
P. convex, then infundibuliform, rigid, flocculose to smooth,
white, spotted and zoned blood-red, varying flesh-colour. St.
solid, equal, sometimes excentric, viscid, white or spotted as
P. G. thin, very crowded, branched, pallid, white-flesh-
colour. Milk white.

Taste very acrid and pungent ; odour weak, pleasant. Woods, pastures,
under poplars, chestnuts ; uncommon. Aug. -Nov. 8 x 3 J X i£ in.
Said by Dr. Badham to be eaten at Lucca under the name of " Lucchese
Goat."

1252. L. pubeseens Fr. (from the pubescent margin of the pileus) a b.
P. convex, then broadly infundibuliform, zoneless, even, dry,

shining, whitish to flesh-colour, rose, ochreous or faint brown.
St. stuffed, attenuate downwards, even, colour as P. G.
crowded, pale flesh-colour or yellowish to salmon. Milk
white.

Taste very acrid ; odour none or pungent. Pastures, grassy places, amongst
pebbles. Sept. -Oct. 4 X if X f in.

1253. L. aspideus Fr. (from the shield-like shape of the pileus j

aspis, a shield) a b.
P. gibbous-convex then depressed, straw-colour, pale yellowish,
or faintly lilac-shaded ; marg. with a tomentose, deciduous,
white zone. St. solid to stuffed, equal or attenuate downwards,
whitish. G. somewhat thick, whitish, faintly shaded lilac.
Flesh colour as G. Milk white then lilac.

Taste sweet. Damp pastures, moist places. Sept. 2 J x \\ X g in.

270 AGARICACE^E Lactarius

b. Li marina.

1254. L. insulsus Fr. (from its indifferent resemblance to 1276 ;

insulsus, insipid) a b c.

P. umbilicate then deeply infundibuliform, rigid, smooth, yellow
or orange ; mid. sienna-yellow, usually zoned, spotty-pale-
sienna. St. solid to hollow, whitish or faint yellowish. G.
decurrent, very crowded, forked at base, colour as St. Milk
white.

Taste acrid. Mixed woods and their borders, pastures ; common. Aug.-
Oct. 3§ X \\ X £ in. Pileus sometimes 7 in. in diam.

1255. L. zonarius Fr. (from the zoned pileus) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, depressed, even, smooth, 4- to 7-zoned near the

minutely ruguloso-flocculose marg., pallid orange or pale

yellowish ; mid. sometimes umber. St. solid, smooth, dry,

white then yellowish. G. thin, subcrowded, branched, whitish

to dull yellowish, dingy when bruised. Milk white.

Taste very acrid, strong, disagreeable. Woods and their borders, grassy
places; rare. Aug .-Oct. 4^ X if X £ in.

1256. L. utilis Fr. (from its edible qualities ; utilis, useful) a.

P. convexo-plane, obtuse, then infundibuliform, even, smooth,

tan, pale dull ochre or livid. St. solid to hollow, even, colour

as P. G. adnate, crowded, pallid. Milk white.

Highly esteemed as an esculent in Russia. Taste mild to slightly acrid.
Woods, on the ground. Autumn. 5§ X 2 x ij in. Sometimes olive
shaded.

1257. L. blennius Fr. (from the slimy pileus ; Gr. blennos, mucus)

a b c.
P. piano-depressed, pallid olivaceous, aeruginous-grey or indigo-
sepia, shining with gluten ; mid. dark • marg. at first slightly
downy. St. stuffed to hollow, subequal or attenuate down-
wards, even, viscid, pallid above, pallid grey or pale slate. G.
thin, crowded, white, cinerous when bruised. Milk white.

Poisonous. Taste very acrid. Woods, beech, fields near woods, on the
ground, rarely on trunks ; common. July-Nov. 3§ x \\ X £ in.

1258. L. hysginus Fr. (from the colour of the pileus ; Gr. husginon,

a crimson dye) a b c.
P. umbilicate, depressed, plane, even, red flesh-colour, reddish-
brown or dark brownish sienna-salmon, somewhat zoned pale
umber. St. solid to hollow, attenuate downwards, smooth,
warm sienna-yellowish, somewhat spotted. G. thin, crowded,
white to primrose or yellow-ochreous. Milk white.

Suspected poisonous. Taste acrid. Woods, under beech, amongst grass ;
rare. Aug.-Nov. 2§ x 2 x J in.

1259. L. trivialis Fr. (from its commonness ; trivialis, common)

a b c.
P. convex, sometimes umbonate, then depressed and infundibuli-
form, even, smooth, zoneless, tan-umber-lavender, dull orange-

Lactarius AGARICACE/E 271

buff or dark to pale lurid. St. hollow, even, smooth, slippery,

palest tan-grey, white, yellowish or paler than P. G. somewhat

thin, crowded, whitish or pale yellowish. Milk white.

Taste very acrid. Woods, chiefly pine, moist mossy places ; uncommon.
Aug. -Oct. 6 x 3 X f in.

1260. L. eireellatus Fr. (from the zones on the pileus ; circellus, a

small ring) a b c.
P. convexo-plane then depressed, umbilicate, even, smooth,
rufous, fuscous or umber becoming pale, zoned grey or claret-
brown. St. solid, equal, or attenuate downwards, even, smooth,
pale yellowish, shaded faintly brownish or steel-whitish. G.
thin, crowded, forked, whitish to pale yellowish. Milk white.

Taste stinging-acrid ; odour not unpleasant. Woods, amongst grass ; rare.
Sept. -Oct. 4 X 2l X I in. Must not be confounded with 1262 or 1263.

1261. L. uvidus Fr. (from the moist, clammy pileus ; uvidus, moist)

a b c.

P. convex, plane, then depressed, even, smooth, usually zoneless,

pale lilac-umber on a yellowish ground, blotted lilac. St.

hollow, smooth, viscid, whitish or light-yellowish, sometimes

spotted yellow-ferruginous or lilac. G. thin, crowded, unequal,

somewhat veined, whitish or yellowish, lilac when bruised.

Milk white, becoming bright lilac.

Taste insipid to acrid ; odour weak, nauseous-pungent, somewhat aromatic.
Woods, moist places ; uncommon. Aug. -Nov. 3^ x 2^ x \ in.

c. Piperatm.

1262. L. flexuosus (from the frequently undulate margin of the

pileus ; flexus, a bending) a b c.
P. hard, plane, depressed, subinfundibuliform, smooth to rivuloso-
scaly, dull, zoned or zoneless, lead-grey, violet-grey, violet-
brown or purplish-umber. St. solid, equal or attenuate down-
wards, whitish or greyish, base yellowish. G. thick, distant,
branched, light yellowish to whitish flesh-colour. Milk white.

Said to be edible. Taste when raw very acrid. Woods, pine. July-Oct.
5 X3f X i\ in. Var. roseozonatus Fr. P. rosy flesh-colour with darker z.

1263. L. pyrogalus Fr. (from the very acrid milk ; Gr. pur, fire,

gala, milk) a b c.

P. convex, plane, depressed, smooth, cinereous-grey, dull yellow

or umber-tan, zoned sienna or madder-brown. St. stuffed to

hollow, usually attenuate downwards, dull pallid-whitish or

paler than P. and G. G. thin, subdistant, light wax-yellow,

tan-ochre or shaded reddish-salmon or straw-colour. Milk white.

Poisonous. Odour sometimes of apple. Woods, fir, pastures ; frequent.
Aug. -Nov. 3^ x ig X h in. Sometimes very small.

1264. L. squalidus Fr. (from the dingy colouring ; squalidus,

dirty) a b.
P. convex, umbilicate, depressed, smooth, tan-olive-green with
darker mid. or yellowish-olive-umber. St. solid, equal, smooth,

272 AGARIC ACE^E Lactarius

whitish or pale brownish. G. adnate, narrow, yellowish or
shaded faint olive or tan. Milk white.

Taste mild to sweet. Woods, beech, moist mossy places. Oct.
3f X 3i X \ in.

1265. L. capsicum Schulz. ex Fr. (from the peppery taste ; capsicum,

red-pepper) a.

P. convex, obtuse, pulvinate, dark chestnut or deep sienna ; mid.
paler. St. solid, equal, whitish with tawny or rufescent fibres,
paler above. G. subcrowded, tawny, somewhat orange or
ochreous-sienna. Flesh yellowish, becoming pale sienna when
broken. Milk white.

Woods, under birches, grassy places. Sept. 2\ X if x § in.

1265a. L. glaueescens Crossl. (glaticesce7is, becoming sea-green)
a b c.
P. fleshy, rigid, convex, umbilicato-depressed, smooth, glabrous,
dry, zoneless, white then cream-colour, slightly spotted
ochreous-white ; marg. involute. St. solid, attenuate down-
wards, smooth, compact, colour as P. G. adfixed, densely
crowded, somewhat forked, narrow, colour as P. Milk copious,
white, then pale glaucous-green.
Taste acrid. Woods. Aug.-Sept. 2J x if X f in.

1266. L. ehrysorrheus Fr. (from the gold-coloured milk ; Gr. chrusos,

gold, rheo, to flow) a b c.

P. umbilicate then infundibuliform, pale yellow-pink, brownish-
salmon, apricot or whitish, zoned reddish-brown. St. stuffed
to hollow, equal, even, white or shaded yellowish-salmon. G.
very thin, crowded, slightly furcate, pallid-yellowish, salmon or
tan-straw colour. Flesh white, bright sulphur when broken.
Milk white.

Very acrid. Woods, beech, mixed ; frequent. Aug. -Oct. 2f x 2\ x f in.

1267. L. aeris Fr. (from the acrid taste) a b.

P. convex, plane, sometimes subumbonate, at length depressed,
scarcely zoned, umber or deep umber. St. stuffed to hollow,
slightly attenuate downwards, tan, shaded umber. G. adnato-
rounded to subdecurrent, thin, pallid to yellow flesh-colour or
pale ochre, sparingly-spotted sienna-pink. Milk white, then
reddish.

Odour strong, stinking. Woods ; rare. Aug. -Nov. 4 X 2 x \ in. Often
grows in company with 1289.

1267a. L. violaseens Fr. (from the change of colour in the flesh and
milk to pale violet) a c.
P. fleshy, depressed, glabrous, ashy ; z. smoky. St. solid, some-
times becoming hollow, equal, ashy- or greyish-white. G.
somewhat crowded, white. Milk white, then violaceous or
pale lavender. Flesh changing as milk.
Poisonous. Taste sweet. Woods ; rare. Autumn. 3§ X 2§ X f in.

Lactarius AGARICACE^

273

1268. L. umbrinus Fr. (from the colour of the pileus) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, depressed, rivuloso-floccose, umber to deep
sepia or dark rufous-brown, zoneless or obscurely zoned darker.
St. solid, white to greyish, or as P. G. crowded, pallid-
yellowish, grey-spotted. Milk white, becoming greyish.

Acrid. Pine woods, damp places. Autumn. 3| X i| xf in.

1269. L. plumbeus Fr. (from the colour ; plumbeus, leaden) a b c.

P. convex, then depressed and infundibuliform, greyish-brown,
sooty-sepia with a shade of olive or tan-olive ; mid. darker.
St. solid, equal, paler than P. or tan-ochre. G. crowded,
yellowish grey-white. Milk white.

Woods. Nov. 9 J x Si x !h in-

1270. L. pergamenus Fr. (from its parchment colour ; pergamena,
parchment) a b. White or pale yellowish.

P. convex, piano-depressed, smooth, slightly wrinkled, zoneless.

St. stuffed, smooth, equal or slightly attenuate downwards.

G. adnate, very crowded, becoming straw-colour. Milk

white.
Taste very acrid. Woods. Aug.-Oct. 3j X 3j X f in.

1271. L. piperatus Fr. (from the peppery taste ; piper, pepper) a b c.

White.

P. convex, then depressed and infundibuliform, rigid, even,

smooth, zoneless, often spotted faint umber or grey. St. solid,

attenuate downwards, subpruinose. G. crowded, branched,

becoming spotted dull, pale brownish-yellow. Milk copious,

white.

Said to be edible ; poisonous when raw. Odour none. Mixed woods ;
common. July-Oct. 7^ X 3 X i| in. Sometimes clouded yellowish
within and without.

1272. L. vellereus Fr. (from the pubescent pileus ; vellus, fleece)

a b c. White.
P. convex to depressed, dry, zoneless, rigid, becoming pale
yellowish or spotted pale brownish or yellowish. St. solid,
equal or attenuate downwards, thinly pubescent, pale sulphur
within at base. G. somewhat thick, subdistant, branched.
Flesh white, changing to pale sulphur. Milk sparing, some-
times absent, white, sometimes pale sulphur, changing to
white.

Poisonous. Taste bitter-acrid. Woods, beech ; common. Aug. -Dec.

8 x 6 x 2| in.

1273. L. seoticus B. & Br. (found first in Scotland) a.

P. convex to slightly depressed, pubescent, pale yellowish or
faint brownish. St. solid, equal, pale rlesh-colour. G. thin,
broad, scarcely branched, pallid-white. Milk white.

Taste very acrid ; odour pungent. Amongst moss. Autumn. 2&Xl&X§in.

T

274 AGARICACE^E Lactarms

1214f. L. involutus Sopp. ex Cooke (from the involute margin of the

pileus) a b. White or faintly ochreous.

P. convex to slightly depressed, smooth, even ; marg. silky.

St. solid, equal. G. very crowded, narrow, sometimes furcate.

Milk white.

Taste very acrid. Woods, on the ground. Autumn, if X i^ X | in. Very
firm and rigid as in 1272.

Dapetes.

1275. L. delieiosus Fr. (from its flavour when cooked) a b c.

P. convex to infundibuliform, smooth, subviscid, dull orange-
yellow, zoned orange-sienna, sometimes clouded green. St.
stuffed to hollow, equal, colour as P., usually spotted orange-
reddish. G. crowded, saffron, green when bruised. Flesh
orange, becoming green when cut. Milk red-saffron, then green.

Gregarious. Edible. Sometimes acrid when raw ; odour aromatic. Woods,
pine. July-Nov. 5;x 2^ x | in. This and 1295 are the "vegetable
sheeps-kidneys " of French cooks. The gills are often attacked by a reddish
parasitic fungus, Hypomyces lateritius. Epicoccum micropus grows upon
this species when decaying. The deep orange milk of this plant must
not be confounded with the sulphur-coloured milk of 1 280.

1276. L. sanguifluus Fr. (from the blood-coloured milk; sanguis,

blood, fluo, to flow) a b.

P. convexo-depressed, smooth, sometimes zoned, blood-red.

St. narrowed upwards, smooth, pallid. G. thin, white. Milk

blood-red, changing to green.

Taste mild. Oct. 2| X 2 X | in. Closely allied to 1275, but known by
its blood-red, not orange, milk.

RUSSULARES.

1277. L. pallidus Fr. (from its pale colour) a b c. Clay flesh-colour

or dull buff-whitish.

P. convex to depressed, smooth, zoneless. St. stuffed to hollow,

equal, even, smooth. G. somewhat thin, crowded, slightly

furcate. Milk white.

Taste somewhat mild, almost sweet. Woods, beech, mixed ; uncommon.
Sept.-Oct. 4 x 2.\ X g in.

1278. L. quietus Fr. (from its mild taste ; quietus, mild) a b c.

P. convex to depressed, rich sienna, clouded, splashed and some-
what zoned darker. St. stuffed, smooth, rufescent or as P.
G. somewhat furcate at base, whitish to yellowish sienna.
Flesh white to rufescent. Milk white.

Taste sweet, somewhat of walnuts ; odour oily, bug-like. Woods, moist ;
common. July-Nov. 4 x 2f x f in. Not unlike 202.

1279. L. aurantiaeus Fr. (from the bright orange-coloured pileus

and stem ; aurantiaeus, orange-coloured) a b.

P. piano-depressed, even, zoneless. St. stuffed, smooth.

G. crowded, very decurrent, paler than P. Milk white.

Taste slowly acrid. Woods, on the ground amongst moss. Sept.
2* X 2 x I in.

Lactarius AGARICACE/E 275

1280. L. theiogalus Fr. (from the sulphur-coloured milk • Gr. theion,

brimstone, gala, milk) a b c.

P. convex to infundibuliform, sometimes papillate, even, smooth,

somewhat rufous-tawny with a shade of liver ; marg. crenulate.

St. stuffed to hollow, equal, or nearly so, even, rufous-salmon

within and without. G. adnato-decurrent, thin, somewhat

distant, faintly ochreous to deep yellow or rufescent. Milk

white, slowly becoming sulphur.

Taste mild, then slowly acrid ; odour none. Woods, mixed, pine, oak,
amongst heather, sometimes on dead root-stocks of Pteris aquilina ;
frequent. Aug.-Nov. 2% X 2§ x § in. The yellow milk of this species
must not be confounded with the deep orange milk of 1275.

1281. L. eremor Fr. (from the thick milk ; cremor, thick juice) a b.

Thin, fragile.

P. convex to piano-depressed, minutely punctulate, tawny,

zoneless ; mid. darker ; marg. striate. St. hollow, equal,

colour as P. G. adnate, subdistant, pallid, or as P. Milk

somewhat transparent white.

Taste mild or slowly acrid. Woods, larch, beech, etc. Sept. 4£xi|X§ in.
Var. pauper Karst., smaller. P. 3 in. in diam.

1282. L. vietus Fr. (from its appearance ; vietus, shrivelled) a b c.

P. convex, then depressed, somewhat papillate, even, smooth,

flesh-colour or livid-grey, becoming whitish-grey ; mid. pale

umber. St. stuffed to hollow, equal or attenuate downwards,

pale rose-brown or as P. G. somewhat crowded, white to

yellowish. Milk white, then pale lavender-grey.

Taste mild, becoming slowly acrid ; odour faint but pungent. Woods,
mixed, damp, grassy places, on the ground. Sept. -Oct. 3^Xifx|in.

1283. L. eyathula Fr. (from the cup-shaped pileus ; cyathula, a little

cup) a b.

P. convexo-plane, depressed, sometimes papillose, rimoso-rivulose,

flesh-colour, pale yellowish or ivory, lavender-shaded, zoned,

yellowish-brown or zoneless. St. stuffed, equal, even, smooth,

whitish or yellowish, lavender-shaded. G. very crowded, thin,

whitish, then yellowish-salmon. Milk white.

In troops. Taste acrid ; odour at first none, then strong of bugs. Woods,
birch, damp ground. Aug.-Oct. 2 J x 2\ X \ in.

1284. L. rufus Fr. (from the reddish colour) a b c.

P. plane to infundibuliform, usually umbonate, deep crimson-
sienna, sometimes paler, zoneless or with one zone ; marg.
sometimes sulcate. St. stuffed, equal, rufescent, paler than P.
G. ochreous to rufescent. Milk white.

Poisonous. Taste very acrid-bitter ; odour none. Woods, pine, etc., dry
places. June-Nov. 3^ X 2h X h in.

1285. L. helvus Fr. (from the colour; kelvus, pale yellowish) a b c.
P. convex to slightly depressed, sometimes subumbonate,

granuloso-floccose, sometimes sienna-biscuit, sometimes faintly
1- to 2-zoned. St. stuffed to hollow, equal, pale buff.

t 2

2j6 AGARICACE^E Lactarius

G. crowded, whitish, pale yellowish or pale salmon. Milk
watery-white.

Taste mild, sweet then slightly acrid ; odour faint, sweetish. Woods, fir,
mossy places, swampy ground. Aug. -Oct. 3^ x i\ x § in.

1286. L. tomentosus Cooke (from the woolly tomentose pileus) a b.
P. at first umbonate, then infundibuliform, dull salmon to deep

sienna. St. stuffed to hollow, equal, naked, smooth, pallid or

salmon above, ochreous below red-streaked at mid. G. yellow

flesh-colour or ochre, or white-ochre near edge and red above.

Milk whitish.

Taste mild to slightly acrid ; odour pleasant. On the ground, damp places.
4^ X if X J in. Sometimes confused with 1285.

1287. L. mammosus Fr. (from the papillate pileus ; mamma, a

breast) a b.
P. convex to depressed, at first acutely umbonate, dry, grey-
fuscous or dull pale indigo-greenish, zoneless or faintly zoned ;
marg. white pubescent. St. stuffed to hollow, equal, pubescent,
faint yellowish or brownish. G. crowded, whitish or pale
yellowish to pallid ferruginous. Milk white.

Taste slowly acrid ; odour none. Woods, pine, on the ground. Oct.
3j X 2| x I in. Var. monstrosus Cooke. Larger than type.

1288. L. gTyeiosmus Fr. (from the sweet smell; Gr. glukus, sweet,

osme, smell) a b c.

P. convex to slightly depressed, acutely papillate, yellowish,

shaded over with pale lavender-purple, zoned pale purplish.

St. stuffed to hollow, pubescent, whitish or light yellowish,

tawny when bruised. G. crowded, thin, white to straw-

ochreous. Milk somewhat scanty, white, unchanging or

changing to pale straw-green.

Taste mild, then slowly acrid ; odour strong, pungent-sweet, fragrant-
aromatic. Woods mixed, chiefly pine, on the ground. Sept. -Nov.
2g X 2.\ X § in.

1289. L. fuliginosus Fr. (from the smoky colour; fuligo, soot) a b c.
P. convex to subinfundibuliform, dry, full velvety ochreous- or

smoky-brown ; marg. paler. St. stuffed, equal or attenuate

downwards, white, tan or pale tan-umber. G. somewhat

distant, white, then pale ochreous, pale indian-red when

bruised. Milk white, sometimes watery, changing to rose and

saffron. Flesh changing to vinous when cut.

Probably poisonous. Taste mild, becoming very acrid-nauseous ; odour faint
nauseous-pungent. Shady woods; frequent. Aug.-Oct. 4^x2! XI in.
Often growing in company with 1267.

1290. L. pieinus Fr. (from the black pileus ; pieinus, pitch-black) a b.
P. convex, obtuse or subumbonate, minutely velvety, umber to

blackish-umber. St. stuffed, equal, smooth, paler than P. or
almost white, brownish below. G. adnate, thin, very crowded,
pale ochreous to rufous tan. Milk white.
Taste acrid. Woods, pine, dried turfy swamps. Aug.-Oct. 2.\ x 2 x f in.

Lactarius AGARICACE^E 277

1291. L. lignyotus Fr. (from the woody substance ; lignum, wood,

Gr. ous, an ear) a.

P. convex to subinfundibuliform, umbonate, plicato-rugulose,

velvety, deep umber-purplish or opaque sooty-umber. St. solid

to stuffed, equal, striate above, colour as P., yellowish or

whitish at base. G. adnexed to decurrent, somewhat crowded,

whitish or yellowish, reddish when bruised. Flesh white,

changing to ochreous, saffron and ferruginous. Milk white,

scanty, changing through reddish to saffron.

Poisonous. Taste mild, sweet, pleasant ; odour slight. Amongst moss, in
damp places under firs, beech. Oct. 3J x 3 X \ in.

1292. L. lilaeinus Fr. (from the lilac pileus) a b. Fragile.

P. convex to depressed, papillate, floccose, rosy-lilac, zoneless ;
marg. tan. St. stuffed to hollow, pale yellowish-brown or dull
rose, lilac-shaded, or as P., white mealy. G. subdistant,
pallid flesh-colour or yellowish-white. Milk white, copious.

Taste acrid. Woods, damp places. Aug. -Oct. 7.\ x \\ X \ in.

1293. L. retisporus Mass. (from the reticulate spores) a b.

P. convex, then plane and depressed, minutely velvety, dark
smoky-brown. St. equal, solid, even, glabrous, paler than P.
or pale sepia or greyish. G. subdistant, deeply sinuate,
slightly adnexed, pale ochreous with darker spots. Flesh dull
yellowish or whitish-salmon, becoming reddish when cut.
Milk sweet, white, changing to brown and becoming thick and
tenacious.

Under beeches, on the ground. Sept. 3I x 2.\ x § in.

1294. L. spinosulus Quel, (from the spines on the pileus ; sftinosulus,

full of little spines) a.
P. convex to depressed, acutely umbonate, clad with minute,

erect spines, brick-red to rosy-lilac, often zoned and spotted.

St. stuffed to hollow, rugose, granulate, shining, colour as P.

G. thin, yellowish flesh-colour to yellowish. Milk white.
Taste acrid. On the ground. Sept. ih X I J X ^ in.

1295. L. volemus Fr. (from its resemblance to a certain large pear —

the " Red Warden " or baking-pear — volema-pira) a b c.

P. plano-convex to subdepressed, compact, bright rufous-tawny

or golden, becoming pale ; mid. deep-sienna, zoneless. St.

solid to stuffed, equal, pruinose, colour as P. G. thin,

crowded, white to yellowish or yellow, orange-umber when

wounded. Milk white, sometimes changing to yellow.

Edible. Taste sweet, pleasant when raw. Woods, mixed. Oct.
4^ X 4 X \h in. The "Golden Brotling " of Germany and Hungary.
With 1275 the " vegetable sheeps-kidneys " of French cooks.

1296. L. iehoratus Fr. (from the watery milk ; Gr. ichor, lymph) a b.
P. plane to depressed, dry, tawny-reddish ; mid. brown-sienna ;

marg. sienna-yellow, sometimes zoned. St. solid, equal, colour

278 AGARICACE^E Lactarius

as P. G. scarcely crowded, white to tan-yellow or ochreous.
Milk white, unchangeable.
Taste sweet ; odour strong. Woods. Oct. 2h X 2§ X J in.

1297. L. serifluus Fr. (from the watery milk ; serum, whey, fluo, to

flow) a b c.

P. plane to depressed, dry, brown-tawny or orange-reddish,

sometimes crimson-purplish, zoneless or with one faint zone.

St. solid, yellowish, red-salmon or paler than P. G. crowded,

colour as St., yellowish or ochre-brownish. Milk whitish,

especially thin in examples from wet places.

Taste almost mild ; odour disagreeable, bug-like. Woods, mixed, damp
places ; frequent. July-Nov. 3 X i\ X \ in. Resembling 193.

1298. L. mitissimus Fr. (from its mild taste ; mitissi?mis, very

mild) a b c.
P. convex to depressed, at first papillate, even, bright golden-
tawny or bright orange, zoneless or faintly zoned. St. stuffed
to hollow, even, smooth, colour as P. G. thin, paler than P.,
often rufous-spotted. Milk copious, white.

Taste mild to somewhat bitterish or slightly acrid-disagreeable. Woods,
mixed, pine, hedge-banks, etc. ; common. Aug. -Nov. 2 X 2f X r35 in.
Like a small 1295.

1299. L. subduleis Fr. (from the somewhat sweet taste ; duleis,

sweet) a b c.

P. convex to depressed, at first papillate, even, dry, rufescent or

orange-sienna, usually zoneless. St. stuffed to hollow, equal,

subpruinate, colour as P. G. crowded, colour as P., or paler.

Flesh rufescent. Milk white.

Taste mild or sweet, then slightly bitter-acrid ; odour none or like cedar-
wood. Woods, mixed, fir. July-Nov. 3 x 2 x \ in. Resembling 201.
Form concavus Fr. P. concavo-depressed ; colours of 1284. Form
sphagneti Fr. Marg. of P. reflexed, crenate, shining as if varnished, red-bay.

1300. L. eamphoratus Fr. (from the strong odour, sometimes of

camphor) a b c .

P. convex to depressed, dry, brownish-red to sienna-orange,

paler when young, somewhat zoned or zoneless. St. stuffed,

equal, colour as P., paler above. G. yellow-reddish, paler

than P., or salmon. Flesh somewhat ochre or sienna. Milk

watery, white.

Taste mild ; odour sometimes of melilot, permanent in dried examples.
Woods, chiefly pine ; frequent. Aug. -Nov. 2gX2|x \ in. Resembling
194. Var. Terrei Cooke. P. \ in. in diam. corrugate, depressed, bay-
brown. St. colour as P., clad with orange-down.

1301. L. eimiearius Mass. (from the odour ; eimex, sl bug) a.

P. convex to subinfundibuliform, deep sienna, shaded deep

umber. St. stuffed to hollow, lighter than P., paler above.

G. dusky ochre, sienna or rufous. Flesh grey to yellowish.

Milk watery, white.

Taste somewhat acrid ; odour when fresh, strong, heavy, oily, bug-like,
fugitive. Woods, on the ground. Autumn. 2 J x J§ X £ in.

Lactarius AGARICACE/E

279

1302. L. subumbonatus Lindgr. (from the somewhat umbonate

pileus) a b.

P. convex to depressed, acutely papillate, rugose, punctate, dark

cinnamon, zoneless. St. stuffed, equal or attenuate downwards,

rufescent, crimson-umber below. G. adnate, flesh-colour or

reddish. Flesh pale brown. Milk watery, white.

Taste mild ; odour none when fresh, fetid in drying. Woods, on the
ground. Sept. if X 1 X T3g- in.

1303. L. obnubilis Fr. (from the clouded pileus ; obnubilo, to over-

cloud) a b.
P. convex to depressed, at first papillate, brown-fuliginous or
umber, zoneless ■ marg. somewhat striate. St. stuffed to
hollow, equal, paler than P. G. somewhat crowded, yellowish.
Milk white.

Taste mild, somewhat sweet. Woods, damp places under alders, pastures.
Sept. -Nov. 2J X 1^ X I in. Var. crenatus Mass. P. coarsely and
regularly sulcate. Usually larger than type. Fir woods.

1304. L. minimus W. G. Sm. (from its very small size ; minimus,

very small) a b c. Pallid clay-colour.
P. pulvinate, obtuse, or subumbonate. St. usually excentric.

G. furcate, moderately distant, slightly darker than P. Milk

white.
Taste mild. Woods, pastures. Oct. T5^ x T% X T^ in.

PLEUROPODiE.

1305. L. obliquus Fr. (from the oblique stem) a. White, changing

to yellowish.
P. piano-depressed, lobate, silky, zoned grey. St. stuffed to
hollow. G. crowded, white. Milk white.

Odour strong. Trunks, beech, burnt stumps, banks. Oct. 2£ x I x £ in.
Pileus sometimes 6 in. or more in diam.

XLIX. RUSSULA Fr.

(From the frequently reddish colour of the pileus; russulus, reddish.)

Veil obsolete. Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with the
stem. Pileus fleshy, rigid, regular, at length depressed. Stem
central, stout, rigid, without cartilaginous bark, shining, exannulate.
Gills adnate, rigid, fragile, often equal in length or furcate, edge
thin, acute, sometimes exuding watery drops, especially in rainy
weather, but not milky as in Lactarius ; trauia, vesicular. Spores
minutely verruculose or echinulate, white or pale yellowish. (Fig. 6$.)

Terrestrial fleshy rigid and brittle putrescent fungi appearing in
late summer and autumn. A few species are reputed edible, but
most are noxious, and there is some danger of confusing the esculent
with the poisonous. Odour none or unpleasant.

280

AGARICACEiE

Russula

Russula agrees with Lactarius in size and some other characters,
but differs in the absence of milk.

Fig. 63. — Section of Russula lepida Fr.
One-half natural size.

The sclerotia and perfect plants of 248 sometimes grow from the
gills of 1306 and 1307.

SpJmronema vitreum frequently grows on species of Russula and
Lactarius. Species 1306 — 1367

a. Compacts. Pileus fleshy, margin bent inwards, without striae,

without a distinct viscid pellicle, colour only changing with
age and the state of the atmosphere. Stem solid, fleshy.
Flesh compact, firm. Gills unequal. 1306 — 1313

b. FurcatcB. Pileus compact, firm, covered with a thin closely

adnate pellicle, which at length disappears, margin abruptly
thin, at first inflexed, acute, even. Stem at first compact,
then spongy-soft within. Gills somewhat forked, with a
few shorter ones intermixed, commonly attenuate at both
ends, thin, and normally narrow. 1314 — 1324

c. Rigidcz. Pileus without a viscid pellicle, dry, rigid, the cuticle

breaking up into flocci or granules, margin straight, never
involute or striate. Stem solid, at first hard, then softer or
spongy. Flesh thick, compact, firm, ending short of the
margin of the pileus. Gilts, a few dimidiate, others divided,
rigid, dilated in front, running out with a broad, rounded
front, whence the margin of the pileus becomes obtuse.
Handsome, somewhat rare. 1325—1334

d. Heterophyllce. Pileus fleshy, firm, with a thin, at first inflexed

margin, then, except 1340, expanded and striate, covered
with a thin adnate pellicle. Stem solid, stout, spongy
within, sometimes becoming hollow. Gills consisting of
many shorter, mixed with longer ones, others furcate.

1335—1346

e. Fragiles. Pileus more or less fleshy, covered with a pellicle

which is always continuous, and in wet weather viscid and

Russula AGARICACE^E 28 1

somewhat separable, margin membranous, at first convergent
and not involute, in full grown plants commonly sulcate
and tubercular, not striate in 1348, 1356 and 1363. Stem
spongy, at length wholly soft and hollow. Gills almost all
equal, simple, broadening in front, free. Flesh commonly
floccose, lax, friable. Several doubtful forms occur; 1357
is specially variable in colour.

Gills and spores white. 1347 — 1355

Gills and spores white, then bright lemon-yellow. 1356 — 1361
Gills and spores ochreous. 1362 — 1369

a. Compacted.

1306. R. nigricans Fr. (from its changing to jet-black in decay;

nigricans, becoming black) a b c.
P. convex, depressed; streaky umber-tan, sometimes olive-
shaded ; mid. almost black. St. attenuate downwards, sienna-
tan, steel-greyish or faint purplish. G. rounded-adnexed, very
thick, distant, pale yellowish. Flesh white, then reddish or
pale purplish, at length black.

Odour none. Woods, mixed, etc. ; common. June-Nov. 5^ X i\ X 2 in.
Becoming wholly black and in this character analogous with 1221.
1389 grows on decaying examples of this species.

1307. R. adusta Fr. (from its scorched appearance ; adustus,

scorched) a b c.
P. convex to depressed or subinfundibuliform, smooth, whitish to
pallid yellowish, at length clouded olive-sepia. St. equal,
colour as young P. G. adnate to decurrent, thin, crowded,
white then dull. Flesh unchangeable or becoming grey or
pale sooty.

Taste mild to acrid. Woods ; frequent to rare, local. Aug.-Oct.
3l X 2| X l| in. Not becoming wholly black. 1390 grows upon this
species and on 1341. Var. ccernlescens Fr. becomes blue when broken
or cut.

1308. R. albonigra Fr. (from the colours ; aldus, white, niger, black)

a b. Very rigid.

P. convex to infundibuliform, viscid, whitish ; marg. smoky.

St. dusky, or white above, pale grey-ochreous towards base,

spotted-sooty. G. decurrent, crowded, thick, unequal,

connected by veins, dimidiate, dusky whitish or yellowish.

Flesh white, then black or sooty, not red.

Taste somewhat acrid and unpleasant to mild ; odour none. Grassy places
under trees. Aug. 3§ X ifx ig in.

1309. R. densifolia Cooke (from the crowded gills, as compared

with 1306; densus, thick, folium, a leaf) a b.
P. convex to depressed, smooth, whitish, becoming streaky-
fuliginous, grey or brownish ; mid. black. St. smooth, whitish
to grey, then blackish. G. adnato-decurrent, unequal, thin,

282 AGARICACEiE Rus sulci

white to rosy, red when bruised. Flesh white, reddish when
bruised, becoming black.

Taste mild to slowly acrid. Woods, under trees. Aug.-Sept. 4§X2^x£ in.

1310. R. semierema Fr. (from the white stem becoming cinereous

and black when broken ; semi, half, cre?no, to burn) a. White
or faintly yellowish.
P. convex to depressed, even. St. equal or slightly attenuate
upwards. G. decurrent, crowded, thin. Flesh in P. white.

Taste mild ; odour none. Woods, mixed, amongst leaves. Aug.-Sept.
4j X 2J X £ in.

1311. R. deliea Fr. (from its resembling a milkless 1272 in appear-

ance ; delicus, weaned) a b c. White or whitish.
P. convex to depressed, even, smooth. St. even, smooth.
G. decurrent, thin, distant, unequal, exuding small watery
drops in wet weather.

Woods, mixed, usually pine ; uncommon. Sept. -Oct. 5 X 2 x if in.

1311a. R. ehloroides Bres. (from the greenish-yellow colour of the
gills ; Gr. chloros, greenish-yellow, eidos, appearance) a b c.
P. fleshy, plane to infundibuliform ; marg. incurved, pubescent,
whitish, whitish-buff or livid. St. solid, equal or attenuate
downwards, thinly pubescent, whitish. G. decurrent, somewhat
crowded, furcate, veined, verdigris-white, greenish-white, or
turquoise-white, shaded emerald-green-white. Flesh thick,
whitish to snow-white.
Acrid. Woods, pine. Aug.-Oct. 4 x *z\ X 1 in.

1312. R. elephantina Fr. (from Fries thinking, in error, that Bolton's

obese Agaricus elephanttnus might be one form of this

comparatively slender species) a b.
P. convexo-umbilicate, fuscous-tan ; marg. undulate, paler, dark
wash-leather colour when dry. St. hard, even, smooth, paler
than P. G. adnate or sinuato-adnate, then subdecurrent,
arcuate, somewhat crowded to distant, thin, obtuse, divided
behind, unequal in front, spotted pale yellowish when touched,
dull pale salmon when dry.

Odour none. Woods. Sept. 3 x 2J.X 1 in. Habit of 1341, but
inodorous. A. elephantimis Bolton {Hist. Fu?ig. t. 28) is undoubtedly 1306,
as is shown by the remote gills and the change of colour to black.

1313. R. mustelina Fr. (from the colour of the pileus : mustela, a

weasel) a b.
P. convex to depressed, opaque yellow-ochre or sienna with
yellow to full burnt sienna. St. white, whitish, or faintly
shaded yellowish, brownish or salmon. G. adnexed, adnate
or rounded, crowded, veined above, somewhat branched.

Woods. Oct. 3 x 2| X f in.

Rus sulci AGARIC AC E/E 283

b. Furcatce.

1314. R. olivaseens Fr. (from the pileus, more or less olive) a b.

P. gibbous to slightly depressed, olive, ochreous-olive or olive-
brownish ; mid. yellow to olive-brown. St. equal, white or
shaded pale yellowish or olive-tan. G. adnate, crowded,
almost equal, colour as St.

Taste mild, becoming slightly acrid, gills acrid. Woods, bushy shady
places. Aug. 5 x 2^ X I in.

1315. R. fureata Fr. (from the forked gills ; furcatus, forked) a b c.
P. gibbous to depressed, even, smooth, not breaking into warts,

seruginous-greenish, umber-greenish, olive-tan, dark indigo-olive,
slate, or dull reddish-purple, sometimes clouded dull rose.
St. equal, white. G. adnato-decurrent, rather thick, somewhat
distant to crowded, white. Flesh white, often pale rose under
olive pellicle of pileus.

Taste mild to more or less bitter. Woods, grassy places' under trees,
meadows ; common. May-Oct. 5I X 2f x l£ in. Var. pictipes Cooke.
St. rosy above, greenish below. Var. ochroviridis Cooke. P. marg.
ochreous, mid. olivaceous or fuliginous. Flesh fuliginous when cut.

1316. R. sanguinea Fr. (from the blood-coloured pileus ; sanguis,

blood) a b c.
P. convex to depressed, shining, even, mid. thick ; marg. becom-
ing pale, sometimes white-clouded. St. equal, slightly striate,
white or reddish. G. decurrent, sometimes adnate, crowded
and veined, white. Flesh white, carmine under pellicle of
pileus.

Poisonous. Taste acrid, peppery. Woods, chiefly fir, grassy places ;
uncommon. Aug. -Sept. 4 x i\ X 1 in. Must not be confounded with
1329, which differs in the solid firm flesh and the form of the gills.

1317. R. rosacea Fr. (from the rose-coloured pileus) a b.

P. convex to flat, even, pellicle viscid and separable in wet
weather, white, salmon, pale rose to red-rose and darker at the
sometimes faintly-ochreous mid., sometimes white, red-spotted.
St. even, smooth, white to reddish. G. adnate, thin, crowded
to distant, white. Flesh white, rose-colour under pellicle of P.

Taste mild, becoming slowly acrid, gills acrid. Woods, mixed grassy places ;
frequent. Aug.-Oct. 3f X 2^ X f in.

1318. R. maeulata Quel, (from the spotted pileus and stem ; maculatus,

spotted) a b.
P. hemispherical to depressed, viscid, reddish flesh-colour to

pallid, then discoloured and spotted purple or brown ; marg.

striate, often dark. St. reticulato-striate, white or rosy then

spotted ochre, not becoming grey. G. adnate, pallid-sulphur

to somewhat peach-colour.
Taste somewhat acrid. Sept. 3J X U X f in.

284 AGARICACE^E Rus sulci

1319. R. sardonia Fr. (from the acrid taste like that of a certain

plant, Herba Sardoa, Ranunculus sceleratus) a b c.

P. convex to plane or slightly depressed, viscid in wet weather,
reddish-purple or pale lemon with mid. orange-yellow, often
partially white ; marg. sometimes striate and somewhat tuber-
culose. St. equal, even, white, yellowish or reddish. G.
adnate, crowded, white, spotted yellowish from exuded drops
in wet weather. Flesh white.

Woods, chiefly fir, larch, near paths ; uncommon. Sept.-Nov. 4^ x 2.\ x I in.

1320. R. depallens Fr. (from the pileus becoming pale ; depalleo, to

be pale) a b.
P. convex to plane or depressed, often undulate or irregular,
reddish, red-crimson, fuscous, purplish-rose or dark purple-
crimson, the hues becoming pale to yellowish or white, the
slightly striate marg. sometimes cobalt-purple. St. equal,
white to pale greyish. G. adnexed, scarcely crowded, white
to pale yellowish.

Edible. Taste mild to bitter or acrid ; odour none. Woods, beech, pastures,
etc. ; uncommon. June-Oct. 4 X i£ X § in.

1321. R. purpurea Gill, (from the purple pileus) a b.

P. hemispherical to depressed, rugoso-plicate, deep purple ; mid.
darker ; marg. even, then faintly striate. St. striate, white, or
white above, rosy in middle, yellowish below. G. rounded,
white to yellowish. Flesh yellowish, red beneath the pellicle.

Taste mild. Under larches, oak, amongst grass. Aug.-Oct. 3^X if X§ in.

1322. R. eoerulea Fr. (from the partially azure -blue colour ; cceruleiis,

azure) a b.

P. convex or umbonate to slightly depressed, shining, deep red-
purple or bluish-purple ; marg. even, somewhat cobalt, some-
times with a white line round edge ; mid. bluish-purple or buff.
St. white, sometimes rose at base. G. adnate, white to
yellowish. Flesh white, deep purple under pellicle.

Taste mild. Woods, pine, etc., grassy places. Aug.-Oct. 3fX2§xi in.

1323. R. drimeia Cooke (from the pungent taste ; Gr. drimus,

pungent) a b.

P. hemispherical to depressed, scarcely viscid, bright deep-purple

or deep brownish-red-purple ; marg. even. St. equal, tinged

with purple. G. adnexed, pale sulphur to pale yellow.

Intensely acrid. Under larches. Sept.-Nov. 3§ X 2§ X f in. Colour
and habit of 1345, differing in yellow gills and intense acridity.

1324. R. virginea Cooke & Mass. (from its wholly white colour) a b.
P. convex to depressed, smooth, even, viscid when moist, lustrous

when dry ; marg. even. St. solid, slightly attenuate upwards,

finely rugulose. G. decurrent, crowded, furcate, narrow.

Taste mild. Terrestrial. Under trees, beech. Oct. 2 x 2\ X \ in.
Must not be confounded with other Russules bleached white with age.

Russula AGARICACEyE 285

c. Rigidce.

1325. R. laetea Fr. (from its milk-white colour ; lac, milk) a b.

P. convex, sometimes faintly spotted cream-buff; mid. biscuit-
buff. St. nearly equal, even, white, sometimes rose at base.
G. free to adnate, thick, distant, furcate at base and apex,
ivory.

Said to be edible, but suspicious. Taste mild ; odour of meal. Woods,
mixed, fir ; uncommon. Aug.-Oct. 3J x 2\ X f in. Var. incamata
Cooke. P. shaded with pink-buff or dull purple-rose, with lighter and a
few pale sienna spots.

1326. R. vireseens Fr. (from the frequently green pileus ; vireo, to

be green) a b c.

P. pulvinate to depressed, innato-flocculose, without a pellicle,

surface soon broken up into patches or warts, verdigris-green,

varying olive, dull ochre with mid. verdigris, reddish-purple

and other shades. St. somewhat rivulose, often clouded pale

verdigris. G. free, white to biscuit. Flesh white, verdigris

under pellicle.

Edible. Taste mild, like hazel-nuts when raw, sometimes slowly and slightly
acrid ; odour of 1394. Woods ; frequent. July-Oct. 4J x 2§ x 1 in.
The " Champignon des Dames " of French authors.

1327. R. eutefraeta Cooke (from the broken cuticle) ; cutefractus,

with the skin broken) a b.

P. pulvinate to depressed, even, cuticle cracking as in 1326,

surface green, purple, bluish-purple, dull red, claret-red, etc.,

purple beneath cuticle. St. equal, smooth, white, often clouded

rose-purplish. G. adnexed or nearly free, somewhat crowded,

white or pale yellowish.

Taste mild. Woods. Sept. 3| X if X f in. Probably a form of 1326 ;
intermediate forms occur.

1328. R. lepida Fr. (from its appearance ; lepidus, elegant) a b c.

P. convex to slightly depressed, often rimoso-squamulose,

reddish-rose with deep red-rose mid. or sienna-ochreous with

deep red mid., which at length becomes whitish. St. even,

equal, white to rose. G. adnato-rounded, somewhat thick,

somewhat crowded, white or pale yellowish, often rose at

edge.

Edible. Taste mild. Woods, mixed, amongst grass ; frequent. Aug.-Oct.
4J X 2.\ X 1 in. Becomes green in cooking.

1329. R. rubra Fr. (from the red pileus ; ruber, red) a b c.

P. hemispherical to plane or slightly depressed, dry, becoming

lustrous, often rivuloso-rimose when old, intense crimson ; mid.

almost black or deep purple, becoming pale. St. even, equal,

or slightly attenuate upwards, white, sometimes clouded rose

or purplish. G. adnate, somewhat crowded, whitish to

yellowish, often red at edge. Flesh reddish under cuticle.

Poisonous. Flesh mild, gills very acrid. Woods, mixed, grassy places ;
frequent. Aug. -Nov. 4^x4^x1 in. Must not be confounded with 1316.

286 AGARICACEiE Russula

1330. R. Linnsei Fr. (in honour of Linnaeus) a.

P. convex to piano-depressed, even, smooth, dry, dark purple or
blood-red to light rose. St. sometimes hollow, subventricose,
deep blood-red to rose. G. adnato-decurrent, rather thick,
not crowded, white to pale yellowish.

Taste mild, sweet. Woods. Oct. 5 x 3! X \\ in. Sometimes white.

1331. R. xerampelina Fr. (from the colour of the pileus, like dying

vine-leaves ; Gr. xerampelinai, of the colour of dry vine-
leaves) a b c.
P. convex to depressed, dry, even, at length finely granulate,
rosy-purplish or dark rosy-red, clouded buff; mid. becoming
yellowish-white. St. sometimes hollow, equal or slightly
attenuate upwards, white or reddish. G. adnexed, somewhat
crowded, whitish to yellowish. Flesh whitish.
Taste mild ; odour strong of crab. Woods, fir, grassy places. July-Oct.
4l X 3| X i in.

1332. R. olivacea Fr. (from the colour of the pileus, at length

olive) a b.
P. hemispherical to slightly depressed, slightly silky-squamulose,

dull purple to olivaceous or fuscous-olivaceous, not lustrous.

St. equal or ventricose, pallid, rose-colour or clouded pale

purple or orange-crimson, crimson and ochre at base. G

adnexed, yellow.
Edible. Taste mild. Woods, pine, grassy places. Aug. 4 x 3 X £ in.

1333. R. serotina Quel, (from its sometimes late appearance ;

serotinus, backward) a b.
P. hemispherical to flat, pruinose, sooty-purplish or olive, or
clouded-slate and dull olive ; marg. lilac or purplish-reddish.
St. equal or attenuate downwards, wrinkled, mealy, white. G.
adnexed, crowded, yellowish-white.

Taste acrid. Under beeches. Aug.-Sept. \\ x 1 X T3ff in.

1334. R. Duportii Phill. (after the Rev. Canon J. M. Du Port) a b.
P. convex to depressed, smooth ; mid. rufous, dull purplish,

brown, or flesh-red ; marg. becoming indistinctly striate and
tuberculate, dull bluish or greenish. St. minutely striate,
glabrous, white or dull sienna-white. G. rounded, broad,
distant, white or faintly yellowish. Flesh reddish-brown
when cut.
Taste mild, pleasant ; odour of crab. Woods. Sept. 2§ x 2.\ X f in.

d. Heterophyllce.

1335. R. vesea Fr. (from its edible qualities ; vescus, eatable) a b c.
P. convex to depressed, viscid, slightly wrinkled, rose-purple,

red-flesh-colour, liver, tan-buff umber or ochre, or clouded
purple and buff; mid. usually darker, not becoming pale.

Russula AGARICACE^E 287

St. wrinkled, equal or attenuate downwards, white, sometimes

shaded pale rose, purple or ochre. G. adnate, crowded,

white or yellowish.

Edible. Taste mild, pleasant to unpleasant ; odour of hog's lard or some-
what like crab, becoming like lobster or crab when cooked. Woods, mixed ;
frequent. Aug. -Oct. 4§ X 2 J X £ in.

1336. R. lilaeea Quel, (from its lilac colours) a.

P. convex to depressed, viscid, violet, purple or rosy-purple ;
marg. at length almost white. St. attenuate downwards,
pruinose above, white, sometimes rosy at base. G. adnate,
distant, white. Flesh violet under pellicle.

Taste mild. Woods, moist places. Aug. 3 J X 2§ X § in.

1337. R. azurea Bres. (from the azure-blue pileus) a b.

P. convex to depressed, minutely granulose, dry, bright blue,

deep purple, dark indigo or greenish-slate ; mid. sometimes

ochre or brown ; marg. scarcely striate, sometimes lilac,

becoming dilute cobalt and indigo. St. rugulose, equal,

ventricose or subclavate, white or clouded pale rose.

G. adnexed, crowded, white.

Edible. Taste mild, sometimes bitter. Woods, fir, grassy places under
trees. Aug.-Sept. 3§ X if X f in.

1338. R. eyanoxantha Fr. (from the colours; Gr. kuanos, blue,

xanthos, yellow) a b.
P. hemispherical to depressed, viscid, lilac, purplish, olivaceous-
green, green-slate, purplish-rufous, pale rose, purplish-slate or
buff; mid. becoming pale or yellowish. St. equal, smooth,
shining, hollow when old, white. G. rounded, somewhat
crowded, white. Flesh white, reddish or purplish beneath
pellicle.

Said to be edible. Taste mild, pleasant. Moist places in woods, mixed ;
common. June-Oct. 3§ X i\ X § in.

1338a. R. mitis W. G. Sm. (from the mild taste ; mtiis, mild) b.

P. convex, then piano-expanded and depressed, viscid, then
smooth, with a separable pellicle, striate and in old examples,
tuberculate ; mid. pale yellowish, surrounded by purplish-
mouse-colour or pale rose and purple ; marg. yellowish or
biscuit. St. stuffed, then hollow, slightly attenuate downwards,
rugulose, white. G. adnate, branched, veined above, white,
then faint straw-colour. Flesh white, tinging to rusty, pale
ochre beneath pellicle.
Taste mild. Woods. Aug. 3 x 2 x f in.

1339. R. heterophylla Fr. (from the gills, of different lengths ;

Gr. heteros, one of two, phullon, a leaf) a b c.
P. hemispherical to depressed, even, shining, usually apple-green
or indigo-apple-green ; mid. darker or pale apple-green,
clouded brownish or sienna, never reddish or purple.

288 AGARIC ACEJE Russula

St. equal, even, white. G. thin, attenuate behind and reaching

the stem, crowded, white.

Edible. Taste mild, sweet, nutty, odour of hog's lard, but like lobster or
crab when cooked. Woods, etc. ; common. July-Oct. 4 x 2\ x 1 in.
Var. galochroa Fr. P. white to whitish-apple-green.

1340. R. eonsobrina Fr. (related to 1341 ; consobrinus, a cousin) a b.
P. campanulate to depressed, viscid, dark cinereous to fuscous-
olivaceous, tan-umber, tan-sepia, sooty-sepia or yellowish-
umber ; mid. darker ; marg. even. St. even, smooth, shining-
white, then cinereous. G. adnate, crowded, shining-white.
Flesh white, ashy under pellicle.

Taste of flesh acrid, gills intensely acrid ; not fetid as in 1341. Mixed
woods, pine, beech. July-Oct. 3f X if X | in. Var. sororia Fr.,
margin striate. Var. intermedia Cooke. P. becoming striate. St.
usually attenuate downwards. G. dull white.

1341. R. fcetens Fr. (from the fetid odour) a b c.

P. bullate to expanded, sometimes depressed, viscid in wet

weather, sienna- or brown-yellow ; marg. striato-ribbed, at

length tuberculate. St. becoming hollow, whitish or yellowish.

G. adnexed, crowded, exuding watery drops, whitish.

Said to be poisonous. Taste acrid, rarely mild ; odour fetid-burnt,
empyreumatic, very strong in mature examples in wet weather, sometimes
slight. Woods; very common. July-Oct. 4J X 3J X l£ in. 1390
grows on this species.

1342. R. subfoetens W. G. Sm. (from the somewhat fetid odour) a b.
P. convex to plane and sub depressed, somewhat viscid, sienna-
yellowish or buff, paler at the striato-tuberculate marg.
St. equal, even, whitish or faintly buff. G. thick, branched,
distant, yellowish-white.

Taste slightly acrid and bitter ; odour somewhat disagreeable. Grassy
places. Aug.-Sept. 3^ x 2 X § in. Whole plant tough, elastic.

1343. R. fellea Fr. (from the bitter-acrid taste \felleus, full of gall) a be.
P. hemispherical to convex, smooth, lustrous, straw-colour to

ochre or buff; mid. brownish. St. equal, even, white to straw

or pale yellowish, or shaded pale buff. G. adnate, more or

less crowded, thin, exuding drops in wet weather, pale yellowish

or faint buff.

Poisonous. Taste intensely bitter and acrid ; odour none. Woods, beech,
open places ; common. Aug. -Nov. 4j X 2| x f in.

1344. R. elegans Bres. (elegans, pretty) a b.

P. hemispherical to depressed, glutinous and densely granulate,
bright rosy flesh-colour, soon ochreous at marg. or pale
crimson ; mid. purple-crimson or rose-buff, spotted crimson or
purplish-crimson j marg. tuberculose. St. equal, becoming
hollow, subrugulose, white, ochre-buff below. G. adnexed or
rounded-adnate, crowded, rarely furcate, whitish, ochre above,
becoming orange-ochre with age. Flesh very firm, white,
ochre-buff with age.

Woods, moist. Sept. 3§ X 2 x f in.

Russula AGARIC AC EM 289

1345. R. Queletii Fr. ex Quel, (after Dr. Lucien Quelet) a b e.

P. convex to infundibuliform, even, viscid, intense blackish-
crimson or purple-crimson, sometimes paler at marg. or wholly
intense purple, blue-purple or slate. St. equal or attenuate
downwards, mealy, dark or pale-purple to faint rose, sometimes
paler above. G. adnexed, exuding drops, white to biscuit, at
length bluish-ashy or cinereous spotted. Flesh white, colour
as P. under pellicle.

Taste acrid. Woods, fir ; common. Aug. -Nov. 2| x i\ x \ in.

1346. R. expallens Gill, (from its losing colour ; expallens, becoming

pale) a b.

P. convex to depressed, viscid, deep bright crimson-purple or
deep claret-purple ; mid. darker, sometimes almost black,
losing colour and becoming livid-cream, with mid. dull pale
purplish. St. equal, mealy, rose-purple, paler or somewhat
buff at base. G. adnexed, pallid yellowish or somewhat
lemon. Flesh purple, pale yellowish or white.

Taste intensely acrid. Under trees. Sept.-Oct. 3f X 3| X § in.

e. Fragiles.

1347. R. emetiea Fr. (from its acting as an emetic) a b.

P. convex to plane or slightly depressed, lustrous, blood-red to

rose, sometimes bleaching to almost white or purplish, tawny

when old. St. equal, even, longitudinally rugulose, white or

reddish. G. adnexo-free, somewhat distant. Flesh white,

rose-colour under the separable pellicle.

Poisonous. Taste very acrid. Woods and open damp places ; common.
July-Dec. 4.5 X 3j X £ in. Var. Clusii Fr. Flesh white, turning
yellowish. Var. fallax Fr. is a form of 1354.

1347a. R. luteotaeta Rea (from the change of colour to light

yellow when bruised ; luteus^ yellow, tortus, a touch) b.

P. hemispherical, then plane and subumbonate, ruguloso-rivulose,

carmine-scarlet, becoming whitish at the striate marg.

St. equal, or slightly attenuate downwards, rugulose, white,

shaded pale lilac, yellowish when bruised. G. furcate, adnate,

very light straw-colour, yellow when bruised. Flesh white,

colour as P. under pellicle, tinging yellowish when bruised or

slug-eaten.

Taste of flesh acrid, of gills very acrid. On the ground, woody places.
Aug. if X i| X J in.

1348. R. finglbilis Britz. (from its seeming distinctness ; fingibilis,

imaginary) a.
P. convex to depressed, viscid, yellow, with orange or brownish
mid. ; marg. not striate. St. equal, white or faintly yellowish.
G. somewhat crowded, thin. Flesh white.
Taste mild ; odour none. Amongst grass under trees. July. 2hx i^xA in.

U

290 AGARICACE^E Russula

1349. R. peetinata Fr. (from the sulcate margin of the pileus, like

the teeth of a comb ; pecfen, a comb) a c.
P. convex to flat or slightly depressed, rigid, viscid, yellowish-
umber or dull ochre, with a dark or purplish mid., becoming
pale ; marg. tuberculoso-sulcate. St. equal, spongy-stuffed,
rigid, slightly striate, white or faintly greyish. G. attenuato-
free, subcrowded.

Suspected poisonous. Taste somewhat acrid ; odour weak, nauseous, some-
what like 1341. Woods, mixed. Aug. 3 x if X § in.

1350. R. oehroleuea Fr. (from the usually yellowish-white pileus ;

Gr. ochros, pale yellow, leukos, white) a b c.

P. convex to slightly depressed, lustrous, deep or light yellow,

becoming pale, never reddish ; marg. striate when old.

St. equal, slightly reticulato-wrinkled, white to lemon-white,

becoming pale steel-grey. G. rounded, white or pale yellowish.

Taste of flesh mild, gills acrid ; odour none, or pleasant. Woods, chiefly
fir ; frequent. July-Nov. 3§ X 2\ X f in. Var. claroflava Cooke.
P. deep chrome-yellow. G. white, becoming pale lemon then somewhat
ochraceous.

1351. R. granulosa Cooke (from the, at length, minutely granular

pileus and stem) a b.
P. convex to subinfundibuliform, pale or ochreous yellow • mid.
darker ; marg. paler. St. equal, white above, as P. or some-
what sienna below. G. adnexed or adnate, rarely furcate,
somewhat crowded.

Taste of flesh mild, gills acrid ; odour sour. Under trees. Aug. -Sept.
3§ x 2h X f in.

1352. R. seruginea Fr. (from the verdigris-green pileus ; cerugineus,

like verdigris) a b.
P. convex to slightly depressed, even, somewhat dry, sometimes

olive or umber-yellowish, blotted with olive ; mid. darker. St.

equal, even, smooth, white. G. attenuate behind and slightly

adnexed, somewhat distant.
Taste mild, pleasant. Woods. Aug. 4! X i£ X i| in.

1353. R. eitrina Gill, (from the citron-coloured pileus) a b.

P. convex to depressed, smooth, sulphur-lemon with mid. brassy-
yellow, sometimes faintly greenish with mid. becoming pale
ochreous. St. equal, striate, white to faintest lemon. G.
attenuate and furcate behind, adnexed. Flesh white, brassy-
yellow under pellicle.

Taste sweet to acrid ; odour almost obsolete. Woods, mixed. Aug.-Oct.
l\ X If X I in.

1354. R. fragilis Fr. (from the brittle substance) a b c.

P. convex and sometimes umbonate to depressed, crimson,
purple, rose-flesh-colour to buff or white, often clouded,
changing colour • mid. darker or fuscous, not red under the

Russula AGARIC ACE^: 29 1

pellicle. St. equal, slightly striate, white. G. adnexed, thin,

crowded, ventricose.

Taste very acrid. Moist places in woods ; common. Aug. -Oct. 2f x i£ xf in.
Var. nivea Cooke. P. white. Var. violacea Cooke. P. violet. Var.
fallax Mass. P. dirty reddish, or variously coloured as mid. pale greyish-
slate and marg. rose, or mid. brown and marg. rose and white. Included
under 1347 by Fries.

1355. R. punctata Gill, (from the dotted pileus ; punctatus, dotted) a.
P. convex to depressed, rosy or purple, punctate with dark

rufous pointed tubercles, becoming pale ; mid. darker ; marg.

sometimes cream. St. attenuate downwards, colour as P.,

base whitish, non-punctate. G. adnexed, white to yellowish,

edge often reddish.

Taste mild, sweet. Woods, grassy places. July. 2\ x i\ X § in. Var.
leucoptis Cooke. St. white.

1356. R. veternosa Fr. (from its uncertain affinities ; veter?wsus,

languid) a b.

P. hemispherical to slightly depressed, deep to pale rose or

purplish ; mid. usually yellowish or whitish ; marg. plane. St.

equal, even, white. G. adnexed to adnate, crowded, white

then straw-colour.

Suspected poisonous. Taste acrid. Woods, amongst grass under trees.
July-Sept. 2§ x 2§ X I in.

1357. R. integra Fr. (from its frequently perfect form ; integer,

entire) a b c.

P. convex to depressed, viscid, red, purplish-crimson or rose with

marg. buff, or tan, clouded crimson, or dull yellowish, clouded

pale crimson-brown, or pale yellow with ochre mid. and purple

marg., or umber, slate-purple or almost black ; marg. sulcate

and tubercular. St. somewhate ventricose, white, sometimes

faintly rose or pale yellowish. G. adnexo-free, very broad,

subdistant, white, sometimes rose or pale purple with ochreous

base. Pileus sometimes bleaching, almost white.

Taste mild to astringent. Woods, chiefly pine, oak ; common. June— Nov.
5 X 2§ X 15 in. Var. alba Cooke. Whole plant, except gills, cream-
white.

1358. R. deeolorans Fr. (from the changeable colour of the pileus ;

decolorans, changing colour) a b.

P. spherical to slightly depressed, orange-red becoming light
yellow, sometimes olive-ochre or variegated pale yellow,
orange or vermilion. St. rugoso-striate, white, shaded steel-
grey or faintest yellow-olive. G. rounded-free, white then
yellowish.

Taste mild. Woods, pine, mixed ; uncommon. Aug. -Sept. 3?X3fxJin.

1359. R. aurata Fr. (from the golden-yellow pileus ; aurumi gold)

a b c.
P. hemispherical to plane ; mid. scarlet, orange or red ; marg.
lemon; sometimes mid. sulphur: marg. vermilion. St.

u 2

292 AGARICACEiE Russula

obsoletely striate, white to lemon. G. rounded-free, whitish

to light yellow, bright lemon at edge. Flesh white, as P. under

pellicle.

Said to be edible, but suspicious. Taste mild to slightly acrid ; odour
pleasant, sweet. Woods, oak ; uncommon. June-Oct. 4f x 2^ x | in.

1360. R. Barlse Quel, (after J. B. Barla) a b.

P. convex to depressed, even, peach-colour, yellow, tinged with
orange-red or clouded ochre, dull crimson, reddish or copper-
colour ; mid. darker. St. equal, silky-pruinose, white to faintly
yellowish or reddish. G. white, then pallid-ochreous, some-
times orange.

Taste mild, sweet ; odour of crab, or melilot. Amongst grass under trees.
July-Oct. 3| x if x % in.

1361. R. nitida Fr. (from the shining pileus ; nitidus, shining) a b c.
P. convex to slightly depressed, bay-brown-purplish, purplish-
crimson, crimson-brown, crimson, or purple-white : mid. darker ;
marg. tuberculose. St. equal, even, white or faintly clouded
rose. G. adnexed, crowded, bright lemon.

Suspected poisonous. Taste mild to nauseous or somewhat fetid ; odour
strong, unpleasant, sometimes obsolete. Woods, fir ; uncommon. July-
Sept. 1 x I5 X § in. Var. cuprea W. G. Sm., Agariats cupreus Kromb.
P. copper-colour. Var. palchralis W. G. Sm., Russiila pulchralis Britz.
P. spotted red or purple at mid., ochreous at marg., or the reverse.

1362. R. alutaeea Fr. (from the colour of the gills ; aluta, tanned

leather) a b c.

P. hemispherical to depressed, even, crimson, red, rose, purple,

black-purple, black, olive, greenish, rarely seruginous, becoming

pale ; mid. often darker ; marg. tubercular. St. equal or

slightly clavate, white, usually clouded red, rose or purplish,

sometimes deep crimson. G. adnexed or adnate, light yellow

to bright deep ochreous. Flesh white to pale yellowish.

Edible. Taste mild, pleasant, acrid when old. Woods, beech, mixed ;
common. July-Oct. 5 J X 3 X \\ in.

1363. R. armeniaea Cooke (from the colour of the pileus and the

odour ; armeniacus, of the colour of the apricot) a b. Very

fragile.
P. convex to depressed, smooth, even, orange, ochre, shading
into sienna, sometimes lemon-colour. St. equal or slightly
attenuate upwards, smooth, white. G. adnato-rounded, some-
what distant, yellowish to ochre and egg-yellow.

Taste mild ; odour sweet of apricot. Woods, amongst grass under trees.
Aug. 2\ x 2\ X T55 in.

1364. R. puellaris Fr. (from its small size and grace ; puellaris,

girlish) a b.
P. hemispherical, obtuse to depressed, purplish, purple, rose or
pink-orange ; mid. darker, sometimes almost black, becoming
pale, not shining; marg. tuberculate. St. equal, fragile, white,

Russula AGARICACE^ 293

becoming yellowish or clouded pale rose. G. adnate or

adnexed, thin, crowded, white, then pallid yellow.

Taste mild. Woods, birch, pine, waysides, amongst Sphagnum. Aug.-
Oct. if X 2§ x i5s in. Sometimes turning pale, foxy and yellow
where bruised. Var. intensior Cooke. P. deep purple ; mid. nearly
black. Var. roseipes Cooke. P. rose, rosy-orange, becoming blanched.
St. white, partially rosy, not changing to sienna where bruised. All the
forms grow in company.

1365. R. oehraeea Fr. (from the ochreous pileus) a.

P. hemispherical to infundibuliform, shining; marg. sulcate.
St. equal, striate, yellow, pale yellowish or white. G. rounded-
adnexed, scarcely crowded, furcate at base, ochreous. Flesh
white to ochreous.

Taste mild. Woods, fir, mixed, grassy places. Aug. 3^ x if X f in.

1366. R. lutea Fr. (from the yellow pileus ; luteus, yellow) a c.

P. convex to piano-depressed, becoming pale, sometimes white,

varying orange with scarlet mid. ; marg. striate. St. equal,

even, white, shaded greyish, never reddish. G. adnexo-free,

crowded, all equal, egg-yellow.

Taste mild ; odour pleasant of apricot, or almost obsolete. Woods ;
uncommon. July-Oct. 2f x 2 x f in.

1367. R. nauseosa Fr. (from the nauseous taste and odour) a b c

P. hemispherical to depressed, viscid, bright yellow or purplish

to livid, becoming pale or whitish, never red or reddish, with

mid. deep ochre ; varying orange or yellow with mid. darker ;

marg. tuberculoso-striate. St. slightly striate, equal or sub-

clavate, whitish. G. adnexo-free, ventricose, white or yellowish.

Taste acrid, sometimes mild ; odour fetid to feeble, strong, sour, like decaying
oat-cake. Woods, chiefly pine. Sept. -Oct. 2J x 2J x § in. Often
resembling 1341. \zx.flavida Cooke. P. clear primrose-yellow.

1368. R. vitellina Fr. (from its egg-yellow colour j vitellus, yolk of

egg) ac.

P. convex to plane, light yellow to pallid ; marg. striato-tuber-

culate. St. equal, white. G. adnexo-free, equal, distant,

somewhat thick, connected by veins, saffron.

Taste mild ; odour strong. Woods, fir, mixed ; uncommon. Aug.-Sept.
if X 1 X \ in. There is a large form with P. 2-3 in. in diam.

1369. R. ehamseleontina Fr. (from its changing colour, chameleon-

like) a b.
P. convex to slightly depressed, flesh-colour, changing to yellow
at mid., then wholly yellow, sometimes purple, olive with slate
mid., scarlet, crimson, pale rose or vermilion with yellow mid.
St. equal, slightly striate, white. G. adnexed, thin, crowded,
equal, somewhat forked, yellow.

Taste mild, sweet ; odour none. Woods, pine, beech, downs ; rare.
Sept. -Oct. I \ x 1 J X Jin.

294

AGARIC ACE^E

Cantharellus

L. CANTHARELLUS Juss.

(From the cup-shaped pileus of some of the species ;
Gr. kantharos^ a cup.)

Veil obsolete. Hymenophore continuous and homogeneous with
the stem, when latter is present. Pileus fleshy to membranous. Stem

Fig. 64. — a, section of Cantharellus cibaritcs Fr. One-half natural size.
B, C. viuscigenus Fr., entire and in section. Natural size.

central, excentnc or obsolete, exannulate, without cartilaginous bark.
Gills decurrent, thick, fleshy-waxy, fold-like, somewhat branched,
edge obtuse, trama floccose. Spores white. (Fig. 64.)

The species grow on the ground and on mosses, rarely on wood.
Some are edible, others are said to be poisonous. Sporodinia
Aspergillus sometimes grows on Cantharelli. Species 1370 — 1388

a. MesopodcB. Stem central.

Pileus entire, solid. Stem fleshy. 1370 — 1376

Pileus somewhat membranous. Stem tubular, shining.

o 1377—1384

b. Pleuropodce. Dimidiate. Stem lateral. 1385, 1386

c. Resupinatce. Resupinate. 1387, 1388

a. Mesopodce.

1370. C. eibarius Fr. (from its use as food ■ cibaria) a b c. Egg-
yellow.
P. convex to depressed, turbinate, smooth ; marg. often repand
and irregular. St. solid, attenuate downwards. G. shallow,
narrow, much swollen.

In troops, clusters or rings. Edible. Taste pleasant ; odour when mature
strong of apricots or ripe greengages, sometimes heavy or earthy and
somewhat pungent. Woods, chiefly beech, oak, chestnut ; common.
July-Dec. 4 x if X £ in. Sold in Italian markets under the name of
Gatlinaccio ; at Cordova under the name of Encina ; in French markets in
a dried state on strings. Var. rufipes Gill., red at base of stem. There is
a white and a yellowish-white var.

Cantharellus AGARICACE^E 295

1371. C. Friesii Quel, (after Elias Fries; a b c.

P. convex to infundibuliform, fleshy, villous, somewhat orange.
St. solid, attenuate downwards, yellowish-white or pale orange.
G. narrow, yellow or orange.

Woods, on elder. Aug.-Nov. Ux^X^ in. Intermediate between
1370 and 1372.

1372. C. aurantiaeus Fr. (from its golden yellow colour ■ aurau-

tiacus, orange-yellow) a b c.
P. plane to infundibuliform, somewhat thin, subtomentose ; marg.
undulate, at first involute, orange-ochreous ; mid. sienna.
St. stuffed to hollow, attenuate downwards, ochreous or reddish,
sienna or black at base. G. crowded, thin, deep orange or
orange-vermilion.

Gregarious. Said to be poisonous. Taste unpleasant. Woods, chiefly
pine, heaths, on elder, on grass-roots. Oct. -Dec. 3J x 2 x \ in.
Possibly a Clitocybe rather than a Cantharelhcs. There is a white and a
yellowish-white var. with white gills. A mould, Dactylium dendroides,
the conidial stage of Hypomyces rosellus, is common on the gills of this
fungus.

1372a. C. hypnorum Brond. (from its habitat, moss, Hypnum).

P. campanulato-convex then expanded and slightly depressed •
marg. incurved, minutely downy, pale primrose-yellow to pale
ochre. St. slender, slightly flexuous, almost glabrous, yellow,
sometimes darker than P. near base. G. thin, edge acute,
somewhat crowded, branched, decurrent, yellow. Flesh thin,
whitish.

Cudworth, Yorks. Sept. 1905. 1^ x 1 in. Allied to 1372, but differing
in colour, P. less tomentose and spores smaller.

1373. C. Brownii B. & Br. (after J. Brown) a b. Ochreous-white.

P. convex, obtuse or umbonate, thin, obscurely silky. St. stuffed,
equal, somewhat furfuraceous. G. subdecurrent, linear, narrow,
sub distant, sometimes branched.

Amongst grass. Autumn, f X 1^ X T^ in.

1374. C. earbonarius Fr. (from its habitat, burnt wood and earth;

car bo, charcoal) a b c.
P. convexo-umbilicate to infundibuliform, striato-squamulose,
date-brown to dark purple-slate and black. St. solid, attenuate
downwards, often deeply rooting, yellowish-white above, as P.
below. G. narrow, white.

Often fasciculate. Charcoal beds, burnt ground. July-Dec. 2g x I X \ in. ;
rooting stem 2^ in. Often grows in company with 183 and 277, to which
small examples of 1374 are not unlike.

1375. C. umbonatus Pers. (from the sometimes umbonate pileusy

a b c.
P. convex and umbonate to depressed, even, dry, floccoso-silky,
cinereous-blackish, somewhat pale slate or umber-slate. St.

296 AGARICACEjE Cantharellns

stuffed, equal or slightly attenuate upwards, cinereous. G. thin,

crowded, white to faintly brownish.

Gregarious. Taste and odour almost obsolete. Woods, amongst mosses ;
rare. April-Oct. ij x 3 X £ in. Sometimes becomes reddish when
bruised.

1376. C. albidus Fr. (from the whitish colour ; albus, white) a c.

Whitish to faintly yellowish.

P. subinfundibuliform, irregular, splitting, tough, somewhat faintly

zoned. St. solid, equal or attenuate downwards, smooth.

G. thin, subcrowded, branched.

Taste and odour heavy, earthy. Pastures, mossy places, amongst larch and
fir. Sept. -Oct. 2 x ^ X I in. A form occurs with the gills distant and
thick.

1377. C. leueophseus Nouel (from its white gills ; Gr. laikos, white,

phaino, to appear) a c.
P. depressed to deeply infundibuliform, smooth, tough, umber.

St. slightly attenuate upwards, even, colour as P., darker at

base. G. distant.
On the ground. Autumn, if x l£ X i in.

1378. C. Houg-htonii Phill. ex Cooke (after the Rev. William

Houghton) a b.

P. umbilicato-depressed, smooth, dull white, somewhat flesh-
colour j marg. waved, iregular. St. attenuate downwards,
delicately fibrillose, rooting, colour as P. G. narrow, scarcely
forked, pallid flesh-colour to salmon.

Single or subccespitose. On the ground. Autumn. 2\ x 3 X \ in.

1379. C. tubseformis Fr. (from the trumpet-shaped, mature pileus;

tuba, a trumpet, forma, form) a b c.
P. umbilicato-convex to deeply infundibuliform, flocculose, umber
or yellowish-umber, sometimes faintly olive-shaded, sometimes
perforate to base of St. • marg. waved. St. compressed,
lacunose, smooth, orange-yellow, paler above and below.
G. distant, much branched, yellow-fuliginous or yellowish-
umber.

Gregarious. Woods, often on fallen branches, twigs, rotten wood, and on
the ground ; common. Aug.-Nov. 4I X 4^ X f in. Intermediate forms
occur between this and 1380. Var. lutescens Fr. St. pale yellowish.

1380. C. infundibuliformis Fr. (from the shape ; infundibulum, a
funnel, forma, form) a b c.

P. convex, umbilicate to infundibuliform, sometimes pervious to

base of St., floccoso-wrinkled, yellow-cinereous or fuliginous,

paler when dry, sometimes pale purplish-lavender; mid. deep

sienna-umber ; marg. undulate. St. even, smooth, light or

bright yellow, sometimes pale purplish-lavender above. G.

light yellowish to cinereous.

Gregarious ; somewhat ccespitose. Suspected poisonous. Woods, chips,
rotten wood, on the ground ; common. July-Jan. 2\ X 2| X ^ in.
Intermediate forms occur between this and 1379.

Cantharellus AGARICACE^E 297

1381. C. cinereus Pers. (from the cinereous gills) a b c.

P. infundibuliform, often pervious to base of St., villoso-squamu-
lose ; marg. lobed, waved and very irregular, hoary-fuliginous
or streaky umber. St. attenuate downwards, smooth, fuliginous-
blackish or gradually dark umber to base. G. somewhat pale
lavender.

Woods, beech, on the ground. Sept. -Nov. 2 x 2 x § in. Must not be
confounded with 1782.

1382. C. eupulatus Fr. (from the cup-shaped pileus ; cupa, a cup) a be.
P. when young strongly umbonate, then plane to cup-shaped,

with um. sometimes at bottom of cup, smooth to flocculose,

pallid fuscous, pale and slightly rufescent when flry, or pale

umber or brownish-buff; marg. striate. St. equal, tough,

smooth, pale buff or paler than P. G. very distant, much

branched, grey, lavender or yellowish-brownish.

Waste places, on the ground ; rare. Oct. |x |X^ in. Must not be
confounded with 1448.

1383. C. Stevensonii B. & Br. (after the Rev. John Stevenson) a e.
P. convexo-umbilicate, smooth, buff-white. St. delicately pul-
verulent, white to buff-white. G. pallid, becoming fuscous
in front.

Rotten stumps and wood amongst moss. Mar. -April, f x J X ^ in.

1384. C. replexus Fr. (from the margin of the pileus, bent back,

repand) a b.

P. membranous, convex to depressed, subumbonate, fuscous to

cinereous or umber-yellowish ; marg. striate. St. smooth,

equal or slightly thickened above, white above, lavender below.

G. adnate to decurrent, hoary-white, cinereous or pale purple.

On the ground, amongst grass, moss and leaves. Oct. -Nov. fXI^xx& vsx'
With the habit of a Mycena. Yar. devexus Fr. P. hood-shaped.

b. Pleuropodcs.

1385. C. museigenus Fr. (from the habitat; museus, moss, gigno, to

bear) a b e.
P. membranous, spathulate, smooth, undulate, fuscous, cinereous-
whitish when dry, or umber-yellowish or buff. St. horizontal
and continuous with P., colour as P., villous at base. G.
distant, branched, colour as P.

On larger mosses, Hypnum, Torlii/a, sometimes on the ground ; uncommon.
June-Nov. £ x £ x & in.

1386. C. glaueus Fr. (from the sea-green colour; glaucus, sea-green)

a b c. Grey or indigo-whitish.
P. membranous, spathulate, silky, zoneless. St. pruinate. G.

distant, dichotomous.
On the ground, sandy slopes. Autumn, h x ^ X /, ii

in.

298

AGARICACE/E

Cantharelhis

c. ResupinatcE.

1387. C. retirugus Pers. (from the reticulate gills ; rete, a net, ruga,

a wrinkle) a b c.

P. sessile, inferior, membranous, irregular, repando-lobed,

cinereous-fuliginous, or pale fuliginous over biscuit G. superior,

radiating from a central or lateral point, whitish-fuliginous or

paler than P.

On sticks and mosses in bogs, Hypnum ; uncommon. April-May.
P. f in. in diam. Sometimes wholly salmon or biscuit.

1388. C. lobatus Fr. (from the lobed pileus) a b c. Dark fuscous,
pale when dry.

P. sessile, inferior, membranous, irregular. G. superior, radiating

from a central or lateral point, somewhat distant, branched.

On mosses in bogs, Hypnum c?ispidatum, H. revolens, Sphagnum, mossy soil ;
uncommon. Spring to winter.

P. \\ in. in diam.

LI. NYCTALIS Fr.

(From the habit, growing in dark places • Gr. nux, night.)

Veil obsolete or indefinite. Hymenophore continuous and homo-
geneous with the stem. Pileus fleshy. Stem central, exannulate,

Fig. 65. — Nyctalis asterophora Fr. a, plants growing on Russula aditsta. One-half natural
size. _ b, c, entire and in section ; D, with slice removed from edge, showing transverse section
of vein-like gills. X 2. e, basidia and spores ; f, conidium. X 400.

Nyctalis

AGARICACE^E

299

without cartilaginous bark. Gills fleshy, thick, juicy, obtuse at the
edge, distant, adnate. Spores elliptical, subglobose, colourless.
Reproduction is also effected by conidia borne on the pileus.
(Fig. 65.)

Parasitic on the Agaricacece, gregarious and fasciculate.

Species 1389, 1390

1389. N. asterophora Fr. (from the minute stellate conidia borne

on the pileus ; aster, a star, fero, to bear) a b c.

P. hemispherical, floccoso-pulverulent, white to fawn. St. solid,

equal, whitish to brownish. G. very shallow, thick, grey-white.

Gregarious or subcrespitose. Parasitic on 229, 1306, 1307 and a few other
species of Agaricacece ; frequent. July-Nov. f x f X T35 in. The stellate
conidia on the pileus have been named Hypomyces asterophorus.

1390. N. parasitica Fr. (from its parasitic habit) a b c.

P. conico-campanulate to expanded, obtuse or umbonate, pruinose,
whitish fuscous to pale, or whitish-grey with mid., faint sienna.
St. fistulose, slightly attenuate upwards, pubescent, white. G.
somewhat broad, thick, distant, very pale rose-brown.

Gregarious or crespitose. Parasitic on 1306, 1307, 1311 and 1341

common.

Aug. -Nov. 1 x 1^ X J in. Often wholly lavender-steel colour. The
pileus produces large elliptical, smooth conidia.

LII. MARASMIUS Fr.

(From the habit, drying or shrivelling, not becoming putrid ;
Gr. maraiuo, to wither or shrivel.)

Veil obsolete except in one non-British species — M. subannulatus
and a slight indication in the young of 1404. Hymenophore con-

*?

Fig. 66. — a, section of Marasmius peronatus Fr. One-half natural size, ^b, section of
M. epiphyllus Fr. ; c, ditto, M. SpodoleiiCUS B. & Br. Natural size.

300 AGARICACE^E Marasmius

tinuous with but heterogeneous from the stem. P ileus arid, pliant,
more or less thin. Stem central, cartilaginous or homy, absent in
1431. Gills usually simple, pliant, somewhat distant, edge acute,
entire. Spores white. (Fig. 66.)

The species are commonly small, thin and epiphytal, those which
appear to grow on the ground are generally on putrid leaves or
roots of grasses ; many have a strong odour, sometimes fetid, or of
garlic, never of meal. Marasmius is closely allied to Collybia, but
the true Marasmii shrivel in dry weather and revive in rain. Some
are edible, others are esteemed for flavouring, 1391 is dangerous.

Species 1391—1431

A. Pileus fleshy-pliant, at length somewhat coriaceous, sulcate or

wrinkled ; margin at first involute. Stem somewhat
cartilaginous.

a. Scrotete. Stem solid or stuffed, then hollow, internally

fibrous, externally cartilaginous and covered with villous
down which is easily removed. Gills separating-free.

Stem woolly or strigose at the base. 1391 — 1393

Stem naked at the base, often composed of twisted fibres.

1394—1396

b. Terg'mce. Pileus thinner than a in section, hygrophanous,

even or striate. Stem rooting, tubular, cartilaginous, not
fibrous. Gills separating-free.

Stem woolly downwards, smooth upwards. 1397 — 1400

Stem wholly pruinato-velvety. 1401 — 1405

c. Calopodes. Pileus convexo-involute, then plane or depressed.

Stem curt, not rooting, inserted, often with a basal floccose
tubercle. Gills adnate or subdecurrent.

Stem smooth and shining upwards, base simple. 1406 — 1410
Stem velvety or pruinate, base somewhat tubercular.

1411—1414

B. Pile?is somewhat membranous, campanulate then expanded ;

margin at first straight and adpressed to the stem. Stem
horny, fistulose, sometimes stuffed, tough, arid. Mycelium
rhizomorphoid, corticate.

d. Chordales. Pileus campanulate or convex. Stem rigid,

rooting or adnate by a dilated disc. 1415 — 1417

e. Potulce. Pileus soon becoming somewhat plane or umbilicate.

Stem filiform, flaccid, inserted at the base. Growing on

leaves.

Stem very smooth, shining. 1418 — 1422

Stem velvety or pilose. 1423 — 1430

C. Pileus sessile, resupinate. 1431

Marasmius AGARICACE^E 301

A.

a. Scrotem.

1391. M. urens Fr. (from its burning taste ; uro, to burn) a b c.

P. convex to expanded, even or slightly squamulose or rimoso-

rivulose, pale yellowish or brownish ■ mid. darker. St. solid,

slightly attenuate upwards, white or yellowish, wholly white-

floccose. G. free to remote, pale yellowish-brown to brownish.

Gregarious, somewhat crespitose. Poisonous. Taste becoming very pungent.
Woods, mixed, grassy places, on leaves, twigs, etc. ; frequent. May-Sept.
2\ X 4! X \ in.

1392. M. peronatus Fr. (from the base of the stem, as if booted

with strigose down ; fiero, a kind of boot) a b c.

P. hemispherical to expanded, slightly wrinkled; marg. striate,

whitish-umber. St. stuffed to hollow, attenuate upwards, light

yellow or pale brownish, densely woolly-sheathed at base with

whitish or yellowish strigose down. G. adfixed to free,

crowded, whitish, yellowish or pale rufescent.

Taste acrid. Woods, oak, amongst leaves, twigs, etc., bramble, beech-nuts;
common. July-Dec. 3? X 4J X T3ff in.

1393. M. porreus Fr. (from its odour of garlic; porrum, the leek)

a b c.

P. hemispherical to flat, coriaceo-membranous, dull yellowish or

pale dull brownish ; mid. darker ; marg. striate. St. stuffed to

hollow, equal, pubescent, whitish or brownish above, deep

purple to almost black below. G. adnexo-free, distant, light

yellowish.

Odour strong, disagreeable, alliaceous. W'oods, chiefly amongst oak-leaves,
fir ; frequent. bept.-Dec. 2\ X 3§ X \ in. Dried examples more than
one hundred years old retain the garlic odour.

1394. M. oreades Fr. (from its growing in fairy rings ; Gr. orcias, a

mountain nymph) a b c.

P. fleshy, hemispherical to plane, obtuse or umbonate, even,

smooth, whitish, pale yellowish or brownish; mid. darker.

St. solid to stuffed, equal, whitish. G. free, broad, distant,

whitish or pale yellowish.

Gregarious. Edible. Taste pleasant ; odour agreeable, stronger when dry.
Pastures, lawns, roadsides ; common. Alay-Oct. 2\ x 2§ X J in. A
colourless ketchup can be made from this. Often pickled or dried for
winter use.

1395. M. planeus Fr. (from the — at length flat — pileus; plancus,

flat) a c.

P. convex to plane and depressed, even ; mid. dark rosy-sienna ;

marg. rufescent or lightish, becoming pale. St. hollow,

attenuate downwards, white above, yellowish to brownish

below. G. free, distant, yellowish or brownish.

Taste mild, sweet. Woods, shady places, on the ground. Autumn,
if X ig X j\ in.

302 AGARICACE^: Marasmius

1396. M. seorteus Fr. (from its leathery substance ; scorteus,
leathery) a c. Whitish or white.

P. convex, somewhat obtuse. St. somewhat fistulose, equal,
smooth, fuscous when dry. G. free, broad, ventricose.

Taste mild. Woods, moist places, amongst grass, under trees. Aug .-Jan.
| X 2 X TV m- Habit that of a small 1394.

b. Tergince.

1397. M. prasiosmus Fr. (from its odour of leek or garlic; Gr.

firason, a leek, osme, a scent) a b c.

P. campanulate to flat, obtuse, rugulose, pale buff; mid. pale
sienna. St. fistulose, pallid above, pale rufous or fuscous
below. G. adnexed, somewhat crowded, whitish.

Odour strong. Amongst leaves. July-Oct. I x 2\ X J in.

1398. M. varieosus Fr. (from the blood-red juice, as if from a

swollen vein, varix) a c.

P. campanulate to plane, umbonate, even, dark rose- or reddish-
brown, darker when dry ; marg. paler. St. slightly attenuate
upwards, claret-brown, almost black below, filled with blood-
red juice. G. very crowded, umber-fuscous or somewhat
dark dull-purple, darker when dry.

Solitary. Odour none. Damp mossy places. Sept. -Oct. \\ x 2 X T^ in.

1399. M. fuseopurpureus Fr. (from the dark purplish colours) a b c.

Juiceless.

P. hemispherical to plane, slightly umbilicate, somewhat wrinkled,

dark to pale purple-brown or tan. St. slightly attenuate

upwards, rufous or dark purple, strigoso-downy and rubiginous

at base. G. distant, rufescent, purple-brown or slate-purple.

Solitary, caespitose or gregarious. Odour none. Woods, on sticks, dead
leaves, beech, dead grass, etc. ; frequent. Aug.-Oct. I \ x \\ X \ in.

1400. M. terginus Fr. (from the leathery substance ; tergum, hide,

leather) a b c. Juiceless.
P. campanulate to plane or slightly depressed, shining, flesh-
colour to white ; marg. striate. St. slightly attenuate upwards,
shining, pallid or sulphury above, reddish below. G. somewhat
crowded, pale yellowish, sulphury or salmon.

Solitary or in pairs. Odour none. Amongst leaves, beech, moss. Oct.-
Nov. i\ x 2\ x \ in. This is M. Stevensii B. & Br.

1401. M. Wynnei B. & Br. (after Mrs. Lloyd Wynne) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, subumbonate, lilac-brown, purplish-lavender
or purplish-salmon, clouded pale slate. St. attenuate down-
wards, colour as P., or yellowish above to brown and brown-
black at base within and without. G. adnexed or adnate,
lilac, lavender or salmon.

Gregarious or csespitose. Odour none. Amongst leaves, twigs, etc., on the
ground. Aug. -Dec. i£ x 3§ X f^ in.

Marasmius AGARICACE.E 303

1402. M. erythropus Fr. (from the red stem; Gr. eruthros, red,

pous, a foot) a b c. Juiceless.

P. campanulate to flat, obtuse, slightly wrinkled, pale buff with

sienna mid., paler at marg., becoming almost white. St.

smooth, equal, dark red. G. veined, not crowded, whitish to

pale salmon.

Single or somewhat ccespitose. Odour none. Woods, amongst dead leaves,
beech, beech-mast, near and rarely on stumps ; frequent. Sept. -Oct.
2\ X 4§ X \ in. Sometimes becoming purple-black in drying.

1403. M. arehyropus Fr. (perhaps an error for argyropus ; Gr.

arguros, silver, pons, a foot, in reference to the white-pruinose
stem) a b c.
P. hemispherical to plane or slightly depressed, smooth, tan or
salmon-shaded, becoming pale. St. pale yellowish or pallid
rufescent, white pruinose. G. crowded, narrow, pallid.
Caespitose. Odour none. Amongst leaves ; rare. Oct. 1 \ x 3 X ^ in.

1404. M. topquescens Quel, (from the twisted stem ; torqueo, to

twist) a b.

P. convexo-plane, rugoso-striate, pallid-whitish ; mid. tawny or

fulvous. St. white above to brown or deepest brown below,

G. thin, finely serrulate, distant, white or whitish.

Woods, amongst oak-leaves, twigs, etc., in moist places. Autumn.
^X2|x TV in.

1405. M. impudieus Fr. (from the odour ; impudieus, disgusting) a be.
P. convex to plane, depressed or subumbonate, striato-plicate,

bay-brown-rufous or rose-umber ; mid. dark umber, becoming

pale. St. equal or attenuate downwards, velvety, rufous or

violaceous-purple, white downy, white when dry. G. free,

veined, whitish flesh-colour or salmon. Flesh rose-vinous.

Gregarious. Odour strong, disgusting, like burnt flannel and fetid, more
powerful when cut or broken. On and about rotten pine-trunks, on pine-
leaves. Sept. -Oct. 1 x \\ X \ in.

e. C a lop odes.

1406. M. seorodonius Fr. (from the odour of garlic ; Gr. skordion,

a plant with the odour of garlic) a b e.

P. arid, wrinkled, crisped, rufous or yellowish-sienna ; mid.

vinous, becoming pale to whitish. St. fistulose, equal, horny,

rufous, paler above, darker or blackish below. G. adnate,

veined, whitish.

Usually gregarious. Edible, esteemed for flavouring. Odour strong.
Heaths and dry pastures, on twigs and leaves : rare. Oct. i§X2^xT1s- in.

1407. M. calopus Fr. (from the beautiful stem ; Gr. kalos, beautiful,

pons, a foot) a b e.
P. rarely depressed, even, smooth, whitish. St. fistulose, slightly

attenuate upwards, deep rich brown, paler above. G. slightly

emarginate, white.
Odour none. On twigs, grass-roots, etc. Autumn. Jx ijx ^ in.

304 AGARIC AC EJE Marasmius

1408. M. Vaillantii Fr. (after Leon Vaillant, French botanist) a b c.
P. tough, arid, plicato-rugose, whitish or pale yellowish.

St. stuffed, attenuate downwards, date-brown, paler or whitish
above, blackish below. G. adnate, subdecurrent, broad,
distant, white.
Odour none. On dead wood, fallen twigs, leaves. Sept. -Oct. f x i^X^ in.

1409. M. angulatus B. & Br. (from the angular folds of the pileus) a b.
P. plicato-angular, fuscous-whitish or yellowish ; mid. pale

brownish. St. slightly enlarged above and below, base hairy,
rufescent-grey or white above, brown-black below. G. adnexed,
distant, whitish.
On grass, submerged rushes, roots, on sandhills. Aug. 4X1X3^ in.

1410. M. languidus Fr. (from its weak substance j langueo, to be

weak) a.
P. slightly fleshy, umbilicate, liocculose, rugoso-sulcate, whitish,
light yellowish, or somewhat flesh-colour. St. stuffed, attenuate
downwards, naked, pallid to fuscous, white villous at base.
G. adnate to decurrent, veined, white.
Gregarious. Odour none. On dead grass, twigs. | X | X ^ in.

1411. M. foetidus Fr. (from its fetid odour) a b c.

P. convex to flat, umbilicate, striato-plicate, bay-brown-tawny or
yellowish-sienna; mid. almost black. St. fistulose, attenuate
downwards, sometimes with a small floccose tubercle at base,
deep brown, almost black below. G. adnexed to subdecurrent,
distant, veined, yellowish-rufescent or salmon. Flesh claret-
brown, becoming pale.

Odour strong of burnt flannel or horse-radish, very fetid. Dead twigs,
rotten branches, etc. ; rare. Aug.-Jan. \\ x \\ X T^ in.

1411a. M. lagopinus Post ex Fr. (from the squamulose base of the
stem ; Gr. lagopous, hare's foot) a.
P. convex, then plane, even, glabrous, pallid. St. slender, equal,
whitish, upper half glabrous, lower half with white spreading
sq. G. adnate, slightly ventricose, straw-colour.
Gregarious. Dead branches. Oct. § x £ X ■%-$ in.

1412. M. amadelphus Fr. (from its nearness to 1413 ; Gr. an,

together, adelphos, a brother) a c. Pale buff.
P. arid, convex to plane, umbilicate, striate ; mid. darker.
St. stuffed, equal, sometimes with an almost obsolete tubercle.
G. adnato-decurrent, distant.
Gregarious. Odour none. Dead branches, twigs ; rare. Sept. -Dec.

I x i x A in-

1413. M. ramealis Fr. (from its habitat ; ramus, a branch) a b c.

P. arid, convex to plane, obtuse or depressed, white ; mid.

rufescent. St. stuffed, whitish, rufescent at base, sometimes

with a small tubercle. G. adnate, subdistant, whitish.

Densely gregarious. Odour none. Dead twigs, branches, burnt sticks,
juniper, willow, bramble ; common. May-Jan. ^ x \ X yg in.

Marasmius AGARICACE^E 305

1414. M. eandidus Fr. (from its white colour ; ca?ididus, shining white)

a b c.

P. campanulate to expanded or depressed, becoming sulcato-
rugulose, wholly white or with mid. pale brown. St. stuffed,
base rloccose, white with a brownish base or wholly white. G.
adnexed, ventricose, distant.

Gregarious, twigs, rotten stems, pine, cedar, leaves. Sept. -Nov. §X^X^2 in.

B.

d. Chor dales.

1415. M. alliaeeus Fr. (from its odour of garlic, allium) a b c.

P. campanulate to expanded, subumbonate, smooth, dry, striate,
white or faintly ochre to fuscous. St. fistulose, minutely
velvety, blackish or deep dull purple, paler above. G.
adnexed, ventricose, subdistant, whitish or fuscous-whitish.

Odour strong, persistent. Woods, leaves, rotten wood ; frequent. Aug.-
Oct. i§ X 4 X TV in.

1416. M. eaulieinalis Fr. (from its habitat — growing on stalks and

stems ; eaulis, a stem) a b c.
P. striate, bright or dull yellow or yellowish-sienna. St. fistulose,

equal, floccoso-villous, sulphur above, dark sienna below. G.

adnato-decurrent, subdistant, veined, pallid light yellow or

pale sulphur.
Taste very bitter. On fir-cones, leaves, etc. ; rare. Aug. - Nov.

IXlfx TV in.

1417. M. torquatus Fr. (from the sometimes twisted stem ; torqueo,

to twist) a b.

P. membranous, campanulate, obtuse, plicato-sulcate, whitish •
mid. bright sienna. St. hollow, smooth, shining, base dilated-
tuberculose, ivory. G. adnate, distant, thick, connected by
veins, forming a collar near St., white. Flesh in P. pale sienna,
elsewhere white.

Stems and leaves. Autumn. 3 \ x i| X \ in.

e. RotulcE.

1418. M. rotula Fr. (from the resemblance of the pileus — seen from

below — to a little wheel ; rota, a wheel) a b c.

P. arid, hemispherical, umbilicato-depressed, whitish or brownish ;

marg. undulato-crenulate. St. fistulose, horny, often branched,

sometimes barren, blackish, paler above. G. adnate to a free

collar, broad, few, distant, white.

Gregarious or crespitose, with root-like branches. Dead twigs, stumps, old
roots, branches, grass-roots, yew, elm, maple, oak ; common. June-Jan.
JX2jx -6\ in.

1419. M. graminum B. & Br. (from its usual habitat, leaves and

stems of grass, gramen) a b c.
P. campanulate to expanded, subumbonate, sulcate, pale, rufous-
brown or salmon ; mid. darker. St. shining, hair-like, black,

x

306 AGARIC AC E^ Marasmius

whitish above. G. adnate to a free collar, ventricose, distant,
veined, white or pale yellowish.
On grass, leaves, twigs, etc. ; uncommon. July-Feb. § x l\ X ^ in.

1420. M. androsaeeus Fr. (derivation uncertain) a b c.

P. arid, convex to expanded, subumbilicate, smooth, striate,

white pale buff or somewhat fuscous. St. fistulose, horny,

black, paler above. G. adnate, without a collar, distant,

whitish to salmon.

Woods, leaves, twigs, briar, beech, oak, acorn-cups, rushes, fern-stems, fir,
juniper, larch ; common. April-Dec. ^X2X^in. Sometimes growing
from entangled masses of black horsehair-like mycelium. Sometimes
non-pileate stems only produced.

1421. M. splaehnoides Fr. (from the gut-like stem ; Gr. sfilagchna,

intestines, eidos, appearance) (7 b c.

P. convex to flat, umbilicate, smooth, striate, white ; mid. pale
yellowish. St. fistulose, horny, usually red, becoming fuscous
or pale above and sienna below, or dark brown. G. sub-
decurrent, crowded, anastomosing.

Odour none. Amongst pine-leaves. Oct. f x 2 x ^j in.

1422. M. Curreyi B. & Br. (after Frederick Currey) a.

P. convex to expanded or plane, sulcate, pallid rufous ; mid.

fuscous or yellowish-sienna. St. black, white above. G.

attached to a free collar, few, subventricose, veined, pale

yellowish.
On grass. Aug. § X i| X g^ in.

1423. M. perforans Fr. (from the habit, the stem perforating the

leaves on which it grows) a c.

P. hemispherical to convexo-plane, not umbilicate, white or
whitish, becoming pale rufescent. St. fistulose, tough, equal,
bay-brown to black. G. adnate, subdistant, whitish.

Odour very fetid, not of garlic. Leaves, fir, larch ; rare. Aug.-Oct.
f X2|X S1? in-

1424. M. insititius Fr. (from the habit — the stem ingrafted on the

host-plant ; i?isero, to insert) a b c.
P. arid, convexo-plane, subumbilicate, plicato-sulcate, white or
purplish-salmon-whitish. St. fistulose, horny, attenuate down-
wards, rufous to fuscous or sienna, paler above. G. adnate,
distant, white or pale salmon-purplish.

Gregarious. Odour none. Leaves, oak, decayed grass, etc. ; rare. Aug.-
Oct. 1x2X5^ in.

1424a. M. selerotipes Bres. (from the hard sclerotium at the foot of

the stem • pes, a foot) a.

P. membranous, convex, then plane, umbilicate, ruguloso-striate,

subflocculose ; marg. reflexed, white ; mid. yellow. St. filiform,

pruinose under a lens, pallid rufescent, apex whitish, base

Marasmius AGARICACE^E 307

adnate to a rufescent yellowish sclerotium. G. distant, adnate,
white.

On the ground, swampy places. ^ x £ X ^ in. Autumn. Sclerotium
J in. long.

1425. M. Hudsonii Fr. (after William Hudson, author of " Flora

Anglica ") a b c.

P. hemispherical, usually sulcate, pale fuscous-rufescent, rose-
purple to white with sienna mid. beset with erect purple hairs.
St. horny, dark purple, paler above. G. adnexed, white.

Odour none. On fallen holly-leaves ; frequent. Mar.-Dec. ^Xifx^in.

1426. M. epiehloe Fr. (from its habit, growing on grasses; Gr. epi,

upon, chloe, grass) a b.
P. plano-convex, somewhat papillate, not striate, whitish or pale

brownish-yellow ; mid. darker. St. striate, bay-brown. G.

adnexo-rounded, somewhat crowded, pale yellowish, faintly

brown.
Base of dead grasses, spines of Robinia. Aug. -Oct. § x i£ X -^ in.

1427. M. aetinophorus B. & Br. (from the brownish star on the

pileus ; Gr. aktis, a ray of light, phero, to bear) a b c.
P. convex, umbilicate, bay-brown or pale sienna, clouded with
an indefinite brownish star at mid. St. pallid or brown, paler
above. G. few, adnato-decurrent, white or pale yellowish.

Fallen twigs, sometimes terrestrial. Aug. \ x •§ X -$-% in.

1428. M. saeeharinus Fr. (from the pileus, as if powdered with

white sugar, saccharo7i) a b c.
P. campanulate to convexo-expanded, papillate, sulcate, white.
St. flocculose to smooth, reddish, pale above. G. adnate,
thick, distant, reticulato-wrinkled, whitish.

Dead twigs, leaves ; rare. Aug. f X § X ^ in. Pileus sometimes marked
as in 1427.

1429. M. epiphyllus Fr. (from the habit — growing on leaves ; Gr.

epi, upon, p/iul/on, a leaf) a b c.
P. convex to plane, umbilicate, plicato-rugose, white. St.
fistulose, subhorny, date-brown or sienna, white above. G.
adnate, distant, veined and branched, white.

Gregarious. Odour none. Dead leaves, especially ivy, twigs, etc., oak,
beech, poplar ; common. Sept. -Dec. § X 2J X ^ in. Pileus sometimes
marked as 1427, sometimes without gills, or gills replaced by wrinkles.

1430. M. polyadelphus Cooke (from its growing in crowded patches ;

Gr. polus, many, ade/p/ws, a brother) a. White.
P. hemispherical, sulcate, flocculose. St. tough, floccose below.
G. subdecurrent, almost fold-like.

Densely gregarious. Dead leaves, etc. Autumn. T3S X £ X fa in.

X 2

3o8

AGARICACEyE

Marasmms

C.

1431. M. spodoleueus B. & Br. (from its grey pileus and white gills ;
Gr. spodos, wood-ash, leukos, white) a b c.
P. at first flat, resupinate, then campanulate, at length pendulous,
pulverulent or subfurfuraceous, cinereous or pale umber. G.
inside bell, few, short, leaving a naked space at apex of bell,
interstices even. Flesh umber.

The same as M. Broomei

Dead twigs, elm. Nov.-Mar. Diam.
Berk. Sometimes not unlike 1449.

3

•i

in.

LIII. LENTINUS Fr.
(From the tough, pliant substance; lentus, tough or pliant.)

Veil ragged-pendulous at the margin of the pileus and more or
less fugitive-annulate in the first section, in the other — except 1439 —

obsolete. Pileus fleshy-coriaceous,
pliant or hard, persistent. Stem hard,
central, lateral or obsolete, con-
tinuous with the hymenophore when
present. Gills concrete with the
hymenophore, thin, membranous, un-
equal, tough, edge acute, often serrate,
crenate or irregular ; trama none.
Spores white. (Fig. 67.)

Growing on wood, rarely ter-
restrial, polymorphous, somewhat
irregular. Distinguished from Pleu-
rotus by the hardness of the flesh and
the serrate gills. Species 1432 — 1441

Mesopod^e. Pileus nearly entire,
margin at first inrolled. Stem
distinct.

a. Lepidece. Pileus scaly. More
or less veiled. 1432, 1433

b. Pulverulentce. Pileus villous
or pulverulent. 1434 — 1436

c. Cochleatce. Pileus smooth.

1437

or furnished with a somewhat

1438—1441

Fig. 67. — Section of Lentinus

cochleatus Fr.

One-half natural size.

Pleurot^e. Dimidiate, sessile
lateral stem.

Mesopod^e.
a. Lepidece.

1432. L. tigrinus Fr. (from the tiger-like markings of the pileus) a be.

P. convex, umbilicate to infundibuliform, pale yellowish, clad

with umber sc. ; mid. sepia. St. solid, equal or attenuate

Lentinus AGARICACE^E 309

downwards, central to excentric, fugitive-torn-annulate, pale

yellowish. G. decurrent, crowded, white or pale pallid

yellowish.

Often subgregarious or caespitose. Tasteless ; odour strong, acrid or acid.
Stumps, oak, ash, poplar, fir ; rare. April-Oct. 2f x i| X J in.
Var. Dunalii Fr. P. with adpressed separating, spot-like sc, then even.

1433. L. lepideus Fr. (from the scaly pileus ; Gr. lepis, a scale) a b c.
P. convex to depressed, pale yellowish, clad with umber sc. ;

mid. darker. St. solid, almost woody, irregular, usually

somewhat excentric and attenuate downwards, colour as P.,

dark sienna-umber at base, fugitive-torn-annulate. G. decurrent

or sinuate, crowded, pale yellowish.

Solitary or subcaespitose. Odour strong, from pleasant to that of rotten
cheese. On pine wood, trunks, stumps, fallen pines, elm, railway
sleepers, wooden bridges, in houses, cellars, railway tunnels. Mar. -Oct.
5i * 5i x l m- Often abnormal and Ctavaria-like. Sometimes
phosphorescent. Var. contiguits Fr. P. thinner, piano-depressed, even.
St. slender, even.

b. Pulveruletitce.

1434. L. leontopodius Schulz. ex Fr. (from a fancied resemblance in

the shape and colour of the pileus to a lion's foot ; Gr. leo?i, a

lion, pons, a foot) a.

P. expanded, depressed, boldly lobed, tan-clay colour, cinnamon

or salmon-umber. St. woody, equal, excentric, pulverulent,

pale chestnut or umber-salmon, blackish downwards. G.

decurrent, veined, white.

Gregarious or caespitose in small clusters. Taste pleasant, sweet. Decayed
willow. Autumn. 7 x 3 X i| in.

1435. L. pulverulentus Fr. (from the pulverulent pileus) a.

P. convex, yellow, ochreous-cinnamon or umber-yellowish, lighter
at marg., white-pulverulent. St. solid, excentric, velvety dark
umber above, brownish-yellow below. G. crowded, sub-
decurrent, white or pale yellowish.

Somewhat caespitose, sometimes connato-branched and deeply rooting.
Dead trunks, pines. Oct. if x 3 X J in. Var. resinaceus Fr. P. some-
what gummy villous.

1436. L. adhserens Fr. (from the sticky gluten of the pileus and

stem) a.
P. convex, subumbonate, then depressed to subinfundibuliform,
sulcate, umber-tan or umber-yellowish. St. somewhat hollow,
rooting, white, then as P. G. sinuato-decurrent, thin, white.

Taste at length astringent. Woods, pine ; rare. Autumn, if X i\ x \ in.

1436a. L. suffrutescens Fr. (from the somewhat branching habit;
frutcx, a shrub) a.
P. tough, convex, then infundibuliform, unequal, glabrous,
whitish, becoming brown stained. St. elongated, somewhat

310 AGARICACE.E Lentinus

branched, woody, pubescent, colour as P. G. crenato-torn,
yellowish.
Squared wood in cellars. Feb. 3J x 6 x J in. Often abnormal in habit.

c. Cochleatce.

1437. L. eoehleatus Fr. (from the 6hape of the pileus, somewhat

shell-like ; cochlea, a snail-shell) a b c.

P. convexo-umbilicate, subinfundibuliform, at length irregularly

lobed, brownish-yellow; mid. darker. St. usually branched,

proliferous and irregularly indented, central to almost lateral,

colour as P., sienna-umber at base. G. decurrent, crowded,

lighter than P., or white flesh-colour.

Solitary to caespitoso-proliferous. Said to be edible. Odour strong of anise,
spicy, often scenting the air for long distances. Trunks, stumps and on
the ground ; frequent. Aug. -Oct. 2\ x 5 X \ in. Changes to rich
brown or blackish in drying.

Pleurotve.

1438. L. scotieus B. & Br. ex Fr. (from its first observed place of

growth — Scotland) a b c.

P. convexo-umbilicate to expanded and depressed, pallid to

brownish or yellowish-buff, hygrophanous ; marg. lobed, sinuate

or plicate. St. solid, darker than P., or yellowish-sienna.

G. decurrent, subdistant, white.

Solitary or crespitose. Odour none. Decayed stumps and rotten wood,
furze, birch, spruce. Nov. -Jan. 2§ x f X ^ in. Stem sometimes absent
and pileus reniform.

1439. L. fimbriatus Curr. (from the fugitive fimbriate annulus in

infancy) a c.

P. convex to deeply depressed, lioccose-scaly, fawn-colour or
umber-salmon ; marg. substrigose. St. solid, lateral, rough with
reflexed sc, brown-white. G. subdecurrent, pale brown or
salmon-white.

Imbricate. Stumps, posts. Sept. f x \ X \ in.

1440. L. vulpinus Fr. (from its strong, often foxy, odour ; vulpes, a

fox) a b c.

P. sessile, reniform-conchate, surface rough and corrugate with

raised radiating ribs or adnate teeth, warm yellow-brownish ;

marg. rose flesh-brown, base darker. G. extended to base,

crowded, brownish, pale yellow or pale yellowish-rose.

Imbricate. Odour sometimes of field-mint. Trunks, stumps ; rare.
Mar. -Oct. Diam. 5 in. Becomes black in drying.

1441. L. flabelliformis Fr. (from the fan-shaped pileus ; flabellum, a

small fan,fo7-ma, form) a c.
P. sessile, reniform; marg. corrugate, at length curled backwards,
smooth, fawn-colour or yellowish-brown, darker at base. St.

Parvus

AGARICACEiE

311

rudimentary. G. extended to base, subdistant, somewhat
thick, whitish or faintly shaded as P.
Imbricate. Old trees, stumps, trunks ; rare. Feb. Diam. 2§ in.

LIV. PANUS Fr.

(A name given to an arboreal fungus by Pliny.)

Veil obsolete. Films fibrous, fleshy-coriaceous. Stem lateral or
none, when present confluent with the hymenophore. Gills entire,

Fig. 68. — a, section of Panus torulosus Fr. One-half
natural size. b, section of P. styfitiacs Fr. ; c, ditto,
P. patellaris Fr. Natural size.

concrete with the hymenophore, at length coriaceous, edge acute,
not serrate. Spores white. (Fig. 68.)

Growing on stumps and lasting long. Species 1442 — 1447

Pileus irregular. Stem excentric. 1442, 1443

Stem lateral. 1444, 1445

Pileus resupinate, sessile or extended behind. 1446, 1447

1442. P. eonehatus Fr. (from the shape, like certain shells ; concha, a

shell) a b c.

P. more or less dimidiate, deeply depressed, fleshy, pliant, thin,

cinnamon or brownish-yellow, pale sienna-scaly in old examples.

St. solid, equal or attenuate downwards, brownish-yellow.

G. deeply decurrent, narrow, whitish or pale flesh-colour, at

length yellowish.

Ccespitose, often imbricate. Trunks, stumps, beech, poplar, lime ; rare.
June-Oct. 4^ x f X £ in. Stem sometimes branching,

1443. P. torulosus Fr. (from the hairy down on the stem ; torulus, a

tuft of hair) a b c.

P. entire, plane to infundibuliform, compactly fleshy, even,

smooth, brownish-yellow, buff or rufescent-livid, sometimes

minutely sienna-scaly. St. solid, equal, oblique, grey, violaceous

or buff-downy. G. deeply decurrent, subdistant, reddish, tan

or yellowish.

Crespitose. Old trunks, stumps, ash, ^birch, willow, oak ; frequent.
May- Aug. 3! x \\ X £ in.

312

AGARIC AC E^E Panus

1443a. P. rudis Fr. (from its rough appearance ; rudis^ rough) a b.
P. becoming corky, thin, unequal, bristling with hairs, ochreous-
fawn or reddish, lilac shaded ; marg. incurved. St. short,
unequal, shaggy-velvety, ochreous-fawn, hairs lilac. G. very
decurrent, very crowded, narrow, whitish-pink, then pale
ochreous-fawn, sometimes lilac shaded. Flesh white.
Ceespitose. Odour pleasant of anise. Trunks, beech. May. 2£X2jx|in.

1444. P. styptieus Fr. (from its astringent taste ; stypticus, astringent)

a b c.
P. arid, thin, reniform, sometimes minutely white-furfuraceous
scaly, tan or cinnamon, becoming pale. St. attenuate down-
wards, pruinose, paler than G. G. adnate, thin, crowded,
salmon or ochreous-salmon to cinnamon.

Gregarious, caespitose, usually densely imbricate. Taste hot, pungent. On
decaying stumps, trunks, dead trees, etc., fir, alder, beech, oak ;
common. Feb. -Dec. l| X § X J in. Becoming wholly rich orange
when dry.

1445. P. farinaeeus Fr. (from the scurfy pileus ; farina, meal)

a b c.
P. somewhat coriaceous, flexuous, reniform, cinnamon-umber
with pale grey scurf. St. colour as P. G. adnexed, distinct,
paler than P. or yellow ochre. Flesh whitish-grey.

Trunks, branches, fir. Dec. I x J X T^ in. Not unlike 1444 or 439 in
appearance. Var. albidotomentosus Cooke & Mass. P. clad with short
velvety-whitish down. St. short or absent. Often in imbricate tufts.
P. f-Tj in. in diam.

1446. P. patellaris Fr. (from the shape, like a small dish, patella) a.
P. sessile, resupinate, coriaceous, at first viscid, umber or dark

sepia to buff; marg. white. St. obsolete or rudimentary.
G. concurrent to a subcentral point, arid, yellowish to some-
what pale cinnamon.
Branches, cherry, beech. Mar. f in. in diam.

1447. P. Stevensonii B. & Br. (after the Rev. John Stevenson).

P. spathulate, olivaceous light yellow. St. attenuate downwards,
convex, slightly hispid, golden. G. narrow, entire.

Oak. Sept.-Oct.

LV. XEROTUS Fr.

(From the dry substance and ear-like shape ;
Gr. xeros, dry, ous, an ear.)

Veil obsolete. Pileus coriaceo-membranous. Stem central, con-
tinuous with the hymenophore, which descends into the trama.
Gills adnato- decurrent, coriaceous, broadly fold-like, dichotomous,
edge entire, obtuse. Spores white. (Fig. 69.)

Xerotus

AGARICACE^E

313

Rigid, persistent, analogous with Ctmtharellus, but differing in
its leathery substance.

Fig. 69. — Xerotus degener Fr. in section and entire with portion removed
to show the gills. Natural size.

1448. X. degener Fr. (from its ill-developed condition in comparison

with other species of Xerotus ; degener, degenerate) a b.

P. thin, very tough, plano-infundibuliform, somewhat zoned,

striate when moist, flocculose when dry, brown-grey to grey,

cinnamon, salmon or pale yellowish-brown. St. solid to

stuffed, attenuate downwards. G. very distant, whitish-grey,

yellowish or salmon-white.

Peaty ground, amongst short grass in sterile gravelly places. Jan.
if X iix |in. .

LVI. TROGIA Fr.

(After Jacob Gabriel Trog, Swedish botanist.)

Pileus membranous, soft, flaccid, arid, persistent, texture fibrillose.
Stem lateral or none. Gills fold-like, venose, edge in the only

Fig. 70. — Trogia crispa Fr., entire and in section. Natural size.
A, section across gilN.

314

AGARICACE/E

Trogia

European species obtuse, crisped, not channelled as in non-European
species. Spores white. (Fig. 70.)

Growing on wood, becoming dry and reviving with moisture.
1449. T. erispa Fr. (from the crisped gills) a b c.

P. cup-shaped, expanded, resupinate, light-yellowish-rufescent,
zoned rufous; marg. whitish, sometimes almost white. St.
obsolete or rudimentary. G. vein-like, dichotomous, narrow,
white to steel-grey.

Gregarious, imbricate. Logs, branches, twigs, beech, birch ; uncommon.
Jan. -Dec. Diam. \\ in. Sometimes almost wholly white.

LVI1. SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fr.

(From the gills, split longitudinally at the edge ;
Gr. sc/iiso, to split, pJudlon, a leaf.)

Veil obsolete. Pileus thin, arid. Stem lateral or none. Gills
coriaceous, channelled longitudinally with edges revolute. Spores
white. (Fig. 71.)

1 ' ' ' 1 ■ * ■ 1 1 r ■ ■ 1 .

A

Fig. 71. — Schizophyllum cojnnnine Fr., entire and in section.
Natural size, a, section across gills. X 10.

1450. S. commune Fr. (from its being common in certain countries ;

communis, common) a b c.

P. arid, at first cup-like, then expanded, reniform or excentric,

resupinate, downy, white or umber- white, commonly zoned

greyish. St. rudimentary or none. G. splitting, the edges

revolute, fuscous-grey to purplish, cinereous or clay-white to

tan-salmon.

Said to be edible. Sold in a dry state in China for soup ; 800 lbs were
exported from Auckland, New Zealand, to China in 1872. Dead wood,
rotten trunks, logs, water-butts, beer-casks, wood in greenhouses, horse-
chestnut, beech, alder, dry hay in silos ; rare in Britain. May-Jan.
Diam. 2 in.

Lenzites

AGARICACE^E

315

LVIII. LENZITES Fr.

(After Harold Othmar Lenz, German botanist.)

Veil obsolete. P ileus corky or coriaceous, texture arid, floccose,
dimidiate, sessile. Stem lateral or none. Gills coriaceous, firm,

Fig. 72. — Lemites betulina Fr. , entire and in section. Lower surface on left,
upper on right. One-third natural size.

sometimes simple and unequal, sometimes anastomosing and forming
pores behind, edge obtuse to acute ; trama floccose, similar to the
pileus. (Fig. 72.)

Growing on wood, persistent. Allied most nearly to Trametes

and Dadalea amongst the Polyporacece. Species 1451 — 1455

On wood of deciduous trees. 1451, 1452

On coniferous wood. 1453 — 1455

1451. L. betulina Fr. (from its frequent habitat, birch trunks ; betula,

birch) a b c.

P. firm, rigid, tomentoso-woolly, flat, lobed, white, greyish, buff

or umber-whitish \ marg. and z. darker. G. reaching the base,

simple, branched or anastomosing, edge acute. Flesh white.

Often imbricate. Stumps, logs, gate-posts, birch, oak, bird-cherry, alder ;
perennial, common. Jan. -Dec. Diam. 8J in. When young small,
resupinate, with gills radiating from a central point. Often green with
unicellular Alg<e. Surface and coloration of pileus like that of 2001.

1452. L. flaceida Fr. (from the flaccid substance) a b c.

P. thin, easily bent, flat, lobed, whitish to dingy, zoned same
colour. G. reaching the base or an excentric point, broad,
crowded, simple or branched towards base, not anastomosing,
white to salmon. Flesh white.

Stumps, beech. Mar. -Jan. Diam. 4 in. Pileus often green as in 1451.

316 AGARICACE^E Lenzites

1453. L. ssepiaria Fr. (from the habitat, fences ; scepis, a hedge) a b e.
P. thin, flat, lobed, strigoso-tomentose to squamulose, zoned ;

tawny-yellow to brown, black when old. G. reaching to and
anastomosing at the base, rigid, firm, yellowish to umber.
Flesh tawny to dark sienna.

Often imbricate. Trunks, fences, pine. Jan. -Dec. Diam. 5 in.

1454. L. abietina Fr. (from its habitat, firs, abies) a b c.

P. thin, flat, tomentose, becoming smooth, umber or yellowish-
rich-brown or deep umber-sienna, zoned dark umber ; marg.
bright sienna-yellow, or wholly vinous. G. reaching the base,
distant, simple, unequal, not anastomosing but torn into teeth
at the base, salmon or yellowish-brown.

Imbricate. Chiefly dressed fir, deal, trunks, branches. Oct. Diam. 3§ in.
Sometimes remaining resupinate.

1455. L. heteromorpha Fr. (from its varied shapes; Gr. helerosy

different, vwrplie, shape) a b c.
P. gibbous, rugose, thin to thick, yellowish- or buff-white, or
colour of washleather. G. reaching the base, branched,
crowded, often broken into teeth, sometimes effused, colour
as P.

Imbricate. Fences, sticks, chips, bark, pine. Oct. Diam. 3 in., some-
times effused to 7 in. or more.

Fam. II. POLYPORACEiE.

Hymenium inferior, in resupinate species superior, consisting of
tubes with poriform orifices which are round or angular, sometimes
sinuous or torn.

Fleshy, coriaceous or woody fungi, intermediate between Agari-
cacecE and Hyd?iacecc, connected with the former by Trametes and
Dcedalea, and with the latter by Fistulina. Species 1456 — 1686

The sequence of the genera and species is almost identical with
the latest views of Fries as expressed in his Hymenomycetes Europcei,
1874. An exception is made in the genus Polyporus ^ which is here
broken up into four genera — Polyporus, Pomes, Polystidus and Porta,
as given by Cooke in 1885 and 1886, in his Prcecursores ad Mono-
graphic: Polypororum, in Grevillea, xiii., pp. 80 and 114, xiv., pp.
17, 77 and 109, and xv., p. 19, with additions and corrections on
p. 50. Cooke based his work on the Nova Symbolcz Mycologies
of Fries, published in 1851, but in this Fries only suggested that one
section oi Polyporus should be elevated to generic rank, viz. Polystidus.
Saccardo, in his Sylloge Fungorwn, vii., 1888, immediately adopted
Cooke's views. It is in deference to the laborious work of Cooke
that the old genus Polyporus is here broken up into four.

Boletus

POLYPORACE/E

317

Key to the Genera.

Terrestrial.

Tubes easily separable from the hymenophore. Stem

central 59 Boletus.

Tubes not separable, very large with transverse dis-
sepiments. Stem central 60 Strobilomyces.

Mostly growing on trunks, stumps or wood.

Stipitate to sessile. Tubes small, without dissepi-
ments. Substance fleshy, hard, tough or some-
what soft 62 Polyporus.

Sessile.

Substance fleshy, juicy 61 Fistulina.

Substance woody 63 Fomes.

Substance coriaceous, spongy or membranous.

Pores round .. 64 POLYSTICTUS.

Pores oval or elongate 66 Trametes.

Pores sinuous 67 D^edalea.

Sessile to resupinate. Substance cartilagino-soft
to subgelatinous 68 Merulius.

Resupinate.

Substance thin, woody or waxy 65 Poria.

Hymenophore covered with granules 69 Porothelium.

LIX. BOLETUS Dill.
(From the clod-like shape of the pileus; Gr. fro/os, a clod.)

Veil universal, forming an annulus, perfect to imperfect or
obsolete. Pileus fleshy. Stem central, fleshy, continuous and homO-

Fig. 73- — a, section of Boletus luteus L., showing gelatinous mem-
branous veil. B, section of B. ednlis Bull., showing at * tubes
separating from hymenophore. c, section of B. cyanescens Bull.,
young example showing universal floccoso-scaly veil. One-third

natural size.

geneous with the hymenophore, annulate to simple. Tubes distinct
from the hymenophore, connected in a stratum, the surface of which

318 POLYPORACE^E Boletus

is dotted with their orifices or pores, easily separating from the
hymenophore and from one another ; the mouths of the tubes or
pores are round or angular, in the subgenus Gyrodon sinuous or
gyroso-plicate ; trama none. Spores usually fusiform, rarely oval or
roundish, white, rosy, yellowish or brown. (Fig. 73.)

Terrestrial, fleshy, putrescent fungi ; mostly edible, a few
poisonous. Species 1456 — 1515

Subgenus i. Euboletus. Pores round or angular, not sinuous or
gyroso-plicate. Trama not descending between the tubes.

1456—1513
EuchrOtE. Tubes usually yellow, not white or grey.

a. Viscipelles. Stem solid, not bulbous or reticulate, except

1458. Tubes adnate, decurrent in 1457, 1467 and 1468.
Pores rarely sinuate, of one colour. Spores usually yellowish.

1456—1468

b. Subtomentosce. Pileus villous when young, rarely at length

becoming smooth. Stem not bulbous or reticulate ; here
and there rugose or striate. Flesh rarely changing colour.
Tubes adnate, of one colour. 1469 — 1477

c. Subprumosce. Pileus pruinose to smooth. Stem equal, even,

not bulbous or reticulate. Tubes adnate, yellowish.

1478—1481

d. Calopodes. Stem stout, at first bulbous, reticulate ; reticula-

tions usually red. 1482—1488

e. Edules. Stem stout, bulbous, not reticulate or dotted red

except 1489, 1490, 1491 and 1493. Tubes somewhat free,
adnate in 1494. Pores not red. Flesh scarcely changing
colour. Taste pleasant. 1489 — 1497

f. Luridce. Pileus pulvinate, compact then soft. Stem stout at

first, curt and bulbous, then elongate and clavate to nearly
equal, somewhat reticulate or dotted. Tubes rounded-free.
Pores red to red-brown. Flesh juicy. Suspected poisonous.
Growing chiefly in woods of deciduous trees. 1498 — 1500

Tephroleucle. Tubes at first white or grey.

g. Favosa. Tubes large, angular, unequal, often shortened

near the stem, adnate, not rounded-free. Spores brown.

1501—1504

h. Versipelles. Tubes free, ventricose. Pores minute, round,

equal. Spores ferruginous. 1505 — 1508

i. Hyporhodiai. Tubes whitish to pale salmon. Spores rosy to

white flesh-colour. 1509, 1510

j. Cariosce. Stem not reticulate, stuffed to hollow. Tubes

white to light yellowish. Pores minute, round. Spores

white. 1511—1513

Subgenus 2. Gyrodon. Tubes short, somewhat adnate. Pores sinuous

or gyroso-plicate. 1514, 1515

Boletus POLYPORACE^E 319

Subgenus 3. Boletinus. Trama descending somewhat between the
tubes, the hymenophore is therefore not smooth after their
removal ; in this respect Boletinus resembles Strobilomyces.
The relationship between Boletus and Boletinus is similar to
that between Polyporus and Trametes. 1515a

Subgenus i. Euboletus.
(From being typical examples of the genus ; Gr. eu, well.)

EUCHRO/E.

a. Viscipelles.

1456. B. luteus L. (from the yellow tubes ; luteus, yellow) a b c.

P. gibbous, pulvinate to convex, deep vinous brown, covered
with dark purplish gluten which is at first continuous over the
tubes, forming a V. St. equal, dull light yellowish. A. large,
membranous, white to dark purplish. T. yellow or brownish-
yellow. Po. minute.

Edible. Woods, pine ; common. July-Nov. 5 x 2§ x £ in.

1457. B. elegans Schum. (from its elegance) a b c.

P. convex, dark rich yellow, shaded orange. St. sulphur to
orange above A., darker below. A. broad, fugacious, sulphur.
T. decurrent, sulphur to bright yellow. Po. minute.

Woods, chiefly larch, oak, pine ; common. June-Oct. 4l X 2§ x | in.

1458. B. flavus With, (from the yellow pileus ; flavus, light yellow)

a b c.

P. convex or pulvinate, full luminous yellow, covered when
young with claret-brown gluten. St. equal, reticulate, yellow
above, brownish-yellow below. A. membranous, fugacious,
white to yellow-white. T. adnate, bright yellow or brownish-
yellow. Po. larger than in 1456 and 1457.

Woods, mixed ; common. Aug. -Nov. 4^ x 3 J X £ in.

1459. B. flavidus Fr. (from the yellowish pileus ; flavidus, light

yellowish) a b c.

P. convex, obtuse, brownish-yellow or pale yellowish-burl.
St. equal, whitish-yellow or straw-colour, granular above the
brownish viscid A. T. adnate to slightly decurrent, yellow,
somewhat sulphur. Po. angular. Flesh pale ochre.

Woods, pine. July-Oct. 2^ x i\ x \ in.

1460. B. eollinitus Fr. (from the gluten-besmeared pileus ; collino, to

besmear) a b c.

P. pulvinate to expanded and slightly depressed, brownish-buff,

sometimes pale, covered with rich vinous-brown gluten.

St. attenuate downwards, rooting, white, becoming brownish.

T. adnate to subdecurrent, pallid to yellow. Flesh white.

Solitary. Edible. Woods, fir. Nov. 32 x ih X \\ in. When young
resembles 1456.

320 POLYPORACEiE Boletus

1461. B. granulatus L. (from the granulate pores and stem) a b c.
P. convex, obtuse, luminous- or cinnamon-yellow, covered with

claret-brown, vinous or rich sienna gluten. St. white-sulphur
above, brownish below, scabrous with honey-coloured granules.
T. pale sulphur to orange. Po. simple, exuding a thin gummy
juice which dries in granules. Flesh pale sulphur.

Commonly gregarious, sometimes crespitose. Odour rank, heavy, disagree-
able, like that of 410. Woods, fir; rare. July-Nov. 3§ x i\ X § in.
Sometimes springing from yellow mycelium. Much eaten by squirrels.

1462. B. tenuipes Mass. (from the slender stem ; tener, slender,

pes, a foot) a b.

P. convexo-pulvinate, smooth, becoming minutely nbrillose,
slightly to very viscid, red- or rose-purplish over yellow, or
red-buff, shaded Indian red. St. attenuate downwards, some-
what striate above, slightly to very viscid, yellow, vinous in
mid., becoming rufescent, or pale yellow above to gradually
vinous below. T. large, angular, bright yellow. Flesh pale
vinous under pellicle, white in mid., pale buff- vinous in St.

Taste mild. Woods. Oct. if X 2§ x f in.

1463. B. bovinus L. (from the buff-reddish colour of the pileus, as

of the ox, bos) a b c.
P. convex to expanded, buff, rose-buff or orange-buff, membrane
of P., involute and overlapping the tubes. St. equal, even,
ochre-rose or pale buff, rhubarb tinted at base. T. decurrent,
ochre, olive-ochre or rose- or yellow-buff. Po. compound.
Flesh pale buff, sometimes changing to cobalt.

Gregarious, subccespitose. Taste mild ; odour pleasant. Woods, chiefly
pine ; uncommon. Sept.-Nov. 4J x 2§ x h in.

1463a. B. pusio Howse ex B. & Br. (from its small size ; fiusio, a
little boy) a.
P. hemispherical, pulvinate, pulverulent, reddish-buff. St. slightly
thickened downwards, plicate, pulverulent, dull yellowish-white,
white above, becoming blackish. T. dull sulphur-white.

1464. B. badius Fr. (from the colour ; badius, bay-brown) a b c.

P. pulvinate to flat, villoso-viscid, claret-brown, umber or dark
Indian-red-brown. St. equal or subclavate, pruinate, minutely
granular, lighter than P. and streaky. T. adnate to slightly
sinuate, whitish dull olive. Po. angular. Flesh rose under
pellicle of P., cobalt over T.

Single or crespitose. Woods, chiefly pine ; frequent. Aug. -Nov.
5 X 4 X if in.

1465. B. paludosus Mass. (from growing in bogs, paludes) a b.

P. convex to flat, glabrous, dark burnt-sienna or vinous red-
sienna ; mid. darker, paler when dry. St. attenuate downwards,
smooth, paler than P., or burnt-sienna with crimson, or dull

Boletus POLYPORACE.E 32 1

dark sienna. T. adnate to subdecurrent, yellow to olive-green

or whitish-green. Po. large, angular, compound. Flesh

unchanging, salmon-white.

Gregarious, not oespitose. Bogs, amongst Sphagnum. Sept. 4|x5X|in.
Resembles a slender 1464, but flesh does not change colour.

1466. B. rutilus Fr. (from the reddish pileus ; rutilus, golden-red) a.
P. pulvinate, glabrous, brownish-red or umber, not dark.

St. equal, glabrous, sulphur above, pale claret-brown below.
T. sinuato-adnate, sulphur. Po. minute.
Woods, oak. Oct. if X if X £ in. Must not be confounded with 1472
or 1474.

1467. B. aurantiporus Howse ex Cooke (from the golden-yellow

pores ; aurantius, orange) a b.

P. convex, expanded, sometimes umbonate, ferruginous, orange-
sienna, claret-brown or buff. St. equal, orange above, with
large purple-crimson reticulations, sulphur and pale yellow
below. T. deeply decurrent, yellow to bright orange, becoming
brownish when bruised. Po. broad angular. Flesh usually
pale rose, sometimes pale yellowish, changing to pale orange-red.

Under or near trees, yews. Aug.-Oct. 3? X 3£ X f in. Howse con-
sidered this plant to be allied to 1469.

1468. B. piperatus Bull, (from the peppery taste ; piper, pepper) a b c.
P. pulvinate to expanded, dull ochreous-orange or yellow-ochre.

St. equal or attenuate downwards, sienna-orange. T. decurrent,
sienna with ochre and vermilion, or rich sienna-scarlet. Flesh
deep sulphur, orange in stem.
Sometimes caespitose. Poisonous. Taste very acrid. Woods, mixed,
under limes ; frequent. Aug. -Nov. 2| x 2 x T5^ in. Often small.
Springing from yellow mycelium.

b. Subtomentoscz.

1469. B. variegatus Swartz (from the different colours of stem,

pileus and tubes) a b c.

P. pulvinate, yellowish-sienna or yellowish-brown, clouded sienna
or vinous; marg. extended beyond T., inrolled. St. equal,
bright yellow to dull ochre, shaded orange, burnt-sienna or
vinous. T. yellow, or orange- or olive-brown, not dark.
Po. minute. Flesh yellowish, changing sparingly or wholly to
blue, sometimes unchanging.

Tasteless ; odour unpleasant. Woods, chiefly pine, heaths ; frequent.
July-Nov. 5! x 2£ X i£ in.

1470. B. sulphureus Fr. (from the sulphur-colour) a b c. Wholly

sulphur-colour.

P. hemispherical to expanded-obtuse. St. ventricose, with

rooting red base. T. adnato-decurrent, at length greenish.

Po. minute, compound. Flesh becoming blue.

Crespitose, sometimes in clusters of fifty or more. Tasteless. Sawdust,

stumps. Sept. -Nov. 4 x 2 J x if in. Sometimes changing to reddish

Y

322 POLYPORACEiE Boletus

where touched. Mycelium woolly, matting sawdust, sulphur. Pileus some-
times 9 in. in diam.

1471. B. strisepes Seer, (from the striate stem ; stria, a line,

pes, a foot) a b.
P. pulvinate to expanded, orange-buff, shaded umber ; marg.

paler or whitish. St. slightly ventricose, velvety, sulphur-white

above, umber below, broadly striate with small brown dots.

T. yellow, yellow-greenish, sulphur or apricot-sulphur.

Po. minute. Flesh white, or faintly shaded pale yellowish or

brownish, sparingly changing to blue.
Woods ; rare. Oct. 2§ x i\ x I in.

1472. B. ehrysenteron With, (from the golden-yellow flesh ; Gr.

chrusos, gold, e?itera, inward parts) a b c.
P. convex to plane or slightly depressed, yellowish, umber or
crimson-brownish over tan, often cracked, interstices crimson-
red. St. equal, fibroso-striate, tan-white or buff, speckled
crimson or sulphur above, spotted and streaked below, base
umber. T. sulphur to yellow-olive. Po. somewhat large,
angular. Flesh yellow-white, pale rose under pellicle of P.,
pale blue near T.

Edible. Woods, mixed, beech, hedges, open ground ; common. July-Nov.
3| x 2£ x \ in. Var. nanus Mass. P. olive. St. yellow above, crimson
below. Flesh changing to red v/hen cut. P. I in. in diam.

1473. B. sanguineus With, (from the blood-red pileus ; sanguis,

blood) a b.
P. pulvinate, dry, almost velvety. St. equal, rose above, some-
times reticulated crimson, tan or orange below, clouded
crimson. T. adnate to subdecurrent, dull ochre to bright or
olive-yellow. Flesh yellowish-white, changing to blue.

Woods ; rare. July-Sept. 4 X 3^ X £ in. Pileus sometimes 9 in. in diam.,
sometimes very small.

1474. B. subtomentosus L. (from the somewhat tomentose pileus)

a b c.

P. pulvinato-expanded, umber or yellowish-umber, sometimes

with a red line at marg., often cracked, interstices yellow.

St. equal, ribbed-sulcate, slightly scabrous, bright yellow,

sometimes clouded crimson. T. rounded-adnate, bright

yellow, shaded pale olive-umber. Po. large, angular. Flesh

whitish-yellow, sparingly changing to blue.

Woods, mixed, oak, beech, sometimes from interior of beech-nuts ; common.
July-Nov. 3! x 3^ X £ in. Pileus sometimes 7^ in. in diam. Var.
radicans Mass. P. olive-ochre. St. fusiform, colour as P. T. colour as P.
Taste insipid to bitter.

1475. B. spadieeus Fr. (from the date-brown colour of the pileus;

spadix, a palm branch) a b.
P. pulvinate, rich yellowish-sienna, clouded red-brown or vinous.
St. equal to clavate, flocculoso-furfuraceous, whitish- or pale
luminous-yellow, olive-shaded above, clouded umber and

Boletus POLYPORACEyE 323

vinous below. T. sinuato-adnate, pale yellow-olive, shaded
greenish. Po. minute, somewhat round. Flesh pale sulphur
or buff-white, with a faint blue line over T.
Taste insipid or pleasant, with a peculiar lasting acid flavour. Woods,
mixed. July-Nov. 4§ X 2§ x if in.

1476. B. radieans Pers. (from the rooting stem ; radix, a root) a b.
P. pulvinate, yellowish-umber to umber or olive, membrane of P.

overlapping T. and involute. St. usually attenuate downwards,
pale primrose to apricot-yellow, and dark ochre, pruinate, rose
and sienna clouded where touched. T. adnate, colour as St.
Po. unequal, large. Flesh yellowish-white, sometimes changing
to pale blue or slate.
Taste somewhat bitter. Woods. Sept. 3^ x z\ X § in. Often confused
with 1472.

1477. B. rubinus W. G. Sm. (from the ruby-coloured tubes) a b c.

P. pulvinate to flat, whitish orange-umber or yellow-fuscous.

St. equal or slightly attenuate downwards, yellow clouded

crimson. T. adnato-decurrent, carmine. Po. compound.

Flesh unchanging, vivid yellow.
Taste mild. Woods, roadsides, under trees, oak, beech. Aug.-Sept.

2f x \\ X J in.

c. Subpruiiiosce.

1478. B. versicolor Rostk. (from the change of colour in the flesh) a b.
P. pulvinate to convexo-plane, bright deep crimson-purple.

St. slightly pruinose, smooth, colour as P. or orange-brown,

lighter above and below, sometimes sulphur above. T. adnato-

rounded, orange. Po. large, angular. Flesh whitish-yellow,

changing to cobalt and vinous.

Said to be edible. Taste slightly disagreeable or none ; odour strong and
rank, like 2086. Woods, beech, gardens. Aug.-Sept. 2| X 2.\ X § in.

1479. B. pruinatus Fr. (from the pruinose pileus) a b.

P. convex to flattish, rigid, yellowish vinous-umber. St. some-
what ventricose or clavate, even, smooth, yellow, finely lined
with crimson. T. yellow7. Po. minute, round. Flesh wrhitish,
sparingly changing to blue.

Grassy places. Autumn. 2.\ x 2 x | in.

1480. B. purpuraseens Rostk. (from the purple pileus and stem) a.
P. convex to plane, dry, glabrous, deep brownish-purple or deep

purple-crimson. St. attenuate downwards, rooting, even,
glabrous, colour as P., sometimes yellowish above and below.
T. dull yellow. Po. minute. Flesh dull grey or yellowish,
streaked or marbled.
Woods, pine. Autumn. 3I X 2 X | in.

1481. B. parasiticus Bull, (from the parasitic habit) a b c.

P. obtuse, plane, silky to smooth, yellowish-brown. St. slightly
attenuate downwards, colour as P., or lighter, with pale vinous-
sienna streaks. T. adnate to subdecurrent, colour as St.,

y 2

324 POLYPORACE^E Boletus

sienna-shaded. Po. compound. Flesh yellowish-white or pale
vinous, orange-brownish at base of St.

Parasitic on 2086 and 2087. Often overlooked, as the colour of P. agrees
with that of the peridium of host. Sept. -Oct. 2.\ X 2 x \ in.

d. Calopodes.

1482. B. appendieulatus Schaeff. (from the membrane of the pileus

overlapping at the margin) a.

P. pulvinate, expanded to plane, pubescent, crimson, bay-brown-
rose, indian-red or vinous-bufT. St. subventricose, somewhat
rooting, yellowish-white, buff below, sometimes crimson in
middle. T. adnate, sulphur-greenish, clouded pale indigo
where touched. Po. minute, angular. Flesh pale sulphur,
becoming pale blue.

Edible. Woods ; uncommon. Oct. 4i X 3J X I in.

1483. B. varieeolor B. & Br. (from the varied colours) a b.

P. pulvinate, subtomentose, olivaceous ; marg. involute. St.
clavato-bulbous, pubescent and rufescent above, yellowish down-
wards. T. rounded-free, yellow. Po. minute. Flesh pale
yellowish, marbled, dark purple under membrane of P.

Woods ; uncommon. Aug. -Sept. i§ x 2§ X \ in.

1484. B. ealopus Pers. (from the beautiful stem ; Gr. kalos, beautiful,

pons, a foot) a b c.

P. globose to pulvinate, subtomentose, umber, rosy-umber or
olive-umber. St. ventricose or nearly equal, somewhat rooting,
reticulate and carmine above, dark umber below, or wholly
crimson or yellow above, crimson in middle, yellow and brown
at base. T. rounded-adnate, whitish-orange. Po. minute,
angular. Flesh white, changing to bright blue, or variegated
blue, green, carmine and umber, crimson at base.

Taste bitter. Woods, mixed ; frequent. July-Nov. 4^ X 2§ x \\ in.

1485. B. olivaeeus Schaeff. (from the olive-coloured pileus) a b.

P. convex, even, becoming smooth, yellowish olive-umber to

olive. St. subclavate, salmon, sometimes white at apex,

yellow-brown below, with salmon -pink or rose granular streakings

or reticulations. T. adnate, greenish-yellow. Po. minute,

unequal. Flesh salmon-umber-whitish, sometimes changing to

blue.

Almost tasteless ; odour somewhat strong and disagreeable. Woods, beech ;
uncommon. Aug. -Sept. 2f x 2 x f in.

1486. B. regius Kromb. (from the regal aspect) a b.

P. globose to pulvinate, minutely tomentose, bright rose, pale
purple, pale claret, buff or vinous-yellow-umber. St. sub-
ventricose to almost equal, pale or bright yellow, dull purple,
red-crimson, orange or olive at base. T. rounded-adnate, deep

Boletus POLYPORACE.E 325

golden-yellow. Po. minute. Flesh yellow and pale salmon,
sometimes changing to pale blue.
Solitary or gregarious. Edible. Open places in woods. Aug. 5 x 5 X if in.

1487. B. erassus Mass. (from the stout stem ; crassus, thick) a b.

P. convex to expanded, irregularly waved, densely tomentose,

white, then pale yellow-brown or fawn colour. St. at first

almost globose, paler than P., white-reticulate above, base

almost white. T. free, or nearly so, white then primrose.

Flesh white, then pale primrose or pale biscuit.

Taste sweet, nutty ; odour strong, acid. Under trees in pastures, beech.
Aug. 4 X 4 X 21 in. Compare 1490 and 1496.

1488. B. paehypus Fr. (from the thick stem ; Gr. fiachus, thick,
pous, a foot) a b c.

P. pulvinate, pale warm umber, umber or yellowish-umber or
biscuit-colour. St. equal to clavate or bulbous, pale salmon-
rose above and below, rose in middle or yellow above, and
umber and whitish-yellow below. T. rounded-adnate, bright
yellow to green. Flesh whitish, pale vinous under membrane
of pileus and at base of stem, changing sparingly and slowly
to blue or unchanging.

Taste not unpleasant. Woods, chiefly pine. Sept.-Oct. 4J X 35 X ij in.

e. Edules.

1489. B. eandieans Fr. (from the white pileus and stem ; candicans,

whitish, shining-white) a b c.

P. convex, brownish- or yellowish-white, or almost white. St.

obese, clavate or bulbous, reticulate to smooth, ochre- or

primrose-white, pale umber below. T. adnato- or adnexo-

rounded, sulphur to primrose. Flesh ochre-white, changing to

bright blue or indigo.

Solitary or 2-3 connate. Open places, under oaks, in company with 1499.
June-Oct. 5? X 3? X \\ in. This is B. elephantinus Schzeff.

1490. B. edulis Bull, (from its edible properties) a b c.

P. pulvinate to expanded and flat, pale umber, yellowish- or
purplish-umber or tan, rarely sooty ; marg. usually lighter or
white. St. obese to clavate and equal, pale umber-white,
buff-white or white above and tan below, white-reticulate above.
T. adnexo-rounded, white to greenish-yellow. Flesh unchang-
ing white, sometimes salmon-white under pellicle of P.

Woods, especially beech ; common. June-Nov. 81 x 5 X i| in. The
cepe of French markets, the Fiuigo porcino, Porcino Bole porcin or Ferre
of Italian markets. The " suillos " of Mart. Ep. iii. 60. Sometimes
attacked by a yellow parasitic mould, Hypomyces chrysosper//i7ts, and then
not edible. Var. Icevipes Mass. St. even, white. There is also a wholly
white var.

1491. B. sereus Bull, (from the copper-coloured stem ; ees, copper)

a b c.
P. pulvinate, smooth, umber, somewhat olive or blackish. St.
subclavate to equal, somewhat reticulate, pale buff or yellow

326 POLYPORACEiE Boletus

above, rosy-umber below. T. sulphur-primrose. Po. minute.
Flesh pale sulphur, vinous under pellicle of P.
Woods. Autumn. 4£ X 4^ X \\ in.

1492. B. earnosus Rostk. (from the fleshy pileus ; caro, flesh) a.

P. pulvinate, smooth, crimson-brown. St. bright yellow above,
orange below or warm brown, somewhat finely streaked red
and crimson. T. ochre-greenish or dark yellow. Po. somewhat
large, angular. Flesh pale ochre.

Woods. Autumn. 4 x 2h X ij in.

1493. B. vaceinus Fr. (from the reddish colour of the pileus ; vacca,

a cow) a b.

P. convex, expanded, minutely tomentose, rich orange-umber,
brighter at marg. or deep chestnut. St. yellowish, reddish or
brownish, not dark. T. adnato-rounded, white to sulphur and
bright yellow. Po. minute. Flesh white to pale sienna-
yellowish, vinous under pellicle of P., becoming pale blue.

Woods, beech. Autumn. 1% x 2 x \ in.

1494. B. Rostkovii Fr. (after Friedrich Wilhelm Rostkovius) a b c.
P. convex to piano-expanded, minutely tomentose, ochre, orange,

or dull olive-brown or rufous. St. attenuate downwards,
obconic, warm umber, buff, or pale reddish-yellow. T. adnate,
yellow, sulphur or yellow-green. Po. irregular, compound.
Flesh buff- or vinous-white, becoming reddish-brown under
pellicle of P., here and there blue.
Under trees, beech. Aug. 3§ X i£ X 1 in.

1495. B. fragrans Vitt. (from the pleasant odour) a.

P. pulvinate, subtomentose, yellowish rosy-umber. St. somewhat
clavate, sometimes fusiform-rooted, yellowish, pale vinous-
clouded below. T. cream-yellowish. Po. minute, round.
Flesh buff- or yellow-whitish, changing to pale blue.

Single or crespitose. Woods, oak. Sept. -Oct. Ss X 3J X if in.

1496. B. impolitus Fr. (from the dull colour of the pileus ; impolitus,

unpolished) a b.
P. pulvinate, sometimes cracking into areolae, flocculose, dull
warm- or dull yellowish-umber. St. clavate, pubescent,
yellowish- or olive-white above, brown or olive-brown below.
T. rounded-free, sulphur to yellow and dull olive. Po. minute.
Flesh dull biscuit-colour, sparingly changing to blue.

Edible. Taste and odour pleasant. Woods, mixed ; rare. June-Sept.
5i X 3£ X \\ in. Pileus sometimes 9 in. in diam.

1497. B. aestivalis Fr. (from its time of growth ; csstivalis, pertaining

to summer) a b.

P. convex to expanded, almost white, shaded pale buff, yellowish

or brownish ; marg. often waved. St. clavate, even, smooth,

pale yellow or pale buff above, vinous-brown below. T. pale

to bright yellow then sulphur-greenish. Flesh white to pale

Boletus POLYPORACE.E 327

yellowish, sometimes with a pale blue line over the T., some-
times vinous at base.

Edible. Taste and odour pleasant. Woodland pastures, roadsides, field-
sides. June-July. 5J x 3! X 2 in. Pileus sometimes I ft. 2 in. in diam.

f. Luridce.

1498. B. satanas Lenz (from its fancied bad qualities) a b c.

P. subviscid, smooth, tan-white, shaded grey-white. St. carmine
above, dark carmine reticulate, pale yellowish, dull brownish
or crimson below. T. sulphur-ochre. Po. minute, carmine.
Flesh whitish, clouded rose and bright blue.

Said to be poisonous, probably harmless. Taste mild. Woods, mixed, oak,
woody and chalky places ; rare. July-Oct. 6 x 3| X 2f in.

1499. B. luridus SchaefT. (from the lurid colours) a b c.

P. subviscid, tomentose, dark umber or dark olive-brown. St.
scabrous, dull ochreous-orange, speckled crimson. T. pale
yellow. Po. round, dark dull crimson or dull dark red. Flesh
pale ochre, changing to dark dull blue, stem streaked blue and
red, crimson-streaked at base.

Said to be poisonous. Taste pleasant, sweetish ; odour not unpleasant.
Woods, mixed, woody places ; common. June-Nov. 4 x 4 X if in.
Var. erythroptcs Fr., smaller than type, stem within and without
blood-red.

1500. B. purpureus Fr. (from the sometimes purple pileus, stem

and flesh) a b.
P. pulvinate, subvelvety, dry, clouded dull claret-purple, and red
or brown. St. stout, yellow, base deep claret-purple, sometimes
wholly ochre, variegated with purple veins and dots, or red-
reticulate above. T. adnato-rounded, yellow. Po. crimson.
Flesh yellow changing to blue, deep claret-purple, or wholly
crimson in St.

Taste mild. Woods, oak. June-Oct. 4§ X 3§ X if in.

TEPHROLEUC/E.

f. Favosa.

6'

1501. B. larieinus Berk, (from the habitat, larch plantations ; larixy
larch) a b c.
P. convex, rarely umbonate, somewhat squamulose with V.,
viscid, olive-white, shaded pale olive, pale ochre, or pale slate-
purple ; marg. white at first, appendiculate with V. St. equal,
annulate, cribrose above A., pitted below, whitish, pale slate-
purple above, pale sepia-streaky below, or pale claret-brown
above and pale buff below, or pale claret-crimson-patchy.
T. adnato-decurrent, nearly white, pale whitish-purple. Po.
compound. Flesh white, unchangeable.

Frequent. July-Sept. 3J x 2\ x § in.

328 POLYPORACE.E Boletus

1502. B. rubiginosus Fr. (from the reddish-brown pileus; rubigo,

rust) a b.
P. convex, pubescent to glabrous, red-brown. St. subclavate,

wholly reticulate, whitish to pale brownish-biscuit. T. adnate,

unequal, white. Flesh unchanging white.
Scattered. Under beeches. Autumn. ~$\ x 2§ x 1 in.

1503. B. viseidus L. (from its viscidity) a b c.

P. pulvinate, smooth, pale yellowish-brown or pale buff, clouded

pale greenish or umber ; marg. sometimes appendiculate with

V. St. equal, vaguely reticulate above, somewhat annulate,

pale yellowish-brown, slightly streaked, somewhat specked

above. T. adnate, pale grey then umber and sienna, shaded

umber or livid.

Woods, larch ; rare. July- Aug. 5 x 2§ x \ in. Intermediate forms
occur between this and 1501.

1504. B. porphyrosporus Fr. (from the purplish spores; Gr. por-

phureos, purple, sporos, seed) a b.
P. convex, minutely velvety, dark olive, yellowish-umber or
umber, blackish when bruised. St. equal, minutely punctate,
brown-yellowish, shaded olive, not dark. T. adnate, brownish-
yellow, faintly salmon or grey, brown when bruised. Flesh
white, becoming blue near T.

Solitary or subcrespitose. Odour strong of fish. Woods, mixed, open
grassy places under trees. Aug. -Sept. 5 x 4§ X \\ in.

h. Ver sip elles.

1505. B. versipellis Fr. (from the changeable colours of the pellicle ;

verto, to turn, pellis, the stem) a b c.
P. pulvinate, dry, tomentose, becoming even, red-orange, rufous-
brown or fuliginous ; marg. appendiculate with the V. St.
attenuate upwards, yellowish-white, rough with small brown
scabrous sc. T. adnato-rounded to free or sinuate, yellowish-
or pale brownish-white. Flesh whitish, becoming clouded pale
grey.

Edible. Woods, heaths ; frequent. July-Oct. 4^ X 6 X ij in. This is
the "Rosetto" of Italian markets. Gathered for food by Italians in
Epping Forest as the " Rossett."

1506. B. seaber Bull, (from the rough stem ; scaber, rough) a b c.

P. pulvinate, smooth, viscid when moist, at length rugulose or

rivulose, usually umber, but sometimes olive-umber, red, orange,

fuliginous, cinereous-blackish or white. St. attenuate upwards,

white or yellowish-white, striated and sprinkled with minute

brownish or grey sc, sometimes imperfectly granuloso-annulate.

T. adnato-rounded or sinuate, white or yellowish-white,

becoming dingy brownish. Flesh whitish, changing to pale

slate-colour.

Edible. Woods ; common. June-Nov. 4J x 7j X 1 in. This is the
Porcinello or Albarello of Italian markets. Var. niveus Fr., white. Some-

Boletus POLYPORACE^E 329

times attacked by a parasitic mould, Hypomyces chrysospermus, and then
not edible.

1506a. B. rugosus Fr. (from the wrinkled stem ; ruga, a wrinkle) a b.

P. pulvinate, even, glabrous, dry; marg. naked, brown. St.

somewhat hollow, costato-rugose, slightly scabrous, somewhat

ventricose, almost equal, paler than P. T. free, ivory, with a

faintly brownish shade. Po. round, minute. Flesh changing

from white to brown or sometimes black.

Autumn. 2§ x \% X if in. Sowerby's t. 421 does not agree with his
original drawing, and the section behind is from another drawing, not of
this species.

1507. B. duriuseulus Schulz. ex Fr. (from the harsh and rough stem ;

duriusculus, somewhat harsh and rough) a b.

P. globose to pulvinate, smooth, viscid when moist, whitish-
tawny, dull chestnut, olivaceous, yellowish-brown or vinous-
umber. St. ventricose, attenuato-rooting, whitish or yellowish,
densely brown or grey punctato-squamulose. T. adnexo-free,
white then yellowish or yellow to olive-brownish. Po. bright
yellow. Flesh white, becoming rose-colour, coppery-red,
rosy- or red-slate or violet-greyish.

Edible. Woods. Aug.-Oct. 3! X 6J x \\ in.

1508. B. eruentus Vent, (from the change of colour in the flesh to

blood-red ; cruor, gore) a b.

P. convex to plane, smooth to rugulose, brown-yellowish or
olive, salmon-red or vinous where bruised. St. clavate,
attenuate to a rooting base, longitudinally scabrous, yellowish-
white or yellow below and orange above. T. adnate, pale
yellow. Flesh pale yellowish or pale sulphur changing to
rose or vinous, darker at base of St.

Odour fetid. Under beeches. Aug. 3^ x 3I X i| in.

i. Hyporhodice.

1509. B. felleus Bull, (from the bitter taste ; /el, gall) a b c.

P. pulvinate to expanded or slightly depressed, at first slightly
mealy, then smooth, even, pale umber, clouded darker. St.
clavate, brown-reticulate above, paler than P. T. long, adnate
to adnexo-rounded. Po. angular. Flesh white, more or less
changing to salmon.

Said to be poisonous. Woods, fir, beech. July-Dec. 4I x 4 X 1 in.

1510. B. alutarius Fr. (from the colour of the pileus ; aluta, tanned

leather) a b.

P. pulvinate to expanded, velvety then glabrous, umber-yellowish,
not dark, clouded slightly darker. St. clavate, somewhat even,
rugulose above, colour as P. T. short, sinuato-adnate, clouded
brownish. Po. round. Flesh yellowish-white, almost un-
changeable.

Taste watery, mild. Woodland pastures ; rare. Oct. 2§ x 3! X § in.

330 POLYPORACEVE Boletus

j. Carlo see.

1511. B. eyaneseens Bull, (from the change of colour in the flesh to

blue ; cyaneuSj dark blue) a b c.

P. convex, floccoso-scaly, brownish-ochre. St. equal to clavate,

spongy-cavernous, dry, cracking, slightly annulate when young,

squamose, corticate, colour as P. T. adnato- or adnexo-

rounded, yellowish-white or faintly-shaded olive. Flesh

yellowish- or brownish-white, changing to blue.

Taste none. Woods, mixed ; rare. July-Sept. 3| X 3^ X 1^ in. Whole
plant dry like 1516, drying in decay, not decomposing. Wholly veiled in
infancy by a thick floccose coat. Changes to sulphur-yellow when dry.

1512. B. eastaneus Bull, (from the colour of the pileus ; eastanea, the

chestnut) a b e.

P. convex, expanded, velvety, sometimes becoming repand,

yellowish-white or vinous-cream, then cinnamon. St. clavate,

velvety, corticate, cracking transversely, stuffed to hollow,

colour as P. T. free, whitish-sulphur to pale primrose,

becoming clouded or spotted pale brownish. Flesh white.

Woods, pastures under trees, amongst brambles ; rare. Aug. -Oct.
3j x 2| x f in.

1513. B. fulvidus Fr. (from the yellowish-brown or tawny pileus ;

fulvus, tawny) a b.

P. convex to plane, smooth, shining, rigid, yellowish- or
brownish-orange. St. equal to subclavate, cracking, stuffed to
hollow, colour as P., paler below. T. free, white to sulphur-
yellowish. Flesh white to yellowish.

Taste sweet, nutty. Under trees, oak. Aug.-Sept. 2§ x 2§ x § in.

Subgenus 2. Gyrodon.
(From the gyroso-toothed tubes ; Gr. odous, a tooth.)

1514. B. esespitosus Mass. (from the csespitose habit) a.

P. hemispherical, tomentose, dry olivaceous-umber; marg. pale

rose. St. solid, even, glabrous, yellow, base dull red. T. very

short. Po. yellow. Flesh firm, yellow, changing to dark blue or

bluish-black, then rufous fading to dull white, dingy-red at base.

Densely fasciculate, stems more or less connate at base. Under trees,
amongst grass. Aug. 2^ x i\ X 1 in.

1514a. B. Sistotrema Fr. (from the resemblance in the tubes to those

of Sistotrema) a.

P. fleshy at mid., thin at marg. where it is flattened above and

below, glabrous, dry, rufous- or yellowish-brown. St. equal or

slightly enlarged below, even, pallid rufous or as T., tinged

pale brown. T. adnate, short, unequal, yellow-tawny or pale

yellowish-sulphur. Po. becoming gyroso-plicate. Flesh white

clouded pale sulphur.

Dry woods. Autumn. 2§ x 2f x § in. Var. brachyporus W. G. Sm.

{Boletus brachyporus Rostk.) P. white. St. white, pale sulphur below.

T. pale sulphur. Flesh sulphur-white. Changing to pale green where
touched.

Boletus

POLYPORACE/E

331

1515. B. MeWeeneyi W. G. Sm. (after Dr. Edmunds McWeeney),
Gyrodon rubellum McWeeney, a.
P. convex, even, smooth, dry, red ; mid. purplish ; marg.
yellowish or clouded and streaked bright crimson on a bright
yellow ground. St. equal, smooth, even, solid, bright yellow.
T. pale yellow. Po. bright yellow. Flesh unchanging bright
yellow.
On the ground amongst moss. Oct. f x § X T3S in.

Subgenus 3. Boletinus.

(Diminutive of Boletus.)

1515a. B. eavipes Opat. (from the hollow stem; cavus, hollow,/^, a
foot) a.
P. convex, umbonate, dry, floccoso-scaly, dull yellow, yellow or
pale buff. St. hollow, floccose and pale buff below white A.,
white above. T. decurrent, somewhat large, compound, pale
sulphur. Flesh white, clouded pale buff.
Autumn. 3^ x 3§ X § in.

LX. STROBILOMYCES Berk.

(From a fancied resemblance in the pileus to a pine-cone ;
Gr. strobilos, a pine cone, mttkes, a fungus.)

Veil white, floccose, appendiculate at the margin of the pileus
and forming a fugitive annulus on the stem. Pileus fleshy, tough,

Fig. 74. — Strobilomyces strobilaceus Berk.
a, section, showing ruptured veil ; B, ditto, young example showing veil intact.

One-third natural size.

broken into scales, hymenophore continuous and homogeneous with
the stem. Stem solid. Tubes very large, anastomosing. (Fig. 74.)

332

POLYPORACE.E

Strobilomyces

1516. S. strobilaeeus Berk, (from the top of the pileus, clad with
pine-cone-like scales ; Gr. strobilos, a pine cone) a b c.
P. globose to pulvinate, broken into large thick scales ; sc. dark
umber on a pale greyish ground. St. clavate, sulcato-reticulate
above, coarsely fibrillose, white above, vinous-brown below.
T. adnate, with transverse dissepiments, white, shaded dull
brownish. Flesh sienna-brown.
Woods, under fir, oak, lime, amongst bracken, open grassy places. Aug.-

Oct. 6 x 7| X I:

in.

LXI. FISTULINA Bull.
(From the pipe-like character of the tubes; fistula, a pipe.)

Veil obsolete. Pileiis fleshy, juicy. Stem obsolete. Tubes
cylindrical, free from each other as are the spines in Byd?iacece,
but adnate with the substance of the pileus. (Fig. 75.)

1 Growing on wood. Intermediate between Polyporacece and
Hydnacece.

Fig. 75. — Fistulina hepatica Fr. One-third natural size.
a, tubes. X 3. B, orifices of ditto. X 6.

1517. F. hepatica Fr. (from the liver-like appearance ; Gr. hepatikos,
of the liver) a b c. Imbricate.
P. roundish, dimidiate or subspathulate, rough with minute
points, dull pale purplish-red, red, blood-red, liver-colour or
chocolate, becoming blackish. T. ochre-whitish, then yellowish-
red. Po. distinct. Flesh thick, juicy, red-streaked like beet-
root, distilling a red juice.

Edible when quite ripe. Taste somewhat acid. Trunks, oak, ash, walnut,
willow, beech, chestnut, hornbeam, elm. Aug.- Oct. Diam. I ft. 4 in.
Sometimes attaining a great size with a weight as much as 19 lbs. ; unlike
many Polyporacecz it perishes in about three weeks after its first appear-
ance. The "liver "or "beef-steak" fungus. Said by Hartig to be the
cause of a deep red-brown decomposition in oak. Ceriomyces {Ptychogaster)
hepaticus is said by Saccardo to be an imperfect state of this.

Polyporus

POLYPORACE/E

333

LXII. POLYPORUS Mich.

.'^(From the many pores or mouths of the tubes of the hymenium;

Gr. polus, many, poros, a pore.))

Pileus woody, corky or somewhat. soft, not zoned, flesh thick.
Stem long, short or none, when present simple. Hymenophore
descending and forming a trama between the tubes. Tubes connate

Fig. 76. — Sections of a, Polyporus lentns Berk. : B, P. Rostkovii Fr.
c, P. umbellatus Fr. ; d, P. ccesius Fr. One-half natural size.

with the substance of the pileus and not separable from it or from
each other, extended with round, angular or torn pores, not normally
stratose. (Fig. 76.)

Persistent fungi, mostly growing on wood. Odour, if any,
slightly acid. A few are said to be edible. Species 1517a — 1575

Mesopod^e. Pileus entire or excentric. Stem distinct, vertical,

central, simple, self-coloured, not blackish at the base.

a. Carnosce. Pileus fragile or pliant, dull in colour, scaly or

floccose, not coriaceous, zoneless. Spores white, growing

on the ground. Autumnal. Edible. 1517a, 1518

334 POLYPORACEjE Polyporus

b. Lenta. Pileus fleshy-pliant, then coriaceous, zoneless. Spores

white. Growing on trunks. Persistent.

Pileus lustrous, scaly or villous. 1519, 1520

Pileus even, smooth. 1521, 1522

c. Spongioses. Pileus spongy-soft, hygrophanous, tomentose,

then corky or coriaceous, regular, irregular, lobed or
dimidiate. Stem short, irregular. Pores irregular, changing
colour. Spores white. Mostly terrestrial, lasting through
the winter in a dead state, not perennial. 1523, 1524

d. Subcoriacece. Pileus at first indurated, arid ; when full grown

corky or coriaceous, tomentose, velvety. Stem definite,
rarely lateral. Pores at first sprinkled over with a white
bloom. Substance ferruginous. Terrestrial or on trunks ;
more regular, rigid and persistent than Spongioses. Not
reviving. 1524a— 1526

PleuropodtE. Pileus pliant or corky, horizontal, not circular.
Stem simple, lateral or excentric, black at the base.
Growing on wood.

a. Lenta. Pileus fleshy-pliant, zoneless. Stem excentric,

blackish at the base. Tubes short. Substance somewhat
fibrous, pallid. 1527—1534

b. Suberosolignosce. Pileus thick, hard zoneless. Stem stout,

vertical, of the same colour at the base. Tubes elongated.

1535
Merismat^e. With many branching stems proceeding from a
common trunk, each as a rule bearing a pileus or pileolus.
The largest of fungi are found in this group.

a. Carnosce. Tufts central, stipitate, springing from a common,

more or less concrete base. Pileus fleshy firm floccoso-
fibrous, zoneless, not coriaceo-indurate. Tubes separating
from the pileus. Spores white. Partly terrestrial. Autum-
nal. Edible. 1536—1539

b. Lenta. From the tough pileus. Tufts lateral, substipitate,

in many imbricate layers. Pileus fleshy-pliant, then sub-
coriaceous, fragile when old, more or less zoned, fibrous
within. Stems more or less connate, or growing from a
common tuberous base. Growing at the base of trunks.
Spores white. Autumnal, not lasting till the following
spring. Not edible. 1540 — 1542

c. Caseosce. Tufts sessile on the stems of trees, commonly

dimidiate, but in horizontal positions, central and expanded
on all sides. Springing from a tubercular base into
numerous pileoli. Pileus cheesy, at first soft and juicy,
then arid, without a pellicle, zoneless. Tubes separating.
Growing in spring and summer, soon decaying. Acid.

1543—1546

Polyporus POLYPORACE.E 335

d. Suberosce. Tufts somewhat sessile, lateral or central. Pilei
or Pikoli corky or coriaceous, persistent, tough, free at
the base, not effused. Substance floccose, somewhat soft,
suitable for tinder. Tubes adnate. On trunks close to
the ground. Not edible. 1547, 1548

Apod^e. Pileus sessile, adnate by a thickened, dilated base,
dimidiate or entire, attached behind, commonly by an
umbo ; more rarely attenuate and sessile. On wood.
Polymorphous. 1549 — 1575

a. Anodermece. Pileus somewhat fleshy, without a cuticle, the

surface broken into rlocci or fibres, zoneless, the substance
transversely zoned within and more or less fibrous. Annual,
not reviving.

Pileus cheesy, at first watery-soft, fragile, flocculose, not bristly-
hispid ; when fully grown, soft to hard, but soon putrefying,
not lasting through the winter. Tubes white.

Pores round, entire, obtuse, without small teeth. Not
becoming hard. 1549 — 1553

Pores elongate, flexuous, acute and torn. 1554 — 1559

Pileus tough, fleshy-pliant, soft, elastic, villoso-tomentose.
Tubes somewhat adnate, coloured. Lasting till the following
spring.

Substance coloured. 1560 — 1562

Substance white or slightly brownish. 1563 — 1568

At first moist, spongy, when dry firm, elastic, usually bristly-
hisped, internally fibrous. Autumnal, annual. The finest
examples growing on living trunks. Must not be con-
founded with the section Stupposce, of Polystictus, where the
members are dry and rigid.

Substance coloured. 1569, 1570

Substance and spores white. 1571, 1572

b. Placodermece. Pileus clothed with a continuous crust, zoneless

or concentrically sulcate. Persistent.

Substance coloured. 1573

Substance white, not zoned. Spores white. 1574, 1575

MESOPOD/E.

a. Carnosce.

1517a. P. flavovirens Berk. & Rav. (from the yellowish-green colour

of the pileus ; Jlavus, light yellow, vireo, to be green) a.

P. soft, pulvinate or depressed, irregularly lobed, subtomentose,

dull yellowish-green, yellowish-olive or olive. St. slightly

attenuate downwards, pallid, paler than P., or shaded white

and yellowish. T. slightly to very decurrent, short, irregular,

336 POLYPORACE.^E Polyporus

toothed, at length torn as in Irfiex, white, yellow, then greenish.
Flesh white, clouded pale sulphur.
Woods, mixed, under Finns sylvestris. Sept. 3i X 2§ X ^ in.

1518. P. leueomelas Fr. (from the colours ; Gr. leukos, white, me/as,

black) a.

P. expanded, thick, subfragile, slightly silky-squamulose, dark
olive-umber or blackish fuliginous. St. equal to unequal, sub-
tomentose, yellow-umber or as P. T. decurrent. Po. large,
short, unequal, white to cinereous, black when dry. Flesh
white, changing to faintest rufous-purplish or black.

Woods, fir. Sept. 5^ X £ X I in.

b. Lenta.

1519. P. lentus Berk, (from the tough-pliant substance • lentus, tough)

a b c.

P. umbilicate, thin, minutely scaly, buff-white, shaded buff,

ochreous or reddish-brown. St. equal, hispid or furfuraceous,

colour as P., shaded sienna-buff. T. decurrent, long, large,

unequal, yellowish-white. Po. toothed.

Dead roots and branches, furze, hawthorn; frequent. April -Sept.
2 X I X \ in.

1520. P. brumalis Fr. (from the time of growth ; bruma, winter) a be.
P. convexo- expanded, very thin, villous to squamulose and

smooth, rich cinnamon to umber or slate-umber ; marg. paler.

St. equal, minutely dark-umber-tioccose on a pale brown

ground, when young brown-ochre above, ochre below. T.

decurrent, very shallow, white, becoming yellow. Po. toothed.

Flesh white.

Woods, on dead branches, sticks, hazel, birch, beech, sometimes on the
ground ; frequent. 2 x 2 J x T% in.

1520a. P. areularius Fr. (arcularius, a casket-maker ; in reference to
the fulvous pores, covered by the pileus — as if in a casket) a.
P. pliant, then coriaceous, somewhat umbilicate, zoneless, orange-
brown, in the first year covered with -fuscous sq., in the second
glabrous with a yellow strigose margin. St. somewhat squamu-
lose. greyish-fuscous or sooty-brown. T. oblong. Po. rhom-
boidal, thin, rather large, entire, whitish then fulvous. Flesh
white.

Dead twigs. Sept. Varying from f x \ X ^ in. to 2£ x \\ X \ in. Distin-
guished from 1520 by the shape of the pores, the strigose margin and
fuscous squamules of the pileus.

1521. P. fuseidulus Fr. (from the somewhat fuscous pileus) a.

P. convexo-plane, very thin, leathery, pale yellowish-brown or
pale olive-brown. St. equal, smooth, pale yellowish-olive. T.
adnato-decurrent, somewhat long, warm yellowish-white.

Woods, chips ; rare. 2j x if X \ in.

Polyporus POLYPORACE^: 337

1522. P. leptoeephalus Fr. (from the thin pileus ; Gr. leptos, thin,

kephale, the head) a b c.

P. convexo-plane, slightly depressed or subumbilicate, thin,
leathery, pale yellowish-buff or shining yellowish. St. smooth,
colour as P., sometimes black at base. T. adnate. Po.
minute, colour as P. or whitish. Flesh white.

Woods, on trunks, dead birch ; rare. Oct. -Mar. 2\ X if X T35 in.

c. Spongioses.

1523. P. Sehweinitzii Fr. (after Ludwig David von Schweinitz) a b c.
P. expanded, rugged-uneven, strigoso-tomentose, thick, deep

orange-sienna to sienna-umber, irregularly zoned brown ; mid.
almost black. St. rugged-uneven or obsolete, sulphur, umber-
clouded below, dark umber at base. T. decurrent, large,
sulphur to green-brownish-sulphur. Po. torn. Flesh deep
sienna.

Woods, about roots, fir, pine, larch. July-Oct. 6j X if X i§ in. Hartig
states that this fungus has an effect on living wood similar to that of the
"Dry-Rot " 1680.

1524. P. rufeseens Fr. (from the rufescent colour) a b c.

P. depressed to infundibuliform, somewhat thin, strigose, pale
vinous-umber; mid. darker; marg. irregular. St. equal,
uneven, sometimes lateral or absent, colour as P., darker and
clouded below. T. decurrent, pale yellowish-vinous-umber.
Po. torn. Flesh colour as P.

On and about stumps, ash, elm. Sept. -Jan. 5 x 2\ x I in. Sometimes
wholly biscuit-buff.

d. Subcoriacece.

1524a. P. tomentosus Fr. (from the minutely velvety pileus ; to men-
turn, wool) a c.
P. plane, corky, becoming hard, often lobed and irregular,
tawny ; marg. thin, straight, sometimes yellowish. St. solid,
attenuate upwards, sometimes a mere base or central point,
sometimes rooting, steel-grey. T. subdecurrent, short. Po.
very minute, entire, pale- or greyish-yellow, at first delicately
whitish- pruinose. Flesh pale tawny.

On the ground. 2 x £ X \ in. This with 1524b, 1525 and 1526 have been
placed by Cooke, Saccardo and Massee in Polystictus.

1524b. P. Montagnei Fr. (after J. F. C. Montagne) a.

P. cyathiform, irregular, zoneless, uneven, ferruginous, becoming
smooth ; marg. thin. St. unequal, pubescent, colour as P.
T. short. Po. large, round, edge entire, yellowish-white, then
ferruginous. Flesh tawny-cinnamon.

Distinguished from 1525 by the zoneless pileus and large entire pores.
Autumn. \\ x \\ X T3S in.

z

338 POLYPORACE^l Polyporus

1525. P. perennis Fr. (from its perennial habit) a b c.

P. plano-infundibuliform, velvety to smooth, thin, pale yellowish-
brown, zoned darker ; marg. fimbriate. St. uneven, attenuate
upwards, velvety, vinous-umber, pale sienna below. T. de-
current, short, pale umber. Po. small, torn, at first with a
white bloom. Flesh pale vinous-umber.

On and about stumps, beech, burnt ground; frequent. July -Jan.
2§ x i| X | in.

1526. P. einnamomeus Sacc. (from the cinnamon colour of the pileus)

a b.
P. piano-depressed or subinfundibuliform, velvety to smooth,
thin, leathery, flaccid, bright sienna-cinnamon, zoned deep rich
brown. St. usually attenuate downwards, base sometimes
tuberous, colour as P. T. adnate to adnato-decurrent, short,
brownish-cinnamon, fulvous when dry. Po. large. Flesh rich
sienna-cinnamon.

Solitary or in rows to subccespitose. On the ground, under trees, burnt
places. Oct. 3| X f X | in. Pileus sometimes almost jet black.

PLEUROPODiE.

a. Lenta.

1527. P. squamosus Fr. (from the scaly pileus ; squama, a scale)

a b c.
P. fan-shaped, flat, pale brownish, sienna-brown-scaly. St.
yellowish-umber, black-spotted, blackish at base. T. decurrent,
short. Po. toothed, yellowish-white, like the pores of tripe.
Flesh white.

Single to crespitose or imbricate. Odour rank. Trunks and stumps, ash,
mulberry, walnut, maple, wych elm ; common. Sometimes 2 ft. 6 in. in
diam. and 34 lbs. in weight. April-Nov. 1 ft. 4 in. x i| X if in. The
flesh makes good razor-strops, but is often larva pierced. In the British
Museum collection of drawings Bolton illustrates an antler-like form of
this species, growing from a dark brown sclerotioid base.

1528. P. Miehelii Fr. (after Pier' Antonio Micheli) a.

P. spathulate, slightly silky, yellowish-white with darker sq. St.

equal, rough, white, becoming fuscous at base. T. decurrent,

short. Po. large, entire, white.
Somewhat crespitose. Stumps, willow. 2§ x f X J in.

1529. P. melanopus Fr. (from the black stem; Gr. me/as, black,

pons, a foot) a b c.
P. subinfundibuliform, delicately flocculose to smooth, somewhat
thick, pale yellowish. St. attenuate upwards, somewhat velvety,
umber, rich brown or black. T. decurrent, short, white. Po.
minute.

Somewhat caespitose. Dead wood, roots ; uncommon. Aug. - Oct.
2.1 x i% X § in.

Polyporus POLYPORACE.E 339

1530. P. Rostkovii Fr. (after Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Rostkovius)

a b c.
P. dimidiato-infundibuliform, somewhat thick, yellowish-sienna,
deep umber at mid. and behind. St. equal, reticulate, deep
umber to black. T. decurrent, short, white to dull yellowish.
Po. large, angular, toothed.

Somewhat caespitose. Woods, on stumps, trunks, ash ; rare. July-Jan.
4£ X 1 \ X § in.

1531. P. pieipes Fr. (from the pitch-black stem ; pix, pitch, pes, a

foot) a b c.
P. somewhat depressed at mid. or behind, red-brown or chestnut.
St. equal or attenuate downwards, velvety to naked. T.
decurrent, somewhat short, whitish to yellowish. Po. round,
small. Flesh white.

Odour somewhat sweet. Trunks, willow ; frequent. July - Dec.
6f X if X f in. Like a large 1533, var. nummularius :

1532. P. varius Fr. (from its variable size, colour and form) a b c.
P. depressed at mid. or behind, somewhat virgate, yellowish-
brown, shaded palish vinous-umber ; marg. undulate. St.
even, smooth, cinereous blackish downwards. T. decurrent,
short, white to yellowish. Po. minute. Flesh white.

Single to subcaespitose. Sometimes sessile. Trunks, stumps, ash, willow,
elder, birch ; frequent. Aug. -Feb. 3f X I J X f in.

1533. P. eleg'ans Fr. (from its elegance) a b c.

P. convex to slightly depressed, usually excentric or dimidiate,
becoming woody, ochreous, orange or reddish. St. even,
smooth, black, abruptly pallid at apex. T. adnate or slightly
decurrent, yellowish-white, brownish-yellow or slightly orange.
Po. minute.

Single to subcrespitose. Trunks, birch, willow, beech ; frequent. July-Feb.
2§ x if X f in. Var. nummularius Fr. Smaller than type, P. almost
regular. 1 in. in diam.

1534. P. petaloides Fr. (from a fancied resemblance in its shape and

thinness to a leaf ; Gr. petalon, a leaf, eidos, appearance) a b.
P. spathulate, thin, rugose, zoneless, dark rich chestnut.
St. smooth, whitish, sometimes dark brown below. T. decurrent,
somewhat short, white. Po. minute.

Old stumps. Jan. 2 x § X § in.

b. Suberosolig?ioso3.

1535. P. lueidus Fr. (from the shining pileus and stem ■ lucidus,

bright) a b c.
P. fan-shaped or spathulate, sulcato-rugose, corky to woody,
lustrous, deep rich blood-chestnut. St. lateral, irregular,
uneven, lustrous, deep purple-chestnut. T. adnate, somewhat

z 2

340 POLYPORACEiE Polyporus

long, rarely stratose, yellowish-white, clouded pale brownish.
Flesh tan-brownish.

Single to caespitose. On and about stumps, hornbeam ; frequent. Oct -April.
7 X 6 x 15 in. Sometimes sessile. Occurs in peat-beds in the fens of the
Eastern counties and in the lake-side pile-dwellings of Switzerland and
Italy. The varnished appearance of the pileus is due to the presence of
resin. This species has been placed in Fomes by Cooke and Saccardo.

Merismat/e.

a. Carnosce.

1536. P. umbellatus Fr. (from the many stems and pileoli forming

an umbel) a.

Pi. very numerous, entire, umbilicate, fibrous-fleshy, warm-umber,

or yellowish-reddish- or slate-umber, rarely white. St. white

to yellowish-white. T. short, subdecurrent, colour as St.

Po. minute.

Said to be edible. Woods, near and on stumps. July. Mass 9! x 9! in.
Pi. \\ X \\ x \ in.

1537. P. frondosus Fr. (from the branching habit ; frons, a leafy

branch) a c.

Pi. numerous, dimidiate, rugose, convex to recurved, somewhat
thin and tough, yellowish-umber to pale purple-slate.
St. yellowish-white. T. decurrent, somewhat short, yellowish-
white. Po. small.

Stumps, trunks, roots, oak ; rare. Oct. Mass \o\ x 9! in. Pi. 3f X if X fin.

1538. P. intybaeeus Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to succory,

C ichor him Intybus) a b c.

Pi. numerous, dimidiate, fragile, sepia, not dark, lighter at mid.

St. white. T. decurrent, very short, pale sepia.

Edible. Taste usually pleasant, sometimes slightly astringent when raw ;
odour of mice, in decay like japanners varnish. Stumps, trunks, oak ; rare.
Sept. -Dec. Mass \2\ x 7J in. Pi. 3 x if X J in. The cauliflower-
like stems are the edible parts, not the pileoli. The "cock of the woods "
(grey grouse-hen) of the Vosges and Ardennes.

1539. P. eristatus Fr. (from the crested appearance ; crista, a
crest) a c.

Pi. numerous, dimidiate, somewhat thick, fragile, bright yellow or
greenish, sometimes clouded reddish. St. irregular. T. very
short, whitish. Po. minute, angular, torn. Flesh white, becoming
ochre.

Woods, beech ; rare. Mass 7f in. in diam. Pi. 3^ in.

b. Lentce.

1540. P. giganteus Fr. (from its great size) a b c.

Pi. several, dimidiate, thick, umber ; z. darker. St. short, pale
yellowish-white, brownish or ashy where bruised. T. somewhat

Polyporus POLYPORACE^E 34 1

short. Po. minute, colour as St. Flesh cheesy, vinous-
white.

Taste astringent, disagreeable ; odour strong, oppressive, like rotten cheese.
Stumps, elm, oak, beech, acacia. Becoming blackish in drying. July-
Jan. Mass 1 ft. 3 in. Pi. 8f in.

1541. P. osseus Kalch. (from its colour, like bone, os) a c.

White, shaded grey or buff-white.
Pi. several, thick, convex to flat, smooth. St. short. T. decurrent,
short. Po. minute, shallow.

Odour acid. Stumps, larch. Oct. Mass 6f in. Pi. 4§ in.

1542. P. aeanthoides Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to Acanthus \

Gr. eidos, appearance) a b c.
Pi. numerous, dimidiate, thin, pliant, yellowish-sienna ; z. sienna ;
marg. paler. St. pale brownish. Po. lamelloso-sinuate,
toothed, colour as St. Flesh faintly rufous.

Trunks, roots, buried wood. Sept. Mass 8§ in. Pi. 4^ in.

c. Caseosce.

1543. P. sulphureus Fr. (from the sulphur-colour) a b c.

P. few, thick, juicy-cheesy, sulphur-yellowish, somewhat clouded
ochreous-reddish or salmon. T. short. Po. minute, colour as P.
Flesh thick, pale sulphur, somewhat vinous above.

Imbricate. Said to be edible. Taste slightly astringent, somewhat acid ;
odour fragrant to disagreeable, acid, foxy, pleasant if burnt when dry.
Living trees, stumps, oak, yew, chestnut, willow, cherry, alder, poplar,
walnut, pear, apple, larch, Robinia, ash, pine. May-Oct. Mass 9J in.
P. 7^ in. Pileus covered with crystals of oxalate of lime. One of the
fungi used in past times for tinder. Usually rots the middle of a tree-
trunk, leaving the outside sound. Sometimes phosphorescent. Ceriomyces
{Ptychogaster) aurantiacus is said by Saccardo to be an imperfect state of
this species.

1544. P. imbrieatus Fr. (from the imbricate habit) a b c.

P. few to many, firmer than 1543, thin, rugose, subviscid,
buff. T. long, pale yellowish. Po. lustrous. Flesh thin,
white.

Odour strong, like seed-cake. Trunks, oak ; rare. June-Xov. Mass II in.
P. 6 in.

1545. P. spongia Fr. (from the spongy substance) a b.

P. few, thick to thin, often rugose, yellowish- chestnut- or umber-
sienna, darker at base ; z. indistinct ; marg. sometimes sulphur
or pale dull ochre. T. somewhat short. Po. minute, torn,
pale primrose, faintly reddish where bruised. Flesh pale
opaque sienna.

Subimbricate. Trunks, pine. Oct. -Nov. Mass 1 1 in. P. 6 in. Boletus
Herbergii Rostk. is a form of this.

342 POLYPORACE^E Polyporus

1546. P. alligatus Fr. (from its binding or enveloping habit ;
alligo, to bind to) a b c.

P. many, villous, white ; marg. pale umber. T. short. Po. minutely
labyrinthiform, colour as P. Flesh biscuit-whitish.

Imbricato-connate. Roots, etc. ; rare. Sept. Mass 5 in. P. 2\ in. Some-
times faintly shaded, vinous.

d. Suberosce.

1547. P. heteroelitus Fr. (from its irregular, leaning habit ;
Gr. heteros, one of two, klino, to lean) a c.

P. few or many, thin, shaggy-villous, zoneless, yellow, sienna
behind ; marg. lobed. T. somewhat short. Po. pale primrose
to golden-yellow. Flesh white.

Imbricate. Stumps, partly buried, oak ; rare. Jan. Mass 7 in. P. 3J in.

1548. P. salignus Fr. (from a frequent habitat ; salix, willow) a b c.
P. few to many, thin, adpressedly villous, whitish ; marg. crested.

T. somewhat short. Po. intricately flexuous, whitish. Flesh

white.

Imbricate. Odour none. Trunks, willow, ash, poplar, oak, apple ;
uncommon. Oct. -Feb. Mass l\ in. P. 3I in. A dark line separates the
tubes from the flesh of the pileus as seen in section.

APOD/E.

a. Anodermece.

1549. P. epileucus Fr. (from its whitish colour ; Gr. epit upon,

leukos, white) a b c.

P. few, pulvinate, villous-rugged, thick, cheesy-soft, yellowish-
white, clouded greyish, rarely faintly zoned. T. long, biscuit-
primrose or brownish-white. Flesh buff-white.

Subimbricate. Stumps, trunks, elm, fir, willow, birch ; rare. Sept.-Nov.
Mass 8| in. P. 5J in.

1550. P. alutaeeus Fr. (from its colour, like tanned leather, aluta) a.

Whitish-ochre.
P. few, tough, reniform-dilated, slightly velvety: marg. acute,

even. Po. small.
Imbricate. Decayed stumps, pine, beech. Sept.- Oct. Mass 5§ in.

P. 3 in.

1551. P. palleseens Fr. (from the colours becoming pale ; pallesco, to

grow pale) a b c.
P. few, corky, even to rugose, pale buff; marg. lighter. T. small,

pale yellowish, pale vinous towards base. Flesh buff-white.
Imbricate. Stumps, branches, hornbeam ; rare. Mass 5! in. P. 25 in.

1552. P. ehioneus Fr. (from its snow-white colour ; Gr. chion, snow)

a b c. Pearly or biscuit-white.
P. few, soft, fragile, smooth, thin, zoneless or faintly zoned.

T. long, but varying in length.
Single to 3-imbricate. Taste astringent ; odour acid. Stumps, larch, fir,

birch ; uncommon. June—Dec. P. 2§ in.

Polyporus POLYPORACE.E 343

1553. P. eerebrinus B. & Br. (from its brain-like appearance ;

cerebrum, the brain) a b. White.
P. pulvinate, delicately tomentose, then smooth; marg. crenate.
T. rounded, entire, dissepiments of the large Po. thick, obtuse.
Fir. Aug. P. 1 in. Resupinate ; not unlike 1657.

1554. P. laeteus Fr. (from the milk-white colour ; lac, milk) a c.

White.

P. 1-3 connate, gibbous, thick, flesh-fibrous, pubescent, zoneless.

T. long. Po. toothed, at length labyrinthiform and torn.

Imbricato-connate. Taste astringent ; odour none. Dead bark, leaves,
laburnum, birch, beech ; rare. Sept. -Nov. P. 3 in.

1555. P. fragllis Fr. (from its fragile substance) a b c.

P. convex to piano-depressed, rugose, thick, whitish, pale foxy-red
where bruised. T. long. Po. minute, intricate, colour as P.

Single to 7-imbricate. Stumps and branches, pine, covering moss on pine-
bark, larch ; uncommon. Sept. -Nov. P. 2j in.

1556. P. mollis Fr. (from its softness ; mollis, soft) a c.

P. effuso-reflexed, rugose, fleshy fibrous, pale flesh-colour, livid or
brownish-biscuit, sometimes slightly zoned darker ; marg.
acute, foxy where bruised. T. long, unequal, soft, white or
salmon-white, foxy where bruised.

Single to 3-imbricate, or connate. Dead pine. Sept. P. i\ in.

1557. P. esesius Fr. (from its bluish-grey clouding ; ccesius, bluish-

grey) a b c. Ivory-white, becoming pale turquoise or bluish-
grey where bruised.
P. thick, fleshy, lobed, unequal, silky. T. long. Po. torn into
teeth.

Single to 3-imbricate or connate. Dead fir, larch, dead fir-leaves, roots,
trunks, posts, sticks. Mar. -Nov. P. 4^ in.

1558. P. trabeus Rostk. (from its frequent habitat, the wood of

ships ; trabs, timber) a c. White.

P. thick, firm, efTuso-refiexed, transversely elongate, zoneless,

pallid. T. short. Po. minute, toothed. Flesh hyaline when

moist.

Single. Wood, yew, pine. Oct. P. 3f in. Commonly confounded with
1559, from which it is distinguished by being more regular and brighter in
colour.

1559. P. destructor Fr. (from its destructive effect on wood) a b c.

Ivory-white.

P. watery-fleshy, rugose ; marg. pale brownish. Po. toothed or

torn.

Connato-imbricate. Worked wood, which it softens and destroys, stumps,
branches, fir, larch, fir-leaves, willow ; common. May-Dec. P. 3§ in.
Var. undulatus Sacc. Broadly expanded, marginate, pale foxy-brown.
Ceriomyces {Ptychogaster) albus (fig. 77) is very commonly associated with
this species and 1572. Berkeley considers Ptychogaster to be an imperfect
conidial state of one or both of these Polypores, whilst others regard it as a
parasite. It has also been made a species of Polyporus, viz. P. Ptychogaster

344

POLYPORACE/E

Polyporus

Ludw., and as such is placed after 1559 by Saccardo. The plant grows
on rotten fir-trunks and on the ground, involving fir-leaves.

Fig. 77. — Ceriomyces {Ptychogaster) albus Sacc.
A, section, three-quarters natural size ; b, threads and conidia. X 370.

1560. P. nidulans Fr. (from the nest-like shape ; nidus, a nest) a b c.

Whitish-sienna and umber, or slightly orange.

P. single, pulvinate, villous, zoneless, thick, soft. T. long,

unequal, angular.

Single, usually in small troops. Fragrant when dry. Dead wood, branches,
wych elm ; uncommon. Jan. -Dec. P. 1 in. At first resupinate and from
3 to 7 in. in diam.

1561. P. rutilans Fr. (from its reddish colour ; nttilo, to be reddish)

a b c.

P. thin, villous to smooth, zoneless, ivory-whitish, then brownish,

clouded vinous. T. long. Po. minute, equal, cinnamon or

vinous. Flesh pale ochre, vinous towards T.

Single to 2-imbricate or connate. Odour powerful and pleasant of anise.
Logs, branches, sticks, oak ; uncommon. April-Dec. P. if in. At first
resupinate. Perhaps this and 1560 are one species. See 1607.

1562. P. gilvus Fr. (from its colour ; %ih'7is, pale yellowish) a b c.

P. thick, zoneless, pale sienna-yellow or sienna-umber; marg.

velvety, becoming smooth, lighter than P., or dull orange.

Po. minute with barren patches, dark orange-brown

barren. Flesh bright orange-brown.

Single to 3-imbricate or connate. Trunks, willow, oak ; rare. Jan. P. f in.
Boletus impuber Sow. t. 195. At first effaso-resupinate.

1563. P. fumosus (from its smoky colour ; fumosus, smoky) a b c.

P. firm, zoneless, somewhat thin, silky to smooth, pale buff,

pale biscuit or slate-umber, sometimes shaded vinous.

T. whitish to ivory-umber, or smoky-livid, with a smoky tinge,

darker where bruised, often with barren patches. Po. round,

entire. Flesh very pale buff or brownish.

2-16 imbricate and connate. Stumps, logs, poplar, willow, birch, horse-
chestnut; common. July-Feb. P. 2 in. Mr. Carleton Rea has met
with a very large example on a wooden grass-roller.

marg.

Polyporus POLYPORACE^E 345

1563a. P. fragrans Peck (from the fragrance).

P. fleshy, effuso-reflexed, imbricate, sometimes thickened at the

base, velvety, with minute tomentum, pale reddish-grey or

alutaceous ; marg. thin. T. TV in. long. Po. minute, unequal,

angular, whitish, becoming darker with age, blackish where

bruised. Flesh slightly fibrous, zoned, concolorous.

Stumps, elm. 4 x 2 in. Often mistaken for 1563, but distinguished by
the sweet odour.

1564. P. adustus Fr. (from its scorched appearance ; aduro, to

burn) a b c.

P. somewhat thin, buff-ivory, with 4-6 darker z. ; marg. becoming

blackish. T. somewhat short. Po. minute, warm ivory-brown,

becoming ragged and tinted slate-colour. Flesh whitish to

buff-ivory.

Single to 8-imbricate. Stumps, alder, oak, willow, birch, poplar, hornbeam,
dead leaves ; frequent. Jan. -Dec. P. 2% in.

1565. P. erispus Fr. (from the crisped margin of the pileus) a c.

P. rugose, tuberculose behind, thin, ivory-buff, brownish behind ;

marg. umber-white. T. somewhat short. Po. large, unequal,

labyrinthiform, slate-whitish or brown-white ; marg. barren.

Flesh buff- white.

About 4-9 connate. Old stumps ; uncommon. May-Jan. Mass 3^ in.
P. 1 1 in.

1566. P. amorphus Fr. (from its shapelessness ; Gr. a, without,

morphe, form) a b c.

P. thin, silky, somewhat tuberculose behind, orange to white.

T. somewhat short. Po. unequal, pale orange-vermilion or

pale ivory-vermilion : marg. barren.

Multi-imbricate. Stumps, leaves, fir ; uncommon. Sept. -Mar. Mass 3 in.
P. 1 in. Cooke refers 1622 to this, but the spores are different in shape
and size. Often in part resupinate. Ceriomyces {Ptychogaster) citrinus
is said by Saccardo to be an imperfect state of this.

1567. P. adiposus B. & Br. (from its fat-like substance ; adeps, fat) a c.
P. effused, waxy-soft, shortly reflexed, thin, obscurely tomentose,

bright red-brown. T. short. Po. small, salmon : marg. salmon-
orange.

On the ground near stumps, on mosses, Marchantia ; uncommon. Dec.
Mass \\ in. P. \ in.

1568. P. Keithii B. & Br. (after the Rev. Dr. James Keith) a b.

P. bell-shaped, decurrent behind, rough with rigid, tooth-like
processes, bright red-brown. Po. pallid, deep vinous when
dry, dissepiments lacerate.

Single to 2-imbricate. Sticks, naked wood. P. \ in.

1569. P. hispidus Fr. (from the hispid pileus) a b c.

P. thick, dimidiate, pulvinate, hispid, rich red-brown ; marg.

sienna-ivory. T. long. Po. minute, ivory to pale brown-ochre.

Flesh juicy, tender, elastic, spongy, dull orange to sienna.
Single to 3-imbricate. Living trunks, pine, ash, larch, apple, mulberry,

346 POLYPORACEiE Polypoms

walnut, lime, oak, elm, Euonymus ; common. May-Feb. P. ioj in.
Close to the bark of the tree the pubescence often resembles Ozonium
auricomum ; see 237. Sometimes 1 8 in. in diam. Becomes dense and
fibrous in age. Tubes sometimes distilling drops of water ; becoming
wholly black in age.

1570. P. euticularis Fr. (from its thinness, skin-like, as compared
with 1569 ; cuticula, a thin external skin) a b c.

P. thin, subrugose, hairy or tomentose, obscurely zoned, yellow-
buff to deep vinous-brown. T. somewhat long. Po. minute,
vinous- or orange-brown, not dark. Flesh vinous-brown,
not dark.

Single to 3-imbricate. Trunks, beech, fir. Nov. -Dec. P. 5! in. Bearing
the same relationship to 1569 as 1544 does to 1543.

1571. P. spumeus Fr. (from its early condition of frothy-softness ;

sfiuma, froth). Ivory- or ochre-white.

P. pulvinate, gibbous, somewhat thick, rugoso-hispid to plane.

T. somewhat short. Po. minute.

Single to 3-imbricate. Trunks and stumps, hornbeam, elm, apple, ash,
willow, beech, birch, oak. July-Oct. P. 7^ in.

1572. P. borealis Fr. (from its being common in northern latitudes ;

borealis, northern) a c. White to yellowish-buff.

P. subpulvinate, hairy, somewhat thick, fibrous. Po. small,

sinuoso-flexuous, torn ; marg. barren.

Single to 3-imbricate. Stumps, pine, fir, spruce. Sept. P. 3§ in.
Hartig states that this fungus is the cause of "white-rot" in spruce.
Berkeley considers that Ceriomyces {Ptychogaster) albus may be an imperfect
state of this species or of 1559.

b. Plaeodermece.

1573. P. dryadeus Fr. (from its habitat, oak, Gr. drus) a b c.

P. pulvinate, thick, rugged to smooth, somewhat ferruginous,
becoming fuscous. T. long, pale ferruginous. Flesh vinous-
sienna, not dark, streaked and zoned darker.

Single to 2-imbricate. Taste somewhat acid or astringent. Trunks, oak,
beech ; frequent. July-Oct. P. 9 in. Exuding drops all over, which
become black in drying.

1574. P. betulinus Fr. (from its habitat, birch, betula) a b c.

P. hoof-shaped, zoneless, smooth, thick, the vertex in the form of
an urn. or short stem, pellicle thin, cracking, pale umber-
whitish, becoming darker. T. very short. Po. minute, white.

Trunks, branches, birch ; common. May-Jan. P. 8 in. Pores sometimes
stained by Hypomyccs rosellus and Hypocrea ochracea. Used by rustics in
past times for razor-strops. Said by Hartig to cause the "red-rot " of birch.

1574a. P. benzoinus Fr. (from its odour of benzoin) a.

P. woody, conchiform, but constricted at the base, fuscous-
rubiginous, somewhat zoned, rugose when dry, and becoming
darker. T. long. Po. at first whitish, then ferruginous.
Flesh yellowish-white.
Subimbricate. Fallen cedars. Jan. P. 7 in. •; Sweet-scented, odour retained
in drying. Allied to Trametes.

Polyporus

POLYPORACE.E

347

1575. P. quereinus Fr. (from its habitat, oak, quercus) a b c.

P. pulvinate, very thick, soft to hard, ivory- or sulphur-whitish,

clouded and margined reddish. T. short, minute, whitish,

clouded as P. Flesh ivory-white, zoned, orange-red and pale

sulphur.

Single to 3-imbricate. Taste intensely bitter. Old oaks, oak-logs, often in
company with 1517, which it somewhat resembles. May-Dec. Mass 6 in.
P. 3^ in. Often barren ; sometimes 1 it. in diam.

LXIII. FOMES Karst.

(From the use in kindling fire in past times ;
fomes, touch-wood, tinder).

Pileus hard and woody from the first, texture consisting of inter-
woven hyphae, covered with a hard, rigid, crustaceous cuticle, zone-

Fig. 78. — a, section of Fomes fomentarius Karst. ; b, ditto F. antiosus Cooke.

One-half natural size.

less but often concentrically sulcate, perennial, forming successive
strata. (Fig. 78.)

348 POLYPORACE/E Fomes

a. Fomentarice. Pileus pulvinate, juiceless, not fleshy or spongy,

floccose, covered with a hard, horny crust. Tubes stratose
after the first year. Perennial, lasting for twenty years or
more, adding new strata annually. Growing on wood.

Substance of tubes umber or fuscous. 1576

Substance of tubes somewhat ferruginous. 1577 — 1585

Substance white or pallid. 1586 — 1589

b. Lignosce. Pileus hard, woody, juiceless, covered with a thin,

somewhat lustrous crust, smooth or becoming so, somewhat
effused at the base. Flatter than Fomefitarice or effuso-
reflexed. 1590—1594

a. Fomentariee.

1576. F. vegetus Karst. (from its vigorous growth, vegetus) a c.

P. concentrically and radiato-corrugate or rugose, deep olive-
slate, dark brown behind ; marg. sometimes brown. T. some-
what long, single to 5 -stratose. Po. minute, ivory-brownish,
surface brown-white ; marg. barren. Flesh thin, floccoso-lax,
yellow-brown or vinous warm-brown.

Single to 3-imbricate. Trunks, lime, elm ; rare. P. 7§ in. diam. Polyporus

Stevenii Leveill., according to Bresadola.

1577. F. applanatus Karst. (from its flattened shape ; piano, to

level) a b c.
P. flattened, tuberculose, vaguely rugged-sulcate-zoned, smooth,
cuticle crustaceous, fragile, somewhat shining, cinnamon or
brown, becoming greyish with age. T. long, single to 6-stratose,
subferruginous. Po. roundish, very minute, white, brownish
when bruised. Flesh thick, floccoso-soft, rich brown.

Sometimes imbricate. Odour acid. Trunks, ash, beech, fir, oak, birch,
poplar; uncommon. July-Mar. Diam. I ft. According to Bresadola
Polyporus Inzengce Fr. and Polyporus robumcus Fr. are both forms of
this. Much softer than 1578. Sometimes weighing 4-5 lbs.

1578. F. fomentarius Karst. (from its former use as tinder, f omentum)

a b c.
P. hoof-shaped, more or less triangular in section, concentrically
rugged-sulcato-zoned, smooth, cuticle thick, hard, yellowish-
brown-reddish, fuliginous- or dingy-brown ; marg. paler, at first
with a white bloom. T. long, single to 9-stratose, ferruginous.
Po. subangular, white, then ferruginous or ivory-brown. Flesh
floccoso-soft, oranee-brown.

Trunks, oak, birch, beech, lime, hornbeam ; common. Jan. -Dec. Diam.
8 in. Formerly used as tinder in its soft natural state. Generally
destroys exterior of trunk for one quarter of circumference and from base
to 20 ft. up. Said by Hartig to cause "white-rot" of beech and oak.
Occurs in peat-beds in the eastern counties and in the lake-side pile-
dwellings of Switzerland and Italy. Formerly used as a haemostatic. The
ashes are used by the Ostiaks and Kamtschatkans as snuff.

Fames POLYPORACEiE 349

1579. F. nigricans Karst. (from its black pileus : niger, black) a c.
P. hoof-shaped or pulvinate, very thick, deeply and concentrically

sulcato-zoned, cuticle very hard, shining, black ; marg. very
obtuse, ferruginous. T. somewhat long, single to 13-stratose,
ferruginous. Po. very small, obsoletely angular, dark yellowish-
grey. Flesh very hard, yellowish-brown.

Living and dead birch, beech, hornbeam ; uncommon. May-Oct. Diam.
5^ in. A var. of 1578 according to Bresadola.

1580. F. igniarius Karst. (from its former use as tinder ; ignis, fire)

a b c.

P. tuberculoso-globose, immarginate, then hoof-shaped, deeply

sulcato-zoned, uneven, smooth, cuticle very hard, ochre to

reddish- and blackish-brown ; marg. rounded. T. long, single

to 9-stratose. Po. very small, pale tawny, at length cinnamon,

when old filled with white mycelium. Flesh very hard, zoned,

ferruginous.

Trunks, ash, poplar, willow, cherry, plum, plane, apple, oak, fir, beech,
alder, maple, birch ; common. Mar. -Nov. Diam. 6^ in. Formerly used as
a haemostatic. The ashes are used by the Ostiaks and Kamtschatkans as
snuff. Only used as tinder after baking, boiling and beating. Hartig
considers this to be a parasite. Occurs in peat-beds in the eastern counties
and in the lake-side pile-dwellings of Switzerland and Italy. The form on
willow has been named Polyporus pomaceus Pers.

1581. F. fulvus Karst. (from the tawny pileus ; fulvus, tawny) a b c.
P. ventricose, hoof-shaped, triangular in section, at first villoso-

hairy, then even, rich tawny. T. short, ochre or brown-biscuit.

Po. minute, colour as P. Flesh woody-corky, tawny.

Somewhat caespitose and imbricate. Decayed trunks, beech, silver-fir,
spruce ; rare. Oct. -Mar. Diam. 3! in. Pores not always distinctly
stratose. According to Bresadola the same as Polyporus cinnamomeus
Trog.

1582. F. peetinatus Cooke (from the comb-like markings on the

pileus ; pecten, a comb) a b c.

P. flattened, thin, concentrically lamellato-plicate and tomentoso-

scaly, whitish-brown, salmon or deep umber-sienna. T. short,

yellow-brown ; marg. barren. Po. very small, somewhat pale

salmon-umber.

Imbricate. Trunks. Group 6J in. diam. P. 4^ in. diam. A form of 1584,
according to Bresadola.

1583. F. eonehatus Karst. (from its shape ; concha, a shell) a b c.

P. flattened, thin, concentrically sulcate, somewhate corrugate,
tomentose, deep yellow-brown or sienna-brown ; marg. acute.
T. short to long. Po. very small, yellow-orange or brownish,
sometimes olive-shaded. Flesh thin, hard, corky, yellowish-
brown.

Imbricate. Trunks, willow, beech ; frequent. Feb. -Oct. Group 4$ in. diam.
P. 2$ in. diam. Often wholly resupinate. A form of 1585 according
to Bresadola.

35<D POLYPORACEiE Fomes

1583a. F. Euonymi W. G. Sm., Polyporus Euonymi Kalchb. (from its
host plant, Euonymus europceus) a c.
P. fleshy, rugose, cinnamon, darker with age, salmon at the marg.,
edge white. T. short, minute, cinnamon. Po. minute, salmon
or whitish-cinnamon. Flesh cinnamon.

Mass 3! X 3J in., projection 2 ins. Tubes sometimes multi-stratose, with
flesh of pileus reduced to ^ in. thick. Closely allied to F. Lonicerce,

1584. F. Ribis Cooke (from its habitat, currant and gooseberry bushes ;

ribeSj currant) a b c.
P. thick, somewhat sulcato-zoned, effused amongst branches,
somewhat even, indistinctly zoned, velvety, orange- or brown-
sienna, becoming slate-brown behind. T. short, colour as
flesh. Po. very small, yellow-sienna becoming sepia-cinnamon.
Flesh corky-coriaceous to soft, brownish sienna-orange.

Connato-imbricate. Perennial. Common. April-July. Group 3f in. diam.
P. i\ in. diam. Substance suitable for tinder. The same as 1582 and
1583a according to Bresadola.

1585. F. salieinus Karst. (from its habitat, willow, salix) a c.

P. undulate, whitish-brown, yellowish-brown or black, 3-8 zoned,
dark-umber. T. deep umber-sienna. Po. very small, ferru-
ginous-cinnamon ; marg. barren. Flesh woody, very hard,
whitish- or yellowish-brown.

Caespitoso-imbricate, for the most part or wholly resupinate. Common.
Group 3£ in. in diam. P. if in. diam. A form of 1583, according to
Bresadola. Ceriotnyces {Ptychogaster) spongia is said by Saccardo to be an
imperfect state of this.

1586. F. roseus Cooke (from its rose colour) a b c.

P. thin, somewhat flattened, even, subrugose, shining dull rose
or rose-red, dark zoned; marg. dark. T. somewhat long;
marg. barren. Po. minute, colour as P. Flesh corky-woody,
floccoso-fibrous, colour as P. or paler.

Imbricate, crespitose. Stumps, apple, dressed wood. Oct. P. 2f in. diam.
Colour permanent in drying. The same as F. rufopallidus and 1592
according to Bresadola.

1587. F. ulmarius Cooke (from its habitat, elm, ulmus) a b c.

P. thick, convex, tubercular, uneven, becoming smooth, white to
leather-buff, blackish in old examples ; marg. white, becoming
tawny. T. single to 6-stratose, ivory, bright salmon or buff-
vinous, brown in decay. Flesh corky-woody, very hard,
white.

Connato-imbricate. Single. Odour disagreeable. Inside old elms. Sept.-
Feb. P. 6§ in. diam.

1588. F. eytisinus Cooke (from one of its habitats, laburnum,

Cytlsus) a b.
P. thick, convex, smooth, whitish, biscuit, or pale brownish. T.

Fomes POLYPORACE/E 35 1

somewhat short, white-salmon, marg. barren. Po. biscuit or

with a sulphur shade. Flesh thick, close, velvety-fibrous, white.

Single to imbricate. Stumps, dressed wood ; rare. P. 6\ in. diam.
Bresadola considers this and 1590 to be the same.

1589. F. eonnatus Cooke (from its connate habit) a b c.

P. somewhat thick, villous, whitish-buff, brown shaded. T. some-
what short, colour as P. ; marg. barren. Po. minute, white to
cream. Flesh corky-woody, pale buff to full buff.

Effuso-reflexed, connato-imbricate. Trunks, lime, apple, elm, maple -T
frequent. Oct. -Jan. P. 6£ in. diam. See 1631.

b. Lignosce.

1590. F. fraxineus Cooke (from its habitat, ash, fraximis) a b c.

P. thick, flat, concentrically sulcato-plicate, zoneless, white or
ivory to rich brown ; marg. whitish. T. decurrent, moderate
in length, white, cinnamon- or pale vinous-white. Flesh whitish-
cinnamon.

Solitary to connate. Perennial. Odour strong, penetrating. Frequent.
Jan. -Dec. P. 5^ in. diam. Bresadola considers this and 1588 to be the
same.

1591. F. variegatus Cooke (from the variegated pileus, orange and

bay-brown) a b.
P. thin, somewhat plane, even, smooth, shining tawny-orange,
darker or bay-brown behind. T. decurrent, moderate in
length, colour as P. Po. minute, unequal, torn, pale yellowish-
white, shaded biscuit ; marg. barren. Flesh pale buff.

Subimbricate. Trunks ; rare. P. 4J in. diam. Bresadola says this is
unknown, and probably a form of Polyporus ungulatus Schaeff.

1592. F. earneus Cooke (from its flesh-colour ; caro, flesh) a c.

P. somewhat thick, convex, rugose, smooth, salmon-buff to
reddish-salmon, varying deep rich brown behind, pale at marg.
T. shallow to moderate, full opaque-salmon. Flesh pale bright
salmon or red-salmon, varying rose-brown ; marg. barren.

Connato-imbricate. Perennial. Trunks, stumps, juniper, Picca. Nov.
P. 2§ in. diam. A form of 1586 according to Bresadola. Said to be
the cause of " red-rot " in Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana.

1592a. F. eastaneus Cooke (from the colour ; castanens, chestnut) a.
P. coriaceo-woody, flattened, smooth, glabrous, zoneless, chestnut-
colour. Po. small, yellowish. Flesh white.
Imbricato-connate. Black poplar. 1$ X if in. £ in. projection.

1593. F. annosus Cooke (from its growing in yearly strata ; annus,

a year) a b c.
P. convex, rugged, radiato-sulcate, sulcato-zoned, at first silky,
then crusty, cinnamon-ochre when young, then deep rich
vinous- or sienna-brown ; marg. almost white. T. moderate in

352

POLYPORACE^E

Fomcs

length, stratose ; whitish-buff. Po. medium, salmon-white.

Flesh colour as T.

Imbricate. About stumps, posts, roots, squared timber, pine, spruce, fir,
larch, juniper, birch, beech, Sequoia gigantea ; very common. Jan.-
Dec. P. 7§ in. diam. Sometimes wholly resupinate. Some forms of
this are Trametes radiciperda, said to cause " red-rot " and piping in
larch, the mycelium growing from the roots to the trunk. Sometimes
phosphorescent in mines and seen 20 yards off. The white mycelium so
often seen running over the hymenium belongs to Verticillium micro-
spermum, the conidial condition of Hypomyces Broomeanus.

1594. F. populinus Cooke (from its habitat, trunks of poplar, populus)

a b c.

P. rigid, zoneless, rugose, villous, warm-biscuit. T. deeply

decurrent, not stratose, shallow. Po. minute, colour as P.

Flesh colour as P.

Nearly solitary to subconnate or imbricate, for the most part resupinate.
Aug.-Jan. P. 2\ in. diam. Polyporus connatw Weinm. (not Fr.) and
1631 are forms of this according to Bresadola ; see 1631.

LXIV. POLYSTICTUS Fr.

(From the pores or punctures on the hymenium ; Gr. polus, many,

stiktos, punctured.)

Pileus coriaceous, membranaceous or somewhat spongy, cuticle
thin and loosely fibrous. Tubes first appearing in the centre and
successively developing towards the margin, at first superficial and

distinct, then becoming deeper
and more crowded, not stratose.
(Fig. 79.) Species 1595—1608

1595, 1595a and 1596 are placed
in Polystictus by Cooke and Massee,
in Poria by Saccardo.

a. Stupposcz. Pileus flocculose,
or adpressedly villous or
smooth, uneven, zoneless,
texture fibrous.
Substance coloured.

1595—1597
Substance white. 1598, 1599

b. Coriacetz. Pileus coriaceous, villous, zoned, usually in dif-
ferent colours. 1600 — 1605

a. Stupposce.

1595. P. radiatus Cooke (from the radiato-rugose pileus) a b c.

P. velvety to smooth, deep rich brown to dull orange; marg.
zoned bright sienna. T. colour as flesh. Po. minute, greyish-

Fig. 79. — Section of Polystictus versicolor Fr.
One-half natural size.

Polystictus POLYPORACEiE 353

salmon, silvery-glistening, at length ferruginous. Flesh rigid,

corky, leathery, dull orange.

Imbricate. Not perennial. Trunks, beech, birch, oak, hazel, alder, gorse ;
frequent. Oct. -April. P. 4^ in. diam. Must not be confounded with
1603.

1595b,. P. nodulosus Cooke (from the nodular pileus) a.

P. triquetrous, nodular, corky, woody, not zoned, villous, rugose,

rough, fulvous then rust-colour. T. somewhat long. Po.

roundish, unequal, acutely torn, light cinnamon with a silvery

sheen. Flesh very hard, lighter than P.

Imbricate. Dead beech. Oct. 2^ x f in. Distinguished from 1595 by the
at length confluent pores and by the absence of the brightly coloured
margin of pileus.

1596. P. polymorphus Cooke (from its many forms ; Gr.polus, many,

morphe, form) a.

P. smooth, somewhat pale vinous-brown, dark shaded ; marg.

crisped. T. deeply decurrent. Po. somewhat large, angular,

torn, colour as flesh. Flesh coriaceous, salmon.

Connato-imbricate. Branches, worked wood, fir. Aug. Group 2% in. diam.
P. 1 in. diam. Sometimes resupinate.

1597. P. eryptarum W. G. Sm., Boletus cryptarum Bull, (from its

frequent habitat — cellars ; crypta, a vault) a b c.
P. corrugate, zoneless, adpressedly silky, pale yellowish-vinous-
brownish. T. deeply decurrent, long. Po. minute, colour as
flesh. Flesh corky-cottony, paler than P.

Connato-imbricate. Fir ; frequent. Group 4§ in. diam. Transferred to
Femes by Cooke and Saccardo. The same as 1608 according to Massee.

1597a. P. ravidus Cooke (from the grey or tawny pileus ; rav?is,

grey) a.

P. coriaceo-corky, flattened, zoned, villoso-rugose, ochreous,

slightly tinged brown-olive, base darker, sienna. T. somewhat

short. Po. larger at mid., then smaller and absent at marg.,

biscuit-white. Flesh ivory-white.

Imbricate. Stumps of old willows. Spread 5f in., I in. thick. Colour
variable, usually yellowish.

1598. P. gossypinus Cooke (from the white-cottony pileus ; gossypium,

cotton) a c.
P. tomentose, zoneless ; marg. slightly scaly, white. T. long,

but varying. Po. labyrinthine, then angular, pallid cinereous.
Somewhat connato-imbricate. Trunks, furze. Jan. Diam. 2\ in.

1599. P. fibula Fr. (from its button shape ; fibula, a button) a b c.

P. velvety-hairy, zoneless, sometimes radiato-rugose, white. T.
varying in length. Po. small at length torn, white, sometimes
faintly sulphur.

Single to subimbricate or in troops. Wood in cellars, forests, elm, oak.
Oct. -Jan. P. 2 in. diam. Sometimes shield-like, attached behind a

2 A

354 POLYPORACEiE Polystictas

centre of pileus, sometimes pendulous, at other times hoof-shaped and
triangular in section.

b. Coriacece.

1600. P. hirsutus Fr. (from the hairy pileus ; hirsutus, hairy) a b c.
P. becoming plane, depressed behind, zoned with furrows, vary-
ing white, pale slate-brown or brassy-yellow ; z. yellowish-
brown. T. long, deep, ochreous-white. Po. torn, whitish-
salmon. Flesh thin, corky-coriaceous, colour as T.

Single to imbricate, effused behind. Dead trunks, branches, willow, oak,
beech, poplar, plum. Oct. -Mar. P. if in. diam. Pores much larger
than in 1603.

1601. P. velutinus Cooke (from the velvety pileus ; velluetum, velvet)

a b c.

P. plane, slightly zoned, white to ivory-ochreous ; marg. white.

T. short, white. Po. minute, white to yellowish ; marg.

barren. Flesh corky-coriaceous, white.

Single to connato-imbricate. Stumps, branches, etc., willow, beech, fir,
birch ; uncommon. Nov. Group 2f in. diam. P. \\ in. diam.

1602. P. zonatus Fr. (from the zoned pileus) a b c.

P. convex, tubercular-gibbous behind, villous ; z. unicolorous to
varying ivory, ochre, brown, rufous, sienna, etc., or whitish-
yellow, graduated and zoned sienna. Po. minute, biscuit.
Flesh corky-coriaceous, yellowish-white.

Single to subimbricate. Trunks, elm, poplar, birch. June-Oct.
P. 3 \ in. diam.

1603. P. versicolor Fr. (from its variable colours) a b c.

P. even, velvety, shining pale smalt-blue, sooty-slate, or of

various tints of ochre, ivoiy, brown or greenish. T. shallow.

Po. minute, ivory ; marg. barren. Flesh thin, rigid-coriaceous,

ivory.

Imbricate. Dead wood, fences, branches, encircling twigs, back of an old
brush, oak, willow, alder. April-Feb. P. $\ in. diam. The tubes are
sometimes bright orange or vermilion from the growth of a parasitic
mould, Hypomyces aurantius. When growing on sticks, if the stick is
inverted, a new hymenial surface with pores will appear on the downward
pileus. Pores sometimes wholly eaten away by insects. 1774 sometimes
grows on this. Var. fiiscatus Mass. P. brown. Po. torn into teeth,
yellow.

1604. P. abietinus Cooke (from its habitat, fir-trunks ; Abies, fir) a b c.
P. villous, white, zoned dove-grey ■ marg. sometimes purplish.

T. very shallow. Po. unequal, pale slate, becoming pale

brown to vinous- or purplish-sienna. Flesh very thin, pale

brown.

Connato-imbricate, effuso-reflexed. Fir, cedar, cypress ; common. Jan. -Nov.
Group 3^ in. diam. Pileus frequently overgrown by green algae. Some-
times wholly resupinate with a broad white woolly margin. Must not
be confounded with 1610.

Polystictus

POLYPORACE.E

355

1605. P. Wynnei Cooke (after Mrs. Lloyd Wynne) a b c.

P. membranous, marked with silky raised lines, faintly brownish,
yellow-white, sometimes orange or tan. T. varying in length.
Po. small, whitish.
Effuso-reflexed, almost wholly resupinate. Running over twigs, grass, etc.,
around stems of Carex paniadata. Sept. -Dec. Group 3 in. diam. Pore
surface with barren places in middle and at margin.

LXV. PORIA Pers.

(From the porous hymenium.)

Resupinate, forming more or less extended patches or thin
membranous expansions. Pores forming a continuous stratum,
springing from a thin, often rudimentary subiculum. (Fig. 80.)

t^^^^^^^^^^-^^^^^^m

^v^Jt§V5igffi^

Fig. 80. — Porta vaporaria Cooke.'
a, entire ; B, in section. One-half natural size, c, section. X 4.

This is almost entirely the section of Polyporus named Resupinatce
by Fries, the sequence adopted is that of the Hymenomycetes Europcei.

Species 1605a— 1648

Pores ferruginous or cinnamon. 1605a — 1609

Pores purple or violaceous. 1610, 1611

Pores red. 1612—1615

Pores yellowish. 1616—1620

Pores at first white, changing colour. 1621 — 1627

Pores usually persistently white, minute crowded, round, equal.

1628—1635

Pores persistently white, unequal, angular, crowded, commonly

somewhat large. 1636 — 1643

Pores white, superficial, distant, punctiform. 1644- 1646

Of uncertain affinity. 1647, 1648

2 A 2

356 POLY POR ACE M Poria

1605a. P. obliqua Achar. (from the oblique growth of the tubes) a c.
Sub. very thin ; marg. barren, sometimes recurved, forming a
narrow P. T. more or less elongate owing to oblique growth,
usually minute, ^ to \ in. long when not oblique, orange-
brown or cinnamon, sometimes of two strata. Flesh colour
of Po.

Trunks, logs, rotting wood. 4 X 2\ x -^ in. Regarded as a species of Fomes
by Cooke and Saccardo.

1606. P. umbrina Cooke (from its brown colour ; umbrinus, brown-

coloured) a.

Undulato-tubercular, full to dingy umber ; marg. smooth salmon-
or vermilion-white, paler than pore-surface. Sub. thin but
variable. T. somewhat long, varying. Po. minute, roundish,
unequal ; sienna.

Trunks. 3^ in. Fomes umbrina Saccardo.

1607. P. resupinata W. G. Sm., Boletus resupiuatus Bolt, (from its

resupinate habit) a.
Undulato-tubercular, spongy-coriaceous, umber, yellowish vinous-
umber or ferruginous. Sub. thin fibrous. T. long, varying,
sometimes stratose. Po. minute, pore surface nodulose to
plane, umber.

Broadly effused. Trunks, branches, hazel. Feb. 3§ in. This may be a
resupinate form of 1560 or 1561. Compare 1605a. Fomes resitpinata
Massee.

1608. P. ferruginosa Karst. (from its rusty colour; ferrum, iron)

a b c.
Undulato-tubercular, ferruginous or cinnamon ; marg. barren,
sometimes reflexed as a narrow P., ochre or rust colour, with
white mycelium at edges of new growths. Sub. thin but
varying. T. long, varying, sometimes 2-stratose or reduced
to ^V in. Po. medium to minute, brown. Myc. white to
ochreous.

Imbricate, broadly effused. Trunks, branches, posts, sticks, abele, beech,
oak, pine, alder, bramble, sometimes on dead leaves ; common. Oct.-
May. 5^ in. At first appearing as a confervoid stratum. Fomes ferruginosa
Massee.

1609. P. eontigua Karst. (from its close investment of sticks, etc. ;

contiguus, continuous) a c.

Somewhat plane, cinnamon or yellowish-sienna, dingy when old ;

marg. barren. Sub. thin, from \ in. to a membrane. T. short.

Po. somewhat large, brownish. Myc. ochreous.

Effused, less so than in 1608. Trunks, branches, sticks, rotten wood, etc.,
pines, sweet-gale, maple, hornbeam ; uncommon. 3 in. Sometimes
wholly investing branches.

1610. P. violaeea Cooke (from its violet colour) a c.

Plane, purple with marg. paler or whitish, or deep purplish to
crimson-brown, with marg. light or ivory, clouded rufous.

Porta POLYPORACE.E 357

Sub. a film. T. short. Po. round or wrinkled as in
Merulius.

Effused, determinate. Stumps, trunks, poles, fir ; frequent. Aug. -May.
4 in. Allied to Merulius. Must not be confounded with 1604, in which
the pores are deeper and torn and the margin reflexed.

1611. P. purpurea Cooke (from its purple colour) a c.

Plane, purple-lilac; marg. barren, paler. Sub. a film. T. short,

Po. minute. Myc. mucedinous, flocculose, white.
Stumps, willow, beech. 3f in. The violet colour disappears in drying.

1612. P. inearnata Cooke {incarnatus^ flesh-colour) a c.
Plano-undulate, coriaceous, marginate or immarginate, dark flesh-
colour or orange, becoming dark purple-brown-crimson or
purple-blackish ; marg. broad, white or ochreous, sometimes
vinous-clouded, sometimes shortly rerlexed as a narrow P.
Sub. a film. Po. short, unequal.

Effused. Fir ; rare. June-Xov. 6J in. Sometimes with barren patches.
Must not be confounded with 1604.

1613. P. rufa Cooke (from its reddish colour ; rufus, red) a c.
Plano-undulate, umber, vinous-umber, blood-red-rufous or deep

reddish ; marg. barren, byssoid when young, greyish. Sub. a
film. Po. short.
Effused. Trunks, sticks, branches, etc., broom, beech, bird-cherry. 3^ in.

1614. P. rhodella Cooke (from its rose-colour ; Gr. rhodon, a rose) a.
Plane, soft, white, flesh-colour, vermilion-salmon or Indian-red-
salmon ; marg. determinate, salmon. Sub. a film. Po. short,
minute, not torn.

Effused. Trunks, fir, beech. Aug. 4! in. Thinner than 1613.

1615. P. mieans Ehrb. (from its glittering pores • mico, to glitter) a c.
Plane, often with rain-drop-like barren depressions on surface,

whitish-flesh or biscuit-colour ; marg. flaxy, byssoid, white.

Sub. a membrane. T. short. Po. minute, irregular, angular.

Effused, orbicular, confluent. Dead wood, rotten trunks, ash. Nov.
3§ in. Fugacious.

1616. P. nitida Pers. (from its shining pores ; uitidus, shining) a c.
Plane, bright yellow to pale sienna-yellow ; marg. villoso-

determinate. Sub. a membrane. T. short. Po. round,
minute.
Effused, subadnate. Dead wood ; rare. Mar. 3^ in.

1617. P. LaBstadii Cooke (after C. P. Lcestadius) a b.
Piano-tubercular, brittle, separable, bright lemon-yellow, whitish-
sulphur or ivory-salmon when dry ; marg. not barren, edge
minutely and narrowly fibrillose. Sub. thin, white. T. short,
of different depths. Po. very minute, sinuous.

Effused, sometimes stratose as if perennial. Deal boards, sometimes in green-
houses. Aug. 3^ in.

358 POLYPORACE/E Porta

i618. P. bombyeina Cooke (from the silky membranous subiculum ;

bombyx, silk) a b c.

Sub. very thin, translucent ; marg. byssoid. Po. large, angular,

sinuous ; marg. arachnoid-velvety, pale buff or white.

Effused. Rotten wood ; rare. Sept. 3 in. The grain of the wood some-
times shows through the extremely thin substance.

1619. P. aneirina Cooke (from the margin not being woolly as in

1618 ; Gr. an, not, cirineos, woolly) a c.
S?ib. thin, coriaceous, somewhat flaxy ; marg. byssoid. Po. shallow,
large, waxy, fulvous, tawny, warm biscuit-colour or bright orange-
yellow ; marg. flaxy, becoming waxy, white. Myc. buff-white.

Effused. Dead wood, branches, poplar, pine under the bark ; rare. Oct.
4 in. Contracting and becoming torn in drying.

1620. P. ramentaeea Cooke (from one of its habitats, chips, r amenta)

a b.

Sub. thin, tomentose, white. Po. somewhat large, hexagonal,

honey-colour ; marg. almost obsolete, irregular, warm-ivory.

Somewhat orbicular. Dead branches, fir. Sept. 1^ x I in. Cartilaginous
and horny when dry. Barren patches occur on the hymenium.

1621. P. eineta Cooke (from the encircling, erect strigose fibres ;

cingo, to encircle) a. White to ivory.

Sub. membranous, sometimes barren, and with lacunae ; marg.

byssoid. Po. extremely minute.

Old deal boards, rotten planks ; rare. 3! in. Patches of vertical striga
become confluent and form a subiculum.

1621a. P. fuseoearnea Cooke (from the brownish flesh-colour ;
fuscus, dark brown, caro, flesh).
Sub. thin ; marg. definite. T. Tlg to y3^ in. long. Po. minute,

fawn-colour when fresh or vinous-brown, graduated paler.
Rotten wood, putrid trunks. 3^ x 3 in.

1622. P. armeniaea W. G. Sm., Po/yporus ar?neniacus Berk, (from

its apricot-colour ; armeniacum^ apricot) a b.

Sub. membranous to £ in. or more thick ; marg. thin, well

defined, minutely downy or byssoid. Po. shallow, to \ in.

deep, rounded, somewhat irregular, minute, white, then bright

buff, or glancing with the light, ochreous on side view, bright

foxy-brown on full view.

Broadly effused, suborbicular, confluent. Bark, pine. Nov. -April.
3J x \\ in. Sometimes a rugged, free pileus is formed. Cooke refers
this to 1566, but the spores are different in shape and size.

1623. P. Rennyi Cooke (after James Renny) a b.

Sub. thin to somewhat thick, pulvinate, at first somewhat frothy,

then dry and pulverulent ; marg. byssoid. Po. minute, few,

irregular in depth, here and there elongated, white, becoming

lemon or pale buff. Myc. gelatinous, partly byssoid.

Odour pungent. On the ground, rotten wood, running over Marchantia, fir.
Nov. 2^x| in. Pores sometimes absent or subiculum with large barren
patches.

Porta POLYPORACEiE 359

1624. P. subfuseoflavida Cooke (from the pale brownish-yellow

colour ; subfuscus, somewhat dusky, flavidus, yellow) a c.
Sub. thin, coriaceous, dry ; marg. thin, byssoid, determinate,

white. Po. minute, irregular, white, then yellowish-brown or

glancing white and grey-brown.
Broadly effused, confluent. Dead oak wood, planks, etc. 2| in.

1625. P. viridans Cooke (from its pale asruginous colour ; virido, to

become green) a c.

Sub. thin. Po. minute, shallow, white, ivory or pale buff, then

pale verdigris ; marg. pulverulento-tomentose.

Effused, crustaceo-adnate. Rotten wood ; rare. Sept. 2§ in. Sometimes
a mere thin, pale ceruginous film without pores.

1626. P. terrestris Cooke (from its terrestrial habit) a c.

Sub. very thin ■ marg. arachnoid flaxy, fugacious with a byssoid
white edge. Po. shallow, minute, angular, becoming smaller
and scattered towards the wide, barren marg., white, becoming
pale umber or faintly rufescent.

Effused. Black earth, red clay, rotten wood ; uncommon. May-Nov. 4 in.

1627. P. subgelatinosa Cooke (from the somewhat gelatinous

subiculum) a b.

Orbicular, forming small pulvinate masses with an obtuse raised
border, at first tomentose and pallid, becoming black and
subgelatinous. Po. somewhat large, others small, variable in
size, pale grey.

On dead wood, on 1566. i| in.

1628. P. medullapanis Cooke (from its colour like pith or bread ;

medulla, pith, pa?iis, bread) a b c.

Somewhat undulate, firm ; marg. barren, whitish, sometimes

upturning and separating from matrix. T. somewhat long.

Po. medium size.

Decayed branches, mulberry, oak, hornbeam, on the ground ; uncommon.
Sept. -Feb. 4^ in. Sometimes in certain positions 4-6 stratose.

1629. P. mueida Pers. (from its mucid substance) a c.

Sub. somewhat thick, soft, elastic ; marg. barren, indeterminate,
flaxy. Po. shallow, medium size, unequal, torn, white to
ochre-white. Myc. spreading and often forming small orbicular,
transparent, barren patches.

Effused in long patches. Decayed fir. 3 \ in. Thicker than 1634.

1630. P. vitrea Pers. (from its shining glassy appearance as if wet ;

vitrum, glass) a c.
Sub. somewhat thick. T. somewhat long, translucent, whitish.
Po. minute, entire, roundish, whitish, becoming buff-white or
vinous-buff-whitish.

Broadly and unequally effused. Dead wood, fir, on the ground under beech ;
uncommon. Aug. -Mar. 3i in. With the appearance of shining wax.

360 POLYPORACE.E Poria

1631. P. obdueens Cooke (from the covered-over or superimposed

strata ; obduco, to cover over) a c.

Sub. a hard, almost obsolete, inseparable film. T. somewhat

long : TV to \ in. Po. minute, white, becoming pale dull

salmon.

Effused. Rotten trunks, pine, oak, beech ; rare. July-Feb. 3! in.
Bresadola says this is a resupinate form of 1594, Massee of 1589. During
the first year it resembles 1633. Irregular in section, perennial by strata
for six or more years.

1632. P. eallosa Cooke (from the hard subiculum ; callum, hardened

skin) a c.

Sub. a firm, somewhat thick, leathery membrane, separable from

the matrix, white, becoming umber. T. somewhat long. Po.

round, equal, entire, white becoming biscuit ; marg. white.

Broadly effused. Dead wood, oak, maple. April. 3J in. Surface some-
times with small depressions as if from rain-drops. Annual, not stratose.

1633. P. vulgaris Cooke (from its commonness; vulgaris, common) a c.
Sub. a membrane, closely adnate to the matrix, almost obsolete.

Po. somewhat shallow, white to biscuit or faintly ochreous,

sometimes with a white, irregular barren marg., attached to

thin, white, cloud-like growths of mycelium • marg. soon even

and smooth.

Broadly effused. Dead wood, branches, pine, oak, beech ; common. July-
Mar. 5^ in. Patches often very large, sometimes wholly investing
branches, sometimes with vacuoles. Annual not stratose. Appearance
wax-like.

1634. P. mollusea Cooke (from its softness ; mollusais, soft) a b c.
Sub. a membrane. Po. somewhat shallow, large in middle,

smaller towards marg., white becoming pale biscuit or brownish-
white ; marg. broad, barren, white, radiate with white strands
of mycelium.

Broadly effused. Dead wood, dead leaves, furze, poplar, ash ; common.
Jan. -Dec. 4^ in. Sometimes proliferous or 2-stratose.

1635. P. eollabefaeta Cooke (from the pores which appear to arise

from the collapsing substance ; collabcfio, to be brought to

ruin) a b.

Sub. a membrane. Po. minute, shallow, white to ivory ; marg.

obtuse, barren, with a few barren places on surface.

Effused. Dead wood. Oct. 3J in. Running over the matrix like a thin
Corticium.

1636. P. sanguinolenta Cooke (from its changing to blood-red

where bruised ; sanguis, blood) a b c.

Sub. a membrane. T. somewhat shallow. Po. small, irregular,

becoming torn, white to yellowish-white.

At first nodulose, soon confluent and effused. Decayed trees and branches,
rails, dead wood, running over earth, clay and moss ; uncommon. Aug.-
Nov. 2§ in.

Porta POLYPORACE^E 36 1

1637. P. radula Pers. (from the small teeth, as of a comb, where the

pores are elongated ; radula, a scraper) a c.
Sub. a membrane, separable from the matrix. T. shallow,
somewhat long in middle, sometimes 2-stratose. Po. tooth-like
or comb-like, spinous near the sometimes barren marg., white
to biscuit, not turning red.

Effused. Trunks, branches, fir, oak, hornbeam. Surface with small
depressions, sometimes with barren places. Aug. -Jan. 3§ in.

1638. P. vaporaria Cooke (from the warm, moist air, in which it

luxuriates ; vaporarium, a stove) a b c.
Sub. a thin, firm, inseparable membrane. P. shallow, large,
torn, white to ivory.

Broadly effused. Moist woods on dead branches, decaying wood, rails, pine,
oak, poplar, alder, bamboo, running over dead leaves, on root wounds,
barked and injured places, squared timber in buildings ; very common.
Jan. -Dec. 4 in. Hartig states this fungus to be as destructive as the
" dry-rot " fungus 1680 on living spruce and pine. Ceriomyces {Ptychogaster)
rubescens is said by Saccardo to be an imperfect state of this. Var.
secernibilis Mass., separating from the matrix; white, then honey-colour;
fir-leaves under moss.

1639. P. hibernica Cooke (from the place where first observed,

Wicklow, Ireland) a.
Sub. a membrane, not separable from matrix. Po. small,
shallow, polygonal, not fimbriato-toothed, white ; marg. narrow,
thin, radiato-byssoid.

At first small, orbicular, then confluent and broadly extended. Decorticated
fir branches. Sept. 3J in.

1640. P. Gordoniensis Cooke (after the Marchioness of Kuntly) a c.
Sub. a thin, extremely delicate film, separable from matrix. Po.

minute, fimbriato-toothed, shining white, becoming faintly
yellowish-white ; marg. broad, barren, white.

Somewhat effused. Fir poles. Feb. 2§ in. Closely resembling 1639 in
general appearance.

1641. P. Vaillantii Cooke (after Leon Vaillant, French botanist) a b c.
Sub. a thin film, here and there traversed by ribs. Po. rather

large, shallow, produced here and there in clusters, white or
slightly rufescent; marg. broad, barren, bordered by broad
barren radiating growths ending in strands of mycelium.

Broadly effused. Dead wood. April-Oct. 6 in.

1642. P. farinella Cooke (from the pulverulent margin ; farina,

meal) a c.
Sub. a very delicate, thin film. Po. shallow, with a ragged,
toothed appearance ; marg. broad, barren, unwoven, edge

] ailverulent.

Broadly and irregularly effused. Old timber, dead wood, beech, oak, pine,
cedar. Dec. -.Mar. 4^ in. Fugacious to the touch.

362 POLYPORACE^E Porta

1643. P. hymenoeystis Cooke (from the cyst-like pores of the

hymenium) a b.

Sub. very thin, arachnoid. Po. large, shallow, irregular, dissepi-
ments scarious, collapsing, white, becoming pallid ; marg.
narrow, byssoid.

Black, rotten wood. 4 in.

1644. P. blepharistoma Cooke (from the eyelid-like appearance of

the pores ; Gr. blepharon, an eyelid, stoma, a mouth) a b.
Sub. a thin film. Po. small, dissepiments thin, edge finely

toothed, white ; marg. barren, edge minutely byssoid, somewhat

mealy. Myc. arachnoid.
Dead wood, decorticated branches, leaf-mould. July-Nov. 4 in.

1645. P. eorticola Cooke (from its growing on bark; cortex, bark,

co/o, to inhabit) a.
Sub. a film, firm. Po. very minute, often obsolete, or in small

irregular patches, white to biscuit ; marg. radiate, byssoid.
Poplar, birch, horse-chestnut, fir. 3^ in.

1646. P. reticulata Cooke (from the net-like hymenium ; rete, a

net) a c.
Sub. a thin film. Po. cup-like, somewhat large, white ; marg.
barren, radiato-floccose or byssoid.

Orbicular, confluent. Rotten wood. Sept. -Feb. 4 in. Very delicate,
soon disappearing.

1647. P. bathypora Cooke (from the deep cup-like pores ; Gr.

bat/ius, deep, poros, a pore) a.

Sub. a thin film. Po. cup-shaped, somewhat large, dissepiments

toothed, white, becoming brownish : marg. flaxy.

Effused. Dead oak, beech. 3J in. Sometimes 2-stratose. Resembling
the resupinate form of 1660.

1648. P. hybrida Cooke (from the possibility of its being a monstrous

form of 1559) a b c.

Sub. a thick felt-like membrane, white, sometimes branched,

sometimes forming small inflexed superimposed white pilei.

Po. very minute to large, shallow, to \ in. deep, torn, white

to biscuit ; marg. irregularly radiato-branched.

On oak in ships, etc., causing "dry-rot." Jan. -Dec. 7 in. Sometimes a
mere radiato-branched white membrane with a few small patches of pores
or forming pendulous masses from horizontal beams, with tubes beneath.

LXVI. TRAMETES Fr.

(From the generic distinction depending on the trama — the substance
which grows between the membranes of which the dissepiments
of the pores are composed.)

Trama continuous and homogeneous with the flesh of the pileus.
Pilcus, when present, woody, corky-woody, corky or soft. Stem

Trametes

POLYPORACEjE

363

none. Tubes unequal in length, rarely stratose. Pores subround,
more or less elongated radially, not labyrinthiform, entire, often
unequal in depth, dissepiments somewhat thick. (Fig. 81.)

Fig. 81. — Trametes gibbosa Fr. One-half natural size.
a, upper surface ; b, lower sufrace ; c, section.

Several species are fragrant of anise, never acid. Growing on
wood.

Intermediate between Polyporus and Dcedalea.

Species 1649— 1657a

a. Apodce. Without a stem.

Substance coloured. 1649

Substance white or whitish. 1650 — 1654

b. Resupinata. Resupinate. 1655 — 1657a

a. Apodce.

1649. T. Pini Fr. (from its habitat, pine) a b c.

P. pulvinate, sulcato-rugged, sienna to deep sepia ; marg.
yellowish. T. somewhat long, brown-yellowish to bright fer-
ruginous, rarely stratose. Po. large, irregular, oval. Flesh
corky-woody, brownish to deep sienna.

Odour faint, pleasant. Trunks, pine, fir. larch ; rare. Sept. -Oct. 5§ in.
Often covered with algae and lichens. Hartig states that this fungus is the
cause of the diseases known as " bark-shake " and " ring-shake " or " heart-
shake." The same as Polyporus Demidoffii Lev. according to Bresadola.

364 POLYPORACE^E Trametes

1649a. T. einnabarina Fr. (from the red-vermilion colour of the
pileus ; Gr. kinnabari) a.
P. fleshy, corky, convexo-plane, pubescent to glabrous, somewhat
zoned, rugulose, red-vermilion, not dark. T. and Po. some-
what crimson.
Connate. Trunks, birch, beech, etc. Oct. 35 X f in. ; projection 2 in.

1649b. T. Trogii Berk, ex Trog. (after J. G. Trog) a.

P. fleshy, convex, somewhat zoned, pilose, buff-white to pale buff.
T. white-buff. Po. variable in size, subangular, toothed. Flesh
white.
Connato-imbricate. Dead aspen. Oct. 5 x 2\ in. ; projection \\ in.

1650. T. gibbosa Fr. (from its thickness and convexity ; gibbus,

gibbous) a b c.

P. pulvinate, velvety, somewhat rugged behind, obsoletely zoned

and tuberculate, whitish-ochre, greyish at the obtuse marg.

T. long, faintly brownish-yellow. Po. round, oval, colour as

P. Flesh corky, compact, yellowish-white.

Sometimes imbricate. Odour slight of anise when fresh. Stumps, posts,
rails, oak, beech, willow, poplar ; not common. Oct. -Feb. 6 in. Not
always gibbous, sometimes thin.

1650a. T. rubeseens Fr. (from the pores becoming sienna-red) a.

P. dimidiate, corky, thin, smooth, at length rugoso-zoned, white

to rose-salmon and olive-brown, densely pulverulent. Po.

roundish, irregular, white-salmon, clouded rose-colour.

Salix caprea. Oct. if x \\ in. Pores and flesh changing from white to
crimson on being scratched.

1651. T. Bulliardii Fr. (after Pierre Bulliard) a c.

P. pulvinate, whitish, yellowish or brownish, sometimes zoned
dark brown ; marg. greyish or pale ochre. T. long, vinous-
yellowish. Po. large, irregularly roundish or sinuous. Flesh
faintly brownish-white, becoming fuscous.

Fragrant. Dead wood. Sept. -Oct. 5! in. Closely allied to Dcedalea.

1652. T. suaveolens Fr. (from its fragrance ; suavis, sweet) a b c.

P. pulvinate, villous, sometimes rugged, zoneless, whitish. T.
long, sometimes irregular or short, whitish. Po. roundish,
whitish, becoming fuscous. Flesh corky-soft, whitish or dull
straw-colour.

Often imbricate. Odour of anise till dry. Trunks, willow, lime, etc. ;
uncommon. Oct. -Dec. 6f in. Often enveloping grass and twigs.

1653. T. odora Fr. (from its fragrance, odor) a.

P. pulvinate, uneven to smooth, zoneless, ivory-white or grey-
whitish. T. shorter than in 1652, white or pale buff-white.
Po. minute, roundish, half the size of 1652. Flesh corky-
elastic, white.

Willow ; rare. Jan. 3J in.

Tra metes POLYPORACE^E 365

1654. T. inodora Fr. (from its being scentless, inodorus) a.

P. expanded, thin, tomentose, smooth, zoneless, white or greyish-
white. T. long, unchanging white. Po. minute, roundish.
Flesh corky-firm, white.

Stumps, beech. 2\ in.

b. Resupinatce.

1655. T. mollis Fr. (from its soft substance ; mollis, soft) a b c.

Sub. somewhat membranous, whitish. T. shallow. Po. large,
cup-shaped, irregular, yellowish- or brownish-white, becoming
fuscous, then black ; marg. broadly barren, determinate, then
revolute, pubescent beneath.

Often broadly effused. Dead wood, beech ; common. Jan. -Dec. 4J in.
Probably lasting for two years.

1656. T. Terryi B. & Br. (after Michael Terry) a.

Sub. pulvinate, corky, suborbicular, 1 in. thick, whitish ; marg.
determinate, undulate. T. shallow, 4-stratose in examples
first found. Po. irregular, with thin walls. Flesh dry, with
4-5 annual growths, white.

Odour none. Beech. 4 in.

1657. T. serpens Fr. (from its frequent sinuous creeping habit;

serpens, creeping) a b e.
Sub. somewhat pulvinate, Yfi m- thick, arid, white. T. shallow
to somewhat elongate. Po. large, somewhat round, unequal,
ivory-white ; marg. barren, determinate, pubescent.

At first orbicular, soon confluent. Hornbeam, privet, oak, oak chips in tan
pits, squared oak timber, beech. Aug. -Jan. 5^ in. Polyporus Stevensii
B. & Br. Must not be confounded with 1553.

1657a. T. purpuraseens B. & Br. (from the hymenium becoming
purple).
Sub. somewhat leathery, subtomentose, chestnut. T. rigid,
becoming purple. Po. small.

Dead willow, f in.

LXVII. DjEDALEA Pers.

(From the Cretan labyrinth made by Da^dalos — in reference to the

intricate, labyrinthine pores.)

Agreeing with Ira metes, except in the firmer and sometimes
thicker dissepiments of the pores, which, when fully grown are
irregularly sinuous or labyrinthine, the floccose substance of the hard
pileus descending unchanged into the trama. (Fig. 82.)

Inodorous. Species 1658 — 1666

Corky-woody, dimidiate, sessile. 1658 — 1661

366

POLYPORACEiE

Dadalea

Coriaceous, dimidiate, sessile.

Resupinate.

Resupinate or effuso-reflexed, of uncertain affinity.

1662, 1663

1664, 1665

1666

Fig. 82. — Dcedalea quercina Pers. One-half natural size.
A, upper surface ; B, lower surface ; c, section.

1658. D. quercina Pers. (from its habitat — oak, quercus) a b c.

P. somewhat zoned, rugulose, uneven, somewhat smooth, buff-
brown, darker behind. T. long. Po. at first simple, then
labyrinthine, edge obtuse, whitish-salmon. Flesh pale sienna.

Single or imbricate ; perennial. Sometimes on squared timber. Jan. -Dec.
7 in. Sometimes resupinate. Occurs in peat-beds in the eastern counties
and in the lake-side pile-dwellings of Switzerland and Italy.

1659. D. aurea Fr. (from its golden colours; aurum, gold) a c.

P. somewhat zoned, rugulose, uneven, coarsely velvety, orange-
or yellowish-brown. T. somewhat long. Po. simple then
sublabyrinthine, opaque sienna-orange. Flesh sienna-white.

Single to imbricate. Dead oak. 2§ in. Pores usually rounder than 1658.

1660. D. eonfragosa Pers. (from the rugged pileus; confragus,

rough) a b.
P. roughly rugulose and zoned, buff- or liver-brown. T. some-
what long. Po. moderately large, chiefly round and oblong, or

Dadalea POLYPORACE.E 367

sublabyrinthine, pale umber, becoming darker. Flesh pale

sienna.

Single, rarely subimbricate. Oak, willow, poplar, beech, service. Oct.-
Feb. 5§ in. In drying smells of stinking fish.

1661. D. einerea Fr. (from its ashy pileus ; cinereus, ash-colour) a c.
P. undulate, zoned, tomentose, whitish-umber to greyish ; z.

darker. T. somewhat long. Po. round to oblong and laby-
rinthine, whitish to ashy or biscuit. Flesh white to biscuit.
Single to imbricate ; perennial. Dead trunks. Jan. -Dec. 4$ in.

1662. D. polyzona Pers. (from the many-zoned pileus; Gr. fiolus,

many) a c.
P. tomentose, yellowish-brown, darker or reddish behind ; z.
dark brown. T. somewhat long, sometimes in two strata. Po.
sublabyrinthine, buff-white. Flesh somewhat thin, buff-white.

Imbricate. Jan.-Dec. Si ^n-

1663. D. unieolop Fr. (from its single colour; unus, one, color,

colour) a b c.
P. somewhat rugged, villoso-strigose, zoned, yellowish-brown.
T. moderately long. Po. labyrinthiform, sometimes of two
strata, pale buff. Flesh pale buff.

Single to imbricate, sometimes resupinate and effused with small development
of pileus. Stumps, rails, birch, beech, acacia, maple, oak, willow, chestnut,
hornbeam ; common. Jan.-Dec. 4J in. Flesh sometimes much eaten by
larvae.

1664. D. latissima Fr. (from its broadly spreading habit ; latus,

broad) a b c.
Sub. from a film to £ in. thick, undulate. Po. of varying depths,
small, round to sublabyrinthine, narrow, distant, colour of
washleather; marg. barren.

Dead wood, branches, beech ; rare. 5 in. Sometimes effused for 2 ft.

1665. D. vermieularis Pers. (from the colour, or the worm-like shape

of the pores ; vermis, a worm) a.
Sub. thin to \ in. Po. shallow, partly elongated to -J in. deep,
sinuous, round near the barren marg., very pale salmon, or
partly white and partly pale flesh-colour.

On the ground, in contact with wood and earth. Aug. 5^ in.

1666. D. ferruginea Schum. (from its colour of iron-rust ; ferrum,

iron) a.

P. at first white-villous, becoming yellowish-sienna or yellowish-
brown ; z. 2-3, umber. T. \ in. deep, round to sublabyrinthine,
tawny or yellowish-sienna ; marg. barren, white-villous. Flesh
i in., pale yellowish-sienna.

Imbricato-connate. Dead wood, ij in.

368 POLYPORACE.E Merulius

LXVIII. MERULIUS Halle.

(From the common colours of the hymenium, yellow or orange,
or partially black, the colours of the beak and plumage of the
blackbird, merula)

Resupinate. Pileus, when present, effuso-reflexed. Stem none.
Hymenophore a soft, woven, mucedinous mycelium, covered with the

^*>&DcQ£e!4gSCif^r*G^^S^:-^!ZS£<*zx&*^&.

Fig. 83. — Merulius lacryvians Schum., entire and
section above. One-third natural size.

waxy-soft, porous, gyrose or obsoletely toothed hymenium. Spores
white or ferruginous. On wood, sawdust, leaves, mosses, etc., rarely
on the ground. (Fig. 83.) Species 1666a— 1681

a. Leptosporce. Spores white.

Pileus effuso-reflexed, circumference determinate.

1666a— 1669

Resupinato-effused, flaxy-membranous, separating, flaxy
beneath and at the circumference. 1670 — 1674

Crustaceo-adnate, somewhat flaxy at the circumference.

1675—1679

b. Coniophorce. Spores ferruginous. Hymenium at length

pulverulent with spores. 1680, 1681

a. Leptosporce.

1666a. M. eonfluens Schwein. (from the habit, small growths
becoming confluent into large patches) a.
Resupinate, longitudinally effused, somewhat fleshy, vinous
biscuit-colour ; marg. free, inflexed, subtomentose, biscuit-
colour. Po. very small, uneven, reticulate.

When the small patches become confluent, the lines of junction become raised
as irregular hexagons. Branches, alder. Aug. Small growths papillate,
about § in. diam. Confluent masses about 3-4 in.

Merulius POLYPORACE^ 369

1667. M. tremellosus Schrad. (from the tremulous substance) a b c.
P. dentato-squarrose near marg., yellowish- white, salmon shaded.

Po. pale ochre to yellowish-white, brownish-ochre at base ;
marg. barren, white. Flesh fleshy-tremellose, approaching
Tremella, very pale blue-grey and pale salmon.

Connato-imbricate. Odour strong, fungoid. Decayed trees, wood, beech,
birch, oak ; rare. Aug.-Feb. 6 in. At first resupinate. Hymenium
usually rich vinous-brown when dry.

1668. M. aurantiaeus Berk, (from the colour ; aurtim, gold) a.

P. tomentose, sometimes zoned, dull yellowish-white, or ashy.

Po. somewhat poriform, minute, dull orange; marg. broad,

barren. Flesh fleshy-coriaceous.
Dead trunks, beech ; rare. May. if in.

1669. M. eorium Fr. (from the thin leather-like subiculum; corium,

skin, leather) a b c.

P. becoming slightly reflexed, paper-like, zoned, villous-hairy,

separating, white. Po. small, gyrose or pore-like, flesh-colour,

pale tan, orange-yellow, orange or sienna-orange ; marg. broad,

barren, white. Flesh soft.

Dead wood, trunks, branches, hornbeam, oak, furze, moss, sometimes on old
beams, etc., in houses, sometimes pendulous, like a small inverted cup ;
common. Mar.-Jan. d\ in.

1670. M. lsetieolor B. & Br. (from the colour ; Icetus, bright) a.

Po. at first obsolete, then plicato-rugose, distant, bright orange ;

marg. broad, barren, white.
Coarse sawdust and leaves, oak, pine, mountain-ash. Nov. 3 in.

1671. M. aureus Fr. (from the colour ; aureus , golden) a e.

Po. large, walls thin, plicato-porous, orange or golden-yellow;

marg. broad, barren, sulphur.

Pine boards, pine-leaves and cones. Oct. 2| in. Hymenium dark brown
when dry.

1672. M. himantioides Fr. (from the thong-like shape of the folds of

the hymenium ; Gr. himas, a thong, eidos, appearance) a b e.

Po. porous to gyrose, folds tooth- or thong-like, yellow to dull

ochre or yellow-olivaceous ; marg. barren, white or sulphur.

Dead wood, fir, cherry, club-moss ; rare. Sept. -Dec. 7! in. Hymenium
olive or dark brown when dry.

1673. M. molluseus Fr. (from the soft substance ; molluse?ts, soft) a b c.
Po. large, round, poroso-gyrose, flesh-colour, deep carnation or

ochre to rich orange; marg. broad, barren, white. Hym.

rufous or vinous-brown when dry.

Wood, branches, fir, sometimes spreading over and conjoining fallen twigs ;
uncommon. Sept. -Feb. 8 in.

1674. M. fugax Fr. (from its collapsing hymenium and fugitive

habit ; fugio, to flee) a b c. Byssoid to membranous, very
thin.
Po. reticulate, feebly developed and soon collapsing, white to

2 B

370

POLYPORACEiE Merulius

yellowish-white; marg. very broad, barren, white. Hy??i.
brown when dry.
Bark, pine, alder. Nov. -Jan. 3J in. Pores sometimes not developed.

1675. M. porinoides Fr. (from the poriform folds of the hymenium)

a b c.
Po. large, round, dissepiments feeble, pale dull yellowish or
brownish-ochre ; marg. broad, barren, white to yellowish-white.
Dead wood, chips, bark, fir, on the ground ; rare. Sept. \\ in.

1676. M. rufus Pers. (from the reddish hymenium; rufus, reddish)

a b c. Waxy-soft.

Po. regular, round, medium to small, red-sienna, or light to dark

vinous-brown ; marg. obsolete, or narrow and irregular, barren,

colour as Po.

Often effused. Dead wood, oak, willow ; uncommon. May-Feb. 3J in.
Vinous-blackish when dry. Greatly resembling a resupinate Polyporus.

1677. M. serpens Tode (from its wavy, creeping habit ; serpo, to

creep) a b c. Inseparable, thin.

Po. wrinkled to round, angular, entire, dissepiments sometimes
feeble, pale to ochreous-salmon or red ; marg. broad, barren,
white. Hym. dark vinous- or rufous-brown when dry.

Fir, lime, ash, cedar, cones; rare. Oct. -Mar. 6 \ in.

1678. M. pallens Berk, (from its pale colour ; palko, to be pale) a b c.

Inseparable, somewhat gelatinous.

Po. round, but variable, minute to somewhat large, feebly
developed, pale reddish- or brownish-salmon, sometimes
orange-brown ; marg. indeterminate, barren. Hym. pale purple-
umber to deep vinous-brown when dry.

Fir, oak ; rare. June-Dec. 3§ in.

1679. M. Carmiehselianus Berk, (after Capt. Dugald Carmichael) a c.

Confluent, very thin.
Po. large to small, often hexagonal, very shallow, with feeble

dissepiments, white ; marg. narrow, obsoletely punctate, edge

finely laciniate.
Bark. 3J in. Brown when dry.

b. Coniop 'horcs.

1680. M. laerymans Schum. (from the watery drops on the fully

developed hymenium ; lachryma, a tear) a b c.

Spongy-fleshy, arachnoid-velvety below, sometimes reflexed with

a small extended rugose whitish more or less imperfect P.

Po. large, round to gyroso-toothed, sienna-orange, yellowish

towards the barren tomentose white or salmon marg. Flesh

grey-whitish-flesh colour or vinous-brown. Hym. dark brown,

sometimes almost black when dry.

Odour very strong, fungoid, penetrating. Dressed wood in buildings, spread-
ing over brickwork, plaster, mortar, carpets, etc. Does not grow out
of houses in this country. Jan. -Dec. 1 ft. 5J in. The fungus of " dry-
rot." The flesh gives a red stain to paper like 1517. Var. pulverulentus

MeruHus

POLYPORACE^E

371

Fr., a membranous form, with a somewhat more feeble development of
pores than in type. Must not be confused with 1884, a plant which has
no pores.
1681. M. squalidus Fr. (from its squalid appearance) a b c. Smooth,
with extensive barren places.
Po. large to small, somewhat sinuous, hyaline flesh-colour ;
marg. broad, barren, paler, fibrillose at edge. Hym. dull,
dark vinous-umber or purple slate-black when dry.
Hornbeam, posts, dressed wood. Feb. 3J in.
1681a. M. Guillemotii Boud. (after M. Guillemot) a.

P. dimidiate, imbricate, smooth, white, becoming greyish with age.
Po. gyrose, subgelatinous, fulvous to brassy-orange, slightly
olive, pulverulent with spores. Flesh white to pale lavender.
On posts, palings, willow. June- Sept. 4! x 2% in. ; projection 2§ in.

LXIX. POROTHELIUM Fr.

(From the perforate tubercles, spines or teat-like teeth ;
Gr. poroS) a pore, t/iek, a teat.)

Subkulum more or less membranous, bearing obtuse, or elongate,
distinct papillae, which are at first closed, then open in the form of
pores or tubes. On dead branches, etc. (Fig. 84.)

J. &o0o2!0c?oO oj.Oi§g|ai

CUo, n 0_00 o-Q^q<£0OoqgO

o ^ oO o o

Q

Fig. 84. — a, Porot helium fimbriatum Fr., one-half natural size. B, pores ; c, section when
grown horizontally ; d, ditto when grown vertically. X 10. e, P. Friesii Mont., papillae
from a damp position ; f, ditto from a dry position ; G, section. X 10.

2 B 2

372 POLYPORACEyE Porothelium

Closely allied to Fistulina, with which it agrees in the fimbriate
mouths of the free tubercles. or tubes. The tubes frequently distil
drops of fluid in damp positions. The appearance commonly
somewhat resembles effused groups of minute ALcidia.

Species 1682 — 1686

Massee places this genus in Hydnacece.

Fries has made Solenia follow Porothelium ^ but in Solemn each
cup or cylinder is a complete plant, not a mere tube. To find a
place in the PolyporacecB each cup should be furnished with tubes.
The true place for Solenia is after Cyphella in the Thelephoracece.

1682. P. flmbriatum Fr. (from the fimbriate margin of the subiculum)

a c.
Sub. separable. Pa. hemispherical, immersed, small, biscuit-
colour ; marg. broad, barren, fimbriate, white.

Birch, beech. 3§ in. General appearance much like the pore surface of a
minutely pored resupinate Polyporus. Pa. sometimes distant. Often with
extensive barren places on subiculum.

1683. P. Friesii Mont, (after Elias Fries) a b e.

Sub. less fimbriate than 1682. Pa. hemispherical, immersed,
somewhat larger than in 1682, varying from minute to larger,
ivory or pale brown.

Pine, juniper. Sept. -Feb. 3 in.

1684. P. Stevensonii B. & Br. (after the Rev. Dr. John Stevenson) a.
Sub. somewhat thick, gelatinous. Pa. elongate, whitish or pale

yellowish, each bearing a diaphanous, yellow globule ; marg.
rather coarsely hispid, then more or less denuded.

Pine, squared pine. 3f in. The mycelium imparts a sweet scent to
the wood.

1685. P. Keithii B. & Br. (after the Rev. Dr. James Keith).

Sub. adnate, gelatinous in centre. Pa. short, collapsing, pallid ;
marg. very thin, at first somewhat gelatinous.

Dead fir. April.

1686. P. eonfusum B. & Br. (from its having been confounded with

other members of the genus).
Sub. adnate, at first floccoso-pulverulent. Pa. very small, pallid ;

marg. thin, arachnoid.
Fir sticks. June-Sept.

Hydnum HYDNACE^: 373

Fam. III. HYDNACE^.

Hymenium inferior in the stipitate and dimidiate species, superior
in the resupinate series, bearing from the first persistent spines, teeth,
tubercles, papillae or wart-like folds.

Basidia tetrasporous except in Kneiffia, where they are mono-
sporous ; Mucronella, which has been described as monosporous, is
sometimes tetrasporous. Species 1687 — 1780

Key to the Genera.

Pileate.

Gelatinous 71 Tremellodon

Fleshy. Teeth flattened, irregular 72 Sistotrema.

Pileate or resupinate. Fleshy. Spines acute, distinct at base 70 Hydnum.

Resupinate.

Hymenium bearing somewhat acute teeth which spring

from folds or ridges 73 Irpex.

Hymenium bearing teeth in the form of coarse

deformed tubercles 74 Radulum.

Hymenium covered with folds or wrinkles 75 Phlebia.

Hymenium covered with granules —

Apices excavated 76 Grandinia.

Apices penicellate 77 Odontia.

Hymenium covered with minute acute spicules 78 Kneiffia.

Hymenium bearing teeth in the form of long scattered

usually distant bristles. Subiculum nearly

obsolete 79 Mu cronella .

LXX. HYDNUM L.

(From the Greek name for a truffle, Aydnon, appropriated without

reason by Linnaaus for this genus.)

Hymenium inferior in the first four series, superior in the fifth.
Spines awl-shaped, acute, distinct at the base. (Fig. 85.)

Species 1687—1745

Mesopod^e. Stem central. Terrestrial, chiefly in pine woods.

a. Carnosce. Pileus fleshy, somewhat fragile, stem solid.
Mostly edible.

Pileus scaly or tomentose. Spines changing colour.

1687—1690

Pileus even, smooth. Spines changing colour. 1691 — 1693

Spines unchangeable, unicolorous, whitish, or pale shades of

ochre, buff or brownish. 1694—1697

374

HYDXACE^E

Hydnum

b. Lignosce. Pileus corky or coriaceous.

Spines changing colour, and, as well as the spores, somewhat

fuscous. 1698—1700

Spines changing colour, and, as well as the spores, ferruginous.

1701, 1702
Spines unchangeable, spores whitish. 1703 — 1706

PLEUROPODiE.

Stem lateral, somewhat dimidiate. 1707

Fig. 85. — A, Hydnum repandiwi L., section, one-half natural size. E, H. auri-
scalpium L., entire, one-half natural size, c, ditto, section through pileus, natural
size, d, H. erinaceus Bull., section, one-half natural size, e, H.ochracetun Pers. ,
entire, one-half natural size. f, ditto, section, one-half natural size. G, H.
squalinum Fr., section, one-half natural size.

Merismat^e. Branched.

Very much branched. 1708

Simple, as seen without cutting, tuberculiform, immarginate,

but slightly branched as seen in section. 1709, 1710

Apod^e. Stem absent.

Pileus fleshy, soft. 1711—1713

Caespitose. Pilei imbricate, commonly pliant, tough. 1714
Simple. Pileus coriaceous or corky. 1715

Hydnum HYDNACE2E 375

Resupinat^. Pileus none. Spines vertical or oblique according to
situation.

Spines fuscous, ferruginous. 1716 — 1723

Spines yellowish, greenish. 1724 — 1736

Spines flesh-colour, lilac, rufescent. 1737, 1738

Spines white, or light yellowish when old. 1739 — 1745

Mesopod^e.
a. Car jw see.

1687. H. imbrieatum L. (from the imbricate scales of the pileus)

a b e.
P. at length depressed, rich, dark claret-brown, the innate sc.
exposing the paler flesh. St. even, whitish- or yellowish-claret-
brown, base as P. Sp. decurrent, pale brownish-biscuit. Flesh
pale claret-brown in upper part of P., white elsewhere.

Usually single. Said to be edible. Taste when cooked like tough liver,
bitter, disagreeable. Amongst firs ; rare. Sept. -Nov. 9 J x 2 J x I J in.

1688. H. squamosum Schaeff. (from the scaly pileus ; squama, a

scale) a.
P. at length depressed, breaking up into rough irregular sc,
brownish- or vinous-salmon ; sc. brownish. St. equal or
attenuate downwards, somewhat scaly, pale- or brownish-buff,
sometimes darker below. Sp. decurrent, purplish-salmon.
Flesh pale purplish-salmon, almost white.

Often connate. Amongst mosses in pine woods. Sept.- Oct. 2§X I^xf in.

1689. H. seabrosum Fr. (from the rough, scaly pileus ; seabrosus,

rough) a b.
P. turbinate, then plane, usually uneven, squamulose, pale vinous-
umber ; mid. darker ; marg. white ; sc. umber. St. attenuate
downwards, vinous, umber or cinereous, blackish at base. Sp.
decurrent, buff-ivory or ferruginous with a grey fuscous effect.
Flesh salmon-ivory.
Usually single. Woods, pine. Sept. 4 x i| X 1 in.

1690. H. molle Fr. (from the downy pileus ; mollis, soft) a c. White.
P. at length depressed, tomentose. St. almost equal. Sp.

decurrent. Flesh pale, brownish-white.

Woods, pine. 4 x if X 1 in.

1691. H. lsevigatum Swartz (from the smooth pileus ; lu-ris, even) a b.
P. at length depressed, pale yellowish-umber. St. equal, whitish

above, colour as P. below. Sp. decurrent, pale brown.

Woods, pine. Aug. -Nov. 4^ X if X I in. Sometimes occurs three times
the size of (hawing. Becoming more or less black in drying.

$y6 HYDNACEvE Hydnum

1692. H. fragile Fr. (from its fragility) a b.

P. at length depressed, at first pubescent, then smooth and sub-
squamulose, yellowish-brown to reddisb-brown-buff, zoned
darker. St. unequal, greyish, brownish-grey or as P., some-
times vinous-brown below. Sp. decurrent, ivory-grey or dull
pale grey-ochre. Flesh pale brown or pale vinous, darker at
base of St.

Odour of curry powder. Woods, pine, amongst heath ; rare. Sept. -Nov.
4§ x 2§ X i in.

1693. H. fusipes Pers. (from the fusiform stem ; fusts, a spindle,

pes, a foot) a.

P. fibrous, tough, lobed, becoming subdepressed, cold umber to
deep claret-brown ; marg. paler, sometimes with a narrow
white edge. St. colour as P., usually paler. Sp. decurrent,
very short, salmon- or brown-whitish. Flesh white or shaded,
pale salmon or brownish.

Woods, pine. Sept. i\ x \\ X \\ in.

1694. H. repandum L. (from the repand pileus in old examples)

a b c.

P. somewhat smooth, rarely floccoso-pruinose, pale buff. St.

almost equal, paler than P. Sp. decurrent, colour as St. Flesh

white, becoming as P.

Subgregarious. Sometimes in rings. Edible, but requires stewing slowly
for four hours. Woods ; common. Aug. -Nov. 4^ x if X I in. Becoming
wholly ochre or orange in drying.

1695. H. rufeseens Pers. (from the rufescent colour) a c.

P. thin, somewhat lobed, pulvinate to plane, pubescent, buff,
orange-brown or brown. St. almost equal, frequently excentric,
pale yellowish, yellow- or bright-cinnamon. Sp. adnato-
decurrent, pale ochre to bright cinnamon. Flesh white to pale
rufescent.

Sometimes connate. Woods ; frequent. Sept. 3f X 3J X 5 in.

1696. H. acre Quel, (from the acrid taste) a.

P. turbinate, flattish, pale yellowish, olive shaded; mid. darker.

St. equal, colour as P. or darker. Sp. decurrent, ^ in., colour

as P. Flesh pale yellowish, greyish or pale brownish.

Poisonous. Taste bitter-acrid. Woods, pine, chestnut, sandy places.
5 X i| X I in.

1697. H. fuligineoalbum Schmidt (from the smoky-whitish stem;

fuligo, soot, albtis, white) a c.

P. convex, becoming depressed, repand, squamulose ; sc.

brownish on an umber-white ground. St. scaly, dull salmon.

Sp. decurrent, pale vinous-brown. Flesh white, clouded pale

rosy-brown or pale sienna.

Woods, pine, pastures near woods. 4^ X if X £in. Becoming dull vinous-
brown in drying.

Hydnum HYDNACE/E 377

b. Lignosce.

1698. H. eompaetum Pers. (from its compact substance) a b c.

P. irregular, plane, tuberculose, orange-sienna or umber, some-
times ivory, shaded grey. St. irregular, tuberculose, orange-
sienna or umber. Sp. decurrent, salmon-brown. Flesh zoned
brown and bright blue, or ivory and pale blue, the blue
gradually becoming indigo.

Often confluent and misshapen. Amongst firs, heather, etc. Aug.-Nov.
3§ X i| X 1^ in. Becomes blackish in drying.

1699. H. aurantiaeum A. & S. (from the colour ■ aurum^ gold) a b c.
P. convex or turbinate, becoming flat, rugged, yellowish-orange

or yellowish- sienna, buff when young. St. sienna-orange
above, deep sienna below. Sp. decurrent, white to ivory-
ochre, sometimes orange near St. Flesh pale dull orange.

Inodorous. Woods, pine. Sept. -Nov. 2f X 1 J X § in. Becoming vinous-
brown in drying.

1700. H. ferrugineum Fr. (from the rust-of-iron colour; ferrum,

iron) a c.

P. flat or slightly depressed, rugged, sienna-umber, at first downy,

exuding blood-red drops. St. unequal, pale ochre, umber or

slate. Sp. decurrent, reddish-salmon. Flesh pale yellow,

vertically brown-streaked.

Often confluent, woods, involving fir-leaves, grass, etc. Frequently connate.
Woods, pine, under ling. Aug. -Oct. 4^ x if X 1 in.

1700a. H. einereum Bull, (from the grey pileus and spines ; ciuis,
ashes).
P. corky to woody, becoming infundibuliform, covered with
small elevations, villous, white to grey, varying vinous or
umber. St. somewhat ventricose, vinous-ivory, somewhat
brown below. Sp. decurrent, short, white to grey and pale
olive-brown. Flesh white, vinous-buff below.
Often connate. Woods. Sept. 2f x 2 x | in.

1701. H. serobieulatum Fr. (from the pitted pileus ; serobis, a

trench) a b c.
P. rugged, tuberculose, downy; mid., tubercles and marg. deep
sienna on a salmon ground. St. rugged, unequal, smooth,
often rooting, vinous-salmon above, vinous-blackish below, or
umber. Sp. decurrent, colour as P. or lighter. Flesh vinous-
salmon, zoned vinous-brown.

Involving pine-leaves, etc. Often connate. Woods, fir, amongst ling.
Aug. -Nov. if x i\ X f in.

1702. H. zonatum Batsch (from the frequently zoned pileus) a b c.
P. depressed; mid. rugged-squarrose ; marg. radiato-rugose, 1-12

zoned, z. sometimes nearly obsolete, ferruginous. St. unequal,

rugged, floccose, colour as P. Sp. decurrent, small, slender,

pallid to ferruginous. Flesh rich vinous-brown.

Commonly involving moss, leaves, etc., sometimes full of embedded fir-
leaves ; fragrant. Woods, fir, oak ; rare. Aug.-Nov. 2\ x ig X g in.

378 HYDNACE.E Hydnwn

1702a. H. Queletii Fr. ex Quel, (after Dr. Lucien Quelet) a.

P. fleshy, coriaceous, plane, then depressed, zoneless, or with
one zone, somewhat rugoso-radiate, vinous-sienna, darker at
mid. j marg. white. St. colour as P., paler above. Flesh pale
salmon-umber.
Often connate. On the ground in woods. Oct. 2 x 1 X T3^ in.

1703. H. nigrum Fr. (from the blackish colour ; ?iiger, black) a b c.
P. turbinate, rugged-tubercular, tomentose, lavender-grey, purple

or blackish-blue ; z. 2-5, deep purple. St. unequal, lavender-
umber, shaded umber, to black. Sp. decurrent, lavender-
whitish, greyish or purple. Flesh slate or deep purple.
Often connate. Woods, pine. Sept. -Nov. 2f x I \ X § in.

1704. H. graveolens Fr. (from its strong odour ; gravis, strong, oleo,

to smell) a b c.

P. thin, zoneless, smooth, rugose, depressed, pale to dark umber

or black-fuscous ; marg. paler or whitish. St. equal, smooth,

colour as P. Sp. decurrent, grey. Flesh umber.

Usually ccespitose and confluent, rarely solitary. Odour heavy, spicy-sweet,
like curry powder. Woods, fir, oak ; rare. Sept .-Nov. if x 2 X J in.
Varied in shape and size, sometimes spathulate. Examples gathered in
1855 retained their odour in 1901. Stem sometimes very short.

1705. H. melaleueum Fr. (from the black pileus and white spines ;

Gr. melas, black, leukos, white) a c.
P. thin, plane, depressed, slate-blackish or slate-brownish or dark

brown-grey ; z. darker ; marg. whitish ; when young pale umber

with white marg. St. smooth, ashy-grey to slate-blackish. Sp.

adnato-decurrent, white or whitish. Flesh umber-white to

slate.
Sometimes ccespitose. Odour none. Amongst pines. Sept. if x \\ X ^ in.

1706. H. eyathiforme Schaeff. (from the pileus, sometimes cup-

shaped ; cyathus, a cup, forma, form) a b c.
P. thin, plano-infundibuliform, tomentose, somewhat rugged at
mid., brown-whitish to dark claret-brown ; marg. sometimes
white-tomentose ; z. 3-1 1, darker, when dry very glossy. St.
unequal, smooth, sometimes almost obsolete, colour as P. or
darker. Sp. adnato-decurrent, dull salmon or salmon-grey.

Sometimes connate. Woods, fir. Aug.-Nov. 2f x if X f in. With the
exception of the spines, sometimes much like 1525.

PLEUROPOD/E.

1707. H. aurisealpium L. (from the shape of small examples;

auriscalpium, an ear-pick) a b c.

P. thin, coriaceous, reniform, hispid-hairy, brownish-salmon or

brown, sometimes blackish ; z. darker. St. rooting, hispid,

often branched, colour as P. Sp. white, salmon or brown.

Flesh pale umber or salmon-white.

Sometimes springing from thick rhizomorphoid growths with stems some-
times without pilei. Fir-cones, fir-leaves. May-Dec. j x 2 x ^ in.

Hydnum HYDNACEiE 379

Merismatve.

1708. H. eoralloides Scop, (from its appearance, like branched white

coral ; Gr. korallion, coral, eidos, appearance) a b c.

Much and narrowly branched, wholly white, becoming faintly

buff or yellowish. Sp. TV to § in. long.

Trunks, beech, birch, ash, oak, etc. ; rare. Oct. 12 x 7j in. Sometimes
dark brown when dry.

1709. H. erinaeeus Bull, (from a fancied resemblance, when young,

to a hedgehog, erinaeeus) a b c.

Slightly and broadly branched, wholly white, becoming pale

yellowish. Sp. il to 2f in. long, pendulous in large tufts.

Flesh branched, cancellate.

Taste mild. Trunks, oak, beech, hornbeam, alder, etc. ; rare. Sept. -Nov.
13 x 13 in. Sometimes dark brown when dry. Sometimes very large and
heavy, weighing 22 lbs. or more.

1710. H. eaputmedusse Pers. (from a fancied resemblance to

Medusa's head ; caput, a head) a b c.
Sp. in connate, tuberculiform groups, \ to \\ in. long, growing in

various directions in matted locks as of hair, substipitate, wholly

white or ivory, becoming grey.
Trunks ; rare. Diam. 6 J in.

1710a. H. Sehiedermayeri Heuf. (after K. B. Schiedermayer) a.

Fleshy, immarginate, ivory-white, becoming buff when old. Sp.

I to I in. long. Flesh somewhat cancellate, pale sulphur,

becoming buff below when old.

Connato-imbricate. Growing from cracks in bark of old apple trunks. In
connato-imbricate groups of various sizes, each example \\ X I in.
Groups 6 x 3 or 4 in.

Apod^e.

1711. H. eirrhatum Pers. (from the pileus, clad with small curls, like

little locks of hair ; cirrus, a curl) a b c.

P. pulvinate, expanded, dark biscuit-colour ; marg. fimbriate.

Sp. f to \ in. long, paler than P. Flesh paler than P.

Imbricate or simple. Trunks, beech. Aug. Group 7 in. Diam. 5J in.
Sometimes dark brown when dry.

1712. H. diversidens Fr. (from the spines, differing from the scale-

like growths on the pileus ; divcrsus, diverse, dens, a tooth) a b c.
Wholly biscuit-colour, pale to dark.
P. somewhat lobed, thick, beset with small variously shaped sc.

Substipitate, obscurely branched. Irregularly imbricate. Trunks, hornbeam,
oak, beech, birch. Oct. Diam. 5^ in. One cause of " white-rot."

1713. H. puleherrimum B. & Curt, (from its appearance ; pulcher-

rimus, very beautiful) a c.
P. pulvinate, fleshy-fibrous, spongy-soft, dimidiate, expanded,

380 HYDNACE^E Hydnum

stiffly-downy, white, shaded, pale tawny ; marg. thin, lobed.
Sp. variable in size, \ to \ in., tawny.
Subimbricate. Oct. Diam. if in.

1714. H. multiplex Fr. (from the many folds of the pileus ; multus,

many, plecto, to twist) a c.
P. thin, leathery, deeply folded, spathulate, velvety, rich brown.

Sp. Yt in. long, crowded, very slender, grey, shaded brownish.

Flesh bright brown, paler than P.
Imbricate. Group 4J in. in diam.

1715. H. oehraeeum Pers. (from the ochreous colour) a b c.

Sub. thin. P. when present, thin, pale ochreous, zoned, usually

resupinate or with marg. slightly upturned and forming more

or less perfect connate pilei. Sp. very small, somewhat

blunt, ochreous flesh-colour, orange-buff, sometimes fawn, rarely

dull crimson.

Trunks, oak, branches, fir-leaves, bramble, apple, moss ; common. Oct.-
April. Diam. 5 in. Readily separating from matrix.

Resupinatve.

1716. H. squalinum Fr. (from a fancied resemblance in the spines to

sharks' teeth ; squalus, a shark) a c.
Sub. adnate, coriaceous, pale yellowish-fawn. Sp. entire, stout,

compressed, rounded at apex, T3^ in. long, colour as Sub.
Trunks, beech. Diam. 2§ in.

1717. H. fuseoatrum Fr. (from the dusky-black clouding ; fuscus,

dusky, afer, black) a c.

Sub. a thin film, glaucous, flocculoso-pruinose, salmon-umber;
mid. darker ; or dark brown shading into sienna and brown-
ochre at marg. Sp. short, conico-subulate, acute, colour
as Sub.

Rotten wood, birch, , beech, alder. Diam. 2.\ in.

1718. H. membranaeeum Bull, (from the membranous subiculum)

a b c.
Sub. an effused waxy-membranous film, pale vinous sienna ; marg.

lighter. Sp. awl-shaped, crowded, acute, short, darker

than Sub.
Fallen sticks, pear ; frequent. Jan. Diam. 2^ in.

1719. H. molluseum Fr. (mollis, soft, in reference to the thin

subiculum).
Sub. membranous, dry, readily separable from the matrix, whitish.

Sp. short, slender, reddish.
Wood. Distinguished from 1718 by the dry white subiculum, separating

from the matrix.

1720. H. Weinmannii Fr. (after J. A. Weinmann, mycologist) a b c.
Stib. effused, waxy-membranous, agglutinate, fawn-grey, pale

slate, or umber and white. Sp. minute, acute, somewhat

Hydnum HYDNACE/E 381

distant, sometimes collected in small groups or fascicles, slate,

somewhat umber, apex white.

Fallen branches, ash, oak. Oct. -April. Diam. 4^ in. When dry, cracking
and becoming full grey or fawn to deep brown or almost black.

1721. H. erinale Fr. (from the slender hair-like spines ; crinis, a

hair) a.

Sub. effused, villoso-interwoven, thin, sienna-ochre. Sp. \ in.

long, crowded, very slender, sienna-umber or rufous-brown.

Dead wood ; rare. Diam. 3§ in. The hair-like spines resemble those of
Mucronella.

1122. H. ferruginosum Fr. (from the rust-of-iron colour ; ferrum,
iron) (i c.
Sub. effused, submucedinous, separable from matrix, tawny,
ferruginous. Sp. crowded, conico-awl-shaped, acute, colour
as Sub.

Decayed wood, especially under bark, rarely on the ground. July-Oct.
Diam. 2 in. Sometimes mere conidial forms of other fungi, as Isaria
amongst the Hyphomycetes, or 1780 are mistaken for this plant.

1723. H. varieeolor Fr. (from the varying colours) a b c.

Sub. effused, adnate, forming a furfuraceous crust, white, becoming
cream, sienna and sienna-umber in drying, sometimes re-
sembling white miniature clouds ; marg. finely white-fimbriate.
Sp. crowded, conical, short, or minute with a ragged appear-
ance, but here and there longer and more typically Hydnum-
like, commonly adpressed, colour as Sub.

Dead stumps, oak ; rare. Oct. Diam. 3! in.

1724. H. aureum Fr. (from the colour ; aurum, gold) a.

Sub. somewhat cartilaginous, jagged-radiate ; marg. irregular,
narrow, byssoid. Sp. often developed in small patches, awl-
shaped, colour as Sub.

Dead branches. Dec. Diam. 5J in. Appearance merulioid. Mycelium
permeating wood and causing defined yellowish flesh-coloured spots.

1725. H. dentieulatum Pers. (from the slightly toothed spines ; dens,

a tooth) a.
Sub. thin, somewhat fleshy, mealy, shining light-yellow-ochreous

or olive-ochre, sometimes clouded pale brownish-rose. Sp.

crowded, equal, minutely 2-3 toothed at the whitish apex.
Rotten wood. June. Diam. 2§ in.

1726. H. alutaeeum Fr. (from the colour, like tanned leather,

aluta) a b c.

Sub. crustose, adnate, very thin, pallid ochreous, pale brownish-
yellow or biscuit. Sp. acute, very minute and short, here and
there a little longer and typically Zftv/w/w-like, colour as Sub. ;
marg. barren.

Dead wood, pine ; rare. Nov. Diam. 4^ in. Resembling 1770.

382 HYDNACE.^ Hydnum

\121. H. sulphureum Schwein. (from the sulphur-colour) a.

Sub. effused, adnate, membranous, colour paler at marg. and

gradually fading into the colours of the bark ; marg. barren,

byssoid. Sp. minute, few, subulate.

Dead wood, birch. Diam. 4 in. The barren spineless form can hardly be
distinguished from 1890.

1728. H. sordidum Weinm. (from the dingy colour ; sordidus, dirty) a.
Sub. effused, thin, mucid, easily separating, dingy yellow ; marg.

gyroso-porous, sulphur-yellow. Sp. very crowded, somewhat
gelatinous, compressed, incised, subacute, colour as Sub.
Dead wood. Nov. Diam. 3J in. Becoming dull-reddish in drying.

1729. H. viride Fr. (from the colour ; viridis, green) a.

Sub. effused, thin, softly velvety, somewhat pale leaf-green,
becoming yellowish ; marg. in places slightly upturned.
Sp. stout, short, somewhat thick, irregular, somewhat incised,
colour as Sub.

Rotten wood, alder. Diam. 3§ in. Sometimes effused for 8 to 10 in.

1730. H. limonieolor B. & Br. (from the lemon colour; Citrus

Limouum, the lemon) a.

Sub. adnate, scanty. Sp. crowded, short, acute. Myc. scanty or

obsolete, when present shining-white.

On stone buried amongst pine-leaves. Oct. Diam. 3 in. Distinguished
from 1736 by the scanty subiculum and the absence of a persistent barren
white margin.

1731. H. pinastri Fr. (from the habitat, pines, pinus) a c.

Sub. effused, membranous, fleecy or minutely hispid, separable,
light yellow, ivory or biscuit; marg. lighter, villous beneath.
Sp. equal, subulate, acute, in groups, oblique in different
directions, pale brown.

Mossy bark, wood, pine. Diam. 4 \ in.

1732. H. spathulatum Fr. (from the spathulate spines) a.

Sub. effused, membranous, separable, yellowish ; marg. fimbriate,

villous beneath. Sp. very small, oblique, obtuse, orange.

Dead wood, Robinia ; rare. Jan. -Dec. Diam. 3J in. Often in cracks in
bark.

1733. H. multiforme B. & Br. (from its many forms ; multus, many,

/or ma, form).

Sub. inseparable, at first wholly barren, then here and there

fertile, ochreous-white, texture floccoso-mealy ; marg. coarsely

fibrillose. Sp. very acute, crowded, becoming pallid and

fimbriate.

Dead wood. Very variable, sometimes almost tow-like with margin inflexed.
Perhaps a Corticiwn^ as the spines when present are barren.

1734. H. anomalum B. & Br. (from the anomalous spines) a b.

Sub. thin, gelatinous, pallid, light-yellow. Sp. minute, at first in
the form of granules, then stipitate and obtusely divided, few,
but here and there more, colour as Sub.

Rotten wood, ash. Mar. Diam. 2\ in. With immersed ovate or circular

Hydnum HYDNACE.E 383

vescicles. Brown when dry. Near Mucronella and perhaps not a true
Hydnum.

1735. H. melleum B. & Br. (from the honey-colour ; md, honey) a c.
Sub. thin, effused, pulverulent ; marg. delicately flaxy. Sp. acute,

minute, sometimes divided at apex with a tendency to grow in
groups, partially pulverulent.
A doubtful Hydnum. On rails on the ground. Diam. 4^ in.

1736. H. sepultum B. & Br. (from its habitat ; sepultus, buried) a.
Sub. golden ; marg. white. Sp. acute to obtuse, minute to

medium size.
On wood, bark and stones buried amongst pine-leaves. Sept. J to § in. diam.
Forming little scattered patches. Pale ochreous when dry.

1737. H. udum Fr. (from its moist substance ; udus, moist) a b c.
Sub. effused, thin, subgelatinous, agglutinate to matrix, flesh-
colour to watery-yellowish, sometimes bright sulphur.
Sp. acute, 2-3 forked, small, but varying in length, crowded,
arranged in groups, very small near the barren marg., colour
as Sub.

Dead branches, willow, oak, alder ; frequent. Sept. -April. Diam. 5J in.
Forming large patches.

1738. H. bieolor A. & S. (from the white subiculum and brown

spines ; bis, two, color, colour) a c.
Sub. widely effused, tomentose, adpressed, thin, white ; marg.

broadly barren. Sp. minute, white-villous, naked at acute

apex, pale umber to rufous-brown.
Bramble, fir. March. Diam. 2 in.

1738a. H. Hollii Fr. (after F. Holl) a.

Sub. adnate, effused, waxy membranous, whitish-brown ; marg.

finely powdery. Sp. very minute, blunt, deformed.
On naked wood. Oct. 4 x i\ in.

1739. H. nodulosum Fr. (from the nodulose subiculum) a.

Sub. broadly effused, crustaceous, nodules (less in size than a
pea) sterile above, furnished with spines below, whitish to
pallid yellowish. Sp. free and pendulous below nodules,
adnate and elongate on the interstices, colour as Sub.

Trunks, stumps, fir. Oct. Diam. 4 in.

1740. H. Stevensonii B. & Br. (after the Rev. Dr. John Stevenson) a c.
Sub. effused, mealy beneath, here and there flaxy, white.

Sp. minute, crowded, cylindrical, obtuse, pulverulent at apex,

colour as Sub.

Dead wood, sometimes spreading and encrusting mosses, leaves, etc. March.
Diam. \\ in. Having the appearance of a resupinate Polyporus.

1741. H. plumosum Duby (from the plumose apex of the spines) a c.
Sub. very delicate, downy, white. Sp. very small, divided,

colour as Sub.

Dead wood, pine ; rare. Diam. if in. Cracking when dry and becoming
ivory-brown.

3§4

HYDNACE^E

Hydnum

1742. H. niveum Pers. (from the snow-white colour ; nix, nivis,

snow) a b c.

Sub. effused, thin, membranous, lustrous, adnate ; marg. fibrilloso-

flaxy. Sp. at first granulose, then acutely pointed, smooth.

Dead wood, leaves, pine, birch, beech ; uncommon. Nov. - April.
Diam. 2.\ in. Persistent. Ochreous or sulphur-white when dry.

1743. H. farinaeeum Pers. (from the mealy subiculum ; farina,

meal) a b c.

Sub. effused, indeterminate, adnate, white : marg. subflocculose.

Sp. thin, subdistant, acute, interstices finely farinose, colour

as Sub.

Dead wood, fir, oak. Sept. -May. Diam. 5 in. Varying pale brownish,
pale yellowish, or sulphur- or ochre-white.

1744. H. argutum Fr. (from the acute spines ; argutus, acute) a b c.
Sub. effused in scattered patches, tomentoso-interwoven, spongy,

adnate, white. Sp. acute, awl-shaped, unequal, slightly serrate,
colour as Sub.

Wood and bark, alder, willow. Sept. Diam. 2\ in. The hymenium has a
finely mossy appearance from the unequal, divergent spines. Becoming
colour of coffee with milk when dry.

1745. H. stipatum Fr. (from the crowded spines; stipatus, crowded) a c.
Sub. widely effused, flocculoso-farinaceous, forming an adnate

crust, white to brown-white or light yellowish. Sp. at first

granulose then forming obtuse teeth, colour as Sub.

Rotten wood. Dec-Jan. Diam. 3J in. Has the appearance of a resupinate
Polyporus.

LXXI. TREMELLODON Fr.

(From its resemblance to a Tremella; Gr. odous, a tooth.)

Gelatinous, pileate, hymenium inferior, covered with acute awl-
shaped spines. Basidia ovate, somewhat obliquely 2-4 divided

Fig. 86. — Tremellodon gelatinosum Fr.

A, section, one-half natural size, b, basidia, sterigmata

and spores. X 500.

almost to the base, sometimes undivided for twice the length of
the spore, sterigmata 1-5 lengths of spore. (Fig. 86.)

Tremellodon

HYDNACE/E

335

Mr. Fred. Currey {Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. v. p. 181, 1861) was
the first to call attention to the cloven basidia in this species, and
to point out the resemblance in the fruit to some of the Tremellinacece.
Mr. George Massee {British Fungus Flora, vol. 1. p. 65) has placed
Tremellodon at the end of the Tremellinacece, but the nature of the
basidium and sterigmata is an insufficient reason for the removal,
and if adopted many other removals would have to be made.

1746. T. gelatinosum Fr. (from the gelatinous substance) a b c.
Wholly translucent, grey-white.
P. fan-shaped, fleshy, dimidiate, substipitate, white-frosted with

shining particles. St. when present, white-frosted above.
Taste pleasant. Rotten pine, sawdust ; rare. Sept.-Nov. 3! x l\ in.

LXXII. SISTOTREMA Pers.

(From the irregular arrangement of the spines and their interstices,
as if displaced ; Gr. seistos, shaken, trema, a pore.)

Fileus fleshy, irregular or dimidiate. Hymenium inferior. Teeth
resembling broken, jagged gills, not radiate, readily separating from

Fig. 87. — a, section of Sistotreiini confluens Pers., one-half natural
size ; b, teeth of ditto, X 3.

the hymenophore. Stem central, excentric, flattened or almost
obsolete. Basidia 4-spored. (Fig. 87.)

Closely allied to Irpex, but the latter is not fleshy and is usually
sessile or resupinate and seldom terrestrial.

1747. S. confluens Pers. (from the confluent habit) a b c. Wholly

white or whitish, becoming pale yellowish or brownish.

P. horizontal, subdepressed, villous. St. attenuate downwards.

Sp. decurrent.

Gregarious. On the ground, investing sticks, leaves, moss, grass, etc., under
pines ; uncommon. Sept.-Nov. Group 2g x if in.

2 C

386

HYDNACE.E

Irpex

LXXIII. IRPEX Fr.

(From a fancied resemblance in the fruiting surface to the teeth of a

harrow, irpex.)

Hymenium inferior, toothed, teeth firm, somewhat coriaceous,
acute — spathulate in 1753— concrete with the pileus or subiculum,

Fig. 88. — a, Irpex fuscoviolaceits Fr. ; B, section of same ; two-thirds natural size, c, d, teeth
of ditto; X 3. e, /. pendulus Fr., teeth enlarged, f, /". obllquus Fr., ditto ; G, ditto; X 6.
H, /. deformis Fr., teeth enlarged, j, /. spathulatus Fr., teeth ; X 3.

arranged in irregular rows, like broken gills or broken honeycomb,

connected at the base by veins or folds. Basidia 4-spored. (Fig. 88.)

Generally growing on wood, somewhat sessile or resupinate,

approaching Lenzitcs and Dcedalea. Species 1748 — 1756

Pendulous, with the pileus extended behind. 1748

Effuso-reflexed, marginate. 1749 — 1751

Resupinate. 1752 — 1756

1748. I. pendulus Fr. (from the pendulous habit) a c.

P. membranous, slightly rugose or plicate, adpressedly squamu-

loso-pilose, light yellow to white-brown. Te. in rows, large,

incised, white.

Sticks, pine, larch, spreading on to moss ; rare, if in. ; group 2\ in. Must
not be confounded with 1757.

Irpex HYDNACE^ 387

1749. I. fuseoviolaeeus Fr. (from the brown-violet colour of the

teeth ; fuscUs, brown) a b c.
P. coriaceous, silky, zoned, brown-white to ochre-white, zoned
brownish. Te. in rows in the form of much incised plates, of
the purple-slate-whitish tint seen in the gills of some Pratellce.

Single to imbricate. Pine, beech ; rare. 2§ in. ; group 4! in. Sometimes
there is a considerable development of pileus.

1750. I. laeteus Fr. (from the milk-white colour; lac, milk) a b c.

White.
P. coriaceous, villous, concentrically sulcate. Te. crowded,

gyrose in rows, acute, somewhat incised. Irregularly porous at

marg., becoming ragged at middle and base.
Sometimes subimbricate. Mountain-ash, birch, fir, beech. Nov. Group

1751. I. hypogseus Fuck, (from its sometimes growing in and under

earth ; Gr. hupo, under, ge, the earth) a b c.
Myc. dispersed, white to yellowish. Sub. marg. determinate, com-
pactly byssoid, white, then pallid brown-ochreous to dark
brown ; hymenium often barren or exhibiting barren patches.
Te. irregular, somewhat labyrinthiform, lax, variable in size,
straight, incised 2-6 mm. long, base usually compressed,
colour as P.

Woods, pine, investing pine-leaves, twigs, grass, earth, pebbles ; rare. Oct.
Group 4^ in.

1752. I. Johnstonii Berk, (after Dr. George Johnstone) a.
Effused, coriaceo-membranous, separable from matrix ; marg.

naked, reflexed all round, white. Te, compressed, unequal,
arranged in rows, resembling the spines of Hydnum, but seated
upon fine folds.
Dead beech. May be a form of 1750. i\ in. ; group 3 \ in.

1752a. I. eandidus Weinm. (from the shining white colour ; candidus,
white) a. Snow white.
Broadly effused, thin, separable, arachnoid, flaxy at the marg.

Te. subulate, or compressed, thin, toothed.
Dead wood, pine. Feb.

1753. I. spathulatus Fr. (from the shape of the teeth; spafhci, a

spatula) a b c.

Effused, membranous, flaxy, then smooth, white to biscuit. Te.
entire, somewhat large, reticulato-connected with obsolete
veins. Marg. sometimes obsolete, at other times broadly
barren, with other barren places on hymenium. Never porous.

Larch. Nov. 4J in.

1754. I. obliquus Fr. (from the oblique teeth) a b c.

Effused, forming an adnate crust, white, clouded and shaded pale
sienna ; marg. broadly barren ; circ. flaxy. Te. extended from

2 c 2

388

HYDNACE^E

Irpex

a base resembling small honeycomb, compressed, unequal,

incised. Often with large pores near the marg.

Stumps, dead branches, fir, larch, beech, birch, palms in nurseries. Oct.-
May. 4§ in.

1755. I. deformis Fr. (from the misshapen teeth ; deformis, mis-

shapen) a c.

Effused, crustaceous, thin, white ; circ. pubescent, somewhat
flaxy. Te. awl-shaped, growing from a minutely porous base,
thin, somewhat incised, unevenly and partially spread over the
subiculum, matrix seen between the groups of teeth.

Wood. 2\ in. Allied to the PolyporacecB.

1756. I. earneus Fr. (from its flesh-colour ; caro, flesh) a b c.
Effuso-gelatinous, membranous, adnate, collapsing, reddish ;

marg. barren. Te. awl-shaped, entire, united at the base.

Wood and bark, beech. Autumn. 2\ in. Placed in Raduhim by Fuckel.
Must not be confounded with 1720.

LXXIV. RADULUM Fr.

(From the root-like appearance of the processes of the hymenium ;

radix, a root.)

Hymenium resupinate, tubercular. Tubercles distinct at the
base, coarse, irregular in shape, commonly elongate, obtuse, mostly

7"™ Fig. 89. — A, Raduhim quercinum Fr., one-half natural size ; B, ditto, section,
natural size ; c. tubercles of R. orbiculare Fr. ; d, ditto of R. quercinum Fr. ; e,
ditto of R.fagineum Fr. ; enlarged.

on

waxy, scattered or fasciculate. Basidia 4-spored. Growing
wood and on and under bark. (Fig. 89.) Species 1757 — 1764

1757. R. pendulum Fr. (from the pendulous habit) a c.

Longitudinally effused, thick, softly coriaceous, whitish or ivory,
upper marg. shortly reflexed and rugose, lower marg. barren
Tib. elongate, somewhat lax, irregular.
Alder, birch, pine. 5 in. Must not be confounded with 1748.

Radulum HYDNACE^E 389

1758. R. orbieulare Fr. (from its frequent orbicular shape) a b c.
Orbicular, confluent; circ. flaxy, becoming waxy-fleshy, white to

ochre-ivory ; mid. faintly vinous ; marg. white. Tub. short to

long and broad to narrow, mere granules near the barren marg.

Birch, oak, larch, cherry ; frequent. Oct. -Mar. 2 \ in. ; group 4§ in.
Ends of tubercles usually crested.

1759. R. quereinum Fr. (from its habitat, oak, quercus) a b c.
Roundish, broadly confluent, innate, crustaceous, white to ochre-
white. Tub. round, stout, obtuse, scattered or fasciculate,
irregular in shape, floccoso-villous at apex ; marg. barren ; edge
pure white.

Oak, sometimes on old squared oak timber. Nov. -Mar. 3J in. Some-
times confounded with 1716, 1723 and species of Irpex.

1760. R. tomentosum Fr. (from its downy appearance, especially at

the margin ; tomenium, down) a b c.

Effused, innate, somewhat thick, opaque or translucent white ;
circ. swollen or erect, tomentose. Tub. short, crowded, angular,
obtuse, smooth, confluent, resembling white tomentum, smaller
at marg.

Willow, mountain-ash, pine, sawdust. Dec. 5J in.

1761. R. deglubens B. & Br. (from its habit of peeling from the

matrix ; deglubo, to peel off) a.
Orbicular, ferruginous, somewhat diaphanous. Tub. erect, some-
what cylindrical, irregular, scattered, interstices even, pulverulent
with white spores.

Naked wood, bark, ash. Jan. J in. ; group 5J in. Growing in troops of
small patches.

1762. R. eorallinum B. & Br. (from its coral-like appearance) a.
Somewhat effused, very thin, pelliculose, shining white. Tub.

fasciculate, fascicles \ in. or more across, surrounded by barren
sub., divided, obtuse, coralloid, white.
On partially lichen-covered branches, oak. Sept. Fascicles I in.; group 6 ir.

1763. R. epileueum B. & Br. (from the hymenium growing upon a

white subiculum ; Gr, epi, upon, leukos, white) a b.

Effused. Hym. waxy, edge slightly upturned, pale, honey-colour.
Sub. forming a powdery white marg. Tub. scattered, distant,
cylindrical, short, under a lens fimbriate at apex, deciduous
exposing the sub.

Decorticated wood. Aug. 8£ in.

1764. R. fagineum Fr. (from the habitat, beech, fagus) a b.
Effused, somewhat fleshy, white or pale yellowish-brown ; marg.

radiate with ivory-white myc. Tub. enlongate, round, varied,
entire, sometimes crested, white to sienna-white.
Chiefly on bark, rarely underneath, sometimes on birch. Nov. -Mar. 5§ in.

\RaJulum aterrimum Fr. is not a Basidiomycete but apparently one of the
Dci)iatic(C Under the microscope the appearance is that of conceptacles
of Rhizoctonia crocoritm, but it bears 1-4-septate brown spores after
the manner of Cladosporium ; the fruiting branches are compacted together
and take the form of short, obtuse teeth, as in the compacted form of

390

HYDNACE^E

Phlebia

Pmicillium named Coremium. It grows on naked birch wood or bark.
Sower by named his example Hydnum erectum ; this grew upon a Polyporus.
There is no drawing by Sowerby in the British Museum collection. It has
also been named Sphceronema hydnoideum Fr. and Hydnum aterrimum Fr.]

LXXV. PHLEBIA Fr.

(From the veined appearance of the hymenium ; Gr. phleps, a vein.)

Resupinato-effused, amphigenous, waxy-soft or subgelatinous, from
the first covered with crowded interrupted persistent veins which

Fig. 90. — A, Phlebia vierisvioides Fr. ; b, section of ditto
two-thirds natural size ; c, veins enlarged.

are entire, not jagged, at the edge, rarely anastomosing and forming
pores. Becoming cartilaginous or horny when dry. Basidia tetra-
sporous. (Fig. 90.)
. Dead wood, stumps and branches. % Species 1765 — 1769

1765. P. merismoides Fr. (from the resemblance of the wrinkled

hymenium to that of the non-British section Merisinatcz of

Stereum) a b c.

Whitish-orange or whitish-vermilion ; mid. livid, pale purplish ;

marg. strigose, vermilion-white. Ve. simple or slightly branched,

straight, crowded, never reticulate or porous.

Stumps, branches, naked wood, bark, leaves, moss, grass, oak, beech, holly
olum, cherry. Aug. -Jan. 3§ in.

Phlebia

HYDNACEiE

391

1766. P. radiata Fr. (from the radiate veins) a b c.

Orbicular, vermilion-orange or vermilion ; mid. darker ; marg.

vivid orange-whitish. Ve. straight.

Dead wood, birch, mountain ash ; rare. 2\ in. ; group 5J in. When in
perfect condition forming somewhat large, conjoined, more or less hexagonal
growths as in the carapace of a tortoise. Thinner and brighter in colour
than the other British species.

1767. P. eontorta Fr. (from the intricate veins; contorqueo, to

twist) a b c.
Yellowish, sienna or brownish or dull red flesh-colour or red-
vermilion. Ve. conglomerate, branched, flexuous, much
smaller than 1765-6, or as in Dcedalea on a reduced scale.

Decayed wood, furze ; rare. \ in. ; mass 2§ in. Forming more or less
conjoined circular patches.

1768. P. vaga Fr. (from the wandering appearance of the veins ;

vagus, wandering) a b c.

Adnate, waxy, dull yellowish, central parts sometimes purplish or
grey ; marg. flaxy-fibrillose and powdery. Ve. forming intricate
wrinkles which often terminate in a granulose papilla.

Dead wood ; common. Jan. 6f in.

1769. P. lirellosa B. & Br. (from the veins, like small furrows ; lira,

a ridge or furrow) a b.

Hym. veined, interstices resembling small, round or elongate

pores, umber-grey to white.

Dead branches, poplar. 3! in. Purple-blackish in drying. The interstices
resemble the pores of Trametes. Sometimes confused with Dadalea.

LXXVI. GRANDINIA Fr.

(From the granular appearance of the hymenium ; grando, hail.)

Crustaceous, effused, thin, soft. Hymenium resupinate, amphi-
genous, waxy, not dry as in Odontia. Granules small, persistent,

A

-»&.

Fig. 91. — a, Grandinia crustosa Fr., natural size;
d. section of ditto. X 10.

392

HYDNACE^E Grandinia

entire, smooth, crowded ; apices not pointed as in Hydnuw, usually

indented or excavated as in Porothd'mm. Basidia 4-spored. (Fig. 91.)

The hymenial surface is often spuriously papillose from Spharice.

on the bark beneath. Species 1770—1774

1770. G. granulosa Fr. (from the minutely granular hymenium) a b c.
Agglutinate, tan to sienna-ivory ; marg. determinate, ivory. Gr.

small, crowded in groups, smaller at marg., hemispherical to
somewhat elongate.

Dead branches, pine, Myrica Gale. Oct. -May. 5 in. Cracking when dry.

1771. G. mueida Fr. (from its waxy mucid substance) a.
Subinnate, somewhat gelatinous, biscuit ; marg. determinate,

subradiate, minutely villous, ivory-white. Gr. large, unequal,
soft, scattered or in groups.
Rotting wood, pine, birch ; rare. May-Nov. 4^ in. Cracking when dry.

1772. G. oeellata Fr. (from the minute eyelet, sometimes seen at the

apex of the granules ; ocellus, a little eye) a b.
Waxy, livid, rufous flesh-colour or warm brownish -salmon ; marg.
indeterminate, sterile, yellowish. Gr. crowded, subcorneal,
obtuse, somewhat scattered or in groups.

Dead trunks. Aug. -Mar. 6J in. Cracking when dry.

1773. G. papillosa Fr. (from the minute teat-like granules ; papilla, a

teat) a c.
Membranous, somewhat round, separating, white, becoming slightly
sienna-ivory ; marg. furfuraceous. Gr. minute, crowded, equal,
roundish.

Sticks, pine, juniper, bird-cherry. 3 in. Cracking when dry.

1774. G. erustosa Fr. (from its crust-like appearance) a b c.
Adnate, irregularly effused, floccoso-mealy, white to ivory,

becoming pale brownish-yellow ; marg. indeterminate. Gr.
crowded, obtuse, roundish, minute, regularly distributed, but
with barren lacunae.
Branches, willow, pine, 1603. 6f in. Not cracking when dry.

LXXVII. 0D0NT1A Pers.

(From the minute teeth which invest the hymenium ;
Gr. odous, odontcs, a tooth.)

Resupinate, effused, arid, not waxy as in Grandinia. Hymenium
spreading from and between interwoven branched fibres, covered
with minute teeth or warts which are crested or penicillate at the
apex. (Fig. 92.)

1775 tends towards Hydnum. Species 1775 — 1777

Odontia

HYDXACE/E

393

1775. 0. barba-Jovis Fr. (from the minute orange fringe at the apex

of each tooth, a fanciful comparison with the beard of Jupiter,

barba Jovis) a c.

Flaxy membranous, whitish to yellowish-orange, faintly shaded

brownish ; marg. determinate, broadly barren, white. Te.

papillose, then conical, white with an orange fimbriate crest.

Decayed wood, oak, birch. 6^ in. The hymenium usually exhibits barren
patches.

B

Fig. 92. — a, Odontia jimbriata Pers., natural size ; B, section of ditto, enlarged.

1776. 0. fimbriata Pers. (from the fibrillose or fringed margin;

fimbria^ a fringe) a b c.

Membranous, separating, traversed by prominent root-like

branching threads continuous with the fringed marg., pallid or

yellowish, suffused with dull salmon or pale fawn.

Dead wood, willow, plane, dog-wood, bark, moss. Aug. -April. 7^ in.
Extensive barren patches sometimes occur on the hymenium. Fawn-
colour when dry, sometimes becoming deep rich brown.

1777. 0. eristulata Fr. (from the minutely crested teeth) a b c.
Crustaceo-adnate, thin, not ribbed, pale warm brown or brownish-
white ; marg. broadly barren, here and there finely downy.

Rotten branches, birch. Feb.
Corticium.

5f in. Cracking all over when dry as in

394

HYDNACE.E

Kneiffia

llllsi. 0. Pruni Lasch. (from its host plant, sloe, Prunus spinosd) a.
Crustaceo-adnate, effused, thin, white, becoming pallid ; marg.
byssoid, warts minute, rounded.

LXXVIII. KNEIFFIA Fr.

(After Friederich Gotthard Kneiff, mycologist of Baden.)

Resupinate, effused, thin. Hymenium strigose and roughened
with rigid, scattered or fasciculate bristles which are barren out-
growths from the fertile hymenial surface. Laxly fleshy, soft, collapsing
and becoming flocculose when dry. Basidia monosporous. (Fig. 93.)

&

^

Fig. 93. — a, Kneiffia setigera Fr., natural size ; B. section, enlarged.

The most perfect condition, where the growth is hemispherical
and three inches in diameter, has not been observed in Britain.

Must not be confounded with Peniophora, where the basidia are
4-spored and the cystidia, which are bristle-like, are covered with
minute particles of oxalate of lime. Species 1778, 1779

1778. K. setigera Fr. (from the minute hairs or bristles borne on the

hymenium ; seta, a bristle, gero, to carry) a b c.

Sub. white, becoming ochreous-ivory, sometimes pale grey ;

marg. sometimes pulverulent. Br. minute, single or several

connate, more or less scattered, hyaline ; the basidia occur

between the barren bristles.

Dead wood, blackberry, pine, juniper, magnolia, grass. Jan. -Dec. 4J in.
Sometimes the spuriously tuberculose hymenium resembles that of 1770 or
1839.

Kneiffia

HYDNACEiE

395

1779. K. subgelatinosa B. & Br. (from the subgelatinous substance)
a b.
Hyaline yellowish, ivory or pale buff, surface very finely
granuloso-crested.

Stumps and cut surfaces of fir. 4 in. Sometimes accompanied by a green
alga which penetrates the tissue of the fungus. Cracking when dry as in
Corticium.

LXXIX. MUCRONELLA Fr.

(From the sharp-pointed spines ; diminutive of mucro, a sharp point.)

Subiculum an extremely thin film, which soon becomes obsolete,
spines subulate, simple, acute, glabrous, scattered or fasciculate, and
more or less connate at the base. Basidia 1-4-sporous. (Fig. 94.)

Mucronella was at first placed under Isaria (/. calva) by Fries,
but its fruit shows it to be a true Basidiomycete, and its fugitive

<w^

Fig. 94. — a, Mucronella calva Fr., one-half natural size ;
b, basidia and spores, X 500.

subiculum to be one of the Hydnacece. Fries seems not to have
observed the feeble subiculum, sometimes distinct in M. fascicular is.

1780. M. ealva Fr. (from the habit, a fanciful comparison with an
almost bald head, bearing a few scattered short hairs ; calva,
the bald scalp) a.
Sub. obsolete or nearly so. Sp. slender, smooth, even, sharp-
pointed, covered except at the barren tips with 1-4-sporous
basidia, whitish, then grey. The growth of the spines is in a
downward direction ; dry examples revive with moisture.

Scattered or gregarious. Rotten wood, pine. Spines vary in size from a
minute granule to 1 in. long.

396 THELEPHORACEiE

Fam. IV. THELEPHORACE^E

Erect and stipitate, cup-shaped, effused, with the upper portion
free and reflexed or resupinate. Hymenium inferior or amphigenous,
coriaceous, waxy or gelatinous, even to rugulose, ribbed or papillose,
the surface glabrous, finely pulverulent or minutely velvety, with
projecting setae. Basidia clavate, 1-4-spored, normally tetrasporous.
Spores usually aseptate, 3-septate in the non-British Heterobasidium
chloraseens. The papillae are for the most part accidental, generally
arising in the resupinate species from Sp/icerice, growing on the bark
beneath and not existing when the fungus grows on a surface free
from Sphcerice. True papillae, however, sometimes occur on the
pileate, terrestrial species. Some species are occasionally phosphor-
escent, as 1861. In the gelatinous species the aseptate and tetras-
porous basidia distinguish them from certain members of Trcmellinacece,
where the basidia are longitudinally and cruciately septate, or if the
spores are aseptate the basidia are deeply bifurcate and bisporous.
Hypomyces rosellus often stains the hymenium of T/iekp/wra, Corticium^
and other genera of Thdcphoracece a bright purple-rose colour.

Massee has published a Monograph of the Thelephoracecz in

Journ. Li?in. Soc. (Bot.) xxv. (1889) and xxvii. (1890). The sequence

of the genera adopted here is that of P. A. Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum9

vol. vi., which is a slight modification of the order as given in Fries's

Hymenomycetes Europcei. Species 1781 — 1925

Key to the Genera.

Large.

Erect, funnel-shaped ; hymenium glabrous 80 Craterellus.

Erect to resupinate ; hymenium rugulose 81 Thelephora.

Effuso-reflexed ; hymenium even, glabrous 83 Stereum.

Horizontal, attached by a small base behind 82 Cladoderris.

Resupinate.

Hymenium smooth-setulose 84 Hvmenoch^ete.

Hymenium rough-setulose 86 Peniophora.

Hymenium glabrous 85 Corticium.

Hymenium pulverulent 87 Coniophora.

Small, cup-shaped, usually single 89 Cyphella.

Minute, cup-shaped, crowded 90 Solenia.

Parasitic on living leaves and stems 88 Exobasidium.

Crater ellus

THELEPHORACEyE

397

LXXX. CRATERELLUS Pers.
(From the shape, like a small crater, cup or bowl.)

Hymenium waxy-membranous, distinct, but adnate to the
hymenophore, inferior, continuous, smooth, even, or rugose. Pileus

Fig. 95. — a, b, Craterellus cornucopioides Pers., entire and in
section, one-third natural size, c, basidiura and spores, X 500.

entire, stipitate, fleshy or membranous. Spores white. (Fig. 95.)
Usually large, erect and funnel-shaped. Growing on the ground.

Autumnal. Allied to Canthat -ellus. Species 1781 — 1785

Tubiform, pervious to the base of the stem. 1781, 1782

Infundibuliform, stem stuffed. 1783, 1784

Irregularly shaped, pileus and stem fleshy. 1785

1781. C. luteseens Fr. (from the yellowish colour; lutescens,

yellowish) a.

P. thin to submembranous, undulate, flocculose, warm vinous,

orange-brown or dull ochre. St. smooth, ochre or salmon, or

as P. Hym. rugoso-veined, ochre-cream, golden-sulphur or

salmon, sometimes greyish. Flesh white-sulphur-ochre.

Sometimes caespitose. Odour strong as of spirit. Moist woods; rare. Sept.-
Oct. 2f x 4 X § in. Sometimes turning black in decay. Easily con-
founded with 1379.

1782. C. cornucopioides Pers. (from the shape, like a cornucopia) a b c.
P. thin to submembranous, undulate, squamulose, umber-sepia.

St. pale grey-slate, often blackish at base. Hym. even, at

length slightly wrinkled, dull purplish-grey.

Solitary to crcspitose. Edible. Taste and odour agreeable. Woods, mixed,
fir. Aug. -Oct. 3£ X 5^ X I in. Never insect-eaten. Sometimes con-
founded with 1381, in which there are thick gills. This is the Italian
"Trombetta di morte." Mrs. Hussey records the sale of this species in
Covent Garden market.

398 THELEPHORACE.E Craterellus

1783. C. sinuosus Fr. (from the undulate pileus ; sinus, a curve) a be.
P. subfleshy, floccose, pale warm umber, pale ochre-umber or

fuscous-grey. St. pallid cinereous or umber, becoming sooty-
umber. Hym. even, at length veined, folds broad, sometimes
rather distant, pallid, pale ochre-umber, almost white or dull in
hue. Flesh colour as St.

Odour strong, musky. Woods, fir, mixed ; frequent. Aug. - Nov.
if X 2J x 5 in. Small forms are often confounded with 1789.

1784. C. erispus Fr. (from the crisped or curled pileus) a b e.

P. fleshy-membranous, brownish-ochre, fuliginous or fuscous. St.
pallid, pale warm- or yellowish-umber. Hym. even, pallid,
pale ochre-umber, almost white or pale dull ochre. Flesh pale
ochre-umber.

Edible ; odour strong, musky. Woods, mixed ; frequent. Aug. -Nov.
2\ X 2 X \ in. Perhaps a variety of 1783. Small forms are almost
identical with 1789. They may, with 1733, be forms of one species.

1784a. C. pusillus Fr. (pusillus, very small) a e.

P. convex, umbilicate, thin, rugose, villous, cinereous. St. stuffed,
somewhat compressed, grey. Hym. smooth or slightly wrinkled,
pruinose, bluish-grey.

Single to caespitose. Bare soil under beeches. Aug. § x § X J in.

1785. C. elavatus Fr. (from the club shape when young ; elavis, a

club) a e.
P. turbinate, truncate or depressed, dull pale yellowish ; mid.
pale purplish-salmon. St. attenuate downwards, colour as P.
Hym. even, then corrugate, dull brown-salmon, becoming
lavender-white or brown-purplish. Flesh pale dull yellowish or
pale purple-salmon.

Solitary or c£espitose, sometimes branched. Edible. Woods, beech, fir.
Oct. 6| x 3 X i| n. Sometimes strongly resembles certain of the
larger Lactarii.

LXXXI. THELEPHORA Ehrh.

(From the sometimes papillose hymenium ; Gr. thele, a teat,

phero, to bear )

Hymenium inferior or amphigenous, continuous with and similar
to the hymenophore, even, rugulose or ribbed, ribs sometimes more
or less papillose. Without the fibrillose stratum present in Stereutn.
Basidia 4-spored. Spores warted or echinulate. (Fig. 96.)

Coriaceous, dry, fibrous, destitute of a cuticle, varied in form,
pileate, clavate or resupinate. Terrestrial or on stumps, branches,
leaves, earth and stones ; sometimes investing seedlings and living
plants. Some species more or less resemble brown flowers with

Thtfephora

THELEPHORACE^E

399

laciniate petals ; 1794 and 1801 are fetid. The sequence of species
is that of Fries, Berkeley, Stevenson and Saccardo.

Species 1786 — 1804

..tfVJ'M

^2 ■%> . ~"s

Fig. q6. — a, b, Tliclcphora caryophyllea Pers., entire and Hin
section, one-half natural size, c, d, e, 7. laciniata Pers., upper
and under surface and section, one-half natural size ; f, basidium
and spore, X 750. g, T. fastidiosa Fr., one-half natural size.

Erect, pileus entire or branched. 1786 — 1794

Pileate, dimidiate, horizontal, subsessile or efFuso-reflexed.

1795—1799

Resupinate, for the most part incrusting, of various forms;

hymenium even. Soft, subgelatinous when moist and with

a compact, not strigose pileus ; forming effused patches or

dendritic masses on twigs, grass, etc. 1800 — 1804

1786. T. Sowerbei Berk, (after James Sowerby) # /;. White, becoming

yellowish.

P. infundibuliform, more or less laciniate and toothed, rough

with radiating projecting processes. St. attenuate downwards.

Hym. plain, setulose.

On the ground amongst moss, under beech; rare. Oct. -Nov. 2 x 2§ in.
Sometimes occurs with a tuberous base as in 1791.

400 THELEPHORACE2E Thelephora

1786a. T. vitellina Plowr. (from the colour, like yolk of egg ; vitellus,

egg-yellow) a.

P. flabelliform, expanded upwards ; marg. slightly incurved.

St. attenuate downwards, but enlarged at base. Hym. rugulose,

zoneless.

Gregarious. Dead fir-branches amongst moss, interior of hollow firs. Sept.
I X 2 X ^ in. Differs from 1786 in its habit and pale egg-yellow colour ;
sometimes pale sulphur with marg. brighter and base of stem luminous
yellow.

1787. T. pallida Pers. (from the pallid colour) a c. Pale yellowish-

brown.
P. infundibuliform, strigoso-squamose, more or less laciniate and
toothed. St. short or obsolete. Hym. costate, setulose.

Coespitose. Woods, pine, beech. Nov. if x 2.\ in. Intermediate forms
occur between this and 1 786.

1788. T. multizonata B. & Br. (from the many-zoned pileus ; umltus,

many) a b.

P. infundibuliform, formed from confluent lobes and stems \

marg. lobed, crenulate, bright rufous flesh-colour, zoned,

darker. St. obsolete. Hym. slightly ribbed, smooth, paler

than P.

Coespitose. Woods, on the ground ; rare. Oct. 6| X 5 in. Simple fan-
shaped forms occur, with the substance split.

1789. T. undulata Fr. (from the undulate pileus) a c. Pale yellow-

brownish.
P. coriaceo-membranous, depressed, even, somewhat smooth ;
marg. entire. St. central, equal or attenuate downwards,
villous. Hym. ribbed, somewhat setulose.

On the ground. Oct. ^ x § in. Often confounded with small forms of
1783 and 1784.

1790. T. earyophyllea Pers. (from a fancied resemblance to a

carnation, Dianthus Caryophyllus) a c. Deep claret-brown

or purple-brown.

P. subcoriaceous, depressed, fibrous-torn. Sf. equal. Hym.

smooth, somewhat even. Flesh very dark.

Odour none. On the ground, chiefly about the roots of fir ; rare. Sept.-
Nov. 2.\ x f X \ in.

1791. T. tuberosa Fr. (from the tuberous base) a. Brownish salmon-

white.
P. subcoriaceous, divided to top of stem into compressed branches,

infundibuliform. St. obscurely furrowed or lacunose, bulbous.

Hym. smooth. Flesh dark brown with a whitish cortex.
Scattered. On the ground ; rare. 3 J X \ X \ in.

1792. T. anthoeephala Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to a flower ;

Gr. ant/ws, a flower, kefiliale, the head) a b c.
P. coriaceous-soft, pubescent, divided into large and small divisions,

Thelephora THELEPHORACE/E 40 1

apices usually fimbriate, yellowish- or claret-brown. St. short

or obsolete, soon furcate, colour as P.

Odour none. Woods, on the ground. Aug. -Nov. 2§ x 3 in. Somewhat
resembles a Clavaria or Xylaria hy poxy Ion in habit. Very variable in the
form of the lacinias.

1793. T. elavularis Fr. (from the nail-like branches ; clavula, a small

nail) a. Claret-brown or rufous-fuscous.

P. coriaceous-soft, much and irregularly branched, branches round,
attenuate, even, smooth, apices acute, pubescent, whitish or
pale yellowish. St. short, thick, somewhat tuberous.

Odour none. On the ground, if x \ X \ in. Habit as 1792.

1794. T. palmata Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to the palm of

the hand) a b c.

Coriaceous-soft, much branched, pubescent, dark yellowish-brown

or dark claret-brown, apices cottony-fringed, brownish-white.

St. branched, flattened even, larger lobes wedge-shaped, the

smaller sometimes in form of small infundibuliform pilei.

Odour fetid, carrion-like. Woods, fir, maple. Aug. -Nov. 3§ x 4f in.
Habit as 1792.

1795. T. intybaeea Pers. (from a fancied resemblance to the flowers

of chicory, Cichorum Intybus) a b c.
P. fibrous, somewhat jagged and toothed, slightly laciniate, zoned
or zoneless, rufous-ferruginous, deep sienna or deep claret-
brown ; marg. white. Hym. papillose, subfloccose, veined
near marg., brownish-vinous, pale vinous at marg. Tufts
central and obconic, lateral and subtriangular or spathulate.

Gregarious, imbricate. Pine-woods, pine-twigs, Vacciniutn Myrtilhis. Nov.
2 X \ X \ in. Intermediate forms occur between this and 1796 and 1797.

1796. T. terrestris Pers. (from the terrestrial habit) a b c.

P. soft, fibrous-strigose, lobed, usually zoneless, extended into a
somewhat lateral, almost obsolete stem or base, deep vinous-
brown • z. when present darker ; marg. pale brownish-white,
often with a narrow white-pubescent edge. Hym. radiato-
rugose, claret-brown-yellowish or salmon.

Gregarious, imbricate. Woods, fir. July-Oct. Diam. if in.

1797. T. laeiniata Pers. (from the fringed margin of the pileus ;

ladnia,) a flap) a b c.

P. coriaceous-soft, fibrous-scaly, effuso-reflexed, somewhat zoned,

deep sienna, somewhat claret ; marg. fibrous-fringed, whitish.

St. when present incrusting branches as a thick membrane,

paler than P. Hym. veined and papillose, colour as St.

Imbricate, growing in strata, perennial. Woods, pine, larch, branches, twigs,
leaves, oak, heather, Vaccinium Myrtillus, earth, often on compacted
masses of fir-leaves. Aug. -Nov. Diam. 2% in. At first forming a
resupinate, yellowish or salmon-brown film.

1797a. T. atra Weinm. (from the black colour ; ater, black) a. Soft.

Pi. springing from a tuberous base, purple-black above and below,

sometimes cinereous ; mid. paler. Hym. smooth, setulose,

2 D

402 THELEPHORACE/E Thekphora

black, white-pruinose. St. attenuate downwards, deformed
sooty-black.
Caespitose. Dead logs. 3 x 2^ x \ in.

1798. T. biennis Fr. (from its period of growth, two years, biennis)

a b c.
Coriaceous-soft, broadly incrusting, cinerous-fuscous. P. nar-
rowly reflexed, tomentose, pale claret-brown ; marg. fringed.
Hym. in part resupinate, smooth, very slightly bristly, more or
less plicate, the resupinate parts white-edged.

Subimbricate. Stumps, fir, on the ground amongst wood, leaves and stones ;
common. Aug. -Nov. Resupinate hymenium 4.5 in. Pilei 1 in.

1799. T. mollissima Pers. (from its very soft substance ; mollis, soft)

a b c.

P. subtomentose, white to pale or dark claret-brown with a broad

white tomentose marg. Hym. smooth, even, claret-brown or

pale snuff-colour. Flesh claret-brown, clouded and streaked

darker to almost black.

Subimbricate. On the ground, or on twigs, leaves, etc., oak, beech ; frequent.
Sept. -Oct. 5§ in. Very variable, wholly effused, palmate or like a soft
stemless imbricate Polyporns ; sometimes forming a thin faint brown-ochre
membrane with a paler margin. Short stems are sometimes developed.

1800. T. eristata Fr. (from the short, fringe-like crest ; crista, a.

crest) a b c. Pallid or ivory-colour.

Incrusting, slightly tough, becoming branched, the apices crested

or fringed. Hym. papillose.

On the ground in woods or amongst or on moss, dead leaves and grass ;
frequent. Oct. 5 in.

1801. T. fastidiosa Fr. (from the disgusting odour ; fastidiosus, dis-

gusting) a b c. White.
Effused, incrusting, confluent, soft, irregular in shape, shortly
branched and toothed. Hym. papillose, white or biscuit.

On the ground, involving twigs, rootlets, branches, leaves, etc., sloe, ivy,
beech, beech-mast, oak, acorns, moss. Sept.-Nov. Group 5^ in. Odour
the same as 1 794.

1802. T. sebaeea Pers. (from its tallow-like appearance and con-

sistency ; seba, tallow) a b c. White or pale yellowish-white.
Effused, fleshy-waxy, becoming hard, incrusting, irregular in
shape like melting and running tallow; marg. determinate.
Hy?n. collapsing, flocculoso-pruinose.

Involving twigs, grass, moss, leaves, cones, clover, ivy, Hydnum auris-
calpium, etc. Jan. -Oct. 5 in.

1803. T. erustaeea Schum. (from its forming a crust) a b c. Fuscous-

brown.
Broadly effused, somewhat fleshy, undulate and tubercular ; marg.
white-floccose. Hym. papillose, somewhat bristly.

On the ground, involving grass, leaves, etc., and on rotten sawdust, which it
resembles in colour. Feb. -Nov. 3^ in.

Thelephora

THELEPHORACEiE

403

1804. T. esesia Pers. (from its colour ; ccesius, bluish-grey) a b c.

Cinereous bluish-grey.

Effused, soft, continuous, often minutely veined or folded ;

marg. determinate. Hym. even or slightly papillose, slightly

bristly.

On the ground, stumps, etc., involving earth, bark, twigs, etc. Aug. 3 \ in.

LXXXII. CLADODERRIS Fr.

(From the branched and coriaceous structure ; Gr. klados, a young

branch, derris, a leathern coat.)

Coriaceous. Hymenium woody, radiate or rugulose with branched
ribs, or narrow greatly ramified folds, persistent, at length roughened
with warts. Horizontal and attached
by a small base behind. (Fig. 97.)

Typical species of Cladodcrris re-
semble Lentinus in appearance, with a
squarroso-hispid pileus of the colour
and texture of leather and a veined
hymenium. The species are usually
stemless, but sometimes there is a
pervious stem as in 1782. The plants
are not usually small although small
examples occur. Cladoderris dendritica
varies from 7 in. to £ in. in diam. The
prevailing size is from 4 to 6 in. in diam.
Some species are large, infundibuliform
and almost stemless.

The species chiefly grow in Aus-
tralia, Cuba and the Philippines.

1805. C. minima B. & Br. (from its
very small size ; minimus, the
least) a b. White.
Flabelliform, springing from a
stem-like or obsolete base, re-
supinate. P. tomentose, some-
what zoned. Hym. radiate on
branched ribs.

Birch. Dec. Diam. -X in

a dwarfed 1806.

Resembling

Fig. 97. — A, B, c, upper and lower
surface and section of Cladoderris
australica Berk., drawn as a type of
the genus, one-half natural size. D,
C. minima B. & Br., natural size.
e, ditto, X 2.

LXXXIII. STEREUM Pers.
(From its hard substance ; Gr. stereos, hard.)

Hymenium inferior, coriaceous, separated from the inodermous
velvety-silky or fibrous-coated pileus or subiculum by an indeter-

2 d 2

404

THELEPHORACE.E

Stereu7?i

minate fibrillose stratum, even, smooth, composed of basidia and
hymenial cells compactly arranged side by side and of uniform
height. Basidia 4-spored. Spores minute, roundish-ovate, white or
coloured. (Fig. 98.)

Fig. 98. — A, B, c, Stereum hirsutum Pers., upper and lower surface and section, two-thirds
natural size, d, basidium and spores, X 660. e, f, 6". Pint Fr., upper surface and section, two-
thirds natural size.

Coriaceous or woody, mostly perennial, somewhat zoned, entire,
definite in form, effuso-reflexed. Species 1806 — 1818

a. Apodca. Pileus dimidiate, sessile or at first resupinate, then

effusedly reflexed, marginate. 1806 — 1814

b. Resupinafcz. Agglutinate, effused; marg. not free, or

scarcely so. 1815—1818

a. Apodce.

1806. S. hirsutum Pers. (from the hairy pileus; hirsutus, hairy)

a b c. Coriaceous, rigid.

P. hispid-zoned, effused, reflexed, lobed and crisped, usually

ivory-buff varying dull primrose, orange or brownish ; marg.

subobtuse, white or whitish. Hyvi. even, smooth, obscurely

zoned, juiceless, usually warm-biscuit.

Imbricate. Stumps, oak, beech, birch, poplar, laburnum. Jan. -Dec. 4 in.
Said to cause " fly "-wood and "yellow- and white-piped" wood. Pileus
often green at the base from the growth of algae. A deep rose-coloured
stain is frequent on this plant caused by a parasitic mould, Hypomyces
rosellus. Var. subcostatum Mass. Hym. costate or rugose. Var. cristu-
latum Quel. P. strigose, grey.

Stereum THELEPHORACE^E 405

1807. S. oehroleueum Fr. (from the yellowish-white pileus ; Gr.

ochros, pale yellow, leukos, white) a c. Coriaceous-mem-
branous.
P. reflexed, expanded, flaccid, silky, zoned, hoary-yellowish,
shaded pale brownish. Hym. even, smooth, cracking, yellowish
or greyish.
Wood, fir, maple, oak, hornbeam. Jan. 2 \ in.

1808. S. purpureum Pers. (from the purple hymenium ; purpureus,

purple) a b c. Coriaceous-soft.
P. effuso-reflexed, subimbricate, zoned, villoso-tomentose, pale
yellowish. Hym. even, smooth, bright rose- or dark-purple,
clouded, salmon. Flesh sometimes 1 in. thick, bright rose-
purple, 5-7 zoned.

Dead wood, horse-chestnut, sycamore, hornbeam, fir, poplar, willow, birch,
elm, twigs, grass. May-Dec. 3J in. Said by Prof. J. Percival to be
the cause of "silver-leaf" disease in plum, peach, apricot and sloe.
Var. atro marginatum W. G. Sm. A beautiful and apparently distinct
plant, illustrated with drawings by Purton and Sowerby, in the British
Museum collection ; it has been named Auricularia elegans Sow. t. 412, f. I.
Berkeley regarded the drawings as a variety of Stereum pu7-pu?-eum Pers.
P. woolly or frosted, white, with a narrow black zone near the white
margin. On a moss-covered tree.

1809. S. sanguinolentum Fr. (from the habit of the hymenium,

bleeding when bruised ; sanguis, blood) a b. Coriaceous-thin.

P. effuso-reflexed, substriate, adpressedly silky, pale brownish-
yellow ; marg. acute, white. Hym. even, smooth, pruinose
when old, brown-whitish or ashy, rarely as P.

Wood, branches, twigs, pine ; common. Jan. -Dec. 3J in.

1810. S. eonehatum Fr. (from the shell-like shape ; concha, a shell) a.

Coriaceous-thin.
P. conchato-reflexed, subcrisped, rugose, glabrous, obscurely

zoned, dull yellowish or brown-buff-whitish. Hym. even,

smooth, dry, brown.
Subimbricate. Fir. \\ in.

1811. S. spadieeum Fr. (from the date-brown hymenium ; spadixy

date-brown) a b. Coriaceous.

P. effuso-reflexed, hispid-zoned, very hispid at base, pale yellowish
or orange-brownish. Hym. even, smooth, brown-vinous over
pale yellow, not dark, or claret-brown, exuding red juice when
bruised.

Stumps and branches, ash, oak ; common. Jan. -Dec. 4! in.

1812. S. rugosum Pers. (from the commonly wrinkled hymenium ;

ruga, a wrinkle) a b c. Coriaceous-rigid.

P. effuso-reflexed, shortly reflexed, obtusely marginate, pruinose,

then smooth, buff, paler behind, zoned sienna. Hym. pruinose,

yellowish-brown or cream-buff, shaded pale livid, becoming

pale vinous where bruised.

Stumps, fir, hornbeam, oak, hazel ; very common. Jan. -Dec. 6 \ in.
Var. Lauro-cerasi Stev. grows on cherry laurel, Primus Lauro-cerasus.

406 THELEPHORACEiE Stereum

1813. S. vortieosum Fr. (from a fancied resemblance in the habit

to waves in a vortex or whirlpool) a b. Coriaceous.

P. effuso-reflexed, imbricate, obscurely zoned, rugose, strigose,
crisped, pale buff; marg. white. Hym. smooth, somewhat
ribbed, salmon, or purplish-salmon, sometimes orange shaded.

Beech. 4§ in. Intermediate between 1806 and 1808.

1814. S. rufum Fr. (from the rufous pileus) a b c. Rigid, coriaceo-

cartilaginous.

P. effuso-reflexed, rugose-rough, deep vinous-brown, with pale

yellowish marg. and white edge. Hym. minutely cracked,

grey-pruinose.

Dead pine, ash, poplar. Sept. -Mar. t>2 in- Effused and immarginate
when young.

b. Resupinatce.

1815. S. Pini Fr. (from the habitat, pine bark) a b c.
Coriaceous-cartilaginous, adnate as a shield, marginate, smooth

beneath, at length bullate. Hym. noduloso-rough, purple

flesh-colour, then fuscous, deep sienna or deep vinous-brown.

On Scotch fir. Nov. T>i m- Sometimes identical in colour with the pine
bark and easily overlooked.

1816. S. frustulosum Fr. (from the habit, breaking to fragments;

frustrum, a piece) a c.

Woody, tubercular, thick, crowded and subconfluent, breaking to

fragments, smooth beneath, and at the obsoletely marginate

circumference. Hym. convex, pruinose, blackish-brown,

cinnamon, becoming salmon.

Wood and bark, oak, beech, branches, hard to rotten sticks. i\ in. ;
frustules \ X T35 in.

1816a. S. quereinum Potter (from the habitat, oak, quercus) a.

Coriaceous, at first filling in between crevices of bark. Hym.
slightly papillose, young examples with a central papilla, pale
buff, becoming cinnamon-whitish ; marg. slightly raised from
matrix, dark brown, finely zoned beneath, edge lighter.
Abundant white mycelium in and under bark.

Oak bark. Jan. -Nov. 2§ x \\ in.

1817. S. aeerinum Fr. (from its usual habitat, maple branches ; acer,

maple) a b c.

Crustaceous, adnate, effused, even, usually smooth, sometimes

minutely nodulose or rugoso-rough, often transversely cracked,

white, pale brownish- white or ivory.

Maple, fir, juniper, elm. Dec. 4.5 in. A slight repand hirsute pale-yellowish
margin or pileus is sometimes developed.

1818. S. stratosum B. & Br. (from the stratose habit) a.

Stratose, the pallid strata at length separating, effused, smooth,
here and there wrinkled, bright ochreous-white, becoming
yellow.

3i in.

Hymenochcete

THELEPHORACE^E

407

LXXXIV. HYMENOCILETE Lev.

(From the bristly hymenium ; Gr. humen, a membrane,

ckaite, a bristle.)

Pilcus coriaceous, variable in form. Hymenium plane to papillose,
velvety, with minute, rigid, persistent, bright brown setae or modified

Fig. 99. — a, b, HymenocJuete rubiginosa Lev., entire and in section, one-half natural
size, c, part of hymenium, showing cystidium, basidium and spores, X 500.

cystidia, three or four times the length of the basidia; in 1830 the
setae at first very pale. Basidia tetrasporous. Spores white or olive.

(Fig. 99-)

Allied to Peniophora. Species 1819 — 1831

a. Apodce. No stem. Spores white, cystidia acuminate, plane.

1819, 1820

b. Resvpinatoz. With a resupinate habit, except 1827.

Spores white, cystidia acuminate, plane or rough. 1821 — 1824
Spores olive. 1825 — 1827

Cystidia subclavate, sometimes rough. 1828 — 1831

a. ApodcB.

1819. H. rubiginosa Lev. (from the iron-rust colour of the hymenium ;

rubigo, rust) a b c.
P. effused, rerlexed, somewhat imbricate, zoned, velvety, deep

orange-sienna • marg. orange. Hym. papillose, ferruginous or

umber, sometimes deep claret-brown.
Hard wood, twigs, oak, alder, sometimes spreading to moss. Jan. -Dec. 6 in.

1820. H. Avellana Lev. ex Cooke (from the habitat, hazel, Cory/us

Av el land) a c.

P. effused, rerlexed, zoned, villous, bay-brown ; marg. obtuse,
free, narrowly rerlexed. Hym. papillose, pale ferruginous or
pale brown, here and there bleeding, sometimes minutely
cracked all over.

Hazel, beech, fir, etc. h-i in.

408 THELEPHORACE/E ■ Hymenochcete

b. Resupinata.

1821. H. nigreseens Mass. (from the at length blackish hymenium ;

nigtico, to be blackish) a b.

P. circular, flattened ; marg. free, a little reflexed. Hym.
papilloso-rough, brownish- or greyish-umber, becoming blackish,
with irregular black zones. Flesh indigo-umber.

Solitary, gregarious or confluent. Dry wood. May. 3J in.

1822. H. Stevensonii B. & Br. (after the Rev. Dr. John Stevenson) a b.
Hym. pallid, fawn-colour, or ivory-salmon with an obtuse slightly

elevated paler marg.
Yew. Sept. 2 in. This is Stereum rufohispidum Stev.

1823. H. leonina B. & C. (from the tawny colour ; Gr. konz a lion) a c.
Hym. somewhat papillose, ferruginous, saffron, orange or orange-
sienna, sometimes dark, with a few lighter spots ; marg.
tomentose, lighter.

Dead wood, holly. 3J in.

1824. H. fuliginosa Lev. (from the smoke-coloured hymenium ;
fuligo, soot) a c.

Hym. somewhat papillose, dark smoky bay-brown or opaque

claret-brown ; marg. lighter.
Wood. 2.\ in.

1825. H. eorrugata Lev. (from the wrinkles or folds on the

hymenium ; corrugo, to wrinkle) a c.

Somewhat effused, closely adnate, soon grumous. Hym. papillose,

red, red- pale- or vinous-brown, or deep claret-sienna, sometimes

darker at marg.

Bark, alder, maple, oak, blackberry, -hawthorn, holly, ling, Vaccinium,
Myrica. Mar. -Dec. 5^ in. Twigs, leaves, etc., are commonly
agglutinated to the hymenium. Becomes much cracked in drying.

1826. H. eroeeoferruginea Mass. (from the orange-brown hymenium ;

crocus, saffron, ferrugo, iron-rust) a.
Effused, broadly encrusting, very thin. Hym. papillose, saffron,

yellow-sienna, tawny, pale sienna or yellowish-chocolate ; marg.

paler or yellow.
Dead dog-rose. 3J in. Hymenium cracking.

1827. H. tabaeina Lev. (from the tobacco colour) a b c.
Somewhat coriaceous, thin, flaccid, effused, imbricate. P. silky,

then smooth, sienna-orange, pale or deep sienna or purplish-
umber, zoned sienna, base blackish-umber; marg. reflexed,
ivory. Hym. ferruginous, deep- or crimson-sienna, with a
white, ivory, yellow or orange marg.

Somewhat uncommon. Trunks, branches, etc., willow, hazel, plum,
oak, birch, lilac, blackberry, cotoneaster, rhododendron, Anihvmeda,
Vaccinium, sometimes spreading on to moss. Oct.-Mar. 3^ in.

1828. H. erassa Cooke (from the thick substance ; crassus, thick) a.
P. velvety, pallid-rufous ; marg. thick, at length free. Hym.

unequal, colour as P.
Trunks. 4J in.

Hymenochcetc

THELEPHORACE^E

409

1829. H. abietina Mass. (from the habitat, trunks of fir, abics) a b.
P. effused, tomentose, sienna-brown. Hym. papillose, fuscous-
ferruginous, dull yellowish-purple, brownish-salmon or claret-
brown, clouded ivory-ochre or purple-lilac, becoming pale.

Decaying fir, spruce-fir. 2\ in. Cracking when dry.

1830. H. disciformis W. G. Sm., Thelephora disciformis DC. (from

its frequent disc shape) a. White to ivory-white.

P. disciform, thinner towards the definite free naked marg.

Hym. unequal.

Trunks, oak. \\ in. This is Stereum disciform e Fr. Cooke has placed
it in Peniophora, and has illustrated the plant with granular setce. Saccardo
follows Cooke. My plants and those in British Museum have smooth
seta;.

1831. H. Boltonii Cooke (after James Bolton of Halifax) a.

P. villous, white to ochre or pale lavender, zoned brown or black.

Hym. white to pale brown, becoming ferruginous-fuscous or

dark red ; marg. crisped, free, thin.
Bird cherry. Feb. if in. Cracking when dry.

LXXXV. CORTICIUM Pers.

(From the usual habitat, bark, cortex)

Resupinate. Hymenium often broadly effused, in a few species
the margin is slightly upraised, amphigenous, even or tuberculose,

Fig. 100. — a, B. Corticiiim salicinitth Fr., entire and in section, one-half
natural size, c, hymenium with basidia and spores, X 500. D, E, C.cakcuni Fr.,
entire and in section, one-half natural si/e.

waxy or fleshy-soft, usually contracting and cracking when dry, smooth,
arising immediately from the mycelium without an intermediate

410 THELEPHORACE/E Corticium

fibrillose stratum ; without setae or modified cystidia. Spores white.
(Fig. ioo.)

Usually growing on bark and wood, sometimes on sawdust, earth,
fir-cones, stems of herbaceous plants, leaves, moss, etc. Some species
are phosphorescent. Young examples of some species of Corticium
may readily be confounded with Pezizce. The hymenium of some
species occasionally exhibits pale rose-coloured to deep crimson
stains caused by the presence of a parasitic mould, Hypomyces
rosellus. Species 1832—1866

Marginate, margin free, determinate. 1832 — 1837

Margin usually indefinite, byssoid, strigose, pulverulent or

mucedinous-clouded.

Hymenium white, or ochreous. 1837a — 1851

Hymenium brightly coloured. 1852 — 1864

Amphigenous, very thin, innate, throwing off the bark.

1865, 1866

1832. C. salieinum Fr. (from the habitat, willow, salix) a c.
Coriaceous, soft, rigid when dry, small, fixed by centre. Hym.

somewhat rugulose, becoming finely but sparingly cracked,
deep claret-crimson ; marg. reflexed all round, villous, white or
pale rose.

Gregarious. Willow, rarely poplar. Aug. -Sept. 5-1 in. Resembles a
Peziza.

1833. C. amorphum Fr. (from the supposed ambiguous structure of
the hymenium ; Gr. a, without, morp/ie, form) a b c.

Somewhat coriaceous, small, waxy-pliant, cup-shaped then
flattened. Hym. white- grey- or yellowish-umber ; marg.
white.

Gregarious. Silver fir, larch. Aug.-Nov. £-§ in. Resembles a Peziza.
This is Peziza amorpha Pers., Thelephora amorpha Fr. It grows in company
with Peziza calycina, with pallid examples of which it may be easily
confounded. When dry the Corticium and Peziza resemble each other
closely.

1834. C. evolvens Fr. (from the habit, as of new plants emerging

from the margins of older ones ; evolvo, to unroll) a b c.

Soft, cup-shaped to effuso-reflexed, gregarious, becoming con-
fluent. Hym. somewhat rugose or tubercular, cracking, pale
sienna, clouded darker or pale yellowish-brown.

Bark, cherry, willow, poplar ; frequent. Oct. -April. 5-if in.

1835. C. porosum B. & C. (from the pore-like markings on parts of

the hymenium) a.
White, becoming pale ochre ; marg. free, reflexed.

Wood. §-3 in. The "pores" somewhat resemble the true pores of
Porot/ieli?im, they are of different sizes and appear as thin dried circular
lines, such as are left by minute drops of moisture in drying.

Corticium THELEPHORACE.E 41 1

1836. C. populinum Fr. (from the habitat, poplar, populus).

Soft, tuberculiform, soon confluent and effused, at length involute.
Hym. uneven, ferruginous-cinerous, whitish-tomentose beneath.
Poplar.

1837. C. Lyeii Cooke ex Mass. (from the usual habitat, Lycium) a.
Effused, thin. Hym. papillose, lilac or white-salmon ; marg.

free, somewhat byssoid, pallid.
Lycium, lilac, f-3 in.

1837a. C. seriale Fr. (from the habit, growing in long, gregarious
rows ; series, a row).
Elongato-effused, adfixed to matrix, thin. Hym. rimose, thin, papil-
lose, dull ochreous, white pruinose ; marg. fibrillose whitish.
Wood, pine.

1838. C. ealeeum Fr. (from the chalk-white colour ; calx, lime) a b c.
Broadly effused, agglutinate, waxy. Hym. even, smooth, rigid,

cracking, white or pallid, becoming pale dull salmon ; marg.

finely pulverulent, white.

Wood, pine, blackberry, lilac, willow, lime, hornbeam, birch, Myrica,
leaves, earth. May- Aug. 5-5 in. This is C. cretaceum Pers.

1839. C. serum Fr. (from its time of growth — winter; series, late,

growing in winter) a b c.

Broadly effused, incrusting, fleshy to thin. Hym. smooth to

pruinose, crowded with papillae, splitting into flocci, white ;

marg. fading in a mucedinous manner into the wooden matrix,

sometimes forming finely pulverulent cloud-like growths.

Trunks, birch, alder, hornbeam. 5-32 m- This is Hypochnits Sacc,
Lycomyces Karst. Often resembling spluttered drops, as from a wax candle.

1840. C. seutellare B. &: C. (from the salver-like form it sometimes

assumes ; scutella, a salver) a c.

Broadly effused. Hym. cracking into minute areolae, with inter-
mediate finely-folded rugose patches, whitish, becoming warm
biscuit-buff; marg. forming thin cloud-like growths in mature
examples.

Rotting logs, furze, oak, cedar, dead herbaceous stems. 6 in.

1841. C. fcetidum B. & Br. (from its fetid odour) a.

Effused. Hym. cracking, white to ivory and ochreous, clouded

pale grey and faint sienna.
Sawdust. 4-2J in.

1842. C. laeteum Fr. (from the milk-white colour ; lac, milk) a b c.
Broadly effused, submembranous. Hym. waxy, cracking and

parting when dry, white to pale biscuit with mid. darker, some-
times pale straw or pale orange-colour ; sub. and marg. loosely
fibrillose, often fringed with long branching strands of white
mycelium, sometimes with pilose or farinose cloud-like growths.

Trunks and beneath bark, chestnut, beech, holly, lime ; frequent. Nov.-
Feb. 6 in.

412 THELEPHORACE.E Corticutm

1843. C. lseve Pers. (from the even hymenium ; frez>is, even) a b c.
Effused, membranous, separating from matrix. Hym. even,

smooth, rarely papillose, commonly with vacuoles exposing

the wood, cracking, white to sienna-yellowish, flesh-colour,

livid, salmon or pale red ; marg. sometimes broad, edge pilose,

ivory to white, sometimes with radiating strands of white

mycelium.

Wood, bark, sticks, pine, poplar, birch, alder, oak ; very common. Nov.-
May. 8^ in. Some conditions resemble 1770.

1844. C. eonfluens Fr. (from the habit — forming confluent patches)

a b c.

Agglutinate, submembranous. Hym. even, naked, cracking,
somewhat concentrically rugose when young, hyaline becoming
white, lavender-brown-white, yellowish-brown, pale brownish
or pale rose-purple ; marg. spreading in a dentate manner.

Bark, beech, alder, ash, willow. Mar. -Aug. f~3§ in.

1845. C. nudum Fr. (from the hymenium becoming bare, nudtis)

a b c.

Waxy, agglutinate, very thin, becoming rigid. Hym. flesh-colour,
white-salmon, umber-ivory or yellowish-buff, clad with
fugacious white meal, cracking when dry ; marg. determinate,
smooth.

Dead wood, bramble, alder, yew, willow. Aug. -April. 4-42 in.

1846. C. araehnoideum Berk, (from the mycelium — like spider-web ;

Gr. arac/uie, a spider) a b c.

Very thin, effused, delicately flaxy. Hym. waxy, continuous or
somewhat papillose, somewhat cracked when dry, white or
faintly clouded sulphur, yellowish or brownish, floccose be-
neath ; marg. white-fibrillose.

Wood, bark, oak, pine, twigs, leaves, grass, lichens, etc. Oct. -Mar. 7^ in.

1847. C. radiosum Fr. (from the radiate habit) a b c.
Membranous, subrotund with radiate lobes. Hym. smooth,

glabrous, irregularly papillose, cracking when dry, primrose-
white to dark ochreous or buff, adpressedly fibrillose beneath ;
marg. fibrilloso-radiate, often with long strands of mycelium.
Elm, birch, pine, hornbeam, naked wood. Oct. -Feb. 4J in.

1848. C. Typhse Fuck, (from the usual habitat, bulrushes ; Typha, a

bulrush) a b c.
Longitudinally effused, thin, at first forming white byssoid spots,

smooth then mealy, cracking when dry, ivory to tan ; marg.

usually ragged or ill-defined.
Dry leaves of Typha latifolia and species of Carex. \\ in.

1849. C. Sambuei Pers. (from the habitat, elder, Sambucus) a b c.
Broadly effused, indeterminate, encrusting, somewhat innate,.

cracking and breaking into noccules when dry, white.
Very common. Aug.-May. 7 in. Sometimes forming hyaline-whitish
spotty cloud-like growths.

Cortieium THELEPHORACE/E

413

1850. C. laetescens Berk, (from its habit of exuding a watery

milk-like fluid ; /ac, milk) a b c.

Waxy-soft, agglutinate, undulate or rugose at length cracked,

pale flesh-colour or pale salmon ; marg. shortly byssoid.

Dead wood, ash, willow. Oct. -Feb. 6 in. Interstices of cracks silky.
Superficially resembles 1893.

1850a. C. strigosum Pers., var. filamentosum W. G. Sm., Thekphora
byssoides DC. (from the thread-like habit ; filum, a thread).
Sub. web-like, filamentous, string-like, dull yellowish, externally

pulverulent.
On Amaryllis.

1850b. C. violeum W. G. Sm., Hypochnus violeus Quel, (from the
colour).
Byssoid, thin, orbicular. Hym. velvety-floccose varying lilac and

rose ; marg. thin pallid.
Dead branches, pear, apple.

1851. C. laeunosum B. & Br. (from the hymenium, full of openings ;

lacuno, to hollow out) a.
Broadly effused, soft, pulverulent, lacunose, exposing matrix

beneath, tawny, ochreous or cinnamon, clouded pale umber.

Myc. woolly, tawny.
Wood, branches. 5 in.

1852. C. roseolum Mass. (from the rose-coloured hymenium) a b.
Broadly effused, indeterminate, very thin, waxy. Hym. smooth,

continuous, not cracking, pale rose or salmon ; marg. whitish,
silky.
Worked wood, palings. Nov. 7 in.

1853. C. aurora B. & Br. (from the rosy colour, like the dawn,

aurora) a b.
Effused, thin, agglutinate, rosy, becoming pale salmon with a

lighter indeterminate marg.
Dead leaves and stems of Carex, C. paniculata. Feb. 2\ in.

1854. C. anthoehroum Fr. (from the rosy flower-like cloudings ; Gr.

anthos, a flower, chros, colour) a b c.

Broadly effused, membranous, floccoso-velvety, clouded brick-red

or rose on a pale brownish ground.

Investing dry bark, twigs, etc., sycamore, birch, spreading to earth; rare.
Nov. -Mar. 6^ in. Sometimes forming small, dark vinous patches.

1855. C. molle Fr. (from its soft substance ; mollis^ soft) a c.
Irregularly rounded, floccoso-rleshy, loosely interwoven. Hym.

waxy, papillose, cracked when dry, pallid, pale sienna to
reddish-buff; marg. naked, paler, sometimes byssoid.
Fir. 3$ in.

1856. C. polygonium Pers. (from the hymenium, often covered with

small polygons, from the confluence of small growths) a b c.
Adnate, determinate, soon hardened, somewhat grumous. Hym.

414 THELEPHORACE^E Corticium

pruinate, at length more or less cracked, lavender-white or
flesh-colour, red beneath.

Dead branches, hornbeam, poplar, sloe, lilac, elm, Robinia ; frequent.
Mar. -April. |~3i ni- Growing in small round patches from the ostiola
oi Sphcernz, at length confluent and forming large patches which become
rugged with age.

1857. C. maeulseforme Fr. (from the rose-coloured spots on the

hymenium: macula, a spot, forma, form) a.
Orbicular, confluent, indurate, thin. Hym. spuriously papillose,

purple with rose-coloured spots and smaller purple spots ;

marg. determinate, pale purple.
Dead wood. 2\ in.

1858. C. sanguineum Fr. (from its blood-red colour; sanguis,

blood) a b c.
Broadly effused, indeterminate, even, smooth, loosely adherent,
arachnoid beneath, slightly cracking when dry, bright deep
cinnabar-crimson, clouded purple and black-crimson ; marg.
sometimes broadly floccose with cinnabar-white mycelium,
sometimes forming cinnabar-white cloud-like growths.

Wood, squared wood, pine, larch, spreading to leaves. Oct. -Feb. ioj in.
Deeply staining wood a permanent blood-red colour. Rarely fertile.

1859. C. Carlylei Mass. (after Dr. David Carlyle of Carlisle) a.
Effused in elongate patches, agglutinate, between waxy and soft.

Hym. even, smooth, dull orange ; marg. white.
Oak bark. 3i X £ in.

1860. C. flaveolum Mass. (from the yellowish hymenium ; flavus,

light yellow) a.
Effused, membranous, loosely adhering. Hym. pallid yellowish,

or very pale lemon with a determinate white marg.
Trunks of tree-ferns. 3 in.

1861. C. eoeruleum Fr. (from its frequent azure-blue colour ; coeruleum,

azure-blue) a b c.
Broadly effused, adnate. Hym. waxy-soft, papillose, tomentose,
slightly cracking, deep smalt or Prussian-blue, sometimes
almost black or clouded deeper and lighter azure-blue ; marg.
determinate, bordered with a fine white line or narrowly flaxy
and pale blue, sometimes upturned.

Sticks, dressed wood, dead wood, gates, rails, fir, chestnut, oak, alder ;
common. Dec. -April. 6 in. Sometimes phosphorescent. Sometimes
black when dry.

1862. C. violaeeolividum Fr. (from its violet and livid clouding) a c.
Somewhat effused, adnate, indurate. Hym. spuriously corrugate,

tuberculose, mealy, cracking all over when dry, livid purple,
clouded darker or indigo-white, clouded pale brown ; marg.
paler or yellowish.

Dead wood, willow, lilac. 4§ in.

Corticium THELEPHORACE.E 415

1863. C. lividum Pers. (from the livid colour) a b c.

Effused, closely adnate, between waxy and soft. Hym. evenr
sometimes rugose or tubercular, somewhat viscid when moist,
cracking when dry, variable in colour, clouded pale buff, pale
liver or livid azure-blue and fuscous-purplish ; marg. pulverulent,
granular or determinate, paler or white.

Dead birch, elm ; rare. Oct. -June. 5 in.

1864. C. atrovirens Fr. (from the colour, blackish, shaded greenish;

ater, black, vireo, to be green) a.
Irregularly effused, tomentose beneath. Hym. waxy, smooth,

pruinose, somewhat pale dull indigo with a greenish shade;

marg. tomentose.
Rotten wood, leaves, sticks ; rare. 3 in.

1865. C. nigreseens Fr. (from its blackish colour; nigrico, to be

blackish) a c.

Effused, interrupted, waxy, agglutinate. Hym. here and there
papillose, cracking when dry, yellowish then blackish or
brown-whitish to brown-slate, densely powdered with large
spores.

Branches, sticks, under the bark, oak. 3 in.

1866. C. eomedens Fr. (from its habit of destroying the bark,

when very thin, under which it grows ; comedo, to consume)
a b c.
Effused, innate, exposed only when the bark splits. Hym. even,
sometimes papillose or finely granular, slightly viscid when
moist, cracking when dry and peeling from matrix, flesh-colour,
lilac or variegated pale dull buff and pale to somewhat dark
purplish.

Sticks, branches, hazel, alder, hawthorn, chestnut, pine, oak, hornbeam ;
very common. Aug. -Mar. 5J in. Never found above the bark.

LXXXVI. PENIOPHORA Cooke.

(From the shuttle-like setae, metuloides, or modified cystidia borne
on the hymenium ; Gr. penion, a shuttle, phero^ to bear.)

Resupinate, effused, coriaceous or subcarnose. Hymenium, as
seen under a pocket lens, setulose, cystidia projecting, fusiform,
colourless, hyaline at first smooth then verruculose above with
minute particles of oxalate of lime, which are derived from water
containing this substance in solution. The cystidia give the
hymenium a velvety appearance, but they sometimes break away and
leave the hymenium smooth ; in this condition care must be taken
not to confuse the species with Corticium. Basidia tetrasporous.
Spores white, hyaline. (Fig. 101.)

4i6

THELEPHORACE^E

Pcniophora

Growing on wood, bark, leaves, etc. Young examples of some

species may be readily confused with Pezizce. Species 1867 — 1882

Margin free, more or less incurved. 1867 — 1870

Margin adpressed, often indeterminate. 1871 — 1881

Setae aggregate in fascicles.

1882

Fig. ioi. — a, b, Pcniophora qucrcina Cooke, entire and in section, one-half natural
size, c, basidium, spores and cystidium of ditto, X 500. d, e, P. rosea Mass., entire
and in section, one-half natural size, f, basidium, spores and cystidium of ditto, X 500.
G, H, P. hydnoides Cooke & Mass., entire and in section, one-half natural size.
j, basidium, spores and cystidium of ditto, X 500.

18 67. P. quereina Cooke (from the usual habitat, oak, quercus) a b c.

Cartilaginous, membranous, at first agglutinate, then fixed at

se>J

centre, rigid, smooth, slightly cracking when dry, turning black
beneath. Hym. papillose, or irregularly rugose, sometimes

Peniophora THELEPHORACE.E 417

rugged all over, flesh-colour, pale purplish-rose, pale yellow-buff,
dull salmon or liver-whitish.
Oak, birch, lilac, lime, hazel, ash, chestnut. Aug.-April. 7 in.

1868. P. pezizoides Mass. (from its resemblance to Peziza ; Gr.

eidos, resemblance) a.

Somewhat leathery, cup-shaped, then flattened, fixed at centre,
externally pallid villous. Hym. continuous, ochreous or some-
what pale umber ; mid. darker ; marg. white.

Branches, horse-chestnut. \-% in.

1869. P. gigantea Mass. (from its large size, giganteus) a b c.
Broadly effused, swelling when moist, fleshy-tough, waxy, cartila-
ginous when dry, slightly cracking ; marg. free, incurved.
Hym. even, continuous, partly granular, white to ivory, shaded
greyish j marg. rugose, grey-ivory beneath.

Stumps, trunks, branches, fir, larch, sometimes investing fir-leaves, moss
and grass ; common. Oct. -April. 8^ in.

1870. P. Crosslandii Mass. (after Charles Crossland of Halifax).
Effused, thin, soft when moist, wholly separating from matrix

when dry. Hym. pale grey, faintly ochreous when dry.

Wood and bark, fir. Differing from 1869 in the smaller spores and shorter
cystidia.

1871. P. limitata Cooke (from the margin limited by a black line) a.
Somewhat orbicular, grumous, indurated, smooth. Hym. lurid,

lavender-brown, shaded brown.
Wood and bark, broom. 3§ in.

1872. P. rosea Mass. (from the rose-coloured hymenium) a b c.
Effused, very thin, slightly cracking, showing grain of wood

beneath. Hym. minutely papillose in middle, rose or rose-
salmon becoming pale, sometimes clouded pale brown ; marg.
often finely fimbriate or rugoso-radiate and paler, sometimes
tinted pale sulphur.

Wood, bark, birch, poplar, willow, walnut, rose, often spreading over grass,
lichens, etc. Oct. -Mar. 4§ in. Becoming rufous-salmon when dry.
Illosporium roseum is probably a young condition of this or of 1873.

1873. P. inearnata Mass. (from the flesh-coloured hymenium;

incamatus, flesh-coloured) a b c.
Somewhat waxy, agglutinate, thin, cracking when dry. Hym.
dull pale red, pale vermilion, red-orange, salmon- or vermilion-
white, or salmon, when young sometimes white ; marg. radiate,
varying darker or paler.

Wood, bark, bramble, gorse, birch, beech, laburnum, alder, plane, fir.
Dec. -April. 5^ in. Illosporium carneum is probably a young state of
this or of 1872.

1874. P. oehraeea Mass. (from the ochreous-yellow hymenium) a c.
Broadly efiused, cracking when dry. Hym. pallid ochreous, at

first sprinkled with scattered shining gold-like atoms, some-
times pale vinous.
Wood, bark, ash. 5I in. This must not be confounded with 1895.

2 E

41 8 THELEPHORACE/E Petiiophora

1875. P. einerea Cooke (from the ash-coloured hymenium ; ams,

ashes) a b c.
Waxy, becoming rigid, confluent, cracking when dry. Hym.
minutely papillose or granular, cinereous or lurid, umber-white
or white-lavender, often clouded umber, here and there pale
salmon-white ; marg. usually definite.

Wood, bark, herbaceous stems, pine, oak, poplar, lime, ash, honeysuckle, ivy,
bramble, Lycium, Viburnum. Aug. -June. 6 in.

1876. P. velutina Cooke (from the velvety hymenium ; vellus^

fleece) a c.

Broadly effused, adnate, very delicate, cracking when dry.

Hym. even, flesh-colour, rose-salmon, ivory, scarlet- white,

sometimes rose-lavender, paler at the somewhat broad, fleecy,

usually fimbriate marg., extending in radiate strands of mycelium.

Wood, bark, pine, bracken, sometimes involving moss. Oct. -May.
6 in.

1877. P. rimosa Cooke (from the cracked hymenium ; rima, a

cleft) a.
Broadly effused, agglutinate, cracking into areolae with silky

interstices. Hym. cinereous, pallid fawn, or somewhat pale

brown-sienna-ochre.
Bark, wood. 4 in. Differing from 1876 principally in the larger spores.

1878. P. seotiea Mass. (from the first place of finding, Scotland) a.
Broadly effused. Hym. cinnamon or pale brownish-ochre,

obscurely vinous and clouded opaque cinnamon-brown ; marg.

fibrillosely-radiate.

Inside bark. 3^ in. The irregularities of the inner side of the bark show
through the substance.

1879. P. phyllophila Mass. (from its habitat, leaves ; Gr. phullon, a
leaf, philoS) loving) a.

Broadly effused, membranous. Hym. continuous, ivory, some-
times faintly sulphurous or ochreous ; marg. fibrillose or
indeterminate.

Dead leaves. 4§ in. Must not be confounded with the non-British
Corticium epiphyllum, from which it is distinguished by its setee.

1880. P. pubera Sacc. (from the downy hymenium ; puber, downy) a c.
Broadly effused, closely adnate, very delicate, cracking. Hym.

even, white, clay-colour or colour of milky coffee; marg.
determinate to indeterminate but minutely ragged, sometimes
slightly pulverulent.

Oak, beech, mountain ash, rough pieces of rotten wood. Jan. -Feb. 3J in.

1881. P. teprestris Mass. (from its occasional place of growth, the

ground, terra) a b.
Effused, very thin. Hym. cinereous, pallid fawn or lavender-slate-
white.
Earth, twigs, branches, leaves. 5 in. Resembles pale dull lavender clouds.

Peniophora

THELEPHORACE/E

419

1881a. P. Chrysanthemi W. G. Sm., Corticium Chrysanthemi Plowr.
(from the habitat, base of living chrysanthemum stems) a.
Effused, incrusting, indeterminate, uneven from the irregularities
of the matrix. Sub. filamentous. Hym. indeterminate, white.
Autumn. 5 in.
1882. P. hydnoides Cooke & Mass. (from the resemblance of the
hymenium to certain resupinate species of Hydnum ; eidos,
appearance) a.
Broadly effused, thin, somewhat innate. Hym. cinereous or dull

lavender-white, clouded.
Bark. Nov. 55 in. Somewhat resembles Grandinia.

LXXXVII. CONIOPHORA DC.

(From the dust or spore-powdered hymenium ;
Gr. kouis, dust, p/ioreo, to carry.)

Resupinate, broadly effused, margin defined or indeterminate,
closely attached to the matrix. Hymenium even, powdered with

Fig. 102. — a, Coniophora olivacea Karst., one-half natural size. B, basidium
and spores of ditto, X 500. c, C. ochracea Mass., one-half natural size.
d, basidiuin and spores of ditto, X 500.

spores, without setas. Basidia tetrasporous. Spores smooth, pale
brownish or pale dull ochreous. (Fig. 102.).

Growing in broadly expanded patches on dead wood or bark.

Species 1883—1898

Spores large. 1883—1893

Spores small. 1894—1896

Substance soft, subgelatinous. 1897, 1898

1883. C. olivacea Karst. (from the olivaceous colour) a b c.

Membranous, broadly effused, orbicular or elongate. Hym. dull

2 e 2

420 THELEPHORACEifc Coniophora

olive, sparkling with oxalate of lime crystals when fresh ; marg.
fimbriate, whitish. Spores pale dull ochre.
Trunks and wood, pine ; uncommon. Oct.-Nov. 5J in.

1884. C. pulverulenta Sacc. (from the pulverulent hymenium) a.
Effused, dry, cracking. Hym. brown, ferruginous- or yellowish-
brown, clouded and mottled darker : marg. membranous, white
or pale yellowish-brown. Spores pale dull yellow.

Wood. 7 in. Has been considered a form of 1680, var. pulverulentus.

1885. C. puteana Karst. (from its often growing in cellars, humid
greenhouses, etc. ; puteanum, a well) a c.

Broadly effused, fleshy, fragile, somewhat thick, compact, almost
waxy, usually with open spaces exposing the matrix, sometimes
cracked and showing the fibrillose substratum. Hym. sub-
undulate, pallid, yellowish or buff to olivaceous-brown or
brown-sienna ; marg. mucedinous, white, sometimes indefinite.
Spores tawny olive.

Bark and wood, cypress, dead wood, rotten trunks, running over dead leaves,
damp walls in cellars, greenhouses, etc. ; frequent. Oct.-Nov. 5§ in.

1886. C. einnamomea Mass. (from the cinnamon colour) a b c.
Effused, confluent, irregular, fleshy, soft, somewhat thick, crack-
ing and exhibiting the fibrilloso-strigose Sub. Hym. pale
cinnamon to dark rich sienna-umber or chocolate, spotted or
mottled darker. Spores pale dull yellow or very pale cinnamon.

Wood, bark, plum, hazel, hornbeam, birch, oak; rare. Nov. 4 in.

1887. C. umbrina Karst. (from the brown colour, umber) a b c.
Effused, confluent, fleshy-soft, somewhat thick. Sub. villous.

Hym. tuberculose then collapsing, varying pale to dark brown

or sooty- or yellowish-umber, often slightly olive ; marg. shortly

fimbriate. Spores pale, dull brown.

Dead wood, branches, sticks, etc. Sometimes on the ground. Feb. 6 in.
Not easily separating from the matrix. Surface sometimes rugoso-
papillose all over.

1888. C. inerustans Mass. (from the incrusting habit) a b.
Effused, thin, indeterminate, almost waxy when perfectly

developed. Hym. waxy-pulverulent, pallid to pale yellowish.

Spores pale yellow.

Enveloping leaves, twigs, etc., with a film. 6 in. Thinner and less nodulose
than 1898.

1889. C. arida Karst. (from its dry substance ; aridus, dry) a b c.
Effused, membranous, adnato-agglutinate, continuous, cracking.

Hym. even to slightly tuberculose, sulphur-yellow, becoming
ferruginous-umber, clouded ; marg. broadly radiato-byssoid,
sometimes pulverulent, sulphur-white, sometimes zoned ochre
and sulphur near marg. Spores pale dull yellow.
Logs, woods, cellars, pine, fir, juniper ; common. Oct. -Feb. 7 in.

1890. C. sulphurea Mass. (from the sulphur colour) a b c.
Effused, fibrilloso-flaxy, somewhat thick, when perfect thick and

waxy-soft, cracking, often imperfect and spongy, passing into

Coniophora THELEPHORACE/E 42 1

radiate, cord-like, branching sulphur-coloured strands. Hym.

minutely papilloso-rugose or granulose, bright sulphur-yellow,

or clouded and mottled sulphur and orange on an ivory ground,

fading to yellow-umber, sometimes rich sienna-orange with a

pale somewhat byssoid sulphur marg. Spores olive.

Dead wood, bark, twigs, leaves, stipules, etc., pine, oak, beech, sometimes
on earth. Oct. -Jan. 5^ in. Var. ochroidea Mass. Hym. ochreous
with a cream or sulphur margin. Spores larger than type, probably
specifically distinct.

1891. C. subdealbata Mass. (from the whitish colour ; sub, somewhat,

dealbatus, whitened) a b.

Broadly effused, thin, determinate, cracking. Hym, shining-
white, thickly powdered, pallid fawn, or pale ochreous-whitish,
mottled brownish-ochre or shaded olive, often with paler
barren patches. Spores ochreous or pale dull yellow.

Bark, pine. Dec. 4§ in.

1892. C. stabularis Karst. (from its being first recorded from an

ox-stall \ stabulum, a stall) a c.

Effused, flaxy when young, fleshy-soft. Hym. tubercular, tubercles
collapsing, white, whitish-yellow, pale yellowish-brown or
vinous-fuscous, white-pruinose ; marg. definite flaxy or pul-
verulent, white.

Odour fetid from its habitat. Squared wood, fir. 4^ in.

1893. C. Berkeleyi Mass. (after the Rev. M. J. Berkeley) a b c.
Effused, thick, cracked ; marg. determinate, sometimes minutely

byssoid. Hym. vinous-brown, somewhat yellowish, somewhat
paler at the pallid marg. Spores tawny.
Bark, decorticated wood. 4 in. Superficially resembles 1850.

1894. C. Cookei Mass. (after Dr. M. C. Cooke) a.

Effused, fibrilloso-membranous. Hym. ferruginous-olive or yellow-
ish-brown, clouded darker; marg. byssoid, pallid. Spores pale
dull yellow.

Rotting wood. 4J in.

1895. C. oehraeea Mass. (from the ochreous colour) a b.

Broadly effused, submembranous, indeterminate, cracking.

Hym. with a woolly appearance, subpapillose, sulphur- white to

ochre, salmon-white when dry, or pale vinous-brown with a

yellowish tinge ; marg. broad, pulverulent, pale yellowish.

Spores yellowish or pale dull yellow.

Wood, bark, elm. July. 5 in. Resembles a thin form of 1890. Must
not be confounded with 1874 or the var. ochroidea of 1890.

1896. C. membranaeea DC. (from the somewhat membranous

substance) a.

Somewhat orbicular or effused, fragile, cracking and peeling off
the host. Hym. dull ferruginous or opaque-yellowish, sienna-
umber ; mid. somewhat dark, constantly paler at the fibrillose
marg. Spores ochre.

Forming patches a foot or more in diam. on walls, wood, paper, etc. cfe in.

422

THELEPHORACEiE

Coniophora

1897. C. gelatinosa W. G. Sm., Aldridgea gelatinosa Mass. (from

its gelatinous substance) a.
Broadly effused, fleshy, subgelatinous, sometimes \ in. thick,
becoming collapsed and rigid. Hym. pallid becoming purple-
brown ; marg. determinate. Spores olive.

Sawdust, extending for several inches, the irregularities of the hymenium due
to the substratum. 5 in.

1898. C. byssoidea Karst. (from its, at first, flaxy condition; Gr.

byssos, fine flax, eidos, appearance) a c.

Irregularly effused, at first grey, then compact; mid. fleshy.

Hym. light to ferruginous yellow, or colour of coffee and milk ;

marg. narrow, somewhat arachnoid or flaxy, whitish.

Forming a biscuit-coloured film sometimes a foot broad on fir-leaves, moss,
earth, etc. ; frequent. 4J in.

LXXXVIII. EXOBASIDIUM Woron.

(From the habit, the spores growing from basidia only with no

true sporophore ; ex, out of.)

Entophytes parasitic on living leaves and stems, which they
deform and hypertrophy. Basidia crowded, cylindrico-clavate,

Fig. 103. — a, Exobasidium Vacc/niz Woron., one-half natural size, b, section
through hymenium of ditto, showing basidia and spores, X 500.

Exobasidium

THELEPHORACE/E

423

normally tetrasporous, but spores sometimes varying in number from
one to five. The hymenial cells are borne on vegetative hyphae
which grow in the cellular tissue of the host and form a loose stratum
on its external surface. Spores ovate to elongate-oval, continuous,
rarely becoming septate, colourless. (Fig. 103.)

Most nearly allied to Corticium, but differing in the absence of
a sporophore or subiculum and in being parasitic. Exoaseus, an
Ascomycetous fungus, sometimes grows in company with Exobasidium.

Species 1899, 1900

1899. E. Vaeeinii Woron. (from its growth on Vaccinium and its

allies) a b c.
Innate, effused, usually orbicular or elongate, often confluent.
Hym. on under surface of leaves and round stems, pale rose,
covered with a white bloom.

June-Aug. \ in. Red or purple patches occur on the upper surface of the
leaves, opposite to the portion occupied by the fungus below.

1900. E. Rhododendri Cramer (from its growth on Rhododendron) a c.
Forming gall-like bullate excrescences, at first pale, then reddish

and shining on stems, petioles and under surface of leaves.

On Rhododendron fermgineum, R. hirsutum, R. Wilsonii. July. I in.
Insects, mites, etc., are often found in the gall-like swellings of
Exobasidium.

LXXXIX. CYPHELLA Fr.

(From the usual shape, like a small goblet, Gr. kiiphos.)

Usually small, sometimes almost minute, somewhat membranous,
cup-shaped, rarely plane, adnate from a central or oblique point,
sometimes with a stem and pendulous.
Hymenium within the cup or disc. Bcisi-
dia tetrasporous, rarely bisporous. Spores
subovate. (Fig. 104.)

Closely allied to Solenia. C. per-
pusilla is intermediate. Owing to the
strong external resemblance in many
Cyphelloz to certain small species otPeziza,
a genus of Ascomycetous fungi, it is
necessary to examine microscopically
the hymenium of some of the species
for the decisive characters of basidia
or asci. C. faginea Lib. is British,
but it is an Ascomycete.

Species 1901—1922

Stipitate. 1901—1905
Sessile or subsessile.

Spores hyaline. 1906—1918

Spores coloured. 1919—1922

¥*%

«k^s*

Fig. 104. — A, Cyphclla brunnea
Phill., X 2. B, ditto with c, sec-
tion, X 10. D, basidium and spores,
X 500.

424 THELEPHORACE.E Cyphella

1901. C. Pimii Phill. (after Greenwood Pirn, mycologist) a b.
Fasciculate, cyathiform, erect or pendent, membranous, soft,

fragile, pubescent, white or pale yellow. Stem somewhat
slender, crooked, enlarged upwards ; marg. somewhat incised.
Dead herbaceous stems in water, nettle, butter-bur. Feb. J x ^ in.

1902. C. eapula Fr. (from its resemblance to a small bowl, capula) ab c.
Membranous, obliquely campanulate, smooth j marg. sinuate,

irregular. Hym. even, whitish to yellowish, rarely greyish,

brownish, or wholly white.

Dead herbaceous stems, twigs, branches, nettles, fennel, moss, strawberry,
comfrey ; frequent. Oct. -Aug. \ in.

1903. C. eernua Mass. (from the habit, bending downwards ;

cernuus, nodding) a.

Thin, obliquely campanulate, glabrous, stem elongate, equal,

clear primrose-yellow, yellowish-white, somewhat sulphur or

very pale yellow.

Bark, elder. \ in. Perhaps the same as 1902, but Massee considers it
distinct in its more erect habit and larger spores.

1904. C. cutieulosa Fr. ex Berk, (from the membranous substance ;

cuticula, the outer skin) a b.
Membranous, at first oblong, then cup-shaped, smooth externally,

diaphanous white.
Dead grass stems ; rare. Feb. X2~5 in-

1905. C. laeera Fr. (from the cleft margin ; lacerus, torn) a b c.
Membranous, cup-shaped, vertical or pendulous, torn into clefts,

slightly striate and black fibrillose above. Hym. slightly
wrinkled and whitish, grey externally.
Dead twigs. \ x % in.

1906. C. galeata Fr. (from its resemblance to a metal skull-cap or

helmet ; galea, a helmet) a c.
Membranous soft, subsessile, even ; marg. entire, then torn.
Hym. slightly wrinkled, white to grey-white or pale rose-brown.
Mosses ; uncommon. Dec. J-^jj in.

1907. C. Goldbaehii Weinm. (after Carl Ludwig Goldbach) a b c.
Membranous, cup-shaped, sessile, lobed or cleft, externally

villous. Hym. even, pallid, white, ivory, or white-ochre.
Dead leaves of Aira ccespitosa, Carex paniculata. Feb. \ x ^2 in«

1908. C. museigena Fr. (from its habit, borne on mosses ; muscus,

moss, gigno, to bear) a b c.

Membranous soft, becoming plane, subdimidiate, externally

silky under a lens. Hym. slightly wrinkled, shining-white,

becoming pale brown.

Various mosses ; uncommon. Sept. -Jan. f in. Varied in form, fan-
shaped, spathulate, etc. Sometimes stipitate, sometimes | in. across.
This is Cantharelhis Icevis Fr.

Cyphdla THELEPHORACE^E 425

1909. C. eatilla W. G. Sm. (from its shape, like a small bowl,

catillus) a.
Submembranous, expanded ; marg. crisped, undulate. Hym.

veined, pale grey or faint claret-brown.
Often imbricate. Moss and dead leaves. Nov. § in. Closely allied to 1908.

1909a. C. griseopallida Weinm. (from the pallid grey colour ;

griseus, grey) a.

Somewhat membranous, globose, then campanulate, sessile,

floccose externally. Hym. even, smooth.

Elm, elder, honeysuckle, lime, pine. Dec. ^ in. A supposed variety of
this, found on dead Carex panicidata and described by Berkeley, is 1916.

1910. C. fulva Berk. & Rav. (from the tawny colour ; fulvus, tawny)

a b c.
Membranous, cup-shaped, deflexed, externally hispid-tomentose,

rich tawny-brown.
Dead bark, alder, elm. Jan. ^ in.

1911. C. brunnea Phill. (from the brown colour ; brunneus, brown) a b.
Subgelatinous, sessile, cupulate, grey-white-pruinate at the

incurved lacerate marg., dull brown or somewhat vinous umber,
mouth oblique, base very dark. Hym. smooth, discoloured
brown.
Wood and bark, old elder trees. ^ in.

1912. C. stuppea B. & Br. (from the coarsely hispid coat, as if clad

with tow ; stuppeus, made of tow) a.
Erumpent, sessile, cupulate, brownish, becoming white. Hym.

fuscous.
Broom. Mar. ^ in.

1913. C. alboviolaseens Karst. (from the pallid violet hymenium;

a/bus, white) a b c.

Cupulate, sessile or nearly so, densely villous, white. Hym.

even, pallid, tinged with violet.

Gregarious, often proliferous. Wood, bark, twigs, burdock, nettle, thistle,
holly, broom, lilac, sloe, oak, rose, poplar, ferns, chips. Oct. -June.

& in-

1914. C. villosa Karst. (from the villose coating) a b c.

Sessile, spherical with a contracted mouth, whitish.

Stems, leaves, branches, potato, vine, elder, burdock, sow-thistle, butter-bur,
dog-wood, fennel, strawberry, Latkyrus pratensis^Chenopodium. Oct. -June,
g'j-^j in. This and 1913 are much alike, both very white-villous externally,
with hymenium often wholly hidden. Distinguished by the colour of the
hymenium.

1915. C. doehmiospora B. & Br. (from the oblique spores; Gr.

dochmos, oblique).
Minute, cupulate, villous, mouth subconnivent, white.
Twigs, stems of herbacious plants, etc. Oct. -fe—£s in.

426 THELEPHORACE/E Cyphella

1916. C. Berkeleyi Mass. (after the Rev. M. J. Berkeley) a.
Sessile, globose, then expanded, at length campanulate, minutely

pilose, reddish-grey as is the even hymenium.

Dead Carex paniculata. Jan. ^5— A m* Berkeley considered this to be
a form of 1909a. Massee has made it a species, owing to a difference
in size of the spores and the different habitat.

1917. C. Bloxamii Berk. & Phill. (after the Rev. A. Bloxam) a b.
Floccoso-membranous, crenato-lobed, white villous externally.

Hym. white, then pale yellow.
Furze. Mar.-April. Minute to <£$ in.

1917a. C. eyclas Cooke & Phill. (from the shape, like the bivalve
shell, Cyclas) a b.
Conchiform, dimidiate, attached on one side, pendulous, clad
with flexuous hairs, whitish. Hym. smooth, very pale rose-
colour.
Dead wood. J in.

1918. C. pallida B. & Br. (from the pallid colour) a b c.

Sessile, at first orbicular, then irregularly lobed, plane, densely
tomentose to slightly hispid. Hym. at length wrinkled, pallid
ochreous.

Old stems of Clematis Vitalba. Nov. -April. ^ to £g in.

1919. C. fraxinieola B. & Br. (from its habitat, bark of ash, Fraxinus ;

eolo, to inhabit) a b c.
Orbicular, shortly villous, white. Hym. light yellow, becoming

fuscous. Spores pale olive.
Proliferous. Dec. -Feb. Minute to -£$ in.

1920. C. museieola Fr. (from its growing on mosses ; vmscus, moss,

colo, to inhabit) a b.
Membranous, subsessile, cupulate, nodding, externally slightly

fi brilloso- striate ; marg. slightly downy, repand, torn. Hym.

even, whitish, rarely cinereous.
Mosses; rare. Dec-Mar. Jin.

1921. C. oehroleuea B. & Br. (from the yellow-white colour; Gr.

ochros, pale yellow, /eukos, white) a b.
Membranous, cupulate, villous above ; marg. at length split.

Hym. even, pale ochre, brighter than exterior.
Sticks, bramble ; rare. July-Oct. \ in. Rarely stipitate.

1922. C. fuseospora Curr. ex Cooke (from the colour of the spores ;

fuseus, dusky).
Sessile, white tomentose ; marg. connivent. Hym. becoming

yellow. Spores subglobose, punctulate.
Bark, ^-i mm.

Sokfiia

THELEPHORACEiE

427

Fig. 105. — a,
anomala Fr., X 5.
with c, section, X

Solcnia
B, ditto
20. D,

XC. SOLENIA Hoffm.
(From the short pipe-like shape ; Gr. so/en, a pipe.)

Cylindrical, more or less contracted at the mouth, the external
hairs in some species rough with particles of oxalate of lime, cavity
covered with the hymenium. Basidia tetras-
porous. (Fig. 105.)

The species are all minute, rarely exceeding
TV in. in height. They grow, usually in crowded
masses, on rotten wood. They are closely
allied to Cyphella, but are distinguished by the
densely crowded habit and by the cylinders
never expanding.

Fries has placed this genus in the Poly-
poracece, but each cylinder in Solenia is a distinct
Peziza-like plant and not comparable with a
mere tube of one of the Polyporacece. To be
allied to the Polyporacece each cylinder should
be lined with minute basidia-bearing tubes.

Species 1923—1925

Externally white. 1923, 1924 basidium and spores, X 500.

Externally ochreous. 1925

1923. S. maxima Mass. (from the comparatively large size of the

spores ; maximus, largest) a.

Gregarious or sub fasciculate, not crowded, subcylindrical, slightly

contracted at base, externally villous, with slender aseptate

hyphas rough with minute particles of oxalate of lime, whitish

or pale buff, ochreous when dry.

Forming patches ^ X 5 in. May. ^ X ^ in. Spores 5 x 3 m- This is
1925, var. cinerea Cooke.

1924. S. faseieulata Pers. (from its growing in groups or fascicles) a be.
Gregarious, usually fasciculate, cylindrico-clavate, externally

minutely silky and almost smooth, sometimes faintly shaded,
brownish-yellow.
Willow, pine. Nov. -April. ^ x 3^ in. Spores 4 p..

1925. S. anomala Fr. (from its superficially anomalous or perhaps

scattered character) a b c.

Usually densely crowded, pyriform, forming effused scattered

patches ; marg. incurved, pilose externally, varying from dull

ochreous to ferruginous.

Birch, willow, vine, oak, beech, dog-wood. Aug. -May. i&Xjgin. Spores-
7 X 4 [J.. Yar. ochracea Mass. is somewhat smaller in size than type.

428 CLAVARIACE^: Sparassis

Fam. V. CLAVARIACEiE

Hymenium not distinct from the hymenophore. Amphigenous
somewhat fleshy fungi, vertical, branched or simple, never coriaceous
or incrusting. The branched species of Clavaria must not be
confounded with certain coriaceous species of Thelephora.

Species 1926—2000

Key to the Genera.

Branched, sponge-like. Branches compressed, flat or leaf-like 91 Sparassis.
Branched to simple.
Terete.

Stem not distinct from club 92 Clavaria.

Stem distinct from club, not usually springing from a

sclerotium 96 Pistillaria.

Usually springing from a sclerotium 95 Typhula.

Gelatinoso-cartilaginous, viscid 93 Calocera.

Hair-like 94 Pterula.

XCI. SPARASSIS Fr.

(From its appearance, as if torn to pieces ; Gr. sparasso,

to tear to pieces.)

Fleshy, with flat leaf-like branches, composed of two plates,
fertile on both sides. Basidia tetrasporous. Spores continuous,
hyaline. (Fig. 106.) Species 1926, 1926a

Fig. 106. — A, B, Sparassis crista Fr., entire and in section.
One-half natural size.

1926. S. crispa Fr. (from its crisped or curled appearance) a b c.
Whitish to pale yellowish. Very much branched, branches

Sparassis

CLAVARIACE^E

429

recurved, intricate at apex, the whole forming a large sponge-
like mass ; stemless or with a short stout stem.

Edible. Odour very sweet of anise. Beside fir-trees and stumps, on dead
fir-leaves, terrestrial on heaths. Aug. -Nov. 1 ft. 1 in. x I ft. 1 in.
Sometimes attaining a diameter of 18 in. and a weight of 2 or 3 lbs.

1926a. S. laminosa Fr. (from the leaf-like plates or layers of the

entire plant ; lamina, a thin leaf) a.

Very much branched, branches laminar, spreading, yellowish

straw-colour.

Woods. Sept. 10J x 7J in. Stronger smelling and softer than 1926,
never fimbriate at edges, lamince large, loose.

XCII. CLAVARIA L.
(From the club-like shape of some typical species j c/ava, a club.)

Fleshy, erect, branched or simple, branches somewhat round,
with or without a distinct stem. Hymeiiium continuous, dry, even,
homogeneous. Basidia tetrasporous.
Spores coloured or uncoloured.
For the most part terrestrial. (Fig.
107.) Species 1927—1975

Ramari^e. Branched, branches at-
tenuate upwards.

a. Leucosporce. Spores white or

nearly white.
Red, yellow or violet.

1927—1933
White or grey. 1934—1942

b. Ochrosporce. Spores pale

yellow, ochreous or cinna-
mon.
Yellow, pinkish-yellow or dull
ochreous. 1943—1949

Whitish, grey or violet.

1950, 1951
Growing on wood.

1952, 1953
Syncoryn^e. Clubs almost simple,
tufted at the base.
Reddish. 1954—1956

Yellowish or white.

1957—1963
Smoky or blackish. 1964

Holocoryn^e. Clubs entire or simple or nearly so, distinct at the

base.

Whitish. 1965—1967

Yellow or pallid, becoming darker. 1968 — 1973

Brownish or flesh-colour. 1974, 1975

Fig. 107. — a, Clavaria coralloidcs L. ;
b, C. vermicularis Fr. ; c, C. Jistirfosa
Holmsk., one-third natural size. D, C.
pistillaris L., basidium and spores, X 330.

430

CLAVARIACE/E Clavaria

There are analogous species in both sections of Ramarice. which
resemble each other in form and colour, but the Leucosporce, are
somewhat brittle-soft and several of the species are considered
edible, whilst the Ochrosporce are spongy-tough and mostly bitter
and unfit for food. The spore-colour, the taste and the substance,
whether soft or tough, are salient characters.

Ramarice.
a. Leucosporce.

1927. C. flava SchaefT. (from the frequent light yellow colour ;
flavus, light yellow) a c.

Very much branched : branches cylindrical, vertical, even,

obtuse, yellow. Trunk thick, fleshy, white.

Edible. Woods, pine. 6^ x 5§ in. Fragile. Must not be confounded
with 1943.

1928. C. botrytis Pers. (from the deep vinous purple colour of the

ultimate branchlets ; Gr. bofrus, a cluster of grapes) a b c.

Wholly white, buff, salmon, yellow, brownish, etc., sometimes
more or less claret-colour. Much branched ; branches swollen,
unequal, somewhat wrinkled, rose or brown-crimson at the
apices. Trunk thick, unequal.

Odour very pleasant. Woods, mixed, pine, beech ; uncommon. Aug. -Nov.

1929. C. amethystina Pers. (from the amethyst colour) a c.

Very much branched ; branches round, even, obtuse, equal,

purple, bright purple with a bluish shade or purple-lavender.

Said to produce violent colic.

Grassy woods and pastures; uncommon. Aug.-Oct. 2 x 2§ in. Myc.
lavender- whitish or pale cobalt.

1930. C. fastigiata L. (from the parallel clustered and erect

branches ; in some cases the branches decrease in height

outwardly, giving a sloping, obconic or gable-shape to the

plant ; fastigium, a slope, a gable) a b c.

Very much branched ; branches short, divaricate, slightly tough,

brittle towards base, egg-yellow, apices light yellow to fuscous.

Usually caespitose. Slightly fragrant. Pastures ; very common. Aug.-
Mar. i£ X 2§ in.

1931. C. museoides L. (from a fancied resemblance to a tuft of moss ;

muscus, moss ; Gr. eidos, appearance) a b c.
Twice or thrice forked, becoming slender, branchlets crescent-
shaped, acute, slightly tough, base tomentose, yellow.
Solitary. Pastures; frequent. Aug.-Oct. 3 x 3J in.

1932. C. kewensis Mass. (from its first observed place of growth,

Royal Gardens, Kew) a.

Branches numerous, repeatedly and dichotomously divided, axils

rounded, trunk very short, dull ochreous.

Odour strong, spicy, resembling 168 or 1437. Rotten stumps, under holly.
April, if x 2§ in.

Clavaria CLAVARIACE^E 431

1933. C. eurta Fr. (from its short stature ; curtus, short) a b.

Very much branched, adpressed; branches short, crowded,
obtuse ; stem none, but there is usually a fleshy base, greenish-
yellow.

On the ground, on fir-leaves. Oct. ^ to f in.

1934. C. eoralloides L. (from its appearance, like white coral;

Gr. eidos, appearance) a b c.

Branches unequal, dilated upwards ; branchlets crowded, acute ;

trunk somewhat thick, repeatedly and irregularly much

branched, base not downy, somewhat fragile, hollow within.

Commonly aespitose. Edible ; sold for food in markets of Italy. Shady
woods ; rare. Oct.-Nov. 5J X 5§ in. Sometimes faintly shaded buff.

1935. C. einerea Pers. (from its ashy colour ; rims, ashes) a b c.
Branches and branchlets thickened, irregularly shaped, somewhat

wrinkled, subobtuse ; trunk somewhat thick, short, very much
branched, fragile, stuffed.
Woods, mixed, fir ; frequent. Aug.-Nov. 5f X 4$ in.

1936. C. umbrina Berk, (from the colour, usually pale brown,

umbrinus) a.
Slightly branched ; branches and branchlets cylindrical, obtuse,

forked, pale umber to salmon-yellowish.
Woods, lawns, etc. July-Oct. 2§ in.

1937. C. eristata Pers. (from the crested apices of the branchlets ;

crista, a crest) a b c.
Branches dilated above, acutely incised, crested, tough, even,

stuffed, white, crests at length becoming pale buff.
Somewhat crespitose. Woods, mixed, pine ; frequent. June-Nov. 3gX3^in.

1937a. C. gigaspora Cotton (from the large spores ; Gr. gigas, a

giant) a.

Irregularly branched ; branches sometimes palmate, erect, terete

or compressed, much compressed at the acute axils, ultimate

branches attenuate, apices blunt, greyish with a shade of

yellow.

Crespitose, but distinct at the base, or solitary. Amongst moss on rocky
heathy slopes. Nov. ij x £.

1938. C. rugosa Bull, (from the wrinkled stem ; ruga, a wrinkle)

a b c.
Sparingly branched to simple, thickened upwards, irregularly
shaped, tough, white.

Edible. Woods, beech, pastures ; very common. Aug. -Dec. 5 in.
Var. i/iacrospora W. G. Sm., C. macrospora Britz. Spores longer and
somewhat larger than type. Type j-io,u. Var. S-io x 12-14 m.

1939. C. Krombholzii Fr. (after Julius Vicenz von Krombholz) a b c.
Slightly branched, even ; branches somewhat compressed, obtuse,

not wrinkled, fragile, white.
Caespitose. Old pastures. Sept. 2f in.

432 CLAVARIACE^E Clavaria

1940. C. erassa Britz. (from the thickness of the clubs; crassus,

thick) a.

Much branched ; branches obtuse, club-shaped, compressed.

Base attenuate downwards, violet.

Solitary. Not unlike 1938 and 1939 in habit, but differing in colour and in
the attenuate base. 3 in.

1941. C. Kunzei Fr. (after Karl Sebastian Heinrich Kunze) a b c.
Very much branched from the thin casspitose base ; branches

elongate, crowded, repeatedly forked, fastigiate, even, equal,
axils compressed, somewhat fragile, white.
Woods ; rare. Aug. -Sept. 2\ in.

1941a. C. subtilis Pers. (from its small and slender habit; subtilis,
fine, slender) a.
Tough, thin, glabrous at base, of equal thickness throughout;
branches few, dichotomously forked and somewhat fastigiate,
white becoming yellowish.
Amongst grass. Sept. ij in.

1942. C. pyxidata Pers. (from the shape of the palmate ends of the

branchlets in typical examples, like a small box, pyxis) a c.

Trunk thin, smooth, branched in an umbellate manner in

typical examples, pallid to tan, somewhat rufescent, varying

ivory and sulphur-white ; branchlets taking a cup-like shape at

the cuspo-radiate apices.

On the ground, on sticks, pine. 2§ in. This has a tendency to form
primary and secondary umbels, the latter with from 5 to 9 rays ; when
the branchlets are short the apices have a fancied resemblance to little boxes.

b. Ochrosporce.

1943. C. aurea Schseff. (from the golden colour ; aurum, gold) a b c.
Trunk thick, elastic, soft, divided into stout tense straight

very dichotomous round obtuse somewhat toothed branches,

buff, pale yellow, pale reddish, or pale salmon. Fleshy stem

sometimes absent.

Woods, mixed, fir, beech. Aug.-Oct. 5x5! in. Must not be confounded
with 1927.

1944. C. rufeseens Schaeff. (from the red apices of the branchlets ;

rufesco, to become red) a b c.

Trunk thick, elastic, tan or pale salmon, much branched ;
branches multifid, crowded, somewhat fastigiate, even, tan,
pale salmon or pale vermilion, with red, crimson or vermilion
apices.

On wood. Sept. 4^ x 4 in.

1945. C. formosa Pers. (from its beauty ; formosus, beautiful) a b c.
Trunk thick, elastic, ivory, pale buff or pale olive-brown, darker

below, much elongato-branched ; branchlets obtuse, luminous

Clavaria CLAVARIACE^E 433

yellow, salmon or salmon-buff, apices sometimes orange or
sulphur.
Odour pleasant. Downs, commons, woods, pine; rare. July- Oct.
4f X 6 in.

1946. C. spinulosa Pers. (from the attenuate spine-like branchlets ;

spinulosus, spined) a b c.
Trunk short, somewhat thick, pale yellow; branches crowded,

tense, straight, attenuato-pointed, yellow-orange, dull yellow or

warm brown.
Woods, fir, beech, mixed. Sept. 5 X 6 in.

1947. C. abietina Pers. (from the habitat, under fir, abies) a b c.
Trunk short, somewhat thick, very much branched ; branches

crowded, branchlets tense, straight, acute, olive-ochre or
olive-sienna-ochreous, becoming green where touched.
Taste bitter. Under fir, larch ; common. Aug. -Dec. 3x3 in.

1948. C. flaeeida Fr. (from its flaccid habit) a b c.

Stem thin, very short, very much branched ; branches crowded,
even, unequal, acute, flaccid, often drooping, ochreous or buff.
Amongst leaves and moss in woods, pine ; rare. Oct. 3 X 2\ in.

1949. C. eroeea Pers. (from the saffron colour ; croceus, saffron) a b.
Minute, thin ; stem naked, pallid or yellow ; branches and

branchlets orange-scarlet.

Downs, gardens, on peat. Sept. -Feb. § X § in. The general appearance
is not that of a true Basidiomycete ; it has somewhat the appearance of a
slender minute branched Calocera.

1950. C. grisea Pers. (from the grey colour ; griseus, grey) a b c.
Trunk somewhat thick, firm, often rooting, whitish; branches

and branchlets attenuate, somewhat wrinkled, fuliginous-
cinereous.
Woods; rare. Sept.-Oct. 4 X 5 in. Sometimes confounded with 1935,
in which the spores are white.

1951. C. condensata Fr. (from the closely adpressed branchlets ;

condenso, to press close together) a.

Tufts very dense, usually without a trunk, very much branched
from the base, smooth, tan-rufescent or salmon ; branches tense
and straight, crowded, even, fastigiate, twice or thrice-toothed,
yellow.

On the ground, under trees. 3^ X 4 in.

1952. C. stricta Pers. (from the tense, straight habit ; stringo, to drav»

tight) a b c.
Trunk short, thin, very much branched ; branches and branchlets
tense and straight, even, crowded, adpressed, somewhat acute,
pallid yellowish or whitish-yellow to buff-tan, fuscous where
bruised.
Woods, pine, on and about stumps, sawdust ; uncommon. Aug. -Nov.
4i x 3i in' Ohen springing from cord-like mycellium.

2 F

434

CLAVARIACE^E Clavaria

1953. C. erispula Fr. (from the slightly curled branchlets ; crispidus,

slightly curled) a b c.
Trunk very thin or obsolete, very much branched ; branches

flexuous, multifid, branchlets divaricate, tan to ochreous, buff

or ochre, almost white below.
Base of trees, ash, elder ; rare. Oct. -Dec. 3J x 2§ in.

SYNCORYN/E.

1954. C. purpurea Mull, (from the colour ; purpureus, purple) a c.
CI. elongate, hollow, then compressed, acute, fragile, opaque,

claret-brown and slightly purplish to purple.
Csespitose. Under pine ; rare. Aug.-Oct. 3! in.

1955. C. rufa Pers. (from the reddish colour ; rufus, red) a c.

CI. stuffed, thickened, fusiform, sometimes bifid, rarely trifid, pale
warm brown, rarely bright red or orange- vermilion, apices
darker with age.

Csespitose. Odour somewhat strong. Sept. 2.\ in.

1956. C. rosea Dalman (from the rose colour) a b c.

CI. stuffed, fragile, pale to claret-pink or full rose-colour, apices

attenuate or rounded, becoming yellowish with age.
Somewhat fasciculate. Pastures, amongst moss ; rare. 2 \ in.

1957. C. fusiformis Sow. (from the fusiform clubs) a b c.

CI. somewhat fusiform, apex acute, sometimes bifid, trifid or

toothed, firm, soon hollow, bright yellow, apices fuscous.

Spores even.

Caespitoso-connaie. Amongst grass, woods, pastures, etc. ; common. Sept.-
Nov. 5 in. Sometimes intensely bitter. Often confounded with 1958
and 1959. Var. ceranoides W. G. Sm., Clavaria ceranoides Pers., unequal,
divided above, branched, upper part often antler-like.

1957a. C. luteoalba Rea (from colour of the club, yellow below,
white above ; luteus, yellow, a/bus, white) a.
CI. simple, stuffed, attenuate to base, apex acute to blunt, deep

rich yellow, apex constantly white.
Fasciculate or scattered. Amongst grass and bracken. Sept. -Oct. 2\ in.

1958. C. dissipabilis Britz. (from the scattered habit ; dissipabilis,

dissipated, scattered) a.

CI. elongato-clavate, apex rounded, rarely subacute, round or

compressed and channelled, solid, collapsing, fragile, even,.

glabrous, deep orange yellow. Spores spinulose.

Solitary or in small clusters. Short grass in pastures, roads, woods; common.
Oct. 2^ in. Often confounded with 1957 and 1959.

1959. C. insequalis Mull, (from the clubs being often unequal in

diameter and more or less unevenly compressed ; incequalis,
unequal) a b c.
CI. variable, usually simple and rounded above, narrow or

Clavaria CLAVARIACEiE 435

inflated, fragile, stuffed, rarely bifid, yellow, usually paler than

1957 and 1958. Spores even.

Somewhat fasciculate or gregarious. Amongst grass, woods, pastures ; very
common. Aug.-Nov. 4§ in. Often confounded with 1957 and 1958.

1960. C. argillaeea Pers. (from the colour of clay, argilld) a b c.

CI. usually simple, variable, sometimes short and obese, rarely
with short rounded obtuse branchlets, apex rounded, some-
times in hammer-form, whitish-yellow to brownish-buff or buff-
ivory, rarely sulphur, base yellowish.

Usually fasciculate. Woods, amongst moss, under firs. Aug.-Nov. 4§ in.

1961. C. vermieularis Fr. (from a fancied worm-like shape ; ven?iisy

a worm) a b.
CI. stuffed, cylindrical, flexuous, acutely pointed, fragile, white,

apices at length somewhat yellowish, base often faintly

brownish.
Caespitose. Amongst grass, pastures, roadsides ; very common. May-Oct.

4? in.

1962. C. fragilis Holmsk. (from its brittleness ; fragilis, fragile) a b c.
CI. soon hollow, obtuse and rounded above, rarely forked, white,

sometimes ivory, yellowish or pale brownish, white below.
Fasciculate. Pastures, roadsides ; common. Aug.-Nov. 3 in.

1962a. C. Miehelii Rea (after Piero Antonio Micheli) a.

CI. thin, cylindrical, hollow, apex acute, very fragile, yellow,

white at the base.

Fasciculate. On the ground under trees, cherry. Sept. This plant should
not have been named Michelii, as Micheli's plant, Nova Plant. Genera, t. 87,
figs. 6, 10, is stout, obtuse and white. According to Fries this is C. fragilis.

1963. C. striata Pers. (from the striate clubs) a.

CI. elongate, compressed, somewhat tortuoso-flexuous, somewhat
longitudinally striate, subfuliginous or pale dull to dark brown.
Caespitose. Woods, amongst grass ; rare. Sept. 3! in.

1964. C. fumosa Pers. (from the smoky colour ; fumus, smoke) a b.
CI. even, usually tense and straight, somewhat compressed,

fistulose, fragile, apices rounded or acute, fuliginous or yellowish
dull umber.
Fasciculate. Pastures ; uncommon. Aug. -Sept. 4^ in.

*

HOLOCORYN/E.

1965. C. eanalieulata Fr. (from the small longitudinal channels on

the clubs ; canaliculus, a small channel) a.
CI. rarely somewhat branched, slightly tough, hollow, very smooth,
at length compressed or split longitudinally, white or shaded
faintest salmon.
Solitary, sometimes in pairs, rarely in threes. On the ground. 3I in.

2 F 2

436 CLAVARIACE^E Clavaria

1965a. C. tenerima Mass. & Crossl. (from its tender substance ;

tener, tender).

CI. cylindrical, flexuous, somewhat attenuate above, base not

narrowed, hyaline white.

Gregarious but distinct at base. Amongst short grass. \\ in. Resembles
1962 in habit.

1966. C. acuta Sow. (from the sharp pointed clubs ; acutus, sharp)

a b c.

Tense, straight with a translucent stem distinct from the opaque

club, white.

Solitary. Sides of damp ditches, in garden pots; rare. Sept. -Nov. I in.
Hardly a Clavaria. Sowerby's original drawing has the appearance of a
Torrubia growing on a dead chrysalis, perhaps a Pistilla?'ia.

1967. C. uneialis Grev. (from its usual length, about one inch, wicia)

a b c.
CI. stuffed, tough, tense and straight, obtuse, smooth, white,

sometimes shaded faintest rose, becoming pale amber.
Dead stems of herbaceous plants, umbellifers ; uncommon. May— Nov. I in.

1968. C. pistillaris L. (from the pestle shape ; pistillum, a pestle) a b c.
Fleshy, stuffed, ovato-clavate, obtuse, light yellow to brownish-
tan or rufescent.

Solitary. Taste bitter ; odour not unpleasant. Woods, amongst ferns and
leaves, roadsides under hedges ; uncommon. Sept. -Nov. nfin.

1969. C. ligula SchaerT. (from the shape, like a small tongue or strap,

liguld) a c.
Spongy-fleshy, elongato-clavate, obtuse, rarely slightly forked,

villous at base, yellowish to pallid rufescent, rarely pale red.
Gregarious. Woods, fallen twigs and branches, amongst fir-leaves, moss.

4i in-

1970. C. eontorta Holmsk. (from the usually twisted shape ; con-

tortus, twisted) a b c.

Contorted, wrinkled, obtuse, sometimes attenuate upwards or
broadly spathulate, rarely bifid, spongy-fleshy, stuffed, watery-
yellowish to somewhat pale olive-yellow.

Solitary or casspitose. Wood, twigs, alder ; rare. Sept. -Nov. § in.

1971. C. fistulosa Holmsk. (from the hollow clubs ; fistula, a pipe) a c.
Slender, tense, straight, hollow, light yellowish, yellow, ivory-buff

or buff to orange and rufescent, rooting and villous below.
Twigs, branches, etc. 9f in.

1972. C. tuberosa Sow. (from the tuberous base) a b.

Tough, even, aculeate, hollow, tuberous and solid below, held to

the matrix by flocci, ochre to somewhat pale salmon-umber.
Caespitose. Sticks, birch, bursting through the bark. Nov. 3 in.

1973. C. juneea Fr. (from the rush-like shape ; j uncus, a rush) a b c.
Filiform, flaccid, hollow, acute, pallid to rufescent or yellow,

pale ochre or pale orange, base creeping, fibrillose.

Gregarious. Woods, amongst leaves, twigs and moss, fir, poplar, beech,
oak. Sept. -Nov. 5 in. Sometimes hair-like in thinness, the base

Clavaria

CLAVARIACE/E

437

spreading over leaves. Sometimes certain individuals spring from a small
orange-brown sclerotium as in Typhala or a white base ^ in. in diam.
Must not be confounded with 1986 or 1992.

1974. C. ardenia Sow. (after Lady Arden) a b c.

Apex of the very hollow inflated CI. acute or rounded, then
more or less collapsing and becoming depressed, brown-ochre
with an olive shade or date-brown, base creeping, white
tomentose.

Fallen branches, amongst fir-leaves, under laurels, on rotting hazel sticks ;
rare. Oct. -Dec. 8J in.

1975. C. inearnata Weinm. (from the flesh colour ; incarnatus, flesh-

coloured).
Solid, cylindrical, flesh-colour, internally purple.
Gregarious. On the ground.

XCIII. CALOCERA Fr.

(From the shape and colour, like beautiful horns ; Gr. kalos,

beautiful, keras, a horn.)

Gelatinoso-cartilaginous, horny when dry, somewhat cylindrical,
simple or branched, viscid, without a distinct stem. Hymenium

Fig. io3.— a, Calocera viscosa Fr., two-thirds natural size, B, basidia and spores of ditto;
C, spores germinating and producing sporidiola ; D, sporidiolum germinating ; X 6oo. E, C. corfiea
Weinm. ; F, C. stricta Fr. ; two-thirds natural size.

438 CLAVARIACEiE Calocera

amphigenous. Basidia furcate or bilobed, each lobe bearing a single
one-spored sterigma. Spores oblong, curved, septate on germination,
producing heads of ellipsoid sporidiola as in the Tremelliiiacecz.

(Fig. 108.)

Growing on wood. Species 1976 — 1982

Branched. 1976, 1977

C^espitose. 1978, 1979

Simple, solitary. 1980—1982

1976. C. viseosa Fr. (from its viscidity) a b c.

Branches more or less vertical, repeatedly dichotomous, orange,
the rooting base paler.

Rotten wood, stumps, chiefly pine ; very common. July-Dec. 2\ in.
Base 2\ in.

1977. C. palmata Fr. (from the palmate branching) a c.
Tremelloso-tough, compressed, dilated upwards and more or less

horizontally palmato-divided, orange-yellow or orange.

Wood. | in.

1978. C. cornea Weinm. (from the horn-like shape ; cornu, a horn)

a b c.
Simple, awl-shaped, sometimes bifid rarely trifid, connate at base,
rooted, even, orange.

Dead wood, pine, oak, beech, willow, birch, old deal boards ; frequent.
June-Feb. f in.

1979. C. eortiealis Fr. (from the habit, piercing through bark,

cortex) a c.
Awl-shaped. CI. somewhat distinct, soft, pellucid, pallid flesh-
colour.

Dead bark. Dec. -Jan. \ in.

1980. C. strieta Fr. (from the habit, tense and straight, strictus) a b c.
Linear, sometimes slightly spathulate, yellow, sometimes brownish

below.

Ash, naked wood. Oct. I in.

1981. C. striata Fr. (from the striae on the clubs) a b.
Lanceolato-clavate, tough, acute, striate when dry, yellow.

Wood, prostrate trunks. March. \ in.

1982. C. glossoides Fr. (from the tongue-like shape • Gr. gloss a, the

tongue, eidos, appearance) a b c.
Clavate, subtremellose, obtuse, compressed, stem round, light
yellow.

Oak. Dec. \ in.

Pterula

CLAVARIACEiE

439

XCIV. PTERULA Fr.

(From a fancied resemblance to a little wing; Gr. ptero?i^ a wing.)

Subcartilaginous, filiform, arid, stemmed or stemless, branched in
the two British species, subulate, apices attenuato-acute ; branches

Fig. 109. — A, Pterula subtdata Fr., natural size ; b, single branch of ditto, c, basidium

and spores of P. multifida Fr., X 500.

somewhat anastomosing, pubescent then smooth. Basidia tetra-
sporous. When young the stems and branches are considerably
thicker than when mature. (Fig. 109.)

The cartilaginous substance indicates a relationship with Tremel-
linacecB and Calocera ; the basidia and spores are typical of the
Clavariacecz. Species 1983, 1984

1983. P. subulata Fr. (from the awl-shaped branches ; subula, an
awl) a c.

Densely crowded, sparingly branched, tense, equal, the thread-
like smooth branches multifid at the acute apiece, whitish-
cinereous, becoming yellowish.

On wood, amongst pines, gardens, if in.

1984. P. multifida Fr. (from the many branchlets ; multus, many,

fifido, to cleave) a b c.

Very much branched, very delicate, flaccid, branches tense,
straight, usually hair-like, variable in thickness, apices attenuate,
pointed, base sometimes thick or with several confluent stems,
at first pallid whitish then dull pale yellowish or sulphury-
brown.

Branches, leaves, bases of dead ferns, etc. Sept. -Nov. 2 in.

44Q

CLAVARIACE.E

Typhula

XCV. TYPHULA Fr.

(From a fancied resemblance in some of the species to a
minute Typha or reed-mace.)

Small thread-like fungi with a long or short filiform-stem,
heterogeneous from the linear or slightly inflated club, often
springing from a small sclerotium. Hymenium waxy. (Fig. no.)

Fig. no. — a, Typhtda phacorrhiza Fr., one-half natural -Isize.
B, T. gracillima White, one-half natural size, c, basidium and
spores of T. gracilis Berk. & Desm. ; d, ditto of T. erythropus Fr. ;
X 500.

Growing on twigs, leaves, etc., rarely terrestrial, but the sclerotia
will readily grow in earth if planted. Species 1985 — 1995

a. Phacorrhiza. Springing from a sclerotium. 1985 — 1989

b. Leptorrhizce. Sclerotium absent. 1990 — 1995

The characters as given by Fries are far from permanent ; all
the species of Typhula may grow with or without a sclerotium. A
sclerotium sometimes occurs in the allied genera, Clavaria and
Pis til /aria.

a. Phacorrhizce.

1985. T. erythropus Fr. (from the red stem; Gr. eruthros, red,

pottSj a foot) a b c.

CI. linear or nearly so, cylindrical, smooth, white. St elongate,

filiform, usually bent or variously twisted, finely pubescent

under a lens, crimson-brown. Scl. 2V m- or less, depressed,

Typhula CLAVARIACE^E 44 1

sometimes hidden beneath a thin bark or membrane and easily
overlooked, brown, dark-brown when dry, sometimes absent.

Leaves, sticks, poplar, alder, ash, sunflower ; common. Sept. -Nov. I in.
The sclerotium is Sclerotium scutellatum A. & S.

1986. T. phacorrhiza Fr. (from the lentil-like base ; Gr. phakos, a

lentil, r/iiza, a root) a b c.
CI. linear, cylindrical, pallid to ivory and orange. St. linear,
confluent with club, elongate, flexuous, yellowish, pilose at the
sometimes fuscous base. Scl. \ in. or less, pale brown or
buff, reddish-brown when dry.

Woods, hedgerows, gardens, herbaceous stems, leaves, moss, plane, hazel,
alder, ash, apple, sometimes on earth ; uncommon, but sometimes found
in considerable abundance in patches. Oct. -Nov. 4^ in. Must not be
confounded with 1973 or 1992. The sclerotium is Sclerotium scutellatwn
A. & S. and S. complanatum Tode.

1987. T. inearnata Fr. (from the flesh colour; incarnatus, flesh-

coloured) a c.
CI. cylindrical, obtuse, rarely forked, flesh-colour or white, more
or less tinged with salmon-pink above. St. continuous with
the club, pilose downwards. Scl. \ in. or less, compressed,
fuscous.

Dead herbaceous stems ; uncommon. 3^ in. Closely allied to 1986. The
sclerotium is Sclerotium fulvum A. & S.

1988. T. gyrans Fr. (from the twisted habit; gyro, to turn in a

circle) a b c. White.
CI. cylindrical. St. filiform, gyroso-undulate, pubescent. Scl.
-Jjj in., pallid to orange and brown, becoming fuscous.

Straw, twigs, leaves, alder, poplar ; uncommon. Oct. i in. The sclerotium
is Sclerotium complanatum Tode.

1989. T. museicola Fr. (from its habit, living on mosses ; muscus,

moss, colo, to inhabit) a c. White.
CI. elongate, cylindrical, obtuse. St. thin, smooth. Scl. ^ in.,

even, pallid.
Larger mosses ; uncommon, ij in.

b. Leptorrhizce.

1990. T. Grevillei Fr. (after Dr. Robert Kaye Greville) a b c.

White.
CI. thickened, obtuse. St. capillary, pilose white.

Dead leaves ; frequent. Oct. \ in. Only distinguished from 1988 by the
absence of a sclerotium.

1991. T. gracillima White ex B. & Br. (from the very slender habit ;

gracilis, slender). White.
CI. elongate. St. very slender, curved, smooth.
Various herbaceous plants, f in.

442 CLAVARIACEjE Typhula

1992. T. flliformis Fr. (from the thread-like stem ; fihtm, a thread,

forma, form) a b e.

CI. elongate, thickened, smooth, whitish. St. often branched,

decumbent, date-brown.

Dead leaves, holly, Comptonia asplenifolia, matting ; \ rare. Nov. 2§ in.
Sometimes springing from a very small sclerotium. Must not be con-
founded with 1973 or 1986.

1992a. T. tenuis Fr. (from its attenuation ; tenuis, thin) a.

CI. simple, glabrous, hair-like, thickening upwards, brown-black.

Gregarious. On rotting wood in cellar. \ to \ in. " It resembles a little
black hair thickening upwards," Sowerby.

1993. T. gracilis Berk. & Desm. (from the slender habit ; gracilis,

slender) a b. Pallid.

CI. simple or forked, acute, pubescent. St. short, distinct,

smooth or as club.

Putrid leaves ; uncommon. Dec. T3g in. Has the appearance of Isaria
puberula, but bears bisporous basidia.

1994. T. pusilla Schrcet. (from its very small size ; pusillus, very

small) a. White.

CI. linear, usually drooping. St. linear.

Horse-tail, plane, willow, wych-elm, alder. \ in. Leaves often covered with
minute sclerotia, from which the Typhula sometimes springs.

1995. T. translueens B. & Br. (from its translucent substance) a.

Pellucid white.

CI. irregular, somewhat obovate. St. short, thickened upwards.

Terrestrial. Oct. "Not a fungus," Massee, Brit. Fung. Fl. vol. i. p. 91.
" Resembling somewhat a prematurely dried Myxogast, but a true Basidio-
mycete," B. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xvii. p. 138.

XCVI. PISTILLARIA Fr.
(From the form, like a pestle, pistilhun.)

Small, club-shaped or attenuate downwards into a short continuous
stem, rarely forked, cartilaginous and rigid when dry, sometimes
springing from a sclerotium. (Fig. in.) Species 1996 — 2000

1996. P. tenuipes Mass. (from the thin stem ; tenuis, thin, pes, a

foot) a.

CI. inflated, obovate, wrinkled, pallid clay-colour or ochre.

St. slender, nexuous, somewhat distinct from the club, ivory.

Bare heathy ground, charcoal heaps. Nov.-Jan. I in. Clavaria tenuipes
B. & Br.

1997. P. mieans Fr. (from its glistening surface ; mico, to glisten) a be.
CI. inflated, obovate, obtuse, smooth or slightly pruinose,

glistening rose-colour, rarely purplish. St. short, attenuate,
white.
Dead stems and leaves, thistles, nettles, spurge, Artemisia ; rare. July. £ in.

Pistillaria

CLAVARIACE^E

443

1997a. P. fulgida Fr. (from its shining colour ; fulgeo, to shine) a.
CI. lanceolato-clavate, subacute, white or pale orange below,

yellow or orange above.
" On the bracteae of Dipsacus pilosus" Sowerby. \ in.

Fig. in.— a, Pistillaria pubcrula Berk., natural size. B, ditto, X 4.
c, basidium and spores, X 500.

1998. P. eulmigena Fr. ex Mont, (from its habitat, grass-stems;

culmus, a haulm, gigno, to bear) a b c. White.
CI. ovato-clavate, obtuse, hyaline-pellucid. St. distinct, very

short, cartilaginous when dry.
Stems and leaves of grasses, Secale, Tritic2it?i, Dactylis glomerata. Oct.-

Nov. \ in.

1999. P. quisquiliaris Fr. (from its habitat, sweepings, rubbish, etc.,

quisquilicB) a b c. Whitish.
CI. ovato-clavate, somewhat compressed, rarely bifid, soft when

fresh, rigid when dry. St. short, often springing from a

sclerotium.
Fern-stems, oak, wych-elm, grass, willow-herb, Charopkyllum. April-Nov.

I in.
1999a. P. ovata Fr. (from the ovate shape) a.

CI. obovate, ventricose, subdepressed, hollow, white. Sf. very

short, glabrous, pellucid.
Dead stems and leaves, birch, bramble, poplar, elm, willow. | in.

2000. P. puberula Berk, (from the tomentose stem ; pubes, downy)

a b c. White.
CI. ovate, ventricose. St. short, distinct, attenuate upwards,

pellucid, fibrous, tomentose.
Ferns, stems and leaves of herbaceous plants ; rare. Sept. -Oct. ^ in.
2000a. P. pusilla Fr. (from its very small size ; pusillus, small) a.
Small, linear, attenuate upwards, stem scarcely distinct, white.
Dead leaves. Feb. ^-| in.

444 TREMELLINACe.e Auricularia

Fam. VI. TREMELLINACE^l

Entire fungus homogeneous, gelatinous, collapsing when dry,
retaining its form when moistened, traversed internally by branched
hyphae which terminate in basidia at the periphery. Basidia vari-
able in form, elongate or fusoid, transversely septate or continuous,
undivided or forked at the apex, or subglobose and longitudinally
divided and bearing 2 to 4 sterigmata. Spores hyaline, from globose
to sausage-shaped and curved, continuous or septate, often becoming
variously septate on germination and producing sporidiola of different
forms. Species 2001—2041

Key to the Subfamilies and Genera.

Basidia elongate or fusoid, simple, transversely septate ...

Subfamily I. Auricularioide;e.

Attached broadly 97 Auricularia.

Attached by a point 98 Hirneola.

Basidia subglobose at maturity, longitudinally

quadripartite Subfamily II. Eutremellinoide^e.

Cup-shaped, truncate or irregularly lobed ... 99 Exidia.

Pulvinate, gyrose 100 Ulocolla.

Brain-like or lobed 101 Tremella.

Convex, with a central hard nucleus 102 N^ematelia.

Erect, spathulate 103 Gyrocephalus.

Basidia cylindrical or clavate Subfamily III. Dacryomycetoide^E.

Small, pulvinate, gyrose 104 Dacryom yces.

Irregularly cup-shaped, sessile 104A Femsjonia.

Versiform, substipitate 105 Guepinia.

Stipitate, hymenium on expanded apex 106 Ditiola.

Subfamily I. AURICULARIOIDE^

Basidia elongate or fusoid, simple, transversely septate.

Species 2001—2003

XCVII. AURICULARIA Bull.

(From a fancied resemblance in some of the species to an ear,

auricula^)

Subcoriaceous or gelatinous when moist, broadly attached.
Hymenium remotely and reticulately costate or plicate, collapsing
when dry. Basidia cylindrical, transversely tri- quadri- or quinque-
septate, each joint or cell producing a single, slender sterigma from

Auricular ia

TREMELLINACE^E

445

its apex. Spores oblong, curved, producing on germination a
branched promycelium bearing several strongly curved sporidiola.
(Fig. 112.)

A genus of fungi greatly resembling Stereum in habit, and
perhaps more nearly allied to the Thelephoracea than the Tremel-

Fig. 112. — A, B, Auricularia mescnterica Pers., entire and in section. One-half natural size,
c, basidium and spore ; d, spores germinating and producing sporidiola. X 500.

linacecz ; the fructification is, however, very different from that of
Thelephora, while the strigose cartilaginous pileus differs from typical
Tremellinacece. The next genus Hirneola is clearly allied to Auricularia
in habit, substance and fructification. Species 2001, 2002

2001. A. mesenteriea Pers. (from a fancied resemblance to the

mesenteric membrane) a b c.
P. resupinate, then reflexed, entire or slightly lobed, villous,
yellowish, often green at base from algal growths ; z. brownish.
Hym. costato-plicate, brownish-violet, livid-purple or grey-liver.

Taste insipid ; odour none. Trunks, stumps, beech, elm, walnut, vine,
chestnut, furze, broom, yew ; frequent. Jan. -Nov. 8£ in. Sometimes
terrestrial, springing from buried wood, and then sometimes not unlike
Sticta pulmonaria in appearance.

2002. A. lobata Sommerf. (from the lobed pileus) a b c.

P. effuso-reflexed, much lobed, strigose or velvety, warm yellowish-
brown ; z. darker, often green at base from algal growths.
Hym. broadly reticulato-ribbed, fuscous-livid.

Bark of trees, elm ; not uncommon. 4g in. Closely allied to, if not
identical with the last ; the fruit is the same.

446

TREMELLINACE/E

Hirneola

XCVIII. HIRNEOLA Fr.

(From the jug-shape when young ; hirnea, a jug.)

Gelatinous or cartilagineo-gelatinous, soft and tremelloid when
moist, cup- or ear-shaped. Hymenium gelatinous, even or plicate,
barren under-surface minutely velvety, attached by a point, coriaceous

Fig. 113. — a, B, Hirneola Aitricula-yiidtf Berk., entire and in section. One-half natural size,
c, basidium and spores ; d, spores germinating and producing sporidiola ; e, sporidiola
germinating. X 500.

and membranous when dry, reviving with moisture. Basidia rod-
shaped or fusoid, transversely septate, each cell bearing a single
monosporous stengma. Spores oblong, curved, becoming 1-3
septate and on germination producing minute sporidiola, sometimes
on septate promycelium. (Fig. 113.)

2003. H. Aurieula-Judse Berk. (" Jew's-ear ") a b c.

P. thin, concave, flexuous, somewhat veined, tomentose, brown
flesh-colour to reddish-brown or blackish. Hym. venoso-
plicate, glossy salmon, warm brown or reddish, purple-black
when dry.

Caespitose. Trunks, elder, elm, willow, walnut, oak, holly, Robinia ;
frequent. Jan. -Dec. 3 in. Much like Peziza vesiculosa in appearance
when young. Formerly used as a remedy for dropsy. Eaten by inhabi-
tants of Ukraine.

Exidia

TREMELLINACEiE

447

Subfamily II. EUTREMELLINOIDE^E

Basidia subglobose, at maturity longitudinally quadripartite and
producing at the apex two to four elongate sterigmata.

Species 2004—2029

XCIX. EXIDIA Fr.

(From the exuding receptacle ; Gr. exidio, to exude.)

Gelatinously distended, tremelloid, irregularly gyrose and lobed,
submarginate or effused, often papillose, when young cup-shaped and
truncate. Basidia globose or ovoid, typically longitudinally four-

Fig. 114. — a, B, Exidia glanditlosa Fr., entire and in section. One-half
natural size, c, basidium and spores ; D, spores germinating and producing
sporidiola. X 500.

partite, bearing four elongate stout sterigmata. Spores reniform,
for a long time continuous, becoming i- to many-septate on germi-
nation, each cell or loculus of the spore giving origin to a very short
promycelium bearing a crown of strongly-curved sporidiola. (Fig. 114.)

Species 2004—2007

a. Auriculina. Pezizoid. 2004, 2005

b. Spicularicz. Somewhat plane, not lustrous beneath, gland-

ular, here and there gyrose. 2006, 2007

a, Auriculina*

2004. E. truneata Fr. (from its appearance, as if cut short ; trunco,
to maim, shorten) a c. Soft, distended, shining black.
Disc truncato-plane, glandular, at length cavernous, rough with
dots beneath. St. very short.

Bursting through bark, lime, willow. Dec. li in.
scale.

Like 2006 on a small

448

TREMELLINACE^E

Exidia

2005. E. reeisa Fr. (from its appearance as if cut back ; recido^ to

cut short) a b c.
Very soft, warm yellow-brownish or brownish-vinous. Disc

truncato-plane, ribbed, papillose, somewhat repand, rough with

dots beneath. St. very short excentric.
Branches, willow, poplar, plum ; common. Sept.-Dec. i\ in.

b. Spicularice.

2006. E. glandulosa Fr. (from the glandular hymenium) a b c.
Effused, thick, somewhat plane, undulate, sometimes pendulous,

and 8 to io inches long, the upper hymenial surface papillose
and somewhat veined, the lower surface next to the matrix
crape-like to the touch and lustreless, black, blackish, purple-
slate or olive-blackish.
Tasteless. Branches, oak, willow, Ailanthus, lime, alder, walnut.
Aug.-Mar. 5$ in. When young somewhat cup-shaped and like one of
the Pezizce or Bulgaria inquinans in appearance. Translucent when quite
fresh. "Witch's Butter."

2007. E. albida Bref. (from the whitish colour ; a/bus, dead white)

a b c.
Tough, undulate, subgyrose, pruinose, white or faintly shaded

ivory or lavender.
Branches, birch, beech, alder, pine, hawthorn. Sept. -May. 1^ in.

C. UL0C0LLA Bref.

(From its glue-like consistency and appearance ;
Gr. onloS) shaggy, kolla, glue.)

Sporophore convex, pulvinate, gyrose, cerebriform, gelatinous,
rather large. Basidia globose, soon longitudinally quadri-partite.

Fig. 115. — a, Ulocolla saccharina Bref. One-half natural size.
b, basidia and spores ; c, spores germinating and producing
sporidiola ; d, sporidiola germinating. X 500.

Ulocolla

TREMELLIXACEiE

449

Sterig)?iata elongate, thick. Spores for a long time continuous, then
uniseptate, reniform, each loculus on germinating giving origin to a
very short promycelium bearing at its apex straight rod-like sporidiola.
(Fig. 115.) Species 2008, 2009

2008. U. saeeharina Bref. (from the colour, like one kind of sugar,

saccharon) a b c.
Effused, tubercular, gyroso-undulate, thick, sprinkled with a few

minute obtuse evanescent papillae, tawny cinnamon.
Branches, larch, pine ; rare. Nov. 3 in.

2009. U. foliaeea Bref. (from a fancied leafy or lamellate appear-

ance ; folium, a leaf) a b c.
Flaccid, even, diaphanous, undulate, plicate at base, cinnamon-
salmon or vinous-buff, sometimes shaded yellowish.

Csespitose. Stumps, logs, rails, etc., pine, oak, amongst fir-leaves, spreading
to the ground. Aug.-Jan. i\ in.

CI. TREMELLA Dill.
(From the jelly-like tremulous substance.)

Pulvinate or effused, brain-like or lobed, gelatinous, tremelloid,
immarginate, generally smooth. Basidia globose, sometimes bifid or

Fig. 116. — a, Trcmella lutescens Pers. One-half natural size.
B, basidium, with surface view, b, spores and conidia ; c, spore
germinating and producing hyphas ; d, ditto, producing sporidiola ;
E, sporidiola germinating. X 500.

trifid, but usually longitudinally quadripartite, each quadrant of the
basidium elongating into a long, stout sterigma. Spores subglobose,

2 G

450 TREMELLINACEiE Tremella

continuous • on germination a tube is formed that is covered with
broadly elliptical sporidiola. Conidia when present, as in 2012, 2013
and 2021, subglobose, racemose in sporiferous conceptacles in the
sporophore. (Fig. 116.) Species 2010 — 2024

a. Mesenteriformes. Cartilagineo-gelatinous ; lobes large, folia-

ceous, not pruinose with spores, csespitose. 2010 — 2012

b. Cerebrince. Lobes short, contorted, brain-like, pruinose with

white spores. 2013 — 2015

c. Crustacea. Effused, applanate. 2016 — 2018

d. Tuberculiformes. Small, suberumpent. 2019 — 2024

a. Mesenteriformes.

2010. T. fimbriata Pers. (from the somewhat fimbriate edges of the

lobes) a b.
Erect, corrugate, lobes flaccid, blackish-olive to brown-black ;

marg. undulato-fimbriate or incised.
Dead branches ; rare. 4§ in.

2011. T. frondosa Fr. (from a fancied leaf- or lamella-like appear-

ance in the lobes ; frondosus, leafy) a b c.
Even, gyroso-undulate, plicate at base, diaphanous, pale yellowish-
buff, shaded salmon or vinous in places, base brownish-vinous.
Stumps, roots of living trees, oak, beech, hornbeam. July-Nov. 9 in.

2012. T. luteseens Pers. (from the yellowish colour ; luteus, yellow)

a c.
Tremulous, soft, inclining to fluid, undulato-gyrose, lobes crowded,

entire, at first whitish then pale yellowish.
Stumps, oak ; frequent. Aug. -Feb. if in.

b. Cerebrince.

2013. T. mesenteriea Retz. (from a fancied resemblance to the

mesenteric membrane) a b c.

Expanded, somewhat tough, plicato-undulate, gyrose, changeable

in form, smooth, vivid yellow to rich orange.

Dead branches, sticks, rails, oak, alder, beech, furze, broom, ivy ; common.
Jan. -Dec. 35 in.

2014. T. intumeseens Sm. (from the swollen habit ; intumesco, to

swell up) a b c.

Rounded or conglomerate, somewhat tortuous and lobed, obso-

letely punctate, soft, brown.

Subcrespitose. Fallen trunks in a wet state, beech; rare. Jan. 2J in.
Becoming a thin black membrane when dry.

2015. T. vesiearia Sm. (from the swollen, bladder-like lobes ;

vesica, a bladder) a b c.
Erect, firm, gelatinous, gyrose, much waved and wrinkled,

gelatinous within, dull biscuit.
On the ground ; rare. Sept. 4§ in. Often much inflated and soon falling

over.

Tremetta TREMELLINACE^E 45 1

c. Crustacea.

2016. T. viseosa Berk, (from the viscid substance) a c.

Effused, thin, resupinate, obscurely veined, undulato-uneven,

following inequalities of matrix, white, becoming hyaline or

translucent yellowish-white.

Dead branches, rotten wood, oak ; common. Jan. -Dec. 4 in. Collapses
completely in drying, leaving only a purple-grey stain on the bark.

2017. T. epigsea B. & Br. (from its habitat, the earth ; Gr. epi, upon,

ge, the earth) a b c.

Effused, thin, gelatinous, obscurely gyroso-plicate, hyaline, then

white.

Covering twigs, moss, beech-nuts, etc., and spreading on to earth ; rare.
Aug. -Nov. 4 in.

2018. T. violaeea Relh. (from the violet colour) a.
Erumpent, firm, somewhat compressed, gyrose, violaceous.
Gregarious. Trunks, pear ; rare, f in. Sometimes confounded with 2020.

d. Tuberculiformes .

2019. T. indeeorata Sommf. (from its dull colour ; indecorus, ugly) a.
Sessile, rounded, convex, plicate, moist, opaque dull livid or

olivaceous, becoming dark brownish or slate-colour.

Branches, birch, oak, willow, hazel, poplar ; rare. Oct. -Nov. Length of
connate group 3^ in. ; width \\ in.

2020. T. moriformis Sm. (from a fancied resemblance in the

shape and colour to a mulberry; moriis, a. mulberry, forma,
form) a b c.
Conlobate, sinuous, somewhat gelatinous but firm, mulberry-
black. Flesh purple-crimson-blackish, base black.

Maple, chestnut, Robinia, elm, plane ; rare. June-Feb. Common size
about I in. X f in. Sometimes confounded with 2018.

2021. T. tubereularia Berk, (from its appearance, like a little tuber,

ttiberculum) a b.

Erumpent, substipitate, pileate, stem round, dull white.

Bark, wood, oak, on old decayed Corticiutn. Oct. -Dec. ^ in. Tubereularia
albida B. & Br., Brit. Fl. vol. v. p. 354. " Coryne sp." Berk MS. on
original example. "Certainly not a Treuiella, but the conidial form of
some species," Massee, Brit. Fung. Fl. vol. i. p. 64.

2022. T. versicolor B. & Br. {versicolor, changeable in colour) a b c.
Orbicular, tear-like, pallid when young, then orange, at length

brownish-ochre.
On 1845, ash, briar; uncommon. Feb. -May. ^ in.

2023. T. atrovirens Sacc. (from the blackish-green colour ; atcr,

black, wrens, green) a b c.
Erumpent, disciform, very minutely papillate and rugose.

Gregarious or confluent, growing through cracks in bark. Dead branches,
broom. Oct. ^ to \ in.

2 G 2

452

TREMELLINACEiE

Tr em diet

2024. T. elavata Pers. (from its somewhat clavate shape) a.

Incrassate, fleshy-red, becoming black at base.

Solitary, simple or connate. Branches. Average size of single growth
f X J in. Possibly a form of T. sarcoides With., and, if so, a condition of
Ombrophila sarcoides Jacq., one of the Discomycetes.

[T. sarcoides With, is an early condition of Ombrophila scarcoides Jacq.
T. foliicola Fuck, is not a Tremella ; it forms small gelatinous tufts or
spots on the leaves of Rubus fricticosus in company with Phragmidium .
T. brassiccEcola B. & Br. is probably a form of Hypocrea rufa Fr. ; it
grows on and in cabbage stumps.]

CII. NjEMATELIA Fr.

(From the gelatinous substance which surrounds the nucleus ;
Gr. naima, gelatine, ei/eo, to roll or wrap round.)

Subgelatinous, firm, convex, with a firm fleshy central solid
portion called the nucleus, not shrivelling when dry. Basidia
subglobose, longitudinally quadripartite. Spores broadly elliptical,
continuous. (Fig. 117.)

Fig. 117. — A, b, Ncpmatelia encephala Fr., entire and in section.
One-half natural size, c, basidium with surface view, b, and spores ;
d, spore germinating and producing sporidiola. X 500.

Readily distinguished by the presence of the central solid
nucleus, which is composed of interwoven hyphae and covered with
a thick gelatinous spore-bearing stratum. Growing on wood,
sometimes on moss, rarely terrestrial. Species 2025 — 2028

2025. N. encephala Fr. (from the contained nucleus; Gr. en,

within, kephale, the head) a b c.

Somewhat sessile, pulvinate, plicato-rugose, pallid flesh-colour,

salmon or salmon-whitish, nucleus hard, large, white.

Solitary to connate. Branches, rails, pine, larch ; frequent. Sept. -Mar.
i in. Connate for 4 in.

NizmatcUa

TREMELLINACEiE

453

2026. N. rubiformis Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to a small
fruit of Rubtts, bramble) a b.
Somewhat sessile, orbicular, gyroso-tuberculose, yellow.
Dead branches, twigs, sometimes on moss, spreading to the ground. Oct.

is

m.

2027. N. nueleata Fr. (from the nucleus) a b c.

Sessile, flattened, somewhat gyrose, whitish, then tawny yellow,

nucleus white, about -^ in. in diam.
Rotten wood, sticks, lime, plane, oak ; rare. Mar. Single plants ^B in.

in diam. Connate to i£ in. Must not be confounded with 2007.

2028. N. vireseens Corda (from the greenish colour ; vireo, to be

green) a b.
Sessile, suborbicular, depressed, gyroso-tubercular, somewhat

pale leaf-green. Forming green gelatinous masses.
Furze, ivy ; common. Oct. -June. Single plant ^ in. Connate chains

I* in.

CIII. GYR0CEPHALUS Pers.
(From the globular shape • Gr. guros, round, kephak, the head.)

Spirophore erect, substipitate, flattened, subspathulate, irregular,
tremelloso-cartilaginous. Hymenium confined to one surface.

Fig. u8.— A, n, Gyrocephalns rte/tes Bref., entire and in section. One-half natural size,
c, basidium with surface view, b, and spores ; D, spore germinating. X 500.

Basidia globose, soon longitudinally quadripartite. Sterigmata 2-4,
elongate, thick. Spores ovato-pyriform, continuous. (Fig. 118.)

2029. G. rufus Bref. (from the red colour ; ru/us, red) a b c.

Erect, cartilagineo-gelatinous, substipitate, subspathulate, some-
times stemless, variable, orange to red or dull scarlet above
and orange below. Hymenium inferior, smooth.
Terrestrial, under pines, on rotten trunks, fragments of wood. 3f X 3 in.

454

TREMELLINACEiE

Dacryomyces

Subfamily III. DACRYOMYCETOIDE^E

Basidia cylindrical or clavate, divided at the apex into two long
sterigmata, not septate, except in Femsjonia, where the basidia and
sterigmata become septate with age. Species 2030 — 2041

CIV. DACRYOMYCES Nees.
(From the tear-like habit ; Gr. daknt, a tear, vmkes, a fungus.)

Small, pulvinate, gelatinous, homogeneous, somewhat plicato-
gyrose, everywhere covered with the hymenium. Basidia terminating
normal hyphae, tereti-clavate, bifurcate at the apex when mature.

Fig. 119. — A, Dacryomyces deltqitescens Duby . One-half natural
size, b, basidium and spores ; c, spore germinating and producing
sporidiola. X 500.

Spores cylindric-oblong, curved, at maturity or during germination
variously septate or muriform. In the conidia-bearing sporophores
the conidia, which more or less resemble the spores in size and
form, are produced in chains. (Fig. 119.)

The species grow on dead wood. Species 2030 — 2036

Rose-coloured. 2030

Orange, yellow or yellowish. 2031 — 2033

Pallid or fuscous. 2034

2030. D. maerosporus B. & Br. (from the long spores ; Gr. makrosy
long) a b c.
Gelatinous, tuberculate, minutely gyroso-granular.
Branches, in cracks, on remains of Sfhceria stigma. Dec. -Apr. Connate
chains 2 x J in.

Dacryomyces TREMELLINACE^E 455

2031. D. deliqueseens Duby (from its appearance as if dissolving ;

deliquesco, to dissolve) a b c.
Somewhat round, rooted, convex, immarginate, at length twisted,
hyaline-yellowish, varying to sulphur, rarely to orange.

Dead wood, cut wood, pine, holly, ash, oak. Dec. -Mar. Connate chains
ijxj in.

2032. D. stillatus Nees (from the drop-like habit; stillo, to drop)

a b c.
Somewhat round, convex, at length plicate, yellow to orange or
scarlet.

Rotten wood, fir-poles, cut wood, pine, fir. Jan. -Dec. Connate chains
if X I in. Distinguished from 2031 by being usually smaller in size and
brighter and more persistent in colour.

2033. D. ehrysoeomus Tul. (from the colour as of golden hair ; Gr.

chrusos, gold, koine, hair) a b c.
Spherical, orbicular, immarginate, soon collapsing, pezizoid, at
length flattened, even, bright golden-yellow, varying greenish-
or buff-yellow or orange.

Rotten wood, fir ; rare. ^ in. Small in size, usually in large numbers
scattered over wood or bark.

2034. D. sebaeeus B. & Br. (from a fancied resemblance to droppings
of tallow, sebum) a b c.

Somewhat round, cup-shaped, steel-grey.

Branches, ash, willow, pea-sticks. Jan. -April. Single plants about § in. in
diam. Curved chains ij in.

2035. D. tortus Fr. (from the twisted habit ; torqueo, to twist) a b c.
Round, depressed, gyroso-tuberculate, substipitate, yellow to

orange, sometimes vermilion.

Dead wood, rotten powdery bark, oak. Oct. -June. Single plant \ in.
Connate groups § in.

2036. D. vermiformis B. & Br. (from a fancied resemblance to

certain small worms; vermis, a worm, forma, form) a c.
Minute, worm-shaped, grey.

Rotten wood. April-Sept. Single plants ^ in. Vermiform chains § in.

[D. succinics Fr., appearing as minute dots on pine leaves has
been shown by Phillips and Plowright to be the conidial stage of
Hymeiioscypha eledrina Phill. & Plowr.]

CIVa. FEMSJONIA Fr.

(From Femsjo, the name of a place.)

Cup-shaped, distended with firm jelly, different on the two sides,
disc thick, heterogeneous, even, not glandular. Sporopliores immersed,

456

TREMELLINACE^E

Femsjonia

globose. Spores oblong, curved, becoming septate, at first colourless,
then orange-brown. (Fig. 120.)

Growing on wood, erumpent, brightly coloured.

Fig. 120. — a, b, Femsjonia luteoalba Fr., entire and in section One-half
natural size, c, basidia and spores ; d, detached spores, the mature spores
are septate. X 500. e, Guepinia Femsjoniava Olsen. Three spores, one
germinating and producing sporidiola. X 500.

2036a. F. luteoalba Fr. (from the yellow disc and white exterior ;
luteus, yellow, albus, white) a b.
At first cup-shaped, becoming disc-shaped and plane, at length
convex and folded, disc bright brassy-yellow, with a narrow
white marg., under surface at first white-tomentose to brassy-
white, the tomentum soon passing away, rooting, erumpent.

Branches, birch, oak. Sept. § in. in diam. Looks like 2035 on a large
scale. Guepinia Femsjoniana Olsen is perhaps the same as this.

CV. GUEPINIA Fr.

(After Jean Pierre Guepin.)

Unequally cup-shaped, substipitate, versiform, cartilagineo-
gelatinous, the two surfaces diverse in structure. Hymenium uni-
lateral. Basidia linear, deeply bifurcate. Spores curved. Chains of
conidia produced on the tips of hyphse springing from the surface
opposed to the hymenium. (Fig. 121.) Species 2037, 2038

Guepinia

TREMELLINACEyE

457

2037. G. Peziza Tul. (from the Peziza shape) a b.

Cup-shaped, cup oblique, sessile or stipitate, yellow.
Dead branches, wood.

X * in.

Fig. i2i. — a, b, Guepinia Peziza Tul., entire arid in section. X 2.
c, basidium and spores. X 500.

2038. G. obliqua Mass, (from the oblique habit) a.

Minutely hairy on reverse side of Hym. Hym. slightly concave,
oblique, passing into a very short stem-like base, glabrous,
deep bright orange when moist, tinged with pink when dry.
Nov. ^ in. high.

Gregarious.

CVI. DITIOLA Fr.
(From the down-like universal veil ; Gr. dittos, double, ionlos, down.)

Veil universal, down-like. Stroma firm, more or less stem-like.
Hymenium discoid, gelatinous. Basidia furcate. Spores at first
continuous then septate. (Fig. 122.)

Massee has removed 2040 and made it the sole type of a new
genus, Dacryopsis. It is undesirable to break up such a small and
natural genus as Ditiola. Dacryopsis is said to be distinguished from
Ditiola by having the hymenial surface at first covered with conidio-
phores and conidia as in Tubercular i a ; but this is hardly a distinction
of generic value as conidia are present in some species of Tremella
and not in others. Species 2039 — 2041

2039. D. raclieata Fr. (from the rooting base ; radix, a root) a c.
Stipitate, rooting, cups nearly plane, disc golden-yellow. St.

thick, white.
Wood, fir, amongst pine-leaves, i X J in. No conidia recorded.

458

TREMELLINACE/E

D itiola

2040. D. nuda B. & Br. (from the absence of a veil ; nudus,
naked) a.
Head subpileiform, corrugate, sometimes umbilicate, golden-
yellow. St. somewhat thick, not rooting, cylindrical, white-
tomentose. Fruiting surface at first covered with conidio-
phores and conidia.
Stumps, fir. Sept. \ X 5 in.

Fig. 122. — a, b, Ditiola Ulicis Plowr., entire and in section. X 2.
c, basidium and spores. X 500.

2041. D. Ulicis Plowr. (from the habitat, gorse, Ulex europcEus) a c.
Head globose, then flattened and wrinkled, pale lemon-yellow,,
slightly white-villous. St. firm, paler than head, sometimes
absent or extending only from the wood through the bark.
Dead stems; very common. Jan. \ x \ in. No conidia recorded.

[The genus Apyrenium Fr. is omitted. A. lig?iatile Fr. is the
conidial stage of Hypocrea rufa Fr. A. armeniacum B. & Br. is the
same condition of H. gelatinosa Fr. Hymenula punctiformis B. & Br.
is an imperfect form of some fungus not belonging to the
Tremellinacecc. ]

Ithyphallus PHALLOIDACE^ 459

Order II. GASTEROMYCETES
Fam. VII. PHALLOIDACEjE

Pileus and stem or latticed receptacle at first enclosed in a
universal volva of two membranes with a middle gelatinous stratum ;
volva at length opening at the apex. Gleba mucilaginous, at length
elevated from the volva on a stem or lattice. Spores minute, elliptic-
oblong, continuous, at first immersed in olive-brown mucilage.

Species 2042—2045

Key to the Genera.

Pileus free, reticulate 107 Ithyphallus.

Pileus adnate 108 Mutinus.

Pileus divided in vertical lobes no Lysurus.

Receptacle forming a hollow lattice of large meshes 109 Clathrus.

CVII. ITHYPHALLUS Fisch.

(From a fancied resemblance to the Ithupkallos, carried at the

festivals of Bacchus.)

Pileus reticulate, attached to the apex of a hollow, perforate
spongy, stem-like receptacle. Veil forming a thin film — sometimes
a feeble white membrane— over the sporiferous mucous and slightly
attached to the stem. (Fig. 123.)

2042. I. impudieus Fisch. (from its phallic resemblance ; impudicus,
shameless) a b c.
P. white, at first covered with olive-brown sporiferous mucous.
Pec. elongato-fusiform, spongy-cellular, white. . Myc. cord-
like.

Highly fetid. Woods, thickets, gardens, generally amongst rotten tree-roots
and stumps, by gates, in and by summer-houses, sheds, porches, often near
to and in dwellings. May-Aug. Height 10 in. Var. iosmos Sacc.
Borders of reticulations and pileus serrate, sometimes reddish-grey in
colour, said to be violet-scented.

460

PHALLOIDACE^E

Ithyphallus

Fig. 123. — Ithyphallus impudicus Fisch. Two-thirds natural size.
a, young plant, b, section of ditto, showing veil at v. c, ditto,_ showing pileus emerging
from voU-a, veil at v. d, mature plant, remains of veil at v. e, section of ditto, f, basidium
and spores, X 1000. g, gleba ; st, stem or receptacle.

Mutinus

PHALLOIDACEiE

461

CVIII. MUTINUS Fr.

(An appellation of Priapus.)

Pileus adnate to the hollow, perforate or imperforate spongy-
stem, at first immersed in olive-brown sporiferous mucus. Veil

Fig. 124. — Mutinus caninus Fr. Two-thirds natural size.
A, young plant. B, mature plant, c, section of young plant, d, section
of mature plant. E, pileus emerging from volva. f, basidium and spores,
X 1000. G, gleba ; st, stem or receptacle ; v, veil.

distinct, springing from the base of the stem within the volva, white.
(Fig. 124.) Species 2043, 2044

2043. M. eaninus Fr. (cams, a dog) a b c.

P. short, subacute, rugulose, red. Rec. elongato-fusiform, cellular,

white or rosy. When the receptacle first emerges from the

volva it is covered with the white veil.

Woods, bushy places, rotten stump-, pine, ash, decayed leaves in woods and
hedges. June-Dec. Height 5^ in.

462

PHALLOIDACE.E

Mutimis

2044. M. bambusinus Fisch. (from its original place of growth, at
the base of bamboos, bamlnisa) a.
P. long, acutely conical, tuberculose or rugose, dull purple. Rec.
elongato-fusiform, imperforate, spongy-cellular, pallid rubigi-
nous or rosy.
Very fetid. Height 5J in.

CIX. CLATHRUS Mich.

(From the latticed receptacle; clathrus, a lattice.)

Receptacle hollow, globose, latticed, the meshes at first filled and
covered inside by olive-brown sporiferous mucus. (Fig. 125.)

Fig. 125. — Clathms canceitattts ToumeL One-half natural size.

A, young plant, b, ditto in section, c, mature plant, left half entire, d, ditto in section.

e, basidium and spores, X 750. G, gleba ; ge, gelatinous stratum of volva ; re, receptacle.

2045. C. eaneellatus L. (from the lattice-like receptacle ; cancellatus,
latticed) a b c.
Rec. sessile, globose or ovate, the branches triangular in section
with a flat face outwards, orange-vermilion outside, vermilion-
crimson inside, inner sporiferous mucus dark olive, enclosing a
central mass of soft dark gelatine. Vo. of two white mem-
branes, marked internally and externally with lines corre-
sponding with the lattice within. Myc. cord-like.
Single or crespitose. Highly fetid. Plantations, gardens, stoves. Oct. -Nov.
4§ X 3i m- The interior of the receptacle at length drips with olive-
brown mucus.

Lysurus

PHALLOIDACE/E

463

CX. LYSURUS Fr.

(From the free tail-like lobes of the mature receptacle ;
Gr. luoi to loosen, oura, a tail.)

Stipitate, pileus divided in vertical lobes, free at the apex,
distinct from the stem. Sporiferous mucus on the interior of the
lobes. (Fig. 126.)

feC

m

SpogpS

;Oo°

dm

Fig. 126. — Lysurtis australiensis Cooke & Mass. One-half natural size. Young plant on

left, mature plant and section on right.

2045a. L. australiensis Cooke & Mass. (from its native country —
Australia).
P. for the most part 5-lobed, lobes attenuate upwards, at first
connivent, then somewhat rerlexed, with a longitudinal depres-
sion along the middle, transversely rugose, tawny. Rec.
cylindrical, hollow cellular, whitish. Vo. globose, lobed, white.

Refuse of wheat, probably Australian, Kidderminster, Worcester. 14 Nov.,
1902. Carleton Rea. 6$ x % in.

464 LYCOPERDACEiE Battarrea

Fam. VIII. LYCOPERDACE^l

Peridium double, rarely single, gelatinous stratum absent. Spores
forming a powdery mass at maturity, mixed with a well-developed
capillitium. A very feeble membrane separating the gleba from the
double outer peridium, may be detected in immature examples.

Species 2046—2084

Key to the Genera.

Peridium vertically compressed. Stoma apical 111 Battarrea.

Peridium subglobose.

Stoma apical 112 Tulostoma.

Stoma none 113 Qtjeletia.

Exoperidium splitting in a stellate manner 1 14 Geaster.

Exoperidium breaking up in the form of warts or spines.

Base sterile 115 Lycoperdon.

Exoperidium flaking off in patches. Sterile base absent ... 116 Bovista.

CXI. BATTARREA Pers.
(After Antonio Battarra.)

Volvo, universal, central stratum gelatinous. Peridium vertically
compressed, pileus-like, bursting through the volva and at length
raised on a tall stem. (Fig. 127.)

2046. B. phalloides Pers. (from a fancied resemblance to Ithy-
phallus ; Gr. eidos, appearance) a b.
Pe. convex, bearing the spores and capillitium, orange-brown.
St. hollow with a central pith of silky threads, wall of three
layers, the outer broken up into coarse fibres pointing down-
wards, orange-brown. Vo. ovate formed of two white mem-
branes with an internal gelatinous olive-yellow layer.

In and near decayed trees, ash, on sandhills. Dec. I2| x 2 in. When in
the young state sometimes buried several inches deep in sand or decayed
wood. Sometimes 14 in. high with a pileus 2\ in. in diam.

Battarrea

LYCOPERDACE.E

465

i.p-

Fig. 127. — Battarrea phalloidcs Pers. One-half natural size.
A, young plant, bursting outer peridium or volva, vo. b, section of ditto, c, mature plant.
D, section of ditto. E, section of upper part of stem. Natural size. F, threads of capillitium and
spores. X 750. g, gleba, with capillitium and spores; g e, gelatinous stratum; 1 P, inner
peridium ; ST, stem ; vo, vulva.

2 H

466

LYCOPERDACE/E

Tulostoma

CXII. TULOSTOMA Pers.

(From the structure of the mouth of the peridium ;
Gr. tulos, cartilage, stoma, a mouth.)

Peridium subglobose, dehiscing by an apical stoma, outer coat,
veil or cortex, deciduous, distinct from the at length elongate stem.
Threads of the capillitium swollen at the septa. (Fig. 128.)

Fig. \iZ.— Tidnstotna mamtnosum Fr. Two-thirds natural size.
A, entire plant. B, sections, c, basidia, spores and thread of capillitium. X iooo.

2047. T. mammosum Fr. (from the breast-like peridium ; mamma, a

breast) a b c.

V. universal, distinct at the base of Pe. and at the lower part of St.

Pe. globose, at first sessile or nearly so, stoma mammiform,

entire, ochre. St. equal, squamoso-fibrillose, ragged at the

base with remains of V., somewhat pale vinous-brown.

Amongst moss on old walls, dry banks, sandhills, etc. Oct. -Feb. 2^x§ in.
There are two forms, brown, with a stout stem, and yellowish-white, with
a slender stem. Intermediate forms occur.

CXIII. QUELETIA Fr.

(After Dr. Lucien Quelet.)

Peridium subglobose, simple, stoma none, the wall breaking up
irregularly at maturity. Stem at length long, squarrose, the base of
the peridium breaking at the apex and forming a collar or veil.
Spores borne on tetrasporous basidia. (Fig. 129.)

2048. Q. mirabilis Fr. (from its unusual appearance ; mirabilis,
wonderful) a.

Queletia

LYCOPERDACE.E

467

Pe. thin, even, glabrous, rigid, fragile, breaking away in irregular
patches at maturity, whitish, then dull greyish. St. subclavate,
nbroso-carnose, externally densely squarrose, whitish, brownish
towards base.

Gregarious. 6^ x 2 \ in. At first wholly subterranean.

Fig. 129. — Queletia niirabilis Fr. One-half natural size. A, entire plant.
B, section, c, threads of capillitium and sports. X 750.

CXIV. GEASTER Mich.

(From the star-like appearance of mature plants ;
Gr. ge, the earth, aster, a star.)

Peridium at first continuous, consisting of three layers, the two
outermost — exoperidium — splitting from the apex in a stellate
manner, the inner layer — endoperidium — sessile or pedicellate, fur-
nished at the apex with one orifice, rarely more. Columella pro-
minent, rudimentary or obsolete. Capillitium dense. Terrestrial.

(Fig. 130.)

Species 2049—2062
2049

a. Myriostomata. Endoperidium with many orifices.

/>. Monostomatce. Endoperidium with a single orifice.

Endoperidium pedicellate. 2050—2054

Endoperidium sessile. 2055 -2062

2 H 2

468

LYCOPERDACE/E

Geaster

Fig. 130. — a, B, Geaster coliformis Pers., entire and in section. One-half natural size,
c, threads ot capillitium and spores. X 750. d, e, G. Berkeley i Mass., entire and in section.
One-half natural size. F, thread of capillitium and spores. X 750. G, H, G. fornicatus Fr.,
entire and in section. One-half natural size, j, thread of capillitium and spores. X 750.
k, l, G. ftmbriatiis Fr., entire and in section ; M, young plant in section. One-half natural
size, n, threads of capillitium and spores. X 750. o, basidium with spores and thread of
capillitium of G. rufescens Pers.

Geaster LYCOPERDACE^E 469

a. Myriostomatce.

2049. G. eoliformis Pers. (from a fancied resemblance in the endo-

peridium to a colander, colum) a b c.
Ex. 7- to 10-segmented, unequal, pale umber. End. subglobose,

scabrous, supported on numerous pedicels, pale slate. Col.

usually obsolete or occurring as continuations of the pedicels.

Gl. umber.
Sandy banks. Oct. Diam. of expanded Ex. 5^ in.

b. Monostomatce.

2050. G. Bryantii Berk, (after Charles Bryant) a b c.

Ex. 8- to 12-segmented, becoming involute, pale umber to warm

brown. End. subglobose or obpyriform, with a distinct groove

between End. and Ped., dark purple-slate to warm umber,

more or less whitish-farinose. Per. elongate, conical, sulcate.

Col. hemispherical. Gl. dark brown.

Amongst leaves, under hedges, sandy places, on wood, dry marly banks, on
the ground. July-Feb. Diam. of expanded Ex. 3! in. Var. minor Mass.,
under one inch when expanded.

2051. G. Sehmidelii Vitt. (after Casimir Schmidel) a c.

Ex. 5- to 8-segmented, revolute, white to ivory. End. subglobose,
lead-colour to pale salmon. Per. prominent, plicate, apex
fimbriate, whitish. Col. large.

On the ground in open places. Diam. of expanded Ex. 2 in.

2051a. G. umbilieatus Fr., var. Smithii W. G. Sm., G. Smithii C. G.

Lloyd (after Worthington George Smith) a.
Ex. 7- to 8-segmented, unequal, sublanceolate, pale umber-ochre,
shaded darker, limbs slightly vinous-sienna, externally pale
umber. End. sessile, globose, or depressed-globose, colour as
Ex. with a tinge of olive. Per. conical plicato-striate in a cir-
cular depressed marginate umbilicus. Gl. deep vinous-umber.

Nov. Diam. of expanded Ex. if in. Per. not like 2061, but more like 2058
or 2057.

2052. G. Berkeleyi Mass. (after the Rev. M. J. Berkeley) a.

Ex. 7- to 9-segmented, unequal, vinous-brown when dry, externally
buff and umber. End. broadly ovate, shortly and stoutly
pedicellate, coarsely farinose, pale brown. Per. prominent,
conical, coarsely sulcate inside and out, surrounded by a
smooth slightly depressed silky zone. Col. short, hemi-
spherical. Gl. umber.

On the ground, amongst fir-leaves. Oct. Diam. of expanded Ex. 3I in.
According to Massee this species was confused by Berkeley with 2051 and
2055 — see the dried examples in the Kew herbarium.

2053. G. limbatus Fr. (from the fringed or silky, fimbriato-ciliate

peristome ; limbatus, bordered, as with another colour) a b c.
Ex. multifid, unequal, vinous, scurfy and umber beneath. End.
subpyriform to subglobose, shortly pedicellate, blackish-brown

470

LYCOPERDACE/E Geaster

to deep vinous-umber. Per. slightly depressed, subacute,
fimbriato-ciliate, surrounded by a small pale silky disc. Col.
almost obsolete. Gl. dark umber.
Woods, hedgebanks, amongst firs, leaves. Sept.-Nov. Diam. of expanded
Ex. 4 in.

2054. G. fornieatus Fr. (from the arched inner layer of the exo-

peridium ; fornieatus, arched over) a b e.

Ex. 4- (rarely 5-) segmented, the two layers separating, outer cup-
like, scurfy and brown externally, tan within, inner arched and
attached to outer by tips of segments, umber, blackish-umber
or rufous, tan within. End. obpyriform, shortly pedicellate,
dark brown. Per. conical, ciliato-striate. Col. slender, some-
what clavate.

Meadows, pastures, heaths, amongst firs. Mar.-Xov. Diam. of expanded
Ex. 2J in. Si m' high.

2055. G. striatus DC. (from the sulcato-striate peristome) a b e.
Ex. 6- to 9-segmented, coriaceous, thin, tan, darker externally.

End. subsessile, globose, often scabrous, umber-white to lead-
colour. Per. prominent, conical, sulcato-striate. Gl. brown.

On the ground, sandhills amongst dead leaves, amongst trees, firs. Mar.-
Nov. Diam. of expanded Ex. 2 in.

2056. G. Miehelianus W. G. Sm. (after Piero Antonio Micheli) a b c.
Ex. 4- to 6-segmented, unequal, thick, warm or pale vinous, outside

much cracked, brown. End. subglobose, tan-umber. Per.
mammiform, surrounded by a silky zone. Col. clavate. Gl.
brown.
On the ground, amongst rhododendrons. Oct. Diam. of expanded Ex. 5 in.
Differs from 2061a, for which it has sometimes been mistaken. At
maturity chis plant will sometimes throw itself elastically some 9 inches
from its place of growth.

2057. G. lagenseformis Vitt. (from a fancied resemblance to a
narrow-mouthed bottle or jar; lagma, a flask, forma, shape)
a b c.

Ex. 7- to 9-segmented, attenuate, subequal, salmon-white to ivory,
pale rose or vinous. End. subglobose or ovate, pale buff, umber-
white or faintly vinous. Per. broadly-conical, sides incurved,
silky, striate, surrounded by a disc. Col. clavate. Gl. brown,
somewhat olive.

On the ground. April-Nov. Diam. of expanded Ex. 2\ in.

2058. G. saeeatus Fr. (from the sac or pouch-like shape when young ;

saeeus, a bag) a b c.

Ex. 7- to 9-segmented, pale dove-colour, very pale yellowish-
lavender or pale buff, externally umber and ochre. End.
globose, colour as Ex. Per. broadly-conical, sides incurved,
stoma fimbriate, silky, surrounded by a silky disc. Gl. dark
brown.

On the ground, amongst stones and earth, in hedges, sometimes on sticks
with profuse Myc. Aug. Diam. of expanded Ex. 3^ in.

Geaster LYCOPERDACE^E 47 1

2059. G. mammosus Chev. (from the breast-like endoperidium ;

mammosus, full-breasted) a b c.

Ex. 7- to 10- segmented, hygrometric, strongly incurved when dry,
vinous-brown to umber, ochreous or glossy yellow-white-umber
outside. End. globose, white-brown. Per. broadly and
acutely conical, fimbriato-ciliate to striate, surrounded by a
pale silky disc. Gl. vinous or dark brown.

On the ground. Feb. -Dec. Diam. of expanded Ex. if in.

2060. G. rufeseens Pers. (from tiie at length rufescent colour) a b c.
Ex. 6- to 9-segmented, thick, becoming deeply cracked, brownish

flesh-colour or red-salmon, clouded rufescent, externally dark

sienna or sienna-buff. End. globose, pale to dark umber,

stoma slightly mammiform, dentate. Col. obsolete or short.

Gl. dark brown.

Woods, pastures. Sept. -Dec. Diam. of expanded Ex. 4J in. Yar. minor
Pers., 5-8 segmented, less than half the size of type.

2061. G. fimbriatus Fr. (from the fimbriate mouth of the peristome)

a b c.
Ex. 5- to 15-segmented, flaccid, somewhat thick, buff- or umber-
white with white cracks. End. subglobose, pale umber, stoma
indeterminate, piloso-fimbriate. Col. obsolete. Gl. brown.

Woods, pine, on the ground amongst leaves. Aug. -Dec. Diam. of
expanded Ex. 2§ in.

2061a. G. triplex Jungh. (from the superficial appearance, as of

three peridia) a.

Ex. 5- to 6-segmented, the fleshy inner layer often becoming

detached and forming a spurious peridium at the base of the

End., vinous-brown. End. globose, with a definite even stoma,

yellow-brown. Col. prominent, persistent.

Woods, fields. Diam. of expanded Ex. 4J in. When young this plant is
pouch-like v\ ith an acute apex as in 2058, and greatly differs in this respect
from 2056, where also the colours of the peridia are the reverse of 2061a.

2062. G. hygrometrieus Pers. (from its absorption of moisture from

the air ; Gr. liugros, moisture, metron, a measure) a b c.

Ex. 7- to 20-segmented, harsh and horny, vinous-brown, yellowish-
brown outside, rigidly inflexed when dry, and often cracked all
over. End. ovato-globose in section, floccose, crimson-brown
or purple-lavender, stoma irregularly torn. Col. obsolete.
Gl. crimson-brown.

On the ground. Woods, pine. Feb. -Dec. Diam. of expanded Ex. 2\ in.

CXV. LYC0PERD0N L.

(From an old belief that puff-balls grew from the dung of the wolf;

Gr. lu&os, a wolf, perdoni dung.)

Peridium double, external layer or cortex becoming broken up
into spine-like tufts or warts, inner layer smooth dehiscing by a small

472

LYCOPERDACEjE

Lycoperdon

apical stoma ; the whole of the upper portion being sometimes
evanescent. Sterile base usually stem-like. (Fig. 131.)

The species are remarkable for their variability in size, very
small mature examples of all the species being frequent. They are
popularly named " Puff-balls " and " Devil's snuff-boxes."

Fig. 131. — A, B, Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., young plant entire and mature plant in section.
One-half natural size, c, spores. X 750. d, e, L. pyriforme Schaeff., entire and in section.
One-half natural size, f, spores and threads of capillitium. X 750. G, section through cortex
of L. gemmatum Batsch X 5 ; h, outer scurfy coat; J, inner coat; K, thin membrane over
gleba ; l, gleba.

Some of the species are dangerous if eaten in a raw state ; rapid
inflammation of the throat and a greatly swollen tongue have been
known to ensue. This is probably also true of species of Bovista.

Species 2063—2077
Spores rough. 2063—2068

Spores smooth. 2069—2077

2063. L. echinatum Pers. (from the hedgehog-like spines of the

peridium ; echitms, a hedgehog) a b c .
Pe. globose, usually passing into a stout stem, sometimes stem-
less, at first covered with large pyramidal floccose spines,
vinous-brown varying buff, stoma small, irregularly torn, base
usually clad with white thread-like Myc. St. spongy-cellular
within. Cap. and Spores deep vinous-brown.

Usually solitary. Amongst trees, beech. Mar. -Oct. Diam. 2.\ in.
Sometimes made a var. of 2068.

2064. L. Hoylei B. & Br. (after Mr. Hoyle, who first brought the

plant to the notice of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley) a b c.
Pe. subglobose, passing into a short stem, at first covered with
pyramidal floccose spines, purple-brown, stoma small, irregularly

Ly coper don LYCOPERDACE^E 473

torn, base usually clad with white thread-like Myc. St. lacu-
nose, spongy-cellular and olivaceous within. Cap. and Spores
light in colour, pale purplish-brown, but described by Berkeley
as lilac.
Woods, amongst leaves. Oct. -Dec. Diam. \\ in. Perhaps a form of 2068.

2064a. L. velatum Vitt. (from the external layer of the peridium
forming a universal veil ; velum, a covering) a b.
Pe. pyriform or subglobose, slightly umbonate, outer layer
tomentose, breaking up into evanescent star-shaped rosettes
and forming a false ring-like appearance at the apex of the
stem, at length almost completely disappearing, snow-white,
inner layer furfuraceous and furnished with very thin short
spines, white then delicate flesh-colour, finally greyish. St. with
white cord-like Myc, white. Cap. and Spores white, then
fulvous, finally ashy.
Amongst leaves. Oct. i\ x i£ in.

2065. L. atropurpureum Vitt. (from the blackish-purple capillitium

and spores ; ater, black) a b c.
Pe. subglobose or pyriform, at first covered with slender spines,

warm yellowish-brown or rufous, stoma small, irregular. St.

plicate below, spongy-cellular and pale dull purple within.

Cap. and Spores dull- to blackish-purple.
Downs, woods, under oaks. Sept. -Nov. Diam. if in.

2066. L. exeipuliforme Pers. (from a fancied resemblance to a

basin, excipula) a b c.

Pe. subglobose, usually passing into a long, stout stem, rarely

almost stemless, at first covered with slender spinose warts,

white to ivory. St. even, somewhat plicate below, sometimes

lacunose, spongy-cellular and pale olive within. Cap. and

Spores dull olive or yellowish-brown.

Pastures, woods, under firs. May-Nov. Diam. 31 in. Sometimes 7J in.
high. Sometimes confused with or made a var. of 2068, 2070 or 207 1, the
two latter have smooth spores.

2067. L. saceatum Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to an inverted

sac or bag, sacctis) a b c.
Pe. subglobose, passing into a long stout stem, plicate below, at
first covered with spinulose warts, brownish-ivory, stoma small,
irregular. St. often more or less lacunose, spongy-cellular
and yellowish-olive within, brownish below. Cap. and Spores
yellowish-brown.

Often in rings of very large size, individuals a foot apirt. Open places, near
pines, in and near thickets. Aug.-Oct. Diam. 4 in. Often S in. or more
high.

2068. L. gemmatum Batsch (from the peridium covered with pointed

warts ; gemma, a young bud) a b c.
Pe. subglobose, usually passing into a stem, rarely stemless, at
first covered with small pointed spines, pale brown. St.

474 LYCOPERDACE/E Lycoperdon

tapering downwards, coarsely spongy cellular and faintly olive
within. Cap. and Spores olivaceous- to dark-umber.

Woods, shady places, pastures, from the decayed interior of an acorn.
Sept. -Nov. 2§ x 3 J in. Sometimes confused with 2071, of which 2068
has been considered a variety, but in 2071 the spores are smooth, while in
this they are minutely warted or spiny.

2069. L. laeunosum Bull, (from the pits or depressions on the stem ;

lacuna, a hole or cavity) a.

Pe. subglobose, passing into a long stout stem, covered with small
pointed spines, pale buff. St. tapering downwards covered
with small lacunae. Cap. and Spores olive-brown.

Woods. Autumn, if X 4J in.

2070. L. pyriforme Schaeff. (from its pear-like shape ; pyrus, a pear,
forma, shape) a b c. Subumbonate.

Pe. thin, flaccid, at first covered with minute pointed warts,

brown, stoma small, torn, base sometimes forming a Col.,

slightly cellular. Cap. and Spores olive.

Commonly ccespitose, often held together by coarse strands of white Myc.
On the ground in fields and woods, on rotten stumps and branches,
pollards, oak. July-Nov. if x 2\ in. Col. not a permanent character.

2071. L. perlatum Pers. (from the great width of the peridium in

comparison with the slender stem ; per/atus, very wide) a b c .
Pe. subglobose or flattened, often passing into a somewhat
slender stem, umbonate, often plicate below, at first covered
with stout obtuse short spines, base sometimes forming a Col.,
pale brownish-salmon, stoma small. St. slightly spongy-
cellular and in section convex above. Cap. and Spores
olivaceous.

Woods, thickets, amongst trees, firs. Sept. -Nov. i\ x 5 in. Col. not a
permanent character. Sometimes made a var. of 2068, or 2068 is some-
times made a var. of this, but the spores are different.

2072. L. molle Pers. (from its softness or soft scurfy surface ; mollis,

soft).

Turbinate, base broad, abrupt. Pe. papyraceous, at first furfura-

ceous, collapsing, umber to olive, stoma small, irregular. Cap.

collapsing, ochreous-olive. Sterile base well developed, slightly

spongy-cellular.

On the ground, woods, oak. if x 2^ in. Differing from 2068 in the
smooth spores.

2072a. L. erueiatum Rost. (from the somewhat cross-shaped spines
of the cortex) a.
Pe. subglobose to broadly pyriform, narrowed below into a short
stout sterile stem-like base, ij-ij in. high by f-ij in. broad.
Cor. whitish, formed of groups of minute, more or less
pyramidal spines, breaking away in large flakes and exposing
the inner yellowish-brown minutely granulated peridium ;
dehiscence by a small irregularly torn apical stoma. Gl.
umber. Spores globose, smooth, almost hyaline, 5-6 /x in diam. ;

Lycoperdon LYCOPERDACEyE 475

threads of capillitium mostly unbranched, slender, 4-5 /x thick,

ends tapering, very slightly coloured yellow-brown. The

lacunose sterile base not projecting into the Gl. as a Col.

On the ground among hazel bushes, if X \\ in. Whitish outer wall ot
peridium peeling off in large flakes as in species of Bovisia, exposing the
brown, minutely granulated inner Pe.

2073. L. hiemale Bull, (from its time of growth, winter, hiems) a b c.
Pyriform, rarely almost sessile and globoso-depressed. Pe. mem-
branous, flaccid, white then grey, yellowish or rufescent, stoma
irregularly lacerate. Cap. and Spores smoky-yellow to olive-
brownish. Sterile base well developed, at first verrucoso-
aculeate, elastic-tough with a thick bark.

Fields, downs, amongst dead leaves. Sept. -Jan. 2.\ x 3! in.

2074. L. eselatum Bull, (from the large conical warts of the peridium

as if embossed or carved in bas-relief; ccdum, a sculptor's

chisel) a b c.
At first subglobose or pyriform, then depressed, flaccid and
ruptured above, contracted below into a short stout tapering
stem and more or less covered with large conical warts, whitish
or ivory. Cap. and Spores ochreous-olive or opaque yellow-
green. Sterile base spongy-cellular.

Odour disagreeable, musty, mouse-like. Fields, woods, grassy roadsides.
May-Oct. 7J x 6| in.

2074a. L. depressum Bonard. (from the depressed peridium) a.

Pe. obconical, at first rounded above then flattened, base
somewhat plicate, yellowish-white, then greyish-yellow, finally
brownish, covered with spinulose warts. Stoma at first well
defined, greatly extending with age. Sterile base well developed,
separated from the olive Gl. by a diaphragm.
Commons, woods. Aug. -Oct. \\ X i| in.

2075. L. Bo vista L. (from the resemblance to Bovista) a b c.
Globose, sessile, usually plicate at base, at first subtomentose

then smooth and glossy, white, stoma large, irregular. Cap.

and Spores dull olive or olive-umber.

Sometimes grows in rings 30-50 ft. in diam. Edible when young and
perfectly white within. Rich pastures, orchards, gardens, roadsides, grassy
places. Aug.-Oct. 12 x 11 in. Popular names "Puff-ball" and
"Devil's snuff-box." Modern Greek name " kianion," like a skull. A
drawing in British Museum shows a diam. of 18 in. A weight has been
recorded of 20 lbs. An American example has been described with a
larger diam. of 5 ft. 4 in. and a lesser of 4 ft. 6 in., height 9^ in.

2076. L. furfuraeeum Schaeff. (from the branny or scurfy peridium ;
furfur, bran) a b c.

Pe. subglobose, passing into a short, stout stem, flaccid above,
floccose, white then pale olive-yellowish, base white. Cap.
and Spores olivaceous. Sterile base spongy-cellular, white.
Fields, fallow ground, old walls, about stumps. Sept. i|x ig in.

476

LYCOPERDACEjE

Ly coper don

2011. L. Cookei Mass. (after Dr. M. C. Cooke) a c.

Subglobose or flattened below and hemispherical, abruptly con-
tracted into a short stem, minutely furfuraceous, smoky-brown,
umber-salmon or umber with a faintly purplish shade. St. pale
spongy- cellular within. Cap. and Spores yellow- to olive-umber.
Gregarious. Sept. \\ x I in. Like a small form of 2071.

CXVI. BOVISTA Pers.

(From the German popular name, bofist, a fairy ball.)

Peridium double, external layer or cortex smooth, fragile, deci-
duous, not remaining as adnate warts, except in 2C81 and 2083.

Fig. 132. — A, B, Bovista nigrescens Pers., entire and in section. One-half natural size.
c, spores. X 750. D, thread of capillitium. X 100.

usually falling away in flakes, inner layer smooth, dehiscing by a

definite or irregularly torn apical stoma. Sterile base absent.

Spores globose or elliptical. (Fig. 132.) Species 2078 — 2084

Spores globose. 2078 — 2083

Spores elliptical. 2084

Bovista LYCOPERDACE/E 477

2078. B. plumbea Pers. (from the lead-coloured inner layer of the

peridium ; plumbeus, leaden) a b c.
Globose. Cor. thin, whitish, persistent towards base, inner layer

tough, thin, dehiscing by a small irregular somewhat prominent

stoma, lead-colour, slate-whitish or purplish-slate. Cap. and

Spores brown.
Dry grassy and heathy places, downs, rarely on stumps. July-Nov.

if x If in.

2079. B. nigrescens Pers. (from the at length black or blackish

colour of the inner layer of the peridium ; nigrescens, turning
black) a b c.
Subglobose. Cor. papery, whitish, inner layer thin, tough,
dehiscing by an irregular somewhat prominent stoma, blackish,
brown-, slate-, olive-brown- or blue-black. Cap. and Spores
olive-brown then purplish-brown.
Dry pastures, heathy places. Jan. -Dec. z\ X i\ in.

2080. B. olivaeea Cooke & Mass. (from the at length olive-coloured

capillitium and spores) a c.

Globose. Cor. thin, fugacious, whitish or ochreous, inner layer
thick, soft, becoming brittle and breaking away in patches
above, white or ochreous. Cap. and Spores citrine then olive.

On the ground. Sept. 2 x 2 in.

2081. B. ammophila Lev. (from the habitat, sandy places ; Gr.

aminos, sand, phileo, to love) a.

Broadly obovate, plicate below and tapering into a long stout
root-like growth. Cor. broken up into tomentose warts,
whitish, inner layer thin, dehiscing by a small irregularly torn
stoma, pallid. Cap. and Spores olive.

Sandy places. Sept. if X if in. without root.

2082. B. cepseformis Mass. (from the shape, like a flat onion ; eepa,

an onion, forma, shape) a.

Subglobose, flattish, somewhat plicate below. Cor. minutely
furfuraceous, whitish to very pale burr', inner layer dehiscing
by a small torn stoma, whitish or pale burl. Cap. and Spores
citrine. Myc. rooting, cord-like.

On the ground, if X \\ in.

2083. B. pusilla Pers. (from the very small size ; pusillus, small) a b.
Subglobose. Cor. breaking up into minute scurfy squamules,

pale yellowish-brown, inner layer flaccid, dehiscing by a small
stoma, pale yellowish-brown or olivaceous ochre. Myc. cord-
like, rooting.
Fastures, hedgebanks. J X % in.

2084. B. ovalispora Cooke & Mass. (from the oval spores) a b.
Subglobose. Cor. very thin, subpersistent towards base, whitish

or ochreous, inner layer thin, flaccid, smooth, dull lead-colour,

dehiscing by an irregular stoma. Cap. and Spores brown.

On the ground. Diam. 2 in. Formerly included with 2078 and 2079, but
differing in the oval spores and thinner cortex.

478

SCLERODERMACE/E

Polysaccum

Fam. IX. SCLERODERMACEjE

Peridium thick with a well-defined base, sometimes forming a
stem, opening at the apex in an irregular manner, feebly developed
with a sterile base. Capillitium absent or scanty. Species 2085 — 2089

Key to the Genera.

Gleba composed of numerous distinct cells containing

peridiola 117 Polysaccum.

Gleba cellular, cells without peridiola 118 Scleroderma.

CXVIL POLYSACCUM DC.

(From the many small cells within the peridium ;
Gr. polus, many, saccos, a bag.)

Peridium irregularly globose, corky, attenuate downwards into a
more or less elongated stem-like base, dehiscing by an irregular

Fig. 133. — A, b, c, d, Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr., entire and in section. One-half natural
size, e, section through part of gleba, showing cavities and enclosed peridiola. X 5. f, basidia
and spores. X 250. G, spore. X 750.

rupture of the apex. Gleba consisting of numerous cells, each con-
taining a peridiolum. Peridiola at first saccate or irregularly ovoid,
sometimes filling the cell and becoming irregularly polygonal.
(Fig. 133.)

2085. P. pisocarpium Fr. (from the pea-like peridiola ; pisum, a pea,
carpellum, a fruit) a b.
Pe. irregularly globose or ovate, smooth, subtuberculose, corky,
attenuate downwards into a more or less stem-like base, or

Scleroderma

SCLERODERMACE/E

479

sessile or nearly so, pale to olive-umber, base spongy-cellular
within. Gl. composed of numerous cells, each containing an
olive-umber Peri. Spores dark brown.
On the ground. May. 2§ x 3§ in.

CXVIII. SCLERODERMA Pers.
(From the hard skin or peridium ; Gr. skleros, hard, derma, skin.)

Peridium firm, cortex persistent in the form of warts, scales or
granules, indehiscent or breaking up in an irregular or more or less

Fig. 134. — a, B, Scleroderma vulgare Hornem., entire and in section.^ One-half natural size,
c, cells of gleba. X 5. d, basidia and spores; e, spore germinating. X 750.

stellate manner, convex internally at base. Gleba cellular, subper-
sistent, without peridiola. Trama in the cell walls. (Fig. 134.)

The peridium is frequently and extensively perforated by larvae
which eat the spore-mass and help to disseminate the spores.

Species 2086—2089

2086. S. vulgare Hornem. (from its commonness ; vulgaris,

common) a b c.

Subsessile, often lobed below and usually slightly depressed

above, ovate, reniform in vertical section. Pe. thick, corky,

verrucose or adpressed-scaly, pale warm-brown, scales darker.

Gl. dark slate-colour. Trama white.

Often ccespitose. Under the name of "vegetable tripe " it has been eaten when
quite young and found not poisonous. Used for the adulteration of pate de

480 NIDULARIACE/E Scleroderma

foie gras, sausage and poulard truffe in place of the French truffle, Tuber
macrosporum. Odour rank, strong, disagreeable, sulphureous-alliaceous.
Open places near trees. Aug. -Nov. Diam. 3! in. Often closely
resembles horse-droppings. Sometimes attacked by 1481, which in
turn is not infrequently attacked by Hypomyces luteovirens. Pigs in
search for truffles and pig-nuts will not eat Scleroderma. Sometimes
5^ inches in diam. Var. cepa \V. G. Sm., Scleroderma cepa Pers. Flattish,
onion-shaped. Var. Icevigatum Flick, nomen. Even, smooth, often
confounded with var. cervinum (Bolt. Hist. Fung. t. 116). Var. aurantiacum
W. G. Sm., Ly co per iW7i aura7itiacu7)i Bull. Brassy-yellow. Var. spadiceum
W. G. Sm., Scleroderma spadiceiwi Pers. Date-brown. Var. cervinum
W. G. Sm., Scleroderma cervinum Pers. Usually less than an inch
in diam., hard and granular all over, resembling Elaphomyces granulatus,
of which species it is sometimes, without examination, placed in herbaria
as a var. Fir woods. Probably a distinct species.

2087. S. verrueosum Pers. (from the warted peridium ; verrucosus,
full of warts) a b c.

Subsessile to stipitate. Pe. subglobose, thin, fragile and
breaking up irregularly above, externally finely squarrose or
minutely warted, when stipitate continued into a more or less
elongate and sometimes lacunose stem, ochreous or dull
brownish. Gl. at first umber, then slate-colour to blackish.
Trama whitish. Often furnished with a mass of Myc. at
base.

Sandy ground, commons, open places, near bushes. July-Nov. 3^ x 5 in.
Sometimes attacked by 1481.

2088. S. Bovista Fr. (from its resemblance to a Bovista) a b c.
Subsessile, globose. Pe. thin, pliant, breaking up irregularly

above, becoming nearly smooth, yellowish. Gl. yellowish- or
olive- to purplish-brown. Trama yellow. Usually furnished with
a mass of Myc. at base.

Sandy ground near bushes. Sept. Diam. 2.\ in.

2089. S. Geaster Fr. (from a fancied resemblance to a Geasier) a b c.
Sessile, globose. Pe. thick, almost smooth, splitting and expand-
ing in an irregularly stellate manner, dull yellowish-brown.
Gl. umber to pale and then dark slate. Trama whitish. Some-
times with a mass of Myc. at base.

Sandy places, stubble fields, woods, under oaks. Aug.-Oct. Diam. 3 in.

Fam. X. NIDULARIACEiE

Spores produced in the interior of one or more indehiscent
globose or compressed peridiola or sporangia which are at first
contained within a peridium. Species 2090 — 2098

Cyathus xidulariace^e 481

Key to the Genera.

Peridiola several.

Peridiola attached by a funiculus or cord to the wall of
the peridium.

Peridium of three layers, cup-shaped 119 Cyathus.

Peridium of two layers, outer thick and felt-like, inner

thin ; cup-shaped 120 Crucibulum.

Peridiola not attached by a funiculus to the wall of the
peridium. Peridium of a single membrane,

globose 121 NlDULARIA.

Peridiolum solitary, ejected from the peridium. Peridium

globose, subglobose or urceolate, sessile 122 Sph^robolus.

CXIX. CYATHUS Haller.
(From the cup-shape ; Gr. kuathos, a wine cup.)

Peridium cup-shaped, composed of three distinct, closely connected
layers, apex at first closed with a white membrane or epiphragm,

Fig. 135. — Cyatlms striatits Hoffm.
A, group of plants. Natural size. B, section of young and mature plants. X 3. c, peri-
diolum ; D, section of ditto. X 10. e, peridiolum with the filiform appendage ^6 of fig. d) uncoiled
and drawn out of the funiculus. X 3. f, basidia and spores. X 500. 1, peridium ; 2, epiphragm ;
3, peridiola ; 4, funiculus ; 5, hymenial layer, lining peridiolum ; 6, filiform appendage coiled
within the funiculus.

becoming broadly open. Peridiola compressed, umbilicate, attached
to inner wall of peridium by an elastic cord or funiculus. (Fig. 135.)

2 1

482

NIDULARIACEiE

Cyathus

The British species grow in fields and gardens, generally on chips,
twigs and rotten wood ; some foreign species grow on dung of horse and
cow, and on bagging, matting, corTee-chaff, etc. Species 2090, 2091

2090. C. striatus HofTm. (from the striate inner surface of the
peridium) a b c.
Obconical, truncate at base and apex, striate and shining lead-
colour within, hirto-tomentose and ferruginous without. Peri.
subcircular, biconvex, lead-colour. Fun. whitish, containing
a long filiform appendage within. Springing from coarse
brown Myc.
Fasciculate. Fields, woods, gardens, decaying twigs, wood, old willow, fir-

cones, coco-nut fibre. Feb. -Nov.

in.

2091. C. vernieosus DC. (from the silky-shining outer surface of

the peridium ; vernieosus, shiny as though varnished) a b e.

Campanulate, undulate, tapering downwards to a narrow base,

inside smooth, lead-colour or brownish, outside minutely silky,

ferruginous, ochreous or greyish. Peri, circular, biconvex,

blackish or blackish-brown. Fun. white.

On the ground, stubble fields, gardens, flower-pots, flower-boxes, rotten
wood, chips. Feb. -Sept. \ x \ in.

CXX. CRUCIBULUM Tul.
(From a fancied resemblance to a small melting-pot, crucibulum.)

Peridium cup-shaped, consisting of two layers, the outer thick and
felt-like, the inner a thin membrane which is at first continuous over

Fig. 136. — A, Crucibulwji vulgare Tul. X f. B, section showing young and mature examples.
X 3. c, peridiolum ; d, section of ditto. X 12. e, basidia and spores. X 660. 1, peridium;
2, epiphragm ; 3, peridiola ; 4, funiculus ; 5, hymenial layer lining peridiolum.

Crucibuluvi

NIDULARIACEiE

483

the apex as a flat epiphragm. Peridiola numerous, attached to the
inner wall of the peridium by a long cord which originates from a
depression in a central nipple-like tubercle on the under side of the
peridiolum. (Fig. 136.)

2092. C. vulgare Tul. (from its commonness ; vulgaris, common) a b c.

Pe. thick, sienna- white, cinnamon or greyish, externally minutely

tomentose, internally smooth and shining. Peri, circular,

biconvex, pale ochreous or sienna-white.

Rotten branches, planks, twigs, chips, cones, herbaceous stems, grass, rotten
straw, dead fern-fronds. Oct. -Nov. f x \ in.

CXXI. NIDULARIA Bull.
(From a fancied resemblance to a nest, nidus)

Peridium globose, consisting of a single membrane, at first closed
then opening by a more or less regular mouth or becoming irregularly

Fig. 137. — a, Nidularia fiisi/ormis Tul. X %. B, sections showing peridiola em-
bedded in mucus. X 3. c, d, peridiolum and section. X 12. E, basidium with spores,
cystidium and the smaller cells of hymenial surface. X 660.

ruptured, containing numerous peridiola enveloped in mucus, not
attached to inside by a funiculus. The mucus arises from dis-
integration of hyphae. (Fig. 137.) Species 2093 — 2095

2093. N. pisiformis Tul. (from the pea-like shape ; J>isum, a pea,

forma, shape) a b c.

Pe. turbinate, strigose, tuberculose, splitting irregularly, cinnamon,

pale buff or salmon. Peri, subrotund, biconvex, smooth,

shining, brown.

Gregarious or solitary. Dead branches, chips, leaves, pine, sometimes on the

2 I 2

484

NIDULARIACEiE

Nidularia

ground, woods. May-Oct. T5^ in. Spores 7-8 X 8-9 fx. Var. Broomei
Mass., on pine wood. Spores iox 4-5 \x.

2094. N. Berkeleyi Mass. (after the Rev. M. J. Berkeley) a.

Pe. subglobose, thick, hirto-tomentose, bright cinnamon. Peri.

orbicular, biconvex, smooth, shining, bright brown.
Solitary or 2-3 together. Twigs, woods. j\ in.

2095. N. eonfluens Fr. (from the confluent habit) a b c.

Pe. subglobose, thin, villous, whitish or buff-white. Peri, orbicular,

compressed, pale yellowish-umber to chestnut.
Putrid leaves, twigs, chips, wood, rarely on the ground. Oct.

CXXII. SPH.ER0B0LUS Tode.

(In reference to the ejection of the peridiolum from the peridium;
Gr. sphaira, a ball, ba//o, to throw.)

Peridium globose, subglobose or urceolate, sessile ; peridiolum
solitary, ejected from the peridium. (Fig. 138.) Species 2097, 2098

'^55 ^

Fig. 138. — A, Spharobolus stellatus Tode. X 3. E, group of ditto ; c, sections of young
and mature examples. X 12. p, basidium and spores. X 660. I, peridium of two coats ;
2, peridiola • ■\i mycelium.

Sphczrobolus

NIDULARIACEjE

485

Peridium globose, of two layers, the inner at length extruded
elastically and ejecting a single peridiolum. 2096, 2097

Peridium homogeneous, sessile on a broad base, subrotund then
urceolato-ventricose ; peridiolum extruded from the apex of
the peridium. 2098

2096. S. stellatus Tode (from the stellate mouth of the peridium)

a b c.

Pe. minutely tomentose, at first immersed in a thick web of white

Myc, opening above in a 5- to 7 -stellate manner, elastically

extruding the inner layer and ejecting a globular yellowish or

orange peri. ; pale yellow or pale yellowish-buff, darker or

orange within. The peri, which encloses basidia and spores is

ejected for 8 or more inches with a slight clicking sound.

Usually crowded in troops. Rotten wood, sawdust, earth of old stumps,
twigs, leaves, rotten grass. Often in stoves and greenhouses. Jan. -Dec.
Diam. ^ in.

2097. S. dentatus W. G. Sm. (from the toothed peridium ; dentatus,

toothed) a.

Pe. finely pilose with erect hairs, springing from scanty brownish
Myc, opening above in a 4- to 7-stellate manner, the rays clad
with long white hairs, which at first converge over the opening,
outside pale livid-buff to vinous-brownish, pale brown or brown,
inside white, ivory, white-greyish or faint olive-ivory, ejecting a
reddish-brown peri.

Scattered. Dead elder. Failand, Bristol, Aug. 1888, R. Baker. Diam. ^ in.

Fig. 139. — Sphcerobolics terrestris W. G. Sm.

:a, seen from above ; b, seen from side ; c, section. X 12. d, basidium and spores. X 660.

486 HYMENOGASTRACE.E Sphcerobolus

2098. S. terrestris W. G. Sm., Thelebolus terrcstris A. & S. — not

of Tode — (from the frequent habitat, the earth j terrestris,

pertaining to the earth) a b c.

Pe. at first hemispherical, saffron-yellow honey-colour or sienna,

seated on a dense tomentose Sub. of buff-white here and there

brownish Myc. Peri, spherical, colour as Pe.

Crowded in troops. Earth, leaves, pine, moss, rotten wood, oak. Mar.-
Nov. Diam. ^ in.

Fam. XL HYMENOGASTRACEiE

Subterranean. Peridium indehiscent. Capillitium absent.
Spores 2-7. Species 2099—2122

Key to the Genera.

Spores globose war ted.

Sterile base of peridium well developed 123 Octaviania.

Sterile base of peridium absent 125 Hydnangium.

Spores smooth.

Sterile base of peridium absent. Spores elliptical ... 124 Melanogaster.
Gleba cartilagineo - glutinous. Spores minute,

elliptical 126 Hysterangium.

Peridium with root-like fibres on the surface 127 Rhizopogon.

Spores large, elliptical or fusiform, rugulose or nodulose.

Sterile base of peridium well developed 128 Hymenogaster.

CXXIII. OCTAVIANIA Vitt.
(After Dr. Vincent Ottaviani.)

Peridium continuous or cracked, cottony, running down into a
well developed sterile base. Trama byssoid, easily divisible, cells
at first empty, peripheral cells small, spherical, central cells much
larger and irregular. Spores 2-7, globose, warted. (Fig. 140.)

Distinguished from Hydnangium by the presence of a sterile
basal stratum and from Melanogaster in the cavities of the gleba
being at first empty and the trama byssoid. Species 2099 — 2101

2099. 0. asterosperma Vitt. (from the star-shaped spores ; Gr. aster,
a star, sperma, a seed) a b c.
Globose, regular or irregular. Pe. continuous or cracked into
areolae, minutely downy, at first whitish-buff, then rosy-salmon,
clouded umber. 67. salmon, slightly buff, cells umber.

Generally near the surface, often partially exposed. Odour sweet, of Ocymum
basilicum, sometimes of new cheese or pungent. Adhering to buried

Octaviania

HYMEXOGASTRACE/E

487

twigs and leaves. Oct. Diam. \\ in. Changing to turquoise-blue and
black where bruised. Commonly attacked by a bright orange mould,
Sepedonhim ckrysosfier/uiim.

Fig 140. — A, b, Octaviania astcrosperma Vitt., entire at different ages, and in section.
Natural size, c, basidium and spores. X 500.

2100. 0. Stephensii Tul. (after H. O. Stephens) a b c.

Irregularly globose or nodular-oblong, usually irregular in shape,
base rugoso-plicate, cribrose, furnished with branched fibrous
root-like growths. Pe. continuous, pale red to rufous, clouded
darker. Gl. white then pale salmon, cells small, pale sienna.

Odour disagreeable like 1280. About one-quarter of the plant is usually seen
above ground, but often wholly superficial, covered with dead leaves, etc.
Woods under lime-trees with Nostoc. Aug.-Dec. Diam. i£ in. Exuding
a white aromatic milky juice.

2101. 0. eompaeta Tul. (from the compact substance) a b c.
Irregularly subglobose, minutely cottony. Pe. continuous or

slightly granular, white to ochreous-white. Gl. salmon-white,
cells pale salmon-buff.

Gregarious. Wholly or half-buried, involved in rooting masses of white Myc.
Amongst roots, grass, earth and mycelium. Oct.-Nov. Diam. f in.

CXXIV. MELAN0GASTER Corda.
(From the black interior; Gr. me/as, black, gaster, the belly.)

Peridium without a distinct base, branched fibres springing from
every part of its surface. Cells of gleba more or less rounded, large
in the centre, smaller towards the periphery, walls of cells thick,

488

HYMENOGASTRACEyE

Mehmogaster

continuous with the peridium. Spores 3-5, subsessile on the basidia,
smooth, usually coloured. (Fig. 141.)

The absence of a distinct rooting base, the branched fibres

Fig. 141. — A, B, Mclanogaster ambiguus Tul., entire and in section. Natural size,
c, basidium and spores. X 500. d, basidium and spores of M. variegatus Tul. X 500.

traversing the whole surface of the peridium, and the smooth spores
are characteristic. Species 2102, 2103

2102. M. variegatus Tul. (from the variegated gleba) a b c.
Irregularly globose or nodular-oval. Pe. adpressedly tomentose,

at first yellow or ochreous, then dark reddish-ferruginous. 67.
blackish with indigo-black cells. Trama white, whitish or
bright orange.
More or less exposed above ground during growth, covered with leaves and
twigs. Taste sweet and approved by many when cooked; odour sharp,
strong, aromatic, agreeable, not unlike bitter ?!monds. Under beech,
poplar, oak. June-Nov. 2^ in. Spores io x 5 p, elliptic-oblong. Eaten
on the Continent, harmless but hardly pleasant. Sold half a century or
more ago as an esculent in Bath under the name of Red Truffle. Var.
Broomeianus Tul. Trama dull white or yellowish, never bright yellow or
orange. Usually gregarious, some two or three inches beneath the surface
or half exposed. Scentless when young but soon acquiring a sweet, treacle y
odour, or a scent of decay: ag pears.

2103. M. ambiguus Tul. (from its being doubtfully a true species ;

ambiguus, doubtful) a b c.

Irregularly globose or oval-nodular. Pe. nearly even, pale olive
then reddish-brown. GL jet- or slate-black. Trama buff-
white or white.

Highly fetid of assafoetida. Under beech, poplar, oak, fir. April-Oc t.
if in. Spores 13-15 X 7-8^ ovate, papillate. Var. intermedins Tul. has
a yellowish trama which becomes red in drying.

Hydnangium

HYMENOGASTRACE^E

489

CXXV. HYDNANGIUM Walk, ex Klotzsch.

(From the tuberous form ; Gr. hudnon, a tuber or truffle,

aggeion, a vessel.)

Peridium fleshy or membranous, smooth or silky ; sterile base not
developed. Trama vesicular, cells minute, unequal, at first empty
then filled with globose or ovate, echinulate spores. Spores 2-4.
(Fig. 142.)

Fig. 142. a, E, Hydnanghuii carotcecolor Berk., entire and in section. X f.
c, basidium and spores. X 660. d, basidium and spores of H. camcum Wallr. X 660.

The globose or ovate, usually small spores and the absence of a
sterile base separate Hydna7igiwn from its nearest ally Octaviania.

Species 2104, 2105

2104. H. earotseeolor Berk, (from the carrot-like colour; carota,

carrot) a b c.
Globoso-oblong or oblong-rounded, nodular, rootless. Pe. thin,

slightly tomentose, carrot-red, becoming dark orange-brownish

when dry. Gl. orange.
Sometimes half-exposed, often superficial. Woods, downs, under trees.

Aug.-Jan. Diam. i£ in.

2105. H. earneum Wallr. ex Klotzsch (from the flesh-colour ; earneus,

of flesh) a b c.
Irregularly subglobose or rounded-elongate, rootless ; Pe. very

thin, at first covered with white fugacious down, flesh-colour,

becoming ochreous-salmon when dry.
Subterranean or half-exposed, often superficial. Above the roots of

Eucalyptus, etc. Oct. -Dec. Diam. % in.

490

HYMENOGASTRACEiE

Hysterangium

CXXVI. HYSTERANGIUM Vitt.

(From the shape ; Gr. hustera, the womb, aggeion, a vessel.)

Peridium more or less separating from the gleba in drying. Gleba
cartilagineo-glutinous, cavities at first empty. Spores 2-3, seldom
more, smooth. (Fig. 143.)

Characterised by the elongate elliptical smooth spores and the
cartilaginous-mucous consistency of the gleba, which resembles

Fig/143. — A, B, Hysterangium nephriticum Berk., entire and in section. X %.

c, basidia and spores. X 660.

that of Ithyphallus and Clathrus in the young state. There is
frequently a copious development of mycelium. Species 2106, 2107

2106. H. nephriticum Berk, (from a fancied resemblance to a

kidney when seen in section ; Gr. nephros^ the kidneys) a b c.

Irregularly globose, more or less indented. Pe. somewhat thick,

firm, elastic, tomentose, white, becoming pale rufous when

bruised. Gl. pale blue or grey, here and there greenish, cells

irregular, minute, radiating from the base.

Commonly 8-9 in. deep in the ground. Odour at first slight, then like
Hypericum, at last like decaying puff-balls. Woods. Sept .-Feb. § in.

2107. H. Thwaitesii B. & Br. (after George Henry Kendrick

Thwaites) a b c.
Irregularly globose, more or less indented. Pe. membranous,

slightly silky, white, becoming rufous when bruised.
Commonly 8-9 in. deep in the ground. Woods. Aug. -Oct. £ in.

Rhizopogon

HYMENOGASTRACE.E

491

CXXVII. RHIZOPOGON Fr.

(From the tuberous growth with the attached fibres ;
Gr. rhiza, a root, ftogon, a beard.)

Peridium thick, subcoriaceous or submembranous, continuous or
cracked and somewhat evanescent, with vein-like branched fibres

Fig. 144. — a, b, Rhizopogon rubescens Tul., entire and in section. X \ .
c, basidium and spores. X 660.

traversing and partially adnate to the surface ; substance of gleba
firm, cavities at first empty. Spores 2-7. (Fig. 144.)

Species 2108, 2109

2108. R. rubeseens Tul. (from its becoming vinous rose-colour when

bruised ; rubescens, becoming red) a b c.

Irregularly subglobose or ovate. Pe. silky, white, when mature

yellow, olive or warm-brown. Gl. at first white, then yellowish,

greenish or brownish.

Somewhat superficial but often some inches deep. Odour acid, when young
like sour ham, at length nauseous-fetid. Sandy fir-woods, plantations in
very light peaty or fibrous soil, amongst pines. Oct. -Dec. Diam. i§ in.
Var. Berkeley anus W. G. Sm., Melanogaster Berkeleyanus Br., smaller and
highly fetid.

492

HYMENOGASTRACE.E

Rhizopogon

2109. R. luteolus Fr. (from the dull yellowish colour when half-
mature ; luteolus i yellowish) a b c.
Irregularly subglobose or ovate. Pe. thick, subcoriaceous, whitish
to dull yellow and olive- or nut-brown. Gleba black with
white septa.

Solitary or gregarious. Subterranean or partly exposed. Taste insipid ;
odour at first weak then strong and offensive. Sandy fir-woods, under
beech. Sept.-Oct. Diam. if in.

CXXVIII. HYMENOGASTER Vitt.

(From the usually thin peridium ; Gr. /mmen, a membrane,

gaster, the belly.)

Globose or irregular. Peridium fleshy or thin, simple, homo-
geneous, running down into a sterile base, except 2116. Cavities of
gleba at first empty, radiating from the base or irregularly scattered.

Fig. 145. — A, B, Hyme7iogaster tener Berk., entire and in section. X |.
c, basidium and spores. X 660.

Trama composed of elongate cells, not of byssoid flocci, not easily
separable. Spores 1-4. (Fig. 145.)

All the species are nearly superficial in growth, none are edible. 5

Species 2110—2122

2110. H. Klotzsehii Tul. (after Johann Friedrich Klotzsch) a b c.
Irregularly globose to kidney-shaped. Pe. adpressedly downy,
fibrillose at base, dull white becoming yellowish. Gl. pallid,
becoming rufous-ochre.
Sandy soil. Dec. Diam. § in.

Hymenogaster HYMENOGASTRACE^E 493

2111. H. mutieus B. & Br. (from the absence of a base ; mutieus,

curtailed, blunt) a b.

Globose, scarcely lobed. Pe. at length much cracked, white
then brownish. Gl. almost destitute of a sterile base, some-
what firm and dry, cells loose, pale yellowish-brown.

Odour slight. Nov. Diam. § in.

2112. H. luteus Vitt. (from the yellow gleba ; luteus, yellow) a b c.
Irregularly globose or ovate, sometimes deformed. Pe. very

thin, soft, silky, white to brownish. Gl. bright yellow.
Almost scentless or slightly sweet, becoming fetid. Sept.-Mar. Diam. 1 in.

2113. H. lyeoperdineus Vitt. (from the shape, like a small puff-ball,

Lycoperdon) a b c.

Subglobose, somewhat deformed, varied in form, plicate at base.

Pe. smooth, white then pale whitish-salmon to brownish. Gl.

soft, elastic, with somewhat large, irregular cavities, pallid to

pale fuliginous.

Gregarious. Odour strong, onion-like, unpleasant when dry. In earth and
clay. Nov. Diam. if in.

2114. H. deeorus Bull, (deeorus, seemly) a b c.

Irregularly globose or oval, sometimes slightly deformed. Pe.

dull white becoming yellowish in places. Gl. lilac-brown at

length blackish.
Woods, tan-pits. Oct. -Nov. Diam. if in.

2115. H. vulgaris Tul. ex B. & Br. (from its commonness ; vulgaris,

common) a b c.
Subrotund, irregular, often indented, somewhat soft. Pe. white,

becoming discoloured. Gl. with rather large irregular cavities,

dull white then dark brown.
Gregarious or subcoespitose. Loose soil. July-Oct. Diam. § in.

2116. H. pallidus B. & Br. (from the pallid peridium) a b.
Rounded, depressed. Pe. nearly smooth, somewhat soft, white,

then dull tan-colour. Gl. without a sterile base, white, yellow,
then pale brown.
Odour weak. Fir plantations. Oct. Diam. § in.

2117. H. eitrinus Vitt. (from the colour ; citreus, lemon-yellow) a b c%
Irregularly globose or ovate, lobed, indented, deformed. Pe.

shining as if silky, greenish-lemon when young, then lemon,

golden-yellow, bright brassy-yellow or sulphur-cream, becoming

rufous-black.

Used as food in past times by country folk in the truffle districts of England.
Odour, which communicates itself to anything near, strong of cheese.
May-Dec. Diam. \\ in.

2118. H. olivaeeus Vitt. (from the colour of the gleba, like a ripe
olive) a b c.

Irregularly globose or ovate, lobed, indented, deformed. Pe. at
first silky, whitish or faintly lemon, becoming rufescent when

494 HYMENOGASTRACE^E Hymenogaster

touched. Gl. whitish, passing through buff to rufous olive.

Trama white.

Odour spicy. Woods. May-Nov. Diam. \\ in. A form between this
and 2117 has been named var. modestus B. & Br. This is H. pofizcletoriwi
B. & Br. non Tul.

2119. H. tener Berk, (from the tender substance • tener, tender) a b c.
Globose, irregular, more or less indented, silky or obscurely scaly,

soft, tender. Pe. thin, dull white. Gl. with a conspicuous

sterile base, pale rose, then greyish-brown.

Odour strong, pungent, like the odour of acrid Lactarii, in decay like sewer-
gas. Woods, under oak-leaves. Sept. -Jan. Diam. I in. This is H.
lilacinus B. & Br. non Vitt.

2120. H. Thwaitesii B. & Br. (after George Henry Kendrick

Thwaites) a c.
Irregularly ovate or elongate to globose, firm. Pe. dull white,

here and there discoloured. Gl. brown.
Sept.-Oct. Diam. \ in.

2121. H. griseus Vitt. (from the grey gleba ; griseus, grey) a.
Globose, somewhat irregular or depressed. Pe. brown, at first

covered with evanescent whitish down. Gl. with minute grey
cells which become mottled-blackish.
Odour sweet of lily-of-the-valley. In leaf soil. Diam. J in.

2122. H. pusillus B. & Br. (from the small size ; pusillus, small) a b.
Obovate or subdepressed, white. Gl. with a comparativel) large

sterile base, cells comparatively large, dull white.

Almost scentless. Mossy ground. Oct. Diam. ^ in. Yellowish-brown
when dry and then closely resembling Sclerotium complanatum.

RECENT ADDITIONS

52a. Lepiota serena Gill, (serenus, clear, bright). White.

P. campanulate, glabrous ; mid. sometimes slightly darkened.

St. slender, subbulbous. A. deciduous.
Amongst grass. Carlisle, Miss Decima Graham, Sept. 1908. i^X2§x£ in.

121a. Trieholoma earneolum Karst. (from the colour, caro, flesh).
P. hemispherical to convexo-plane, pale flesh-colour. St. partly
stuffed, rigid, subpruinose. G. finally very broad, very crowded,
white.
Grassy places in woods. Yorkshire, Sept. 1908. I J X l| X J in.

154b. Clitoeybe obseurata Cooke in litt. (obsa/rus, obscure).

P. plane, then infundibuliform, moist, greyish-umber, paler towards
marg. St. solid, smooth or slightly striate, slightly attenuate

RECENT ADDITIONS 495

downwards and never clavate, colour as P. G. decurrent,

subdistant, white.

Odour of meal. Amongst grass and dead leaves in company with 154. Carlisle,
Miss Decima Graham, Sept. 1908. 2 x ij X 5 in.

187a. Clitoeybe eonnata Gill, (from the connate stems at the
tuberous base). White.
P. fleshy, thin, conical, then expanded with an evanescent umbo,
unequal, naked. St. hollow, thick, smooth. G. unequally
decurrent, narrow, crowded, subarcuate.
Moist woods. Carlisle, Miss Decima Graham, Sept. 1908. i\ X 3 X \ in.

262. Collybia dryophila Quel. Var. alvearis Cooke in litt. Large,
coarse.
P. shaped like a bee-hive, rufescent at mid., 3 in. diam. St. very

hollow.
Amongst dead leaves. Carlisle, Miss Decima Graham, Sept. 1908.

593a. Pholiota sororia Karst. (from its relationship to 593, soror, a
sister).
P. fleshy, convexo-expanded, striate, squamulose, fulvous -cin-
namon. St. fistulose, equal, flexuous, with white fibrillose
sq., apex furfuraceous. G. sinuato-adnate, crowded, pallid-
cinnamon.
On wood-shavings. Yorkshire, Sept. 1908.

640a. Inoeybe eommixta Bres. (from being confused with 640,
commixtuSj mixed together).
P. fleshy, conico-campanulate, expanso-umbonate, white or white-
cinereous, silky-fibrillose, dry ; marg. often fissile. St. solid,
white, slightly pruinose, apex furfuraceous, base turbinato-
bulbous. G. crowded, free, white to grey-cinnamon.
Pine-woods. Yorkshire, Sept. 190S.

GENERA OMITTED

Cenoeoeeum Fr., one of the Tuber acece.

Pilaere Fr., placed by Lindau (in Engler and Prantl, P. flanzen-
familie?i, vol. i. pt. 1**, p. 86) near Auricularia, is of doubtful
position.

Polyangium Link, an insect production.
Thelebolus Tode, one of the Ascomycetes.

CORRIGENDA

Page no, Xo. 505a, for Q. Sarnicus read C. sarnicus.
171, No. IBS, for P. Elvensis read P. elvensis.
317, after BOLETUS >r Dill, read L.
333, after POLYPORUS>r Mich, read Haller.
344, Xo. 1563, 0/fcr fumosus add Fr.
368, after MERULIUS/or Halle read Haller.
436, No. 1965a, for tenerima read tenerrima.
449, after TREMELLA>r Dill, read L.
462, after CLATHRUS for Mich, read L.
467, after GEASTER>r Mich, read Pers.

497

GLOSSARY

Adnate {adnascor, to grow to), of gills broadly attached to the stem.

Adnexed {ad, to, necto. to join), of gills slightly joined to the stem.

./Ecidia (Gr. oikidion, a little house), small cup-shaped fungi.

iEruginous {ccrugo, rust of copper), the blue-green colour of verdigris.

^Estival {cestivalis), belonging or peculiar to summer.

Agglutinate {aqglutino, to glue), glued to a surface.

Algal {alga, a sea-weed), relating to Alga, a group to which belong the sea-
weeds and many fresh-water plants, including microscopic green plants
which grow in water and damp places.

Alveolate (alveus, a hollow), in the form of small depressions like a shallow
honeycomb.

Amphigenous (Gr. amphi, around, gennao, to beget), not confined to one
surface, all round, as in the hymenium of Clavaria.

Anastomosing (Gr. anastomosis, a bringing to a point), united by running
together irregularly.

Annular, in the form of a ring.

Annulate, bearing a ring on the stem.

Annulus {amiulus, a ring), the ring round the stem.

Apiculate {apex, the top), terminating in a small point.

Appendiculate {appendiada, a small appendage), hanging in small fragments.

Applanate {ad, to, planahis, made flat), flattened.

Approximate {ad, to, proximo, to approach), of gills which approach but do not

touch the stem.
Arachnoid (Gr. arachne, a spider's web, eidos, resemblance), like a cobweb.
Arcuate {arcuatus, bent like a bow), of gills, bow-shaped.
Areolate {area, a plot, a space), divided into small areas or patches.
Ascus (Gr. as/cos, a wine-skin), the swollen end of a hyphal branch, in which

spores are borne in Ascomycetes.
Atomate, sprinkled with small particles.

Basidium {basidium, a little pedestal), the mother-cell which bears the spores in
Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes.

Bifid {bifidus, twice-cleft), divided half-way into two.

Bullate {bulla, a bubble), furnished with a boss or stud.

Byssoid {byssus, fine flax), composed of fine threads.

Caespitose {ccespes, a clump), growing in tufts.
Calyptra {calyptra, a hood), any extinguisher-shaped covering.
Campanulate {campana, a bell), bell-shaped.
Cancellate [cancel latns), latticed, as in Clathrus.

Capillitium {capillus, a hair), the dense mass of sterile fibres mixed with the
spores in the gleba of the Gasteromycetes.

2 K

498 GLOSSARY

Cerebriform {cerebrum, the brain), having an irregular brain-like appearance,

like the kernel of a walnut.
Ciliate {cilhim, an eye-lash), fringed with hairs.
Cinereous {cinis, ashes), ash-coloured.

Cingulate {cingulum, a girdle), bearing a ring or annulus on the stem.
Clavate {clava, a club), club-shaped.

Columella {columella, a small pillar), the small columnar base of barren tissue in
Lycoperdon, G easier, etc.

Conceptacle {conceptacuhcm, a receptacle), a hollow case enclosing reproductive
bodies.

Conchiform {concha, a shell), shell-shaped.

Concrete {concrelus, growing together), as when the scales adhere to the flesh of

the pileus.
Conidia (Gr. konis, dust), simple asexual spores.

Connate {con, together, nascor, to be born), united by growing together.
Connivent {conniveo, to wink), arching over to meet.
Coriaceous {corium, leather), leathery.
Cortex (bark or rind), the periderm in the Gasteromycetes.
Corticate, with a bark-like covering.

Cortina {cortina, a veil), a veil of spider-web structure as the veil in Cortinarius.
Cortinate, furnished with a veil.
Costate {costatus, ribbed), ribbed or veined.
Crenate {crena, a notch), with rounded notches on the margin.
Crenulate, with small rounded notches.
Cribrose {cribrum, a sieve), pierced with many holes.
Cupulate {cupula, a little cup), cup-shaped.
Cuspidate {cuspis, a point, spear), with a sharp spear-like point.
Cuticle {cuticula, the outer skin), the outermost skin.
Cyathiform (Gr. kuathos, a wine-cup), cup-shaped.

Decumbent {decumbo, to recline), reclining but with summit ascending.

Decurrent {decurro, to run down), of gills and tubes running down the stem in

the Agaricacece, Polyporacece, etc.
Dehiscing1 {dehisco, to yawn), opening when ripe.

Deliquescent {deliquescens, melting away), becoming fluid when mature.
Denticulate {denticulatus, minutely toothed), as in the minute teeth on the edge

of the gills in certain Agaricacece.
Depressed {depressus, sunk down), slightly hollowed.
Determinate {determino, to limit), ending definitely, as in the margin of some

species of Cortichim, etc., not powdered or clouded off indefinitely.

Diaphanous (Gr. dia, through, phaino, to appear), more or less transparent.
Dichotomous (Gr. dichotomeo, to cut in two), divided into two, forked.
Dimidiate {dimidio, to halve), as when one part of an organ is smaller than the

other as in the pilei of many fungi.
Disciform {discus, a quoit), circular and flat.
Dissepiments {dissepimentum, a partition), dividing walls.
Distant, of gills in the Agaricacece with a wide distance between them.
Divaricate {divarico, to spread asunder), very divergent, separating at an obtuse

angle.

Echinulate {echinus, a hedgehog), with short bristles.

Effused {effundo, to pour out), spread over without regular form.

GLOSSARY 499

Emarginate (e, out of, margo, the margin), of gills with a sudden curve as if
scooped out at the point of attachment to the stem.

Endoperidium (Gr. endon, within), the inner layer of the peridium.

Endophyte, Entophyte (Gr. entos, within, pJmton, a plant), growing within
another plant.

Epiphyte (Gr. epi, upon, ph?iton, a plant), growing upon another plant.

Erumpent {erumpens, breaking through), bursting through the epidermis.

Evanescent {evanescens, disappearing), lasting only a short time.

Excipulus {excipula, a basin), the rim round the base of the apothecium.

Exoperidium (Gr. exo, without), the outer layer of the peridium.

Farinose {farina, meal), mealy.

Fasciate {fascia, a band or girth), zoned as with coloured bands.
Fasciculate {fascis, a bundle), growing in small bundles.

Fastigiate {fastigium, a slope or gable), with branches parallel, clustered and
erect, sometimes decreasing in height outwards and giving a gable shape.

Ferruginous {fcrrum, iron), of the colour of iron-rust.

Fibrillose {fibra, a fibre), clothed with small fibres.

Filiform {filum, a thread), thread-like.

Fimbriate {fimbria, a fringe), fringed.

Fissile {fissilis, tending to split), capable of being split.

Fistulose {fistula, a pipe), hollow like a pipe.

Flocci {flocais, a lock of wool), woolly locks.

Floccose, woolly.

Flocculent, diminutive of floccose.

Flocculose, covered with small flocci.

Free, of gills which reach the stem, but are not attached to it.

Fuliginous {fuligineus, sooty), soot-coloured.

Funiculus {finis, a rope), a cord of hyphae in JVidu/aria which attaches the

peridiolum to the inner surface of the wall of the peridium.
Furcate {furcatus, forked), as in the branching gills common in Russula.
Furfuraceous {furfur, bran), with branny scales or scurf.
Fuscous {fuscus, dusky), of a dingy brownish colour.

Fusiform {fusus, a spindle), somewhat thick but tapering towards each end.
Fusoid, somewhat spindle-shaped.

Gibbous {gibbus, hump-backed), of a pileus with a swelling or broad umbo, or

convex above and flat beneath.
Gills, the plates of an agaric on which the hymenium is situated.
Glabrous {glaber, without hair), not bearing hairs.
Glaucous (Gr. glaukos, bluish-grey), covered with a bluish-grey bloom.
Gleba {gleba, a clod), the contents of the peridium in the Gasteroynycetes.
Greaved, of a stem clothed as if with a greave.
Gregarious {gregarius, belonging to a flock), growing in company, but not

csespitose.
Grumous {grumus, a little heap), clotted ; of flesh composed of little clustered

grams.

Guttate {gutta, a tear), with tear-like spots.

Gyrose (Gr. guros, round), curved backward and forward in turn.

Habit {habitus, appearance), the general appearance.
Habitat {habitatio, dwelling), the locality.

2 K 2

500 GLOSSARY

Heterogeneous (Gr. heteros, one of two, gennao, to beget), not uniform in

structure.
Hispid (hispidus, bristly), beset with rough hairs or bristles.
Homogeneous (Gr. homos, one and the same, gennao, to beget), uniform in

structure.
Hyaline (hualos, clear), colourless, translucent.
Hybernaculum, hibernaculum (hiberno, to winter), applied to forms in which

certain fungi pass the winter, sclerotia.
Hygrometric (Gr. hugros, moist, metron, a measure), influenced by moisture.
Hygrophanous (Gr. hugros, moist, phaino, to appear), of a watery appearance

when moist.
Hymenium (Gr. humen, a membrane), the spore-bearing surface.
Hymenophore (Gr. humen, a membrane, phero, to bear), the structure which

bears the hymenium, as the under surface of the pileus to which the gills are

attached in Agaricacece, the sporophore.

Hypertrophy (Gr. Iniper, above, trophe, food), an abnormal enlargement of an

organ by disease.
Hypha (Gr. huphe, a web), pi. hyphae, the thread-like element of which a fungus

is made up.

Imbricate (imbricatus, covered with tiles), overlapping as the tiles on a roof.

Immarginate {in, negative, margo, a margin), without a distinct border.

Immersed, sunk in the matrix.

Inferior (inferior, lower), of the annulus on the stem, far down.

Infundibuliform {infundibulum, a funnel), funnel-shaped.

Innate (in, into, naseor, to be born), adhering by growing into.

Involute (in, in, volvo, to roll), rolled inwards.

Isabelline or Isabella colour, dirty-tawny, as of soiled linen.

Laciniate (lacinia, a lappet, flap), divided into flaps.

Lacunae (lacuna, a hole or cavity), holes or depressions.

Lacunose, marked with small hollows.

Lamellae (lamella, a thin plate), the gills in Agaricacea.

Lanceolate (lancea, a lance or spear), lance-shaped ; narrow and tapering to

both ends.
Linear (linea, a line), narrow and straight, several times longer than wide.
Loculus (loculus, a little compartment), a cell of a septate spore.

Mammiform (mamma, a breast), breast-shaped.

Marginate (margo, a margin), having a distinct border.

Matrix (matrix, the womb), the substance on which a fungus grows.

Medial (medium, the middle), of the annulus, when at the middle of the stem.

Merismoid (Gr. merizo, to divide, eidos, form), having a branched or laciniate

pileus.
Merulioid, resembling the hymenium of Merulius.
Mitrate (Gr. mitra, a head-dress), with thick rounded pileus.
Mucedinous (mucedus, mouldy), of the nature of the group Mucedines, naked-

spored moulds.
Multifid (multifidus, many cleft), divided half-way into many lobes.
Multipartite (multipartitus, many times divided), divided many times and more

deeply than multifid.
Muricate (murex, a sharp stone, a bit with sharp spikes, a spiked ball), rough

with short hard tubercular excrescences.

GLOSSARY 5OI

Muriform (murus, a wall), with cells resembling bricks in a wall.

Mycelium (Gr. mukes, a fungus), spawn of fungi, the vegetative portion, com-
posed of hyphae.

Mycology (Gr. mukes, a fungus, logos, a discourse), the study of fungi.

Nuclear {nucleus, a kernel), pertaining to a kernel-like growth as in Ncematelia.

Obconic {ob, inversely, conus, a cone), inversely conical.

Obovate {ob, inversely, ovum, an egg), inversely egg-shaped.

Obtuse {obtusus), blunt or rounded at the end.

Ochreous {ochra, yellow-earth), yellow, not red-ochre.

Operculum {operculum, a lid), a cover.

Ostiolum {ostiolum, a little door), the aperture through which the spores escape
in the Gasteromycetes.

Ovate {ovum, an egg), egg-shaped.

Papilla {papilla, a nipple), a nipple-like elevation.
Papillate, Papillose, with nipple-like elevations.

Paraphyses (Gr. para, beside, phusis, growth), sterile filaments in a hymenium.
Partial, of a veil, clothing the stem and reaching to the edge of the pileus, but
not extending beyond it.

Patelliform {patella, a small dish), dish-shaped.

Pectinate {pecten, a comb), like the teeth of a comb.

Pedicel {pediculus, a small foot), a support or stalk, as the small column which
supports the inner peridium in some species of Geaster.

Pedicellate, born on a pedicel.

Pellicle {pellicula, a small skin), a delicate superficial membrane.

Pelliculose, furnished with a pellicle or delicate distinct skin.

Peltate {pelt a, a target), target-shaped.

Pencilled, with pencil-like hairs either on the tip or border.

Penicillate {penicillum, a little brush), pencil-shaped.

Peridiola, diminutive of peridium.

Peridium (Gr. peridion, a little pouch), the outer enveloping coat enclosing the
gleba in the Gasteromycetes.

Peristome (Gr. peri, about, stoma, a mouth), the fringe or its homologue round
the orifice of the peridium in Geaster, Tulostoma, etc., amongst the Gastero-
mycetes.

Perithecium (Gr. peri, about, theke, a case), a receptacle enclosing spores.

Peronate {pero, a kind of high boot), sheathed, e.g. of a stem which has a
woolly covering like a legged boot.

Pervious {pervins, passable), having an open passage-way ; hollow to the base, as
in some stems.

Pezizoid {eidos, resemblance), cup-shaped, like a Peziza, a genus of Ascomycetes.

Pileate, with a cap.

Pileoli, secondary pilei, arising from the division of a primary pileus.

Pileus {pileus, a cap), a part of the receptacle of a fungus, e.g. the cap-like head

in Agaricacece.
Pilose {pilus, a hair), covered with hairs.
Plane {planus), level, even, flat.

Plasmodium (Gr. plasma, formed substance), the naked nucleated protoplasm of
the Mycetozoa.

Plicate {plico, to fold), folded into plaits.

502 GLOSSARY

Plumose [plumosuSi feathered), downy.

Polymorphic (Gr. polus, many, morpke, a change), with several or various forms.

Poriform, in the form of pores.

Porous, furnished with pores.

Potential {potentia, a force), existing in possibility, rather than in actuality.

Proliferous {proles, offspring, fero, to bear), applied to an organ which gives
rise to secondary organs of the same kind.

Promycelium {pro, for, mycefann, the vegetative portion of the thallus composed
of hyphae), the short-lived product of germination of a spore which bears
spores of a different nature from the mother-spore.

Protoplasm (Gr. protos, first, plasma, formed substance), the living substance of
plants and animals.

Pruinose {pruina, hoar-frost), covered with frost-like bloom.

Pruniform {primus, a plum), plum-shaped.

Pubescent {puber, downy), slightly hairy.

Pulverulent {ptdverulentus, dusty), powdered as if dusted over.

Pulvinate {pulvinus, a cushion), cushion-shaped.

Punctate {pitnctus, a point), dotted with points.

Pyriform {pyrus, a pear), pear-shaped.

Racemose {racemus, a bunch of grapes), borne in a bunch.

Radiate {radius, the spoke of a wheel), spreading from a centre.

Receptacle {receptaculum, a reservoir), an axis bearing one or more organs, as

the stem upon which the hymenium is elevated in the Phalloidace^.
Remote, of gills which do not reach the stem, but leave a free space round it.
Reniform {renes, the kidneys), kidney-shaped.
Repand {repando, to throw open), bent backwards.
Resupinate {resupino, to throw on the back), with hymenium upwards.
Reticulate {rete, a net), netted.

Revolute {rtvolvo, to roll back), rolled backwards; of the margin of a pileus —
the opposite of involute.

Rhizomorphoid, rhizomorphous (Gr. rhiza, a root, morphe, shape), like a

rhizomorph, a root-like branched strand of mycelial hyphae.
Rimose {rim a, a crack), cracked.
Rimulose, diminutive of rimose.

Ring, a part of the veil adhering to the stem in the form of a ring or annulus.
Rivulose {rivula, a small stream), marked with lines like rivulets.

Rounded, applied to gills and tubes, rounded near point of contact with
the stem.

Rubiginous {rubigo, rust), colour of iron-rust.

Rufescent {rufescens), becoming reddish.

Rufous {ritfus), reddish.

Rugose {ruga, a wrinkle), wrinkled.

Rugulose, somewhat wrinkled.

Scabrous {scaber, rough), rough on the surface.

Scales, applied to the broken up epidermis of the pileus and stem.

Scarious (Gr. skaros, a kind of sea-fish), applied to a shrivelled membrane.

Scissile {scindo, to cleave), capable of being cleft asunder ; of two plates, e.g.
lying together, but capable of being separated.

Sclerotioid, sclerotium-like.

Sclerotium (Gr. skleros, hard), a compact mass of hyphae in a dormant state.

GLOSSARY 503

Scrobiculate [scrobis, a trench), marked with small pits.

Separating", becoming detached, as gills from a stem, or resupinate fungi from
the matrix.

Septate, divided.

Septum [septum, a hedge), a division.
Serrate [serra, a saw), toothed like a saw.
Serrulate, minutely toothed.
Sessile [sedeo, to sit), seated without a stem.
Setae [seta, a bristle), bristles.
Setulose, resembling a fine bristle.
Simple, applied to a stem without ring or volva.

Sinuate, waved ; of a pileus with a wavy or curved margin ; of gills with a
sudden wave, curve or sinus where they reach the stem.

Sinus [simis), a curve.

Smooth, applied to a surface which is destitute of hairs or other protuberances.

Spathulate (Gr. spathe, a spatula), spoon-like.

Spawn, see Mycelium.

Sphaeriae, small spherical black fungi common on branches.

Spiculae [spiculum, a small needle), fine erect acutely pointed spines.

Spinulose [spina, a thorn), bearing fine spines.

Sporangium (Gr. spora, a seed, aggeion, a vessel), a spore-bearing receptacle.

Spores (Gr. spora, a seed), the analogues of seeds of flowering plants.

Sporidia, diminutive of spores — small spores.

Sporophore (Gr. spora, a seed, phoreo, to carry), the part which bears the

hymenial surface.
Squamose [squama, a scale), scaly.
Squamule, a small scale.
Squamulose, covered with small scales.
Squarrose [squarrosus, rough, scurfy), rough with scales.
Sterigma (Gr. sterigma, a prop), pi. sterigmata, the slender thread which carries

a spore.
Stipes [stipes), a stalk.
Stipitate, stemmed.

Stoloniferous [stolo, a short sucker or runner, fero, to bear), stolon-bearing.
Stoma (Gr. stoma, a mouth), the mouth through which the spores escape in

certain fungi, as Geaster, Tulostoma, etc.
Striate [stria, a furrow, flute of a column), marked with lines in the form of

channels.
Strigas [striga, a swathe), small straight hair-like scales.
Strigose, rough with sharp-pointed hairs, hispid.
Stroma (Gr. stroma, a mattress), a cushion-like body in which the perithecia of

some fungi are immersed.
Stuffed, of a stem filled with substance of a different texture from its walls.
Subiculum [subiculum, an under layer), the felted or byssoid mycelium of a

resupinate fungus, forming the under layer bearing the hymenium.
Sulcate [sulcus, a furrow), marked with grooves.
Superior [super, above), applied to the annulus when it is near the apex of

the stem.

Terete [teres, rounded), circular in transverse section.
Tessellate [tessellatus, squared stones), checquered.

504 GLOSSARY

Tetrasporous (Gr. tetras, four, s flora, a seed), bearing four spores.

Thallus (Gr. thallos, a sprout), the whole of the body which does not serve for

reproduction.
Tomentose [tomentum, woo], etc.), downy.

Trama {trama, the weft or filling of a web), the substance between the hymenial
layers in Agaricacetz and Polyporacece.

Tremelloid (tremo, to tremble), of the consistency of jelly.

Truncate {trunco, to maim), ending abruptly as if cut short.

Tubercle {tuberculuui, a little tuber), a small wart-like excrescence.

Tuberculate, with small warty projections or excrescences.

Tuberculiform, resembling a little tuber.

Tubiform {tuba, a trumpet), trumpet-shaped.

Turbinate {turbinates, cone-shaped), top-shaped.

Umbilicate {umbilicus, the navel), with a small central depression.

Umbonate {u?nbo, the boss of a shield), with a central boss-like elevation.

Uncinate {uncinus, a hook), hooked.

Universal, of the veil or volva which entirely envelops the fungus when young.

Urceolate {urceola, a pitcher), pitcher-like, hollow and contracted at the mouth
like an urn or pitcher.

Veil [velum, a covering), a covering of various texture more or less completely

enwrapping a fungus when young.
Veliform {velum, a covering), of a thin veil-like covering.
Venose {venosus, veiny), having veins.
Ventricose {venter, the belly), swollen in the middle.
Vermiform {vermis, a worm), worm-shaped.
Verrucose {verruca, a wart), warty.

Versiform {rersiformis, changing shape), of different shapes, or altering in shape
with age.

Villous {villus, a tuft of hair), downy with soft hairs.

Vinous, of the colour of claret, dark or dilute.

Virgate {virga, a twig, stripe), streaked.

Volva {volva, a wrapper), a covering or sac enveloping the young fungus.

Volvate, having a volva.

Zone, a circle of hairs, asperities, colour, etc.

ix, a micromillimetre or l6100 of a millimetre ; used for spore measurements.

505

ACETABULARIA

acetabulosa
AGARICACE^E

Agaricus affricatus

arvensis

aureus .

blattarius

campestris

caperatus

causetta .

cinerascens

cryptarum

cupreus .

durus

erebius .
fodiens .
fitlvus

geophyllus

inunctus

laricimis

lenticularis

lobatus .

molliscorium

ombrophilus

pellospernuts

peronattis

prcecox .

rusiophyllus

Smithii .

sphaleromorphus

stcbinvolutus

superbus

Terreyi .

terrigemis

togularis
VaJilii .

vaporarius

versicolor

xanthodermus
Aldridgea gelatinosa

17

INDEX

PAGE

I20

Amanita

121

arida

II

aspera .

35

aureola .

171

cariosa .

122

citrina .

123

excelsa .

I, 172

junquillea

122

lenticularis

29

magnifrca

55

mappa .

171

megalodactyla

292

muscaria

123

nitida

122

nivalis .

61

pantherina

18

phalloides

141

porphyria

176

recutita .

30

rubescens

17

solitaria

54

spadicea

123

spissa

123

strobiliformis

191

verna

173

virosa

124

Amanitopsis .

174

adnata .

118

fulva

124

strangulata

53

vaginata

191

Anellaria

. 24

fimiputris

122

scitula .

123

separata

122

Annularia

171

loevis

30

Armillaria .

172

aurantia

422

bulbiger

PAGE

14
17
17

15

16

16
16
17
17
17
15
17
16

17

18

16

15
15

15

16

16
18
16
16

15
15
18

19
18

19

iS

194

195
195
195
99
99
28
29
28

\o6

INDEX

Armillaria {continued)

caligata
citri

constricta
denigrata
focalis .
haematites
Jasonis .
mellea .
mucida .
ramentacea
robusta .
subcava

AURICULARIA .

lobata .
mesenterica
AURICULARIOIDE^E

Battarrea

phalloides

BOLBITIUS

apicalis .

Boltonii

flavidus .

fragilis .

grandiusculus

niveus .

rivulosus

tener

titubans

vitellinus
boletinus
Boletus

aereus

aestivalis

alutarius

appendiculatus

aurantiporus

badius .

bovinus .

brachyporus

caespitosus

calopus .

candicans

carnosus

castaneus

cavipes .

chrysenteron

collinitus

PAGE

29

30
29

30

29

29

29

SO

30

29

29

30

444

445

445

444

464
464
211
213
212
212
212
212
213
213
213
212
212

331

3*7

325
326

329

324
321

320

320

330

33o

324

325
326

330

33i

322

3i9

PAGE

US (continued)

crassus .... 325

cruentus.

329

cryptaricm

353

cyanescens

330

duriusculus

329

edulis

325

elegans .

319

felleus .

• 329

flavidus .

• 319

flavus

• 319

fragrans .

. 326

fulvidus .

• 330

granulatus

• 320

impolitus

326

impuber .

• 344

laricinus.

• 327

lurid us .

• 327

luteus

3*9

McWeeneyi

33i

olivaceus

324

pachypus

• 325

paludosus

. 320

parasiticus

■ 323

piperatus

. 321

porphyrosporu

s

328

pruinatus

• 323

parpurascens

• 323

purpureus

327

pusio

320

radicans.

. 323

regius

324

resupinatus

356

Rostkovii

326

rubiginosus

328

rubinus .

323

rugosus .

329

rutilus .

321

sanguineus

322

satanas .

327

scaber .

328

Sistotrema

330

spadiceus

322

striaepes

322

subtomentosus

322

sulphureus

321

tenuipes.

320

vaccinus ,

326

variecolor

324

INDEX

507

PAGE

PAGE

Boletus {continued)

Clathrus .... 462

variegatus

321

cancellatus

462

versicolor

323

Claudopus

119

versipellis

328

byssisedus

120

viscidus .

328

depluens

120

Bovista .

476

variabilis

119

ammophila

477

CLA.VARIA

429

cepreformis

477

abietina

433

nigrescens

477

acuta

436

olivacea.

477

amethystina .

430

ovalispora

477

ardenia .

437

plumbea

477

argillacea

435

pusilla .

477

aurea
botrytis .

432
43°

Calocera

437

canaliculata .

435

cornea .

438

ceraiioides

434

corticalis

438

cinerea

43i

glossoides

438

condensata

433

palmata .

438

contorta.

436

striata .

438

coralloides

43i

stricta .

438

crassa

432

viscosa .

438

crispula

• 434

Camarophyllus

260

cristata .

• 43i

Cantharellus

294

crocea .

• 433

albidus .

296

curta

• 43i

aurantiacus

295

dissipabilis

• 434

Brownii.

295

fastigiata

■ 43o

carbonarius

295

fistulosa.

. 436

cibarius .

• 294

flaccida .

• 433

cinereus .

297

flava

• 43o

cupulatus

. 297

formosa

• 432

Friesii .

295

fragilis .

■ 435

glaucus .

. 297

fumosa .

• 435

Houghtonii

296

fusiformis

• 434

hypnorum
infundibuliformis

295
. 296

gigaspora
grisea

• 43i

• 433

Icevis

leucophseus
lobatus .
muscigenus
replexus .
retirugus

• 424
. 296
. 298
. 297

• 297
. 298

inoequalis
incarnata
juncea .
kewensis
Krombholzii

•

• 434

• 437

• 436

• 43o

• 43i

Stevensonii

• 297

Kunzei .

• 432

tubaeformis

. 296

ligula

• 436

umbonatus

■ 295

luteoalba

• 434

Chitonia

169

macrospora

• 43i

rubriceps

. 170

Michelii

• 435

Cladoderris .

■ 403

muscoides

• 43o

minima .

• 403

pistillaris

• 436

508

INDEX

PAGE

Clavaria {continued)

purpurea

»

434

pyxidata

432

rosea

434

rufa

434

rufescens

432

rugosa .

43i

spinulosa

433

striata .

435

stricta .

433

subtilis .

432

tenerrima

436

temiipes .

442

tuberosa

436

umbrina

43i

uncialis .

436

vermicularis .

435

CLAVARIACE^E .

428

Clitocybe

45

aggregata

5i

amara .

48

amarella

48

ampla .

SO

angustissima .

57

bella

57

brumalis

- 56

candicans

. 5o

catinus .

. 54

cerussata

49

cinerascens

• 55

clavipes

■ 47

comitialis

. 47

concava

■ 56

connata

• 495

cryptarum

• 52

curtipes

. 48

cyanophaea

. 48

cyathiforniis

• 55

dealbata

• 50

decastes

• 5i

diatreta .

. 56

ditopus .

. 56

ectypa .

• 57

elixa

• 5i

ericetorum

• 55

expallens

• 55

flaccida .

• 54

fragrans .

■ 57

fumosa .

• 5i

Clitocybe (contimted)
gallinacea
gangrenosa
geotropa
gilva
hirneola.
incilis
infundibuliformis
inornata
inversa .
laccata .
luscina .
maxima .
metachroa
molybdina
monstrosa
nebularis
obbata .
obscurata
obsoleta.
occulta .
odora
opaca
opipara .
orbiformis
parilis .
pausiaca
pergamena
phyllophila
pithyophila
polia
proxima.
pruinosa
rivulosa .
senilis .
sinopica
socialis .
spinulosa
splendens
subalutacea
subdecastes
subinvoluta
tornata .
Trogii .
trullreformis
tuba

tumulosa
venustissima
vermicularis

PAGE

50

47
53
53
48

53
52
47
54
57
47
52
56
5o

52
46

55
494
57
52
49
52
48
56
53
56
5i
49
50
47
57
55
49
54
53
48
54
54
49
51
53
50
49
53
55
5i
49
54

PAGE

Clitocybe {continued)

verrucosa

49

zygophylla

48

Clitopilus

109

cancrinus

no

carneoalbus

no

cretatus .

no

mundulus

no

orceila .

109

popinalis

no

prunulus

109

Sarnicus

no

stilbocephalus

in

straminipes

in

undatus .

no

vilis

in

COLLYBIA

58

acervata

65

ambusta

68

aquosa .

, 66

atrata

. 68

bibulosa

. 61

butyracea

61

caldarii .

. 69

cirrhata .

• 63

clavus .

. 66

clusilis .

. 68

collina .

. 64

confluens

. 63

conigena

■ 63

coracina.

• 67

distorta .

. 61

Dorotheae

. 69

dryophila

(

>5> 495

eriocephala

■ 59

esculenta

. 65

eustygia

• 67

exsculpta

. 66

ex tuber ans

. 66

floccipes

. 62

fodiens .

. 61

fusipes .

. 60

hariolorum

• 63

Henriettas

• 59

ingrata .

• 63

inolens .

• 67

lacerata .

. 68

lancipes

. 60

laxipes .

62

)EX

509

PAGE

Collybia {continued)

leucomyosotis . . 66

longipes

59

macilenta

66

maculata

60

mephitica

67

mimica .

62

murina .

68

muscigena

66

nitellina

64

nummularia .

65

ocellata .

66

ozes

67

planipes

65

platyphylla

60

plexipes .

67

prolixa .

61

protracta

68

psathyroides

64

pulla

. 61

racemosa

• 63

radicata .

• 59

rancida .

■ ^

retigera .

59

semi talis

. 60

Stevensonii

. 64

stipitaria

. 62

stridula .

. 61

succinea

■ 65

tenacella

■ 65

tesquorum

. 68

thelephora

. 64

tuberosa

■ 63

tylicolor

. 68

velutipes

. 62

ventricosa

. 64

vertirugis

. 62

xanthopus

. 64

xylophila

. 62

CONIOPHORA .

■ 419

arida

. 420

Berkeleyi

. 421

byssoidea

. 422

cinnamomea

. 420

Cookei .

. 421

gelatinosa

. 422

incrustans

. 420

membranacea

. 421

ochracea

. 421

5io

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Coniophora (continued)

COPRINUS (continued)

olivacea . . . 419

soboliferus

204

pulverulenta .

420

sociatus.

210

puteana .

420

Spraguei

209

stabularis

421

squamosus

204

subdealbata .

421

stellaris.

210

sulphurea

420

stercorarius

210

umbrina

420

sterquilinus

203

COPRINARII

194

tardus .

207

COPRINUS

201

tomentosus

205

alternatus

207

truncorum

206

aphthosus

205

tuberosus

208

aquatilis

210

umbrinus

203

aratus .

206

velox

. 210

atramentarius .

204

volvaceominimus

208

Bresadolae

208

Corticium

409

comatus

203

amorphum

. 410

congregatus .

207

anthochroum .

413

cordisporus

209

arachnoideum

412

cothurnatus .

206

atrovirens

• 415

deliquescens .

207

aurora .

• 413

digitalis.

207

calceum .

. 411

dilectus .

207

Carlylei

• 4H

domesticus

209

Chrysanthemi.

• 419

ephemerus

210

coeruleum

• 4H

exstinctorius .

205

comedens

• 415

filiformis

211

confluens

. 412

fimetarius

205

cretaceum

. 411

flocculosus

• 205

evolvens

410

fuscescens

. 204

flaveolum

• 414

Gibbsii

. 209

foetidum

. 411

hemerobius

. 211

lactescens

• 413

Hendersonii

. 208

lacteum .

. 411

lagopus .

. 208

lacunosum

• 413

macrocephalm

. 208

lseve

. 412

micaceus

. 206

lividum .

• 415

narcoticus

. 208

Lycii

. 411

niveus .

• 205

rnaculoeforme .

• 4H

nycthemerus

209

molle

• 413

oblectus

• 203

nigrescens

• 415

ovatus .

• 203

nudum, .

. 412

papillatus

. 207

polygonium .

• 413

picaceus

. 204

populinum

. 411

platypus

211

porosum

. 41c

plicatilis

. 210

radiosum

. 412

radians .

. 206

roseolum

• 413

radiatus .

. 209

salicinum

. 410

roseotinctus

. 206

Sambuci

. 412

similis .

• 205

sanguineum .

• 414

INE

>EX

511

PAGE

PAGE

Corticium (continued)

Cortinarius (continued)

scutellare

4II

Cookei .... 242

seriale .

411

corrosus

219

serum .

411

coruscans

221

strigosum

413

cotoneus ,

Typhas .

412

crassus .

216

violaceolividum

414

croceocaeruleus

221

violeum.

413

croceoconus .

232

CORTINARIUS .

213

croceofulvus ,

238

acutus .

249

crystallinus

220

albocyaneus .

23I

cumatilis

220

alboviolaceus .

226

cyanites .

226

allutus .

2l8

cyanopus

216

anfractus

217

damascenus

243

angulosus

246

decipiens

248

anomalus

23I

decolorans

221

anthracinus

232

decoloratus

221

arenatus

229

decumbens

230

argentatus

225

delibutus

224

argutus .

225

depressus

249

armeniacus

243

detonsus

. 248

armillatus

237

diabolicus

. 230

arvinaceus

222

dibaphus

. 219

atrovirens

220

dilutus .

• 244

azureus .

23I

dolabratus

■ 247

balaustinus

245

duracinus

• 244

balteatus

2l6

elatior .

• 223

Berkeleyi

217

emollitus

. 220

bicolor .

245

erythrinus

. 24S

biformis.

24O

evernius

• 237

bivelus .

235

fasciatus

• 249

bolaris .

228

firmus .

• 243

bovinus .

• 239

flabellus

. 240

brunneofulvus

■ 239

flexipes .

. 240

brunneus

• 239

fulgens .

. 219

bulbosus

• 235

fulmineus

. 219

Bulliardii

. 228

gentilis .

• 238

cserulescens

. 2l8

germanus

. 24S

callisteus

. 227

glandicolor

• 239

calochrous

, 218

glaucopus

•

. 21S

camphoratus .

. 227

grail ipes

• 223

camurus.

. 230

hsematochelis

• 237

caninus .

• 230

helvelloides

• 238

castaneus

• 245

helvolus.

• 23S

cinnabarinus .

• 232

hemitrichus

. 241

cinnamomeus .

. 232

herpeticus

. 220

claricolor

• 215

hinnuleus

• 238

collinitus

. 222

hircinus .

. 227

coins

• 245

ianthipes

. 248

512

INDEX

PAGE

Cortinarius {continued)

iliopodius . . .241

illibatus.

. 224

illuminus

• 244

imbutus.

• 245

impennis

• 236

incisus .

»

. 241

infractus

. 217

infucatus

• 233

injucundus

• 239

iris

. 242

isabellinus

. 246

jubaritms

246

Junghuhnii

• 249

Krombholzii

• 247

laniger .

• 235

largus .

216

lepidopus

231

leucopus

247

licinipes

236

limonius

■ 238

livido-ochracei

is

223

lustratus

216

macropus

235

malacnius

226

malicorius

233

microcyclus

236

miltinus

232

milvinus

249

mucifluus

223

multiformis

217

muricinus

226

myrtillinus

230

napus

218

nitidus .

223

nitrosus .

239

obtusus .

248

ochroleucus

229

olivascens

221

opimus .

225

orellanus

233

orichalceus

219

paleaceus

242

papulosus

221

paragaudis

237

pateriformis .

246

penicillatus

229

periscelis

240

pholideus

228

Cortinarius {continued)

phrygianus

plumiger

pluvius .

porphyropus

prasinus

privignus

psammocephalus

punctatus

purpurascens

quadricolor

raphanoides

Reedii .

renidens

riculatus

Riederi .

rigens .

rigid us .

rubellus

russus

saginus .

salor

sanguineus

saturninus

scandens

scaurus .

sciophyllus

scutulatus

sebaceus

serarius .

spilomeus

stemmatus

stillatitius

subferrugineus

sublanatus

subnotatus

suillus .

tabularis

talus

testaceus

tophaceus

tortuosus

torvus .

traganus

triformis

triumphans

turbinatus

turgidus

turmalis

PAG

228
236
224
221
219
244
24I
240
218
237

233
247

246

23O

217

247
241

239

217

217
224
232

244

247

220

245

237-

2l6

220

231

24I

224

243
228

233
227

23O

218

219

227

244

236

227

24O

215
219
226

215

INDEX

513

PAGE

PAGE

CORTINARIUS {continued)

Cyphella {continued)

uliginosus . . . 233

cuticulosa

424

unimodus

247

cyclas .

426

uraceus .

246

dochmiospora .

425

urbicus .

236

fraxinicola

426

valgus .

234

fulva .

425

variicolor

216

fuscospora

426

varius .

216

galeata .

424

venetus .

234

Goldbachii ...

424

vespertinus

221

griseopallida .

425

vibratilis

224

lacera .

424

vinosus .

22S

muscicola

426

violaceus

226

muscigeua

424

Craterellus .

397

ochroleuca

426

clavatus .

393

pallida .

426

cornucopioides

397

Pimii .

424

crispus .

398

stuppea .

425

lutescens

397

villosa .

425

pusillus .

398

Dacryomyces

454

sinuosus .

398

chrysocomus .

455

Crepidotus .

167

deliquescens .

455

alveolus .

167

macrosporus .

454

applanatus

168

sebaceus

455

calolepis

. 168

stillatus

455

chimonophilus

168

tortus

455

epibryus

. 168

vermiformis .

455

epigreus .

. 169

DACRYOMYCETOIDE.E .

454

haustellaris

. 168

DiEDALEA .

365

mollis

. 167

aurea

• 366

palmatus

. 167

cinerea .

. 367

pezizoides

. 168

confragosa

366

Phillipsii

. 168

ferruginea

367

proboscidens

. 168

latissima

• 367

putrigenus

. 169

polyzona

• 367

Ralfsii .

169

quercina

• 366

Rubi .

. 168

unicolor

■ 367

Crucibulum .

. 482

vermicularis .

• 367

vulgare .

• 483

DERMINI .

120

Cyathus

. 481

Dermocybe .

. 229

striatus .

. 482

DlTIOLA

457

verrucosus

. 482

nuda

458

Cyphella

• 423

radicata .

• 457

alboviolasceus

• 425

Ulicis

■ 458

Berkeleyi

. 426

ECCILIA ....

• 117

Bloxamii

. 426

acus

. 119

brunnea.

• 425

atrides .

. 118

capula .

• 424

atropuncta

. 118

catilla .

• 425

carneogrisea .

. 118

cernua .

. 424

flosculus

• 119

2 L

514

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Eccilia {continued)

ExiDlA {continued)

griseorubella .

. 118

recisa

nigrella .

. 119

truncata.

parkensis

. 118

EXOBAS1DIUM .

rhodocylix

. 119

Rhododendri

Smithii .

. 118

Vaccinii

Entoloma

102

ameides

• 105

Femsjonia

ardosiacum

• 105

luteoalba

Batschianum .

. 104

FlSTULINA

Bloxamii

. 105

hepatica

clypeatum

, 107

Flammula

Cookei .

. 107

Aldridgei

costatum

108

alnicola .

erophilum

104

apicrea .

Farrahii

io5

astragalina

fertile

106

carbonaria

griseocyaneum

106

clitopila

helodes .

104

conissans

jubatum.

106

decipiens

liquescens

105

filia

livid am .

103

filicea

madidum

io5

flavida .

majale .

107

floccifera

nidorosum

108

fusus

nigrocinnamomeum .

107

gummosa

Persoonii

108

gymnopodia

placenta *

104

helomorpha

pluteoides

107

hybrida .

porphyrophaeum

104

inaurata

prunuloides

104

inopus .

pulvereum

106

juncina .

repandum

104

lenta

resutum.

106

liquiritise

rhodopolium .

107

lubrica .

Rozei .

106

lupina .

Saundersii

106

mixta

sericellum

106

nitens

sericeum

108

ochrochlora

sinuatum

103

picrea .

speculum

108

purpurata

Thomsonii

107

rubicundula

tortipes

108

sapinea .

Wynnei

108

scamba .

EUBOLETUS .

319

spumosa

EUTREMELLINOIDE.E

447

vinosa .

EXIDIA .

447

Fomes .

albida .

448

annosus .

grandulosa

448

applanatus

INDEX .

515

PAGE

PAGE

FOMES {continued)

Geaster {continued)

carneus .

351

fornicatus

470

castaneus

351

hygrometricus .

471

conchatus

349

lagenaeformis .

470

connatus

35i

limbatus

469

cytisinus

35o

mammosus

471

Euonymi

35o

Michelianus .

470

ferruginosa

356

rufescens

471

fomentarius

348

saccatus

470

fraxineus

35i

Schmidelii

469

fulvus .

349

Smithii .

469

igniarius

349

striatus .

470

nigricans

349

triplex .

471

pectinatus

349

umbilicatus

469

populinus

352

Gomphidius .

249

resupinata

356

glutinosus

250

Ribis .

35o

gracilis .

251

roseus .

350

maculatus

251

rufopallidiis

350

viscidus .

250

salicinus

35o

Grandinia

391

ulmarius

35o

crustosa .

392

timbrina

356

granulosa

• 392

variegatus

35i

mucida .

• 392

vegetus .

348

ocellata .

■ 392

papillosa

• 392

Gale r a

161

Guepinia

• 456

antipus .

163

Femsjoniana .

456

apala

162

obliqua .

457

conferta

163

Peziza .

• 457

hypnorum

164

Gyrocephalus

• 453

lateritia .

162

rufus

• 453

minuta .

164

Gyrodon

■ 33o

mniophila

164

rubellum

• 33i

mycenopsis

164

ovalis

163

Hebeloma

142

pygmaeoaffinis

163

capniocephalum

146

ravida .

. 164

claviceps

• 144

rubiginosa

164

crustuliniforme

■ 145

siliginea

162

datum .

• 145

spartea .

• 163

fastibile.

• 143

spicula .

• 163

firmum .

■ 144

tenera .

162

glutinosum

• 143

vittKformis

. 163

ischnostylum .

146

GASTEROMYCETES .

• 459

longicaudum .

146

Geaster

• 467

lugens .

. 146

Berkeleyi

• 469

magnimamma

• 147

Bryantii

. 469

mesophseum .

• 144

coliformis

• 469

mussivum

• 143

limbriatus

• 47i

nauseosum

. 146

2 L 2

5i6

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Hebeloma [continut

>d)

Hydnum {continued)

nudipes

146

fusipes . . . -376

petiginosum

. 147

graveolens

• 378

punctatum

• H4

Hollii .

• 383

senescens

• H5

imbricatum

• 375

sinapizans

• 145

lsevigatum

• 375

sinuosum

• 143

limonicolor

. 382

strophosum

■ 144

melaleucum

• 378

subcollariatum

■ 145

melleum

• 383

subsaponaceum

H5

membranaceur

a

• 380

testaceum

143

molle

• 375

truncatum

146

molluscum

. 380

versipelle

144

multiforme

• 382

HlATULA

26

multiplex

• 380

Eyrei

27

nigrum .

■ 378

grangei .

27

niveum .

384

lycoperdoides

27

nodulosum

383

Wynnese

27

ochraceum

380

HlRNEOLA

446

pinastri .

382

Auricula-Judce

446

plumosum

383

HYDNACE.E

n *r -*>

pulcherrimum ,

379

Hydnangium .

48S

Queletii.

378

carneum

489

repandum

376

carotaecolor

489

rufescens

376

Hydnum

373

scabrosum

375

acre

376

Schiedermayer

i

379

alutaceum

381

scrobiculatum .

377

anomalum

382

sepultum

383

argutum

384

sordidum

382

aurantiacum .

377

spathulatum .

382

aureum .

38i

squalinum

380

auriscalpium .

37S

squamosum

375

bicolor .

383

Stevensonii

383

caputmedusse .

379

stipatum

384

cinereum

377

sulphureum

382

cirrhatum

379

udum

383

compactum

377

variecolor

38i

coralloides

379

viride

382

crinale .

381

Weinmannii .

380

cyathiforme

378

zonatum

377

denticulatum .

38i

Hydrocybe .

242

diversidens

379

Hygrocybe .

263

erinaceus

379

Hygrophorus

255

farinaceum

384

agathosmus

259

ferrugineum .

377

arbustivus

258

ferruginosum .

381

aromaticus

258

fragile .

376

aureus .

258

fuligineoalbum

376

calyptrasformis

265

fuscoatrum

380

caprinus

260

INDEX

517

PAGE

PAGE

3PH0RUS {continued)

Hygrophorus {continued)

ceraceus. . . . 263

spadiceus

266

ceracinus

259

subradiatus

262

chlorophanus .

265

turundus

264

chrysodon

256

unguinosus

266

Clarkii .

262

ventricosus

26l

coccineus

264

virgineus

26l

Colemannianu:

263

vitellinus

263

conicus .

265

Wynniae

26l

Cossus .

257

Hymenoch^ete

407

discoideus

25S

abietina.

409

discoxanthus .

257

Avellana

407

distans .

262

Boltonii

409

eburneus

256

corrugata

408

erubescens

257

crassa .

408

foetens .

260

croceoferruginea

408

fornicatus

261

disciformis

409

fuscoalbus

259

fuliginosa

408

glutinifer

258

leonina .

408

Houghtonii

263

nigrescens

408

hypothejus

259

rubiginosa

407

intermedins

265

Stevensonii

408

irrigatus.

262

tabacina

408

Karstenii

260

Hymenogaster

492

laetus

. 263

citrinus .

493

latitabundus

. 262

decorus .

493

leporinus

. 260

griseus .

• 494

limacinus

• 258

Klotzschii

. 492

lividoalbus

. 260

lilacinits

. 494

melizeus

• 257

luteus .

493

mesotephrus

• 259

lycoperdineus

493

metapodius

. 262

muticus

• 493

micaceus

. 261

olivaceus

• 493

miniatus

. 264

pallidus

• 493

mucronellus

. 264

populetorum .

■ 494

nemoreus

. 260

pusillus .

• 494

nitratus .

. 266

tener

■ 494

niveus .

. 261

Thwaitesii

■ 494

obrusseus

. 264

vulgaris

• 493

olivaceoalbus

• 259

HYMENOGASTRACE.E

. 486

ovinus .

262

HYMENOMYCETES .

11

penarius

• 257

Hypholoma .

• 179

pratensis

. 260

appendiculatum

. 183

psittacinus

. 265

Candolleanum

. 1S3

pudorinus

. 25S

capnoides

. 180

pulverulentus

• 257

cascum .

• 183

puniceus

264

dispersum

. 181

russocoriaceus

. 261

egenulum

. 184

sciophanus

•

. 263

elceodes

. 181

5i8

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Hypholoma [continued)

Inocybe (continued)

epixanthum .

. 1 80

fulvella . . . .141

fasciculare

. l8l

geophylla

140

felinum

. 184

Godeyi .

• 139

hydrophilum .

. 184

hasmacta

• 134

incomptum

. l8l

hirsuta .

• 133

instratum

. l8l

hiulca .

• 137

lacrymabundum

. 182

hystrix .

. 132

lanaripes

• 183

incarnata

• 134

leucotephrum

. 184

lacera

• 135

oedipus .

. 182

lanuginosa

• i33

pilulaeforme .

. 184

lucifuga

. 140

pseudostorea .

. 182

margarispora

• 138

punctulatum .

• 183

maritima

• 135

pyrotrichum .

182

mimica .

• 133

silaceum

ISO

mutica .

i35

sublateritium .

ISO

obscura .

• 136

velutinum

182

perbrevis

• i39

Hypochnus viol ens

413

perlata .

■ 137

HYPORHODII

97

phaeocephala

• 137

Hysterangium

490

plumosa

• i33

nephriticum .

490

praetervisa

• 138

Thwaitesii

490

proximella

• 137

Inocybe.

131

pyriodora
relicina .

• 134
■ 132

adequata

135

0

Rennyi .

. 136

asterospora
Bongardii

138
*35

rimosa .

137

brunnea.
Bucknallii

138
i39

sambucina
scabella
scabra .

140

. 141

• 135

caesariata

140

*J J

calamistrata .

1

133

schista .

■ 136

calospora

i33

sindonia
subrimosa

. 140
• 138

carpta .
cervicolor

136
136

trechispora

. 141

cincinnata

•J

J34

Tricholoma

. 142

Clarkii .

140

Trinii .

• 139

commixta

495

vatricosa

. 141

corydalina

140

violaceofusca

141

Curreyi .

137

Whitei .

141

deglubens

136

Inoloma

224

descissa .

l39

Irpex

386

destricta

139

candidus

387

dulcamara

133

carneus .

388

duriuscula

139

deformis

388

eutheles

138

fuscoviolaceus

387

fasciata .

134

hypogseus

387

fastigiata

137

Johnstonii

387

fibrosa .

137

lacteus .

387

flocculosa

135

obliquus

387

INDEX

519

PAGE

PAGE

Irpex {continued)

Lactarius [continued]

pendulus . . 3^6

quietus .

274

spathulatus

387

retisporus

277

Ithyphallus .

459

rufus .

275

impudicus

459

sanguifluus

274

Kneiffia

setigera
subgelatinosa .

394

394
395

scoticus .
scrobiculatus .
serifluus .
spinosulus

273
268

278
277

Lactarius

266

squalidus

271

acris

272

subdulcis

278

aspideus

269

subumbonatus .

279

aurantiacus

274

theiogalus

275

blennius

270

tomentosus

276

camphoratus .

278

torminosus

268

capsicum

272

trivialis .

27O

chrysorrheus .

272

turpis .

269

cilicioides

268

umbrinus

273

cimicarius

278

utilis .

270

circellatus

271

uvidus .

27I

controversus .

269

vellereus

273

cremor .

275

vietus

275

cyathula

275

violascens

272

deliciosus

274

volemus .

277

flexuosus

271

zonarius .

270

fuliginosus

276

Lentinus .

308

glaucescens

272

adherens

309

glyciosmus

276

cochleatus

3IO

helvus .

275

fimbriatus

310

hysginus

270

flabelliformis .

3IO

ichoratus

277

leontopodius .

309

insulsus .

270

lepideus.

309

intermedius

268

pulverulentus .

309

involutus

274

scoticus .

3IO

lateritioroseus

269

suffrutescens .

309

lignyotus

277

tigrinus .

308

lilacinus

277

vulpinus.

. 3IO

mammosus

. 276

Lenzites

• 315

minimus

• 279

abietina .

• 316

mitissimus

. 278

betulina.

• 315

obliquus

• 279

flaccida . .

• 315

obnubilis

• 279

heteromorpha

• 3l6

pallidus .

• 274

saspiaria

• 3l6

pergamenus

• 273

Lepiota.

• 19

picinus .

. 276

acutesquamosa

21

piperatus

• 273

amianthina

• 25

plumbeus

• 273

atrocrocea

24

pubescens

. 269

Badhami

21

pyrogalus

271

biornata.

22

520

INDEX

Lepiota (continued)

Bucknalli

carcharias

cepaestipes

cinnabarina

citrophylla

clypeolaria

cristata .

delicata .

emplastrum

erminea .

excoriata

felina

Friesii .

Georginas

glioderma

gracilenta

granulosa

hispida .

holosericea

ianthina.

illinita .

licmophora

martialis

mastoidea

medullata

meleagris

mesomorpha

metulaespora

micropholis

naucina .

nigromarginata

nympharum

parvannulata

permixta

polysticta

procera .

prominens

rachodes

seminuda

serena .

sistrata .

submarasmioides

Vittadinii
Lepista
Leptonia

sethiops .

anatina .

asprella .

page

25

24

24
24
24
22

23
26
21

23
21

22

21

26

26

21

24

22

23

25
26

24

25
21

26

22

25

23

23

^3
22

23
25
20

25
20

20

20

25

494

25
26

23
252

in

113
112

114

PAGE

Leptonia {continued)

chalybeea

"3

chloropolia

114

euchroa .

"3

formosa .

"3

incana .

"3

lampropus

112

lappula .

112

lazulina .

113

nefrens .

114

placida .

112

serrulata

"3

solstitialis

■ 113

LEUCOSPORI

14

LlMACIUM

• 256

LYCOPERDACEiE

• 464

Lycoperdon .

• 47i

atropurpureum

• 473

aurantiacum .

. 480

Bovista .

• 475

cselatum

• 475

Cookei .

• 476

cruciatum

• 474

depressum

• 475

echinatum

• 472

excipuliforme .

• 473

furfuraceum

• 475

gemmatum

• 473

hiemale .

• 475

Hoy lei .

• 472

lacunosum

• 474

molle

• 474

perlatum

• 474

pyriforme

• 474

saccatum

• 473

velatum .

• 473

Lysurus

• 463

australiensis .

• 463

Marasmius

• 299

actinophorus .

• 307

alliaceus

305

amadelphus .

3°4

androsaceus .

306

angulatus

3°4

archyropus

303

Broomei.

308

calopus .

3°3

candidus

3°5

INDEX

521

PAGE

PAGE

Marasmius {continued)

Merulius {continued)

caulicinalis . . . 305

himantioides .

369

Curreyi .

306

lacrymans

370

epichloe

307

laeticolor

369

epiphyllus

307

molluscus

369

erythropus

303

pallens .

370

foetidus .

304

porinoides

370

fuscopurpureus

302

rufus .

370

graminum

305

serpens .

370

Hudsonii

307

squalidus

371

impudicus

3°3

tremellosus

369

insititius

306

MUCRONELLA .

395

lagopinus

304

calva .

395

languidus

304

MUTINUS .

461

oreades .

301

bambusinus

462

perforans

306

caninus .

461

peronatus

301

Mycena

69

plancus .

\o\

acicula .

79

polyadelphus .

307

Adonis .

73

porreus .

301

setites .

77

prasiosmus

302

alkalina .

■ 76

ramealis

304

amicta .

• 78

rotula

305

ammoniaca

• .76

saccharinus

307

atroalba .

• 75

sclerotipes

306

atrocyanea

. 76

scorodonius

• 303

aurantioniarginata .

• 7i

scorteus

• 3°2

balanina

• 7i

splachnoides

• 3°6

Berkeleyi

• 74

spodoleucus

. 308

capillaris

. 82

Stevensii

■ 302

carneosanguinea

. 7i

terginus.

. 302

chelidonia

• 79

torquatus

• 305

cinerea .

• 78

torquescens

• 303

citrinella

. 80

urens

• 3QI

clavicularis

. 80

Vaillantii

• 304

codoniceps

• 75

varicosus

• 302

cohaerens

• 74

Wynnei .

. 302

collariala

. 78

Melanogaster

• 487

consimilis

• 77

ambiguus

. 488

corticola

. 81

Berkeley amis

• 49i

crocata .

• 79

variegatus

. 488

cruenta .

• 79

Merulius

• 368

debilis .

• 78

aurantiacus

• 369

discopus

. 81

aureus .

• 369

dissiliens

. 76

Carmichaelian

us

• 37o

elegans .

• 72

confluens

• 368

epipterygia

. 80

corium .

• 369

excisa

• 74

fugax

• 369

farrea

• 73

Guillemotii

. VH

filopes .

77

522

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Mycena (conJnued)

Mycena {continued)

flavipes .

75

tintinnabulum . . . 75

flavoalba

73

vitilis

78

galericulata

75

vitrea

77

galopus .

8o

vulgaris .

80

gypsea .

73

zephira .

73

haematopus

79

MYXACIUM

222

hiemalis.

82

iris .

7i

N/EMATELIA .

452

juncicola

82

encephala

452

lactea .

73

nucleata.

453

leptocephala .

76

rubiformis

453

leucogala

80

virescens

453

lineata .

73

Naucoria

153

luteoalba

73

abstrusa.

156

marginella

7i

anguinea

156

metata .

76

arvalis .

158

mirabilis

7i

badipes .

158

olivaceomarginata .

72

carpophila

160

parabolica

75

centuncula

156

paupercula

76

cerodes .

• 157

pelianthina

70

cidaris .

■ 155

pelliculosa

80

conspersa

160

peltata .

77

Cucumis

• 155

plicatocrenata.

81

echinospora

. 156

plicosa .

77

erinacea.

. 160

plumbea

78

escharoides

160

polygramma .

75

festiva .

• 155

prolifera

74

glandiformis

• 157

psammicola

■ 74

graminicola

. 161

pseudopura

• 72

ham ad ry as

• 155

pterigena

. 81

horizontalis

• 156

pullata .

• 76

innocua .

• 157

pura

■ 72

latissima

• 159

rorida .

. 81

lugubris.

• 155

rosella .

■ 72

melinoides

• 157

rubromarginata

. 72

Myosotis

• 159

rugosa .

• 74

nasuta .

. 158

saccharifera

. 81

nucea

■ 157

sanguinolenta .

. 79

obtusa .

■ 155

setosa

. 82

pediades

. 158

speirea .

. 78

porriginosa

• 159

stannea .

77

pusiola .

• 157

strobilina

• 72

rimulincola

. 156

stylobates

. 81

rubricata

. 156

sudora .

• 74

scolecina

• 157

tenella .

• 79

semiflexa

. 156

tenerrima

. 81

semiorbicularis

• 159

tenuis

• 77

sideroides

INDEX

523

PAGE

PAGE

Naucoria [continued)

Omphalia [continued)

siparia . . .160

Bellice .

89

sobria .

160

buccinalis

89

stri&pes .

157

bullula .

89

subglobosa

155

caespitosa

85

tabacina

159

campanella

87

temulenta

159

camptophylla

88

tenax *

159

chrysophylla .

84

triscopus

158

demissa

86

vervacti .

158

detrusa .

83

NlDULARIA

483

directa .

88

Berkeleyi

484

epichysium

85

confluens

484

fibula .

88

pisiformis

4S3

glaucopbylla .

86

NIDULARIACE^E

480

gracilis .

89

NOLANEA

114

gracillima

89

Babingtonii

115

grisea .

88

coelestina

117

griseopallida .

87

exilis

117

hepatica

86

fulvostrigosa .

116

hydrogramma.

83

icterina .

116

infumata

87

infula

116

integrella

- 89

juncea .

115

leucophylla

. 84

mammosa

115

Luffii

• 85

nigripes .

116

maura .

■ 84

papillata

"5

muralis .

. 86

pascua .

• ii5

Nevillse .

. 89

picea

. 116

offuciata

. 84

pisciodora

. 116

onisca .

. 85

rhodospora

• 117

philonotis

. 85

rubida .

• 117

picta

. 88

rufocarnea

. 116

Postii

. 84

verecunda

• 117

pseudoandrosacea .

• 87

Nyctalis

. 298

pseudodirecta

. 88

asterophora

• 299

pyxidata

• 84

parasitica

• 299

retosta .
rustica .

. 87
. 86

Oct avi an 1 a .

. 486

sphagnicola

• 85

asterosperma

. 486

stellata .

• 87

compacta

• 487

strirepileus

. 84

Stephensii

• 487

telmatioea

• 85

Odontia

• 392

umbellifera

. 86

barba-Jovis

• 393

umbilicata

• 83

cristulata

• 393

umbratilis

. 88

fimbriata

• 393

velutina

. S7

Pruni

• 394

Omphalia

. 82

Pan^eolus

. 196

abhorrens

• 87

acuminatus

. 198

alutacea

. 86

caliginosus

. 198

524

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Pan^eolus {continued)

Peniophora (continued)

campanulatus . . 197

rimosa . . . .418

cinctulus

198

rosea

417

egregius

197

scotica .

418

fimicola

198

terrestris

418

leucophanes .

197

velutina .

418

papilionaceus

197

Peziza amorpha

410

phalsenarum .

197

PHALLOIDACE^E

459

retirugis

197

Phlebia,

390

sphinctrinus .

197

contorta ,

39i

subbalteatus .

198

lirellosa ■

39i

Panus .

3"

merismoides

390

conchatus

311

radiata .

39i

farinaceus

312

vaga

39i

patellaris

312

Phlegmacium

214

rudis

312

Pholiota

125

Stevensonii

312

adiposa .

128

stypticus

312

aegerita .

127

torulosus

3ii

aurivella

127

Paxillus

251

capistrata

127

Alexandri

252

comosa .

127

atrotomentosus

254

confragosa

130

crassus .

254

Cookei .

130

extenuatus

252

cruentata

. 129

Fagi

255

curvipes

129

giganteus

252

dissimulans

• 130

involutus

253

flammans

129

lepista .

252

grandis .

. 12S

leptopus

254

heteroclita

. 127

lividus .

253

Junonia.

129

orcelloides

253

leochroma

. 126

panseolus

253

lucifera .

. 128

panuoides

255

luxurians

127

paradoxus

253

marginata

• 130

porosus .

revolutus

Peniophora .

Chrysanthemi
cinerea .
Crosslandii
gigantea
hydnoides ,

254
253
415
419

418

417
• 417
. 419

mustelina

mutabilis

mycenoides

Paxillus

pudica .

pumila .

radicosa

• 130

. 13°

• 131
129

126

• 131

126

incarnata

417

sororia .

495

limitata .

• 417

spectabilis

128

ochracea

• 417

squarrosa

. 128

pezizoides

• 417

sublutea

130

phyllophila

. 418

subsquarrosa

. 128

pubera .

. 418

tuberculosa

. 129

quercina

. 416

unicolor

130

INDEX

525

PAGE

PAGE

PlLOSACE . . . 174

Pleurotus [continued)

algeriensis

175

serotinus ... 94

PlSTILLARIA .

442

spongiosus

9i

culmigena

443

striatulus

96

fulgida .

443

subpalmatus .
tessulatus

9i
91

micans .

442

tremulus

95

ovata

443

ulmarius

91

puberula

443

Pluteolus

•

124

pusilla .

443

aleuriatus

I25

quisquiliaris .

443

reticulatus

I25

tenuipes .

442

Pluteus

100

Pleurotus

89

cervinus

100

acerinus.

93

chrysophceus

102

acerosus.

95

ephebius

IOI

algidus .

96

hispidulus

IOI

applicatus

96

leoninus

102

atrocceruleus .

95

nanus

IOI

chioneus

96

pellitus .

IOI

circinatus

92

phlebophorus

102

corticatus

91

roseoalbus

102

craspedius

92

salicinus

IOI

cyphellaeformi'

96

semibulbosus

. IOI

dryinus .

91

spilopus

. IOI

euosmus

93

umbrinellus

102

fimbriatus

92

umbrosus

. IOI

fluxilis .

96

violarius

. 102

gadinioides

94

POLYPORACE/E

■ 3*6

Hobsonii

• 96

POLYPORUS

■ 333

hypnophilus

. 96

acanthoides

■ 34i

Laurocerasi

■ 95

adiposus

345

Leightonii

• 95

adustus .

• 345

lignatilis

. 92

alligatus

• 342

limpidus

■ 94

alutaceus

• 342

mastrucatus

■ 95

amorphus

• 345

mitis

. 94

arcularius

• 336

mutilis .

■ 93

armeniacus

• 358

ostreatus

• 93

benzoinus

• 346

pantoleucus

. 92

betulinus

• 346

petaloides

• 93

borealis

• 346

porrigens

• 95

brumalis

■ 336

pulmonarius

• 94

csesius .

• 343

reniformis

• 94

cerebrinus

• 343

revolutus

• 93

chioneus

• 342

rufipes .

• 94

cinnamomeus Sacc.

• 338

Ruthce .

. 92

cinnamomeus Trog

• 349

salignus

• 93

crispus .

• 345

sapidus .

. 92

cristatus.

• 340

septicus .

• 95

cuticularis

.

• 346

526

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

POLYPORUS {contimied)

Polyporus {continued)

destructor . . . 343

umbellatus . . . 340

dryadeus

346

varius

339

elegans .

339

POLYSACCUM .

478

epileucus

342

pisocarpium .

478

Euonymi

35o

POLYSTICTUS .

352

flavovirens

335

abietinus

354

fragilis .

343

cryptarum

353

fragrans .

345

fibula

353

frondosus

340

gossypinus

353

furnosus.

344

hirsutus .

354

fuscidulus

336

nodulosus

353

giganteus

340

polymorphus .

353

fjilvus

344

radiatus .

352

heteroclitus

342

ravidus .

353

hispidus .

345

velutinus

354

imbricatus

34i

versicolor

354

intybaceus

t *

34o

Wynnei

355

Keithii .

345

zonatus .

354

lacteus .

343

PORIA

355

lentus

336

aneirina .

358

leptocephalus

337

armeniaca

358

leucomelas

3^6

bathypora

362

lucidus .

339

blepharistoraa

362

melanopus

• 338

bombycina

■ 358

Michelii

• 338

callosa .

■ 360

mollis .

■ 343

cincta

• 358

Montagnei

■ 337

collabefacta

• 360

nidulans

344

contigua

• 356

osseus

• 34i

corticola

• 362

pallescens

• 342

farinella

• 361

perennis

• 338

ferruginosa

• 356

petaloides

• 339

fuscocarnea

• 358

picipes .

• 339

Gordoniensis

. 361

pomaceus

• 349

hibernica

. 361

quercinus

• 347

hybrida

• 362

Rostkovii

• 339

hymenocystis

. 362

rufescens

• 337

incarnata

• 357

rutilans .

■ 344

Laestadii

• 357

salignus .

• 342

medullapanis

• 359

Schweinitzii

• 337

micans .

• 357

spongia .

• 34i

mollusca

. 360

spumeus

• 346

mucida .

• 359

squamosus

• 338

nitida

• 357

Stevenii .

■ 348

obducens

• 360

Stevensii

• 365

obliqua .

• 356

sulphureus

• 34i

purpurea

• 357

tomentosus

• 337

radula .

. 361

trabeus .

• 343

ramentacea

• 358

INDEX

527

PAGE

PAGE

Poria [continued)

Psathyra {continued)

Rennyi . . . 358

fibrillosa . . . 193

resupinata

356

frustulenta

192

reticulata

362

glareosa.

191

rhodella

357

Gordonii

193

rufa

357

gossypina

194

sanguinolenta

360

gyroflexa

192

subfuscoflavida

359

helobia .

193

subgelatinosa

359

Loscosii .

193

terrestris

359

mastigera

191

umbrina

356

microrrhiza

194

Vaillantii

361

neglecta.

192

vaporaria

361

noli-tangere .

194

violacea

356

obtusata.

192

viridans

359

pellosperma .

191

vitrea

359

pennata.

193

vulgaris

360

semivestita

193

POROTHELIUM.

37i

spadiceogrisea

192

confusum

372

urticaecola

194

fimbriatum

372

PSATHYRELLA.

198

Friesii .

372

arata

200

Keithii .

372

atomata .

200

Stevensonii

372

caudata .

200

PRATELL.E .

169

crenata .

200

PSALLIOTA

170

disseminata

201

arvensis

171

empyreumatics

1

200

augusta .

■ 171

gracilis .

199

campestris

172

hiascens

199

comtula .

173

hydrophora

. 200

cretacea.

172

prona

. 200

dulcidula

174

subatrata

■ 199

echinata

• 174

trepida .

. 200

Elvensis.

• 171

PSILOCYBE

. 184

haemorrhoidar

ia

• 173

agraria .

. 186

peronata

• 173

ammophila

. 187

perrara .

• 171

areolata.

. 186

pratensis

. 172

atrorufa.

. 187

rusiophylla

• 174

bullacea.

. 187

sagata .

• i74

callosa .

. 189

silvatica.

• 173

canobrunnea

. 188

suhgibbosa

• 173

canofaciens

. 186

villatica .

172

catervata

. 189

xanthoderma

172

cernua .

. 189

PSATHYRA

190

chondroderma

. 187

bifrons .

192

clivensis.

. 189

conopilea

191

compta .

. 188

corrugis.

. 191

coprophila

. 187

elata

. 191

ericaea .

. 186

fatua

• 193

fcenisecii

. 189

528

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Psilocybe {continued)

Russula [continued ]

hebes .... 189

delica .... 282

helvola .

. 185

densifolia

. 281

nuciseda

. 188

depallens

. 284

physaloides

. 187

drimeia .

. 284

sarcocephala

185

Duportii

. 286

scrobicola

187

elegans .

. 288

semilanceata

188

elephantina

. 282

spadicea

188

emetica .

. 289

squalens .

. 189

expallens

. 289

subericsea

. 186

fellea

. 288

uda

. 186

fingibilis

. 289

virescens

. 186

foetens .

. 288

Pterula

439

fragilis .

. 290

multifida

439

furcata .

283

subulata

439

granulosa
heterophylla

. 290
. 287

QUELETIA

466

integra .

. 291

mirabilis

466

lactea .
lepida .

285

285

RADULUM

388

lilacea .

287

corallinum

389

Linnrei .

. 286

deglubens

389

lutea

• 293

epileucum

389

luteotacta

289

fagineum

389

maculata

• 283

orbiculare

389

mitis

. 287

pendulum

388

mustelina

282

quercinum

389

nauseosa

293

tomentosum

389

nigricans

281

Rhizopogon .

• 49i

nitida

292

luteolus .

492

ochracea

293

rubescens

491

ochroleuca

290

Russula

279

olivacea

286

adusta .

2S1

olivascens

283

seruginea

290

pectinata

290

albonigra

281

puellaris

292

alutacea .

292

pirfchraUs

292

armeniaca

292

punctata

291

aurata .

291

purpurea

284

azurea .

287

Queletii.

289

Barlae

292

rosacea .

283

chamceleontin;

1

293

rubra

285

chloroides

282

sanguinea

283

citrina .

290

sardonia

2S4

ccerulea .

284

semicrema

282

consobrina

288

serotina .

286

cutefracta

285

subfoetens

288

cyanoxantha .

287

vesca

2S6

decolorans

291

veternosa

291

INDEX

529

page

PAGE

RUSSULA {continued)

Stereum {continued)

virescens

• 285

stratosum . . . 406

virginea .

. 284

vorticosum

. 406

vitellina.

• 293

Strobilomyces ,

331

xerampelina .

. 286

strobilaceus
Stropharia .
aeruginosa

332

175

176

SCHIZOPHYLLUM

• 3H

albocyanea

176

commune

■ 3i4

caput-medusas

178

Schuheria Eyrei

• 27

coronilla

177

grangei .

■ 27

hypsipus

179

lycoperdoides .

■ 27

inuncta .

176

Scleroderma

479

Jerdonii

179

Bovista .

480

luteonitens

177

cepa

480

melasperma

• 177

cervinum

480

merdaria

. 178

Geaster .

480

obturata

• 177

spadiceum

480

Percevalii

• 177

verrucosum

480

scrobinacea

. 178

vulgare .

479

semiglobata

. 178

SCLERODERMACEiE .

478

spintrigera

• 179

SlSTOTREMA .

385

squamosa

■ W

confluens

385

squamulosa

. 176

SOLENIA .

427

stercoraria

178

anomala

427

ventricosa

. 178

fasciculata

427

Worthingtonii

■ 177

maxima

427

Sparassis .

428

Tapinia .

■ 253

crispa .

428

Telamonia

. 234

laminosa

429

Thelebolus terrestris

' 486

Sph^erobolus

484

Thelephora .

• 398

dentatus

485

amorpha

410

stellatus

485

anthocephala

400

terrestris

486

atra

401

Stereum

403

biennis .

402

acerinum

406

byssoides

413

conchatum

405

caesia

403

disciforme

409

caryophyllea

400

frustulosum

406

clavularis

401

hirsutum

404

cristata .

402

ochroleucum .

• 405

Crustacea

. 402

Pini

. 406

disciformis

409

purpureum

405

fastidiosa

402

quercinum

406

intybacea

. 401

rufohispidum .

. 408

laciniata

401

rufum .

. 406

mollissima

. 402

rugosum

• 405

multizonata

400

sanguinolentum

• 405

pallida

. 400

spadiceum

• 405

palmata

401

2 M

530

INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Thelephora {continued)

Tremella (continued)

sebacea

. 402

violacea

Sowerbei

• 399

viscosa .

terrestris

. 401

TREMELLINACE/E

tuberosa

. 400

Tremellodon

undulata

400

gelatinosum .

vitellina

. 400

Tricholoma .

THELEPHORACE^E .

• 396

acerbum

TOGARIA

. 121

albellum

aurea

122

albobrunneum

blattaria

• 123

album

caperata

122

amethystinum

dura

• 123

amicum .

erebia .

122

arcuatum

molliscorium .

• 123

atrocinereum .

ombrophila

• 123

boreale .

proecox .

124

brevipes

sphaleromorpha

. 124

bufonium

terrigena

122

caelatum

togularis

123

carneolum

Trametes

362

carneum

Bulliardii

• 364

cartilagineum .

cinnabarina

364

cerinum

gibbosa .

364

cinerascens

inodora .

365

circumtectum .

mollis .

365

civile

odora .

364

cnista

Pini .

363

colossum

purpurascens .

365

columbetta

rubescens

364

coryphaeum

serpens .

365

crassifolium

suaveolens

364

cuneifolium

Terryi .

365

duracinum

Trogii .

364

elytroides

Tremella .

449

equestre

atrovirens

45i

exscissum

clavata .

1 u

452

fallax

flavobrunneum

epigaea .

45i

frumentaceum

fimbriata

45o

fucatum .

frondosa

45o

fulvellum

indecorata

45i

gambosum

intumescens .

45°

gausapatum

lutescens

45o

glaucocanum .

mesenterica

45°

grammopodium

moriformis

451

guttatum

tubercularia .

45i

hordum .

versicolor

45i

horribile

vesicaria

45o

humile .

INDEX

531

PAGE

PAGE

Tricholoma [continued)

Tricholoma {continued)

imbricatum 35

variegatum 35

immundum

• 35

virgatum

• 38

inamoenum

• 39

Trogia .

• 313

inodermum

• 36

crispa

• 3H

ionides .

• 39

Tubaria

164

lascivum

• 39

autochthona

. 166

leucocephalun

i

. 42

crobulus

. 166

lixivium .

• 44

cupularis

. 165

loricatum

• 37

embolus

. 166

luridum .

• 35

furfuracea

. 165

macrorhizum

• 36

inquilina

. 166

melaleucum

• 43

muscorum

. 166

militare .

. 42

paludosa

. 166

murinaceum

• 38

pellucida

. 166

nictitans

■ 33

stagnina

. 166

nudum .

• 43

Tuber ailaria albida

• 451

onychinum

• 39

TULOSTOMA

. 466

opicum .

• 38

mammosum

. 466

oreinum .

■ 4i

Typhula

• 440

predidum

. 44

erythropus

. 440

panrcolum

43

filiformis

■ 442

patulum

41

gracilis .

■ 442

personatum

42

gracillima

441

pes-caprae

40

Grevillei

441

pessundatum .

34

gyrans .

441

portentosum .

33

incarnata

441

putidum

45

muscicola

441

quinquepartitu

m

33

pliacorrhiza

441

resplendens

33

pusilla .

442

Russula

34

tenuis

442

rutilans .

34

translucens

442

ssevum .

42

saponaceum .

36

Ulocolla

448

scalpturatum .

35

foliacea .

449

Schumacheri .

41

saccharina

449

sejunctum

32

sordidum

44

VOLVARIA

97

spermaticum .

33

bombycina

98

squarrulosum .

36

gloiocephala .

1

98

stans

34

Loveiana

98

subpulverulenti

im

44

media .

99

sudum .

37

parvula .

99

sulphureum

38

speciosa .

98

tenuiceps

37

Taylorii.

98

terreum .

36

temperata

98

tigrinum

40

volvacea

98

tumidum

38 1

ustale

34

Xerotus

312

vaccinum

35 1

degener .

313

LONDON :

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.

PL. I

Ser.I. Leucospori .

Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem

Amanita

A.phAlloides

A'MANITOPSIS

Av^qin^ta,

LEPIOTA

l. procera^

H IATULA

A-

H . Eyre'i

+ + Hymenophore confluent dnd homogeneous with the
fleshy stem .

Armillaria

5 ^jj

y

A.mellezv

TRICHOLOMA

T. person d\tum

Clitocybe

O.nebularis

+ + -4- Hymenophore confluent with but heterogeneous from
the cartilaginous stem.

COLLYBI A

Z^Y\ //d

3

C. butyracea*.

MYC&NA

M.aJcaJina

OlPHAUA

O

O . u m b i 1 i c<vt ^

♦ ♦- ♦- -t-

Hymenophore confluent 8< homogeneous
with the fleshy excentric stem .

PLEUROTUS

P .sabidus

Pl. II

5er.II. Hyporhodii .

+ Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem

(METRARIA)

VOLVARIA

2

V. bombydna*.

ANNULARIA

A. Uevis

PLUTEUS

14-

P.chrysobh^eus

+ + Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with the
Fleshy stem .

ENTOL

-Oh

-- — ,

1A

Clitopilus

' * /

16

\

\

E. fertile

C .bopin^lis

+ + +

Hymenobhore confluent with but heterogeneous from
the cartilaginous stem .

LEPTON1A

L.chloropoliA

NOLANEA

N. pice a

ECCILIA

E c&rneogrise<x

+ +.+ Hymenophore confluent ?«. homogeneous
with the fleshy excentrtc stem.

Claudopus

20

^

Cdefoli

jens

Pl. Ill

Ser . Ill . Dermini .

+ Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem.

(locellina)

Acetabulars

A.^cetAbulosa.

TOCARIA

22

B

\j

T. togul&ris

Pluteolus

23

P.reticul&tus

+ + Hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with the
'fleshy stem .

PHOLIOTA

P. pudtCA.

-f + Hymenop

INOCYBE

R

25

rehcina,

HEBELOMA

H.gfutinosum

Flammula

F. apicrea

hore confluent with but heterogeneous from

the cartilaginous stem

NAUCORIA

N.&ncjuineA.

CALERA

c.apalA

TUBARIA

T. furfurAcea.

+ +* Hymenophore confluent & homogeneous
with the fleshy excentric stem .

CREPIDOTUS

C. mollis

PL. IV

Ser IV. Pratelli .

Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem

Chitonia

C.rubnceps

PSA LL I OTA

P. per r ata

PlLOSACE

P.^lgeriensis

+ -*■ Hymenophore confluent And homogeneous with the
fleshy stem .

STROPHARIA

35

"**i r3

S.luteonitens

HYPHOLOMA

H.sublateritium

i

-+ •+

+ Hymenophore confluent with but heterogeneous from
the 'cart i lag i nous stem .

Pcano brunnea

PSATHYRA

P.pellosperm&

* + Hymenophore confluent &. homogeneous
with the fleshy excentric stem .

Pl V

SER . V. COPRINARII -
+ Hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem

HymenofDhore confluent and homogeneous with the
fleshy stem .

+ + +

j i i . — >

none confluent with but heterogeneous from

HymenojD .

the cartilaginous stem.

♦ ♦ Hymenophore confluent 2*. homogeneous
with the fleshy excentric stem .

B.M. (N.H.).
No. 21.

LIST OF THE CURRENT

NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS

OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM,

The following publications can be purchased through the
Agency of Messrs. Longmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Bow,
London, E.G. ; Mr. Quaritch, 11, Grafton Street, New
Bond Street, W, ; and Messrs. Dulau & Co., 37, Soho
Square, W.\ or at the Natural History Museum,
Gromwell Boad, London, S. W.

The History of the Collections contained in the Natural
History Departments of the British Museum : —
Vol. I. Libraries ; Botany ; Geology ; Minerals.
Pp. xvii., 442. 1904, 8vo. 15s.

Vol. II. Separate historical accounts of the several
collections included in the Department of Zoology.
Pp.782. 1906, 8vo. 30s.

Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps, and Drawings
in the British Museum (Natural History). Compiled by
B. B. Woodward, Assistant in charge of the General Library,
with some clerical assistance : —

Vol. I. A— D. Pp. viii., 500. 1903, 4to. 20*.

Vol. II. E— K. Pp. 501-1038. 1904, 4to. 20s.

Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals
Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. Presented
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. 2nd
edition. By John Edward Gray. Pp. xii., 90. [With an
account of the Collection by Mr. Hodgson.] 1863, 12mo.
2s. (6d.

Catalogue of the Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea in the
Collection of the British Museum. [With list of Species
of New Guinea Birds, and those of the neighbouring
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George Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 63. Woodcuts.
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2000 Wt 17876 10/08 D & S 9 33882

2

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-
Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. "Alert," 1881-2.
Pp. xxv., 684. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo. XI. 10s.

Summary of the Voyage By Dr. R. W. Coppinger.

Mammalia ... ... ... ... ... „ 0. Thomas.

Aves ,, R. B. Sharpe.

Reptilia, Batrachia, Pisces

Mollusca ...

Echinodermata

Crustacea ...

Coleoptera ...

Lepidoptera

Alcyonaria and Spongiida

Report on the Collections of Natural History made in the
Antarctic Regions during the Voyage of the " Southern
Cross." Pp. ix., 344. 53 Plates, 1902, Royal 8vo. 21
Mammalia By Capt. G-. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton.

11
))

11
11
11
11
11
11
5'

A. G anther.

E. A. Smith.

F. J. Bell.
E. J. Miers.

C. 0. Waterhouse.
A. G. Butler.
S. 0. Ridley.

Notes on Antarctic Seals
Extracts from the " Diary" )
of the late Nicolai Hanson, j

•£*- V t- ."71 «•• ••• * « ■ • • ■

1 lbtt'^. •» ••• ••«

Tunicata
Mollusca
Echinoderma

E. A. Wilson, M.B.

Arachnida .

Crustacea

Polycha^ta

Gephyrea

Nematoda

Cestoda

Polyzoa

Porifera

Anthozoa

Actiniae

Hydrozoa

Cryptogamia

ii
ii
ii
ii
ii

ii

ii

Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe.

G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S.

Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S.

E. A. Smith.

Prof. F. J. Bell.

G. H. Carpenter and Hon. N. C.

Rothschild.
Dr. E. L. Trouessart.
T. V. Hodgson.
Dr. A. Willey.
A. E. Shipley.

Dr. von Linstow.

R. Kirkpatrick.

Dr. L. Roule and S. J. Hickson,

F.R.S.
J. A. Clubb.
E. T. Browne.
A. Gepp, V. H. Blackman, and

Miss E. S. Barton.
Rock Specimens ... ... ,, Dr. G. T. Prior.

National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904. [Discovery
Report.'] Natural History : —

Vol.1. Geology (Field-Geology : Petrography). Pp. xii.,
160 : 10 plates, 72 text-figures, 2 maps. [With Index.]
1907, 4to. II. 10s. '

Field-Geology By H. T. Ferrar, M.A., F.G.S.

Rock-Specimens „ G. T. Prior, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S.

Vol. II. Zoology (Vertebrata : Mollusca : Crustacea).
Pp. xiv., 355 : 33 plates (17 coloured), 146 text-figures,
1 map. 1907, 4to. 'M.

Mammalia (pp. 69 : 5 pis. [3 col.], )

ii
ii

36 figs.).

Aves (vp. 121 : 13 pis. col., 46 figs.) ... j
Anatomy of Penguins (pp. 28 : 1 pi.,

8 figs.).

By E. A. Wilson, M.B.
„ W. P. Pycraft.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

3

5)
if

National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904 — continued.
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Fishes (pp. 5 ; 2 pis.) By G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S.

Cephalodisous (pp. 67 : 7 pis. [1 col.], „ W. G-. Ride wood, D.Sc.

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IL-Gastropoda ((pp.12,1:) B. A. Smith, I.S.O.
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,, II. — Cumacea (pp. 6 : 1 pi., V ., W. T. Caiman, D.Sc.
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and 1 chart. 1907, 4to. 21. 10s.

On Collecting in Antarctic Seas (pp.10) By T. V. Hodgson, F.L.S.

Sir Charles Eliot,

K.C.M.G., LL.D.
A. 0. Walker, F.L.S.

Dr. J. Thiele.

5>

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2 pis.).
Crustacea. III. — Amphipoda (pp. 39 :
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IV. — Leptostraca (pp. 2 :
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„ VI. — Cirripedia (pp. 4 : 1 pi.)

Pycnogonida (pp. 72 : 10 pis.)

Acari (pp. 6 : 1 pi.)
Chastognatha (pp. 6 : 1 chart) ...
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Cestoda (pp. 6 : 1 pi.) ...
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2 pis.).

„ II. — Hydroid Zoophytes

(pp. 31 : 4 pis.).

»j

»

„ Prof. G. S. Brady,

F.R.S.
,, Prof. A. G-ruvel.
„ T. V. Hodgson, F.L.S.
,, Dr. E. L. Trouessart.
„ Dr. G.H. Fowler, F.L.S.
„ Dr. O. von Linstow.
., A. E. Shipley, F.R.S.
,, Prof. S. J. Hickson.

F.R.S.
, Prof. S. J. Hickson,

F.R.S., and P. H.

Gravely.
, Dr. J. Rennie.

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7 pis).
Marine Alga?. I. — Phasophycere and

Florideaj (pp. 15 :
4 pis.).
„ „ II. — Corallinacea? (pp. 2 :
1 fig.).
Musci (pp. 6 : 2 pis.)

Vol. IV. Zoology (various Invertebrata). Pp. iv., 281 :
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,, R. Kirkpatrick.

„ A. G-epp and Mrs. E. S.
Gepp.

„ M. Foslie.

,, J. Cardot.

Crustacea. VII. — Schizopoda (pp. 42 :

8 pis.).
VII f. — Copepoda (pp. 44 :
7 pis.).

33382

»

,, G. H. Carpenter, B.Sc,

M.R.I. A.
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„ R. Norris Wolfenden.

M.D.

A 2

4 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904 — continued.
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Echiuoderma (pp. 16 : 5 pis.) By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A.

Echinoderm Larvae (pp. 9 : 1 pi.) ... „ E. W. McBride, M.A.,

F.R.S., and J. C.

Simpson, B.Sc.
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Stummer-Traunfels.

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Coelentera. IV. — Actinias (pp.12 : 3pls.) „ J. A. Clubb, M.Sc.
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A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) : Physical
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First Report on Economic Zoology. By Fred. V. Theobald,
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Zoology, by Prof. E. Ray Lankester, LL.D., F.R.S.]
Pp. xxxiv., 192. 18 Woodcuts. 1903, Roy. 8vo. 6s.

Second Report on Economic Zoology. By Fred. V. Theobald,
M.A., &c. Pp. x., 197. 29 Illustrations. 1904, Roy. 8vo.
6s.

MAMMALS.

Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Edward Gerrard. Pp. iv., 296»
1862, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 137. 21 Woodcuts. 1870,
8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate
Mammalia in the British Museum. By John Edward
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. vii., 398. 47 Woodcuts. 1869.
8vo. 6s. 6d.

Catalogue of Seals and Whale3 in the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. 2nd Edition. Pp. vii.,
402. 101 Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s.

Supplement. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c,

Pp. vi., 103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Depart-
ment of the British Museum. By William Henry Flower,
LL.D. F.R.S., &c. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] Pp. iv., 36. 1885 8vo. Is. 6d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linnaeus) in the
British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c.
Pp. viii., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. M.

Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas.
Pp. xiii., 401. 4 Coloured and 24 plain Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes,] 1888,
8vo. 11. 8s.

BIRDS.

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum : —

"Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Cichlomorphce : Part IV., containing the concluding
portion of the family Timeliidae (Babbling Thrushes).
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodcuts and
15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 11, 6s.

Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Giclilomorplice : Part V., containing the families
Paridae and Laniidae (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and
Certhiomorphce (Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans
Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xiii., 386. Woodcuts and
9 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1883, 8\o. 17s.

Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fring ill '4 'formes : Part I., containing the families
Dicaeidae, Hirundinidae, Ampelidae, Mniotiltidae, mid
Motacillidae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 6S2.
Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 1/. 2s.

Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fring illif or mes : Part II., containing the families
Ccerebidae, Tanagridae, and Icteridae. By Philip Lutley
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 431. Woodcuts and
18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1886, 8vo. 11.

Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringilliformes : Part III., containing the family
Fringillidae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871.
Woodcuts and 16 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 1/. 8s.

Vol. XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Sturniformes, containing the families Artamidae,

6 LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.

Sturnidae, Ploceidae, and Alaudidae. Also the families
Atrichiidae and Menuridae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe.
Pp. xvi., 701. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates.
[With Sj^stematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890,
8vo. 1/. 8s.

Vol. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Oligomyodce, or the families Tyrannidss, Oxyrham-
phidae, Pipridae, Cotingidae, Phytotomidae, Philepittidae,
Pittidae, Xenicidae, and Eurylaeniidae. By Philip
Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xix., 494. Woodcuts
and 26 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 11. 4s.

Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Tracheophonce, or the families Dendrocolaptidae,
Formicariidae, Conopophagidae, and Pteroptoehidae.
By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 371.
Woodcuts and 20 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 11.

Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. TJpupce and TrochiU, by Osbert
Sal vin. Goracice, of the families Cypselidae, Capri-
mulgidae, Podargidae, and Steatornithidae, by Ernst
Hartert. Pp. xvi., 703. Woodcuts and 14 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1892, 8vo. 11. 16s.

Vol. XVII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Goracice (contin.) and
Haley ones, with the families Leptosomatidae, Coraciidao,
Meropidae, Alcedinidae, Momotidae, Totidas and Coliidae,
by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogones, by
W. R. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodcuts and 17
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 11. 10s.

Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Scansoi^es, containing the
family Picidae. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv., 597.
Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 1£. 6s.

Vol. XIX. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Goceyges : con-
taining the families Rhamphastidae, Galbulidae, and
Bucconidae, by P. L. Sclater ; and the families Indi-
catoridae, Capitonidae, Cuculidae, and Musophagidae, by
G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii., 484 : 13 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 11. 5s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.

Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 658. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 11. 10s.

Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columbae, or Pigeons, in
the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadorf
Pp. xvii., 676. 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 11. 10s.

Vol. XXII. Catalogue of the Game Birds [Pterocletes,
GallincB, Opisthocomi, Hemipodii) in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. R. Ogilvie Grant.
Pp. xvi., 585. 8 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 11. 6s.

Vol. XXIII. Catalogue of the Fulicariae (Rallidas and
Heliornithidae) and Alectorides (Aramidas, Eurypy-
gidae, Mesitidse, Rhinochetidaa, Gruidae, Psophiidae,
and Otididae) in the Collection of the British Museum.
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 353. 9 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1894, 8vo. 20s.

Vol. XXIV. Catalogue of the Limicolae in the Collection
of the British Museum. By R. Bowdler Sharpe.
Pp. xii., 794. Woodcuts and 7 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo.
11. 5s.

Vol. XXV. Catalogue of the Gaviae and Tubinares in
the Collection of the British Museum. Gaviae (Terns,
Gulls, and Skuas), by Howard Saunders. Tubinares
(Petrels and Albatrosses), by Osbert Salvin. Pp. xv.,
475. Woodcuts and 8 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo. 11. Is.

Vol. XXVI. Catalogue of the Platalere, Herodioaea,
Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Imponnes in the
Collection of the British Museum. Plataleae (Ibises
and Spoonbills) and Herodiones (Herons and Storks),
by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Steganopodes (Cormorants,
Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic -birds, and Pelicans),
Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes), Alca3 (Auks), and Im-
pennes (Penguins), by W. R. Ogilvie -Grant. Pp. xvii.,
687. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Sys-
tematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898, 8vo. 11. 5s,

Vol. XXVII. Catalogue of the Chenomorphae (Pala-
medeae, Phoenicopteri, Anseres), Crypturi, and Ratitae
in the Collection of the British Museum. By T.
Salvadori. Pp. xv., 6^6. 19 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
11. 12s.

8 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. [Nomen-
clator Avium turn Fossilium turn Viventium.] By R.
Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D. : —

Vol. I. Pp. xxi., 303. [With Systematic Index.]
1899, 8vo. 10s.

Vol. II. Pp. xv., 312. [With Systematic Index, and
an Alphabetical Index to Vols. I. and II.] 1900,
8vo. 10s.

Vol. III. Pp. xii., 367. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1901, 8vo. 10s.

Vol. IV. Pp. xii., 391. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1903, 8vo. 10s.

List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the
British Museum. By George Robert Gray : —

Part III., Sections III. and IV. Capitonidae and Picidae.
Pp. 137. [With Index.] 1868, 12mo. Is. 6d.

Part IV. Columbae. Pp. 73. [With Index.] 1856,
12mo. Is. 9d.

Part V. Gallinae. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12mo. Is. 6d.

Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By
George Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 8vo. Is. 6d.

Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British
Museum (Natural History) : —

Vol. I. RatitfB. Carinatae (Tinamiformes — Lariformes).
By Eugene W. Oates. Pp. xxiii., 252. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. 1
1901, 8vo. 30s.

Vol. II. Carinatae (Charadriiformes — Strigiformes). By
Eugene W. Oates. Pp. xx., 400. 15 Coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1902,
8vo. 30s.

Vol. III. Carinatae (Psittaciformes — Passeriformes).
By Eugene W. Oates and Capt. Savile G. Reid.
Pp. xxiii., 349. 10 Coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1903, 8vo. 25s.

Vol. IV. Carinatae (Passeriformes continued). By
Eugene W. Oates, assisted by Capt. Savile G. Reid.
Pp. xviii., 352. 14 Coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1905, 8vo. 30s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9

REPTILES.

Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and AmphisbaBnians
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 80. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1844, 12mo. Is.

Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c: —

Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4to. 2s. U.

Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
baenians. Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to.
3s. 6d.

Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.
Pp. iv., 124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873,
8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and
Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History).
New Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311.
73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889, 8vo. 15s.

Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger : —

Vol. I. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygo-
podidae, Agamidae. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s.

Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, AnguidaB
Anniellidae, Heloderniatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae
Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Plates
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.l 1885,
8vo. 20s.

Vol. III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anelytro-
pidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 1/. 6s.

Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S., &c. : —

Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopidae, Glauconiidae,
Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colu-
bridae aglyphae (part). Pp. xiii., 44<S : 26 Woodcuts
and 28 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. Is.

10 LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum — continued.

Vol. II., containing the conclusion of the Colubridae
aglyphsB. Pp. xi., 382 : 25 Woodcuts and 20 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894,
8vo. 17s. 6d.

Vol. III., containing the Colubridse (Opisthoglyphas and
Protero^lyphae), Amblycephalidae, and Viperidse.
Pp. xiv., "727 : 37 Woodcuts and 25 Plates. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index to the 3
volumes.] 1896, 8vo. 11. 6s.

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Gunther. Pp. xvi., 281.
[With Geographic, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1858, 12mo. 4s.

BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection oC the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Gunther. Pp. xvi., 1G0.
12 Plates. [With Systematic, Geographic, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.

FISHES.

Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Second
edition. Vol. I. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the
British Museum. Vol. I. Containing the Centrarchidae,
Percidas, and Serranidae (part). By George Albert
Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp. xix., 394. Woodcuts and 15 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
15s.

Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence
Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii.,
196. [With a Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80.
4 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.

MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the
British Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D.,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. xii., 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 11

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by
Philip P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.

Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis
Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Auriculidse, Proserpinidae, and Truncatellidse
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis
Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. 9d.

List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum.
By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c. :—

Part II. Olividse. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. Is.

Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By M. Deshayes : —

Part I. Yeneridae, Cyprinidse, Glauconomidse, and
Petricoladae. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, 12mo. 3s.

Part IT. Petricoladae (concluded) ; Corbiculadse. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d.

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [Issued as " Catalogue
of the Mollusca, Part IV."] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodcuts.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk,
F.R.S. Pp. viii., 39, 38 Plates. [With a Systematic
Index.] 1875, 8vo. 5s.

CRUSTACEA.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodons Crustacea in
the Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1862, 8vo. 1/. 5s.

12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

ARACHNIDA.

Descriptive Catalogue of the Spiders of Burma, based upon
the Collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in
the British Museum. By T. Thorell. Pp. xxxvi., 406.
[With Systematic List and Alphabetical Index.] 1895,
8vo. 10s. 6d.

INSECTS.

Coleopterous Insects.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum : —

Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv.,
174. 4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. 6d.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Lycidse. By
Charles Owen Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1879, 8vo. 16s.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Vernon
Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xvi., 234 : 1 Plate. [With
a Topographical Catalogue and an Alphabetical Index.]
1857, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Vernon
Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xiii., 648. [With Topo-
graphical and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Catalogue of Halticidas in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S.
Physapodes and (Edipodes. Part I. Pp. xii., 301.
Frontispiece and 9 Plates. 1860, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of Hispidse in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Parti. Pp. x.,
172. 9 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858,
8vo. Qs.

Hymenopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12ino. : —

Part I. Andrenidae and Apidae. Pp. 197. 6 Plates.
1853, 2s. Gd.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HrSTORY). 13

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the British
Museum — continued.

Part II. Apidae. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1854. 6s.

Part III. Mutillidae and Pompilidse. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.
1855. 6s.

Part IV. Sphegidae, Larridae, and Crabronidae. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856.
6s.

Part V. Vespidae. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857. 6s.

Part VI. Formicidae. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858. 6s.

Part VII. DorylidaB and Thynnidae. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859. 2s.

List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the
Typical Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. I.,
Tenthredinidae and Siricidae. By W. F. Kirby.
Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 Coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 11. 18s.

Dipterous Insects.

A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes. Mainly com-
piled from the Collections received at the British Museum
from various parts of the world in connection with the
Investigation into the cause of Malaria conducted by the
Colonial Office and the Royal Society. By Fred. V.
Theobald, M.A., &c. :—

Vol. III. Pp. xvii., 359 : 17 plates, 1 diagram, and 193
illustrations in text. 1903, 8vo. 11. Is.

Vol. IV. Pp. xix., 639 : 16 plates and 297 text-figures.
[With Index.] 1907, 8vo. 11. 12s. 6d.

A Monograph of the Tsetse-Flies (Genus Glossina, Westwood),
based on the Collection in the British Museum. By
Ernest Edward Austen. With a chapter on Mouth- parts
by II. J. Hansen, Phil. Doc. Pp. ix., 319 : 9 plates
(7 coloured), 16 woodcuts, 1 map. 1903, Roy. 8vo. 15s.

14 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Lepidopterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Lepicloptera Phalaenae in the British
Museum. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. : —

Vol. I. Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Pp. xxi., 559 : 285 woodcuts.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898,
8vo. 15s.

Atlas of 17 Coloured Plates, 8vo. 15s.

Vol. II. Catalogue of the Arctiadae (Nolinae, Litho-
sianae) in the Collection of the British Museum.
Pp. xx., 589 : 411 woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1900, 8vo. 18s.

Atlas of 18 Coloured Plates (xviii.-xxxv.), 8vo. 15s.

Vol. III. Catalogue of the Arctiadae (Arctianae) and
Agaristidae in the Collection of the British Museum.
Pp. xix., 690 : 294 woodcuts. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1901, 8vo. 15s.

Atlas of 19 Coloured Plates (xxxvi-liv.), 8vo. 16s.

Vol. IV. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Agrotinae]. Pp.

xx., 689 : 125 woodcuts. [With Systematic and

Alphabetical Indexes.] 1903, 8vo. 15s.
Atlas of 23 Coloured Plates (lv. — lxxvii), 8vo. 16s.

Vol. V. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Hadeninae]. Pp.
xvi., 634 : 172 woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1905, 8vo. 15s.

Atlas of 18 Coloured Plates (lxxviii.-xcv.), 8vo. 15s.

Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Cucullianae]. Pp.

xiv., 532 : 172 woodcuts. [With Systematic and

Alphabetical Indexes.] 1906, 8vo. 15s.
Atlas of 12 Coloured Plates (xcvi.-cvii.), 8vo. 10s.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
in the Collection of the British Museum : —

Part V. By Arthur &ardiner Butler. Pp. xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 21. 10s.

Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 21. 4s.

Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 21.

Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 21.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 15

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidopterae Heterocera
in the Collection ol the British Museum — continued.

Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon.
By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893
4to. 2L 2s.

Catalogue of the Collection of Palaearctic Butterflies formed
by the late John Henry Leech, and presented to the
Trustees of the British Museum by his Mother, Mrs. Eliza
Leech. By Richard South, F.E.S. Pp. vi., 228. 2 Coloured
Plates. With a Portrait and Biographical Memoir of Mr.
Leech. 1902, 4to. II.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner
Butler, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker.
12mo. : —

Part XXIII. Geometrites. Pp. 756-1020. 1861. 3s. 6d.
Part XXV. Pp. 1281-1477. 1862. 3s.

Part XXVI. Pp. 1478-1796. [With an

Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVL] 1862. 4s. 6d.

Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.
1863. 4s.

Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863. 4s.

Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864. 4s.

Part XXX. Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864. 4s.

Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1-321. 1864. 5s.

Part XXXII. Part 2. Pp. 322-706.

1865. 5s.

Part XXXIII. Part 3. Pp. 707-1120.

1865. 6s.

Part XXXIV. Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533.

1865. 5s. 6d.

Part XXXV. Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040.

[With an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI-
XXXV.] 1866. 7s.

Neuropterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen.
Part I. Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. 6d.

16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OP THE

Orthopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. By John Obadiah
Westwood, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 4to. 3Z.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c.
Pp. 239. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., &c. :—

Part II. Locustidae (continued). Pp. 225-423 [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.

Part III. Locustidae (continued). — Acrididae. Pp. 425-
604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Acrididae (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.

Part V. Tettigidae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of
Blattariae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distri-
bution of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43; 116.
[With Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.

Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. By W. F. Kirby : —

Vol. I. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gres-
soria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantida?,
Phasmidae.) Pp. x., 501. [With Index.] 1904,
8vo. 10s.

Vol. II. Orthoptera Saltatoria. Part I. (Achetidae et
Phasgonuridae.) Pp. viii., 562. [With Index.] 1906,
8vo. 15s.

Hemipterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., &c. 8vo. :—

Part IV. Pp. 211. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6s.

Part V. Pp. 202. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1872. 5s.

Part VI. Pp. 210. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 5s.

Part VII. Pp. 213. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 6s.

Part VIII. Pp.220. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873.

[6s. 6d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 17

Homopterous Insects.

A Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera. Part I. Cicadidae.
By W. L. Distant. Pp. 207. [Index.] 1906, 8vo. 5s.

VERMES.

Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms,
contained in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Dr. Baird. Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of
the Animals in which the Entozoa mentioned in the
Catalogue are found, and an Index of Genera and
Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s.

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariidse in the Collection of
the British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv.,
40. 2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. 6d.

Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection
of the British Museum. By * J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c.
Pp. iv., 51. 14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British
Museum (Natural History) : —

Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By George Brook.
Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes, and Explanation of the
Plates.] 1893, 4to. 1/. 4s.

Vol. II. The Genus Turbinaria ; the Genus Astraeopora.
By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Cantab., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Pp. iv., 106. 30 Collotype and 3 Lithographic Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names, and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1896, 4to. 18s.

Vol. III. The Genus Montipora ; the Genus Anacro-
pora. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A., &c. Pp. vii., 192.
30 Collotype and 4 Lithographic Plates. [With Syste-
matic Index, Index of Generic and Specific Names,
and Explanation of the Plates.] 1897, 4to. 1/. 4s.

Vol. IV. The Family PoritidaB. I. — The Genus
Goniopora. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Pp. viii.,
206. 12 Collotype and 4 Lithographic Pkites. [With
Index of Generic and Specific Names, and Explanation
of the Plates.] 1903, 4to. 1/.

Vol. V. The Family Poritidae. II.— The Genus Porites.
Part I. — Porites of the Indo-Pacific Region. By
Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Pp. vi., 303. 35 Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names, and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1905, 4to. £1 15s.

33882 B

18 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British
Museum — continued.

Vol. VI. The Family Poritidae. IT. — The Genus Porites.
Part II. — Porites of the Atlantic and West Indies, with
the European Fossil Forms. The Genus Goniopora,
a supplement to Vol. IV. By Henry M. Bernard, MA.
Pp. vi., 173. 16 Collotype and 1 Lithographic Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names, and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1906, 4to. £1.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.
Pp. xii., 248. [With a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the
British Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenidse
and Apida3. By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue.
Pp. xi., 236. 11 Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidse, and
Vespidae in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Frederick Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 6s.

Illustrations of British Blood-sucking Flies, with notes by
Ernest Edward Austen, Assistant, Department of Zoology
British Museum (N.H.). Pp. 74. 34 Coloured Plates.
1906, roy. 8vo. £1 5s.

A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the
Collection of the British Museum. By George Johnston,
M.D., Edin., F.R.C.L., Ed., Ll.D., Marischal Coll., Aber-
deen, &c. Pp. 365. Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1865, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M. A. Pp. xvii., 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 Coloured). [With Table of
Contents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index,
Description of the Plates, &c] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection
of the British Museum ; with Synonyma and References
to figures. 12mo. : —

Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 2nd Edition.
Revised by H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv.,
224. 1856. Is. 9d.

Part VI. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith. Pp.134. 1851. 2s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). iy

List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection
of the British Museum — continued.

Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala and Brachiopoda. By
Dr. J. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851. 3s. 6d.

Part VIII. Fish. By Adam White. Pp. xxiii., 164.
(With Index and List of Donors.) 1851. 3s. 6d.

Part IX. Eggs of British Birds. By George Robert
Gray. Pp. 143. 1852. 2s. 6d.

Part XI. Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.
Pp. iv., 51. 1852. Is.

Part XII. Lepidoptera (continued). By James F.
Stephens. Pp. iv., 54. 1852. 9d.

Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By
Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853. Is. 4d.

Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853. 6d.

Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 42. 1853. Is.

Part XVI. Lepidoptera (comDleted). By H. T. Stain ton.
Pp. 199. [With an Index.] 1854. 3s.

PLANTS.

Illustrations of Australian Plants collected in 1770 during
Captain Cook's Voyage round the World in H.M.S.
" Endeavour." By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks,
Bart., K.B., P.R.S., and Dr. Daniel Solander, F.R.S.
[Being a series of lithographic reproductions of copper-
plates engraved after paintings by F. P. Nodder, James
Miller, J. F. Miller, and John Cleveley.] With Introduc-
tion and Determinations by James Britten, F.L.S., Senior
Assistant, Department of Botany, British Museum : —

Part I. — 101 Plates, with 31 pages of descriptive text.

1900, fol. £1 5s.
Part II.— 142 Plates (pis. 101-243), with 41 pages of

descriptive text (pp. 35-75). 1901, fol. £1 15s.
Part III.— 77 Plates (pis. 244-318, 45a, and 122), with

26 pages of descriptive text, including Index to the

whole work (pp. 77-102), and 3 maps. 1905, fol. £1 5s.

Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Friedrich
Welwitsch in 1853-61 :—

Vo . I. Dicotyledons. By William Philip Hiern, M.A.,
F.L.S., &c. :—

Part I. [Ranunculaceae to Rhizophoraceae.] Pp.
xxvi., 336. [With Portrait of Dr. Welwitsch.
Introduction, Bibliography, and Index of Genera]
1896, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

20 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Fried rich
Welwitsch in 1853-61 — continued.

Vol. I— continued.

Part II. Combretaceae to Rubiacese. Pp. 337-510.
[With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 4s.

Part III. Dipsaceae to Scrophulariaceae. Pp. 511-
784. [With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 5s.

Part IV. Lentibulariaceae to Ceratophylleae. Pp. 785-
1035. [With Index.] 1900, 8vo. 5s.

Vol. II. Monocotyledons, Gymnosperms, and Crypto-
gams : —

Part I. Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms. By
Alfred Barton Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. F.L.S., Assis-
tant, Department of Botany. Pp. 260. [With
Index of Genera.] 1899, 8vo. 6s.

Part II. Cryptogamia. Pp. 261-566. [With Table
of Errata, and General Index to the whole work.]
1901, 8vo. 6s.

Vascular Cryptogams ... By William Carruthers, F.R.S.
Mosses „ Antony Gepp, M.A., F.L.S.

... „ F. Stephani.

... „ Ethel S. Barton.

... ,, W. West, F.L.S., and G. S.
West, B.A.

... „ Thomas Comber. F.L.S.

... ,, E. A. Wainio.

. . ,, Annie Lorrain Smith.

... ., Arthur Lister, F.R.S.

Hepatics
Marine Algse
Freshwater Algse

Diatomacese
Lichenes
Fungi
Mycetozoa .

Synopsis of the British Basidiomycetes : a Descriptive
Catalogue of the Drawings and Specimens in the Depart-
ment of Botany, British Museum. By Worthington George
Smith, F.L.S.* Pp. 531. 5 Plates and 145 Figures in
Text, [With Index.] 1908, 8vo. 10s.

A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain : being a Descrip-
tive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the
British Museum. By the Rev. James M. Crombie, M.A.,
F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. Part I. Pp. viii., 519 : 74 Woodcuts.
[With Glossary, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index.]
1894, 8vo. 16s.

List of British Diatomaceae in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev. W. Smith, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 55.
1859, 12mo. Is.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 21

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Richard Lyclekker, B.A., F.G.S.: —

Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera,
Insectivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268.
33 Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 5s.

Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Artiodactyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6s.

Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders
Perissodactyla, Toxodontia. Condylarthra, and Ambly-
poda. Pp. xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Proboscidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 33 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.

Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders
Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata,
and Supplement, Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 188 7 , 8vo. Gs.

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368,
75 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synouyms.] 1891,
8vo. 10s. Gd.

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Prn-
terosauria. Pp. xxviii., 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 7s. 6 7.

Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6 /.

Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii.,
239. 53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. Gd.

33882 C

22 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Fossil R^ptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum — continued.

Part IY. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia ; and Supplement.
Pp. xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S.,

F.G.S., &c. :• —

Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii.,
474. 13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1889, 8vo. 21s.

Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii),
Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi,
and Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean
Actinopterygii). Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and
1 6 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic
Index of Genera and Species.] 1891, 8vo. 21s.

Part III. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi
of the Orders Chondrostei (concluded), Protospondyli,
Aetheospondyli, and Isospondyli (in part). Pp. xlii.,
544. 45 Woodcuts and 18 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1895, 8yo. 21s.

Part IV. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi of
the Suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi,
Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii,
and Anacanthini. Pp. xxxix., 636. 22 Woodcuts
and 19 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and
Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 190.1,
8vo. 21s.

A descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the
Fayum, Egypt. Based on the Collection of the Egyptian
Government in the Geological Museum, Cairo, and on the
Collection in the British Museum (Natural History),
London. By C. W. Andrews, D.Sc. Pp. xxxvii., 324 :
98 Text Figures and 26 Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1906, 4to. 1/. 1 5s.

Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oiigocene
and Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum (Natural
History), with references to the type-specimens from
similar horizons contained in other collections belonging
to the Geological Department of the Museum. By Richard
Bullen Newton, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of
Families and Genera, Bibliography, Correlation-table
Appendix, and Alphabetical Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 2'd

Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca in the Department of Geology,
British Museum (Natural History). Part I. The Austra-
lasian Tertiary Mollusca. By George F. Harris, F.G.S., &c.
Pp. xxvi., 407. 8 Plates. [With Table of Families, Genera,
and Sub-Genera, and Index.] 1897, 8vo. 10s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History) : —

Parti. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratidae, Endoceratidae,
Actinoceratidse, Gomphoceratidas, Ascoceratidae,
Poterioceratidae, Cyrtoceratidae, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxxi., 344. 51 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888,
8vo. 10s. 6d.

Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder
Nautiloidea, consisting of the families Lituitidae,
Trochoceratidae, Nautilidae, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 407. 86 Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1891, 8vo. 15s.

Part III. Contaiuing the Bactritidas, and part of the
Suborder Ammonoidea. By Arthur H. Foord, Ph.D.,
F.G.S., and George Charles Crick, A.R.S.M., F.G.S.
Pp. xxxiii., 303. 146 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index of Genera and Species, and Alphabetical Index.]
1897, 8vo. 12s. 6d.

List of theTypes and Figured Specimens of Fossil Cephalopoda
in the British Museum (Natural History). By G. C. Crick,
F.G.S. Pp. 103. [With Index.] 1898, 8vo. 2s. 6d.

A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms
and the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By
Henry Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii., 155. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History):—

The Jurassic Bryozoa. By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.G.S.,
F.Z.S. Pp. [viii.,] 239 : 22 Woodcuts and 11 Plal
[With List of Species and Distribution, Bibliography,
Index, and Explanation of 1 'laics.] L896, 8vo. L0*.

The Cretaceous Bryozoa. Vol.1. By J. W. Gregory,
D.Sc, F.G.S., F.Z.S. 1J|>. xiv., 457 : 01 Woodcuts
and 17 Plates. [With Index and Explanation of
Plates.] 1891), 8vo. 16s.

24 LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History), with an account of
the morphology and systematic position of the group, and
a revision of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge,
juu., of the Department of Geology, British Museum
(Natural Historv), and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc, F.R.S.,
F.L.S. (of Eton College). Pp. xv, 322. 20 Plates. [With
Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of Contents, General
Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c] 1886 4to. 25s.

The Genera and Species of Blastoidea, with a List of the
Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). By
F. A. Bather, M.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Department.
Pp. x., 70. 1 Woodcut. 1899, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural
History). By Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288.
[With a list of works quoted, and an Index.] 1886
8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History). By
A. C. Seward, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., University Lecturer
in Botany and Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge : —

Part I. The Wealden Flora. Part I. Thallophyta—
Pteridophyta. Pp. xxxviii., 179. 17 Woodcuts and
11 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, Explanations
of the Plates, &c] 1894, 8vo. 10s.

Part II. The Wealden Flora. Part II. Gymnospermse.
Pp. viii., 259. 9 Woodcuts and 20 Plates. [With
Alphabetical Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c]
1895, 8vo. 15s.

Part III. The Jurassic Flora. Part I. The Yorkshire
Coast. Pp. xii., 311. 53 Woodcuts and 21 Plates.
[With Alphabetical Index, Explanations of the Plates,
&c] 1900, 8vo. 20s.

Part IV. The Jurassic Flora. Part II. Liassic and
Oolitic Floras of England (excluding the Inferior
Oolite Plants of the Yorkshire Coast). Pp. xv., 192.
20 Woodcuts and 13 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c] 1904, 8vo. 10s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Plants of the Glossopteris Flora in
the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural
History). Being a Monograph of the Permo-carboniferous
Flora of India and the Southern Hemisphere0 By E. A.
Newell Arber, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. Pp. lxxiv., 255 : 51
Text Figures and 8 Plates. [With Bibliography and
Alphabetical Index.] 1905, 8vo. 12s. Gd.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 25

GUIDE-BOOKS, Etc.

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 11th Edition. With
58 woodcuts, 2 plans, 2 views of the building, and an
illustrated cover. Pp. 125. 1906, 8vo. 3d.

Guide to the Specimens illustrating the Races of Mankind
(Anthropology), exhibited in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum (Natural History). [By R. Lydekker,
F.R.S.] Illustrated by 16 Figures. Pp.31. 1908, 8vo. Ad.

Guide to the Galleries of Mammals (other than Ungulates)
in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum
(Natural History). 8th Edition. Pp. 101. 52 Woodcuts
and 4 plans. Index. 190G, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Great Game Animals (Ungulata) in the Depart-
ment of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Pp.
93. 53 Text and other figures. With list of Horns,
Antlers and Tusks, and Index. 1907, 8vo. Is.

Guide to the Elephants (Recent and Fossil) exhibited in
the Department of Geology and Palaeontology in the British
Museum (Natural History). [By Dr. C. W. Andrews,
F.R.S.] Illustrated by 31 text-figures. Pp. 46. 1908,
8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Specimens of the Horse Family (Equidse)
exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British Museum
(Natural History). [By R. Lydekker, F.R.S.] Pp. 42.
26 Figures. 1907, 8vo. Is.

Guide to the Domesticated Animals (other than Horses)
exhibited in the Central and North Hails of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By R. Lydekker, F.R.S.]
Illustrated by 24 Figures. Pp. 55. [With table of Contents,
List of Illustrations, and Index.] 1908, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Gallery of Birds in the Department of Zoology
of the British Museum (Natural History). [By W. R.
Ogilvie Grant.] Pp. iv., 228. 24 Plates, and 7 Illustra-
tions in text. With Index. 1905, roy. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

Guide to the Gallery of Birds in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum (Natural History). Part I. General
Series. [By W. R. Ogilvie Grant.] Pp. 149. With Index.
1905, roy. 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Nesting Series of British Birds. Being
Part II. of the Guide to the Gallery of Birds in the
Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History).
[By W. R. Ogilvie Grant.] Pp. 62. 4 Plates. Index.
190% roy. 8vo. 4r/.

Guide to the Gallery of Reptilia and Amphibia in the
Department of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural
History). [By R. Lydekker, F.R8.] Illustrated by
76 text and other Figures. Pp. iv., 75. [With Table of
Contents.] J 906, 8vo. Gd.

26 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OP THE

Guide to the Gallery of Fishes in the Department of Zoology
of the British Museum (Natural History). [By Dr. W. G.
Ridewood.] Illustrated by 96 Figures. Pp. v., 209.
[With Preface by Sir E. Ray Lankester, Table of
Classification, and Index.] 1908, 8vo. Is.

Guide to the exhibited Series of Insects, Zoological Depart-
ment (Insect Section), British Museum (Natural History).
By C. 0. Waterhouse. Pp. 57 : 62 text and full-page
Illustrations. [With Table of Contents and Index.]
1908, 8vo. Is.

Guide to the Sheli and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Polyzoa,
Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms).
Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History),
Fifth Edition. Pp. iv., 133. 125 Woodcuts, Plan and
Indexes. 1908, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Coral Gallery (Protoza, Porifera or Sponges,

Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa) in the Department of Zoology,

. British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition.

Pp. [iv. 8] 73. 90 Illustrations, Plan and Index.

1907, 8vo. Is.

A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Department
of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). 8th Edition. [By A. S. Woodward,
LL.D., F.R.S.] Pp. xvi., 100. 6 Plates, 88 Woodcuts.
[With List of Illustrations, Table of Stratified Rocks, and
Index.] 1901, 8vo. 6d.

A Guide to the Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes in
the Department of Geology and Palaeontology in the
British Museum (Natural History). 8th Edition. [By
A. S. Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S.] Pp. xviii., 110. 8 Plates
and 116 Text-Figures. [With List of Illustrations, Geo-
logical Time-Scale and Index.] 1905. 8vo. 6d.

A Guide to the Fossil Invertebrate Animals in the Depart-
ment of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). [By F. A. Bather, D.Sc] Pp. ix.,
182. 7 Plates and 96 Text-Figures. [With List of
Illustrations, Geological Time scale, and Index.] 1907,
8vo. Is.

List of British Seed-plants and ' Ferns exhibited in the
Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History).
With table of Sequence of Orders, and Index of Genera.
Pp. 44. 1907, 8vo. id.

Guide to Sowerby's Models of British Fungi in the De-
partment of Botany, British Museum (Natural History).
Second Edition, revised. By Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S.
Pp. 83. 91 Woodcuts. With Table of Diagnostic Characters,
Glossary, and Index. 1908, 8vo. 4of.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 27

Guide to the British Mycetozoa exhibited in the Department
of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). Ry Arthur
Lister, F.R.S. Second Edition, revised. Pp. 48. 45
Woodcuts. Index. 1905, 8vo. 3d.

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum
(Natural History). 10th Edition. [By L. Fletcher, M.A.,
F.R.S.] Pp. 32. Plan. 1908, 8vo. Id,

The Student's Index to the Collection of Minerals, British
Museum (Natural History). 23rd Edition. [By L. Fletcher,
M.A., F.R.S.] Pp. 36. With a Plan ot the Mineral
Gallery. 1908, 8vo. 2d.

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to
the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S. 12th Edition.
Pp. 123. 41 Woodcuts. With Plan of the Mineral
Gallery and Index. 1908, 8vo. 6d.

An Introduction to the Study of Rocks. L. Fletcher, M.A.,
F.R.S. Pd. 118. [With Plan of the Mineral Gallery, Table
of Contents, and Index.] 1898, 8vo. 6d.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. By L. Fletcher,
M.A., F.R.S., &c. Tenth Edition. Pp. 120. [With a Plan
of the Mineral Gallerv, and an Index to the Meteorites
represented in the Collection.] 1908. 8vo. 67/.

Special Guides.

No. 1. — Guide to an Exhibition of Old Natural History Books,
illustrating the origin and progress of the Study of
Natural History up to the time of Linnaeus. [By B. B.
Woodward.] Pp. 27, 1905, 8vo. 3d

No. 2. — Books and Portraits illustrating the History of Plant
Classification exhibited in the Department of Botany. [By
A.B.Rendle,M.A.,D.Sc] Pp.19. 4 Plates. 1906,Svo.4tf.

No. 3. — Memorials of Linnaeus : a collection of Portraits,
Manuscripts, Specimens, and Books exhibited to com-
memorate the Bicentenary of his Birth. [By A. B.
Rendle, M.A., D.Sc] Pp. 16: 2 Plates. 1907, 8vo. 3d

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS &C. (NATURAL HISTORY).

Handbook of Instructions for Collectors, issued by the
British Museum (Natural History). With Illustrations.
Third Edition. Pp. 144. Index. 1906, 8vo. Is. 6d,

Instructions for Collectors : —

No. 1. — Mammals. 3rd Edition. Pp. 12. Text illust.

1905, 8vo. 'dd.

No. 2. — Birds. 4th Edition. Pp. 10. 5 figures in text.
1908, 8vo. 'dd.

No. 3. — Reptiles, Batrachinians, and Fishes. [3rd Edition.]
Pp. 12. 1903, 8vo. 4d

No. 4. — Insects. 4th Edition. Pp. 11. Text illust.
1907, 8vo. 3d,

No. ;">. — Diptera (Two-winged Flies). 3rd Edition. Pp 16.
Text illust. 1908, Svo. 3c/.

No. 6. — Mosquitoes (Culicidae). [3rd Edition.] Pp. 8.
1 Plate, 1 figure in text, 1904, 8yo. M.

No. 7. — Blood-sucking Flies, Ticks, &c. By E. E. Austen.
3rd Edition. Pp. 24 : 13 figures in text. J 907, Svo. 'dd.

No. 8. — Spiders, Centipedes, &c. 2nd Edition. Pp. 4.

1906, 8vo. 3d

No. 9 — Soft-bodied invertebrate Animals ; Shells of
Molluscs. [2nd Edition.] Pp. 15. 1902, 8vo. M.

No. 10. — Plants. [3rd Edition.] Pp. 8 : 2 figures in text,
1903, 8vo. Ad.

No. 11. — Fossils and Minerals. 3rd Edition. Pp. 8.
1906, Svo. 'dd.

British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W.
October 24th, 1908.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE,

By DARLING & SON, Ltd., 34-40, Bacon Stkeet, E.

1908.