0

,

II

SYNOPSIS

OF THE

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM

SYNOPSIS

OP THE

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM

BY

HENRY ALLEYNE NICHOLSON

MD., D.Sc., PH.D., P.L.S., F.G.S., ETC.

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

All Rights reserved

P E E F A C E.

HAVING often been requested by students of Natural
History to prepare a synoptical table of the classifica-
tion of the Animal Kingdom, the present work is an
attempt to comply with this requisition, and to sup-
ply what the author believes to be a want among
zoological workers. Nothing more, of course, could
be attempted in the preparation of such a synopti-
cal table than an enumeration of the sub -kingdoms,
classes, orders, and sub-orders, with, in general, the
families, and the principal genera illustrative of these.
It has not been possible, however, without unduly ex-
tending the limits of the work, to mention in all cases
all the families, and this deficiency is especially notice-
able in the case of such great groups as the Insects,
the Fishes, and the Birds. It has also seemed advis-
able not to give definitions, even of the shortest sort,
of the subdivisions which are actually enumerated,
except in the case of the sub-kingdoms only. It is
hardly possible to make such definitions satisfactory
within the limits here available ; and the introduction

VI PEEFACE.

of definitions might possibly have led to an abuse of
what is really intended to be a mere guide to a line of
study, and not a thing to be studied in itself.

While definitions have been omitted, a limited num-
ber of illustrations have been introduced, as self-ex-
planatory of the text. Occasionally, also, remarks on
doubtful points, or divergent views as to classification,
are introduced, or alternative arrangements are sub-
mitted ; and there are added to each group references
to some of the sources of special information, which
can be studied by advanced students. It seems hardly
necessary to add that the purpose of such a classifica-
tion as is here given, is not that it should be, even in
parts, committed to memory, but simply that it may
serve as a skeleton, which the student must endow
with life by his own work.

MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN,
July 5, 1882.

CONTENTS.

SUB-KINGDOM,—

PAGE

I. PROTOZOA, ....... 1

II. CCELENTERATA, . . . . . .15

III. ECHINODERMATA, ...... 27

IV. ANNULOSA, ....... 36

V. MOLLUSCA, ....... 73

VI. VERTEBRATA, ...... 86

SYNOPSIS

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

SUB-KINGDOM (TYPE) L— PROTOZOA.

(Extinct forms are marked with an asterisk. )

ANIMALS composed of undifferentiated protoplasm, or, at
most, of protoplasm which is so far differentiated as to have
developed a consistent external layer or wall and a central
" nucleus " or " endoplast," the organism in the latter case
becoming a " cell" In the most typical Protozoa the organ-
ism remains unicellular, and in no case are definite " tissues "
developed by the differentiation of a primitive cellular aggre-
gate. No definite " body-cavity " is in any case developed.
There is no recognisable nervous system, and there is either
no differentiated alimentary apparatus, or, at most, a rudi-
mentary one.

Most naturalists now divide the animal kingdom into the two primary
sections of the Protozoa and the Metazoa ; the former comprising animals
which are essentially unicellular, or consist of simple undifferentiated
masses of sarcode — while the latter comprises animals which commence
their existence as single cells, but which ultimately form cellular aggre-
gates, certain of the cells composing them being differentiated so as to

A

2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

form definite " tissues." The Protozoa and Metazoa agree, therefore, with
one another in the fact that they are, to begin with, simple undivided
masses of protoplasm, but they differ in the results produced by the
development of this protoplasm. In the case of the Protozoa, the original
mass of protoplasm may remain undifferentiated, or it may develop a
" nucleus," and become thus a " cell ; " but it does not become converted
into a complex structure composed of metamorphosed cells or " tissues."
On the other hand, in the Metazoa, the original mass of protoplasm is not
only always a true cell, but it becomes converted by a process of regular
division into a primitive aggregate of cells, and these secondary cells
become finally differentiated into the complex "tissues" of which the
body of the adult is composed.

The principal difficulty in the way of accepting this primary, and in
the main natural, division of the animal kingdom, is afforded by the
Sponges, which are morphologically Protozoa, while, according to the
views of many naturalists, they are developmentally Metazoa. That is
to say, they present in their morphological elements so close a resemblance
to certain of the Protozoa that we can hardly doubt of their close genetic
connection with the latter ; while, on the other hand, they exhibit in
their development (as this has been usually interpreted) the " segmen-
tation " of the primitive ovular cell which is characteristic of the Metazoa.
Whether or not they possess any definite internal vacuity which can be
properly compared with the " body-cavity " of the normal Metazoa may
still legitimately remain a matter for doubt. It is also still a matter of
reasonable doubt whether the development of the Sponges is really pro-
perly comparable to that of the Metazoa ; and, if we accept the views of
Mr Saville Kent upon this subject, it certainly is not so. It should also
be borne in mind that there are certain of the Protozoa (e.g., some of the
Radiolaria) in which it is not possible to absolutely assert that the adult
is unicellular.

As regards the primary divisions of the Protozoa, it has not been un-
usual to accept the presence of a permanent mouth, or ingestive aperture,
as a good mark of distinction ; and, in accordance with this, the Protozoa
have been divided into the two primary sections of the Astomata (com-
prising the Gregarinida and Rhizopoda), and the mouth-bearing forms, or
Stomatoda (comprising the Infusoria). Many of the Infusoria, however,
do not possess a mouth in the proper sense of the term ; and Mr Saville
Kent has recently (' Manual of Infusoria ') proposed the following classi-
fication of the Protozoa, based upon a more accurate interpretation of the
methods in which the ingestion of food is effected by different members
of the sub-kingdom : —

SECTION A, PANTOSTOMATA. — Ingestive area diffuse. This section
comprises the Gfregarinida and the most typical forms of the Ehizo-
poda (viz., the Amcebea, Monera, Foraminifera, and Radiolaria.)

SECTION B, DISCOSTOMATA. — Ingestive area discoidal, not constitut-

PROTOZOA. 3

ing a distinct mouth. The principal forms included in this sec-
tion are the Flagellate Infusoria and the Sponges.

SECTION C, EUSTOMATA. — Ingestive area taking the form of a distinct
mouth. This section comprises only the Ciliated Infusoria.

SECTION D, POLYSTOMATA. — Ingestive areas distinct and multiple.
This section contains only the Suctorial Infusoria.

CLASS I.— GREGARINIDA.

ORDER I. — MONOCYSTIDEA. — Monocystis (fig. 1, B).
ORDER II. — EUGREGARINIDA. — Gregarina (fig. 1, A and c).
ORDER III. — ACANTHOPHORA. — Stylorhynchus.
ORDER IV. — DIDYMOPHYIDA. — Didymopliyes (perhaps founded
upon conjugated forms).

(Kolliker, Beitrage zur Kenntniss niedere Thiere (die Gattung Gregarina),
Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool., 1849 ; Stein, Untersuchungen uber die Gregari-
nen, Archiv fur Anat. und Physiol., 1848, and Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool.,
1851 ; Schneider, Gregarines des Invertebres, Arch. Zool. Exper., 1873
and 1875 ; Biitschli, Kleine Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gregarinen, Zeitschr.
fiir Wiss. Zool., 1881.)

Fig. 1.— Gregarinida. A, Gregarina gigantea, parasitic in the Lobster, enlarged, after Van
Beneden. B, Monocystis magna, parasitic in the Earthworm, enlarged, c, An immature
individual of Gregarina Uattarum, greatly enlarged, after Biitsehli, showing the separation
of the body into an anterior, middle, and posterior portion : n, Nucleus.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

CLASS II.— RHIZOPODA.1

OEDER I. — MONERA.

Sub-ord. 1. G-ymnomonera. — Protamceba (fig. 2), Myxodic-

tyon.
Sub-ord. 2. Lepomonera. — Protomyxa, Myxastrum.

(Haeckel, Studien iiber Moneren und andere Protisten, 1870 ; Cienkowski,
Seitrage zur Kenntniss der Moneren, Archiv fur Mikros. Anat., 1865.)

Fig. 2. — Monera. Protamceba primitiva, enlarged, after Haeckel. A, An individual with
a single pseudopodium protruded ; B, Another individual dividing by fission into two por-
tions.

ORDER II. — AMCEBEA (Lobosa).

Sub-ord. 1. Amcebina. — Amoeba (fig. 3), Mastigamceba,

Pdomyxa.
Sub-ord. 2. Arcellina. — Arcella, Difflugia, Hyalosphenia,

Quadrula.

Hertwig and Lesser place the Arcellina along with Gromia and the
Foraminifera in a common division, to which they give the name of
Thalamophora. The Arcellina, however, differ from the Foraminifera,
and agree with the Amoeba in the blunt lobose character of the pseudo-
podia.

(Leidy, Fresh-water Rhizopods of North America, 1879 ; Carter, Fresh-
water Bhizopods, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1864 ; Hertwig and Lesser,
Ueber Rhizopoden und denselben nahe stehende Organismen, Archiv f. Mikr.
Anat, 1874 ; Frantz Eilhard Schultze, Rhizopoden-Studien, Archiv f.
Mikr. Anat, 1875.)

1 The Sponges are here removed from the Rhizopoda, and are considered as
an independent class of the Protozoa.

PKOTOZOA.

Fig. 3. — A, Amoeba proteus, with the psendopodia protruded, enlarged 200 diameters (after
Leidy) : n, Nucleus ; c, Contractile vesicle ; v, One of the larger food-vacuoles ; en, The granular
endosarc ; ec, The transparent ectosarc ; a, A cell of an Alga taken in as food (other cells of
the same Alga are obliquely shaded). B, Amaiba, radiosa, enlarged 500 diameters (after
Leidy). The body shows two large vacuoles, but no nucleus or contractile vesicle. The
long and delicate pseudopodia are protruded.

OEDEE III. — FOEAMINIFEEA, D'Orb. (RETICULAEIA, Carp.)
Sub-ord. 1. Imperforata.

Fam. a. Gromidse. — Gromia, Microgromia.

Fam. 5. Miliolidae. — Miliola, Nubecularia, Peneroplis,

Orbitolites.

Fam. c. Astrorhizidse. — AstrorJiiza, Saccammina.
Fam. d. Lituolidse. — Lituola, Endothyra, TrocJiammina.
Fam. e. *Parkeridse. — Parkeria, Loftusia.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 2. Perforata.

Fara. a. Textularidse. — Textularia, Bulimina, Cassidu-

lina.

Fam. b. Chilostoinellidae. — Chilostomella.
Fam. c. Lagenidse. — Lagena, Nodosaria, Marginulina,

Cristellaria.

Fam. d. Globigerinidse — Globigerina.
Fam. e. Eotalidse. — Rotalia, Discorbina, Puhinulina.
Fam. /. Nummulinidse. — Nummulites, *Fusulina, Orbi-

toides.

Fig. 4. — Shells of Foraminifera. a, Orbulina universa, in its perfect condition, showing
the tubular spines which radiate from the surface of the shell ; b, Globigerina bulloides, in
its ordinary condition, the thin hollow spines which are attached to the shell when perfect
having been broken off; c, Textularia variabilis; d, Peneroplis planatus; e, Rotalia conca-
merata; f, Cristellaria subarcuatula. (Fig. a is after Wyville Thomson ; the others are after
Williamson. All the figures are greatly enlarged.)

The above classification, except in the retention of the sub-orders Im-
perforata and Perforata, is that adopted by Mr H. B. Brady. It is true
that the section of the Imperforata includes various forms in which the
shell is known to be pierced to a larger or smaller extent with pseudo-

PROTOZOA.

podial apertures, so that this division is not a strictly natural one ; but
the majority of forms included under this title have truly an imperforate
shell, and the name is one so long current and so widely used that it
seems unadvisable to entirely discard it.

(W. B. Carpenter, Parker, and Rupert Jones, Introduction to the Study
of the Foraminifera, 1862 ; Max Schultze, Ueber den Organismus derPoly-
thalamien, 1854 ; H. B. Brady, Reticularian Rhizopoda of the Challenger
Expedition, Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci., 1879-81 ; Von Reuss, Entwurf
einer systematischen Zusammenstellung der Foraminiferen, Sitzungsb. K.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1861 ; Hertwig, Bemerkungen iiber die Organisation
und systematische Stellung der Foraminiferen, Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Natur-
wiss., 1876.)

OKDER IV. — RADIOLARIA.

Sub-ord. 1. Cytophora.

Fam. a. Acanthometrina. — Acanthometra, Xiphacantha

(fig. 5).

Fig. 5. — The skeleton of Xiphacantha, one of the Acanflwmetrina, greatly magnified.
(After Sir Wyville Thomson.)

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fam. b. Polycystina. — Podocyrtis, Dictyocha, Lychno-

canium.

Fam. c. Collozoa. — Collozoum, Sphcerozoum.
Fam. d. Thalassicollida. — Thalassicolla, Thalassolampe.

Sub-ord. 2. Heliozoa. — Actinosphcerium, Heterophrys.

It is still a matter of opinion whether the Heliozoa should be regarded
as a division of the Radiolaria, or as a distinct order of Rhizopods. The
chief differences which separate the Heliozoa from the typical Radiolar-
ians are, that the former possess no central membranous capsule and no
gelatinous investment, both these structures being, as a rule, present in
the latter ; but in other respects there is a close general likeness between
the two.

(Hseckel, Die Radiolarien, 1862 ; Schneider, Zur Kenntniss der Radio-
larien, Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., 1871 ; Greeff, Ueber Radiolarien, &c., des
sussen Wassers, Archiv fur Mikr. Anat., 1869 ; Mivart, Recent Researches
on the Radiolaria, Journ. Linn. Soc., 1878 ; Archer, Resume of Recent
Contributions to our Knowledge of Freshwater Rhizopods, Quart. Journ.
Micro. Sci., 1876, 1877; Huxley, On Thalassicolla, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
1851).

CLASS in.— INFUSORIA.

ORDER I. — FLAGELLATA. — Monas, Cercomonas, Monosiga (fig.
6, E), Codosiga, Euglena, Peridinium, Cemtium (fig. 6, D).

ORDER II. — SUCTORIA (Tentaculifera, Sav. Kent). — Podo-
phrya, Acineta.

ORDER III. — CILIATA.

Sub-ord. 1. Holotricha. — Paramcecium, Enchelys, Colpoda,

Amphileptus (fig. 6, c).
Sub-ord. 2. Heterotricha. — Bursaria (fig. 6, A), Stentor,

Codonella, Nyctothems (fig. 6, B).

Sub-ord. 3. Peritricha. — Trichoderia, Vorticella, Epistylis.
Sub-ord. 4. Hypotricha. — Aspidisca, Euplotes, Chilodon.

There is much ground for separating the so-called Suctorial and Flag-
ellate Infusoria as two distinct and independent classes of the Protozoa.
The latter, in particular, have very close affinities with the Sponges,
though they are essentially unicellular organisms.

PROTOZOA. 9

(Saville Kent, Manual of the Infusoria, 1880-81 ; Stein, Der Organ-
ismus der Infusionsthiere, 1859-67 ; Claparede et Lachmann, fitudes sur
les Infusoires et les Ehizopodes, 1858-61 ; Allman, Recent Progress in our
Knowledge of the Infusoria, Journ. Linn. Soc., 1875 ; Ehrenberg, Die In-
fusionsthierchen als volkommene Organismen, 1838.)

Fig. 6. — Ciliated and Flagellate Infusoria. A, Bursaria truncatella, enlarged 50 times. B,
Nyctotherus cordiformis, enlarged 150 times, c, Amphileptus anser, enlarged 120 times. D,
Ceratium tripos, enlarged 250 times, with its carapace and single flagellum. E, Monosiga
angustata, enlarged 2500 times : n. Nucleus ; c, Contractile vesicle ; /, Flagellum ; m, Mem-
branous collar surrounding the base of the flagellum. (After, or copied from, Saville Kent.)

CLASS IV.— PORIFERA (SPONGIDA).

ORDER I. — MYXOSPONGLE.

Sub-ord. Halisarcidse. — Halisarca.

ORDER II. — CERATOSA (Ceratospongise).

Sub-ord. 1. Gumminida. — Chondrilla, Corticium, Osculina.

Sub-ord. 2. Ceratina. — Luffaria, Aplysina.

Sub-ord. 3. Psammonemata. — Euspongia, Dysidea,

Sub-ord. 4. Khaphidonemata. — Chalina.

10 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 5. Echinonemata. — Axinella, Acanthella.
Sub-ord. 6. Holorhaphidota. — Halickondria, Isodictya,

Reniera, Hymeniacidon, Cliona, Geodia, Tethya, Spon-

gilla.

ORDER III. — SILICEA (Silicispongise).

Sub-ord. 1. Lithistidae. — Discoderma, MacAndrewia-, Cor-

cdlistes, * Siphonia, *Aulocopium.
Sub-ord. 2. Hexactinellidae. — Euplectella, Holtenia (fig. 7),

Hyalonema, Dactylocalyx, * Ventricidites.

ORDER IV. — CALCAREA (Calcispongise). — Grantia,Leucosolenia.

The most unnatural point in the above classification is the union under
the head of " Ceratose Sponges " of types like Euspongia, in which
spicules are not developed, with other types in which the horny skeleton
is accompanied by siliceous spicules, or may be even replaced by the
latter. A more natural classification probably is that adopted by Zittel,
in accordance with which the Sponges are divided into the following
orders : —

ORDER I. — MYXOSPONGLE. — Halisarca.
ORDER II. — CERATOSPONGLE. — Euspongia (Sponges of com-
merce).

ORDER III. — MONACTINELLID^E. — Ralichondria.
ORDER IV. — TETRACTINELLID^E. — Geodia, Tethya.
ORDER V. — LITHISTIDAE. — Discoderma.
ORDER VI. — HEXACTINELLID^E. — Holtenia.
ORDER VII. — CALCISPONGI^E. — Grantia.

The systematic position of the Sponges has been a matter of much
controversy among naturalists. Their animal nature is now universally
admitted, and there is also no substantial difference of opinion as to the
broad outlines of their anatomical structure. In all known forms of the
Sponges, the organism consists of an aggregate of protoplasmic bodies
(the " sponge-particles " or " sarcoids "), which differ in their characters
in different parts of the Sponge, or at different periods of its life, but
which are probably all fundamentally the same. Some of the sponge-
particles precisely and in every respect resemble Flagellate Infusoria,

PROTOZOA.

11

Fig. 7. — Holtenia Carpenteri, a siliceous Sponge belonging to the group of the
Hexactiiiellidce. (After Sir Wyville Thomson.)

12 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

while others present an equally close resemblance to Amcebce; and
others have more or less completely coalesced to form a gelatinous or
mucilaginous common matrix or " cytoblastema." This protoplasmic
aggregate may or may not be supported by a skeleton of diverse composi-
tion and structure ; but it is always so disposed as to be traversed by a
series of canals, which convey water in and out of the organism, and are
connected with respiration and the procuring of food. These canals com-
mence on the surface by numerous small "inhalant" apertures or
" pores," which admit the external water, and they ramify through the
substance of the Sponge. They ultimately open on the surface by a series
of " exhalant " canals, which converge to a common aperture of large
size — the so-called " osculum," which serves as an outlet for the water-
currents. The entire system of water-canals may be lined with flagellate
sponge-particles, similar in structure to Flagellate Infusoria ; or they are,
more commonly, dilated at intervals into globular chambers, which are
lined by these flagellate sarcoids (fig. 8), the vibrations of the flagella of
these serving to keep up a circulation of water through the body of the
Sponge. Lastly, a Sponge may consist of one excretory opening or " oscu-
lum," together with the " pores " belonging to this ; or it may consist of
a larger or smaller number of such oscula, each with its proper comple-
ment of " pores."

Until within the last few years, Sponges have been generally regarded
by naturalists as belonging to the Protozoa, and as either referable to the
Rhizopoda, or as constituting a separate division of Protozoa. Recently,
however, the view has been put forward by Professor Hseckel, and has
been largely accepted by zoologists, that the Sponges are properly Metazoa,
and that they are truly allied to the Corals, and therefore properly refer-
able to the Ccelenterata. As a modification of this view, the Sponges are
regarded as constituting a group of Metazoa intermediate between the
Coelenterates and the Protozoa. If Hseckel's view as to the affinities of
the Sponges be received, it is necessary to accept the view which this dis-
tinguished writer advocates with regard to the development of the Sponges,
— namely, that the ovum of the Spongida undergoes a regular process of
" segmentation," consequent on fecundation by a spermatozoon, and that
it becomes converted into an embryo (" gastrula ") composed of an outer
and inner cellular layer, enclosing a central cavity. On the other hand,
a large amount of evidence has been brought forward by various observers,
and notably by Mr Saville Kent, which would go to show that true sexual
reproduction, by means of proper " ova " and " spermatozoa," is of very
doubtful occurrence among the Sponges ; and that it is very questionable,
therefore, if there is truly any such phenomenon in their development as
the " segmentation " of an ovular cell. The supposed two-layered " gas-
trula " of the Sponges would rather appear to be really an asexually pro-
duced " swarin-gemmule," composed partly or wholly of flagellate zooids
or monads, entirely similar in their structure to the Flagellate Infusoria,
and resulting from the segmentation of a single " sponge-particle " of the

PROTOZOA.

13

adult Sponge, without previous impregnation by a spermatozoid. Upon
this view, therefore, the development of the Sponge becomes capable of
being strictly paralleled by that of several groups of undoubted Protozoa,
but acquires a significance entirely different from that which must be
ascribed to the development of the Metazoa.

ff

Fig. 8. — Structure of Spongida. A, Vertical section of the outer layer of Halisarca lobu-
laris, a Sponge in which the skeleton is wanting, enlarged 75 times (after F. E. Schultze) :
pp, "Pores," or openings of afferent canals by which water is conducted to the ciliated
chambers or " ampullaceous sacs "(a a); e, Commencement of a larger efferent canal, con-
ducting from the ampullaceous sacs to the deeper canals, by which the water is finally car-
ried off to be expelled from the "oscula;" g g, Young stages of the reproductive bodies or
spores. B, Part of a single ampullaceous sac of the same Sponge, transversely divided, and
enlarged 800 diameters (after Saville Kent), showing the flagellate monads or " sponge-par-
ticles," with their inwardly directed flagella. c, A single flagellate monad of the same, still
further enlarged : /, Flagellum ; m, Collar round the base of the flagellum ; n, Nucleus ; c,
Contractile vesicle.

Accepting, then, in the meanwhile, the last-mentioned views as to the
real character and import of the development of the Spongida, it seems
inevitable that these organisms must, with our present knowledge, be in-
cluded among the Protozoa. This conclusion, moreover, is the one which
is clearly deducible from a study of the structure of the adult organism,

14 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

since it is certain that there exists an almost absolute identity of structure
between the flagellate zooids of the Sponges and the Flagellate Infusoria,
— the reference of the latter to the Protozoa having never been called in
question. It may be added, that even if it were proved that the Sponges
were properly referable to the Metazoa, it would still require very much
more evidence than has yet been brought forward, before their relation-
ships with the Coelenterata could be reasonably admitted. Upon the
whole, therefore, it is probably best — if only as a provisional arrange-
ment— to regard the Sponges as a special division of the Protozoa, closely
allied to the Infusoria, but with sufficient peculiarities of their own to
entitle them to a special place and a special name (Porifera).

(Oscar Schmidt, Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres, 1862, 1866 ;
Grundziige einer Spongien-fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes, 1870 ; and
Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico, 1880. Carter, Notes introductory to
the Study and Classification of the Spongida, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1875. Bowerbank, A Monograph of the British Spongidce, 1866, 1874.
Hseckel, Die Kalkschivdmme, 1872. Johnston, A History of the British
Sponges and Lithophytes, 1842. Saville Kent, Manual of the Infusoria,
1880-81. Zittel, Beitrage zur Systematik fossiler Spongien, Neues Jahrb.
fur Miii., Geol., und Paleont., 1877-78, and Handbuch der Paleontolo-
gie, 1879.)

15

SUB-KINGDOM (TYPE} IL—C(ELENTEEATA.

EADIALLY symmetrical animals, in which the mouth opens

into a simple or variously divided space, which repre-

sents the alimentary tract,

and which may or may not

be divided into two por-

tions, — one specially con-

nected with digestion, and

the other corresponding

with the body-cavity of

the higher animals. Body-

wall composed of two fun-

damental layers (" ecto-

derm " and " endoderm ").

Nervous system sometimes

specialised, sometimes dif-

fused, but no vascular sys-

tem developed. Eeproduc-

tive organs invariably pre-

sent at some period or

another of life, though

asexual reproduction is

very general.

CLASS I. — HYDROZO A.

Fig. 9. — The Green Fresh- water Polype (Hydra
viridis), suspended head-downwards from apiece of
a stem of an aquatic plant, enlarged, a, One of the
tentacles ; 6, Testis or spermarium, with sperma-
tozoa in its interior ; c, A single large ovum, pro-

SUB- CLASS I. - HYDKOIDA trading from the side of the body; d, Disc of at-
i-r-r j -j rr v \ tachinent (" hydrorhiza ").

(Hydroid Zoophytes).
ORDER I. — HYDRIDA. — Hydra (Fresh-water Polype, fig. 9).

(Kleinenberg, Hydra, eine anatomisch-entmckelungsgeschichtliche Unter-
suchung, 1872.)

16 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

OEDER II. — CORYNIDA. — Coryne, Tulularia, Clava, Bougain-
mllea (fig. 10), Eudendrium, Hydractinia.

(Allman, Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, Ray
Society, 1871 ; Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1872 ; Louis Agassiz,
Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, vols. iii. and iv.,
1860-62.)

m'

Fig. 10. — Corynida. A, Part of the colony of Bougainvillea muscus, of the natural size. B,
Part of the same enlarged : p, A polypite fully expanded ; m, An incompletely developed
medusiform bud ; m', A more completely developed medusiform bud ; /, Coenosare with its
investing periderm and central canal, c, A free medusiform gonophore of the same ; n,
Gonocalyx ; p, Manubrium ; e, One of the radiating gastro-vascular canals ; o, Ocellus ; v,
Velum ; t, Tentacle. (After Allman.)

CCELENTERATA.

ORDER III. — SERTULARIDA. — Sertularia (Sea - fir), Diphasia
(fig. 11), Plumularia, Antennularia.

ORDER IV. — CAMPANULARIDA. — Campanularia, Obelia, Clytia,
Lafoea, Thaumantias,

Fig. 11.— Sertularida. A, Portion of the colony of Diphasia tamarisca, of the natural
size, showing hydrothecse and female ovarian capsules (gonangia). B and c, Portions of
different branches of the same, enlarged : A, Hydrothecse ; a, Male gonangium ; g, Female
gonangium. (After Hineks.)

ORDER Y. — THECOMEDUS.E. — Stephanoscyphus.

ORDER VI. — HYDROMEDUSID.E (Medusidse). -
(fig. 12),

Trachynema,

(Haeckel, Das System der Medusen, Jena, 1879).

(Huxley, Monograph of the Oceanic Hydrozoa, Ray Society, 1859 ; Kolli-
ker, Die Siphonophoren oder Schwimm-polypen von Messina, 1853 ; Gegen-
baur, Beobachtungen iiber Schwimm-polypen, Zeitschr. fiir Wiss. Zool., 1854.)

B

18 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

?"Bfli S s .5
f" §•*" 2 £ S -13

5^*0

CCELENTEEATA.

19

SUB-CLASS II. — SIPHONOPHORA.

ORDER I. — CALYCOPHORID^E. — Diphyes, Praya (fig. 13),
Vogtia.

vs

Fig. 14. — Physophoridse. A, Physophora Philippi: p, The pneumatophore ; n n, The
nectocalyces ; h h, Hydrocysts ; a a, Polypites ; t, Tentacles. B, Physaliapelagica. c, VeUtta,
spirans. D, One of the smaller polypites (phyogemmaria) of the same, showing (o) the mouth,
(c) elevations studded with thread-cells, and (m) medusoid buds.

20

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

OEDER II. — PHYSOPHORID,E. — Physophora (fig. 14), Physalia
(Portuguese Man-of-war, fig. 14), Veldla (fig. 14 c),
Porpita, Agalma, Stephanomia.

SUB-CLASS III. — LUCERNARIDA.

SECTION I. — CALYCOZOA (Podactinaria).

Order. — LUCERN ARIADNE. — Lucernaria, Carduella, Depas-
trum.

SECTION II. — ACRASPEDA.
Order I. — MONOSTOMATA.

Fam. 1. Pelagidae. — Pelagia.
Fam. 2. Cyaneidee. — Cyanea.
Fam. 3. Aureliidse. — Aurelia.

Order II. — EHIZOSTOMATA.

Fam. 1. Khizostomidse. — EJiizostoma

(fig. 15).

Fam. 2 Cepheida3. — Cephea.
Fam. 3. Polyclonidse. — Polyclonia.
Fam. 4. Cassiopeidse. — Cassiopeia.
Fam. 5. Crainbessidse. — Crarribessa.

(Huxley, On the Anatomy and Affinities of the
Family of the Medusidce, Phil. Trans., 1849 ;
Kg. i6.-Generative zooid Brandt Ueler Rhizostoma Cuvieri, Mem. Acad.

of Rhizostoma pulmo, reduced

in size. (After Gosse.) St Petersbourg, 1870.)

SUB-CLASS IV. — *GRAPTOLITID^E.

ORDER I. — MONOPRIONID^E. — Monograptus, Didymograptus,
Tetragraptus, Dichograptus.

ORDER II. — DIPRIONID^E. — Diplograptus, Climacograptus.
ORDER III. — TETRAPRIONID^E. — PhyllograptiLs.
ORDER IV. — EETIOLOIDEA. — Eetiolites.

CCELENTERATA.

21

(Hall, Graptolites of the Quebec Series, 1865 ; Nicholson, Monograph of
the British Graptolitidce, 1872 ; Lapwortli, Notes on British Graptolites,
Geol. Mag., 1873.)

SUB-CLASS V. — HYDROCORALLIISLE.

Fam. 1. Milleporidse. — Millepora (fig. 16).
Fam. 2. Stylasteridse. — Stylaster, Pliobothrus, Errina, Dis-
ticlwpora.

(H. N. Moseley, Report on certain Hydroid, Alcyonarian, and Madrepo-
rarian Corals, Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S.
Challenger, 1881.)

Fig. 16. — Enlarged view of a portion of the surface of a living colony of Millepora nodosa,
showing the expanded zoflids of a single system, a, Central " gastrozooid ; " 6, One of the
mouthless " dactyl ozooids." (After Moseley.)

CLASS II.— ACTINOZOA.

ORDER I. — ZOANTHARIA.

Sub-ord. 1. Zoantharia malacodermata,

Fam. a. Actinidse (Sea-anemones). — Actinia (fig. 1*7),
Tealia, Sagartia, Mini/as.

22 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fain. 6. Ilyanthidse. — Ilyanthus, Arachnactis, Ed-

wardsia.
Fam. c. Zoanthidse. — Zoanthus, Palytlwa.

Fig. 17. — A, Actinia, mesembryanthemum, one of the Sea-anemones (after Johnston). B, Sec-
tion of the same, showing the mouth (a), the stomach (6), and the body-cavity (c) ; t, Tenta-
cle ; m, Face of a mesentery.

Sub-ord. 2. Zoantharia sclerobasica.
Fam. a. Antipathidse. — Antipathes.

Sub-ord. 3. Zoantharia sclerodermata (Madreporaria).
Section A. Perforata.

Fam. a. Poritidse. — Porites, Alveopora.

Fam. b. *Favositidse. — Favosites, Michelinia, Alveo-

lites.

Fam. c, *Syringoporidae. — Syringopora.
Fam. d. Eupsammidse. — Balanophyllia, Dendrophyl-

lia.
Fam. e. Madreporidse. — Madrepora.

Section B. Aporosa.

Fam. a. Fungidse. — Fungia.

Fam. b. Pseudofungidse. — Merulina.

Fam. c. Astrseidse. — Astrcea, Meandrina, Diploma.

Fam. d. *Columnariad8e. — Columnaria.

CCELENTERATA. 23

Tarn. e. Oculinidse. — Oculina, Lopholielia, Amphi-

helia.

Fam. /. Pseudoturbinolidse. — Dastnia.
Fam. g. Turbinolidae. — Turbinolia, Flabellum.

(Oscar Hertwig and Richard Hertwig, Die Actinien, Jena, 1879 ;
Gosse, Actinologia Britannica, 1860 ; Dana, Report on Zoophytes, 1849 ;
Milne-Edwards and Haime, Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857-60.)

Fig. IS. — Astrcea pallida, a compound sclerodermic Coral, in a living condition.
(After Dana.)

ORDEE II. — ALCYONARIA.

Fam. a. Alcyonidae. — Alcyonium (Dead-men's Fingers),
Rhizoxenia.

Fam. 5. Tubiporidse. — Tubipora (Organ-pipe Coral).

Fam. c. Pennatulidse. — Pennatula (Sea-pen, fig. 20),
Virgularia (Sea-rod), Veretillum (fig. 19), Renilla,
Pavonaria.

Fam. d. Gorgonidse. — Gforgonia (Sea-shrub), Isis, Coral-
Hum (Eed Coral), Khipidogorgia (Fan-coral, fig. 21),
Mopsea.

Fam. e. Helioporidse. — Reliopora.

Fam. /. *Halysitidse. — Halysites.

Fam. g. *Tetradiidse. — Tetradium.

Fam. li. *Thecidse. — Thecia.

24

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 19. — Colony of Veretillum
cynomorium, of the natural size, with
the polypes protruded.

Fig. 20. — Pennatula sulcata, seen
from the dorsal side. Slightly
reduced, after Kolliker.

Fig. 21. — A, Fragment of the common Fan-coral (Rhipidogorgia flabellum), reduced about
one-half. B, Portion of the same enlarged, showing the polype-cells, c, Branchlet of the
same partly denuded of the soft parts, and showing the horny axis (a), n, E, and r, Flesh-
spicules ("dertnosclerites") of Gorgonidoe, greatly enlarged : p, of Gorgoiiia, radula; E, of
Sclerogorgia suberosa; F, of Melithcea ochracea. (After A. Agassiz and Kolliker.)

CCELENTERATA. 25

Fam. i. *Ch8etetidse — Chcetetes.

Fam. j. *Monticuliporidse. — Monticulipora.

Fam. L *Auloporidse. — Aulopora.

(Kolliker, Anatomisch-systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien, 1870 ;
Kolliker, Report on the Pennatulida, Eeport of the Scientific Results of
the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1881 ; H. N. Moseley, Report on certain
Hydroid, Alcyonarian, and Madreporarian Corals, ibid., 1881 ; Nicholson,
On the Structure and' Affinities of the " Tabulate Corals " of the Palaeozoic
Period, 1879.)

OEDER III. — *KUGOSA.

Fam. a. Stauridse. — Stauria (fig. 22), Holocystis.

Fam. &. Cyathaxonidse. — Cyathcuconia.

Fam. c. Cyathophyllidee. — Cyathophyllum, Heliopliyl-

lum, Zaphrentis.
Fam. d. Cystiphyllidse. — Cystipliyllum, GoniopJiyllum.

(Milne-Edwards and Haime, Polypiers fossiles des terrains pale'ozoiques,
1851.)

Fig. 22.— A few ealices of Stauria astr&iformis, enlarged, showing the four primary
septa forming a four-branched cross. Upper Silurian. (After Milne-Edwards and
Haime.)

ORDER IV. — CTENOPHORA.

Sub-ord. 1. Eurystomata. — Beroe, Idyia.

Sub-ord. 2. Saccatse. — Pleurdbrachia, Hormiphora.

Sub-ord. 3. Lobatse. — Bolina.

Sub-ord. 4. Tseniatse. — Cestum (Venus's Girdle, fig. 23).

26

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

(Gegenbaur, Studien uber Organisation und Systematik der Gtenoplioren,
Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1856 ; L. Agassiz, Contributions to the Natural
History of the United States of America, vol. iii., 1860.)

Fig. 23. — Ctenophora. Cesium Veneris, reduced in size.

SUB-KINGDOM (TYPE) III.—ECHINODEEMATA.

SIMPLE marine organisms, which are mostly bilaterally sym-
metrical when young, but which in the adult condition have
this bilateral symmetry more or less extensively masked by
a radial (usually pentamerous) arrangement of their parts.
An alimentary canal, with or without a distinct anus, separ-
ate from the proper body-cavity. A system of water-vessels,
often communicating directly with the exterior, and generally
connected with protrusible tubes (" feet "), is present. The
nervous system is radiate, consisting of an cesophageal ring
and radiating branches. The integument is characteristi-
cally hardened by the deposition in it of carbonate of lime
in the form of plates, granules, or spicules.

ORDER I. — ECHINOIDEA (Sea-Urchins).
Sub-ord. 1. Eegularia (Desmosticha).

Fain. a. Cidaridse. — Cidaris, Porocidaris.

Fam. &. Arbaciadse. — Arbacia, CwlopleuriLS.

Fam. c. Diadem atidse. — Diadema, Aspidodiadema,

Hemicidaris.

Fam. d. Saleniadse. — Salenia.
Fam. e. Temnopleuridse. — Temnechinus.
Fam. /. Echinidse. — Echinus.
Fam. g. Echinothuridse. — Asthcnosoma, Phwmosoma,

Echinothuria.

Sub-ord. 2. *Perischoechimdse.

Fam. a. *Archseocidaridse. — Arckceocidaris.
Fain. b. *Palsechinidpe. — Palcechinus.

28

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 3. Irregularia.

Fam. a. Echinoconidse. — Pygaster, *Galerites.

Fam. b. Clypeastridae. — Clypeaster, EcMtwcyamus, Fibu-

laria.
Fam. c. Scutellidse. — Mellita, Rotula, Echinarachnius,

Fam. d. Echinoneidse. — Echinoneus.

Fam. e. Echinobrissidae. — Nudeolites.

Fam. /. Echinolampadae (Cassidulidae). — EcJiinolampas,

Rhynclwpygus.

Fam. g. *Collyritidse (Dysastridse). — Colly rites.
Fam. h. *Ananchytidse. — Ananchytes.
Fam. i. Spatangidse. — Spatangus, Amphidetus, Brissus,

*Micraster.

(L. Agassiz, Monographic d'Echinodermes vivans et fossiles, 1838-42 ; A.
Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, 1874 ; Loven, Etudes sur les Echino'ides,
1874 ; A. Agassiz, Report on the Echinoidea, Report of the Scientific Re-
sults of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1881.)

Fig. 24. — Echinoidea. Test of Echinus esculentus, viewed from above, a, One of the
ambulacral areas ; ia, One of the interambulacral areas.

ECHINODERMATA.

29

OKDER II. — ASTEEOIDEA (Star-fishes).

Fam. a. Asteracanthiidse. — Uraster (Asteracanthicni),

Heliaster.

Fam. &. Solasteridse. — Rolaster, Crilella (Echinaster).
Fam. c. Linckiad&e. — Linckia.
Fam. d. Asterinidae. — Asterina, Palmipes, Gfoniaster,

Culcita.
Fam. e. Astropectinidae. — Astropecten (Asterias), Cteno-

discus, Luidia, Archaster.
Fam. f. Pterasteridse. — Pteraster, Hymenaster.
Fam. g. Brisingidae. — Brisinga.
Fam. h. *Palaeasterida3. — Palceaster.

Fig. 25. — Asteroidea. Archaster bifrons, viewed from the dorsal aspect. Three-fourths
of the natural size. (After Sir Wyville Thomson.)

30 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

(Miiller and Troschel, System der Asteriden, 1842 ; A. Agassiz, North
American Star-fishes, Cambridge, Mass., 1877 ; E. Perrier, Revision de la
Collection de Stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris, Archiv de
Zool. Exper., 1876.)

ORDER III. — OPHIUROIDEA (Brittle-stars).

Fam. a. Ophiuridse. — Ophiura, Ophioglypha (fig. 26),

OpJiiolepis, Ophiocoma.
Fam. &. Euryalidse. — AsleropTiyton (Euryale), Aster onyx.

(Lyman, Ophiuridce and Astrophytidce, Cat. of the Museum of Comp.
Zool. at Harvard, 1865 ; Lutken, Additamenta ad historiam Ophiuridarum,
1859 ; Ludwig, Morphologische Studien an Echinodermen, 1880.)

Pig. 26. — Ophiuroidea. Ophioglypha lacertosa : A, Outline, of the natural size ; B, The
disc viewed from above, twice the natural size ; c, The disc viewed from below, showing
the mouth and genital fissures, twice the natural size. (Original.)

ECHDsTODERMATA.

31

ORDER IV. — HOLOTHUROIDEA (Sea-cucumbers).
Sub-ord. 1. Apneumona.

Fam. a. Synaptidae. — Synapta, Chirodota, Anapta.
Fam. &. Oucinolabidse. — Oncinoldbes.

Sub-ord. 2. Pneumonophora.

Fam. a. Molpadiidse. — Molpadia.
Fam. b. Aspidochirotee. — Holothuria.
Fam. c. Dendrochirotse. — Cucumaria (Pentacta), Psolus,
Thyone.

(Selenka,Beitrtige zur Anatomic und Systematik der Holothurien, Zeitsckr.
fur Wiss. Zool., 1867-68. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen,
1868.)

—p

L-l

"- a,

Fig. 27. — Holothuroidea. Semi-diagrammatic longitudinal section of a Holothurian. t,
Tentacles ; r, Calcareous ring at the base of the tentacles ; p, Polian vesicle ; s, Sand-canal ;
i i i, Alimentary canal ; g, Duct of the reproductive ^organs ; d, Cloaca ; a, Anus ; 1 1, res-
piratory tree.

32 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

The Holothuroidea are often divided into primary sections, according
as they possess tube-feet or not. The families which are destitute of
tube-feet form the section Apoda, comprising the families Synaptidce, On-
cirwlabidce, and Molpadiidce. On the other hand, the families of the As-
pidochirotce and Dendrochirotce possess tube-feet, and form the section of
the Pediculata.

OEDER V. — CRINOIDEA (Sea-lilies).
Sub-ord. 1. Tesselata.

Fam. a. *Cyathocrinidse. — Cyathocrinus, Zeacrinus,

Fam. &. *Poteriocrinidae. — Poteriocrinus, Dendrocrinus.

Fam. c. *Marsupitidse. — Marsupites.

Fam. d. *Rhodocrinidee. — Rhodocrinus.

Fam. e. *Taxocrinidae. — Taxocrinus.

Fam. f. *Anthocrinidse. — Anthocrinus, Crotalocrinus.

Fam. g. *Haplocrinidse. — Haplocrinus, Coccocrinus.

Fam. h. *Pisocrinidoe. — Pisocrinus, Triacrinus.

Fam. i. *Actinocrinidse. — Actinocrinus, Periechocrinus.

Fam. j. *Melocrimdse. — Melocrinus.

Fam. k. *Platycrinid£e. — Platycrinus.

Fam. 1. *Carpocrinidse. — Hdbrocrinus.

Fam. m. *Eucalyptocrinid8e. — Eucalyptocrinus.

Fam. n. *Glyptocrinidse. — Glyptocrinus.

Fam. o. *Gasterocomidse. — Gasterocoma.

Fam. p. *Cupressocrinid8e. — Cupressocrinus.

Sub-ord. 2. Articulata.

*

Fam. a. *Encrinidse. — Encrinus.

Fain. &. *Eugeniacrinidse. — Eugeniacrinus.

Fam. c. Pentacrinidse. — Pentacrinus.

Fam. d. Apiocrinidce. — Rhizocrinus, Bathycrinus, *Bour-

gueticrinus, *Apiocrinus.
Fam. e. Holopidse. — Holopus, *Cyathidium.
Fam. f. *Plicatocrinidse. — Plicatocrinus.
Fam. g. Comatulidse. — Antedon (including the sub-

geriera Comatula, Actinometra, Solanocrinus, Phano-

genia, &c.)

ECHINODERMATA.

33

The Orinoidea are sometimes included with the Blastoidea and Cystoidea
to form a special section of Echinodermata, to which the name of Pelma-
tozoa is applied. If this course be followed, the Echinoidea, Asteroidea,
Ophiuroidea, and Holothuroidea will constitute a second great primary
division or class of Echinoderms, to which the name of Echinozoa may be
given.

(W. B. Carpenter, On the Structure, Physiology, and Development of Ante-
don rosaceus, Phil. Trans., vol. clvi., 1876 ; M. Sars, Memoires pour servir
a la connaissance des Orinoides vivants, Christiania, 1868 ; Wyville Thom-
son, Notice of New Living Grinoids belonging to tlie Apiocrinidce, Journ.
Linn. Soc., 1876 ; P. H. Carpenter, On the Oral and Apical Systems of
Echinoderms, Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., vol. xviii. ; Gotte, Vergleichende
Entwickelungsyeschichte der Comatula Mediterranea, Archiv fiir Mikros.
Anat., 1876 ; Schultze, Monographie der Echinodermen der Eifler Kallc,
Denkschr. der K. Akad. der Wiss., 1876.)

28.— Crinoidea. Comatula rosacea, a free Crinoid, viewed from its
dorsal or aboral aspect.

C

34 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 20.— Pentacrimis Macleaynmus, a living stalked Crinoid, slightly enlarged.

ECHINODERMATA. 35

ORDER VI. — """CYSTOIDEA.

Sub-ord. 1. Aporitidae. — Cryptocrinus, Malocystites.
Sub-ord. 2. Diploporitidse. — Splicer onites, Glyptosphcerites.
Sub-ord. 3. Rhombiferi. — Caryocrinus, Ifemicosmites,
Uckinoencrinus.

(Von Buch, Ueber Cystideen, Berlin, 1845 ; Billings, On the Cystidea of
the Lower Silurian Rocks of Canada, 1858.)

ORDER VII. — *BLASTOIDEA. — Pentrcmites, Nucleocrinus, Gran-
atocrinus.

(Ferd. Roemer, Monographic derfossilen Crinoiden-familie der Blastoiden
und der Gattuny Pentatrematites im Besonderen, Berlin, 1852.)

36

SUB-KINGDOM (TYPE) IV.—ANNULOSA.

THE body is usually more or less elongated, and is always
bilaterally symmetrical, instead of being radially disposed.
Typically, the body is composed of morphologically similar
segments, which may be definite or indefinite, and which are
arranged along a longitudinal axis. Lateral appendages may
be absent or present, and when present are bilaterally dis-
posed. A nervous system is present, consisting, in the
lower forms, of one or two anteriorly-placed ganglia, but
having typically the form of a ventrally-placed, double, gang-
liated chain.

DIVISION L— SCOLECIDA.

CLASS I.— PLATYELMIA (Flat-worms).

ORDER I. — T^NIOIDEA (CESTOIDEA).

Fam. a. Tjeniada. — Tcenia (fig. 30).

Fam. &. Bothriocephalidse (Dibothridae). — Bothrioceph-

alus.

.Fam. c. Diphyllidse. — Ecliindbothrium.
Fam. d. Tetraphyllidse. — Phylldbothrium.
Fam. e. Tetrarhynchidse. — Tetrarhynchus.
Fam. /. Ligulidse. — Ligida.
Fam. g. Caryophyllseidse. — CaryopJiyllceus.

(Van Beneden, Les vers Cestoides, Mem. Acad. de Bruxelles, 1850 ;
Leuckart, Die Blasenbandwurmer und ihre Entwickelung, Giessen, 1856 ;
Spencer Cobbold, Entosoa, An Introduction to the Study of Helminthology,
1864.)

ANNULOSA.

37

B

Fig. 30. — Tsenioidea. A, Tcenia sollum, of the natural size : o, "Head" or "nurse;"
b, One of the proglottides from the sexually mature part of the worm. B, A single mature
proglottis of the same, showing the genital pore (p) and the branched uterus (M).

ORDER II. — TREMATODA.

Sub-ord. 1. Distomata (Digenea). — Monostomum, Diplo-
stoma, Distoma (fig. 31), Gyncecophorus.

Sub-ord. 2. Polystomata (Monogenea). — Polystomum, Tris-
toma, Diplozoon, Gyrodactylus.

Myzostoma is a singular little organism, found living as a parasite upon
Comatula and other Crinoids, and showing many points of affinity to the

38 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Treniatode Worms. The possession, however, of a series of rudimentary
feet, provided with hooks, is a character which would separate it from the
Trematodes, and would rather indicate an alliance with the Chsetopod
Annelides.

(Pagenstecher, Trematoden-larven und Trematoden, Heidelberg, 1857 ;
Van Beneden and Hesse, Bdellodes et Trematodes marins, Mem. Acad. de
Bruxelles, 1863 and 1865 ; Sommer, Anatomie des Leberegels, Distoma
hej)aticum, Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool., 1880.)

Fig. 31.— A Trematode Worm (Din-
toma lanceokitum), enlarged, aa, An-
terior sucker, with the mouth at its
bottom ; ap, Posterior sucker ; o, Gul-
let, dividing behind into the two
branches of the intestine, which are
unbranched, and terminate behind
in blind extremities (i i); p, External
opening of the water-vessels, which
divide above so as to cross the blind
ends of the intestine. The remain-
ing letters refer to the different parts
of the reproductive organs.

rs

Fig. 32.— One of the Turbellarian Worms (Lep-
toplana tremellaris), enlarged, o, Mouth ; pr,
Proboscis; g. The principal nerve -ganglion,
placed in the anterior part of the body, and
giving off numerous radiating branches (ri) ; p,
Penis ; vd, Vas deferens ; vs, Vesicula seminalis ;
am, Opening of male reproductive organs ; t,
Teetis ; ov, Ovary ; it, Uterus, partly filled with
eggs ; of, Opening of the female reproductive
organs ; rs, Eeceptaeulum seminis ; ga, Albumi-
niparous gland.

ANNULOSA.

39

ORDER III. — TURBELLARIA.
Sub-ord. 1. Planarida.

Section A. Khabdoccela. — Prostomum, Opisthomum, Mac-
rostomum, Convoluta.

Section B. Dendrocoala. — Planaria, Geoplana, Lepto-
plana (fig. 32), Polycelis.

Sub-ord. 2. NEMERTIDA (Ribbon-worms).
Section A. Anopla. — Linens, Borlasia.
Section B. Enopla. — Nemertes, Tetrastemma.
Section C. Pelagoneinertida. — Pelagonemertes (fig. 33).

(Max Schultze, Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbdlarien, Greifswakl,
1851 ; Oersted, Entwurf einer Systematischen und Speciellen Beschreibung
der PlattTwrmer, Copenhagen, 1844 ; M'lntosh, A Monograph of the Brit-
ish Nemerteans, Kay Society, 1873-74.)

irtx

Fig. 33. — Nemertida. Pelagonemertes Rollestoni, a pelagic Nemertid, viewed from the ven-
tral surface, p, Proboscis, partially protruded ; m, Opening of the mouth ; i, Alimentary
canal, with its lateral diverticula, shaded darkly ; s, The sheath of the proboscis, more lightly
shaded ; « n, The nerve-ganglia, placed one on each side of the mouth, and each giving off
long lateral and backwardly-directed branch, external to which, on each side, is a row of
ovaries (o). (After Moseley.)

40

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

CLASS II.-NEMATELMIA (Round-worms).

ORDER I. — ACANTHOCEPHALA. — EcliinorhynchiLs (fig. 34).

(Pagenstecher, Echinorhynchus proteus, Zeitschr. fiir Wiss. Zool., 1863 ;
Lindemann, Anatomic der Acanthocephalen, Moscow, 1865 ; Von Linstow,
Zur Anatomie und EntwicJcelung von Echinorhynchus angustatus, Archiv
fiir Naturg., 1872.)

ORDER II. — GORDIACEA (Hair-worms).

Fam. a. Sphaerulariidre. — Sphcerularia.
Fam. b. Gordiidee. — Gordius (fig. 35).
Fam. c. Mermitidse. — Mermis.

(Lubbock, On Sphcerularia bombi, Natural History Review, 1861 ; A.
Villot, Monographic des Dragoneaux (Gordiidse), Archives de Zool. Exper.,
1874.)

Fig. 34.— Acanthocephala. A, Echinorliyn-
chus gigas, slightly enlarged. B, Head of the
same, still further enlarged.

Fig. 35. — Gordiacea. A, A small
individual of Gordius aquaticus, of the
natural size. B, Larva of Gordius sub-
furcatus, with its piercing proboscis
and two rows of hooks, enlarged.

ANNULOSA.

41

OJIDER III. — NEMATODA (XEMATOIDEA\

Section A. Acrophalli.

Fani. a. Trichocephalidse (Trichotrachelidte).
cephalus.

Fam. 1. Trichinidse. — Tri-
china.

Fam. c. Strongylidae. — Eu-
strongylus, Syngamus,Doch-
mius, Sclerostoma,

Section B. Hypophalli.

Fam. a. Spiraridse. — Spirop-

tera.
Fam. b. Cueullanidse (Cepha-

lota). — Cucullatms.
Fam. c. Filariidse. — Filaria.
Fam. d. Ascarida. — Ascaris,

Oxyuris.
Fam. e. Cheiracanthidee. —

Cheiracanthus.
Fam. /. Anguillulidse. —

RMbditis (fig. 36), Tyl-

enchus, Dorylaimus.

The -genera Cheetosoma and Rhabdogas-
ter include certain singular, free-living,
marine worms, which have a close rela-
tionship in their internal anatomy with
the ordinary Nematodes, but which have
the peculiarity that the ventral surface
carries a double row of bristles placed in
front of the anus. If these types are
included in the Nematoda, they must be
regarded as forming a special section of
the order.

— Tricho-

Fig. 36. — Nematoda. A, Khabditis
bioculata, female, enlarged. B, Por-
tion of the alimentary tract of Oxyuris
vermicularis, enlarged: g, Gullet; v,
Muscular gizzard; s, Chylific stom-
ach, or anterior end of the intestine
(i) ; oo, Ovaries ; p, Genital pore.

(Bastian, Monograph of the Anguillulidce or Free Nematoids, Linn. Trans.,
1865 ; Schneider, Monographic der Nematoden, Berlin, 1866 ; Leuckart,
Die Menschlichen Parasiten, Bd. II., 1876.)

42

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

CLASS III.— ROTIFERA (ROTATORIA, Wheel-animalcules).

ORDER I. — HOLOTROCHA. — (Ecistes, Conochilus.
ORDER II. — SCHIZOTKOCHA.

Fam. a. Megalotrocliidse. — Megalotrocha.

Fam. b. Flosculariidse. — Floscu-

laria, Melicerta, Stephanoceros.
Fam. c. Hydatinidse. — Hydatina,
Eosphora (fig. 3*7), Notommata,
Polyarthra, Euchlanis.

ORDER III. — ZYGOTROCHA.

Fam. a. Philodinidse. — PMlodina,

Rotifer.
Fam. b. Brachionidte. — Brachionus.

OIIDER IV. — GASTEODELA.

Fam. a. Asplanclinida?. — As-
planchna.

ORDER V. — PARASITICA.

Fam. a. Albertiidse. — Albertia,
JBalatro.

ORDER VI. — GASTROTKICHA.

Fam. a. Chsetonotidae. — Ichtky-
dium, Chcetonotus.

The ChcetonotidcK, or Hairy-backed Ani-
malcules, constitute an aberrant group of
Rotifers, and are often placed among the
Tiirbellaria, or regarded as belonging to the
Oligochsetous Annelicles.
The genera Albertia, Seison, and Balatro comprise certain abnormal
Rotifers, in which there is no wheel-organ, and the cilia are either greatly
reduced or wholly wanting. They are ecto- or endo-parasites.

The genus Pedalion comprises Rotifers with limb-like appendages,
moved by special muscles, and it is sometimes regarded as the type of a
special section of the Rotifers (Arthroptera).

The genus Echinoderes, lastly, includes certain minute marine organ-
isms, in which the body is imperfectly segmented, but there are no limbs.
The anterior segment of the body is furnished with booklets, and consti-
tutes a protrusible proboscis. The genus forms a link between the Scol-
ecids and the higher Anmilosa.

Fig. 37. — Rotifera. Eosphora
aurita, enlarged 250 diameters.
(\fter Gosse.)

ANNULOSA. 43

(Leydig, Ueber den Bau und die systematische Stellung der Rdderthiere,
Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool., 1851 and 1854 ; Gosse, On the Structure, Func-
tions, and Homologies of the Manducatory Organs of the Class Rotifera, Phil.
Trans., 1856 ; Grenacher, Beobachtungen iiber Raderthiere, Zeitschr. fur
Wiss. Zool., 1869 ; Huxley, Lacinularia socialis, Trans. Micros. Soc., 1853.)

DIVISION II.— ANAETHEOPODA.

CLASS I.— GEPHYREA (Spoon- worms).
ORDEU I. — GEPHYEEA IXEKMIA.

Fam. a. Priapulidse. — Priapulus.

Fam. b. Sipunculidse. — Sipunculus (fig. 38), Phascolo-

soma.
OKDER II. — GEPHYREA ARMATA.

Fam. a. Echiuridse. — Echiurus, Tkalassema.
Fam. b. Bonelliadse. — Bonellia.

Fig. 38. — Gephyrea. Sipunculus Indicus, of tlic natural size. (After Keferstcin.)

The genus Sternaspis, which has been often placed among the Gephyrea,
is now regarded as an Annelide.

The genus Phoronis, on the other hand, usually placed among the
Tubicolar Annelides, is sometimes looked upon as the type of a special
section of Gephyrea.

(Keferstein, Beitriige zur anatorn.ischen und systematischen Kenntniss der
Sipunculiden, Zeitschr. fiir Wiss. Zool., 1865 and 1867 ; Semper, Mitthei-
lungen iiber Sipunculiden, Zeitschr. fiir Wiss. Zool., 1864.)

44

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

CLASS II.— ANNELIDA (Ringed Worms).
OKDER I. — HIRUDINEA (DISCOPHORA, LEECHES).

Fam. a. Malacobdellidse. — Malacdbdella.
Tarn. &. Acanthobdellidse. — Acanthobdella.
Fam. c. Branchiobdellidse. — Branchiobdella.
Fam. d. Clepsinidse. — Clepsine, Piscicola (fig. 39).
Fam. e. Hirudinidse. — Sangwsuga (HirwLo), Trochetia,
Nephelis (fig. 39), Hcemopsis, Pontobdella (fig. 39).

Fig. 39.— Hirudinea. A, Semi-diagrammatic view of Piscicola geometrica, enlarged : a, The
anterior, and p, the posterior sucker ; g, The pharynx, with the proboscis; c, The proven-
triculus ; s, The proper stomach ; o, Sphincter separating the stomach from the intestine ;
i, Intestine, with lateral cssca ; r, Rectum, terminating in the aperture of the anus. B, Pon-
tobdella muricata, of the natural size : a, Anterior, and p, posterior sucker, c, Nephelis
octoculato:, viewed from above, of the natural size : I, Upper lip, carrying the eye-spots ; c,
Posterior sucker. D, Cocoon of the preceding, with eggs, enlarged. E, An older cocoon of
the same, with young leeches, enlarged. (After Leydig and Moquin-Tandon.)

ANNULOSA.

45

The genus Malacobdella is sometimes regarded as belonging to the
Nemertida. The genus Histriobdella is of doubtful affinities, but is usu-
ally referred to the present order.

(Moquin-Tandon, Monographic de la Famille des Hirudinees, 1846 ; Ley-
dig, Zur Anatomic von Piscicola geometrica, Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool., 1849 ;
Dorner, Ueber die Gattung Branchiobdella, Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool., 1865.)

(Claparede, Becherches anatomiques sur les Oligochcetes, Geneva, 1862 ;
Lankester, On the Anatomy of the Earthworm, Journ. Micros. Sci., 1864,
1865 ; Eatzel, Beitrage zur anatomischen und systematischen Kenntniss der
Oligochceten, Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool., 1868.)

Fig. 40.— Oligochffita. A, Anterior portion of Tubifex rivulorum, enlarged : p, Pharynx ;
i i, Alimentary canal ; d d, Dorsal vessel ; h, One of the "hearts " or contractile dilatations
of the pseudohsemal vessels. B, Anterior portion of Lumbricus terrestris, laid open and en-
larged : o, Mouth ; p, Pharynx ; g, Gullet ; m, (Esophageal glands ; c, Proventriculus ; s,
Gizzard; i, Intestine; Ji, One of the "hearts," borne on the side of the dorsal vessel ; t,
Testes ; sp, Spcrmatheca>. (After Lankester.)

40 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

ORDER II. — OLIGOCILETA.

Fam. a. Naiididte. — Nais, Acolosoma.

Fam. b. Enchytrseidse. — Enchytrceus, Chcctogaster.

Fam. c. Sasnuridae. — Tubifex (Scenuris), (fig. 40), Lim-

nodrilus.
Fam. d. Lumbricida?. — Lumbricus (Earthworm), Crio-

drihis.

ORDER III. — POLYCILETA.

Sub-ord. 1. Tubicola (Sedentaria).

Fam. a. Hermellidse. — Sabellaria (Hermclla).

Fam. &. Terebellidai. — Terebella, Amphitritc.

Fam. c. Amphictenidse. — Pectinaria.

Fam. d. Sabellidae. — Sdbetla, Amphicora.

Fain. e. Serpulidea. — Serpula, Spirorbis, Filograna.

Sub-ord. 2. Errantia.

Fam. a. Aphroditidse. — Aphrodite (Sea-mouse).

Fam. &. Polynoides. — Polynoe, Lepidonotus, Halosydna.

Fam. c. Sigalionidse. — Sigalion.

Fam. d. Nephthydidse. — NepJithys.

Fam. e. Phyllodocida?. — Phyllodoce.

Fam./. Hesionidre. — Castalia.

Fam. //. Syllidre. — St/llis, Autolytus.

Fam. li. Nereides. — Nereis, Alitta.

Fam. i. Lumbriconereidte. — Lumbriconercis.

Fam. j. Eunicidte. — Eunice.

Fam. /,'. Amphinomidffi. — Amphinomc.

Fam. 1. Glyceridae. — Glycera,

Fam. m. Telethusidaa. — Arenicola.

Fam. n. Spionidse. — Nerine, Spio.

Fain. o. Cirratulid83. — Cirratulus.

Fam. p. Tomopteridse. — Tomopteris.

ANNULOSA.

47

Only the principal families of the Annelida are given above. The
genus Tomopteris is often considered as forming a special section of the
Polychsetous Annelides, to which the name of Gymnocopa (Grube) has
been given. The aberrant genus Polygordius is also sometimes referred
to a special division of the Annelida, characterised, among other things,
by the absence of seise and parapodia.

(Quatrefages, Histoire Naturelle des Anneles marins et tfeau douce, Paris,
1863 ; M'Intosh, Article "Annelides," Encyclop. Britann., 1875 ; Ehlers,
Die Borstenwurmer, Leipzig, 1864 and 1868.)

Pig. 41. — Annelida. A, Head of Nereis incerta, viewed from beneath, and enlarged (after
Quatrefages) : d, The principal pair of chitinous jaws (the dark dots on the lobe behind these
are smaller denticles) ; pa', Internal pair of palpi ; pa, External or greater pair of palpi ; 1 1 t,
Tentacles. B, Foot-tubercle of Nereis, enlarged : no, Notopodium ; lie, Neuropodium ; c,
Dorsal cirrus ; c', Ventral cirrus; 666, Branchial filaments; a, Aciculse; ss, Sete attached
to the dorsal and ventral oars.

CLASS III.-CKETOGNATHA (Arrow-worms).

Genus Sagitta (fig. 42).

(Krolm, Anatomisch-physiologische Beobachtungen uber die Sagitta bipunc-
tata, Hamburg, 1844 ; Gegenbaur, Ueber die Entivickeluny der Sagitta,
Halle, 1856 ; Busk, Species of Sagitta, Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., 1856.)

The genus Balanoglpssiis is an aberrant type, which is sometimes placed
in the neighbourhood of the Nemertean worms ; while others regard it
as the representative of a special section of the Anarthropoda, to which
the name of Enteropneusta is applied.

48

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 42. — Morphology of Chastognatha. A, Sagitta tricuspidata, of the natural size : o, One
of the ovaries ; sp, Orifice of one of male organs of reproduction. B, Head of the same,
viewed from beneath and greatly enlarged, showing the horny, setiform jaws. (After Saville
Kent.)

DIVISION III.— AETHEOPODA.

CLASS I.-CEUSTACEA.

SUB-CLASS I. — EPJZOA.

ORDER I. — ICHTHYOPHTHIRA. — Lerncea, Achthcres, Tracheli-
astes (fig. 43), Diocus (fig. 43), Chondracanthus,
Nicothoe, Caligus.

The Ichthyophthira do not form a natural division of the Cnistacea, but
may rather be more properly regarded as comprising types which are
fundamentally allied to the Copepods, but which have undergone degra-
dation in consequence of their parasitic mode of life.

(Nordmann, Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss parasitischen Copepoden, Bull,
de la Soc. des nat. de Moscou, 1864 ; Glaus, Seobachtungen -fiber Lernce-
ocera, Peniculm, imd Lerncea, Marburg, 1868 ; Glaus, Ueber den Ban und
die Entwidcelung von Aclitheres percarum, Zeitschr. fiir Wiss. Zool., 1861.)

OHDER II. — EHIZOCEPHALA. — Saccnlina, Pdtogastcr, Lerncco-
diseus.

(Fr. Miiller, Die Rhizoceplialen, Archiv fiir Naturg., 1874.)

ANNULOSA.

49

Fig. 43. — Ichthyophthira. A, Female of Tracheliastes polycolpus, enlarged about eight
times (after Nordmann) : m. Second pair of maxillipedes, united at their extremities to form
an adhesive disc ; a, Prehensile antennae ; o, Ovisacs. B, Female of Diocus gobinus, enlarged
four times : o, Ovisacs. c, Pigmy male of the preceding, enlarged thirty-eight times. (After
Steenstrup and Liitken.)

ORDER III. — CIRRIPEDIA.
Sub-ord. 1. Thoracica.

Fam. a. Balanidae (Acorn-shells). — Balanus, Pyryinna,

Coronula, Chthamalus.
Fam. 1. Verrucidae. — Verruca.
Fam. c. Lepadidae (Barnacles). — Lepas (fig. 44), Puicil-

asftna, Pollicipes, Scalpellum.

Sub-ord. 2. Abdominalia. — Cryptophialus.

Sub-ord. 3. Apoda. — Proteolepas.

D

50 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

(Darwin, A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, Ray Society, 1851-54 ;
Pagenstecher, Beitrage zur Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte von Lepas
pectinata, Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool., 1863 ; Von Willemoes-Suhm, On the
Development of Lepas fascicularis and the 'Archizoea ' of the Cirripedia, Phil.
Trans., 1876.)

Fig. 44.— Two fully grown individuals of the common Barnacle (Lepas anatifera), grow-
ing upon a foreign body, p, The stalk of attachment ; c, The body of the animal enclosed
in a shell, from which the legs can be protruded.

SUB-CLASS II. — ENTOMOSTRACA,
ORDER I. — OSTRACODA.

Sub-ord. 1. Podocopa.

Fam. a. Cypridse. — -Cypris (fig. 45), Candona.
Fam. b. CytheTidsz.—Cythere, Limnocythere.

Sub-ord. 2. Mydocopa.

Fam. a. Cypridinidae. — Cypridina (fig. 45), *Entomis.
Fam. b. Entomoconchidse. — Heterodesmus.
Fam. c. Conchoeciadse. — Halocypris.

Sub-ord. 3. Cladocopa.

Fam. a. Polycopidae. — Polycope.

ANNULOSA.

51

Sub-ord. 4. Platycopa.

Fam. a. Cytherellidee — Cytherella.

(G. S. Brady, A Monograph of tlie Recent British Ostracoda, Trans. Linn.
Soc., 1866 ; G. 0. Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, 1865.)

Fig. 45. — Ostracoda. A, Cypridina Alessiiietisis, viewed from the side, and greatly en-
larged, one-half of tire shell being removed ; B, Cyprisfusca, viewed from the side, and less
highly magnified, the shell-valves being retained, but slightly displaced : o, Antennules; an,
Antennas ; o, Eye ; </, Ocellus ; c, Heart ; s, Stomach ; /, Whip-like appendage for the reten-
tion of the brood ; aft, Extremity of the abdomen ; m, Mandibular appendage ymx, The first,
second, and third maxilkc.

ORDER II. — COPEPODA.

Fam. a. Cyclopidse. — Cyclops (fig. 46), Cydopma.
Fam. b. Calanidse. — Calanus, Pontella.
Fam. c. Notodelphyidse. — Notodelphys.
Fam. d. Harpacticidse. — ffarpacticus.

(G. S. Brady, A Monograph of the Free and Semi-parasitic Copepoda of
the British Islands, Eay Society, 1878-79 ; Clans, Die frei-kbenden Cope-
poden, Leipzig, 1863.)

52

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 46. — Copepoda. A, Female of Cyclops asquoreus, seen from above, and greatly en-
larged, with the external ovisacs. B, Female of Cydopiiw. littoralis, viewed from one side,
and greatly enlarged. (After G. S. Brady.)

c

Fig. 47.— Cladocera. Bosmina Icevis, greatly enlarged, the internal organs showing through
the translucent shell : a, Antennules ; an, Antennae ; c, Cephalic ganglion, terminating in
front in a mass of ganglion-cells at the base of the antennules ; e, Eye ; m, Mandible ; i,
Alimentary canal; g, Shell-gland; h, Heart; o, Ovum contained in the brood sac; ab, Ex-
tremity of the abdomen, with terminal claw-like appendages. (After Leydig.)

ANNULOSA.

53

ORDER III. — CLADOCERA.

i Fam. a. Daphniidse. — Daphnia, Bosmina (fig. 47).
/ Fam. &. Lynceidse. — Lynceus.

Fam. c. Polyphemidse. — Polyphemus.
Fam. d. Sididae. — Sida, Daphnella.

(Leydig, Naturgeschichte der Daphniden, 1860 ; Norman and Brady, A
Monograph of the British Entomostraca belonging to the families Bosminidce,
Macrothricidce, and Lynceidce, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, 1867.)

ORDER IV. — PHYLLOPODA.

Fam. a. Apodidse. — Apus (fig. 48), Lepidurus.

Fam. b. Branchipodidae. — Brancliipus, Artemia.

Fam. c. Estheriidse. — Estheria, Limnadia.

Fam. d, Nebaliidse. — Nebalia (fig. 48).

Fam. e. *Peltocaridoe. — Peltocaris, Aptychopsis.

Fig. 48.- Tliyllopoda. A, Nebalia Herbstii, enlarged about three times.
B, Apus cancriformis, viewed from above.

54

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

The genus Nebalia is a transitional form, which is in many respects
intermediate between the Phyllopods and the Stomapods. By its de-
velopment it would appear to be referable rather to the Malacostra'ca
than to the Entomostraca, in which case it must be placed in or near the
order of the Stomapoda.

(Glaus, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Entomostraken, Marburg, 1860 ;
Grube, Ueber die Gattungen Estheria und Limnadia und einen neuen Apus,
Archiv fiir Naturg., 1865.)

ORDEK V. — *Trilobita. — Asaphus, Calymene, Illcenus (fig. 49),
Agnostus, Paradoxides.

(Barrande, Systems Silurien de la BoMme, vol. i., 1852 and 1872.)

Fig. 49. — A, A complete example of Ilbenus Davisii, in its unrolled state. B, Hypostomeof
the same, c, Illcenus (Bumastus) Barriensis, rolled up. Lower Silurian. (After Salter.)

ORDER VI. — MEROSTOMATA.

Sub-ord. 1. Xiphosura. — Limulus.

Sub-ord. 2. *Eurypterida. — Pterygotus, Slimonia.

(Owen, On the Anatomy and Development of the American King Crab,
Trans. Linn. Soc., 1872 ; Packard, The Anatomy, Histology, and Embry-
ology of Limulus polyphemus, Anniversary Mem. of the Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., 1880 ; Kay Lankester, Limulus an Arachnid, Quart. Journ. Micros.
Science, 1881 ; H. Woodward, Monograph of the Fossil Merostomata, Pala>
ontographical Society, 1866-72.)

Various authorities at the present day are of opinion that Limulus

ANNULOSA. 55

is not properly referable to the Crustacea^ but that it is a peculiarly modi-
tied branchiate type of the Arachnida.

SUB-CLASS III. — MALACOSTRACA.
DIVISION A. — EDRIOPHTHALMATA.

ORDER I. — L^IMODIPODA.

Fam. a. Caprellidse. — Caprdla (fig. 50), Protella.
Fam. b. Cyamidae. — Cyamus.

Fig. 50. — Lsemodipoda. Caprella lobata, enlarged about six times.
(After Spence Bate and Westwood.)

The Lcemodipoda are commonly regarded as a mere section of the
Amphipoda.

(Spence Bate and Westwood, History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea,
vol. ii., 1868.)

ORDER II. — AMPHIPODA.
Section 1. Garnmarinse.

Fam. a. Orchestiida?. — Orchestia, Talitrus (Sandhopper,

fig. 51).
Fam. b. Gammaridse. — Gfammarus (Freshwater Shrimp,

fig. 51), Sulcator, Kroyera.
Fam. c. Corophiidse. — Corophium.
Fam. d. Cheluridse. — Ckelura.

Section 2. Hyperinse.

Fam. a. Hyperiidse. — Hyperia.
Fam. b. Phronimidse. — Phronima.

56 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

(Spence Bate and Westwood, History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea,
1868 ; Kroyer, Gronlands Amphipoder beskrcevne, Kon. Danske Selsk.
Naturvkl. Afhandlgr., 1836.)

Pig. 51.— Amphipoda. A, Talitrus locusta, the " Sandhopper," enlarged. B, Gammanis
locusta, enlarged about four times. (After Spenee Bate and Westwood.)

ORDER III. — ISOPODA.

Section 1. Anisopoda.

Fam. a. Tanaidse. — Tanais.
Fam. &. Anthuridae. — Anthura.
Fam. c. Anceidse. — Anceus.

Section 2. Euisopoda.

Fam. a. Cymothoidse. — Cymothoa, &ga, Serolis (fig. 52).

Fam. b. Sphseromidse. — Sphceroma.

Fam. c. Idoteidse. — Idotea (fig. 52), Arcturus (fig. 52).

Fam. d. Munnopsidse. — Munnopsis.

Fam. c. Asellidae. — Asellus, Munna, Limnoria (Gribble).

ANNULOSA. 57

Fam. /. Bopyridse. — Bopyrus, Cryptoniscus.
Fam. g. Oniscidse. — Oniscus (Wood-louse), Ligia, Arma-
dillo.

(Spence Bate and Westwood, History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea,
vol. ii., 1868.)

Fig. 52. — Isopoda. A, Idotea entomon, enlarged. B, Arctunis longicornis, enlarged, c,
Serolis Scythei: a, Antennse ; an, Antennules. (After Gerstsecker, Spence Bate and West-
wood, and Liitken.)

DIVISION B. PODOPHTHALMATA.

ORDER I. — STOMATOPODA or STOMAPODA.

Fam. a. Squillidae. — Squilla (Locust-shrimp, fig. 53),

Gonodactylus.

Fam. b. Lophogastridse. — Lophogaster.
Fam. c. Euphausiidse. — Euphausia.
Fam. d. Mysidse. — Mysis (Opossum-shrimp).
Fam. e. Leuciferidse. — Leucifer.

The families Lophogastridce, Euphausiidw, and Mysidce are often regarded
as a separate section of the Stalk-eyed Crustaceans, to which the name of
Schizopoda is given. The Leuciferida, also, are often looked upon as a
family of the Macrurous Decapods.

58

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

ORDER II. — DECAPODA.

Tribe 1. Macrura.

Fam. a. Diastylidee. — Diastylis (= Cuma).

Fa.ro. J. Penseidse. — Penceus.

Fam. c. Candidas — Pcdcemon (Prawn), Pandcdus, Hippo-
lyte, Alpheus, Crangon (Shrimp).

Fam. d. Astacida?, — Astacus (Cray-fish), Homarus (Lob-
ster), Nephrops (Norway Lobster).

Fam. e. Palhmridse. — Scyllarus, Palinurus (Spiny Lob-
ster), *Eryon.

Fam./. Thalassinida?. — Calianassa, Thalassina.

The family DiastylidtE is often regarded as a special subdivision of the
Crustacea, under the name of the Cumacea.

Fig. 53.— Syuilla mantis, the Locust
Shrimp.

Fig. 54.— The Common Cray-fish (Astacus fluri-
atilis), viewed from below: a, Antennules; 6,
Large antenna ; c, Eyes ; d, Opening of antennary
gland; e, Last pair of foot-jaws;/, One of the great
chelse ; g, Fifth thoracic limbs ; h, Swimmerets ;
i, The last pair of swimmerets ; j. The opening
of the anus below the telson.

ANNULOSA. 59

Tribe 2. Anomura.

Fam. a. Galatheidae. — Galathea.

Fam. b. Paguridae. — Pagurus (Hermit-crabs), Ccenobita,

Birgus.

Fam. c. Porcellanidse. — Porcellana.
Fam. d. Hippidae. — Hippa.
Fam. e. Lithodidae. — I/ithodes (Stone-crabs).

Tribe 3. Brachyura.

Fam. a. Kaninidae. — Ranina.

Fam. b. Leucosiadae. — Leucosia.

Fam. c. Calappidae. — Calappa.

Fam. d. Maiidae. — Inachus, Mam, Stenorhynchus, Hyas

(Spider-crabs).

Fam. e. Cancridse. — Cancer, Carpilius.
Fam. f. Eriphidae. — Pilumnus.

Fam. g. Portunid83. — Portunus, Carcinus (Shore-crabs).
Fam. h. Corystidse. — Corystes.
Fam. i. Telphusidse. — Telphusa.
Fam. j. Pinnotheridse. — Pinnotheres.
Fam. k. Gonoplacidas. — Gonoplax.
Fam. 1. Ocypodidse. — Ocypoda (Sand-crabs).
Fam. m. Grapsidae. — Grapsus.
Fam. n. Gecarcinidae. — Gecarcinus (Land-crabs).

(Milne-Edwards, Histoire Naturelle des Crustace's, Paris, 1834-40 ; Dana,
Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expedition under Captain Charles
Wilkes, Philadelphia, 1852 ; Fritz Muller, Fur Darwin, Leipzig, 1864
(Trans, by W. S. Dallas, " Facts and Arguments for Darwin," London,
1869); Leach, Malacostraca podophthalma Britannice, London, 1817-21 ;
Bell, History of the British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, London, 1853.)

CLASS II.— ARACHNIDA.

ORDER I. — PANTOPODA or PODOSOMATA (Sea-spiders).

Fam. a. Nymphonidae. — Nymphon (fig. 55).
Fam. b. Colossendeidae. — Colossendeus.

60 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fam. c. Pallenidse. — Pallene.

Fam. d. Phoxichilidse. — Pycnogonum, Phoxichilus.

(Hoek, Report on the Pycnogonida, Report of the Scientific Results of
the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, vol. iii., 1881 ; Dohrn,
Neite Untersuchungen iiber Pycnogoniden, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel., i.
1879.)

Fig. 55.— Pantopoda. Nymphon abyssorum, slightly enlarged.
(After Sir Wyville Thomson.)

ORDER II. — ACARINA (MONOMEROSOMATA).

Sub-ord. 1. Pentastomida (Linguatulina).
Fam. Pentastomidse. — Pentastoma.

Sub-ord. 2. Tardigrada (Bear-animalcules).
Fam. Macrobiotidse. — Macrdbiotus, Emydium.

ANNULOSA.

61

Sub-ord. 3. Acarida.

Fam. a. Dermatophilidse. — Demodex.

Fam. 6. Sarcoptidse. — Sarcoptes (Itch-mite).

Fam. c. Acaridse. — Acarus.

Fain. d. Gamasidse. — Gamasus.

Fam. e. Ixodidse. — Ixodes (Tick).

Fam. /. Trombididse. — Tetranyclms.

Fam. g. Hydracbnidse. — Limnochares,If'i/drachna(Wa.ter-

mites).

Fam. h. Oribatidse. — Oribates.
Fam. i. Bdellidse. — Bdella.

(Leuckart, Ban und Entwiclcelungsgeschichte der Pentastomen, Leipzig,
1860 ; Doyere, Memoire sur les Tardigrades, Ann. des sciences nat., 1840 ;
Nicolet, Histoire iiaturelle des Acariens, Archives du Mus., 1855 ; Clapa-
rede, Studien iiber die Acariden, Leipzig, 1868 ; Pagenstecher, Beitrage
zur Anatomic der Milben, Leipzig, 1860-61.)

. I, >•

Fig. 56. — Acarina. A, Tegeocranus elongatus, enlarged 65 times. B, Ixodts ricinus, one of
the Ticks, greatly enlarged, c, Mouth-organs of a Tick (Ixodes albipictus), enlarged ; I, La-
bium ; m, Mandibles ; mp, Maxillary palpi. (After Michael, Packard, and Cuvier.)

ORDER III. — ADELARTHROSOMATA.
Sub-ord. 1. Pbalangidea.
Fam. a. Phalangiidse. — PJialangium (Harvest-men),0^i7z'o.

62 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 2. Pseudoscorpionidae.

Fam. a. Cheliferidse. — Chdifer (Book-scorpions, fig. 57),

Chernes.
Fam. b. Obisiidee. — Obisium.

Sub-ord. 3. Solpugidea (Solifuga).
Fam. Galeodidae. — Gakodes (fig. 57).

Pig. 57. — A, Chelifer cancroides, showing the chelate maxillary palpi, considerably enlarged.
B, Phalangium copticum, of the natural size, c, Thelyphonus giganteus. D, Qaleodes arane-
oides, of the natural size.

ORDER IV. — PEDIPALPI.

Sub-ord. 1. Scorpiodea (Scorpions).

Fam. a. Scorpionidse. — Scorpio (fig. 58).
Fam. b. Androctonidse. — Androctonus, Buthus.

Sub-ord. 2. Phrynidea.

Fam. a. Phrynidse. — Phrynus.

Fam. b. Thelyphonidre. — Thelyplwnus (fig. 57).

ANNULOSA.

63

(Meade, Monograph of the British Species of Phalangium, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
1845 ; Dufour, Histoire anatomique et physiologique des Scorpions, 1856 ;
Metschnlkoff, Embryologie des Scorpions, Leipzig, 1870 ; Walckenaer and
Gervais, Histoire naturelle des Insectes apteres, Paris, 1837-44 ; Packard,
Guide to the Study of Insects, Boston, 1878.)

V

Fig. 58. — Pedipalpi. A, Scorpio afer, viewed from above, and somewhat reduced in size.
B, Front portion of the head of the same, viewed from above, and enlarged, c, Btithus
Kochii, with the terminal segments and the ends of the appendages on one side omitted.
TO, Maxillary palpi (behind these are the four pairs of ambulatory legs) ; c, Chelicerse ; t,
Telson ; o, Lateral ocelli ; o', Central, larger ocelli ; y, Opercular plate, covering the opening
of the reproductive organs ; r, One of the " combs ; " «, One of the stigmatic openings, (c
is after Prof. Ray Lankester.)

ORDER V. — ARANEIDA (Spiders).

Sub-ord. 1. Tetrapneumones.
Fam. Mygalidse. — Mygale.

Sub-ord. 2. Dipneumones.

Section 1. Vagabunda, — Salticus, Lycosa.

G4 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Section 2. Sedentaria. — Thomisus, Drassus, Tegenaria,
Theridium, Epeira.

(Cambridge, Art. " Arachnida," Encyclo. Brit., 9th ed., vol. i., 1875 ;
Blackwall, History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, Ray Soc.,
1861-64 ; Staveley, British Spiders, 1866.)

CLASS III.— MYRIAPODA.

ORDER I. — CHILOPODA (Centipedes).

Fam. a. Geophilidee. — Geophilus.
Fam. b. Lithobiidse. — Lithobius.
Fam. c. Scolopendridae^^Sc^^^^ra.
Fam. d. Scutigeridae. — Scutigera.
Fain. e. *Euphoberiidse. — Euplwberia.

ORDER II. — CHILOGNATHA (Millepedes).

Fam. a. Glomeridae. — Glomeris (Pill-millepedes).

Fam. b. Polyzoniidse. — Polyzonium.

Fam. c. Polydesmidse. — Polydesmus.

Fain. d. Polyxenidse. — Polyxenus.

Fam. e. lulidae. — lulus (fig. 59).

Fam. d. *Archiulidae. — Archiulus.

(Newport, Monograph of the Order Myriapoda, Class Chilopoda, Linn.
Trans., 1843-45 ; Gervais, Etudes pour servir d I'histoire naturellc des
Myriapodes, Ann. des sciences nat., 1857.)

Fig. 59. — Millepede (lulus maximus), a small example, of the natural size.

ORDER III. — PAUROPODA. — Pauropus.

(Sir John Lubbock, On Pauropus, a New Type of Centipede, Linn. Trans.,
1868.)

ORDER IV. — ONYCHOPODA (Onychophora). — Peripatus (fig.
60).

ANNULOSA.

65

(Grube, Ueber den Bau von Peripatus Edwardsii, Archiv fur Anat., 1853;
Moseley, On the Structure and Development of Peripatus Capensis, Proc.
Roy. Soc., and Ann. Nat. Hist, 1874.)

Fig. 60.— Onychopoda. Peripatus Capensis. (After Moseley.)

CLASS IV.— INSECTA.

SUB-CLASS I.— AMETABOLA (Aptera).
OEDER I. — ANOPLURA.

Fam. a. Pediculidse (Lice). — Pediculus, Phthirius.

ORDER II. — MALLOPHAGA (Bird-lice). — Trichodedes, Doco-
phorus (fig. 61).

B

Pig. 61. — Morphology of Aptera. A, Pediculus humanus capitis; B, Docophorus hamatits,
one of the Bird-lice ; c, Campodea; D, Degeeria, one of the Poduridte; E, Scale of a Podurid,
as seen under the microscope ; F, Degeeria purpurascens. All the figures are greatly en-
larged. (After Packard and Gervais.)

E

66

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

OKDEK III. — COLLEMBOLA. — Smynthurus, Degeeria (fig. 61),
Podura.

ORDER IV. — THYSANURA. — Campodea (fig. 61), Lepisma,
Machilis.

SUB-CLASS II. — HEMIMETABOLA.
ORDER I. — HEMIPTERA.

Sub-ord. 1. Homoptera.

Fam. a. Cercopidas. — Aphrophora.
Earn. 1. Fulgoridae. — Fulgora (Lantern-fly).
Fam. c. Cicadidae. — Cicada.

Fam. d. Coccidse (Scale Insects). — Coccus, Lecanium.
Fam. e. Aphididae (Plant-lice). — Aphis, Chermes, Phyl-
loxera.

Sub-ord. 2. Heteroptera.

Fam. a. Notonectidse. — Notonecta (Boat-flies), Corixa.

Fam. &. NepidaB. — Nepa (Water-scorpions).

Fam. c. Gerridse. — Gerris, Halobates.

Fam. d. Hydrometridoa. — Hydrometra.

Fam. e. Eeduviidaa. — Reduvius.

Fam. /. Capsidaa. — Capsus.

Pig. 62. — Hemiptera, A, Pentatoma rutilans, with the wings closed. B, Rliaphigaster incur-
nattis, with the wings expanded in flight : a, Anterior wing (heroelytron), with its basal por-
tion hardened by chitine ; 6, Posterior membranous wing.

ANNULOSA. 67

Fam. g. Pentatomidse. — Pentatoma (Field-bugs), Rhaphi-

gaster (fig. 62).
Fam. li. Scutelleridse. — -Scutellera.

Sub-ord. 3. 'Thysanoptera.
Fam. Thripidse. — Thrips.

ORDER II. — ORTHOPTERA,
Sub-ord 1. Cursoria.

Fam. Blattidae (Cockroaches). — Blatta, Periplaneta
(fig. 63).

Sub-ord, 2. Gressoria.

Fam. a. Mantidse. — Mantis.

Fam. b. Phasmidse. — Phasma, Phyllmm (Walking-
leaves).

Sub-ord, 3. Saltatoria,

Fam, a. Gryllidse. — Gryllotalpa (Mole -cricket), Gryllus

(Cricket).

Fam. &. Locustidae. — Locusta.
Fam. c. Acrididae. — (Edipoda (Migratory Locust), Acri-

dium (Grasshopper).

Sub-ord. 4. Euplexoptera.

Fam. Forficulidae. — Forfavla (Earwig).

Pig. 63.— Orthoptera. The Common Cockroach (Periplaneta orientalis),
male and female.

68

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

OEDER III. — NEUROPTERA.

Sub-ord. 1. Corrodentia.

Fam. a. Psocidse. — Psocus.
Fam. b. Embiidoe. — Embia.

Sub-ord. 2. Isoptera.

Fam. Termitidse. — Termes (White Ants, fig. 64).

Sub-ord. 3. Amphibiotica.

Fam. a. Perlidse.— Perla (Stone-flies).

Fam. b. Ephemeridse. — Ephemera (May-flies), Chloeon.

Sub-ord. 4. Odonata (Dragon-flies).

Fam. a. Libellulidae. — Libellula.
Fam. b. ^Eshnidse. — jfishna.
Fam. c. Agrionidae. — Agrion.

Fig. 64. — Different individuals of the colony of one of the Termites. A, The queen, before
the wings are shed ; D, The queen, after the wings are thrown off and the abdomen has be-
come greatly distended with eggs ; c, Worker ; B, Soldier.

ANNULOSA. 69

Sub-ord. 5. Planipennia.

Fam. a. Myrmeleontidse. — Myrmdeo (Ant-lion).

Fam. b. Hemerobiidse. — Chrysopa.

Fam. c. Sialidee. — Corydalis.

Fam. d. Panorpidse. — Panorpa (Scorpion-fly).

Sub-ord. 6. Trichoptera (Caddis-flies). — Phryganea, Lim-

nophilus.

SUB-CLASS III. — HOLOMETABOLA.

ORDER I. — APHANIPTEKA.

Fam. Pulicidae. — Pulcx (Flea), Sarcopsylla (Chigoe).

ORDER II. — DIPTERA.

Sub-ord. 1. Pupipara.

Fam. a. Hippoboscidse. — Hippobosca (Forest-fly), Melo-

phagus (Sheep-tick).
Fam. b. Nycteribiidse. — Nycteribia.

Sub-ord. 2. Brachycera,

Fam. a. Tabanidse. — Tabanus (Gad-fly).

Fam. b. Asilidse. — Asilus.

Farn. c. Syrphidse. — Syrphus, Volucella.

Fam. d. CEstrida. — (Estrus (Bot-fly).

Fam. e. Muscidse. — Musca, Stomoxys, Anthomyia.

Sub-ord. 3. Nemocera.

Fam. a. Tipulidse. — Tipula.

Fain. b. Cecidomyiidse. — Gecidomyia (Hessian Fly).

Fam. c. Chironomidse. — Coretkra.

Fam. d. Culicidee. — (Julcx (Gnat, fig. 65).

70 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 65.— The common Gnat (Culex pipiens). A, A few of the eggs, attached together to
form a raft, which floats on the water ; B, The larva, suspended in the water head down-
wards, and showing the antennae (a), the terminal respiratory tube (r), and the fins attached
to the extremity of the body (/) ; c, The pupa, with the two respiratory tubes attached to
the thorax ; D, The adult insect, with the well-developed front wings, the rudimentary hind
wings or " balancers" (h), the antenna; (a), and the proboscis (p). All the figures are
greatly enlarged.

ORDER III. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Section 1. Heterocera (Moths).

Fam. a. Tineidse. — Tinea.

Fara. &. Tortricidse. — Tortrix.

Fam. c. Geometridae. — Geometra.

Fam. d. Noctuidse. — Noctua.

Fam. e. Bombycidae. — Bonibyx.

Fam. /. Sphingidse. — Sphinx.

Section 2. Khopalocera (Butterflies).

Fam. a. Hesperiidae. — Hesperia.

Fam. b. Lycaenidse. — Thecla, Lycwna.

Fam. c. Erycinidae. — Erycina.

Fam. d. Nyrnphalidae. — Vanessa, Nymphalis.

Fam. e. Papilionidae. — Colias, Papilio.

ANNULOSA. 71

ORDER IV. — HYMENOPTERA.

Sub-ord. 1. Terebrantia.

Fam. a. Tenthredinidse. — Tenthredo (Saw-fly).
Fam. b. Siricidse. — Sir ex.

Sub-ord. 2. Pupivora.

Fam. a. Cynipidae (Gall-flies). — Cynips.

Fam. b. Chalcididse. — Chalcis.

Fam. c. Ichneumonidse. — Ichneumon.

Sub-ord. 3. Aculeata.

Fam. a. Formicidse (Ants). — Formica, Polyergiis, Ponera.
Fam. b. Vespidse (Wasps). — Vespa.
Fam. c. Crabronidse (Hornets). — Crabro.
Fam. d. Apidae (Bees). — Apis, Boinbus.
Fam. e. Andrenidse. — Andrena.

Fig. 66.— Hymenoptera. n, Winged male of Ant ; b, Wingless worker of Ant ; c, Pupa of
Ant ; d, Larva of Ant, enlarged ; e, The Great Saw-fly (Sires gigas).

ORDER V. — STREPSIPTERA.

Fam. Stylopidse. — Stylops.
ORDER VI. — COLEOPTERA (Beetles).
Sub-ord. 1. Trimera.

Fam. Coccinellidse (Lady-birds). — Coccinella.

72

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 2. Tetramera.

Families : Halticidse, Chryspmelidae, Lamiidre, Prionid^e
(Longicorn Beetles), Curculionidse (Weevils).

Sub-ord. 3. Heteromera.

Families : Cantharidte, Meloidse, Khiphiphoridse, Tene-
brionidse.

Sub-ord. 4. Pentamera.

Families : Telephoridse, Elateridse, Buprestidse, Scara-
bseidse, Lucanidse, Silphidse, Staphylinidse, Hydro-
philidse, Dytiscidae, Carabidae, Cicindelida3.

(Westwood, Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, 1839-40;
Kirby and Spence, Introduction to Entomology, 1828 ; Burmeister, Hand-
buck der Entomologie, 1832-47 ; Packard, Guide to the Study of Insects,
6th ed., 1878.) l

B

Fig. 67. — Coleoptera. A, Cicindela campentris,
the Tiger-beetle, enlarged. B, Larva of the same,
enlarged, c, Dytiscus marglnalis, male.

Pig. 68. — a, Rose-chafer
(Cetonia aurata) and larva.

1 Only the more important i'amilies of the larger orders of insects are men-
tioned above.

73

SUB-KINGDOM (TYPE) V.—MOLLUSCA.

SOFT-BODIED, unsegmented animals, usually provided with
an exoskeleton. Alimentary canal shut off from the body-
cavity. Nervous system in the form of three principal pairs
of ganglia, which are reduced to one in the lower types. A
distinct heart, and specialised organs of respiration, may or
may not be present. Distinct reproductive organs are pres-
ent in all, though among the lower forms of the sub-kingdom
the production of colonial organisms by continuous gemma-
tion is not uncommon.

7

Fig. 09.— Diagram of the structure of a typical Mollusc (the Common Whelk) f, The
muscular " foot ; " op, The operculum ; t, One of the tentacles, or feelers, with an eye at its
base ; p, The proboscis, retracted, with the mouth at its extremity ; oe, Gullet ; g, Stomach ;
i, Intestine, terminating in the anus ; n n, Salivary glands ; I, The liver and the ovary ; 7t,
The heart ; 6c, The gill, contained in a hood of the mantle ; s, Breathing-tube or siphon ; c
and c, The main nerve ganglia.

*74 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

DIVISION A.— MOLLUSCOIDA.

CLASS I.— POLYZOA.

SUB-CLASS I. — ECTOPKOCTA.

ORDER I. — PHYLACTOL^EMATA.

Fain. a. Plumatellidae (Lophopea). -

phopus.
Fam. &. Cristatellidse. — Cristatella.

ORDER II. — GYMNOL^EMATA.
Sub-ord. 1. Cheilostomata.

Fam. a. Catenicellidae. — Catenicella.

Fam. 1. Cellariidee. — Cellaria.

Fam. c. Cellulariidae. — Cellularia.

Fam. d. Scrupariidae. — Scruparia, Hippothoa.

Fam. e. Gemellariidse. — Gemellaria.

Fam. /. Bicellariidse. — Bugula.

Fam. g. Flustridse. — Flustra (Sea-mat, fig. 70).

Fam. h. Membraniporidse. — Membranipora.

Fam. i. Celleporidae. — Cellepora.

Fam. /. Escharidse. — Eschara, Lepralia,

Fam. Jc. Reteporidse. — Retepora.

Fam. 1. Vinculariidse. — Vincularia.

Fam. m. Selenariidse. — Selenaria.

Sub-ord. 2. Cyclostomata.

Fam. a. Crisiidse. — Crisia.
Fam. b. Idmoneidae. — Idmonea, Hornera.
Fam. c. Tubuliporidse. — Tubulipora.
Fam. d. Diastoporidee. — Diastopora.
Fam. e. Discoporellidae. — Discoporella, Heteropora.
Sub-ord. 3. Ctenostomata.

Fam. a. Vesiculariidse. — Vesicularia, Valkeria.
Fam. 6. Alcyonidiidse. — Alcyonidium.

MOLLUSCA. 7o

SUB-CLASS II. — ENTOPROCTA.

Fam. a. Loxosomidse. — Loxosoma.
Fam. b. Pedicellinidse. — Pedicellina.

SUB-CLASS III. — ASPIDOPHORA.
Fam. Ehabdopleuridse. — Ehabdopleura.

(Allman, A Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa, Ray Society, 1856 ;
Busk, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum, 1854-76 ;
Nitsche, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen, Zeitschr. fiir Wiss. Zool.,
1871 ; Hincks, A History of the British Marine Polyzoa, 1880.)

Fig. 70. — Flustra foliacea, one of the Sea-mats.

CLASS II.— TUNICATA (Sea-squirts).
ORDER I. — ASCIDIACEA.

Fam. a. Appendiculariidge. — Appcndicularia.

Fam. b. Pelonaiidse. — Pelonaia.

Fam. c. Ascidiidse. — Ascidia (fig. 71), dona, Molyula,

Cynthia.
Fam. d. Clavellinidae. — Clavellina, Peropkora.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fain. e. BotryUicUe. — Botryllus, Didemnum, Ainarou-

cium.
Fam. /. Pyrosomidse. — Pyrosoma.

ORDER II. — THALIACEA (BIPHOEA).
Fam. a. Salpidse. — Salpa.
Fam. b. Doliolidse. — Doliolum.

(Milne-Edwards, Observations sur les Ascidies composees de c6tes de la
Manche, Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1839 ; Huxley, Upon the Anatomy and
Physiology of Salpa and Pyrosoma, Phil. Trans., 1851 ; Hancock, Anatomy
and Physiology of the Tunicata, Journ. Linn. Soc., 1868; Heller, Unter-
suchungen uber die Tunicaten des Adriatischen und Mittelmeeres, 1874-75 ;
Kowalevsky, Entvnckelungsgeschichte der einfachen Ascidien, St Petersburg,
1866.)

Fig. 71.— Tunicata. A, Ascidia lata, seen from the right side, of the natural size : b, Bran-
chial aperture ; a, Atrial aperture. B, Part of the branchial sac of the same, seen from the
inside, magnified, c, Part of the branchial sao of Ascidia virginea ( = Ascidia sordidd), seen
from the inside, magnified. (After Herdmau.)

MOLLUSCA.

CLASS III.— BRACHIOPODA.

ORDER I. — INARTICULATA.

Fam. a. Lingulidse. — Lingula.
Fam. b. Discinidse. — Discina.
Fam. c. Craniadse. — Crania.
Fam. d. *Trimerellidse. — Trimerella.

ORDER II. — ARTICULATA.

Fam. a. Terebratulidse. — Terebratula, Argiope.

Fam. b. Thecidiidse. — Thecidium.

Fam. c. *Spiriferidse. — 'Spirifera, Athyris.

Fam. d. *Koninckinidse. — Koninckina.

Fam. e. Rhynchonellidse. — Rhynchonella.

Fam. /. *Pentameridse. — Pentamerus.

Fam. g. *Strophomenid8e. — Strophomena, Orthis.

Fam. h. *Productidse. — Producta.

(Owen, Anatomy of the Brachiopoda, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1835 ; Hancock,
On the Organisation of the Brachiopoda, Phil. Trans., 1858 ; Davidson,
Monograph of the British Fossil Brachiopoda, Palaeontographical Soc.,
1851-81.)

Pig. 72. — Morphology of Srachiopoda. A, Lingula pyramidata (after Morse) : p, Peduncle ;
*, Sand-tube, encasing base of peduncle. B, Lingula anatina (after Cuvier) : p, The peduncle,
c, Waldheimia cranium, with adherent young, attached to a stone (after Davidson) : p, Pe-
duncle ; v, Ventral valve ; d, Dorsal valve. D, Crania Ignabergensis, attached by its ventral
valve to a piece of coral (Chalk).

78 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

There are great difficulties in the way of arriving at any final conclu-
sion as to the systematic position of the three groups of the Polyzoa, Tuni-
cata, and Brachiopoda. Many high authorities now regard the Polyzoa as
an aberrant group of worms, related to the true Annelides, the grounds
for this conclusion being mainly derived from a study of the develop-
mental history of the Polyzoa. Upon similar grounds, many naturalists
consider the Brachiopoda as also a modified group of the worms. Lastly,
the Tunicata are often looked upon as a degraded type of the Vertebmta.

DIVISION B.— MOLLUSCA PEOPEE.
CLASS I.— LAMELLIBRANCHIATA (CONCHIFERA).

SUB-CLASS I. — ASIPHONIDA.

ORDEK I. — OSTREACE.E.

Fam. a. Anomiadse.— -Anomia.
Fam. b. Ostreidae. — Ostrea, *Gryphcm.
Fam. c. Placunidse. — Placuna.
Fam. d. Pectinidse.— Pecten (Scallop).
„ Fam. e. Limadse. — Lima.

Fam. /. Spondylidse. — Spondylus.

ORDER II. — MYTILACE.E.

Fam. a. Aviculidse.— Avicula (Pearl-oyster), Malleus,

*Inoceramus.

Fam. b. Mytilidse. — Mytilus (Mussel), Dreissena.
Fam. c. Pinnidse. — Pinna.

ORDER III. — ARCACE^E.

Fam. a. Arcadse. — Area, Pectunculus.

Fam. b. Nuculidse. — Nucula.

Fam. c. Nuculanidse (Ledidae). — Nuculana (Leda)<

Fam. d. Trigoniadee. — Trigonia.

ORDER IV. — UNIONACE^E.

Fam. Unionidas. — Unio, Anodon (Fresh-water Mussels),

MOLLUSCA. 79

SUB-CLASS II. — SIPHONIDA.

ORDER I. — *EUDIST^E.

Fam. Hippuritidse. — Hippurites.
ORDER II. — CHAMACE^E.

Fam. a. Chamidae. — Chama, *Diceras.
Fam. b. Tridacnidae. — Tridacna, Hippopus.

ORDER III. — CARDIACEA.

Fam. Cardiidae. — Cardium (Cockle), Hemicardium.
ORDER IV. — LUCINACEA.

Fam. a. Lucinidse. — Lucina, Corbis.

Fam. b. Cyprinidse. — Cyprina, Isocardia.

Fam. c. Astartidse. — Astarte, Crassatella, *Cardita.

ORDER V. — CYCLADACE^E.

Fam. Cycladidse. — Cyclas, Cyrena.
ORDER VI. — VENERACE/E.

Fam. Veneridae. — Venus, Artemis.
ORDER VII. — TELLINACE.E.

Fam. a. Tellinidse. — Tellina, Donax, Psammobia, Scrdbi-

cularia.
Fam. b. Mactridse. — Madra, Lutraria.

ORDER VIII. — MYACE^E.

Fam. a. Myacidse. — Mya, Corbula, Saxicava.

Fam. &. Anatinidae. — Anatina, Thracia, Pholadomya.

Fam. c. Solenidse. — Solen (Razor-shell), Cultellus.

ORDER IX. — PHOLADACE^E.

Fam. a. Gastrochsenidee. — Gastrochcena, Aspergillum.
Fam. b. Pholadidse. — PJwlas, Teredo.

The ordinal divisions in the above list cannot be regarded as in all
cases strictly natural groups, nor can they be considered as precisely equi-
valent to the " orders " of other classes of animals.

80

CLASSIFICATION OP THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

(Bronn, Malacozoa Acephala, Die Klassen und Ordiiungen des Thier-
reichs, 1862 ; S. P. Woodward, A Manual of the Mollusca, 3d ed., 1875 ;
Stoliczka, The Pelecypoda of the Cretaceous Rocks of India, Palseontologia
Indica, 1875.)

rs

Fig. 73. — Lamellibranchiata. Diagrammatic representation of the anatomy of a siphonate
Bivalve. The left valve and left mantle-lobe are removed, and the siphons are cut short,
it, Umbo ; ca, Cartilage-pit ; o, Mouth ; Ip, Labial palpi ; a, Stomach, surrounded by liver ;
si, Sac containing the crystalline stylet ; i i, Intestine, perforating the heart (h) ; r, Rec-
tum, terminating in the anus; ad, Anterior adductor; pd, Posterior adductor; n, Supra-
cesophageal or cerebral ganglion (the mouth is a little displaced upwards, so that the gang-
lion comes to lie below the gullet instead of above it) ; n', Parieto-splanchnic or branchial
ganglion ; / Foot ; xx, Cut edge of the right mantle-lobe ; rs, Retractor muscle of the siphons ;
br, Branchiae of the left side ; g, Generative glands; s, Inhalant siphon; s', Exhalant siphon.

CLASS II.— GASTEROPODA.

SUB-CLASS I. — BRANCHIATA.

ORDER I. — SCAPHOPODA.

Fam. Dentaliidae. — Dentalium.

ORDER II. — PROSOBRANCHIATA.
Section A. Siphonostomata.

Fam. a. Strombidae. — Strombus, Pteroceras.
Fam. b. Muricidse. — Murex, Fusus.

MOLLUSCA. 8 1

Fam. c. Buccinidse. — Buccinum (Whelk), Nassa, Pur-

pura, Oliva.

Fam. d. Conidae. — Conus, Pleurotoma.
Fam. e. Volutidse. — Valuta, Mitra.
Fam./. Cyprseidse (Cowries). — Cyprcea, Ovulum.

Section B. Holostomata.

Fam. a. Naticidae. — Natica, Sigaretus.

Fam. b. Pyramidellidae. — Pyramidella, Chemnitzia.

Fam. c. Cerithiadas. — Cerithium, Aporrhais.

Fam. d. Melaniadse. — Melania.

Fain. e. Turritellidse. — Turritella, Scalaria, Vermetus.

Fam. /. Littorinidse. — Littorina (Periwinkle), Solarium.

Fam. g. Paludindise. — Paludina, Ampullaria.

Fam. h. Neritidse. — Nerita.

Fam. i. Turbinidse. — Turbo, Trochus.

Fam. j. Haliotidse. — Haliotis (Ear - shell), Pleuroto-

maria.

Fam. Jc. Fissurellidse. — Fissurella (Keyhole Limpet).
Fam. /. Calyptreeidee. — Calyptrcea (Cup-and-saucer Lim-
pet), Capulus (Bonnet Limpet).

Section C. Cyclobranchiata.

Fam. Patellidae (Limpets). — Patella, Acmcea.

Section D. Polyplacophora.
Fam. Chitonidee. — Chiton.

ORDER III. — OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.
Section A. Nudibranchiata.

Families: — Doridse (Sea-lemons), ^Eolidse, Dendronotidae,
Tethydidse. — Doris, dfolis, Doto, Tethys.

Section B. Tectibranchiata.

Fam. a. Tornatellidse. — Tornatella.

Fam. b. Bullidse. — Sulla (Bubble-shells).

Fam. c. Aplysiadse. — Aplysia (Sea-hare).

Fam. d. Pleurobranchidae. — Umbrella.

Fam. e. Euncinidas. — Runcina.
F

82

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

ORDER IV. — HETEROPODA (NUCLEOBRANCHIATA).

Fam. a. Firolidse. — Firola, Oarinaria.
Fam. 1). Atlantidse.- — Atlanta.

SUB-CLASS II. — PULMONATA.
ORDER I. — INOPERCULATA.

Fam. a. Helicidse. — Helix (Land-snail), Bulimus, Pupa.

Fam. &. Limacidae. — Limax (Slug).

Fam. c. Limnaeidae. — Limncea, Planorbis.

Fam. d. Auriculidse. — Auricula.-

ORDER II. — OPERCULATA.

Fam. a. Cyclostomidaa. — Cydostoma.
Fam. &. Aciculidse. — Acicula.
Fam. c. Helieinidse. — Helicina.

(H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent Mollusca, London, 1858 ;
Keferstein, Malacozoa Cephalophora, in Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen
des Thierreichs, 1862-66 ; S. P. Woodward, Manual of the Mollusca, 3d
ed., 1875 ; Huxley, On the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca, Phil.
Trans., 1853 ; Troschel, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, 1856 ; Stoliczka, Creta-
ceous Gasteropoda of Southern India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1868.)

^ssS.^

X \- - ^=5_-

Fig. 74.— Gasteropoda. The Garden Snail (Helix aspersa).

MOLLUSCA.

83

CLASS III.— PTEROPODA.

ORDER I. — GYMNOSOMATA.

Fam. Cliidae. — Clio, Pneumodermon.

ORDER II. — THECOSOMATA.

Fam. a. Hyaleidse. — Hyalea, Cleodora.

Fam. Z>. *Hyolithidse. — Hyolithes (Theca).

Fam. c. Cymbuliidse. — Cymbulia.

Fam. d. Limacinidse. — Limacina, Spirialis.

(Eang et Souleyet, Histoire naturelle des Mollusques Pteropodes, Paris,
1852 ; Gegenbaur, Untersuchungen iiber die Pteropodtn und Heteropoden,
Leipzig, 1853 ; Krohn, Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Pteropoden
und Heteropoden, Leipzig, 1860 ; Barrande, Pteropodes, in the ' Systeme
Sihirien du Centre de la Boheme,' 1867.)

Pig. 75. — Pteropoda. A, Spirialis rostralis B, Pneumodermon violaceum. c, Heterofusiis
bulimirurides. All enlarged, e, Epipodia or fins ; t, Tentacles. D, Larva of Cleodora lanceo-
lata, greatly enlarged (after Fol) : v, Velum ; o, Mouth ; <e, Gullet ; g, Stomach ; i, Intestine ;
nn, ColumeUar muscle; s, Shell; ti, Yolk-sac.

84 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

CLASS IV.— CEPHALOPODA.

ORDER I. — DIBRANCHIATA (Cuttle-fishes).

Sub-ord. 1. Octopoda.

Fam. a. Octopodidse. — Octopus (Poulpe), Eledone.
Fam. &. Argonautidse. — Argonauta (Paper Nautilus).

Sub-ord. 2. Decapoda.

Fam. a. Spirulidae. — Spirula (Post-horn).

Fam. b. *Belemnitidse. — Belemnites, Belemnitella.

Fam. c. Sepiadee. — Sepia.

Fam. d. Sepiolidse. — Sepiola, Hossia.

Fam. e. Loliginidse (Teuthidee). — Loligo (Calamary).

Fam. /. Chiroteuthidse. — Chiroteutliis, Ommastrephes.

Fam. g. Loligopsidse. — Loligopsis.

Fam. li. Cranchiidae. — Cranchia.

ORDER II. — TETRABRANCHIATA.

Sub-ord. 1. Nautiloidea.

Fam. a. Nautilidaa. — Nautilus (Pearly Nautilus), *Litu-

ites.
Fain. &. *0rthoceratida3. — OrtJioceras, Cyrtoceras.

Sub-ord. 2. *Ammonitoidea.

Fam. a. *Goniatitidse. — Goniatites, Bactrites.

Fam. &. *Ceratitidae. — Ceratites.

Fam. c. *Ammonitid8e. — Ammonites, Baculites, Scapliites.

(Ferussac and D'Orbigny, Histoire naturelle des Cephalopodes acttabuliferes
vivants et fossiUs, Paris, 1835-48 ; Owen, Art. " Cephalopoda? in Todd's
Cyclopaedia of Anat. and Phys., 1836 ; Owen, Memoir on the Pearly Naut-
ilus, 1832 ; Hyatt, Embryology of the Tetrabranchiates, Bull. Mus. Comp.

MOLLUSCA.

85

Zool., 1872 ; Quenstedt, Die Cephalopoden, 1846 ; Barrande, Cephalopodes,
in ' Systeme Silurien du Centre de la Boheme,' 1872-77.)

Fig. 76.— Cephalopoda. Sepia ekgans.

Fig. 77. — Anatomy of Spir-
ula australis (after Owen),
showing the position of the
skeleton.

86

SUB-KINGDOM (TYPE) VI.— VEETEBEATA
(GHORDATA).

THE body in the Vertebrata is usually composed of a number
of more or less definite segments (very obscure in the Cyclo-
stomatous Fishes), which are arranged along a longitudinal
axis. The nervous system is in its main masses dorsal, and
the neural and hsemal regions of the body are always com-
pletely separated from one another. The cerebro - spinal
nervous axis is underlaid by the structure known as the
" notochord," which, in adult life, is usually more or less
completely replaced by the bony axis known as the " spine "
or " vertebral column." The limbs are sometimes absent ;
but, when present, they are never more than four in num-
ber, and are always turned away from the neural aspect of
the body.

DIVISION A.— ICHTHYOPSIDA.
CLASS I.— PISCES (FISHES).

ORDER I. — PHARYNGOBRANCHII.

Fam. Cirrostomi. — Amphioxus (Lancelot, fig. 78).

(J. Muller, Ueber den Ban und die Lebenserscheinungen far Branehiostoma
htbricum, Abhandl. der Berl. Akad., 1842 ; Kowalevsky, Entwickelungs-
geschichte von Amphioxus lanceolatus, St Petersburg, 1867.)

m

Fig. 78.— Pharyngobranclm. The Lancelet (Amphioxus lanceolatus), enlarged.

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA). 87

ORDER II. — MARSIPOBRANCHII (CYCLOSTOMATA).

Fam. a. Myxinidae. — Myxine (Hag-fish).

Fam. Z». Petromyzonidae. — Petromyzon (Lamprey).

(J. Miiller, Vergleichende Anatomie der Myxinoiden, Abhandl. der Ber-
lin Akad., 1835-1845.)

OEDER III. — TELEOSTEI (Bony Fishes).
Sub-ord. 1. Malacopteri (Physostomi).
Section A. Apoda.

Families : Muraenidse, Symbranchidae, Gymnotidae.
— Murcena (Eel), Symbranchus, Gymnotus (Elec-
tric-eel).

Section B. Abdominalia.

Families : Clupeidae, Esocidae, Cypiinidae, Salmon-
idae, Siluridaa. — Clupea (Herring), Esox (Pike),
Cyprinus (Carp), Salmo (Sakaon), Silurus (Sheat-
fish).

Sub-ord. 2. Anacanthini
Section A. Gadoidei.

Families : Gadidae, Ophidiidae, Macruridae. — Gadus
(Cod), Ammodytes (Sand-eel), Bathygadus.

Section B. Pleuronectoidea.

Fam. Pleuronectidae (Flat-fishes). — PJ^/f^^t^o
(Plaice), Ehonibus (Turbot), Solea (Sole).

Sub-ord. 3. Acanthopteri.
Section A. Pharyngognathi.

Families : Pomacentridae, Labridae, Chromidae. — Po-
macentrus, Labrus (Wrasse), Chromis.

Section B. Acanthopteri veri.

Families : Percidae, Mugilidae, Scomberidae, Sclero-
genidae, Gobiidae, Blenniidae, Lophiidae. — Perca
(Perch), Mugil (Mullet), Scomber (Mackerel), Cot-
tus (Bull-head), Gobius (Goby), Anarrhicas (Wolf-
fish), LopMus (Angler).

88 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 4. Plectognathi.
Section A. Sclerodermi.

Families : Balistidae, Ostraciontidse. — Batistes (File-
fish), Ostracion (Trunk-fish).

Section B. Gymnodontes.

Families : Tetrodontidse, Molidse. — Diodon (Globe-
fish), Orthagoriscus (Sun-fish).

Sub-ord. 5. Lophobranchii.

Families : Solenostomidse, Syngnathidse, Hippocam-
pidse. — Solenostoma, Syngnathus (Pipe-fish), Hip-
pocampus (Sea-horse).

(Gunther, An Introduction to the Study of Fishes, 1880 ; Giinther, Cata-
logue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum, 1859-70 ; Cuvier
et Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des Poissons, Paris, 1828.)

Fig. 79.— Teleostei. The Cod (Gadus morrhua).

OEDER IV. — GANOIDEI.

Sub-ord. 1. Amioidea.

Fam. Amiadae. — Amid,
Sub-ord. 2. Lepidosteoidea.

Fam. a. Lepidosteidae. — Lepidosteus (Bony-pike).

Fam. 6. ^Palseoniscidse. — Palceoniscus.

Fam. c. ^Platysomidse. — Platysomus.

Fam. d. ^Dapediidse. — Dapediics.

Fam. e. ^Lepidotidae. — Lepidotus.

Fam. f. *Leptolepidse. — Leptolepis.

Fam. g. "*Pycnodontidge. — Pycnodus.

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA). 89

Sub-ord. 3. Crossopterygidse.

Fam. a. Polypteridse. — Polypterus, CalamoichtJiys.

Fam. b. ^Ccelacanthidae. — Ccelacanthus.

Fam. c. 'nTJiombodipteridse. — Glyptolcemus, Osteolepis,

Fam. d. """Cyclodipteridse. — Tristichopterus.

Fam. e. ^Holoptychiidae. — Holoptychius.

Fam. f. """Phaneropleuridse. — Phaneropleuron.

Sub-ord. 4. '""Acanthophori.

Fam. Acanthodidse. — Acanthodes.
Sub-ord. 5. ^Ostracostei.

Fam. a. Cephalaspidse. — Cephalaspis.

Fam. b. Pterichtbyidse. — Pterichthys.

Sub-ord. 5. Chondrosteidse.

Fam. a. Acipenseridse. — Acipenser (Sturgeon), Scaplii-
rhynchus.

Fam. b. Polyodontidse. — Polyodon( = Spatularia, Paddle-
fish).

(Joh. Miiller, Ueber Ganoiden und das natiirliche System der Fische, Ab-
handl. der Berl. Akad., 1848 ; Agassiz, Becker ches sur les Poissons fossiles,
1833-43 ; Huxley, Essay upon the Systematic Arrangement of the Fishes of
the Devonian Epoch, Mem. Geol. Survey, 1861 ; and Illustrations of the
Structure of the C'rossopterygian Ganoids, ibid., 1866 ; Traquair, The Ganoids
of the British Carboniferous Formation, Palaeontograph. Soc., 1877.)

Fig. 80.— A, Lepidosteus osseus, the " Gar-Pike " of the American Lakes ; B, Aspidorhynchus,
restored (after Agassiz), a Jurassic Ganoid allied to Lepidosteus, but having a homocercal
tail.

90 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

ORDEK V. — ELASMOBRANCHII (CHONDROPTERYGII).
Sub-ord. 1. Holocephali.

Fam. Chimseridse. — Ch^cera^Callorhynchus.

Sub-ord. 2. Plagiostomi.
Section A. Selachoidei.

Fam. a. Carchariidse. — Carcharias (Shark), Galeus

^ (Tope).

Fam. b. Lamnidee. — Lamna (Porbeagle), Carcharodon,
Selache (Basking Shark).

Fam. c. Rhinodontidse, — RJiinodon.

Fam. d. Notidanidae. — -Notjdanus. .

Fam. e. Scylliidae. — ^Scyllium (Dog-fish).

Fam. / Spinacidae. — Spinqx, Acanthias (Piked Dog-
fish).

Fam. g. Rhinidse. — Rhina (Monk-fish).

Fam. li. Pristiophoridsa. — Pristiophorus. .

Section B. Cestraphori.

Fam. a. Cestraciontidse. — Cestracion (Port- Jackson

Shark), *Acrodus.
Fam. Z>. *Hybodontid83. — Hybodus.

Section C. Batoidei.

Fam. a. Pristidse. — Pristis (Saw-fish).

Fam. b. Rhinobatidae. — Rhinobatis.

Fam. c. Torpedinidse. — Torpedo (Electric Ray).

Fam. d. Raiidse. — Raid (Skate).

Fam. e. Trygonidae. — Trygon (Sting-Ray).

Fam. /. Myliobatidse. — Myliobatis (Eagle-Ray).

( J. Miiller and Henle, Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen, Ber-
lin, 1841 ; F. M. Balfour, Monograph on the Development of the Elasmo-
branch Fishes, 1878 ; Giinther, An Introduction to the Study of Fishes,
1880.)

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA).

91

T?ig. 81. — A, Spinax acanthias, one of the Dog-flshes ; B, Chimcera monstrosa ;
c, Tail-spine of an Eagle-Ray (MyHobatis).

ORDER VI. — DIPNOI.

Sub-ord. 1. Sirenoidei.

Fam. a. Lepidosirenidse. — Lepidosiren, Protoptems.
Fam. 6. Ceratodidse. — Ceratodus (" Jeevine ").

Sub-ord. 2. *Ctenodipterini. — Dipterus, Ctenodus.

(Hyrtl, Lepidosiren paradoxa, Monographic, Prag, 1845 ; Owen, Descrip-
tion of the Lepidosiren annectens, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1840 ; Gunther, De-
scription of Ceratodus, Phil. Trans., 1872 ; Huxley, Structure of Ceratodus,
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1876 ; Pander, Die Ctenodipterinen des Devonischen Sys-
tems, 1858 ; Traquair, On the Genus Dipterus, &c., Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1878.)

92 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 82. — A, Lepidosiren paradoxa,, one of the Mud-fishes ; B, Front of the mouth of the
same, showing the teeth ; c, One of the overlapping scales, enlarged.

CLASS II.— AMPHIBIA (AMPHIBIANS).

ORDER I. — OPHIOMORPHA (PEROMELA).

Fam. Cseciliidse. — Ccecilia, Siphonops, Epicrium.*

ORDER II. — URODELA.

Sub-ord. 1. Ichthyodea.

Fam. a. Perennibranchiata or Phanerobranchia. — Siren,

Prp£eu&rMenobranchus, Siredon.
Fam. b. Cryptobranchia. — Amphiuma, Menopoma, Cryp-

tobranchus.

Sub-ord. 2. Salamandrina.

Fam. a. Amblystomidse. — Ainblystonmj Pldhodon.
Fam. 5. Salamandriidse. — Triton (Newt), Salamandra
(Land-Salamander).

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA).

93

The genus Siredon (Axolotl), if regarded as a permanent type, must be
placed, as above, among the Perennibranchiate Urodela. It has been
shown, however, by Dumeril, Marsh, and others, thafc under certain cir-
cumstances the Axolotl may lose its gills, and may undergo other changes,
by which it becomes an Amblystoma. There would, therefore, be no im-
propriety in regarding the ordinary Axolotls as persistent larvae, and in
placing the genus Siredon among the Amblystomidce.

Fig. 83. — Ophiomorpha. a, SipTionops annulatus, one of the Cseeilians, much reduced ; 6,
Head ; c, Mouth, showing the tongue, teeth, and internal openings of the nostrils ; d, Tail
and cloacal aperture. (After Dumeril and Bibron.)

Fig. 84. — Tailed Amphibians. A, Siren lacertina ; B, Amphiuma, showing the four
minute limbs ; c, Menobranchus maculatuis. (After Mivart.)

94 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

OKDER III. — ANOURA.
Sub-ord. 1. Aglossa._

Fam. a. Pipidje. — Pipa (Surinam Toad). -

Fam. 1. Dactylethridse. — Dactylethra. (S K fiAs*LtjJ\

Sub-ord. 2. Phaneroglossa.

Fam. a, Kanidee (Frogs). — Rana^ Pseudis, Discoglom

Fam. b. Pelobatidee. — Alytes (Obstetric Toad), Pdobates,

Bonibinator.

Fam. c. Bufonidse (Toads). — Bufo, Rhinophrynus.
Fam. d. Hylidse (Tree-frogs). — Hyla, Notodelphys.
Fam. e. Phyllomedusidse. — Phyllomedusa.
Fam. /. Dendrobatidse. — Dendrobates.

The families Ranidce, Pelobatidce, and Bufonidce are often grouped to-
gether as a section of the Phaneroglossa under the name of Oxydactyla;
while the last three families form a section to which the name of Disco-
dactyla is given on account of the fact that the toes end in suctorial discs.

ORDER IV. — *LABYRINTHODONTIA. — Ldbyrintlwdon, Mastodon-
saurus, Anthracosaurus, Loxomma, Archegosaunis.

(Huxley, Article " Amphibia" Encyclopaedia Britann., 1875 ; Gunther,
Catalogue of the Batrachia salientia in the Collections of the British Museum,
1858 ; Mivart, The Common Frog, 1874 ; Dumeril et Bibron, Erpetologie
generale, 1834-54 ; Leydig, Ueber die Schleichenlurche (Ccecilice), Zeitschr.
fiir Wiss. Zool., 1867.)

CLASS III.— EEPTILIA (EEPTILES).

ORDER I. — CHELONIA.

Fain. a. Cheloniidse (Sea-Turtles). — Chelone, Sphargis.
Fam. b. Trionycidse (Soft Tortoises). — Trionyx.
Fam. c. Chelydidse. — Chelys.

Fam. d. Emydidse. — Emys (Terrapin), Cistudo (Box-
Tortoise).
Fam. e. Testudinidse (Land-Tortoises). — Testudo, Pyxis.

(Gray, Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the Collections of the British

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA).

95

Museum, 1855 ; Bqjanus, Anatomia testudinis europceoe, 1819-21 ; Bell,
Monograph of the Testudinata, Ray Soc., 1836.)

II

Fig. 85. —Skeleton and carapace of the Logger-headed Turtle (Chelone caouannd), viewed
from below, the plastron being removed.

ORDER II. — OPHIDIA (SERPENTS).

Section A. Stenostomata.

Fam. a. Typhlopidse. — Typhlops.
Fam. 1). Tortricidse. — Tortrix.
Fam. c. Uropeltidee. — Uropeltis.

Section B. Eurystomata.
Sub-ord. 1. Aglyphodontia.

Families : Colubridse. — Coluber, Tropidonotus. Den-
drophidae. — Dendropkis. Dipsadidse. — Dipsas.
Boidae. — Boa, Python, Eunectes.

96 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 2. Proteroglypha.

Fam. a. Elapidse. — Elaps, Bungarus, Naja (Cobra),

Opkiophagus (Hamadryad).
Fam. b. Hydrophidse (Sea-snakes). — Hydropliis, Pla-

turus.

Sub-ord. 3. Solenoglypha.

Fam. a. Viperidae. — Vipera, Pelias, Cerastes, Clotho.
Fam. b. Crotalidee. — Crotalus (Eattle-snake), Ancis-

trodon (Copperhead), Bothrops (Fer-de-lance), Ha-

lys, Trimeresurus.

(Dumeril et Bibron, Erp&ologie generate, Paris, 1834-45 ; Giinther,
Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum, 1858 ;
Fayrer, Thanatophidia of India, 1873.)

Fig. 86. — Ophidia. A, Head of an Elapine Snake (Bungarus fasciatus), viewed from above ;
B, Head of a Colubrine Snake (Tropidonotu* natrix) ; c, Head of a Viperine Snake (Daboia
liussellii). (A and c are after Sir Joseph Fayrer ; B is after Bell.)

ORDER III. — LACERTILIA (LIZARDS).

Sub-ord. 1. Amphisbsenoidea (Annulata).

Fam. a. Amphisbsenidse. — Amphisbcena.
Fam. 6. Chirotidse. — CMrotes.

VERTEBRATA (CHORD ATA). 97

Sub-ord. 2. Fissilinguia.

Fam. a. Lacertidae. — Lacerta, Zootoca.
Fam. 1). Ameividce. — Ameiva, Tejus.
Fam. c. Varanidae. — Varanus (Monitor).

Sub-ord. 3. Brevilinguia.

Fam. a. Scincoidese. — Scincus (Skink), Anguis (Blind-
worm), Cyclodus, Seps.
Fam. b. Chalcididee. — Chalcides.

Fam. c. Zonuridae. — Zonums, Pseudopus (Sheltopusik).
Fam. d. Geckotidae (Ascalabotae). — Gecko.
Fam. e. Iguanidae. — Iguana, Basiliscus, Draco (fig. 87).
Fam. /. Agamidse. — Agama, Stellio.

Sub-ord. 4. Vermilinguia.

Fam. Chamseleontidse. — Chamceleo.

Sub-ord. 5. Rhynchocephalia.

Fam. Hatteriidae. — -ITatteria_ (" Tuatara ").

Sub-ord. 6. *Mosasauria. — Mosasaurus, Leiodon.
Sub-ord. 7. *Protorosauria. — Protorosaurus.

(Dumeril et Bibron, Erpdtologie generate, 1834-45 ; Giinther, Anatomy
ofHatteria, PM1. Trans., 1867.)

Fig. ST.— Lacertilia. The " Flying D)agon " (Draco volans), riewed from above,
of the catural size.

G

98

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

ORDER IV. — CROCODILIA.
Sub-ord. 1. ProccElia.

Fam. a. Crocodilidse. — Crocodilus (Crocodile).
Faro. 1. Gavialidae. — Gamalis (Gavial).
Fam. c. Alligatoridse. — Alligator.

Sub-ord. 2. *Ampliicoelia. — Bdodon, Stagonolepis, Teleo-

saurus.
Sub-ord. 3. *0pisthoco3lia. — Streptospondylus.

(Rathke, Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelung und den Korperbau der
Krokodile, Braunschweig, 1866 ; Strauch, Synopsis der gegenwartig lebenden
Crocodile, Mdm. de 1'Acad. de St Petersbourg, 1866 ; Miall, The Skull of
the Crocodile, 1878 ; Giintlier, The Reptiles of British India, 1864.)

Fig. 88. — A, Head and anterior portion of the hody of Crocodilus pondicerianus ;
B, Hind-foot of the same. (After Giinther.)

ORDER V. — *!CHTHYOPTERYGIA. — Ichthyosaurus.
ORDER VI. — "*SAUROPTERYGIA. — Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus.
ORDER VII. — *ANOMODONTIA. — Dicynodon, Oudenodon.
ORDER VIII. — *PTEROSAURIA. — Pterodactylus, Rliamphorhyn-

cJius, Pteranodon.

ORDER IX. — *DEINOSAURIA. — Iguanodon, Mcgalosaurus.
ORDER X. — *THERIODONTIA. — Cynodraco.

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA). 99

CLASS IV. — AVES (BIRDS).

SUB-CLASS I. — KATITVE.
ORDER, — CURSORES.

Fam. a. Struthionidse. — Struthio (Ostrich).
Fam. &. Eheidae. — Rliea (American Ostrich).
Fam. c. Dromseidse. — Dromaius (Emeu).
Fam. d. Casuariidse. — Casuarius (Cassowary).
Fam. e. *Dinornithidie. — Dinornis.
Fam. /. *^Epyornithidte. — ^Epywnis.
Fam. g. Apterygidse. — Apteryx (fig. 89).

(Owen, Memoir on Dinornis, Loncl., 1866-73 ; Owen, Anatomy of the
Southern Apteryx, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1838 and 1842 ; Owen, On Di-
nornis, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1839-64 ; Parker, On the Skull of tlie Ostrich,
Phil. Trans., 1866.)

Fig. 89. — Cursores. Apteryx aiistralis, New Zealand.

SUB-CLASS II. — CARINAT^.
ORDER I. — NATATORES.

Sub-ord. 1. Brevipennatse.

Fam. a. Spheniscidte (Penguins). — Spheniscus,Aptenodytes.

100 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fam. 5. Alcidse. — Alca (Auk and Razorbill), JJria
(Guillemot), Fratercula (Puffin).

Fam. c. Colymbidse. — Colymbus (Diver), Podiceps (Grebe).
Sub-ord. 2. Longipennatse.

Fam. a. Laridee. — Larus (Gull).

Fam. &. Sternidse. — Sterna (Tern).

Fam. c. Procellaridse. — Procellaria (Fulmar), Thalas-

sidroma (Petrel), Diomedea (Albatross).
Sub-ord. 3. Totipalmatse.

Fam. a. Pelecanida?. — Sula (Gannet), Phalacrocorax
(Cormorant), Pelecanus (Pelican), Plotus (Darter).

Fam. &. Tachypetidee. — Tachypetcs (Frigate-bird).

Fam. c. Phaetontidre, — Phaeton (Tropic-bird).
Sub-ord 4. Lamellirostres.

Fam. a. Anatidse (Ducks). — Anas, Fuligula.

Fam. &. Anseridse (Geese). — Anser, Oereopsis.

Fam. c. Cygnidse (Swans). — Cygnus.

Fam. d. Phosnicopteridre. — Phosnicopterus (Flamingo).

Fig. 90.— Natatores. Penguin (Apteiiodytes patagonicd).

VERTEBRATA (CHORD ATA). 101

ORDER II. — GRALLATORES.
Sub-ord. 1. Macrodactyli.

Fam. a. Rallidse. — Rallus (Rail), Gallinula (Waterhen).

Fam. b. Parridae. — Parra (Jacana).

Fam. c. Palamedeidse. — Palamedea (Screamer).

Sub-ord. 2. Cultirostres.

Fam. a. Gruidse. — Grus (Crane).

Fam. b. Ardeidse. — Ardea (Heron), Botaurus (Bittern).

Fam. c. Tantalidse. — Tantalus, Ibis.

Fam. d. Ciconiidse. — Ciconia (Stork).

Fam. e. Plataleadse. — Platalea (Spoonbill).

Sub-ord. 3. Longirostres.

Fam. Scolopacidae. — Scolopax (Snipe), Numenius (Cur-
lew).

Sub-ord. 4. Pressirostres.

Fam. a. Charadriidte. — Charadrius (Plover), Vanellus

(Lapwing).
Fam. b. Otidse. — Otis (Bustard).

ORDER III. — EASORES.

Sub-ord. 1. Gallinacei (Clamatores).

Fam. a. Tetraonidse. — Tetrao (Grouse), Lagopus (Ptar-
migan).

Fam. b. Perdicidse. — Perdisc (Partridge), Coturnix
(Quail).

Fam. c. Phasianidae. — Phasianus (Pheasant), Paw (Pea-
fowl), Mdeagris (Turkey), Gallus (Fowl).

Fam. d. Pteroclidse. — Pterocles (Sand-grouse).

Fam. e. Turnicidoe. — Turnix (Bush-Quail).

Fam. /. Megapodidte. — Megapodius (Mound-bird).

Fam. g. Cracidse. — Crax (Curassow).

Fam. h. Tinamidse. — Tinamus (Tinamou).

Fam. i. Opisthocomidte. — Opisthocomus (Hoazin).

102 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 2. Columbacei (Gemitores).

Fain. a. Columbidse (Pigeons). — Coluviba, Turtur.

Fam. &. Gouridae (Ground-pigeons). — Gfoura.

Fam. c. Treronidse (Tree-pigeons). — Treron.

Fain. d. Didunculidse. — Didunculus.

Fam. c. *Dididse. — Didus (Dodo).

ORDER IV. SCANSORES.

Sub-ord. 1. Cuculiformes.

Fam. a. Cuculidse. — Cuculus (Cuckoo), Coccygus.

Fam. &. Ehamphastid£e. — RJiamphastos (Toucan).

Fam. c. Musophagidre. — Musophaga (Plantain-eater).

Fam. d. Bucconidae. — Biwco (Barbet).

Fam. e. Coliidse. — Colius.

Fam. /. Trogonidse. — Trogon.

Sub-ord. 2. Piciformes.

Fam. a. Picidse (Woodpeckers). — Picus, Colaptes.
Fam. 1. Yungidse. — Yunx (Wryneck).

Sub-ord. 3. Psittaciformes.

Fam. a. Psittacidse (Parrots). — Psittacm, Agapornis.
Fam. b. Plyctolophidse (Cockatoos). — Plyctolophus.
Fam. c. Macrocercidte (Macaws). — Macrocercus (Ara),

Pezoporus.
Fam. d. Trichoglossidie. — TricJioglossus (Parrakeet), Lor-

ius (Lory), Nestor.
Fam. e. Strigopidse. — Strigops (Kakapo).

ORDER V. — INSESSORES (PASSERES).
Sub-ord. 1. Conirostres.

Families : Corvidse. — Corvus (Crow), Pica (Magpie),
Garrulus (Jay). Sturnidse. — Sturnus (Starling), Gra-
cula. Paradiseidse (Birds of Paradise). — Paradisea.
Oriolidse. — Oriolus. Ampelidae (Chatterers). — Am-
pelis. Fringillidse (Finches). — Passer (Sparrow),
Emberiza (Bunting). Tanagridte. — Tanagra.

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA).

10;

Fig. 91. — Scansores. The Owl-Parrot (Strigops liabroptllus), New Zealand.

Sub-ord. 2. Dentirostres.

Families: Muscicapidse. — Miiscicapa (Fly -catcher).
Laniidse. — Lanius (Shrike). Sylviadse. — Sylvia
(Warbler), Saxicola (Stone-chat). Turdidse. — Turdus
(Thrush). Motacillidse. — Motacilla (Wagtail), Anthus
(Titlark). Troglodytidse. — Troglodytes (Wren). Pari-
dse. — Parus (Titmouse). Tyrannidse. — Tyrannus.

Sub-ord. 3. — Tenuirostres.

Families : Promeropidse. — Promerops, Nectarinia (Sun-
bird). Meliphagidee. — Meliphaga (Honey-eater).
Certhiidse. — Certhia (Creeper). Sittidee. — Sitta
(Nuthatch). Upupidse. — Upupa (Hoopoe). Tro-
chilidee (Humming-birds). — Trocliilus.

Sub-ord. 4. Fissirostres.

Families : Hirundinidre (Swallows). — Hirundo. Cyp-
selidse (Swifts). — Cypselus, Collocalia. Caprimul-
gidse (Goat-suckers). — Gaprimulffus, Steatornis. Mero-
pidse (Bee-eaters). — Merops. Alcedinidse (King-
fishers).— Alcedo, Dacelo.

104 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 92.— Insessores. A, Head of Hoopoe (Upupa epops), showing the Tenuirostral type of
beak ; B, Head of Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio), showing the Dentirostral type of
beak ; c, Head of White-bellied Swift (Cypselus melba), showing the Fissirostral type of beak ;
D, Head of Corn-Bunting (Emberiza miliaria), showing the Conirostral type of beak ; E, Foot
of the Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla sulphured) ; F, Foot of a Finch (Fringilla).

ORDER VI. — EAPTOEES (BIRDS OF PREY).

Fam. a. Strigidse (Owls). — Strix, Scops, Bubo, Athene.

Fam. b. Falconidse. — Aquila (Eagle), Falco (Falcon),
Buteo (Buzzard), Milvus (Kite).

Fam. c. Vulturidse (Vultures). — Neophron, Gypaetus.

Fam. d. Cathartidse (American Vultures). — Cathartes
(Californian Vulture), Sarcorhamphus (Condor).

Fam. e. Gypogeranidse. — Gypogeranus (Secretary Vul-
ture).

(Gray, Genera of Birds, London, 1849 ; Newton, Article " Birds," En-
cyclopaedia Brit, 9th eel., 1875 ; Owen, Article " Aves" Todd's Cyclo-

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA).

105

pgedia Anat. and Phys., 1836 ; Selenka, Aves, Bronn's Klassen und Ord-
nungen des Thierreichs, 1869-82 ; Huxley, On tJie Classification of Birds,
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867 ; Tiedemann, Anatomie und Naturgeschichte der
Vo'gel, Heidelberg, 1848 ; Eyton, Osteologia Avium, London, 1858-60 ;
Macgillivray, History of British Birds, 1839-41.)

SUB-CLASS III. — *SAURORNITHES.
ORDER. — SAURUR./E. — Archceopteryx.

SUB-CLASS IV. — *ODONTORNITHES.

ORDER I. — ODONTOLC^E. — Hesperornis.

ORDER II. — ODONTOTC-RJVLE. — Ichthyornis, Apatornis.

(Owen, Archceopteryx macrura, Phil. Trans., 1863 ; Carl Vogt, Archceop-
teryx, Revue Scientifique, 1879 ; Marsh, Jurassic Birds and tlieir Allies,
Rep. Brit. Ass., 1881 ; Marsh, Odontornithes, a Monograph of the Extinct
Toothed Birds of North America, New Haven, 1880.) ,

Fig. 93. — Odontornithes. Skeleton of Hesperornis regalis, restored, (After Marsh.)
About one-tenth of the natural size.

10G CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

CLASS V. -MAMMALIA (QUADRUPEDS).

SUB-CLASS I. — ORNITHODELPHIA.
ORDER I. — MONOTREMATA.

Fam. a. Ornithorhynchidae. — Ornitliorhynclms (Duck-

mole, fig. 94).
Fam. b. Echidnidse. — Echidna.

(Owen, Art. " Monot remata" Todd's Cyclopaedia Anat. and Phys.,
1841 ; Meckel, Ornithomynchi paradoxi descriptio anatomica, 1826 ; Water-
house, A Natural History of the Mammalia, vol. i., London, 1846.)

Fig. 94.— Monotremata. Ornithorhynchus anatin-us, Australia.

SUB-CLASS II. — DIDELPHIA.
ORDER I. — MARSUPIALIA.
Sub-ord. 1. Diprotodontia.
Section Rhizopliaga.

Fam. Phascolomydre. — Phascolomys (Wombat).

VERTEBRATA (CHOKDATA).

107

Section Poephaga.

Fam. Macropodidse. — Macropus (Kangaroo), Dendro-
lagus (Tree-kangaroo), Hypsiprymnus (Kangaroo-
rat).

Section Carpophaga.

Fam. a. Phascolarctidse. — P_hfiKr.nla/rrf.n$ (TTnalflV
Fam. b. Phalangistidae (Phalangers). — Phalangista,
Petaurus.

Sub-ord. 2. Polyprotodontia.

Section Entomopliaga.

Fam. a. Peramelidae. — Perameles (Bandicoot), CJice-
ropus.

Fam. &. T}jflr1phiihi Pfrfr^r^T" (Opossum), Cheiro-

nectes.

Section Sarcophaga.

Fam. Dasyurida\ — Thylacinus, Dasyurus.

(Waterliouse, A Natural History of the Mammalia, vol. i., London, 1846 ;
Owen, Classification of the Marsupialia, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1839 ; Owen,
Fossil Mammalia of Australia, 1877 ; Gould, The Mammals of Australia,
1863.)

Fig. 95. — Marsupialia. The female of Didelphys dorsigera, one of the South American
Opossums, carrying its young upon its back.

108 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

SUB-CLASS III. — MONODELPHIA.

ORDER I. — EDENTATA (BRUTA).
Sub-ord. 1. Tardigrada.

Fam. Bradypodidae (Sloths). — Bradypus, Cholcepus.
Sub-ord. 2. *Gravigrada.

Fam. *Megatheridae. — Megatherium, Mylodon, Mega-

lonyx.
Sub-ord. 3. Loricata.

Fam. a. Dasypodidae (Armadillos). — Dasypus, Chlamy-

phorus.

Fam. &. *Glyptodontidae. — Glyptodon.
Sub-ord. 4. Vermilinguia.

Fam. a. Myrmecophagidae. — Myrmecopliaga (Ant-eater),

Cydoihurus. *., / _/'

Fam. 5. Manidae.— Manis (Pangolin). ^-^^ 7<
Fam. c. Orycteropidae. — Orycteropus (Aardvark). J .

-'•

Fig. 90. — Edentata. The three-banded Armadillo (Tolypeutes conunis), one-third of the
natural size. (After Murie.)

(Rapp, Anatomische Untersuclmnyen uberdie Edentaten, Tubingen, 1852 ;
Turner, Classification of the Edentata, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851 ; Jager, An-

VERTEBRATA (CHORD ATA). 109

atomische Untersuchung des Orycteropus Capensis, Stuttgart, 1837 ; Owen,
Memoir on the Megatherium, 1860 ; Murie, On the Habits, Structure, and
Relations of the Three-banded Armadillo, Trans. Linn. Soc., 1872 ; Owen,
On the, Anatomy of the Great Ant-Eater, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1856-57.)

ORDER II. — SIRENIA.

Fam. Manatidee (Sea-cows). — Manatus (Manatee), Hali-
core (Dugoug), Rliytina (extinct within the histori-
cal period), *Halitherium.

(Murie, Form and Structure of the Manatee, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1872 ;
Owen, Anatomy of the Dugong, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1838.)

Fig. 97.— Sirenia. Skeleton of the Manatee (Manatus American-its).

ORDER III. — CETACEA.

Sub-ord. 1. Mysticeti.

Fam. Balsenidte. — Balcena (Eight Whale), Balceraoptera
(Eorqual).

Sub-ord. 2. Odontoceti.

Fam. a. Catodontidse. — Physeter (Sperm-whale).

Fam. &. Delphinidse. — Delphinus (Dolphin), Phoceena

(Porpoise), Platanista.

Fam. c. Monodontidse. — Monodon (Narwhal).
Fam. d. Ehynchoceti. — Ziphius, Hyperoodon.
Fam. e. ^'"Zeuglodontidse. — Zeuglodon, Sgualodon.

(F. Cuvier, Histoire naturelle des Cetace's, Paris, 1836 ; Eschricht, Unter-
suchungen iiber die nordischen Walthiere, Leipzig, 1849 ; Gray, Synopsis of
the Species of Whales and. Dolphins in the British Museum, 1868 ; Flower,
Notes on the Skeletons of TVhales, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864.)

110

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 98.— Cetacea. Spermaceti Whale (Physeter macrocephalus).

OEDER IV. — UNGULATA.

Section Perissodactyla (Odd-toed Ungulates).
Fam. a. ""Coryphodontia. — Coryphodon.
Fam. b. Rhinocerotidse. — Rhinoceros.
Fam. c. Tapiridce. — Tapirus (Tapir).
Fam. d. """Brontotheridse. — Brontothermm.
Fam. e. ^Palseotheridse. — Palceotherium.
Fam. /. ~/cMacrauchenidse. — Macrauchenia.
Fam. g. Equidse. — Equus (Horse), Asinus (Ass, Zebra),
*0rohippus, *Hipparion.

Section Artiodactyla (Even-toed Ungulates).
Sub-ord. 1. Omnivora (Bunodonta).

Fam. a. Hippopotamidae. — Hippopotamus.

Fam. b. Suida. — Su>s (Pig), Dicotyles (Peccary), Phaco-

chcerus (Wart-hog).

Fam. c. *Anoplotheridse. — Anoplothcrium.
Fam. d. *0reodontida3. — Oreodon.

Fig. 99. — Grinding surface of the molar and pnemolar teeth of a Peccary (Dicotyles labi-
attis), showing the bunodont tj"pe of dentition. (After Giebel.)

VERTEBRATA (CHORD ATA). Ill

Fig. 100.— Grinding surface of the molar and prsemolar teeth of the Giraffe (Camelopardali-s
Giraffa), showing the selenodont type of dentition.

Sub-ord. 2. Buminantia (Selenodonta).

Fam. a. Camelidse (T^lojgpda). — Camelus (Camel),

Auchenia (Llama).
Fam. 1. Tragulidse (Chevrotains). — Tragulus, Hyomos-

chus.

Fam. c. Cervidse (Deer). — Q&ZMS, Dama, Alce&.
Fam. d. Camelopardalidte. — Camelopardalis (Giraffe).
Fam. e. Antilopidse (Antelopes). — Rupicapra, Antilo-

capra.

Fam. /. Ovidse. — Ovis (Sheep), Capra (Goat).
Fam. y. Bovidse. — Bos (Ox), Ovibos (Musk-ox), Bubalus

(Buffalo).

(Cuvier, Recherclies sur Us Ossemens fossiles, Paris, 1846 ; Giebel, Die Saii-
gethiere in zoologischer, anatomischer, und palceontologischer Beziehung, Leip-
zig, 1859 ; Flower, Osteology of the Mammalia) 1876 ; Owen, Anatomy
and Physiology of Vertebrated Animals, vols. ii. and iii., 1866 and 1868 ;
Pander and D' Alton, Die Skelete der Wiederkaiier ; Riitimeyer, Versucli
einer naturlichen Geschichte des JRindes in seinen Beziehungen zu den Wieder-
kaiiern im Allgemeinen, 1866 ; Nathusius, Die Racen des Schweines,T$eTlhi,
1860.)

OKDER V. — *DINOCERATA. — Dinoceras.

(Marsh, Principal Characters of the Dinocerata, Amer. Journ. Sci. and
Arts, 1876.)

ORDER VI. — ""TILLODONTIA. — Tillotherium.

(Marsli, Principal Characters of the Tillodontia, Amer. Journ. Sci. and
Arts, 1876.)

112 CLASSIFICATION OF THE AXIMAL KINGDOM.

OKDER VII. — *TOXODONTIA. — Toxodon.

(Owen, Fossil Mammalia of the Voyage of the Beagle, 1840.)

ORDER VIII. — HYRACOIDEA.
Fain. Hyracidse. — Hyrax.

(Owen, On the Anatomy of tlie Gape Hyrax, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832 ;
Schreber, Naturgeschichte der Saiigethiere, 1775-1855.)

ORDER IX. — PROBOSCIDEA.

Fam. a. Elephantidae. — Elephas, *Mastodon.
Fam. &. *Deiuotheridse. — Deinotherium.

(Cuvier, Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles, Paris, 1846 ; Mayer, Beit-
rage zur anatomie des Elephanten, Nova Acta, 1847 ; Kaup, Deinotherium
giganteum, Isis, Ed. IV., 1829 ; Falconer, Palceontological Memoirs, 1868 ;
Leith Adams, Monograph of the British Fossil Ekphants, Palseontograph.
Soc., 1877-78.)

Fig. 101. — Lower jaw of the Indian Elephant (Elephas Indicus), viewed, from above,
showing the molar teeth. Greatly reduced in size.

VERTEBRATA (CHORDA TA). 113

ORDER X. — CARNIVORA

Sub-ord. 1. Pinnipedia.

Fam. a. Phocidse (Seals). — Plwca, Cystophora (Sea-ele-
, phant), Halichosrus.

Fam. &. Otariidse (Eared-seals). — Otaria.
Fam. c. Trichecidse. — Tricliecus (Walrus).

Sub-ord. 2. Plantigrada.

Fain. a. Ursidse (Bears). — Ursus, Helarctos (Sun-bear).
Fam. &. Procyonidae. — Procyon (Racoon), Nasua (Coati,

fig. 102), Bassaris.

Fam. c. Cercoleptidse. — Cercoleptes (Kinkajou).
Fam. d. yEluridae. — jElurus (" Panda ").
Fam. e. Melidae (Badgers). — Meles, Mellivora (Honey-

badger).

Sub-ord. 3. Digitigrada.

Fam. a. Mustelidse. — Putorius (Weasel and Polecat),

Mustela (Marten), Lutra (Otter).
Fam. b. Viverridee. — Viverra (Civet-cat), Hcrpestes

(Ichneumon).

Fam. c. Hysenidse. — Hycena, Protelcs (Aardwolf).
Fam. d. CanidiE. — Canis (Dog, Wolf, &c.), Vulpes

(Fox).
Fam. e. Felidae. — Fdis (Cat, Lion, &c.), Lynx (Lynx),

*Machairodus.

On the classification adopted by Prof. Flower, the Carniwra are divided
into the three following sections, the Pinnipedia, being left out : (1),
ARCTOIDEA, comprising the Ursidce, Procyonidce, jSZluridce, and Mustelidce.
(2) CYNOIDEA, comprising only the family of the Canidce. (3) JELU-
ROIDEA, comprising the Viverridm, Hycenida, Cryptoprodidce, and Felidce.

(Strauss-Durckheim, Anatomie descriptive et comparative du Chat, Paris
1845 ; St. George Mivart, The Cat, 1881 ; Flower, On the Value of tlie
Characters of the Base of the Cranium in the Classification of the Order Car-
nivora, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869 ; Allen, Monograph of the North American
Pinnipeds, Washington, 1880 ; Bell, Art. " Carnivora," Todd's Cyclopae-
dia Anat. and Phys., 1835.)

H

114 CLASSIFICATION OP THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Fig. 102.— Carnivore. Nasuafusca, the Brown Coati.

ORDER XI. — KODENTIA (GLIRES).
Sub-ord. 1. Duplicidentata.

Fam. a. Leporidse. — Lepus (Hare and Eabbit).
Fam. b. Lagomydae. — Lagomys (Pika).

Sub-ord. 2. Simplicidentata.

Fam. a. Caviidse. — Cavia (Cavy), Hydrochcerus (Capy-
bara), Dasyprocta (Agouti).

Fam. 6. Hystricidre.- — Hystrix (Porcupine).

Fam. c. Cercolabida. — Cercolabes.

Fam. d. Octodontidye. — Ododon, Ctenomys, Myopotamus
(Coypu).

Fam. e. Chinchillidse. — Chinchilla.

Fam. f. Castoridte. — Castor (Beaver).

Fam. g. Saccomydse. — G-eomys (Gopher).

Fam. h. Spalacidtie. — Spalax (Mole-rat).

Fam. i. Muridte. — Mus (Eat, Mouse), Myodes (Lem-
ming).

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA).

115

Fam. j. Dipodidse. — Dipus (Jerboa).
Fam. h Myoxidse. — Myoxus (Dormouse).
Fam. 1. Sciuridse. — Sciurus (Squirrel), Arctomys (Mar-
mot).

Sub-ord. 3. Hebedidentata.

Fam. *Mesotheriidae. — Mesotherium.

(Waterhouse, A Natural History of the Mammalia, vol. ii., Rodentia,
London, 1838 ; Lilljeborg, Systematisk Ofversigt af degnagandeDaggjuren,
Glires, 1866 ; Alston, On the Classification of the Order Glires, Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1876 ; Coues and Allen, Monographs of the North American Rodentia
Washington, 1877.)

Fig. 103. — Kodentia. The Agouti (Dasyprocta aguti).

ORDER XII. CHEIROPTERA (BATS).

Sub-ord. 1. Insectivora (Microcheiroptera).

Fam. a. Vespertilionidse. — Vespertilio, Plecotus.
Fam. b. Ehinolophidse. — Rhinolophus (Horse-shoe Bat).
Fam. c. Noctilionidse. — Emballonura.
Fam. d. Phyllostomidte. — Phyllostoma.

116

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 2. Frugivora (Megacheiroptera).
Fam. Pteropidse. — Pteropus (Fox-bat).

(Dobson, Monograph of the Asiatic Cheiroptera, 1876 ; Bell, Art.
" Cheiroptera" Todd's Cyclopaedia Anat. and Phys., 1835 ; Blasius, Na-
turgeschichte der Saiigethiere Deutschlands, Braunschweig, 1857.)

Fig. 104. — Cheiroptera. Vespertilio discolor, one-half the natural size.

ORDER XIII. — INSECTIVORA.

Fam. a. Talpidse. — Talpa (Mole), Condylura, Chryso-
chloris (Golden-mole).

Fam. b. Potamogalidse. — Potamogale.

Fam. c. Soricidse. — Sorex (Shrew-mouse), Myogale (Des-
man).

Fam. d. Erinaceidse. — Erinaceus (Hedgehog).

Fam. e. Centetidse. — Centetes,.Ericulus.

Fam. /. Tupaiidse. — Tupaia (Banxring).

Fam. g. Macroscelidse?— Macrosceles (Elephant-shrew).

Fam. h. Galeopithecidse. — Galeopithecus (Flying-lemur).

(Mivart, Classification of the Insectivora, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871 — also on
the Osteology of the Insectivora, Jonrn. Anat. and Phys., vol. ii. ; Allman,

VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA).

117

On the Characters and Affinities of Potamogale, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1866 ;
Fitzinger, Ueber die Naturliche Familie der Igel (Erinacei), Sitzb. der K.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1867, with papers on the Macroscelidce and Soricidw ;
Fitzinger, Die natiirliche Familie der Maulwiirfe (Talpce), ibid., 1869 ;
Gill, Synopsis of Insectivorous Mammalia, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1875 ;
Coues, Precursory Notes on American Insectivorous Mammals, Bull. U.S.
Geol. Survey, 1877.)

Fig. 105.— Insectivora. The Hedgehog (Erinaceus Europceus).

ORDER XIV. — QUADRUMANA (MONKEYS).
Sub-ord. 1. Strepsirhina (Prosimise).

Fam. a. Cheiromydse. — Cheiromys (Aye- Aye).

Fam. &. Tarsiidse. — Tarsius.

Fam. c. Nycticebidse. — Nycticebus, Stenops.

Fam. d. Lemuridse. — Lemur, Indris (Indri), Gralago.

Sub-ord. 2. Platyrhina.

Fam. a. Hapalidae. — Hapale (Marmoset), Midas.
Fam. b. Cebidse. — Cebus (Capuchin - monkey), Ateles
(Spider-monkey), Mycetes (Howler).

118 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-ord. 3. Catarhina.

Fam. a. Semnopithecidae. — Semnopithecus, Cercopithecus,
Macacus (Macaque), Bhesus.

Fam. 5. Cynocephalidse (Baboons). — Cynocephodus.

Fam. c. Simiidse. — Hyldbates (Gibbon), Troglodytes (Go-
rilla, Chimpanzee), Simia (Orang).

(Mivart, Art. " Apes" Encyclo. Brit, 9th ed., 1875 ; Mivart, Appen-
dicular Skeleton of Primates, Phil. Trans., 1867 ; Mivart, The Zoological
Rank of the Lemuroidea, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1873 ; Owen, Monograph on the
Aye-Aye, 1863 ; Owen, Memoir on the Gorilla, 1865 ; Vrolik, Eecherches
sur le Ghimpanse, 1841.)

Fig. 106.— Quadrumana. Cercocebits moim, one-seventh of the natural size.

ORDER XV. — BIMANA. — Homo (Man).

(Pritchard, Natural History of Man, 1843 ; Darwin, Descent of Man,
1871 ; Nott and Gliddon, Types of Mankind, 1854 ; Tylor, Anthropology,
an Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilisation, 1881 ; Lubbock,
Prehistoric Times, 2d ed., 1869.)

INDEX OF GENEEA,

(Extinct Genera are marked with an asterisk.)

Acanthella, 10.

Acanthias, 90.

Acanthobdella, 45.
*Acanthodes, 89.

Acanthometra, 7.

Acarus, 61.

Achtheres, 48.

Acicula, 82.

Acineta, 8.

Acipenser, 89.

Acmcea, 81.

Acridium, 67.
*.4c?°oeJws, 90.

Actinocrinus, 32.
Actinometra, 32.
Actinosphcerium, 8.
^Edipoda, 67.
jEga, 56.
jEgina, 17.
jElurus, 113.
JEolis, 81.
sEolosoma, 46.
jEpyornis, 99.
jEquorea, 17.
sEshna, 68.
Agalma, 20.
Agama, 97.
Agapornis, 102.
*Agnostus, 54.
Agrion, 68.
Albertia, 42.
x, 100.

o, 103.
s, 111.
Alcyonidium, 74.
Alcyonium, 22.
Alitta, 46.
Alligator, 98.
Alpheus, 58.

*Alveolites, 22.

Alveopora, 22.

ylZytes, 94.

Amaroucium, 7<).

AmJblystoma, 92.

Ameiva, 97.

^-IJWMS, 88.

Ainmodytes, 87.

Ammonites, 84.

^iTTMsfta, 4, 5.

Ampelis, 102.

Ampkicora, 46.

Amphidetus, 28.

Amphihelia, 22.

Amphileptus, 8, 9.

Amphinome, 46.

Amphioxus, 86.

Amphisbcena, 96.

Amphitrite, 46.

Amphiuma, 92.

Ampullaria, 81.
*Ananckytes, 28.

Anapta, 31.

Anarrhicas, 87.

^4nas, 100.

Anatina, 79.

^•Iwceiw, 56.

Ancistrodon, 96.

^Iwrfrewa, 71.

Androctonus, 62.

Anguis, 97.

^•worfow, 78.

^Iwomwj, 78.
*Anoplotherium, 110.

.inser, 100.

Antedon, 32, 33.

Antennularia, 17.
*Anthocriniis, 32.

Anthomyia, 69.
*Anthracosaurus, 94.

120

INDEX OF GENERA.

Anthura, 56.

Anthus, 103.

Antilocapra, 111.

Antipathes, 22.
*Apatornis, 105.

Aphis, 66.

Aphrodite, 46.

Aphrophora, 66.
*Apipcrinus, 32.

-dpw, 71.

Aplysia, 81.

Aplysina, 9.

Aporrhais, 81.

Appendicularia, 75.

Apsilus, 42.

Aptenodytes, 99.

Apteryx, 99.
*Aptychopsis, 53.

Apus, 53.

Aquila, 104.

^Ira, 102.

Arachnactis, 22.

Arbacia, 27.

^trca, 78.

Arcella, 4.
* Archceocidaris, 27.
*Archceopteryx, 105.

Archaster, 29.
*Archegosaurns, 94.
*Archiulus, 64.

Arctomys, 115.

./IrctarzM, 56.

Ardea, 101.

.4rem'cofo, 46.

Argiope, 11.

Argonauta, 84.

Armadillo, 57.

Artemia, 53.

Artemis, 79.
*Asaphus, 54.

Ascaris, 41.

Ascidia, 75.

Asellus, 56.

A situs, 69.

Asinus, 110.

Aspergillum, 79.

Aspidodiadema, 27.

Aspidisca, 8.

Asplanch.no,, 42.

yl stacus, 58.

Astarte, 79.

Asterocanthion, 29.

Asterias, 29.

^.simwa, 29.

Asteronyx, 30.

Asterophyton, 30.

Asthenosoma, 27.

_4sfrmz, 22.

Astropecten, 29.

Astrorhiza, 5.
*Athyris, 11.

Atlanta, 82.

Auchenia, 111.
*Aulocopium, 10.

25.

Aurelia, 20.
^Mric^a, 82.
Autolytus, 46.
ylw'cMto, 78.
Axinella, 10.

*Bactrites, 84.
*Baculites, 84.

Balcetia, 109.

Balcenoptera, 109.

Balanoglossus, 47.

Balanophyllia, 22.

Balanus, 49.

Balatro, 42.

Balistes, 88.

Basiliscus, 97.

Bassaris, 113.

Bathycrinus, 32.

Bathygadus, 87.

Bdella, 61.
*Belemnitella, 84.
*Belemnites, 84.
*Belodon, 98.

£eroe, 25.

Birgus, 59.

^teto, 67.

jBoa, 95.

Bolina, 25.

Bombinator, 94.

Bombus, 71.

Bombyx, 70.

Bonellia, 42.

Bopynts, 57.

Borlasia, 39.

Bosmina, 52, 53.

Botaurus. 101.

Bothriocephalvj, 36.

Bothrops, 96.

Botryllus, 76.

Bougainvillea, 16.
* Bourgueticrinus, 32.

Brachionus, 42.

Bradypus, 108.

Branchiobdella, 45.

Branchipus, 53.

Brisinga, 29.

Brissus, 28.
*Brontotherium, 110.

Bubalits, 111.

5it6o, 104.

Buccinnm, 81.

£MCCO, 102.

^M/O, 94.

Bugula, 74.

Bulimina, 6.

BvMmus, 82.

£wZte, 81.

Bungarus, 96.

Bursaria, 8, 9.

.ewieo, 104.

Buthus, 62.

Ccecilia, 92.

INDEX OF GENERA.

121

Calamoicldhys, 89.
Calamis, 51.
Calappa, 59.
Caligus, 48.
Callianassa, 58.
Callorhynchus, 90.
*Calymene, 54.
Calyptrcea, 81.
Camelopardceiis, 111.
Camehis, 111.
Campanularia, 17.
Campodea, 66.
Cancer, 59.
Candona, 50.
Canis, 113.
Capra, 111.
Caprella, 55.

• Caprimulgus, 103.
Capsus, 66.
Capulus, 81.
Carcharias, 90.

* Car char odtm, 90.
Carcinus, 59.

*Cardita, 79.

Cardium, 79.

Carduella, 20.

Carinaria, 82.

Carpilius, 59.
*Caryocrinus, 35.

Caryophyllceus, 36.

Cassidulina, 6.

Cassiopeia, 20.

Castalia, 46.

Castor, 114.

CasMarius, 99.

Catenicella, 74.

Cathartes, 104.

Cavia, 114.

Cetws, 117.

Cecidomyia, 69.

Cellaria, 74.

Cellepora, 74.

Cellularia, 74.

Centetes, 116.
*Cephalaspis, 89.

Cephea, 20.

Cerastes, 96.
*Ceratites, 84.

Ceratium, 8.

Ceratodiis, 91.

Ceratophrys, 94.

Cercolabes, 114.

Cercoleptes, 113.

Cercomonas, 8.

Cercopithecus, 118.

Cereopsis, 100.

Cerithium, 81.

Certhia, 103.

Cervus, 111.

Cestracio7i, 90.

Cestum, 25.

Cetonia, 72.

Chceropus, 107.
*Chceteies, 25.

CJwetogaster, 46.

Chcetonotus, 42.

Chcetosoma, 41.

Chalcides, 97.

Chalcis, 71.

Chalina, 9.

Chama, 79.

Chamceleo, 97.

Charadrius, 101.

Cheiracanthus, 41.

Cheiromys, 117.

Cheironectes, 107.

Chelifer, 62.

Chelone, 94.

Chelura, 55.

Chelys, 94.

Chemnitzia, 81.

Chermes, 66.

Cherries, 62.

Ckilodon, 8.

Chilostomella, 6.

Chimcera, 90.

Chinchilla, 114.

Chirodota, 31.

Chirotes, 96.

Chiroteuthis, 84.

<7M<m, 81.

Chlamyphorus, 108.

Chloean, 68.

Chokepus, 108.

Chondracanthus, 48.

Chondrilla, 9.

Chromis, 87.

Chrysochloris, 116.

Chrysopa, 69.

Chthamalus, 49.

Cicada, 66.

Cicindela, 72.

Ciconia, 101.

Cidaris, 27.

Ciona, 75.

Cirratulus, 46.

Cistudo, 94.

CZam, 16.

Clavellina, 75.

Cleodm-a, 83.

Clepsine, 45.
*Climacograptiis, 20.

CZto, 83.

Cliona, 10.

Cto^o, 96.

Clupea, 87.

Clypeaster, 28.

CTy^ia, 17.

Coccinella, 71.
*Coccocrinus, 32.

Coccus, 66.

Coccygus, 102.

Codonella, 8.

Codosiga, 8.
*Ccelacanthus, 89.

Ccelopleurus, 27.

Ccenobita, 59.

Colaptes, 102.

122

INDEX OF GENERA.

Colias, 70.

Golius, 102.

Colloccdia, 103.

Collozoum, 8.
*Collyrites, 28.

Colossendeus, 59.

Colpoda, 8.

Coluber, 95.

Columba, 102.
*Coht.mnaria, 22.

Colymbus, 100.

Comatula, 32.

Condylura, 116.

Conochilus, 42.

Con-us, 81.

Convoluta, 39.

Corallistes, 10.

Corallium, 23.

Cor&is, 79.

Corbula, 79.

Corethra, 69.

Corixa, 66.

Coronula, 49.

Corophium, 55.

Corticium, 9.

Corvus, 102.

Corydalis, 69.

Coryne, 16.
*Coryphodon, 110.

Corystes, 59.

Cb««s, 87.

Coturnix, 101.

Crabro, 71.

Crambessa, 20.

Cranchia, 84.

Crangon, 58.

Crania, 77.

Crassatella, 79.

CVa/r, 101.

Cribella, 29.

Criodrilus, 46.

Crisia, 74.

Cristatella, 74.

Cristellaria, 6.

Crocodilus, 98.
*Crotalocrinus, 32.

Crotalus, 96.

Cryptobranchus, 92.
*Cryptocrinus, 35.

Cryptoniscus, 57.

Cryptophialus, 49.

Ctenodiscus, 29.

Ctenodus, 91.

Ctenomys, 114.

Cucullanus, 41.

Cuculus, 102.

Cucumaria, 32.

Culcita, 29.

Cwfeo;, 69.

Cultellus, 79.

Cuma, 58.

*Cupressocrinus, 32.

Cyamus, 55.

Cyanea, 20.

*Cyathaxonia, 25.
*Cyathidium, 32.
*Cyathocrinus, 32.
*Cyathophyllum, 25.

Cyclas, 79.

Cyclodus, 97.

Cyclopina, 51.

Cyclops, 51.

Cydostoma, 82.

Cydothuriis, 108.

Cygnus, 100.

Cyinbulia, 83.

Cymothoa, 56.

Cynips, 71.

Cynocephalus, 118.
*Cynodmco, 98.

Cynthia, 75.

Cypr&a, 81.

Cypridina, 50.

Cyprina, 79.

Cyprinus, 87.

Cypris, 50.

Cypselus, 103.

Cyrena, 79.
*Cyrtoceras, 84.
*Cystipkyllum, 25.

Cystophora, 113.

Cythtre, 50.

Cytherella, 51.

, 103.
Daclylethra, 94.
Dactylocalyx, 10.
Dama, 110.
Dapedius, 88.
Daphnella, 53.
Daphnia, 53.
*Dasmia, 23.
Dasyprocta, 114.
Dasypus, 108.
Dasyurus, 107.
Degeeria, 66.

* Deinotherium, 112.
Delphimis, 109.
Demodex, 61.
Dendrobates, 94.

* Dendrocrinus, 32.
Dendrolagus, 107.
Dendrophis, 95.
Dendrophyllia, 22.
Dentalium, 80.
Depastrum, 20.
Diadema, 27.
Diastopora, 74.
Diastylis, 58.

*Diceras, 79.
*Dichograptus, 20.

Dicotyles, 110.

Dictyocfta, 8.

* Dicynodon, 98.
Didelphis, 107.
Didemnum, 76.
Didunculus, 102.

*Didus, 102.

INDEX OF GENERA.

123

*Didymograptus, 20.

Didytrwphyes, 3.

Difflugia, 4.
*Dinoceras, 111.
*Dinomis, 99.

Diocus, 46.

Diodvn, 88.

Diomedea, 100.

Diphasia, 17.

Diphyes, 19.
* Diplograptus, 20.

Diploria, 22.

Diplostoma, 37.

Diplozoon, 37.

Dipsas, 95.
*Dipterus, 91.

Dipus, 115.

Discina, 77.

Discoderma, 10.

Discoglossus, 94.

Discoporella, 74.

Discorbina, 6.

Distichopora, 21. ,

Distoma, 37.

Dochmius, 41.

Docophorus, 65.

Doliolum, 76.

Donax, 79.

Doris, 81.

Dorylaimus, 41.

Dote, 81.

Draco, 97.

Drassus, 64.

Dreissena, 78.

Dromaius, 99.

Dysidea, 9.

Echidna, 106.

Echinarachinus, 28.

Echinobothrium, 36.

Echinocyamus, 28.

Echinoderes, 42.
* Echinoencrinus, 35.

Echinolampas, 28.

Echinoneus, 28.

Echinorhynchus, 40.
* Echinothuria, 27.

Echinus, 26.

Echiurus, 43.

Edwardsia, 22.

jSZffp*, 96.

Eledone, 84.

Elephas, 112.

Emballonura, 115.

Emberiza, 102.

Embia, 68.

Emydium, 60.

Emys, 94.

Enchelys, 8.

Enchytraus, 46.
* Kncrinus, 32.
*Endothyra, 5.
*Entomis, 50.

Eosphora, 42.

Epeira, 64.

Ephemera, 68.

Epicrium, 92.

Epistylis, 8.

Equus, 110.

EricuLus, 116.

Erinaceus, 116.

Errina, 21.

Erycina, 70.
*Eryon, 58.

Eschara, 74.

j£so.-e, 87.

Estheria, 53.
* Eucalyptocrinus, 32.

Euchlanis, 42.

Eudendrium, 16.
*Euffeniacrinus, 32.

Euglena, 8.

Euiiectes, 95.

Eunice, 46.

Euphausia, 57.
*Euphoberia, 64.

Euplectella, 10.

Euplotes, 8.

Euryale, 30.

Euspongia, 9, 10.

Eustrongylus, 41.

o, 104.
*Favosites, 22.

^eZw, 113.

Fibularia, 28.

Filaria, 41.

Filograna, 46.

/YroZa, 82.

Fissurella, 81.

Flabellum, 23.

Floscularia, 42.

Flustra, 74.

Forjicula, 67.

Formica, 71.

Fratercula, 100.

Fulgora, 66.

Fuiigula, 100.

Fungia, 22.
*Fusulina, 6.
s, 80.

, 87.

Galago, 117.

Galathea, 59.

Galeodes, 62.

Galeopithecus, 116.
*Galerites, 28.

Gtafeiw?, 90.

Gallinula, 101.

(?a«i<s, 101.

Gamasus, 61.

Gammarus, 55.

Gamdus, 102.
*Gasterocoma, 32.

Gastrochcena, 79.

Gavialis, 98.

Gecarcinus, 59.

124

INDEX OF GENERA.

Gecko, 97.

Gemellaria, 74.

Cfeodia, 10.
, Geometra, 70.

Geomys, 114.

Geophilus, 64.

Geoplana, 39.

Gerris, 66.

Globigerina, 6.

Glomeris, 64.

Glycera, 46.
*Glyptocrinus, 32.
*Glyptolcemus, 89.
*Glyptodon, 108.
*Glyptosph<xrites, 35.

Gobius, 87.

Goniaster, 29.
*Goniatites, 84.
*Goniophyllum, 25.

Gonodactylus, 57.

Gonoplax, 59.

Gordius, 40.

Gorgonia, 23.

Goura, 102.

Gracula, 102.
*Granatocrinus, 35.

Grantia, 10.

Grapsus, 59.

Gregarina, 3'.

Gromia, 5.

GVws, 101.

Gryllotalpn, 67.

Gryllus, 67.

Gymnotus, 87.

Gyncecophorus, 37.

Gypaetus, 104.

Gypogeranus, 104.

Gyrodactylus, 37.

*Habrocrinus, 32.

Hcemopsis, 45.

Halichcerus, 113.

Halichondria, 10.

Halicore, 109.

Haliotis, 81.

Halisarca, 9, 10.
* Halitherium, 109.

Halocypris, 50.

Halosydna, 46.

//aZys, 96.
*Halysites, 23.

Hapale, 117.
*Haplocrinus, 32.

Harpacticus, 51.

Hatteria, 97.

Helarctos, 113.

Heliaster, 29.

Helicina, 82.
* Heliophyllum, 25.

Heliopwa, 23.

ZTe^X 82.

Hemicardium, 79.
*Hemicidaris, 27.

* Hemicosmites, 35. .

Hermella, 46.

Herpestes, 113.

Hesperia, 70.
*Hesperornis, 105.

Heterodesmus, 50.

Heterophrys, 8.

Jfeteropora, 74.

Hippa, 59.
*Hipparion, 110.

Hippobosca, 69.

Hippocampus, 88.

Hippolyte, 58.

Hippopotamus, 110.

Hippopus, 79.

Hippothoa, 74.
*Hippurites, 79.

Hirudo, 45.

Hirundo, 103.

Histriobdella, 44.
*Holocystis, 25.
*Holoptychius, 89.

Holopus, 32.

Holothuria, 3^./.

Holtenia, 10.

Homarus, 58.

tfomo, 118.

Honniphora, 25.

Hornera, 74.

Hycena, 113.

Hyalea, 83.

Hyalonema, 10.

Hyalosphenin, 4.

Hyas, 59.
*Hybodus, 90.

Hydatina, 42.

Hydra, 14.

Hydrachna, 61.

Hydr actinia, 16.

Hydrochcerus, 114.

Hydrometra, 66.

Hydrophis, 96.

j&^a, 94.

Hylobates, 118.

Hymenaster, 30.

Hymeniacidon, 10.
*Hyolithes, 83.

Hyomoschus, 111.

Hyperia, 55.

Hyperoodon, 109.

Hypsiprymnus, 107-

Hyrax, 112.

Hystrix, 114.

7Ws, 101.

Ichneumon, 71.

Ichthydium, 42.
*Ichthyornis, 105.
* Ichthyosaurus, 98.

Idmonea, 74.

Idotea, 56.

Idyia, 25.

Iguana, 97.

INDEX OF GENERA.

125

*Iguanodon, 98.
*lllaeitius, 54.

Jlyanthus, 22.

Inachus, 59.
* Jnoceramus, 78.

Jndris, 117.

Isis, 23.

Jsocardia, 79.

Isodictya, 10.

Jultts, 64.

Ixodes, 61.

*Koninckina, 77.
Kroyera, 55.

, 87.
*Labyrinthodon, 94.

Lacerta, 97.

Lafoea, 17.

Lagena, 6.

Lagomys, 114.

Lagopus, 101.

Lamna, 90.

Lani-us, 103.

Larus, 100.

Lecanium, 66.

Zeda, 78.
*Leiodon, 97.

Lemur, 117.

Lepas, 49.

Lepidonotus, 46.

Lepidoslren, 91.

Lepidosteus, 88.
*Lepidotus, 88.

Lepidurus, 53.

Lepisma, 66.

Leprcdia, 74.
* Leptolepis, 88.

Leptoplana, 39.

Lepus, 114.

Lerncea, 48.

Lernceodiscus, 48.

Leucifer, 57.

Leiicosia, 59.

Leucosolenia, 10.

Libellida, 68.

Ligia, 57.

Ligula, 36.

Lima, 78.

Limacina, 83.

Umax, 82.

Limnadia, 53.

Limncea, 82.

Limnochares, 61.

Limnocythere, 50.

Limnodrilus, 46.

Limnophttus, 69.

Limnoria, 56.

Limulus, 54.

Linckia, 29.

Lineus, 39.

Lingula, 77.

Lithobius, 64.

Lithodes, 59.

Littorina, 81.
*Lituites, 84.

Lituola, 5.

Locusta, 67.
*Loftusia, 5.

Lolic/o, 84.

Lohgopsis, 84.

Lophius, 87.

Lophog aster, 57.

Lophohelia, 23.

Lophopiis, 74.

Lorius, 102.
*Loxa>nina, 94.

Loxosoina, 75.

Lucernaria, 20.

Lucina, 79.

Luffaria, 9.

Luidia, 29.

Lumbriconereis, 46.

Lumbrictis, 46.

Zwi!ra, 113.

Lutraria, 79.

Lyccena, 70.

Lychnocanium, 8.

Lycosa, 63.

Lynceus, 53.

Macacus, 118.
MacAndrewia, 10.
*Machairodus, 113.
Machilis, 66.

* Macrauchenia, 110.
Macrobiotics, 60.
Macrocercus, 102.
Macropus, 107.
Macrosceles, 117.
Macrostomum, 39.
Mactra, 79.
Madrepora, 22.
Maia, 59.
Malacobdella, 44.
Malleus, 78.

* Malocystites, 35.
Manatus, 109.
Jl/awis. 108.
Mantis, 67.
Marginvlina, 6.

*Marsupites, 32.

Mastigamoeba, 4.
*Maslodon, 112.
* Mastodonsaurus, 94.

Meandrina, 22.
*Megalonyx, 108.
* Megalosawms, 98.

Megalotrocha, 42.

Megapodius, 101.

* Megatherium, 108.
Melania, 81.
Meleagris, 101.
Jfeies, 113.
Melicerta, 42.
Meliphaga, 103.

126

INDEX OF GENERA.

Mellita, 28.

Mellivora, 113.
*Melocrinus, 32.

Melophagus, 69.

Membranipora, 74.

JUenobranchus, 92.

Menopoma, 92.

Mermis, 40.

Merops, 103.

Merulina, 22.
*Mesotheriuin, 115.
* Michelinia, 22.
*Aficraster, 28.

Microgromia, 5.

Midas, 117.

Mttiola, 5.

Mittepora, 21.

Milmts, 104.

Minyas, 21.

3f#ra, 81.

Molgula, 75.

Atolpadia, 32.

Monas, 8.

Monocystis, 3.

Monodon, 109.
*Monograptus, 20.

Monosiga, 8.

Monostomum, 37.
*Monticulipora, 25.

Mopsea, 23.
*Mosasaurus, 97.

Motacilla, 103.

Mugil, 87.

Munna, 56.

Munnopsis, 56.

Murcena, 87.

Murex, 80.

JJfiw, 114.

Musca, 69.

Muscicapa, 103.

Miisophaga, 102.

Miistela, 113.

J/ya, 79.

Mycetes, 117.

Mygale, 63.

Myliobatis, 90.
*Mylod<m, 108.

Myodes, 114.

Myogale, 117.

Myopotamus, 114.

Myoxus, 115.

Myrmecophaga, 108.

Myrmeleo, 69.

Mysis, 57.

Mytilus, 78.

Myxastrum, 4.

Myxine, 87.

" Myxodictyon, 4.

Myzostmna, 37.

Nasua, 113.

Natica, 81.

Nautilus, 84.

Nebalia, 53, 54.

Nectarinia, 103.

Nemertes, 39.

Neophron, 104.

J^epa, 66.

Nephelis, 45.

Nephrops, 58.

Nephthys, 46.

Nereis, 46.

Nerine, 46.

Nerita, 81.

^Vestor, 102.

Nicothoe, 48.

Noctva, 70.

Nodosaria, 6.

Notidanus, 90.

Notodelphys (Crustacea), 51 ;

&ia), 94.
Notommata, 42.
Notonecta, 66.
Nubecularia, 5.
*Nucleocrinus, 35.
Nucleolites, 28.
Nucula, 78.
Nuculana, 78.
Numenius, 101.
Nummulites, 6.
Nycteribia, 69.
Nycticebus, 117.
Nyctotlierus, 8.
Nymphalis, 70.
Nymphon, 59.

w, 46.
, 96.
Nassa, 81.

m, 17.

Obisium, 62.

Octodon, 114.

Octopus, 84.

Oculina, 23.

Ocypoda, 59.

(Ecistes, 42.

(Edipoda, 67.

(Estrus, 69.

OfeY-a, 81.

Ommastreplies, 84.

OncinolaJbes, 31.

Oniscus, 57.

Ophiocoma, 30.

Ophioglypha, 30.

Ophiplepis, 30.

Ophiophaffiis, 96.

Ophiura, 30.

Ojwfe'o, 61.

Opisthocomus, 101.

Opisthomum, 39.
*0rbitoides, 6.

Orbitolites, 5.

Orchestia, 55.
*Oreodon, 110.

Oribates, 61.

Oriolus, 102.

INDEX OF GENERA.

127

Ornithorhynchus, 106.
*0rohippiis, 110.

Orthagoriscus, 88.
*Orthis, 77.
*0rthoceras, 84.

Orycteropus, 108.

Osculina, 9.
*0steolepis, 89.

Ostraci&n, 88.

Osirea, 78.

Otari'a, 113.

Otis, 101.
*0udenodon, 98.

Owios, 111.

0w, 111.

Ovulun, 81.

Oxyuris, 41.

Pagurus, 59.
*Palceaster, 30.
* Palcechinus, 27.
Palceman, 58.
* Palceoniscus, 88.
* PalcEotherium, 110.
Palamedea, 101.
Palinurus, 58.
Pallene, 60.
Palmipes, 29.
Pahidina, 81.
Palythoa, 22.
Pandalus, 58.
Panorya, 69.
Papilio, 70.
Paradisea, 102.
*Paradoxides, 54.
Paramcecium, 8.
*Parkeria, 5.
Parra, 101.
Parws, 103.
Passer, 102.
Patella, 81.
Pauropus, 64.
Paw, 101.
Pavonaria, 23.
Pecten, 78.
Pectinaria, 46.
Pectunculus, 78.
Pedalion, 42.
Pedicellina, 75.
Pediculus, 60.
Pelagia, 20.
Pelagonemertes, 39.
Pelecanus, 100.
Pefow, 96.
Pelobates, 94.
Pelomyxa, 4.
Pelonaia, 75.
*Peltocaris, 53.
Peltogaster , 48.
Penceus, 58.
Peneroplis, 5.
Pennatula, 23.
Pentacrinus, 32, 34.

P&itacta, 32.
*Pentamerus, 77.

Pentastoma, 60.

Pentatoma, 67.
*Pentremites, 35.

Perameles, 107.

P«-ca, 87.

Peroter, 101.

Peridinium, 8.
* Periechocrinus, 32.

Peripatus, 64.

Penplaneta, 67.

Perto, 68.

Perophora, 75.

Petaurus, 107.

Petromyzon, 87.

Phacochcerus, 110.

Phaeton, 100.

Phalacrocorax, 100.

Phalangista, 107.

Phalangium, 61.
* Phaneropleuron, 89.

Phanogenia, 32.

Phascolarctos, 107.

Phascolomys, 106.

Phascolosoma, 43.

Phasianus, 101.

Phasma, 67.

Philodina, 42.

PAoca, 113.

Phoccena, 109.

Phcenicopterus, 100.
*Pholadomya, 79.

PAoto, 79.

Phormosoma, 27.

Phorcniis, 43.

PhoxichUus, 60.

Phronima, 55.
Pkryganea, 69.
Phrymis, 62.

Phthinus, 65.
Phyllium, 67.
Phyllobothrium, 36.
Phyttodoce, 46.
*Phyllograptus, 20.
Phyllomedusa, 94.
Phyllostoma, 115.
Phylloxera, 66.
Physalia, 20.
Physeter, 109.
Physophora, 20.
Pica, 102.
Picws, 102.
Pilummis, 59.
Pinna, 78.
Pinnotheres, 59.
Ptpa, 94.
Piscicola, 45.
* Pisocrinus, 32.
Placuna, 78.
Planaria, 39.
Platalea, 101.
Platanista, 109.

128

INDEX OF GENERA.

Platurns, 96.

* Platycrinus, 32.
*Platysomus, 88.

Plecotus, 115.
* Plesiosaurus, 98.

J'lethodon, 92.

1'leurobrachia, 25.

Pleuronectes, 87.

J'leurotmna, 81.

I'leurotomaria, 81.
* J'licatocrinus, 32.

Pliobothrus, 21.

* Pliosaurus, 98.
JVoto, 100.
Plumatella, 74.
Plumularia, 17.
Plyctolophus, 102.
Pneumodermon, 83.
Podiceps, 100.
Podocyrtis, 8.
Podophrya, 8.
Podura, 66.
Pcecilasma, 49.
Pollicipes, 49.
Polyarthra, 42.
Polycelis, 39.
Polydonia, 20.
Polycope, 50.
Polydesmus, 64.
Polyergus, 71.
Polygnrdius, 47.
Polynoe, 46.
Polyodon, 89.
Polyphemus, 53.
Polypterus, 89.
Polystomnm, 37.
Polyxenus, 64.
Polyzonium, 64.
Pomacentrus, 87.
Ponera, 71.
Pontella, 51.
Pontobdella, 45.
Porcellana, 59.
Porites, 22.
Porocidaris, 27.
Porpita, 20.
Portunus, 59.
Potamogale, 116.

*Poteriocrinu&, 32.

/Vaya, 18, 19.

Priapulus, 43.

Pristiophorus, 90.

Pristis, 90.

Procellaria, 100.

Procyon, 113.
*Producta, 77.

I'romerops, 103.

Prostomum, 39.

Protamosba, 4.

Protetta, 55.

Proteolepas, 49.

Proteus, 92.

Protomyxa, 4.

Protopterus, 91.
*Protorosaurus, 97.

Psammabia, 79.

Pseudis, 94.

Pseudopus, 97.

Psittacus, 102.

Psocus, 68.

Psote, 32.
*Pteranodon, 98.

Pteraster, 30.
*Pterichthys, 89.

Pteroceras, 80.

Pterocles, 101.
*Pterodactylus, 98.

Pteropus, 116.
*Pterygotus, 54.

Pttfee, 69.

Pulvinulina, 6.

Pwpa, 82.

Purpura, 81.

Putorius, 113.
*Pycnodus, 88.

Pycnogonum, 60.

Pygaster, 28.

Pyramidella, 81.

Pyrgoma, 49.

Pyrosoma, 76.

Python, 95.

Pyxis, 94.

Quadrula, 4.

ia, 90.

Rallus, 101.

Rana, 94.

Ranina, 59.

Reduvius, 66.

Reniera, 10.

Renilla, 23.

Retepora, 74.
*Retiolites, 20.

RJiabditis, 41.

Rhabdogaster, 41.

Rluibdopleura, 75.

RJiamphastos, 102.
*R/iamphorhynchus, 98.

Rhaphigaster, 67.

TiAea, 99.

Rhesus, 118.

/toma, 90.

Rhinobatis, 90.

Rhinoceros, 110.

RJiinodon, 90.

Rhinolophus, 115.

Rhinophrynus, 94.

Rhipidogorgia, 23, 24.

Rhizostoma, 20.

Rhizoxenia, 23.
*Rhodocrinus, 32.

Rhombus, 87.

Rhynchonella, 77.

Rhynchopygus, 28.
*Rhytina, 109.

INDEX OF GENERA.

129

Rossia, 84.
Rotalia, 6.
Rotifer, 42.
Rotula, 28.
Runcina, 81.
Rupicapra, 111.

, 46.

Sabellaria, 46.

Saccammina, 5.

Sacculina, 48.

Scenuris, 46.

Sagartia, 21.

Sagitta, 47.

Salamandra, 92.

Salenia, 27.

SatZwio, 87.

SoJpa, 76.

Salticiis, 63.

Sanguisuga, 45.

Sarcopsylla, 69.

Sarcoptes, 61.

Sarcorhamph'us, 104.

Saxicava, 79.

Saxicola, 103.

Scalaria, 81.

Scalpettum, 49.

Scaphirhynchus, 89.
*Scaphites, 84.

Scincus, 97.

Sciurus, 115.

Sclerostoma, 41.

Scolopax, 101.

Scolopendra, 64.

Scomber, 87.

(Scop.?, 104.

Scorpio, 62.

Scrobicularia, 79.

Scruparia, 74.

Scutdla, 28.

Scutellera, 67.

Scutigera, 64.

Scyllarus, 58.

Scyllium, 90.

Seison, 42.

Selache, 90.

Selenaria, 74.

Semnopithecus, 118.

<Sepj;a, 84.

Sepiola, 84.

<Sep5, 97.

Serolis, 56.

Serpula, 46.

Sertularia, 17.

-Sfcto, 53.

Sigalion, 46.

Sigaretus, 81.

Silurus, 87.

Simia, 118.
*Siphonia, 10.

Siphonops, 92.

Sipunculus, 43.

Siredon, 92.

92.

Sw-ez, 71.

5i«a, 103.
*Slimonia, 54.

Smynthurus, 66.

Solanocrinus, 32.

Solarium, 81.

Solaster, 29.

5oZea, 87.

•SWew, 79.

Solenostoma, 88.

•Sores, 116.

Spalax, 114.

Spatangus, 28.

Spatularia, 89.

Sphceroma, 56.
•Sphceronites, 35.

Sphcerozoum, 8.

Sphceridaria, 40.

Sphargis, 94.

Spheniscus, 99.

Sphinx, 70.

Spinax, 90.

4?io, 46.

Spirialis, 83.
*Spirifera, 77.

Spiroptera, 41.

Spirorbis, 46.

Spirula, 84.

Spondylus, 78.

Spongilla, 10.
*Squalodon, 109.

Squilla, 57.
*Stagonolepis, 98.
*Stauria, 25.

Steatornis, 103.

•StfeWto, 97.

Stenops, 117.

Stenorhynchus, 59.

Stentor, 8.

Stephanoceros, 42.

Stephanomia, 20.

Stephanoscyphus, 17.

Sterna, 100.

Stemaspis, 43.

Stomoxys, 69.
*Streptospondylus, 98.

Strigops, 102.

•S<nx, 104.

Strombus, 80.
*Strophomena, 76.

Struthio, 99.

Sturnus, 102.

Stylaster, 21.

Stylops, 71.

Stylorhynchus, 3.

,S«fo, 100.

Sulcator, 55.

>Siw, 110.

53/Zfe, 46.

^yit)ta, 103.

Symbranchus, 87.

Synapta, 31.

130

INDEX OF GENERA.

Sync/amus, 88.
*Syringopora, 22.
Syrphiis, 69.

Tdbanus, 69.

Tachy petes, 100.

Tcenia, 36.

Talitrus, 55.

2Wpa, 116.

Tanagra, 102.

Tanais, 56.

Tantalus, 101.

Tapirus, 110.

Tarsius, 117.
*Taxocrinus, 32.

Teafo'a, 21.

Tegenaria, 64.

Te/ws, 97.
* Teleosaurus, 98.

Tdlina, 79.

Telphusa, 59.

Temnechinus, 27.

Tenthredo, 71.
Terebella, 46.
Terebratula, 77.
rerafo, 79.
Termes, 68.
Testudo, 94.
Tethya, 10.
TtaAys, 81.
*Tetradium, 23.
*Tetragraptus, 20.
Tetranychus, 61.
Tefrrto, 101.
Tetrarhynchus, 36.
Tetrastemma, 39.
Textularia, 6.
Thalassema, 43.
Thalassicolla, 8.
Thalassidroma, 100.
Thalassina, 58. ,

Thalassolampe, 8.
Thaumantias, 17.
*7%eca, 83.
*Thecia, 23.
Thecidium, 77.
2%€cte, 70.
Thelyphmus, 62.
TherMium, 64.
Thomisus, 64.
Thrada, 79.
2%nps, 67.
Thylacinus, 107.
Thyone, 32.
*TUlotherium, 111.
Tinamus, 101.
Tmea, 70.
Tipula, 69.
Tomopteris, 46, 47.
Tornatella, 81.
Torpedo, 90.

Tortrix (Insecta), 70 ; (Reptilia), 95.
t, 112.

Tracheliaster, 48.

Trachynema, 17, 18.

Tragulus, 111.

Treron, 102.
*Triacrinus, 32.

Trichecus, 113.

Trichina, 41.

Trichocephaliis, 41.

Trichodectes, 65.

Trichoderia, 8.

Trichoglossus, 102.

Tridacna, 79.

Trigonia, 78.
*Trimerella, 77.

Trimeresurus, 96.

Trionyx, 94.
*Tristichopterus, 89.

Tristoma, 37.

Trochammina, 5.

Trochetia, 45.

Trochilus, 103.

Trochus, 81.

Troglodytes (Aves), 103 ; (Mammalia),

118.

Trogmi, 102.
Tropidonotus, 95.
Trygon, 90.
Tubifex, 46.
Tvbipora, 23.
T'ubuLaria, 16.
Tubulipora, 74.
Tupaia, 116.
Turbinolia, 23.
T?tr6o, 81.
Turdus, 103.
Turnix, 101.
Turritetta, 81.
Turtur, 102.

Tylenchus, 41. v y^/ >^*. /".
TypJdops, 95. •/^r*^-<rt* » /
Tyranny^, 103.

Umbrella, 81.
C/^«io, 78.
Upupa, 103.
Uraster, 29.
{/ria, 100.
Uropeltis, 95.
113.

Valkeria, 74.
Vanellus, 101.
Fa?tessa, 70.
Varanus, 97.
Velella, 20.
h Ventriculites, 10.
Fen/tw, 79.
Veretillum, 23.

s,81.
i,49.

Tia, 74.
i, 71.

INDEX OF GENERA.

131

Vespertilio, 115.
Vincvlaria, 74.
Vipera, 96.
Virgularia, 23.
Viverra, 113.
Vogtia, 19.
Volucdla, 69.
FoJwta, 81.
Vorticella, 8.
FwZpes, 113.
Fwftwr, 104.

Xiphacantha, 7.
Yunx, 102.

*Zaphrentis, 25.
*Zeacrimts, 32.
*Zeuglodon, 109.

Ziphius, 109.

Zoanthus, 22.

Zonurus, 97.

Zootoca, 97.

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