1930

Gift of

Richard H. Backus

May, 1988

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SYNOPSIS

T

OF THE

FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA.

*

BY

S.

AND

CHARLES H. GILBERT

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

1882.

.

Ill

PREFACE.

In this memoir we have endeavored to give concise descriptions of
all the species of fishes known to inhabit the waters of North America,
north of the boundary between the United States and Mexico.

The classification which we have adopted is essentially based on the
views of Professors Gill and Cope, who have, it seems to us, been more
fortunate in reflecting nature in their groupings of the fishes than have
any of the European systematists. In our arrangement of the families
and genera, we have endeavored to avoid, on the one hand, unnatural
associations, and on the other, subdivision beyond reasonable limits.
Genera to which we have been unable to give precise definition have
been rarely adopted.

The rules of nomenclature generally recognized by naturalists, and
recently admirably formulated by Mr. W. H. Ball, have been followed
without deviation, except such as may be due to ignorance of all the
facts in any particular case. Most of the present confusion in nomen-
clature is due to the neglect of established rules, and the only way out
of this confusion is through the rigid enforcement of these rules. There
is little hope for uniformity in nomenclature so long as individual prefer-
ence or caprice is allowed to affect it.

We are under obligations to Prof. Spencer F. Baird, to Prof. G.
Brown Goode, and to Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, for many aids, especially
in connection with our use of the specimens in the United States Na-
tional Museum. To Dr. Bean, in particular, we have been indebted for
help of various sorts, including many unpublished notes. To Dr. Theo-
dore Gill and to Prof. E. D. Cope, we are indebted for numerous aids
and suggestions. Mr. Samuel Garman, of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, has given us considerable assistance on the Elasmobranchs.
Mr. Chas. L. McKay, of the United States Signal Service, has revised

VI PREFACE.

our account of the CV/*//-"/v//»V,r. I'rof. S. A. Forbes, of the Illinois
Laboratory of Natural History, lias furnished numerous notes on the
r< /v/V/r and Ciiprhihlir of Illinois, i'rof. Felipe I'oey, of Havana, lias
given valuable inl'onnatioii in regard to the fishes of the Florida Ke\s.
Professor O. P. Hay, of llutler I'niversity, has furnished us manuscript
descriptions of specie- new to science. Miss Rosa Smith, Mr. Joseph
Swain, and especially Mrs. Susan B.Jordan, have given important per-
sonal assistance in the verification of the descriptions in our maim
scripts.

Finally, \ve may refer to the early encouragement received from Dr.
Elliott Cones, \\-hose advice and example led us to undertake to do for
American Ichthyology, so far as lay in our power, what Cones* "Key
to Xorth American Birds" has done for American Ornithology.

A Bibliography of North American Ichthyology is soon to be pub-
lished by Professor Goode. We have therefore not attempted to give
a list of the works consulted by us. We have endeavored to examine
everything pertaining to American Ichthyology.

Under the head of each species, enough synonymy has been given to
connect this work with other descriptive works, and no more. Ret. i
ence is made to the original description of each species, to the descrip-
tions in Dr. G itnther's "Catalogue of the Fishqsof the British Museum,"
and to other works in which special information is given or in which
some name different from the one adopted by us is employed.

This work was iirst prepared for the press in ]S7<). during which year
a portion of it was printed. Since then the printing has been several
times interrupted, chiefly by the absence of the authors while engaged
in field-work. Jt was finished in September, 1882. The manuscripts
imprinted have been from time to time revised, and each part lias been
brought up to the date of finally leaving our hands. The fad that the
priming has extended over more than three years,— three of the most
active years in the history of American Ichthyology, — will account for
some discrepancies between the first and last parts of the work, in the

Addenda, we have included the species which have been described
Since the priming of the accounts of the families to \\hich the\ re-
spectively belong.

DAVID S. JORDAN.
CHAELES H. GILBERT.
INDIANA l'.xi\ EESITT,

,. /,/,/., September \-\.

PREFACE. VII

NOTE. — lu our descriptions the length of the fish is always measured
from the tip of the snout to the end of the last vertebra: the caudal
fin being not included. The expressions " head 4" or " depth 4" mean
that the length of the head, in the one case, or the greatest depth of the
body, in the other, is one-fourth of the length of the fish. "Lat. 1." indi-
cates the number of scales in the lateral line; when, however, the num-
ber of transverse series of scales between the head and the caudal fin is
different from the number pierced by the lateral line we have usually
given the former number. The measurements given in the text are
intended to apply to mature fishes. Young fishes have usually the
depth less, the head larger, the mouth smaller, and the eye larger, than
adult examples of the same species.

In the synonymy of any species, where an author quoted has used the
name adopted by us, that name is not repeated. Descriptions not taken
from specimens, or at least not verified by us, are, in all cases, credited
to the author from whom they have been copied.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Class I. Leptocardii 2

Order A. Cirrostomi 2

Family 1. Branchiostomatidae 7.

1. Branch iostoma Costa 8

1. lanceolatum Pallas. (Addenda) 3, 57, 867

Class II. MarsipobrancMi 3

Order B. Hyperotreta 4

Family 2. Myxinidse 4

2. Myxine L 4

2. glutinosa L 5

Family 2 (6). Bdellostomatidse. (Addenda) 967

3. Polistotrema Gill. (Addenda) 5,867

3. stoutiLock 6,57,867

Order C. Hyperoartia 6

Family 3. Petromyzontidse 6,867

3 (6). Entosphenus GilL (Addenda) •- 7,57,868

4 (5, 6). tridentatus Gairdn 7,57,868

4 (5). Ammoccetes Dum 9, 867

§ Lampetra Gray 7,867

7. plumbeus Ayres 8,867

7 (ft), aureus Bean. (Addenda) 868

$ Ammoccetes 9

8. nigerKaf 9,867

8 (b). appendix Dek. (Addenda) 868

6 (7). PetromyzonL 10,867

§ Ichfhyomyzon Grd 9, 867

9. argenteus Kirt 10,867

9 (6). MrudoGrd 868

10. castaneusGrd 10,868

$ Petromyzon 867

11. ruarinus L. 11,868

12. dorsatus Wild. (Addenda) 11,868

Class III. Elasmobranchii 12

r Subclass Selacliii 12

Order D. Squall 12

Family 4. Scymnidae 13

8. Echinorhinus Blainv 14

13. spinosus Gmel 14

9. Somniosns LeS 14

14. microcephalus Bloca 15

Family 5. Spinacidae 15

10. Centroscyllium M. & H 16

15. fabricii Reinh - 16

11. Squalus L 16

16. acanthi as L 16

12. Centroscymnus Boc. & Cap 17

17. ccelolepis Boc. & Cap 17

IX

X TAI'.LK OF CONTEXTS.

• 'la^s III. F.la-mnliranchii — continned. par,e
Snlidass Selaehii.

1>. S.piali.

Family ii. Scylliidav (Addenda) 17.."-

13. Gin.irlyiiiiistnma M. A; II 18

L8. cirralnm (iai I-

13 (&). Seylli.irliinus Blainv. (Addenda) 58,869

§ Cat n I a* Smith. (Addenda) .. ; 869

18(6). venlri.iMis (iarni. (Addenda) 59

18 (c). rotifer Garm. (Addenda) -r,:i

Family 7. Cardiariida-. (Addenda) l-.-7n

14. MuHtelns Cuv \\i

§ 3/imli-Inx .V.I

19. canis Mitch. (Addenda) 19,870

$ rieuracromylon Gill. (Addenda) 870

20. californicus Gill -jo. r/t. -7n

1.'). Triads M. & H ' •„>!>

§ Trincix -jn

21. sciuitasciatnsGrcl t>ii

$ Ji'lihmlriacisGil]. (Addenda) 59,870

22. henlci Gill 20, 870

in. Galeorhinns Blainv •,»]

23. zyopterns.J. & G. (Addenda) 870

17. Galeoccrdo M. & II 21

24. tigrinns M. & II :J1

18. Carcharias Kaf. (Addenda) •_'•_', .-72. '.•( '.7

$ CitrcluirhiHX Blainv •.",'

25. glancns L •_*.'

$ Platypodon Gill. (Addenda) (.H~

26. obsctirns Le S -.>•_>

$ Euhimia Gill 22, tid

26 (6). platyodon Poey. (Addenda) .-72

27. ccerulensDck. (Addenda) -7'.1

27 (i). lamiella J. & G. (Addenda) (lit. -7:',

19. Isogomphodon Gill -J'!

28. limliatnsM. & \\ •«>:<

19 (/>). Ilypoprion M. &. H. (Addenda) f,l

// '. lin-virnstris 1'oey. (Addenda) .".. ill

21. Seoliodon M. A II

30. terra'-nnvjp Rich i

I-'amily >. Sphyrnida- -Jfi

2'J (23). Sphyrna Kaf 2li. -7 I

^ li'oi icrjm ( i i 1 1 -j;,

31. tilmmL 2.r..-7l

::.'. /.yga-na L -,'li

I'.-miily '.I. Al.ipiida- -.1

21. Al.tpias Kaf -.'7

Family in. Odmil aspidida-. (Addenda) -j:

•J."-. ndnntaxpis A-;. (Addenda.) 27. -7 I

5 I'lii/niiilihitiliin (iill -J7

::i. litlnralis Milch. (Addenda > 27. -7 I

Family 11. Lamnida-

•JC. Kuril. 1,'al' . 28

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI

Class III. Elasmobranchii — continued. Page.
Subclass Selachii.
Order D. Squall.

Family 11. Lamnicl;<'.

§ Isuropsis Gill 28

35(36). dekayiGill 28,874

27. Lamna Cuv -20

37..cornubica Gmel 30

28. Carcharoclon Smith 30

38. carcharias L. (Addenda) 30, 87f>

Family 12. Cetorhinidfe 30

29. Cetorhinus Blaiuv 31

39. maximus Gunner T 31

Family 14. Cestraciontidre. (Addenda) 32,62

31. Heterodontus Blainv. (Addenda) 32,875

§ Gyropleurodiis Gill 32

41. francisciGrd 1 33,875

Family 15. Notidanidas. (Addenda) 34,62

31 (ft). Hexanchus Raf. (Addenda) 63

41 (6). corinus J. & G. (Addenda) 62

32. Heptranchias Raf. (Addenda) 34, 62

§ Natorhynchus Ayres 34

42. maculatus Ayres (Addenda) 62

Family 16. Squatinidae 35

33. Squatiua Dum 35

43. angelus Dum 35

Order E. Rake 36

Family 17. Pristidse 36

34. Pristis Lath 37

44. pectinatus Lath. (Addenda) 37,875

Family 18. Rhinobatidre 37

35. Rhinobatus B. & S 37

§ Kliinobatns. (Addenda) 876

45. productus Ayres 38, 876

45 (fZ). lentiginosus Garra. (Addenda) 65

§ Zapteryx J. & G. (Addenda) 876

45 (6). exasperatos J. & G. (Addenda) 63

§ Platyrhinoidis Garni. (Addenda) 876

45 (c). triseriatus J. & G. (Addenda) 64

Family 19. Torpedinidie 38

36. Torpedo Dum 38

46. occidentals Stor 39

47. californica Ayres 39, 876

36(&). NarcineM. &H. (Addenda) 877

47 (ft), brasilieneis Olfers. (Addenda) 877

Family 20. Raiidae 39

37. RaiaL 39

48. erinacea Mitch , 40

49. ocellata Mitch : 40

50. radiata Donov 41

51. eglanteria Lac 41

52. Isevis Mitch 42

53. gran ulata Gill 42

53 (ft), ornata Garm. (Addenda) 877

53 (c). plutonia Garni. (Addenda) H7S

54. biuoculata Grd. (Addenda) 42, 878

XII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(lass III. Elasiiiohrancliii— continued. Page.
Subclass fcklacliii.
Order E. Rain-.

Family 20. Kaiida-.

.".:.. rhina J. & G 43

56. iuornata J. & G. (Addenda) 43,878

57. etellulata J. & G 44

57 (ft), parmifera Bean. (Addenda) '. H7~

Family 21. Trygonida> 4.".

38. UrolophusM. & H 46

58. halleri Coop 46

39. Pteroplatea M. & H 46

5£ . maclnra Le S 46

60. marmorata Coop 47

40. Trygon Adanson. (Addenda ) 47, 6">, 879

61. centrura Mitch 47, 67, 879

61 (&). hastata Dek. (Addenda) 70, 879

62. sayiLe S 48,69,879

63. diptemra J. &G 48,71,879

64. tnberculata Lac 48,66,879

I'.:,. sabinaLeS 49,68,879

Family 22. Myliobatidse •• 49

41. Stoasodou Cantor. (Addenda) 50,879

• '.('>. narinari Euphr 50,879

42. Myliobatis Dum 50

67. freminvillei Le S 51

68. californicus Gill 51

43. Rhinoptera Kuhl 51

69. quadriloba Le S 51

Family 23. Cepbalopteridae 52

44. Manta Bancroft 52

70. birostria Walb 52

Subclass Holocephali 53

Order F. Holocephali . 53

Family 24. Cbimseridse 53

l.'i. ('hima-ra L 54

$ Chimwra 54

71. plumbea Gill 54

$ Hydrolagus Gill 54

72. collici Benu 55

Cla,^ IV. Pisces 73

Subclass Clmndrustci 82

Order G. Selachostomi -x*

Family 25. Polyodontidae 82

4ii. P.ilyi.don Lac 83

73. spathulaWalb 83

Order II. Glanioslomi 84

Family 2t>. Aci]>cnseridje 84

47. Aci]>cuscr L 85

74. stiirio L 85

7.".. t ransiiioiitaims K'ich S(i

76. medirostris Ayr<'s 8(5

77. riibicundiiH Le. S 87

78. brevinistris Lc S 87

4-. Seapliirbynchops Gill 88

7'J. platyrliyiiehiis K'af 88

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIII

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.

Subclass Holostei 88

Order I. Ginglymodi 89

Family 27. Lepidosteidae 89

49(50). Lepidosteus Lac 90

§ Lepidosteus 91

60. osseus L . , .. 91

§ Cglindrosteus Raf 91

81. platystomus Raf 91

§ Atractosteus Raf. (Addenda) 92,880

82. tristceckus Bloch & Sclineider 92

Order J. HalecomorpM 92

Family 28. Amiidae 92

51. AmiaL.... 94

83. calvaL 94

Subclass Physostomi 94

Order K. Nematoguathi 95

Family 29. Siluridae 96

52. NoturusRaf 97

§ Sehilbeodes Bleek 98

84. gyrinus Mitch 98

«5. leptacanthus Jor 98

86. miurus Jor 99

87. eleutherus Jor 99

88. exilis Nels 100

89. insignis Rich 1 100

§ Noturus 100

90. flavusRaf 100

53. LeptopsRaf. (Addenda) 101,881

91. olivaris Raf 102,881

54. Gronias Cope 102

92. nigrilabris Cope 102

55. Ami urns Raf 102

93. brimneus Jor 103

94. platyceplialus Grd 103

95. xanthocephalus Raf 104

96. melasRaf 104

97. marmoratus Holbr 104

98. catus L 104

98 (&). bracliy acanthus Cope, (Addenda).. 881

99. vulgaris Thonips 105

100. natalisLeS 105

100 (6). bolli Cope. (Addenda) 881

101. erebennus Jor 105

56. Ictalurus Raf 106,880

102. lophius Cope 107

103. albidusLeS „ 107

104. lupus Grd 107

105. niveiventris Cope 107

106. nigricans Le S. (Addenda) 108,882

107. ponderosus Bean 108

108. puuctatus Raf 108

109. furcatus C. & V 109

57. Arius C. & V 109

110(111). felisL 110,882

58. JElurichthys B. & G 110

112. marinus Mitch Ill

XIV TAr.LK OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. I'i-co— continued. r;i-,-.
Si|l>i-l;iss I'liysostollli.

Order L. Kvrntu-n.-itlii. ('Addenda) ................................... 111. --J

Family 3d. CatoMomida- ........................................... 1 1-j

.".'.'( 60, Gl). Ictiol.ns Kaf ........................................ 113. 882

§Si-l<-r<>!/ii<ttlnixC. & V. (Addenda) ....................

li:;. cyprinella C. 3 V. (Addenda) ....................... 114,--::

^ Miobux. ( Addenda ) ................................. 11.-),--::

114. urusAg .............................................. IK;,-:;

115. bubalusKaf. (Addenda) ............................. 11(5. --

$ Carpiodes Kaf ........................................ 117.--::

11G. carpio Kaf ........................................... 118,883

117. dumalisGrd. (Addenda) ............................. 11-,--::

11-. thompsoniAg ........................................ lilt. — ::

119. bison Ag .................................... .......... 110,—::

120. cypriinis Le S ..... ................................... lilt. .--:;

121. diftormis Cope ........................................ 120,--::

(!2. Cyeleptus Rjif ............................................. rjn

12-J. t-longatus Le S ........................ .' ............. 1~M

63. Pantosteus Cope ........................................... 1'Jl

l-j:s. plebeiusB. &G ...................................... 1*.'

124. delpliinus Cope ....................................... 122

12r>. bardus Cojic .......................................... 122

12G. platyrbvnchus Cope .................................. 1 .': ;

127. ^.cnerosus Grd ........................................ 12:;

1 -.'-. virescens Cope ....................................... 124

64. Catostomus Le S .......................................... 124

$ Catostomus .......................................... 12">

1 2l>. discobolus Cope ...................................... 1 2.'i

130. latipinnis B. & G ..................................... 12.">

i::<t (b). guxniauiciisis Grd ................................. 12<;

130 (o). nebulilVr Garm. (Addenda) ...................... 883

131. rr(ri)piiiuis .lor ....................................... 12i>

KI2. longirostris Le S ...................................... 12t;

133. tahoensisGill& Jor .................................. 127

$ Dccactylus Kaf ....................................... 127

134. ura-opiis Jor .......................................... 127

i:::.. labiatus Ayr .......................................... 127

]'.'.<'•. niai-nniliilna Grd ...................................... 10-

137. occidc'iitalis Ayr ...................................... 12-

13.-. lu-niardiiii <!rd ........................................ 1'.'-

i:::t. ard.-nsJ. & CJ ........................................ 12-

11". t'r.-iindiis Copr A- Yarrow .............................. 121*

141. cypho ],ock ........................................... IJ'.l

112. foiiiincrsoni Lac ....................... . .............. 121'

1 1::. insigni-, i;. A i; ....................................... 130

Ml. clarki I1.. A C ........................................ 1:1"

nigricans \.>- S ........................................ l:;n

('..">. CliaMn isles .For ............................................ i:;l

$ (.'Imxiuixtix .......................................... l.'.'J

1 ir.. ii..rus.F<>r ............................................. i:;-j

147. lnwiro.M i i- Cope ..................................... I:1.-,'

11-. lil\:illi> Cope ......................................... 132

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Pkysostomi.
Order L. Eventognathi.

Family 30. Catostomidse.

66. Eriuiyzon Jor 132

149. sucetta Lac 133

150. goodei Jor 134

67. Minytrema Jor 135

151. melanops Raf 136

68. Moxostoina Eaf 136

152. papillosum Cope 137

153. velatum Cope 138

154. bucco Cope 138

155. pidiense Cope 138

156. coregouus Cope 139

157. albumCope 139

158. thalassinum Cope 139

159. carpioC. & V 139

160. ruacrolepidotum LeS 140

161. aureolumLeS 140

162. crassilabre Cope 140

163. conus Cope 141

164. anisurum Raf 141

165. pcficilurum Jor 141

166. albidum Grd 141

167. cervinum Cope ,... 142

69. Placopharynx Cope 142

168. carinatus Cope 143

70. Quassilabia Jor. & Brayt 143

169. lacera J. &B 144

Family 31. Cyprinidae 144

71. Campostoma Ag 148

170. ornatumGrd 149

171. anomalum Raf 149

172. prolixumStor 150

173. formosulum Grd '.. 150

72. Acrochilus Ag 150

174. alutaceus Agassiz & Pickering 150

73. OrthodonGrd 151

175. microlepidotus Ayr 152

74. Lavinia Grd 152

176. exilicauda B. & G 153

75. Ckrosornus Raf 153

177. erytlirogaster Raf 153

178. oreas Cope 154

179. eos Cope 154

76. Zophendum Jor 154

180. siderium Cope 155

181. plumbeum Grd 155

77. Hybognathus Ag - 155

182. nuchalis Ag 156,968

182 (&). argyritis Grd. (Addenda) 968

183. amarus Grd 156

184. flavipinnis Cope 156

185. n'grotseuiatus Cope 156

XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Pago.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order L. Eveutognathi.
Family 31. Cyprinidse.

186. placitusGrd 157

187. episcopus Grd 157

188. fluviatilis Grd 157

188(6). punctifer Garm. (Addenda) Hd4

189. melauops Grd 167

78. Coliscus Cope 158

190. parietalis Cope 158

79. Pimephales Raf 158

191. promelas Eaf 158

80. Hyborhynchus Ag 159

192. confertusGrd 159

193. notatusEaf 159

194. superciliosus Cope 160

80 (6). Tirodon Hay. (Addenda) 968

194 (&). ainnigenus Hay. (Addenda) 968

81. Exoglossum Raf 160

195. maxillingua LeS 160

82. Cochloguathus B. & G 161

196. ornatusB. &G 161

197. biguttatus Cope 161

83. Heinitreinia Cope 162

§ Hemitremia' 162

198. vittataCopo 162

§ Chriope Jor 162

199. bifreuata Cope 162

200. inaculata Hay 162

201. lieterodon Cope 163

84. CliolaGrd 16:5

§ Miniellus Jor

202. tuditana Cope 165

203. taurocephala Hay Itiii

204. haematura Cope 166

205. spectruncula Cope H,r,

206. nnbilaForbes Hi7

207. fretensia Cope 167

208. longirostris Hay 167

209. straminoa Cope 167

210. volucella Cope 168

211. microstoma Raf 168

212. lineolataAg 168

213. missuriousis Cope li'.-

214. procne Cope !<;;)

$ Clioln 109

215. vigilax B. & G 169

•JK">. chlora .lor 169

$ TiarogaGrd. 170

'J17. cobitisGrd 170

218. simaCope l?o

|J Jlntlxiniinx ( Inl 170

^.M'.t. S:I]III]:IM:I .li.r. A. Urayt 170

2','H. stori-riana Kirt . 171

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVII

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Pago.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order L. Eventognathi.
Family 31. Cyprinidse.

221. hudsonia Clint 171

222. euryopa Beau 171

§ Codoma Grd 172

223. irisCope 172

224. jugalisCope 172

225. vittataGrd 172

226. ornataGrd — 173

227. callisenia Jor 173

§ Moniana Grd 173

228. gibbosaGrd 174

229. forbesi Jor 174

230. leoninaGrd 174

231. lutrensisB. & G 175

232. deliciosaGrd 175

233. aurata Grd 175

234. formosaGrd 175

§ Cyprinella Grd 176

235. umbrosa Grd 176

236. bubalinaB. &G 176

236 (&). rubripinna Garm. (Addenda) 834

237. gunnisoni Grd 176

238. suavisGrd 176

239. lepidaGrd 177

240. billingsiana Cope 177

241. macrostoma Grd 177

242. ludibundaGrd 177

213. notataGrd 177

244. venusta Grd 178

245. calliura Jor 178

246. wbippleiGrd 178

§ Photogenis Cope 179

247. analostana Grd..» 179

§ Erogala Jor 179

248. galactura Cope 179

249. eurystoma Jor 180

250. nivea Cope 180

251. callistia Jor 181

252. tricliroistia J. & G 181

253. stigmatura Jor 182

254. ccerulea Jor 182

255. chloristia J. & B , 183

256. zonataAg 183

257. xsenura Jor 184

258. pyrrliornelas Cope 184

259. hypseloptera Gthr 184

85. Minnilus Raf 185

§ Luxilus Eaf 186

260. cornutus Mitch 186

261. seleneJor 188

262. coccogeuis Cope.. . 18S

263. zonistius Jor 188

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C n

XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

('hiss IV. Pisces — rontinurd. Page.
Siilid.-iss 1'liysostonii.
Order L. Eventognatlii.
Family 31. Cypriniila1.

§ Alburnops Grd 189

•Jill, roseus Jor . 189

265. rubricroceus Cope 189

2G6. lutipinnis Jor. »fc Brayt 190

267. r.blorocepbalns Cope 190

268. cliiliticus Cope 191

269. cbalyba-usCope 191

270. cbrosomus Jor 191

27L xaMiocepbalus Jor 192

272. pluiubeohis Cope 192

273. lacertosus Cope 192

274. shumardi Grd 192

275. blenniusGrd 193

276. cercostigiua Cope 193

$ 193

277. ariommus Cope 194

278. seal irierps Cope 194

279. jejunusForb 194

280. leuciodus Cope 194

281. altipinnis Cope !'.'">

282. amabilis Grd 195

283. megalopsGrd l;ir>

2H4. bivitrat us Cope 19f>

285. timpanogensis Cope !'">

§ Ly thrums Jor 19(5

286. cyanocepbalus Copeland !'.'<'>

287. atripes Jor 197

288. dipliPinins Raf 11'7

289. ardcnsCope 198

290. pniictnlafns Hay 198

291. rubripinnis Hay r>

292. b.-llns Hay 199

293. mat nl iiniH Cope IW

294. lirus Jor 199

V> MhlllilllH 'Jill)

29fi. olifiaspis Copo 200

297. umbralilisdrd 2nd

•J'.H. si-rj. liens J. &G 200

299. ].b(.ti.g.-nis ('.>]..- -.'"1

300. Irlrsrojiiis CopO 201

Sti]l)ilix.l()|- , -.'01

])crci ilin tin us Cope ~'02

riili.-liiis Ag 202

::nl. ilinriiiiis Uaf •.'()-.'

:;M:,. riilirilr.ins Copo 202

30(i. jfiiic/aniis Co|ic 203

:'>(!?. in i erupt cry \ Citpn 'J(i:'.

86. I'rntopotus ('.)]).• -jn:;

:;n-. 1 1< mini ii us Cnpn 204

87. Erioymba ('.tin- 204

'. bnn-ata Cope 204

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIX

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order L. Eveutoguathi.
Family 31. Cyprinidas.

88. Phenacobius Cope 205

310. teretulus Cope 205

311. mirabilisGrd 205

311(6). scopifer Cope 205

312. catostomus Jor 206

313. uranopsCope 200

89. EhinichthysAg; 206,884

314. cataractieC. & V 207,885

315. maxillosus Cope 207,885

316. traiisinontanus Cope 207, 885

316 (&). dulcis Grd. (Addenda) 885

317. obtusus Ag 208,885

318. atronasus Mitch 208,885

318 (,&). badius Garni. (Addenda) 886

318 (c). sirnus Garni. (Addenda) 880

318 (d). meleagris Ag. (Addenda) 886

318 (<;). arenatus Garni. (Addenda) 886

90. AgosiaGrd 208

319. chrysogaster Grd 209

320. metallicaGrd 209

91. Apocope Cope 209

321. carringtoni Cope , 209

322. nubila Grd 210

323. vuluerata Cope 210

324. heushavii Cope 210

325. osculaGrd : 211

326. veutricosa Cope 211

92. Ceratichthys Baird 211

327. biguttatus Kirt 212

328. micropogon Cope 212

329. symmetricus B. & G 213

330. cumiugi Gthr 213

331. luceusJor 213

332. amblopsEaf 214

333. rubrifrousJor 214

334. hypsinotus Cope 215

335. dissi mills Kirt . 215

336. sterletus Cope 210

337. sestivalis Grd 210

338. gelidusGrd 210

339. labrosus Cope 217

340. zauemus Jor. & Brayt 217

341. monachus Cope 217

93. Couesius Jor 218

342. squamileiitus Cope 218

343. dissimilis Grd 21^

344. prosthemius Cope 219

345. pbysignathus Cope 219

94. Platygobio Gill 219

346. gracilis Rich 219

347. pallidus Forbes 220

XX TABLE OF CONTENTS.

( laaa IV. I'isn-s — rontinuod. Page.
Subclass riiysostomi.
Order L. Eventu^nathi.
Family :!1. C'yprinida1.

95. Semotilns Eaf ............................................ 220

$ Semolilits ............................................ 221

347 (ft), corporalis Mitch .................................. 221

348. thorcanianus Jor ..................................... 221

§ Li'iiroximni* I lock .................................... 222

349. Imllaris Kaf .......................................... 222

96. Symuu'trurus Jor ......................................... 222

350. argyriosus Grd ....................................... '.'22

97. Pogonichthys Grd ......................................... 223

351. macrolepidotus Ayres ................................. 223

97 (6). StypodonGarm ........................................ 223

352. signifer Gann ........................................ 224

98. Mylochilus Ag ............................................ 224

353. caurinns Rich ........................................ 224

99. Mylopharodon Ayres ....................................... 225

354. conocephalus B. & G ............. .................... 225

100. Ptychochilns Ag .......................................... 225

355. oregonensis Rich ..................................... 226

356. rapax Grd ............................................ 226

357. harft.rdi.T.&G ....................................... 226

358. lucinsGrd ........................................... 227

101. GilaB. &G .............................................. 227

359. olegansB. & G ....................................... 227

360. robustaB&G ....................................... 228

361. graliiirai B. & G ...................................... 228

362. affinis Abbott ........................................ 229

363. gracilis 15. & G ....................................... 229

364. emorii B. it G ........................... ............. 221»

365. nacreaB. &G-. ........................... 230

i

366. sciiiinnda Cope & Yarrow .............................

102. Squalius Bon ............................................. 230

§ ClnioKtmnHH (Jrd ...................................... 231

3C.7. .-longatus Kirt ....................................... 2:«

368. vandoisiilus C. & V .................................. ~':12

369. estorJor. &, Brayt .................................... •-':'•-'

370. fiindnli.id.-sCrd ...................................... 233

$ Tiu»iiKi (inl .......................................... 2:::1.

371. hydrophlox C<.|..- ......... ............................ 2::3

::72. ttenia ('<.]>o ........................................... 2:?4

I',?:1., mnnlaiins Copo ...................................... 234

374. liiiiiiholdti Cnl ....................................... 234

:'.7.-,. riiinrrlisj. &G ...................................... 234

:'.7C>. ardc-,ia<-ns('(ipc ....................................... 2:!."i

:',?7. |iiiiidnra ('ujn- ........................................ 235

:;7~. niar-arilus Cn|.r ..................................... '-'•'•^

379. -nia c<.p<- ............................................ 2:;<;

nT(;rd .......................................... 236

382. linraliis Cnl ......................................... 23C.

: 33. K'-:>'-'!'^<;r<l .......................................... -'•'"

:;-!. ••..iilnniiis I',. &. G.. 237

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXI

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order L. Eventognathi.
Family 31. Cyprinidae.

385. bicolorGrd 237

386. obesusGrd 237

387. purpureus Grd 238

388. pulchellus B. & G 238

389. iuterraedius Grd 238

390. aliciseJouy 238

391. copeiJ. &G 238

392. iiigerCope 239

393. conspersus Garm 239

§ Sibonia Girard 239

394. gibbosus Ayres 239

§Sqtialius 240

395. rhomaleus J. &G 240,886

396. squamatus Gill 241

397. atrariusGrd 241,886

398. crassus Grd 241

§ CheondaGrti. 241

399. cceruleus Grd 2-11

400. cooperi Grd 242

401. nigresceus Grd 242

402. modestus Garni 242

103. Phoxiuus Agassiz 242

403. neogseus Cope 243

404. flararneus J. & G 243

405. milneriamis Cope 243

406. phlegethontis Cope 244

104. Myloleucus Cope. (Addenda) 244,887

407. tincellaC. &V 245

408. obesusGrd 245

409. formosus Grd 245

410. bicolorGrd 246

411. auticus Cope 246

412. boucardi Gthr 246

105. Opsopceodus Hay 246

413. emilijs Hay '247

106. Trycherodou Forbes 247

414. megalops Forbes 247

107. Notemigonus Eaf 248

415. gardoneus C. & V 249

416. lucidusGrd 249

417. leptosomus Grd.... 249

418. occidental] s B. & G 250

419. chrysoleucus Mitch. 250

420. americanus L 250

108. Richardsoiiius Girard 251

421. balteatus Rich 251

422. lateralisGrd 251

109. Lepidomeda Cope 251

423. vittata Cope 252

424. jarrovii Cope 252

110. Meda Girard 252

425. fulgidaGrd 252

XXII TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass I'liysostoini.
Order L. Eventognathi.
1'uMiily :H. Cyprinidse.

111. Plag<iptrms Cope 253

420. ai-'_M-nt is^hmis Cope 253

112. Carassius Nilsson

427. an rat us Linn 2.~>:<

113. Cyprinns Linn 254

428. carpio L 254

Family 32. Characinidie 254

114. Tetra'gonopterus Cnv

$ Astyanax V. & G 255

429. argentatus B. & G 255

Order M. Isospondyli 256

Family 33. Alepocephalida? 257

115. Alepocephalus Risso 257

430. bairdiiG. &B -J57

Family 34. Albulidse

116. AlbulaGronov 25.-

431. vnlpes L ., 258

Family 35. Hyodontida? 259

117. Hyodon Le Suenr 25'.t

432. alosoidesRaf -':.'. »

433. tergisusLe Sueur 260

434. seleuops Jor. & Bean 260

Family 36. Elopidie 260

118. ElopsL 2»'>1

435. saurus L 2<il

119. MegalopsLac -''1

436. atlanticusC. & V. (Addenda) 262,887

Family 37. Clupeidaj 262

120. Etrumeus Bleek •-'',:;

437. teresDek 263

121. Spratelloides Bleeker ^'-:'-

438. bryoporus Cope 264

122. ClnpeaL

« Cliipea

439. liaivii'.MisL 265

440. miral.ilisCJrd i-'i".

$ Stinlhiin 1'ury. (Addenda)

441. sagax .T<-n

441 (b). pseadohispauica Poey. (Addenda)

$ Pmnolohus l.-.-if '. •-'<•>.'•

442. clirysocbloris Iv'af •-'''•'•

-1 1::, nii-dii icris Mitcb 266

444. \Ti-nalis Milch ~M'>7

44f>. :i->ii\:i!is Mitch 'Jli7

$ .-tlosn ( ' 1 1 v X.'< 17

1 It'., siipidissim.-i Wils 267

128. Ilan-n-nla C. A V 268

•117. pciisacnla- (J. & B 268

l-.'l. <>| list In incin:i (Jill 26-<

•ii-. thrissa Osbeck 268

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXIII

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order M. Isospondyli.
Family 37. Clupeidse.

125. Brevoortia Gill 269

449. patronus Goode 269

450. tyrannusLatr 269

Family 38. Dorosomatidse 270

126. Dorosoma Eaf .• 271

451. cepedianum Le S 271

451 (ft), mexicanum Gthr. (Addenda) 887

Family 39. Eugraulididse 271

127. Stolephorus Lac 272

452. riugens Jen 272

453. browni Gmel 273

454 (6). mitchilli C. & V. (Addenda) 888

455. perfasciatus Poey 273

456. delicatissinms Grd 274

457. cornpressus Grd 274

Family 40. Alepidosauridse „ 274

128. Alepidosaurus Lowe 276

§ Alepidosaurus '. 276

458. ferox Lowe 276

458 (5). sesculapius Bean. (Addeuda) 888

$ Caulopus Gill 276

459. borealis Gill 276

Family 41. Paralepididse 276

129. Sudis Rafiuesque 277

§ Sudis 277

460. ringensJ. &G 277

§ Paralepis Risso 278

461. borealis Reinh 278

462. coruscaus J. & G 278

Family 42. Scopelidse 279

130. SynodusB. &S 279

§ Synodus 280

463. fcetens Linn J 280

464. lucioceps Ayres 281

464 (6). interrnedius Spix. (Addenda) 889

§ Trachinocephalus Gill 281

465. myops Forster 281

131. MyctophumRaf 281

466. crenulare J. & G 282

467. glaciale Reiuli 283

Family 43. Sternoptychidco 283

132. Maurolicus Cocco £83

468. borealis Nilss 284

Family 44. Chauliodontidie 284

133. Chauliodus Bl. & Schn 284

469. sloaui Bl. & Schn 285

Family 45. Storaiatidae 285

134. StomiasCuv 286

470. ferox Reiuli 286

135. Echiostoiua Lowe 2«6

471. barbatum Lowe ., 287

XXIV YAI'.LE OF CONTENTS.

f'lass IV. Pisces— continued. Pftge.
Subclass Plivsosttmii.
Order M. Isuspnndyli.

Family 4.'i. Stmniatida1.

130. M;il;iciisicns Ay res L'>7

472. uiger Ayres 287

137. Astrnnesthes Ki.-h 2*7

473. niirer Rich 'j,-- <

Family 4f>. Saliiuuiid;!- 288

136. Mici-i.stoma Cuvier 289

474. grcenlandicam Reinh 290

140. Mallntus Cimer 291

470. villosns Miill 291

141. Thalrielitliys (.iiard 291

477. i>:ici)ii-us 1,'ich 2i>2

142. OsnitTus IJiuiicus 292

478. tlialrirlithys Ayrcs 292

479. atti-niiatiis Lock 293

480. mordax Mitch 293

481. dentex Steind 294

143. Hypomesus Gill 294

482. pn-tioMis c,\->\ 294

483. olidns I'nlhis 295

144. Argentiua L 295

§Si1u« Iv'fiuli 295

484. svrtmsium G. & B . 295

145. Hyphaloncdrus (Joodo 296

485. dialybeius Goode 296

14(i. Corc^onus Ijuna-ns 296

^ I'l-nxo},! ,in Milner 297

486(487). \villinin.soniGrd 297

488. qnadrilatoralis Rich 298

489. kfimicotti Milncr 298

$ Cnn-iiiiH a x 299

490. clii|n-if<>riiiis Mitch 299

491. laln-adoricus K'ich 299

4D2. lioyi Cill 299

$ A ri,.;n>xnin ux A ^ 300

4'.):?. nii-rki (ithr ".nil

4'.):5 (/<). lauivti.-i- I'.r.-m. (Addenda) 889

49-J. arl.-di I..-S 301

495. ni-_M-ipii mis Gill 301

« . HlnstiiiiiiK .lur 301

4'. M;. tnllil..-,. K'i.'l, 301

147. Tliymalliis Cm- 302

4!I7. siunil.T i;idi 302

1 I-. St. -iiMdiift l.'i.-li 304

•I'.).-'. iii;ickcn/ii I>'i.-Ii 304

14'.'. < iii.-niliyiicliiis Suck Icy ".ni

•I'.i'.i. ^..rl.nscli.-i \\';ill. 305

.MM i. k.-t:i \Viill, 305

."ill. tcli:i\v\tdi:i Wall.. (Addenda).. 306,890

.Ml-.'. ki-ntM-li W:illi 307

603. ncrka Wall. 308

1.V-. Salinu L.. 309

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXV

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order M. Isospondyli.

Family 46. Salmonidse.

§Salmo 311

504. salarL 311

§FarioC. & V 312

505. irideus Gibbons 312

506. gairdneri Rich 313

507. spilurus Cope 314

508. purpuratus Pall 314

151. Salvelinus Rich 316

§ Cristivomer Gill & Jor 317

509. namaycush Walb 317

§ Salvelinus 318

510 (511). oquassaGrd 318

512. arcturusGthr 319

513. malma Walb 319

514 (515). fontiualis Mitch 320

516. rossi Rich 321

517. nitidusRich .... 321

518. stagnalis Fabr 321

Family 47. Percopsidte 322

152. Percopsis Ag 322

519. guttatusAg 322

Order N. Haplomi 323

Family 48. Avnblyopsidse

153. Aniblyopsis De K 324

520. spelaeuaDeK 324

154. Typhlichthys Girard 324

521. subterraneua Grd .' 325

155. Chologaster Agassiz 325

522. cornutus Ag 325

523. agassizi Putnam 325

523 (6). papillifer Forbes. (Addenda) 325, 890

Family 49. Cyprinodontidaj 326

156. Jordanella G. & B 327

524. floridiB G. & B 328

157. Cyprinodon Lac 328

525. variegatus Lac 329, 890

526. bovinus B. & G. (Addenda) 890

526(6). eximins Grd. (Addenda) 890

527. latifasciatus Garni 329

528. elegans B. & G 329

529. californiensis Grd 330

530. macularius B. & G 330

531. carpioGthr 330

158. Fundulus Lac 331

§ Hydrarflyra Lac

532. majalis Walb.... ., 332

533. swampiuus Lac

534. similisB. & G 333

535. zebrinus J. & G. (Addenda) 333,891

536. parvipinnis Grd

XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass I'liysostoini.
Order N. lla]>lunii.

Family 49. Cyprinodont ida-.

$ Fundiilitx ............................................ 334

537. seraiuolis Grd ........................................ 33-^

538. diaphanusLe S ................................... .... 334

539. conlluentus G. & B ................................... 334

540. menoiia Jor. & Copcl ................................. :'•:'..">

541. adiuia J. & G ........................................ 33.1

542. nigrofasriaiiis Lt> S ................................... 33.1

542 (b). ocellaris J. &, G. (Addeiida) ...................... 891

543. heteroclitus L ........................................ :'>:!i;

543 (b). graudis B. &, G. (Addenda) ...................... 891

$ Xenisma Jor .......................................... :'.:',i .

544. cat mat us Stnrer ...................................... 337

545. stellifer Jor .......................................... 337

§AdiniaGr<\. (Addenda) ............................. 892

545 (fc). xeuicns J. & G. (Addenda) ...................... >92

159. ZygonectesAg .......................................... 338

546. rubrifrous Jor ........................................ 33.~

547. henslialli Jor ......................................... 3138

548. floiipinois Cope ...................................... 33: i

549. lineatus Garm ........................................ 339

550. uotatnsRaf .......................................... 339

552. inurusJ. & G. (Add.-nda) ......................... -'. 340,892

553. dispar Ag ............................................ 341

553(6). craticula G. & B. (Addenda) ..................... 892

554. brarliyptrnis Cope ................................... 341

555. sciadicus Cope ....................................... 342

556. chrysotus Gtbr ......................... : ............. :il-'

557. zonatua Mitch ........................................ 342

558. cingnlatus C. & V .................................... :'•!-

160. Lucania (Jirard ........................................... 342

559. venustaGrd .......................................... 343,893

560. parvaB. & G ........................................ 343,893

561. goodei Jor ............................................ 343

161 Gambusia Pot-y ............................................ "'tt

562(563) (r>fif>). patrucdiH B. & G ........................... 3i:.. -'.»:,

564. arliiigtonia<:.&B .................................... 31.".

566. iiol»ilis 15. \- G ........................................ "-lii

566 (b':. m-iiilis Grd. (A.ldmdaj .......................... -.'4

162. Mollicne^ia L<- Sueiir ...................................... 346

r.C.T. latipinii.-i !-«• S ........................................ 347, -'.M

r.C.T (/*). lin.-olala Cnl. (Addmda) .......................... -'I

ic,:;. I'.i-ciiia r.i. A s.-bn ....................................... ::)7

."ii'i-. oonohisna Qrd ......................................... •' 4s

164. Giranliims Poey .......................................... :;l~

570. (>«•< idnitalis 15. &G ................................... 349

Family 50. DmlrtidflB ............................................... :M9

1C.',. l:iiibra Mil HIT ............................................. 3.10

571. limi Kirt ............................................. 3:.((

ICC. Dallia r,,-:.n ............................................... ::.lo

:>7'.'. pi-rt<ira!i> llran ....................................... 351

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXVII

Class IV. Pisces— continued. Page.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order N. Haplorni.

Family 51. Esocidr? 351

167. EsoxL - 352

§ picoreUus Eaf 352

573. americanus Gruel 352

574. umbrosus Kirt, (Addenda) 352,894

575. reticulatus Le S 353

§ Esox 353

576. Incius Linu 353

§ Mascalongus Jor --- 353

577. nobilior Thompson 353

OrderO. Apodes 354

Family 52. Murteuidae 355

168. Mnrsena Linn 355

§ Murcena , 355

578. retifera Goode & Beau. (Addenda) 894

§ SwferaKaup. (Addenda) 356,969^

579. mordax Ayres 356

580. ocellata Agassiz 356

580 (&). afra Bloch. (Addenda) 895

580 (c). moringa Cuv. (Addenda)... 895

Family 53. Anguillidje 357

168 (ft). Letharchus Goode & Bean. (Addenda) 896

580 (ft), velifer Goode & Bean. (Addenda) 896

169. Ccecula Vahl 358

$ Calleclielys Kaup. (Addenda)

581. scuticarisG. & B 358

581 (ft), tfres Goode & Beau. (Addenda) 897

170. Mimenopsis LeS. (Addenda) 358,969

582. mordax Poey. (Addenda) 897

583. triserialis Kaup 359,897

583 (b). macrurus Poey. (Addenda) 898

583 (c). chrysops Poey. (Addenda) 898

584. ocellatus Le S 359

170 (&). Ophichthys Ahl. (Addenda) 899, 969

584 (&). longns Poey. (Addenda) 899

171. Myrichthys Girard 360

585. tigriuus Grd 360

171 (b). Myrophis Liitken. (Addenda) 899

5K5 (&).lumbricus J. & G. (Addenda) 899

585 (c). microstigniius Poey. (Addenda) 900

172. Neoconger Girard

586. mucrouatns Grd 360

173. Anguilla Thunberg 361

587. rostrataLeS 361

174. Leptocephalus Gmeliu. (Addenda) 362,969

588. couger L. (Addenda) 362,969

•588 (ft), caudicula Bean. (Addenda) 900

175. Simeuchelys Gill 363

589. parasiticus Gill 363

Family 54. Synaphobrauchidae

176. Syuaphobranclius Johnson

590. pinnatus Gron "^4

XXVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Fibres— continued. Page.

Sultclass Physostomi.
Order O. Apodes.

Family ">.">. SaccopharyngicUe 365

177. Saccopharynx .Mitdi 365

r.l»l. lla>rellum Mitch 365

Family 56 (a). Nemichthyida) :'<;">

178. NcmichthysRieh 36(5

592. Bcolopaceus Rich 366

593. avocetta J. & G 367

Sub-elass I'liysoelisti _ 367

Order P. Opisthomi 368

Family 56 (b). Mastacembelidae 368

17 0. Ptilic.hthy s Bean 369

594. goodei Bean 369

Family 56. (c). NotacanthidiB 370

180. Notaeantlms Bloch 370

595. chemnitzi Bloch 370

595 (I), phasganorus Goode. (Addenda) 900

Order Q. Symjntoi;natlii 371

Family 57. Scomberesocidae 371

181. Tylosurus Cocco v. :'.72

596. hiansC. & V 373,901

597. caribbams Le S. (Addenda) 373.1ml

598. notatus Poey 37::

599. marinus Bl. &, Schu. (Addenda) 374, in i-j

600. exilis Grd :'.7-l

600 (6). gladins Beau. (Addenda) 901

182. Scomberesox Lac 374

601. saumsWalb • ''<•>

602. brevirostris Peters 37."i

183. Hemirhamphns Cnviei 376

$ Jli'inirlinntphns 376

603. uiiifascialiis Kan/ :'7d

604. rosae J. & G :<7(i

604(6). brasilicnsis L. (Addenda) '."i-J

v\ J^ii/i'ii/iirlnnii/iliKu Gill 377. im:;

605. Inn<riros1ris C'uv 377

183(6). C'hriodoi-ns Goodo & Bean. (Addmda) '.><';;

605(6). albiTiiioi.U-s <;.„,(!.• kV I'.i-aii. (Addenda) I"1-

1-1. JIalin-\ pscliis Wrinland -'77

606. rvi.lans I. inn .' 377

I '(>7. olitusirusi ris ( Jlhr 37^

185. Ex< ><•(!•( us L 378

607. (/;). liillianns Cussr. (Add.-n.la) !'<i:',

I ',n-. rail tun lie us din] ii T ".T'.»

('.(»!». rnn.l.-lrtii C. A V. (Addenda) 379,904

(110. nnvelioraeeiisis Mileli. (A«l<lenda) '.'04

C.11. exilielis Cllli-1 380, '.104

INI. C\|»rliirns Swainson 380

812. I HI, :, I us Mitel, 380

C,]:;. e<. Hiatus Milch 3.* I

Order II. Lophobranohii :;~1

J-'amily 58. Sy n.i,'iiat liida- 382

1-7. SipliMstoma 1,'af 382,905

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXIX

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.

Order R. Lopliobranchii.

Family 58. Syngnathidse.

§ Siphostoma 383

614. fuscuni Stor 383,906

614(6). affinisGthr 383,904

615. louisianae Gthr 383,906

615 (6). floridre J. & G. (Addenda) 905

616. californiense Stor 384,906

616(6). griseolineatum Ayr. (Addenda) 905

616 (c). bairdianurn Dum. (Addenda) 905

617. leptorhynchus Grd 384,906

617(6). auliscus Swain. (Addenda) 384,905

§ Dermatosteth us Gill 385

618. punctipinue Gill 385,905

§ Corythrich thys Kaup. (Addenda) 906

618 (6). zatropis J. & G. (Addenda) 906

Family 59. Hippocampidje 385

188. Hippocampus Raf 386

619. heptagonus Raf .*. 386

619 (6). punctulatus Guich. (Addenda) 907

619 (c). hudsonins Dek. (Addenda) 907

619 (d). styliferJ. & G. (Addenda) 907

619 (<?). zosterae J. & G. (Addenda) 907

620. in gens Grd 386

Order S. Hemibranchii 387

Family 60. Centriscidae 387

189. Centriscus L 388

621. scolopax L 388

Family 61. Fistulariidaj 388

190. Fistularia Linn 389

622. tabaccaria L 389

623. serrata Cuv 390

Family 62. Aulostomatidse 390

191. Anlostoma Lacepede 390

624. maculatuin Val 390

Family 63. Aulorhynchidre 391

192. Aulorhynckus Gill 391

625. flavidus Gill 391

Family 64. Gasterosteidie 392

193. Gasterosteus'L 393

§ Pygosteus Brev 393

626. pnngitius L 393

§ Eucalia Jor 394

627. inconstans Kirt 394

§ Gasterosteus 394

628. microcephalus Grd 395

629. biaculeatns Shaw 395

630. atkinsii Bean 395

631. aculeatusL .* 395

631 (6). cataphractus Pall 396

194. ApeltesDek 398

632. quadracus Mitch 396

XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass 1'hysoclisti.

Order T. Aranthopteri 397

Family <;.">. Muuilidaj 401

195. MugilL 402

»:::.l (««3). albulaL 403

('>:',."). brasiliensis Ag 403

Family GG. Atheriimhe 404

19G. At herina L 403

636. caroliua C. & V 405

637. veliana G. & B . 405

197. Lenresthes J. &G 405

638. tennis Ayres 405

198. Labidesthes Cope 406

639. sicenlns Cope 406

199. Meuidia Bonap 406,969

640. laciniata Swain. (Addenda) 407,908

641. vagransG. & B 407

642. notata Mitch. 407

742 (/<)• audens Hay. (Addenda) 908

643. beryl Una Cope 408

644. b-sciC. & V. (Addenda) 408,909

645. peninsulse G. & B 408

200. Atherinopsis Grd 409

646. californiensis Grd 409

201. Atherinops Steind 409

647. affinis Ayres 409

Family 67. Sphyraenidie 410

202. Sphynena Bloch 410

648. argentea Grd 411

649. spet Haiiy ". 411

650. guaguaiu'ho C. & V 411

650 (fc). picnda Bl. & Schu , 412

Family 68. Polynnnidw 412

203. Polynemns Linn 413

650 (c). plumicri Lac 413

(-,:,() (d). octnlilisCJill 413

i '..">!. octonciinis Grd 413

Family 69. Amiiiodytid;u 414

204 (205). AimiMi.lyt.-sL 4141(.Mi'.»

f,.v.> (653, 656?). amcvicanns DeK 414, -J15, <KM. »

(').".!. alascaiius Cope 415

655. diiltins 1,'ritih 415

Family 70. Kcliciifididii- 416

•Jlli;. ErluMicis L 41G

(l.'iT. naiirrati-s L -II i!

'.'HI; (/»). 1'hl liiri. -lit l.ys( Jill '.hi'. I

c,:,7 (b). liiicatus Mcn/i.-s. (Addenda) iMl'.t

206 (O. L'-'niMi-a Ciill. (A.M.-n.la) 417,9M!>

658. s'|iiali]irt:i Dald. (Addenda) 417,(.td'.i

C..V. I. liracliyi^cra Luxve 417

•jn:. mminl.nrhinisiiiM 417

I;C,M. ,,si,.,ii-!iir Cuv

Family 71. Klaratida-

I'.lacatr Cnv 41 H

canada L . 41S

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXI

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acauthopteri.

Family 72. Xiphiidse 419

209. Xiphias L 419

662. gladiusL 420

210. Tetrapturus Eaf 420

063. indicusC. & V. (Addenda) 420,909

664. [ampins Poey] 420

211. Histiophorus Lacepede 431

665. gladius Brouss 4<Ji

Family 73. Trichiuridse 421

212. TrichiurusL 422

666. lepturusL 422

212 (&). Benthodesmus G. & B. (Addenda) 910

666 (Z>). elongatus Clarke. (Addenda) 910

Family 74. Scombridae 422

213. Scomber L 423

667. pneumatophorus Delaroche 424, 910

667 (&). colias Gmel. (Addenda) 910

668. scombrus L 424

214. Auxis Cuvier 424

669. thazardLac. (Addenda) 425,911

215. Scomberomorus Lac 423

670. concolor Lock 425

671. maculatus Mitch 426

672. regalisBloch 426

673. caballaC. & V 427

216. Sarda CuvitT 427

674. mediterranea Bl. & Sclin 427

675. chileusis C. & V 428

217. Orcynus Cuv 428

676. alalouga Gmel 428

677. thynnnsL 429

218. Euthynnus Liitken 429

678. alliteratus Eaf 430

679. pelamysL 430

Family 75. Carangidaj 430

219. Trachurus Raf 431

680. picturatus Bowd. (Addenda) 432, 911

681. saurusEa? 432,911

220. Decapterus Bleek 432

682. punctatus Ag 432

683. macarellus C. & V 433

221. Caraux Lac 433,970

684. cruinenophthalnius Bloch 434

685. chrysus Mitch. (Addenda) 435

686. caballus Gthr 435

687. cibiPoey 436

(588. beani Jor 436

689. amblyrhynclmsC. &V. (Addenda) 436,912

690. fallax C. & V 437

691. hippos L 437

222. Blepharis Cuv 438

692. crinitus Akerly 438

XXXII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

«».

Cl:i-sIY. 1'iscfs — eiMitinnod. Page.

Sulx-lass riiyso.-listi. •
< >rder I'. A. antlmpt.-ri.

Family 7."). ('aran^ida-.

X.-J:1.. Sri. -in- l.ac 439

$ y<-hn> 439

093. voiner L 439

$ ronurCuv 440

i '.'.I I. setipinnis Mi toll 440

•J.'l. Chloroscomlinis Grd 440

(i'.C>. chrysnrns L 441

225. Trarhynot us I. no 4-11

<'i9<>. carol in ;is L 442

697. ovatna L. 442

693. goreensis C. & V 442

699. glancns Bloch 443, 970

226. Xam-rat.-s L'af 443

700. ductor L 443

227. Seriola Cuv 444

701. dorsalisGill. (Addenda) 444,912

701 (ft). lalaudiC. & V. (Addonda) 912

702. rivolianaC. &V 444

7H2(6). falcataC. & V. (Addouda) 913

703. candinensis Holb. (Addonda) 445,913

704. zonatn Mil oh 445

705. lasi-iata I'.loch 445

228. Elajjatis ]?onn -1U;

70(). uinnnlatus Poey 4 U'>

229. Oligoplii.--.Cill. (Addonda) 446,913

7('T. oooidont a Us L •. 447

Family 7(i. PomatomidiB - 447

•.»:'.( i. I'niiiatniiiiis J.ac 448

708. saltatrix L 448

Family 7(i (6). Xtnm-ida- II-

2:;i. Xomoiis (_'nv -ir.'

7n'.». gronovii ("Jincl 41! >

Family 77. Si rumatoida1. -It'.'

232. Stnniiairiis L 4.MI

VN Jtlioinlinn Lac I.M

710. parn L. (Addonda) 4r.l.!U4

*\ ^ I nun ut i us — IM

711. siniilliiiiiis Ayros 451

» I 'urn n »l ii n (Jill 451

712. triaoaiillnis Pock 451

233. Liins l.uw 4:.2

7 1:;. perciformis Mitch ->52

F.-imil) 7-. Lanqn idid;o -1">:''

'.' . I. I. a ii i] iris 1,'rt/ 453

711. .nn Mat us I'.riin •!">:'•

1 'a n lily 7 '.'. ( '.>r\ |»li:i-nida- 454

. Curyplia-iia L l"> I

71.".. i-(|iiisciis L. (Addenda) 454. '.Ml

7l!'i. liip|>iii us L. (Addonda) 455, !M 4

Family •-". Uramiila- I"'"-

. 1'h -par] is ( Jronuvv 455

717. oar.diims C. tV \ . . 455

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXIII

Class IV. Pisces— continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 80. Brarnidse.

236 (&). Brama Bloch & Schn. (Addenda) 915

717(&). rajiBlocli. (Addenda) 915

Family 81. Zenidie 456

237. Zeuopsis Gill 456

718. ocellatus Storer 457

Family 82. Berycidae 457

238. Hoplostetlius C. & V 458

719. rnediterraueus C. & V . 458

239. Holocentruin Bloch 459

720. pentacanthum Bloch. 459

Family 83. Aphredoderidae 460

240. Aphredoderus LeS 460

721. sayirms Gilliams 460

Family 83 (&). Elassomatidse 461

241. Elassorua Jordan. 461

722. zonatum Jor 461,915

Family 84. Centrarchidae 462

242. Centrarchus C. & V 463

723. macropterus Lac 463

243. PomoxysRaf 464

724. annnlaris Raf 464

725. sparoides Lac 465

244. Archoplites Gill 465

726. interruptus Grd 466

245. Amblopliles Raf 466

727. rupestrisRaf 466

246. Chsenobryttus Gill 467

728. antistius McKay 467

729. gulosus C. &V 468

247. Acantharchus Gill 468

730. pomotis Baird , 469

248. Enneacauthus Gill 469

731. eriarchus Jor 469

732. obesus Baird , 470

733. gloriosus Holbr 470

734. shnulans Cope.... 470

249. Mesogonistius Gill 471

735. chaetodon Baird 471

250. Lepomis Raf 472

§ Apomotis Raf 473

736. cyanellusRaf 473

737. symmetricus Forbes 473

738. phenax Cope & Jor 474

§ Lepomis 474

739. ischyrus Jor. & Nelson 474

740. macrochirus Raf 475

741. mystacalis Cope 475

742. elongatus Holbrook *. 475

743. rnurinus Grd 475

744. puuctatus C. & V 476

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 in

XXXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

H IV. Pisces— continued. pn.r,>.
Suliclass I'liv.-cH li>[ i.
Order T. Acaiitlmpiri i.

Family "I. (Vntrarcliidae.

7 l.~>. miiiiatus .lor ......................................... 470

7 1C), auritns Linn ......................................... 477

7 17. mejjalolis Kaf ........................................ 477

748. marginal us Ilolbr .................................... 17-

7 !'.«. liomliifrons Ag ....................................... 17>

$ Ih'liuperca Jordan .................................... 47U

750. huniilis Grd .......................................... 479

7:>1. pallidns Mitch ....................................... 17'.'

752. herosB. & G ........................................ 480

7f>:{. i-uryorus McKay ................. ..................... 481

754. all.ulus Grd .......................................... 481

§ Enpomotis Gill & Jor ................................ 1-.'

755. holbrooki C. & V .................................... 482

756. uotatusAg ........................................... 1-J

7f>7. gibbosns L ........................................... 482

758. lirus McKay ....... ................................... 483

251. Micropterus Lac .......................................... 4W1

7;")9. salmoides Lac ........................................ 484

7GO. doloraiei Lac ......................................... 4-i">

Fftiuily 85. Percidse ............................................... 480

. Ammocrypta Jor ....................................... .. •!--

7r,1. Ix-aiii Jor ............................................. l~'.i

762. iM'llucida Bainl ...................................... l-'.i

7II-J (/*). vivax Hay. (Addenda) ........................... l»7(i

7i;:i. asprdla Jor .......................................... I'.lil

. loa Jor. & Bray .......................................... -HHi

704. viirea Cope .......... .^. .............................. 4! 10

764 (i). vigilis Hay. (Addenda) ........................... H71

254. Bolcosoma DeKay ........................................ 4!M

7ii.".. iilinstcdi Storer ....................................... 4'.iJ

70i;. iiigrnmRaf ........................................... I'.*.'

7(17. clViil^cus (Jnl ......................................... 4l»::

70-. \c\illan-Jor ........................................ -I'.c:

Tii'.i. a-sopus Cope, ......................................... 4'.K;

•j:.:.. Va ilia nt ia .lor ......................................... T 4'.»:'.

770(771). camiira Forbes .................................. 4'.M

256. rincrnira .lor ............................................ l;i|

77-.'. j.liiox ('opo ....................................... -.... !:>:.

773. >li^nia-a Jor ........................................ .»'.»:>

771. at ripiiinis Jor ....................................... I'.C.

77.">. siiiintrra Cope ........................................ I'.M',

:. Diple.siiiin |;af ........................................... .J'.IO

770. I) 1 1 MI iiioi i l.-s 1,'at' ...................................... -W7

}. CottogaiBlei I'mnaiii ...................................... 4!»7

777. co] ic I and! Jor ........................................ .11 1~

77-. piitiiami J. A. (i .................................... t;i-

•.'."'.i. Iiiiosioma .Ionian ......................................... 49S

77'J. sliinnanli ( Jrd . ....................................... TJ-

•JOd. I'.-rciiia llaldcmaii ....................................... 401*

'. capro.l sEaf ......................................... -I'.t'.i

7-n (li). maiiiton Jor ...................................... .".no

TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXV

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Pliysoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 85. Percidse.

261. Alvordius Girard 500

781. macrocephalus Cope pOl

782. phoxocephalus Nelson 501

783. aspro Cope & Jor 501

784. nevisensis Cope 502

785. crassus Jor. & Brayt 503

786. variatus Kirt 503

787. evides Jor. & Copel 503

788. fasciatus Grd 504

262. Hadropterus Ag 505

789. aurantiacus Cope 506

790. nigrofasciatus Ag 506

263. Nothonotus Agassi z 506

791. cainurus Cope 506

792. sanguifluus Cope 507

793. maculatus Kirtl 508

794. rufilineatus Cope 508

795. vulneratus Cope 508

796. tessellatus Storer 509

797. cinereus Storer 509

264. Nanostorna Putnam 509

798. zonale Cope 510

799. elegansHay 510

800. thalassinum Jor. & Brayt 511

801. tessellatum Jor 511

802. inscriptum Jor. & Brayt 512

265. Etheostoma Raf 512

803. lineolatuin Ag 513

804. fiabellare Raf 513

805. squamiceps Jor 514

266. Pcecilickthys Ag 514

§ Pcecilichthys 515

806. virgatus Jor 515

807. saxatilis Hay 515

808. punctulatns Ag 516

809. artesise Hay 516

810. lepidusB. &G 517

811. cceruleus Storer 517

812. spectabilis Agassiz 518

813. asprigenis Forbes 518

814. jessite Jor. & Brayt 518

§ Boleichthys Grd , 519

815. butlerianus Hay 519

816. barrattii Holbr 519

817. fusiformis Grd 520

818. erochrous Cope 520

819. eos Jor. & Copel 520

820. exilisGrd 521

821. warreni Grd 521

822. gracilis Grd 521

§ Aharius Grd 522

823. lateralis Grd . 522

XXXV! TAl'.I.K OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces— continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acantlinptrri.
Family 85. Percidae.

267. Microperca Putnam 522

824. prccl iaris Hay 522

825. punctuluta Putnam 523

268. PercaLinn 523

S2(>. americana Schrauck 524

269. Sti/.c>stedinm Eaf 525

827. vitreum Mitch 525

828. cauadeuse Smith 526

Family 86. Serrauida? 526

270. Ceutropomus Lac 527

829. undeciuialis Bloch 527

271. Roccus Mitch 527

§ jRoccHS 529

830. lineatus Bloch 529

831 . chry sops Raf 529

§ Morone Gill 530

832. interriiptus Gill 530

833. americanus Ginel 530

272. Stereolepis Ayres 531

834. gigas Ayres 531

273. Polyprion Cuvier 532

835. oxygenius BI. & Schn 532

273 (fe). Creolus J. & G. (Addenda) 916,972

835 (6). furcifer C. it V. (Addenda) 916

274. Serranus Cu v ">:',•_'

$ Centropristis Cuv 533

836. atrarius L 533

836 (fc). nigrescens Bl. & Schii. (Addenda) 916

837. trifurcus L 534

$ DipJeclritm llolbr 534

838. formosus L. (Addenda) 534,971

§ I'rioiindt'H Jen. (Addeuda) 535,917

839. subli^arius Cope 535,917

$ Pdrdlabrax Grd Ki5

840. clathratus (ird ."•::."•

•W-U. in acnlol'asc i:i tus Steind 536

842. n.-l.ulifi-rCrd :.:',C.

274 (ft). Hyp..,, 1,.,-tnis Gill. (Addenda) H37.1»17

H43. in j,n-i cans Poey. (Addenda) 537. '.M 7

275. Tmotri.pis (Jill :.:'.7

8-14. stmiiia.s (HH,,IC A I'.i-aii. (Addenda) .".::-. '.»!>, 971

845. fa Ira I us I 'or y .- . . . 53-'

-1C,, niicn.lrpis (;. A U • 538

846 (l>). jM-lrosus Pni-y. (Addenda) '.'1-

276. KI-IIH -phi-Ins liloch 539

847. atlantims Lac. (Add.-nda) 539, 91S

MM. dniiiini..iid-lia\i <;. A I'. 540

-I'.i. moriu Cnv 540

850 (-:.::.'). ni^ritus Hnll.r 540

B§0 (ft). >iriai us Illoch. (Addenda) 918

850 (c). guttatus Guiel. (Addeuda) 919

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXV II

Class IV. Pisces— continued. Page.

Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 86. Serranidse.

851. uiveatusC. &V 541

853. ? guasa Poey (ui'gritus?) 542,920

276 (&). Bodianus Blocli 541,911'

852. puncta Jus L 54 L

852 (6). taemops C. & V, (Addenda) 919

"278. £Dules Cuvier] 542

854. [aurigaC. & V.] 542

279. Rhypticus Cuvier 543

§ Promicropterus Gill 543

855. maculatus Holb 543

856. [nigripinnis Gill. ) (Addenda) 543, 920

857. pituitosusG. &B 543

Family 87. Priacauthidse 544

280. Priacanthus Cuv 544

§ Priacanthus 544

E58. arenatusC. & V. (Addenda) 544,971

§ Pseiidopriacanthus Bleek 545

859. altus Gill 545

Family 88. Sparidoe 545

281. XeuistmsJ. & G. (Addenda) 546,920

860. californieusis Steind 547,920

282. Lutjauus Bl. & Schii 547

§ Ocyiirus Gill ' 548

861. chrysurus Blocli. (Addenda) 548,921

§ Lutjanas 548

862. caxis BL &, Schn - 548

862 (5). caballerote Bl. & Sclm. (Addenda) 921

862 (e). cainpechiaiius Poey. (Addenda) 549, 921

863. blackfordi G. & B 549

864. stearusi G. & B 549,922

864 (5). synagris L. (Addenda) 922

§ Rhomboplites Gill 549

865. aurombens C. & V 549

282 (6). ConodonC. & V. (Addenda) 550,923

866. nobilisL 550,923

283. Poraadasys Lac 550

§ Orthopristis Grd 551

867 (868). fulvomaculatns Mitch 551,923

§ Anisotremus Gill. (Addenda) 923

869. davidsoui Steind 551

870. virgiuicus L 552

871. biliueatus C. & V 552

871 (ft), interrupts Gill. (Addenda) 933

284. Diabasis Desna 553

872. plmuieri Lac. (Addenda) 553,971

872 (&). elegans C. & V. (Addenda). 923

873. chrysopterus L 553,924

873 (fe). chromis Brouss. (Addenda) 924

873 (c). albns C. & V. (Addenda) 924

874. frernebundus G. & B 554

874 (b). jeiiiguano Poey. (Addenda) 925

875. trivittatus Bl. & Schn . . 554

XXXVIII TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

Class IV. Pisces— euntinned. Pa^--

Snhi-lass Physocliati.
< >rder T. Arantlnijiieri.
Family 88. Sparidae.

•J-:». Lobotes Guv 554

H76. snrinaraeiisis Block •">:>

285 C&). Calamus Sw. (Addenda)

-?6 (/>). nie-ar, ;,lialus S\v. (Addenda) 9-J6

876 (c). bajouad.. Ml. & Scbn. (Addenda) IWi

876 (rf). macrops Poey. (Addenda) '.*•-"

876 (<:)• arctifmns (iomle A. Mean. (Addenda) '.»•-'?

876 (/). inedius Poey. (Addenda) '.»-'>

877 milneri G. & B. (Addenda) 550, '.'•.'-

286. Spams L •"<;,<;

§ PagrusVuv 556

878. pagrus L r.5f,, '.i-JJ

286(&). Stenotonms Gill. (Addenda) 557, <>..".»

880. cbrysops L 556. '.»-J'.i

881. versicolor Mitch. (Addenda) 557,929

881(6). caprinns Mean. (Addenda) '.'•-".>

286 (c). Lagodoii Holbr. (Addenda) 5.',-. '.t-j'.i

882. rhomboides L •">.", s

287. DiplodusRaf r.r^.'.i-JH

^ Archosargim Gill - •".">- . '.i J'.i

883. probatocepbalns Walb •"'•"'-

$ Diplodus 5.V.I

884(885). bolbrooki Beau .V.;i

885(6). caribbaeus I'oey. (Addenda). '.»:'.(>

288. GirellaGray 560

.->'(;. nijjric-ans A\ res 560

289. Cypbosus Lacfep<?do (Addenda) 560. UT'J

887. bosqui Lac ." ••< > 1

290. Scorpis Cuv. A- \'al :.(VJ

\S ('ifxioKiiinii Kanp 56-J

888. califoruiensis Stoind
Family 89. Apogoiiidiu

219. Apogou Lac

$ Ajiogon 5( >. '.

[-~'.). anierieaiins Castelnau] "•!'.:;

889 (b). maenlatiiN I'oey. (Addenda) !»:50

§ Apoijoii'u-htliiiN I'.Ieek. (Addenda) HIU

889 (c). alutus J. &. G »U

$ Gloanamia Gill 56-1

890. pandi.mis < J . A B .".lil

Family 90. Mnllida- 5(1 1

MullusL .".C.1.

-'.•1. l.arl.aliis L

•J'l:'. I '|)eiH'iis Clivier

§ 1'xi-ntliijiriifiix Mleek 5(>5

-'.!•.'. niaeiilatus Blocb 565

Family !>!. Scia-nida- 566

•JIM. llaploidonotiis K'af 56?

:. griiiinieii.-. K'at' 56?

•,".•5. I'numnias I,;ic 5f,-

894. c-liromi^ Linn. . 5(te

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXIX

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 91. Sciaenidse.

296. Sciseua L 569

$ Stellijerus Stark » 569

895. lanceolata Holbr. (Addenda) 569, 931

§ Bairdiella Gill 570

896. Chrysura Lac. (Addenda) 570, 931, 933

§ Ophioscioii Gill

897. jacobiSteind 571

§ Scicena 571,931

898. ocellata L 571

296. (b.) Roncador J. &, G. (Addenda) 572,931

899. stearnsi Steind 572

296 (o.) CorvinaCuv. (Addenda) 932

$ Corvina 572

900. saturnaGrd 572

§ Pareques Gill 573

901. acuminata Bl. & Schn , 573

296. (fZ). Eques Bloch. (Addenda) 932

901 (&'). lanceolatus Gmel. (Addenda) 932

297. Liostomus Lac 573

902. xanthurus Lac 574

298. Genyon emus Gill 574,932

903. liueatus Ayres 574

299. Micropogou Cuv. & Val 575

904. undulatus L 575

300. Umbriua Cuvier 575

905. roucador J. & G 576

906. broussoueti C. & V 576

301. Menticirrus Gill 576

907. nebulosus Mitch 577

908. littoralis Holbr 577,933

909. alburuus L 577

910. undulatus Grd 578

302. Larimus Cuv. & Val 578

911. fasciatus Holb 578

303(304). Cynoscion Gill 579

§ Atractoscion Gill. (Addenda) 579

912. nobile Ayres 579

§ Cynoscion 579

913. parvipinne Ayres 580

914. nothum Holb 580

915. regale Bl. & Schn 581

916. thalassinum Holb 581

917. maculatum Mitch 581

305. Seriphus Ayres 582

918. politus Ayres 1 582

Family 92. Gerridte 582

306. Gerres Cuvier 583, 935

§ Gerres 58:5

919. plumieri C. & V 583

919 (b). olisthostoma Goode & Bean. (Addenda) 934

§ Diapterus Ranz 583

XL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Aeaiithopt.-ri.
Family 92. G«-rrid;r.

920. {,Mila C. & V. (Addenda) 584,9:M

921. liomonynuis Goode & Bean .".-I

!«21 (6). ciuereus Walb. (Addenda) 93;,

1>22. harengulus Goode & Bean .> ',

Family 93. Embii.torida.' .>."

307. Hysteroearpus Gibbons 586

923. traski Gibbons 585

30*. AbeunaGirard 587

924. niiuiiiia Gibbons 587

92.",. aurora Jor. & Gilb 588

308 (ft). Brachyisi ius Gill. (Addenda) 589,93(1

9-26. frenatusGill 589

927. rosaceus Jor. & Gilb 589

309. Mierometrus Gibbons 58»

928. aggregatus Gibbons 590

310. Holconotus Agassiz. (Addenda 590,936

§ Hypocritichthys Gill ~>91

929. analis A. Agassiz 591

$ Hyperprosopon Gibb 591

930. argenteus Gibbons. (Addenda) 591

931. agassizii Gill 592

$ Holconotus Ag 592

932. rhodoterus Agassiz 592

310 (fe). Ainphistichus Agassiz 593

I':1.:!, argenteus Agassiz 593

311. Hypsurus A. Agassiz 593

934. caryi Agassiz 593

312. Ditrema Schlegel 59-1

$ Embiotoca Ag 594

935. laterale Agassiz 594

9: HI. jacksoui Agassiz 595

$ Ditrema 595

!):'-7. a tripes Jor. & Gilb ">'.'•

93£ furratum Grd -"'.'li

313. Sbaohoohilns Agassi/ ."'.it',

939. toxolcs Agassi/. f.9ii

314. Damalichthys Grd "-9;

9 in. ai'gyrosoiiiiiH Grd -"97

Family 94. Lal.riila- .",'.17

315. Ctenolabrua div. &. Val 599

$ Ttnito'/olnlinis (ithr ;".99

941. a.lspnsus Wall. ">99

::ir,. HiatulaLao. (Addenda) 509,936

:i|-J. ..mi is Linn 600

317. Larlmob-i.uisCiiv. \ Val GOO

913. falratus I. inn f.Ol

318. llarpr l.:i.-< !"•<!.• 601

911. rula Linn 601

318 (ft). TmrliMcupus (Jthr. (Addenda) <iO:.',93ii

^S J'imi IOIIK In/ion (Jill 602

91.".. pulcher Ayres

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XLI

Class IV. Pisces — coiitimiecl. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acautbopteri.
Family 94. Labrid;e.

31i>. Platyglossus Bleeker 602

946. radial usLirm 603

947, 948. bivittatns Bloch. (Addenda) 603, 936

948 (ft). caiidalisPoey. (Addenda) 937

949. semiciuctus Ayres 603

320. Pseudoj nils Bleeker 604

§ Oxyjulis Gill (504

950. raodestus Grd •. 604

321. Xyricbtbys Cuv. & Val 605

951. vermiculatus Poey 605

952. lineatus Cuv. & Val 605

322. Calliodon Gronow 606

953. ustns Cuv. & Val 606

323. Scams Forsk. (Addenda) 606,938

§ Scarus. (Addenda) 606, 933

954. guacamaia Cuv. and Val 607

954 (ft), croicensis Blocb. (Addenda) 938

§ Sparisoma Sw. (Addenda) 938

954 (c). squalidus Poey. (Addenda) 938

954. (d). radians C. & V. (Addenda) 939

Family95. Cicblidie , 607

324. Heros Heckel 608

955. cyanoguttatus B. & G 608

955 (b). pavonaceus Garni. (Addenda) 939

Family 96. Pomacentridai 609

325. Pomacentrus Lac 609

§ Pomaccntrus 610

956. leucostictus Miiller & Troscbel .1 610

§ Hi/psi/pops Gill 610

957. rubicuudus Grd 610

325 (b). Glypbidodou Lac. (Addenda) 610,939

958. declivifrons Gill. (Addenda) 611

959. saxatilis Linn 611

326. ChromisL 611

§ Furcaria Poey. (Addenda) 939

960. punctipinnis Cooper 611

• § Chromis 611

961. insolatus Cuv. & Val 612

961 (b). encbrysurua J. & G. (Addenda) 940

Family 97. Epliippidse 612

327. Chsetodipterus Lac 613

962. faber Brouss 613

Family 98. Cbaetodontidaj 614

328. Cbaetodon Linn 614

963. maculocinctns Gill 615

963 (ft), biinaculatus Blocb. (Addenda) 940

963 (c). capistratus L. 'Addenda) 940

329. Pomacantbus Lac 615

§ Holacaiitlt us Lac 615

964. ciliaris Linn 615

964 (ft), tricolor Blocb. (Addenda) 941

XLII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

cla^sIY. 1'Uees — eoiitinucd. Page.

Subclass riiYMPclisi i.
Order T. Acanthopteri.

Famih 96. rh;et,>dontid;e.

'.H',:>. arena t us L ........................................... (ilCi

Family W. Arant Inirida- .......................................... t'.lii

:!:!<!. Aeantlmms ]Jl. A. Srhn ................................... C.l?

IKiCi. chirm-^us 151. A Sclm ................................. 61?

I )i'>i) (b). iiijjricaiix L. (Addenda) ........................... '.ill

W,(\(,-). tract us I'ocy. (Addenda) ......................... '.141

\nr, . ccBraleus Bl. & Schn ................................. iil?

Family 10U. Tra.-liyptfrida- ........................................ C,l?

331. Tracliypterns (Jouan ...................................... Cd>

UliS. altivclis Kncr ........................................ (il-

Family lul. l.-i.stcida- ............................................. Gilt

33'2. IcDstcus Lock ............................................ Crjd

961). ii-nigniaticns Lock .................................... li-jn

::::::. Icirl.thys J. &G ......................................... i;-Jl

970. lockin^toui J. & G ................................... O-.M

334. BalliymaMrr Cop« ....................................... C'J-J

'.'7 1. si-juatiis Cope ........................................ (i-j:;

Family K)','. Lalilida- ............................................. C,-,':',

335. Lnpholatiliis G. & B ...................................... G-24

97^. fhanuL-leoiiticeps G. & B ............................. tV,M

336. Caul(»l:itilus Gill ......................................... ti-j:.

'.IT:1.. ])rinceps Jen ......................................... <;v.".

974. chrysops C. & V ..................................... tiv!ii

Family HlJ (l>). Trichodoniidai .................................... C.-Jii

:'•:!?. Tricliodou S teller ........................................ (J-,'7

;i7:>. stelleriC. &V ...................................... (1-J7

Family ll):». I'ranoM'opida- ........................................ ()V!7

I'.::-. A>i mscopns llrevoorl ..................................... i ;•.'•-

97(5. y-^neeum C. & V .................................... C,-J-

'.177. am. plus C. & V ...................................... d-J'.i

Family 103 (h). Opisllio^nathida-. (Addenda) ..................... SM'.'

338(6). (Jiiailnpops (iill. (Addend i) ......................... 1(4.'

'.I77(/)). iiiaxillosiis 1'uey. (Addenda) ...................... '.M'.'

338 (c). Opistlio-iiaJlms C. A V. (Addenda) .................. (.»4:'.

'.I77(r). seajdiinnis (Joudi- A liean. (Addenda) ............. !M:i

'.•77 (,l). IniH-hnrusJ. A (',. (Addenda) ........... • ....... <)j:;

Family 1^1. (;.iliiida- .............................................. <;•„".)

:::','.l. (Mil.inmunis Lac. (Addenda) ............................. 030, '.C'-'

'.'/-. iliinnilalor Lac ....................................... (','.',]

:', Jll. i;icoiris ( irimnw ......................................... t',:',l

'.»7'.i. ^yrinus Cu\. A \'al .................................. (iltl

:: II. l>iirmitatin- ( ;ill ........................................... r,:;i

980(981). ma.'iilalii.s i;|...-h. (A.hlenda) ................... i;:!'J

::il (1>). CM I ins i'di-.-ker. (. \dilem la > ........................... '.Ml

'.i-l (/»). anild\.i].M- ('..p.-. (Addenda) ..................... 944

ill-.'..' i:\.Tih.idns (Jill. (Ad.lenda) ............................ i ;:;•.'

'.1-7. uiinleinaiiiii (Jrd. (Addenda) ........................ CI'.-J

(::;:••) :;ii. (ioi.ins L ........................................... ,1:1:;

v\ I'.ni-t, iuK/<il>iux (.ill .................................... 033, H4r>

I'-::, hri.'iis (Jrd ........................................... c,:;;;

983 (b). em-a-imins J. & G. (Addenda) ............ 945

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XLIII

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acauthopteri.
Family 104. Gobiidse.

§ Gobi us 633

984 (1)8-2, 985). soporator C. & V. (Addenda) 632, 634, 945

§ Coryplioptcrus Gill 635

987 (&). boleosoma J. & G. (Addenda) 946

987 (c). stignjpturus Goode & Bean. (Addenda) 946

987 (d). nicholsi Bean. (Addenda) 946

988. glaucofrseuuni Gill 635

345. Gobiouellus Grd 635

989. oceauicns Pall 636

989 (fc). stigmaticus Poey. (Addenda) 947

346. Gillichthys Cooper 636

900. mirabilis Cooper 636

347. Lepidogobius Gill 63-7

§ Lepidogobius 637

991. gracilis Grd 637

$ Eucyclogobius Gill 637

992. newberry i Grd 637

992 (b) (986). gulosus Grd. (Addenda) 634,945

992 (c). thalassinus J. & G. (Addenda) 947

348. Gobiosorua Grd 638

993(994). bosciLac. (Addenda) 638,948

994 (b). ios J. &G. (Addenda) 948

349. Typhlogobius Steiud 639

995. califoruiensis Steind 639

350. Tyntlastes Gthr 639

996. sagittaGthr 639

350(6). loglossus Bean. (Addenda) 948

996 (b). calliurus Beau. (Addenda) 949

Family 105. Ckirid;e 640

351 (a). Pleurogrammus Gill. (Addenda) 642,949

997. ruouopterygius Pall 642

351 (&). Hexagrainmus Steller 641

998. ordinatus Cope 642

999. asper Steller 643

999 (6). scaber Beau. (Addenda) 949

1000. superciliosus Pall 644

1001. decagrammus Pall 645

352. Ophiodou Grd 646

1002. elongatus Grd 646

353. Zauiolepis Grd 647

1003. latipiunis Grd 647

354. Oxylebius Gill 648

1004. pictus Gill 648

355. Myriolepis Lock 649

1005. zouiferLock 649

356. Anoplopoma Ayres 649

100G. nrnbria Pallas 650

Family 106. Scorptenidsc 650

357. Sebastes Cuvier 651

1007. marinus Linn . 651

358. Sebastodes Gill.. 652

XLIV TA15LE OF CONTENTS

Cla^s IV. 1'isr.-.' — continued. Pago.
Siil>clas> I'liYsoelisti.
< >;-I|IT T. Aeaiitho]>tcri.

Scorpa>nida-.

» SilntnlndfH ...... _ ................................... 65(5

pancispiuis Ayrt'.s .................................... 656

v\ Si !><i«l,>*oi,ni-i ( ,ill ................................... (357

Idii'.i. ilavidns Ayn-s ....................................... <;;,7

1010. mi-la no ps ( Inl ................. ^ ..................... (358

Kill, ciliatus Tiles ........................................ (;:,s

IdlJ. inysiinus .lor. A Gilb ...................... .. ......... li.Y.i

Idl:;. cut i Hill-las J. & G .................................... c.v.t

)dl 1. oval is Ay res ......................................... (i(50

l(il.">. ]ir.)ri^i'i- J. A- (! ..................................... C.01

KUt'i. ;itni\ in-ns J. «fc G ...................................

1017. pinni^cr (Jill ........................................

1018. ininiiitus J. & (J .................................... 663

^ StbuKtoiiiiiM (iill ........................................ 0(34

1019. riilicrAyrcs ............. ............................. i,t;;,

1019 (i). umbrosus J. & G. (Addenda) .................... 950

10-Jd. r.mstcllatus J. & G .................................. i;c,r

,

ri)s:icciis Gnl ........................................ 6G6

rlnxlocLloris J. & G .................................. 667

1 1 !•,':{. chlorostictiis.I. A (! ................................ (568

lii'J4. clongatiis A.vrrs .................................... 669

10%J"). rubrivinctns J. & G ................................ 669

^ St-bastichthys Gill .................................... ii7d

Id'Jli. auricula (us (inl ...................................... 670

10-J7. rastri-lli-i-r .1. A (i ............ . ..................... G71

10:>. caiiriinis K'ich .......................................

KL'S (1>). vt-xillaris.I. A (i ................................

10-Jll. i.iali-cr.l. A (i ......................................

!(•:!(». carnatns J. & G ..................................... C,7 1

ld:',l. clirysoinclas .1. A G ................................. Ii7.~>

KC'.-J. iicbnlosiis Ayrcs ..................................... (uti

ld:;:f. scriiccjis J. & G ................................... . . 676

10:>1. ni^riH'i net us Ayrcs .................................. <177

359. Si-iii-|i;i'iia L .............................................. c,7s

Idii.".. ilactyln].ti-ra De La Roche .......................... r,7!>

Idllii. -niliita (Jrd ........................................ i;7'.i

l<i::7. plnmii-ri I! loch ...................................... C-i)

1038(6). stcanisi (J.Midi- A I'.can. (Ad.lciula) .............. '.i.M

1038(0). calcarata Goode «S lican. (Addenda) .............. ILVJ

3t)0. Set ;irc hcs .In] 11 LSI .1! ........................................ ll-J

Id: 19. pannatus Cuudc .................................... ti-J

Family 107. Cottida- .............................................. (;<•_•

::(M. Mi-mi tript cms Cuvicr .................................... 685

H'ld. aiiii-ricaniis (iin .................................... ii,~:>

I ii 1 1. ca \ifruns l,,,ch ...................................... 686

:!ti-j. Ascciici,iii\s .1. A <; ...................................... 686

Id I-.', i In M|, mis .1. A G .................................... 086

368. I'sxHirulnics (iiinthcr .................................... i;s(;

HM.:. |iiiradii\ns Gtbr ................................. ... 687

.:i.l. ('(.ttnnciilns Colldt ...................................... 687

1"ll. ini.-ii>|.s d.Hctt ...................................... (,«,-;

ld|.">. idi-viis (uHiilc . . . .............. , 688

TABLE OF CONTENTS. % XLV

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 107. Cottida?.

365. Icelus Kroyer ............................................ 689

§ Artedius Grd ............................. „ .......... 689

1046. lateralisGrd ........................................ 689

1047. notospilotus Grd ..................................... 690

§ Icelus ............................................... 690

1048. hamatus Kroyer ..................................... (591

1049. quadriseriatua Lock .................................. 691

§ Chitonolus Lock ...................................... 691

1050. inegacephalns Lock ................................. 692

1051. pugettensis Steind ................ ... ............... 692

1052. uucinatus Reinh .................................... 693

1053. bicoruis Reinh ...................................... 693

366. Uranidea De Kay ........................................ 693

§ TanrideaJor. & Rice ................................. 694

1054. ricei Nelson. (Addenda) ............................ 694,953

§ Cottopsis Grd ....................................... 694

1055. aspera Rich ......................................... 694

1056. semiscabra Cope ..................................... 695

1056 (6). rhothea Rosa Smith. (Addenda) ................. 953

§ Potamocottus Gill .................................... 69.J

1057. gulosa Grd ......................................... 695

1058. punctulata Gill ...................................... 696

1059. bendirei Bean ....................................... 696

1060. richardsoni Agassiz .................................. 696

1061. wheeled Cope ....................................... 0 697

§ Uranidea ........................................... 698

1062. cognata Rich ........................................ 698,953

1062 (6). spilota Cope. (Addenda) ........................ 954

1062 (c). pollicaris J. & G. (Addenda) .................... 954

1063. rninutaPall ......................................... 698

1064. margiuata Bean ..................................... 698

1065. viscosa Hald ......................... ............... 698

1066. gracilis Heck ........................................ 699

1067. gobioidesGrd ........................................ 699

1068. boleoides Grd ........................................ 699

1069. franklini Ag .................................. ....... 699,954

1069 (fe). formosa Grd. (Addenda) ................... . ..... 955

1070. hoyi Putn ............................................ 700

367. CottusL ................................. , ............... 700

1071. bubalisL ............................................ 701

1072. octodeciruspinosus Mitch ............................. 701

1073. seneus Mitch ......................................... 701

1074. scorpioides Fabr .................... „ ................ 702

1075. scorpius L ........................................... 702

1076. polyacanthocephalus Pall ............................ 703

1077. labradoricus Grd ......................... . ........... 704

1078. tseuiopterus Kner .................................... 704

1079. quadricoruis L ....................................... 704

1080. humilis Bean ........................................ 705

1081. jack C & V .......................................... 705

XLVI

T \15LE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.

Subclass Pbysocli.-ti.
Order T. Acaiithoptcri.
Family 107. Cottida-.

108-'. axillarisGill 7m;

Id-:;, pnlarisSab 7U6

1084. platycepbalnwl'all 706

1085. verrucosus Bean 707

1086. nigerBean 707

1087. qnadritilisGill 707

368. Gymnacanllms S\v 708

KisS. pistilliger Pall 708

1089. galeatns Bean 709

369. Triglopsis Grd 709

1090. thompsoni Grd 709

370. Enoplirys Sw 710

1091. bison Grd '. 710

1092. dicerausPall 711

109:?. claviger C. & V 711

371. Liocottus Grd 711

1094. hirundoGrd 712

872. Triglops Roinh 712

1095. pingt'liReinh 713

373. Leptocottns Grd 713

1096. armatusGrd 7i:<

374. Heinilepidotus Cuv 714

1097. spinosns Ayr 711

1098. jordani Bean 715

1099. trachurus Pall 715

375. MelletesBeau 71C

1100. papilio Bean 71(i

376. Scorpa-nidithys Grd 716

1101. inarmoratua Ayr 716

377. Oligoeotlus Grd 717

$ Clin,>,;,ttii8 Gill 717

1102. analis Grd 717

§ Oligoi'ottns 718

1103. inaciilosiiH (Jrd 718

$ Blennicoltus Gill 71.-

1104. gl(.l.ir.-i»s(;rd "I1"

37K P.lei^ias Cuv 71'.»

1105. cirrhosns Pall 71H

inn;. bilobusC. <& V '- 720

::7'.i. N.-niticlitliys Crd 72(1

1107. oriilol'asriatus ' -I'd 721

380. l.'li.'iini.liorc.ttns Ctlir 721

IP'-. ricli:ir.U..ni Ctlir 722

1"- (a). Agmiiil.-i-

:'.-!. Aspiiloplniriiides Lac 724

IKC.i. n nun iptery gins Bluch

111(1. inerniis (it In- 7'J5

388. Siplia.umins Stc-ind 725

1111. l.arl.atu- St.-ind 725

383. Lrptaguims (Jill. (Adilenda) 726,955

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XLVII

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Pago.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.

Family 108 (a). Agonidse.

§ Bracliyopsis Gill 726

1112. rostratus Tiles 726

1113. verrucosus Lock 726

1114. xyosternus J. & G 727

§ Leptagonvs (Addenda) 955

1115. decagouus B. & S 727,955

[384. AgonusB. & S] 728

[1116. cataphractus L] 728

385. Bothragonus Gill 728

1117. swani Steind 729

386. Odontopyxis Lock 729

1118. trispiuosus Lock 729

387. Podothecus Gill ' 729

1119. vulsusJ.&G 730

1120. acipenserinus Tiles 730

Family 108 (&). Triglidse 731

388. Peristedinm Lac 732

1121. miuiatum Goode 732

[389. TriglaL.] 733

[1122. cuculusL.] 733

390. Prionotus Lac 733

§ Orniclithys Sw 734

1123. scitulus J. & G. (Addenda) 734,956

1123 (6). punctatus Bl. (Addenda) 956

1124. palmipes Mitch 734

§ Prionotus 735

1125. tribulus C. & V 735

1126. evolansL 735

1127. stephanophrys Lock 736

391. Cephalacanthus Lac 737 %

1128. volitansL. (Addenda) 738,957

Family 109. Liparididae 738

392. Amitra Goode 739

1129. liparina Goode 739

393. Careproctus Kroy 740

1130. gelatiuosus Pall 740

1130 (6). reinhardi Kroy. (Addenda) 957

394. LiparisL 740

§ ActinocJiir Gill ., 741

1131. major Walb t 741

§ Liparis 740

1132. pulcbella Ayr 741

1133. gibba Bean 741

1 135. tunicata Reinh 742

1136(1134). lineata Lepechin 742

1137. rauulaG. &B 742

1138. montagui Don 743

1139. calliodon Pall 743

1140. cyclopus Gthr 743

§ Neoliparis Steiud 744

1141. mucosa Ayr 744

XLV1II TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acantliopteri.

Family 110. Cyclopterida- ......................................... 744

395. Cycloptei-ichthy.s Stcind .................................. 745

1142. ventricosus Pall .................................... 745

114:?. stelleriPall ..................... ..................... 745

395 (6). Eumicrotremns Gill. (Addenda) ...................... 740,957

1144. spinosus Miill ....................................... 746

390. Cyclop! ei-us L ............................................ 746

1145. linnpusL ............... ............................ 747

Family 111. Gobiesocidse .......................................... 747

397. Goliiesox Lac ............................................. 748

1140. n-ticulatus Grd ...................................... 749

1147. strumosiis Cope ..................................... 749

1147 (ft), virgatulns J. & G. (Addenda) .................. 957

1148. rhessodon R. Smith .................................. 749

Family 112. Batraehida' .......................................... 750

398. Batraclius B. & S ......................................... 75( i

1149. tan L ............................................... 750

1149 (6). pardus G. &B ................................... 751

399. Poricbthys Grd ................................. . ......... 751

1150. margaritatus Rich. (Addenda ) ....................... 751, 958

1150 (6). plectrodon J. & G. (Addenda) .................. 958

Family 113. Leptoscopida? ......................................... 752

400. Dactyloscopus Gill ........................................ 75:'.

1 151. tridigitatua Gill ..................................... 753

Family 114. Blenniid;e ......................................... --- 753

401. Ophioldenuius Gill ........... , ........................... 750

1152. webbi Val ........................................... 756

402. ChasnmdesC. & V ........................................ 7.-.C.

11.");;. liosi|Hianus Lac ...................................... 756

1154. quadrifasciatus Wood ................................ 757

• 1154 (fc). saliurra- J. & G. (Addenda) ................... 958

403. Iscslhes J. & G .......................................... 757

1155. ^ilherti Jor. (Addenda) ............................. 757, 951 >

1155(6). gt-.ntilisGrd. (Addenda) ...................... -... !'."(.i

1150. ]>nnctatns Wood ..................................... ">s

ll.",0(/-). ht-ntxi Lo S. (Add«Mida) ......................... '."til)

1150(r). iontlias.I. & G. (Addenda) ................ ...... HHn

1150 («/). MTiilator .J. A G. (Addenda) .................... '.Hid

404. H \plmroelii Ins Gill ....................................... 756

1157. iniil I i 111 is Grd ........................................ 758

ii.">.-\ gefninatus Wood .................................... 751)

405. Uleiiniiis L ............................................... 759

, [ll.V.l. fuconuii ('. A V.I ................................. 759

1159(6). stearnai J. & G. (Addenda) ...................... (.M;I

1159 (r). fiivnsns Goodo A- Bran. (Addenda) ............... Hill

ll.V.l i./). astn-ias Condf A liean. (Addenda) ............... 90 1

I'liolix Cnv .......................................... 700

lliiti. earoliniis ('. & V .................................... 700

400. Neoelimis (Jrd ............................................ 70(1

1101. satiiicns Crd ........................................ 701

1102. 1 .la in -ha nil Grd ...................................... 701

407. CliuusCnv . , ......................... 761

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XLIX

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acautbopteri.

Family 114. Blenniidse.

§ Labrosomus S w 762

1103. imckipinnis Q. & G 762

§ Gibbonsia Coop 763

1164. evides J. & G 763

408. Heterostichus Grd 76:*

1165. rostratus Grd 764

409. Cremnobates Gthr 764

1166. integripinuis R. Smith 764

1166 (?>). marmoratus Steind. (Addenda) 962

410. Ckirolophus Sw 765

1167. polyactocepbalns Pall 765

411. Mursenoides Lac 766

§ Mufcvnoides 767

1168. gunnellus L 767

1169. fasciatus B. & S 767

1170. oruatus Grd 767

1171. inaxillaris Bean 768

1172. dolicbogaster Pall 768

§ Astemopteryx Riipp 769

1173. guuelliformis Eiipp 769

412. ApodichthysGrd. 769

1174. flavidus Grd 769

1175. fucorum J. & G 770

413. Anoplarchns Gill 770

1176. atropurpureua Kittl 771

1177. alectrolophus Pall 771

414. Xiphister Jor 771

1178. chirus J. & G 772

1179. mucosus Grd 772

1180. rupestris J. & G 7/3

415. Cebedichtbys Ayres 773

1181. violaceus Grd 774

416. Eumesogrammus Gill 774

1182. prsecisus Kroy 774

1183. subbifurcatus Stor 775

417. Sticbceus Reinli 775

1184. pnnctatus Fabr 775

418. Notogi'atnmns Beau 776

1185. rothrocki Bean 776

419. Lumpenus Reinh 776

§ Leptoclinm Gill 777

1186. maculatus Paries 777

§ Anisarchus Gill 777

1187. medius Reinb. 777

§ Lumpenns 777

1188. anguillaris Pall 777

1189. fabricii C. & V 778

420. Leptobleniiius Gill 778

1190. nubilnsRich 778

1191. serpentiuus Stor ;-.. 778

1192. lampetrteformis Walb 779

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 iv

L TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclieti.
Order T. Acauthopteri.

Family 114. Blcnuiidrc.

421. Delolepis Bean 779

1193. virgatus Bean , 779

422. Cryptacant hodes Stor 780

1194. niaculatus Stor 780

423. Anarrhichas L 781

1195. lupus L 781

1196. minor Olafa 71

1197. latifrons Steenstrup & Halgrimsson 782

1198. lepturusBean 7^

424. Auarrliichthys Ayres 782

1199. ocellatus Ayr 782

Family 115. Lycodidie : 783

425. ZoarcesCuv 784

1200. anguillaris Peck 784

42<i. Lycodopsis Coll 784

1201. paoificuB Coll 785

1202. paucidens Lock 785

427. LycodesReiuh 785

1203. paxilluaG. &B 785

1204. verrilli G. &B 786

1205. vahli Reinh 786

1206. esmarki Coll 786

1207. reticulatus Reiuh 7H7

1208. seminudus Reiuh 7,^7

1209. nebnlosiiH Kroy 787

1210. cocc incus Bi-a.ii — 787

428. Lycodalepis Bleeker ?s*

1211. nmcosus Rich 7>^

1212. turiHTi I lean 7s-'

1-J13. polaris Sab 788

429. Gymnelis Reiuh 789

1214. viridis Fabr 789

1215. stijrma Bcnii 789

430. lTr.mi-< -i.-s Cthr 789

121(i. i»arrii Ross 789

Fan illy 1 It! ( 'migvogadida' 7!U)

431. S.-ytaliua .1. & C 790

1-J17. i-rrdalc .1. & G 790

Family 117. Fi.Taslrrida- 791

1 :!'.'. l-'icrast'iT ( 'n v 791

1218. dubiusPutn 791

I'amily 1 I ~. Opljidiida- "(-'2

•I:1,::, ophidium I, T'.i-J

vS O^hnliinn 79','

1-J19. inar^iiiatuiii Dek 792

l-.'-.'n. :\»^^,}n i:rd 793

l-J-.M. liollinxiki 1'iitu 793

l-.-.M (/'). -raiMl.si 1'ury. (Addru.la) 9C:»

1 •.'•.'•..'. layluri Crd 793

§ /.I'liln/iliiiliiiin Cill 793

1223. pn. fund. .Mini (Jill 793

433 (/<). (Jruyplrrus I'liili|.].i. (Addenda) 9C.3

(/• .. ..mostigma J. & G. (Addenda) 903

TABLE OF CONTENTS. LI

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.

Family 120 (119). Gadidae 794

434. Bythites Reinii 795

1224. fuscusReinh 795

435. Dineniatichthys Bleek 795

§ Brosmopliycis Gill. (Addenda) 796, 963

1225. marginatus Ayres 796

436. Ouos Risso 796

$ RMnonemus Gill 797

1226. cimbrius L 797

§ Onos 797

1227. reinhardti Kroy 797

1228. ensis Reinh 797

437. PhycisB. & S 798

1229. regiusWalb 798

1230. earlliBean. 798

1231. chussWalb 799

1232. tennis Mitch 799

1233. chesteri G. & B 799

438. Haloporphyrus Gthr 800

1233 (6). viola G. & B 800

439. Physiculus Kaup 800

1234. dalwigkii Kaup 801

440. MolvaNilss 801

1235. vulgaris Flem 801

441. Lota Cuv 801

1236. maculosa Le S 802

442. Brosmius Cuv 802

1237. brosnie Mull 802

443. Gadus L 803

§ Melanogrammus Gill 803

1238. seglifinus L 803

§ Gadus 804

1239. callariasL 804

$ lilesia S w 804

1240. gracilis Tiles H04

§ Microgadus Gill 805

1241. proximus Grd 805

1242. tomcod Walb 806

§ Pollachius Nilss 806

1243. virens L 806

1244. chalcogramm UM Pall 807

§ Boreoyadus Gthr 807

1245. saida Lepechiu 807

444. Hypsicometes Goode 808

1246. gobioides Goode 808

445. Merlucius Raf 808

1247. biliuearis Mitch 809

1248. smiridusRaf 809

1249. productns Ayres 809

Family 120 (&). Chiasmodontidaj. (Addenda) , 964

446. Cbiasmodou Johns 810

1250. niger Johns 810

UI TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

C'lass IV. 1'i-i-i • — 1-Miitiniifd. Pago.

Onlt-r T. A<-aiit Impic-i i.

1-ainily ^21. Mai-rui-ida- ............................................ 810

•117. Ma.-nmis i;i..«-li .......................................... bll

12.M. taliririi Simd.-v ...................................... Ml

l'-.~>2. caniiinatus (itiodf .................................... .-12

1 •.'.'.::. l.air.Iii;. \ B ....................................... 812

1 I-. ( 'nr\ plia-HM i Irs ( in liner ................................... -12

I'.'.'l. rii]irsiris (iuiiinT ................................... -12

Order I". He tfi-MMiniata ................................................ 813

ramih 122(12:1). riiMironectidu} .................................. 813

•II'. i. Uotlius Kaf .............................................. 815

l-j.Vi. maonlatos Mitch .................................... Hl.r>

4."ii. Citharii-litliys Ill.'rk ...................................... ,-ld

v> Jit in irhvmbuy Block .................................. % -It!

r,T.C.. jia-tulus Goodr A Bean. (Addenda) .................. 810,964

1^50(6). occllatus I'o.-y. (Addenda) ....................... M?,%4

§ Citluir'n-hthi/x ........................................ 817

1-257. sunlidus (inl ........................................ ,^17

1-J.-.7 (b). stigma-Ms J. &G. (Addenda) ..................... '.M,r,

I-.1:.-, spili ptrnis (it In- ..................................... 817

l-_'.V.i. aivtilronsGoodc ..................................... -1-

l-'GU. nnicornis Goode ..................................... H18

451. Iliiipo^lnssua Cuv ........................................

L-JCl. vul»-aris FU-in .......................................

45'2. J'latysoinaliclitliys I'det-k ................................. 819

Ivit'i-J. Iii|)poglossoide8 Walb .................. '. ............. '•I'.1

4:.:;. Atlit-ivsthes J. & G ....................................... 820

1-Jti:;. stomias J. & G ...................................... 820

454. Paraliditliys (ird ......................................... 821

$ I'dnilh-lithys ........................................ '. 821

I'.v. I calit'ornii-us Ayr ...................................... *«.'!

1 •:(•,:,. M.-rllaris Dek. (Add.-n<la) ........................... 822, 97 2

l-JiiC. di-ntatns L .......................................... 822

1 .'1.7. alM.ynlta .). »& G .................................... i-j:{

1 -T,-. .s-|iiauiilrntii8 J. & G ................................ 823

l-JC.'.i. nl.lon-us Mit ........................................ (-24

1270. oiimiattis.J. A :(! .................................... -J 4

$ A//,s/n j/ri/s J. & G .................................... --T.

1271. liolepisJ. ^ G ...................................... .-2f>

Ililipo^lussnidi •> < .ol I si- 1 n- .................................

{ Hippoglostoidee ............... .. .....................

1872. pi. -i i. -SMI. i. -s !••.-! in- ....................................

127::. ,-l:issMd<.n .J. A <i ....................................

1274. JMi-dani Lock ........................................ 827

127;,. exiliaJ. A <; ...................... .' ................. 827

« I'Hi-lfirlilhiix «Jrd ............ ......................... 828

l-.'Ti.. in. •laiiosiii-tiis d-d ...................................

I'l.-iin.ni.-liiliys (ird .......................................

1-.'T7. d.-i-iiri, -us .1. A. «; .................................... H29

1278. \.-rtira1is.i. A c .................................... 829

i -.':'.». ooBnoansOrd ........................................ 830

ll\ps.,p.s,.||.-, <;m ......................................... H30

1280. L'utMilala (Inl ........... 8;!0

TABLE OF CONTENTS. LIII

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order U. Heterosomata.

Family 122 (123). Pleuronectidse.

458. Pleuronectes L 831

§ Paroplirys Grd 831

1281. vetulusGrd 831

§ Isopsetta Lock 832

1282. isolepisLock 832

1283. ischyrus J. & G 832

§ Lepidopsetta Gill 833

1284. bilineatus Ayr 833

§ Limanda Gottsche 834

1285. f errugineus Stor 834

1286. asperPall 835

1287. beani Goode . 835

§ Platichthys Grd 835

1288. stellatus Pall 835

§ Pleuronectes 836

1289. quadrituberculatus Pall 836

1290. glaborStor 1 836

1291. glacialis Pall 837

§ Fseudopleuronectes Bleek 837

1292. americanus Walb 837

459. Glyptocophalus Gottsche 837

1293. cynoglosstis L .' 838

1294. zacliirus Lock 838

460. Cyuicoglossns Bonap 838

1295. pacificns Lock 839

461. EtropusJ. & G 839

1296. crossotusJ. &G 839

462. ThyrisGoode 840

1297. pellucidns Goode 840

463. Monoleue Goode 840

1298. sessilicanda Goode 841

463 (&). Bseostoma Bean. (Addenda) 965

1298 (&)• brachiale Bean. (Addenda) 965

464. Achirus Lac 841

1299. lineatusL 841

465. Aphoristia Kaup 842

1300. atricauda J. &G 842

1301. plaginsa L 843

Order V. Pediculati 843

Family 124. Lophiidse 844

466. LophinsL 844

1302. piscatorius L 844

Family 125 (a). Auteunariida?. 845

466 (fc). Pterophrynoides Gill 845

1303. histrio L 845

467. Autennarius Lac 845

1304. anmilatus Gill 846

1305. pleurophthalmns Gill 846

468. Chauuax Lowe 846

1306. pictus Lowe 847

Family 125 (6.) Ceratiidae

469. Ceratias Kroyer 847

LIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass 1'liysdclist j.
Order \". l'edi< nlati.

Family 12.". (h). Ceratiid.-e.

1307. hdlbdlli Kn'.y 847

17H. Mam-alias (Jill 848

130s. m-aiid.scopus Murray 848

471. Onin.desl.iitk 848

I:;H'.I. esi hrichtiLiitk 848

472. Ilimantoldplnis Keinh 849

1310. gni-nlandicus Reinh 849

1311. reinhardti Lutk 849

Family 120. Malthida- 849

17::. Malthe Cuv K>0

1312. vespertilio L 850

1313. ciibifrnns Rich 850

474. Halieutichthys Poey 85L

1314. acnleatns Mitch 851

475. Halientii-aC. &V 851

1315. senticosaGoode 851

Order W. Plectognathi 852

Family 127. Ostraciida* 852

476. Ostracium L 853

§ Lactophri/s Sw 853

1310. trigounm L 853

1316 (&). triquetrnm L. (Addenda) 905

1317. qnudricoriie L 854

Family 128. Balistidic 854

477. Balistes L 854

1318. vetulaL 855

1319. cnpriscus Guiel H55

1320. poweli Cope 855

478. Monacantlins Cnv 856

$ Monaco nth K.I — 856

1321. dccidentalisGthr 856

$ Stepltanolepia Gill ^'">0

i::22. hispidns 1.. (Addenda) 856,965

1323. davidsdiii Cope ~-'7

1: :•.'!. spildiidtns Cope 857

$ CKiithiniir* S\v 858

132:.. pullns K'an/. 858

47'.i. Alntera Cnv K'.S

1327. M-ripla ( )sb

4bO. l.a-.M-rid.aln-, S\v 859

I ::-.--. Lajvigatua h 860

4M. T.-lrodon L H',0

1321». |.olilns(Jrd WO

1 ::::<). i.-.stmlin.-ns 1 861

i::::i. spcn^lni 151 861

1 ::::•,'. tni-iclu-. Mil,-!, 861

L332 b). ii.-i.li.-ln>!; 1.- A llcan. (Addenda) 966

I :;::::. n iclidci-|>li:ilns Cope 862

4*-2. Trii-liddioddn 1',1,-,-k 802

l:;::i. piUwun Mitch 802

TABLE OF CONTENTS. LV

Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order W. Plectoguathi.

Family 129. Tetrodontidse.

483. DiodonL 862

1335. hystrixL 863

1336. liturosus Shaw. (Addenda) 863,966

484. Chilomycterus Bibron 863

1337. geometricus B. & S 863

1337 (6). fuliginosus Dek : 864

1337 (c). reticulatus L. (Addenda) 966

Family 130. Orthagoriscidse 864

485. Molacautlius Sw 865

1338. numniularis Walb 865

436. MolaCuv 865

1339. rotundaCuv 865

487. Ranzauia Nardo. (Addenda) 966

1340. truucata Retz. (Addenda) 966

LIST OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES.

Tin- following specific ami .^em-rio names ajipeai-asnexv in the ] in-sent work. A nunir
her nf i'l KIT ili-script ion* ,,{' ne\v species in the Addenda aiv alirid^rd from ma'niscri])t8
and proof -sheets of the current volume of the Proceedings of the I'nited Stati - Nat i<mal
Museum. It is probable that in all eases the date of their publication in ih-sr pro-
feedings \\ill In- ]n e\ i< ms i u tlie issue of the present volume.

Page.

Mi Dili Ills seeptielis .1 . iV ( i .................................................. -Jill I

I'laty^oliio pallidns Forlies ................................................ •.'•,'( i

Tryeherodon Forlie.s ............................ * ........................... 247

Trycherodon mejj;alo])

( 'on -(iiiu> kennicotti Milner ..............................................

I'undiiliis ad i nia J. & G ................................................... I):'..".

1 jiiliynnus IJitkon ........................................................ 4'29

Lejiomis symmetrirns I-'orbes .......... . ................................... 47H

Cotto^asler ]iutnami J. &. G ............................................... •!'.>>

I'lerilichthys Imtleriaiiiis Hay ............................................. Ml I

lloilira^onus t;ill .......................................................... ?-J<

Cut i n neii I us torvus Goode ................................................. r,-- -

i • bhesj. &G ........................................................... ::,:

( 'I in us evides J. & G ..................................................... 7i',:;

I'.iialiehtliys ojihryas .1. & G .............................................. >•„'.'

1'araliehiliys ommatiis .1. A G ............................................. s.'-l

l-n|i<el t;i l.nrkinjjton ...................................................... .-.;•,»

1 '<•! i limy /mi ma ri nils dorsal us Wilder .............................. •. .......

(lali orhinus xynjiterus .F. A- (', ............................................. ,-?n

I'll ml ul us /, 'lu-iii us .]. A (', ................................................. MU

MI nidi a laeiniata Swain ................................................... '.)(is

Mi-nidia a miens Hay ...................................................... '.'u~

X. -nistius.!. A (', .......................................................... 'J-Jii

Creobu J. \ <; ............................................................

•

LVI

A SYNOPSIS OF THE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Ichthyology (l%0u~, fish; Mj-iir, a discourse) is the science of fishes.
A "fish," in the popular sense, is a member of any one of the four classes
of aquatic or fish-like vertebrates, the groups here designated as Pisces,
Elasmobrancliii) Marsipobranchiij and Lcptocardii. A fish, in this com-
prehensive and somewhat indefinite sense, may be defined as a cold-
blooded vertebrate, adapted for life in the water ; breathing by means of
gills; having the limbs, if present, developed as fins ; the fingers and toes
being represented by cartilaginous rays connected by membrane; the
exoskeleton obsolete or developed as scales or bony plates ; and one or
more fins developed on the median line of the body, usually composed
of rays connected by membrane.

Of a " fish " in the popular sense one could hardly say more, without
the necessity of the constant introduction of exceptions. Of a "true
iish,'' a fish in a strict zoological sense, — that is, a member of the class
Pisces, — a definition will be given further on.

Among the fish-like vertebrates, the writers, following Professor Gill
and other eminent authorities, recognize four classes, considered as
co-ordinate with the classes BatracMa, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
These four classes have been thus limited and characterized :

ANALYSIS OF THE CLASSES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES.

* Skull undeveloped, with the notochord persistent and extending to the anterior end
of the head. Brain not distinctly differentiated. Heart none.

LEPTOCARDII, 1.

** Skull more or less developed, with the notochord not continued forward beyond
the pituitary body. Brain differentiated and distinctly developed. Heart
developed and divided at least into an auricle and a ventricle,
t Skull imperfectly developed, and with no lower jaw. Paired fins undeveloped,
with no shoulder-girdle nor pelvic elements. Gills purse-shaped,

MAKSIPOBRANCHII, 2.

tt Skull well developed and with a lower jaw. Paired fins developed (sometimes
absent through atrophy) ; aud with a shoulder-girdle (lyriform or furcula-
shaped, curved forward and with its respective sides connected below),
and with pelvic elements. Gills not purse-shaped. (LYRIFERA.)

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C 1 1

CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

$ Skull without iiirialiranr hours (a "rudiinciital opercnlarbone" in fhinm ,-a );

^ill- not 1'ivr. the liraiirliial openings slii-likr, usually srvcral in number;

c\o>k<'k'itm jilacoid, soinrt imcs olisol. •!<• : «•--> few ami lar.nv.

Ki.ASMor.KAXt nn. ::.
}{ Skull with mrmbraii" hones; j^ills 1'ivo ; branchial openings a single slit on

each side, soinri imcs rontlurn; ; exoskolrton various, not plaroid; •

comparatively small and IIUUHTOUS .......................... PISCES, 4.

CLASS I.-LEPTOCARDII.

(The Lancelots.)

Skeleton membrane-cartilaginous; skull undeveloped, with tlie noto-
chord persistent and extending to the anterior end of the head. Brain
not dill'erentiated. Xo heart; the function of the heart being performed
by pnKatingsinuses. Blood colorless. Respiratory cavity confluent with
the cavity of the abdomen; branchial clei'ts in great number, the water
being expelled through an abdominal pore in front of the vent. Jaws
none; the month a longitudinal fissure, with cirri on each side.

SiiKill marine animals highly interesting to the zoologist as exhibiting
the lowest degree of development of the vertebrate type. The class
includes but the single order Cirroxlomi. (/s—w?, thin; xapuia, heart.)
(Subclass Lrjtt.ocardii Giinther, viii, 513-514.)

ORDER A.-CIRROSTOMI.

(The

This order is equivalent to the family BranohiostomatidtB. (Latin,
cirrus, a lock of hair; <77»/'-a, mouth : the mouth being surrounded by u
tViiige of cirri.) (Cirrostouti (iiinther, viii, 513-51-4.)

FAMILY I.— BKAXCIIIOSTOMATID^E.
(The Lancelctx.}

Body elongate, cuiiqiressed, naked, colorless, with no fins, except a
ra\ less fold extending along the hack, around the tail, past the vent, to
the abdominal pore. Month interior, appearing as a longitudinal fis-
sure. surrounded 1>\ conspicuous, rather still' cirri. Kye rudimentary.
Liver reduced to a blind sac of the simple intestine.

ra two, Branchioatoma and Epigonopterus, differing chiefly iu

MARSIPOBEANCHII. 6

the greater development of the dorsal fin in the latter. Species four
or more, found imbedded in the sand on various coasts. (Cirrostomi
Gtlir. viii, 513-514.)

* Dorsal fold very low, nearly uniform ......................... BRANCHIOSTOMA, 1.

1.— BRArVCHIOSTOITIA Costa, 1834.
Lancelots.

(Ampliioxus Yarrell.)

(Costa, Ceuni Zoologici Napol. 1834, p. 49 : type Branchiostoma liibrlcum Costa = Limax
lanceolatus Pallas.)

The characters of this genus are essentially those of the family as
given above, the little development of the fins constituting its chief dis-
tinctive character, (flpdyziaj gills ; <rr«//.a, mouth. )

1. 12. csaribaeum Snndevall. — American Lancelet.

This species occurs in abundance, buried in the sand in shallow waters,
along the American coast, from the mouth of Chesapeake Bay to the
West Indies. It has never been fully compared with B. lanceolatum and
other species of the genus.

(Branch iostoma caribceum Sundevall, Oefvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1853, 11.)

CLASS IL-MARSIPOBRANCHIL

(The Myzonts.)

Skeleton cartilaginous; the skull imperfectly developed, not separate
from the vertebral column. No ribs, no true jaws, no limbs, no shoulder-
girdle, nor pelvic elements. Gills in the form of fixed sacs, without
branchial arches, six or more in number on each side. A single nasal
aperture. Mouth subinferior, suctorial, nearly circular. Heart with-
out arterial bulb. Alimentary canal straight, simple, without coecal
appendages, pancreas, or spleen. Generative outlet peritoneal. Verti-
cal fins with feeble rays, continuous around the tail. Naked, eel-shaped
animals, inhabiting all waters. (/jLapfffatov, a small pouch or purse;
, gills.) (Subclass Cyclostomata Giiuther, viii, 499-512.)

ORDERS OF MARSIPOBRANCHII.

* Nasal duct tube-like, with cartilaginous rings, penetrating the palate.

HYPEROTRETA, B.

** Nasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate .............. HYPEROARTIA, C.

4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

( ),an:n B.-IIYTEROTRETA.

(Tin- M i/.r! iioi<l Fin

Nostril tube-like. with cart ilaginous rings, penetrating tlio palate, its
])osiliiui nt tin- extremity <>!' the head, over the mouth : snout with eight
harltels; moiitli \vithoutlips; one median tooth on the palate and two
comb like series of teeth on the tongue. Jiranchial a]>erttires at a great
distance from the head : a series of mucous sacs along each side of the
abdomen. Intestine without spiral valve. Eggs large, with a hornr
case provided \vith threads lor adhesion. Marine lamprey-like animals,
lull-rowing into the tlcsh of fishes, on which they feed.

There is but oir.« family, Mi/.i'ii/idtc, unless we assign separate rank to
r»l<-U<>*tom<( on account of the difference in the gill-openings. (u-ef>u>a,
palate; -»r,r.>, perforate.) (Family Mi/.i-iiiidir Giintlier, 510-511'.)

FAMILY II— MYXINID^E.

(The nag-fish^.}

The characters of the family are included above. Genera two; species
few ; marine animals, found in all temperate seas. (Mi/.cini<l<r Giintlier,
viii, 510-511*.

mdiial aprrtun-s our on i-:idi siilr. l«':ulinn l>y six ducts to six br:mclii:il snrs.

MYXINK, ','.

* I'.raiidiial aprrt urcs six or mon- on cadi side, each leading direct ly tu a luandiial
........................................................... BDELLOSTOMA, 3.

2.— HYXIIVK Linna-ns, 17.")8.

Hag-fishes.

(Lilin:i-ii-.. Sy-lrina \alur:r: t\|>c Mij.,iii< • t/liiliiinxd L.)

I'.ody eel slmped. covered by a thin skin, which is easily detached.
. \loii; the lo\\er side, for nearly the whole length of the animal, are,
t\\o rows of mucous glands, each \\ith an external opening, from which
- a quantity of mucus which renders these animals during life
xj\ ,-|\ >lini\. No eyes. Pirain small, of the normal lish type.
Skull little de\doped. cai-tilauiiious: the llexible notochord enclosed in
-heath, and extending from the base of the skull to tllC Clld of the

2. MYXINID^E BDELLOSTOMA. 5

tail representing the spinal column. Mouth round, suctorial, without
lips, with a pair of barbels on each side. Nostril single, large, on
the median line above, and at the very front of the head, provided
with two pairs of barbels. Teeth strong, a single median one on the
roof of the mouth, and two rows on each side of the tongue, which is a
powerful organ, with a strong fibrous tendon moving in a muscular
sheath. Alimentary canal a simple, nearly straight tube. Gill-sacs
placed on each side of the oesophagus, lying directly against its outer
walls. The water passes into them by a small pore opening directly
from the oesophagus into each sac. It is then passed out by a duct,
which continues backward along the outer walls of the sacs to the
abdominal Avail at the end of the last sac, where all the ducts from one
side unite in one, and the water is emptied at the branchial opening on
each side of the median line. In close connection with the branchial
opening on the left side there is a third opening that leads by a very
short duct to the oesophagus, and hence into the branchial sacs, at
times when the supply through the mouth is cut off by the head being
buried in the food of the animal. Ovary single, on the right side. No
oviducts ; the mature eggs falling into the abdominal cavity are excluded
through the peritoneal opening at the side of the vent. — (Putnam.)

A single species; colorless, parasitic animals, burrowing into the
bodies of fishes, and found in all temperate seas. (;j.o^a, slime.)

2. OT. gflutifliosa. L. — Hag-fish; Sorer; Sleepmarken.

Blue above, whitish below ; head 3£ to 4 in total length ; tail 6.J to 10
times in total length; lingual teeth 8 to 11 in each row (Putnam).
Coasts of Europe and America; not abundant on our shores.

(L. Syst. Naturae ; Gtiiitlier, viii, 510 ; Putnam, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1873, 135 :
Myxine limosa Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1658, 223. )

3.— BDELLOSTOIHA Mailer, 1834.
(Miiller, Abhandl. Akad. "VViss. Wien, 1834, 79 : type Petromyzon cirrhatus Forster.)

This genus differs from Myxine chiefly in the structure of the bran-
chial apparatus, there being six or more sacs on each side which receive
water directly from the oesophagus as in Myxine, but the emptying
ducts, instead of passing backward and downward to a common exter-
nal opening, as in Myxine, pass directly through the wall of the body,
so that there are as many external openings as there are gill-sacs. Warm
seas. (p3£M<>S) leech ; or^ua, mouth.)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

3. B. stoilti*

•• Kl.'ven -ill openings on each side : ten teeth in the anterior and nine
iu tin- posterior series. Fifteen indies long.'7 — (Locldngton.) Coast of
California ; not rare.

(Lockiugtoii, Ainer. Nat. l>ec. 1-7S, 7'M.)

OKDEK C'.-HYPEROARTIA.

(The Lampreys.}

Nasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate. This order is
equivalent to the single family PetromyzontidcB. (>'>-zr>a»t., palate; d/nto?,
complete; i. c., entire.) (PetromyzontidcB Giiuther, 409-509.)

FAMILY III.— PETROMYZONTID.E.

(The Lampreys.)

Body eel-shaped, naked, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed be-
hind ; mouth nearly circular, suctorial, armed with horny teeth, which
are simple or multicuspid, resting on papilla-; those immediately above
and those immediately below the opening of the oesophagus more or
less specialized ; eyes present; branchial openings seven, arranged in
a linear series along the sides of the " chest"; nostril on the top of the
head; lips present, usually fringed; dorsal fin more or less deeply di-
vided by a notch; the posterior part commonly continuous with the anal
around the tail; intestines with a spiral valve; eggs small.

These animals undergo a metamorphosis ; the young are usually
toothless and have the eyes rudimentary. Such forms have, until lately,
been considered as forming separate genera, which have been termed
An;ni<ic(i l<-s, Xroh't-oNomtt, Chiloptcrux, etc.

(ienera ."> or ii; species i.i or L'O; found in all waters in temperate

re-ions. They attach themselves to fishes and feed by scraping oil' the
ll( Ji with their rasp-like teeth. Among our species, four groups, ap-
parently of generic value, may be recogni/.ed, but the characters in

may In- iilciiliciil \\ith 7.'. jmli/tn imi f!rd. from Chili, inrorn-ctly ilc-
MTiin-.i in I'M..-. AC-. N.-ii. Sri. iiiihi. ts.'i, r.':», and thus characterized by Putnam,
Proc. r." i. Boo. N.-it. iiivi. 1-7:;, n;o:

•• 1 1 1 :nl ,-i In i nt inn- ili in I of Int.-il It-ii^tli, ;i IK! cunt aiiicd itliont H times in the len.^tli of

tin- iilnloineli. Tiiil emil:iilieil 7 1<> ~ limes ill tutu] length. I'mm «f tiinrlHr htin-rn the

'',i or liiihtli /mil- nf ijillx. (illlx tin on aidi aide. Length from 13 to UxJ iucbes.
( ..;i>l of Cllili.''

3. PETEOMYZONTID^E LAMPETRA. 7

several instances need verification, especially in regard to the lingual
dentition. (Petromyzontidce Gunther, viii, 499-509.)

* Second dorsal contiuuous with the caudal.

a. Maxillary tooth single, forming a crescent-shaped plate, with a distinct cusp at
each end, between which is sometimes a median cusp.

b. Dorsal fins two, well separated (lingual teeth pectinate) LAMPETRA, 4.

l)b. Dorsal fin continuous, merely emarginate (lingual teeth obscurely tricuspi-
date) AMMOCCETES, 5.

act. Maxillary tooth double or triple, composed of two or three pointed cusps, close
together, not forming a crescent-shaped plate (lingual teeth in two
pairs, the posterior pair at least pectinate).

c. Dorsal fin continuous ICHTHYOMYZON, 6.

cc. Dorsal fins entirely separated PETROMYZON, '/.

4.— LAREPETRA Gray, 1851.
Lamperns.

(Gray, Chondropterygians, 140: type Petromyzon fluviatilis L.)

Lampreys of rather small size, with the maxillary tooth single, devel-
oped as a broad crescent-shaped plate, with a cusp at each end of it, the
two separated by a broad interspace, in the middle of which is some-
times a smaller cusp. Dorsal fin divided by a deep notch, which breaks
the continuity of the fin; second dorsal connected with the caudal;
mandibulary plate well developed, the number and arrangement of its
teeth varying with the species; lingual teeth finely pectinate; lips
usually conspicuously fringed. The species are little known. One of
them, _L. flumatilis, is European, and is closely related to L. plumbea; the
other described species are American. (Latin, lampetra, a lamprey,
from lambere, to suck ; petra, stone.)

* Maxillary tooth tricuspid, a small median cusp being present; mandibulary cusps

comparatively few and weak. (Entosplienais Gill.)
t Mandibulary plate with five cusps, the middle ones smaller.
t Lips fringed with conspicuous papillae.

4. JL. ta'adeaitata (Gairduer) J. & G. — Three-toothed Lamj>rey.

Lips thick, fringed with numerous papillae, each papilla standing in
the middle of a little circular depression having a raised margin, which
is partly concealed by a rugose tessellated plate investing the inner
surface of the lips, and of the same horny nature with that which forms
the outside of the teeth; both are softened and peel off in spirits. Four
small, acute, conical teeth stand in a row across the upper part of this
plate, and four larger ones occupy each of its sides, the upper and lower
pairs being bicuspid and the middle ones tricuspid ; these stand on the

S CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTlS AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

>ides of *Jie maxillary rin^ or inner orifice, and have (heir ends turned
toward ii : the inferior margin of this oriiiee is armed with a slight ly

elir\ed denial piece, lia\ ill- live acute points or teeth (the OUttT beili^

larger than the three middle): opposite to it on the upper side of the
oriiice is another piece having two lar^e, acutely conical teeth, with
a smaller central one. The tongue is also clothed with a horny-looking
substance, which is ed-ed anteriorly by a ro\v of about twenty liiie
teeth. The dorsal lins rise in even curves, which are highest in the
middle: the lirst is about one third of its own length from the second.
Hack and sides bluish gray, with irregularly scattered yellowish patches;
belly yellowish white. Si/.e rather large. — (Richardson.) Pacific coast
of North America, ascending streams.

t r<tr<nn//;<>ii indi'iitnlH* GainlinT, Mss.: Kichardsoii. F. B. A. 293: Pctromi/:<»i i-ilia-
tit* \\\>--, 1'roc. Cal. Ac. Sri. 1-.V1. 11: l'> Inniiii-on ciliatus et licidua Grd. I'm:. R. R.
Snrv. •'•','. ilT'.t: h-hllnjoini^on Iridi ntatuu Gtlir. viii, 5Uti.)

J{ Lips \\ithuuf IVinjfi-s of papillae.

5. 1^. «'t>ihexo«lon (Oill) J. &. G. — Six-toothed

This species is said to dill'er i'rom L. tritlcntnta in the absence of a
fringe of ])apilla- around the, Imccal disk, and in the presence of six
;ead of lour teeth in the upper transverse row. — (tlirard.) Sacra-
jneiilo Kiver.

. / on ir'idniliilnx C,n\. Pac. R. R. Surv. 377; not Rich. : i:,it<>*i>hc»in< <i>iltt.rndon

(iill. Proo. A.-. Nat. Sri. 1'hila. 1MW,:!3.)

itMainlilnilary plate \\iih six cusps, which arc nearly cnual in size.

«>. I., astori id-.l.) J. &. G.

Lips fringed; head l\.\ in length; lirst dorsal lower than the second,
separated I'rom it by a space nearh eipial to a third of its length; no
anal I'm; \ellowish bro\\n, darker above. — ((iirartl.) Astoria, Oregon.
( PetromyzonaetoriQixsail, I'ac. K'. K*. Surv. !'•>'(!: ZbAt%om^on<u(on'Giinther, viii. .",07.)

' Ma .,!!:: i s pi ai<- liicus|.iil, i In- small median <-usp wanting; niaiuli I Hilary ]>Iatc \villi
. i-hi lath.-i-sinni^, siilicqual li-i-tli. (Lampi Int.)

7. I.. i»liipiiBM':i (Ayres) c.\\\.—i.,;id-i;,i,,nd I.<u,ii>r«i.

Lips fiin-ed; head s.] in len-tli; lirst dorsal much lower than the

• •lid, and separated from it by a space equal to half of its own length ;

tail lapei in- to a point ; a single bicuspid tooth on each side of the ori-

tiec of the mouth. I'acitic coast; a small species, scarcely distinguish-

able from the Mtiropran /.. tlnri<t/i!is.

(Petromyton ]iliuul>, ».s . \.\n-. . |'i,.,-. c:,i. ,\c. Nat. Sci. l-.'.-l, 'J1^ : I'ctromyzon ayrcsi

i' •"">: .liiiiii<><;il,.i , il, drill* ( iiraul, I'ac. li. K'. Surv. 3S3.)

3. PETEOMYZONTID^E— ICHTHYOMYZON. 9

5.— AMJttOCCETES Dume"ril, 1817.
Brook Lampreys.

(Duine~ril — Cuvier, Eegne Animal : type Petromyzon branch-lulls L. =tlie larval form of
Petromyzon planerl Blocli.)

Lampreys of small size, with the dorsal fin continuous, sometimes
emarginate, but never divided into two fins, the posterior portion con-
tinuous with the low anal fin around the tail; maxillary tooth single,

/ t> O/

broad, forming a crescentic plate, with a large bluntish cusp at each
end, and sometimes a small median cusp ; lateral teeth very few ; tongue
with two broad transverse plates, each with a median cusp ; species few ;
our single species is scarcely distinguishable from the common "Pride"
or "Small Lamprey" of Europe, Ammoccetes branchialis, («///-/.«c, sand;

xoirr^ to lie.)

8. A. EaigCB* (Raf.) Jor. — Small Blade Lamprey.

Head moderate, nearly as long as the "chest"; the mouth compara-
tively small; lips with a conspicuous fringe of papilhe; dorsal fin high,
considerably depressed in front of the vent, but not divided into two
fins; the posterior lobe highest; anal fin evident ; anal tube conspicu-
ous in the spring ; eyes moderate ; maxillary tooth with its cusps large,
triangular, well separated; a small pointed median cusp usually present
in the adult ; in younger specimens the median cusp is obsolete, and in
half-grown specimens the tooth forms a curved plate without distinct
cusps; mandibular plate curved, with eight to ten well developed sub-
equal tooth-like lobes; inside of it is a plate bearing three teeth; lingual
teeth transverse, trifid ; a plate on each side of the buccal orifice ; the
remaining teeth inconspicuous. Bluish black above ; silvery below. Size
rather small. L. G to 10.

A small species ascending Western streams in the spring in great
numbers to deposit its spawn. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Upper
Mississippi Eegiou. It is perhaps identical with the European Ammo-
ccetes branchialis.

(Petromyzon niyrum Baf. Icli. Oh. 84; Jordan, 349.)

6.— ICHTlIYOMYEOtf Girard, 1859.

Silvery Lampreys.
(Girard, Pac. E. E. Surv. s, 381 : type Petromyzon argenteus Kirtland.)

Lampreys of rather small size, having the dorsal fin high and con-
tinuous, with only a shallow emargination ; the teeth nearly equal over

\

10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

;he lai-e bnccal disk, the maxillary teeth being pointed, two in number,
8Cl dose i".u< 'Hi. T. witln -ut interspace, and not ionning a crescent -shaped
].latc; lateral teeth all nnicnspid ; mandibulary with IIUIIMVOU> close-
pointed cusps, appearing like dist inet teeth ; lingual teeth in two
serie>. the posterior series linely pectinate, with a median suture dividing
it int.. a ri-ht and lei't cres.-eiit >haped comb; anterior series not divided :
I In- pectina'coale.M-eni. This genus is most nearly ivla led toPetromyzon,
dill'i-ring chietly in the eontinnons dorsal. The two known species in-
habit tin- Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes. (yOu;, fishj nb'w, to
suck.)

- M.indilnilary i>laU- with seven teeth.
9. I. artfClltCUS (Kirt.) Gnl.— *'<lr<ri/ Lamprey.

Body stoutish, compressed behind; head broad, with large buccal
disk, which is fringed, but not very conspicuously; teeth pretty strong
and nearly uniform, the two maxillary teeth being very similar to those
on the. rest of the disk; niandibnlary teeth conuivent, the middle ones
the longest ; upper margin of dorsal scarcely depressed in front of the
vent. Color bluish; sides silvery, often mottled; a small dusky spot
above or nearly above each gill-opening, usually conspicuous. L. 12.
Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley ; rather common ; ascending small
brooks in the spring.

(l',lr,>iii!i:<>ii <ir<!< ,,t<;ix Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, iii, l-\". -I.', with plate.—
.InniKH-iiti'x i-<,n<-i>li»- Kirt. 1. c. 4?:5, with ]>latr. — /C/I//M/<>/;M/:«/I ttinnlii (!nl. I'ar. \i. R.
Sins . ::]•.'. — Irlill,i/i>ini/~on liirudo Gthr. viii,rj()7. — .lnnn<n'ii If* uri/nilnix i-t hirmh Jurdaii,
50. -Ammoocetes <rj>upl<ra Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, I860, 3:27.)

1. 1 IK I Unitary jilate with nine trHh.
1O. I. rastUllCllS Gnl. — Cln-xtnnl-nihtrnl Lillil]»-i I/.

Lips with short fringes; dorsal fin high, with a de]>ression in front of
the \ent. A little known species, differing from the preceding, if at all,
in the number of teeth on the mandibulary plate. Minnesota.

(/r/i//i//n)/ii/;iii/ «I.X/«/;K//S i ii-il. I'ac. li. li. Surv. o.Sl.)

7.— PETUO.tlYZORT Linuajus, 1758.
Sea

(Arti-di Linna-iH. S\>lrma Natura-; typr l'ctri>i»>i;un inarinux L.)

Lainpre\ s of medium or large si/e, \\ it h the maxillary teeth separate,
pointed, and clo>r to-rther, not forming a crescent -sliaped jdate; man-
(libiilai-\ plate \\iih seven to nine cusps; lingual teeth forming two
crescent >haped plates on each side; first dorsal tin well separated from

3. PETROMYZONTID.E - PETROMYZON. 11

the second, which is continuous with the caudal. Species two — marine,
ascending rivers. (n£-rpa, stone; iw^u>, to suck.)

11. P. mai'tailis L. — Great Sea Lamprey.

Head moderate, but little longer than the "chest"; buccal disk large,
with numerous conical teeth, arranged in oblique series, those nearest
the oesophagus largest and partly bicuspid; two pairs of lunate, pecti-
nate lingual teeth, one in front of the other, the serrations on the an-
terior pair usually confluent; fins moderate, the dorsals well separated ;
the second dorsal with a depression on the tail ; lips moderately fringed.
Color olive-brown, mottled with blackish confluent patches ; dull brownish
below. Size much larger than any of the other species. L. 24 to 36.
Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America, chiefly northward, ascend-
ing streams in the spring to deposit its spawn.

(Petromyzon marinus L. Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, viii, 501 ; Jordan, 348. — Petromyson
americanus Le Sueur, Trans. Am. Pliilos. Soc. i, 363. — Petromyson americanus Storer,
Fish Mass. 231.)

12. P. jiigricaMS Le Sueur. — Lamper-eel.

Head very large, longer than the "chest", 6J in length ; depth about
13 ; body little compressed ; dorsal fins rather low, distinctly separated ;
eyes and mouth very large; mandibulary plate with 7 to 9 teeth; the
rest of the buccal disk covered with rather large teeth disposed in ob-
lique cross-rows, five or more in each row, some of the innermost bicus-
pid ; anterior as well as posterior lingual teeth pectinate ; lips fringed.
Coloration nearly plain ; bluish black above, pale below, usually a pale
spot between the eyes on the top of the head. L. 12. A rather small
species found along the Atlantic coasts of our Northern States, and
ascending streams in the spring to spawn, some individuals remaining
permanently in fresh water. Abundant in Cayuga Lake, N. Y., from
which locality the specimens were taken on which the above description
was based.

(Petromyzon nigricans Le Sueur, Trans. Arner. Phil. Soc. new series, i, 385; Storer,
Fish Mass. 253. — Ammoccetes flumatilis Jordan, 349.)

This species is very different from the European Lampetra flumatilis.
It is possibly only a variety of Petromyson marinus. Numerous other
Lampreys have been described from our waters, but we find them un-
recognizable.

12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

CLASS III -ELASMOBRAXCHII.

(The Sclachidiis.)

Skeleton cartilaginous; skull without sutures. Body with median and
paired tins; the ventral lins abdominal; shoulder-girdle developed, lyri-
form: caudal lin heteroeercal, the upper lobe produced; gills attached
to the skin by the outer margin ; gill-openings several, or single leading
to >everal clefts; membrane bones not developed, except sometimes a
rudimentary opercle; skin naked or covered with minute imbricated
scales or hard plates, sometimes spiuous; no air-bladder; arterial bulb
with three Aeries of valves; intestine with a spiral valve; optic nerves
united by a commissure, not decussating; ovaries with the ova few and
large, impregnated, and sometimes developed, internally; embryo with
deciduous external gills; males with prehensile introniittent organs,
"claspers," ;ii t ached to the ventral lins. Sharks, Skates, and Chimaeras.
o7, a plate or blade; Pt'(JLi"/.'-ai gills.)

ANALYSIS OF ORDERS OF KLASMOBRAXCHS.

•Grill-openings slit-lik.e, 5 to 7 in number; jaws distinct from the skull. (Subclass

Selachii.)
t Gill-openings 1 literal ............................................... S.>r u.i, D.

it (Jill-openings ventral ......... .. ................................ ..... J.'AI.K, E.

"* Gill-openings single, leading to lour branehial clefts; jaws fnale.sc.-ut -with the.
skull (subclass Holoccphali) ........................... Hoi.. » i KHALI. !•'.

SUBCUSS SELACHIL

(The Shark* <u«l Rays.)

Elasmobranchiates with the gill-openings slit-like, live (rarely six or
in iiiimber; jaws distinct 1'rom the skull ; no opereular nor pelvic
1 101 lev ; derivative radii sessile on the sides oft he basal bones of the limbs,
raids eiiterin- the articulation.

A>heie understood, this subclass is equivalent to the Plagiostoma/fa of
author-, and includes the orders or suborders /,'<//>, the Uays. and X//^r///,
the Shark>: -loups which a IT perhaps hardly worthy of ordinal value.
(TV//--, a shark, from nit." •/_•>-, cartilage.)

()IM)KR I) -SQUALL

(Tin- N/////-/,-x.)

(iill ojH'iiin.iis lateral, slit-like, live to seven in number; general form
elongate, the body gradually passing into the tail. The typical sharks

4. SCYMNID.E. 13

and skates differ much from each other in appearance ; but intermediate
forms connect the two groups closely. The position of the gill-openings
is almost the only constantly diagnostic character. (Suborder Sclachoi-
dei Giinther, viii, 353-433.) (Latin, squalus, a shark, from the Greek
fa/lew T, a shark, which conies from yaA6j, a weasel, or other musteline
animal, from resemblances in habits.)

ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF SQUALL

* Pectoral fins moderate, without deep notch at the base in front,
t Anal fin absent.

a. Dorsal fins without spine Sc YMNIDJE, 4.

aa. Dorsal fins each preceded by a stout spine (rarely concealed in the skin).

SPIN ACID J3, 5.
tt Anal fin present.
fc. Dorsal fins two.
c. Dorsal fins both without spine.

d. First dorsal fin behind the veutrals GINGLYMOSTOMATID^E, 6.

dd. First dorsal entirely in advance of the ventrals.

e. Caudal fin not lunate, its upper lobe many times longer than the lower,

with a notch below toward its tip ; tail not keeled.
/. Last gill-opening above the base of the pectoral.

g. Tail moderately developed, forming less than one-third of the total
length; eyes with nictitating membranes.

Ti. Head normally formed GALEORHINID.E, 7.

lilt. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its

sides SPHYRXLTXE, 8.

gg. Tail exceedingly long, forming about half the total length ; eyes

without nictitating membranes ALOPIIIXE, 9.

ff. Last gill-opening entirely in front of the pectoral. CARCHARIID^E, 10.
ee. Caudal fin lunate ; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side,
i. Last gill-opening entirely in front of ventrals.

j. Gill-openings moderate ; teeth well developed . LAMNIDJE, 11.
jj. Gill-openings very large, nearly meeting under the throat;

teeth small CETORHINID^E, 12.

ii. Last gill-opening above the base of the pectoral.

KHINODONTID.E, 13

ec. Dorsal fins each armed with a stout spine HETERODONTID^E, 14

bb. Dorsal fin single ; the first dorsal obsolete ; gill-openings 6 or 7.

HEXANCHID.E, 15.

* Pectoral fins very large, expanded at the base in front, this expansion separated

from the neck by a deep notch ; no anal fin . SQUATINID^E, 16.

SUPBE-PAMILT SCYMNOIDEA.

(The Scymnoid Sharks.)

FAMILY IV.— SCYMNID^E. '

(The Sleeper Sharks.)

Sharks with two dorsal fins, both icitliout spine, and no anal fin; fins
all small ; gill-openings small, entirely in advance of pectorals j mouth

14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

but little arched; a long. deep. straight, oblique groove on each side of
il : spiracle- present. (Tin- alienee of dorsal .spines chielly distinguishes
this family from Sjiliniritltr.)

(lenera six: species six or more, mostly of the Atlantic. (Giiuther,
X]>!iia<'!<l<r. pt. viii, •li'.'i- li'O.)

" I'ir-t dcir-al ii]i]io-;iir vrntrals: irrth equal in both jaws, very oblique ; skin ron^h
\\ i ill till invles and prirkles ............................... Ecin\< nan NTS, 8.

' i'ir-t ilorsnl iiinrli in ailvaiirr of ventral-- : tin- d<>r>als a)>mil equal: ii|i|n-r in-tli
narrow: lower <|ii;!ilralr, with a hori/onlal ed^e ending i" :i point directed
mi i wards .................................................... .SoMNiusus, 9.

8.— ECIIIXORIIINUS Blainville, 1616.

Spinons Sharks.
(Gtniodua Agassiz.)
(Blainvillr, 1816; tyjir >•.///<[//« spinosits Gmelin.)

T\vo very small dorsal fins without spine, the first opposite the ven-
trals: no anal fins; skin with scattered large round tubercles, sur-
mounted by prickles, like those on a bramble, and, like them, leaving n
scar when detached. Mouth crescent-shaped, a la bial fold around the
angle of the mouth ; nostrils midway between the mouth and the end of
the snout. Teeth equal in both jaws, very oblique, the point Iteing
turned outwards; several strong dent iculat ions on each side of the
principal point. Xo nictitating membrane. Spiracles small ; gill-open-
ings of moderate width. A single species of the East Atlantic, straying
to our co;t.-,t. (i-/~.v<>-, :i hedgehog, or sea-urchin ; {>^fn shark.)

I :t. t. spiiiosus (Omcl.) I'.lainv. — Xpinottx Shark; Jloinh'.

"Spiracles behind the eye, behind the vertical from the angle of the.
mouth. Teeth :;^:|:. Dorsal fins close together. Each tubercle with a

small sjiine in the centre. P.nnvnish violet, with or without dark spots''
<: intlu-r}. A large shark of the coasts of Europe and Africa ; a stray
individual lately taken on Cape Cod.

limrlin I. inn. 1, l.~>ni); (Jiinthrr, viii, I.-*.)

O.~SO.1I\IOSUS Le Sm-nr, HIS.

•i HKirilUH Miillrl" iV Ilrnlr.)

I 3aeUT, .J»mn. \<\ \al. Sri. I'liil.-i. l-l-. i, 'J.'-J ; ty]ir. ^i
Slirli] Si/milii* mil i-'ni /ilnilux I'.locll.)

I'.ody elongate : mouth Irausvei'sc, lit tie arched, with a deep straight

>»\e ninning ba<-kward I'rom itsan-le: nost rils near t lie e\t I'emity of

the. snout ; jaws feeble; teeth in upper jaw small, narrow, conical; lower

5. SPIN ACID M. 15

teeth numerous, in two or more series, the point so much turned aside
that the inner margin forms a cutting edge, which is entire ; spiracles
moderate ; no nictitating membrane ; gill-openings narrow ; fins all very
small, the veutrals nearly opposite the second dorsal ; skin uniformly
covered with minute tubercles. Species few, of the Northern Seas.
(Latin, somniosits, sleepy.)

14. S. micvocephalaas (Bloch) Gill. — Sleeper Shark; Nurse.

Body robust, rapidly tapering behind; greatest depth about one-
fifth the length ; head somewhat less ; mouth moderate, upper jaw with
five rows of small sharp teeth, which are incurved and lancet-shaped ;
lower jaw with two rows of broad, quadrangular teeth, divided in their
centres by a perpendicular ridge and directed outwards, about 26 teeth
on each side; spiracles small; skin rough; fins small, the first dorsal
about as large as the ventrals and larger than the second dorsal ; pecto-
rals short; caudal short and bluutish. L. 8 to 20 feet (Storer). Cape
Cod to the Arctic Seas.

(Squalus microcepJmlus Bloch, Schu. 135; Somniosus Irevipinna Le Sueur, Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 222} Scymnus brevipinna Storer, Fish Mass. 235; Lcemargus borealis
Gunther, viii, 426.)

FAMILY V.— SPINACID^.

(The Dog -fishes.)

Body more or less elongate; head depressed; eyes lateral, without
nictitating membrane ; mouth inferior, rather large, arched ; teeth com-
pressed, variously formed ; nostrils inferior, lateral, near the front mar-
gin of the snout ; spiracles moderate ; gill-openings moderate, five on each
side, all in front of the pectoral fins ; dorsal fins two, eaeh armed with a
spine ; the first dorsal in front of the pectorals ; anal fin wanting; caudal
fin with, the lower lobe small or obsolete; ventral fins inserted pos-
teriorly.

Genera six or more ; species about fifteen ; rather small sharks, chiefly
of the Atlantic. (Spinacidce, part, Gunther, viii, 417-425.)

* Teeth eqnal in both jaws ; dorsal spines not concealed.

a. Teeth very small, straight, pointed, each with one or two smaller cnsps on each

* side CEXTROSCYLLIUM, 10.

aa. Teeth moderate, simple, subquadrate, each with a nearly horizontal cutting

edge, and a point directed outward SQUALUS, 11.

* Teeth unequal, those in the upper jaw erect, triangular, those in the lower jaw
more or less oblique ; dorsal spines hidden beneath the skin. CENTROSCYMNUS, 12.

16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.
1C.— CENTROSCYJLI.IILTI Miiller & Hcnle, IS::?.
Black

(Miillt-r A Hnilf. Systnnatisi-lie Beschn-ilniiig der Plagiostomen, 191; type 5/miax

fiihrii-ii l.Vmli:inlt.)

Teeth equal in both jaws, very small, straight, pointed, each with one
or two smaller cusps on each side at base; month crescent-shaped, \vith
a straight. oblique groove at its angle; spiracles moderate; gill-open-
ings rather narrow; dorsal fins small, each with a strong spine; the
.second dors;il entirely behind the ventrals. Onespecies. (//>-«»>. spine ;
v, Scyll'nun, an allied genus, from azuMw, to rend or tear to pieces.)

15 — C. fabricii (KVinhardt) M. & IT.— Black Dog-fah.

Body covered with minute stellate ossifications; color dark brown.
A shark of the Greenland Seas, lately taken off Gloucester, Mass., by
the United States Fish Commission.

(Spinaxfalntrii KYinliunlt, Dansk. Vid. Sclsk. Fiirh. 1828, iii, xvi; Giintlier, viii, 425.)

1 1 .— SQUAL.US Linnaeus, 1758.

Dog-fishes.

(Acantlna* Risso.)
(Artnli, Liimii'iis, Systonia Natm-a- : IVIK- Sijunhis (icanthias L.)

i;<>dy ratlier slender; mouth little arched, with a long, straight, deep,
oblique groove on eaeh side; no labial fold along the margin of the
month; teeth rather small, equal in both jaws, their points SO much
turned aside that the inner margin forms the cutting edge; spiracles
rather wide, just behind the, eye; gill-openings narrow, in front of the
pectorals ; tins modeniiely deyeloped, the first dorsal larger than second,
much in ad\ ance of the \ entral fins, which are behind (lie middle of ! he
body. ;di huii-h in ad\ ance of the second dorsal. Small sharks, abound-
in- in the Temperate Seas. (Latin, xt]i<(tln*, a shark.)
' 1>"! .1! -I'iin- ii'H ^rmtvcii ; Its inBertion rather behind inner angle of the pectorals,
1<>. S. :i<-:iiillii;is L. — /•;./..// I><,:i-tixl, ,- /»,»,/-. tixh ; Hone Dog; 8kitlh--<loi/ ; //•"•.

lJod\ >lender; snout ]>oiuted; head C>\ in length; depth about 8 ;
slate eulor ahovc. pale below, back with \\ hit ish spots, especially ftl the
\oiin--. L. 1 to .". led ; \\fiuht ."• to IT. pounds.

mall sharp toothed shark, ranging \\ idely in thc^ Atlant ic, y«-ry
abundant aloii'j, the shores of the Northern and .Middle States. It is
someuhai \alued for its li\cis. fioni \\hich " I )og-lish " oil is extracted.
American writers ha\c usually considered our species (SyiiaUui ameri-

8. GINGLYMOSTOMATID^E. 17

canus (Storer) Gill) as distinct from the European, but no reliable dis-
tinctions have been pointed out.

(Sqitalus acantkias It. Syst. Nat. ; Acanthias americanus Storer, Synopsis, 506; Acan-
th'utH americanus Storer, Fish Mass. 232; Acanthias vnlgarls Giiuther, viii, 418. Squalus
mil-kin (Grd.) Gill, from the Pacific coast of the United States, is considered by Dr.
Giinther and others as the same species ; Spinax (Acanthi^.?) sucklii Girard, Proc. Ac.
Nat, Sci. I'hila. 1854, 176; Squalus sucklii Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1862, 499.)

12.— CENTROSCimiNlTS Bocage & Capello, 1864.

(Bocage & Capello, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864,263; typeCentroscymnmccplolepiaTSoc. &Cap.)
Dorsal fins each with a spine, which is hidden below the skin; mouth
wide, but little arched ; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove on each
side of the mouth. Teeth of the lower jaw oblique, with the point more
or less directed outwards. Upper teeth lanceolate, on a quadrangular
base, with a single cusp. Spiracles wide, behind the eye. Gill-openings
narrow, (zlv-pov, spine; ff-/.b>j.v<>-, an ancient name of some shark, from
f;y.t'>;t.vt>-, a lion's whelp.)

17. C. coeSoIepis Bocage & Capello.

Labial groove prolonged forwards, but separated by a broad space
from that of the other side. Upper teeth very small, narrow and lan-
ceolate. The distance between the nostrils is rather less than 4- the
length of the pneoral portion of the snout. Lower angle of the pectoral
rounded, not produced. Dorsal fins short, especially the first, the
length of which (without the spine) is only about ^ its distance from
the second. Extremity of the veutrals below the end of the second
dorsal. Scales on the head and nape with stride, the others smooth,
with a depression at the base. Uniform blackish brown. (Giinther.)
Coast of Portugal and neighboring parts of the Atlantic, a specimen
taken near Gloucester, Mass.

(Bocage & Capello, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1864,263; Ccnfrophoruscoelole^is Giinther, viii, 423.)

SUPER-FAMILY SCYLLIOIDEA.

(The Scyllioid Sharks.)
FAMILY VI.— GINGLYMOSTOMATID^E.

(The Nurse Sharks.)

Sharks with the first dorsal above or behind the ventrals ; no spines;

anal fin present; caudal fin bent upwards, with a basal lobe; mouth

inferior, with small teeth, in several series ; nostril confluent with the

mouth ; nasal valves of both sides forming a quadrangular flap in front

Bull. Nat. Mus. iso. 10 2

18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

of the mouth, each being provided with a tree cylindrical cirrus; an
upper and lower lip, the latter not extending across the symphysis;
fourth and tifth gill-openings close together; eyes very small. The
backward position of the first dorsal distinguishes this family from all
others in our waters. (Jenera two; species about four; large sharks of
the warm seas. ( X<-i/llii<I<r pt. (liinther, viii, 4(>7-40!>.)

'IVi-tli in l>otli .jinvs in many series, each with a strong median cusp, anil one or
smaller r iisps on car] i siilc ................................ GlNGLYMQBTOMA, 1 <•

13.-«INGLYIttOSTOITIA Miiller & Honle, is;<7.
(Miillcr A Henle, XVic^nianii's Ari-h. 1^:57, p. — : type Stjiuilii* cirrntitx (inirlin.)

The characters of this genus are those of the family above given, \vilh
tin- addition of the following, which distinguish Qinglymostoma from
\rhriun: teeth of both jaws in many scries, each with a strong median
cusp, and one or two smaller cusps on each side. (/'^/O/jtwc, a hinge or
hinge-like joint ; «•:•«««, mouth.)

18. G. o-irratuiH (duel, i M. & II.— yurse Shark.

Uniform brownish; young specimens with small, scattered, round
black spots; nasal cirrus reaching the lower lip; angles of the fins
obtusely rounded; caudal fin forming nearly one-third of the total
length. L. <! to 10 feet, ((.liiiitlu-r.)

A large shark of the warmer parts of the Atlantic, abundant in the
(lull of .Mexico and the AVest Indies, and occasionally taken on our
South Atlantic coast.
(Sqiialim firm tun dnelin's Linna-ns. i, 1 10J ; Miillor & Henle,23; 6ttnther, viii, 406.)

SUPER-FAMILY GALEORHINOIDEA.

(The

FAMILY VI I.—

Sharks \\ uh t \\ o dorsals and an anal tin; no spines; pectorals mod-
erate; caudal tin not greatly elongated, not lunate, moderately bent
upward.x. notched toward its end, and with the basal much less devel-
oped than the upper; caudal peduncle not keeled: posterior gill-opening
above the base <>| the peetoral tin : eyes with nictitating membranes;
head not hammer-shaped, the snout being longitudinally produced as
usual among sharks. A large family of twenty or more genera and about

7. GALEORHINID^E - MUSTELUS. 19'

sixty species; found in all seas. (Carckariidw part (Carchariina and
Mustel'ma) Giinther, viii, 357-380, and 383-388.)

* Teeth flat and paved, without cusps or cutting edges ; spiracles present. (Muntelince. )
«. No pit at the root of the tail; labial folds well developed ......... MUSTELUS 14.

** Teeth more or less compressed, with entire or serrate sharp edges. (Galeorhinina;.)
b. Spiracles present.
o. No pit at the root of the tail.

d. Teeth small, each with a mediaii cusp and one or two small lateral cusps
on each side ........................................... TRIACIS, 15.

dd. Teeth larger, with a single cusp, oblique, notched and serrated,

GALEORHINUS, 16.

cc. A pit at the root of the tail ; teeth all serrate ; caudal fin with a double
notch ............................................ GALEOCERDO, 17.

bb. Spiracles obsolete.

e. Teeth serrate, more or less (entire in the very young or very old) ; little

oblique or nearly upright.

/. Teeth well serrated (in the adult) ; those of the upper jaw compara-
tively broad or triangular; those of the lower narrow and claviform,

CARCHARINUS, 18.

ff. Teeth scarcely serrated, constricted at base, narrow, claviform, and
straight in both jaws ........................... ISOGOMPHODOX, 19.

ee. Teeth all entire.

ff. Teeth nearly upright, the points not much directed towards the
sides ............................................. APRIONODOX, 20.

gy. Teeth oblique and flat, the points turned to the right or left away
from the centre, so that the inner margins are nearly horizontal and
present a cutting edge .............................. SCOLIODON, 21.

14.— MUSTEL.US Cuvier, 1817.

(Hound Sharks.)
(Bellon, Cuvier, Regue Animal: type Mustelus vulgar ts M. & H.)

Body elongate, slender, not elevated ; snout comparatively long and
flattened; mouth crescent-shaped, with well-developed labial folds;
teeth small, many-rowed, Hat and smooth, rhombic, arranged like pave-
ment, alike in both jaws ; eyes large, oblong ; spiracles small, just be-
hind the eyes ; pectoral fins large ; first dorsal large, not much behind
pectorals; second dorsal somewhat smaller; anal opposite second dorsal
and still smaller ; veutrals well developed ; basal lobe of caudal almost
obsolete ; embryo not attached to uterus by a placenta. Small sharks,
the smallest of the American species, known at once by the smooth,
paved teeth. (Latin, mwttela, a weasel or martin ; the use of the word
similar to that of

19. in. hi mi ii 9 us (Blainv.) J. & G. — Smooth Hniniil ; Dor/ SJiai-l: — Emis&ole.

Body slender, tapering backward from the dorsal fin to the long
slender tail ; snout depressed, moderately sharp ; mouth small, the teeth
all alike, a fold at the angle of the mouth ; first dorsal rather large,

20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

prolonged behind, nearly midway between the pectorals and veiitrals ;
second dorsal smaller, hut larger than usual in sharks; anal slightly
hrliind second dorsal, and much smaller: pectoral tins broad and large,
reaching past trout of dorsal : back slightly keeled. Smallest of our
sharks; abundant on the Atlantic coasts of both continents, especially
noi-thward. Specimens from Cape Cod and from Venice apparently
differ in no important respect.

i.tilitirliiiiii* hi ii n ii lux Blainvillc Fannc Franc. 1 .-">. rtt ; Mnxl>-lnx nilt/nrix ( Jiinthcr viii,
:;s;; Miixtrliix ruin* Ston-r, Fisli Mass. 247.)

•JO. .11. rali font ir us Gill.

First dorsal beginning over terminal third of pectoral ; its acute point
not reaching to insertion of veiitrals; anterior angle of dorsal blunt ;
second dorsal similar to first, but smaller; snout rather more pointed
Than in most of the species. D. IX + 17 ; A. 18; P. 22. Coast of Cali-
fornia. (GUI.) Scarcely different from the preceding.

(Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Pliila. W14. 14-. >

15.— TRIACIS Miillcr A H.Milc, 18IW.

ix Gill. )

'I'miki* Miillcr & Hcnlc, Magazine of Natural History. \ol. ii : type Trinlix
Miillci A- Hcnlc.)

Body compressed, elongate: mouth large, crescent-shaped, with well-
developed long labial folds: teeth small, numerous, similar in both
jaws, each with a longer median cusp, and one or two smaller ones on
each side ; eyes small, with nictitating membrane: spiracles small, be-
hind the eyes; no pit ai the root of the caudal; no lower lobe to tin-
caudal : 111 :-t dorsal Jin opposite the space between the pectorals and
\cntials. Pacific and Indian Oceans. (7/ȣ?r, three : </>-.:-. point.)

'2 I . 'I'. >«<>iiiif':isj>i:iJtas (Jirnnl. — /><»./

•- Snout moderately produced, rounded. Nostril with a broad anterior
(lap. '1 he lirst dorsal Jin is nearly midv. ay between the pectorals and

\eiitrals.ihe second is not much smaller than the lirst, and nearly in
advance of the anal. I'pper p;irts with well defined black cross bands,
nanower than the interspaces. A low of rounded black spots along t lie

sides oi the body, alternating with the iiiterdorsal cross bars. Coasts

• >! ( 'alilornia." <ii< iitlit-r.}

<;ii:inl, I'IIM-. Ac. Nat. Sci. IMiila. 1K-.I. 1'Hi : I iuni licr. \ iii. :». .!/»>/< hi.-, f, /i.s A\ n\s,
Proe. Col. Ac. Nat. Bci. l~.M. L8.

V'2. 't'. IH cjlei (INI > Putnam.

<'i>lnr iiiiilorin reddish brown above, pale below, the pectoral, ventral,
and anal lins margined with paler; snout produced, slender; otherwise

7. GALEORHINIDJ2 - GALEOCERDO. 21

essentially as in the proceeding (GUI). California. A single young
specimen known.
(liMnotriacis hciilei Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1802, 486.)

16.— GAIJEORHINITS Blainville, 1816.

Topes.

(Galeus Cuvier, 1817.)
(Blaiuville, 1816: type Squalus galcus L. )

First dorsal opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals ;
mouth crescent-shaped, with the teeth alike in both jaws, oblique,
notched, and serrated; spiracles present, small; nictitating membrane
present ; no pit at the base of the caudal tin ; caudal fin with a single
notch. Tropical seas. (yatt<>-, a kind of shark colored like a weasel;
shark.)

23. G. galeus (L.) Blainv.— Tape.

A short labial fold on both jaws ; teeth ij-f • Second dorsal fin only
one-third the size of the first and somewhat in advance of the anal.
Length of tail nearly equal to distance between dorsals. (Giinther.)
Europe to the Indian Ocean. " San Francisco." (Giinther.)

(Squalus f/alfiix 1.. Syst. Nat. ; Galeus camx Giinther, viii, 379.)

17.— GALEOCERDO Miill.-r & Henle, 1H37.

Tiger Sharks.
(Miiller & Henle, AViegmaun's Archiv, 1837 : type Galeocerdo Ut/rimm Miiller <5L Henle.)

Mouth crescent-shaped ; teeth nearly equal in both jaws, oblique, ser-
rated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin ; spiracles
present ; caudal fin with a double notch ; a pit on the tail above and
below at the base of the caudal tin ; first dorsal opposite the space be-
tween pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks, found in most seas. (^a/£« -,
a kind of shark, marked like ,va/6j, the weasel ; -/.zpdoj, a fox or weasel ;
•/.£pdt>--, craft.)

24. G. tigriuus Miiller & Henle.— Tiger Shark.

Color brown, with numerous dark spots larger than the eye ; caudal
fin forming about one third of the total length, much longer than the
space between the dorsal fins; second dorsal somewhat in advance of
the anal; a long labial fold along the upper jaw. (Giinther.) Cape Cod
to Indian Ocean ; a rather large shark, known by its variegated colora-
tion.

(Miiller & Henle, 59 ; Giinther, 378.)

22 CONTillBUriONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.
IS.-t'ARCIIAKINUS IJlainvillr. IMC.

(Cynocephalus Klein, Gill.)

( Citi-clmr'nix Cn\ i<-r, nut of K:itmr>i|ue. )

ii Miilli-r »fc Ilt-nli-.)
iii ( Jill.)

(lilainvilli- l~l(i : type ' '«/•< •luirinnx < iniuni rmnii Hlainvillf. )

I,arue sharks, without spiracles, with tin- troth in both jaws strongly
serrated in the adult, those in the upper jaw broad, those below nar-
rower, straight, and claviform ; lirst dorsal lar.ue: second dorsal much
smaller, usually not larger than the anal. Species numerous in tin-
tropical seas. (/.d(ij>a/.u-, rouo-h ; /('."/r,. shark ; abbreviated 1'roin Carcha-
rorhinus.)

' l'.uil\ :iuil licinl slrndiT : dorsal tin inserted midway between ])eetorals and veu-
trals ( ( 'an-

25. C. uI:iuriiN (L.) .Tor. & GiUt.—Ci-i-nt llhic Shark.

••Snout very lon^, nostrils rather nearer to the mouth than to th£
extremity of the snout ; no labial fold except a groove at the an^le of
the mouth : teeth of the upper jaw oblique, scarcely constricted near the
base ; lower teeth slender, triaug'ular in young examples, lanceolate, with
a broad base, in old ones. Pectoral (in lonjr, falciform, extending to the
dorsal, which is nearer the ventnils than the root of the pectorals." ((i'dn-
fltrr.) A lar-ie shark of the warm seas, occasionally taken on our
coast.

linn-iix L. Syst. Nat.; Ciin-lniriiix </l<tncux (Junt IKT, viii, 'M4.)

I'.i-dy and ln-ad stunt ; dorsal tin placed elosr In-hind th<- root of the jiretorals
( KH In in in (Jill).

<'. (thsciirns ( l.i- Sin-in1) .1. & O. — Itnxky Shark.
Dark dear blue above, white below; head rather pointed, flattened
:ili<i\c and beh>\\ ; lirsi dorsal rather lar^e; second smaller than tlu-
anal, and eoiisiderabl\ produced behind; pectorals lar.ue, talciform. .V
lai.^e shark, reaching a length of nine or ten feet, inhabiting the North
Atlantic and frequently taken on our coast.

,:i,i/, i. ,,/,.,/,, l.r Sin-nr, .lourn. Ac. Nat. Sei. 1'liila. \-\>-. i, 'J-1:'. ; ('art-hanax
"!••" in «- ( JimlhiT, viii, '.'•('•*'<. )

•27. <\ niillH-in Mull, i A 11,-nlr) .F,.r. A (Jill..— /.7i/< • Sh<irk.

'fhis species is represented as having the snout shorter, blunter, and

7. GALEORHINID^E ISOGOMPHODON. 23

higher than in the preceding, and with the pectoral fins considerably
shorter and broader, not reaching half way to the ventrals.
Cape Cod to the Mediterranean Sea.

(Carcharias (Prionodon) milberti M. & H. 38^ Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Soi. 1864, 262.— Car-
charias catmleus DeKay, 349; Lamna candata DeKay, 354.)

•
27. 1>. C. lamia (Risso) Jor. & Gilb.

This species was provisionally identified by Prof. Putnam from a tooth
obtained on St. Peter's Bank belonging to a fish estimated to have been
at least thirteen feet in length. (Goode and JJean.) In this species the
upper teeth are little oblique, serrated, broad, and regularly trian-
gular ; dorsal large ; the second dorsal smaller than the anal ; teeth

S (CWnther.)

(Carcharias lamia Giinther viii, 372; Prionodon lamia Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex
lust., 1879, 30.)

.19.— ISOGOMPHODON Gill, 1861.

Sharp-nosed Sharks.

(Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, p. 410: type Carcharias (Prionodon) oxyrhynchus
Miiller & Henle.)

This genus differs from Eulamia principally in the dentition ; the
teeth are similar in form in both jaws, constricted at the base, claviform
and straight, their edges scarcely serrated; the snout is slender and
rather conic and pointed. Large sharks, of the tropical seas. (?<r«c,
equal ; Yu>j.<po~, a nail, or peg ; eJ<5<bv, tooth.)

28. I. limbatus (Miiller & Henle) Gill.— Spo tted-Jin Shark.

" Snout somewhat pointed in front, rather produced, the distance
between its extremity and the mouth being somewhat less than the
width of the mouth ; nostrils nearly midway between the extremity of the
snout and the mouth; teeth i^2|, similar in form in both jaws, namely,
erect, constricted, on a broad base, the upper more distinctly serrated
than the lower ; gill-openings wide, at least twice as wide as the eye,
which is small ; pectorals falciform, extending beyond the end of the
dorsal, the length of their upper margin being nearly four times that of
the lower. First dorsal commencing very close behind the axil of the
pectoral ; origins of the second dorsal and anal opposite to each other,
the bases of both being nearly equally long. Caudal fin long, with the
upper edge slightly undulated, its length being equal to the distance
between the origins of the two dorsal fins. The lower side of the ex-
tremity of the pectoral, and the extremities of the second dorsal and

24 CONTRIIU'TIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

anal, and of tin- lower caudal loin- black", (Giinthrr.) Tropical .seas; a
stra\ specimen taken at Wood's Hole, Mass.

( nn -Inn-ill* , i'rinoilt'it i liinlmtiiH M. A II.. I'.i : t 'nrdttirinx limlmtux Giinther, viii, 157:$.)

•20.-APKIONODON (Jill. \*>\.

^inaatli-tootlicd Sharks.
AIH-IOII MiilltT A Hriilr, ] in-occupied.)
.(iill, Ann. l.yc. Nat. JFist. N. V. vii. Ill : type SqvtUlU punctattu Mitch.)

Snout more or less produced and conic: teeth entire, without serrie
or basal cusps, all of them narro\\ed on a broad base, the lower erect,
the upper cm-; or only slightly oblique; dorsal more or less posterior,

opposite the space between pectorals and ventrals. (a, privative: -^t'w,,
saw : <«"",, tooth : the edjjes of the teeth being always entire.)

. A. IMIOK'tatllh (Mitcli.) (Jill. — Siniiiitli-liMithal Shark.

•• Distance of the extremity of the snout from the. mouth equals that
between the nostrils. Pectoral fin subfalciform. extending to the end
of the dorsal. Second dorsal much smaller than the first." (G tint her.)
Atlantic; probably not common on our coast.

^•limlni iiinirldtHK Mil. Lii. A I'liil. Trans. X. V. i. -1H:1, : < \in-liariafi ixodon M. «.V H.
:W: Carc/iaruw puTJcto£i/« Gtinther, viii, :ir>l.)

21.- Si'OtlOBOIV Miill.T & Ilenlo, is;??.

Oblique-toothed Hlutrkx.

i.Miilli-r A llc-iil<-. \Vir»in; inn's Archiv 1'. Xaturji. iii : type Sculimloii lutirdiidim M.
A II

Sharks with the teeth entire, oblique and flat, the points directed
toward the sides of the mouth, .so that the inner margins are nearly
hori/.ontal. and present a smooth cnttinu'ed^e. those in front more nearly
erect ; teeth not swollen at the base; each of them with a deep notch
on the outer margin below the sharp point ; no spiracles: a pit at base
ol tail: first dorsal well in front of ventrals, much larger than second.
./ •"-. t\\i>ted or crooked; ddibv, tooth.)

:iO. s. «'rr:r it»v;r (Richardson) Gill.— 5/mrp-no«ed <Sftarfc.

I'.od\ slender: snout <!<'] tressed, niodcraf el y rounded ; month U-shaped,
with a short labial -ioo\eat its anyle, which ^roox'e extends on the
upper jau a» \\ell as on the lower; distance between nost rils greater
than distance from nost rils to end of snout : .uill openings narrow; first
doi'sal moderate, midway bet\\ecn jx-ctorals and ventrals; second dorsal
vei\ >mall. sli-htl\ behind, and rather smaller than the anal; anal (in
much shorter than distance from anal to ventrals: a slight furrow along'

8 SPHYNID^R - RENICEPS. 25

the middle line of. the back, ending in a pit at the root of the tail ; pec-
toral fins -rather large; veutrals .small. Color gray; caudal fin with a
conspicuous narrow blackish edge. Newfoundland to South America ;
common southward. Size rather small.

(Squalus (Carcharian) terrce-uorce Ricliarrlson, F. B. A. Hi, '289: (htrSutrlax icrrm.-uwce
Gunther, viii, .560.) 0

FAMILY VIII.— SPHYRNIDJE.

(The Hammer -headed Shark*.)

General characters of the Galeorhlnidas, but the head singularly formed,
kidney-shaped or "hammer "-shaped from the extension of its sides, the
nostrils being anterior and the eyes on the sides of the '"hammer";
mouth crescent-shaped, under the "hammer"; the teeth of both jaws simi-
lar, oblique, each with a notch on the outside near the base ; no spira-
cles; last gill-opening over the pectorals; first dorsal and pectorals
large, the dorsal nearer pectorals than veutrals ; second dorsal and anal
small; a pit at the root of the caudal; caudal fin with a single notch
towaid its tip, its lower lobe developed. Genera 3; species 5 ; inhabiting
most seas. Large sharks, known at once by the singular form of the
head, ((^irchariida'^ part: group Zygasnma Giiuther, 380-383.)

* Nostrils near the eyes.

a. Nostrils simple, with Ihe frontal grooves rudimentary or obsolete ; head reni-
form, its anterior and lateral margins confluent, forming a semicircle.

RENICEPS, 22.

aa. Nostrils "with grooves extending in front toward the middle of the head ;
head truly hammer-shaped ................... .... .......... SPHYRNA, 23.

22.— RENICEP§ Gill, 1861.
Bonnet-headed Sharks.

(Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N Y. 1861, viii, p. 412: type Squahis Hbnro L.)

Head reniforin, the anterior and lateral margins confluent, forming
a regular semicircle, the posterior margins of the sides of the hammer
very short; nostrils close to the eyes, with the grooves indistinct.
(Latin, rena, kidney ; ceps, head.)
31. R. tlBjlBl'O (L.) Gill.— Shovel-head Shark ; Bonnet Head.

Body rather slender, not much compressed ; head depressed, semicir-
cular in front, reniforin, the posterior free margins short, the lateral mar-
gins continuous with the anterior; pectorals large; first dorsal high,
midway between pectorals and vein rals ; second dorsal much smaller,
produced behind, higher and shorter than anal; ventral fins moderate;
caudal moderate; mouth small, crescentic; teeth small, very oblique,
with a deep notch on the outer margin. Color uniform ashy, paler

26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOR III AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

beneath ; lic.nl I.1, in length, (! to tip o«' caudal; width of head slightly
U^N than length i>!' head. I,. .'! to <i feet or more. Atlantic Ocean;
abundant southward; ranging to China.

i X'lmiln* tilini-o L. S\-i. N;itur:;-: /i/i/inia lihitnt (iiiuthrr. viii, :$8'J.)
«3.— SPIIVKNA K'alinrs.nu-. lulu.
Iliiiitnirr Itcinl N /

( Klc-iu) (iill : Zi/i/ii'ii(t I'uvitT ; pivurrupird.)
i Kaliin's<|iir. <';inittrri di Alciuii Nimvi (Jcnrri. etc. : type >>/««/«« ;//</«•«« L.)

Head truly '• hainnicr" -shaped, the anterior, lateral, and posterior mar-
gins distinct; nostrils near the eyes, the openings continent with a
-Toovr, which extends alonj? most of the front margiu of the head.
Species few. reaching a lar^e si/e ; found in all warm seas, (aipnim, a
hammer.)

3iJ. S. y.\K;rn;i i I,.) M. A^. II. — lliiiniit<-r-ln-<nl<'<l Shark.

Width of head about twice its length ; lii'st dorsal large; second quite
small, smaller than anal; pectorals rather large; color gray. A large
shark, found in all warm seas; common on our coast from Cape Cod
southward.

(Sifimliifi :II;/:IIHI L. Sy.si. Natunr: Zygoma mtilh'it* ( iiiut IHT, viii, 1?S1 : Zi/yfFna mal-
9torer, l-'isl

SUPER-FAMILY LAMNOIDEA.

i Tin: L«>nnoi<l Sharks.)

FAMILY IX.— ALOPIID^E.

(The Tlumlur Hlutr!;*.)

liody moderately elongate; the snout rather short; mouth crescent-
• haped; teeth e<|iial in bot h jaws, moderate si/.ed, tlat , t riangular, not
serrated; the third tooth of the ni>perjaw on each side much smaller
than the others; gill-openings moderate, the last one above the root
of the pectorals; m> uirt!t«fiii<i incmhrtmr ; sj)iracles just behind eye,
minute or absent; first dorsal large, midway between pectorals and
vent nils; second dorsal and anal very small; caudal fin exceedingly
Inn^, alM.ni as lung as the rest of the body, a pit at its root, a notch on
the upper lobe near its tip ; lower lobe moderately developed ; no caudal
keel; ventraU rather lar-e; pectorals very large, falcate. A single,
Species, ivachin- a lar-e si/e. inhabiting most seas; known at once by
the -real len-tli of the caudal lin. ( Lam iiida; part, (iiinther, viii, p..')93;

10. CARCHARIID^: - CAHCHARIAS. 27

24.— AL.OPIAS Rafinesqiio, 1810.

Thresher Sharks.
(Alopecias M tiller & Hciilo; corrected orthography.)

(Rafiuesqne, Carattcri di Alcuiii N. Generi, etc. : type Alopias macroiinis Raf. —Squalus
ritlpes Gmeliii.)

The characters of the genus are included above. (rUw-o-, a fox;
Latin, pitlpes. A. vulpes was known to the ancients as a/.iu-^/.iaq = fox-like.)

33. A. Vlllpes (Gmel. ) Bonap. — Thresher; Fox-Shark; Swingle-tall; Long-tail Shark.

A large shark, abounding in all warm seas, especially in the Mediter-
ranean and Atlantic. It is also occasionally taken on our Pacific coast.
Known at once by the great length of the tail.

(Squalus culpes Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 496 ; Alopecias culpi1* Giinther, viii, 39.'?.)

FAMILY X.— CARCHARIID^E.

(The Sand Shark*.)

Body rather elongate, the snout sharp ; mouth crescent-shaped, wide;
the teeth large, long, and narrow, subulate, most of them with one or
two small cusps at the base, their edges entire; gill-openings rather
large, all of them in front of the pectorals ; two dorsals, moderate, sub-
equal, the anal similar ; fins, dorsal well behind pectorals ; caudal well
developed, with a short basal lobe and a notch toward its tip ; no caudal
keel ; pectorals rather short ; no nictitating membrane ; spiracles minute,
pore-like. Genera 1 or 2, Carcharias Eaf. ( = Odontaspis Ag. ; not Car-
charias C\iv. = Carcharinus) and u Eugomplio&m'" ] species 3. Voracious
sharks of moderate size, chiefly inhabiting the Atlantic. (Lamnidce, part,
Giinther, viii, 302 ; genus Odoutaspis.)

* Teeth large, awl-shaped, all or nearly all of them with one or two small cusps at the
base .......................................................... CARCHARIAS, 25.

25.— CARCHARIAS Rannesque, 1810.
Sand Sharks.

is Agassiz.)

(Ranuesque, Caratteri di Alcuui Nuovi Geueri, etc. : type, and only species mentioned,
Carcharias taunts Raf.)

Characters of the genus included above, (zripxapo*;, rough.)

* First and fourth teeth of the upper jaw and first tooth of the lower simple, with-
out basal cusps. (Eitf/omjihodus Gill.)

34. C. amcriCilBllls (Mitch.) Jor. & Gilb.— Sand Shark; Shorcl-nose.

Body elongate, its depth one fifth the length ; head rather pointed,
about one seventh of the length ; fins small, the first dorsal not much

28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

larger Hum the second. both similar to the. anal; pectoral fins short,
obtuse, or truncate; color gray. L. 1 to <> feet.

A small voracious shark with very sharp teeth, rather common on
our Atlantic coast.

i ></«(i///.s aiiu-rii-iiintx Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. lfl-1. i, -IK?: St/nalus littontlix
-Mitch. Am. Monthly Mag. ii. 1^1-', :i-^: Carcharioa griseus StoTQT, Fishes Mass. '211:
udnitttiKjiix nun riruiiit* (Jiinther. viii. IJ'J.'i : ^iit/(nii]iliodiin littni-ulix (Jill, 1'roc. Ac. Nal.
Sri. Phila. 1-li.l. -Jl',0.)

»

FAMILY XL— LAMNI1LE.
(The Porbeagles.)

Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide, with large
teeth, and the caudal I'm lunate, the two lobes being1 not very unequal,
the upper lobe strongly bent upward; caudal peduncle with a keel on

each side: gill-openings wide, all in front of the pectorals, entirely lat-
eral, not extending under the throat ; first dorsal large : pectorals large ;
vcntrals moderate : second dorsal and anal very small; a pit at the root
of the, caudal; spiracles minute or absent. Genera .'>; species (i or
more. Those inhabiting our coasts have been much confused by authors.
(Ldiiiniilir, part, (liinther, viii, oSU-.'Wl*.)

Teeth with fill in- edges.

«. Teelli \\iihoiit basal cusps, lon^, Hexiious, prismatic. ;nul acute.. -I8URU8, 26.

IKI. Teeth, or must ol' them, willi :i small cusp on each side at base, compressed,

sharp, and somewhat triangular ................................ LAMXA, 127.

**Teeth with serraied ed^es. compressed, and triangular iu form . . O.vuciiAKODOX, 28.

26.— ISURUS Ralines,|Uf, IrilO.

Porbeagles.

(Oxyrlrina Ag. )

(Ratines(|iie. ( 'aratteri di Alciini Xnovi tiencri: type IXHI-H* <>.ri/rlii/>icliitx Kat'. — ^ri/r/nwfl
epallanzanii l?on. i

Snout rather long and pointed; first dorsal and pectorals large : sec-
ond dorsal and anal very small: caudal peduncle slender: teeth long,
lanceolate, with sharp entire cut t ing edges and no basal cusps. (.;V«r,
eijiial: '••»«/, tail ; I he I \vo lobes of t he tail being nearly equal, as in all
the members of this family.)

* Firs I dorsal inserted eniirch liehind peeioraU. nearly midway between pectorals and
veil Ira Is. ( Imiro/ixix (Jill.)

«.'». I. ^lillirtis i.M. A II. > .lor. A (Jill.. — .1/,/c/,,,-, /

This sj)ecies, if really occurring on our coast, will be known from the
other Ixnri by the position of the dorsal, which is distinctly behind the

11. LAMNID^: - LAMNA. 29

pectorals, nearly midway between them and the ventrals. This position
is represented in DeKay's figure (Nat. Hist. N. Y. Fishes, pi. 63, fig.
206). Atlantic Ocean ; Cuba (Poey).

(Oxyrhina ijlauca Miiller & Henle, 69: Lamna punctata DeKuy (not of Mitchill),
352: Isuropsin dekayi Gill, Aun. Lye. N. Y. viii, 153: Lamna glauca Giiutlier, viii, 391.)

** Dorsal tin inserted close behind the root of the pectorals, ninch nearer pectorals

than ventrals. (Isurus.)

•

36. I. oxyrhyiiclius Raf. — SJiarp-nosed SharJc ; Mackerel Shark.

"Praeoral portion of -the snoiit as long as the longitudinal axis of the
cleft of the mouth, tetrahedral, pointed. Angle of the mouth midway
between the gill-opening and nostril. Teeth — on each side ; long, lan-
ceolate, with sharp lateral edges, without basal cusps. The third tooth
on each side of the upper jaw is much smaller than those next to it. Gill-
openings extremely wide, the width of the first being rather more than
its distance from the last. Origin of the dorsal tin at a very short dis-
tance from the base of the pectorals, which are falciform, the length of
their lower margin being one-fourth of that of the upper." (Gimther.)

(Storer's figure of "Jjamna. punctata" (Fish. Mass. pi. 37, f. 1) repre-
sents, so far as the position of the dorsal is concerned, the present
European species, instead of the preceding. Xo mention is made of the
presence of lateral cusps on the teeth. The occurrence of a true Isurus
on our coast does not seem, however, to have been verified, although it
is not improbable.)

(Lamna punctata Storer, Fish. Mass. 225: Lamna spallanzanii Giiuther, viii, 390:
^ oxyrkyncliiis Raf. Caratteri, etc.)

27.— LAMNA Cuvier, 1817.

Pt.rbeagles.

(Cuvier, Regue Animal, ii : type Xt/mil/i* corniibicHK Gmrliu.)

Body short and stout, the bade considerably elevated ; snout promi-
nent, pointed ; teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each one with a small
cusp on each side at base ; (one or both of these sometimes obsolete iu
the young on some of the teeth ;) gill-openings wide ; dorsal and pectoral
lius somewhat falcate ; second dorsal and anal iins very small, nearly
opposite each other ; first dorsal close behind the root of the pectorals.
(Aa/jiva, a kind of shark, from /«//:«, a horrible anthropophagous monster,
into which a daughter of Belus was changed by Juno, because she was
beloved by Jupiter ; a bugbear used by the Greeks to frighten refractory
children.)

30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.
:17. I.. < 01 inil>M :i ilimel.l Fleming. — Ilfitmiiiiri* >'//<»/•/. • ; I'/irlmi,/!,' ; Tope.

Snout conical, pointed, rather longer than tin- cleft ()f the mouth;
teeth }- or " on each side ( ' ; or "' in Kuropcan specimens, fide (liinther) ;

11 10 1.' 14

the third tooth on each side in the upper jaw small : lirst dorsal begin-
ning over the axil of the pectorals; color -ray. A la rye and tierce
shark of the North Atlantic, not till lately recorded from our coast. (A
specimen in the Museum of Mutler University, from 'which the above
account was taken, was obtained by Dr. T. II. l>ean at Wood's Hole,
Mass,

Si/iinliin : ciiriiiiliii-iix (imelin, L. i, 1497; Giinthrr, viii, '.W.)

2§.--CARCIf AKODON Smith, 18—.
Great White Shark*.

(Sir Andrew Smith. 1'ror. (Jeol. Sue. London, — : type f.'archtirndnn cupaixix Smitli-^C.
rondeleti.)

This genus dilfers from Isuriix chielly iu the dentition, the teeth being
large, Mat, erect, regularly triangular, their edges serrated; first dorsal
moderate, nearly midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal
and anal very small; pectoral large, ventrals moderate; caudal -peduncle
rather stout; spiracles minute or alisnit. Sharks of very large size ;
found in most seas, (-/.'/.fr/an,,;, rough; <'^<»-^ tooth.)

38. <!. roil«l<'loli Miiller \- llenle.— Mnn-rttti-r Shark; Atirood'x Xhttrk.

Hody stout, depth about -U in total length: mouth very large; both
jaws with live rows of large, triangular, serrated teeth, those in the
lower jaw narrower, about "- in each row ; first dorsal somewhat behind

•' ')•>

pectorals; caudal tin large and strong. Color leaden gray; tips and
eil-cs of pectorals black (Siorcr). One of the largest of the sharks,
reaching a length of lift ecu feet and the weight of nearly a ton. It is
found in all temperate and tropical seas, but is rare on our coasts.
American specimens have been named ('. <t/ir<>otli, but are probably not
distinct from the Km opcaii.

Mullc-i <\ llenle, PlagiostoniOB, ?0j (iiinllier, viii, :!'.(•,': Ctirrlniriiis ntirnntli Stofer,

Moaa. •.':

FAMILY XFI.— ('K'H )IMIINI D/E.

*

I The /ia.^

Shark> of immense si/.e, with the gill openings extremely wide, ex-
tending from the hack ncarl.N to the median line of the throat; all of
I lii-m in front of the pectorals; mouth moderate, the teeth very small,

13. RHINODONTID^E 31

numerous, conical, without cusps or serratures ; no nictitating inem-
bran?; spiracles very small, above the corners of the mouth; first dorsal
large, midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal
small; caudal tin lunate, the upper lobe considerably the larger; caudal
peduncle keeled; pectorals and veutrals large. A single genus, with
probably but one species; the largest of living sharks; inhabiting the
northern seas, (.bamnidcv, part, Giiuther, viii, 394; genus SelacJie.)

29.— CETOREHNUS Blainvillc, 1810.

Baalring Sharks.

(Selachc Cuvicr.)

(Blaiuville, Bull. Soc. Pliilom. 1810, p. 169: type Cctorhinus gunncrl Blaiuv. = Squalus
maximus L.)

The characters of the genus are included above. (*>/-"7, whale ; fnvy,
a shark (Squat-ilia), from /nvrh a file or rasp, the rough skin of the shark
being used for polishing wood and marble.)

39. C. maximus (L.) Blaiuville. — Basking Shark.

Body rugose, the skin very rough, with small spines ; head small ;
snout blunt ; eyes small ; teeth in six or seven rows in each jaw, about
200 in each row ; first dorsal large, triangular, over the space between
pectorals and veutrals ; second dorsal much smaller, rather larger than
anal ; tail large. Largest of the sharks, reaching a length of nearly
forty feet ; found in the Arctic seas ; straying southward to Portugal
and Virginia.

(Squalns maximus L. Syst. Nat. : Selachns maximus Storer, Fish. Mass. 229 : Selachc
maxima Giinther, viii, 394.)

FAMILY XIII.— RIIINODONTID^E.

(The Whale Sharks.)

Origin of the first dorsal fin somewhat in advance of the ventrals ; the
second small, opposite to the anal ; both without spines ; a pit at the
root of the caudal, with the lower lobe of the caudal well developed ;
sides of the tail with a keel ; no nictitating membrane ; spiracles very
small ; mouth and nostril near the extremity of the snout ; teeth very
small and numerous, conical ; gill-openings wide, the last one above the
base of the pectorals. Large sharks, of warm seas. Two species are
known, Rhir.odon typicus from the. Cape of Good Hope, and the follow-
ing. (Khinodontidce Giinther, viii, 396.)

* Teeth each recurved backward and acutely pointed, swollen, and with a heel-like
projection in front rising from its base MICRISTODUS, 30.

32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY- -IV.

30.— miCRISTODFS (Jill, 1865.
iCill, Pror. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1 >(>">. 1??: (»»• Mtcrixloilux piniclnliin (>\}\.)

V

Tliis ^enns is known from its teeth only. Th'-se are described ;is fol-
lows: ''The teeth are fixed and extremely minute, the largest little
more ihiin a line in length (in a shark 20 feet lonii') and decrease
towards the ends of the jaw; they are disposed in regularly transverse
rows. of which there are Hi4 to 1G7 on each side, while in front there
are l.'J to 1<> in each transverse row ; each tooth is recurved backwards
and acutely pointed, swollen and with a heel-like projection in front
rising from its base.'1 — (Gill.) (//.'x/cx)-, small; 'cr-u-, an upright projection;
d£ou?, tooth.)

4O. 31. GMiiirfatus Gill.

A very lar^e spotted shark found in the. Gulf of California. (Gill,
Proc. Ac. Xat. Sci. Phila. ISiKi, 177.)

FAMILY XIV.— HETERODONTIIbE.
(The Port Jackson Xlinrks.)

Sharks with two dorsal tins, both provided with spines ; the first dor-
sal opposite to the space between pectorals and ventrals: the second in
advance of I lie anal. Body elongated, obtusely trihedral, gradually taper-
ing from the anal region towards the caudal fin; head high, with the fore-
head declivous, little prominent; nostrils continent with the mouth;
month rather narrow, the upper lip divided into seven lobes, the lower
with a fold : spiracles small, below the lower part of the eye ; no nictitat-
ing membrane; ^ill-openings rather narrow; dentition similar in both
jaus, vi/, small obtuse teeth in front, which in the yon nu are pointed.
and pro\ ided with three to five cusps; the lateral teeth lar^e, pad-like,
twice as broad as lon«>-, arranged in oblique series, one series beiii^ formed
by much larger teeth than those in the other series; caudal fin moderate.
(ienera 1. L', or.'J; s]>ecies about h inhabit in-' the I'acilic ( >cean. Of much
interest to palaeontologists from their supposed relation focertain extinct
tyjies. ^('cnlritriiHiliild- Giinlher, \'iii, 117, -IIS; but H<'lcr»(l<mtti* has
priority over Ccxl radon.)

I'.ranrliial rr^iiui longer I lian lii^li, tin- >lils liciiii; lil t lr rlou^a i nl : nn-lar irdli Hal

anil cloM-lv riinlij;-||uM«( .................................... (iVI.MIM I I |;< )DI 'S. ',\\ .

si.— GVKOFI>KI;KODIIS cm.

i. ill, I'l.ic. .\i . Nat. Sri. I'hila. i-ii'j, i-'.t; tyi"1 Ceatroaon fraaiciaci

The characters distin^iiishiiii;- this ^roiip from IlrlcnxlontiiK are thus
jiiven by Professor (Jill:

14. HETERODONTID^E - GYROPLEURODUS. 33

"Iii the latter genus, the branches of the lower jaw are at lirst con-
tiguous and diverge from each other at an acute angle, while in front of
the oblique whorls of molars, and between the acute teeth of the front
which encroach on the sides, a cordiform area exists. The lateral or
molar teeth are numerous, and arranged in oblique whorls, which rapidly
increase in size to the fifth, behind which they again decrease. The
branchial apertures are also comparatively large, the first being longer
than the length of the branchial region.

"In GyropleuroduSj the- brandies of the lower jaw are widely separated
by an interval rounded in front and becoming wider behind, the sides
themselves being curved outwards; the acute teeth are confined to
the front and the molar teeth are few and disposed in about four whorls,
the first three of which slightly increase, while the fourth is almost
rudimentary. The branchial area is almost oblong."

Head short and high, broad, but with subvertical sides; the forehead
very declivous from eyes, and with the snout wide and transverse, but
prominent; two blunt, diverging ridges are continued from each side of
the snout and abruptly merge into the more conspicuous superciliary
ridges, the interval between which is nearly plane ; teeth in front digi-
tated, with three or four cusps, quiucuncially distributed in rows slightly
converging toward the middle; in the upper jaw, on the sides, molars
oblong and flattened, arranged in about four oblique whorls, uniform or
increasing backward, except the last, which is smallest; on the sides of
iihe lower jaw, also, are molars oblong, with flattened crowns, and arranged
in transversely oblique whorls, but decreasing backward (Gill). One
species known. (YL>{><>-, ring or whorl; -nhupw, side; oi><n^1 tooth.)

41. <K. fvaBscisci (Grd.) Gill.

Dorsal fins considerably produced backward at their posterior angle;
the compressed spine forming about half of the base of each fin ; anal
fin large, directed very obliquely backwards, reaching the root of caudal ;
caudal fin forming about one fourth of the length; color brownish, varie-
gated with sparsely scattered small black spots all over the body and
fins. Coast of California (Gill}.

(Cctfracion francisci Girard, Pro<;. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 196; Ccstradon fmncisco
Giiutlier, viii? 41G ; Gill, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila. 1862, 492.)

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 - 3

34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

FAMILY XV.— HEXANCHID.E.

(The Coic SJiarlcs.)

Body elongated, somewhat depressed anteriorly, tapering towards the
caudal tin. Head depressed, oblong and semi-oval or semi-elliptical
above, with the snout projecting. Eyes submediau or anterior, without
nictitating membranes. Mouth inferior, large, arched in front, no labial
fold. Teeth in the two jaws unlike; in the upper jaw one or two pairs
of awl-sliaped teeth, the next six teeth broader, and each provided with
several cusps, one of which is much the strongest. Lower jaw with six
large comb-like teeth on each side, besides the smaller posterior teeth.
Spiracles small, on the side of the neck. Only one dorwilfin, /ritltout xpine,
opposite the anal, and similar to it. Xo pit at the rootjof the caudal tin.
Gill-openings wide, nix or seven in number. Genera U ; species 4 or
more; mostly of the Eastern Atlantic. (Notidamd(e Giinther, viii, 397-
399.)

* Grill-openings seven on each side .................................. HEPTANCl'S, 32.

32.— HEPTANCUS Ralmesque, 1«10.

Perlons.

»

CNotidanim Cuvier, 1817.)

(Hcptranchias Rafmesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, etc.: type Xqualus
(•increux Gmelin.)

Characters same as those of the family with the addition of gill-open-
ings semi, which separates this genus from Hcxancus. (£—'/, seven;
7, bend or sinus, for gill-opening.)

'Median tooth of lower jaw without, central cusp. ( .\iilorhynctinn Ayrcs.)

42. II. imlicus (Cuvier) Miiller \- 1 1. Mile.

" Snout short and rounded ; cleft of the mouth broadt'r than long. A
single median pointed tooth in the upper jaw; the lower median tooth
with lateral cusps, but without central cusp. The lirst cusp of the lower
teeth is much stronger I ha nt he others and serrated on its outer margin." —
((iiinfln-f.) Dark bluish gray, with many small irregular black Itlotches.
Tail more than one third of total length. Si/e large. Cape of Good
Hope to California : not rare ;it San Francisco.

t \oliildiinn MldiCiM Cuvier, li'c-^m- Animal: NotidaiHU i/RtKout (iiinther, viii, lilt--: Xolo-
rhym'liiiH niiifiilnliiK As n->. I'mc. C;il. \ai. S«-i. i, ?•_' : .\utdiii i/nchii^ mdcnlniitu Gill, Proc.
Ac. X;ii. Sci. 1'liila.. l-ti'J. I'.i:.. .-Mi.l l^C.l, M'.»: Xotui-liynclius boreiilis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila. iHil, ir.ti.

16. SQUATINID^E SQUATINA. 35

SUPER-FAMILY SQUATINOIDBA.

(The Squatitioid Sharks.)
FAMILY XVI.— SQUATINID^E.

A

(The Angel Sharks.)

Ray-like sharks. Body depressed and flat; mouth anterior; teeth
conical, pointed, distant; pectoral fins very large, expanded in the plane
of the body, but free from it, being deeply notched at the base ; ventral
fins very large ; two small subequal dorsal fins behind the ventrals ; no
anal fin ; caudal fin small ; gill-openings wide, subinferior, partly covered
by the base of the pectoral ; spiracles wide, crescent-shaped ; behind the
eyes ; nostrils on the front margin of the snout, with skinny flaps. A
single genus, with perhaps but one species. Sharks of singular appear-
ance, inhabiting most seas. (Rhinidw Giinther, viii, 430.)

33.— SQUATI1VA Dnme'ril, 1806.
Angel Sharks.

(Ehina Klein. )

(Aldrovandi, Duine~ril, Zool. Anal. 1806, : type Squaliis squutlna L. — Squatina an-
gel us Duni.)

The characters of the genus are included above. (Squatina, the Latin
name of S. angelus, from squatus, skate.)

43. S. angelus Dnme'ril. — A ngel-fwh ; Monk-fish; Angel Shark.

Bluish ash-gray above, much blotched and speckled ; beneath white ;
caudal fin short triangular, lower lobe longest ; dorsal fins short and;
high ; skin rough, with small stiff prickles, largest along the middle
line of the back ; eyes small. A small shark, with expanded pectorals,
like a ray, found in most warm seas, not very common on our coasts.
Our species has been generally considered as distinct from the Euro-
pean, under the name S. dumerili, but without evident reason. A spe-
cies considered by Dr. Giinther to be identical with Squatina angehis
also occurs on our Pacific coast.

(Squalus squatina L. Syst. Nat.: Squatina angelus Dumeril, Zool. Anal. 10:2: Squalus
dumenll Le SINMU-, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 225: Ehina squatina Giinther, viii, 430:
iwi calif ornica Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1859, 29.)

36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

ORDER E.-

(The Rays.)

Gill-openings inferior, slit -like, live in number: spiracles present; no
an;il tin: dorsal tins, it' present, inserted on tin- tail; body typically
disk-like, broad and Hat. the margin of the disk being formed by the
expanded peetnrals. Tail comparatively slender, the caudal tin small.
With the exception of the h'tuitla; most or all of the rays are ovo-vivi-
parous. (Suborder Jhtfoidci Giinthcr, viii, 434-41)8.) (Latin, raid or
rnjn. a ray.)

Tail comparatively thick, usually with rayed dorsal and caudal lins; no serrated

caudal spine nor separate cephalic tins. (I'uclnjuru.)

<i. Snout saw-like, much produced, armed with strong lateral teeth .. I'KISTID.I:, 17.
<t<i. Suoul not saw-like.

b. Disk passing gradually into the long .stout tail: pectorals not extending to
the snout ........................................... KHINOBATID.K, 13.

bb. Disk al)rii])tly contracted at base of the tail.

<•. Klectric organs present; disk perfectly smooth ............ Toi;rr.i>iNii>.K. ll>.

co, Klectric organs absent; disk and tail more or less prickly ...... RAMD.K. •_'(>.

* Tail very slender, whip-like, ii.s tins, if any, small and near its base. (Mnxlic
(I. Pectoral lins uninterrupted, continent around the snout : teeth small.

iltl. Pectoral lins interrupted, the appendages on the snout (" cephalic lins")

separate from the pectorals.
c. Teeth large, Hal, tessellated .......................... MYIJOIIATIIU;, 'J'J.

« . Tecih very small. Hat or tubercular .............. CKIMIAI.OI-TKKID.K, '2'.i.

SUPEK-PAMILY PRISTOIDEA.

(The I'rtNtoiil Itiii/x.)
FAMILY XVII.— PRISTINE.

(Tin -sVnr-//.s7/r.s-.)

Body elongate, depressed ; pectoral lins moderate, the front margin
«|uite free, not extending to the head; snout produced into a very long,
thin. Hal blade, which is armed with a series of strong tooth like pro-
cesses along ench edge; teeth in jaws minute, obtuse: gill-openings
moderate, inferior; spiracles wide, behind the eye: nostrils inferior;
no tentacles ; no nicl itat ing membrane ; dorsal I'm- large, w ithoitt spine.
the first nearly opposite the ventrals. Caudal well developed, bent
upwards; a fold along each side of tail. A single genus, \\itli live or

more species, inhabiting warm seas, sometimes ascending the rivers. A

;amil\ of >hark>. /V/'.v//o/>//or/</^', similarly armed with a ik saw,'' occurs
in the I'acilic Ocean. (I'n'.stiilir i ', iinther. viii. l.'Hi

18. RHINOBA/TID^E — RIIINOBATUS. 37

34.— PRISTIS LaMiain, 1794.
Saw-fishes.

(Latham, Trans. Linii. Soc. ii, p. 276: type Squalus pristis ii.= Pristis antiqiiorum
Latham. )

The characters of the genus are included above, (-piarr^^ the ancient
name of the saw-fish, from -/nV-r/c, a sawyer.)

44. P. antiquorimi Latham.— Saw-fish.

Anterior dorsal opposite ventrals; caudal fin without lower lobe; ros-
tral teeth in 10 to 20 pairs, nearly equidistant, stout, provided with a
cutting anterior edge ; the size of the teeth subject to considerable varia-
tions; caudal fin without lower lobe ; color grayish. Length 10 to 15 feet.
Atlantic Ocean ; common on both shores, especially southward ; probably
entering rivers.

(Squalus pristis L. Syst. Naturae : Pristis antiquenon Latham, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1794,
ii, 297; Giinther, viii, 438.)

FAMILY XVIII — RHINOBATID^E

(The Long-nosed Rays.}

Shark-like rays. Trunk gradually passing into the long and strong
tail, which is provided with two well-developed dorsal lius, a caudal fin
and a conspicuous dermal fold on each side ; disk not broad, the rayed
portion of the pectoral fins not being continued to the snout ; no conspic-
uous spines, the skin being nearly smooth ; no electric organs. Genera
3 to 5 ; species about 15 ; inhabiting warm seas. The form of the body
is as much shark-like as is that of the shark Squatina. (Rhinolatidce Giin-
ther, viii, 440-448.)

* First dorsal ranch behind the ventrals ; anterior nasal valves not confluent.

RHINOBATUS, 35.

35.— RHINOBATUS Bloch & Schneider, 1801.

(Schneider ed. Bloch, Ichthy. : type Rh'wobalus rhinobatus Bloch & Sclmeider=.B7m)o-
Latus (jratnilatus Cuv.)

Body depressed, gradually passing into the tail. Cranial cartilage
produced into a long rostral process, the space between the process and
the pectoral fin being filled by membrane. Spiracles wide, behind the
eye ; nostrils oblique, vyide ; anterior valves not confluent. Teeth ob-
tuse, with an indistinct transverse ridge. Dorsal fins without spine ;
both at a great distance behind the ventral fins. Caudal fin without
lower lobe. (pi»y, a shark, Squatina; /3aroc, a skate.)

38 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

1/5. K. p rod u <• t us Ayrea.

••Tiic anterior nasal valve is dilated into a very narrow lateral ibid,
scarcely projecting beyond the nasal margin. The length of the nostril
is slightly more than its distance from the lateral margin of the head
and more than the distance bet \\eeii the inner angles of the nostrils, and
much less than the width of the mouth, which is very slightly arched.
Snout produced, the distance between the outer angles of the nostrils
being ; <»! that between the mouth and the end of the snout. A series
of small, depressed, polished spines along the median ridge of the back;
groups <»f small, polished tubercles on the orbital margin and on the
shoulder. A broad groove between the rostral ridges, which are sepa-
rated along their entire length. Snout lighter colored than the rest of
the bo: 1.x ." — (Streets.) Coast of California and southward.

(A.vn-s MSS.; cinml, Pirn-. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1*>1, 196; Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat,
Mu- \ii. l-77.r.."): Rhinobaiua leucorhynchua GttntheT, viii. -144.)

SUPER-FAMILY TORPEDINOIDEA.

( The Torjx'dinoltl h'tti/x.)

FAMILY XIX.— TORPEDINID^E.

(The \nnih-jittlien.)

Rays with the trunk broad and smooth: the tail comparatively short
and thick, with rayed caudal lin. and commonly two rayed dorsal fins
the first of which is over or behind the ventrals; a longitudinal Ibid on each
side of tail: anterior nasal valves confluent into a quadrangular lobe ;
an electric organ composed of hexagonal tubes between the pectoral
fins and the head. (ieneraii; species about 15 ; large rays, noted for
their power <»!' giving electric shocks : found in most seas. (Torpedin'nhc
(liinther. viii. I IS-l.Vi.)

" l><>]-:il lin- iv.n: \i-ntr;ils M'paiutr ; s|iir;irli-s \\cll behind the ryes ____ TOKPKDO, lili.

36.— TOKPEI>O niuiirnl.

i 1 iimii'i il, Y.«><\. Anal.vl. |>. Id1.1: i\pr /.'nin l<>i-i><-il<> L. )

ric i.i\> u ilh the disk very broad, aliruptly contracted at the
tail : two dorsal iin- : caudal fin well developed ; ventral fins large, sepa-
rate: spiracles lar.^e, placed behind thee\cs; mouth small; teeth pointed;
-kin peri'eciK -mootli. l.ar-e rays, chiefly inhabiting the Atlantic.

20. RAIID^E RAIA. 39

46. T. occidental!* Storer. — Cramp-finh; Torpedo; Numb-fish.

First dorsal more than twice as large as second, placed over the ven-
trals; spiracles not fringed, their edges smooth; color almost uniform
black, with obscure darker spots ; beneath white ; length 2 to 5 feet ;
breadth £ of length, the disk very blunt or almost emarginate in front.
Atlantic coast ; not very common.

(Storer, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 45, p. 165; Storer, Fishes Mass. 247.)

47. T. caiifoi'llica. Ayres. — California Cramp-fixli.

Dark grayish brown above, thickly spotted with black ; disk broad
and rounded, forming more than half the entire length ; teeth small,
very sharp. Coast of California. (Ayren.)

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1854, TO.)

>

SUPER-FAMILY RAIOIDEA.

(The Trite Rays.)
FAMILY XX.— RAILED .

(The Skates.)

Rays with the disk broad, rhombic, more or less ypinous or rough ;
tail stout, rather long, with a longitudinal fold 011 each side, the skin
commonly rough with spines ; usually two dorsal tins and sometimes a
caudal fin present on the tail; pectoral fins extending to the snout;
ventrals large ; no serrated spine, on the tail ; no electric organs ; ovi-
parous, the eggs being laid in large leathery egg-cases, four- angled, with
two long tubular " horns " at each end. Genera 4 or more ; species 40, most
of them belonging to the genus Raia. Skates of generally small size ;
found in all seas.

* Caudal fin rudimentary or absent; pectorals not confluent around the snout ; ven-
trals deeply notched -. RAIA, 37.

37.— RAIA Linnajus, 1758.
Rays.

(Artedi — Liimaiiis, Syst. Nat. : type Raia clarata L.)

This genus, as here understood, comprises all those Raiidw which have
the pectoral fins not continued around the snout, the ventrals deeply
notched, and the caudal fin little developed or wanting; tlie tail is very
distinct from the disk, and is provided with two rayed dorsal fins ; the
skin of the body is usually more or less spinous ; the dentition differs
in the two sexes, and the male is usually provided with a differentiated
patch of spines on each pectoral. Species numerous.

40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Our knowledge of the American species has been in a state of great
<•.. illusion until very lately, tlie first careful comparison of the species
having been made by Mr. Carman in 1874. On his excellent paper* the
following account is based. (Raia or J\'«j<t, the Latin name of fishes of
this genus.)

1. — Atlantic Species.

\

i iiitlim- nf the disk anterior to the spiracles rounded, not formiug an angle at the

tip of the snout.
t Rows of teeth about 58.

48. K. <>riiiacea Mitcliill. — Common Skate; Litilr NA-rt/c; Tobacco-box.

Form rhomboid, with all the angles rounded; spines largest on the
anterior extensions of the pectorals, where they are close-set, strong,
laterally compressed and hooked backwards; smaller ones are scattered
over the head, above the spiracles, above and in front of the eyes, on
the back, the median line of "which is comparatively smooth, without
larger median series, except in the young. A triangular patch on the
shoulder-girdle: inner posterior angles of the pectorals nearly smooth ;
in the males near the exterior angles of the pectorals are t\vo rows of
iai -e erectile hooks, pointing backwards. Females with groups of small
.scale.s (iii each side of the vent ; teeth small, the middle ones sharp in
the males; all blunt in the females; jaws much curved; each side of tail
with a dermal fold; caudal tins rough, not separate to the base. Color
li.ulit brown, with small round spots of dark brown; females larger than
the males. L. 1 to L* feet (G firman.) The smallest and commonest of our
skates; abundant on our coast, especially northward.

l.'.nn ,,•;,,, I,-,, i Mill-hill, Am. .Imini. Sci. Arts, xi, 290, l-.Ti: Ra'm ii/lniitcrla Giinther,
siii. 1C.-J: Caiman. 1. •-. 17(1. i

Bowa ..r i.-rii, gg i^ t,. ;

l?>. 1C. <»< 4-M:il;i Mih -bill. — n,-<ll,tl,;l /,',(//; Jii,/

• ieneral form and appearance of the preceding: the arrangement of
spine* similar, except that additional rows of spines are present down
the back and along the sides of the tail; caudal lin not separate, rough
with small .spines; jaws curved. Color light brown, with rounded dark
sp«»is ; a translucent .sp;i<-e on each side of the snout ; near the posterior
an^le of the pectoral there is usually ,l>nl not always) a large white
on -II n.s. with a dark spot in t he cent re and a darker border; two smaller
.similar .spots often present ((inrnnui). Six.e very much larger than the

' (in i In Skated i l,':ij:i-i i.r tin- KaM.-ni Coasts of tin- United States : Uy S. W. (iai-
nian. ProC. I'-.-i. BOC. Nat. Hist. xvii. Nnv. t, 1~71. pp. 170-181.

20. RAIID^E RAIA. 41

preceding species, reaching a length of nearly three feet. The egg-
cases are more than twice as large as those of the smaller species.

(Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 477, 1815: Raia diapliaves, pt. ; Storer, Fish.
Mass. 240; Garman, 1. c. 177.)

** Outline of the disk anterior to the spiracles forming a more or less marked angle
at the tip of the snout.

\ Angle at tip of snout short and obtuse; rows of teeth ^§; body and tail with
large bucklers.

50. R. ra.dia.ta. Donovan. — Starry Ray.

In addition to the spines on the pectorals, head, back, and tail common
to the preceding species, this species is marked by the presence of large
spinous plates or bucklers. These are large strong spines, with broad
stellate or shield-like bases. They are arranged as follows : One or
two in front of each eye ; one on each side between the eye and the
spiracle ; a pair on the shoulder, the smaller in front ; and fourteen or
more forming a dorsal row, beginning just back of the head and extend-
ing to the caudal. -An irregular row of spines on each side of the tail,
separated from the membrane by a band of shagreen ; males with two
or more rows of claw-like spines on the pectorals. Teeth with a long
sharp point, rising from the middle and hooking backwards in the male,
bluntish in the female; females larger than the males and more spinous.
(Garman}. Size medium. L. 1£ to 2 feet. North Atlantic; found both
in America and Europe.

(Raia radiata Donovan, Hist. Brit. Fish, v, pi. 114, 1820; Giinther, viii, 460; Gar-
man, 1. c. 177: Raia americana DeKay, 260.)

ft Angle at tip of snout acute, moderately produced ; rows of teeth ££.

51. R. eglanteria Lace"pede. — Brier Ray.

Prickles comparatively small and very sharp, most numerous on the
anterior portion of the pectoral, over the head, on the snout, on the
middle of the back, and on the tail between the rows of larger ones ;
enlarged spines present around the eyes and spiracles, on the middle of
the snout, in a median row along the back, and in two rows along each
side of the tail ; these spines very sharp, larger and smaller ones alter-
nating in the rows ; a large spine in the middle of each shoulder; a
spine between the caudal fins. Color brown, with bauds, bars, lines,
blotches, and spots of darker in the middle of the pectoral ; a translu-

42 CONTKIIU'TIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICTHYOLOGY — IV.

• •mi space on cadi side of the rostrum. (Garman.) L. about 2 feet.
Atlantic coasts of the I'nited States; not very common.

(nut, i ,;/lanli'i-i(i HIISI-. MSS; Lan-pi-dr. Hist. Nat. lies Poiss. ii, 103: Raid desmarestia
I.. ^uiMir. .Jouru. A'-. Nat. Si-i. iv. 100: Kaia clnniteiiay Lo Sueur, 1. c. 103: Garman, 1.
o. i:

. Vii^lr at tip lit' .-mint iinirli produced, blunt; rows of teeth ;J-f.

5*2. if. J;r\ is Mitehill. — Hurndovr

Anglos (if the disk more acute than in any of the others; muzzle
miicli produced, somewhat shovel-shaped at tip. Spines of the body
very few and small. Some present above the eyes and spiracles, on the
snout, aloim the anterior border of the pectorals, and on the back; those
on the liaek very small. A median dorsal row of larger hooked spines
extending along the median li'ie of the posterior portion of the back
and the tail. Usually two lateral rows on the tail. Female rougher, as
u.Mial among rays. Color variable, brownish, with paler spots, which
are usually ringed with darker. The largest of our Atlantic species,
reaching a length of about four feet. Virginia northward ; not uncom-
mon.

(Mitdiill. Amer. Monthly Ma-;. ii, :W7, 1817; Storer, Hist, Fish. Mass. 1867, 242 ;

i .;ii man. I. 0. 1 •-'<>. )

"»:f. K. uraiiiilata Cill.

•• A remarkable species, with the back and ventral surface covered
witli minute sharp granular ossifications, obtained by Capt. Joseph W.
Collins on Le Have Hank. A species of the same type as R.lcevis, and
having •'!<> to ;;i teeth on each side; the back granulated and slate
colored: the \entrals distinguished by reticulate markings, and the
claspers slender and scarcely expanded." (Gill.)
M>.: Q ..... le A Bean, Hull. Esses lust, xi, 187'J, 2f.)

-. — / 'tic (fie

/SI. It. < o<»|M'i i i;ir:ml. —Hi;/

l>i>k liroad. its widest ]iart liehind the middle. Snout long, regularly
Ion- acuminate, but not very sharp at tip, the anterior outline of the
pectoral not much undulated, and little concave. Interorbital space
\ei\ liroad. almo.st Mat . slight ly depressed in the middle. Supraocuhir
rid-c scarcely elevated. I'lyes small, shorter than the spiracles. Spines
on liod\ small and few. 'I'wo oi' three small spines around the eye. One
or two near the centre of the hack. Otherwise none on median line of
back, in front of Imsr <>/' r, n/rnlx. \\here a series of spines begins, feeble

20. RAIID^E EAIA. 43

anteriorly, but growing larger backward. Females (as in other species)
with lateral series of spines on the tail. Upper surface mostly covered
with minute prickles, which are largest on the median line of the back,
on the tail, and the front of the pectorals. Disk smooth below, except
anteriorly. Teeth about ff, the jaws rather strongly arched. Disk
one-fifth broader than long, its width twice the length of the tail.
Snout 3£ in length of disk, 2| interorbital width. Color brown, with a.
dark ring at base of pectorals. Upper surface everywhere with round
pale spots. The largest of our skates, reaching a length of over six feet.
The egg-case nearly a foot long. Abundant on the Pacific coast from
Monterey to Sitka.

(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Fish. 372; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus-

1880,135.)

55. R. rhiiia Jor. & Gilb.

Disk broad, the outer pectoral angle sharp, farther forward than in
R. cooperi. Anterior outline of pectoral somewhat undulated and ex-
ceedingly concave, so that the snout is very long, acuminate, and taper-
ing to the extreme point. Interorbital space quite narrowr, little con-
cave. Supraocular ridges slightly elevated. Eyes large, much longer
than spiracles. Spines on body comparatively strong; five to seven
above the eyes ; two or three near the middle of the back ; none on
the median line of the back until opposite the posterior end of ventrals,
where a series of rather sharp spines begins. Prickles on body above
rather large, sharp, strongly stellate; those on the snout largest and
most stellate. Skin above everywhere prickly in the female ; the
prickles small and sparse on the base and edges of the pectorals and on
ventrals ; larger on the median region of the disk. Male with bases of
fins smooth, and the prickles generally fewer and smaller; anterior
edge of pectoral with spines. Under side of disk almost everywhere
prickly in the females, smooth posteriorly in the males. Mouth some-
what arched. Teeth |£. Color light brown, nearly plain, with a dark
ring at base of pectorals, which grows obscure with age. Disk one-
tenth broader than long, its breadth twice the length of the tail. Snout
nearly one-third the length of the disk, 3f times the iuterorbital width.
L. 2£ feet. Monterey to Puget's Sound ; not rare.

( Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S.Nat.Mus. 1880, — .)

56. R. bimoctllafa Girard. — Common Skate (of California;.

Disk broad, its widest part well forward ; outer angle of pectoral
blunt ; posterior edge convex ; anterior margin of pectoral undulated, not

44 CMN | i;]|;r I'l.iNS 10 MiKTII AMF.KICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

concave; siimit Hither pointed :m<l projecting nt tip, hut not
\er\ l.uij. it- acnmiiuition being confined to its anterior half. Inter-
ocular .-parr narrow, deeply :in«l nnit'oniily concave. Kyes large, longer
than -pirade-. Snpraociilar ridiie prominent. Spines on hocly rather
Stronger than in related species. Four or live over the eye; five or six
(rarel\ t.-uci alonu the median line, in front of the middle of the hack.
\ aeries of \ei\ -mall spines along the middle of the back, changing
opposite the middle of i he \eiitrals into a series oi' rather strong hooked
spine-, 'fail with a strong lateral series in females only, as usual in the
ins. Prickles on the l>ody small and few. A small hand of sparse
prickles near the median line of hack on each side of the median series
of : spine-. Snout and interorbital space prickly. Xo prickles on the
si ..... Met- or on the lins. except the anterior edge of the pectorals. Be-
lo\\ -month, except the snout and front of pectorals. Teeth -*-§. Jaws
someuliat curved. Color light hrown, slightly mottled; a blackish ring
at base of pectorals. which becomes faint in the adult. A small dusk\
-pot at base of vent nils and on posterior edge of pectorals. Disk one
tenth broader than long, its hreadth twice the length of the tail. Snout
one-fourth the length of. the disk, three times the interorhital width.
L. - feet. Coast of California, from Monterey to Cape Mendocino;
abundant

<.ir:ml. I'm,. A<-. Nai. s<-i. 1'liila. 1<~.~>4, 1% : I'mptcm Ininx-ulaia Girard. U. S. Par.

i;. i;. BxpL n-h.--. ::?:;: (iiimii.-r. \iii. n;i. .

\ ii. iiirrniis .l»nlan A <;ill>rrt i\ar. nov.).

hitler- iii the -mall numlier and feebleness of the spines and prickles,
and in the pre-ence of a liaixl of small prickles- (in the females) on the
Mi- part of i he jieelorals, ]»arallel with the edge. Supraocular
•- almo.-t obsolete. T\\ o or three minute prickles often present at
the -houlder. A series Of minute Stellate prickles beginning near the
middle of the back, becoming hooked .-pines on the tail. Lateral caudal
»pi: iirel\ dnleieiitialed. A band of small prickles on posterior

part of the back. Male- almost -mooth. Santa Barbara, Cal.

57. 1C. si< ||ul:ir:i I i > i > A i.ii1., 11

l>i^k i ..... 'h liroadei than long, anteriorly bioadlx arched; the snout
\er\ ..l.iu-e. but its lip sli-htl\ ex-eiied and aeutish; anterior margin
ol pecioial- -omeuhal uiidiilaled and conxex: jiosterior margin ver\
con\cx. A ro\s of -tout -upi aocidar spines; about six spines on the
-ca|.ular legion, and a median io\\ of strong spine.- on the tail. Entire
ujiper .-nilace rough witli -Irong slellate prickles; these largest on

21. TRYGONID^l. 45

head, middle of back, and on tail. Under side smooth, except ante-
riorly. Teeth §§-. Color brown, everywhere strongly variegated with
light and dark colors ; a black spot at base of each pectoral, surrounded
by a pale ring, and this by a black ring 5 numerous black spots of various
sizes, some of them ocellated, scattered over the body ; head with black
cross-bars.

Disk one-fifth broader than long ; the length of tail more than half
the width of disk ; the snout 4£ in length of disk, and 2£ times the inter-
orbital width ; the snout is as long as in binoculata, but much wider,
appearing blunt and short. L. 2-£ feet. Bay of Monterey, California ;
locally abundant.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 133.)

FAMILY XXI.— TRYGONID^.

(The Sting Eays.)

Disk usually more or less broader than long ; the pectoral fins uninter-
ruptedly confluent in front, forming the tip of the snout ; tail variously
formed, usually whip-like, sometimes short and stout, sometimes bearing
a single dorsal or caudal fin, but never with two dorsals. Usually one or
more vertical folds of skin on the tail, rarely a lateral fold. Tail generally
armed with a large, sharp, retrorsely serrate spine on its upper surface,
toward the base (two or three spines occasionally present). Ventral
fins not ernarginate. Skin smooth or variously prickly or spiuous, rough-
est on the adult. No differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males,
the sexes being similar. Mouth rather small,. Teeth small, paved, usu-
ally more or less pointed or tubercular. Nostrils near together ; nasal
valves forming a rectangular flap, which is joined to the upper jaw by
a narrow frenum. Spiracles large, placed close behind the eyes. Skull
not elevated, the eyes and spiracles superior. Ovo viviparous. Genera
about 10 ; species 50. Found in most warm seas, some of them in the
fresh waters of Central and South America. The large spine on the
muscular tail is capable of inflicting a severe and even dangerous wound.

(Tnjyonidw Giiuther, viii, 471-488.)

* Tail stout, provided with a rayed caudal tin UROLOPHDS,* 38.

** Tail slender, -without caudal flu.

t Tail very short, shorter than the broad disk PTEROPLATEA, 39.

ti Tail whip-like, longer than the disk - - - DASYATIS, 40

* In the key to the families of Raim, on page 36, the character assigned to Trygonida,
"Tail very slender, whip-like, its fius, if any, small and near its base," does not apply
to the genus Urolophus, and should be modified. All the " Pachynra" have two dor-
sals and a trace at least of a caudal tin. In the « Masticura" one or more of these fins
are obsolete, and a serrated caudal spine is generally present.

46 CONTKIIH'TIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

:JW.-ITKOL,OPIIUS Mi!ller& Hcnle.
Round Winy Rays.

it IIcnlc. ri;i-in>!(ini.'ii. l~-:'.7, 1?:'.: type rrolojiliiix iturantidcun Miiller & Henle
-= Ilnin fi-iti-inlii L;icc"pc<k>.)

Disk oval or rhombic, the length and breadth not very unequal.
Snout rounded or slightly prominent. Skin smooth or somewhat prickly.
Tail rather short, little it' any longer than the disk, muscular, provided
with a distinct rayed caudal tin ; no dorsal liu. Upper part of the tail
with a strong serrated spine. Warm seas. Size small. (»'<i><i-, tail;

t.i'i^,,-. crest.)

• Skin perfect ly smooth.

•>*». I', liallcri Cooper.

Disk nearly round, a little broader than long, with the anterior mar-
gins straightish, meeting in a slight angle. Snout (from the eyes) longer
than the width of the interorbital space. Tail somewhat shorter than
the disk. Skin without spines or prickles. ( 'olor light -brownish, with
inarblings and wavy lines of yellowish and dusky, sometimes with
yellowish spots, occasionally with wide, obscure dusky streaks, which
are crossed by similar transverse streaks. Belly yellowish tinged.
<'oast of California, from Point Concepcion southward: exceedingly
abundant in sheltered bays. L. 112. The smallest of our sting rays.
Closely related to the Australian U. crticiatttK, if not identical with it.

( ooi.rr. I'n.r. C.'ilil'. Ac. \:it. Sci. iii. '.».").)

39.— PTEBOPJLATEA Miill.i A M.-nl.-.

(MiillrrA llciili-. I'la^i-.-ionii n. |-:',7, If.-: I ypr 7,V/n/ «/hm /i/ I,.)

DNX much broader than long, its anterior margins meeting in a very

obi use niiglr. its outer angles more or less acute. Tail very short and

vleml T. >horter tlian the disk, without iin, usually armed with a small

. .iied >|iine. Skin smooth or very nearly so. Si/.e moderate or rather

l-il~e. \\arm--ea-. (--;••/, tins ; ~/.ar~>t, broad ; r:r;pn-/.ar: :-/. ail ancient
name of /'. ulhinlu.)

'Spii .U !•• \\ it lioiil ti-iil;ic|i-.

'»'.*. I*. Iliarllll-a (Le Saeur) Miilli-r A ll.-nlc. — Huttrrjlii

Disk aoarcelj i \\ice as lu-oad as Long, covered with perfectly smooth

skin. Tail about one tliird as long as the disk, with a very slight der-

'"•'I '"Id abo\ e ami below. Snout a little projecting, so that the anterior

'' o| each pedoral i^ > ....... what coiicav<-. Color brownish olive,

liiielx mail.led witli -i a\ i^li. an<l tinely speckh-d. Anterior edge of disk

21. TRYGONID.E DASYATIS. 47

with half spots of paler. Tail with four dark blotches above, forming
half rings. (Caudal spine wanting in all the specimens examined.) Vir-
ginia to Brazil ; not uncommon.

(Eaia maclura Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 41 ; Duuidril, Hist. Nat.
Poiss. i, G14 ; Gunther, viii, 487.)

6O. P. BJiarinoratii Cooper.

Disk about twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth skin.
Tail 3£ in length of disk, with a rather small cutaneous fold above and
below, the lower fold the longer, the upper about as deep. Interor-
bital space a little shorter than the snout. Snout slightly prominent,
but forming a very obtuse angle. Olive-brown, nnely mottled every-
where with darker, the dark forming reticulations around pale roundish
spots. Tail without dark rings. Caudal spine much smaller than in
other sting rays ; present in all specimens examined. Coast of Califor-
nia from Point Concepcion southward ; common.

(Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. iii, 112.)

4O.— DASYATIS Raiiuesque.
Sting Hays.

(Tryyon Adanson.)

(Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alcuui Nuovi Gen. 1810, 16: type Dasijatis ujus Rafinesque =
Raia pastinaca Linmeu.s. )

Disk oval, flat, with rounded angles. Tail very long and slender,
whip-like, without tin, but often with one or two vertical membranace-
ous folds. A strong serrated spine toward the base of the tail. Skin
more or less spinous or prickly, rarely smooth. Teeth small, paved.
A few papilla? usually present in the mouth behind the lower jaw.
Sting rays of large size, abundant in warm seas. Many of the spiuous
species are nearly or quite smooth when young. (oa<rt'>-, shaggy or
rough; /SSrt'c, a skate; hence properly 2)asybatis.}

* Upper caudal fold obsolete; lower well developed. (Jlcntilri/f/on Miiller & Henle.)

<> I . I). ccBBt rums (Mitchill) Jordan & Gilbert. — Common 8li;i;/ Ray ; Clam Cracker;
Stingaree.

Disk a little broader than long, its anterior angle obtuse. Tail rel-
atively stout, about one-third longer than the disk. A well-developed
fold below, but the upper fold reduced to a mere trace. Disk perfectly
smooth in the young, with more or less of tubercles along the median
line of the back and the scapular region in the adult. Buccal papillae
3. Width of mouth about half its distance from the tip of the snout.

48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTII AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Caudal .-pine U times width of month. Spiracles very large. Color
nearly uniform Itrownish. L. s feet. < 'ape Cod to Florida; common.
(Perhaps includes in.nv than one species.)

i;.ii,i <•• iitriira Milrhill, Trail*. Lit. A; 1'lnl. Sue. \. V. i, 17'.' : {'axlinm-a haxlata !>••-
k.i\. N'i-w V.n-U Fauna, Fi-di.-. 373: '/'/•//</<>» linxlulit ( Jiinl ln-r. \iii, -I7C..

I'pprr and lowi-r caudal 1-dds \vcll dt-vrl.ipi-d.

<>*.£. I>. sayi i I--- Snrnr'HMM'd. A 15ran.

Disk rhomboidal, a little broader than long, the mu/zle moderately
prominent. Width of mouth contained about lU times in the length of
the snout. Tail with two well-developed folds, the lower fold consider-
ably the larger, both smaller than in I), diptcnirns. Tail slender,
Iiriekly. nearly twice as long as the disk: its s])ine extremely long; its
length I'A times the width of the mouth. Skin smooth in the young,
becoming ronghish with age. Several rather strong recurved spines
along the middle line of the back. Spiracles moderate. Buccal papilhe
5 (7). Color brownish. South Atlantic States to Hra/.il.

l.'njii suit \.<- Siiriir, .louni. Ac-. Xal. Sri. 1'liila. 1~17. I'J : Tryyon xaiji Diuuc'ril,
Kla>iin)lir:iiirli. r.ii:!: Tri^nii jinxliintcii part < Jiint ln-r, viii. -17-

<>:t. I), diplci-iiriis .Ionian A (iillx-it.

Di>k rhomboid, slightly broader than long, anterior margins nearly
straight, meeting anteriorly in a very obtuse angle: posterior margins
curved: lateral angles rounded; tail nearly halt' longer than the disk,
\\ith a conspicuous cutaneous fold below and a smaller but evident one
above : jaws considerably arched ; biiccal papilla-. 'I; teeth H!. Young
perfectly smooth. Adult with a row of low but rather stout tubercles
on the median line of the scapular region and two others on the humeral
iv-ion. Tail \\ith small prickles. ( 'audal spine long, its length nearly
.". limes the \\idth uf the mouth. Color bluish brown, nearly plain. L.
(i feet ..r more. I'.ayofSan Die-o, California : abundant.

•'/''"•»»•»-.• .li.i-dan A (iill.rrt. I'm,-. I . S. Nat. Mus. |--<>. :;!.'

«i I. l>. liihri c iihiliiv i l.ar, -p. . (,,„„!, A 1',,-an.

Di>k rhomboidal. a little broader than long: anterior borders scarcely

ooncave, ihe posterior almost >traiuht: external angles rounded ; mux-

/le pointed: tail below with a cutaneous fold, hi-he1' and longer than
the upper fold, OOVered lor its posterior tuo thirds with small ossilica-
tioiis; tail nearl\ I'.1, limes leiiuth of disk. All the middle of the upper
-ni hoe 'd i he bods . from the posterior re-ion of the liead to the base

22. MYLIOBATIDJE. 49

of tlie tail, covered by an armature composed of a very great number
of small bony tubercles. Along the median line an irregular series of
tubercles with the base enlarged, almost quadrilateral, the points directed
backward ; a tubercle on the shoulder girdle on each side of the median
line. Five papillae in the mouth. Jaws strongly arched. Very young,
almost smooth. Uniform brown. (DumeriL} Florida to Brazil.

(Raia tuberculata Lacdpede, Hist. Poiss. ii, 103 : Trygon tiiberculata Dumdril, Elasrno-
braucb. 605: Trygon tiiberculata Giiatbcr, viii, 460.)

65. D. saSjinaus (Le Sueur) Goodo & Bean.

Disk oval-rhomboidal, scarcely longer than broad, the anterior bor-
ders lightly concave, united by rounded angles to the posterior borders,
which are longer and a little convex; snout projecting; tail twice as
long as the body; upper part of the head rough with small spines; on
the middle of the back a row of tubercles commencing behind the head
and prolonged on the base of the tail ; 5 buccal papilla? ; two spines on
each side of the shoulder girdle ; tail rough, with two short, low cutane-
ous folds; mouth strongly arched. Color uniform yellowish brown.
(DumeriL} " Distinguished from D. centrums by the shape of the disk,
the shape of the caudal spine, and the wing-like membranes on the
tail" (Goode in lit.). Perhaps '.deutical with the preceding.

(Trygon sabina Le Sueur, Joum. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1824, iv, 109: Trygon sabina
Duiudril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 607: Trygon tuberculata Guntber, viii, 480, part.)

FAMILY XXIL— MYLIOBATIDJE.
(The Eagle Rays.)

Disk broad; the pectoral fins not continued to the end of the snout,
but ceasing on the sides of the head and reappearing in front of the
snout as one or two fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are sup-
ported by fin rays. Tail very long and slender, whip-like, with a single
dorsal fin near its root, behind which is usually a strong, retrorsely
serrated spine. Nasal valves forming a rectangular Hap, with the pos-
terior margin free, attached by a frenuni to the upper jaw. Skull less
depressed than usual among rays, its surface raised so that the eyes and
spiracles are lateral in position. Teeth hexangular, large, flat, tessel-
lated, the middle ones usually broader than the others. Ovoviviparous.
No differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males, the sexes being-
similar. Yentrals not emarginate. Genera 3 ; species about 20. Large
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 4

:>o ..\TKir.rrmNs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

rays; inhabiting warm seas. Similar in habits to the Trygonidcu.
(Group Myliiilititinti (.Jiiutlier, viii, 483-495.)

• Muzzle <iii in-.

ti. 1. -ill in :i sin- . MTV liroad ................. ......... AETOBATIS, 41.

an. Tcelh in several scries, (In- middle scries very lirnad ......... MYLIOBATIS, 42.

•* Mii/xle eiiiar^inate ; eeplialie tins liclow the level of the disk; teeth in several
ea ..................................................... RIIIXOPTERA, 43.

41.— AETOBATIS Miiller & Ili-nle.

Bishop Rays.

(I'.lainville ; Miiller it Ileiile. Pla^iosiomen, 1837: type RHJH narinari Euphrnson.)

General form of Myliobatis. Muzzle entire. Teeth flat, broad, form-
ing a single series corresponding to the middle series in iri/liobatis, there
being no small lateral teeth. Upper dental lamina straight, lower
curved, the latter projecting beyond the upper. Free border of the
nasal valve deeply emarginate. Skin smooth. Tropical seas, (alr^-,
ragle; ,«r:'r, ray.

<J6. A. linriliari (Euplirasen) Miiller it Henlc.

Disk twice as broad as long, its anterior borders a little convex, pos-
terior roneave, outer angles pointed, (\-plialie tin about one-third
broadei- than lon.i;. Teeth of the lower jaw straight or more or less
angularly bent. Tail .". or 1 times len.^tli of disk. Brown, with small
round pale spots. (Dmnn'il.) Virginia, to theln<l:an Ocean; not very
common on our coast.

nuriiiiirt Kiiphrasen. \'<-\. Ak. Nya. llandl. IT'.H), xi, 217: ^aia flagellum

h, Selm. :;i;i; ( ', ii : 1 1 li. r. \ i i i . I'.i'.'; 1 hmieril Hist. Nat. 1'oiss. i, (M'j.)

.— ?»IYL,IOBATIS C. Dun^ril.

Knt/lr

(Dam6ril in C i' i( i !'• pie Animal, ii, ed. 1, 1:57, 1-'17 : type Ilnin nijiiila T.inna'iis.)

l> L l>rM;id. the outer angles acute ; cephalic, lins forming a soft con-
vex appenda-e in iron I ot Hie snout : ja\\s about e<|iial ; median teetli
\er\ ln-M.id. mncli broader th in long in the adult, proporl ionally nar-
rower in tin- \oiiii-; se\-eral series of narrower teeth on each side of
the median sei ii , , , , d _..• of (he nasal valve not deeply emar.uinate.
Tail \er\ lo;iu ;iinl slender, \\ilh a small dorsal tin and one or more ser-
ralcd -pines. Skm smool h or nearly so. ^i/.e large. In all warm seas.
. •• -i ind.-i ; .

22. MYLIOBATID,E — RHINOPTERA. * 51

67. M. fa'cmaBBviiBIei Le Sueur.

Disk broader than long, the breadth equal to the length of the tail.
Skin entirely smooth. A blunt, whitish prominence over each eye.
Muzzle prominent. Teeth of the main row 4 to G times broader than
long ; small teeth in three rows. Eeddish brown. Tail nearly black.
Cape Cod to Brazil ; not uncommon.

(Le Sneur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 111 : Myliobatis Uspinosus Dume"ril, Hist.
Nat. Poiss. 637: Myliobatis acnta Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 2-15.)

68. M. caIif©B*BBi<CMS Grill. — California Sting Ray; Batjtsh.

Disk not quite twice as broad as long ; the wings anteriorly convex, pos-
teriorly somewhat concave. Cephalic fin very blunt, nearly 4 times as
broad as long. Tail nearly twice as long as the disk. Ventral large,
broader than long. Lateral teeth in 3 to 5 series on each side ; median
teeth only 3 to 4 times as broad as long, even in the adult. Skin wholly
smooth. Color dusky brownish, the young somewhat variegated. San
Francisco southward; very common on the Pacific coast.

(Rltinoptcra vcspertilio Girard, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1857, 544: HolorMnus vesper-
lilio Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 331 (not Myllobatis vespertiUo Bleeker);
Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1885, viii, 137.)

43.— RHINOPTERA Kuhl.
Cow-nosed Rays.

(Kuhl, Miiller, Abhaudlungen Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1836, 237 : type Rhinoptera brasiliensis
Miiller = Myliotatis jussieui Cuvier.)

Disk broader than long, with the anterior angles more or less acute.
Snout more or less emarginate on the median line. Cephalic fin emar-
ginate and placed on a plane below the level of the pectorals, the snout
thus appearing four-lobed. Free border of the nasal valve not emar-
ginate. Teeth in 3 to 20 rows, the median teeth more or less enlarged,
but often smaller than in Myliobatis. Tail long, whip-like, with a small
dorsal fin and" a serrated spine. Tropical seas, (fa, snout j -rspov, fin.)

69. R. qiQf&driloba, (Le Sueur) Cuvier.

Disk one- third broader than long; anterior borders almost straight,
posterior undulated ; muzzle deeply emarginate. Teeth in seven rows,
the median teeth four times as broad as long. Tail very slender, a lit-
tle longer than the disk. Skin smooth or nearly so. Color brownish.
Cape Cod to Florida ; not rare. Attains a large size.

(Raia qnadriloba Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. i, 44; Giinther, viii, 494; Dum6ril,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 648.

'2 ^uxTi;ir,rn«>Ns TO NUKTII A.MKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

*

FAMILY XXI II.— UKPIIALOPTERIDJE.

(Tin- Xrtl Mr/V.v.)

- nf enormous si/.r, with tin1 disk broader tlian long and the pec-
toral tins not continued on the sidcsof the head, the anterior or cephalic
poni.ni developed as two Ion-' ear-like appendages. Mouth wide, ter-
minal or inferior. Teeth very small, llat or tubercular, in many series.
those of the upper jaw sometimes wanting. Eyes Literal. Nostrils
widely separated, their valves united, forming a Hap as wide as the cleft
of the mouth. Tail long and slender, whip-like, with a single dorsal iin
at its base, and with or without a serrated spine. Ventral fins not
cmarginatc. Skin more or less rough. Males without differentiated
spines on the pectorals, the sexes similar. Ovoviviparous. General';
species about 7. Largest of all rays and among the largest of all fishes.
Found in the tropical seas.

i \liilinhiitiiln; '^roiip H. <'rriiti>i>tr>-iiia Giintlirr, viii. I'.'.'* 1'.'-. )

ili in lower ja\v only : mouth tcnnimil .............................. MAXTA. 44.

44.— UIANTA U:mi-roft.
(<'rr<il«]>l<ra MiilliT A Ili-nlc.)

.' -riift. Zoi',1. Join n.-il. I-.1--'-.".!, iv, 111: type d i>h'il»jili rn mantn Bancroft = T!ni,i
Iris \V;ill<;mill.)

I>i-k broader than long, its exterior angles acute, the posterior mar-
gins of the p.-ctorals concave. Head truncate in front; the cephalic.
I'm- Ion-', turned forward and inward. Month large, terminal. Teeth
minute, pre-ent in lower jaw only. Tail whip-like, often (always?) with-
out serrated .-pine. Skin rough, with small tubercles. Two species
known. iM<nil<t, blanket, "a name used at the pearl fisheries between
I' oama aid ('inaya<|iiil to designate an' enormous fish much dreaded
b\ the divers, \\ho:n it is >aid to devour after enveloping them in its
'

7O. H. hirosli-is Wnlliinini) .l..nl;in A Cillin i . Sea Devil; I >• >-i! l-'i^i : Mania.

Di-lv no) .piite twice aa broad as long. Tail about as long as the disk.

T--''ih in al ..... t KM) longitudinal series, which are separated by distinct

inteix|,:ir, Skin of body and tail everywhere covered with small

Mate tubercle,, rendering the surface very rough. Brownish, the

24. CIIBLERIDyE. 53

margins of the disk darker. (Dumeril.) Tropical waters of A.nierica;
north to North Carolina and San Diego. Keaches a width of about 20
feet.

("Raia lirostris Walbaum " : Cephaloptmt vampyrus Mitchill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
Y. 1823, 23: Diabolichthys eUiotli Holmes, Proc. Elliott Soc.Nat. Hist. 1856, 39: Ceratop-
tera vampyrus Duin6ril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 6GO : Cerutoptera vampyrus Giintlier, viii, 498.)

SUBCLASS HOLOCEPHALI.

(The Chimceras.)
The characters of the single order.

ORDER F.-HOLOCEPHALL

(The Chimceras.}

Skeleton cartilaginous. Gill-cavity with four clefts within, but having
one external opening only, which is covered by a fold of skin, within
which is a rudimentary cartilaginous operculuin. No spiracles. Mouth
inferior. Jaws without separate teeth, but armed with bony plates.
Intestines with a spiral valve. No air-bladder. Jaws and palate
coalesceut with the skull. Derivative radii sessile on the sides of the
basal bones of the limbs, separated from the articulation. Pectoral fins
normally developed, placed low. Yentral fins abdominal. Tail taper-
ing. Skin smooth or nearly so ; its muciferous system well developed.
A single family.

(Holocephala GUutber, viii, 348-352; o/lof, solid; Ketyafa], head.)

FAMILY XXIV.— CHIM^RUX^E.

(The Chimceras.)

Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Head
compressed. Mouth inferior. Upper lip deeply notched. Nostrils
confluent with the mouth, separated by a narrow isthmus. Jaws with
the teeth confluent into four bony laminae above and two below. No
spiracles. Males with a peculiar cartilaginous hook, armed with prickles
at the tip, and turned forward on the upper part of the snout. Pectoral
fins free, placed low. Ventral fins abdominal, many-rayed, provided in
the male with claspers. Dorsal fin usually divided ; anteriorly with a
very strong spine, which is grooved behind. Caudal fin low, fold-like-
Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line present, usually
with numerous branches anteriorly. Three free gills and two half gills,

O'MKli;; nON8 '•' NOKTH AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

OIK« on cadi >ide. Isthmus moderate : -ill-rakers small. Oviparous,
tin- egg-casea l«»:i^. elliptical. with silky filaments. Cenera '2 (Chlmivm
ami CnHni-lti/Hclius)-, species about ."». Abounding in the seas of temper-

ate ami cold iv-ion-.

nut i-idtr t iiintli.T, viii, ::r.l-:;.V2.)

mil ii-iiiiiii;iiiiiur iii .-i riit:inrt>usilui> ; tail toot bent up ward... CHUtBRA, 45.

15.— CIIIRIJERA

Bat-fishes.

s, Mu>. K.-is. Ail. Friil. !,•">:'>: Sy>i. Nat. : type Clilmnra itunixtrosa'L.)

Head somewhat roiiipivssi-d, the, snout bluatish, protruding, llosliy,
m>t armed at tip with an appendage. Eyes vi-ry large, lateral. Teeth
lather strong. Lips thiekish, the lo\ver >vith a i'reiium. Lateral line
simple mi the ltu.lv. but I'nrking- anteriorly, forming several series of
mm-itiis tubes on the head. Male with a elub-s'iaped. cartilaginous hook
mi the head, above the snout. This hook is euned forward aud down-
ward, and is armed at its tip with deenrved spines. Its tip fits into a
depression in front of the eyes. Gill-opening small. Pectorals mod-
erate. Ventrals rather lar-e, with lar-e bilid ortrilid elaspers in the
male. Male also with rou^h ai)pemla.ues at the l>aseot'the veiitrals.
pnilriidin.L; from a sheath of skin. First dorsal triangular, jireeeded by
a strong >pine which is grooved behind and serrated on its ed^es. Sec-
ond dorsal ami caudal fins low, often more or less notched. Tail ex-
tending in the line of the axis of the body, sometimes produced in a
lilament. Skin smooth. Fishes of singular appearance ; mostly of the
northern seas; m>t valued for food. (.Y{',M«f/>«, Chinurra,;\ fabulous mon-
ster, \\ith the head of a lion, body of a ^oat, and tail of a serpent.)
a. ClMfH i- in i IK- male tritiil. ( i '//

71. « . pliiniihca <:ill.

"A c/inini ft \\ith the snout aciiiely produced; the ante-orbital flexure
of the snborbilal line extending little above the level of the inferior
mar-in i.f the orbit; the dorsals close together; the dorsal spine with
anterior -arfaee rounded: theventrals t rian^ular and jtointed ; the
pedoraN extfiidiii- to Hie outer axil of the ventrals; and the color uni-
lornilv pliimbei.n-..". \(iill.) A tlant ie coast from Tape (Jod northward;
in deep \\ater.

;!l, Pi-..,-. I'liil.,,. BOO. \V:i,lnn-l.iii, Hi-i •.-.'.'. 1-77.)

pen in tin- m:il.- liil'nl. i IIiiilrnliii/iiN* (Jill.)

•'•ili.p, . \ ' Pbila. 1862, 331 : type CftinuBra ool/tei. (v6up, water ;

li.ir. ; I'nmi lln- liinii of lln- li[i-> and ti-rlh.)

24. CHIM^ERID^E CHIMERA. 55

72. C. COlSisei Beuuett. — Rat-fisli ; Elephant-fish.

Body anteriorly stoutish, tapering into a slender tail, which is not
produced in a filament. Pectorals about as long as head. Dorsal spine
% the length of the head. Second dorsal low, highest in front, then
very low, then higher, ending abruptly just before th^ beginning of the
upper caudal fold. A small fold between first and second dorsal, free
from both. Lower caudal fold higher than upper, neither quite reach-
ing the tip of the tail. No distinct anal fin. Color grayish, with nu-
merous round white spots. Both dorsals edged with blackish. L. 2
feet. Pacific coast, from Monterey northward ; very abundant.

(Bennett, Beechey's Voy. Zool. 71; Dum6ril, Elasmobranches, 689; Giiuther, viii,
350.)

ADDENDA TO ^TARSIPOBRANCHII, ELAS-

MOBRANCHII, ETC.

. — The first forty-one pages of the present work were printed in
the spring of 1879, more than a year before work was resumed on the
remaining part. Meanwhile numerous additions have been made to our
list of sharks, which may be noticed here. A few errors may also be
corrected.

Page 2, last line: For " Eyngonopterus" read Epigoniclitliys'1' '.

Page 3: For "B. caribcEum" read "1. E. lanceolatum (Pallas) Gray".
The Laucelet occurs also on the coast of Southern California.

Page 6: For "3. B. stouti Lockingtou." read:
" 3. B. domEjeyi Miiller.

" Plum-color or purplish, the edge of the lower fold ouly pale. Gills
usually 12-11. Teeth 10 in each series. L. 20 inches. Snout 20 times
in total length; head to first gill-opening 4^; branchial region 8 5 tail
8. Coast of California and southward ; not rare. Burrowing from, the
gill-openings or the eyes into the flesh of large fishes, and soon leaving
nothing except the head, skin, and skeleton.

" (G-aslrobranche domley Lac. ; Miiller, Me"rn, de 1'Acad. Berlin, 1834, 80: Bdellostoma
polytrema Grd.; etc.)"

Page 7 : Lampetra (Entosplienus}* tridentatns and L. plumbea are per-
haps geuerically distinct, as the lingual teeth in the former are pectinate
and in the latter obscurely tricuspidate. The diagnosis of Lampetra
should be modified accordingly.

Page 8 : "5. L.epihexodon" and "6. L. astori" should be suppressed,
as they are probably identical with E. tridentatus.

Page 13: For " GINGLYMOSTOMATID^E " read " SCYLLIID^E"; and
under "t" for "ventrals" read "pectoral".

Page 15 : Somniosus microcephalus is abundant on the Pacific coast
from Cape Flattery northward. Twelfth line from the bottom : For
"pectorals" read "ventrals".

Page 17: Instead of "Family VI.—Ginglymostomatidce", etc., read:

* Gill, MSS. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862, 33, not characterized, (evrof, within ;
c<pr]v, wedge ; from the small maxillary tooth wedged in hetween the others.)

67

58 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

"FAMILY VI.— SCYLLIID^E.

"(T/<e

^liurks with two dorsal lins, without spines. the first above or be-
hind tin- ventrals. An.il I'm present, usually below the second dorsal;
caudal tin ratlin- long, with or without a basal lobe. Tail not keeled.
Spiracle- present No nictitating membrane. Last gill-opening above
tin- root ->f tin- pectorals. Mouth usually broad, with small teeth, sev-
eral series being in function. Teeth with a median cusp, and 1 to 4
.small ones on each side. Usually a distinct furrow at the angle of the
mouth. Nostrils near the mouth, sometimes confluent with it, some-
times provided with cirri. Oviparous. Coloration often variegated.
Th< ;scs quadrate, with prehensile tubes at the angles.* Sharks

of the warm seas. Ceiiera 8 or 9 ; species about 30.
" (Scylli'Hl.i; Ciinther, viii, 400-414.)

Nostrils confluent with the mouth ; caudal hent upwards, with hasal lobe, (fiin-

"ti. Trrtli in Imlli jaws in maiiy scries, each willi a >i nuiLC median ensp, and one (ir
two smaller cusps on each side ; nasal cirri present ..... GlNGLYMosn >M.Y, 13.
" ** No>ti i!s not continent with the month; caudal not bent upwards. (.SC-'///IJH<I>.)
"fc. N'ostriK separated l>y an istlinins; no nasal cirri; tail not sorratc<l.

SCYLLIUM, 13 (fc).

«'13.-GIIVCJL1YinOSTOI»IA Miilln- \ lln.lo." (See pa-. 1^.)

" 13 (6).— SCYLL-IIIM Cuvi.-r.

"(Cnvier K'I -in- Animal ed. 'J, l^x.".): typeScyllium <Mtulu8CllV.=8qualu8 «/t7/(/m(}nu'l.)
•• liody rather stout. Uead more or less short and broad, the snout
low and blunt. Mouth rather large. Teeth small, sharp, triciispid, in
about four rows. Labial fold small or obsolete. Nost rils not continent
with the month, Separated by a broad isthmus from each other, each
with a free llapand no cirrus. Spiracle moderate, close behind the
eye, l-'ir-t dorsal beginning over ventrals ; second dorsal nearh over
anal. Tail .slender, not much bent upwards. Spotted. Warmer parts
of the Atlantic and Pacific. As here understood, (list in-ui.slied from
,SV;////o/-///"////.s r,lain\ ille. ls](; (\. rniiiriiliin L.), by the separate nasal
\.il\i--. < Ucoy, a shark from ,;/•'././.„;, to tear.)

II. .id \ir\ l.i.'.id and depiv — c,l, l.roader lliau lon^. ( ('< ^Juilom-i/llium \ ( Jill.)

•In ii<i>r;<i,,nti<i.i il. are without leu tades and spirally twisted. Except

tlii- >'< -'iHii'ln and Hettrodontido), oiii- sliai Us aii- all o\ o\ i\'i]iaroiis.

t <Jill. Ann. I •. Ili-i. N. VI-. I II'.1: t \ jie S.-iillhtm lutti-ifix I )nm.'ril. (i:c^a^jft

Sc\ Ilium, i

ADDENDA TO MARSIPOBRANCHII, ELASMOBRANCHII, ETC. 59

" 18 (&). S. vcBitriosum Gartuan. — Swell Shark.

"Grayish, tinged below with yellowish. Back with black cross-bars,
upper parts with large round black spots; sides also with small whitish
spots. Head very broad and depressed, broader than long, and not half
as deep as broad. Snout very blunt, projecting little beyond the mouth.
Mouth very broad, little arched, with only a trace of labial fold. Teeth
similar in both jaws, small, tricuspid, in about four series, ff in number.
First dorsal beginning over middle of ventrals ; second dorsal beginning
behind front of anal and ending before end of anal. When caught, this
shark inflates its stomach with air, like the Tetrodontidce, till its diam-
eter is one-third its whole length. It will then float belly upward on
the water. L. 2£ feet. Monterey to Chili; very abundant in Santa
Barbara Channel. A small, voracious shark, often taken in lobster-
pots.

"(Garman, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zool. vi, 167: 1880, ? ? Set/Ilium laticeps Aug. Dume'ill,
Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, 84, pi. 3, fig. 2: Cephaloseyllium laticeps Jordan & Gilbert,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 40.) "

Page 19, in key, after "a", add:
" y. Embryo not attached to the uterus by a placenta; teeth all obtuse, without basal

CUSpS ...................................................... MUSTELUS, 14.

llyy. Embryo attached to the uterus by a placenta ; some of the teeth pointed, each
with one or two basal cusps .......................... RHINOTRIACIS, 14 (6)."

After "/"add:

"s. First dorsal nearer ventrals. than pectorals ; embryo not attached to the uterus by
a placenta .......................... ..................... CARCHARINUS, 18.

"zz. First dorsal nearer pectorals than ventrals; embryo attached to uterus by a pla-

centa .................................................... EULAMIA, 18 (b)."

After "./T' add :
"fff. Teeth in upper jaw serrate at base, in lower jaw entire ---- HYPOPRION, 19 (6)."

Page 20: Erase "20. Mustelus calif ornicus", which is doubtless iden-
tical with Mustelus Mnnulus, and add :

" 14 (&).— RHINOTRIACIS Gill.

" (Pleuracromylon Gill, 1864.)
" (Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 488 : type Eliinotriads lienlei Gill.)

" Characters of the genus Mustelus, except that each embryo is at-
tached to the uterus by a placenta. The teeth are sharper, some of them
being pointed, and with one or more short basal cusps. Warm. seas.
(piv, snout ; rps~ta7.is, Triacis.)
" 2O.— R. lienlei Gill."

(See text, "22. T. lienlei" -} coast of California; not uncommon.)

C<I\TI;II;I i I'»NS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

•••JO (6). 15. l;rvis Etiaao) Jordan £ <;m>.rt.

••A small sliark resembling Mustcliis hinmtlHfi and If. Itcnlci, but differ-
in- from the former in tin- dentition and in the attachment of the em-
bryo tu the uterus by a placenta, and from the latter in the blunter
teeth. Only those iii ihe posterior part of the upper ja\v have a basal
cusp. and these usually but one only. This species is found on the
coaM of Kurope and Africa, and is accredited to our Atlantic fauna by
diinther (viii, 380).

l/;/.x/i IH* Iii n'x Kisso, F.iiropr Mt'-ridioiiiilc, iii. 1'J? : MiixtdiiK hri-i* (Jiinllirr. viii, 335:
/'/. urn' ronii/liiii ln-rix (Jill. 1'ruc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1'hila. 1-d 1, 1 lv ; iiot of Jordan A: (iilliort,
PrOO. I . 8. Nat. .Mils. 1880,52, —llltiitotridnx

1'aue i'l : (inlrnrrliinnx (/nlt'itx, the "Oil Shark", is very abundant on
the coast of California, especially southward. Its teeth are coarsely
serrated on the outer margin near the base only. Galcocerdo tlyrinus
also ramies northward to San Dieft'O on the Pacific coast.

Pa-es L'U : Carch<triiiiiK </l<nicus occurs on the coast of California.

1'a-e L'l': Instead of "**" insert:

(6).— EIJLAMIA Oill.
. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 1801,401: ty]n- C,in-h,innx lamia Risso.)

"Body rather robust, the head broad and depressed; mouth inferior,

with the teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult: less so or

entire in the yoiin^; those in the upper jaw broad, those below narrow,

straight, and nearly erect. No spiracles. First dorsal lar^e, placed not

far behind pectorals. Pectorals falcate. Second dorsal small. Em-

br\ns attached by placenta1 to the uterus as in ti<'<>l lotion and lihlnotria-

In dd-clinrinnx placenta- are not developed, according to Aii.L;ii>te

I>iimeril. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i, -II.) Species numerous, (su. well ;

-', Lamia or Lamna, a I'abidons monster, from /«£//<)-:, de\onring

hunger.)"

I'a-e L'L' : The species of •• Kiiltintni " should stand as:
"26, /:. obscura iLeS.) Cill", "I'T. A1, inlllnrli (M. ^ It.) dill", and
"27 (l>). /•:. lamia (Bisso) dill".
Pa-e 23: I ndei- -/:. lamia" add:

"•27 - . i:. lamia (B Gill. r.,nj sl,,i,-lc.

•• l'.od\ inl.n-i, tlie Lack elevated. Head bioad and llat ; the snout

80 1.M M' Uii«i\\n to u->. tin- c-iiiln\im in nil uiir iivitviviparoMs sharks r\n-|it J.'nla-
. and /t'liiimlr'ni' > - :n<- \villiuiil jilacrnla.

ADDENDA TO MARSIFOBRANCHII, ELASMOBEANCHII, ETC. Gl

long, but wide and rounded, its length from mouth greater than dis-
tance between nostrils, wrhich are nearer snout than angle of the mouth.
Eye moderate. Teeth f£, their form as in E. lamia, the upper regularly
triangular, without notch, narrow in the young, the lower narrowly tri-
angular, erect, on a broad base, all the teeth distinctly and evenly ser-
rated. First dorsal beginning at a distance a little less than its own
base behind the pectorals, and ending at a point a little more than its
own base behind the ventrals. Height of first dorsal two-thirds the
depth of the body ; pectoral reaching past first dorsal. Second dorsal
very small, not one-sixth the height of the first, smaller than anal and
nearly opposite it. Tail 3£ in length. Color plain light gray. Warm
seas north to San Diego Bay.

"Our specimens differ from descriptions of E. lamia in not having
the first dorsal higher than the body, and inserted close behind the root
of the pectorals. In E. obscura and E. milberti the upper teeth are
deeply notched on the outer margin ".

Page 24: After "Isogompliodon limbatus" add:

"19 (&).— HYPOPRION Muller & Henle.

" (Hypoprionodon Gill.)
"(Muller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 1837,34: type Carcharias madoti Mutter & Henle.)

"Characters essentially as in Eulamia,~bnt with the lower teeth entire,
the upper teeth coarsely serrated at base only, on one or both sides ;
lower teeth erect. (6/r<), below; xpiov, saw; the upper teeth being ser-
rated at base.)
"28. II. t>revia'©§tris Poey.

"Snout obtuse ; teeth of the upper jaw with the base serrate on both
sides $ pectoral fins moderate. Bluish, fins without black spots. (Poey.)
West Indies ; occasional on our Gulf coast.

"(Poey, Synopsis Pise. Cubeusium, 1868, 451: Carcliarias Irevirostris Giiuther, viii,
362.)"

Pages 26, 29, 30, 31: Sphyrna zygccna, Lamna cornulica, Carcharodon
rondeleti, CetorrMnus maximus, and a species of Isurus (probably I. oxyr-
rhynchus) occur on the coast of California.

Page 34 : For the key to genera substitute :

"* Gill-openings six on eacL side HEXANCITUS, 31 (&.)

'< * * Gill-openings seven on each side HEPTRANCHIAS, 32.

[TBIBUTIONS TO v»;:Tii AMT.IMCAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

Cnvier.)
'• Bafini ique, Caratteri «li Almni \n..vi Cem-ri, etc. I^IO, ll: type Squalits

LilllKIMlS.)

•• r.ranchial apertures gig on each side; otherwise essentially as in Hep-
li-iinrli'nix. Two .xpecies knu\vi). (^, six ; «r/"?, bend or sinus; for gill-
openin

••II (6), El. coriillis Jordan & Gilbert.— Shord-noscd Shark.

••Color almost black, nnspot led ; a grayish lateral streak. Ilcail
lam--, broad. dcinvsscd and blunt. Xo median tooth in upper jaw.
Aliont >i\ pointed treth in front of n]»per jaw, all entire and without
i..i-al ensps. N«-\t three teeth with entire edges and a single cusp on
tin- miter inaruiii. lleinaininy: teeth of upper jaw serrate on the inner
mar-in, and with two or more basal cusps on the outer. Median cusp
of I..U.T jaw vn\ small. Other teeth with six cusps, the first the
largest, tin- othn> iv-ularly smaller, the inner edge in the adults ser-
rated. Tail Ion-', t \\iee as long as head, a little less than one-third the
total Icii-th. Scales on upper edge of tail enlarged. Monterey to Pu-
grt's Sound.

"(Ji.nlnn A- Cilhrrl. 1'mr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 352. )

•>:*2. IIEPTRANCIIIAS U:iiim-s.,ii.-.
" (Xotorliynchus Ayrcs.)

•• i;;iliii<^<|ii«', Cariitti-ri di Alcuiii Xuovi Cifiicri, etc. 1810, 13: typo Squalus cincrcns
( init'lin.)

II opciiin.Li> -^' ''' n "M each side. Three species known. (tr-r«, seven ;
. Us. The change of this name to " ncj>tan<-Jtun" is hardly justi-
fiable.)

"12. D9. c:i:irtil:D(ns -.-::inl.

ray. \\ith some round black spots, larger than the pupil,
r.iilin -IMIM-IV placed. Head rather depressed; the snout broad,
rounded : the nostrils near its tip ; spiracles large, nearer the gill-opon-
than iln- eye : a Ion- furrow at the an-le of the month. "No median

"I n in hit IMC nClc-n lT(|llin' tlh' Ml 1 i.st i t 111 inll i'«.r 111!' ll.'linr nf

tin- tNjiirnl j:i-iiii- nl' a lainily <>r MHIIC li -.>-•> familiar l>ut earlier name, as Ifrxunchus

• r Oiinntus^in, iinfii/imiiin for Tri/i/oii, i-tc. It is probably un-

• i-lian-i- \\ i II -Kijn\\ n t'atnily IIJIIIH-S In an-onl \\ iili these ehan^es. Among
niir liarl.s it i^ iierh:i|i- In ltd I., n-iain tin- nlil 1'aniily names nilnnlnnpidiili'; .\<>!itlani-

••ntiilil. in^le.nl i.f t',ii-i -liiiriin'i: . II' .i<n,< 7i ,'•/.» , and //. /. I'liiliilitiilir, as jiivrn ill

I hi ir \i. Tin- name i'nr< Imriiiln , IIMI-I! hy various aul hors for t lie t;<i1rorrhinida!t is in-
iln name '„,./-,;/ /KM rightfully lielongs t» a ^einis of another family.

ADDENDA TO MARSIPOBRANCI1II, ELASMOBRANCIIII, ETC. 63

tooth ill upper jaw. Two small teeth near together in front, simple and
pointed; two a little larger, behind and outside of these, then two
others directly behind the first pair. Next, on each side, a tooth much
larger, pointed, with a conspicuous cusp on the outer side at base, and
one or more denticulations beside. The other teeth are larger, similar,
but more serrated and more oblique, approaching the lower teeth in
form. The median tooth in the lower jaw is broad, with a small median
cusp and two or three larger lateral cusps on each side. The other
teeth, 6 on each side, are much broader than high, with about 4-6 sharp
outward-directed cusps. The first cusp is longest and bears a small
tooth near its base. These teeth are quite similar and increase slightly
in size outwards. Tail long, 2f in total length, the caudal fin mostly
below it. Anal small, just behind the small dorsal. Coast of California
and northward ; common.

"(Notorhynchus maculatus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 72 ; not Nutidanus indicus
Cuvier, etc.)"

Page 36, fourth line : After " small " add " or wanting".

Under " * ", after " thick ", instead of " usually with rayed", etc., read
"with two dorsal fins".

Under '<**", instead of the text, read: " Tail with one dorsal fin, or
none."

Page 58: After " Rliinobatns productus " add :

" § Anterior nasal valve prolonged to the internal angle of the nostrils ; snout not
elongate. (SyrrMna* Muller & Henle.)

"45 (&). K. exasperating Jordan & Gilbert.

" Disk rhombic, about as broad as long. The snout prominent, but
bluntish at tip, anterior margin of pectorals forming less than a right
angle. Eyes rather large. Eostral ridges separate their whole length.
Tail stout, depressed, with a narrow lateral fold, upper surface entirely
covered with stout, close-set, stellated prickles of different sizes, largest
on the bases of the pectorals and smallest on the outer edges of the fins,
those on the tip of snout and anterior edge of the pectorals not enlarged.
Stout, bluntish, slightly recurved spines present as follows : One at the
upper anterior angle of the eye and two behind it; one large one at the
middle of the shoulders, in front of which are two others ; two series on
the shoulders outside the median line, the inner of two, the outer of two
to four ; a series of about a dozen on the median line of the back and
tail ', no lateral series on the tail. Sexes similar. Under side covered

* Miiller & Henle, Plagiostoinen, 113: type Syrrhina columnce M. & H. (ovv, to-
gether; ply, snout.)

64 coNTKinrnoxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

with shagreen, made of triangular depiessiblc asperities. IJegion from
tin- nostrils td tin- slimmlcr girdle smooth, except the lower lip. A tew
other small naked areas below. I'pperhp developed. Teeth ;. Color

brown, mottled and barred with blackish; a black blotch on hinder part
of pectorals below. Tail rather shorter than disk. First dorsal not far
behind \( utrals. Snout one-fifth the length of disk, twice the interor-
bital space. San I >iego P,a\ : abundant. Only young specimens known,
but it is probably ovoviviparoiis and therefore not a h'uloul.

"(I'ltitiirliiiKt exasperate .Ionian A: Gilbert, Pror. U. S. Xaf. Mns. 1880, 32: Zapteryx

I. .i.l. in A. (.illin-t, Pror. U.S. Nat. Mu.s. 1880, M: Tryyonorliina i.ni^x rata
(iariuaii. Hull. Mns. ( '(imp. Zonl. 1-n, 17(1.)

•• I.» • . K. triseriatus Jordan & Gilbert.

"Disk broad, ovate, broader than long. The snout very bluntly
rounded, not projecting, the angle formed by the pectorals anteriorly
very obi use ; anterior outline of the pectorals slightly convex, not undu-
lated. Tail very stout, much, longer than the disk, its edges with, a
broad fold, broader than in E. exaxpcrdiiis. Pectoral fins extending
almost to the tip of the snout; rostral ridges wide apart, converging,
inclosing a triangular area. Eyes small, wide apart, the broad spira-
cles close behind them. Caudal flu well developed above and below.
Dorsals similar, their posterior free margins very convex. Mouth
broad, its width nearly equal to its distance from tip of snout, a deep
cu -a.se passing around it behind, in front of which the lower lip has three
folds of skin ; upper lip not developed, a fold of skin passing from the
angle of the month on either side to the inner angle of the nostrils,
thence .straight across, inclosing a depressed trapezoidal £Z\-shaped area,
bound below by the curved outline of the upper .jaw. In this are three
GTOSa lol.i.-, of >kin. Teeth ;.;;;. (.Jill-openings narrow*. Skin every-
where, above and below, covered \\ it h line shagreen. I he pri civics coarser
on the anterior outer margin of I he pectorals ( ^ ), where are two or three
rou> i.i' retrorsc spines. Four strong spines on the tip of the snout,
forming a rhombic figure; four or live spines around each eye. A long
series of \n \ Miong spines along the median line of the back and tail,
and a series of similar ones on each side of the tail ; a single strong spine
«"' the outer edge of the* shoulder-girdle and two between this and the
iMi-dian series. Color light olive brown, without distiucl markings. L. 2
•. Breadth of disk one-tenth more than its length; tail usually half

longi-r than dM, ; MIOIII two-ninths of length of disk, not half longer
than \\idih of inieroi bital are.i. Coast of California from Point Concep-
t-ion southward: abundant. In spite of its resemblance to the limuid

ADDENDA TO ilARSIPOBRANCIIII, ELASMOBRANCITir, ETC. 65

genus Platyn'liina, this species proves to be viviparous. It is, there-
fore, referred to the Rliinobatidce, tlie oviparity of Raiidce being the only
character distinguishing the two families.

" (Plali/rhiiia, trlserlata Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 36.)

"45 (d). It. ICBsJigiEiostas Garman.

'; Grayish, with small paler spots, uniform below. , Outline similar to
that of E.productns. Snout long and narrow, its ridges close together
throughout. Eyes large, twice as large as spiracles. Interorbital space
narrow, concave, as wide as nostrils or the interspace between them.
Distance between outer angles of nostrils more than half the snout.
Mouth straight, its width not quite twice the interorbital space. Dorsal
and preocular spines very small ; 5 larger spines on tip of snout. Su-
praocular and scapular spines obsolete. L. 22 inches. Width 3 in length ;
tail about 2 ; snout to the mouth 5f . Coast of Florida. ( Garman.)

"(Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1880, 168.)"

Page 47, genus Dasyatis : The following synopsis of the American
species of the genus Dasyatis^ or better Dasibatls, has been prepared at
our request by Mr. Samuel Garman, of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. It was received too late for insertion in the text. We, there-
fore, place it here in the form in which it was written by its author :

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS DASIBATIS.*

BY SAMUEL GARMAN.

Tail more than twice the length of the disk,
keeled on the top ;

snout acute, pointed ; tail very long, round tiiberculata

snout not prominent ; tail compressed longa

round on the top, compressed, with lateral series of large tubercles;

snout not prominent ; anterior margins slightly sinuous centrum

snout prominent, with a series of long, narrow, depressed tubercles on the

middle of the back lata

Tail less than twice and more than one and a half times the length of the disk,
with two expansions ;

disk subcircular ; snout prominent '. . sdbina

disk quadrangular ; snout not prominent sayi

keeled on the top, with an expansion below ; with three series of tubercles on the

shoulders liastata

Tail less than one and a half times the length of the disk,
with two expansions ;

mouth with five papillae trevis

mouth with three papillae dlpterura

*Dasy~balus Walbaum, Kleinii Ichthyol. Enod. sive Index rerum, etc. 1793, 35 : type
Eajapastinaca L. This use of the name has precedence of "Dasyatis" Kaf.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 5

CG coNTKii.rnoNS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

DVSIHATIS TUBERCULATA.

/.. ' I .l"i-p. ii. ]). Idll. pi. .J, f|Ur. 1.

:!,itn >ii:i\v. Ceil. /diil. V. pi. '.'. ]i. M'.HI, ]il. I'JT.

'irijijtui itfni'iinrii Miill. Knnim's K'IMM- nni <lic Krdc, p. 'Jo, Taf. 13.
Ed Miill. 1. c. p. ^->. T.-ir. 1 I.
Ufa I iiiiiH-ril, KhisMinlir. p. <iH.">.
•</<•» tiilni-1-nlntti (iiinllnT, <_';it. viii, p.

quadrangular. a lit lie wider than long1. Suout produced, sharp
pointed. Anterior and posterior margins nearly straight, the anterior
enrved near t!:e oilier angle to meet the posterior, and the latter curved
near the hinder angle to meet the inner. Tail nearly three times the
length of the disk, with a slight ridge above and a narrow cutaneous
expansion below, roughened with small spines similar to those on the
head, 1 >ea; in- a long serrated spine. A row of elongated tubercles on
i he dorsnm and anterior portion of tail and one or more smaller ones on
each shoulder. The posterior tubercles of the median ro\v are so much
elongated as to resemble the spine. Month much undulated, with three
papilla-. Teeth small, unequal. Color yellowish to olivaceous brown,
darkening with toge. The young are without scales or tubercles. As
the animal grows older and the tubercles appear a lew scattered asperi-
ties appear on the head ; still later these increase in number and si/.e to
Mich an extent as to cover the head and dorsnm with a heavy coat of
mail made up of the closely-set llatteiied scales. The tubercles of the
back cease growing as the scales enlarge, and ultimately there is little
distinction between them. Usually the tubercle on the middle of the
pectoral arch is larger; those on the tail continue to increase in size
with age. A young female measures in length of body 9.9, length of
tail L'S.-J, and width of disk 11.0 inches.

Canna\ ieiias, Surinam, Para, Uahia, and K'io Janeiro.

DASIMATIS LO.NCA.

IM.-III, 1--H, Hull. MM-;. rump. /,•;;]. vi, p. ITU.)

Di-k quadrangular, about one-sixth wider than long. Margins nearly
Mrai-lii, anterior meeting in a blunt angle on the end of ihe snout.
Outer angles rounded, posterior blunt. Yentrals rounded. Tail more
than l\\ice as l.uig as the body, roughened with small asperities, de-
p:« - -d anteriorly, compressed behind the spine, keeled above the com-
proscd portion, with a long, narrow cutaneous expansion on the. lower
side. Mouth curved v, ith live papilla-. A row of small tubercles behind
the head on the shoulder grdle. It is likely that larger specimens are

•viilcil with tubercles on back and tail.

ADDENDA TO SlARSIPOBRANCIIII, ELASMOBRANCHII, ETC. 67

Distinguished from D. lata by the shape of the snout and disk and
the keel on the tail, and from D. centrum by the straight margins of the
pectorals and the keel.

One specimen secured at Acapulco, Mexico, by Prof. Alexander
Agassiz. One light- colored, reddish-brown specimen from Panama by
the Hassler Expedition.

Length of body 11.5, tail 28, and width of pectorals 13.8 inches.
Length of body of second specimen, 9.3, tail 24.5, and width of pectorals

11.2 inches.

DASIBATIS CENTRURA.

Kaja centrum Witch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, p. 479.

Tryyon centrum Liusley, Silliiuau's Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 47, 1814, p. KJG.

Tryyon centrum Gill (name only), Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Amer. p. 34.

Disk quadrangular, about one-fourth wider than long. Anterior mar-
gins sinuous, concave opposite the eyes, convex toward the slightly pro-
tuberant snout and rounded outer angles ; posterior straighter, a very
little convex ; inner convex. Hinder angles blunt. Ventrals truncate,
with rounded angles. Tail more than twice as long as the body, much
compressed, rounded above, with keel and cutaneous expansion below,
with one or more strong serrated spines at the termination of the ante-
rior fifth of its length, rough on all sides with spines or tubercles. Till
half grown the young are naked; as they approach maturity broad
stellate-based, conical-pointed, irregularly-placed bucklers appear on the
middle of the hinder part of the back and on the top and sides of the tail.
Very large examples have the central portion of the back closely mailed
with small flattened tubercles. The bucklers bear more resemblance to
those of the Rajcej radiata and cla-vata than to the tubercles ofpastinaca,
Imstata, or tuberculata. Mouth arched forward, with five papillae. Teeth
in quincunx, blunt, smooth. Color of back and tail olive brown ; light
to white below. From pastinaca, which this species resembles in shape,
it is distinguished by the tubercles, by the length and compression of
the tail, and absence of all trace of keel or expansion on its upper side.
A young specimen measures from snout to tail 13.8, length of tail 30.5,
and width of pectorals 17.5 inches. The largest specimen in the collec-
tion has a total length of 10 feet 3 inches. Common south of Cape Cod.
Occasionally found northward.

DASTBATIS LATA. *

(Carman, 1880, Ball. Mus. Comp. Zool. vi, p. 170.)

Disk quadrangular, one-fourth wider than long. Anterior margins
nearly straight, forming a very blunt angle at the snout, rounded near

G8 coxTi;ir.rn<».\s' TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

•

the miter extremities : posterior convex ; inner straight a portion of their
length. Vent nils truncate, rounded. Snout produced, forming ;i
i.ninded |»i-oininenee in front of the margins of the disk. Length from
the forehead !<•-< than the width of the head. A line joining the wider
portions Of the disk passes nearer to the head than to the shoulders.
Tail more than twice us long- as the body, without a trace of keel above;
a Ion-' narrow expansion below has its origin opposite that of the spine,
and terminates in a keel which continues to the extremity, roughened
with small tubercles, with an irregular series of broad-based conical
tubereles on each side. A pair of large, compressed, erect tubercles
stands immediately in front of the caudal spine, and a similar one is
placed over the middle of the pelvic arch. These suggest a continuous
>eries in larger specimens. Three larger elongated tubercles, with
points directed backward, similar to those of I>. luitiala, occupy the mid-
dleof the shoulder girdle. ^loutli curved, six (.1-6 1} papilla? at the bot-
tom behind the teeth; two of these are in the middle in front, where
usually there is but one. Color light olive, probably greenish in life,
white below. .Distinguished from D. centrum by the prominent snout,
the shape of the tubercles in the middle of the back, and the narrowness
of the posterior portion of the disk. Length of body 1(5, tail 35.3, and
width of pectorals iMt.,") inches. Sent from the Sandwich Islands by
Andrew (iarrett.

DAS in AT is SABIXA.

tabina I.i'Mirur. .Jmiv. Ac.-nl. X.it. Sri. I'lul. iv, p. I"*.'.

Tni'/nii .s. I'.i'nui Miill. ct l[r;ili'. I'l.-iuinstoilirli, p. \(\'.\.
• li'inii 1 >iiiiii;ril, Kl;isiiiol»;uu-li. p. (ill?.

|)i-k -iibcircular. Snout produced, blunt. Anterior margins of the
pectorals concave near the snout, becoming convex toward the broadly
rounded outer extremities ; hinder and inner margins convex, rpper
jaw \\ith a deep indentation, receiving a corresponding prominence on
the lower. Teeth ;it t he sides of t his indentation much larger, resem-
bling the molars of Ili-lci-ndunlns. Mouth with live papilhe. Tail less
than t wiee ;is lung us the disk, tapering to a line point, rough \\ ith small
piiekles .ximilar to those scattered over the head and back, a cutaneous
..insioii abo\c. mid a liroader, longei- one below. These end nearly
opposite riich oth.-i. the h.wer extends forward under the spine. AVith
a median row ol' tubercles on the dorsum and one or a pair on each
>houlder. Distinguished from tnhirciiltitn by the shape of the snout, the
p.ctor.ils, the shorter tail, the larger teeth, the greater curva-

ADDENDA TO MARSIPOBEANCHII, ELASMOBRANCHII, ETC. 69

tare of jaws, the smaller size, and the two cutaneous expansions. Of
twenty specimens the average proportional length of body and tail is as
four and a half to eight. In no case is the tail twice as long as the disk.
Color ochraceous brown ; ventral surface light. Length of body of an
adult male 9.4, length of tail 15, and width of pectorals 10 inches. Com-
mon in the rivers of Florida along the Gulf coast. Several specimens
in the collection were captured in Lake Monroe, at a distance from the
salt water, by Count Pourtales.

DASIBATIS SAYI.

J?rt/rt sayi Lesucur, Jour. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phil, i, p. 42, fig.
MyUobatis sayi DeKay, New York Fatiua, Fish. p. 376.
Tnjyon sayi Mull, et Henle, Plagiostomen, p. 166.
Ilyliobatis sayi, Storer, Syti. Fish. N. Amer. p. 262.
Trygon sayi, Dumeril, Elasmobranch. p. 603.

Disk quadrangular, about one-sixth wider than long, anterior margins
nearly straight, posterior and inner borders convex, outer and posterior
angles rounded. Snout not protruding beyond the lines of the margins.
Ventrals rounded. Tail strong, rather more than one and a half times
the length of the disk, with a strong serrated spine, bearing a short,
low cutaneous expansion behind the spine on the upper side, and a
longer, little wider one below, ending nearly opposite. Upper jaw undu-
lated ; lower prominent in the middle. Teeth small, smooth in young
and females, sharp in adult males. Three papilla? at the bottom of the
mouth, and one at each side. Body and tail naked. Color olive brown
in adult, reddish or yellowish in young ; lower surface whitish. This
species closely resembles the European species pastinaca. A compari-
son of specimens discovers the following differences: in Sayi the ante-
rior margins form a more blunt angle at the end of the snout, which is
less prominent at the apex, the outer and posterior extremities of the
pectorals are rounder, the posterior margins are more convex, the disk
is broader toward the ventrals, and the tail is longer; in pastinaca
the lateral and hinder angles of the pectorals and the lateral angle of
the veutrals are marked by blunted corners. A single small rounded
tubercle on the middle of the back. There are specimens in the col-
lection from New York, Pensacola, Bahia, and Bio Janeiro. A young
female measured from snout to tail 7.1, length of tail 11, and width of
pectorals 8.2 inches.

7<> i .i.viiiir.rrmxs TO NORTH AMKIJICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

1) LSEB M IS IIASTA'I A.

.,// Imxliitit I>rKay. NV\v York F.-mna. l'i-li. p. ::7.">. pi. (M, tig. Vil49.

fawfato Storer, 8 a. l'i-!i. \. AHUT. ]>. 'Jill.
; ata iMiim-i.l, KluMiKil.ruiirh. p. .".'.I','.

Di>l. quadrangular, about one-fourth wider than long ; anterior mar-
gins nearly straight, meeting in a blunt angle fm the end of tin- snout,
. -Hived Dear the outer angle to meel the slightly convex posterior mar-
gins: inner lenders convex; outer and hinder angles rounded. Ven-
Irals almost ciitin-ly covered by the pectorals, hinder margins convex.
1 more than one and a half times the length of the disk, low-keeled
0,1 the upper side, a Ion--, broad membranous expansion below, rough-
ened \vith small asperities, one or more serrated spines, liody smooth
in \onn.u, very old with scattered small asperities. A row of narrow
compi-essed tubercles aloii^- the middle, of the back and on the base of
tiie tail ; the points of these tubercles are depressed and directed back-
ward. On each shoulder, parallel with the median, there is a shorter
row, the length of which varies according to the, age of the individual,
ith with three papilla-. .Jaws with more curvature than those of
mra and less than those of xnl'um. Young without tubercles.
< ..lor bluish or olivaceous brown, darker on dorsum and tail, light on
lower surface. Measurement of a young specimen: length of disk S.."»,
\.idth 10, and length of tail 1-1 inches. An adult male measured L'O
inches across the pectorals and 1(1 in length of body. The museum con-
tain.- >peci:neii> from Florida, Cuba, IVrnambueo, and Rio , Janeiro.

DASIMATIS r,i;::\is.

1880, P.iill. Mn-v romp. /«"•!. vi, 171.)

l>i>!> (piadrangi'.lar, a lit tie wider than long. Anterior margins nearly
.1. curved Dear the Outer extremities to meet the con vex posteriors,
meeting iii a blunt angle on the end of llie snout. Outer and posterior
I pectorals round, without trace of angles. Yentrals bioad,
iruiicate, with angles rounded. Tail less than one and a half times the
lei.gl h o!' the disk, tapering to an acute point, depressed as far as to the
..pine, thence cMmpre»ed to the end of the cutaneous fold, and round
point to the tip, u ith a short elevated membraneous expansion
behind the >pine. and a longer and wider one on the lower side, extend-
below the former and the spine. The expansions have their hinder
remit ies oppo-ed : i hey end quite abruptly and an- widest near the

ADDENDA TO MARSIPOBRANCIIIJ, ELASMOBRANCIIII, ETC. 71

termination. Mouth with five papillae, outer small. Teeth small, blunt.
Upper jaw indented in the middle; lower with a prominence in front,
Disk naked in the young* Adult specimens have three rows of tubercles
on the middle of the back disposed as are those of D. kastata. A large
specimen from Payta has three large, erect, broad-based tubercles in
front of the caudal spine, and the tail rough with smaller ones. The
short rows on the shoulders contain from three to four, and probably
increase in number with age, as is the case with the closely allied Atlan-
tic coast species. Color light grayish or olivaceous brown, reddish near
the edges, white below, with round spots of brownish under the base of
the tail. Compared with D. liastata this species differs in the shorter
tail, rounder extremities of the disk, and the shape and size of the tu-
bercles and membraneous fins. D. liastata has no expansion on the top
of the tail, and that on the lower side is very long, of moderate width,
and tapers gradually. Those of D. brevis are comparatively short and
broad ; they rise gradually and terminate abruptly. From D. sayi this
species is to be distinguished by the great development of the caudal
expansions, their shape and length, and by the tubercles on shoulders
and tail. A large female measures in length of body 17, tail 23, and
width of pectorals 18 inches. A young male in length of body 8.1, tail
12, and width of pectorals 9.2 inches. Peru.

DASIBATIS DIPTERURA.

(Jordan & Gilbert. 1880, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 31.)

Disk rhomboid, slightly broader than long : anterior margins nearly
straight forwards, meeting in a very obtuse angle; posterior margins
curved ; lateral angles rounded. Tail nearly half longer than disk, with
a conspicuous cutaneous fold below, and a smaller but evident one above.
Upper jaw considerably curved, with a slight convex protuberance in
front, which fits into a slight emargination in the lower jaw, which is
convex, its outlines corresponding to the curves of the upper jaw.
Bands of teeth wider in front than laterally. Inside of mouth, behind
the lower jaw, with three fleshy processes. Teeth about f£; about 8 in
a cross-series in the upper jaw, and 10 in the lower. Color light brown,
somewhat marbled with darker, but without distinct spots ; tail black-
ish ; belly white. Skin everywhere perfectly smooth in the young ; adult
with small tubercles along the back. San Diego, Cal.

Of the nine species enumerated above as belonging to American

TL' t . i Kir.rTinNs TO Nnirni AMKIMCAX ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

. din- ha- ln-i-ii described from tin- Sandwich Islands. It isinviexv
of the prtilialiilit v of its occiinvncc as an occasional visitoron our West-
ern coasts lhai il is introilnccd. 9

Aa already notieed. in \"olnine VI, ]>a^e 171', of llie iiiilletin of the
Mii.si-niM ol' Comparative /o<ilouy, the sjiecies recent ly described by Dr.
(liintlier, Tii/i/on l»-<n-Iii/itr/iN and Tnjyon rctlciildtnx, lieloni;- to tlie.ucnns
r,iliinn>f,-i/ti<>n. \\liich includes the peculiar species of the family inhabit-
ing the riv<T> of South America.

CLASS IV.-PISCES.

(The True Fishes.)

Skeleton bony or cartilaginous. Skull with sutures ; a lower jaw pres-
ent ; membrane bones developed in connection with the skull ; gill-open-
ings a single slit on each side, sometimes confluent ; gills attached to bony
arches, normally four pairs of them, their outer margins free. Median
and paired fins usually developed; a lyriform shoulder-girdle. Exo-
skeleton various. Ova comparatively small. No "claspers". Brain-
differentiated and distinctly developed. Heart developed, divided into
an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb.

As here understood, this group includes the great majority of recent
fishes, and is equivalent to the Tcleostei, Ganoidei, and Dipnoi of most
recent writers, the Actinopteri, Crossopterygia, and Dipnoi of Professor
Cope. Omitting all notice of the Dipnoi and the Crossopterygia, all the
members of which groups are extralimital and confined to the fresh waters
of the tropics, it will be convenient to divide the American representa-
tives of the class of Pisces into four series or subclasses — Chondrostei,
Holostei, Physostomi) and PhysocUsti, the first and second including most
of the Ganoidei of Miiller, the second and third the Teleostei. These
groups are evidently of unequal value, the Physostomi and the Physo-
clisti being very intimately connected, and the relations of the Holostei
with the Physostomi are probably more intimate than their relations
with the other Ganoids, as has been shown by Professor Cope. Never-
theless, these groups exist in nature, and their recognition under one
name or another is convenient.

ANALYSIS OF THE SUBCLASSES OF PISCES.

a. Arterial bulb muscular, with numerous valves ; optic nerves forming a chiasnia ;
ventral fins abdominal ; air-bladder with a duct ; tail heterocercal.

(Series GANOIOEI.*)
6. Ventral fin with an entire series of basilar segments; skeleton cartilaginous.

CHONDROSTEI.
66. Ventral fin with the basilar segments rudimental; skeleton bony.. HOLOSTEI.

* ydvof, splendor ; from the enamelled scales.

73

7 1 NTTEIBDTIONS TO NORTH AMKL'ICAX ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

<;n. Art 'rial luill) with a pair of oppo-ite valves; optic nerves not forming a chiasma.

(Scries Ti:i.;;osn:i.*')

c. Air-bladder (if present > connected l>y an air-duct with the stomach or
nv.oplia.uns: ventral tins (if present) abdominal, llx-ir hasilar segments
riidimental, usually without spines; parietal bones usually united.

PHYBOSTOML

Air-bladder without duct; ventral fins (if present ) usually thoraeie or
jugular, without basilar segment s : spines usually pre.-eiil , at least ill the
dor.-al and \entral tins; parietal bones separated by the BUpraoccipital.

PUYSOCLISTI.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO TIIE FAMILIES OF TISCES.

Tin- following key is intended simply to facilitate the identification of
species. N<> at tempt is made to indicate the natural characters or rela-
tions of the families, and only those species of any group which occur
within the limits of the United States are taken into consideration.

I._ YKXTRAL FINS PRESENT, ABDOMINAL.

* Dorsal tins •_', the anterior chiefly of soft rays, the posterior adipose.
A. Body naked.
B. Head with 1 to 8 long barbels; dorsal and. pectoral fins each -with a spine.

^1I.URID.<E, 29.
Bi!. Head without barbels; tins without spines.

( '. Teeth strong; dorsal tin many-rayed Al.r.nix >s.\ri:ii >.!•:, 40.

»'('. Teeth minute; doisal Jin short tSTKUNori vcmuJJ, 43.

AA. lioily sealy.

J>. Teeih broad, incisor-like C'IIAIJACINID.U, 32.

]>l >. Teetli (if Jiresent ) pointed.

I Margin of upper ja\v formed by the prcmaxillaries alone.
]'. Dorsal tin nearly median.

( I. J!(idy with phosplioreseeiit s]iots SCOPKLIDJE, 42.

<•'.. I'.ody without jillos]i!loreseent spots.

II. Head scaly ; scales cycloid ; teeth cardifonn Sc. <ITI n>.r, -J'J.

IIII. Head nailed ; scales ctenoid ; teeth villiform . . I 'i:i:< MI--I i > i:, -17.
FT. ] ial fin posterior; teeth unequal; body elongate.. FABAIJCPID2B:,41.

]'.!'.. Margin of upper jaw formed by 7iiaxillaries posteriorly.

.). Body with phosphoresoent .sjiots; gill-rakers none.

ClIAfl loDONTID.'K, 44.

.1.1. Body without phosphorescent spots ; j;ill-rak' nt.

SAI..MONI P.K, -10.

" " I ' led liy free spines.

K. Ilody .scaleless, naked or with bony plates.

I.. Ventral tins J, 1, 1 he spine strong ; MIOII! moderate.

CAM i BO : ; MM:, <M.
1. 1.. \ i ntral fins I, .">, the sjiiiu' slender; snout prolonged.

AI'I.MI:IIVNI IIIDI:. (i:?.
KK. Body scaly ; snout tubular An.i >^ IDMA IID.K, fi'J.

* 7l'/ Of, )" rl'.'cl ; unr'nn-, bone.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF PISCES. 75

** * Dorsal fins 2, the anterior of spines only, the posterior chiefly of soft rays.

M. Pectoral fin with 5 to 8 lowermost rays detached and' fila-
mentous POLYNEMID^E, 68.

MM. Pectoral fin entire. «

N. Snout tubular, bearing the short jaws at the end; body

compressed CENTRISCIDJE, 60.

NN. Snout not tubular.

O. Teeth strong, unequal; lateral line present.

SPHYRJSNIDJE, 67.

OO. Teeth small or wanting; lateral line obsolete.
P. Dorsal spines 4, stout ; anal spines 3. .MUGILID^E, 65.
PP. Dorsal spines 4 to 8, slender ; anal spine single.

ATHERINID.E, 66.
**** Dorsal fin soft-rayed, followed by a series of detached fiulets.

SCOMBERESOCID^E, 57.

««*** j)orsai fin single, of soft rays only or with a single spine.
a. Tail evidently heterocercal.

b. Body naked; snout with a spatulate blade; mouth wide, without barbels.

POLYODONTID^E, '25.

Z>Z>. Body with 5 series of body shields ; mouth inferior, toothless, preceded by 4

barbels ACIPENSERIDJE, -J i.

66Z>. Body scaly,
c. Scales cycloid ; a broad bony gular plate; dorsal fin many-rayed.

AMIIDJE, 28.

cc. Scales ganoid ; no gular plate ; dorsal fin short LEPIDOSTEID^E, 27.

aa. Tail not evidently heterocercal.
d. Body naked.
e. Throat with a long barbel ; no caudal filament ; mouth large.

STOMIATIDJE, 45.

ee. Throat without barbel ; caudal fin with a long filament ; mouth small.

FISTULARIID.E, 61.
eee. Throat without barbel ; no caudal filament; gill membranes joined to

the isthmus C YPKINID^E, 31.

dd. Body scaly.

/. Pectoral fins inserted near the axis of the body ; lower pharyugeal

bones fully united ; lateral line along the
sides of the belly.. .SCOMBERESOCID.E, 57.

ff. Pectoral fins inserted below the axis of the body ; lower pharyngeals

separate.

g. Vent in front of ventral fins; eyes concealed AMBLYOPSHXE, 43.

gg. Vent behind ventral fins ; eyes normal.
//. Head scaly, more or less.

i. Upper jaw not protractile, its lateral margin formed by the

maxillaries.

j. Teeth cardiform ; jaws depressed, prolonged ESOCHXE, 51.

jj. Teeth villiform ; jaws short UMBRID/E, 50.

ii. Upper jaw protractile, its margin formed by prernaxillaries

alone C YPRINODONTID^E, 49.

hh. Head naked.

Jc. Gill-opening separated by an isthmus; mouth toothless;
lower pharyngeals falciform.

I. Dorsal fin with a serrated spine CYPRINID^E, 31.

II. Dorsal fin without serrated spine.

m. Dorsal fin with (usually) less than 10 (developed) rays;
pharyugeal teeth few (less than 8).

CYPRINID2E, 31.

70 CONTRIBUTIONS! TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

mm. Dorsal !m with (usually) morethaiilOrays:p]iaryngcal

tn-tli mi nuToiis CA TO-K.MII' E, 30.

kJc. Gill-opening not separated by an isthuins; lower pharyn.

» geal ImllfS llllt falciform.

v. Throat without barbel ; no phosphorescent spots.
0. Lateral line present.

j>. Lower jaw with a pillar plate: teeth villii'onii:

tins with scaly sheaths KLOPID.K, 36.

2>p. Lower jaw without ^nlar plate.

</. Tongue with canine teeth; maxillary extending

beyond evi- II Yolx iNTID.i;, 35.

*/(/. Tongue without canines.
r. Mouth black within ; teeth all pointed,

Al.r.r<M't:i'HAI.II»yE, 33

JT. Mouth pale within; teeth on root' ami lloor of
inouili 1>1 ii nt and granular.. AXBULIDJE, 34.

00. Lateral line obsolete.

s. Lower jaw much shorter than upper.

t. Mouth small, toothless; maxillary not

1. aching lieyoml eye..l>i>l:<>soM.\Tll>.l .
it. Mouth very wide, the, maxillary reaching

much beyond eye ExiiKAruiu:, 39.

88. Lower jaw scarcely shorter than upper;

maxillary compound C'LriT.in.i-:. 37.

«». Throat with a long barbel; sides with phosphores-
cent spots STO.MI \iii- i:. 43.

II.— VENTRAL FINS 1'KESENT, THORACIC OR JUGULAR.

A. E- .1 > unsymmetrical, both on the same side of the In -ad I'LF.rKoNKi HIM. l'J3.

AA. Eyefl -\ linnet rical.

IJ. Cill-openiiigs in front of the pectoral tins.

<'. lindy mure <u less scaly or armed with bony plates.

li. Ventral lins completely united; gill membranes joined to the isthmus.

<;<>mii'.i:, 101.
1 »1 >. Ventral tins separate.
E. Ventral ra\ s I. "\.

• nliorhital with a bony stay, which extends across the checks to or to-
ward the prcoperele; cheeks
sometimes entirely mailed.
G. I'- ctoral I'm u it h ',! or I', lower rays detached and free.

TI:I-.I 11 M . 108.
1'ci'toral tin cut ire.
II. Slit behind fourth ^ill small <u wanting.

I. Anal spines :; Si •< HIP i M i • i:. I oil.

II. Anal spioea obsolete COTTIDJS, 107.

Illl. Slit behind fourth -ill lar-e ' ( 'iiini D.I:, !(>.">.

IT. Siibm -bital .-I a\ \\antin^; i hei ks not mailed.

.1. Spinoiis dorsal transformed into a lamdlati'd siidving disk.

I i in \i ii>ti> ]•;. 70.

.1.1. BplnOOB dorsal (if present) DOi transformed into a sucking disk".
K. Doi ;.! spines all orneailx all disconnected from each other.

L. I '.od \ i-lon -::!,, |i rcle I'..1 \( A I I D.i;. 7 1.

I I. Body oblong or ovate, compressed.

M. Caudal peduncle \<ry slender, the (in widely forked.

t'AKAX(iJi>.]-:, 75.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF PISCES. 77

I MM. Caudal peduncle stoutish, the fm little forked.

STROMATKIDyE, 77.

KK. Dorsal spines (if present) all, or most of them, connected by

membrane.
N. Pectoral fin with 4 to 9 lowermost rays detached and

filiform POLYNEMIIXE, 08.

NN. Pectoral fin entire.

O. Dorsal and anal with detached fiulets.

P. Anal preceded by 2 free spines CARANGHXE, 75.

PP. Anal not preceded by 2 free spines.

OO. Dorsal and anal- without finlets.

Q. Lateral line armed posteriorly with keeled plates ;
2 free anal spines.

CARANGID.E, 75.
QQ. Lateral line unarmed.
E. Throat with 2 long barbels (placed just behind

chin) MULLID^E, 95.

EE. Throat without long barbels.
S. Voiner with teeth.
T. Dorsal fin continuous, without distinct

spines.

U. Caudal fin deeply forked; no pseudo-

branchue . . . CORYPH/ENID^E, 7d.

UU. Caudal fin rounded; pseudobrauchue

present. ICOSTEID/E, 101.

TT. Dorsal fin with a differentiated spinous

part.

V. Gill membranes joined to the isthmus ;

no lateral line. .. GOBIID^E, 104.

W. Gill membranes free from the isthmus.

W. Eyes lateral.

X. Anal fin preceded by 2 free spines.

— Scales cycloid, minute.

• CARANGID^E, 75.

— Scales ctenoid, moderate.

POAIATOMID^E, 7G.

XX. Anal fin not preceded by free
spines.

Y. Tail keeled CARANGUXE, 75.

YY. Tail not keeled.
Z. Anal spines none.

SERRANID.E. 8G.
ZZ. Anal spines 1 or 2.

Scales large, deciduous ; mouth nearly vertical APOGONIIXE, 89.

* Scales smaller, adherent ; mouth nearly horizontal.

t Anal rays more than 20 : POMATOMID.E, 76.

ttAual rays less than 20 • -.PERCID.E, 85.

ZZZ. Anal spines 3.

t Pseudobranchiae small, glandular, covered by skin CENTRARCIIIDJS, 84.

it Pseudobranchiie large, exposed.

H Front teeth incisor-like, compressed SPARID.E, 88.

Iff Front teeth all pointed ; no incisors.

V> Maxillary slipping under preorbital for its whole length.

PlUSTIPOMATIDJS, 87.

. * .TKir.rrii'XS TO XOKTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

$$ Maxillary nut slipping under pici.il.ital po-d -i iorly SI:I;I:AMH.I:, 80.

7.7.7.7.. Anal spine- 1 to 10.

< i \ i KAiinm.j. ,-1.

\Y\V. Eyes superior: month nearly verti-
cal UlSAXOSCOI'lD^E, 10o.

SS. Yomer without tceih.

<:. 'I'ail with a strong spine on each side-; teeth inci.-or-like TEUTHYt>ID.£, 99.

tin. Tail without spine.

A. Anal preceded l.y '.' free spiii'-s ; gill meml-iancs five from istlimns.

( AKANGIDJD, 75.
Hi. Anal without I'm- spim -.

I., ill .-eiiiorni ; soft parts of vertical fins completely scaly ; liody eumprc— . d

mid elevated; anal s|iincs:{ or 4.

</. I>or-al I'm continuous C'n.i. I DIM >\ i in.i;, '.i~.

(/(/. l»or>al I'm ilccjply notched EPIIIPPID^i, 97.

i ii'i'i m.
' . Lateral line ol.Milete.

./'. (iill nicmlirancs joined to the isthmus GOBIIP.E, 104.

.'/. < .ill memhranes free from the isthmus CENTIIAKCHID^;, 84.

<•> . Lateral line present.

g. 1 'nrsal I'm without distinct spines; no anal spines ICOSTEID^E, 101.

yr/. l)oi>al I'm with di.slinci .-pines.
It. Anal spines 1 or 2.

i. Lateral line interrupted; no slit behind 'fourth gill.

l'c\IA( I'.XTRID/E, 96.
ii. Lateral line comidete. extending to the tip of the caudal fin ; head

scaly S( 1.1 XII..K, 91.

til. Lateral line complete, extending to the base of the caudal.
j. I'pperjaw with posterior canines ; dorsal I'm continuous.

TKACIIIMH.K. I"-.-.

.//. rpjKT.jaw without canines ; dorsal fins 2 l'i:i:ri !>.!•:. 65.

7i/i. Anal s]iincs I!.

i. Anal with more than 1.". .-of| rays.

/. rrc(.perele en i ire T.Mr.ioKicii'.r.. !>::.

//. 1'leojiei-cle senate STHOMATK1UJE, 77.

ii. Anal with less i hau !."> soft rays.
/,. 1 tor.-al s]iines '.» or 10.

/. ( 'hecks and opercli -s scaly Ori:i:n> r. 'J-J.

//. ( 'hei'ks and opercles chielly naked LAIHM i>.r, '.'.">.

/./,. 1 >orsal spines 1 1 to 1."..

>n. I'pper jaw with posterior canines LAIUMIM:. 95.

mm. I'pprr jaw without ].o-tnior canines.

" .Taw.s with incisors or molars, or hot h Pr AI:II>.K. fS.

' ,la\\s \\ ii h i loin ted teeth only l'i:ivi in .MATH >.!•;, -?.

/.'./.-. 1 >'.i-:il .-pin. , 17 or more ; anterior teeth cnnini'-like.

I. \i'.i:ii..T. 95.

llli. Anal spines i! Cirm.ii >.!•:, 94.

\ < ntial lavs more than 1. ."..

ii. Caudal I'm wanting: scales spinoiis. . MACnUHiD^E, 1'Jl.
////. Caudal I'm well developed.

"- Tail i-- real: \ cut rals jugular O.\i>n>r, 1'JO.

UK. Tail diphyccrcal.

ji. Ventral rajsiiliont 1."; dorsal nn single, ••levato«l.

, 80.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF PISCES. 7(J

pp. Ventral rays about I, 7.

q. Dorsal spiiies 3 or 4 ; vent anterior.

APIIREDODERID^E, 83.

qq. Dorsal spines about 11 ; vent normal ; scales
large, very rough.

BERYCID.E, 82.
qqq. Dorsal spines about 10 ; vent normal ; scales

minute ZENIDJE, 81.

EEE. Ventral fins with or without spine ; the uumberof soft rays less than 5.

r. Dorsal fin composed of spines only.

s. Dorsal liu extremely high BRAMID^E, 79.

ss. Dorsal fin low BLENNIIDJE, 112.

rr. Dorsal fin of spines anteriorly, of soft rays pos.

teriorly.
t. Pectoral fins entire.

u. Body entirely covered with series of bony

plates TRIGLHXE, 108.

uu. Body not mailed.

v. Suborbital with a bony stay.

COTTID^E, 107.

vv. Siiborbital without bony stay.

BLENNIID.S:, 112.

it. Pectoral fin divided to the base in two un-
equal parts TRIGLIXME, 108.

rrr. Dorsal fin of soft rays anteriorly, of low spines

posteriorly ZOARCHXE, 115.

rrrr. Dorsal fin of soft rays only.

w. Dorsal fin very short ; body mailed.

TRIGLID^E, 108.
u-w. Dorsal fin very long ; body with

small scales.

x. Dorsal and anal joined to the cau-
dal ; pseudobranchia? present.
y. Gill membranes joined to the isth-
mus ZOARCID^E, 115.

yy. Gill membranes free from the

isthmus OpmDiiDyE, 118.

aw. Dorsal and anal free from the cau-
dal or nearly so ; no pseudo-
branchiae.
z. Tail isocercal ; chin usually with

a barbel GADID^E, 120.

zz. Tail diphycercal, no barbel.

BROTULOXE, 119.
CC. Body scaleless, smooth or armed with tubercles, prickles, or scattered bony

plates.
'Breast with a sucking disk.

A. Gill membranes free from the isthmus ; no spinous dorsal GOBiESOCHXE, 111.

AA. Gill membranes joined to the isthmus.

B. Skin smooth LIPARIDID^E, 109.

BB. Skin with tubercles or spines C YCLOPTERID^E, 110.

** Breast without sucking disk.

C. Ventrals completely united GouinxE, 104.

CC. Veutrals separate.

SO rnXTKir.rTIoNS TO XOKTII AMKKICAX ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

]>. I»»!--:il and :in:il I'IMS followed by I'm

I'.. Free :ui:il spines 'J CAKANCII. i . 75.

l!i;. 1 j-. •. • anal spines in tin- Sro.Mr.Kii>.

1>I>. I>..i'-:il ;iii(l :ili:ll willioilt lilllcls.

1 . i pper jaw prolonged into :i "sword" Xi run D.I:, 72.

J 1 . I pper jau nut prolonged into a sword.

(I. Slllmrliit-ll with M 1>( HI V si. -IV COTTID/E, lH7.

' Suborbital without bony stay.

li. An.-il tin ai»ent; caudal I'm rudimentary or directed upward.

T;: \c m ri ]:I:H).K, 100.
Jill. Anal I'm present ; caudal developed.

I. Ventral rays Irss than I. .">.

J. J>oi>al .-pines HOIK- at all; lateral line with prid.les.

Iros-i ::n> i:, 101.
.1.1. Dorsal spines very few (less than f>) I>.\i K.M IIIM.I.. 111.

.1.1.1. 1 >orsal spines nillileroiis 1 il.LNNHD.K, ll'J.

II. Ventrals tlmraeie. I, .".. i>r more.

K. I >orsal with a series of IK my ] dates at liase 7i:Mi« ; . ~1.

Klv. 1 lorsal williout liony plates at lia-e.

L. Anal jin-eedi-d Ity '2 Tree spines C.\i:.\\<;i D r. 7."i.

LL. Anal without free sjiiues TK.UMJIMK.K, l"v;.

Ill>. CMll-opt iiint;s Muall, behind Hie pectoral tins, which are more or ]< >s pedie-

lllate.

M. Gill-opeuings in or licliitul upper a\il of jn-etorals ;

month small M.\i,nir.in.' . 126.

MM. Gill-openings in or liehind lo\\er axil ; mouth lar^e.
N..llead compressed; no ]iseudolirancliia'.

AN 11.NNA1.MI1> E, '

XX'. Head depressed : pseudobranchiffi i>resent.

\ .< il'llllHJE, 124.

III.— VKXTK'AL FINS KNTIl.'KI.Y \YAXTIN<:.

A. (iiil-opeiiinu^ ventral, eonlliient in a longitudinal slit ; hody eel-sha]ied.

>\ \ \riKii:i:AN< ini> r. 7,-\.
}'.. ( iill -openings lateral, or not eonlliient.

' . liil! memliraiies united lo the IflthmuS (i. 6., gill-Openinga separated l>y an

isthmus).
I >. I lO] -al In i single, of spines i.iily.

Mol;ir leelh pre,,-|ll A N A I III 1 1 1 ( I ! A I "I I > T, 1 1 '.}.

i .1 '.. Miil.ir teelli nolle I '.1 .1 . N N 1 1 1 >. !•:, 1 1'J.

I 'I'. I '"i -al Bus two, anterior spinouSj posterior soft ; teeth inci-or-liki-.

r.Ai.i.sm

1 'I 'I '. I '"i -al tin undiv ided. the spines feel.le or none.

!•• ^ii'.iit I n In ilar, I.e.-u in- i lie short , tool hless moni h at its end ; l>od\ niaili il.

i. ' .ndal I'm pi. ,eni ; head in the line of the axis of the body.

f-i NI.N A niii>.i:, 58.
1 ndal (in want iny : head not in line oi' axis of IK. dy.

Jlii'i-ocA.Mrin.i:. 68.
Kl . SIP. in not liilmlar.

i I'.ndy < Ion-all-, i i 1 --liapi d.
II. I'ecioral lins want in-;.

I Oill-openilij • mall M''i:.i NII. r., 52.

II cill-.-penin-- i Lerate A.\<;rii.i,n>.r:, 53.

Jill. 1'e. lc.i.,1 |,n, pie.-,, lit.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF PISCES. 81

J. Jaws attenuate, forming a long, snipe-like beak.

NEMICIITHYID^E, 56.
JJ. Jaws not attenuate.

K. Tail tapering into a filament SACCOPHARYNGII>J£, 54.

KK. Tail not filamentous.

M. Maxillaries and premaxillaries distinct ZoARCnxas, 115.

MM. Maxillaries and premaxillaries more or less coalescent

with vomer and palatines.

ANGUILLIDJE, 53.
GG. Body not eel-shaped.

N. Breast with a sucking dislr.

O. Skin smooth LIPARIDHXE, 109.

OO. Skin tubercular C YCLOPTERHWE, 110.

KN. Breast without sucking disk.

P. Teeth in each jaw confluent into on&.,*

Q. Body compressed, rough ORTH3CGOIU8CUXE, 131.

QQ. Body not compressed, spinous-.DiODONTiD^E, 130.
PP. Teeth in each jaw confluent into two.

TETRODONTID^E, 129.
PPP. Teeth separate.

R. Body enveloped in a bony box. ..OsTRACinxE, 127.

RR. Body not mailed STROMATEHXE, 77.

CC. Gill membranes free from the isthmus.

S. Vent at the throat.
T. Vertical fins confluent ; body eel-shaped.

FlERASFERIDJE, 117.

TT. Vertical fins separate ; body oblong.

AMBLYOPSIIXE, 48.
SS. Vent posterior.

U. Caudal fin wanting ; body naked.

TRICHIURID.E, 73.
UU. Caudal fin present.

V. Upper jaw prolonged into a sword.

* XIPHIID^E, 72.

VV. Upper jaw not prolonged into a sword.
W. Body ovate, much compressed.

STROMATEID.E, 77.
WW. Body oblong or elongate.
X. Gill membranes broadly united; teeth

present.
Y. Dorsal fin of spines only.

BLENNIIIME, 112.
YY. Dorsal fin of soft rays only.

COXGROGADIIWE, 116.

YYY. Dorsal fins 2, anterior spinous,

posterior soft COTTIDJE, 107.

XX. Gill membranes separate.

Z. Jaws toothless, the lower jaw

projecting AMMODYTID^E, 69.

ZZ. Jaws with teeth, lower not pro-
jecting OPHIDIID/E, 118.

Bull. Nat, Mus. No. 16 — -6

82 coNTinr.rnoxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

SUBCLASS CHONDROSTEI.

(The Xturgeon*.)

Skeleton ]i;irtly cartilaginous. Ventral fin abdominal, with an entire
Krriesofbasilar segments. Xosubopereuluiii or preoperenlum. liranchi-
-mgle or) wanting; a pnecoracoid arch ; no symplectie bone.
Mesopten giiim distinct; interdavicles present.* Arterial bulb with
several pairs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chiasma. Intestine
with a spiral valve. Air-bladder connected by a duet, with the tesopha-
-u>. Tail heterocercal. its tin with fulcra. Skin naked or armed with
bony plates. This group comprises two orders.

(Onl«T i'ln>i«li-t>xlii (.iintluT, viii, li^-olT. #6i"5pof, cartilage; uari<<r, Lone.)

ANALYSIS OF ORDERS OF CIIONDROSTKI.

* Maxillary and intrrnpcrrlc obsolete; skin naked; branchiliyals cartilaginous; air-
lila.NliT ci-llular ............................................. SELACIIOSTOMI, G.

' ' .Maxillary and iiitn opn i 1.- jtresent ; skiu with bony shields ; braiichihyals osseous ;
air-liladdiT sini])lc ............................................ GI.AMOSTOMI, H.

ORDER G.-SELACIIOSTOMI.

(The raddlc-Jishcs.)

A |>r:ecoraeoid arch ; no sympleeticbone ; i)remaxillary forming mouth.
border; no snboperciiliiin, i)reoperculum, nor interopereulum ; mesop-

distinct ; basihyals and superior ceratohyal not ossified: inter-
cla\ides present: maxillaries olisolete; branchihyals cartilaginous.
Tlii- order contains but one family, Polijinlontltla'. (<T:/.u-/jn shark ; <rr«/^a,

mouth.)

.FAMILY X XV.— POLYODONTID^.

(The ]'(i<i(ll<'-jislics.)

r.ody fiisit'oi-iii. little compressed, covered with mostly smooth skin.
Snout prolonged, expanded into a thin, Hat blade, the inner portion
formed by Hie produced nasal bones, t lie outer port ion with a reticulate.
hon\ l'rame-\vork. the \\holc somewhat llexible. IMontli broad, termi-
nal, but overliiuiu by the spatnlate snout, its border formed by the pre-
maxillaiie-. tin- maxillaries being obsolete. ,la\\s \\ ith many linedecid-

• 'I I.. .,,1, ,,!,,- i,-; ;i 1 i-liarai ten ln-n- and I-!M- \vhcrc in this \\nrK arc mostly taken from
1 •iiirilniiioii to tin- I. •ljtli\.il,.-y (lf tlic> LOM-I -Anlilli •> ". Trans. Am. Phil.

S..c. 1-

25. POLYODONTID^E POLYODON. 83

nous teeth. Similar teeth on the palatines. No tongue. Spiracles
present. Operculum rudimentary, its skin produced behind into a long,
acute Hap. No pseudobranchiai nor opercular gill. Gills 4J. Gill-
rakers long, in a double series on each arch, the series divided by a broad
membrane. Gill membranes considerably connected, free from the isth-
mus. A single broad brauehiostegal. No barbels. Nostrils double, at
base of blade. Lateral line continuous, its lower margin with short
branches. Dorsal fin well back, of soft rays only. Anal similar, rather
farther back. Tail heterocercal, the lower caudal lobe well developed,
so that the fin is nearly equally forked. Sides of the bent portion of the
tail armed with small rhombic plates. Caudal fin with fulcra. Pec-
torals moderate, placed low. Yentrals abdominal, many-rayed. Air-
bladder cellular, not bifid. Pyloric ccBca in the form of a short, broad,
branching, leaf-like organ. Intestine with a spiral valve.

Two genera known, Polyodon and Psephurus, each of one species. Sin-
gular fishes, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States and China.
They feed chiefly on mud and minute organisms contained in it, stirring
it up with the spatulate snout.

(Polyodontidce Giintker, viii, 346-347.)

* Gill-rakers very fine and numerous ; caudal fulcra small and numerous.

POLYODON, 46.

46.— POLYODON Lac6pede.

Paddle-fishes.

(Spatularia Shaw : Platirostra Le Sueur.)
Lace"pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 402, 1798: type "Polyodon feuille" = P. folium Bloch.)

Gill-rakers exceedingly numerous, very slender ; spatula broad. Cau-
dal fulcra 13 to 20 in number, of moderate size. Rivers of the United

States. (rroAo?, many; odcbv, tooth.)

73. P. spatliula (Walb.) J. & G.— Paddle-fish ; Spoon-Mil Cat; Duck-Mil Cat.

Color olivaceous, rather pale. Opercular flap very long, nearly reach-
ing to vcntrals. Spatula broad. Premaxillary extending far behind
the small eye. Skin smooth, or nearly so, except the rhombic plates on
the sides of the tail. Yentrals near the middle of the body ; dorsal
well behind them; anal mostly behind the dorsal, and somewhat
larger; these fins somewhat falcate. Fin-rays slender. Spiracle with
a minute barbel. Isthmus papillose in the young. Spatula 2£ to 4 times
in length. Whole head, with opercular flap, more than half length.
Head, without spatula or flap, about 5. D. 50-60; A. 50-G5; V. 45-

$4 COXTKIBT'TIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

I.. ."-»; feet. Mississippi Valley and rivers of the Southern States; gen-
erally abundant.

(N.//;,i/».«t Kixilluiln Wall):ui!ii, Artrdi Pise. 1792, 522: "Polijodon fcuillc" Lac^i^dc,
Ili-r. N;ii. I'..;--, i. I"'.' : I', folium SrlmHder ed. Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 457 : Sp<tlulari<i
tint, i HI:I\V, Ccii. Z<>nl. l-oi. v, '.'i'rJ: I'ltiiirostra edcntula (adult) Lo Sueur, Journ.
. N:it. ScL I'liiln. •.".'7 : / '../y/i'Hwi; anther, 34G.)

ORDER II.-GLANIOSTOMI.

(The Sturgeons.)

A priecoracoid arch. No symplectic bone. Maxillary present. Xo
snboperculam or preoperculuml Interoperculum present. Mesoptery-
gium distinct. Interclavicles present. Basihyals and superior cerato-
hyal not ossified. Branchihyals osseous. This group is composed of the
le family Acipenseridce. (flavcs, a cat-fish, Silurus ; aru;>.aj mouth.)

FAMILY XXVI.— ACIPENSERIDCE.

(The Sturgeons.)

r.ody elongate, subcylindrical, armed with five rows of bony bucklers,
cadi with a median carina which terminates in a spine. A median dor-
sal series, and a lateral and abdominal series on each side, the abdomi-
nal series sometimes deciduous. Between these the skin is ron.uli, with
small irregular plates. Snout produced, depressed, conical or subsput-
nlate. .Mouth small, inierior, protractile, with thiekeiied lips. No
leeth. Four barbels in a transverse series on the lower side of the
snout in front of the mouth. Eyes small; nostrils large, double, in front
of eye. Gills I. A n accessory opercular gill. Gill membranes united
to the isthmus. No branehiostcgals. Maxillary bone distinct from the
pi- -maxillary. Head covered with bony plates united by sutures. Fin-
nix s slender, all articulated. Vertical fins with fulcra. Pectorals
placed low. Ventrals many-rayed, behind middle of body. Dorsal
plaeed ]H»ierioily. A nal somewhat behind it, similar. Tail heterocer-
cal. the lower caudal lobe developed. Air-bladder large, simple, con-
nected \\ith tlieii-sophagns. I'seudobranchia' small orobsolete. Stom-
ach \\ithoiit blind sac. KYctuin \\ith a spiral valve. Pancreas divided
into pylorie appendage-.

Large tabes «»f the Beas and fresh waters of northern regions. "Most
of the species are ini-ratory, like the salmon, which are found hi the
same \\ uters. Genera i', species about 20, although more than five
times that number have been described. The American species especi-

26. ACIPENSERID^E — ACIPENSER. 85

ally have been unduly multiplied, particularly by Auguste Dumeril,
who has found upwards of forty of them in the museum at Paris.
The actual number of American sturgeons does not exceed 7, and is
more likely still less. The changes with age are considerable ; the snout
in particular becomes much shorter and less acute, and the roughness
of the scales is greatly diminished; the ventral shields sometimes disap-

*

pear altogether. The number of plates, although one of the best spe-
cific characters, is subject to considerable variations.

(Acipenseridce Giinther, viii, 332-345.)

* Spiracles present ; snout subconic ; rows of bony shields distinct throughout.

ACIPEXSER, 47.
** Spiracles obsolete ; snout subspatulate ; rows of bony shields confluent on the tail.

SCAPHIRRHYXCHOPS, 48.

9

47.— ACIPENSER* Linnaeus.
Sturgeons.

(Artedi, Linn. Syst. Nat.: type Acipcnser sturio L.)

Snout subconical, more or less depressed below the level of the fore-
head. A small spiracle over the eye. Caudal peduncle moderately
long, deeper than broad, the rows of bony bucklers distinct to the base
of the caudal fin. Tail not produced into a filament, its tip surrounded
by the caudal rays. Gill-rakers small, narrowed or lanceolate. Pseu-
dobranchise present. Species numerous. (Latin acipenser, a sturgeon ;
from a'zcc, point; nevTa, five?)

•

74. A« Sturio L. — Common Sturgeon.

Snout rather sharp, nearly as long as the rest of the head, becoming
comparatively shorter and blunter with age. Barbels nearly midway
between mouth and tip of snout, shortish, not reaching the mouth.
Gill-rakers small, slender, pointed, sparse, not longer than the pupil.

* M. Dunie'iil (Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 89) divides this group into six subgenera, as fol-
lows :

a. Spines of dorsal shields situated near their middle. (Mcsocentres.)
&. Stellate plates none.

c. Scutella (between large shields) disposed without order Huso.

cc. Scutella disposed in quincunx ACIPENSER.

W). Stellate plates numerous ANTACEUS.

aa. Spines of dorsal shield at the posterior extremity. (Opisthocentres.)
d. Stellate plates none.

e. Lip emarginate STERLETUS.

ee. Lip entire LIONISCUS.

dd. Stellate plates numerous HELOPS.

The same species at different ages may frequently belong to two or more of these
subgenera.

niir.iTioNs TO NORTH AMERICAN icnTHYOLOGY — iv.

Fnlrr:i roughish. not enlarged. Lower lobe of tail rather sharp. Sides
of tail with regular rhombic plates. IMalcs mesocentrous, rather rough.
I smaller than dorsal, placed mostly below if. Anterior rays of
pectoral thickened. "Skin with very small rough points in very
yoiiii- • examples; in older ones these ossifications are broader, rough,
snbstellate. and more or less regularly arranged in oblique series.1' D.
in-M: A. L'ii-30. Dorsal plates 11-14; lateral L'7-30; ventral plates
11. Atlantic Ocean ; ascending: rivers of Europe and North America.
Var. oxyrrEiynrEuis (Mitchill), the American Sturgeon, has the num-
ber of lateral plates generally fe\ver — L'7-1'0 instead of 29-36, as in Euro-
pean exam] iles. The stellate ossifications are also said to be some-
what rougher than in the European fortn. Massachusetts to Florida;
abundant.

(I,. S\>i. X:ii.; < ;iintlnT. viii, 3-42: Accuser oxyrliyncnus Mitcliill, Trans. Lit. &
Phil. Sen-. X. Y. i, 40'J, and of most American writers.)

A. trailsilloutaBluS Richardson. — ll'httr sturgeon; Columbia River Sturgeon;

Sitrriliitr:-tii Sliu'i/i nil.

Color dark grayish, scarcely olive-tinged, and without stripes. Dor-
sal shields mesocentrous. with a compressed blnntish spine, which is
anteriorly often serrated, and followed behind by a compressed keel.

•

Lateral shields rather opisthocentroiis. Skin with stellate roughnesses,
but smoother than in .1. mnlifoxfris. Snout sharp in the young, be-
coming rather blunt and short in the adult, when it is considerably
shorter than the rest of the head. P.arbels rather nearer to the tip of
snout than to the mouth. Gill-rakers comparatively long, more than
.'* times as high as broad, about LT» in number. Upper lobe of tai[
with rhombic, plates. First caudal fulcrum, above and below, enlarged
and granular. Lower lobe of caudal rather sharp and long, not much
shorter than upper. Dorsal plates 12; lateral ;'><;-!'.>, usually about 11 :
ventral 10. Anal I'm mostly below dorsal. D. l.~»: A. L'S. Depth 7 in
length ; head !. Pacific coast, south to Monterey, ascending the Sacra-
mento. Columbia, and Fiber's ] livers in large numbers in spring.
Eteaehee .1 \\ei-Jit of :ioo to COO pounds, and is used as lood.

l.'i. li -ii'U'in, r.-imia r.iir.-Aiiii-r. iii, -,'7-, IS III: .(<•;/« nx, r liniclii/rh i/uclnm and acuti-

r»*t»- > ...lit, ; \\lrs. I'lur. C;,!. Ar.,,1. .\ a I . BOL 1^4, 1"», Hi : Jc(>7(.S(T tnillxllWlltUHUa

ami /'/•-/' h i/rlii/n, Im i ( iiim lirr, viii, ::;',i;, :;:',7. )

7<>. A. i:J<'(lll <>s(l is \\ r,-s. ->;,;,„ Slin-'l,;,,,.

('..lor oli\e green, \\ith an ..live stripe on the median lino of the belly
and one on each side above tin- ventral plates, these stripes ceasing op-
tin- vent. Shields generally opisthocentroiis, with a strongly

25. ACIPENSERHLE — ACIPENSER. 87

Looted spine. Skin very rough. Snout about as in A. trammontanus,
sharp in the young, becoming blunt with age, usually rather shorter
than the rest of head. Barbels nearly midway between snout aud
mouth. Gill-rakers scarcely higher than broad, about 17 in number.
Upper lobe of tail with some scattered plates. Caudal fulcra not en-
larged. Lower lobe of caudal short and blunt, little more than half the
length of the upper. Dorsal plates 10; lateral 28-30; ventral 9. Anal
fin about half below the dorsal. D. 37 ; A. 30. Depth 7-J in length ;
head 4^. Pacific coast, ascending the rivers from San Francisco north-
ward, reaching a large size. Less abundant than A. transmontanus;
not used for food, being reputed poisonous.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 15; Giinther, viii, 342: Acipenser agassizi Giiuther,
viii, 344 : Acipenser acutirostris Giinther, viii, 344 ; not of Ayres.)

77. A. rubicundus Le Sueur. — Lake Sturgeon; Ohio Sturgeon; Black Sturgeon;
Stone Sturgeon ; Lock Sturgeon.

Blackish above, sides paler or reddish. Body comparatively elongate ;
snout slender and long in the young, becoming quite blunt with age,
when it is considerably shorter than the rest of the head ; shields large,
rough with strongly hooked spines, becoming later comparatively
smooth. Skin with minute rough plates. Ventral shields growing
smaller with age, and finally deciduous. Dorsal shields 13 (11-16);
lateral shields (34) 30-39; ventral plates 8-10. D. 35; A. 26. L. 6
feet. Weight 50 to 100 pounds. Mississippi Valley, Great Lakes, and
northward. Our common fresh- water sturgeon, usually not descending
to the sea.

(Le Sueur, Trans. Arner. Phil. Soc. i, 1818,388: Acipenser maculosus Le Sueur, Trans.
Ainer. Phil. Soc. i, 393: Acipenser rupertianus Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Ainer. iii, 311:
Acipenser carbonarius, 1<evis, and rhynchceus Agassiz, Lake Superior, 271, 276 : Acipenser
niUcundus, maculosus, and liopeltis Giinther, viii, 333, 339, 341 ; Miliier, Kept. U. S. Fish
Com. 1872-73,67.)

78. A. brevirostris Le Sueur. — Short-nosed Sturgeon.

" Snout very short and obtuse, about one-fourth of the length of the
head. Barbels short, simple. Osseous shields rather small and distant
from one another, finely radiated and granulated ; 8-10 on the back,
22-28 on the sides, 6-8 along the abdomen. Skin very sparingly cov-
ered with minute prickles and very small scattered ossifications. The
greater part of the anal below the dorsal. D. 30." (Giinlher.) Cape
Cod to Florida.

(Le Sueur, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. i, 390 ; Giinther, viii, 341. )

88 CU.MlilCUTIO-VS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTUYOLOGY - IV.

•

48.-SCAPIIIKRIIYNCIIOPS GilL
Shovel- nose Sturgeons.

(Scflj(7<i;%;ir/M<.f Hri -kt-l, Ann. "Wiener Mas. Naturgcsch. i, 1835,71; preoccupied in orui-

thology.)

],lnrliini>-h»i,H" (Gill, MSS.) Jordan & Cop.-hmd, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. 187G, 161 ;
type .i( i/n user platorynchut Rafinesqne.)

Snout broad, depressed, subspatulate or shovel-shaped. 2STo spiracle.
Caudal peduncle very long, strongly depressed, broader than deep.
l{ows of hony bucklers confluent below the dorsal fin, forming a com-
plete mat of mail on the tail. Tail produced in a filament beyond the
caudal tin. Gill-rakers somewhat fan-shaped. PseadobranchiaB obso-
lete. Species about 4, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States
and Central and Eastern Asia, (ffzdpi), spade; ^>^«?, snout; wi//, appear-
ance.)

79. S. platyrrh) nclitis (Rafmesque) Gill. — Shovel-nosed Sturgeon; Jl'ltitc sturgeon.

Body elongate, tapering into a slender, depressed tail, whieli extends
beyond the caudal fin in the form of a filament. This filament is long
and slender in the young, but is frequently lost in the adult. Bony
shields o) list hocentrous, sharply keeled, the series continent beiow the
dorsal, obliterating the smaller plates between. Two occipital plates
\\iili short keels. A spine in front of eye, and one at the posterior edge
of the rostral " shovel " ; snout in the young with a few spines. Barbels
nearer mouth than tip of snout. Greatest width of head about half its
length. Xone of the fulcra enlarged. Dorsal and anal small. Anal
partly below dorsal. Gill-rakers small, lamellate, somewhat Ian-shaped,
ending in :>-\ points. Dorsal shields 1.">-1S; lateral 41-46 ; ventral 11-
!•"•. Head I in length. L. 5 feet. .Mississippi Valley and streams of
the \Ye-terii and Southern States; common.

(Atipenser platorhynchus ]>;ilincs(|iic, Irhth. Oh. Irt-JO, 80: .Vr<;;>/uY/< //>«•// ».s nifnn<*<inn

H. . i . i. \IIM. Wii-iMT Mils. N:itur-rsch. i, 1835,71: Scaphirhynchw oatapkraohu Qttatiher,

viii

SUBCLASS HOLOSTEL

(The liomj (iamriilx.)

Skeleton bony. \'eiitral I'm abdominal, wit li the ^basilar segments rudi-
inentar\,as in onlinaiy li>hes. Primary radii of jtosterior limb generally
reduced to one i IK 1 imeii I . Subopcrculuiii and preoperciilum present.

• . .

In ui.r.U l.i-_MMTiiii^ with /., /i isdonl.l, ,1 .-.firra j.ivlix " ( /./././/// ,\- Sr,,l/.( Jr.-Kn.t,'!.

11 ; hem <• Soaphirrkynohope, fiifmtrrAompAu*, and all siinilar words are

••rli \\iilt. 'ii wilh llir dcinlil.- r.

27. LEPIDOSTEIDJ2. 89

Brafachiostegals present. Coronoicl bone and proecoracoid arch present.
Arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chi-
asma. I ntestine with a spiral valve. Air-bladder cellular, lung-like, con-
nected by a sort of glottis with the oesophagus. Tail heterocercal. Skin
covered with scales, which are ganoid or cycloid. As here understood,
this group consists of the two orders Ginglymodi and Halecomorphi,
the Crossopterygia being considered as forming a distinct subclass. The
Chondrostei, Holostei, and Grossopterygia form the series or subclass
Ganoidei, represented by five widely divergent families among recent
fishes and by a great variety of extinct types. These forms, so far as
known, agree in a number of respects already indicated, and differ from
all the Tcleostei, or ordinary fishes, in the presence of several pairs of
valves in the arterial bulb, and in the presence of the optic chiasrna.
The relations of the Halecomorphi with the Teleosteau order of Isospon-
dyli are, however, undoubtedly very close.

(danoidei Holostei part Gii.nth.er, viii, 324-325, 328-331. 6/lof, complete; OOTEOV,
bone.)

ANALYSIS OF ORDERS OF HOLOSTEI.

* Vertebrae opisthoccelian ; maxillary bone transversely divided into several pieces.

GINGLYMODI, I.
** Vertebrae amphicoelian ; maxillary bone not transversely divided.

HALECOMORPHI, J.

OKDEE I -GINGLYMODI.

(The Gar Pikes.}

Parietals in contact. Pterotic, basis cranii, and anterior vertebrae
simple. Symplectics present. Mandible with opercular, coronoid, an-
gular, articular, and deutary bones. Third superior pharyngeal small,
lying on fourth. Upper basihyal wanting. Maxillary transversely
divided. A cartilaginous praecoracoid arch. Vertebrae opisthocoelian.
Pectoral fins with mesopterygium and five other basal elements. Tail
heterocercal. This order includes the single family Lepidosteidcv.
hinge; o'oou-, tooth.

FAMILY XXVII.— LEPIDOSTEID^E.

(The Gar Pikes.)

Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with hard, rhombic, ganoid
scales or plates, which are imbricated in oblique series running down-
ward and backward. Both jaws more or less elongate, spatulate or
beak-like, the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Preinaxillary

90 CONTKII'.ITIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICI1TUYOLOGY — IV.

forming iim>i of tin- margin of the upper jaw; the maxillary transversely
divided into several pieces. Lower jaw composed of as many pieces as
in reptiles. Coi^noid present. IJoth jaws with an outer scries of small
;h, fellowe.l by one (or two) series of large teeth, besides which on
the jaws, vomer, and palatinesare series of small, closc-.set, rasp-like teeth.
Ton-lie toothless. Large teeth of the jaws conical in form, pointed and
stiiate. piaeed at right angles to the jaw. These large teeth rest, accord-
in- to Agassi/, in a rather deep furrow, protected oil the outside by the
raised border of the jaw, and on the inside by a ridge of the same
nature. These teeth are pierced in the centre by a foramen, which
communicates with the maxillary canal, and through which the nerves
and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity of the tooth. The forms of the
folded layers of dentine within the teeth are peculiar. Pharyngeals
with rasp like teeth. Tongue short, broad, emarginate, free at tip. Ex-
ternal bones of skull very hard and rugose. Eyes small. Xostrils near
the end of the upper jaw. An accessory gill on the inner side of the
operde. PseudobranchiaB present. Xo spiracles. Gills four, a slit be-
hind the fourth. Branchiostegals 3. Gill membranes somewhat con-
nected. free from the isthmus. Gill-rakers very short. Air-bladder cellu-
lar, Lung-like, Somewhat functional, communicating by a glottis with the
• esophagus. Fins with fulcra. Dorsal tin short, rather high, posterior,
nearly opposite the anal, which is similar in form. Tail heterocercal,
in the young produced as a lilament beyond the caudal lin. Caudal
convex. Yentrals nearly midway between pectorals and anal. Pec-
toral and ventrals moderate, feu -rayed. Vertebra1 with ball-and-socket
joints (njiixthiHwlian). IS tomach not coical. Pyloric appendages numer-
ous. Spiral valve of intestines rudimentary. Fishes of the fresh waters
of North America. Genera 1 or 2; species probably '.'> or 1. although
more than 10 have, been described. These tishes are of much interest
to .geologists from their relationship to extinct Ganoid types.
" liiiiiilirr, \iii. 328, :::n.)

;<-Hli of tin- npjH-r j:i\v iii a Mii^lr si-rirs (in adult) .......... LKI«II><>STI is, •!'.>.

• Mi i.f n|i]n>r j:i\\ in i \\«, Ncii.-s ............................ Li ..... i. ri MS, 50.

lf>.-L,EPIDOSTEUS

Oar Pikes.

'••'"•' |"'l"', lli-t. Nat. 1'niss. v, 331, 1803: typo /.< i>i«<>*tni* iKirialin Lac. =

''• )

This genus is chai acteri/.ed by the presence of but one row of largo
li in each j iw. There are in the upper jaw, first, the outer series of

27. LEPIDOSTEID.E - LEPIDOSTEUS. 91

small, sharp, even teeth, then the series of large teeth, some of the
anterior teeth being usually movable. Next comes a series of fine
teeth, in one row in front, becoming a band behind. Then the voin-
erine teeth also in a long band, and posteriorly outside of the voineriiie
band a palatine baud. These bands on the roof of the mouth' are fre-
qneutly somewhat confluent or irregular. In young specimens some
of the palatine teeth are often enlarged, sometimes forming a regular
series. Lower jaw with an outer series of small teeth, then a series of
large teeth, then a broad baud of fine teeth on each side. No teeth on
tongue. Each of the large teeth fitting into a depression in the op-
posite jaw. Waters of the United States. (/U-k, scale; darfov, bone.)

* Beak long and slender ; the snout more than twice the length of the rest of the
head. (Lcpidosteus.)

§O. L.. OSSetlS (L.) Agassiz. — Lony-nosed Gar; Bill-fish; Common Gar Pike.

Olivaceous, pale and somewhat silvery below. Vertical fins and pos-
terior part of the body with round black spots, which are more distinct
in the young. Very young with a blackish lateral band. Snout a little
more than twice the length of the rest of the head, its length 15-20
times its least width. Head 3 in length ; depth 12. D. 8'; A. 9. ; Y.
6 ; P. 10 ; Lat. 1. about 62. L. about 5 feet. Great Lakes and rivers
of the United States from Yerinoiit to the Eio Grande j generally abun-
dant.*

(Esox osseus Linn. Syst. Nat. : Lepisosteus oryurus Raf. Ichth. Oh. 73 : Lepisosteus liuron-
ensis Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Arner. iii, 237 ; Giinther, viii, 330.)

** Beak shorter and broader, little longer than the rest of the head. (Cylindrosteus\
Rafiuesque.)

81. Jj. platystOEKlIBS Raf. — Short-nosed Gar.

Colors of L. osseits or rather darker. Snout usually about one-third
longer than the rest of the head, sometimes about equal to it, its length
5-6 times its least width. Head 3 J in length ; depth 8. D. 8 ; A. 8 ;
V. 6 ; Lat. 1. about 56. L. 2-3 feet. Gr.eat Lakes and southern and
western rivers, with the preceding, but less abundant northward.

(Lepisosteus platostomus Ratiuesque, Ichth. Oh. 72; Gunther, viii, 329.)

* M. Auguste Dume~ril (Hist. Nat. Poiss.) divides this species, as represented in the
Museum at Paris, into seventeen, which are distinguished by trifling differences in pro-
portions and numbers of scales. It is seldom safe to found either a species or a genus
of fishes ou differences in proportions alone.

t Rafiuesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 72 : type Lepisosteus platostomus Raf. (nvfavSpof, cylin-
der; oareov, bone.)

I1 2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

5O.— LBTHOLEPIS Eaiinesque.

AUiyiitor G'«/-x.
(.ttnu-toxti UK K;iliuesque,<1820.)

iir.-i|iir, AiiH-r. Month. M:i^. iii, 4-17, 1818: type Liiholt-pi* adamantinua Raf.)
This genus is scarcely distinct from Lepidostem, differing only in the
pre.M-nce of ;i second series of large teeth in the upper jaw, along the
outer mar-in of the palatine bones, at their junction with the premaxil-
larie>. J'robably but one species, in the wanner parts of the United
States. ;md southward to Cuba aud Central America. (tiUo~, stone;
/.-'::, scale.)

82. li. Is'i%l«'4'!nos (liloch &. Schiiricler) Jordan & Gilbert. — Alllijator (iur.

Cnliir -reenish, paler below, the adult usually not spotted. Snout
usually not quite so long as the rest of the bead, its least width con-
tained :\.\ times in its length. Head 3J in length. D. 8; A. 8; V.(};
Lat. 1. (i(». Scales in an oblique series from the veutrals to middle of
back ix-i_'0. L. S-10 feet. Eivers of the Southern States, Cuba, Mex-
. and Central America; reaching a great size.

i ' .'.' /.'MM- 1-iriilin (iiiidin ed. Liun<5, i, 13dO: Esox iristccchus Schneider eel. Blocli, H0.">:
I.i in: ..,.-/. nft ^jintula Lac('-p. v, '.\'.\'.\: Lrpisosteus or AtraatOttmu forox ICalinrstjiu', Iclith.
Oh. ?:5: I.i'fiitloMti n» niaiijuan Poey, M6m. Cuba, i, 273: t Atractosicus troiricuy Gill, Proc.
Ai.nl. Nat. .Sci. 1'liila. Ido3, 17'^: Leyidosteua viridis Giiuther, viii, 329.)

OBDEB J.-HALECOMORPHI.

(The Annas.)

1'aiielals in contact. J'terotic, basis cranii, and anterior vertebra'
simple. .Mandible \\ithopeivular and coronoid. Maxillary not trans-
\ei.M-l\ x --meiited, bordering the mouth. Third superior pliaryngeal
h ing on enlarged I'ourtli. ("pper basihyal wanting. Vertebras am phi-
cd Han. I'eetoral iins with mesopterygitun and eight other elements.

This order includes only the family of A mil da. (Latin halrcoiiiorjtliitx,
1.. lined like a >liad; in allusion to the resemblance between this group of
and the

FAMILY XXVIIL— AMIID^E.

(The

I'.«'d.\ oblong, mmpressrd behind, terete anteriorly. Read subconical,
anteriurly blnntish, slightly depressed, its supeiiicial bones corrugated

28. AMinm 93

arid very hard, scarcely covered by skin. Snout short, rounded. Lat-
eral margins of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries, which are divided
by a longitudinal suture. Jaws nearly even iu front. Cleft of the
mouth nearly horizontal, extending beyond the small eye. Lower jaw
broad, U-shaped, the rami well separated. Between them a broad bony
plate, with radiating stri»3, its posterior edge free. Jaws each with an
outer series of conical teeth, behind which in the lower is a band of
rasp-like teeth. Bands of small teeth on the vomer and pterygoids.
Palatines with a series of larger, pointed teeth. Premaxillaries not pro-
tractile. Tongue thick, scarcely free at tip. Nostrils well separated, the
anterior with a short barbel. Suborbital very narrow. A bony plate
covering the cheek, similar to the plates on the top of the head. Oper-
culum with a broad dermal border. Branchiostegals 10-12. No pseu-
dobrauchiae nor opercular gill. No spiracle. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth. Gill membranes not connected, free from the isthmus. Two
peculiar, long, lanceolate, obliquely striate appendages on each side
of the isthmus, projecting backward and covered by the branchioste-
gal rays, the, anterior wholly adnate to the isthmus, the posterior
free behind.* Isthmus scaleless. Gill-rakers stoutish, very short.
Scales of moderate size, rather firm, cycloid, with a membranaceous
border. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin long and low, nearly uniform ;
the posterior rays not much higher than the others ; its insertion in
front of the middle line of the body, opposite the end of the pectoral.
Tail somewhat heterocercal (more so in the young), convex behind. No
fulcra. Anal fin short and low. Pectoral and ventral fins short and
rounded, the ventrals nearer anal than pectorals. Vertebra arnphicce-
lian, as usual among fishes. Abdominal and caudal parts of the ver-
tebral column subequal. Air-bladder cellular, bifid in front, lung-like,
connected by a glottis with the pharynx, and capable of assisting in
respiration. Stomach with a blind sac 5 no pyloric ccsca. No closed
oviduct. Intestine with a rudimentary spiral valve. Fresh waters of
the United States. A single species known.

* See Wilder "On the Serrated Appendages of the Throat of Amia," Proc. Ainer.
Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1876, 259, for a discussion of these curious organs.

94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

51.— AJIIA Linnaeus.

Boic-Jins.
(Amiattts Rafmesque.)

(Linn. S\-t. Nat. i-.l. xii, ITt'.il: type Amiacalra L.)

Characters of tin- -mus included above. («/«'«, ancient name of some
Jisli. probably the bonito, Sarda m«lif< rrdnea; said to be from a, priva-
tive, and •:••. (inc. the lish living in schools.)

§3. A. ca!v:i L. — Mud-ji*h ; Dog-fish; Bow-fin ; Grindlc; "John A. Grindle" ; Lawyer
Dark olive or blackish above, paler below; sides with traces of
dark reiiciilate markings; lower jaw and gular plate often with round
blackish spots. Fins mostly dark, somewhat mottled. Male with a
round black spot at base of caudal above, this surrounded by an orange
or yellowish shade. In the female tli is spot is wanting. Lateral line
nearly median, directed slightly upward at each (Mid. D. -IS (4li-r>3) ;
A. in-U; V. 7 ; Lat. 1. <17 ((5.V70). Head 3% in length; depth -1 to 4A.
Male about 18 inches in length ; female 24 or more. Gront Lakes and
slavish waters from Minnesota to Virginia, Florida, and Texas ; abund-
ant. A voracious lish of remarkable, tenacity of life. The flesh is pecu-
liarly soil and pasty, and is of no value for food.

I. on. Syst. Nat. J (Siinlhcr, vii. :!-J.">: .'I tnin inrUii-tiuda Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.
iii, 2:>(i ( $ ): Amia oct-idt-ntaH* lick;iy, New York Fauna, Fish. '2159.)

•

SUBCLASS PHYSOSTOMI.

(The Koft-raycti Fishes.)

Skeleton bony. A'cntral fins (if ]iresent ) abdominal, with the basal
aicnts riidiineiital. Parietal bones usually united. Air Madder (if
present) connected by an air-duct with the (esophagus. Scales mostly
c\doid. Lateral line usually running low. Parietal bones usually
united. PrflBCOracoid generally ]>resent. Kays of lins all soft and artic-
ulated, except occasionally one or two of the anterior rays of any iin,
which nia\ he spinoiis. Lateral margins of upper jaw usn. illy formed
by the maxillaries. I'ectoral tin placed low, generally near the ventral

line.

This group correspond^ essentially to the Malacoptcri Abdominalcs of
dilVerent auth(»rs, the (\i/,'l<>;,l, i of Professor Agassiz. Although the
typical members of this group dill'er in many ways from the more special-

NEMATOGNATHI. 95

ized Physoclistous Teliosts, yet all the subordinate characters disappear
as we approach the point of union of the two groups, leaving only the
presence of the air-duct as the ultimate distinctive character of the
Physostomi. In view of this inosculation of the two groups, many
writers (following Professor Gill) have united them both into one order,
Teleocefhali, after the exclusion of various aberrant members of each.
The retention, in some form, of groups emphasizing the difference be-
tween the spinous and the soft-rayed fishes seems to us very convenient.

(Order Fhysostomi Giiuther, v-viii.)

A. Pnecoracoid arch present.

B. Syinplectic bone none ; pterotic simple ; anterior vertebrae with ossicula audi-
tus ; supraoccipital and parietals co-ossified; maxillary imperfect,
forming the base of a barbel; no suboperculuiii.. NEMATOGNATHI, K.
BB. Symplectic bone present.

C. Anterior vertebrae co-ossified and with ossicula auditns.

PLECTOSPONDYLI, L.
CC. Anterior vertebrae similar, distinct, without ossicula auditus.

ISOSPONDYLI, M.

AA. Proecoracoid arch none.

D. Scapular arch suspended to cranium ; a symplectic bone ; pterotic
and anterior vertebras simple ; parietals separated by supraoccipital.

HAPLOMI, N.

DD. Scapular arch free behind the cranium; parietals in contact; no
symplectic; maxillary bone lost or connate ENCHELYCEPHALI, O.

OEDEB K.— NEMATOGNATHI.

(The Cat-fishes.)

Parietals and supraoccipital confluent. Four anterior vertebra co-
ossified, and with ossicula auditus. No mesopterygiuin. Basis crauii
and pterotic bone simple ; no coronoid bone. Third superior pharyn-
geal bone wanting, or small and resting on the fourth ; second directed
backwards. One or two pairs of basal brauchihyals '; two pairs brauchi-
hyals. Suboperculum wanting. Premaxillary forming mouth border
above. Interclavicles present. No scales. Skin naked or with bony
plates.

" This division is the nearest ally to the sturgeons (Chondrostei) among
Physostoinous fishes, and I imagine that future discoveries will prove
that it has been derived from that division by descent. In the same

* After Cope, Trans. Ainer. Phil. Soc. 1870, 452.

96 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

way the lM»pondylous fishes are nearest the Halccomorplu, and have
probably descended from some Crossopterygian, near the Haplistia,
through that order. The ailiuity of the cat-fishes to the sturgeons is
ii in the absence of symplectic, the rudimental maxillary bone, and,
tua i.l served by Parker, in the interclavicles. There is a superficial
resemblance in the dermal bones." (Cope. 1. c., 454.) •

This group comprises the Siluridcc and their relatives, now divided
into several families by Professor Gill. ( ^<i. a, thread ; pd0«?, jaw; from
the maxillary barbels, -which are always present.)

ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF NEMATOGNATHI.

'OpiTculuin present: dorsal fin, if present, short, anteriorly placed. . . SiLunnxdE, 29.

FAMILY XXIX.— SILURID.E.
(The Cat-fishes.)

I5ody more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates.
No true scales. Anterior part of head with two or more barbels, the
base of the longest pair formed by the rudimentary maxillary. Margin
of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries only. Suboperculum absent;
operculmn present. Dorsal fin usually present, short, above or in front
of the vent nils. An adipose fin usually present. Anterior rays of dor-
sal and pectorals usually spinous. Air-bladder usually present, large,
and connected with tte organ of hearing by means of the auditory ossi-
de<. Lower pharyngeals separate.

After the removal of numerous aberrant forms as distinct families,
the family of S'llnritltv, as understood by Professor Gill, contains more
than loo genera and upward of 900 species. Most of the SiUtriflcc are
fie-h -water iKhes, inhabiting the rivers of warm regions, particularly
South America ami Africa. Comparatively few of them are marine, and
the<e few are mostly tropical.

( )ur species all belong to the division called by Dr. Giiuther, Siluridcc
r,;>trr<>i>t< r<r. and thus characterized:

"The ra\ed dorsal is always present, short, with not more than 12
soft i;i\ 9, ami belongs to the abdominal portion of the vertebral column,
being placed in advance of (lie ventrals. The adipose fin is always
present and well developed, although frequently short. The extent of
the anal is much infwriur to that of the caudal vertebral column. The
gill niembi.ine> are not continent with the skin of the isthmus, their

29. SILURIDJ5 — NOTURUS. 07

posterior margins always free, even if they are united with each other.
Whenever a nasal barbel is present it belongs to the posterior nostril."

(Sihtriihc- part Giinther, v, 30-65, 69-220: Heteroptercc, Proteroptercc, aud Stcno-
trancMce.)

* Anterior and posterior nostrils remote from each other, the posterior provided wiih

a barbel ; voiner and palatines toothless ; barbels 8. (Icta-
lurincB.)
a. Adipose fin keel-like, adnate to the back; supraoccipital bone free behind.

NOTURUS, 52.
aa. Adipose fin with its posterior margin free.

6. Premaxillaxy band of teeth with a lateral backward extension on each

side PILODICTIS, 53.

6Z). Premaxillary band of teeth truncate behind.
c. Caudal not forked.

d. Eyes concealed beneath the skin GRONIAS, 54.

< dd. Eyes normal AMIUUTJS, 55.

cc. Caudal forked ICTALURUS, 56.

** Anterior and posterior nostrils close together, neither with a barbel, the posterior

with a valve ; teeth on the palate. (Ariince.)

e. Lower jaw with 4 barbels ARIUS, 57.

ee. Lower jaw with 2 barbels ^ELURICHTHYS, 58.

52.— .NOTURUS Eafmesque.
Stone Cats.

(Not tints Raf. Amor. Month. Mag. and Crit. Eev. iv, Nov. 1818, 41 : type Nolurus
fiai-ns Eafiuesque.)

Body more or less elongate, anteriorly subcylimlrical, thence more or
less compressed. Head above ovate and depressed. Skin very thick,
entirely concealing the bones. Supraoccipital entirely free from the
head of the second interspiual. Eyes small. Month anterior, rather
large, the upper jaw usually more or less projecting beyond the lower.
Teeth subulate, closely aggregated in a broad band in each jaw, which
in the lower one is interrupted by a linear interval and in the upper one
is continuous. The band in the upper jaw is either abruptly truncated
at each end (subgenus tichilbenclcs) or prolonged backward by a contin-
uation from the postero-external angle (subgenus Notunw). Branchios-
tegals 9. Dorsal fin situated over the posterior half of the interval
between the pectoral and ventral fins, with a short, sharp spine and
7 branched rays. Adipose fin long aud low, more or less connected
with the accessory rays of the caudal fin, not free posteriorly, but ad-
nate to the body ; the membrane sometimes high and continuous, some-
times notched. Caudal fin very obliquely truncated or rounded, in-
serted on an equally obliquely rounded base. Bays rapidly decreasing
in length iuferiorly ; numerous rudimentary ones present, both above
Bull. Nat, Mus. No. 10 7

98 coxTRir.rrr'vs IETB AMKIIICAX ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

;ui(l below the caudal peduncle. Anal I'm comparatively short, and rap-
idl\ Jin-ravin- in height lor I lie lirsl liall'ol' its length : it lias IL'-L'D* rays.
Yeiilrals rounded, and each has 1 simple and S branched rays. Pec-
:l tins with a sharp spine, of dilleivnt forms in the different species.
Vent at >ome distance in advance of the anal. Lateral line c ..... plete.
In or aliove the a\il of the ]iec;oral tins is an orifice, \vhich is the open-
ing of the duct of a poison "land. u From it may frequently be drawn a
solid uelat iii'ius style ending in a tripod, each limb of \vhich is dichoto-
mon>ly divided into short branches of regular len^ih." (Cope.) Si/e
small. Fresh \vaters of the United States. (vwro?, back; of>(»«, tail ;
"means tail over the back",

' I'rcniaxillary hand of teeth without lateral l»:i:'k\v:inl processes.

Bleeker.)
• 1'. •< -roral spin.- en! ire or grooved In-hind; adipose fin high and coutiiiuous with

I In' caudal.
a. IVctoral spine aoout half the length of the head.

81. N. ffyrinus(Mitchill)Kaf.

Nearly»uniform yellowish brown, .sometimes blackish, without trans-
verse blotches: ;i narrow dark lateral streak and one or more dorsal
ones. liody com]»aratively short and thick. Head lan;e, its width ^£-
1 in length of body ; depth 4—V,; head .'5.1— i. Spines stout and raiher
Ion- ; that of the pectoral lin straight, grooved behind, i'.1, in the distance
from snout to dorsal tin. Dorsal higher than lon.^. inserted nearer anal
than snout. Anal ]'.\. ,Iaws nearly equal. I lumeral jn-ocess short. L.
."• inch.-. \cw York, entire Mississippi Valley, and Upper Lake region;
rather common.

rinw Mitchill, AMUT. Month. Mag. 1-1 -, :'.'JJ : .Ionian, Bull. U. S. Nat.
^. .. L02: A'<i//ir«*Ni',//;, .Jordan. I'.nll. 1'. S. Nat. Mns. \. |n.». 1-77.)

P • bora! .spiin- less than onr-lhird the length of the head.

Color \ellowish, sitinewhat mottled. Uody slender. Head small and
n ii TO\\. lon-er than bi'oad. I^ye small. rp|>er jaw much ])r<)jectin^.
Spine- very short and slender; that of the dorsal not one-third the
height Of the fin J all less than one third the length of the head; that
of i he pectoral ret rorsely serrate on the outer ed-e, cut ire within. Head
I . in bod\ : ilsuidili 5J| depth :,\; distance to dorsal L",: pectoral spine

! :!,,• :iccunnt ol'iliis laini l\ I lie ni.linient ai \ ra\sa1 the front of I he
anal an- included in the enumeration.

[chthyologiffl An-hipelagi Indici I'n.ilroaiiiN. i.'Silnri, 'JfvS : type Silitrits
<J!/ri»n« Mitch, i.sr/u//", another gentU of Hilurirtiv; ciJof, like.)

29. SILURIDJE NOTURUS. 00

5 in this distance ; dorsal nearer anal than snout. Anal 14. Humeral
process very shcrt. L. 3in6hes. Georgia to Mississippi ; not abundant.

(Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat, Hist. N. Y. 1877; Jordan, 1. c. KW.)
ti Pectoral spine serrate behind, ronghish in front; adipose fin emarginate.

bb. Pectoral spines extremely strong, more than half the length of head, curved ;
their posterior serra? strong, spine-like, hooked backward, each about as
long as the diameter of the spines.

§6. W. minrus Jordan.

Body much mottled, black and grayish. Top of head, tip of dorsal,
middle of adipose fin, and edge of caudal definitely blackish. Body with
four broad cross-blotches, one before dorsal, one behind it, one on mid-
dle of adipose fin, and one small one behind it. Adipose fin connected
with the caudal fin. Distance from snout to dorsal about 2§ in length.
Pectoral spine 2£ in this distance. Dorsal fin higher than long. Body
not very elongate nor much depressed. Dorsal region often somewhat
elevated. Depth usually 4£-5 in length; head 3^-4. Dorsal nearer
anal than tip of snout. Anal 12 or 13 rays. Pectoral spine curved and
finely serrate without, with six strong recurved pectinations within,
each nearly as long as the diameter of the spine. Humeral process
short. L. 4 inches. Great Lakes to Minnesota and Louisiana ; com-
mon.

(Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1877, 371 ; Jordan, 1. c. 100.)

§7. W. eBeoatfiiefi'ias Jordan.

Color much as in N. mi-urns, extensively variegated. Snout, cheeks,
and occipital region black. A black bar across front of dorsal, one be-
hind dorsal, and another across middle of adipose fin; base of caudal
fin black. <0ne or two narrow horizontal black bars across dorsal and
anal near their tips. Caudal vaguely barred, largely black, its tip
white. Body stout, broad forward, tapering behind. Head large, flat-
fish, 3f in length of body, without caudal ; depth of body 5£ in length ;
width of head 4£ in length of body. Mouth large, the upper jaw much
projecting ; barbels rather long. Adipose fin rather high, so deeply
notched that the continuity of the fin is broken for a distance nearly
equal to the diameter of the eye. A keel on the back in front of the
adipose fin. Caudal fin rounded. Distance from snout to dorsal 2§ in
length of body. Pectoral spine in this distance 2 times ; in head 1£.
Dorsal spine one-half the height of the fin ; 3^ times in distance from
snout to dorsal; 2J in length of head. Pectinations of pectoral spine
very strong, recurved, nearly as long as the diameter of the spine.
Front of pectoral spine \vitL small teeth turned forward. Fin-radii : D.

100 roNTi:ir.rr:n\s TO xnnrn AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

I.e.: A..13; P.I,8; V. 9, Humeral process long. L. 5 inches. Rivers
nf North Carolina and Kast Tennessee.

,1. ,n, Ann. Lye. Nat. H at. N". V. 1877,37] ; .Ionian, 1. c. 101.)

i .-!«, nearly straight, less than half length of bead ; tlicserra-
ii IT, MI.IM half the diamoter of Hie sjiinc : body elongated.

§8. *. <-\]!:s NYls.m.

Color liro\vn, mottled, the fins somewhat margined with dusky.
Pectoral spine slightly ret rorse-serrate without, with about G small
.Ntr.ii.uht teeih within, \\liicli are not one-third the diameter of the spine
in length. Head small, not very broad, but thin and depressed; its
width ."i-ii in length of body; jaws nearly equal: head 4 in length,
depth r>-<;y. Dorsal scarcely higher than long. Distance i'roni snout
;o dorsal about '•'> in length. Pectoral si)inc 3.]— 1 in this distance;
dorsal spine low, as near snout as anal. Anal rays 14-17. Humeral
process obscure. L. 4 inches. Wisconsin to Missouri and Kansas.
Bon, r.nll. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1-7C.. f.l; Jordan, 1. c. 100.)

SO. IV. iaasajjEiBS (Kieh.) Gill & Jordan.

< ;• dark brown, soaiev.hat mottled, fins all dark-edited. Body
ii.^ate. Pectoral sjiine retrorse-serrate without, weakly ser-
rate within. Head very broad, tlat, and thin, upper jaw projecting;
head about I' in length, depth 6. Dorsal fin one-fourth higher than
long. Distance from snout to dorsal about L'1,5 in length. Length of pec-
tor.d s]»ine L>:,! in same distance. Dorsal much nearer anal than snout.
Anal rays IC-L'lt. Humeral process conspicuous, sharp. Size large;
n-.iehes the length of nearly a foot. Pennsylvania to South Carolina,;

CllilllllOll. %

liirlianlson. Fauna I5or.-Anirr. iii, :">'J. 18IW, l>ascd on I'imc.lode
IIIT, \ .• •- , in . M. in. MIIS. v. 1 ."..">: Pimelodua lemniscatua C. & \'. \\.lll: .VI'/.-I/-H.X(»TI-
ii!ii-r. v, lO.'i : \,,lin-iix iniii-'jiiintiix (llaird) Copi', Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.

I'lii: : Jordan, l. o. KID.)

• illiiry liand of li-,-tli \villi lateral liael^wanl jn-occsses. as in

U.S.)

5)1>. 1\. (l:ivcis l.'.if. -Stone-oat.

<'olor ne;iily nnilbrm yellowish brown, so;ae( imes blackish above, lins
yellow nl-'d. I'ody elongate. Head depressed, broad and tlat. nearly
broad as long. .Middle region of body subcylindrical. 'i'ail com-
pFCfi -d. Head ;d-oiit I1 in lenglh: width of head .Y\ ; depth ;Yr; in
le!i-tli. 1 h-tance to dorsal about ;', in length. Barbels short. A strong
keel "ii bark lieliiinl dorsal, leading to adipose tin ; adipose lin deejily
l. Dor-al spine \ci-y .sliort. I'eetoral spine ret rorsely serrate in

29. SILURID^E — PILODICTIS. 101

front, slightly rough or nearly entire behind ; its length 3 times in dis-
tance from snout to dorsal. Anal rays about 16. Humeral process
very short and sharp. Size very large; reaches a length of more than

a foot. Vermont to Virginia, Nebraska, and Texas ; rather common.

(Eafinesqnu, Amer. Mouth. Mag. 1818, 41 ; Giintlier, v, 101 ; Jordan, 1. c. 99 : Nota-
ni* occidcntaUs Gill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1852, 45 : Noturus platycuphalus Giin-
tlier, v, 104.)

53.— PILODICTIS Rafiuesque.

Mud Cats.
(Opladelus Eaf. 1820.)

(Bafineaqne, Prodrome de soixante-dix nouveaux genres, etc., Journ. Phjs. Paris, 1819,
422 : type Pilodictis liinosus Eaf. = Silurus olivaris Eaf.)

Body much elongated, very slender, much depressed, anteriorly
broader than high. Head large, very wide and depressed, latterly
expanded, above broadly ovate, and in profile cuneiform. Skin very
thick, entirely concealing the skull. Supraoccipital bone entirely free
from the head of the second iuterspinal. Eyes small. Mouth very
large, anterior and transverse. The lower jaw always projects beyond
the upper. Teeth in broad villiform bands on the intermaxillaries and
dentaries. The iuteroiaxillary band is convex anteriorly, and proceeds
to the insertion of the maxillaries, where it is abruptly angularly de-
flected, and proceeds backward as an elongated triangular extension.
The band at the symphysis is slightly divided, and anteriorly separated
by a small triangular extension of the labial membrane. The lower
band of teeth is anteriorly semicircular and attenuated to the corners of
the mouth. There are about 12 branchiostegal rays on each side. The
dorsal fin is situated over the posterior half of the interval between the
pectorals and ventrals, and has a spine and about 7 branched rays.
The spine is rather small, and more or less enveloped in the thick skin.
The adipose fin is large, and has an elongated base resting over the pos-
terior half of the anal ; it is very obese and inclines rapidly backward ;
it is rather less free posteriorly than in Amiurus. The anal fin is small ;
it commences far behind the anus, is a little longer than high, and is
composed of about 13 rays. The caudal fin is oblong, subtruncated,
placed on a vertical basis, and with numerous accessory simple rays,
recurrent above and beneath the caudal peduncle. The pectorals have
a broad compressed spine, serrated or dentated on its external and in-
ternal margins, and with a prolonged fleshy integument obliquely
striated. The ventrals are rounded and have 9 rays, 1 simple and 8
branched. One species known, (-s/o?, mud; ty^us, fish.)

1<I1> roMKII'.niMXs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

91. P. Oil VariS (Rof.) Gill & Jordan. — HuJ t'nt; Y,:ll<n<< Col ; />'«.•,•,'«/«•: donjon.

Mottled brown ami yellowish. tin- latter color often predominant ;
whitish lidow. Body \ery long, slender, depressed forwards, closely
coinprcssed behind, tin- liead extremely Hat, the lower ja\v the longer.
Barbels short. Dorsal spine half the height of the fin. Caudal slightly
cmariiinate. Anal tin short, its base about one-sixth the length, its rays
li'-l.'i. numeral process short. Size very large, reaching a weight of
.~iO-7."i pounds. i:ivers of the .Mississippi Valley ami Southern States;
aliuiidani in deep, sluggish waters. A fish of unprepossessing appear-
ance, although much used as food.

V/JI/-I/N alinirix K'at'. Anu-r. Month. Ma.u;. 1*H, I?."): Iliif,hidflitn uUrurix (Jill, Ichth.
( ':ipt. Simpson's Kx[>l. l^Tti, 4'2(J : Pelodiohlhys olivaris Jordan, I.e. 95: Pimelodus punc-
tulutiini Jiinilicr, v, I'll : I'inu-lvduit litnonus Kaf. IcUth. Oh. G7 : Piiiielodtut aineua C. &, V.
xv, 135.)

54.— GRONIAS Cope.
Blind C«/N.

(Cop' . I'roc. Ai-ad. Nat. Sri. Phila. 16(i4, 231: type Gronian nigrilabrii Cape.)

This ge.ius agrees with Amiio-ns in all respects, except that the eyes
are rudimentary and covered by the thick skin. The single species is
probably descended from some A inin nis of the type of nu-hts, modified
in accordance \\ ith its subterranean life, (rp^rj, a cavern.)

I)-.*. 4i. iii^ridabris Cope.

lllaek al>o\e : jaws and fins black; sides varied with yellowish ; belly
]>ale. Eyes more or less rudimentary and concealed beneath the skin.
-laws eipial. ^lu/./le Hat. Dorsal spine midway bet weeu snout and mid-
dle of adipose I'm. Barbels short. Caudal slightly emargiiiate. Anal
with is rays. Branchiostegals 10. Cave streams (Conestoga Kiver),

:«TII Pennsylvania.
(Cop.', I'lf. Ai-a.l. Nai. S.-i. 1'liila. 18ri4, 231 : .tmiurit* nigrilttbr>n Jordan, 1. c.9:2.)

55.— AWIURUS Riilinrs^iie.

Cat-fishes.

ilim-^iii.-, [i-liili. ( ili. 1-Jii. ti:,: type Kit urn* cnpn-im R:if. — PlnH-loihitiinitalvs

I .. ^in-ill . i

P,od\ moderately elongated, robust, anteriorly vertically ovate and
scarcely co]npi-c<x(.,| : caudal peduncle also rolmst, but much compressed,
and at its mil c\cnl\ con\e\. Head large, wide, laterally expanded,
Above OVate, and in profile cuneiform; supraoccipital e\fende<l little
po-teii,,il\ and terminating in a more or less acute point, which is en-
tirel\ separate from the second intcrspiual buckler; the skin covering

29 SILUIUD.E AMIUHUS. 103

the bones is thick. Eyes rather small, uot covered by the skin. Mouth
large, terminal, transverse, the upper jaw in most species the longer.
Teeth subulate, aggregated 111 broad bauds on the iutermaxillaries and
dentaries ; the intermaxillary band is convex in front, of equal breadth,
and abruptly truncated near the insertion of the intermaxillaries ; the
lower dental band is anteriorly semicircular, attenuated to the angles

»

of the mouth. Branchiostegal rays 8-11. Dorsal situated over the in-
terval between the pectorals and yeutrals, higher than long, with a
pungent spine and about G branched rays. Adipose tin short, inserted
over the posterior half of the anal. Anal fin varying length, with 15-35
rays, the usual number being 20 or 21. Caudal fin short, usually trun-
cate when spread open, slightly emarginate when not expanded. Yeu-
trals each with 1 simple and 7 branched rays. Pectoral fins each with
a stout spine, which is commonly retrorse-serrate behind. Lateral line
usually incomplete. Species very numerous, swarming in every pond
and sluggish stream in the Eastern United States ; one species (A. can-
tonensis) in China, (a, privative ; ij.zi»upoq, curtailed ; the caudal fin not
notched.)

* Caudal ftu not forked, rounded or slightly eniargiuato.
a. Anal fin very short, its rays 15-17 (18).
b. Body comparatively long and slender.

93. A. l>S'wnaaCH« Jordan. — Green Mud Cat.

Clear olive-brown, more distinctly greenish than other cat-fishes ; a
blackish horizontal bar at base of dorsal. Body extremely elongate ;
anteriorly nearly terete. Head low, flat, and broad, upper jaw very
strongly projecting. Dorsal fin very high, two-thirds length of head,
its spine nearer snout than adipose fin ; depth 5i in length. Head 3£;
its width 4-, base of anal 6; anal rays 16-18. Caudal slightly emargi-
nate. Young much less elongate. L. 18 inches; slenderest of the
Amiuri. Abundant in the streams of South Carolina and Eastern
Georgia (Santee to the Chattahoochee).

(Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1877, 3K6; Jordan, 1. c. 93 ; Jordan & Brayton,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 28.)

aa. Anal fin moderate, its rays 19-22.

c. Lower jaw not projecting beyond upper.

94. A. platycephaHus (Grd.) Gill.

Olivaceous, somewhat marbled, a black horizontal bar at base of dor-
sal. Head broad and flat, nearly as wide as long. Mouth very wide,
the jaws about equal. Dorsal spine nearer snout than adipose fin. B.
11 ; A. 20-22, the base of the fin 4^-5 in length. K"orth Carolina to

Ill I CONTRIBUTIONS TO M»KTir AMF.IMCAX ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

< ,.i: rathercommon. Etcsembles J.. 6rttnw«tw, bui less slender and

\s nli ;i different month.

(/• Grirard, 1'n.,-. A. -;itl. N:it. Sri. I'hila. l-.VJ, 1GI; Jordan, 1. c.

'. \. Kantboccpbalns (Raf.)

< 'hieti\ uniform yellowish brown, ol'tcn rather pale. Head about as
broad ;!s Imi-. I in length. Dorsal spine nearer adipose tin than snout.
it> raj > usually 11) (18-L'O). ."Month very broad. I5ody short and stout.
l'.arbel> Miorter than head. Humeral process very short, covered by
skin. Si/.e small. ( )hio Valley.

Munu xanthocephalus lial'. c^uart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, Loml. 18-JO, 51 ; Jordan, 1.

o.

9<». A. nieBns (Raf.) Junlaii A;

Color almost blaelc. I'.ody very stout, short, and deep, the depth .'H
to ! \ in leii-th. Head broad behind, rather contracted forward, the
front steeply elevated. Anal liu short and deep, of 17-19 rays, its base
nearly "• in length, the color of the rays forming a sharp contrast with
that of the dusky membranes. Jaws nearly equal, llarbels longer
than head. Humeral process rather long, rugose. Size small. Missis-
sippi Valley to Ne\v York ; eonimou.

./(;r;».v ni'l"^ I.':.!', i^iart. Joiini. Sri. I^it. Arts, Loml. 1s-,1! I, ."1: I'i>»< ln.lu .v cuttilitx

I. -lilli. I". S. 1'ar. !;. K\ Surv. 1858,208: rimi-l<«litx <-.»«// //^ tinl. 1'ror. A.'ad. Nat

1'liila. 1-.".:'. I.V.I: AIII'IIH-II* oIxxiivGin, Pror. l!o.-,t. Sor. \ai. Ili<l. 1832, 1.". ; .Ionian,

I. «•. .-'.': I'iniHiiilitH jitiUii* DcKay, Xc\v York I'auna, Fisli. lt'1: .lminri(* jnil'un Jordan,

97. A. iimrBsaoE'iifcis (Ilolin-ook) Jordan.

Iloily shai-ply mottled with brown, o-reenish, and whitish ; the color-
ation therefore singular aiiion-' eat-tishes. ,Iaws einial, or nearly so;
«l«'pth about I in length : slope of prolile veiy steep. Dorsal tin hi-h:
th.- >pine more than half h-n-'th of head. Dorsal spine nearer adipose
tin than snout. I'.arbels Ion-. Uraiichi.-ste-'als 10. Ilc-'d:!! in len-t!i.
Anal L'l. L. !."» inches. Southern Illinois to Florida. IVrhapsa \ariely

ot I . cittltx.

P mnr.itn* II<,ll.r,.«,k, Jdinii. \ t . Sri. I'hila. I -."-.: t : .Ionian, 1. .-.

\- - (Jill.— /;«//-/., ,;,/; tl,,r,i,,l I:,,,' ; Small C,-t-fixli ; Xrini-jlL-ill Cat:

Color dark \ .-II >v, i ,|i brown, more or less clouded, sometimes yellow-
i-h. BOmetimea nearly black. P.ody rather elo:i-a!e; depth -\-\.\ in
I'-'i-'li. Anal tin usually with L'l or L'L' rays, its ba-e 1 in body. I )or-
•s:'l "" UWerted rather neaivr adipose (in than end of snout. Tpperjaw
n-n.ill\ divtinetlv loa-erthan lower. Humeral pi -ocess. nim-c than half

29. SILURID.E - AMIURUS. 105

the length of pectoral spine. L. 18 inches. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley,
and eastward. The common bull-head or horned pout of the North
and East, abundant in every pond and stream ; also introduced into
the rivers of California, where it has rapidly multiplied.

(1 Silurus catiiy Linn. Syst. Nat. x, 3U5, 1758: Pimelodus nelulosus Le Sueur, M<5m.
Mils, v, 149, 1819 : Pimelodus atrarius DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 185 ; Jor-
dan, 1. c. 90.)

cr.. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper.

•

99. A. VMBgraB'is (Thompson) Nelson.

Dark reddish brown or blackish. Body moderately elongate j depth
4J-5 in length. Head 3i-4. Barbel long. Month wide. Head longer
than broad, rather narrowed forward. Profile rather steep, pretty evenly
convex.. Dorsal region more or less elevated. Lower jaw strongly pro-
jecting. Anal rays 20. L. 18 inches. Vermont to Minnesota and south-
ward ; rather common.

(Pimelodus vulgaris Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 138: Pimelodus dckayi Girard,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 1GO : Pimelodus ailurus Girard, U. S. Pac. E. E. Expl.
Fish. 1858, 210; Jordan, 1. c. 88.)

aaa. Anal fin long, of 24-27 rays, its base more than one-fourth the length.
d. Head broo.d ; mouth wide.

A. mq-taflis (Lo Sueur) Jordan. — Yellow Cat.
Yellowish, greenish, or blackish. Body more or less short and chubby,
sometimes extremely obese (var. natalis), sometimes more elongate (var.
lividus). Head short and broad. Mouth wide, the jaws equal (var. livi-
dus) or the upper jaw longest (var cupreus). Anal rays 24-27. Great
Lake region to Virginia and Texas ; generally abundant. Extremely
variable, and running into several varieties.*

(Pimelodus tiatalis Le Sueur, Me"m. Mus. v, 154, 1819 ; Glinther, v, 101 ; Jordan, 1. c.
88: Silurus lividus Rafiuesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, C'5: Pimelodus felinus et anlonitmsis Grd.
U. S. Pac. E. R. Expl. x, 209, 291 : Pimelodus catus, atpreus, et cnprcoides Grd. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 159, 160 : Pimelodus coenosus Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.
iii, 132: Pimelodus cupreus Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820,05.)

dd. Head elongate ; mouth narrow.

1O1. A- ereEseraEiiius Jordan.

Color black ; belly paler ; fins and barbels black. Body rather elon- •
gate, compressed, the depth about 4^ in length. Dorsal region rather
elevated; the head quite long and narrowed forward, 4 times in
length of body. Head more narrowed than in any of the other spe-
cies. Width of the head in front of the eye but little more than half
its length. Width of the mouth about half the length of the head.

* For a discussion of which see Jordan, Bull. U. N. Nat. Mus. x, 80.

106 C"M KIKTTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Greatest width of the head contained about 1£ times in its length.

Dorsal nit slight 1\ nearer the snout than the adipose lin, unusually
high, ii^ >]»iue 1« ng, as in the species of Jchiltirux. Pectoral spine very
strung. about h.-.'ll'as long as the head. Anal lin long, deep, nearly one-
third the Icnuih of the body, and composed of - 1 rays. Adipose fin.
large, ('amid lin rather short, truncate behind. Jaws equal. Supra-
occipital bone hut little free behind. Branchial apertures rather more
restricted than usual. Kesembles I. htvitxtris, but with the truncate
caudal of .1. )ntt<ilis. Kivers of Florida.
(Jordan, liull. I. 8. Nat -Mas. x, 85.)

56.— ICTAL.URIJS Eutmescine.

Channel Cats.

(.K:ii'mrM]ur, iriiili. Oh. 1820, 61: typo Sttvru9punctatus^La&D.eaqu6.)

IJody elongated, slender, and much compressed. Head usually slen-
der and conical. The supraoccipital bone is prolonged backward, and
its einarginated apex, in typical species, receives the acuminate anterior
point of the second interspinal, thus forming a continuous bony bridge
from the head to the dorsal spine. In some species, this connection is
more or less imperfect, nsiiiAmitirHN, to which genus all such species
have been hitherto referred. Mouth transverse and terminal, the up-
per jaw protruding beyond the lower. Teeth subulate, aggregated into
a -hort. laterally truncated band on each jaw. Uranehiostegal rays 8 or
!'. Dorsal tin situated over the interval between the pectoral and ven-
tral tins, higher than long, with one long spine, and usually (I articulated
ra\s. Adipose lin pedunculated, over the posterior portion of the anal.
Anal lin long, with LM )-:;."> rays; it commences near the vent. Ventral
tins each with 1 simple and 7 branched rays. Pectoral lins each with a
stout spine, retrorse-senate within, and about 1> branched rays. Caudal
lin elon-aled and deeply forked, with the lobes pointed, the upper fre-
<|iientl\ the loii-er. Coloration silvery. Fresh waters of North Amer-
ica, one species southward to Criialemala;* one in Western Mexico. t

•/. Buridfamolto (Gttnther) Jotdan. Allied \,> I. /»m//,/.v, hut ii,,- .-niiil .-liort.T.

<|.|.lli :. in Irn-ih. \. 28 -J'.i. 1,'i.. l"siiiii;icinl;i, Guatemala, (.liniiii-n.i

l.illllll.T, V. |l'.

'/ •'•"" " B«an)J. A <;. <'li».>i-]y allii-.l to I. HlhitliiH, l.iit \villi a uari-durrhi-ad (its
\\idili :. in Ini-lln ; iln- \\ iiltli ..f tin- |nvniasillar\ Land i.f tn-(li alidiil ..nc-l liird Hi.-
!• in:'), "f ili.- lii-ail : liniii.-ral process sli-lnly rurruwcd, not strongly ni^nsc as in/.
""'•" ' «"dal dr.'|d\ !'i>ik.-d. Color plumbeous, silvrry b,-]o\v. B. 8 J D. I,C>; A.

-I • I'- I- - Kiu Tnrbio. i;ii."iiajuaio. Mi-\ii-,, (\M-:,I of thr Siriia Madiv). (.liniitrua
i IJ.-aii, l'i... I 3, Nal. Mu>. 11. 304j l~7'.i.)

29. SILURID^G — ICTALURUS. 107

u-, fish; atAoupos, cat; hence more correctly, though less euphonious-
ly, Iclithcclurus.)

&,. Bony bridge from occiput to dorsal not quite continuous.
b. Anal tin moderate, of 20-22 rays.

102. I. lopliiiis (Cope) J. &G.

Pale olive-bluish, silvery below. Body rather stout. Head very
broad, about as wide as long, its width 3% in length of the body. Eye 5-6
in iuterorbital width. Caudal not deeply forked. Upper jaw not much
the longer. Mouth wider than in any other cat-fish. Humeral pro-
cess stout, shortish, somewhat rugose. Anal rays 21 ; base of anal 6 in
length. L. 24 inches. Streams about Chesapeake Bay.

(Amiurus lopliius Cope, Proc. Arner. Phil. Soc. 1870, 48(3 : Amiurus lopMus Jordan,
1. c. 85.)

103. I. albidus (Le Sueur) J. & G.— White-Cat; Channel Cat of the Potomac.
Pale olive-bluish, silvery below. Body moderately stout. Head longer

than wide, its width 4-6 times in length. Mouth rather narrow. Upper
jaw much the longer. Eye 3-5 in interorbital width. Barbels long,
except nasal barbel. Caudal fin deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer.
Humeral process more than half the length of the spine, extremely
rugose. Anal rays 21 ; base of anal 4£-5 in length. Dorsal fin nearly
midway between adipose fin and snout. L. 18 inches. Pennsylvania
to North Carolina.

(Pimelodus albidus Le Sueur, Me'm. Mus. v, 148, 1819 : Pimelodus lynx Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 160: Amiurus albidus Jordan, 1. c. 84.)

Ib. Anal fin long, of 23-27 rays.

104. I. lupus (Grd.) J. & G.

Dusky olivaceous, sides silvery. Body rather slender. Head narrow,

0

longer than broad, its width 4| in length, being less than its length
above. Dorsal spine much nearer snout than adipose fin. Base of anal
as long as head. Anal 23. Pectoral spines long and slender, dentate.
Barbels long. Supraoccipital bone almost meeting the interspinal ; its
relations therefore very close to Ictalurus punctatus. Streams of Texas.

(Pimelodus lupus Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 211 : Amiurus lupus Jordan, 1. c. 83 :
Amiurus lupus Giiuther, v, 101.)

105. I. niveiveutris (Cope) J. & G.

Similar to I. lupus, but the head broader, its width equal to its length
above. Dorsal spine scarcely nearer snout than adipose fin. Anal
24, shorter than head. Barbel longer than head 5 humeral process very
rugose. Keuse River, North Carolina,

(Amiurus niveivcntris Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1870, 486 : Amiurus niveiventris Jor-
dan, 1. c. 83.)

108 coNTKir.! Ti<»\s TI» NOIITII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

1OG. I. !:: l*\ \Vallianm .1. A ('',.— Cat -fifh oflhe Lakes; Great Fork- toiled Cat;

.;//</ C,tt : Hnritla Ciri ; I-'linnnl-inuitth Cut.

Oli\ "aceo us slaty, growing darker with age; sides pale, without dark
spots; anal dusky edged. I',od\ rather stouter than in /.
Hi-ad much broader, lower, and more depressed than in /.
its Lrrcntcst \\idtli live-sixths its length, Interorbital space souiewli::t
more than half the length of head. "Width of the month about half
head. Kye moderate, wholly in front of middle point of head. Top of
head eovered with a thicker skill than in pum-tatim, so that the bones
ore nearly concealed. Upper surface of head quite llattish, so that the
eyes are inueh nearer the upper than the lower surface of the head.
Ilarliels Ion--, all black, the maxillary barbel reaching beyond head.
Humeral process very short and blunt, covered by skin, a little more
than one-third the length of the pectoral spine. Caudal deeply forked,
the upper lobe rather longer and narrower than the lower. Dorsal a
little nearer snout than adipose fin. Head 4 in length; depth 5. Dis-
tance to dorsal spine 2^. Anal base as long as head. D. I, 5; P. I, 9;
A. IT), British America to Florida and Texas ; abundant in all largo
bodies of water. One of the largest of the cat-fishes, reaching a weight
of 100 pounds.

( ? <;<i<ln« Idruxtrix Wallianin, Artedi Pise. 1792, 144: f 1'iniclinlnn lioratli* Kirhurdson,
Fuuua I'nir.-AiinT. l"i>h. 135: fAinliiniH biirmU^ (iiint her, v, lilO: J'itntlodns >i'njri-
ctnifi I,i- Siiriir, Mc'ni. Mus. v, 1")3, Ibli): Amiurua nitjricany Jordau, 1. e. K'>: Annurus

lii>i;<ili.-s .lunlail, 1. r. - 1. )

/////-. Anal tin very I'Mi^, of 'J5ra\s.

1O7. n. B>«a:dca'ostis (Bean) J. & G. — Great Cat-fish.

IIIiiNi slate altove, whitish below. Form of L Jnciinfrin, but the
bod\ deeper and the head and mouth broader. Greatest depth .'U in
leu-Hi. Mead:;;-; its widl li 1 '•. Dorsal nearer snout than adipose I'm.
<'audal I'm not deeply forked. 1'. 1,11; A. .'Jo. (Urdu.) i\Iississip])i
h'ivei (S.iint Louis). I'robiddy the largest ol' the cat tishes, the original
t\pe ."• li-ci in length and \\ci-hin- l.'.it pounds.

''Him* i><> mil* ,-i. I1:...-, r. s. Nat. Mus. ii. '>:'., 1S79.)

(in. I'.niix liridx'1 liiiiii nccijiiit In clnrsal (in coniplcir ami rnnl iiiiinu--.
</. \n.il m«"l--i.iii-. ii-i:i\>'.'l ::n, its hasr :; L- 1 'm Im^ih ill' Ixi. ly.

ION. I. pu:i«'f:HHs f KaC. > .lor. -r//,///H,7 c,,i; ll'liita Cat.

Color li-ht oli\aceoiis ;iho\r, the sides pale or silvery, and almost
alw:i\s with irregular small, round, dark spots. Fins often with dark
ftdgingS. I '.ndy rather Ion-- ;md slender, the, back little elevated.
Head rather small, narrow, convex above, so that tlie eye is little

29. SILUR1D/E AEIUS. 109

nearer the upper than the lower outline. Eye large, the middle point
of the length of the head being near its posterior margin. Mouth
rather small. Barbels long. Spines long. Skin thin, Humeral pro-
cess long and slender, more than half the length of the pectoral spine,
which is strongly serrated behind. Head 4; depth 5. Anal 25-29.
Bivers of the Southern and Western States, from Montana to Ver-
mont, Mexico, and Georgia ; generally abundant in the channels of the
larger streams. It reaches a weight of 20-25 pounds. Variable.

(Silurus punctatus Raf. Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 359; Jordan, 1. c. 76: Pimelodus
ccerulescens Raf. Iclith. Oh. G3: Pimelodus caudafurcatus Le Sueur, Me"m. Mus. v, 152:
Amiurus caudafurcatus Giiiither, v, 102 : Pimelodus furcifer, gracilis, vulpes, olivaceus,
lioughi, megalops, graciosus, hammondi, notatus, etc. Auct. : Ictalurus beadlei and siw.p-
soni Gill: Iclithaslurus robustus Jordan, 1. c. 7G.)

dd. Anal fin very long, its rays 32-34.

1O9. I. fnrcatus (Guv. & Val.) Gill.

Color silvery, plain or somewhat spotted. Anal fin extremely elon-
gate, its base nearly one-third the length of the body (without caudal);
its rays 32-34 in number. Eye small, wholly anterior, the middle of
the head being entirely behind its posterior margin. Head small, about
4£ in length ; depth 4 in adults to 5£ in younger specimens Slope from
dorsal to snout somewhat concave, especially in adults. Pectoral spine
rather long; humeral spine stout, shortish, not reaching middle of
pectoral spine. Skin thin. Size rather small. Ohio to Iowa and
Texas ; not very common.

(Pimelodus furcatus Cuv. & Val. xv, 135, 1840 : Amiurus fnrcatus Guuther, v, 103 .
Jordan, 1. c. 75.)

51?. — AKIU§ Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Sea Cat-fisli.
(Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. xv, 53, 1840: type Pimelodus arius Buchanan,,)

Body more or less elongate, subterete. Head subconical, armed with
a bony shield above, behind which are usually two others, the posterior
at the base of the dorsal spine. Skull with a fontauelle. Mouth not
large, the upper jaw the longer. Teeth villiform or granular, in a band
in each jaw. Teeth in one or two patches each on the vomer and pala-
tines, all of them sometimes confluent into one band. Barbels 6 (the
nostrils without barbel), close together, the posterior with a valve.
Eyes with a free orbital margin. Dorsal fin short, in front of the ven-
trals, with a pungent spine and 7 rays. Adipose fin well developed,
posteriorly free. Caudal fin deeply forked. Anal fin short. Pectorals •
each with a spine. Ventral rays 6. Skin smooth, naked, except on the

110 mxTKir.rnoNs TO NORTH AMKRICAX ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

..ccipital and imrliul re-ions, which are armed with bony bucklers.
Marine cat iMies. Species \epy numerous in the tropical seas. This
• up has been divided into many genera, 1 lie value of which we are
unable in determine. Our coniiiioii species is not a typical Ari/is. l»nt the
-.•mis to which it belongs has not been properly < Id hied. (From Art
, tin- IJen.ualese name of the typical species.)

Ti-i-ili ;ill \ illit'orm. in :i lar^c- r<>un<lril patch on each paint inc :ui<l a small one on
cadi -idc ul' tin- \niucr, these patches all distinct; posterior buckler .small.

1 1O. A. felis (Linne') J. & G.—X«i <'<il-ftsh.

Steel lilne, sides and l>clly silvery. Body ratlier elongate, not com-
pressed, tapering .nto the slender tail. Head subconic, de])ressed, tlat-
tisli above. Maxillary barbel nearly as long as the head. Mouth small.
Eye moderate, just iu front of the middle of the head. Gill membranes
broadly united, partly joined to the isthmus, forming a narrow, free fold
across it. A small, bony, granulated buckler, broader than long, in front
of base of dorsal spine; then a much larger nuchal shield with a me-
dian keel, and a still larger occipital shield with a median furrow. A
lo\v llesliy keel along the back. Humeral process nearly half the length
of the pectoral spine. Caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer.
Head :: ; : depth 5. D. I, 7, its spine not filamentous, serrate in front;
I'. I,»i; A. 1(5. L. L'l inches. Cape Cod to Florida; common south-
ward.

luniH filis Linnc", Syst. Nat.: Arias miUx-rti Cuv. tV Val. xv. 74: Ar'nt*

n i, \ , ir,r>.)

111. A. «M|ii«"»l:-js l;.iin] A (iirard.

Similar, lnit with the spines higher and the maxillary barbels much
loimei, reaching to the middle of the pectorals. 1'ectorals reaching to
!;i-t ra\ of dorsal. Dentition and character of the cephalic bucklers
nndesciibed. Head 1. 1). I, 7; A. 1«5: I'. I, 0. Coast of Texas; a

doubtful .species.

nl A liirar.l, I'n.r. Aca.l. Xal. S«-i. I'liila. !&%, 26 ; (iiiuth.T. v, 173.)

.— i:i>I KD< III IIVS I'.air,! A
Cut /is

(. \ilitrii-litliti* l'.;iir.l A Ciiai.l, I'mr. A- -ail. Xat. Sci. I'liila. t-.'.l.'Ji'.: lypi- Silurim »ntri-
M iicliill.)

l'.od\ rather elongate, little compressed. Head depressed, broad
abo\r. Month la r-e, the upper jaw (lie longer. Teeth all villilbrm; those
on the \oiner and palatines Ibriuing a more or less perfectly crescent-

• •t \,,t,,riiix (;ill,Proc. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1663, 171: type Arius milbcrti
< A V. ^. Iriu- .

PLECTOSPONDYLI. Ill

shaped band. Barbels 4. Maxillary barbels band-like, very long. Chin
with two short barbels. Nostrils close together, the posterior with a
valve; nuchal region with a granulated, bony buckler. Foutanelle
large, well forward. Dorsal fin short, in front of the ventrals, with 1
sharp spine and 7 rays. Pectorals with a similar spine ; both pectoral
and dorsal spines ending in a long, striated, band-like filament. Adipose
fin moderate, free behind. Caudal fin widely forked. Anal moderate
or rather long. Ventral rays 6. Gill membranes somewhat connected.
Tropical waters of America; the species all marine. (athuupoq, cat;
, fish.)

112. JE. mariniis (MitcMll) B. & G.— Sea Cat-fisli; Gaff-top-sail

Dusky bluish, silvery below. Head rather short and broad, rounded
anteriorly. Eye rather large, low, anterior. Occipital buckler subtrian-
gular, tapering behind. Maxillary barbels extending about to the end of
the pectoral spine. Pectoral spine longer than the dorsal spine, two-
thirds the length of the head, its filament reaching the vent. Dorsal
filament reaching adipose fin. Upper lobe of caudal much the longer.
Anal fin falcate. Band of palatine teeth nearly continuous. Head 4^.
D. I, 7 ; A. 23; P. I, 12; B. 6; Yert. 20 + 30. Cape Cod to Mexico;
common southward,,

(Silurusmarinusblibchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i,433; Giiuther, v, 178.)

ORDER L.-PLECTOSPONDYLI.

(The Plectospondylous Fishes.)

Physostomous fishes with the parietals broad, distinct ; pterotic nor-
mal; symplectic present; opercular bones all present; no interclavi-
cles, and the four anterior vertebrae much modified and with ossicula
auditus. This group consists principally of fresh-water fishes, and in-
cludes about six families. Two strongly marked divisions are included
in it, the one the suborder Eventognatlii of Professor Gill, and the other
the Characins, referred by Professor Gill to the Isospondyli. The Chara-
cius resemble the Isospondyli in general appearance and in the structure
of the pharyngeals, but differ in the modification of the anterior ver-
tebrae. (TT/UXTC)?, joined together ; <r-ov«u/l«?, vertebra.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF PLECTOSPONDYLI.

* Brain case produced between orbits ; basis cranii simple ; only two superior pharyn-
geal bones; lower pharyugeals falciform, parallel with the gill-arches ; jaws
toothless. (Eventognatlti.*)

* sv, well ; tcrof, within ; yvaQoc, jaw.

112 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMEKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

a. llasal hr.mdiilu : N . : pharyn^-al teeth numerous, pectinate: inaxillaries
tormina part of tin- mar-in of the upper jaw < 'AH- TM.MII •.!•:. ::n.

an. I'.avil lp|:uicliili\ als :t ; plnry n^eal te.-thfew; mar-in of upper jaw formed hy
premaxi Maries alone CYI-III MI >.!•:. :'.!.

' J'.raill ea-e IM't produced het Ween (il'hits : h:isl> i lailii dollldc, somiM imes wit 11 1I1US-

cnlar canal; -1 to 1 superior pharyn^eal hones; lower jiharyn.^eals not falci-
fonn ; '•'• ha-.il hranehih\als; teet h iu jnw> ol'len piv-enl. ( ' V«/;-«eini.)

FAMILY XXX.— CATOSTOMID^E.

(The Suckers.)

r.ody oblong or elongate, usually more or less compressed. Head
more or less conoid. Opcrcles normally developed. Nostrils double.
No barbels. Mouth large or small, usually protractile and with lleshy
lips. Margin of upper jaw formed in the middle by the small preinax-
illaries, and on the side by the inaxillaries. Jaws toothless. Lower
pharyngeal bones falciform, armed with a row of numerous comb-like
teeth, r.ranchiostegals 3. Gill membranes more or less united to the
isthmus, restricting the gill-openings to the sides. Grills 4, a slit be-
hind the fourth. Pseudobranchia3 present. Scales cycloid, large or
small. Lateral line decurved, sometimes wanting. Head naked. Fins
not scaly. Dorsal fin comparatively long (of 11-.">0 rays), without true
spine. Anal I'm short. Caudal fin more or less forked. Ventrals ab-
dominal, with about 10 rays. Pectoral tins placed low, without spine.
No adipose tin. lielly not serrated. Alimentary canal long. Stomach
simple. No pyloric cceca. Air-bladder large, divided into two or three
parts by transverse constrictions, not surrounded by a bony capsule,
(ienera 11 or fewer; species about CO ; inhabiting the fresh waters of
N<>i ih America, two species in ICaslern Asia. They are not much valued
lishes, the llcsh being liavmless and full of small bone-.
-ioup r,it,isi<t,,,'tn<i Ciinther, vii. I'J-'Jl.)

* l>"r-al I'm rlon^alc, its drvclopcil rays -jri-MMu iiiinihcr ; air-lihnlili-r in two parts.
• I '..ntaiicll.' pn-s.-iit ; hoily OVftte : si-airs laryv. (JliiliiiiicliH.i/inil'.)
<l. 1 I. •! -:il i

/-. MOII III lar^i-, terminal, prof raet ile forwanls : lips thin ; pharynxeal bones a ml

1 1 -ei 1 1 weak lc n< 1 1:1 s, .")'.!.

l>l>. Month MM. iller, inferior, protractile downwards.

il l>one> .siron^, (In- in-ill eoiMparatively eoarse ami lar^e. in-

• i- i -in;,' in size ilowm\ anl> 15ru \ i.icn rm s, 60.

I'liaryii'/eal l«ou. > narrow, \\ilh the teeth thin and weak . . ( ' \ Ki-n .in:s, (il.

ii la lie lie- oldilerali-d by the Union of the parietal hones; hody elongate, (fijclcp-

liii'
d. Montli small, inferior, with thiek iiajiillose lips; scales rather small.

L'YCLKPTL'S, 62.

30. CATOSTOMIDJE - ICTIOBUS. 113

** Dorsal fin short, -with 10-18 rays. (Catostomince.)
e. Air-bladder in two parts.
/. Lateral Hue complete and continuous ; scales small, 55-115 in the

lateral line.
q. Fontanelle none ............................... PANTOSTEUS, 63.

gg. Fontanelle present.

h. Mouth inferior, small, with thick papillose lips.

CATOSTOMUS, 64.

Mi. Mouth very large, terminal, oblique ; lips thin and nearly smooth.
t. Pharyugeal bones moderate, with teeth of medium size.

CHASMISTES, 65.

ii. Pharyngeal bones slender, with very numerous, minute teeth.

LIPOMYZON, 66.
ff. Lateral line interrupted or wanting; scales large (40-50 in a longi-

tudinal series).
g. Lateral line entirely wanting ..................... ERIMYZON, 67.

gg. Lateral line more or less developed .............. MINYTREMA, 68.

ee. Air-bladder in three parts ; fontanelle present ; scales large ; lateral

line complete.
j. Mouth normal, the lower lip entire or merely lobed.

A;. Pharyngeal bones moderate, the teeth compressed, grad-
ually larger downwards; mouth moderate or small, the
lips usually plicate ...................... MOXOSTOMA, 69.

fcfc. Pharyngeal bones very strong, with the lower teeth much
enlarged, subcylindrical and truncate, the teeth of the
upper part of the bone small and compressed ; mouth large,
somewhat oblique, with very thick lips.

PLACOPHARYNX, 70.

jj. Mouth singular, the upper lip not protractile, greatly en-
larged, the lower lip developed as two separate lobes,
pharyugeal bones and teeth ordinary ---- QUASSILABIA, 71.

59.— ICTI©EIJ§ Eafinesque.

Buffalo-fishes.

(Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 55: type Amblodon "biibalm Eaf.)

Head very large and strong, wide and deep ; its length 3£-3f in that
of the body ; its upper surface broad and depressed. Eye moderate,
wholly anterior in position, the middle of the head being entirely behind
it; suborbital bones proportionately harrow. Fontanelle large, well
open. Opercular apparatus largely developed; the suboperculum
broad ; the operculum broad, strongly furrowed. Mouth very large for a
sucker, terminal, protractile forwards; the middle of the premaxillaries
nearly on the line ot the middle of the eye ; the posterior edge of the maxil-
lary extending about to the line of the nostrils. Mandible very strong,
oblique, placed at an angle of 45° or more when the mouth is closed, its
posterior end extending to beyond opposite the front of the eye, its
length a little less than one-third that of the head. Lips very little de-
veloped ; the upper narrow and smooth, scarcely appreciable ; the lower
narrow, rather full on the sides, but reduced to a narrow rim in front,
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1G - 8

114 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

entirely destitute both of papilla} and plicoe. Jaws -without cartilagi-
noussheath. Mnciferous system of head well developed. Isthmus nar-
row. I'haryngeal bones rather weak, the outer surface of the arch
standing outwards and presenting a porous outer margin. The peduu-
ele i>r the symplivsis is much longer proportionally and more pointed
than in ('ttri>io<1(is and Bubal ichtliyx. The teeth are very numerous, small,
thin, and eompressed as in Carpiodcs, but the lower ones are gradually
larger than the upper ones. Their inner edge is slanting outwards,
and not uniformly arched as in Bubal uJithys, or truncate as in Cydcptim,
the innermost margin rising somewhat in the shape of a projecting cusp.
Gill rakers of anterior arch long and slender above, becoming shorter
downwards. Body heavy, robust, not especially arched above nor
greatly compressed, the form somewhat elliptical; the depth 24-3} in
the length of the body. Scales large, thick, nearly equal over the body,
their posterior edges somewhat serrate; the lateral line well developed,
but not as distinct as in Car)>!t><l<'*, slightly de-curved anteriorly; the
number of scales in its course 30-42; 13-15 in a transverse series from
dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal fin with an elongate basis, its number of
rays L'.~> -.';(>: anterior rays somewhat elevated, their length about half
that of the base of the fin. Caudal not much forked. Anal (in not
much elevated, its rays about 9 in number. Pectorals and ventrals
moderate, t he latter wit h about 10 rays. Sexual peculiarities, if any, un-
known. Coloration dark, not silvery. Air-bladder with two chambers.
Si/e very large. A single species known. (l/Obs, fish; ,%D~, buffalo.)

113. I. t>ii9>a!llis (Raf.) Ag. — Red-moutli Buffalo-fish.

P.ody robust, moderately compressed, the outline somewhat elliptical,
but the hack rather more curvet 1 than the belly; depth 24-3 ?, in length.
Head very large and thick, 3.1, in length of body. Operoular apparatus
very strong, the operciihim itself forming nearly half the length of the
head. Scales very lar^e. Developed rays of the dorsal 27-2!); anal rays
'.»: venirals 10. Scales 7-37 to 41-G. Coloration dull brownish oli\ <•,
not silvery. Fins dusky. Si/e very large ; readies a length of nearly
•''• feet and a \\ei-ht of L'0-.'lo pounds. Mississippi Valley ; generally
abundant in the larger streams.

'•,,il>li,,l,tn l,nl,,tln* K.-if. .Imini. Pliys. ]-]+. 1-J1 ; Agassi/, Amrr. .Tonni. Sri. Arts, 1854,
r.Hi: ^•l,,;l,i,,<illinx ,'in,,-'nn //</('. A \ . 1 1 is! . Nut . Poiss. l-ll. 177: '/<•/(//( i/(,h,:x ci/<nn lilts
N-'N.iii. I'.nll. III. Mus. Nat. Jli.st. i,.|;»: Jrhtln/ol'ii* Imhulux .Jordan, JJull. U. S. N;it,.
MH-. \ii. -Jl I: ^•li,;>;iii,illniH,-;ii>ri,i,ll,i ( Jiiut her, \ii, -J.J.)

.fc'idaii. P.nli. I". S. Niii. Mns. xii, -J07. There has been perhaps a confusion
Mr. \. Nun'.-, t \ju-s of this species. One srn(. l.y him to us is :m Ictiobus.

30. CATOSTOMIOrE BUBALICHTIIYS. 115

6O.— BUBAL.ICHTHYS Agassi*.

Buffalo-fishes.
(Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 192 : type Carpiodcs urus Ag.)

Head moderate or rather large deep and thick, its superior outline
rapidly rising ; its length about 4 in that of the body. Eye moderate,
median or rather anterior in position. Suborbital bones comparatively
narrow. Fontanelle always present and widely open. Mouth moderate
or small, more or less inferior; the mandible short, little oblique, or
typically quite horizontal ; the mandible less than one-third the length
of the head ; the preniaxillaries in the closed mouth below the level of
the lower part of the orbit. Lips rather thin, thicker than in Ictiobus,
the upper protractile, narrow, plicate, the plicre sometimes broken up
into granules ; lower lip comparatively full (for a buffalo-fish), faintly
plicate, the plicre broken up into granules, the lower lip having the gen-
eral p| -shaped form seen in Carpiodes. Jaws without cartilaginous
sheath. Muciferous system well developed. Opercular apparatus well
developed, but less so than in Ictiobus; the operculum strongly rugose ;
isthmus moderate. Pharyngeal bones triangular, with large teeth,
which increase in size from above downwards. Teeth compressed, their
grinding edge blunt, slightly arched in the middle, and provided with a
little cusp along the inner margin, which is hardly detached from the
crown, and does not rise above the surface. Gill-rakers of anterior arch
slender and stiff above, growing shorter downwards. Body ovate or
oblong; the dorsal outline more or less arched; the sides of the body
compressed ; the ventral outline curved also, but to a less degree. Scales
very large, about equal over the body, their posterior outlines somewhat
serrate. Lateral line well developed, nearly straight, with 35-42 scales ;
12-14 in a cross-series from ventrals to dorsal. Dorsal fin beginning
near the middle of tie body, somewhat in advance of the ventrals; its
anterior rays elevated, their height about equal to half the base of the
fin, the number of rays in the dorsal fin ranging from 25 to 30. Caudal
fin well forked, the lobes about equal, not falcate. Anal fin compara-
tively long and rather low, of 8 or 9 developed rays. Ventrals moder-
ate, 10-rayed. Pectorals rather short. Sexual peculiarities, if any, un-
known. Coloration dull dark brown, nearly plain, not silvery. Fius oli-
vaceous or more or less dusky. Air-bladder with two chambers. Size
quite large. This genus is closely related to Ictiobus, differing only in

11G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

flu- somewhat stronger teeth. The two genera, with perhaps Carphflc*
aNo. should probably In- reunited. Three species are known, two in the
I'nited Stairs and a third in Central America.* (/?«u/3aJoj, buffalo;

;, fish.)

1 1 f . B. urn* .\x.—i;i,/-mrnit]i«l lliiffnlo.

I'.udy much less elevated and less compressed than in B. altus,
the back not at all carinated ; axis of body above ventrals about at the
lateral line, and but very little farther from the dorsal outline than from
the \vntral: depth ;>»-i;j in length. Head very stout, strongly trans-
versely convex, thicker, larger, and less pointed than in the other,
about 4 in length. Eye about equal to snout, 5i in head, much smaller
than in 11. dltnx. Mouth large, considerably oblique, opening well for-
wards. Mandible longer than eye. Premaxillary somewhat below sub-
oil >ital. Dorsal fin lower and less rapidly depressed than in the next,
the longest ray scarcely half the length of the base of the fin. Anal fin
rounded; its rays not rapidly shortened ; the middle ones not much
shorter than the longest. Colors very dark; fins all black. Scales
>-ll-7; I). 30; A. 10. Mississippi Valley ; in the larger streams.

' .irjiintlrx nritn Agassi/, Ainer. Journ. Sri. Arts. 1-7.1, 355: BnbaH<-ltt]iti* »)•;<•<, niyer,
Atjassiz, Ainer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855,193-195; Jordan, 1. c. 209.)

115. B. Stilus Nelson. — Small-monthcd Buffalo.

JJody considerably elevated and compressed above; the dorsal region
siibcarinate: belly thicker : depth '2\ -2'[ in length; axis of body above
i li<- ventrals, belo\v the lateral line, and nearly twice as far from the back
as from the belly. Head moderate, triangular in outline when viewed
from the side, 4 in length. Eye equal to snout, 4-5 in length of head,
much larger than in /.'. itrun. Mouth quite small, notably smaller and
more inferior than in Ji. iirux. Mandible about equal to eye. ])orsal
I'm elevated in front and rapidly declined, the highest ray reaching
much beyond the middle of the fin, the seventh ray about half the
length of the third or longest. Anal lays rapidly shortened behind, the
middle rays much shorter than the lirst long ones. Scales 8-39-G ;

• /.'. i/i 1 1-iiHiiinili* ((.iintlnn .Ionian. Month small, inferior, slightly corrugated.
1 >e|iih ".'. :'. 1 in length. Head 1-1'. not nineli longer tlian lii^li. - .ye rather small,
-111 ih of I lie li-nut !i "f thr lie.-ul .-md t \vo-li fi I «s th;il of i lie snout. Snlx.rl.i I ;i]s nar-
Anli i MM dor-.il royfl not inueli nroiliie.-d. sliorler I lian the In •ail. Caudal forked.
,,f \cnlral MTUeally l»elo\v the fourth dorsal ray. I'eetnral I'm not extending
li. \ i-ntrals. Therr an- '• longitudinal series of scales l.i-t\veen the lateral line and
tlie loc.t 1,1 the \i-mial. Coinration uniform. S. -ili-s 7-'.\*-~ ; D. 5i9 ; A. 10. Rio Us u-
iii:i< inia, (Jiiati-mala. ^< 1 iintlttr.'} *- '• / ••••jmithu* imridivmilia (JiintluT, vii, 5i3.)

30. CATOSTOMID^E— CARPIODES. 117

D. 29 ; A. 10 ; Y. 10. Coloration paler ; the lower fins slightly dusky.
Mississippi Valley and southward ; generally abundant.

(Calostomus biibalns Kirtland, Rep. Zool. Ohio, 1838, 168, not of Rafinesque: Buba-
liclitlti/s bubal us Agassiz, Amer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 195 : BubalichtJiys bubalus Jordan,
1. c. 20(5: Sclerognathm wus Glinther, vii,22; B. altus Nelson MSS. in Jordan, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1677, 73; apparently the oldest tenable name, certainly belong-
ing to the species.)

61.— CAKPEODES Rafinesque.

Carp Suckers.

(Sclcrognathus Valenciennes.)
(Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 56: type Catostomus cyprinus Le Sueur.)

Head comparatively short and deep, sometimes conic, sometimes
blunt; its length ranging from 3 £ to 5 in that of the body; its upper
surface always rounded. Eye moderate, median or anterior in posi-
tion. Suborbital bones well developed, their depth about half that of the
fleshy portion of the cheek below. Fontanelle always present, well de-
veloped. Mouth always small, horizontal and inferior; the mandible
less than one-third the length of the head ; the lips thin, the upper pro-
tractile, narrow, the lower quite narrow, /y-shaped, or rather fi -shaped,
behind ; both lips feebly plicate or nearly smooth, the plicaB often more
or less broken up. Jaws without cartilaginous sheath. Muciferous
system moderately developed. Opercular apparatus well developed;
the subopercle broad; the operculuin in the adult more or less rugose.
Isthmus moderate. Pharyugeal bones remarkably thin and laterally
compressed, with a shallow furrow along the anterior margin on the in-
side, and another more central one on the outline of the enlarged sur-
faces. Teeth very small, compressed, nearly equally thin along the
whole inner edge of the bone, forming a fine, comb-like crest of minute
serratures; their cutting edge rises above the inner margin into a
prominent point. Gill-rakers of anterior arch slender and stiff above,
becoming reduced downwards. Body ovate or oblong; the dorsal outline
more or less arched; the ventral outline more nearly straight; the depth
from half to one- third the length ; the sides compressed, the back nota-
bly so, forming a sort of carina. Caudal peduncle short and deep.
Scales large, about equal over the body, their posterior margins slightly
serrate ; lateral line well developed, nearly straight, with 34-41 scales j
12-15 scales in a cross-row from dorsal to veutrals. Dorsal fin begin-
ning near the middle of the body, somewhat in advance of ventrals,
falcate ; its anterior rays elevated and often filamentous, their height
ranging from £ to 1£ the length of the base of the fin ; the number of

118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

developed rays ranging from 23 to 30. Caudal fin" well forked, tlio
lobe> eipial. Anal tin comparatively long and low, emarginatc (in
males), its number of developed rays usually 8. Veutrals shortish,
with usually 10 rays. Pectorals short. Sexual peculiarities little
niarknl; in sonic species, at least, the males in spring ho ve the snout
minutely tuberculate. Coloration always plain; pale olivaceous above,
white below, but hardly silvery, the fins all partaking of the color of
the region to which they belong. Air-bladder with two chambers.
Si/e medium or rather large. This genus is very close to Ictiobus and
];nl><il!<-ltih>/s. Its species are numerous and very difficult to determine.
All belong to the United States. (Latin carpiodcs, carp-like.)

* Dor>al I'm with the anterior rays more or less shortened, thoir length one-half to
1 \vo-thirds that of the base of the fin; muzzle more or less conic and pro-
jecting.
a. Head short, 4-5 in length.

116. C. carpio (Raf.) Jordan. — Carp Sucker.

Head comparatively short, its length contained 4-5 times in the
length of the body. Body more fusiform than in the others, compressed,
but not much arched, the depth 2g-3 times in the length. Anterior
rays <>t' dorsal short, notably thickened and osseous at base, especially
in the adult; the first ray nearer the end of the muzzle than the ba^e
of the caudal fin, the longest ray a little more than half the base of the
I'm; caudal moderately forked. E}'e medium, anterior, 41 in head.
Miix/.le short, but projecting much beyond mouth. D. 30; Lat. J. 36.
Si/.e largest »»t' the genus. Mississippi Valley; generally abundant.

ciirj>:n R:iliiii's(|iii', Ichfh. Oh. 1820,50; Jordan, 1. c. 200: Carpiodcs tnim-
( ope, Proo. Amer. 1'hil. Soc. Phila. 1870,4*4.)

ll'iid intermediate. its length contained about 4 times (3J-4J) in that of body ;
anterior rays of dor>al not thickened at ba>e.

I 1 7. C. tilinadus 15. & G.—Carp

llmly elongate, not much elevated ; the de]>tli L>:< in length. Head
.'r,1-!; the muzzle prominent, but rather bluntish. Front scarcely con -
oave above eyes the proiile forming a somewhat uniform curve. Kye
small, nearly <i in head. Anterior rays of dorsal moderately elevated,
!••-> than three-fourths the length of the I'm : t lie first ray nearly mid-
wax between snout and base of caudal. Caudal lobes blunt; subor-
bilals narrow, small. Scales ({-.",7-5; I). LM-L'7 ; A. 8; V. 10. Ohio to
the Uio Cii-ande and rjijier Missouri ; common. Distinguished from

30. CATOSTOMID.3E — CARPIODES. 119

the preceding by the much smaller eye. This description is based on
specimens from Wabash Biver.

(Carplodcs cyprinus* Jordan, 1. c. 198: Carpiodes tumidus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 28 : Carpiodes damalis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,
170: Carpiodcs grayi Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870,482.)

11§. C. tBlOEnpSOcai Agassiz. — Lake Carp.

Body stout, short, the back much arched, the depth 2J in length.
Head 4 to 4J in length, the muzzle moderately pointed. Dorsal rays
considerably elevated, two-thirds as long as base of fin. Eye small, 5£
in head. Tip of lower jaw much in advance of nostrils, maxillary
reaching line of orbit. Anterior suborbital large, deep, roundish. Ori-
gin of dorsal about midway of body. Scales rather closely imbricated,
8-39 to 41-6 ; D. 27 j A. 7 j Y. 10. Great Lake region ; abundant. Per-
haps identical with the preceding.

(Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 191 ; Jordan, 1. c. 198.)
aaa. Head long, about 3$ in length.

119. C. toasoai Agassiz.

Head long, contained about 31 times in length to base of caudal.
Muzzle elongate-conic, so that the eye is nearly median, the middle of
the length of the head falling in front of its posterior margin. Body not
much arched, depth 3 in length. Anterior rays of dorsal pretty high,
not much shorter than the base of the fin, not thickened at base. Lips
well developed. Eye large, 4^ in head. Scales 7-40-5 ; D. 27 j A. 7 ;
V. 10. Mississippi Valley.

(Agassiz, Atncr. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 356 ; Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila.
1870, 483; Jordan, 1. c. 197.)

** Dorsal fin with the anterior rays very much elevated and attenuated, about equal-
ling, or more usually exceeding, the length of the base of the fin.

120. C. cy priMTOS t (Le Sueur) Agassiz. — Quillbaclc; Spear-fish; Sail-fish; STdmlack.

Muzzle conic, projecting, obtusely pointed, tip of the mandible reach-
ing to opposite nostrils ; maxillary reaching to opposite front of orbit.
Anterior suborbital as deep as long. Head 3^-4 in length. Eye large,
3|-4i in length of head. Body much arched above, the depth 2^-2i
in length. First ray of dorsal usually nearer muzzle than base of

* The original Catostomus cyprinus was described from tributaries of Chesapeake
Bay. It cannot be the present species, as the dorsal is described and figured as
strongly falcate and the caudal deeply forked. We have seen no specimens from the
original locality.

t Possibly two or three species are here included: velifer, with the anterior dorsal
rays longer than the fin ; cyprinus, with them somewhat shorter ; and cutisanserinus,
with a blunter snout and the dorsal rays very long.

120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

caudal. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes slender, tlie upper the longer.
Scale.-, 7-:57-."i; 1). -0 or 27. Chesapeake Bay to Mississippi Valley;

;:nirrally abundant.

(l(\it<>xti,i,iiix ••iipr'uni* L<- Sueur, Jonrn. Acini. Xat. Soi. Philn. 1817,91; Giiuther, vii,

]-J: Ciitoxtoiitiix n I if ir Raliuesque, It-bill. Oh. 18'JO, 50: Carpiodes rcJifcr Cope, Proc.

Aiin-r. 1'liil. Sue. I'hila. 1~TO, 4>~2 : Carpiudi'S rdij\r Jordan, 1. c. 190: Carpiodes cutisan-

»'<>["•, run. Anirr. Pbil. Soc. Phila. 1S70, 481: Carpiodes culisanserinus Jordan,

1. < . I'.i I: Ciirpiodi's -Wf/ie Cope, Proc. Ainer. Phil. Soc. Pbila. 1870, 41.)

121. C. duffos-Dnns Cope.

Mn/./.le exceedingly blunt, so that the anterior edge of the mandible is
in line with the anterior rini of the orbit, and the maxillary reaches to
ilif anterior edge of the pupil. Anterior suborbital deeper than long.
I I«-ad -l\ in length. Eye quite large, 31-4 in head. Body arched, the
depth somewhat less than half the length. First ray of dorsal nearer
nm/zle than base of caudal. Scales G-35-4; D. 24; A. 8; V. 9. Ohio
Valley; not common. Perhaps a deformity of the preceding.

(Cope, Proc. Arner. Pbil. Soc. Pbila. 1870, 480; Jordan, 1. c. 195.)

62.— CYCLEPTUS Rafmesqiie.
Blade Horse.

(RafuK-squc, Jonrn. Pbys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1819, 421 : type Cydcptus nigrcs-
Uat'. = Catotitomus p.longatus Le Sucur.)

Head very small, short and slender, its length contained 0-7 times in
that of the body; its upper surface rounded. Eye small, behind the
middle of the head ; not very high up, its length G-8 in that of the head.
Sulxu hital bones small and narrow. Fontanelle entirely obliterated by
the union of the parietal bones. Mouth small, entirely inferior, over-
lapped by the projecting snout; the upper lip thick, pendent, covered
v. iih .".-.") rows of tubercles, the outer quite large, the inner small; lo\\er
lip moderate, formed somewhat as in CatoxtoniHN, but less full, incised
behind, .laws with rudimentary cartilaginous sheath. Muciferous svs-
tnn not greatly d' veloped. Opercular apparatus not greatly devel-
oped; the open-ilium smooth and narrow. Isjhmus moderate. Gill-
rakers moderately long, sol't. riiaryngeal bones strong; the teeth stout,
increasing in si/e downwards, rather wide apart. Body elongate, mod-
erately eompressed, not miieh elevated ; the caudal peduncle long; the
Btesl depth conlnined •!-(» times in length. Scales moderate, about
equal over the body, not closely imbricated, with Avide, exposed sur-
I'ace-. the number in the lateral line from 55-GO, and about 17 in a trans-
\erse series from dorsal to \entrals. Edges of scales eremite. Lateral
line veil d«-\ eloped, nearly straight. Fins rather large, dorsal fin be-

30. CATOSTOMID^E — PANTOSTEUS. 121

ginning in front of ventrals and ending just before anal, of about 30 rays,
strongly falcate in front, the first and second developed rays in lengtk
more than half the length of the base of the fin, the rays rapidly short-
ened to about the eighth, the length of the remaining rays being nearly
uniform and all short. Caudal fin large, widely forked, the lobes about
equal. Anal fin quite small, low, of 7 or 8 developed rays, scaly at base.
Ventrals moderat e, with 10 rays. Pectorals elongate, somewhat fal
cate. Sexual peculiarities somewhat marked ; the males in spring with
black pigment ; the head then covered with small tubercles. Air-blad-
der with two chambers, the anterior short, the posterior elongate. One
species known, (-/.bzhoq, round; As-ro?, slender. "The name means
small round mouth." — Rafmesquc.)

122. C. eSosig'atiHS (Le Sueur) Ag. — Blade Horse; Gourd-seed Sucker; Missouri
Suclcer; Suckerel.

Depth 4-5 in length ; head 6-S-|. Eye small, 6-7 in length of head.
Longest dorsal rays a little longer than head. Pectorals rather longer
than head. Dorsal rays 30 ; anal 7 or 8 ; scales 9-56-7. Coloration very
dark, the males almost black. Size large. Length of adult 1 |-2i feet.
Mississippi Valley; rather common. A singular and interesting fish.

(Catostomus eloiif/atiis Le Sueur, Jourii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pkila. 1817, 103: Sclcrogna-
thus elonr/alus Giiiitlier, vii, 23; Jordan, 1. c. 189.)

63.— PANT©§TEU§ Cope.
Hard-headed Suckers.

(Cope, Lieut. Wheeler's Expl. AV. 100th Mer. v, 673, 1876 : type Minomus platyrhynchus
Cope.)

Head moderate or rather small, 4-5 times in length of body, flattish
and rather broad above, anteriorly somewhat pointed. Eye rather
small, usually behind the middle of the head. Suborbitai bones narrow,
as in Catostomus. Bones of head rather thick, the two parietal bones
firmly united, entirely obliterating the fontanelle. Mouth rather large,
entirely inferior; each jaw with a more or less developed cartilaginous
sheath, separable in alcohol, essentially as in Chondrostoma, Acrocliilus,
and related genera. Upper lip broad, papillose, with a rather broad,
free margin and 2 or more series of tubercles. Lower lip largely devel-
oped, with an extensive free margin deeply incised behind, but less so
than in Catostomus. Pharyngeal bones and teeth essentially as in Catos-
tomus. Isthmus quite broad. Body generally elongate, subterete, and
little compressed. Scales quite small, 80-105 in the course of the lat-
eral line and 30-35 in a cross-series between dorsal and ventrals, usually
more or less reduced in size and crowded forward, as in Catostomus.

122 coxTKir.rnnxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

Lateral line well developed, straightish. Fins generally rather small.
First ray .if dorsal usually about midway of body, its rays few, 9-12
in number. Yeiitrals inserted rather under posterior part of dorsal,
their rays 10 or 0. Anal short and high. with 7 developed rays. Cau-
dal rather shallow-emargiuate. Pectorals well developed. Air-blad-
der with two chambers. Size rather small. Species numerous in the
Rocky Mountain region, (-^, all; o0r£oy, bone.)

• Sralrs Kindi-rati-, ,-il-S,-, ill

nal nvrr tin' liody, nut reduced forwards.

Iii3. P. plcfocillS (I)aird & Giranl) Jordan.

1'xidy rather stout, subfusiform. Head slender, rather short, 4VJ in
length. I\ve ~> in head. Ventrals reaching nearly to vent. Scales
small, scarcely crowded anteriorly, 80 in the lateral line, 20-.'.U) in a
cross-series. Depth 4£ in length. Dorsal midway between snout and
upper caudal rays. Caudal short, emarginate. Color dark brown,
faintly mottled ; sides with orange in the males. (Girard.) Lake Guz-
man, Mexico.

(Catostomua plebeius Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. !;-."< 1, :2- : (.'utvxto-
mus j>l( bijun Giiutla-r, vii, 15; Jordan, 1. c. l^l.)

I C 1. P. dclpEiiiaus Cope.

"The dorsal outline is arched, the head flat above, not elevated behind
and much depressed ou the muzzle. The muzzle is wide and does not
project beyond the upper lip, which is appressed to its lower lace and
bears four rows of warts; its smooth commissural part is narrow. Ou
the lower lip the tubercles advance nearly to the commissure; this lip
i> decph emar-iiiate posteriorly. The eye enters the length of the head
r> times, l'?, times measuring the muzzle, and twice the interorbital re-
gion. Head I:; times in length to end of caudal basal scales. Scales in
:10 longitudinal series, between dorsal and ventral (ins. AVntrals re-
markably short, extending little more than half way to vent, originat-
ing under posterior third of dorsal. Pectorals well separated. Isthmus

^ide. Color abo\e blackish, with a st rong inferior marginal shade on
the lower part of the sides, ;uid the lighter tint above; a brown spot
just abo\e axilla is cut oil' from il by a band of the yellow color which
cover, the belly and head below." (Cope.) Probably from C reen River.
(.l/i'i/.tmir, tliliiliiiui* Cope, ll:i\ili-n'.s Cml. Sui-v. Wynm. Terr. 1672, 430.)

/5. I*. Imrdeas ('upr.

This >pc«-i«-s is distinguished by its \.-ry short head and marked col-
, resembling in that resjx-ct the C. ////.:/// «n imsix of Girard; with

30. CATOSTOMID^ — PANTOSTEUS. 123

this species it has, however, nothing' else in common. "Head wide,
muzzle not projecting beyond upper lip; latter not pendant, with
narrow, smooth commissure and 3 or 4 rows of tubercles. Lower
lip deeply incised, tubercular to near inner edge. Eye 5.25 times in
length of head, twice in iuterorbital width. Head 5 times to end of
basal caudal scales. Form stout. Body cyliudric anteriorly. Dorsal
fin nearer end of muzzle than end of caudal scales. Scales of body
subcqual, in 30 longitudinal rows between dorsal and ventral fins,
latter originating beneath hinder border of dorsal, not quite reaching
vent. Pectorals well separated. Isthmus wide, narrower than in M. dcl-
pJtinus. Color blackish above; a broad olive band from upper part of
opercular border along upper half of caudal peduncle, and a broad black
baud below, narrowing to a line along the middle of the peduncle ; be-
low yellowish, a band of the same cutting off a blackish area above the
axilla, as in the last species." (Cope.) Probably from Green Eiver.
This species and the two preceding are not well separated.

(Minomus bardus Cope, Haydeu's Geol. Surv. Wyoru. Terr. 1872, 436.)

aa. Scales very ranch reduced and crowded anteriorly ; upper lip fall, pendent ; car-
tilaginous sheaths on jaws well developed, the commissure transverse and
abruptly angulate at the corners of the mouth.

126. P. plaftyrrSaynncSaaas Cope.

Body extremely elongate, the depth 5i-7 in length. Head 4f in
length, short and wide, with depressed and expanded muzzle, which
considerably overhangs the mouth. Isthmus very wide. Dorsal rays
11; ventral rays 9; scales 15-80-12. Belly and lower fins yellowish,
probably red in life. Utah Lake. Perhaps identical with the next.

(Minomus platyrhyndms Cope, Proc. Auier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 134; Jordan, 1. c.
183.)

127. P. geiaeTOsras (Girard) Jordan.

Body moderately elongate, the depth 4^-5 in the length. Head
rather short, 4| in length, not specially broadened ; muzzle not greatly
overhanging the mouth. Lower lip full, with 4 or 5 rows of tubercles ;
upper with 2. Isthmus very broad. Head with conspicuous mucous
tubes. Lower fins large. Dorsal rays 9 (rarely 10); ventral rays 10
(rarely 9) ; scales 11 to 14-83 to 87-13 to 15. Light brown above, with
dusky spots and clouds ; males with the chin and fins red, and a crim-
son lateral band. Eio Grande to Mojave Desert and Great Basin of
Utah ; very abundant.

(Catostomns fjenerosus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 174: Minomus jarro-
vii Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 35; Jordan, 1. c. 183.)
** Scales very small, 100-105 in the lateral line.

12-4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

128. P. vii'csccns Cope.

Body elo i-ate. compressed, the caudal peduncle contracted. Head
>!iort, wide, .". iii length. Muzzle obtuse, little projecting. Upper lip
wide; lower lip full, emargiuate. Jaws with well-developed cartilagi-
nous sheaths. Scales much reduced in size forwards. Dorsal rays 10;
ventral!); se ales 18-103-16. Color olive; lower surface yellow. Head-
waters of Arkansas River.
(Cop.-, WIi.-i-l.-r'.s Exiil. W. lUOih Mer. v, 675, 1876; Jordan, 1. c. 182.)

61.— CATO§TO:?IU§ Lc Sueur.

Suckers.

(Hylo»iy:on Agassiz ; Acomus and Minomua Girard. )

(Lc Siteur, Joiirn. Arad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 89, 1817: type Cyprinm catoatomus Forster =
CatostomHs longirostrum Le Sueur.)

Head more or less elongate, its length ranging from 3^ to 5 times in.
that of the body. Eye usually rather small, liigh up, and median or
more or less posterior in position. Suborbital bones narrow, longer
than broad, much as in Moxostoma. Foutanelle always present, usually
widely open, in two species reduced to a narrow slit, but never wholly
obliterated. Mouth rather large, always inferior, and .sometimes nota-
bly so; the upper lip thick, protractile, papillose; the lower lip greatly
developed, with a broad free margin, deeply incised behind, so that it
form ; two lobes, which are often more or less separated. Mandible
horizontal, short, not one-third the length of the head and not reaching
•to opposite the eye. Lower jaw usually without distinct cartilaginous
sheath. Opercular apparatus moderately developed, not rugose. Pha-
r\!igeal bones moderately strong, the teeth shortish, vert ically com-
pressed, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, the, upper surface of the
teeth nearly even or somewhat cuspidate, liody oblong or elongate,
more or less fusiform, siibterete, more or less compressed. Scales com-
paratively small, typically much smaller and crowded anteriorly, the
number in tin- lat -ral line ranging from about .")0 to 115, the number in a
transverse series between dorsal and veiitrals from !."» to 10. Lateral line
well developed, straight ish, some\vl:at deciirved anteriorly. Fins vari-
!y developed. Dorsal with its first ray nearly midway of the body,
with from !) to 1 1 developed ra\ s. Anal (in short and high, with probably
always 7 developed rays. Yeiilrals inserted under the middle or poste-
rior part of the dors, il, typically with 10 rays; in one snbgenns usually
'.': the number often subject to variation of one. Caudal I'm usually
deeply forked, the lobes nearly equal. Sexual peculiarities not muck

30. CATCSTOMID^E - C'ATOSTOMUS. 125

•

marked ; the fins higher in the male and the anal somewhat swollen and
tubereulate in the spring. Breeding males in some species with a rosy
or orange lateral band. Air-bladder with two chambers. Vertebrae in
C. commersoni and C. nigricans 45-47. Species very numerous, all be-
longing to the United States, except the Siberian C. rostmtus Tilesius.
, inferior; a-o<}.a, mouth.)

* Scales very small, much reduced aud crowded anteriorly, 83-115 in the lateral line.
(Catostomus.)

a. Fontauelle almost obliterated, reduced to a narrow slit; each jaw with a well-
developed cartilaginous sheath (as in Pantostcus').

129. C. diiscotoo&MS Cope.

Body snbterete, compressed behind, the depth 5 in length. Interorb-
ital space 2 in head. Head quite short, broad and rounded above, 4^in
length. Eye small, far back and high up, 6 in head. Mouth very
large, inferior, beneath the projecting snout. Upper lip very full, pen-
dent, with about 5 rows of tubercles. Lower lip very fall, moderately
incised, with about 10 rows, a notch separating the upper lip from the
lower. Each jaw with a slightly curved cartilaginous sheath on its
edge, the two parallel with each other and fitting closely together.
Fins small. Dorsal 11 ; caudal little forked; scales 15-90-11, irregular.
Colors dusky. Size small. Idaho to Wyoming and Arizona.

(Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Wyom. Terr. 1870, 435; Jordan, 1. c. 170.)

aa. Fontanelle well developed ; jaws without evident cartilaginous sheath.
i. Upper lip very broad, with several (5 or G) rows of large papillae.

13®. C. latipiMBBls Baird & Girard.

Body slender and elongate ; the caudal peduncle especially long and
very slender; the depth 5^ in the length. Head moderate, 4f in length,
rather slender, with prominent snout and rather contracted, inferior
mouth. Outline of the mouth triangular, the apex forwards. The lips
very thick, greatly developed ; lower lip incised to the base; its pos-
terior margin extending backwards to opposite the eye. Jaws with a
slight cartilaginous pellicle. Eye small, high up. Preorbital bone
broad, scarcely twice as long as deep. Scales long and low, posteriorly
rounded, their horizontal diameter greater than the vertical, 17-98 to
105-17. Fins excessively developed, especially in the males, the free
border of the dorsal deeply incised. Height of each of the three verti-
cal fins in the males greater than the length of the head. Dorsal 13, in-
serted nearer snout than base of caudal. Caudal very strong, the rudi-
mentary rays at its base unusually developed. Least depth of tail less

12G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

than one-third tin- head. Coloration silvery; the males probably rosy
and tiibriviilate in spring. C.ila region to Wyoming; iiot abundant.

, r..:ird vV <;iiar.l. I'm.-. A. -id. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 3J?; Giiuth/r, vii, 14 ; Jordan,
I.e. i: : - ' nix i/ii:inti,iit MMV Girard,Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Phila. 1856,173.)

131. $'. EvJ!roi»i:i:n:s .Ionian.

liody Ion-- and slender, subterete, compressed behind, the form es-
sentially that of ('. loii'jiroHtrix, the depth contained 5t times in the
length. Head large, I in length of body, the interorbital space broad
and llat. 1'.'. in length of head. Eye small, high up and rather posterior.
1'ieorbital bone very Ion-- and slender, its length about ."> times its
depth. Month large, precisely as in C. latipinnii, the upper lip pendent,
very large. with .~»-8 series of tubercles. Dorsal (in not elongated or
e>pe.-ially elevated, its rays 11, the beginning of the dorsal much nearer
base of caudal than snont. Caudal fin Ion-- and strongly forked. Anal
tin long and high, reaching base of caudal. Ventrals not reaching vent.
Caudal peduncle stout and deep, its least depth more than one-third
length of head; its length about two-thirds that of head. Scales quite
small, about as in towr/i'ms/m, the exposed portion not notably length-
ened. Chest with well-developed scales. Scales 1( {-100-1-1. Colora-
tion dusky brown, a dusky lateral band, pale below, the dark colors ex-
tending low. Snout quite dark. Size large. Montana to Nebraska.

(Jordan, Lc. 17-.)

/-.'.. l"|i|i r lip roinpara'iyrly Him and narrow, vulh lint tVw (:i or -I) VO\VH of papilla'.

132. C. lonpfiirostrns L<' Sucur. — f.(>ii<i-»ux:il Sucker; \<»-Hn'rn

I'.ody elongate, snbtei-ete, the de]»th 1',-lj in length. Head quite
loiigand sleiidei-, 1 ',-!'.; in length, depressed and tlattened abo\c, broad
at ba-e. lint tapering into a long snont, which considerably overhangs
the large month. laps thick, coarsely tnbereulate. the upper lip nar-
row, \\ith - or .". rows ol tubercles. Kye rather small, behind the mid-
dle of the head. Scales very small, much crowded forwards, 0.1-111 in
the course of the lateral line, and about L'!l iJii-IJl) in a cross-row from
dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal rays 10 or 11. Males in spring with the head
and anal I'm profusely tubercn late, the tubercles on the head small ; 1 he
sides at that lea "ii with a broad rosy band. Si/.e large; the largest
in t lie genus. C.reat bakes and Cjipt-i1 Mississippi Valley to

' Tlii* is protialily a <li>liin-t spn-ifs. It is slimier than C. lulifiiiniix. with shorter
and deeper caudal peduncle and lower fins. A blackish lateral baud. I>. 1'.'; Lai. 1.

"'. l'p]icr lip \\ilh 1 |-i:\\s of papilla'. Tlir original type from Lakr (Jii/man,
( 'liiliu.ilina. i> now l"-t.

30. CATOSTOMIDJ5 CATOSTOMUS. 127

Alaska; very abundant northward. The most widely distributed
species.

(Cyprinus vatostomus Forster, Pliil. Trans. 1773, 155: Catostomus longirostrum and
hudsonius Lo Sueur, Journ. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 102, 107 : Catostomus forsterianus
Eichardson, Franklin's Journal, 1823, 720 : Catostomus aurora Agassiz, Lake Superior,
360 : Catostomus hadsonius Giiuther, vii, 13 : Catostomus griseus Giinther, vii, 14 ; Jordan,
I.e. 175.)

133. C. taBaoesasis Gill & Jordan. — Talioe Sucker.

Eather stouter, the depth 4 J-5 in length. Head very large and long-
acuminate, the muzzle nearly one-half its length, overhanging the rather
large mouth. Lips moderate, the upper pendent, with about 3 rows of
small papillae ; the lower rather full, similarly papillose. Eye nearly
median, rather small, SJ in head. Scales small and crowded forwards,
closely imbricated, 85-90 in the course of the lateral line, and about
28 in a cross-series from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal short, but longer
than high, its rays 10. Coloration very dark; fins dusky; scales every-
where finely punctate. Breeding males profusely tuberculate. Size
large. Lake Tahoe ; very abundant.

(Jordan, 1. c. 173 ; Jordan & Heushaw, Ecpt. Chief Engiu. app. nn, 1878, 188.)

** Scales small, crowded, and smaller anteriorly than posteriorly, 58-75 in the course

of the lateral line. (Decactylus Eafiuesqne.*)
c. Upper lip thick and full, with several (5-8) rows of papillae.

d. Foutanelle very small and narrow ; both jaws with a weak cartilaginous
sheath.

134. C. aB*SE®E»MS Jordan.

Body elongate, fusiform, subterete, the greatest depth 4^-4^ in
length. Head small, conical, 4§ in length. Mouth quite large, with
full, thick lips, the upper very wide and pendent, with about C rows of
very strong papillae; lower lip two-lobed, similatly papillose. Inter-
orbital space wide, convex. Eye elevated, posterior, quite small. Fins
moderate; dorsal higher than long, with 10, rarely 11, rays; ventral
rays 10. Scales small, crowded forwards, 10 or 9-70-8. Color dark ;
scales with dark punctulations. Nevada and Southern California.

(Jordan, 1. c. 173 ; Jordan & Henshaw, Kept. Chief Eugin. app. nn, 1878, 188.)

diL Foutauelle well developed ; lips 'without evident cartilaginous sheath.
e. Lateral line with 70-80 scales.

135. C. HaMatGis Ayres.

Head 4£ in length, rather bluntish. Mouth moderate, the labial pa-
pill;^ largely developed ; the upper lip full, with about 5 rows of large

* Eah'uesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 60 : type Catostomus bostoniensis Le Sueur. (Je/ca, ten;
c, toes; i. e., 10 ventral rays.)

128 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

but rather spars.- papilla. Scales 12-74-10. Dorsal fin short, higher
than Inn.:,'. <>f about 11 rays. Color dark above; sides clouded with
Mark and yellow. Klamath Lake, Oregon. A little-known species.
(Ayrtt, Proo. A.-ad. N:ii. S. i. e'al. 1855, ::.'; .Ionian, 1. c. 173.)

13G. I1. uiacrocJlBlMS Grd.— Columbia River Sucker.

Jlody heavy forwards. Head large and heavy, convex. Snout blunt,
much overlapping the horizontal mouth. Mouth quite large, with very
lar-v lips, tin- upper lull and pendent, with G-S rows of strong pa-
pilla*. Head large, 4£ in length, rather narrow, quadrangular, the
snout pro/I ee ting. Kye large. Dorsal fin much longer than high, its
rays about 15. Pectorals long and narrow ; caudal well forked. Head
4 in length. Scales 12-72-10. Coloration rather dark ; a dusky lateral
Miipe; belo\v abruptly pile. Columbia River.

(Mrard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 175; Jordan, 1. c. 171.)

137. C. occndonitaJas Ayrcs.— Sacramento Sucker.

P.ody rather slender, little elevated. Mouth comparatively small,
smaller than in C. commcrsoni ; the upper lip with 5 or G rows of smallish
papilhe; lips rather thin. Head quite small, rounded above, 4.4 in
length, the profile steeper than in C. commcrsoni. the snout more
pointed, the two sides of the head more convergent forwards. K\e
>::iall. Dorsal lin longer than high, its rays 12-14; caudal well forked,
the upper lobe the longer. Scales 13-75-10. Dark above, gradually
paler b;-low. Streams of California; abundant in the Sacramento and
San .loaqiiin.

< Lyres, I'mr. Cal. Afad. X.-it. Hist. 1~',~>1, 18; Jordan, 1. C. 172.)

C. bcf:3:

Color blaelvish. Fins rather high. Lateral line with 80 scales (ac-
cording to the figure). I\ve large. Head 5 in length. ?.Ioulh small,
wilhbr.iad lips. Kio Iluagui, Mexico, west of the Sierra Mai Ire. (Girard.)
This species is, perhaps, allied to C. occi<l<'iit/tl!x, but may be nPantostcus.
lirard, I-PM-. A.-ni. N;,t. Sci. 1'hila. l-'.MJ, 175.)
I .-nil lini- \vi:li CiH-i;:, scales.

Jor. A

I'.oily rather clou-ate, little compressed, the back broad. Head
broad, conical. Mouth entirely inferior, the mandible horizontal; upper
lip very wide, full, pendent with alfiiit s rows of coarse, irregular papilla-;
lower lip vriy l.road, coarsely papillose, cut to the base by a sharp in-
cNon. Kye very small. 7 in head, ,'U in intcrorbital width. Dorsal fin
long and low, its anterior rays three-fourths the base of the fin, half

30. CATOSTOMID^E — CATOSTOMUS. 129

longer than the last rays ; pectorals and ventrals short ; caudal short ;
anal long. Pharyngeal bones rather weak, with smallish teeth. Black-
ish above ; males with the sides rosy ; fins dark. Head 3§- ; depth 4£.
D. 33; A. 7; scales 9-G5-9. L. 18 inches. Utah Lake.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. iii, 464, 1880.)

11O. C. fccniHlus Cope & Yarrow. — Ulah Lake SueJcer.

Body moderately stout, little compressed, the tail slender. Head sub-
conic, the profile regularly dectirved from the nape to the base of the
prem axillary spines, which abruptly protrude, forming a distinct "nose"
as in Chasmistcs Horns ; premaxillaries in front scarcely below the pre-
orbital. Mandible large, oblique, placed at an angle of 30° when the
mouth is closed, its length 3 in head. Upper lip full, pendent, with
about 4 rows of coarse papillae ; lower lip moderate, divided by a broad
notch, each lobe with about 6 rows of papillae. Eye a little behind
middle of head. First ray of dorsal twice height of the last, its length
greater than that of the base of the fin ; caudal forked, the lower lobe
longest; pectorals long; anal high. Dusky above, pale below. Head
4 ; depth 4^. D. 11 ; A. 7 ; V. 9 ; scales 8-GO-8. L. 13 inches. Utah
Lake ; excessively abundant. This species has evident affinities with
Chasmistes.

(Cope & Yarrow, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, C78, 1870 ; Jordan & Gil-
bert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 403.)

cc. Upper lip comparatively thin, with but few (2 or 3) rows of papilLe.
/. Scales ranch reduced, and crowded anteriorly ; dorsal rays 11-15.

141. C. cypfllO Lockington.

A conspicuous hump behind the occiput, supported by a greatly ex-
panded, broadly triangular interneural bone. Upper lip with about 3
rows of papillae, lower lip with about 8 ; the lower lip divided to the
base by a broad emargination. D. 15 ; A. 8 ; V. 10 ; Lat. 1. 72. Colo-
rado Eiver at mouth of Gila. (LocJciingfon.)

(Lockington, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1880.)

142. C. coillliaersOBii (Lac^pede) Jordan. — Common Sucker ; White Sucker ; Brook

Sucker; Fine-scaled Sucker.

Body moderately stout, varying with age, subterete, heavy at the
shoulders, the depth 4-4| in length. Head rather large and stout,
conical, flattish above, its length 4-44 in body (3^-4^ in young).
Snout moderately prominent, scarcely overpassing the mouth. Mouth
rather large ; the lips strongly papillose, the upper moderate, with 2 or 3
rows of papillae. Scales crowded anteriorly, much larger on the sides
than below j scales 10-04 to 70-9. Coloration olivaceous ; males in
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C 9

1.".0 CONTi:ii:rriO\S TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV

spring with a faint rosy lateral band; young brownish, more or less
uiottlril, often with continent blackish lateral blotches or a lateral band.
Lateral line usually imperfect in the young. L. is inches. All streams
from Labrador to Montana, and southward to Florida. The commonest
of the suckers.

!/ I.accprde. Ili.st. Nat. I'oix. V, 502j 1 -(>:'.: ('i!i>ri)niH It n sM itehill,
Tr:i:i>. Lit. A 1'lii!. Soo. N. V. 1-1 I, •!."»<: Cntoxtomnx I- rrx ( iiinther, vii, 1."):
Itn* Jordan, 1. c. ]('»>: (.'HtiixIniHtix <-i>Minitnix ami hoxtunii iixi .-,- l.c Suciir, Jonrn.
3( i. 1'liila. 1~17. '.*:>, Hi;;, etc.)

ff. Scales .srarrrly reduced or crowded anteriorly : dorsal rays 10 or 11.

1 13. C'. Hiisi^liis I'.aird & Oirard.

J'.ody rather elongate, subterete, heavy at the shoulders, tapering
backward, the depth about o in length. Head moderate, about 4J in
length. .Mouth comparatively small. Lips moderate, the upper nar-
row, -with about 1* rows of large tubercles. Scales subeijiial. .">S-f;;5 in
the lateral line, 1!) in a cross-series. A series of dusky spots along each
row of scales, the spots often obscure, (lila Basin.

(Ba'ml \ Cirard, Tror. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1-:>1. '.'- : C.>i>< & Yarn»\v. '/.,»,]. Whccl-

. r- i:\pi. w. Kniiii M.T. v. ;;?:;. i-:c.; .Ionian, 1. c. 105.)

111. C. Clarki I'.aird A (urard.

15ody moderately stout, depth -I'.] in length. Head very small and
short, aliout 5 in length. Eye moderate. Kins all notably small.
Scales small, siihcipial, 9-70-9; larger mesial ly than ]>ostei'iorly. ]>ody
\\ith sc;ittered nebulous spots, (d/mrd.) Ari/ona.

Baird A Cirard, 1'n.c. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. l-.'.t, vJ7.)

••"Scales niodcral<', not crow. led anteriorly. I- -.':.". inlhc la:«'ral line; ln'ad jicciiliarly
( I/II/H nil limn Rafinesque.*)

1 l'». <1. Ili^a-^-ailS l.c Sncnr. — //o// SinL<r: Slimr l.'all, r; 7'i//cr: ' 'nurl-a-lottiim :

Iliiiiiini r liiuil ; Mi, in l.ii>/i/<-r : I !i>i/ Mnlly.

Head flattened above, t ransv«'rsely roiicave between the orbits, the
frontal bone thick, broad, and short, the physiognomy being therefore
peculiar. Ventral rays normally 9. I'pper lip very thick, strongly
papillose, with a broad, free mar- in. \\liich has upwards of x_]<» series of
papilla- upon it : lower lip greatly developed, strongly papillose, con
siderably incised behind, but less so than in ( 'ttfoxloni UN proper. Fon-
tanclle shorter and smaller than in (\ nmunrrxoHi. 1'ecforal tins un-

v

ii-iially lar.-e. I). 10 or II ; Lat. 1. -|s_.V, : ll'-lo scales in a cross-

" li'a! .1" ini. ACM!. Nat. Sci. 1'liila. 1-1-'. I'.'l : type /><>.'//<i*s/'//) iiiiii-n>/>h'riiin

Iv'af. -' l.cS:ieur. {'i-.i, lic]o\v; TIT//, live : lahinin. lip, Ilic live-

loin-. I lower lip being supposed to distinguish it tVom /•.'jruylosxum.) (=HylomyzonAg.)

30. CATOSTOMID.E CHASMISTES. 131

series. Depth 4£-5 iu length ; head 4-4.J. Eye rather small, 4J to 5
in head. Color olivaceous; sides with brassy lustre ; belly white ; back
brown, with several dark cross-blotches, irregularly arranged, these
becoming obsolete in old individuals ; lower fins dull red, with some
dusky shading ; young considerably variegated, the sides spotted. Size
large ; maximum length about 2 feet. New York to Alabama and
Kansas ; abundant. Ascends streams to spawn early in spring.

(Le Sneur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818, 102 : Hylomyzon nigricans Agassiz,
Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 205 ; Giiutlier, vii, 17 ; Jordan, 1. c. 1G2.)

65.— <CfiIASUII§TE§ Jordan.

(Jordan, Bull. Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr, iv, No. 2, 417, 1878: type Chasm-isles liorus
Jor.)

Head disproportionally large, forming more than one-fourth of length,
broad and flattish above ; sides of head vertical, slightly directed in-
wards, the breadth through the cheeks less than the breadth above the
eyes. Eyes small, high up, rather posterior. Mouth extremely large,
terminal, the lower jaw in the closed mouth being very oblique, placed
at an angle of about 45 degrees. The lower jaw very long and strong,
its length more than one-third the length of the head, nearly half the
length of the head in the adult, its tip, when the mouth is closed, about
on a level with the eye. Upper j aw very protractile. Upper lip very thin
(for a sucker), and nearly smooth. Snout elevated above the rest of the
head, the premaxillary spines usually forming a conspicuous nose. Lower
lip moderate, consisting of a broad flap on each side of the mandible, in
front reduced to a narrow rim, the surface of the lip nearly smooth, with-
out papillae. Nostrils large. Suborbital bones narrow, but rather
• broader than in Catostomus. Preorbital unusually large. Mucous chan-
nels moderately developed. Fontanelle very large. Isthmus rather
narrow Pharyugeal bones weaker than usual in Catostomus, the teeth
generally smaller. Body rather slender, tapering pretty regularly from
the shoulders to the tail, but little compressed. Caudal peduncle rather
stout. Fins moderate ; the dorsal rays about 12 ; the anal 7. Pectorals
rather long, not quite reaching ventrals ; ventrals reaching vent ; anal
fin high, reaching caudal; caudal fin rather long, its lobes equal.
Scales moderate, large on the caudal peduncle, much smaller and
crowded anteriorly, GO-G5 in the lateral line, about 18 in a transverse
series from dorsal to ventrals. Sexual peculiarities unknown. Colora-
tion usual. Air-bladder in two parts. Size moderate or rather large.
, to yawn.)

132 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

a. rharyiii,feul l.mies of iiiddc ratr strength; the Tipper teeth minute, the lower en-
larged. (r/i«.v«ii-s/< v.)

I S6. C1. lioi'US .Ionian. — Jttin- Sucker of Utah Lake.

Depth about ."» in length; head .">-. Interorbital space broad, 2£ in
head. Kye (i-7 in head. Width of the Open mouth 3 J in head. D.I,
11, the tin elevated ill front, its anterior ray twice the height of the pos-
terior and about ei|iial to the base of the fin ; A. I, 7; caudal deeply
forked, the lower lobe long; lower fins small. Scales 0-G3-8. Color
dusky aliovc, pale below ; the scales of the back and sides profusely cov-
ered with dark punctulations. L. 18 inches. Utah Lake; abundant.
(Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8.xii.219, 1878.)

aa. "' rharyni;eal hones very thin and flat, with very numerous minute teeth, as in
< 'iirjiindr.f.'1 (Lipomyzon Cope.*)

14 7. C. brevirostris Cope.

" Shorter than C. luxatus, especially the muzzle, and the latter is with-
out the hump produced by the protuberant premaxillary spines. Parie-
tal fontanelle small. The lower lip fold is only present on the sides of
the mandible. Body nearly cylindric. Scales 12-74-11. Eadii : D. 11 ;
A. 0. Color dusky above, silvery below; fins colorless." (Cope,} L. 1G
inches. Klamath Lake, Oregon.

(Cope, American Naturalist, 1879,785.)

148. C. Itixatus Cope.

"Form elongate. Head long, flat above, and with a large fontanelle.
Mouth terminal, the spines of the premaxillary projecting so as to form
a hum]) on the top of the snout. Lower lip a very thin dermal fold, ex-
tending entirely around the chin. Scales I2-SO-!). Uadii : D. 11 ; A. 0.
Color clouded above, with black punetulations, below paler, with red
shades in some specimens ; tins uucolored." (Cope.} L. 3 feet. Kla-
math Lake and K'iver.

(Cope, Am. riean Naturalist. H79.784.)

60.— EBfiUIYEON J.ml:m.

(Mnrnxtoma A".; not <>!' 1,'af.)

!an. Hull. P,ullal'> Boc. \at. Hist. I-?.;, '.if.: type ('i/j,ri>iH« a!,!,,,,,/!/* Mitch. =
' riiniH xnrillii I.. -i. .

I'.ody ohlon.u, rather shortened, heavy forwards, and considerably
compressed. Head moderate, rather broad above. Month moderate,

"I '"I"'. -^"' ' ' in- 1--I. ••'•*: type r/,,(v;/M's/rs brcriroylri* ( 'npe. (leiiroo, to be

drlieiel,; ' • siiek. )

30. CATOSTOMID^E - ERIMYZON. 133

somewhat inferior ; the upper lip well developed, freely protractile ; the

lower moderate, infolded, /^-shaped in outline, plicate, with 12-20 plicai

on each side. Lower jaw without cartilaginous sheath, rather stronger

than usual, and oblique in position when the mouth is closed, thus simi-

lar to the mouth of Ictiobns. Eye moderate, rather high up, placed

about midway of the head. Suborbital bones considerably developed,

not very much narrower than the fleshy portion of the check below

them ; the posterior suborbital concavo-convex, about twice as long as

deep, sometimes divided ; the anterior somewhat deeper than long, aome-

times divided into two, sometimes united with the preorbital bone, which

is well developed, and much longer than broad. Opercular bones mod-

erately developed, scarcely or not rugose. Fontauelle rather large.

Gill-rakers rather long. Isthmus moderate. Pharyngeal bones weak ;

the teeth quite small, "slender, and weak, rapidly diminishing in

length upwards, each tooth narrowly compressed, with a cusp on the

inner margin of the cutting surface, and some inequalities besides.

Scales rather large, more or less crowded forwards, sometimes showing

irregularities of arrangement ; the longitudinal radiating furrows much

stronger than usual ; the scales rather longer than deep, but so imbri-

cated in the adult that the exposed surfaces appear deeper than long.

Lateral line entirely wanting. Scales in the longitudinal series from

head to base of caudal 35-45 in number ; scales in transverse row from

base of ventral to dorsal 12-18. Dorsal fin rather short and high, with

10-14 developed rays, the number usually 11 or 12. Beginning of dor-

sal fin rather nearer snout than base of caudal. Pectoral fins mod-

erate, not reaching ventrals ; the latter not to vent. Ventrals under

a point rather in advance of the middle of dorsal ; their rays normally

9, but occasionally 8 or 10. Anal fin high and short, more or less

emargiuate or bilobed in adult males. Caudal fin moderately forked

or merely lunate, its two lobes about equal. Air-bladder with two

chambers. Two species known. (Ipi, an intensive particle ; /*u£w, to

suck.)

. E. ssucella (Lac.) Jordan. — Creelc Fisli ; Clnib Suclcer.
Body oblong, compressed, becoming gibbous with age, the ante-dorsal
region more or less elevated in the adults, the depth 3J in length, ranging
from 2$ in adults to 4 in young. Head stout, short, about 4£ in length
(4-4i), the interorbital space wide and depressed, the lower parts nar-
rower. Eye not large, 4^ in head (4J-5 J). Mouth protractile downwards
and forwards, the mandible oblique. Scales usually closely imbricated

134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

and more or less crowded forwards, but often showing various irregulari-
ties in arrangement, aliont !•"> (•>'.)— i,j) in a longitudinal series and l.~>
(14-1(5) in a transverse series between the ventrals and the dorsal. Fin-
rays somewhat variable, the dorsal with 11 (10-L">) developed rays, the
anal with 7, and the ventrals with 9 (rarely S). Coloration varying with
age; never distinct series of black spots along the rows^of scales.
Young with ;i broad black lateral band, bordered above by paler. In
some specimens from clear water this band i.; of a jet-black color and
very distinct ; in others it is duller. Later this band becomes broken
into a series of blotches, which often assume the form of broad trans-
verse bars. In adult specimens these bars disappear, and the color is
nearly uniform brown, dusky above, paler below, everywhere with a
coppery or brassy, never silvery, lustre. The fins are dusky or smoky
brown, rarely reddish-tinged. Sexual differences strong. The males
in spring with usually three large tubercles on each side of the snout,
and with the anal I'm more or less swollen and emarginate. Adult
specimens with the back gibbous and the body strongly compressed,
in appearance quite unlike the young. Maximum length about 10
inches. New England to the Rocky Mountains, south to Texas; very
abundant.

xtifftta Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, G0('>, 1K)3: Cyprhnis ollnufiu* Mitch. Trims.
Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 45U, 1814: Mojrostoma obloiujnm Giinthcr. vii, '31 : C'lttotsiomus
i/;iil>nxiis S;<>n-r, Fish Mass. ~'01 ; Jordan, Man. Vert. 319; Jordan, Hull. U. S.Nat. Mua.
xii, 144.")

159. E. gOOdci Jordan.

Body oblong, the back more elevated, the body deeper and more com-
pressed than in the, preceding, the greatest depth in advance of the
dorsal tin being contained about L'\! times in the length. Nape less gib-
bous than in E. sucetta. Head quite small and short, the large eye
being almost exactly midway in its length. Its length 4 A in that,
of the body. Kye I ', in head. Intcrorbital space rather narrow,
transversely convex, less than half the length of the head. Mouth
small, protractile forwards, [he lower jaw oblique ; lips as in the pre-
ceding. Scales large, much larger and much more uniform in their
imbrication than in /,'. Nttcrfftt, .">(» in a longitudinal series, and about
i:> in a transverse series from the ventrals to the dorsal. Dorsal iin
Iiigh, ol' lu de\ eloped rays; anal moderate, with 7: ventrals large,
with 1<>. Color dark olivaceous above; each scale along the, sides re-
pale from the strongly striated middle part, these giving in cer-

30. CATOSTOMID2E — MINYTREMA. 135

tain lights the appearance of pale stripes along the rows of scales; fins
dusky, especially at their tips. Elvers of Florida.

(Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat^Mus. xii, 148, 1878.)

67.— UHNYTREniA Jordan.
Spotted Suckers.

(Jordan, Mau. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 318: type Catostomus melanops Raf.)

Head moderate, rather broad above. Mouth moderate, inferior, hori-
zontal; the upper lip well developed, freely protractile; the lower rather
small, infolded, /^-shaped in outline, plicate, with 12-20 plicre ou each
side. Lower jaw without cartilaginous sheath. Eye moderate, rather
high, placed about midway of the head. Suborbital bones consider-
ably developed, not very much narrower than the fleshy portion of
the cheek below them; the posterior suborbital concavo-convex, about
twice as long as deep, sometimes divided; the anterior somewhat deeper
than long, often divided into two, sometimes united with the preorbital,
which is well developed and much longer than broad. The number and
form of these bones, except as to their depth, are not constant in the
same species, and do not afford specific characters. Opercular bones
well developed, not much rugose. Fontanelle evident, rather large.
Gill-rakers rather long, in length about half tlje diameter of the eye.
Isthmus moderate. Pharyngeal bones essentially as in Moxostoma.
Body rather elongate, sub terete, becoming deep and rather compressed
with age. Scales rather large, nearly equal over the body, the radiating
furrows not specially marked. Lateral line interrupted in the adult,
but with perfect tubes, imperfect in partly grown specimens, entirely
obsolete in the young. Scales in a longitudinal series 44-47 in number,
12-14 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal fin rather
short and high, with about 12 developed rays, beginning rather nearer
the snout than the base of the caudal. Pectoral fins moderate, not
reaching ventrals, the latter not to vent. Ventrals rather in advance
of vhe middle of the dorsal, their rays normally 9, rarely 8 or 10. Anal
fin high and short, often more or less emargiuate in males. Caudal flu
moderately forked, the lobes about equal. Air-bladder with two cham-
bers. Males in spring with the head covered with many small tubercles.
One species certainly known.* (//tvy?, reduced ; r/> ?;//«, aperture; in allu-
sion to the imperfections of the lateral line.)

* M. austrinum Beau. Body rather stout, the depth 4 iii length. Head 4^- in length.
Lips plicate, truncate behind. Light hrown above, yellowish below ; some scales
brownish at base. Paired fins wilh dark blotches. D. 11; A. 6; scales G-44-G. Mi-
choacan, Mexico (west of Sierra Mad re). This species is probably a Minytrema, but
the air-bladder has been removed from the typical specimens.

(Myxostoma auslrina Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 302.)

13G COM'KII'.I IIONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.

(Eaf.) Jordan.— 5/M>««d Mnii,t; ,v//-<>></
IJnily obl.mg, liulc compre»i-d. tin- young nearly terete, the adults
deeper bodied; the dorsal region not elevat<-il. Depth about -i in
len-tli, varying iVoin about ."• in adults to 1] in the young. Head not
very lar-e. l\ in length of body (t',-1.1)? i">t specially depressed. .Mu-
cous poivs rather strong. Kye small, ."">-'> in head. Mouth quite interior,
horizontal, rather small. Scales large, firm, regularly and smoothly
unl.rieated. in -Hi (tl-47) longitudinal series and 13 (lU-l-l) transverse
series, the scales uot crowded forwards. Fin -rays usually: D. 1_: A.
7; V. '.». Coloration dusky above, with usually a black blotch be-
hind the dorsal iin. Each scale along the sides with a small, more or
less di.siinct blackish spot at its base, these spots forming interrupted
longitudinal lines, along the rows of scales. These lines are usually
very distinct, especially in the adult, but young specimens often shmv
them faintly. Sides and belly silvery, with a coppery lustre. Sexual
peculiarities moderately marked; very old males with the head covered
with small tubercles in spring. No great changes with age, either in
form or coloration. Size large4; maximum length about 18 inches.
Great Lake region to South Carolina and Texas.

(Catostoiiuix melanops Kat'. IHitli. <>h. HJO, 57: Calnxlnntux fnxt'iittux (.Jiintla-r, vii, 19;
Jordun, Man. V.TI. :'-H; .Ionian, Dull. LI. S. Nat. Mus. xii, i:i>.)

68.— MOXOSTO.TIA Kafn

L'cd Horse.
(ritjchostomus Ay. ; Tcrclulux ll-.ii'.)

(H:itini'si|iii', Iclilh. Ob. lfe'^0, .'>!: lyiif f'nloxtomiia iuti*iirn>< Kaf.)

lioily more or less elongate, sometimes nearly terete, usually more or
le>s compivssed. Head variously long or short, its length ranging from
;;.\ to ~>\ in that of the body. Kye usually rather large, van ing from :;
to <; times in tin- Ini-ili of the side of the head, its position high up
and median or ralher posterior. Suborbital bones \ er\ narrow, always
much lon-er than broad, theii width less than one-fourth that of the
Jli->h\ pni ol' the cliiM-k. Fontanelle on tup of head always well open,
the parietal bones not coalescing. Mouth varying much in si/.e, always
inferior in po>il ion, l he mandible being horizontal or nearly so. Lips
usually well developed, ihe tonn of the lower varying in different sec-
lions of the ueims, ii-nally \\ilh a sliglit median fissure, luit never
deeply incised; the lips with transverse plica-, the folds rarely so
broken up as to form papilla-, .laws without conspicuous cartilaginous

30. CATOSTOMID^ MOXOSTOMA. 137

sheath. Muciferous system considerably developed, a chain of tubes
along the supraorbital region, a branch of which extends around be-
hind the eye and forwards along the suborbital bones and the lower
edge of the preorbital. Opercular bones moderately developed, nearly
smooth. Isthmus broad. Gill-rakers weak, moderately long. Pharyn-
geal bones rather weak, much as in Erimyzon and Catostomus, the teeth
rather coarser, strongly compressed, the lower 5 or G much stronger
than the others, which are rapidly diminished in size upwards, each
with a prominent internal cusp. Scales large, more or less quadrate in
form, nearly equal in size over the body, and not specially crowded any-
where, usually about 44 in the lateral line (41-50) and about 12 series
between dorsal and ventrals. Lateral line well developed, straight or
anteriorly curved. Fins well developed, the dorsal inserted about mid-
way of the body, its first rays usually rather nearer snout than the cau-
dal, the number of developed rays usually about 13, but varying in dif-
ferent species from 11 to 17. Anal fin short and high, usually emargi-
nate in the male fish, probably always with 7 developed rays. Yentrals
inserted nearly under the middle of the dorsal ; their number of rays
normally 0, occasionally varying to 10; the occurrence of 10 ventral rays
is probably an accidental individual character, and not a permanent spe-
cific one. Caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes about equal, except in two
species. Air-bladder with three chambers. Skeleton essentially as in
Catostomus, the vertebra? in M. carpio 27-14. Sexual peculiarities little
marked, the males in the spawning season with the lower fins reddened,
and the anal rays swollen and somewhat tuberculate. Species very nu-
merous in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. They
spawn in spring, running up from the rivers into the smaller streams
for that purpose. They are difficult to distinguish, and have perhaps
been unduly multiplied by authors. (/-ty|"», to suck; aru^a, mouth;
hence, more properly Myxostoma.)

*Lips full, strongly papillose.

* 152. 171. p^jpaiaosMEM (Cope) Jordan.

Body comparatively stout, the dorsal region somewhat elevated and
louuded, the depth being about 4 in length, the head about the same.
Eye rather large, high up and well back, the preorbital space being
longer than the other species. Top of head flat. Dorsal rays 12-14.
Scales rather large, 6-42-5. Lips well developed, deeply incised.

138 0)Nn;i!'.rTIONS TO NORTH AMi::;iCAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

silvery: back with smoky shading ; lower (ins white. Size large;
lies a length of about - feet. Xorth Carolina to Georgia.

. 1'i'ic. A::IIT. I'hil. S.H-. I'hila. l^TD^Ti); Jordan, Man.
Vert. 318; Jordan. Hull. f. S. N.-il. Mus. xii, i:M.)

" hips distinctly plivate.

t Lower lip infolded, /\->h a ;>e:l wh;Mi viewed. from below, \vith a distinct median
crease, in \viiich the t \vo halves u(' the lip meet, forming an acute an
month small. •

<(. l>o:--al large. \vith 1.V17 developed rays.

133. JI. vc9:ii:aoti (Cope) Jordan.

I'.:)ily stout, deep, compressed, the back elevated, the depth '•*>-[ in
length. Head short, heavy, ilattish and broad above, .'5';-!' in length.
I )cpt h of checks halt' the length of the head. Eye rather lar^e, midway
in head, l-~> in its length. Muzzle rather prominent, blunt ish, over-
han-'i n-- the very small mouth. Fins very large. Dorsal long and high,
its height live-sixths the length of the head, its free border straight.
Pectorals nearly reaching ventrals. Color silvery ; smoky above; lower
tins red. Si/..- large. Upper Mississippi Valley to Georgia and south-
ward.

(rii/<-!i<ixlthii'iN nlnttix and roUapsus Cope, Proc. Anier. 1'hil. Soc. I'hila. l^?n, 171— 17'J;
. Man. Verl. :J17; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 13J.)

«u. Dorsal moderate, with 12-14 developed rays.

h. Head comparatively large, about -1 in length; dorsal rays usually 1'^.

15 1. ITI. bilCCO (Cope) Jordan.

He. id short and very wide through the operdes. Hat above. Hody
stout, the back somewhat elevated, depth 4 in length. Muzzle sub-
truncule, slightly iirojecting. Scales (j-l()-~t. Olivaceous silvery be-
low; dorsal lin dusky. Kansas. (Coj>> .}

(rtil<-liiixtinnti.i luffo Copi'. llayden's (Jeol. Snrv. \','\om. I 7 J, V.\7 : Mii.n>xli>in« <-nn-
•in .lordati. Hull. I" S. Nat. Mus. xii. ]'.'•'.': prol>al)l\ not <'<tttix!<n>tim i-niKji-i.titx ]',. A
(',. I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. 1^.')4, '27, which Professor Cope thinks is a I'orin of .U.
i-itt<]iiil,itn,,i. he having oli! ained it in Texas and Ari/ona.)

155. JI. i>acJ3<';»s4' (Cope) Jordan.

Head rather long, 1J, in length, llattish ab(»\c. Body elongate1, more
neailx c\ lindrical, little compressed. .Mu//l<- ti'iincate. Olivaceous,
Sometimes with TOWS of faint spots along the series of scales. Dorsal
and caudal tins black-edged. Si/.e ipiile small, llesembles ,17. ccrri-
HKin, but the i ..... i!h entirely different. Great IVdee Kivei-. (<'<>J><'-)

I" oho tomut fiiili' ir-i-. I'roc. Am. 1'hil. Soc. I'hila. l-'-7li). 171: Jordan, Man. Vert.

::I7: Jordan, r.nll. r. s. \ai. Mus. \ii. l:::;.)

bl>. Head very small, alionl ."• in length.

30. CATOSTOMID^E MOXOSTOMA. 139

fi.56. ITI. corcgonus (Cope) Jordan. — Blue Mullet.

Muzzle couic, much projecting beyond the very small mouth; body
much compressed, broadly fusiform, the back elevated aud arched.
Dorsal rays 14. Color silver}', with plumbeous shades above; lower
fins white. Size small. Catawba and Yadkiu Rivers, North Carolina
(Cope.)

(Ptychostomus coregonus Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man.
Vert, 317; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 134.)

tf Lower lip thin, forming a narrow, crescent-shaped border around the mandible.

157. M. alburn (Cope) Jordan. — White Mullet.

Head small, 5 times in length. Muzzle prominent, but less so than
in M. corcyonus. Mouth moderate. Back a little elevated. Depth
about 3^ in length. Dorsal rays 12-14, its free border often incised.
Scales G-45-5. Coloration very pale; lower fins white. Size large;
reaches a weight of 4 pounds or more. Catawba and other rivers of
Xorth Carolina.

(Ptyehostomua.albusCoTpe, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man. Vert.
316; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 130.)

15§. M. tSjiaSassicaucai (Cope) Jordan.

Head stout, as iu M. velatum, rather long, 4 in length, flattish above,
muzzle truncate, not very prominent. Mouth moderate. Back elevated.
Dorsal fin long, of 14 or 15 rays. Sea-green above, white below ; lower
fins white. Yadkin River. (Cope.)

(Ptychostomus thalassinus Cope, Proc. Arner. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man.
Vert. 3115; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 131.)

ttt Lower lip full, its posterior edge truncate.
d. Dorsal rays 15-18 in number.

159. M. carpi® (Val.) Jordan. — Carp Mullet.

Dorsal fin largely developed, its rays 15-18 in number. Head rather
large, 3|-4| in length, broad above. Mouth large, with full lips. Eye
rather large. Body deep, strongly compressed, the back somewhat
elevated, the depth about 3£ in length. Dorsal fin high and large,
larger than in any other species of the genus, the first ray about as
long as the base of the fin. Scales 5-43-4, quite large. Coloration
ATery pale and silvery; the lower fins white. Ohio Valley, Great Lakes,
and northward.

(Catoslomus carpio Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. xvii, 457, 1844 : Catostomus carpio
Giiuther, vii, 20; Jordan, Man. Vert. 312; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 118.)

140 COXTIill'.rTKiNS To NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

dil. Dorsal rays 1 .'-1 1 in nnmlxT.

e. Sralo lar_:<-. -II -.">(• in the courso of tin- lateral line.

/. Caudal I'm normal, the t\vo lobes about equal and similarly colorvd.

1GO. ^3. i:i:acrolopo«lotutn (Le Sueur) Jordan. — Common Etdllorsc; Mullet;

ll'ltttt StirLir : I.(ii-j<-*c<il<d ></<•/,•< /•.

Head comparatively elongate, bluutish, rather broad and flattened
above, -1— "> in length. Body stoutish, varying to moderately elongate.
Lips rather lull, theblimtisli muzzle projecting beyond the large mouth ;
greatest depth of cheeks more than half distance from snout to pre-
operde. K \ e rather large. Dorsal fin medium, its developed rays li(-
14, usually l.'j in number, its free edge nearly straight, its longest ray
shorter than head. Scales large, about 4.~> in the lateral line. Oliva-
c.-niis ; sides silvery ; lower fins in the adult red or orange. Great Lakes
to Virginia, southwest \vard to Arizona ; one of the most abundant
fishes, reaching a length of 2 feet or more. The Red Horse of the Ohio
and Mississippi, with the head relatively longer and the mouth larger,
is perhaps worthy of distinction as var. duqiicsni (Le Sueur) Jor. The
eastern form (var. macrolepidotum] is scarcely distinguishable from the
next species.

(Catmtomus macrolepidotus and duqucsni Le Sueur, Jonrn. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila. i,
'.M. 105, 1-17: Catostomits crythrurus Rif. AIIHT. Month. Ma;:. V-'l1-'. :5."i1 : I'dtoxloiitiis
diUj/K^iii ('iiintlicr, vii, 18: Myxostoma macrolcjiiiloln and vars. ilm/iaxiti and ImJiryiinilin
Jordan, Man. N'rrt. 313; Jordan, Dull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xii, I'M: I'tiirlioxtontus dn-
yuesni, erythrurua, robustua, onciila, ?ac/irymaZe, etc. Cope, Proc. AUKT. Phil Sor. 1
Miisoxtiiiit't nirynps Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Ib7«i, :i!S is probably a 1:1011-
st ic^ity of this species.)

161. .13. nmreoluiii (Le, S.) Jordan.

Head comparatively short, low and small, conic, ~t-^.\ in length. Back
elevated an 1 compressed. Depth 3.J in length. Mouth small, over-
passed by the snout, the lips thin and small, the greatest depth of cheek
half the distance from snout to prcopercle. Eye small. Coloration
bright yellowish brown, somewhat silvery ; lower tins bright red. Dor-
sal rays 1:1, the tin somewhat falcate, its free edge concave, its longest
ray longer than head. Scales ,1-45-4. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and
northward.

' • • • realm \.<- Snmr. .Innni. Ai'ad. Nat. Sci. 1'liila. i. '.)."), 1^17:

macrolepidotu < .iinilin-, vii. 1-'; .Ionian. Man. \Yrt. :'.! 1 : .Ionian. I'.nll. II. S. Nat. Mns.
xii. l-'l: .' 1'yjiriiiim II-MK ttri l.'i.li, I 'rank iin's Jonrn. I .-','::, 77:3.)

T3. criusllabrc (Cope) Jordan.

Ilody ilatlish, the back elevated and compressed. Depth .'J.','.
contracted, lower lip thick. S -ales large, .~)-ll-.~». Dorsal rays usually
11'. Dors.d I'm elevated in front, its lit>t soft ray longer than the base.
of the I'm. Color silvery, with smoky shading above, some of the scales

30. CATOSTOMID^E MOXOSTOMA. 141

blackisli at their bases ; lower fins white ; top of bead, humeral bar, and
dorsal fin dusky. Neuse Eiver, North Carolina. (Cope.} Probably
identical with the preceding.

(Ptycliostomus crassttabris Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 18/0, 477 ; Jordan, Man.
Vert. 314; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 125.)

163. M. COBI&IS (Cope) Jordan.

Body flattish, the dorsal outline elevated, the form being like that of
M. corcgonus. Head small and conic. Mouth exceedingly small, the
snout far overpassing it, the muzzle being much longer than in M.
crassilabre. Dorsal rays 14. Eye large. Coloration smoky above, some
scales dusky at their bases; sides pale; lower fins white. Yadkin
Eiver, North Carolina. (Cope.)

(PtycJiostomus conns Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 478 ; Jordan, Man.
Vert. 314 ; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 126.)

ff. Caudal fin with the upper lobe longer than the lower, the two similarly colored.

164. I?I. asjBSOirtansi (Raf.) Jordan.

Caudal fin with the upper lobe falcate, much longer than the lower,
at least in the adult, the lobes similarly colored. Dorsal fin short and
high, falcate. Body compressed. Back somewhat elevated. Depth 3J
in length. Head conic, fiattish, 5^- in length. Mouth very small, much
as in aurcolum, from which it can probably be distinguished only by the
form of the caudal. D. 12-13, half higher than long. Scales G-4G-5.
Ohio Valley and Great Lake region.

(Catostomus anisurus Raf. Ichth. Oh. 54 : Ptycliostomus brericeps Cope, Proc. Ainer.
Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 478; Jordan, Man. Vert. 315; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii,
126.)

fff. Caudal fin with the lower lobe distinctly longer than the upper and differently
colored, the upper lobe in the adult being red, the inferior jet-black, its two
lowermost developed rays and their membranes abruptly pale (?in both
sexes).

165. Iff. pcccaScirum Jordan.

Body elongate, moderately compressed, somewhat elevated forwards.
Depth 4J in length. Head about the same. Mouth medium, the lips
full. Dorsal rays 13. Scales large, 5-44-4. Coloration usual, except
of the caudal fin ; other fins all red, with blackish shadiugs. Size
small. Louisiana and Southern Mississippi.

(Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 66; Jordan, Man. Vert. 315; Jordan, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Musi xii, 129.)

ee. Scales very small for the genus, about 56 in lateral line; body moderately elongate,
the depth about 4 in length.

166. M. aBbidum (Grd.) Jordan.

Head shortish, conic, the snout not much projecting, about 4 in length ;
eye large. Dorsal fin small, with about 11 rays, the last rapidly

1 12 rn.vrRinrnoXS TO XOUTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

shortened. (Characters of inoiiili unknown, but iiroliably similar to
;-i>l, ;ii,L,finn and iHirilnnnn : it is said to be "much larger than in
Riodrande region. ((iinird.)

x nlliidiin Cnl. 1'ror. Arad. Nat. Sci. 1'liila. l-.~><>. 17:2; Jordan, Mau.Vert.
315; Jordan, r.ull. D. B. Nat. Mus. .\ii, 1-js.)

. It..r-a! raya m--:l\ 1< SS tlian I'-': l>ody V.TV sl.-ndi-r.

1<»7. 71. COJ'VJJUim (Cope) Jordan. — Tiiui;>iii</ Mnlli-t ;

Head very short, roundish above, rather pointed forwards, about a in
length. Checks subvertical, their dei»th les.; tlian hall' the distain-r
1'roai snout to pivoperele. ^lontli rather lar-'e, with thick lips, which
are strongly plicate, the folds somewhat broken up. Eye small. Fins
very small; the dorsal rays 10-12; free edge of dorsal straight, its
longest ray less than head. Scales rather large. 6-±± to 40-5. Color
greenish brown ; a pale blotch on each scale, these forming continuous
streaks along the rows of scales; back with more or less distinct
brownish cross-blotches ; fins brownish, not much red, the dorsal black-
ish at tip. Size smallest in the genus. Length less than a foot. Rivers
of the South Atlantic States from the James to the Chattahooch.ee.

(Ti-rctiilnx fi-rriini* Cope, Journ. Acad. Xzit. Sri. Phila. IHu'S, -'.'>(> : J'li/dtostomns

nut <'"]"'- I'i'"«'. AIIKT. 1'liil. Soc. Phila. 1870,478; Jordan, Man. Y<Tt.:>15; Jordan,

Bull. U. S. Nat. MILS, xii,

69.— PJLACOPIIAKYNX Cop«-.

, I'mc. AIIHT. 1'hil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 4:'«7 : type. Plaoopharynx carinatus Copo.)
Siu-kers like M'o.rnxtoiiKi in all respects, except thai the pharvngeal
bone- arc much more developed and the teeth reduced in number, those
«MI the lower hall' of the bone very large, (i-10 in number, nearly cylin-
drie in l;>r;;i. being but little compressed, and with a broad, r ..... i.lcd or
llatteiied --rinding sni-i'ace. The forms and positions of these enlarged
teeth vary greatly. In a specimen before us the first tooth is thehigh-
and I:M»I co;n]»ressed, its summit being rounded and then abruptly
truncate. The second loothis not ably shorter and thicker, much larger,
and rounded on top. the body of the tooth sen ing as a peduncle for the.
swollen grinding surface. The third tooth is st ill .shorter and similar in
form. The fourth tooth is similar to the first, being much higher than
the second and third, and Hat on top. The others seem to be irregn
larl\ alternated or arranged in pairs, a long one and a short one, the
Ion-- Iceth in all cases being the most 1 1 mica ted. as if their surfaces had
been IIK-M worn oil'. The mouth is larger and more oblique than u>ual

30. CATOSTOMID^: — QUASSILABIA. 143

in Moxostoma, and the lips arc thicker. Size large. (~/«r, a broad sur-
i'ace ; (pa^o-f^, pharynx.)

16§. P. esis'iaaatws Cope.

Body oblong, moderately compressed, heavy at the shoulders. Head
very large, 3-f in length of the body. Eye small, behind the middle of
the head. Mouth extremely large, the lower jaw oblique when the
mouth is closed, the mouth, therefore, protractile forwards as well as
downwards. Lips very thick, coarsely plicate, the lower lip full and
heavy, truncate behind. Head above evenly rounded or somewhat cari-
nated. Scales 6-45-G. Dorsal rays 13 ; ventral 9. Color brassy green
above; lower fins red. Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; abundant
in inaiiy streams.

(Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Puila. 1870, 467 ; Jordan, Man. Vert. 311 ; Jordan,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 108.)

7O.— QUASSILABIA Jordan & Braytou.

Hare-lip Suckers.

(Lagocliila Jordan & Braytou, preoccupied.)

(Jordan & Braytou, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 1878, 401: type Lagoddla lacera Jordan
& Braytou. )

Suckers like Moxostoma in every respect excepting the structure of
the mouth. Head shortish, conical, with lengthened snout; its length
4^-5 times in that of the body, the opercular region being reduced,
so that the eye is well backwards. Suborbital bones narrow. Fon-
tanelle large, widely open. Mouth large, singular in structure, in-
ferior, the upper lip not protractile, greatly prolonged, closely plicate.
Lower lip much reduced, divided into two distinct elongate lobes, which
are weakly papillose. The split between these lobes extends backwards
to the edge of the deutary bones, which are provided with a rather hard,
horny plate, as in Pantosteus. The lower lip is entirely separated from
the upper at the angles by a deep fissure. The skin of the cheeks forms
a sort of cloak over this fissure, the crease separating this skin from the
mouth extending up on the sides of the muzzle. The crease between
the lips extends down on the under side of the head. System of mucif-
erous tubes well developed. Pharyngeal bones not dissimilar from the
usual type in Moxostoma^ rather weak, with numerous small teeth.
Body elongate, not much compressed, not elevated. Fins moderate,
formed as in Moxostoma. Scales large, as in Moxostomctj the lateral line
well developed and nearly straight, with about 45 scales in its course.
Air-bladder in three parts. Sexual peculiarities unknown ; probably
little marked. (Quassus, broken or torn; labia, lip.)

144 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

109. <fc. Bnccra .Tor. & Hrayt.— TTarc-llp Sucker; Cut- Tip*; Split-montli Sucker;

Sucker} Rabbit-mouth Sucker.

Head short, conical, with lengthened snout, the region between the
eyes llattened and with prominent mucous ridges. Cheeks and lower
part tit' head rather swollen. Opercle much reduced, its greatest length
scarcely greater than the diameter of the eye. Head about 4f in length.
Kye 1' in length of head, about 2 in length of the snout, its situation
thus quite posterior. Length of the top of the head 2f in the distance
from the snout to the base of the dorsal. Body rather slender, the form
being between that of Moxostoma cervinum and Jf. •in<i<T<>l<'i>i(lo1um, the
depth 4 3 in the length. Dorsal fin rather low, its rays I, 12; A. I, 7;
V. 0. Scales 5-45-5. Color olive or bluish brown above; sides and
belly silvery ; lower fins faintly orange. Ohio Valley and southward.
A singular species, abundant in some sections (Scioto River, Clinch
Kiver, rhiekamauga River), but overlooked by naturalists until lately.

(Layncliila Ittara Jordan & Brayton, Proc. Acnil. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1877, 280: Lagochila
laccra Jordan. Man. Vert. ed. "2, oil : Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. '2, 406; Jordan, Bull. U.
s.. Nat. Mas. xii, 106.)

FAMILY XXXL— CYPRINID.E.

(The Carps.)

4

Cyprinoid fishes with the margin of the upper jaw formed by the pre-
ma \illaries alone and the lower pharyngeal bones well developed, falci-
form, nearly parallel with the gill-arches, each provided with 1-3 series
of teeth in small number, 4-7 in the main row, and a less number in the
others if more are, present. Head naked. Body scaly (except in Mcrtn,
I'liifltijitmix, riio.rinellu8, and .1 n1»]n/ge). Barbels 2 or 4 ; absent in most
of our genera, and not large in any. Belly usually rounded, rarely
compressed, never serrated. Gill-openings moderate, the membranes
broadly joined to the isthmus. Brachiostegals always .".. dills 4, a
slit behind the fourth. Pseiulobranchire present (except .in Orihodon,
etc.). ^" adipose tin. Dorsal I'm short in American species, elongate
in many Old World forms. Ventral lins abdominal. Air-bladder
usually large, commonly divided into an anterior and posterior lobe,
rarely \\aiiting, not enclosed in a bony capsule. Stomach without
appendages, appearing as a simple enlargement of the intestines.
1'Mies of moderate or small sixe, inhabiting the fresh waters of the
Old World and of North America. C.enera about 200; species nearly
1.1)00; excessively abundant wlu-w found, both in individuals and
specie-, and, from their great uniformity in sixe, form, and coloration,
constituting one of the most difficult groups in natural history in

31. CYPRINID^E. 145

which to distinguish genera and species. Our genera are mostly very
closely related, and are separated by characters which, although reason-
ably constant, are often of slight structural importance. From time to
time, different authors have proposed to throw most of these groups into
the genus Leuciscus, a procedure which, without further discussion, may
be said to have always led to confusion. The spring or breeding dress
of the male fishes is often peculiar. The top of the head, and often the
fins or various portions of the body, are covered with small tubercles,
outgrowths from the epidermis. The fins and parts of the body in the
spring males are often charged with bright pigment, the prevailing color
of which is red, although in some genera it is satin-white, yellowish, or
black.*
(Cyprinidas, part, Giinther, vii, 25-339.)

* Dorsal fin short, without developed spine,
t Air-bladder surrounded by many convolutions of the very long alimentary cauai.

( Campostomince. )

A. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, with oblique grinding surface and slight hook; peri-
toneum black.

CAMI-OSTOMA, 71.

tt Air-bladder above the alimentary canal ; teeth one-rowed. (Clionilrostom'm(B.')
I Intestinal canal elongate, more than twice the length of the body ; teeth with

grinding surface well
developed ; peritoneum
usually black.

B. Jaws each with a conspicuous, broad, straight-edged, horny plate ; teeth 4-

5, stout, bluutish, hook-
ed, and short.

ACROCHILUS, 72.

BB. Jaws without horny plate.

C. Teeth 6-6, strongly compressed, knife-shaped ; pseudobranchise none; ru-
dimentary caudal rays
greatly developed;
scales very small.

ORTHODOX, 73.

* No progress can be made in the study of these fishes without a careful examina-
tion of the teeth. The pharyugeal bones in the smaller species can be removed by in-
serting a pin or a hook through the gill-opening, under the shoulder-girdle. The
teeth should be carefully cleaned with a tooth-brush, or a jet of water, or a pin, and
may be examined by any small lens. In most cases a principal row of 4 or 5 teeth
will be found, in front of which is sometimes a set of 1 or 2 smaller ones. The two
sides are not always symmetrical. "Teeth 4-4" indicates a single row of 4 on each
pharyngeal bone. " Teeth 2, 4-5, 1 " indicates 2 rows of teeth on euch side — on the one
side 4 in the principal row and 2 in the lesser, on the other side 5 in the main row
and 1 in the lesser. In the Leuciscine genera these teeth, or the principal ones, are
raptalorial, that is, hooked inward at their tips. A grinding or masticatory surface is
an excavated space or groove usually at the base of the hook. A flattened or bev-
elled edge sometimes sinmlates a masticatory surface, and in some of the species- the
grinding surface is very narrow and confined to but one or two of the teeth. In all cases
where the number of teeth is given in the specific descriptions following, this number
has been verified on typical examples either by Professor Cope or the writers.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 10

14G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

' CC. Tot-Hi .">-."> or 4-5; pseudobranchiai present; dorsal fin inserted poste-
riorly.

D. Lateral line complete; rudimentary caudal rays numerous; anal basis

elongate.. LAVIXIA, 74.
DD. Lateral line incomplete ; anal basis short ; scales ininutt-.

CllltoSoMfS, 75.

CCC. Teeth 4-4 ; dorsal fin nearly median.

E. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal slender, firmly attached to the first

developed ray.
F. Scales very small, 85-90 in the lateral line, which is complete.

ZOPIIEXDUM, 70.
FF. Scales larger, 35-GO in the lateral line.

G. Lateral line complete HYBOGXATIIUS, 77.

GG. Lateral line incomplete COLISCUS, 78.

EE. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal somewhat enlarged and blunt,

connected by mem-
brane with the first de-
veloped ray.

H. Lateral lino incomplete PIMEPIIALES, 79.

HH. Lateral line complete HYBOIUIYXCIIUS, 80.

it Intestinal canal shortness than twice the length of the body ; teeth hooked, the

grinding surface, il'pre>-
eur, narrow or rudimen-
tary; peritoneum usu-
ally pale.
$ Dentary bones parallel, united for their whole length. (Exo-

f/lossina:)

I. Premaxillaries not protractile; mandible with a conspicu-
ous llt-.shy lobe on e;uh
side at base.

EXOGLOSSUM, 81.

$$ Dentary bones arched, free from each other, except at

Hie symphysis. (/,<•«-
ciscinffi. )
J. Abdomen behind ventral fins not compressed loan edge,

tin- BOaleS pas>ing over

it; anal basis generally
short.

K. Teeth in the main row 4-4.
L. Maxillary without barbels.

M. Jaws each with a hardened bony sheath; first

ray of dorsal spine-like,
connected by membrane

Willl tile lirst developed

ray : leel h 1-1.

CociiLocx.vnrus, 82.
MM. Jaws without bony sheath.
N. Lower jaw with the lip thin or obsolete, not

developed as a fleshy
lobe on each side at
base.
O. Mandible, inten.perele, and snborbital not

cavernous.

P. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1 (1, 4-4, 2 in one spe-
cies).

31. CYPEINID^. 147

E. Lateral line incomplete.

HEMITREMIA, 83.

RE. Lateral line complete CLIOLA, 84.

PP. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2.

S. Lateral line complete.. MINNILUS, 85.

SS. Lateral liiie incomplete ; scales

small.PROTOPORUS, 86.

OO. Mandible, iuteropercle, and suborbital with

conspicuous, externally
visible, cavernous cham-
bers; teeth 1, 4-4, 0.

ERICYMBA, 87.

NN. Lower jaw with the lip developed as a fleshy

lobe on each side ; teeth
4-4 ; dorsal anterior.

PlIENACOBIUS, 88.

LL. Maxillary with a small barbel at its extremity.

U. Premaxillaries not protractile ;

teeth 2, 4-4, 2; scales

small ; dorsal posterior.

EHINICHTHYS, 89.

UU. Premaxillaries protractile.

V. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1, or 1, 4-4, 0.

W. Scales very small ; dorsal

posterior.
X. Lateral line complete.

AGOSIA, 90.

XX. Lateral line incomplete.
APOCOPE, 91.

WW. Scales large; dorsal me-
dian; lateral line com-
plete.

CERATICHTHYS, 92.
VV. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2.

Y. Head convex above ;
teeth without griudiug
surface ..COUESIUS, 93.
YY. Head flattened above ;
teeth with grinding sur-
face.. .PLATYGOBIO, 94.
KK. Teeth in the main row 5-5 or 4-5.

Z. Maxillary with a bar-
bel ; preniaxillaries pro-
tractile.

a. Teeth hooked, none of them molar ; teeth in the lesser row 2.
b. Caudal fin symmetrical, its rudimentary basal rays not greatly developed.

c. Barbel- minute, lateral; teeth without grinding surface SEMOTILUS, 95.

cc. Barbel terminal ; teeth with grinding surface S YMMETRURUS, 96.

6&. Caudal fin unsymmetrical, the upper lobe much the longer, the basal caudal

rays greatly developed POGONICHTHYS, 97.

art. Teeth partly molar, much enlarged, obtusely truncate, lesser row with 2 teeth ;

scales small MYLOCHILUS, 98.

ZZ. Maxillary without

barbel.

d. Upper jaw not protractile; 2 or 3 teeth modified, molar ; teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or 2,

5-4, 2 MYLOPHARODON, 99.

148 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

dd. Upper jaw protractile; teeth not molar.
e. Teeth two-rowed, 2 teeth in the lesser row.
/. Lateral line complete.

g. Teeth subcouical, scarcely hooked, sharp-edged, wide apart, the long
limb of the pharyugeal bone elongate.

PTYCHOCHILUS, 100.
gg. Teeth compressed, close-set, strongly hooked; the pharyngeal bone of

the usual form.

Ji. Caudal peduncle slender and elongate, the caudal fin widely forked,
its basal rudiments much developed; scales very .small ;
head depressed ............................. CII.A, 101.

7i7i. Caudal peduncle stout; basal rudiments of caudal little developed.

SQi'Ai.irs, 10-2.
ff. Lateral line incomplete ................................ Piioxixrs, 1U15.

ee. Teeth one-rowed.

- Lateral line complete.

g. Mouth of moderate size ...... . .......................... LETJCO8, 104.

gg. Mouth extremely small .......................... OPSOIMUUU s, 105.

— Lateral line incomplete; teeth serrate ............ TUYCII.KKHIHIX, 106.

JJ. Abdomen behind ventral fins compressed to an edge,
the scales not passing over it ; anal basis usually elon-
gate ; dorsal posterior.

i. Abdomen in front of vent rals rounded; anal basis rather long.
j. Teeth 5-5, with grinding surface and serrate edges.

NOTKMICONTS, 107.

jj. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2, entire, without grinding surface. Ai.Bntxrs, It is.
** Dorsal (in short, posterior, with a strong spine, composed of two, the po>inior re-

ceived into a longitudinal groove of the anterior; inner
border of the ventral tins adherent to the body; teeth
hooked, without grinding surface, in two rows. (1'ltnjo-
pterince.)
L Body with small scales ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2 ; no barbels.

LEPIDOMKDA, 109.
II. Body scaleless.
m. Maxillary without barbel; teeth 1, 4-4, 1 ..... MI:DA, 110.

mm. Maxillary with a barbel ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2.

PLAGOPTKKTS, 111.

•** Dorsal fin elongate j dorsal and anal fins each preceded by a serrated spine;

scales large; teeth molar; species introduced. (/'»/-
priniiia}.)
TJ. Barbels 4 ; teeth 1, 1, :?-:?, 1, 1 ............... CYPKINTS.

mi. Barbels none; teeth 4-4 .................. CAKASSIUS.

71.— CAITIPOSTOiTIA Agassi/.

rollers.

(Agas.si/, Amer. .loiirn. Sri. Arts, i -;,:,, v)]s: type L'ltlilu* «i<aiii<iliix Raf.)

I'.oily iii(Klcr;itfly cloii-atc, little compressed. Muiitli nnnii;il, the
j;iws with thick lips and rudiment of a hard sheath. Premaxilluries
protractile; no barbel. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4—1, 0, with oblique grinding
.sin lace and but ;i slight hook on oiie or two teeth. Air-bladder sus-

31. CYPRINID^ CAMPOSTOMA. 149

pended iu the abdominal cavity, and entirely surrounded by many con-
volutions of the long alimentary canal, which is 6-9 times the total
length of the body. Ovaries similarly enclosed in the alimentary canal.
Peritoneum black. Pseudobranchioe present. Scales moderate. Lat-
eral line present. Dorsal nearly over ventral. Anal basis short. No
spines. Herbivorous. Sexual differences very great, the males being
covered with large tubercles in spring. The singular arrangement of
the intestines in relation to the air-bladder is peculiar to Campostoma
among all known fishes. Size moderate. (y.a<j.-rh curve; <7r<;/./.a, month.)

* Scales small, 75-80 in the lateral line ; teeth 4-4 (?).

170. C'. ornatiim Grd.

Body stout. Head large, blunt and heavy. Mouth large, the max-
illary reaching to near the front of the large eye. Tail rather short.
Coloration brilliant, precisely as in C. anomalum. Head 3£ ; depth 4.
D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 78. Chihuahua River. (Girard.)

(Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 17G; Giiuther, vii, 183.)

** Scales moderate, 48-57.
t Teeth 4-4.

171. C. anomalum (Raf.) Ag. — Stone-roller; Stone-lugger.

Body stoutish, moderately compressed, the ante-dorsal region becom-
ing swollen and prominent in the adult. Snout moderately decurved.
Scales deep, rather small and crowded anteriorly. Maxillary not reach-
ing to opposite the front of the eye. Color brownish, with a brassy lus-
tre above, the scales more or less mottled with dark. A dusky vertical
bar behind the opercle. Dorsal and anal fins each with a dusky cross-
bar about half way up, the rest of the fin olivaceous in females, fiery red
in the males in the spring. Iris orange in males. Males in the spring
with flie head and often the whole body covered with large, rounded tu-
bercles. In no other Cyprinoid are these nuptial appendages so exten-
sively developed. Head 4|- ; depth 4-f. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-53-8 j teeth
4-4. L. 6-8 inches. Extremely variable, the young very different in
appearance from the old males. Western New York to Mexico, every-
where abundant in deep or still places in small streams, running up
small brooks to spawn in spring. Herbivorous. One of the most inter-
esting and curious of our fishes.

(Rutilus anomalus Raf. Ichth. Oh. 52: Exoglossum duMum Kirtland, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist, v, 272: Exoglossum spiniccplialum Cuv. & Val. xvii,489: Chondrostoma pull urn
Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 357 : Campostoma callipteryx, mormyrus, yobioni-
num, uud luppops Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 284: Campostoma nasutum

150 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

•'!. Proc. Arad. Xat. SVi. Phila. l^.'f,, 1?G, from the Rio Grande, may be a distinct
tee I'spi-eiiiien"! li.-t'.iri- us have a -lenderer head and rather more compressed and
elevated l><>dy than is iiMial in C. atwmalum): Campoxtninu dnbium Giiuthcr, vii, Id3;
«su,Amer.Jouni.8ci. Arts, 1855,218; Jordan, Man. \\it. ed. x.', '«it7.)

ft Teeth 1, 4-4, 0.

172. C. prolixum (Storer) Jordan & Gilbert.

Slenderer than C. anomaUon. Head rather shorter and narrower.
Scales larger and less crowded, and the coloration more uniform and
paler, or more silvery. Head 4f ; depth 4£. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; seales 7-4! (-6 ;
teeth 1, 4-4, 0. Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama; abundant. Very
similar to the preceding, but probably worthy of specific distinction on
account of the difference in dentition, constant in all specimens exam-
ined.

(Leuciscus prolixus Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. July, 1845: Campostoma anoma-
Itiin var. prolijriiiit Jordan, Auii. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 326.)

*** Scales laryt-r, about 4~> in the course of the lateral line ; teeth 4-4 (?).

173. C. foronosuluni Grd.

Ilead short and blunt, with broad, projecting- snout. Head 4; depth
4.}. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 45. Grayish above, whitish below; sides more
or less marinorate ; a black patch at the base of the caudal and on the
dorsal. San Antonio lliver, Texas. (Girard.)

(Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 176.)

72.— ACROCHBLUS Agassi/..

Hard-mouths.

(.UrofliitluH A.na>si/, Amcr. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 211: type Acroclicilus alutaccus
A- issi/. & Pickering.)

I'.ody elongate, little compressed. Both jaws with a large, straight,
horny plate, sharp externally and very eonspieiious. rpnerjawprotrae-
tile. No barbel. Teeth 4-5, stout, hooked, with broad masticatory sur-
laer. Intestinal canal elongate. Peritoneum black. I'seiidoliranchia'
].ic>ent. Scales small, loosely imbricated. Lateral line present. Dor-
lin slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis moderate. Caudal lin
broad, its i ndimentary rays recurrent on the caudal peduncle. Size
rather lar-c. ('/'//»',:, sharp; ^^ :/.»?, lip.)

171. A. aliitaci'iis A^ass. & Pifk.— Hani-month.

(ieneral Ibrm and appearance of the species of (.iila, but the head not
depressed, and more blunt forward. I'.ody elongate, not much com-
pressed, its sides more so than the caudal peduncle; the greatest depth,
over the ventrals, I in length. Caudal peduncle very long and slender,

31. CYPRINID2E ORTHODON. 151

nearly terete, its length contained 4f times in the length of the body, its
least depth 2f in its length. Head moderate, 4£ in length of body,
bluntish, the profile considerably rounded, the interorbital space
strongly convex. Mouth horizontal, subiuferior, overlapped by the
broad, blunt snout, its breadth considerable, but the maxillary not ex-
tending far back, to opposite the front of the eye. Tipper jaw pro-
tractile, covered with a fleshy lip, inside of which is a small, straight,
cartilaginous plate, similar to that on the lower jaw, but much smaller
and not evident externally. Lower lip covered with a firm cartilagi-
nous plate, sharp externally, the upper surface being formed by its
bevelled edge. The transverse width of this plate is between four and
five times its (longitudinal) breadth. The plate extends in nearly a
straight line from one angle of the mouth to the other ; its transverse
width is contained 2^- times in the length of the head. Eye rather
large, 5£ in head, 1^ in snout, its position anterior and not high up, 2^
in interorbital space. Dorsal long, rather low, its first ray just behind
the first ray of ventrals, midway between the snout and the middle of
the base of the caudal fin. Caudal fin very long, the lobes about equal,
longer than the head, widely forked, the accessory rays at is base very
numerous and recurrent on the caudal peduncle ; about eight of these
may be distinguished on each side of the fin. Anal fin rather large ;
ventrals broad, reaching vent. Pectorals moderate, not reaching two-
thirds of the distance to the veutrals. Scales quite small, somewhat
imbedded in the skin, very loosely imbricated, or often scarcely imbri-
cated at all, the exposed surfaces longer than high, profusely punc-
tate; squamation quite irregular; the scales smaller on back and belly
than on sides, most exposed on caudal peduncle. Lateral line much
decurved. Coloration very dark, belly paler, but nearly all parts of the
body studded with minute dark points. D. 10; A. 9; scales 20-85-
16. Teeth 4-5, hooked, somewhat club-shaped, with a broad mas-
ticatory surface. Peritoneum black ; intestines much elongate, filled in
this specimen with vegetable substance. L. 12 inches. Columbia Eiver
and tributaries.

(Agassiz, Aruer. Journ. Sci. Arts, xix, 214, 1835 ; Giinther, vii, 276 ; Jordan. Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. i, 83, Iti78.)

73.— ©RTIIOBON Girard.'
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1836, 182: type Glla microlepidota Ayres.)

Body elongate. Jaws normal, the upper protractile, the lower sharp-
edged, with a knob at the symphysis ; no barbel. Teeth 0-6 or 6-5,

152 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

>nueh compressed, lancet-shaped, erect, nearly straight. Upper limb
of the phaiyngeal bone very broad and concave, separated by a deep
Hotcli from (he dentigerous portion, the bone thin and brittle. Intes-
tinal canal elongate, about 7 times the length of the fish; peritoneum
black. Scales small. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin opposite veti-
trals. Basal rays of caudal largely developed. Anal basis short.
Pseudobranchia- none. Gill-rakers moderate, clavate, the inner edge
fringed. Size large. This genus is related to Chondrotitoma, differing
chielly in the absence of pseudobrauchiae and of the horny inaudibular
plate. ("iiOiis, straight ; oowv, tooth.)

. O. inierolcpidotus (Ayres) Grd.

I'.ody elongate, llead moderate; the snout very broad; eye small,
about half the length of the snout. Mouth terminal, somewhat oblique,
broad, the maxillary not extending to the eye. Upper head of surface.
flattish, with two bony ridges. Fins rather large; the caudal strong.
Coloration plain. Lateral line decurved. Head 4; depth 4£. D. I);
A. s ; scales 21-105-12 ; Vert. 24 + 20. Teeth C-G or G-5, formed much
as in <'<nni>n*tnma, but longer. Size large. L. 12 inches, llivers of
California; Great Basin of Utah (Yarrou-).

(Ctlx iniiToli'jndola Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, '21, 1«55; Girard, U. S. Par.
R. R. Surv. Fish. 237, fig.; Giintker, vii, 1^75.)

74.— LAVINIA Girard.

(Girard, Pmr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854,1:57: type Lavinia et'ilicauda B. & G.)

Body ellii>tical, elevated, moderately compressed, rapidly contracted
to the slender caudal peduncle. Head small, conical. Mouth mod-
erate, terminal, oblique; the lower jaw included. Scales moderate,
not closely imbricated, the exposed surfaces somewhat hexagonal.
Lateral line decurved, complete. Belly behind veutrals entirely scaled.
Dorsal I'm \vell behind ventrals, its last ray just in front of the begin-
ning of the anal, which is rather elongate. Caudal tin little forked, its
rudimentary basal rays much increased in number and very strong.
intestinal canal elongate. .". limes the total length of the lish; pe-
ritoneum dark. Teeth !-."> or .">-,"), scarcely hooked, cultriform, with
rather broad but shallow grinding surface, the largest standing up
well abo\e the surface of the bone. Gill-rakers rather long and slen-
der; psendobranchiic large. Si/e large. ( l,<irini((, a classical name,
without special application to these fishes.)

31. CYPRINnXE — CHROSOMUS. If) 3

116. It. exiBflcauda B. & G.

Body deep, compressed, tapering to the caudal peduncle, which is
very slender. Head small, short, conical. Mouth rather small, oblique,
the upper lip on the level of the lower part of the pupil, the maxillary
falling short of the eye. Preorbital short and deep ; suborbital moderate.
Eye rather large, anterior, 4 in head. Scales rather large, 42 in front
of dorsal. Dorsal tin rather small. Pectorals short. Anal high and
long. Caudal well forked, its rudimeutal rays strong, about 10 in num-
ber. Color dark above, sides somewhat silvery. Scales with dark
specks. Head 4f ; depth 3J. D. 10; A. 12; scales 13-04-8; teeth 4-5
or 5-5. L. 12 inches. Elvers of California.

(Baird & Girard. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 137 ; Girard, U. S. Pac. R, R.
Snrv. x, 241: Lcuciscus exilicauda Giinther, vii, 248: Larinia harenyus Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 184; the same species.)

75.— CHROSOMUS Rafmesque, 1820.

Red Minnows.

(Rafmesqne, Iclith. Oh. 47: type Luxilus erythrofjaster Raf.)

Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Jaws normal; no bar
bel. Teeth 5-5 or 4-5, moderately hooked, with well-marked grinding
surface. Alimentary canal elongate, about twice as long as body ; peri-
toneum black. Scales very small. Lateral line short or wanting. Dor-
sal behind ventrals; anal basis short. Size small. Colors in spring
brilliant. (£/>«?, color; o-<u/za, body.)
* Sides of the body with two black stripes ; the upper running from the upper angle

of the opercle straight to the caudal, sometimes breaking up in spots behind;

the lower broader, extending from the snout through the eye, curved down-

ward along the belly, and extending to the caudal, where it ends in a black

spot (these stripes faint in the female).

C. erytlirogaster Agassiz. — Eed-^eUied Dace.
Body oblong, tapering each way from the middle, little compressed.
Head moderate, rather pointed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique,
the jaws about equal. Fins rather small ; the dorsal and anal high and
short; caudal long. Scales quite small, firmly attached, but not much
imbricated. Lateral line developed less than half the length of the
body. Color brownish olive, with a dusky dorsal line and often some
blackish spots ; two black lateral bauds as above described ; between
these a bright, silvery area. Belly below the lower baud abruptly sil-
very. Females obscurely marked. Males in spring with the belly and
the interspace between the lateral bands bright scarlet ; bases of the
vertical fins also scarlet. In high coloration the body is everywhere

154 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

minutely tubercnlate and the fins are bright yellow. ITead 4; depth 4.
I>. 7; A. s; scalo l<i-s.-)-K); teeth usually .">-."». L. 2-3 inches. Penn-
sylvania to l>akota and Tennessee; abundant in small streams; one of

the most beautiful of our lishes.
(Liisilit* or Clirosoinitx iri/throf/astrr R;if. Ichtli. Ob. 1820,47: Lurilus crytlu-otiafitcr

Kin. Host. Journ. N;n. Ih.st. iv, :23, tig. 1644; Cope, Cypr. IVim. ll'.U : IA «U«CHS try-

tlinii/nxttr (Jiinther, vii, ~'4T ; Jordan, HlfJ.)

** Sides of body with the upper band beginning opposite tbr \«'nt and extending
backward to Ibe middle of tbe caudal, terminating in a black spot; lower
baud extending from snout through eye, downward and backward, censing
at base of anal ; back with dark spots aud cross-bars.

17§. C. oreas Cope.

Form of the preceding, the snout rather more obtuse. Coloration
similar to that of the preceding, except for the difference in pattern.
The back clear olive-green, with dark cross-bars; belly, interspace be-
tween the lateral bands, and bases of vertical fins bright crimson; tins
otherwise yellow. Head 4; depth 4J. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 67; teeth
5-5. L. 2\ inches. Tennessee and Eoanoke Elvers; even more brill-
iant than the preceding.

(Cope, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1808,233.)

*** Body with t\\o black lateral bands mi the side, which unite on the caudal pedun-
cle, the lower broader, decurved, the upper narrow and straight.

179, C. cos Cope.

Slenderer than the preceding; the lateral line less distinct, often en-
tirely wanting. Variations in color as in the other species. Uead 4;
depth"). D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 77; teeth 5-5. L. 2i inches. Susquehanna
Kiver. Perhaps a variety of C. enj11iro<i«*trr.

(Cope, I'roc. A.-ad. Nat. Sci. IMiila. l^lil, .vj:i ; Cope, Cypr. Pcnn. :;'.»!.)

7G.—ZOPBHE \DUITI Jordan.

(.Ionian, I'.ull. llayden's (icol. S;nv. Terr. iv. 7H6, l-',^: type Ilyborhynchus sidcrius
Cope.)

This genus is very closely related to Hybognathus, dilli'ring only in
the small si/e of the scales, there being ."»."»-()() in the course of the
lateral line. The physiognomy is somewhat different, and the dorsal
(in is inserted more posteriorly than usual in Ili/hinjii<(tliKn. Asin7f//&o-
ti>i(ithn*, the teeth are l-(, scarcely hooked, with narrow grinding surface,
and the intestinal canal is elongate, the peritoneum black. Kocky
Monntain region; one species in Western Mexico.* ("otfu-, darkness;

'•••;, within; in allusion to the black peritoneum.)

" Scales very .small, -.".-'.Hi in the course of tin- lateral lino.

'/. .(//s,'/-.//. •Jordan. I'.ody r.ither elongate, formed much as in C<tni]><n<l<>inii iitioma-
I it at, soineuhai compic.sM-d. t1i<' bad; somewhat elevated and rounded anteriorly.
1 1. -ad nil her large, slightly depressed above. Mouth moderate, low; the lower jaw

31. CYPRINID^E - HYBOGNATHUS. 155

180. Z. sidermm (Cope) Jor.

Physiognomy of Apocope. Body fusiform. Head rather small, acu-
minate. Mouth terminal, the upper jaw the longer, maxillary reaching
line of orbit. Mouth forming more than a semicircle. Lower jaw hard,
less attenuate than is usual in Hybognathm. Eye small, 4yL in head.
Fins long, the ventrals reaching anal. Color dark iron-gray a.bove, a
darker band of the same along the sides, above the lateral line, extend-
ing from the end of the snout to the middle of the caudal. Head 4 ;
depth 4. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1.88; teeth 4-4. Arizona. (Cope.)

(Hyborliynchus sidcrius (lapsus for Hybognathus) Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Mer. v, 670,1870.)

** Scales moderate, 55-60 in the course of the lateral line.

181. Z. pluoaibcmn (Grtl.) Jor. & Gilb.

Body rather slender. Head moderate, rounded in front. Color uni-
form, sometimes a black spot at the base of the caudal. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; Lat.
1. 58 5 teeth 4-4. Arkansas and Indian Territory. (Girard.) This spe-
cies may, perhaps, be referable to Hybognathus.

(Dionda plumbea and spadicea Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 178 : Hylo-
rhynchus puniccus, Grd. 1. c. 179 : Dionda grisea, Grd. U. S. Pac. E. E. Surv. x, 230.)

.— HYBOGNATHUS Agassiz.

(Algoma and Dionda Girard.)
(Agassiz, Anier. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 223: type Hybognathus nuchalis Ag.)

Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth horizontal. The jaws
normal, sharp-edged; lower jaw with a slight, hard protuberance in
front; no barbel; upper jaw protractile. Teeth 4-4, cultriform, with
oblique grinding surface and scarcely any hook. Alimentary canal
elongate, about 4 times the length of the body. Peritoneum, black.
Scales large. Lateral liue continuous. Dorsal over ventrals. Anal
basis short. Size moderate. Species numerous ; mostly southwestern,
and little known. (£/?«?, gibbous ; fva.0o~, jaw.)

* Body comparatively elongate, little compressed, the depth less tbaii two-sevenths of

the length.
a. Suborbital bones comparatively long and narrow.

slightly included; the premaxillary below the level of the eye: the maxillary just
reaching the front of the eye. Lower jaw thin-edged, with a slight syuipbyseal knob.
Eye sruall, 6 in head. Scales small. Lateral line complete, decurved. Dorsal
slightly behind ventrals. Dusky bluish above ; everywhere with dark points. A
black spot at base of caudal. Head 4 ; depth 4-ld. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 10-56-8; teeth
4-4. L. 7 inches. Lake Tupataro, Guanajuato, Mexico (west of the Sierra Madre).
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Afr-« i«ro w.o s

15C CONTRIBUTION'S TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

182. II. iHH-hal:* A-:.— Silvery Minnow.

I'.ody elongate, companit ivcly slender. Head moderate, rather .short,
tin- profile evenly curved. F\ e large, rather longer than mu/y.le, about
4 in head. I'pper jaw heavy; lower jaw thin. Scales large and silvery.
Lateral line deeiirved, ll'-ll large scales in front of dorsal. Olivaceous
green above, translucent in life; sides clear silvery, with bright reflec-
tions. Fins unspotted. Head 4; depth 4 1. D. 8; A. 7; teeth 4-4;
scales .~)-;;,S-l. L. .">-7 inches. A graceful minnow, abundant in most
streams from Xew -lersey to the Upper Missouri and southward. As
here delined, more than one species may be included; but, if so, the
authors are unable to distinguish them.)

(Aji.-isM/, Ainrr. Journ. Sui. Arts, 18.">f>, 224; Giinthcr, vii, 184 : Hytognalhus argyrtfis,

</•(/(/.-/. and /•«/"'- *'r«l. Proc. A< ad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 18."><>, 182, 2(>l>: Hi/buy nath it* mjiua
(iiinthcr. \ii. !.-'.">: Hybognathue onmerinus Cope, Proc. AUKT. 1'liil. !Soc. Phila. l~7u.
4iii'i : lli/h-xjiiatltiix (iri/iii Hi* Jordan, Xi8S).)

183. II. aiiiartlS (Grd.) Jordan.

Head very short, small and blunt; front convex rather than de-

Q

elivous, as in If. nuchalis. Suborbital bones rather narrow, about as in
11. nuchal in. Scales moderate, 1C iu front of the dorsal. Coloration of
H. )n<chii1iN,\mt size much smaller. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 35-38; teeth
4-4. Rio Grande region.

Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 180.)

. II. flavipiamos Cope.
"This fish differs I'lom IT. aryyntix (nitcJuilin of the present memoir) in
the smaller scales and quite different coloration. Eye large, horizon-
tally oval, its length 1''.-; in head, and equal to interorbital width. The
nm/./le is shortly dectirved to the mouth, which is terminal and short.
The extremity of the maxillary extends half way from the end of the
mu/./le to the line of the orbit. Origin of ventral lins below or a little
in advance of the base of (he first dorsal ray. The pectoral is short,
not nearly reaching the ventral, which in turn falls far short of (In-
vent. The lateral line rises anteriorly. The occipital region is convex
and rather wide, the interorbital region neail\ Hat. Color dnsk\ abo\e,
a \\ide dusky lateral band, separated b\ a pale band from the back. A
t.iinl dark .->pot at ha M- of caudal. Fill* pale yellow, unspotted. Head
.V in length, \\ilh caudal I'm; depth a little more. D. 8; A. 7 or S;
>eales 7-11-1. L. _;• inches. Llano Kiver, Texas." (Coy;r, MSS.)

II. EII^I ol;rni:i! us ('.>])<•.
Similar to //. /la i-i/iinnix, Imt with larger scales. Ventral fin origi-
nating a little in advance of the first dorsal ray. Eye larger a little

31. CYPRINID^E HYBOGNATHUS. 157

less than one-third the length of the head and a little less than the in-
terorbital width. Ventral flu nearly reaching vent. Color dusky, with
ji black lateral band. Fins plain. Head 5 in length, with caudal ;
depth the same. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-34-3. L. 2£ inches. Medina
Eiver, Texas. (CopCj MSS.)

aa. Suborbital boucs short and deep.

1§6. 19. pBacitus Grd.

Head short and bluntish. Body stoutish. Eye small, shorter than
snout, about 5 in head. Scales moderate, about 10 in front of the dor-
sal. Size comparatively small. Grayish above, silvery below. Head
4f ; depth 4£. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 40; teeth 4-4. Mississippi Valley to
Utah. (Possibly two species are here included.)

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 182: Hylognathus nuchaUs Cope, Proc.
Araer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 6(5: Hybognathus nuclialis Jordan, 289; probably not of
Agassiz.)
aaa. Suborbital bones unknown; small species of the Texan region.

IN1?. II. episcopus (Grd.) Jordan.

Slender and graceful, fusiform in profile, and compressed, with the
back slightly arched. The head is large, forming about the fifth of the
length. Eye large and subcircular, the diameter 3i in head. Eins
moderate. Scales large, the lateral line following the middle of the
flanks. Dusky above, a blackish band along the sides, ending in a
dusty blotch at base of caudal. Fins unmarked. Scales with fine
black dots. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 39. L. 3 inches. Kivers of Texas.
(Girard.) This or some very similar species occurs in Southern Illinois.
(Forbes.) \

(JDionda episcopa, serena, texensis, papalis, argentosa, and chrysitis Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 177-178.)
1§§. II. fltivaatilis (Grd.) Jor.

Form, size, and coloration of H. amarus, but the mouth and eye
smaller and the scales smaller. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 40; 1C scales before
dorsal. Snout tubercnlate in spring males. New Leon. (Girard.}

(AJgoma fluviatilis Grd. Proc Acad. Nat Sci. Phila. 1856, 181.)
** Body short, deep, compressed, the depth about two-sevenths of the length.

1§9. H. mclanops (Grd.) Jor.

Head moderate, 4-| in length. Snout rounded. Eye medium. Black-
ish above; sides smoky, with black dots; a black spot at base of caudal.
Depth 3£. D. 8; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 43; teeth 4-4. L. 2£ inches. Eio Grande
region. (Girard.)

(Dionda melanops and coucM Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 178; Jordan,
Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. iv, No. 2, 402.)

158 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

78.— COL.ISCUS Cope.

(Cope, ILiyd.-n'.s Geol. Surv. Wyom. 1872, 437: typo Coliscus parietalis Cope.)

This genus differs chietly from Hybognathus in having the lateral line
incomplete or obsolete. The mouth is oblique, and the dorsal fin in
advance of the ventrals. (X»M»?, deficiency; in allusion to the incomplete
lateral line.)

190. c. parietalis Cope.

r.ody moderately elongate. Head wide, especially behind. Muzzle
obtuse. Lips equal. Mouth descending obliquely, the maxillary not
quite reaching the orbit. Eye 3| in head. Scales small, the tubes of
tin- lateral line present on 7 of them ; 14 in a transverse series. Dorsal
fin midway between snout and caudal. Suborbital bones slender. Col-
oration silvery, unspotted. D. 7; A. 8; Lat, 1. 42; teeth 4-4. L. 2-3
inches. Missouri liiver at Saint Joseph. (Cope.}

(Cope, Geol. Surv. Terr. Wyom. for 1870, 1872,437; Jordan, 289.)
79.— PI.TIEPEIALES Rafinesque.

Fat-heads.

(Rafinesque, Ichtli. Oh. 1820,52: typo I'imephales promdas Raf.)

Body short and stout, little compressed. Head short and rounded.
Mouth small, inferior; upper jaw protractile; no barbel. Teeth 4-4, with
oblique grinding surface, usually but one of the teeth hooked. Dorsal
over ventrals, its first (rudimentary) ray separated from the rest by
membrane. Anal basis short. Intestinal (*!inal elongate. Peritoneum
black. Pseudobranchiai present. Scales rather small. Lateral line
incomplete. Size small. (-£//iA£?, fat; xs<palrn head.)

191. P. pro IMC las Ruf. — Fat-head; r,la<-h-ui-nil Minnow.

I'.ody very short and deep. Head short, everywhere convex, almost
globular in adult males. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Scales
dci-p, closely imbricated. Lateral line almost wanting, on r»-20 scales
only. Olivaceous, t lie dorsal with a large black bar across it, nearly
half way up, most distinct anteriorly, appearing as a simple dusky
shade in tin- young. Male fish dusky, the head jet-black, with several
large tubercles on the snout in spring. A dusky shade along sides of
caudal peduncle. Head I; depth 4. D.I, 7; A. 7; scales 7-47-0; teeth
l-l. L. iM inches. Ohio Valley to the Upper Missouri; generally
abundant in sluggish brooks. Varies greatly with age, sex, and season.

(Raf. Ichtli. Oh. 53: ]'im<-i,h<ilt« fauna tun Grtl. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,
180 : /7u;v///n<» mvlanoccphalus Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Thila. I860, 325: Fimephalca

31. CYPRINHLE HYBORHYJS'CHUS. 151)

milesi Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G4, 282 (from Michigan, may be a distinct
species ; the scales said to be Lat. 1. 40, only three series between the lateral line
and the veutrals ; 5-7 usually in P. promelas) : Pimeplialcs agassizii Cope, Cypr. Penn.
394; Guuther, viij 181 : Pimephalcs milesil Giinther, vii, 181; Jordan, 288.)

§0.— IIYBORHTNCHUS Agassiz.
(Agassiz, Amer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 222: type Minnilus notatus Raf.)

This genus differs from Pimepliales only in having the lateral line
complete. The maxillary is often provided with a rudimentary or obso-
lete barbel. (<5/?<5?, gibbous ; ^6770?, snout.)

* Angle of mouth without trace of barbel.

192. H. confertus Grd.

Aspect of Pimepliales promelas. Body stout, the back moderately
convex. Head wide, formed as in the preceding species. Mouth term-
inal, very small, oblique. Eye 4 in head. Fins small. Lateral line
usually wanting on some of the scales along the sides. Color essentially
as in Pimepliales promelas, the males even darker ; the head black ; a
bread black band across the dorsal; borders of anal and border of
ventrals and pectorals black ; the lower fins said to be edged with white
in life; body somewhat mottled. Females more elongate, plainly
colored. Head 3f ; depth 3f. D. I, 8 ; A. 7 5 Lat. 1. 43; teeth 4-4. L.
2£ inches. Arkansas Eiver to the Bio Grande; abundant. This species
is intermediate between Hyborhynclms and Pimepliales.

(Hyborhynchus confertus ( 9 ) and Pimepliales maculosus ( $ ) Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. 1856, 180: Hyborhynchus nigellus Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Espl. W. 100th Mer. v, G71.)

193. H. notaius * (Raf.) Ag. — Blunt-nosed Minnow.

Body rather elongate, not elevated, moderately compressed. Head
moderate ; the muzzle blunt and convex ; top of the head depressed.
Cheeks vertical. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Fins small ; the
dorsal moderate, the first ray distinct and spine-like in the male, slender
in the female. Anal small. Caudal fin short. Scales moderate, deep,
closely iubricated. Scales in front of dorsal small and crowded. Eye
moderate. Color olivaceous, little silvery; sides bluish; a black spot on
the dorsal fin in front, near the base ; a dusky shade at base of caudal ;
males in spring with the black on the dorsal more extended and the
head wholly black ; snout with about 14 disproportionately large tuber-
cles. Head 4£ ; depth 5. D. I, 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 6-45-4 ; teeth 4-4. L.
4 inches. New York to Arkansas; generally abundant.

(Minnilus notatus Raf. Ichth. Oh. 47; Giinther, vii, 182; Jordan, 238: Catostomus

* Specimens agreeing closely with this species, but having the intestines no longer
than the body (as in Cochlognathus), have been lately sent us from Illinois River by
Professor Forbes.

160 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Kaf. Irhili. Oh. .">-' : Hyborhynchv* i>('rxjii<-niiK Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phila.
l~."itl. \-~>: Ili/tiiii/iiiitliiix j>< rxpicnux Giinthcr, vii, 185.)

of month \vilh a iniiiut.', thickish liarln-1.

t '.it II. Bapercf liosns Cope.

I lead broader, more ridged above. Caudal and anal fins more dusky ;
otherwise like I!M- laM, I'roiu which it may be distinguished only by the
presence of the small barbel. With the last, equally widely distrib-
uted, and even more abundant. Probably a variety.

i ,.|i.-. Join 11. Arutl. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1868, 234; .Ionian, 289.)

81.— EXOGL.OSSUUI Kalincsque.
Cut-lips.

(nafiiic<i|iic. -Tourn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 420, 1818: type Exoyloxsum Imutmrianiim
Kat'. --t'lijirniitx nuij-illiiujiia Lc S.)

]>ody moderately elongate, little compressed. Mouth peculiar, the
mandible being contracted and incurved, its outline strongly three-
lobed. This a})})earance is due to the fact that the dentary bones lie close
together, parallel, and are united throughout their length, instead of
forming a broad arch, as in all other Cyprinoid lishes. The lower lip is
represented by a broad lleshy lobe on each side of the mandible. l"p-
perjaw not protractile. Upper lip thick, somewhat plicate. IMiaryn-
geal bom-s small. The teeth hooked, without grinding surface, 1, -1—1,1.
Scales moderate. Lateral line complete, l-'ins without s])ines. Dorsal
slightly behind ventrals. Anal rays 7-8. Isthmus broad. (Jill-rakers
weak. Pseudobi-anchia- present. Air-bladder normal. Alimentary
canal short ; peritoneum white. Size moderate. One of the most
strongly marked genera of Ci/in'ini<l(C, with a single species, (i'^w, out-
side; Y'-''"''^"-) tongue.)
1D.S. E. maxilling'aa. (Le Suenr) Haldcman. — CHI-HIIH: SI/>IK -/<>!»•.

I5ody rather slont, little compressed. Head large, broad and llattish

above, with tumid cheeks. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the end

of the maxillary not reaching the line of the orbit. Upper ja\v longer
than lower. Scales rather crowded anteriorly, those in front of the
dorsal sjnall. ( 'olor olivaceous; smoky or dark above ; a blackish bar
behind opeicle, and a dusky shade at the root of the caudal in the
young; fins unmarked, Head I; depth 41. I>. s;.\.7: scales s-."i;;-5;

teeth 1. 1-1, 1. L. (! inches. YYeslerii New York to Virginia: abun-
dant in the Su-i|iiehanna I'.asin, but not widely distributed. Oneofthe
most singular of the ('///;/•////</<(•, distinguished al si-lit by its three-
lobed lower jaw.

1 yprinut iiiiu-illiiiiiiin l.i- Sumr. .loiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 85; Giiulhcr, vii,
188; Jordan, 308j <'»{»•. Cyi-r. IVim. iHitl, I5GO.)

31. CYPRINID^l — COCIILOGNATHUS. 161

82.— COCIILOGNATIIUS Baird & Girard.

(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1654, 158 : type CocUlognathus ornatus B.
&G.)

This genus lias the general character and appearance of Ryborliynclms,
the dentition and the structure of the fins being the same ; the teeth,
however, rather more strongly hooked and with deeper grinding sur-
face. It differs in the structure of the jaws, which are provided each
with a hard cutting plate, to all appearance precisely like the Diodonti-
dce, the sharp bony edge being surrounded by the usual lip. First ray
of dorsal separated by membrane, and spine-like, as in Hyborkynckus
and Pimepliales. Alimentary canal short. Peritoneum white. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Lateral line complete. Anal fin small. (/.
shell; fvdOoq, jaw ; the covering of the jaws being hard, like shell.)

196. C. or»i«ltll§ Baird & Girard. — Hard-mouth Minnow.

Appearance, dorsal fin and coloration essentially as in Hyborliynclius
notatus. Body moderately elongate. Head rather long. Scales com-
paratively large. Dorsal fin over the ventrals, rather high. Anal fin
quite small. Caudal fin short. Dorsal fin with a black spot near the
base in front and a dusk}* blotch behind. The dorsal spin£ conspicu-
ous. Caudal fin with a dusky median band, in front and behind which
is a pale area. A dusky lateral baud. Snout tuberculate in spring
males, as in Hyborliynchus. Head 4 ; depth 4^. D. 8 ; A. 6 ; Lat. 1. 40 ;
teeth 4-4. L. 3 inches. Eio Grande. A singular little fish, with the
mouth resembling that of Chondrostoma or AcrochiluSj but the structure
otherwise resembling neither.

(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PMla. 1854, 158; Guuther, vii, 187.)

197. C. MguUatus Cope.

" A fish of rather uniform diameter and deep caudal peduncle. The
head is oblong and rather wide above. The muzzle has a decurved pro-
file and terminal mouth. The orbit is large, 3| in head, a little less
than muzzle and than iuterorbital space. Head wide behind and flat
above. The infraorbital bones are narrow, while the preorbital is large.
with convex inferior and concave superior border. Maxillary not quite
reaching line of orbit. Ventral fins inserted opposite second or third
dorsal ray, reaching to vent. Anal fin small. Pectorals reaching three-
fifths to ventrals. Color silvery, without dark markings, except a black
spot at the base of the caudal and on the anterior rays of the dorsal.
Head 5 in length, with the caudal fin j depth a little less. D. 8 ; A. 7 ;
scales 7-34-? L. 2J inches. Trinity Eiver, Texas." (Cope, MSS.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1G - 11

1G2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

83.— IIEMITREIttlA Cope.

(Cope, Prop. AIIUT. Phil. Soc. Phila. "H70, 462: type Hemitremia riitata Cope.)

Body moderately elongate. Mouth normal. No barbel. Teeth 4-4
( 1_.~» or .~»-5), hooked, with grinding surface. Scales large. Lateral line
incomplete, Dorsal fin slightly behind the ventrals. Anal basis short.
Species of small size. The typical species, of which but a single speci-
men is known, has the teeth 4-5; the normal number is probably 4-4,
however, as in the other species. If, however, the teeth in H. rittata
are permanently 5—4, the remaining species may stand under the ge-
neric name of Chriope.* (^//t', half; r^^a, pore.)

* Teeth 4 -5 ? ( Hem Uremia. )

198. II. vittata Cope.

Body stout. Head very short, the muzzle obtuse. Mouth small,
oblique, the maxillary not reaching the orbit. Eye large, 3i in head,
equal to length of muzzle. Dosal fin beginning a little behind the ven-
trals. Lateral line developed for about half the length. Coloration
dark, a dark lateral band, above this a pale shade, the belly pale. Head
4£; depth 4£. D. 8; A. 7; scales C-38-4; teeth 5-4 (or 5-5). L. 2£

inches. Holston Eiver. (Cope.)
(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 462.)

* * Teeth 4-4. ( Ch riope Jor. )

1 Of). II. bifrenata Cope.

Body rather slender, the caudal peduncle somewhat cont racted. Head
moderate, the muzzle very obtuse. Mouth oblique, the, jaws about
equal. Upper lip opposite lower part of pupil. Eye large, 3 in head,
longer than muzzle. Lateral line developed for a very short distance
only. Thirteen scales before dorsal. Straw colored, the scales brown-
edged above. A shining black band from snout through eye to caudal.
An orange hand above this on the snout. Regions below the black
hand silvery. Head I1,; depth 4£. 1X8; A. 7; scales T.-3G-3 ; teeth
4-4. L. U-L' inches. Massachusetts to ."\lar\land. A small but very
handsomely colored species.

(IIyl">l> •'•> liifi-rniitiis <'<>pr, Cypr. 1'rnii. 18GG, 384.)

2OO. II. m:i< ui:it;i Hay.

I'.ody long and slender, slightly elevated at the dorsal, MMiiewhat
compre-sed. Head llatlened above. Snout rounded. Mouth small,
terminal, slightly ohli<|'ie, maxillary not reaching to opposite eye. Eye

'Chriope Jordan, Bull. I[ay«lm's <;••..!. Sniv. Terr, iv, 1878, 787: type Hybopsie
Cope, (xpeia, want ; ox)), pore.)

31. CYPRINIDJE CLIOLA. 1G3

equal to snout, 3£ in head. Dorsal slightly behind ventrals, nearer
snout than base of caudal. Lateral line with pores on 8 or 10 scales
only. Straw-color 5 a narrow dark dorsal baud, and a dark streak on
each side of anal. A plumbeous lateral band, and black specks on each
scale. A black spot as large as the eye at base of caudal. Head 4£;
depth 5. D. 8 5 A. 8 5 scales 5-38-3 ; teeth 4-47 with grinding surface.
L. 2£ inches. Chickasawha River, Mississippi. (Hay.}
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 505.)

2O1. II. Iaetea*o<9on Cope.

Body moderately stout, the back compressed and somewhat elevated.
Head rather pointed, the muzzle acuminate. Mouth oblique, the lower
jaw projecting, the upper lip opposite the upper rim of pupil. Maxillary
extending to opposite front of orbit. Thirteen scales in front of dorsal.
Eye 3 in head. Color olivaceous. A blackish dorsal band. Sides with
a leaden or dusky band. D. 8 5 A. 8. Scales 5-36-3, the lateral line
extending about half the length of the body. Teeth 4-4, often crenate.
L. 2J inches. Michigan and Wisconsin.

(Albitrnops hcterodon Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 281 : Hybopsis Uetcrodon
Cope, Cypr. Peiin. 382 : Leuciscus heterodon Giiuther, vii, 261 : HemUremia heterodon Jor-
dan, Man. Vert. 303.)

84.— CLIO&A Girard.
Silver Fins.

(Codoma, Cyprinella, Montana, and Hudsonius Girard ; Pliotogcnis arid Hybopsis Cope;

Graodus Giiuther; Erogala Jordan.)

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 192: type Ceratichthys vigilax Bd. &Grd.)

Body ovate, oblong, or elongate, usually compressed. Mouth normal,
usually rather small. No barbels. Scales various, commonly large, often
closely imbricated. Lateral line complete, usually decurved. Dorsal fin
generally more or less behind ventrals. Anal short or rather elongate.
Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, or 1, 4-4, 1* (1, 4-4, 2 in one species), hooke/1, with
or without grinding surface, the edge often more or less serrate. Intes-
tinal canal short. Peritoneum mostly pale. Males in spring usually
prickly, with the fins charged with red or white pigment. A very large
group of small fishes, usually brilliantly colored ; abundant in all our
Southern and Eastern rivers, and extending southward to Western
Mexico. t All are American. (A coined name.)

* Said to be 1, 3-3, 1 in oue species, C. colitis. If this be true, the latter species will
form the type of a distinct genus, Tiaroga Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,
204 : type Tiaroga colitis Girard. (A coined name.)

t(«.) C. alia Jordan. Body moderately elongate, compressed, deep, the back
somewhat elevated. Head short, somewhat depressed above, moderately pointed.
Eye moderate, shorter than snout, 5-6 in head. Mouth medium, oblique, terminal,

ll'J4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

The species may be divided as follows :*

- ales not especially deeper Ilian long; not closely imbricated.
'Teeth 4-4 j >pecies of small size,
t Teeth with grinding surface more or less developed. (HYBOPSIS Cope, nou Ag.)

(a.) .Scales in tlir la I mil Hue more than 4."> alia. saUa'i.

a. Scales in the latmil line 43 or 44 tudltana, lauroccpJtalu, iKvmaturu.

aa. Scales in the lateral line 32-37.

spedruncula, indiila, frelensis, longiroslris, straminca.
voliH-diii, microstoma, llncolaia, miseuriensis, procne.
tt Teeth without grinding surface. (CLiOLA.)

I*. A black spot on anterior edge of dorsal and one at the base of the caudal.

vigilax.

bb. No black spot on anterior edge of dorsal clilora, nigrotceniata.

feet h t \vo-ro\ved.

t Teeth without grinding surface /. colritis, stunt.

tf Teeth with grinding surface more or less developed. (IlunsoxifS Grd.)

salitdana, slorcriana, hudxonitt, cnryopa.

$$ Scales deeper than long, very closely imbricated along sides of the body.
Te.'th4-4.
t Edges of teeth entire. (CoDOMA Girard.)

t Teeth with grinding surface developed iris, jngalis.

tt Teeth without grinding surfaee.

a. Dorsal lin inserted notably behind ventrals ; head very short and blunt, al-
most round ritlata, ornata.

aa. Dorsal fin inserted directly over ventrals; head moderate, subcouic.

calliscma.

l!n- premaxillary on th.- level of the pupil, the maxillary not reaching the front of the
pupil. Jaws e(|ual. 1'reorbital large. Scales not closely imbricated, 19 in front of
dorsal lin. Dorsal over ventrals. Caudal peduncle deep, lilnish, sides silvery,
lins plain. Head 4£; depth :i£. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-4(3-4 ; teeth 4-4, with narrow
grinding Mirface. Lake Tnpataro, Guanajuato.

(IInil»(»thi* altim Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879,301.)

(/<.) ('. mill,!/ ((Jiinther) J. & G. Caudal ]ieduncle not quite twice as long as deep.
No barbels. Snout < ilil iiscly conical, longer than the eye, which is one-fifth the length
of head, rpper ja\\ slighi ly o\ erlapping tin- lower. Maxillary not extending to < ye.
I>i>r>a! immediately behind ventrals. Fins short, r.rownish green above, minutely
dotted with black along the sides. Head 4; depth '.}%. D. 7; A. C; Lat. 1. 54: te« th
4-4, long, (iirveil, \\ilh grinding Mirl'ace. Intestinal canal with lew convolutions.
I,.:1.' inclio. ( 'iicrnav.-H'a, Mexico, (diiiillitr.)

r<il!rlilli>/x milliri (iiinthrr, vii, 484: Hndxmtitix xaUn'i .Toi'dan, 1'roc. 1'. S. N:it. M'us.

!-;;». 226.)

(c.) C. iir/mlii -nint'1 (Giintlier) .lor. I'.ody oblong, snout obtuse, convex, hmgi-r than
lhei-\.-. l-:\.- I' in In-ad. Mouth subinferior, small, t he upper jaw the' longer, max-
illary not reaching front of orbit. A black lateral band. Head 4J ; depth 5. D. 8 ;

A.-: scales 6-35-3. Teeth proi.aid\ 4-4, although only 2-2 are present in one of the

typical examples, and none at all in tin1 others ; no c\ii!ent grinding surface. L. 4

iliclie^. Al'i-co. Mexico.

ruiiilif-t iiiip-nlii n'hi/ir: Ciinthcr, \\\, \~~> : i'l'mlii ni</i'nl/i n'mhi Jordan, 1'roc. TT. S.
Mus. 1879,22 '•. 'I' I ie accidental los-i o|" tin- teeth ill t \vo of the ihree typical exa Ill-
pi. •, \\ a- ill.- occasion of t he cstaldisbmi-nt of the nominal -en us artunJiin.)

"Tim reader is advised to be cautious in the use of this key. Sonic characters ap-
pear in tin- adult only, and in other cases their presence is a question simply of

degree.

31. CYPRINID.E CLIOLA. 165

tt Edges of teetli more or less serrate or crenate ; dorsal slightly behind, ventral »

(MoxiANA Girard).

yibbosa, forbcsi, Icoitina, Ititrensis, deliciosa, aurata, formosa.
** Teeth 1, 4-4, 1.

b. Teeth with the edges serrate or crenate, usually without grinding sur-
face. (CYPRINELLA Girard.)
c. Dorsal fin without conspicuous black blotch on its upper posterior

rays.

d. 'No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.
e. Body very deep, compressed, the depth forming about a third of

the length umbrosa, bubalina, gunnison i.

ee. Body slenderer, the depth 3-J— 4J in length.

suavis, lepida, billingsiana, macrostoma, ludibunda.

dd. A conspicuous black spot at base of caudal notata, venusta.

cc. Dorsal fin elevated, with a conspicuous black blotch on its posterior
rays (often obsolete in the young).

/. A conspicuous black spot at base of caudal calliura.

ff. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.

g. Teeth without grinding surface whipplei.

gg. Teeth with narrow grinding surface analostana.

bb. Teeth with entire edges in the adult. (EROGALA Jordan.)
/(. Teeth with narrow grinding surface ; anal short.

yalactura, eurystoma, mvea.
lih. Teeth without distinct grinding surface.
./. Anal tin short, of 8 or 9 rays.

Jc. A conspicuous dark blotch on upper posterior rays of

dorsal.

7. Adult males with the fins chiefly red ; a conspicuous
black spot at base of caudal. ..callislia, tricliroistiu.
II. Adult males without red.

TO. A very conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.

siigmaiura.
mm. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.

coerulea, cldoristia.
. Tilt. No dark blotch on upper posterior part of dorsal.

sonata,,
jj. Anal fin long, of 10 or 11 rays ; fins high.

xcenura, pyrrhomelaa, lujpsdoptera.

§ Scales not especially deeper than long, not closely imbricated.
* Teeth 4-4 ; species of small size.

t Teeth with grinding surface more or less developed.* (Hybopsis Cope, non

Agassi z. )
a. Scales in the lateral line 43 or 44.

2O2. C. toiditaaia (Cope) J. & G.

Form and general appearance of Hyborlnjnclms notatus. Head flat
above. Muzzle very obtuse. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Fins
low. Scales rather small, 27 in front of the dorsal. Olivaceous above;
dorsal scales narrowly black-edged ; no vertebral baud ; sides and be-
low silvery; usually a dusky band along sides, ending in a dark caudal

* Several of the species in this section are of doubtful validity, and some of them
may prove to belong to Hybognalhus.

1GG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

spot; a dark spot near the base of the dorsal in front, as iu Hylorliyn-
cJniti. Head P, : depth ~>. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-44-4; teeth 4-4, little
hooked. L. 3 inches. Michigan to Indiana.

(II fuditontw Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1800,381: Leuciscus tuditanus

(iiintlirr, vii,

2O3. C. tauroccphala (Hay) J. & G.— Bull-head Minnow.

r.ody stout, somewhat compressed, broad and flat above, with deep
caudal peduncle. Head broad and flat above, with an angle at the
temporal region. Muzzle broad and obtuse, less truncate than in ILy-
lorliynchiis nottititx. Mouth rather small, horizontal, terminal, the jaws
about equal, maxillary not reaching to opposite anterior margin of eye.
I : \ c large, 3.V in head. Dorsal inserted above veutrals, nearer snout
than caudal. Scales before dorsal small, in about 27 series. Dusky
yellowish; sides silvery, with an obsolete dark lateral baud, which ter-
minates in a black spot; a black spot on anterior rays of dorsal flu.
Depth 4.1 ; head 4}. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-43-4; teeth 4-4, with grind-
ing surface. L. 3 inches. Chickasawha River, Mississippi.
(Albuntops tauroccplialus~B.oy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 503.)

2O1. C. hscinattira (Cope) J. & G.

Head moderate, the muzzle little obfcise. Mouth larger, terminal,
oblique, the maxillary reaching the orbit. Eye 3.J in head ; temporal
re- ion rounded. Scales rather small, 21 rows in front of the dorsal.
Lateral line slightly decurved. Plumbeous above; head blackish; a
taint dusky lateral baud, ending in a dusliy spot at root of caudal fin;
caudal lin dull red; fins otherwise plain. Head 4; depth 4*. D. 8;
A. 7; scales 7-44-4; teeth 4-4, little hooked. L. 3 inches. Michigan
to Illinois; not very common.

(/////m;i>/\ liii-iiinhinn Cope, Cypr. IVnn. oAi, 18GG: Lenctxrn>i lttrm«tunt* Giintber, vii,

aa. Srjilrs in i In' I;itcr:il liin- :'.-J-:'.T.

>. <'. s:>4M-|9-iiiic:iIa (Cope) J. &, G.
Mn.lv elongate. Head large and rather ilal, nearly as broad as dec).
i;\<- l;n-c, ;; in head. Muxzle remarkably thick. Mouth slightly ob-
lique, Hie maxillary reacliing the eye. Fifteen rows of scales in front of
dorsal. ( >li\ aceons, silvery white below; a leaden band along the sides
and a conspicuous black spot at base ol' caudal; head dusky; margins
of scales aliove lateral line, as well as bases of dorsal and anal fins,
blackish; r.ectorals, ventrals, dorsal, and anal more or less orange in

31. CYPRINID^ CLIOLA. 167

life. Head 4 j depth 5£. ' D. 8 j A. 9 ; Lat. 1. 37 ; teeth. 4-4. L. 3 inches.
Headwaters of Holston Eiver. (Cope.}
(Hybopsis spcctrunculus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 231. )

206. C. nuMSa (Forbes) J. & G.

Head narrow. Mouth inferior and horizontal. Lateral line anteriorly
deflexed. Eye large, 3 in head, rather longer than muzzle. Fourteen
scales before dorsal. Color very dark ; a dark lateral baud from muzzle
to base of caudal ; fins all plain. Head 4£ ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales
5-37-3; teeth 4-4, little hooked. L. 2£ inches. Eock Eiver, Illinois.

(Albitrnops -nuMlus Forbes, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 56, 1878.)

207. €. ffVctcnsas (Cope) J. & G.

Body slender and compressed, resembling Minnilus. Head convex
between orbits. Mouth quite oblique, the middle of the premaxillary
being opposite the line of the pupil 5 maxillary not reaching to orbit.
Eye 3} in head. Seventeen rows of scales in front of dorsal. Lateral
line decurved. Olivaceous ; a dark median dorsal band ; a plumbeous
silvery lateral shade; cheeks silvery; a dark spot at base of caudal;
fins plain. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-35-3; teeth 4-4.
L. 2i inches. Michigan to Illinois.

(Hybopsis frctensis Cope, Cypr. Penn. 382, 1866.)

2O§. C. longaroslris (Hay) J. & G.

Form of Ericymba, buccata. Head rather small. Eye shorter than
snout, 4 in head. Upper jaw rounded, considerably projecting beyond
the lower jaw. Mouth rather large, horizontal, maxillary extending to
opposite anterior margin of the eye. Scales large ; about 12 large scales
in front of the dorsal. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout
and base of caudal, directly over veutrals. Pectorals not reaching
ven traLs; the latter to vent. Straw-color, with an obsolete lateral band
and a narrow dorsal streak ; fins dusky. Head 4^. D. 8; A. 7; scales
4-3G-3 ; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface. Chickasawha Eiver, Missis-
sippi.

(Alburnops longirostris Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 504.)

2O9. O. slu'aasaaaaea (Cope) J. & G. — Straw-colored Minnow.

Body moderately stout, little compressed. Head rather broad, with
rounded angles. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Snout very obtuse.
Eye large, 3 in head. Fifteen rows of scales in front of dorsal fin.
Pale olivaceous; sides little silvery; usually a darker dorsal baud ; fins

1G8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

all plain. Head I ; depth 5. Scales 5-3G-4 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inches.
Ohio Valley and la Ice region; generally abundant in small streams.
One of the most insignificant of all our fishes.

Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864,263: Hylopsis stra-

iiitn<-nx Cope, C'ypr. i'l'iin. :!S1.)

21O. C. volucclla (Cope) J. & G.

Body moderately stout. Ilead depressed, elongate, the vertex plane,
the muzzle elongate. Fins more elongate than in most of the related
speeies, i lie pectorals reaching the veutrals. Caudal peduncle slender.
Eye 3^ in head. Olivaceous, a slight dusky lateral shade; no dorsal
stripe; lins plain. Ilead 3^-; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 4-34-3;
teeth 4-4. L. 2i inches. Michigan and Wisconsin.

(Hybognathus rolnccllus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G4, 283: Ilybopsis volu-
ccllus Cnpr, Cypr. Penu. 381: Leuciacua rolucdlm Giiuther, vii, 2(JO.)

211. C. microstOBsm (Raf.) J. & G.

Body elongate, the caudal peduncle not contracted. Mouth inferior,
horizontal, small, the maxillary not reaching the line of the eye. Fins
rather short. Eye large, 3£ in head. Fourteen scales before dorsal.
I'reorbital bone much longer than deep. Olivaceous, translucent; a sil-
very lateral baud, along which is a black speck at the origin of each
tube of the lateral line. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-33-2; teeth 4-4. L. 2£
inches. Virginia to Kentucky.

(MiniiiliiN ni'uroxtiiiiuiH K'.-if. Idilli. Ob. 1820,47: Uybopsis lonyiccps Cope, Jourii. Acad.
Nai. Sri. 1-liila. ItiW, 331.)

212. C. lincolata (A^assiz) J. & G.

Body slender. Ilead short. Muzzle obtuse. Mouth slightly oblique,
the jaws equal, the maxillary reaching to eye. Lateral line slightly de-
curved. Olivaceous, sides silvery, with dark points along the lateral
line, these especially abundant along the sides of the muzzle. Ilead
\\: depili 1;. I). s; A. 7; scales C-34-4 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2 inches.
Neltraska tt» Colorado. (Cope.) Osage River. ( J^\.s7~.)

(.llliiiriin- liiiinlnliiN Agassi/, liiill. Mas. Coinp. Zool. l-!'>:!,'.l; /.i-m-'t^-nx tintvlattts Giin-
iln-r, •- li, •.':'.ii: //^//(oy/.si.s- wi/lla C«>IM-, JIayilcn's (Jcol. «urv. Wyoiu. 1^?^, 438.)

•

2i:j. C. mlssorlensls (Cope) J. & G.

llody stout, with large head and thick caudal ])eduucle. Mouth sub-
inferior, somewhat oblique, end of maxillary reaching line of orbit.
Twelve scales in front of ! he dorsal I'm. Fins rather long. Eye large, 3
in head. Coloration very pale olivaceous; a silvery lateral band and
some dusky specks at base of caudal; no dark dorsal line; lins plain.

31. CYPRINID.E CLIOLA. 1G9

Head 33; depth 4£. A. 7; scales 5-31-3; teeth 4-4. L. 2£ inches.
Missouri to the Eio Grande ; probably abundant.

(Hybopsis missuriensis Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, 1872, 437.)

214. C. procrae (Cope) J. & G.

Body slender, with long caudal peduncle. Muzzle obtuse. Mouth
horizontal, inferior, small. Thirteen rows of scales in front of the
dorsal. Depth of caudal peduncle one-fourth its length. Eye large.
Olivaceous ; a dark dorsal line and a plumbeous lateral band overlying
black pigment; fins unspotted. Head 4|; depth 5^. Scales 5-32-3;
teeth 4-4 ; A. 7. L. 2i inches. Delaware and Susquehanna Elvers.
One of the smallest of the Cyprinidce.

(Hyfiognathus procne Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1864, 279: Hybopsis procne
Cope, Cypr. Perm. 385 : Lcuclscus procne Giiuther, vii, 260. )

tt Teeth without grinding surface. (Cliola.)

ft. A black spot on the anterior edge of the dorsal and one at the base of the caudal.

215. C. vigiDax B. & G.

Body subfusiform, compressed, not elevated. Head conical, bluntish.
Mouth rather small, oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary not extend-
ing to the eye. Eye moderate, 3£ in head. Isthmus rather broad. Eins
small ; the dorsal longer than high. Scales large, somewhat higher thau
long, 10 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventral. Color brownish ;
a dusky stripe composed of crowded dots along the lateral line ; a black
spot at base of caudal, and one on the anterior rays of dorsal. Head 4;
depth 4f. D. 9; A. 8; Lat. 1. 3G; "teeth 4-4, without grinding sur-
face". L. 3 inches. Arkansas to Texas. (Girard.}

(CeratichtJiys rigilax Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1833, 390 : Cliola
viyilax, vclox, and virax Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 192, and in U. S.
Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 257,258. C. vivax is said to have scales "a good deal smaller",
but no data are given. The types of all three are now lost.)

M. No black spot on anterior edge of dorsal.

216. C. cZaSoi'a Jordan.

Body slender, compressed. Head rather small. Eye large, about 3
in head, longer than snout. Mouth rather small, quite oblique, the
lower jaw included when the mouth is closed, the maxillary scarcely
reaching the front of orbit. Scales very large, about 12 in front of the
dorsal fin ; the body entirely scaly except the thoracic region. Lateral
line somewhat decurved. Dorsal fin beginning directly over ventrals.
Color pale; back greenish; belly white; side with a silvery band ; no
spots on fins and no dusky or plumbeous shading on the body, except

170 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

>omctimes a small dark spot at base of caudal. Ilead 4£; depth 5. D.
7 ; A. 7; scales 4-33-3; teeth -1-1, without grinding surface. L. 2$
inches. I'pper Missouri region.
(Jordan. Mull, lluydeu's Geol. Surv. Terr, iv, 791, 1878.)

" " 1 ••'•ill two-rowed.

t Teeth without grinding surface.

217. C. cobitis (Grd.) J. & G.

llody moderately elongate, subfusiforin, compressed. Head small,
subconieal, depressed. Mouth small, terminal, oblique, without barbels,
the maxillary falling far short of eye; lower jaw included. Eye mod-
erate, high up, midway in head; isthmus very wide. Yeutrals slightly
in advance of dorsal. Fins all high. Lateral line nearly straight. Body
olivaceous, with dusky specks above; a black spot at base of caudal.
Head 4; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. C3. Teeth without grinding
surface, 1, 3-3, Ijjide Girard.* L. 2^- inches. Eio Gila. (Girard.)

( Tiarofja colritis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. 185G, 204, aiid U. S. Mcx. Bound.
Surv. Ichth. (JO : Lciiciscus colitis Giinther, vii, ^47.)

21§. C. sinia (Cope) Jor. & Gill).

Body robust. Head short and broad, with short, decurved mu/./.le.
Mouth large, oblique, the upper lip below the level of the pupil, the
maxillary extending past the front of orbit. Eye moderate, 4} in head.
Fins lar-e, the dorsal well behind ventrals. Coloration entirely silvery,
brightest on the sides. Head 4£; depth 4}. D. 8; A. 9; scales
8-35-4, L'2 series in front of the dorsal iin ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. .'4
inches. Kio Grande at San Ildefonso, New Mexico. (Cope.)

(AUnn-nrlhix Kimiis Cope, Zool. Lieut. Win M-ler's Expl. W. lUOth Mt;r. v, (149, 1870.)
U Teeth with <;riiidiii^ .surfjicc more or less <lc\ dojicd. (IlndHonins Girard. t)

2lf>. C. s:ilai«laiia Jor. vV MIM.M.

Jiody elongate, but less so than in (\ Ntorrridna, moderately com-
j.ressed. Caudal peduncle, long. Head large, rather heavy and gib-
lions forward, the mux/.le rounded in profile. Eye large, 3\ in head.
Month mnderatr. Miltinf'erior, the maxillary not reaching to the eye.
Scales lar-c. thin and loose, about fL'in front of the dorsal Iin. Lateral
line somewhat decurved in front. Fins rather small, pectorals not reach-
ing tn vent i a I -. t In- latter not to vent. Coloration pule olivaceous, nearly

' If this number of teeth i^ normal and not merely line t.i aeeident, this species of

(•(.lirse due, nut lielun^ to <'liol<l.

'.n.inl, 1'ioe. .\.-:id. N..I. S, i. I'liila. K.C., 210: tyjic Clupca hudsonia Do Witt
Clinton. (The n;ime from HmlMUi K'iver.)

31. CYPRINnLE CLIOLA. 171

white, with traces of a plumbeous lateral streak. Head 4£ ; depth 4J.
D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-39-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, two or three of the teeth ob-
tuse, not hooked, only one or two of them showing a masticatory sur-
face. L. 4 inches. Sautee Basin, North and South Carolina.

(Alburnops saludanus Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mits. xii, 16, 1878.)

220. C. storersa:aa (Kirt.) J. & G.

Body elongate, considerably compressed in the adult. Head quite
short. Muzzle blunt, decurved, shorter than the very large eye, which is
3 in head. Top of head flattened, somewhat concave between orbits.
Greatest depth of head* nearly three-fourths its length. Mouth mod-
erate, nearly horizontal, the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary extending
to the eye. Lateral line nearly straight, slightly decurved anteriorly.
Eighteen scales before dorsal. Coloration very pale, sometimes a dusky
spot at base of caudal, especially in the young. Sides with a broad
silvery band. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter not to vent.
Caudal fin long, the lower lobe the longer, dusky, with a pale edge.
Head 4f ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-39-4 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 0 or 1. L.
4-8 inches. Great Lake region to South Carolina. One of our largest
minnows. Perhaps more than one species is here included, but we fail
to distinguish with any certainty the Eastern amara from the lake form
(storeriana), from which the above description was taken.

(Rutilus storerianus Kirtland, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i,71, 1842: Hudsonins amarus
Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1856, 210 : Hybopsis storerianus Copt), Cypr. Penn.
386: Leuciscus storerianus Giiuther, vii, 250.)

221. C. IiBidsoiaia (Clinton) J. & G. — Spawn-eater.

This species scarcely differs from the foregoing except in the some-
what darker coloration, the black caudal spot being usually distinct,
and in the dentition, several specimens examined having the teeth 2,
4-4, 1, instead of 1, 4-4, 0, as in the preceding. The proportions, scales,
and fin-rays seem to be the same, and the form of the head and mouth
do not essentially differ. Streams coastwise, New York to Virginia.

(Clnpca hudsonia De Witt Clinton, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. i, 49, 1824: Hudsonins
flmiiutills Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1856,210: Hyliopsis hudsonius Cope, Cypr.
Perm. 386: Leuciscus hudsonius Gimthcr, vii, 250.)

222. C. euryopa (Bean) J. & G.

Silvery, with a black lateral band. Eye large, 3 in head. Head 4| ;
depth 5. D. 8 ; A. S ; scales 6-38-5 j teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grind-
ing surface. Savannah Eiver.

(Hudsonius euryopa Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 235.)

172 CONTRIBUTION'S TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

§$ .Si-air-; di-i-prr tlian 1'Hi^. MTV closely imbricated along sides of tlic body.
Teeth -1-4.

t Ed^rs o! ti-.-th i-ntin-. (Cndoma.*)

{Trrth \\iih grinding surface developed.

223. C. iris (Cope) J. & G.

Body deep, compressed, as in Cyprinella. Dorsal outline well arched.
Month moderate, oblique, the jaws subequal. Eye moderate, 4 in head.
Scales very narrowly exposed on the sides, the lateral Hue decurved.
Seventeen rows of scales in front of dorsal fin, which is inserted behind
veutrals; pectoral fin reaching ventrals; veutrals reaching anal; dorsal
and caudal short. Males in spring with the snout in 1'rout tuberculate.
Color bright, clear green above; a green baud extending down behind
operculuin ; head and belly verinilion-red j a large, square vermilion spot
behind the green scapular stripe. Lower fins crimson ; caudal vermil-
ion ; dorsal olivaceous, unmarked. Females plain olivaceous and sil-
very. Head 3£ ; depth 3£. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 5-33-3 ; teeth 4-4. L.
2.J inches. Upper Bio Grande. The most brilliantly colored fish in
New Mexico. (Cope.}

(/////>*;.',>* <YM (.'op.-, Wheeler's Espl. W. 100th Mer. v, G53, 1376.)

224. C. jiigaBis (Cope) J. & G.

Form stout, compressed. Back much elevated, descending steeply to
the end of the muzzle. Upper jaw rather the longer, maxillary reach-
ing beyond the front of the orbit. Eye moderate, 4 \ in head. Pectorals
nearly reaching ventrals. Sides and lower fins milky white; a dusky
shade on dorsal fin ; a broad dark vertical bar behind head ; a dnsky
shade on the side between ventrals and anal. The coloration, therefore,
essential'y that of the species of the group Photof/enis. Head 4; depth
3. 1). X; A. !»; scales 7-.">l-l; teeih \-[ (said to be 1, 4-4, 1 in young
specimens), with rather narrow grinding surface. L. 2i inches. Mis-
souri River and Arkansas River. (Cope.)

i Jiii/tilix Copr, I lav ilt-n'.s (Ji-ol. Surv. Wyoin. for 1^70, 1^7'J, 4:>9.)

\\iilmiit ^rimlin.i; siirt'.-n-i-.
a. J)or>:il I'm iiiM-rli-d notably behind vi-nlnils ; brad very short anil blunt, al-
IIHI-! ronii'l.

<'. vittafa (Crd.) J. & G.
I'.ody I'ather stout, heavy anteriorly, with long caudal peduncle; the,
back not arched. Head blunt and heavy, l»nt less gibbous than in C.
oniti/n. Month moderate, quite oblique, the maxillary not reaching to
the eye. Kye rather small, nearly ."» in head. Scales rather small.

* Girard, Proc. Aca-1. \a t . Sci. Phila. 1856, 194 : type Codoma vittata Grd. (A coin. .1
name.)

31. CYPRINHLE — CL10LA. 173

Fins low. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color dark above, below
this a silvery baud, and below this a dusky shade ; fins in the typical
specimens plain. Head 4; depth 3|. D. 8; A. 85 Lat. 1. 53. L. 3 inches.
Valley of Mexico.

( Codoma vittata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 195, and U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. Ichth. 53.)

226. C. ornata (Grd.) J. & G.

Body stout and compressed, the head very blunt, thick, and rounded.
Month small, nearly horizontal, the jaws equal. Eye large, anterior, 3f
in head. Scales deep, closely imbricated, the lateral line decurved.
Dorsal a little behind ventrals. Fins all rather small. Snout prickly
in the spring males. Color dark ; sides with about 8 more or less
conspicuous cross-bars ; fins all with the middle part dusky or black,
the tips milk-white, the pectorals and the anal notably so. Head 4J;
depth 3-1. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 39 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2-J inches. Chihuahua.

(Codoma ornata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 195, and U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. Ichth. 53.)

aa. Dorsal fin inserted directly over ventrals ; head moderate, subconic.

22?. C. caSBisema Jordan.

\

Body rather elongate, fusiform, compressed. Head elongate, the
muzzle rather blunt, projecting over the moderate-sized, oblique mouth ;
maxillary not reaching to opposite the eye. Eye moderate, 4^ in head.
Scales firm, closely imbricated, 15 in front of the dorsal. Dorsal fin
extremely high ; its height in the males one-fourth of the length of the

•

body, in the females somewhat lower ; its insertion almost directly over
the first ray of the ventrals. In all the other similarly colored species of
Cliola the dorsal is evidently behind the veutrals. Coloration brilliant,
clear dark bine above, sides and below abruptly silvery; a blue lateral
streak, much as in C. coerulea, bounding the blue of the upper parts, the
•white pigment of the lower parts looking as if painted over the blue.
Dorsal with a large black spot on its last rays above. Dorsal, anal, and
caudal with the usual satin- white pigment at their tips ; these fins other-
wise of a clear, bright ferruginous orange. Females slender and dull-
colored. Head 4 ; depth 4f. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-39-3 ; teeth 4-4. L.
2^ inches. Ocmulgee Eiver, Georgia. An elegant fish, allied to the
species of Erocjala.

(Episema caUisema Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 363 : Codoma callisema
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 52.)

tt Edges of teeth more or less serrate or crenate; dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals.
(Moniana Girard.*)

* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 199 : type Leutiscus lutrcnsis B. & G. (A
coined name.)

174 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

228. C. gibbosa (Grd.) J. &. G.

Body extremely deep and compressed, the back much arched, espe-
peeially anteriorly. Head short, blunt and deep, the profile continuous
from the snout to the occiput without angle. Muzzle short and blunt.
Kyi- small, 3\! in head. Mouth quite small, very oblique, the upper lip
on the level of the pupil, the maxillary not extending quite to the orbit.
Scales large, the lateral line very much decurved. Dorsal fin well be-
hind vent nils; lower fins rather large, the pectorals nearly reaching
vent nils, the latter to vent. Bluish above; sides silvery; lower fins
milky ; a more or less distinct black spot between the rauii of the lower
jaw. Males tuberculate in spring. Head 4; depth 2|. D. 8; A. 9;
scales 6-31-3; teeth 4-4. L. '2\ inches. Eio Grande.

(MoniuiHt uilibHsa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Pliila. 1856, '201 : Cyprinella complanata
Jordan, Bull. Hayden's Geol. Snrv. Terr, iv, 3,6(35,1878.)

229. C. forbesi Jordan. — Forbes's Red-fish.

Body oblong, elevated, strongly compressed, the back arched. Caudal
peduncle rather slender. Head stout and deep, its upper outline de-
pressed, the nape elevated, forming an angle, so that the profile is some-
what concave. Mouth rather large, quite oblique, the lower jaw in-
eluded. Eye small, 4 in head. Lateral line strongly decurved. Thir-
teen scales in front of dorsal. Males profusely tuberculate in spring.
Colors in life brilliant, steel-blue ; the lower region silvery ; the belly
orange-red in the males ; a conspicuous violet-colored crescent behind
the shoulders, followed by a crimson crescent; fins reddish, the anal
and caudal blood-red ; chin without black spot. Head 3r; ; depth 3.
I ). 7 ; A. 8 ; scales C-35-2 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2* inches. Streams of South-
ern Illinois. Very near the preceding, but distinguished by the form of
the profile and the coloration.

((',/, ,,-in, ll.i /,///.; Jordan, Bull. Ills. Slat.- I.al>. Nar. Hist, ii, 57, 187>\)

2:tO, C. l<'02BBGia (Grd.) J. &. G.

P.ody rather short and deep, compressed, with long caudal peduncle.
Head moderate, the snout subeonical, moderately pointed. Month
rather lar:e, oblique, the maxillary scarcely extending to the orbit.
I'.ye modeiate. I in head. Lateral line decurved. Head \[: depth .">A.
I).!*: A. !»; Lai. 1. 10. L. :; \ inches. Rivers of Texas and Northern

.Mexico. ( (Jii-iii-il.)

(Miiiiiiiim Ii, ,IIIIHI, iniiipJninilti, ;md fritjidn Girard, PrOC. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,
199,200.)

31. CYPRINID.E CLIOLA. 175

231. C. lutrensas (B. & G.) J. & G.

Body rather short and thick-set, the "back not greatly arched. Head
rather heavy, the muzzle blunt. Mouth moderate, the jaws equal, the
maxillary not reaching orbit. Lateral line decurved. Head 3| ; depth
3i. D. 7 ; A. 9 ; Lat. 1. 36 ; 12 scales in a transverse series. Arkansas
and Bed Elvers. (Girard.)

(Leuciscits lutrensis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 391 : Moniana
lutrensis and pulchella Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 199, 200 : Leuciscus
lutrensis Giiiitlicr, vii, 258.)

232. C. dcSacBOSa (Grd.) J. & G.

Body elliptical, moderately compressed. Head shortish, rather blunt,
the profile forming an even curve. Mouth moderate, oblique, the max-
illary not reaching to the eye. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Eye
moderate, 3-1 in head. Scales rather large. Head 4; depth 3|. D. 8;
A. 8 j Lat. 1. 33. L. 2i inches. Streams in the Rio Grande region. (Gi-
rard.) More than one species may be here included, but, if so, they can-
not be recognized from Dr. Girard's descriptions. Of all of Girard's
Moniancc the types of only lutrensis and proserpina can now be found.

(Moniana deliciosa, proserpina, la'talilis, couclii, rutila, nitida, and gracilis Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 199-201.)

233. C. aurata (Grd.) J. & G.

Body subfusiforrn, compressed, little elevated. Caudal peduncle
rather slender. Head rather blunt and heavy. Mouth small, oblique,
the upper jaw projecting, maxillary not reaching to the eye; upper lip
below the level of the pupil. Lateral line little decurved. A dusky
streak along sides. Head 3f ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8 j Lat. 1. 37. L. 2£
inches. Piedrapainte, New Mexico. (Girard.)

(Moniana aurata Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 200.)

•

234. C. iormosa (Girard) J. & G.

Body elliptic, compressed. Head small, rather slender and pointed.
Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxillary barely reaching orbit ; upper
lip on the level of the pupil. Eye large, 4 in head. Lateral line de-
curved. Scales small. Dorsal fin rather high. Head 4£; depth 3|.
D. 8; A. 9; Lat. 1.49. L. 2| inches. Rio Mimbres, Mexico. (Girard.)
If we may trust Girard's figure, this species is well distinguished by the
small size of the scales.

( Moniana formosa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 201.)

17G CONTKI15UTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

»* Teeth 1. 1-1,1.

ft. Teeih whh edges more or less serrate or erenate (usually without grinding sur-

laee). (('itiiriiii'Ilit (urard. *)

c. Dorsal iiu \\iiliont conspicuous black blotch on its upper posterior rays.
d. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.

t. Body very deep, compressed, the depth forming about a third of
the length.

235. C. iimbrosa (Grd.) J. & G.

Body short, the back very much arched. Caudal peduncle robust.
Head short and deep, bluntish. Eye large, 4 in head. Mouth moderate,
quite oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary nearly reaching the
front of the eye ; the upper lip on the level of the pupil. Lateral line
decurved. Fins rather low. Coloration plain in spirits. Ilead 4£;
depths. D.8; A. 9 ; scales 8-42-5. L. 3^ inches. Arkansas, etc. (Gi-
rard.)

(CiijirhirUn innbrosa Girurd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 197, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
Snrv. x,2G(i.)

236. C. bitbaQiiia (B. & G.) J. & G.

Form of the preceding, but the caudal peduncle slender. Eye large,
3J in head. Jaws equal. Lateral line decurved. This species appears
to differ from the preceding chiefly in its larger scales. Head 4 ; depth
3. D. 8; A. 9 j scales 6-36-3. L. 3 inches. Bed lliver, Arkansas. (Gi-
rard.)

(Lciidscits lubnJinus B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. l1-."^, 391 : Cii]»-ini-Uii lula-
liiiit Cirard. I'. S. 1'ae. h'. K'. Surv. x, 2U5 : C>Ji>rlndla brrkicithi Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sri. 1'hila. l-r»i;, -JU7.)

237. C. ^eiiiiiisoiii (Grd.) J. & G

I'.ody short and compressed, the back arched, but less so than in the
preceding. Head small. Caudal pediiM^e moderate. Maxillary reach-
ing nearly to eye. Eye moderate, :>A in head. Yentrals in advance of
dorsal. Coloration plain in spirits. ]H>ad \\; depth 3. D.8; A. !>;
Lat. 1. .'51. L. :M inches, ('ottonwood Creek, Ttah.

ee. Li'dy .slendi rer, the depth ^^-1} in lengtli.

23N. <'. suavis(Crd.).T. & G.

llndy short, compressed, the back slightly arched. Month oblique.
Eye 4 in head. Maxillary not quite reaching eye. Scales moderate
Lateral line gently curved. Coloration plain in spirits. " By its gen-
eral form and appearance this species establishes a transition between

tirard, 1'ro.-. .\.-:id. Nat. Soi. 1'liila. i-:.i;, r.n;: t\p.- f., ,i< ixcns bubaUnus Buiril &

(Jirard. (I>atin ri//irinrll<i, a litilr earp. )

31. CYPRINID^E CLIOLA. 177

the deep and slender species." Head4|; depth 3.J. D. 8; A. 9. San
Antonio, Texas. (Girard.)

(Cyprinella suavis Girard, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1356, 197.)

239. C. lepida (Orel.) J. & G.

Body stout, fusiform. Caudal peduncle robust. Head heavy. Snout
rather blunt. Month oblique, the maxillary not reaching quite to eye.
Eye moderate, 4 in head. Lateral line decurved. Scales larger than
in any of the preceding. Colors plain in spirits. HeadSJj depth 3%.
D. 8; A. 9; scales 6-34-4. Bio Frio, Texas. (Girard.)

(Cijprinella lepida Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1836, 197, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv.
x,268.)

24®. C. MOiragsiana (Cope) Jor. & Gilb.

Body stout, fusiform. Mouth slightly oblique, the jaws equal, max-
illary reaching orbit. Eye 3i in head. Dorsal considerably behind
ventrals. Coloration plain in spirits. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8;
scales G-31-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2 inches. Missouri Biver, at Saint
Joseph. (Cope.) " Dedicated to Joshua Billings, esq., author of origi-
nal observations on i The Briny Codfish '."

(Cyprinella billingsiana Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr. Wyom. 1870, 1872, 439.)

2411. C. macrostoma (Grd.) J. & G.

Body slender, the form being like that of the stouter species of Minni-
lus. Head moderate. Mouth rather large for the genus, oblique, the
maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye large. Lateral line somewhat
decurved. Dorsal behind ventrals. Brownish above ; cheeks and sides
bright silvery. Head 4 ; depth 4£. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; Lat. 1. 36. Bio Grande
region.

(Cypritiella macrostoma, luxiloides, audlugnMs Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1856,198,199.)

212. C. leadibumlia (Grd.) J. & G.

Body elongate, subfusiform. Caudal peduncle slender. Eye large,
3 in head. Snout subconical. Mouth nearly horizontal, small, the max-
illary not extending to the eye. Silvery ; lateral line with black dots.
Cotton wood Creek, Utah. (Girard.} A dubious species, apparently
distinguished from the preceding by the small horizontal mouth.

(Cyprlnella ludibunda Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 199.)

dd. A conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.

243. C. iiotata (Grd.) J. & G.

Body stoutish, subfusiform. Caudal peduncle slender. Eye moder-
ate, 3£ in head. Snout bluntish. Mouth small, oblique, the maxillary
Bull. Nat, Mus. No. 16 12

178 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

not reaching to tin- eye. Vent nils in advance of dorsal. Fins moderate.
Coloration plain in spirits, except the black caudal spot ; sides silvery.
Head 1. 1: depth ::;-;. D.S; A. 7; Lat.l.4G. llio Seco, Texas. (Girard.)

(CiiiminUa iinlalii C.rard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. ls-51!, II1 -. ami U. S. Pac. R. R.
Siu-v. x, -JG'J.)

244. C. vcuusta (Gnl.) J. &G.

Body slender, as in C. macrostoma. Head long and rather pointed,
the snout subconical. Month large, oblique, the maxillary scarcely
reaching to the eye. Eye large, 3.V in head. Fins moderate ; the dor-
sal behind ventrals. Coloration plain in spirits, except the caudal spot ;
sides mostly silvery. Head 4 J ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 7-37-3
(30 in type of C. tc.rana). Rivers of Texas.

(Cijprindla rcnusta and texana Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. ISjG, 1'J?, and. U.
S. Alex. Bemud. Surv. Iclith. 54,55.)

ce. Dorsal fin elevated, witli a conspicuous black blotch on its upper posterior rays

(obsolete in youni;- examples).
/. A conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.

2 !•>. C. calliura Jordan.

P>ody elongated, compressed, elevated in the middle, the profile be-
fore the dorsal curved. Snout projecting, forming a decided angle.
Head convex above, densely tnbercnlate in the males. Muzzle rather
pointed, overhanging the oblique month. Eye 4 in head, less than muz-
zle and interorbital width. ])orsal fin inserted slightly behind ven-
t ra Is. Lateral line strongly decurved, usually forming an abrupt flexure
just in front of the ventrals. Color in spirits pale silvery, the dorsal and
caudal blotches very strongly marked. Head 4f; depth 4. B. 8; A.
S; scales 6-44-3 ; teeth 1,4-4, 1. L. 4i inches. Rivers of Alabama
and Louisiana.

riin lid cdUlitra Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 61, 1877.)

_//. No Conspicuous block Spol :it base of randal fill.

</. Trc:h without grinding surface.

«•!«. €'. ivhipploi (Crd.) .Tor. & Gilb.

IJody moderately elongate, snbfusiibrm. Caudal peduncle stontish.
Head shortish, rather ]iointed. Kye large, 4 in head. ]\louth little
ol>!i(|iie, the lower jaw included, maxillary reaching to anterior rim of
the orbit ; upper lip on a line with lower border of orbit. Dorsal fin
\ery nearly opposite ventrals, greatly elevated, its height in the male
more than one fourth the length; anal fin large. Lateral line little de-
curved. Toloration in alcohol plain, except the conspicuous dorsal

31. CYPKINID.E — CLIOLA. 179

spot; probably brilliant in life. Head 4£; depth 3£. D. 8; A. 9;
scales 6-40-4. Sugar-loaf Creek, Arkansas. (Girard.)

(Cyprinella whipplei Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 198, and U. S. Pac. R.
E. Sur«r. x,270.)

f)(j. Teetli with, narrow grinding surface. (Photogenis Cope.*)

247. C. aiialostana (Grd.) J. & G.—Sih-cr-fin.

Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the dorsal and ven-
tral outlines regularly and gently arched. Head rather short and deep.
Mouth rather small, quite oblique, the lower jaw received within the
upper when the mouth is closed. Eye small, 4J in head. Leaden sil-
very, bluish in the males ; edges of scales dusky ; a dark vertebral line;
a large black spot on the upper posterior part of the dorsal. Paired
fins and lower part of belly, as well as the tips of the anal and caudal,
and the front and upper parts of the dorsal, charged with clear satin-
white pigment in males in the spring ; in full breeding dress the dorsal
pigment with a greenish lustre ; no creamy band at base of caudal ;
males with the head and front covered with small tubercles. Head 4| ;
depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-38-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, the edges more
or less distinctly serrate. L. 4 inches. Pennsylvania and Central New
York to Mississippi Valley ; abundant.

(Cyprinella analostana Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 38: Luxilus Tccntuuki-
ensis Kirtland, Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist, v, 27 (not of Raf.) : Hypsilv.pis JccntucUensis Cope,
Cypr. Pen n. 371: Leuciscus analostanus Giiuther, vii,25G: Plwtogensis spilopterus Copo,
Cypr. Perm. 378: Leuciscus spiloptcnus Glinther, vii,254.)

bb. Teeth with entire edges (in the adult). (Eroyala Jordan. t)
ft. Teeth with a narrow grinding surface; anal short.

248. C. galactura (Cope) J. & G. — Milky-tailed Shiner.

Body fusiform, moderately elongate, not greatly compressed. Mouth
rather large, jaws nearly horizontal, the upper projecting beyond the
lower. Scales less closely imbricated than in the preceding. Lateral
line little decurved. Eye small. Steel blue above, silvery below ; dorsal
with a black blotch on its posterior rays; caudal fin conspicuously
creamy yellow at base, then dusky. Males with the belly, paired fins,
and especially the tips of the vertical fins charged with milk-white pig-
ment in the spring, the head and front then covered with small tubercles.
In high coloration the anal and caudal are sometimes pale reddish. Fe-

*Cope, Cypr. Penn. I860, 378: type Photogenis spilopterus Cope = Cyprinella analo-
stana Grd. (06f, light; yevvau, to be born.)

t Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 20, 1878: type Photogenis stigmaturus Jor. (r/p,
spring-time ; 70X0, milk.)

180 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

males olivaceous, obscurely marked. Head 4^; depth 4J. D. S; A. 8;

.-scales ()-il-."> ; teeth 1, -4-4, 1, usually with entire edges. L. 5-G inches.
Ciiiulu'iland J liver to Savannah Iviver; abundant in the mountain
streams. Known by its large size and the peculiar yellowish band
across the caudal.

(/////>-•;/. •/>/* i/.tiiftui-Hx Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1867, 160 : Lcuciscus kentucki-
(Jiiiitlicr, vi

iilf>. €. curystoina Jordan.

I '.ody elongate, compressed, tapering toward the snout and the long
caudal peduncle. Head moderate, larger than in C. nivea, rather
pointed, wide on top ; snout rather long. Muzzle large, quite oblique,
the premaxillaries on the level of the pupil; upper jaw slightly the
longer. Eye moderate. 3£ in head. Scales moderate, rather closely
imbricated, but less so than in C. analostana. Pectorals not reaching
ventrals, the latter about to vent ; vertical fins not especially elevated.
Color olivaceous, the sides bright silvery, a round black spot, nearly
as large as eye, at base of caudal; dorsal blotch rather faint; dorsal
fin chiefly yellowish green, ferruginous above, the extreme tip milky
white; caudal fin rusty, with milk-white tips; lower fins milk-white.
Snout and front ill males tubercnlate ; minute tubercles on sides of
tail. Head 4£; depth 4J. D. 8; A. 8; scales G-39-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1,
with narrow grinding surfaces, the edges of which are usually crenate.
L. 3i-4 inches. Chattahooehee River.

(Fhotogenis eurystomiis Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 356, exclusive of tho
snialliT sjirciiucns mentioned, •which ar« HJiiinilim rowix/i/is; not Cndmna curyutoma Jor-
dan, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mas. xii, 42= Minnilus zoitistius : Photof/eniv Icm-opus Jordan it
Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 41, 1878.)

a-»O. C. nivea (Cope) J. & G.

liody regularly fusiform, the dorsal outline more arched than the
ventral. Head conic. Muzzle obtuse, not project ing. Month nearly
terminal, slightly oblique, maxillary reaching front of eve. Kye 3£ in
head. Coloration very pale, a narrow bluish band along the caudal
peduncle, forming a faint spot at the root of the caudal. Dorsal I'm in
the males considerably elevated, largely dusky on its last rays, the rest
of the tin creamy ; the tips of the dorsal, the tips of the caudal, and the
whole of the anal with milk-white pigment. Males with the snout and
ante-dorsal region covered with small tubercles. Head 4^ ; depth 5.^.
I). S; A..S; scales <!-,'>!>-.'!; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grinding sur-
face. L. 2i inches, llasin of the Santee, North and South Carolina.

(Hybopsit nivmu Cope, Proc. Aim-r. 1'liil. Sue. Phila. 1^70, 4(50: I'liotof/rnix iiirmu Jor-
dan &, Braytnn, JS'ill. L*. S. Nat. Mus. xii, -JO.)

31. CYPRINIDJE CLIOLA. 181

Jill. Teeth -without distinct grinding surface.
j. Anal fin short, of 8 or 9 rays.

k. A conspicuous dark blotch on upper posterior rays of dorsal.

1. Adult males with the vertical fins chiefly red; a conspicuous black
spot at base of caudal.

251. C. calSistia Jordan.

Body rather stout and compressed, rather heavy forward, the dorsal
outline considerably elevated. Head stout and rather blunt, its upper
part flattish ; the nuptial tubercles not numerous, arranged in a few dis-
tinct longitudinal rows, not scattered without order, as in related species.
Mouth large, nearly horizontal, slightly overlapped by the heavy snout,
the maxillary reaching nearly to the eye, the premaxillaries anteriorly en-
tirely below the level of the orbit. Eye large, 3f in head. Scales large,
not very closely imbricated, 16 in front of dorsal. Fins rather large,
the height of the dorsal in males nearly one-fifth of length of body.
Coloration dark and brilliant. Males with the back very dark steel-
blue ; sides a clear silvery violet ; belly and lower fins satin- white. A
heavy black blotch on posterior part of dorsal, extending downward and
forming a horizontal bar at the base of the fin ; the rest of the fin ver-
milion, except the milk-white tip. Caudal fin bright red, yellowish at
base, milky at tip ; a broad golden vertebral band and a reddish lateral
streak; a large, distinct, round black spot at base of caudal. Females
olivaceous, with less black ; the fins dull reddish. Head 4i ; depth 4f .
D. 8; A. 8 ; scales 5-40-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 4 inches. Alabama Basin.

(Pliotoyenis caUistins Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 337 : Codoma callistia Jor-
dan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 52.)

252. C. tricSairoistia Jor. & Gilb.

Body rather slender, compressed. Head slender and pointed. Eye
moderate, 3f in head. Mouth quite large, very oblique, the maxillary
reaching the anterior margin of the eye, the premaxillaries on the level
of the middle of the pupil. Lateral line considerably decurved, usually
with an abrupt angulatiou between pectorals and ventrals. Nineteen
scales before the dorsal. Fins" moderate ; dorsal well behind ventrals.
Nuptial tubercles sparse on the head. Caudal peduncle and sides as
far forward as the ventrals tuberculate in spring males. Males bright
steel-blue above ; sides bright white ; a large black spot at base of cau-
dal, precisely as in C. callistia; dorsal fin with abroad, dusky, horizon-
tal band at base, the membrane of the last rays jet-black, the tip milk-
white, the rest of the fin of a bright, pale vermilion-red ; caudal rosy,
its tips white ; anal and ventrals milky. Females duller, but the black
markings distinct. Head 4-1 ; depth 4^ j scales 6-42-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.

182 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

L. 3£ inches. Alabama l&asin ; ubuiidaut in clear streams, with the

preceding and the next.

(Cotfama trichrointia Jordan & Gilbert, Bull.U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1878, 50.)

U. Adult males without red.

m. A very conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.

C. stigmatura Jordau.— Spotted-tail Minnow.
Body elongate, fusiform, compressed. Head quite long, rounded
above, the snout pointed. Mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, over-
lapped by the narrow upper jaw. Eye small, 4£ in head; iris white.
Maxillary reaching beyond nostrils; premaxillary on the level of lower
edge of pupil. Scales large, closely imbricated, 20 in front of the dor-
sal. Fins low, the dorsal rather behind veutrals, its height less than
one-fifth the length of the body. Color pale, clear olive ; black dorsal
spot not very distinct ; fins with their tips charged with satin- white
pigment, otherwise plain ; a very distinct, large, oblong or quadrate jet-
black spot at base of caudal, the color extending up on the rays. This
spot is visible on all specimens, and is larger than in any other of our
Cyprinidce; its length about one-third that of the head. First ray of
dorsal dark in front; males with an obsolete black spot on the middle
of the sides in front of the dorsal, as is often seen in Chartwinuhr, the
head, etc., tuberculate in spring. Head 4J; depth 4*. D. 8; A. 8;
scales 7-42-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 4.} inches. Alabama and Mississippi;
\ ery abundant. The largest species of this section of the genus and
one of the most graceful.

(1'liotofienin stigmatnrm Jordau, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 1870, 337 : Codoma »%wa-
tura Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, ~>2 : Litxiluschicasavensi/illny, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1860,506.)

mm. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.

23-1. C. cscriilca Jordan.

P.ody fusiform, somewhat elongate, moderately compressed. Head
moderate. Snout rather pointed, overlapping the small, oblique mouth,
maxillaries reaching nostrils, premaxillaries below level of pupil. Kye
moderate, :',.\ in head. Scales firm, \~> in front of dorsal. Lateral line
declined. Fins all high, the height of tin- dorsal nearly one -fifth the
length of the fish; dorsal behind ventrals. Males with the snout
ihickly tnl>ercnlate. Color bright steel-blue; the. sides and belly sil-
very white ; a very distinct lateral band of a bright blue-green color,
most distinct posteriorly, and forming a spot at the base of the caudal
fin; dorsal blotch rather faint and diffuse; tips of dorsal, anal, and

31. CYPRINID^ CLIOLA. 183

caudal charged with satin-white pigment ; the fins otherwise all of a
clear, bright yellow. Females and young with the markings obscure,
the blue lateral band usually evident. Head 4^; depth 4f. D. 8; A.
8; scales 6-38-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Alabama Basin.

(Photogenis cceruleus Jordan. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 338: Codoma ccerulea Jor-
dan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 52, 1878.)

255. C. cBsIoristia Jordan & Brayton.

Body short and deep, strongly compressed, the form elliptical, as in
C. pyrrhomelas, but rather deeper. Head rather small and pointed.
Mouth quite oblique, the maxillary not reaching the line of the orbit,
the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, premaxillary on the level of
the pupil. Eye small, less than snout, 4 in head. Lateral line decurved.
Fins moderate. Nuptial tubercles covering the whole body, except the
space anterior to the ventrals and below the lateral line; those on the
body much smaller than those on the head. Coloration dark steel-blue;
a very distinct blue stripe along each side of caudal peduncle ; back clear
green; lower part of sides abruptly milk-white; black dorsal blotch large,
the lower part of the fin with bright pale-green pigment, the tip milky;
caudal dusky, its tips milky, its base pale ; anal and veutrals milky, a
faint dusky spot on last rays of anal ; iris white. Females slenderer and
less brightly colored ; no caudal spot. Head 4; depth 4. D. 7; A. 8;
scales 5-37-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Saiitee Basin, South Caro-
lina.

(Codoma chlorislia Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 21, 1878.)
kk. No dark blotch on upper posterior part of dorsal.

256. C. zonata (Agassiz) Jor. & Gilb.

Physiognomy of Ceratichthys dissimilis. Body elongate, not elevated.
Head elongate. Mouth small, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching
beyond line of orbit, the mandible somewhat projecting. Eegion in
front of dorsal fin more or less bare of scales. Eye large, 3£ in head.
Dorsal beginning opposite ventrals, nearer snout than base of caudal.
Olivaceous silvery below; a broad, silvery lateral band, with dark
specks ; sides of head with black specks ; a dark vertebral band. Head
4 ; depth 4^. D. 7 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-36-4 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches.
North Platte Eiver ( Cope) ; Osage Eiver (Agassiz)*

(Alburmis sonatus Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, 9, 1863 : Photogenis piptolepis
Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr. Wyoin. 1870, 438 : Leudscua zonatus Giiutlier, vii,
253.)

184 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

jy. Anal fin long, of 10 or 11 rays ; lius high.

257. C. \;rtnir;i Jordan.

Body moderately elongate, subfusiforin, heavy forwards. Head heavy,
somewhat elongate, rounded above. Mouth large, oblique, the lower
jaw included, maxillary reaching almost to orbit, preniaxillary oil level
<>!' upper part of pupil. Eye large, 3J in head. Fins all rather low, the
height of the dorsal fin, even in the males, only two-thirds the length of
head ; caudal fin large. Color dark steel-blue ; silvery below ; a faint
black spot at base of caudal; scales above dark-edged. Males with
the fins mostly bright crimson ; the dorsal largely black at its upper
posterior part ; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with white pigment ; belly
and bases of the lower fins likewise pigmented ; head, and caudal pe-
duncle tuberculate in spring. Head 4; depth 3£. D. 8; A. 10; scales
6-39-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Altamaha Basin, Georgia ; locally

abundant.

(Minnilits jr(v»urus Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1877, 79: Codoma xcrnura
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 52.)

238. C. pyrrhomclas (Cope) J. & G.

Body deep and compressed. Head stout, rather blunt. Mouth ob-
lique, the jaws about equal, maxillary reaching front of orbit. Eye
large, .">;: in head. Pectorals barely reaching ventrals, the latter to
anal; dorsal fiu greatly elevated, its height in the male as great as
Ifii .n 1 li of head ; caudal very broad and long, its peduncle stout and com-
pressed; anal fin large and long. Coloration of the males dark steel-
blue above; the scales darker edged; the belly abruptly milky white;
head pale reddish; snout, tip of lower jaw. and iris scarlet; dorsal dusky
at base, the usual large black blotch above, red in front, and broadly
milk-white at tip; tips of the caudal milk-white, next to this a dusky
creseent, a wide crescent of bright scarlet inside of the black, extend-
ing into the two lobes of the fin; base of caudal pale; anterior region
and sides of caudal peduncle with rather large tubercles. Females
duller. Head 4; depth :!•'. ]). 8; A. 10; scales i\-:\r,-.\ ; teeth 1, 4-1, 1.
L. 3] inches. Hantee Basin; very abundant. The most ornate of our

Cyprinidce.

»

^Phologenis pyrrhomelas <'<>i><'. 1'ruc. AHHT. Phil. Soc. rhil.-i. 1870,463: Codoma pyr-

• Ji.nliin A Mrayl'.ii, Mull. I'. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 'Jv>, 1878.)

259. «'. li> |>s4>|o|»f<>r:i (( ;iiutli<T) J. & G.

Mody short, much compressed, 1 lie back elexated. Head short, flat-
tened above, the mu/./le ]>ointed. .Mouth large, very oblique, the jaws

31. CYPRINIDJE MINNILUS. 185

just equal. Eye large, 3 in head, about equal to snout and to iiiterorbital
space. Scales with the exposed surfaces very narrow. Lateral line
much decurved ; 16 large scales before dorsal. Dorsal flu inserted en-
tirely behind the ventrals, greatly elevated, its longest ray a little longer
than head; anal fin also very high and very long, extending almost to
base of caudal ; these fins somewhat lower in the females. Color sil-
very; the dorsal blotch conspicuous; a distinct black caudal spot,
smaller than eye and deeper than long ; sides with a silvery band which
passes around the nose, below this a dusky band. Breeding colors un-
known. Head 4^ ; depth 4. D. 8; A. 11; scales 6-35-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
L. 21 inches. Southern Georgia and Alabama.

(Alburnus formosus Putnam, Ball. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, 9, 1863 (not Monlana formosa
Grd.): Leuciscus hypselop terus Giinther, vii, 255: Photogenis grandipinnis Jordan, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 62, 1877.)

•

§ff.— IHINNILUS Rafinesque.
Shiners.

(ff Notro}ns Kafinesque, 1818; Minnilus, Luxilus, and Pfawv/yras Rafinesque ; Hypsilepis
Baird; Alburnellus and Alburnops Girard; Lythrurus and Hydrophlox Jordan.)

(Rafinesque, Iclith. Oh. 1820, 47: type Mlnnilus dinemus Raf.)

Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed. Mouth normal,
mostly terminal and oblique. No barbels. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, sharp-
edged or with a narrow grinding surface. Scales usually large, often
closely imbricated. Lateral line complete, usually decurved. Dorsal
fin inserted above, or more usually behind, the ventrals; anal fin short
or somewhat elongate. Abdomen rounded. Coloration often brilliant,
the males in spring usually with red fins and the head with small tu-
bercles. A very large group of small fishes, especially characteristic of
the fresh waters of the Eastern United States. Various attempts have
been made to divide this group into natural genera, but the gradation
from one type to another is very perfect. (English minnow ; French
menuise; from Latin minus, small.)

This group may be subdivided as follows :

§ Anal fin short, its rays 7-9 (sometimes 10 iu M. zonistius),
* Scales large, 35-50 in the lateral line,
t Teeth with the grinding surface more or less developed.

} Species attaining a large size, with the scales along the flanks nearlytwice as
deep as long, and so closely imbricated that the exposed sur-
faces are very narrow ; back elevated and convex in the adult ;
lower jaw included ; dorsal fin over veutrals (LuxiLUS Raf.).

cornutus, selene.

it Species of moderate size, with the scales short and deep, but less closely im-
bricated than in the preceding ; body elongate, not much ele-
vated ; month large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; dor-
sal tin inserted behind veutrals coccogenis, zonistius.

186 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

ttJ Species ..fMnall si/.e, \\illi the scales not much deeper than long, loss closely
iinl>ri<-at<-<l : limly oblong or elongate, litt lc elevated ; mouth
moderate, oblique or hori/outal ; dorsal (in inserted close be-
liind ventrals; nuptial colors mostly lirilliaut (AlJjruxors

Grd.).

roseux, nihricrncfiix, Jiitipiiniix, oklorocephalus, clii!iti<'iix, cliiili/lxru*,
cltroKomiix, SH in>i'fj>li<iliix, jiliuitht-dlux, Inwrlvxux, xhumurdi, lilt iiniux.
tt Teeth without evident grinding surfaee.

a. Teeth with the edges serrate ; scales closely imbricated ........ rrrcoxti<jin<i.

tin. Teeth not serrate; scales loosely imbricated, scare. ly higher than long.
b. Dorsal liii inserted directly over the ventrals; anal rays 7-9 ; eye very
large; scales large ("Ei'isK.MA" Copt- &, Jordan).

arwtitiHHN, xi-nlrii'ciin, jijinui*,
ll>. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals ........... ultijtitnnx, <inttil:ilix,

** Scales small, aboul ."1.1 in the lateral line ................ birittatus,

§§ Aual I'm nior,- or less elongate, its rays 10-14.

c. Scales comparatively small, more or less closely imbricated, and with
the exposed edges deep, as in t'oiloinn and I,nsilun; scales iu
front of dorsal small; teeth with grinding surface more or
less developed. (LYTHRVIU'S Jordan.)
d. A black spot at base of dorsal in front.

ciiaiuirriihtilH*, alrijH-x, ilijiJirmiHx, ardcnx, iiiinctiilutu*.
dd. A black spot at the upper anterior part of dorsal ....... rubripinn/U.

dil'l. No distinct black sjiot on the dorsal.

e. Body short and deep ...................................... lirUnf.

ee. Body slender and elongate ....................... maliitiitux, Unix.

cc. Scales comparatively large, not higher than long, and not closely im-
bricated ; scales in front of dorsal l.ii-^i ; I eet !i v, il limit grind-
ing surface. (MiNMLUS.)
/. Anal lin long, with about 1-4 rays . ..................... olitja*]>ig.

ff. Anal iin moderate, its rays 10 or 11.

g. Scales above lateral line in about 9 series .......... umbnililis.

<jg. Scales above lateral line in 5-7 scries.

/i. Ventral fins reaching beyond middle of dorsal.

eoepticiu, photogenis, it lrs:-i>]>«*, xiilliinx, percobromuf, m-
bclltix, (Hiirntiix, riibriJri'Hx, j<»ir:(inttt<.
/i/i. Ventral fins scan d\ n aching beyond front of dorsal.

in i' rn }i 1 1 ri/j .
* Anal fin slu.it, its rays 7-9 (rarely 10).

* Scales I.-M-C . '.\rt-5Q in the lateral line.

t Teeth \\ itb the gi hiding surface more or less developed.

(Species attaining a lar.^e si/.e, \\ith llie scales along (bethinks nearly

twice as deep as long, and so closely imbricated that the exposed sur-

face- are \ i TV narrow ; back ele\ aled and convex in the adult male ;

t lie lower jaw included; dorsal tin inserted direct 1\ npposhe \ entrals.

i LvxUut K'af.*)
II. roriniliis ! Miiehiih .1. A Or.— Shiner; Hnifm: Daoe.

rltum:itr in (he \oiiii^, in the adult short, compressed, with
the :iiitrrior dor-:d iv-ion much swollen and •jililmns. Head rather
he.i\\, CMiii|ire»ed, 1'oiilided l)et\veell the eyes, the snout bllllltish.
Mouth moderate, nearly hori/ontal, the jaws ni-arly equal, the lo\\er
sotnev.hal included. Kve moderate, \~:> in head, maxillary scarcely

i, I?:
llitcli. ^Irom Latin /ur, light — "Sbiiier".) (:= Hypxiltpiii Baird.)

31. CYPKINID^E MINNILUS. 187

reaching front of eye, the premaxillaries below the level of the eye.
Scales always deeper than long on the flanks, becoming extremely
so in the adult. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal moderate, inserted
directly over the ventrals in the young, thrown somewhat backward in
the adult by. the growth of the postoccipital region. Pectorals barely
or not reaching veutrals, the latter about to vent. Region in front of
dorsal typically with about 23 scales. Coloration dark steel-blue above;
the scales with dusky edges, the bases also dusky; a gilt line along the
back and one along each side, these distinct only when the fish is in the
water ; belly and lower part of the sides silvery, or bright rosy in spring
males ; dorsal fin somewhat dusky ; other fins plain ; the lower fins all
rosy in spring males ; head dark above ; a dark shade behind scapula ;
lower jaw and region in front of dorsal to the tip of the snout covered
with small tubercles in spring males; female and young fishes are plain
olivaceous above and silvery below. Head 4£ ; depth 3|, varying much
with age. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 0-41-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with rather nar-
row grinding surface. L. 5-8 inches. Entire region east of the Rocky
Mountains excepting the South Atlantic States and Texas; almost
everywhere the most abundant fish in small streams. Its variations
are great. The following forms are worth distinguishing by name.
Var. gil>B»ai§ Cope.

Sixteen scales before the dorsal fin. Anterior dorsal region in the
males extremely short and swollen ; the base of the dorsal therefore
very oblique. Michigan to Kentucky ; common.

(Hypsilcpis cornutns g'Mus Cope, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 158.)
Var. froaitalas Agassiz.

Fifteen to eighteen scales in front of dorsal. Head heavy. Body
less gibbous than in the preceding. Great Lake Region, etc.

(Leuciscus frontalis and yracilis Agassiz, Lake Superior, 368, 370.)

Var. cerasaaaus Cope.

Sixteen scales before dorsal ; scales 6-40-3. Head 4 in length. Eye
large, 3^ in head. Colors very brilliant, in high coloration entirely red.
Roauoke River.

(Hypsilepis cornutus cerasimis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 159.)

Var. COB'BBCltMS.

Above described. The scales 22-25 in front of dorsal fin. Every-
where abundant.

(Cyprinus cornutus Mitcliill, Amer. Mouth. Mag. i, 324: Rypsilepis cornntm Cope,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 158: Plargurus typicusaud bowmani Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 196: Plargyrus argentatus Girard,!. c. 212: Leuciscus cornutus
Gimther, vii, 249: Luxilus chrysocephalus Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 47.)

188 coNTRir.rTiONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

Y;ir. 4-y:iii<'tis Cope.

S.-ales dt' the dorsal and ventral regions very small, 31-40 in front of
tin- dorsal hn. Scales 10- 10-4. Coloration extremely dark ; bine-black
above; iins ohietly black. Lake Superior.

ri/ni/citx Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1807, 1GO. )

2O 1. JI. *t'leilC Jordan.

I'.ody elongate, compressed. Head short and stont, rounded above.
Month terminal, oblique, the lower jaw included. Mu/zle. blunt and
short. Eye very large, 3 in head, wider than snout and than interor-
bital space. Dorsal liu ven "high. Lateral line little decnrved. Dright
steel-bine above, with a very distinct silvery band overlying a plum-
beous shade ; a dark spot at base of caudal ; a dark vertebral line ;
cheeks, belly, and iris white; Iins plain, probably red in spring. Head
4.]: depth 4i. Scales 4-40-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Lake Superior.
(Luxilus st Icnc Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, GO, 1877.)

lecies of moderate size, with the scales short and doep, but less closely imbricated.
than in the preceding ; body elongate, not much elevated; month large,
oblique, the lower jaw projecting; dorsal I'm inserted behind vent nils.

262. JI. COCCOgenis (Cope) Jordan. — L'I (l-flnrl-cd Shiner.

Body elongate, compressed, not at all elevated. Head straight and
rather pointed. Mouth huge, very oblique, the premaxillary nearly on
a level with the pupil, lower jaw projecting beyond upper, maxillary
reaching past front of eye. Eye very large, 3A in head. About L'O scales
in trout of the dorsal tin. ]>ack olivaceous; the scales dark-edged;
belly and sides silvery, rosy in spring males; a dusky scapular band:
a scarlet bar like a brand down the line of the preopercle : nm/./le and
upper lip red : a red axillary spot ; outer half of dorsal black, lower halt'
yellowish; outer part of caudal dusky, base paler : a taint lateral streak
and a dark vertebral line; lower Iins white ; snout swollen and tnbereu-
late in >pring males; females silvery, with only traces of red markings.
Mead I : depth \\. Scales 7- H'-3 ; teeth 1', -1-1, 2. 1.. "• in. -lies. Cum-
berland to Savannah Ifivers; abundant in the mountain streams.

Hyptiltpis OOCQOgmieCope, l'\<«-. Acad. Nat. Sei. I'hila. l-<i?, ItiH: l.< -m-ixi •/<*

i ; lint In r, \ ii. •_'.">:;._)

.11. zociisfius .

I'.ody rather stout, compivvxrd. the back somewhat elexatcd, the
t'orm that ol'a young Mimtilii* i-nni H/I/S. Head heavy, broad and llattish
abo\-e. the pi'olile eveidy drsceiiding. .Month large, but smaller than
in <_-<>fro;i<-nix, obiiijin-. the ja\\s nboiit equal, the upper lip opposite the

31. CYPRINID^E MINNILUS. 189

middle of the eye, the maxillary reaching the front of orbit. K.ve very
large, longer than snout, 3i in head. Scales not very closely imbricated ;
17 scales in front of dorsal. Lateral line strongly decurved. Fins mod-
erate, pectorals scarcely reaching ventrals. Steel-blue above ; sides with
considerable coppery lustre ; dorsal fin with a sharp jet-black horizontal
bar about half way up, reddish in young fishes, the tips of the fin some-
what milky, the base pale ; a round black spot nearly as large as the
eye at the base of the caudal ; anal fin plain ; caudal fin dull ferruginous
red, pale at base as in M. coccogenis, milky at tip ; back and sides with
gilt lines, as in M. cornutits, the former becoming dark after death ; a
faint red bar down the cheeks as in M. coccogenis ; a dark humeral bar;
males with the snout tuberculate; females plain, so much resembling
Cliola eurystoma, from the same waters, that the two species have been
confounded. Head 3f ; depth 3§. Scales 7-40-3 5 teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with
very narrow grinding surface on one or two of them. L. 4 inches.
Chattahoochee River, the typical examples from Suwaunee Creek.

(Codoma eurystoma Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 42, 1878, excl. syn.
(not Photogenis eurystomus Jordan): Luxilus zoniatius Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1879,239.)

ttt Species of small size, with the scales not much deeper than long, less closely im-
bricated; body oblong or elongate, little elevated ; month moderate, oblique
or horizontal ; dorsal iiu inserted close behind veiitrals ; nuptial colors com-
monly brilliant. (Albuniops Grd.*)

264. M. roseus Jordan.

Body short and stout, little compressed. Head rather short, thick,
bluntly rounded. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the jaws about
equal. Eye large, nearly 3 in head, about equal to muzzle, a little less
than the broad iuterorbital space. Fifteen scales before dorsal fin ; dor-
sal fin high, directly over ventrals. Olivaceous ; scales dark-edged ; a
broad plumbeous lateral band ; lips black ; a dark caudal spot; a dark
vertebral line ; anal region dusted with dark points; cheeks and belly
silvery ; males with the dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectorals mostly rosy
red ; iris, top of head, and tip of snout red. Head 3| ; depth 4£. Scales
5-38-5 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2i inches. Xotalbany River, Louisiana.

(Luxilus roseus Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, Gl, 1877.)

2{i5. M. rubs'icroceass (Cope) J. & G.—Red Fall-fish.

Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed. Head compara-
tively long and rather pointed. Mouth rather large, oblique, the jaws
about equal. Eye large-, as long as snout, 3^ in head, prernsixillary

* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 194: type Alburnops Wennius Grd. (Al-
~burnus; uty, appearance.) (= Hydroyh lox Jor. )

190 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY -- IV.

rather below pupil, maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit. Lateral
line somewhat deeurved. Nineteen scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal in-
serted somewhat behind ventrals. Females plain olivaceous. Males
dark steel-blue, a dark lateral band of coaly punctulatious, which is
usually distinct on the anterior part of the body, and passes through
the eye around the snout; tins all rich, clear red, the dorsal crimson,
the caudal pink, the lower fins scarlet; head pale red, the lower jaw
Hushed as if bloody; eyes bluish or flushed with red ; a lustrous streak
along sides; silvery jelow. In high coloration the whole body is more
or less red. Males with the head and autedorsal region dusted with
tine white tubercles. Head 4; depth 4£. D. 8; A. 9; scales 7-38-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2, the edges of the grinding surface often serrate. L. 2.J
inches. Headwaters of the Tennessee and Savannah Rivers. A sur-
passingly beautiful little fish, abounding in rock-pools at the foot of
cascades.

ritbricrocpus Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 231 : Nijdrophlox rubri-
croccus Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 32, 1878.)

2G6. Itl. lutipinnis Jordan & Brayton.

Body stout and rather strongly compressed, the dorsal region some-
what elevated, the outline of the back sloping each way from the dorsal
tin. Head short and rather deep, broad and fiattish above, the mu/xle
moderately rounded. Eye rather large, 3j in head. Mouth rather large.
but smaller than in the preceding, quite oblique, the maxillary reaching
to orbit. Mandible included. Eighteen scales in front of dorsal. In
life clear olive, with very intense green dorsal and vertebral lines ; an
intense metallic blackish band along sides; below this the sides are
bright silvery ; the whole body in the males bright, clear red, the color
of red berries; fins all bright golden yellow; tip of lower jaw black.
Head I1 ; depth 4|. D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-40-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3
inches. Oconee Jfiver, Georgia.

luti;>i>nt'm .Jordan & Braylon, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus. xii, 30, 1878.)

II, chloroccplialus (Cope) .lor. &. Gilb.
I'.ody stout, with deep caudal peduncle. Head broad, with descend-
ing mn/./le. Month oblique, the maxillary reaching beyond line of orbit,
premaxillary opposite lower margin of pupil. F.ye large, 3 in head.
Intel-orbital space greater than mu/xle. Lateral line moderately de-
curved. Sixteen scales in front of dorsal. . Color olivaceous, every-
where dusted with blackish specks, which form a lateral band, which
terminates in a dusky spot at base of caudal; green vertebral and lat-

31 CYPRINID2E MINNILUS. 191

eral lines j top of head and upper portion of cheeks metallic green ;
males with the belly dark crimson, the whole body more or less flushed ;
snout and autedorsal region tuberculate ; fins plain. Head 4 ; depth
5. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-39-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2 (1, 4-4, 1, according to
Cope, but we find 2, 4-4, 2 in numerous specimens). L. 2 J inches. Santee
Basin, in North and South Carolina.

(Hybopais chlorocephalus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 461.)

26§. UI. chaliticus (Cope) J. & G.

Aspect more clupeoid. Head broad behind. Occiput convex. Muz-
zle acuminate, greater than interorbital width. Eye large, 3 in head,
longer than muzzle, maxillary extending beyond anterior rim of orbit,
premaxillaries opposite middle of pupil. Lateral line strongly decurved.
Dorsal tin small. Olivaceous ; dorsal scales brown-edged ; sides and
below pure white ; males with the lips vermilion ; a vermilion band
through dorsal and one through anal fin. Head 4 ; depth 5i. D. 8 ;
A. 8 ; scales 7-36-2 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 inches. Yadkin River, North
Carolina. (Cope.)

(Hybopsis chillticus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 462.)

2S9. M. chalyfoams (Cope) J. & G.

Body moderately elongate, with rather abruptly elevated back and
slender caudal peduncle. Head flat above, rather narrow, muzzle
rather pointed. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw rather the longer. Lat-
eral line decurved. Eye large, 3 in head. Eighteen scales in front of
dorsal. Brownish above ; a broad, black, shining lateral band from
muzzle to base of caudal 5 alight band above it on the muzzle; belly
straw-colored, bright orange in spring males ; fins plain. Head 3|.
D. 8 ; A. 8 5 scales 6-35-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 inches. Delaware
River, probably the smallest of the genus. (Cope.)

(Hybopsis chalybcem Cope, Cypr. Perm. 1866, 383.)
27©. UI. chrosoanus Jordan.

Form chubby, little compressed, the back somewhat elevated, cau-
dal peduncle not much contracted. Head rather large, rounded above,
the snout somewhat pointed. Mouth moderate, oblique, the upper jaw
the longer. Eye 3^ in head, as long as muzzle. Scales everywhere large,
16 before the dorsal fin. Lateral line little decurved. Clear hyaline
green in life, with blue reflections; belly, etc., clear silvery; a scarlet
bar across dorsal, anal, and base of caudal ; a narrow scarlet band from
upper edge of opercles straight to caudal ; below this a silvery band ; a
row of black dots along the lateral line, forming a small, distinct spot at

102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

l.ase (if caudal ; top of head and vertebral lino golden. Snout tubercti-
late in males. Head 4J ; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-37-3; teeth
i'. 1-4,2. L. 2.1 inches. Alabama Basin; very abundant in clear streams.

A graceful little lish.

( Hj/6opn«oftro800MW Jordan, Ann. L\<-. N:it. Hi-t. X. Y. 1376, 333: Hydrophlox chrosomus
.Ionian A: Itrayton, 1. c. 49.)

271. II. xaCHOCOpllJllus Jordan.

Body rather short and deep, with thick caudal peduncle; back wide,
not elevated, llead large, flattish and broad above, the snout rounded.
.Mouth large, oblique, the jaws nearly equal. Eye very large, 2£ in
head. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Thirteen scales in front of the
dorsal. Dorsal Jin slightly behind ventrals. Dark olivaceous above, the
scales being extensively dark edged ; a dark band along the sides of the
caudal peduncle, which vanishes in black points along the sides of the
body, reappearing on the head and passing around the snout ; a dusky
blotch at base of caudal. Males without red markings, the snout swollen
and tuberciilate in the spring. Head 4\ -; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales
5-38-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2-£ inches. Georgia to .Mississippi.

(Ifybopxis xasnoccphalua Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. X. Y. l>7t'>, 334.)

272. JH. plumlM-olus (Cope) J. & G.

Body oblong, compressed, the back somewhat arched. Mouth oblique,
the lower jaw slightly longer than the upper. Fins short. Eye large,
22. in head. Silvery, with bluish reflection ; top of head dusky ; a dark
spot at base of caudal. Head 4^ ; depth Ij-J. D. 8; A. 9; scales (5-39-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3 inches. Saginaw lliver. (Cope.}

(.•tlh nr in i/i.t /'//nnbcoliis Cope, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1804,

273. ,11. larcrtosiis (Cope) J. & G.

P.ody stout. Head broad and deep. Month wide, the lower jaw pro-
jecting. Eye large, .")', in head, equal to miix/Je and to width of inter-
orbital space. Maxillary not reaching the line of the orbit. Scales
lar-e, only ."• above the lateral line. Silvery: dorsal region dusky: no
red. Head J. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 4.1 inches. Headwaters of Tennes-
see K'iver. i< '»i><'.)
(IIi/li,,],..,. l,i,;,-i<t*ii* ('..]. .•.. Jon ni. Acail. Xat. Sci. Phila. 1868,232.)

I.ody moilerately clou-air. Snout subconical, not strongly decurved.
Mouth rather large, oblique, the lower jaw included, maxillary reach-
ing trout ot eye, upper lip above the level of the lower border of eye.
Dorsal over ventrals. Kye large, 3^ in head. Olivaceous; sides sihcryj

31. CYPR1NIDJ3 MINNILUS. 193

Sns plain. Head 4J ; depth 4*. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-401-3. L. 3£
inches. Arkansas River. (Girard.)

AUiurnopx xluimarfli and ilhwbr<i*n* Girarcl, Proc. Aoa«l. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18.r>6, 194,
mil U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 261, 262. )

2?5. M. blcnuius (Grd.) J. & G.

Body moderately elongate. Head moderate, the snout short and
strongly convex, so that the mouth is nearly horizontal, the upper lip
being below the level of the eye, lower jaw shorter than upper, max-
illary extending beyond front of eye. Dorsal directly over veutrals,
nearer snout than caudal. Scales deeper than long. Lateral line de-
curved. Head 4£; depth 4£. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 6-40 '?-3. L. 3£ inches.
Arkansas Kiver. (Girard.)

(Albuniops Itlennins Grd. Pro.'. Ar;id. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185«i, 194, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
+Surv. x, 261. )

tt Teeth without evident grinding surface.

a. Teeth with the edges serrate ; scales closely imbricated.

276. ftl. cercostigma (Cope) J. & G.

" Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with sharp, serrate edges (without grinding surface).
Dorsal fin inserted 2 scales behind that above insertion of the ventrals.
Dorsal line compressed, elevated, rising regularly from end of muzzle.
Cranium convex above. Mn/zle narrowed in proportion, slightly over-
hanging mouth. Eye 4£ in length of head, l.V in length of muzzle, and
2 in interorbital width. Bud of maxillary opposite posterior margin of
nares. Ventral outline less curved than dorsal. Caudal peduncle
rather stout. Isthmus narrow. Scales rather elevated, 8-39-3. Lat-
eral line gently decurved over ventrals. Head 4£ in length to origin of
caudal, 1 scale less than depth at dorsal. The pectorals nearly reacli
Mie ventrals, and the latter attain the vent, Eadii : D. 8; A. 8; the

%

longest (anal) ray four-thirds its base and three-sevenths distance to
longest fulcrum at origin of caudal. Total length 4.1 inches. Color
bright olive above, without line or spot : below and sides, from fifth row
of scales above, golden silvery ; all the fins, except the pectorals, with
white pigment at their bases, without markings; a large, round black
spot at base of caudal.7' Pearl River, Mississippi. (Cope.) The num-
ber of teeth in the inner row as above described renders it necessary
for us to refer this fish to the genus Minnilus. Its affinities, however,
are evidently with Cliola, and the recorded dentition may be abnormal.

(Cyprimlla cercontig ma Cope, Pvoc. Ac.-ul. Nat Sci. Phila. 1867, 157.)
aa. Teeth not serrate ; scales lousdy imbricated, scarcely higher than long.

b. Dorsal fin inserted directly over tho ventrals ; anal rays 7-9; eye very large ;
scales large. (" Episema"* Cope & Jordan.)

* Name preoccupied.
Bull. Nat, Mus. No. 16 13

194 CONTRIBUTIONS To \<>|;l!i AMKRICAX ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

277. in. ariomnius (< c ;.—

Body stout, moderately elevated, somewhat compressed. Head
heavy, broad above, the snout moderate, somewhat decurved. Mouth
moderate, oblique, tin- jaws equal, the upper lip on the level of the pu-
pil, the maxillary reaching the front of the eye. Bye very large, 2£ in
head, much longer than snout, larger than in any other of the Ameri-
can Cyprinidcc. Fins model ate, the. dorsal almost directly opposite
ventrals. Scales large, la in front of the dorsal. Lateral line much de-
curved. Olivaceous; scales above dark-edged; sides and below bright
silvery; no red. Head 3i|; depth 4j. D. 8; A. 9; scales G-30-- : teeth
2, 4-4, U. L. 5 inches. Ohio Valley. A handsome species.

(L'lwtot/enix ariommus Copo, Cypr. POILU. I860, 378: Cliola ariomma Jordan, Man. Vi-rr.
ed. 2, 298.1

278. in. scabriccps (Cope) Jor.

Body rather stout, little compressed, the back slightly elevated.
Head rather short and broad, the muzzle bluntish, somewhat dee.urved.
Mouth rather small, terminal, oblique, the maxillary reaching front of
orbit. Lateral line not much decurved. Fins rather small. Eye large,
3 in head. Color plain olivaceous: scales dark-edged above; sides
white, with a lateral baud formed of dusky specks, this band running
through the eye around the snout. Males tuberculate in spring.
Smaller than AT. ariommux and less silvery. Head 4; depth 4£. D. 8;
A. 8; scales G-3S-3; 2, 4-4, U. Ohio Valley.

(Photogenis soabriceps Cnpe, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 1867, 1GG: Cliola Hcabricepa
Jordan, Man. V«-.rt. cd. ',', •..".> 8.)

279. i*n*. jejuniis (Forb- A; Gill).

Body rather sleiid Head llattish above, the snout blunt and

rounded. Mouth rather large, oblique. lOye rather large. .T] in heail,
equ -non!, l;-ss lit;. a interorhital sjiaee. Dorsal over ventrals.

Sixteen scales be.ioie. di.: -:;i. Color pale, with a broad sihcry lateral
ba-id overlyiuu a plumbeous shade.; dorsal sometimes punctulute.

ll'-ad i; deptii i;;. I). s; A. 7; scales 6-37-5 ; teeth i', 4-1, l. L. ;>
inches. Illinois liiver.

'/'. 'inn Forbrs, Hull. Ill Lab '• i liisi. li, tin, 1>7S.)

2NO. ill. Icuciodiis < •

Body rather slender. Minded in prolilc. Mouth oblique,

mandible no: |.n.j>M i ui^. Lateral line neai-ly straight. Twelve
rows of scales in front »i' ll.c doisal iin. Olivaceous; scales above
dark edged ; sides silvery, with a purple band ; a black spot at base of

31. CYPKINiD^E MINNILUS. 195

caudal; muzzle and base of dorsal red in the males. Head 4£. D. 8;
A. 8; scales 5-39-3. L. 3 inches. Holston River. (Cope.)
(Photor/enis leutiodus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18*57, 165.)

bb. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals.
281. M. at tips mass (Cope) Jor.

Body rather short and deep. Head short, compressed. Eye very
large, longer than snout, 2f in head. Veutrals extending to beyond
List rays of dorsal, reaching anal. Dorsal elevated, its height equal to
half its distance from the snout. White; a lateral silvery band, strongly
punctate with black; a black band across eye and snout. Head4i;
depth 5. D. 8; A. 9; scales 5-36-2. L. 2J inches. Yadkin Eiver,
North Carolina. (Cope.)

(Alburnellus altipinnis Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 464.)

S8-J. OT. amabilis (Grd.) Jor.

Body elliptical, rather deep. Head short and rather deep, with large
eye, which is considerably longer than snout, 3 in head. Mouth termi-
nal, oblique, the premaxillary opposite iniddte of pupil, the maxillary
barely reaching the front of eye. Snout moderately pointed. Lateral
line decurved. Fins moderate. Dorsal somewhat behind ventrals.
Color olivaceous ; sides silvery ; a dusky blotch at base of caudal. Head
3|- ; depth 41. D. 8; A. 9 or 10; scales 5-381-3. L. 2£ inches. Rio Le-
ona, a tributary of Rio Nueces, Texas. (Girard.)

(Allmrnus amabilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 193: Alburnellus amabiUs
Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv. Ichth. 51.)

2§3. M. mcg-aiops (Grd.) Jor.

Very similar, but represented as having the head shorter, deeper,
and more obtuse, the premaxillary below the level of the pupil, the
maxillary extending to beyond the front of eye. Olivaceous; sides
silvery; no black caudal spot. Head 44; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 9; scales
probably as in the preceding. L. 2} inches. Rivers of Texas. (Girard.)

(Alburnus meyalops and socius Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 193: Albur-
tic] ins mcgalops and socius Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 52.)

** Scales small, about 55 in the lateral line.

a §4. M. toivitftatus (Cope) J. & G.

Body stout, the dorsal region arched. Muzzle narrow, not promi-
nent, very obtusely descending. Mouth horizontal, the maxillary reach-
ing the front of the orbit. Eye 4 in head, narrower than the flat inter-
orbital space. Dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals; pectorals

196 CONTRimTlMNS To \<,];ni AMF.UICAX IOIITII YOLOCJV - IV.

reaching only li;ilf way to vent mis. < !olor silvery; the scales punctate,
with blac-kish; a dark band t'roin the shoulders to the base of caudal ;
another from the end of the miu/le, across opereiiliini, to base of an;il.
lleadlr;; depth 1. D. 8; A. 7; scales !:>-.->:5-ll; teeth U, 4-4, 2. L. 3
inches. Warm Springs, Utah. (Cope.)

h liirittiitiix I'opr. Ilavdrn'* <!col. Snrv. Terr, lor 1*71, 1^7'J, 471.)

fiinpaiiogcusis (C<>pr) -T- <fc G.

I'.ody stout, rather compressed. Head licavy. Mouth oblique. Kyo
than mu/zle, '.\\ in head. Dorsal fin slightly in front of ven-

trals; pectorals not reaching to venlrals, the latter reaching vent.
Lateral line more or less incomplete (in the typical examples, which are
all young; it is probably complete, in the adult). Color brownish; the
scales finely dusted with black points; a plumbeous lateral streak;
cheeks silvery; fins dusky. Head 3f; depth 4; scales K>-52-(>; teeth
2, 4-4, 1>. L. li inches. Si reams of Utah. (Cope.} This species and
the preceding are perhaps young Squall i.

(St/bojixix tilnpniioguixix Copp, Proc. Ainer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, l:M: /////«;/)«»x <im-
IHinni/vnxix Co]io &. Yarrow, Zoiil. \Yhcclcrs Kxpl. \Y. 100th Mor. 054.)

f. Scales comparatively small, moiv or li-ss clnscly iiubricati-d, and witli ( In- exposed
(•dins deep (as in Codoma and f.iu'iliin); scales in front of dorsal small; tfdli

Hiding wuviare more or leas developed. (Lythruru* Jordan.*)
\ lil;u-l; s])ol at liasc of dorsal in front.

'2§6. ITI. cyaiioccplialiis (Cop<-la:id) Hay.— Hoy's Rcd-fixh.

Body short, stout, chubby, moderately compressed. Dorsal outline
elevated, the axis of the body being half nearer the ventral outline
than the dorsal. Caudal peduncle short, not contracted, the form re-
-embling '.hat of I'/nifplialrx. Head very short, dee]), its ^-eatest depth
three- iburths its length. Snout blunt, shorter than eye. Month large,
\ oblique, lo\ver ja\v jii'ojecting, maxillary reaching to border of eye.
Eye I:: in head, not so \vide as t he interoi'bital sj>ace. IMIIS large.

Dorsal \vell behind venlrals, its longest ray about ;* long as head ; pec-
torals not reaching ventrals, the latter to anal. Scales small, much
crowded anteriorly. Lateral line stron-ly decnrved. Dorsal scales
small; thoracic re-ion mostly naked. Coloration dark bluish above;
sides not silvery. .Males in .spring profusely covered with small tuber-
cles; the sides and fins clear, bright red; the back, and especially tho
top of the head, of a clear glaucous bine. Dorsal tin in both sexes with
a largo black spot at the base of its anterior rays, this spot about as

•Jordan, Mau. Wri. '''-'• 'vp" .v-w/i/i/;/* ilijitriitinH l>'af. (kvfjfjov, blood;

MI, tail.)

31. CYPRINIDJS MINNILUS. 197

large as the eye; dorsal, anal, and ventrals blackish at tip. Head 4£;
depth 4. U. 8; A. 12; scales 9-46-4; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 21 inches.
Rivers of Southern Wisconsin, etc.

(Lytlintrua cyanocephalus Copelaud, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1677, 70.)

287. Ul. atripes (Jordan) Hay.

Body moderately elongate, very strongly compressed and elevated.
Head comparatively pointed. Mouth rather large, quite oblique, the
maxillary reaching to the front of eye; lower jaw projecting. Eye
small, shorter than muzzle, 4 in head. Scales closely imbricated^
crowded anteriorly. Lateral line strongly decurved. Dorsal fin be-
ginning midway between ventrals and anal, high anteriorly; pectorals
not quite reaching ventrals; the latter to vent Coloration of body
dark bluish, without traces of vertical bars; sides not silvery, the scales
dusted with dark puuctulatious; dorsal with the usual black spot at
base in front, smaller than in the other species; a black bar crosses its
upper part; anal colored like the dorsal, the markings paler; ventral
iius dusky. Males profusely tuberculate, and doubtless red in spring.
Head 4£; depth 4. D. 7; A. 11; scales 9-52-5; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3
inches. Southern Illinois. This species, and possibly the preceding
also, niiiy be local varieties of M, diplemius.

(/.i/tliriiniK utrqjts Jordan, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 59, 1878.)

288. M. diptremius (Rat.) lluy.—lied-Jin.

Body elongate, compressed, little elevated, the caudal peduncle nota-
bly long. Head long, conic, rather pointed. Mouth large, moderately
oblique, the premaxillary oil the level of the pupil, the maxillary ex
tending to opposite the eye, lower jaw somewhat projecting. Eye mod-
erate, about equal to muzzle, 31 in head. Scales closely imbricated,
crowded anteriorly, the antedorsal scales about 3(^. Dorsal fin high,
inserted about midway between ventrals and anal ; pectorals not reach-
ing ventrals, the latter to vent; caudal fin long. Coloration dark steel-
blue above; pale or silvery below ; the males often showing traces of 8-KH
obscure cross-bars; a conspicuous spot at base of dorsal in front ; the
liii.- otherwise all plain. Males with the anterior dorsal region and the
head proiusely covered with small whitish tubercles, the belly and
lower lins being of a bright brick-red in the spring. Females very pale
olive, sometimes almost colorless. Head 4^ ; depth 4^-. D. 7 ; A. 11:
scales 9-47-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3^ inches. Ohio and Upper Missis-
sippi Valley and lake region; generally abundant in small, clear streams.

(Semoiilus diplcmiux Eaf. Icbth. Oh. : llypsihyis diplcemia Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1807, l(h> ; Jordan, Man. Vert. 'J95. Leutim-un d'qihotduis of Kirtland and of Gun-
tlicr is Luxiluts cornuty.s.')

198 CON TIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

289. ITI. ardCMS (Cope) Hay.— ^oiiilieni L'cd-Jin.

Body elongate, little compressed ;uul not at sill elevated. Head long,
conic, and pointed. Month large, oblique, the lower jaw scarcely longer,
the maxillary reaching to opposite the rye. Eye rather laru •< -, .">.', in head.
Scales moderate, silvery, not closely imbricated. Lateral line deeurved.
Dorsal tin as in the other species; pectorals falling considerably short
of ventrals. Coloration olivaceous; the scales dark-edited above ; the
sides with a brilliant silvery band; dorsal with a rather small black
spot at liasc in trout. Males in spring tubercnlate, the entire body and
fins brilliant red; crimson in spring, becoming more M-ailet later.
Young males variously purplish or pinkish. Head 41; depth Ut.
Scales 0-5()-:> ; teeth 2, 4-4, 12. L. L'£- inches. Cumberland, Upper Ten-
-ce, and Uoanoke Tiivers. A beautiful inhabitant of the deal-
mountain streams.

(/7f/;;s<7f//i's ardena Cope, Proc. Ao:ul. Xat. Sci. Phila. 18ii7, 103: Leuciscus ardent
(Jiinthcr, vii, x5:>7.)

290. .11. puuctulatus Hay.

Body short, deep, compressed. Back elevated in front of dorsal.
Head short and deep. Prolile straight or slightly concave. Mouth
large, quite oblique, maxillary reaching anterior rim of orbit. Eye mod-
erate, .;.', in head. Scales small, I.'.") in front of dorsal. Lateral line
much decurved. Dorsal beginning midway between muzzle and base.
of caudal. Caudal peduncle compressed. Straw-color; silvery on sides
and below; scales above, dark-edged; a dark dorsal line; a dark band
on caudal peduncle; a small black spot at base of dorsal. Head Ir. ;
depth -I.',. 1). S; A. 10 or 11 ; scales 11-10-:!: teeth U, 4-1, L', with grind
ing surface. I/. 12 inches. Tuscumbia River, Mississippi. (Hay.)

T. S. \.-ii. Miis. l-:~n. .",08.)

': A l>!:i'-i. .-|n»t. mi I In- npprr jinlrrinr p.-irt <if i.lic dor.-al.
*J91. .11. riiht ipiunis ll:iy.

lIod.N long and slender, much corn])) o^cd. Month large, oblitjue, the.
lower jaw somewhat project ing, the maxillary reaching the, verl ical from
the I'mui of the eye. Kye large. :;. I in head, sliglitly longer than snout.
Sr.iies small, especially along the hack, somewhat higher than long, but.
not ^o c|o>rly imbricated as in .17. hrlliin. Lateral line much decurved.
l)oi>,d far back, midway between pupil and l>a.>e of caudal and consid-
ei-al»l\ posterior to ventrals; pectorals not reaching vent nils, t he latter
to veil . 1 >ai iv ; scales above all with black points ; a plumbeous lateral
liaml, ending in . u- caudal >poi ; i nairou dorsal l>and ; a. black

spot on the upper anterior portion of the dorsal and also on the anal,

31. CYPRINID^ - MINNILUS. 199

•each surrounded by a diffuse blotch ; tip of ventrals and edge of pec-
torals dark ; vertical fins red. Head 4£ ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 11 ; scales
8-45-3. L. 21 inches. Chickasawha River, Mississippi.
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 509.)

ttt No distinct black spot on the dorsal.
a. Body short and deep.

292. ML. belBus Hay.

Body short, deep, considerably compressed. Dorsal region elevated.
Head short. Muzzle short, rather pointed, the profile somewhat con-
•cave. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary extending to opposite the
front of orbit, the lower jaw projecting. Lateral line much decurved.
Scales crowded forwards, 25 in front of dorsal. Dorsal midway between
snout and caudal, behind ventrals ; pectorals not reaching ventrals, the
latter to vent. Caudal peduncle slender. Dusky above, with a nar-
row dark dorsal line; sides silvery, with plumbeous streak; no spot
at base of dorsal; fins mostly black- tipped ; belly flame-color in life;
lins orange at base. Head 41; depth of. D. 8; A. 10 or 11; scales
7-41-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, " sharp-edged, but with a masticatory surface".
L. 2± inches. Tombigbee River, Mississippi. (Hay.)

(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 510.)
aa. Body slender and elongate.

1293. OT. BBuatliliams (Cope) Jor.

Body slender. Orbit large, 31 in head, scarcely larger than length
of muzzle, equal to interorbital width. Olivaceous above; the scales
brown-shaded ; a plumbeous lateral band ; sides and below bright sil-
very ; a dark spot at base of caudal. Males with the muzzle and chin
red. Head 41; depth 6. D. 8; A. 11; scales 7-44-3; teeth without

grinding surface. L. 21 inches. Neuse River. (Cope.)
( Alburnellus matulimis Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 465.)

M. aSnas Jordan.

Body slim, compressed. Head small, short, moderately deep, flattish.
above. Mouth rather large, very oblique, the lower jaw slightly pro-
jecting. Eye very large, longer than snout, 3 in head, the maxillary
about reaching its front. Scales small, loosely imbricated, their outlines
extremely indistinct. Fins moderate. Coloration very pale translucent
green ; scales of back finely punctate ; sides with a very distinct me-
tallic blue band formed of dark puuctuiations, this band passing
through the eye and snout and forming a most characteristic color-
marking; a streak of black dots along the bases of dorsal and anal,

I20'» C'OXTKIUrnoNS TO \<»J<lli AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

that on tlu- dorsal su^c-smi- the peculiar spot of (he oilier Lythruri;
tip »i -<uout blade; lins p;iK- olivaceous, red iu the males. Male.- n.
spring with the heail and aufedorsal region profusely tuberculated.
llead 4.' ; depth "• J. D.8j "A. lOj scales .>-15-4; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with \
narrow or obsolete grinding surface. L. I'.1, inches. Tennessee and Ala-
bama Ifi\.

(.\\itvtrujti* I. l;in, Aim. Lye. Nat. Hist. J\. V.

Scales comparatively large, not higli i titan long, imd not closely imbricated ;
l.-s in from ni' dorsal l.-ir^i-: tocth ivitliout grinding surface. (Minniluv.*)
b. Anal (in long. ; 14.

H. oligaspis (Copo) Jor.
'• Under jaw projecting a little beyond upper, maxillary extending to
opposite posterior nostril. Head conic in profile, with muzzle com-
pressed, one-tifrh of length to notch of caudal. Eye 1>1 in length of
Lead. Operculum higher thao long. Pins short (except anal); ventrals
anterior to dorsal. I). 1,8; A. I, 14. Scales rather large, 5-41-2; lat-
eral line with a Ion-, -entie anterior deflection. Above reddish ; side^
of head and broad lateral baud silvery; body medially yellowish.'-"
(< ope.) L. 2 inches Kansas. LYrhaps a member of some other genus.

(Alburuu* . Proc. Ai-:td \:tt. Sri. Phil;; Abramiaf oliga

Giintlicr. vii. :'

b'-. Ana! I'm inodc.r.-iic, UN rays 10 or 11.

>ovr lateral line in atioii! '' sen

i. i

A short, deep species, like it. N(>U'.nii<i<nntH. Maxillary reaching orbit.
I.-iteral line detlexed. Olivaceous; sides silvery. Head 4; depth 4.
]). s ; A. 11; scales i)-'.-\. L. 3 inches. Arkansas 1 fiver. (Girard.)

( .I/hunt, (~ umii. A.cad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1856, 193 : Alburiic.llus uinbrat'di*

Grd U.S. Pa B B iO

abovu latera
</. Veutral ( bing beyond middle oi' dorsal.

Ji97. ITI. so i'|>ti<-(is .Jordan iV Cill.. sj.. nov.

iiod\ short and deep, compressed and somewhat elevated. Head
ralhei lai-.-. dee)), blumish, resembling the head of Minuiluti cornutus.
Moiiih moderate, terminal, oblique, lower jaw slightly included, up])ei
lip opposite middle of ( ye, tin- maxdlarv extending to front of orbit.
\ery !ar-<'. lon-er than snoui. .': in head; interorbital space broad,
Scale.- large. Lateral line much decnrved. Fins moderatoj

Qirard Proi Acad. N»l 8oi. Phila. 185C, 193.

31. CYPRINILML M1NN1LUS. 201

the dorsal well behind ventrals, the tips of the ventrals extending to
the last dorsal ray. Caudal peduncle moderate. Coloration very pale j
sides with a bright silvery baud ; scales with very little dark edgiug ;
a dark line at base of dorsal; males iu spring with the snout profusely
tuberculate. Head 3i| ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 10 ; scales G-38-3 ; teeth 2,
4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Saluda River, South Carolina.

(Notropls photogenis ("pale variety") Jordaii & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii,
M, 1878.) »

298. Id. pliotogeuis (Cope) Jor.

Body inore slender, compressed. Head moderate. Mouth quite ob-
lique, lower jaw scarcely projecting ; maxillary about reaching orbit.
Back broad. Dorsal fin inserted behind middle of body, a little behind
veutrals. Lateral line deeur ved. Eye large, 3£ in head. Color oliva-
ceous, with brown vertebral and dorsal lines ; sides and below bright
silvery; cheeks silvery. Head 4|; depth 5£. D. 8; A. 10; scales 6-40-3.
L. 3 inches. Alleghany region, Pennsylvania, to North Carolina, on
both sides of the mountains ; abundant and variable. Var. engraulinus
Cope is slenderer, the depth 6 in length, the head 3f .

(StjitaUax photoi/i'iii* Cope, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854,280: Photogenis leucops
Cope, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci Phila. 1867, 1(54 : Leuciscus photogenis Giinther, vii, 252.)

299. 31. telescopus (Cope) Jor. & Gilb.

Very near the preceding, but with the dorsal fin inserted about mid-
way between snout and base of caudal, not much behind ventrals. Eye
longer than muzzle, 2f in head. Mouth very oblique, mandible not pro-
jecting. Color pale greenish ; the scales extensively dark-edged above.
Head 4J ; depth 5. D. 8; A. 10; scales 5-38-3. L. 3£ inches. Ten-
nessee River.

(Photogenis telescopus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 16*> : Leuciscus telescopus
Giiuther, vii, 252.)

300. M. stilbius Jordan.

Body rather slender. Head rather long, somewhat pointed. Mouth
large, oblique, the maxillary reaching to the eye. Eye very large,
greater than snout and than iuterorbital width, 3 in head. Fins rather
high ; the ventrals reaching to opposite the last rays of the dorsal. Color
pale silvery green ; sides with a- broad silvery baud, on which are many
dark punctulatious ; these are numerous just behind the shoulder-girdle
and at the base of the caudal, where they form an evident spot; cheeks
pure silvery; lips dusky. Head 41 ; depth 5. D. 8; A. 10; scales
6-37-2 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Alabama River.

stilbiux Jordan, Aim. Lye. Nat. Hi^r. N. Y. 1^76, '34'.'-.)

."I,1 1 BUTTONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

301. ITI. pcrcobromus Cop.

Ilody moderately don-arc. Head rather long, themu/czle aeuminaie.
Mouth oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary extending behind front of
orbit. Kye moderaie. :\^ in length, as long as .-noiit. Dorsal beginning.
slightly behind ventrals. Seventeen scales in front of dorsal. Color
pale, with lateral silvery band ; dorsal scales and scales at base of c
dal with dark punctolations. Head :;:J ; depth -1.]. D.8; A. 11 ; scales
;_;;;_:;; teeth L'. 1-1, L'. L. 2 inches. Saint Joseph, Mo. (Cope.)
iromua C»\n\ Iluyil-n'.s Cool. Snrv. Wyom. 1870, 440.)

302. .11. rubellus (A-;.) Jor.— Rosy Minium'.

Uudy Inn-1 and slender, compressed, the back not elevated. Head.
blunt, conic, proportionately shorter than in the other species. Mouih
moderate, very oblique., upper lip on the level of the upper part of the
pupil, maxillary about reaching to the front of the eye. Eye large,
rather longer than snout, .'Jj in head. Fins low; the dorsal well behi •<!
the ventrals, the tips of the ventrals extending to beyond the middl
the dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Color translucent green above;
sides bright silvery; scales above faintly punctate, but not enough to
render them dark-edged, nor to form blotches along the sides; a faint
dark vertebral line; males in spring with the snout rosy. Ulead-!-;
depth '*},. D.8; A. 11 ; scales r,-.!S-;}; teeth 2, 4-4,1]. L. ~t inches.
Great Lake region and Ohio and Mississippi Valleys ; abundant in lakes
•ind river channels. Variable. The. largest and handsomest species of
this genus.

(ttXiitr,,/,'^ tiil,,-nii, ,'•>!<:•, Kal'. Aincr. Month. M:t£. A- (!rit. Rev. 1818, 204 (vory doubt-
ful, perhaps ;i \i>/i mii/miHH): Alburnua rubellua Agaaaiz, L:ikn Superior, IH.'.O, :5 >-! : Al-
liurnn^ nitidii* K'iri land, ( 'Icvflaml Ann. Sri. 1-."»1, II: AUmrntUus jacitlus and arye
''"\»\ ('>]'i'- I'mn. I.^Uii, :{-<? : fa'Ui'ixciix riilnilux ami fopn ("Jiinthrr, vii, %J."i-1, ^.">r>.)

303. ,11. (lioK-eims \li\\'. — Lnn ruld Minium'.

Very similar to the preceding, but smaller and more compressed, with
-hoiter snout, smaller eye, narrower and more convex interorbital space,
which is not wider than eye, and shorter ventrals, which scarcely reach
the middle of the dorsal. Colors very pale; lips dusky. Head
depth r,.\ (to IA). 1). S; A. 10; BCaleS 6-38-3 J teeth I', 1-1, L'. L. :fi
ties. Ohio Valley. Described from specimens taken at the Falls of
Ohio.

'n.i iliin inn. s l.'al'. l.'lilh. oli. t." ; \llni,-:iii!i ililu'liix (Inl. I'lor. Arail. N'..
1'liila. I-.M',. |'i;',: . I //,»,•//<///• Cnl. U.S. 1'ar. R. K. Snrv. x.-J.V.I: .V,>//-.»/;ix 'HI.

•in. I dun, mi* .lonl.-iii. Man. Vei • >7.)

:JOI. ,11. fiibrirroiis Fordan.— J .-d

Bo<ly moderately elongate, the back scarcely elevated, the caudal

iuiicle somewhat contracted. Il'-ad longer than in the other species,

31. CYPRINID^E PROTOPORUS. 203

•

conic and rather pointed. Mouth rather large, very oblique, upper lip
above the line of the middle of the pupil, the maxillary reaching to op-
posite the eye. Eye moderate, anterior, 4 in head. Olivaceous above ;
scales with darker edges 5 sides silvery ; a dark vertebral line ; males
with the snout tuberculate in spring, the forehead, opercular region,
and base of dorsal being then flushed with red. Head 4 ; depth 4j£.
D. 8 ; A. 10 5 scales 5-39-3. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, little hooked, one of them
sometimes showing a sort of grinding face. L. 23 inches. Ohio Valley.
An elegant species. Much smaller than rubellus, with larger head and
deeper body.

(Alburnus nibrifron.i Cope, Proo. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1805, <S5 : Alburnellus rubn-
frons Cope, Cypr. Penu. 18C6, '.JSS : Lruciscus rubri/rons Giinther, vii, 225: Notropis ru-
bri/rons Jordan, 296.)

305. M. jemezauus (Cope) Jor.

Body slender, with long caudal peduncle. Head large, the muzzle
long-acuminate. Mouth large, oblique, the upper lip below the Ime of
the pupil, the maxillary extending beyond front of orbit. Eye mod-
erate, 3§ in head. Dorsal rather posterior, the tips of the ventrals ex-
tending beyond its last ray. Olivaceous ; a broad silvery band, with
plumbeous superior margin 5 a dusky vertebral band. Head 41 ; depth
6. D. 8 ; A. 10 ; scales 5-34-2 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. San Ilde-
fonso (Rio Grande), New Mexico. (Cope:}

(Alburnellus jemczanus Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Expi. W. 100th Mer. v, 650, 1876. )
COG. Ventral fins short, .scarcely reaching beyond front of dorsal.

306. M. micropteryx (Cope) Jor.

Body slender, compressed. Head moderate, rather pointed. Mouth
•large, oblique, the upper lip on the level of the pupil, the maxillary
reaching to opposite the front of the orbit. Eye small, about as long
as muzzle, 3£ in head. Scales large. Lateral line decurved. Fins all
quite small, the dorsal farther back than in any of the preceding
species, so that the short ventrals do not reach much beyond its ante-
rior rays. Color olivaceous; sides bright silvery; dorsal scales conspicu-
ously dark-edged ; a dusky blotch at base of caudal, underlying the
silvery lustre. Head 4A; depth 5J. D. 8; A. 10; scales 0-39-2. L.
2f inches. Headwaters of Cumberland and Tennessee Eivers.

(Alburnellus micropteryx Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 233. )

86.— PROTOPOKUS Cope.
;Cope, Haydeu's Geol. Snrv. Terr. 1871, 473: type Protoporux rlomniniis Cope.)

Body rather stout. Mouth normal. No barbel. Teeth 2, 4-4, 1,
hooked, without masticatory surface. Scales small, in 50-60 transverse

20i cONTKir.rn. .n AMKUICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

berio. Lateral line short or nearly obsolete. (Dorsal fin not described.)
Anal basis short. Small h ,ic--,. differing from Miitniliis in the iu com-
plete condit ion o! the lateral line: possibly merely t he young of some
•I/in*. before : in •••-. pore.

3O7. P. domiianut. < '<•;» •

15o.lv rather stoat, nout convex. Muzzle ol>tuse. Mouth horizontal,
end of maxillan not quite reachm- orbit, Lye 4 in head. Lateral
line not developed as far as ihe ventral fins. Grayish; a broad dark
lateral band, spotted with darker; back ami top of head dark. Head
4.',: depth:.. D. 8; A. 7; scales 9-EJ6-6; teeth i'. l-l, 1. L. 2 inches.

l-'ort Hall, Idaho. (Cope-)
((.'.- >ol. Snrv. Mont. 1871

87.-ERICIMIBA Cop.-.

(Copr. l'i,.. . Arad. Nat. Sr,. I'hila. i I vpt; Kncijniba hitfi-,il,i •

Uody rather elongate, little compressed. Muzzle broad. Interoper-
cle, suborbital. and dentary boiics crossed by eonspieuous, externally
visible, imieous channels. Lips thin. No barbel. Teeth 1, 4—4, Or
without ^rindin^ surface, hooked, the ed-vs entire. Scales rather lar
Lateral line continuous. Dorsal lin above ventrals. Anal basis short.
Silvery li>he> <»!' rather small size, known at once, from all other min-
nows by Ihe cavernous bones of the lower part of head. (tj//c', an inten-
HIVC particle; wnfy, a cavity: in allusion to the development of I he mu-
cous channels.)

!JOS. E. t>iicrat:i < '<>i»

I'.ody fusiform, rather elon-ate, little compressed, the back not ele
valed. Head rather lon.u, somewhat depressed above, with broad and
prominent muz/.le. .Month rather small, horizontal, subinferior, the
lower jaw considerably shorter than upper, upper lip below level of
pupil, maxillary not reaching to eye. deniai-s1 bones dilated, the ma
cons channels conspicuous. Suborbital very bnia.l, silvery, with an
ele\:iu-d loii-itudinal riil-i- and conspicuous cross-lines ; opei'cle small.
. I in head. Fin- saiall, dorsal over ventrals. Scales mod
crate. Lateral line nearly straight, lin-asi sc»leless: L5 IflXge scales
before d.ti ,.il. Color obvaceous, i-ather pale: sides bright silvery, with
bluish rellcctioiis; a dark dorsal si real;, conspicuous posteriorly; fins
plain; males withonl tubi-rcles or bright colors. Head .'I;1; depth
1). ,s; A.. 8; BCali \] leeih 1. t-J.O. L. ."> inches. Ohio Valle\

to Mississippi ( llnii,: locallv ver\ abundant. < )ne of our most icmark
alile species of ( 't//>ft it i.ln

id ( !j pr. Penn. .: •! : Qllnther, \ ii, 183.)

31. CYPRINID^K — PHKNACOBIUS. 205

88.— PHENACOBIUS Cope.

(Cope, Proc. Ac.:nl. Nat . Sr.i. Phila. H >7, '.».'> : typo rii'mni-nlnnx teretulm Cope. )

Body elongate, little compressed. Mouth inferior, the lower lip thin
inesially, but enlarged into a fleshy lobe on each side toward the angle
of the mouth, thus presenting a superficial resemblance to that of Exo-
glossum, with which the genius has probably real affinities; upper lip
with a callous covering within; dentary bones distinct, except at sym-
physis. No barbel. Upper jaw protractile. Teeth 4-4, hooked, with-
out grinding surface. Scales rather small. Lateral line complete.
Dorsal fin in front of ventrals ; anal basis short. Isthmus extremely
wide. Intestines short; peritoneum white. Small species, with the
aspect of young suckers, (^vaf, deceptive; ,*:'"<?, life; the appearance
of the fish suggesting an herbivorous species with long intestines, which
it really is not.)

* Scales moderate, 415-50 iu the course of the, lateral line.

3O9. P. terctuBus Cope.

Body slender, little compressed, the back not elevated, the caudal pe-
duncle stout. Head stout, the muzzle elongate, obtusely decurved,
heavy. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal, the maxillary not reaching to
eye. Isthmus wide. Breast scaly. Lateral line nearly straight. Eye
large, high up, 3£ in head. Pale yellowish ; the scales above dark-
edged ; snout blackish ; a plumbeous lateral band ; fins plain. Head 4§ ;
depth 4f . D. 8 ; A. 1 ; scales 6-43-5 ; teeth 4-4. L. 3£ inches. Kan-
,awha River.

(Cope, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 9<>.)

3 tO. P. mirabilis (Grd.) Jordan.

Body moderately slender. Head short, rather blunt anteriorly.
Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching to the eye. Eye large, 4 in
head. Olivaceous; a silvery lateral band and a dusky spot at base of
caudal. Head 4; depth 4|. D. 8; A. 7; scales 6-51-5 (teeth 1, 4-4, 1?).
L. 3 J inches. Arkansas River. (Oirard.)

(Exoglossum niirabile Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 191, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. x, 256: Exoglossum wirabile Giiuther, vii, 188: ? Sarcidium scopifermri* Cope,

* Body moderately elongate, the back not elevated. Caudal peduncle stout. Head
rather short and thick, with prominent but obtuse muzzle. Mouth small, horizontal,
wholly inferior, the maxillary not reaching the eye. Top of head flat. Lateral line
nearly straight. Eye large, 4£ in head. Yellowish, with a silvery lateral band, which
terminates in a black caudal spot. ; no do. sal tin. Head 4^ ; depth 43.

D. 8; A. 7; scales 6-44-5 ; teeth 4-4. L. 3 inches. (Cope.) Missouri River.

206 CONTKIWnioX- TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Son Wy«ra 1870 WO : 72 ; Jordan, BnlL Haydea'e GeoL Snrv. Ten.

iv, ^s hci <-hi. < n I'loiu the Kio Gnimli', v.ith scales G-4f>-7,

(!K- !,. . • •: ? J'ln-miiol'iHS terctuliia var. liosternus

Hull. 111.-. MU-. N;ii. Hist, i

.iU-s siniill. ulx'iit t;n iu (In- l:it( nil i1
31 I. P. OSItOStOmilS Jordan.

liody rather slender, nearly tc.. .m<-h compressed at all, back

not devilled, raudal pediinele stout. Head very large, tlie muzzle blunt
and liea\y. the<!heeks tumid. Moutli small, iuierior, alto.uctlier below
Hie luvvi of the eye, the maxillary barely reaching to the nostrils. Eyes
lar^e, hi-h up, behind middle of head, and ?>.[ in its length. Scales
small, thin, and loosely imbricated; the back and belly sealed; chot
naked. Lateral line nearly straight. Twenty-two scales in front of
dorsal. Fins all small. Width of isthmus 2.V in head. Pale oliva-
eeous; white below ; a silvery lateral Ijand, underlaid by dusky, which
lorms a \ a^ue blotch at base of caudal; back dusted with dark specks;
top of head black; a yellowish v >rtebral line. Head 4^-; depth 5§. D.
^; A. 7; scales 7-60-5; teeth 4-4. L. -t inches. Alabama River.

(Jonl;iii. Ann. L.v. Nat. Hist. N V. 1 -TV,, ;;:W.)

;tz ». P. uranops Copo.

liody very slender, little coinpre^scd, l>ack not elevated, caudal pe-
duncle long and slender. id i'>n- and rather slender, flat above,

the. muzzle broad, blunt, and projeci in.^. .Mouth entirely inferior, larger
than in I he, other species, with conspicuous lips. Eye large, placed very
high, behind the middle of the head, 3J in head. Scales small, 24 in
front, of dorsal. Lateral lino sliai.uht. Chest and middle line of belly
nalved. Width of isthmus h.-ir length of head. Fins small. Uead 4;J ;

:»th (i. 1). 8; A. 7; > '•()-(»; teeth 4-4. Tennessee River.

,H . i-r;. •.)(!.)

80.— RIII^ICDITBIVS A-o-ssi/,.
Honed

Hc.-kcl. prroi-cnjiifd in

;:- ; I .Su|..-nc>i, i typo Ci/prinus atronavus Mitchill.)

I5ody rather d:. not much compressed, ^louth small, subia-

ferinr, normal, the upper jaw »/)( proiraetile, the upper lip continuous
with the skin of the ton head, a l>ail>el terminal on the maxillary.
mostly ^, -1-K L\ hook:-.!, \\ithout grinding surface. Intestinal

31. CYPKINIDJ3 RHINICHTHYS. 207

canal short. Scales very small. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal liii
inserted behind the ventrals. Anal basis short. Size small. Colora-
tion dark, rosy in spring. (f>v^ snout; ?*0w?, fish; the snout in most
species being prominent.)

313. R. c;it:tr£tctae (Val.) Jor. — Long-nosed Dace.

Body elongate, little compressed, not elevated. Head long, the muz-
zle flattened, narrowed, and extremely prominent, the mouth being en-
tirely inferior and horizontal. Eye nearly median, its diameter con-
tained twice in the length of the snout, about 5 times in head. Isthmus
wide. Barbel evident. Lateral line commencing opposite the upper
posterior angle of the opercle, decurved. Pectoral fins enlarged in the
males. Color olivaceous, paler below, with numerous dusky punctula-
tions ; the back often almost black ; some of the scales usually irregu-
larly darker, producing a mottled appearance; no black lateral bauds ^
young specimens with a dusky lateral shade; a blackish spot on the
opercle; males in spring with the lips, cheeks, and lower fins crimson.
Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 14-65-8; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 5
inches. New England to Virginia and Wisconsin ; frequenting clear
and boisterous streams and rock-pools.

(Gobio cataractce Cuv. & Val. xvi, 315, 1842: Leuciscus nasutus Ayres, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist, iv, 299,1843: Argyreus nasutus Cope, Cypr. Perm. 369: Rhinichthys nasutus
Gimther, vii, 189: Ceratichthys cataractce Giinther, vii, 176: Rhinichthys marmoralus
Agassiz, Lake Superior, 354: Rhinichthys marmoratua Giinther, vii, 189.)

*

314. K. nmxillosus Cope.

Body elongate, not elevated. Head long, the muzzle long and project-
ing, as in the preceding species, but rather heavier, the mouth broader^
the maxillary extending nearly to the eye. Barbel evident. Eye small,
high up, median, 5| in head. Fins small, caudal not deeply forked.
Lateral line decurved. Silvery; darker above; a dusky lateral shade,
at least in the young. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 11-70-8.
L. 5 inches. Upper Missouri region southeastward. Very close to the
preceding.

(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 278.)

315. R. traiBSmontanus Cope.

This species, the common RMnichthys of New Mexico, differs from
Rliinichtliys maxillosus in having the dorsal fin equidistant between the
base of the caudal and the end of the muzzle, and in having the longi-
tudinal series of scales below the lateral line more numerous (12-13).

-TRmr - TO \<>KTII AMr.KK'AX ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

iinl equal to those above it. I>. S; A. 7; scales 13-70-13. Tributaries
of the Kio Crande in Colorado ami Xew Mexico. (Cope.)

'.iHi.-htliit* HKirilt.x.'ii <•"]>.• A- YaiT..\v, /or,!. Whr.-lrr's Expl. W. lOOfh M.T. v, r>14,
: ini.t ..f Cope, 1-iil); Cope, Amrr. N.-u. .Inly. 1>7'.», 441.)

3I<*. R. Obllisiis Ana>si/. — I!r<)W»-ni>-(il I>>:

Very similar to R. atronunu>i, but usually rather stouter, the barbel
more distinct, the head a little shorter, ami the coloration somewhat
di Herein. Hack olivaceous, mottled with darker; sides with a rather
taint brownish band, margined above and below with paler; belly sil-
very; a dusky blotch in the middle of the luse of the dorsal fin; males
with the pectoral tins enlarg d, and \vith the lateral band rosy. Dead
4; depth 4£. D. 7; A. 0; scales 4-G3-8; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3 indies.
Wisconsin to Georgia; abundant in clear brooks. Probably a variety
of the next species.

(Aga>six,, AMUT. .lourn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 357; Giinlhcr, vii, 190; Jordan, Ami. Lye.
V:it. Hist. N. Y. 1876, :::;!: mihiwhthu* liinatus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864,
ftltini* ]i/lt>/» meleagris Aga&siz, AIIHT. Journ. 8ci. Arts, lb.")4, 15.">7 : lUtinichthysmeleagria
\i !-nn. Hull. Ills. Mus. Xat. Hist, i, 4(">: Uliitticlttlti/x mclcar/rin Giinther, vii, 190.)

317. R. atroiiasiis (Mitch.) Ag. — Illaclc-noaed Dace.

r»<»dy moderately elongate, little compressed. Head moderate, rather
broad and llattish above. Snout motlerate. Mouth small, horizontal,
snbterniinal, the lower jaw included, barbel minute but probably always
present, upper lip on the level of the lower part of the pupil, max-
illary not reach in <;• nearly to the eye. Eye small, nearly median, l.l in
snout, -\.\ in head. Fins rather small; dorsal tin well back. Scales
quite small, somewhat imbedded. Lateral line somewhat decurved.
Color blackish above; some of the scales irregularly darker ; a black
band passing jVoin snout through eye and along the sides of the
body; a pale streak below this; belly silvery ; males in spring with the
lateral band and the lower fins, and sometimes the whole body, bright
crimson ; males in late summer with ihe lateral band scarlet or orange,
the red COloi growing fainter later in the season. Head t; depth 4i.
D. 7 ; A. 7 ; Lat. I. (11 ; leeth L'. 1-1, i>. L. :! inches. New England to
Ohio and Virginia ; very abundant in clear brooks and mountain streams.

(''.'//• •,•,•1111.111.1 Mitrli. Trans. Lit. &, J'liil. 8oo. i. !''>": Ciinfhcr, vii, 191.)

«0.-A€JOSIA (iininl.

'Ginml. I'rnc. Arad. Nat. s. i. 1'iuia. L856, i -v, : i\pc dgotta chrysogtuter GrCL.)

Body moderately elongate. Mouth moderate, normal, the premax-
Ulariea protractile, the maxillaries with a terminal barbel. Teeth 4-4,

31. CYPRINID.E — APOCOPE. 209

{looked, with grinding- surface. Scales quite small. Lateral line con-
tinuous. Dorsal over or slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis short.
Size, aspect, and coloration of RhinicMhys and Apocope. (A coined name,
without meaning.)

318. A. cBirysogaster Girard.

Body rather stout, the back slightly elevated. Head heavy, the snout
bluntly conical, covered with tubercles in males in spring. Mouth
small, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw included, premaxillary entirely
below the level of the eye, the maxillary not reaching its anterior mar-
gin, barbel minute. Eye rather large, about 4 in bead. Fins well
developed. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color olivaceous above,
with black spots ; yellow below ; a black streak along the sides. Head
4-V ; depth 4f . D. 9 ; A. 8. ; Lat. 1. 90. L. 3.J inches. Rio Gila, Ari-
zona. ( Girard.}

'(Girardj Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 187, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth.
48.)

319. A. metallica Grd.

Stouter, the head shorter, and the snout more convex. Dorsal rather
higher and narrower. Scales (in figure) considerably larger. Colora-
tion and proportions essentially as in the preceding. Lat. 1. 75. Eio

Gila.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 187, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth.

40.)

91.— APOCOPE Cope.

(Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 472: type Apocope carringtoni Cope.)

Body somewhat elongate. Mouth normal, rather small, with thickish
lips and a terminal maxillary barbel, premaxillaries protractile. Teeth
mostly 1, 4-4, 1, hooked, without grinding surface. Scales very small.
Lateral line weak, often more or less broken posteriorly. Dorsal fin
inserted behind the ventrals. Anal basis short. Isthmus broad. Size
small. Colors dusky, with red in spring. The species are closely re-
lated and difficult to separate, and the genus is scarcely distinct from
Agosia. (dnnxnxTj, a deficiency, in allusion to the incompleteness of the
lateral line.)

* Lateral line with 60-70 scales.

32O. A. carriMgtoni Cope.

Body rather stout. Head blunt and heavy, the snout scarcely over-
hanging the mouth; maxillary not quite reaching the line of the orbit;
barbels minute; isthmus wide. Eye 4£ in head, 1£ in interorbital
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 14

210 CONTUIKCTIOKS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

width. Dorsal tin slightly behind ventrals, nearer caudal than muzzle.
Lateral Hue in the young running about hall' way to caudal, nearly com-
plete, 01 wanting on some scales only in tlie adult. Olivaceous; a dark
lateral hand : dark shades along the back ; males with the loral region
and the bases of all the lins except the dorsal scarlet. Head4|; depth
5. 1). 8; A. 7; scales lii-fiO-11; teeth 1,4-4, 1. L. 4 inches. Utah
to California ; very abundant in rock-pools.

(Cope, Ihiyilt H'S (ieol. Surv. V i 1, !7J : Jordau & Henshaw, Kept. Chief Eng.

U. S. Oo-. Siirv. W. KKitii Mer. 1*7?, 191.)

321. A. nubila (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb.

This species is very similar to A. carringtoni, but in Girard's original
types the head is quite slender, while in the latter species it is blunt
and stout. Lateral line continuous, but broken and feeble posteriorly.
Body stout. Mouth small, barbels small. Fins rather small. * Color
blackish, with a darker lateral shade. Head black above. Head 4£ ;
depth 4'-. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 00. L. 4 inches. Washington Territory.

(Anjijrcun ttitbiliiH Giranl, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. l*M, 18(j : An/yreNx nubilui*
Girard, U. S. 1'ae. U. K. Kurv. x. '244.)

322. A. vuliierata C<>i>< .

Uody elongate. Muzzle obtuse, not projecting. Mouth inferior, hor-
izontal, maxillary not reaching line of orbit. Eye as long as muzzle, 4
iu head. Dorsal tin behind line of ventrals, nearer caudal than snout.
Barbels small. Olivaceous; yellow below; a blackish lateral band;
head blackish above; males with the chin rul. Head 4^; depth 5£.
D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 12-G5-12 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2£ inches. Utah to Cal-
ifornia, Oregou, and Arizona.; generally abundant in the mountain re-
gion.

(Cope, Jlayden'H Geol. Surv. Mout. 1871, 473; Cope, vol. v, Zool. U. S. Geog. Surv.
\V. lOOih M.T. l-.;(;, tilo; .Ionian & Ilcusba\v. l>'c|.t. Chief Eug. U. 8. ti.-ng. Surv. W.
•,191: Ttyoma rkinichUii/ ipe, llayden's (Ji-nl. Surv. Mont. 1871,

Vari..\v. vol. v, /.nil. U. S. ~urv. W. lOuih M.T. ISTii, 648.)

32::. A. licnshuvii ((»]>r.

Uody rather elongate. Mn/./ic i-ather long, broad, obtuse, but over-

har ' ne mouth. Uarbelsina.il. K\ t-s small, high up, shorter than

at Vend'al (ins reaching anal, but not reached by the pectorals;

al lins originating somewhat behind base of ventrals. <\>|or pale,

with a lew »|ark clouds on the sides ;uid dark shades on head; lower

i at lia.se; young with dark cross .streaks. Head 1 J ; depth 4^.

J>. '•>; A. - L4-62-10J i.-cili l.-l-l, 1. Utah and Idalio; abim-

da! PlOVO lii\ei. NOi very dillerent Irom the preceding.

(liltiniciithyn lc • Cope, l'i» ... AIIIIT. I'hil. 8oo. 1'ljila. 1874, I'M; ('»[«•, vol. V,

Zool. U. Surv. \V. HMKh J\h-i. f.JG.)

31. CYPJUNIDJE CERATICHTHYS. 211

824. A. oscula (Grd.) Cope.

Differs from A. liensliavli in having a longer and more attenuated
body, and narrow, sharp-pointed muzzle. Base of dorsal intermediate
between base of caudal and end of snout; ventrals reaching anal, but
not reached by pectorals. Yellowish white above ; bright yellow below j
a broad blackish lateral baud ; a narrow black stripe around muzzle j
males with the lower jaw and lower fins crimson in life. Head 4£ (" in
total length"); depth 7£; eye 41 in head. D. 8; A. 7 ; scales 10-63-10.
Colorado to Arizona. (Cope.}

(Argyreus osculus and notabilis Grd. Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 188, and in U.
S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 47 ; Cope, vol. v, Zool. U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Mer.

(347.)

** Lateral line with 80-90 scales.

325. A. ventricosji Cope.

Body rather elongate. Muzzle obtuse, but narrowed anteriorly, not
overhanging the mouth. Eye 4 in head, shorter than snout. Caudal
peduncle stout. Barbels small, sometimes obsolete. Scales very small.
Dusky olive above ; a blackish lateral band. Males with the axils of
the pectorals and ventrals scarlet j a scarlet spot above the gill-openings
and one on the sifle of the muzzle. Head 4; depth 4f. D. 8; A. 7j
scales 18-89-15 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2f- inches. New Mexico to Arizona
and Oregon ; abundant.

(Ceratiohthys ventricosus Cope, Proc. Auaer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1876, 136; Cope, vol.
v, Zool. U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Mer. 648 ; Jordan & Henshaw, Eept. Chief Eng.
U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Mer. 1878, 192.)

92.— CERAT5CHTHVS Baird.
Horny Heads.

(Nocomis Grd ; fHylopsis Ag.)

(Baird, 1853, brief notice; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 212: type Semotl~
lus bigultatus Kirtland.)

Form various. Mouth terminal or inferior, with lips thin or some-
what fleshy, a conspicuous barbel terminal on the maxillary, premax-
illaries projectile. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1 or 0, hooked, without evident
grinding surface. Scales rather large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal
fin inserted over, in front of, or slightly behind ventrals ; anal basis
short. A large and varied 'group, (x^a?, horn ; f£0y<?} fish ; from the
nuptial tubercles of the typical species.)

The species may be thus divided :

* Species of large size, with the rnoutli anterior, the lower jaw included; the dorsal
fin slightly behind the ventrals (CERATICHTHYS).

biguttatus, micropoyon, symmetricus*

'2\'2 (''ivrRIIUTlONS TO H A.MK1MCAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV,

*"Sp'-ei:-, oi i snhintVrior ami horizontal; the dorsal tin in-

ly in front of il,.- vi-nir.il.>. ;m<l tin- BCali > uvnerally large and sil-
,
b. in i!i i \\o-ro\ved ................ cinniiKji, /MI.WM, amblops, rubrifrons, hypxiitotus.

bit. i ie-n»\ved ............... . ......... ilh^iniUix. xt<rltl»s, irstirali*, i/rliil/ix.

t' .small iilithe mouth .subinferior and horizontal, with thickened

lips : the dorsal tin in>erted slightly behind the ventrals, usually with a lilaek
hloti'h mi its last rays; scales rather lar-^e, >ilvcry.

Inlirosutt, zanemus, moitm-lnix.

, of lai_ vith the mouth anterior, the lower j;iw iucluded; the dorsal

I'm slightly Behind the ventrals. (Ceraiichthys.)

<J. hi^iltfattis (Kirt.) Grd. — //<»•»# Head; Hh;r I'lntb; Jerkcr.

Dody rather robust, little elevated, little compressed. Head large,
rather broadly rounded above: the snout conical, bluntish. Mouth
rather large, subterminal, little oblique, the lower jaw somewhat the
shorter, the upper lip rather below the level of the eye, and the maxil-
lary not reaching to the front of the eye. Eye small, median, high up.
Suborjjitals very narrow; preorbital large. Fins moderate; the dorsal
rather posterior, slightly behind the insertion of the ventrals; caudal
broad, little forked. Scales large, not crowded anteriorly, 18 rows in
front of the dorsal. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color bluish
olive; sides with bright , green and coppery reflections; a curved
lnsky bar behind theopercle; scales above with dark borders; belly
pale, but not silvery, rosy in spring males; tins all pale orange, with-
out black spot. Males in spring with a crimson spot on each side of
the head; the adults with the top of. the head swollen, forming a sort
of crest, which is sometimes a third of an inch higher than the level of
the neck and is eovere.d with large tubercles; young with a dark caudal
spot. U.irbel well developed. Head 4; depth 4J-. D. 8; A. 7; scales
•i-ll-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, or 1, 4-4, 0, sometimes 1-k L. G-!» inches.
IVimM'lvania to the (livat li.isin of ('tali and southward; everywhere
iluindani. The most widely diffused of Our CiJi>rhii<l<i'. Western speci-
mens usually have the, teeth in two rows.

(StmvttliiH hiiiHtiiitu* Kirtland, Host. Journ. Nat. llisr. ls.|ii. Hi, 341; Cope, Cypr.
: i iiinl her, vii, 17-: Nbcomis ncliru ;iid / Nocomix In lli'ii* Gira.nl,

Proe. Aead. Nai. Sci. 1'liila. 1 -.".:',, -_'|:; : <'<-r<iti<-litlnjn ri/rlnti* and xtifiwulifiiK Cope, Proc.
Acad. K J'liila. 1 -f,.l, •„>;: -.'7--: i 'I'ntticliflni-i < i/<-l»ii; (iiint her, vii, 17.-i : Ccrntich-

: :ih-r, \ ii, 179.)

327. <'. mirroi»o^oii t ..pr.

Body modeiaiel\ stout. Head mneh as in Minn/Ins <:<»'>inlu(t, broad,

the inu// If obtuse, the pi'olile rounded, des(;ending. Month slightly

oblique, its ;,nj,le opposite front of the orbit. Eye •'!] in head. Barbel

•iiuute. Caudal peduncle -li-nder. Yellowish brown, with brown ver-

31. CYPRINID^E CERAT1CHTHYS. 213

tebral baud : a brown lateral shade. Head 3f ; depth 4|. D. 8; A. 7;
scales G-40-3 ; teeth 4-4. L. 31 inches. One specimen known, from
Couestoga River, Pennsylvania. Perhaps a variation of the preceding.
(Cope.)

(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 277; Giinther, vii, 179.)

32§. C. syiaimcfriciis (Baird & Girard) J. & G.

Body elongate, slender, moderately compressed, not elevated. Head
short, rather slender and pointed. Mouth small, little oblique, the lower
jaw included. Eye large, anterior, longer than snout, 3 in head. Bar-
bel small, but evident. Scales small, rather loosely imbricated. Lat-
eral line strongly decurved.. Dorsal slightly behind ventrals. Coloration
pale ; scales dotted with black ; cheeks silvery. Head 4§ ; depth 6. D.
8 ; A. 8 ; scales 9-58-4 ; teeth 4-4, without grinding surface. L. 6 inches.
Rivers of California.

(Pogonichtliyx symmetricus B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 136 : Leucosomus
symntetricus Giinther, vii, 267.)

** Species of small size, with the mouth subinferior and horizontal; the dorsal fin in-
serted slightly ^n front of the ventrals, and the scales generally large and
•silvery. (Hybopsis Agassis!.*)
6. Teeth two-rowed.

329. C. cumiiigi Giinther.

Barbels minute. Eye entirely in the anterior half of the length of the
head, and nearly as long as the snout, which is obtuse, rounded, convex,
the mouth being subinferior. Tnterorbital space convex, as wide as the
orbit. Suborbital ring extremely narrow. Origin of dorsal fin a little
behind ventrals, somewhat nearer root of caudal than end of snout.
Pectorals not reaching ventrals. A grayish silvery band from gill-
opening to the root of caudal, where it terminates in a black spot.
Head 41 : body 5. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales G-45-6 5 teeth one-rowed '?
L. 3^ inches. (Giinther.) "California"?

(Giinlher, vii. 177.)

330. C. Iliccns Jordan.

Body elongate, compressed, the back somewhat elevated from the oc-
ciput to the base of dorsal, thence rapidly declined to the long and
slender caudal peduncle. Head short, compressed, the cheeks nearly
vertical. Interorbital space rather broad and flat, somewhat grooved.
Eye very large, circular, high up, placed nearly midway of the length
of the head, its diameter about equal to the length of the snout and

*Aga.ssiz, Aincr. .Touni. Sci. Arts, 1854. :>;">H : t.vjx-' ETybopsis gracilia A.g. (i'Qoc, gibbous;

•

214 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

•

scarcely greater than the width of the interorbital space. Preorbital
bone large, oblong, conspicuous, and silvery. Mouth rather small, hor-
izontal, the lower jaw included, the edge of the premaxillary below the
level of the eye, the maxillary not reaching to the vertical from the
front of the orbit. Barbel quite small. Snout boldly and abruptly de-
murred much as in C. amblops, the tip of the snout thickened. forming a
-,<>rt of pad. Lateral line decurved. iiows of scales along the back
converging behind the dorsal where the upper scries run out, as in
Minniliifi cornutus. Fins rather higher and more falcate than in G.
biyuttatux. The dorsal fill inserted well forward, over ventrals. Pec-
toral fins pointed, not reaching ventrals, ventrals not reaching vent.
Teeth -4-4, hooked, without grinding surface. Translucent greenish
above; sides and below brilliantly silvery; cheeks and opercles with a.
bright silvery lustre; fins plain ; a slight plumbeous lateral shade. Head
4£; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-42-4. L. 5 inches. Falls of the Ohio.

(Jordan, Proc. U. S. N;ir. Mus. l.-7'J, :.'.

•331. C. amblops (lint'.) Grd.— tilnr ('l»j,.

Body rather slender, somewhat h'-avv anteriorly, not much com-
pressed. Ilcad large, somewha.t ilattcned and broad above. Eye very
large, longer than snout and longer than iuterorbital space, ."> in head.
Month horizontal, subinferior, and rather small. Muzzle bluntly de-
c.urved. Upper lip below level of orbit, maxillary not reaching the line
of the front of the orbit. Barbel evident. Fins moderate. Lateral
line somewhat decurved. Sixteen scales before, dorsal. Color transln
cent greenish above ; scales somewhat dark-edged ; sides with a bright,
>ilvery band, which overlies dark pigmenr. so that sometimes a plumbe-
ous or even blackish band appcais: a dark band through eye around
-nont ; males ..ithoul tubercles or red coloration. Head 1; depth f>.
J). s; A.I- scales 6-38-4; teeth 1, 4-1. 1. L. L'-l inches. Ohio Va
.ind southward. Southern specimens (v.ir. irhic/tclli) have the head
narrower and the barbel rat her shorter.

/:•••:.'< .' •,. Kni'. I. 'lit ii. ( >li. , . . Ajner. .imirn.

Sri. ./»;,• n main :nnl //., clll <;nl. I'lor. Ai-;nl. >

I'liih. l-.Mi, I--, -Mi: ' JOQVD. A. "id. N:it. S. i. |.~r,:i,

. '/M/.S lii/iilinti* ( iiiiil I. nl:m, Ann. l.y . \.-il. Hist.

JT. 1876,

. Jordan.

(ielieral foi in ol t lie preced in-. llea'd lon..r, nai ro\v<-i' t han inlhepre-
•eding.lon-i-r than in the ., -:;.', in head, wider than

he interorbital space. Mouth smaller, inferior, overhung by the bluntly

31. CYPRINID^E CERATICHTHYS. 215

decurved but not very broad muzzle. Barbels quite long and distinct.
Thirteen scales in front of the dorsal. Fins well developed ; the first
developed rays of the dorsal about twice the height of the last. Pale
olivaceous; sides with a plumbeous silvery band, in some specimens
forming a stripe through eye and snout, and a dark spot at base of
caudal; cheeks silvery; snout in males red, with numerous dust-like
tubercjes ; specimens in high spring coloration have the fins largely red.
Head 4 ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 5-36-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 0. L. 3
inches. Basin of the Altamaha, Georgia.

(Nbcomis rubrifrons Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 330.)

333. C. liypsiiiotais Cope.

Body much stouter, more elevated, and more compressed than in the
preceding. Head short, broad above, much smaller and more conical
than in the preceding. Outline of back rather abruptly declining behind
front of dorsal fin, so that the base of the fin is oblique. Mouth inferior,
horizontal, small, the maxillary reaching the line of the orbit. Barbels
small. Eye small, 3i in head. Color silvery, with a double series of
black specks along the lateral line, and a lateral band of dusted black-
ish, which passes through eye and snout; males with the fins bright
red, and the body with a deep violet lustre, as in Minnilus rubricroceus.
Head 3| ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A . 8 ; scales 5-40-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3
inches. Santee Basin, in North Carolina and South Carolina.

(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 458 ; Jordan & Brayton, Bull. TJ. S. Nat.
Mns. xii, 1878, 25. Ceratichthys leptocephalus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plaila. 1856,
213, from Salem, N. C., may be the same, but the description is wholly insufficient for
determination. )

bb. Teeth one-rowed.

334. C. dissilllilis (Kirtland) Cope. — Spotted Shiner.

Body long and slender, little compressed, with long caudal peduncle.
Head long, rather flat above, the snout somewhat bluntly decurved, pro-
jecting a little beyond the rather small, horizontal mouth; lower jaw
included ; both jaws with the skin hard in front, forming a sort of lip
laterally. Barbel considerably shorter than pupil, maxillary not reach-
ing nearly to orbit. Eye very large, high up, somewhat directed up-
ward, rather behind the middle of the head, forming more than one-
third the length of the head. Opercle small. Dorsal rather large, its
posterior border oblique; anal small; caudal well forked; pectoral
rather long. Scales rather large, 22 in front of dorsal. Lateral line
nearly straight. Olivaceous ; sides silvery, with a bluish lateral band,
which is widened into several dusky spots, formed by dark punctulations,

2iG coNTKinrrniN.s TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

and must distinct posteriorly: a dnsk\ band on head, through eyes aud
snout; tins plain. Head -I!,: depth iH. D. 8; A. 7; scales 0-47-5 ;
teeth -1-4, often with slight grinding- surface. L. 5 inches. Ohio Val-
ley and tributaries of tin (ircat Lakes.

(L< mi lit Kirtluud, J3ost. Journ. N;ir. Hist, iii, 341, 1340: Ceratichlhya dis-

Ovpr. iVnii. :>'.>?: L\r<iticliiltys distimilis Gunllier, vii, 177.)

335. C. stcrictiis « ope.

Body slender, with long caudal peduncle, the least depth of which is

little more than a third of the greatest depth of the body. Head long

anil slender, the muzzle much projecting and broadly rounded. Mouth

moderate, interior, the maxillary not reaching the front of orbit. Bar-

bels conspicuous. Eye moderate. 4.V in head. Fins rather long, the

caudal deeply forked. Color silvery; sides with a few dusky scales^

forehead pink in the males, as in C. rtibrif'rons. Head 4; depth 4j|. D.

,-ales i;_;;o-:>: teeth 4-4. liio Grande, in New Mexico. (Cope.)

Zool. Wl ;.l. W. Kinth Mi-r. v. tMii, 1S7(J.)

336. C. aestivalis (Cinl.) Coj..-.

Head rontained about 4$ times in the total length. Differs from 0.
ydidn.x and G. cci'ind!*, its American congeners, l.v a rather compressed
body, elevated and arched upon its middle region, and tapering rapidly
towards the peduncle of the tail. The snout is more protruding t!
in G. (jdiiliix, the eye larger, and the ventral iins inserted somewhat
moiv forwards. The scales an- also larger (about 30 in the lateral line
in the iigi're.,, deeper than long, anteriorly subtruncated and posteriorly
rounded, \\iih radiating furrows upon the latter section only. D. I, 8j
A. i. 7. etc. The color is yellowish brown, somewhat lighter beneath
th;u: above, with a silvery streak along the middle of the Hanks, liio
San Juan, Cadareita, New Leon, ((jirnrd.) (Of course these little fishes

,<> intimate relation with the European genus (jobio, which i>
ally o! .s>v/«o//7/<.\. with the te«-tl. ,-. 5-5, 3, and the barbel lateral and

\.T\ l<,!i I

Proi . At u:. \;, liila. L856, IK'.)

3:t^. €'. xclidii* Qrd. Jor.

Uody vei\ >icnder. not elevated. Head .^lender and elongate, the
snout piomiiieiit and taperi lCy< small, rather high, 4 in head.

.Month small, siil-terminal, the maxillary not extending to the •
I'i' Lateral line dee.urved. Scales rather large. Coloration

sil'' • dn>i\ .uid a blj-ckish spot ;it base of c.audaL

31. CYPRINID^E CERATICHTHYS. 217

Head 3£; depth 5£. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 44. L. 2 inches. Milk River,
Montana. (Girard.)

(Gobio gelidus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Pliila, 1856,188, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv.
248.)

*** Species of small size, with the mouth subinferior and horizontal, with thickened
lips; the dorsal fin inserted sliyhtly behind the ventrals, usually with a black
blotch on its last rays; scales rather large, silvery.

338. C. labrosus Cope.

Body slender, little compressed, the back not elevated. Head long,
gently decurved to the muzzle, which scarcely overhangs the mouth.
Mouth entirely horizontal, the maxillary reaching the orbit. Eye 3| in
head. Dorsal inserted slightly behind origin of ventrals (not directly
over, as stated in original description). Lips thickened. Barbels very
long. Color silvery; sides sometimes with vague, dusty cross-bars.
Head 4|; depth 5£. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-34-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2£
inches. Catawba River, North Carolina. (Cope.)

(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 458.)

339. C. zaiieiillis Jordan & Brayton.

Body long and slender, little compressed. Head rather long, narrow,
and pointed, very slender in young specimens, stouter in adults. Snout
decurved in profile, an angle in front of the nostrils Muzzle long, over-
hanging the large mouth. Lips much thickened, the lower with a con-
spicuous internal fringe of papillae. Barbels extremely long, longer
than in any other of our Cyprinidcc, their length more than half the
diameter of the eye. Eye moderate, nearly median, 3J in head. Scales
moderate, closely imbricated, 16 in front of dorsal. Lateral line slightly
decurved anteriorly. Fins rather small. Caudal deeply forked, its pe-
duncle long and slender. Coloration pale ; a small, round black spot at
base of caudal ; dorsal scales dark-edged ; a dark lateral streak, obso-
lete anteriorly; large specimens with a large dark patch on the last
rays of the dorsal, as in GUola analostana; base of the caudal with dark
points; males in spring with the head and neck profusely tuberculate
and the fins flushed with crimson. Head 4|; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 7;
scales 5-40-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Saluda River, South Carolina.

(Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 25, 1878.)
343. C. monaclius Cope.

Body slender, somewhat compressed, not much elevated. Head long
and rather slender, flattivsh above, with projecting muzzle. Mouth in-
ferior, horizontal, small, the maxillary not reaching the eye, which is

218 CONTRIBUTIONS TO TsORTll AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

rather small, 4£ in head. Scales rather small. Lateral line somewhat
decurved. Twenty-four scales in front of dorsal. Fins moderate. Color
light olive; a metallic vertebral band; sides and belly silvery; no lateral
hand; a black spot at base of caudal; muzzle dusky; membrane of
upper posterior part of dorsal fin black. Head 4; depth 5£. D. 8; A.
8; scales S-5G-4; teeth 4-4. L. 4 inches. Tennessee Kiver.

(Cope, Journ. Aead. Nat, Sci. Phila. t~07, -J-J7.)

93.— COUESIUS Jordan.

(Jordan, Bull. Ilayden's Gcol. Surv. Terr, iv, 7e>5, 1878: type Nocomis milneri Jordan =

/,> ttcHxviiiux diNximilis Grd.)

iJody elongate. Head normal, not depressed, the profile convex.
Mouth terminal, normal, a well-developed barbel at the posterior end
of the maxillary. Teeth _?, 4-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface.
Scales rather small. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin over or
slightly behind ventrals; anal basis short Size rather large. (Dedi-
cated to Elliott Coues.)

* Scales sinall, 00-70 in the course «>]' the lateral line.

t About thirty scales in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals.

341. C. squamileiitiis (Cope) Jor.

Form stout, profile nearly plain. Muzzle not prominent. Mouth
horizontal, the maxillary not reaching the orbit. Eye rather small, 4~
in head, shorter than snout. Isthmus wide. Barbel oolite small. Dor-
sal tin slightly in advance ol' ventrals, behind middle of the body.
Scales quite small. Olivaceous above; sides silvery; a lateral band of
dark punctulations. Fins plain. Head :!.',; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales
17-GG-14; teeth L', 1—1, 1. Henry's Fork of Green River, Wyoming.

[C"i

(Ceratiohthys squamilentua Copo, Haydi : rv. Wyom. 1*70, l-l-J, 1872.)

HAbont 20 scales in a trans' rpun d..: .•utral.H.

342. <:. dissimilis (Grd.) Jor.

Form of ^i /itottluN ct»-j>o/-<ilix, but more elongate and le>s compressed.
Head ll.itti.-h above, ihe snout broad, ])rojert in- over the large, oblique
mouth, maxillary reaching front of e.\ e. liai'hcl \fi\ t -vident. Kye.
large, as long as snout, a hout I in head, 1 A in interorbilal space. Scales
small, crov, tied foi u ;inU. t IIO.M • -.in I he l)aek smaller. Dorsal lia begin-
ning o\ •(•!• 1,M ray of \entrals. I>usk\ above; .sides somewhat silvery;

in obscure dusky band through ej .n«ixi,oiit; lins plain. IIead4^;

31. CYPRINID.E PLATYGOBIO. 219

depth 4£. D. 8; A. 8; scales 11-68-7 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 6 inches.
Lake Superior to Upper Missouri region ; probably abundant.

(? Gobio plumbers Agassiz, Lake Superior, 366 : Leucosomus dissimilis Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 189, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 250 : Nocomis milncri
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 64, 1876 ; Jordan, Bull. Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr.

iv, 784, 1878.)

343. C. prosthcmius (Cope) Jor.

Body fusiform, rather slender. Head small, the muzzle abruptly de-
scending. Mouth rather small, somewhat oblique, the maxillary not
reaching to the orbit. Eye 4 in head. First ray of dorsal opposite ven-
trals. Color dusky; a plumbeous lateral band; white below; fins plain.
Head 5 ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 11-63-8, somewhat crowded
anteriorly; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 6 inches. Upper Great Lakes.

(Ceratichthya prosthemius Cope, Cypr. Pcnn. 1866, 1565: Ceratichthys plumbeus Gun-
trier, vii, 442.)

** Scales rather large, about 50 in the lateral line and 10 in a transverse series.

344. C. pliysignatliaas (Cope) Jor.

Body slender, the caudal peduncle stout. Head wide and depressed.
Dorsal outline little arched, the profile descending steeply to the lip.
Lower jaw included, maxillary reaching anterior border of orbit. Bar-
bels well developed. Eye J§ in head, 1£ in muzzle. Twenty-three rows
of scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal fin inserted in front of ventrals.
Olivaceous above, white below ; a plumbeous lateral band ; fins plain.
Head 3§; depth^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-49-4; teeth 2, 4-4,2. Arkansas
Eiver at Pueblo. (Cope.)

(Ceratichlhys physignathus Cope, Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 651, 1876.)

94.— PLATYGOBIO Gill.

Flat-headed Chubs.
(Gill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861: type Pogoniclitliys communis Grd.)

*

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed. Head rather short,
broad and depressed above. Mouth normal, rather large, subter-
minal, with a well- developed barbel at its angle, at the extremity of
the maxillary. Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal in-
serted anteriorly, rather in front of the ventrals. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with
rather narrow grinding surface. Size large, (^aru?, broad ; Latin
gobio, a gudgeon; the broad, Hat head resembling the head of a Gilo,.)

345. P. gracilis (Rich.) Gill & JOT.— Flat-headed Chub.

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, little elevated. Head
small and short, its upper surface very broad and depressed, the inter-

NTRIBUTIONS 1<> V>l;TH AMI, KHAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

orbital width being nearly halt' the- length of the head. Mouth ratlin
large, .slightly oblique, the upper lip on the level of the lower part <>!' the
. the maxillary reaching the line ol' the front of the eye, the upper jaw
V&cy protractile, the lower jaw ineluded. Eye small, rather high up
and anteiie.r. <i in head. Fins rather large; dorsal in advance of the
m.ddle of the body; caudal peduncle rather stout. Scales large and
silvery: lateral line decurveo Scales in front of dorsal. Coloratioi.

pale; back bluish: sides and below silvery: head mostly white ; iius
pale. Head I', ; depth i ,:. 1). 8| A.S: scales <i-;iO-.-» : teeth L>, -1-1
L. 1L' inches. Kocky Mountain re-ion from the Kansas and Yellow-
Stone liivers to the Saskatchawan ; abundant.

(L Kirli. !';t:ilia I'.ol .-AllltT. l'i '. t'JU:

. Ar;ul. Xui. Sri. I'hila. 1-.">U, 183, and U. S. 1'ar. K'. K. Surv. x,

-'•IT: .'nit Gill, Irhtli. l'a;i:;:iii Simpson's .Surv. -li.i-': /'.>.,•. ./,'r/</7< i/x (I'hi-

tytjubix') uiiloii'li. \<-a<l. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 277 : Leu > ••'.•Hi- < ;iiu-

lhcr. \'ii. '.'I' iixliiit, tin* (iiintlicr, vi;

316. P. pallidus F«>rin -s. >p. n.,v.

flie depth is contained 4ij times in length, and the head -1. Thee\<
equals the snout, and enters length of head .'J;^- times and the interor
:e twice. The head is ilat above and the snout overhangs the
Tiionth. whirh is large and wide, with a maxillary barbel about one-third
a- long as the e\r. The mandible reaches a vertical line drawn thru:

middle of the iris in front. The greatest depth of the head enters
n- i'-ir The scales are <>-.V»-,~i. with -L' rows before dorsal,

where they are nineh smaller than elsewhere. The lateral line is straight,
' pt for a few scales in front. flic pectoral fins are large and pointed,
leaching the ventrals. and the latter attain the vent. The front of the.
dorsal i- >itnated a tri lie before the ventrals and a lit tie nearer snout
than caudal. I». >: A. s. The color in alcohol is plain, with a
plumbeous lustre along sides, and traces of a dusky lateral stripe behind
dorsal. The pharyngeai tee; li are stout, :'. 1- I, L', hooked, wit h masi i
calory .surface. I.. i'A inches. < Mie specimen I'lom the Ohio Ifivcr at

10. pmbably adult, as the snout is tnberculai (/'Vi/Vyr.v, MSS.)

Chubs.

"I/mi,- \ li-.-Un : < 'Ini. I'.-iird.)

r.1 182 kmolihu R&f, = Cyprinw oorporalia

Mit(

robust. Head lai Moulh lerininal, tlie n]>per jaw j>ro-

^mall barbel on the maxillary just above \\< extremity. In.

31. CYPRINID^E SEMOTILUS. 221

testinal canal short. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without masticatory sur-
face. Scales moderate. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal more or less
posterior to ventrals. Anal basis short. Species of large size, differing
from Squalius in the presence of a maxillary barbel. (<r/>«, banner —

1. e., dorsal fin; the second part of the word was elsewhere used by
Kafinesque to mean "spotted".

* Insertion of dorsal fin evidently behind veutrals and notably behind the middle of
1 ho body ; scales reduced in size and much crowded anteriorly ; a black spot
at base of dorsal iu front. (Semotilus.)

347. S. corporalis (Mitch.) Putn.— Chub; Horned Dace.

Body stout, the dorsal outline arched in front of the dorsal, the body
tapering' backward from a point considerably in advance of the dorsal,
so that the base of that fin is oblique. Head large and heavy, broad
and rounded above. Snout broad. Mouth broad, oblique, the lower
jaw slightly included, the upper lip just below the level of the pupil,
the maxillary barely reaching the front of the pupil ; maxillary bar-
bel small, not evident in specimens of less than 2 or 3 inches in
length. Eye rather small, about 5 in head. Scales small, considerably
crowded and reduced anteriorly, about 30 series in front of the dorsal
fin. Lateral line considerably decurved. Fins small ; the dorsal well
behind ventrals, its last ray well in advance of the base of anal. Color
dusky bluish above ; sides with a vague dusky band, black in the young,
disappearing iu the adult; belly creamy, rosy-tinted in the males in
spring ; dorsal fin always with a conspicuous black spot at the base in
front, which is bordered with red in the male ; a dark vertebral line ;
scales everywhere edged with dark puuctulations ; a dusky bar behind
opercle ; males with the snout coarsely tuberculate in spring. Head 3f ;
depth 4. D. 7 ; A. 8 ; scales 9-58-6 [those in the lateral line varying
from 52 (? var. pallidus, Alabama to Arkansas) to upwards of 65J ; teeth

2, 5-4, 2. L. 10 inches. Western Massachusetts to Georgia and Upper
Missouri ; everywhere very abundant, ascending small streams.

(Cyprinns corporal-is and atromaculatus Mitchill, Amer. Month. Mag. ii, 324: Semotilits
dorsalis and ceplialus Eafinesquo, Ichth. Oh. 49 : Leuciscus iris and storm Cuv. & Val.
xvii : Semotilus corpordlis Cope, Cypr. Perm. 363 : Leucosomus corporalis Gunther, vii,
269 : Leucosomus pallidus (Lat. 1. 52), Leucosomus incrassatus (Lat. 1. 64), Semotilus
macrocephalus, and Semotilus speciosns Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 251,
252, 204.)

34§. S. tlioreaiiianus Jordan.

Body short and rather stout, abruptly narrowed behind dorsal. Head
short and thick, almost round. Mouth large, oblique, the jaws equal.

222 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Barbel lateral, well developed. Kye small, 5 in head. Cheeks swollen,
Scales larger than in N. cn/yy.>/v///,s-. not much crowded forward. Lateral
line much declined. Dorsal iiu entirely behind vent nils, its last ray
over (he lirst ray of the anal. Fins all small. Coloration of 8. corpo-
ralix; the black dorsal spot distinct. Head .'•;} ; depth 4. D. 85 A. 7j
dee :»_is_f>; teeth L', fi-l, L'. L. 1 inches. Flint lliver, Georgia.

(Jordan. IJull. U. S. Nat. Mus. >:, (,::. is?7.)

"' lusiTtiiiii (if dorsal lin scarcely behind ventrals: scales nearly equal over the body;
no conspicuous black dorsal spot. (Leucosomus Heckcl.)

«

349. S. bUllariS (Raf.) JoT.—FaU-Jish ; Siln-r Chub.

Body oblong, robust, little compressed. Head large, convex, the
snout bluntly conic. Mouth large, terminal, somewhat oblique, the
lower jaw included; premaxillary below the level of the eye, the max-
illary barely reaching the front of the orbit. Eye moderate, rather high
up and anterior, 4£ in head. Barbel shorter than pupil, not evident iu
young specimens. Scales large, 22 in front of dorsal, not crowded an-
teriorly. Dorsal fin slightly behind middle of body, just behind ven-
trals. Fins moderate. Coloration brilliant; steel-blue above; sides
and belly silvery; males in spring with the belly and lower fins rosy or
crimson. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8; scales 8-45-4 ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2.
L. 18 inches. Largest of our Eastern Cyprinidce. Abundant from
Massachusetts to Virginia, east of the Alleghanies.

(Cyprinus &uHaris Ratinesque, Amur. Mouth. Maj;. and Crit. Rev. 1817, 120: Lcucisciu
argenteus and pulchellas Storcr, Kept. Fish. Mass. 1839, 90 : Chiloncmua pulcliellu* Storer,
Fish. Mass. 28G : Leucosomu* cat ! laird : Semotilus rJtotheus Cope, Cypr. Perm. 362 :

Lfucosomvu jinlchclliia Giinther, \\i. -J

06.— SYUIUIETRURUS Jordan.

(Jordan, Bull. Haydcn's (Jeol. Surv. Terr, iv, 783, 1878: type Pogonichthys argijreiosut
Girard.)

This genus dill'ers from Pogonichthys chiefly in the caudal lin. which
is developed as in Scmolil.ua and other related genera, the two lobes
equal, and (he rudimentary ha- s comparatively lev,- and small.

The. pre.M-iicc of grinding sui ' :i tho teeth and the position of the

barbel chieily <li-f iv juish Symmctrurus from Semotilus. (ffomiE-poq, sym-
metrical : tail.)

:J3O. S. ar^yrioSUS ((Jirard') .lor.

Body elongated, pivtty strongly c.iMipressed. Head moderate, con-
Mderahly «;oin])n'<sed. HP- BDOat : .•-.•nieal. Mouth nioderatc, nearly
hori/ontal. the lower jaw include'!, the maxillary reaching the front of

31. CYPRINID^E STYPODON. 223

the eye. Eye large, 3£ in head. Scales moderate, very silvery. Lat-
eral line slightly decurved. Fins rather high. Dorsal fin rather in ad-
vance of veutrals. Caudal fin with its rudimentary rays few and little
developed, the two lobes equal. Brownish above, with black dotsj
sides and below bright silvery. Head 4J. D. 9 ; A. 8 ; Lat. 1. CO ; teeth
U, 5-(4, 2). L. 4 inches. Presidio, Cal.

(Pogonichthys argyreiosus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbjla. 1854, 154: Leucosomus
argyreiosus Guuther, vii, 267.)

97.— POGOraiCHTHYS Girard.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 136: type Pogonichthys incequilobus B. &
G.=Leudscus macrolepidotus Ayrea.)

Body elongate. Head small, conical. Mouth moderate, terminal,
normal ; maxillary with a well-developed barbel ; premaxillaries protrac-
tile. Teeth 2% 4-5, 2, or 2, 5-5, 2, hooked, with well-marked grinding
surface. Scales rather large. Lateral line continuous, decurved. Dor-
sal fin beginning rather in advance of ventrals. Anal basis short.
Caudal fin with its rudimentary rays numerous and greatly developed^
supported by strong apophyses of the caudal vertebrae, the upper lobe
of the fin considerably longer thau'the lower. Intestinal canal short 5
peritoneum brownish. Species of large size. (TTCO^WV, beard ; fc0uc, fish.)

351. P. macrolepidotus (Ayres) Jor. — Spill-tail.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the back a little elevated, the
form somewhat that of Cycleptus. Head short, slender. Mouth mod-
erate, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching front of orbit ; lower
jaw included; preorbital longer than deep. Eye large, 4J in head;

•

interorbital space convex. Dorsal fin midway of the body, rather in
front of the ventrals. Scales rather large, moderately imbricated. Lat-
eral line decurved. Fins rather large ; upper lobe of caudal half longer
than head. Coloration uniform, somewhat silvery. Head 4^; depth
3f. D. 9; A. 8; scales 10-66-6; Vert. 26 +.15; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. L. 12
inches. Bivers of California. Singularly distinguished from our other
Cyprinidce by the great development of the upper lobe of the caudal and
its rudimentary rays.

(Pogonichthys Incequilobus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 136
(August), aud U. S. Pac. E. R. Surv. x, 245: Leucosomus inaquilobus Giinther, vii, 271:
Lcuciscus macrolepidotus Ayres, Placer Times and Transcript, 1854, May 30 ; Jordan,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 326.)

97 (6). STYPODOW Garman.
(Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 90, 1881 : type Stypodon signifer Garm.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, deciduous scales. Lat-
eral line complete, decurved. Dorsal and anal fins short. Mouth small,

221: • iBUTIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

anterior; premaxillaries protractile; fold of lower lip not crossing the
syniphysis; lower jaw trenchant, without horny covering ; no barbels.
Gill rakers short. IMiaryngcals strong. Teeth 3-3, of the Mylochihts
type, more or less cylindrical, with rounded grinding surfaces, posterior
more slender and siibconical. (*•?•>-•,;. stump ; o»<>», tooth.)

352. S. sigiiifcr Uarm.m.

Dorsal and ventral outlines similar. Eye large, longer than snout.
Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching front of eye. Lower jaw the
longer. Pectorals not reaching veutrals, the latter to anal. Brown;
silvery below ; a broad brown lateral band, bordered above by a nar-
row silvery line. Head 3§; depth 3§. D. 8; A. 8; scales G-35-L* ;
" teeth 3-3, stout, stump-like, with convex summits." Lago de Parras,
an isolated lagoon in Coahuila, Mexico. (Gorman,)

(Carman, 1. c. 1)0.)

98.— UIYLOCIIILUS Agassiz.

(Mylocleilus Agassiz, Amcr. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 229: typo Mylocheilus lateraUt
Agussiz = Lcuciscus caurinu* Rich.)

Body elongate, not elevated, little compressed. Ilead rather short,
conic, somewhat pointed. Mouth rather small, little oblique, the lower
jaw included; maxillary with small barbel at its end; upper jaw pro-
tractile. Scales moderate not closely imbricated. Lateral line de-
enrved. Dorsal fin beginning nearly opposite ventrals. Caudal fin with
the rudimentary rays little developed. Anal basis short. Intestinal
canal about as Ion- as body. Teeth L', ;">-f», '2, or 2, ."5-4, 2, two or three
of those in the main row molar, much enlarged, blunt and truncate
>ve. (A third deciduous row sometimes present, according to Girard,
in this -rims and in Mylopharodon; we have seen nothing of the kind.)
Si/.c lar--.-. (:>.>>).<>-, grinder; ^^."T, lip.)

353. II. ranriiius (Richardson) <;nl. — Columbia Chub.

shorter than snout, ."5 in head; interorbital space broad,
convex. Month hoiixontal or neai'ly so, the maxillary not reaching the
front of the eye; suborhif :il hones wide; preorbital elongate. Color
dark aliov. : sides -ilvery, a dark lateral band; below this a pale
stripe; under which is a dark stripe which extends about to the vent;
fins plain; belly and pale stripe red in spring males. ETead4-|; depth
D.8; A Lee i:;-70-l<>; teeth 2, ">-5, 2. L. 12 inches. Streams

31. CYPR1NID.E PTYCHOCHILUS. 225

chiefly west of the Cascade Kange, from California to British Columbia,
often entering- the sea; abundant.

(Cyprinus (Leuciscns) caurinus Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. Fishes, 1836, 304: My-
locheilus Jntcralis, caurunis, and fralerculus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 213-215:
LcitcosoniHs caurinus Giinther, vii, 270.)

99.— JHYJLOPIIARODON Ayi-es.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 33: type Mylopharodon robust us Ayres = Gila
conocephala B. & G. )

Body elongate. Head large, pike-like, the upper jaw not protrac-
tile; no barbel. Teeth 2, 4-5, 2; two or three of the teeth in the main
row molar, truncate or bluntly rounded at the apex, much enlarged.
Month terminal, rather large, with thickened lips. Scales rather small.
Lateral line continuous. Dorsal tin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal
basis short. Size very large. This genus has been confounded with
MylocliiluSj from which it differs in the nou-protractility of the upper
jaw. (Shortened from Mylopliarynyodon — ,uuA«<r, grinder; ydpuy^ pha-
rynx; od (avj tOOth.)

354. OT. coiioceplialtis (Baird & Girard) Grd.

Body elongate, subfusiform, compressed. Head broad and depressed,
the snout tapering, almost wedge-shaped. Mouth horizontal, the jaws
about equal, the maxillary extending to eye. Eye small, about 7 in
head, 24 in snout; preorbital elongate. Intererbital space as long as
maxillary, 3 in head. Scales rather small, of the type usual in the
Pacific coast Cyprinidce. Dorsal fin a little behind ventrals. Caudal
fin 1£ in head ; caudal peduncle very long, 4J in length. Color dark,
paler below. Head 3^; depth 4|. D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-74-7. L. 18
inches. Eivers of California. Next to the species of Ptychochilus the
largest of our Cyprinidce.

(Gila conocepliala B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 134: Mylopharodon ro-
bustns Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 33: Mylopliarodon conoccphalus androbuslus
Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 216; Giinther, vii, 262.)

1OO.— PTYCIIOCIIII.US Agassiz.

(Ptychocheilns Agassiz, Auier. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 229: type Ptychochrilus gradli.fi
Agassiz — Leuciscus oregoiiennis Rich.)

Body elongated, little elevated, the caudal peduncle not contracted.
Head long, slender, pike like. Mouth nearly horizontal, widely cleft,
the maxillary extending to below the eye, the upper lip rather below
the level of the eye, the lower jaw included both anteriorly and later-
ally; no barbel; lips thick. Scales small, little imbricated, mostly
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 15

226 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

longer than deep. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal flu well back, some-
what behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Caudal tin strong, its rudi-
mentary rays not greatly developed. Intestinal canal short. Teeth 2,
5-4. 1': the straight limb of the pharyngeal bone extremely long and
slender, its teeth wide apart, subconical, scarcely compressed, and but
slightly curved at tip, the hook being turned in the direction of the
angle of the bone; no trace of grinding surface. Fishes of very large
size, reaching a length of more than 4 feet, the largest of the Leucisciue
Cyprinida'. With a general resemblance to Squall us and Gila, this genus
(I i tier stvongly in the form of the pharyngeal bones and teeth. (--u*/rh
fold; ^-r/.o:, lip; the skin of the mouth behind the jaws being folded.)

355. P. oregoiiciisis (Rich.) Gril. — Sacramento "Tike."

I)ody comparatively robust, with stout caudal peduncle. Mouth large,
the maxillary reaching middle of the eye. Eye small, 2A in snout, 7J
in head; in young specimens the eye is proportionately much larger.
Lateral line strongly decurved, much nearer belly than back. Coloration
olivaceous ; the tins in spring with red or orange ; scales thickly punctate
with dark dots. Head 4 ; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 12-73-G (13-7JM)
in Columbia River specimens); teeth 2,5-4,2 (in all specimens exam-
ined: not 2, 5-5, 2, nor 2, 4-4, 2). L. ;j-5 feet, levers of the Pacific
slope, chiefly west of the Sierra Nevada. Largest of our Cyprinida'.

(Oyprinu8(Leuei8CU8)oregonen8i8 Richardson, Fauna Hor.-Amor. iii, 305, 1836:
flidlHx i/rm-ilin and )n«j<»- Agassi/, Anicr. Journ. Sci. Arts, l.-7>f>, 'J'J'J : (iilit
Ay ITS, 1'roc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1^54, IS: I'ti/chochcUits oiryont-nsiH and yrandix
Girard. I*. S. I'm-. R. R. Surv. Fish. '298-300: Leuciscus grand!* and oregoneims Giin-
ther, vii, 239.)

356. P. rapax Gni.

llixly shurter and deeper than in Pt. oregonensis. Head similar, rather
iiiui-c depi-essed above. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of
eye. Lateral line moderately decurved, passing along the median line
of I he body between dorsal and ventrals. Dorsal inserted but little be-
hind vent nils. Coloration dark; the sides somewhat clouded; lins
plain. Head :^ : depth 4j-;. I). !>: A. S; Lat. 1. 78. L. 12 inches.
Monterey, California. Perhaps not distinct from the Ion-going.

(Girard. I'mr. \< -ad. Nat. Si-i. I'liila. I .-:.(!, 'Jd'.t. and f. S. 1'ac. R. R. Snrv. x, 300.)

P. haiTordi Jor. A (Jill..
IMHIII of 1'. t>r<-;i<niriif<ifi. but more slender, the lateral line similarly
much deenn rd. Scales much smaller than in I'.orcyoncnsiK. Caudal less
ileejily forked, the pectoral longer, reaching ? to ventrals. Head 4;

31. CYPRINID^— GILA. 227

depth 5|. D. S; A. 7; scales 17-90-9; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 30 inches.
Sacramento River, with P. oregonensis, but less common in the markets.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881.)
358. P. lucilis Grd.— Colorado "Pike".

Body slender, elongate, with long, slender, depressed head ; the form
and general appearance being that ofPt. oregonensis. Maxillary reaching
j>ast anterior margin of the eye. Eye small, 2^ in snout, 7 in head.
Lateral line very strongly decurved. Fins low, the dorsal evidently
behind ventrals. Scales very small. Coloration plain, darker above.
Head 3^; depth 5£. D.9; A. 9; Lat. 1. 104; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. Colorado

River; abundant.

.
(Girard. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 209, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth.

63.)

1O1.— OIL, A Baird & Girard.

(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 363: type Gilu robuxta B. & G.)

Body elongate, little compressed, the back arched, especially in the
adult; the caudal peduncle typically extremely long, slender, con-
tracted, much narrower than the base of the caudal fin, which is widely
forked, with its basal fulcra very much developed. Head in typical spe-
cies broad, depressed, its profile concave. Mouth large, horizontal, and
overlapped by the broad snout. Dorsal fin behind the middle of the
body, slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Intestinal canal snort
Scales very small, little imbricated, sometimes scarcely imbricate at nil,
longer than deep, especially posteriorly. No barbel. Pseudobrauchire
present. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, close set, compressed and hooked, without
grinding surface. Vertebrae about 46 (5 or G more than usual in Squalin;)).
Intestinal canal short; peritoneum dusky. Species of large size, the
typical form remarkably unlike the usual Cyprinoid type, but varying
through a series of intermediate forms directly into Squalius, so that
the genus is hardly distinguishable by any definite technical character,
unless the greater number of vertebrte be found constant. ( Gila, the
name of the river where the typical species was first obtained.)

* Head depressed anteriorly, the occipital region high, so that the profile is notably
concave.

359. Ci. clegaiis B. & G.

The extreme species of this type. Body elongate, somewhat com-
pressed, the region before the dorsal elevated, forming a sort of hump,
the dorsal fin inserted on the downward slope of the back, so that its
base is quite oblique. Caudal peduncle extremely long and slender, as

228 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

broad as deep, and nearly terete, its length (from end of anal to middle
of base of caudal) li times the length of the head, its least depth about
one-seventh of its length, its extremity dilated and compressed. Head
short, broad, the snout depressed and broadly rounded; the anterior
part of the head from behind the eyes broad and depressed; the pos-
terior part high, so that the profile forms a concave arc. Mouth rather
large, nearly horizontal, the upper lip on the level of the lower part of
orbit, the maxillary extending to the front of the orbit, the lower jaw
on all sides included. Skin of the lower jaw hard. Eye small, anterior,
placed low, 5 in head. Isthmus narrow. Gill-rakers rather weak.
Fins all long and falcate. Pectorals reaching ventrals. Caudal tin
deeply forked, its lobes long and pointed, the upper somewhat the
longer; the rudimental basal rays strong, about 12 in number on each
sides. Scales scarcely imbricated at all, on the caudal peduncle hardly
touching each other, on the sides of the body much longer than deep;
their texture thin and membranaceous; scales on back and belly much
smaller than those on the sides. Coloration bluish above, pale below.
Head 5; depth 5. D. 0; A. 10; scales 23-98-10; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. L. 12
inches. Colorado and Gila Rivers.

(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 369; Girard, U. S. Par. 11. R.
Sui v. x. 286: Leuciiicw tlegans Giiuther, vii, 241.)

:;OO. G. robusta Baird &, Girard.

Body elongate, the back elevated and the head depressed as in (r.
clrtinitti, but the caudal peduncle notably stouter, its least depth about
one-third its length, 3;J in the length of the head. Mouth large, the
upper lip o;i the level of the lower part of the orbit, the maxillary reach-
ing past the front of the orbit. Fins rather lower than in (f. t'leiiintx.
the pectorals in the male reaching the ventrals, but falling short in the
female. Kye small, low, anterior, 5-S in head. Lateral line much de-
curved. Coloration plain. Head 1: depth 5. D. '•>: A. !>; scales
17_<M>-1<>: teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 12 inches. Kio Colorado and Kin Cila.

i IJainl A (Jirard. I'm.-. A. -ail. Nat. Sri. I'hila. 18.">::. 368, and 1". S. far. K. K. Snrv.
\, •.'-.".: l.'in i-riiM rnbimtHi Giinthrr, vii. 241.)

:;<>!. C.. ;.-] uhailli I'.ainl A (Jiranl.

(ieneral form of the preceding, with similar head and caudal pedun-
cle, l»tit with rather larger and more closely imbricated scales. Tpper
lip below level of e\e. ma xillary reaching front of orbit . Caudal fin less
deeply forked, and pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals. Colora-

31. CYPRINID^E GILA. 229

tion plain, darker above. Head 3f ; depth 4£. D. 9; A. 9; Lat. 1. 82.
Rio Gila and Colorado Basin.

(Baircl & Girard, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 389; Girard, U. S. Hex. Bound.
Surv. lehth. 01 : Leuciscus grahami Giinther, vii, 242: Ptychocheilus rorax Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(5, 209, aud U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 301. The type of
"vorax" examined by us is a true Gila.)

362. G. affiuis Abbott.

A species allied to the preceding, described as follows : " The body is
slender, tail greatly attenuated, head constituting something more than
one-fifth of the total length. Eye rather small, subelliptical, its diam-
eter G£ times in the entire length of the head. The posterior extremity
of the maxillary extends to a vertical line drawn posteriorly to the an-
terior edge of the orbit. Anterior margin of the dorsal fin nearer the
base of the caudal than the extremity of the snout. Anterior margins
of the ventral fins somewhat nearer the extremity of the snout than the
base of the caudal. The lateral line is nearly concurrent with the ven-
tral outline. The numbers of the fin-rays are : D. 10 ; P. 1C ; V. 8 ; A.

•

9 ; C. 28£." (Abbott.) Dull violet above, pinkish below. Kansas River ;
Platte River. (We have some time since examined specimens from
Platte River, and thought them distinct from G. robusta and G. grahami,
but having lost our notes are unable to add to Dr. Abbott's account.)

(Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 474.)

363. G. gracilis Baird & Girard.

Body slender, the back not much elevated, the caudal peduncle not
very slender, about twice as long as deep. Head large, its upper pro-
file not very strongly concave. Mouth large, terminal and oblique, the
upper jaw scarcely longer than the lower, maxillary reaching past the
front of the eye. Interorbital space broad. Pectorals falling consid-
erably short of veutrals. Caudal deeply forked. Dorsal well behind
ventrals. Head 3£; depth 4£. D. 9; A. 9; Lat. 1. 88. Gila and Col-
orado Rivers.

(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 369; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. x, 237: Leuciscus zunnensis Giiuther, vii, 241.)

** Head conical, scarcely depressed, the profile not concave,
a. Belly scaled.

364. €J. cuiiorii Baird & Girard.

Body slender, the back not notably arched. Caudal peduncle very
slender, its least depth about one-fifth its length. Head rather small,
conic, scarcely depressed above the eyes, its profile continuous with that

230 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.

of tin- back. Mouth small, nearly terminal, the maxillary not reaching
to the front of the orbit. Eye rather large, anterior, not placed low.
Scales small, especially on the back and belly, the exposed surfaces
longer than deep. Fins large; the pectorals reaching ventrals ; the
caudal deeply forked. Dorsal I'm inserted nearer the top of snout than
to the base of caudal. Head 4£; depth 4=V. D. 9; A. 0; Lat. 1. 08. Eio

Gila. (fth-tml)

( Hainl ,V cirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pkila. IH'iS, 388; (Jirard, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. Irlitli. (>'2: J.i'iidxctts ciiiorii Giiuther, vii, 242.)

:{<;•>. <;. nan «-:i < .>p.-.

liody rather slender; profile and interorbital region gently convex.
Maxillary not reaching line of orbit. Candal peduncle slender, its least
depth 4 in head. Eye 5 in head. Pectorals not reaching ventrals.
Dorsal behind ventrals. Silvery white; back narrowly dark-shaded;
pectoral fins pink. Head 4; depth 4|. D. 9; A. 10; scales 21-?-13;
teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Green IJiver (Rio Colorado). (Cope.)

(Cupr, Hayd.-n's <;.•.»] Surv. Wynin. 1870, 441, 1872.
aa. Belly Mi-alrlrss.
366. G. semi II ml a Cope & Yarrow.

Body moderately deep, with slender and tapering caudal peduncle,
the least depth of which is about one-third its length. Back little ele-
vated, not arched in front of dorsal. Head small, transversely convex,
its profile continuous with that of the back and not concave. Mouth
rather small, oblique, terminal, the upper lip opposite the middle of the
orbit, the maxillary not reaching the line of the orbit. Eye large, rather
anterior, but not very low, its length 4 in head. Fins moderate. Dor-
sal slightly behind ventrals. Brownish above, lower fins pink. Head
5; depth .Vf. D. 10; A. 10: scales 21-98-12; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. «
inches. Kio V irg.cn, in Utah. (Cope.) This species forms a transition
to Sijualittx and other normally formed Ci/jtriniilu:

((npr A Yarrow, /ool. Wlirdci's Kxpl. W. 100th MIT. v, 666, 1876.)

102.— S<H ALUIS Bouaparte.
l>nce.

(7V7<*fi.s P.onaparli-; I'lu-innln, Tii/omti, Siboma, and ClinoHtomna (iirard.)
(Bonnpartr. J-'aiina Italica, 1837, •[ »'• : type CyprinHx lcncincitn L., the Eurojn'au

•• Dace".)

Body oblong, compress(!il or robust, covered with moderate or small
-(ales, which arc not closch imbricated. Lateral line complete, de-
curved. Mouth lai'gc or small, usually terminal, the lips normal, with-
out barbel. Teeth mostly 2, .~>-4, 2, sometimes 2, 5-5, 2, or 1, 5-4, 2,

. 31. CYPKINID^E SQUALIUS 231

hooked, with narrow grinding surface or none. (Grinding surface
present in Squalius leuciscus, obsolete in most of our species.) Anal
basis short or somewhat elongate. Dorsal tin posterior, usually behind
ventrals. Intestinal canal short. Size generally large. A very large
group, one of the largest current genera in ichthyology, represented by
numerous species in the rivers of Europe, Asia, and North America.
Most of our species have been poorly defined. The majority of Girard's
original types have been preserved, and the descriptions here given are

•

mainly taken from them. Much larger series of each form are neces-
sary before the species can be properly discriminated. Individual irreg-
ularities in dentition are common in this genus. (From squalus, a
shark; some early writers on ichthyology having called the typical spe-
cies Squalus minor, for no evident reason.)
The species may be divided as follows :

* Teeth normally without grinding surface.

t Caudal peduncle not very stout, its least depth not two-thirds the length of the

head.

t Mouth very wide, the lower jaw much projecting beyond upper, the upper lip
on the level of the middle of the pupil, and the maxillary reaching to be-
low the pupil ; body elongate, compressed ; dorsal well backward (CLi-

NOSTOMUS Grd. ) elongatus, vandoisulus, estor, funduloides.

It Mouth moderate or small, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw little projecting,
premaxillary below the level of the pupil, and the maxillary not reaching
to the pupil. (TiGOMA Grd.)

a. Anal basis elongate, its rays 10-12.. ..lujdroplilox, tcenia, montanus, hnmboldti.
aa. Anal basis short, its rays 8 or 9.
1). Scales in lateral line 50-65.

cruoreus, ardesiacits, pandora, margaritus, gula, pulclier,
egregius, lineatus, graciUs, conformis, bicolor, obesus, purpurcus.
bb. Scales in lateral line G5-80.

pulchellus, intermedius, aliciw, copei, niger, conspersus.

tt Caudal peduucle very deep and compressed, its least depth nearly equal to the
greatest depth of the head ; dorsal over veutrals ; scales rather large

(SiBOMA Girard) . . , gibbosus.

** Teeth with evident grinding surface. (SQUALIUS.)

o. Robust species, the depth 3-3£ in length ; lateral line less than 60.

rhomaleus, squamatus, atrarius, crassus.

cc. Slender species, the depth 4-4J in length ; lateral line 60-70 (CHEONDA
Grd. ) cocruleus, cooperi, nigrescens, modestus.

* Teeth (normally) without grinding surface (various irregularities often present, so

that the character has little value).
t Caudal peduncle not very stout, its least depth not two-thirds the length of the

head.

t Mouth very wide, the lower jaw much projecting beyond upper, the upper
lip on the level of the middle of the pupil, and the maxillary reach-
ing to below the pupil ; body elongate, compressed ; dorsal well back.
(Clinostomus Girard.*)

* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL Phila. 1856, 211: type Luxilus elongatus Kirtland
(«Azi>ca, to incline; 6TO/.KX, mouth.)

232 ('oxTKnuTioxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

3G7. S. <>loBi^alll<s ( Kirtlaml ) .1. A; ('•. — Hrd-xUlrd Shiinr.

Body elongate, compressed. Head long, rather pointed. Mouth very
large. <>l)li(|iic: the lowrr jaw notably projecting, with a small knob at
the symphysis; upper lip on the level of the pupil; maxillary extending

to the middle of the orbit ; posterior angle of operele acute. Kye mod-
erate, nearly 1 in head. Scales very small. Fins short and high, the
dorsal somewhat behind ventrals. Lateral line decnrved. Color dark
bluish: the scales mottled with paler; sides with a broad black baud;
belly more or less silvery; the front half of the lateral band bright
crimson in spring males; the belly and lower fins more or less reddened;
a dark vertebral band. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 0; scales 10-70-5;
teeth l', 4-5, ± L. 5 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Val-
ley, chiefly from Pennsylvania to Minnesota.

(Liixilus rlongattts Kiitlaml, Kept. Zool. Ohio, 169, and iu Boat. Journ. Xat. Hist.
iii. :;;;:»: Leutiacua elongates Giiniher, \ii.'Jl.~>: CHuoxtomus i'li.ni/atns Giranl, 1'ror. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. lf\r>(», ~Jlv!: Gild cloin/ata Jordan, MO: CUnOBtomus proriger Cope. Cypr.
Pciiu. :{?.">: Lniciscus proriger Giinthcr, vii, 245: Gila proriycr Jordan, 300 (may be a
dilic-rcnt species; sides more compressed and more silvrr\ : I. at. 1. l'>:'>: tcrth ','. -I-."), 1;
coir.inoii. \\ith the other.)

36W. S. vandoiSliltlts (Val.) Jor & Gilli.

Uody oblong, deep and compressed. Head rather large. Mouth
large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting, and the mandible extending
to the pupil. Eye moderate, 3i in head. Lateral line decurved. Color
bluish green; some of the scales of the back irregularly darker, pro-
ducing a mottled appearance; no dark lateral band; males in spring
with the region behind the head and above the pectorals as far back
as the anal of a bright rose-red, brightest anteriorly. Head 3^; depth
:;•-;. !>.!>; A. S; Lat. 1. 53; teeth U, 5-5, ± L. 5 inches. Virginia to
(leorgia; abundant.

LeudsoiU randoimtluii Cuv. A: Val. xvii. 111?: (.'Huoiitoiim* ujjhiix (lirai'd, 1'roc. Acad.
Nai. Sci. I'liila. l-.'.C,, -Jl'J: I.< nt 'mciis rntHlaixiiliix (iiinthcr, vii, i*.">(i: l.i'iicixrux ajjinin
fiiinllicr, \ii. '.'.".7: I'liim-tinim:; nffinix C'opc, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. l~i;~. 228:
C.iln ruiidiiixnlii Jordan iV Uraytmi. I'li-.H. I'. S. Nat. Mils, xii, ','1.

:iGJ). S. 4'stoi- Jordan A. J'.rayton.

Body elliptical-elongate, eom]>resscd, the caudal peduncle rather long,
bin not so long as head. Head very long and large, flattish, but not
broad abo\e. .Month larger than in any other of our Ci/)>rini(l(r. very
obli(|iie. the upper jaw on the level of the pupil, the maxillaries ex-
tending to opposite the middle of the orbit, the length of the gape a
little more than half the length of the head, the lower jaw considerably
the longer. ICye rather large, less than snout, -1 in head. Scales mod-

31. CYPRINID^E SQUALIUS. 233

crate. Lateral line strongly decurved ; 23 series of scales in front of
dorsal liu. Fins high. Color dark olive above, many scales irregularly
darker; sides silvery; no dark lateral band; a broad shade of deep
rose-color along the sides in spring males, below which most of the
belly is bright crimson, these red colors brightest anteriorly. A nar-
row, dark lateral streak like a pencil-mark, from head to tail, overlaid
by the scales. Head 3%; depth 4J. D. 8; A. 8; scales 8-50-5; teeth
2, 5-4, 2. L. 4 inches. Cumberland and Tennessee Eivers.

(Gila cstor Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xii, 66: Gila estor Jordan, 300.)
!5?O. S. fui£«luloi«les (Grd.) Jor. & Gill..

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, with arched back and
rather slender caudal peduncle, the latter longer than head. Head
moderate, smaller than in any of the preceding species. Mouth as in
the preceding, but less deeply cleft. Eye large, 3 in head. Dusky
above; a dark lateral baud, with a narrower pale streak above it; belly
and lower part of head yellowish, red in males in spring. Head4£;
depth 41. D. 8; A. 8; scales 9-48-4; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Streams tribu-
tary to Chesapeake Bay, south to North Carolina. (Cope.}

(Clinostomus fuiiduloides and carolinus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 212:
CHnostomux funduloides Cope, Cypr. Perm. 376: Leuciscus funduloidcs Giinther, vii, 256.)

ft Month moderate, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw little projecting, the premaxillary
below the level of the pupil, and the maxillary not reaching to pupil. ( Tigoma
Girard.*)
a. Anal basis elongate, its rays 10-12.

371. S. liyds-opBlloX (Cope) Jor. & Gilb.

Body rather slender. Head small ; front straight. Mouth rather small,
oblique, the maxillary just reaching line of orbit, lower jaw projecting.
Eye small, 5 in head, 1£ in iuterorbital width. Anal fin long. Color
olive above, with a dusky lateral border, below this a crimson band,
and still lower a blackish baud, which runs above the lateral line to the
base of the caudal fin; cheeks, sides, and belly crimson anteriorly in
males, silvery in females. Head 4|; depth 4£. D. 8; A. 11; scales
15-58-7; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. G inches. Blackfoot Creek, Idaho. (Cope.)
A species intermediate between the typical Clinostomi and the Tigomce,
closely related to S. montanus, etc.

(Clinostomus hydrophlox Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 475, 1672.)

* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 205: type Gila puchella 13. & G. (A
coined name. )

234 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

. K. fU'aia (Cope) J. A: <;.— /.(•"//(»>• -*M<"? Min»oic.

Body rather elongate, but deep and compressed, formed as in Clino-
xtnmu* proper. Head rather small, short, compressed, but broad above,
i lie jaws equal. Mouth oblique, short, the maxillary reaching the front
of the orbit, the upper lip opposite middle of orbit. Eye large, 3£ in
head, equal to iuterorbital space. Lateral line decurved; 33 scales in
front of the dorsal tin. Coloration greenish silvery; the back dusky; a
blackish lateral band, between two silvery.stripes; the lateral band and
below bright orange, red in the males. Head 4£; depth 4. D. 9; A.
10 or 11; scales 12-58-5. L. 3-5 inches. Salt Lake Basin; abundant
in Provo l\iver. Very close to the next, differing in shorter anal and
rather deeper body.

(Clinoxtnmiix tti'iiia Proc. Auier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, HW: (Ula tu-niu Cope, Zool.
Wherlci's Kxpl. W. 100th Mcr. v, 658.)

373. s. moataaus (Cope) J. & G.

I'.ody rather slender. Muzzle decurved, obtuse, but less so than in 8.
tiniiti. Jaws equal; end of maxillary extending beyond margin of orbit.
I've large, 3.\ in head, equal to interorbital space. Anal fin elongate.
Lateral line decurved. Olive above; a dark lateral band; sides crimson
in males. Head 4; depth 4. D. 9; A. 12; scales 12-5G-G. L. 3i inches.
Idaho to Arizona; abundant in the Utah Basin, with the preceding.

nioHlniiuH Cope, Ilaydcn's Gcol. Surv. Mont. 1^71, 471), and Proc. Acad-
Nat. Sci. I'hila. 1-71, ]:!(!: Gila montaini Cope, ZoJil. Wlu-oler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v,
657.)

371. S. Buiaihuldli (Grd. ) .1. & G.

Body short and deep. Head moderate. Mouth terminal, oblique,
the elett rather short, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye large, 4
in head. Lateral line little decurved. Dorsal fin rather behind ven-
trals. Anal iin rather elongate. Color bluish; sides with two dusky
lateral hands. Scales large. Head 4; depth 3. D. 8; A. 12; scales
li'-r>i;-S; treth 2, 4-5, 1. Ilumboldt Kiver, Nevada.

(T.tiotntt linmhulilli (ird. I'K..'. A<-ad. Nat. Sci. 1'liila. lK',(i, -JOC., and 1'. S. Pac. It. R.

Burv. \. -J'

aa. Ani'l l.a-i-- ,-liurt, its ia\> .--'.I.
/». Si-ales in lateral line

375. S. i i noi ens .1. A.-. G.

IJody moderately elongate, symmetrical, not strongly compressed.
Head broad, rounded above, maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye
rat her large, 4^ in head. Lateral line running low. Dorsal a little
behind ventrals, scarcely nearer base of caudal than snout. Caudal

31. CYPRINID^E SQUALIUS. 235

evenly forked. Pectorals short, not reaching nearly to veutrals; ven-
trals to vent. Dusky bluish; sides dark; a red spot at bases of ven-
trals and anal. Head 4; depth 4. D. 9; A. 8; scales 11-56-6; teeth
2, 5-4, 2. L. 6 inches. Utah Lake.

(Jordau & Gilbert, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 4(51.)

376. S. ardcsiacus (Cope) J. &, G.

Body rather stout, compressed. Head heavy, muzzle short. Mouth
short, very oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary reaching past
the front of the large eye. Eye 4 in head. Pectoral fin long, nearly
reaching anal. Olivaceous above; a narrow dark lateral band, follow-
ing the direction of the back. Anal fin short. Head 3i; depth 4£.
D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-63-8 ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 4 inches. Exact locality
unknown; probably Nevada.

(Gila ardesiaca Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, G60.)
37"7. S. pandora, (Cope) J. & G. — Chub ofthellio Grande; Pescadito.

Body fusiform. Head small, broad and rather flat at the muzzle.
Jaws equal, maxillary not reaching line of orbit. Eye small, 6^ ill head.
Dorsal fin posterior. Silvery, darker above. A broad, ill -defined lateral
baud. Physiognomy of Ceratichthys rather than of JSqualius. Head 4;
depth 41 D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-01-0 (17-59-10 to 18-65-11); teeth
normally 2, 5-4, 2, sometimes 2, 4-4, 2, or even 1, 4-4, 1, in abnormal or
immature specimens; the second tooth sometimes with a small grinding
surface. L. 8 inches. Eio Grande region. "The most abundant fish
in New Mexico," and quite variable in characters usually very constant
among these fishes.

(Clinostomus pandora Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Moiit. 1871, 475.)

378. S. margaritus (Cope) J. & G.

Body stout and thick, little compressed, the back somewhat elevated.
Caudal peduncle thick. Head blunt, thick and rounded. Mouth small,
terminal, oblique, the upper lip below the orbit, the maxillary not reach-
ing the line of the orbit. Eye rather large. Scales rather small. Lat-
eral line decurved. Fins rather large. Dorsal fin posterior. Colora-
tion above dusky olive; sides plumbeous silvery; belly white, crimson
in spring males; snout dusky; fins plain; scales punctate. Head 4;
depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 11-58-8; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 3 inches.
Susquehauna Eiver. A handsome fish, quite unlike any other American
species, resembling most Phoxinus neogcvus.

(Clinostomus maryarita Cope, Cypr. Penii. 1866, 377: Leuciscus maryarita GUnther,
vii, 246.)

COXTRinrTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

s. vuiu (Cop,-) .1. A. <;.
Body rather robust, heavy anteriorly. Head large, with wide front
and broad, oblique mouth; maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye 5
in head, L( in iuterorbital width. Dorsal fin posterior. Color dusky
above; belly silvery; axils of fins crimson in males. Head 3J; depth
4'r;. D. s: A. s: scales 16-GO-ll ; teeth 2,5-4,1'. L. 7 inches. New
.Mexico. (Cope.)

((iila </nla Cope, Xoiil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th M«-r. v, W51.)

3HO. S. plllcBH'i- (Orel. ) .Tor. A:

Body rather slender, little compressed. Head rather long and pointed.
Mouth oblique, terminal, the jaws about equal, the maxillary barely
reaching the front of eye. Scales moderate. Lateral line decurved.
Fins large. Dorsal behind vcntrals, its tip when depressed reaching
the posterior base of the anal. Pectorals nearly reaching veutrals.
Coloration brilliant; dusky above; sides and belly golden (red in life?);
sides with a vague dusky baud. Head 3f; depth 4£. D. 8; A. 8;
scales 13-G3-7; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, without grinding surface. L. 6 inches.
Chihuahua liiver. A handsome species, resembling Squalius caruh'tix,
but with the fins larger and the number of teeth different. Although
Uirard places this fish among the Tiyonut with grinding surface oil the
teeth, we are unable to find such surface on his typical specimens.
All that we have examined have the teeth sharp, and 1, 4-4, 1. If this
dentition is constant, it may be necessary to refer S.pulcher to a differ-
ent genus.

(Tigomu finlrhnt (Jiranl, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sri. Pliila. 1 *.".<;. ','U7, and K. S. M.-x.
Sun . irlnli. ('».">.)

381. S. «-ijr<-i,'ius (Grcl.) J. & G.

15ody rather elongate, subfusitbmi. Head moderate. Snout thick-
ish, sulx-onical. Mouth oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary reaching
front of orbit. Kye moderate, 4A in head. Lateral line not much de-
curved. Color bluish black; sides with two irregular bands of dark
spots : the interspace red in males. Head -I : depth 1. D. 8; A. 9; Lat.
1. <>.">. (Ireat IJasin ; exact locality unknown.

(Ti'jonid i<ir«i'ni (Jnl. I'. S. Par. I.'. 1{. Sur\ . \, -J'.tl.)

382. S. liiM-alus «;nl. i .1. A <:.

I'.ody elon-ate, siibrusiform. Head moderate. Snout snbconical.
Mouth obliijiie, lower jaw someu hat included, maxillary reaching to
orbit. Dorsal fin posterior. Scales small. Lateral line with an open

31. CYPJRINID^E SQUALiUS. 237

curve, running unusually low. Yellowish; above dusky, with darker
spots and narrow dark lines. Head 4^. D. 8 ; A. 8. Utah Basin ; ex-
act locality not known. (Girard.)

(Tigoma lineata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 206, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. x, 292.)

383. S. gracilis (Grd.) J. & G.

Described as still slenderer and with still smaller scales than in S.
lineatus. Lateral line little decurved. Snout subconical, rather short.
Coloration plain, dusky above, paler below. D. 8 ; A. 7. Exact locality
unknown; probably from Utah. (Girard.}

(Tigoma ymciUs Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 206.)

384. S. conformis (B. &. G.) J. & G.

Body robust, rather elevated. Head moderate, the mouth rather
small, oblique, maxillary not quite reaching eye. Eye moderate, nearly
5 in head. Dorsal tin considerably behind ventrals. Scales large.
Lateral line decurved. Purplish brown above, yellowish below. Head
3£; depth 3£. D. 8; A. 8; scales 9-52-5; teeth 2, 4-?, 1 L. 4 inches.
Tulare Valley, California.

(Lavinia conformis B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 137: Tigoma conformis
Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 289.)

385. S. toicoBor (Girard) J. & G.

Body robust, heavy anteriorly, tapering backward. Head long.
Mouth large, the maxillary reaching to the eye. Eye small, 6 in head.
Scales rather large. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal tin inserted almost
directly over ventrals. Fins rather small. Dusky above, sides and
below silvery. Head 3|| ; depth 3f . D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 13-64-6 ; teeth
2, 5-5, 2. L. 12 inches. Klamath Lake, Oregon.

( Tiyoma bicolor Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Pliila. 1856, 206, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. x, 283.)

386. §. obesus (Grd.) J. & G.

Body short and compact, the caudal peduncle rather slender. Head
small, the snout short and rounded. Mouth moderate, maxillary reach-
ing to eye. Eye moderate, 4£ in head. Dorsal fin smaller than anal,
nearly median. Scales moderate. Lateral line little deflected. Bluish
gray above, yellowish below. Head 4^. D. 8 ; A. 9. Salt Lake Valley.
(Girard.)

(Tigoma obesa Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1856, 206, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv.
x, 290.)

238 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

3§7. S. |>!ii piin-Jis (Grd.) Jor.

Stout and compressed. Head long. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal
Jin slightly behind ventrals. Fins all small. Blackish above, pale be-
h)w. Head ;J:\ ; <lepth 3$. A. 8; scales 13-C2-8; teeth 2, 4-*, f. San
Bernardino, Mexico.

( T'Kjuma imrjiHrm Grd. Proc. Ar:nl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, '206.)

/</». Scales in lateral line (55- .-n.

388. S. pulclicllii* (B. & G.) J. & G.

Body long and slender, the caudal peduncle rather narrow, but iiot
specially contracted. Head slender, rather pointed. Mouth moderate,
somewhat oblique, the maxillary scarcely reaching to the eye. Lateral
line strongly decurved. Fins high, the dorsal somewhat behind ven-
trals. Kye 4.\ in head. Grayish; two dusky lateral streaks; belly
white. Head 4 ; depth 4J. 3). 8 ; A. 8 ; Lat. 1. 6(> ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Itio
Mimbres, a tributary of Lake Guzman, in Mexico.

(Tltjoma pulcMla Bainl A: Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phihi. 1854, 29: Tif
l>nlch<'ll,(. Grd. I'. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclitb. 62.)

>. S. iaiffoi-MK'dius (Grd.) J. & G.

"Intermediate between 8. jnilchellux and 8. purpureu&j much nearer
the former than the latter." Similar to the preceding. The caudal pe-
duncle slender. Dorsal tin somewhat behind ventrals. Fins small.
Coloration silvery, with dark dots. Head 3£; depth 4. D. 8; A. i) ;
scales ir>-73-9. RioGila.

(Ti<i<»iin iiiirrmriliaGTd. Proc. At-ad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 206.)

39O. S. :-.3ivJ;r .loity.

Body elongate, little comi>ressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines
similar. Head short, rather stout, its breadth y; its length. Snout
rounded, jaws equal, the maxillaries reaching front of eye. Eye 4 in
head. IVctoral lin as long as head, not reaching ventrals. Dark
])luinbeoiis above, with a median steel-blue lateral band; belly pinkish;
cheeks silvery. Head t.'» ; depth -l.\. D.8; A. S; scales minute, 18-80- !.">.

Ctiili Lake.
(Jony, Proc. I . S. Nat. Mus. I--1, x.)

:$*)!. S. «-<>|>«'i .Inidan iV (iilhcit.

liod\ romparatively elongate and «-ompressed, the caudal peduncle
long and rather slender. Head short, rather broad and tlattish above,
the interorbital space convex and broader than the eye. Kye moderate,
aa long as snout, .".A-l- in head. Mouth rather small, low, terminal, ob-

31. CYPRINID.E SQUALIUS. 239

lique, the premaxillary just below the level of the pupil, the maxillary
reaching to just below the level of the eye. Dorsal fin inserted some-
what behind veutrals. Pectorals short, not reaching nearly to ventrals,
the latter not to the vent. Scales very small. Lateral line somewhat
decurved. Bluish olive above, with dark points ; a dusky lateral shade ;
tins nearly plain ; axils red in the males. Head 4| ; depth 3f . D. 8 ;
A. 8 ; scales about 19-80-12 ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, typically without grinding
surface, but subject to an unusual amount of irregularity, occasionally
2, 4-4, 1 or 2, and sometimes with grinding surface. L. G inches. Kio
Grande and basin of Utah ; very abundant. Described from specimens
from Bear Elver, Wyoming.

( Gila egregia Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Expi. W. lOOtli Men-, v, 662 (not Tigoma vgregia
Girard, as Girard's original specimens have Lat. 1. 65) ; Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1880, 461.)

392. S. iiig-er (Cope) J. & G.

Body robust, the back elevated anteriorly, the caudal peduncle short-
ish and not very stout. Occiput depressed. Head large. Eye rather
large, 5 in head. Mouth large, moderately oblique, the lower jaw in-
cluded, the maxillary extending to the pupil. Fins small, the dorsal
well backward. Scales small, posteriorly smaller and more crowded.
Lateral line little decurved. Color dusky, the scales with black dots.
Head 3|j depth 3f. D. S; A. 8; Lat, 1. 80; teeth 2, 4-5, 2, said by
Girard to have a developed grinding surface, which, however, we are
unable to find. Eio Gila. A well-marked species, approaching the
genus Gila.

(Gila f/ibbosa B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 28: Tigoma f/ibbosa Girard,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 207, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 64 : f Gila
nigra Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 633. The name gibbosa is, unfor-
tunately, preoccupied.)

393. S. conspersus (Garni.) J. & G.

Form of 8. niger. Profile of head concave, maxillary reaching front
of orbit. Pectorals extending three- fourths distance to ventrals, which
reach vent. Brown above; scales of back and sides speckled with
darker; an obscure dusky lateral shade. Head 3f ; depth 3f. D. 8; A.
8; "teeth 4, 1-1, 4, clawed"; scales 13-69-9. Nazas River. (Garman.)

(Gila conspersa Garmaii, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 1881, 91.)

ft Caudal peduncle very deep and compressed, its depth nearly equal to the depth
of the head ; dorsal over ventrals; scales rather large. (Siboma Girard.)

394. S. gibbosus (Grd.) J. & G.— Mullet; Chub.

Body short, deep, compressed, the antedorsal region arched, the
'•audal peduncle nearly as deep as long, about as deep as the head.

240 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Head conic, the profile steep, the muzzle short and rather pointed.
Mouth small, oblique, the jaws nearly equal, the upper lip on the level
of the lower part of the pupil, the maxillary scarcely Teaching to front
of eye; isthmus very narrow; preorbital nearly as deep as long. Eye
small, anterior, 5 in head. Fins low. Dorsal fin opposite ventrals,
nearer caudal than snout; caudal tin short, little forked, scarcely broader
than the very deep caudal peduncle, the spines of the caudal vertebra'
very strong. Scales large, rather closely imbricated, their exposed sur-
faces rather deeper than long; 2G scales before dorsal. Lateral line
decurved. Color brownish; sides white; young spotted above; scales
everywhere with dark dots; fins plain. Head 4 J; depth 3. D. 8; A..S;
scales 9-5G-7 ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 12 inches. Elvers of California : very
abundant. One of the most peculiar of our Cyprinidir, but hardly const i-
tuting A distinct genus.

(Lavinia cr<m?mHf?rt Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1^5-1, 137 (August |:
Siboma crassicauda Girarcl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 208, and IT. S. Pac. ]{.
R. Surv. Fisb. 296: Leuclscus crassicaada Gliuther, vii, 243: Lcttcisaus gihboxnn Ayres,
Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 30, 1854: Lavinia yibboxa Ayu-s, Proc. c'al.
Acad. Sci. 1854, 20.)

** Teeth with evident grinding surface.* (SquaUus.~)

c. Robust species; depth 3 to 3^ in length ; lateral Hue less than GO.

395. S. rhomaleus Jor. &. Gill..

Body very robust, elevated anteriorly, the sides compressed, although
the back is very broad. Head broad, the profile concave as seen from
the side, the iuterorbital space flattish, scarcely raised above the eye.
Snout broad, elevated at tip, premaxillary on the level of pupil. Mouth
very oblique, the mandible much projecting, maxillary reaching front of
eye. Eye small, anterior, 1:| in snout, 7 in head; isthmus very narrow.
Scales large, subequal, broadly exposed, firm. Lateral line decurved.
Dorsal nearly median, inserted directly over ventrals. Caudal evenly
forked, the peduncle long and deep. Pectorals short, extending thive-
fifths the distance to ventrals, ventrals about to vent. Lower tins short.
Color blackish; everywhere dark. Head iU ; depth .">.]. 1). 0; A. 8;
scales 10-5")-."); teeth 2, .">-!, 2, short and stout, one of them with grinding
surface. L. 12 inches. I Tt ah Lake. Oueof the largest and best marked
species.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Pro.-, t:. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,

A variable character in this grmip.

31. CYPRINID.E — SQUALIUS. 241

396. S. squamatus (Gill) J. & G.

Body very robust, subovate, compressed. Head large and long,
couical. Moutli ratlier large, oblique, terminal, the maxillary reaching
front of orbit, the upper lip on the level of the lower part of the eye.
Eye moderate, anterior, 5f in head. Dorsal fin small, inserted poste-
riorly, but directly over the veutrals. Scales moderate, suborbicular,
widely exposed. Color dark or blackish; "the scales all margined with
black; fins dusky. Head 3£; depths. D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-53-6;
teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 8 inches. Salt Lake Basin.

(Tigoma squamata Gill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, and Ichth. Capt. Simpson's
Ex pi. 1876, 405.)

•

397. S. atrarillS (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb.— Utah Mullet; Chub of Utah Lake.

Body rather stout, the caudal peduncle not slender. Head moderate,
subcouical. Mouth anterior, quite small, the maxillary not reaching to
the eye. Eye small, 5£ in head. Fins quite small. Dorsal fin nearly
or quite over the ventrals. Scales large, not much imbricated, 25 be-
fore dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Olivaceous, blackish above, the
color formed of small black points. Head 4; depths*-. D. 9; A. 8;
scales 11-57-6; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, usually with evident grinding surface,
although placed by Girard and Cope in Siboma, which wants such sur-
face. L. 20 inches. Utah Basin. Very common in Utah Lake. A large
species, used as food, and very destructive to young trout.

(Siboma atraria Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 208, and U. S. Pac. R. K.
Surv. x, '297: Siboma atraria and var. Ion-gimps Cope, ZooL Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Mer. v, 667.)

39§. S. crassus (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb.

Body robust. Head rather small, the snout short and depressed.
Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxillary not reaching to the eye. Eye
small, 6 in head. Dorsal fin inserted slightly behind veutrals. Scales
moderate, broadly exposed. Dusky above, sides and below paler. Head
4; depth 3%. D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-57-7; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, with narrow
grinding surface. L. 10 inches. Sacramento River, California.

(Tigoma crassa Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1856, 207, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv.
x, 293.)

cc. Slender species, the depth 4-4^ in length; lateral line 60-70. (Cheonda*,GTd.)

399. S. coeruHcus (Grd.) Jor. & Gill).

Body slender, subfusiform. Head slender, the snout long, conical,

* Ch-conda Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 207: type Cheonda cooperi Grd.
( A coined name.)

Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 16 16

242 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

rather Mattened above. Jaws equal, the maxillary reaching to orbit.
Dorsal tin inserted behind ventrals. Anal fin quite small. Scales
rather small. Dusky bluish above, pale below ; scales everywhere with
fine punctulations. Head 3^; depth 4 J. D. 9; A. 7; scales 13-01-7;
teeth 2, .")-,"), L', with narrow grinding surface. Lost liiver, Oregon.

(Clieonda cornlm <;rd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ls">t>, 207, and V. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. Fish. 295.)

4OO. S. cooperi (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb.

Body elongate, subfusiform. Head moderate, the snout thickish,
snbconical, slightly projecting. Mouth oblique, the maxillary not quite
reaching to the eye. Eye large, 4£ in head. Fins large, the anal no-
tably so. Dorsal somewhat behind ventrals. Coloration plain, rather
pale. Head 4^; depth 4.^. D. 8; A. 10; Lat. 1. 03. Columbia liiver.

(Cheonda cooperi Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 207, and U. 8. Pac. R. R.
Surv. Fish. 294: Leuciscus cooperi Giinther, vii, 243.)

•1O1. S. iiigrcscens (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb.

Body rather elongate, subfusiform. Head long and rather pointed.
Caudal peduncle long. Mouth terminal, oblique, the maxillary scarcely
reaching to eye. Snout prickly in male specimens. Fins moderate, the
dorsal slightly behind ventrals. Color very dark, the sides with black
spots, the scales with fine punctulations. Head 3i; depth 4. D. 8;
A. 7; scales 16-70-10; teeth 2, 4 (-5, 2 ?). Boca Grande and Janos
liiver.

(Tiij'inui iiitircxtviiH (ird. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,207, and 1". S. Mcx. Bound.
Surv. Ichth. 04.)

1O2. S. iiioclcstUS (Garni.) J. & G.

Brownish, paler below; flanks not lustrous as in S. niyrcuccna. Form
moderately stout, the outlines regular. Dorsal behind ventrals, its free
border convex. Anal truncate. Distinguished from »V. nir/rescens by
tin- greater length and the shape of the head, and a. difference in the
position of the dorsal. Head .'U ; dept h ;i:|. D. 8 ; A. 8; scales 14-G5-9.
Saltillo, Coalmila.

(t'heondn mvd<xt<t (iann.-in. Hull. Mu>. romp. /mil. viii, 92, iwl.)

1O3.— PHOXINUN Agassi;;.

«

Minnows.

(Agassi/, Mriu. Soc. N;it. Hist. Ncut'chfiid, i. :',7. 1~:!7: t ypo Ci/prhius phoxinux L. =
J'liosiiniH In rix .\».; I lie ruimiimi •• M iniiuw " nf I-luropc.)

Body stout. -Month normal, without barbel. Teeth _:, .">-."», 2, or 2,
.1-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface. Scales usually small, little

31. CYPRINID^E PHOXINUS. 243

imbricated. Lateral line incomplete or wanting. Dorsal flu behind
vcutrals. Anal basis short. Species of small size and brilliant colora-
tion ; found both in Europe and America, (^o^rvo?, a minnow; from
?«£«<?, tapering.)

* Scales very small, 75-90 in the lateral liue.

403. P. iieog-aeMS Cope.

Body short and thick, little compressed, the back little elevated.
Head very large and broad, the muzzle blunt. Mouth moderate, quite
oblique, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary reaching to beyond front
of orbit; upper lip on the level of the middle of the pupil. Fins mod-
erate. Dorsal well backward, much nearer caudal than snout, some-
what behind ventrals. Pectorals large. Scales very small, almost
imbedded in the skin. Lateral line decurved, very short, not extend-
ing to veutrals. Back and belly scaly. Eye large, 3i in head. Color
very dark; back plain, almost black; a black baud through snout and
eye to caudal; above this a pale baud; below this abruptly white; belly
and lower fins crimson in spring males; pectorals dusky. Head 3f ;
depth 4|. D. 8; A. 8; scales 18-80-11; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. L. 3 inches.
Michigan to Iowa; not common.

(Cope, Cypr. Penn. 1866, 375; Giinther, vii, 247.)

"* Scales moderate, 40-45 in the lateral line.

404. P. flammeus Jordan & Gilbert.

Body moderately stout, slenderer and more compressed than in P.
neogceus. Head rather short and deep, the upper outline rounded, the
muzzle rather blunt. Eye large, 3^ in head. Mouth small, oblique, the
Jaws about equal, the upper lip on the level of the pupil, the max-
illary extending to the front of the orbit. Scales much larger and more
loosely imbricated than in the other species. Back and belly scaled.
Lateral line short, decurved, on 14 scales, not reaching base of ventrals.
Fins small, the dorsal well backward. Back dark; a black lateral band,
formed of dark specks ; above this a pale baud ; the belly below this pale ;
bright scarlet red in the males in spring. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8;
scales 7-43-5 ; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. L. 2i inches. Tennessee Eiver.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 1878, 303; Jordan & Braytou, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 66.)

405. P. milfiieriamis Cope.

"Form elongate, chin slightly beyond upper lip. Pharyngeal teeth
2, 5-4, 2. Scales in 15 longitudinal rows between the dorsal and ven-

244 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

trill fins. Diameter of orbit equal to length of muzzle, and entering
length of head 3\ times. The latter enters the length to origin of the
caudal tin 4 times. The greatest depth enters the same 5i times. The
dorsal fin originates above a point behind the entire base of the ven-
trals. Radii: D.I, 8; A. I, 8. The mouth is rather large, the extrem-
ity of the maxillary bone extending nearly to the line of the pupil of the
eye. The head is rather Hat above and wide, the parietal width being
about one-third the length between the last dorsal ray and the base of
the caudal. The distance to which the lateral line extends is unknown,
because the scales of the posterior part of the body ;>.re lost. Color
brownish olive abore, below silvery; a black band, not well defined on
•the borders, extends from the end of the muzzle to the base of the cau-
dal I'm, where it terminates in a black spot; a reddish spot at the base
of the anterior dorsal rays; muzzle dark." (Cope.} L. 2i inches. Upper
Missouri River. " This species differs from P. neoyivus in its slender form
and the small number of rows of scales."

(Cope, Amor. Nat. July, 1879, 440.)
"** Scales large, 35-40 in the lateral line.
IO6. P. pJiIegetliontis (Cope) Jor. & Gilb.

Ilody short and deep. Mouth very oblique, the jaws even, the maxil-
lary reaching front of the eye, which is rather large. Dorsal behind ven-
trals. Lateral line entirely wanting (in the typical examples; probably
more or less developed in the adult, perhaps complete, in which case
tin- species is a Tdcstes}. Olivaceous; abroad plumbeous lateral band;
a dusky dorsal line; belly golden. Head 4; depth 3i. D. 7; A. S;
scales 1 1-,'iT; teeth 1, 5-4, 2. L. 1£ inches. Beaver River, I'tah. (Cope.}

]>lilr!/<-tln>ntix Copi-. Proc. AIIHT. 1'liil. Sue. Phila. 1H74, 137: (lila,
, /<th<»t fi*C<»pr, /<><".]. Wheeler's Kxpl. \V. 100th Mer. v, (i~i7.)

101.— IJEUCUS Ilcck.'l.

Roaches.

-UH ( 'ufic: '? .llt/niisra Oiranl: not Li-urn* Kaiip. 1^J4, a nominal gcnita of
f.ariiln, ih<- \\unl I.ein-ux liein^ ;i niLsprinl I'ur

Hrckr], l»'ns>r^j.',.|-s' Rrixcn, i, 103^, 1^43: tyi"- Leuoos oisaJpinus Ilerkel.)
Ilody stout, compressed. Mouth normal, oblique: no barbel. Teeth
4_.->* ,,r .-)-5, hooked, with narrow grinding siii-l'ace. tlie lower usually on

Teeth 4-4 in tin- i\]» «l' J.CIU-UM tinn lla.

31. CYPRINID.E - LEUCUS. 245

/

a prominent raised prominence of the bone. Scales moderate. Lateral
line continuous, decurVed. Anal basis short. Abdomen not compressed.
Intestinal canal not elongate. Species numerous in Europe, Asia, and
America. This genus is very closely allied to the European Leuciscus
Cuvier, differing in the presence of teeth 5-5 or 5-4, instead of G-5 or
C-0. The name finally to be adopted for this group, if admitted as dis-
tinct, is uncertain, (l-uxoz, white.)

a. Teeth 4-4,* with entire edges. (Algansea Girard.t)

407. L. tincella (Val.) J. & G.

Body stoutish. Head heavy. Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxil-
lary not reaching to the eye. Jaws about equal. Eye rather small.
Caudal peduncle thick. Fins small, the caudal short. Dorsal just over
ventrals. Scales quite small, firmly attached and not closely imbricated,
as in MylochiluSj etc. Coloration dark, plain; fins unspotted. Head3f;
depth 3f j scales 17-70-9; teeth 4-4. L. 6 inches. City of Mexico.

(Leuciscus tincella, C. it V. xvii, 323; Giiuther, vii, 244.)
aa. Teeth 4-5, with entire edges. (Myloleucus Cope.t)

408. L. obesus (Grd.) Jor.

Body stout. Head short, the muzzle not decurved. Mouth small,
oblique, terminal, the lower jaw somewhat projecting, maxillary nearly
reaching to orbit. Eye 4| in head ; preorbital deeper than long. Color
dark ; the belly silvery ; the scales everywhere dusted with black specks ;
a dusky lateral baud. Head 3|; depth 3£. D. 9; A. 8; scales 12-58-7
(13-58-9, Cope) ; teeth 5-4. L. 0 inches. Utah Basin; abundant.

(Algansea olesa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 183, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. Fish. 239: Leuciscus obesus Giinther, vii, 244: Mylolcuctis pulverulentns Cope,
Hayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 475, 1872; Jordan & Henshaw, Rept. Chief Eng.
1878, App. NN. 192.)

409. L,. formosus (Grd.) Jor.

Very close to the next, and perhaps identical with it. Body a little
more slender, the scales smaller, and profusely dotted with black as in
L. obesus. Head 3f ; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-53-6; teeth 5-4.
L. 4 inches. California.

(Algansea formosa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 183: Leuciscus formosus
Giinther, vii, 245; Jordan & Henshaw, 1. c. 193.)

* In specimens examined ; the normal numher is probably 5-4. If permanently 4-4,
Algansea may be regarded as a distinct genus.

t Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 184 : type Leuciscus tincella Val. (A coined
name.)

tCope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 475, 1872: type Myloleucus pulverulentus
Cope = Algansea olesa Girard. (yUvAoS, grinder; /letwd?, Leucus.)

246 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

410. L. hicolor ((Jnl.) Jor.

Body moderately stout. Head rather heavy, the muzzle very short
and conical. Mouth moderate, very oblique, the jaws equal, the max-
illan reaching line of eye. Scales rather large. Lateral line deeurved.
Kye rather large, 4.J in head. Color transparent, olivaceous; a distinct
plumbeous lateral baud. Fins dusky-shaded. Scales with some brown
dots, but not profusely dusted with black specks as in the two preceding
species. Head 3£; depth 3$. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-50-5 (11-48-5, Cope);
teeth 4—.">. L. 5 inches. Steams of Oregon, Nevada, etc.

(Algtinsea blcolor (I Irani, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Pirila. 1856, 18:5: Leucwcu* bicolor
(iiiuthor, vii, 245: Myloleacus paroi'anus Cope, Zoul. \Vheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v,
r»Ul»: .Ionian & H<jnsha\v, 1. c. 1U3.)

411. L.. aiiticus (Cope) Jor. &. Gilb.

•• Nearest to the formosus of Girard, but differs in the much more pos-
terior position of the tins. In this the anterior base of the dorsal is
equidistant between end of muzzle and base of tail; in anticus much
behind the median point. The ventrals are much nearer the caudal
than the chin; in the/orwo.««.s- the reverse is the case." Body moderate,
shortened behind. Caudal peduncle short, thick. Caudal fin short,
little forked. Mouth oblique, muzzle not reaching line of orbit. Eye
5 in head. Profile long, flat, descending; dorsal outline arched. Pur-
plish slate above, yellow below; sides of head and edges of scales punc-
tulate. Head 3£. D. 8; A.S; scales 10-50-0; teeth not described. L.
5 inches. Texas. (Cope.)

.lli/antiea antica Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. .Sci. Phila. 1SG4, 282.)
ll'». I,. houcardi (Giiuther) Jor. & Gill).

I.ody moderately elongate. Head thick, obtuse. Mouth broad, its
elet't not extending to the eye. Siiout convex, the lower jaw included.
lOye moderate, KV in head. Caudal (in moderately forked. Origin of
dorsal lin close behind that of the ventrals. Brownish; a bluish lateral
band, forming a faint caudal spot. Head 4; depth 4. I). 8; A. 11; scales
0-3!)— i; teeth .">-!. L. .'^inches. Cnernavaea, Mexico. (Uiinthcr.)

1 1 nrim-HH Ixniiitrili (iiiiifher, vii, 4H">.)

(Hay, I'r.-n-. I . S. Na'.. Mils. 1 — n. .",11?: tspr Op80pOSOdU8 emillCB Hay.)

IMH-III of IIi/ltotjiHilliitx. Mouth very small, almost veilical, its position '
entirely anterior, with scarcely any lateral cleft. Teeth 5-5, with grind-
ing surface and serrated edges. Abdomen not compressed. Dorsal

31 CYPRINID^E - TRYCHERODON 247

nearly over veutrals. Anal basis short. Lateral line complete. Intes-
tinal canal short. Peritoneum white. Small, (oipuxoilto, to feed daintily;

s, tOOth.)

413. O. emiliw Hay.

Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, not elevated. Head
short, slender. Muzzle blunt and rounded. Mouth very small and very
oblique, smaller than in any other of our CyprinidoB, with scarcely any
lateral cleft ; its size, when opened wide, less than that of the eye. Man-
dible short and .deep, strongly curved, jaws equal. Eye longer than
snout, 3 in head. Dorsal beginning over posterior rays of veutrals, nearer
snout than base of caudal. Pectoral very small, not reaching ventrals,
the latter to anal. Caudal peduncle long and slender. Anal short and
deep. Breast naked; 16 large scales before dorsal. Yellowish; sides
silvery; scales above dark-edged; a dark lateral band from snout to
caudal, above and below which are series of black dots; anterior rays
of dorsal dark; sometimes a black spot on the posterior rays. D. 9;
A. 8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 5-5, serrate. Eastern Mississippi.

(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 507.)

1O6.— TRVCHEROD01V Forbes.

(Forbes, MSS. gen. nov. : type TrycJierodon megalops Forbes.)

Pharyugeal teeth in one row, 5-5 or 5-0, strongly hooked, deeply
creuate, without masticatory surface. Lateral line imperfect. Dorsal
over ventrals. Intestine shorter than head and body. Peritoneum pale.
Thorax naked almost to ventrals. Mouth terminal, upper jaw protrac-
tile. No barbels. ( -poy^p a ?, ragged; 6Siuv, tooth.)

414. T. mcgalops Forbes, spec. nov.

"A small, fusiform species, with a small, terminal, oblique mouth, a
very large eye, an imperfect lateral line, a narrow black lateral stripe,
a partly naked breast, and large fins. The dorsal has a large dusky
black blotch on the front rays. The depth is contained from 4 to 5
times in the length without caudal ; the head 4£ to 5 times. The eye
is longer than the snout, and goes but 2f times in the head. Its verti-
cal diameter equals the interorbital space. The mandible scarcely
reaches a vertical from the anterior border of the nostril, and falls far
short of the orbit. The lateral line is variously imperfect ; sometimes
present only on the first 4 or 5 scales, and sometimes extending,
with numerous interruptions, to the middle of the caudal peduncle. It

248 COXTRIBITTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

is slightly decnrved when present on tin- anterior half of the body.
The f.uidal tin is Ion g and very deeply furcate. It is contained .'5^-4
times in head and body, and the median rays are about two-fifths the
length of the longest. The dorsal is high, its longest ray reaching nearly
o;- (jiiiie half the distance from front of dorsal to tail. The front of the tin
is a little nearer nose than caudal. The pectorals extend about threc-
fonrths i he distance to the veutrals, and the latter nearly or quite attain
t he vent. 1). I, 7 or 8 ; A. I, 7 or 8; scales 5, 38-40, 4; with 15 or 1C rows
before dorsal. The pharyngeal bones are thin, and suddenly and
broadly dilated at outer third, this part of the bone being nearly -'! times
as wide as the inner, and in shape not unlike a horse's jaw-bone. The
odontoid process is unusually distinct and high. The teeth are very
slender, strongly hooked, and sharply and irregularly eremite, the edge's
having a spinose appearance. The scales are crowded, higher than long,
a 'id wanting on the anterior half or two-thirds of the breast. Color in
ah-ohol yellowish brown, with a faint silvery lustre on sides. A narrow,
black band, about one scale wide, extends around the nose, through the
upper half of the eye, to the tail, terminating therein the most highly col-
or;'d specimens in a narrow vertical bar. The scales above the lateral
band are all dark-edged. In all the specimens the dorsal shows a large
snbmedian blotch in Iront, crossing about 4 rays. In one this blotch is
so enlarged as to include the whole anterior halt' of the fin, except a
small space at base, and a second blotch extends similarly across the 3
posterior rays, leaving only a narrow pale vertical stripe between.
Length o!' largest specimen L'_! inches. Several specimens from the
Illinois Iliver at 1'ekinand IVoria, and from Mackinaw (.'reek." (I'\»-bcx.)

107.- NOT KM Hii ON US K;i!inrs.,m-.

i .s7/7/«-

( K:iliin'si|ur. .Iniirn. <!<• I'liysi<|r.r. <!<• Cliymir <-t d'Hi-toiic N:it invllr, I'.irU. HI!), -1^1 :
!>•])• \'iti-iiii-/i>ini:< iiin;:!ii.. K'ni'. Cjfprinus chrysoleitous Mitch.)

l'.od\ Mibelliptical. strongly compressed, both back and belly curved,
the ciii-ves dilfei'cnt : baclv narrowl\ compressj-d : belly behind ventral
iins forming a keel, over \vhich the scales do not pass. Tail not keeled.
Head small, conic. .Month small, terminal, oblique, normal, without
barbels. Scales rather large. Lateral line continuous, strongly de
curved. Dorsal tin inserted behind the \en1rals. Anal lin with its
base somewhat elongate, of fr ..... '.» to IS rays. Teeth 5-5, hooked, with

31. CYPRINID.E — NOTEMIGONUS. 249

grinding surface, the edges of which are more or less creuate. Alimen-
tary canal short, though rather longer' than the body. Size rather
large. As here understood, Notemigonus differs from the European
Abramis (Bream) only in the much shorter anal fin — from 9 to 20 rays in-
stead of 30 to 40. All its species are American. There is much varia-
tion in the length of the anal and in the form of the mouth among the
species left in Abramis, and a reunion or a different division of the
group may be uecessar3T. (vw7«c, back 5 y^t, half; Y^VO^J- angle; the
back being almost cariuated.)

* Insertion of dorsal midway of body or nearer snout than base of caudal.
tAnal rays 9 or 10.

415. BT. gardoaaeus (C. & V.) Jor.

Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head obtuse. Isthmus small.
Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw included. Eye 4 in head. Dorsal
nearly midway of body, little behind veutrals. Olivaceous. Head 5£;
depth 3f. D. 10; A. 9; teeth 5-5, with grinding surface and serrated
edge. Scales 7-39-3. South Carolina. One specimen known.

(Lenciscus gardoneus Cuv. & Val. xvii, 316: Chondrostoma gardoneum Cope, Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1866, 395: Leuciscus gardoneus Giinther, vii, 258.)

416. W. lucidns (Grd.) Jor.

Body rather elongate, subfusiform. Head moderate. Snout subcon-
ical, tapering. Mouth somewhat oblique, larger than in the other spe-
cies, the maxillary reaching eye. Eye large, 3 £ in head. Dorsal nearer
tip of snout than caudal. Scales rather large, much deeper than long.
Grayish above, yellowish beneath. Head 4^. D. S; A. 10. Canadian
River. (Girard.)

(Luxilus lucidus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,203, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. x, 282.)

tt Anal rays about 13.

417. IV. leptosomus (Grd.) Jor.

Body rather elongate, slender, the back elevated. Head small and
short, its profile continuous with that of the back- Mouth small, quite
oblique, the maxillary not reaching the front of the large eye. Eye 3£
in head. Insertion of dorsal fin about midway between snout and base
of caudal. Anal fin high and long. Bluish, silvery below. Head 5;
depth 3f. D. 9; A. 13; Lat. 1. 55. Texas. (Girard.)

(Luxilus leptosomus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 203, and U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv. Ichth. 60: Abramis? leptosomus Giiuther, vii, 306.)

** Insertion of dorsal nearer base of caudal than snout,
a. Anal ravs about 11.

250 rONTKIIU'TIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

118. N. occideiitalis (Baird A- Girard) Jordau.

.Body moderately elongate. Snout subconieal, rather tapering.
Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching orbit. Eye large, 4 in head.
Brownish above; sides silvery; the belly speckled with gray. D. 10;
A. 11. Tulare Valley, California, (Girard)

(Lfiicimiiiiuis nrridi'iilnlix Bui r»l & Girard, 1'roc. Acad. Xat. Sci. 1'liila. 1854, 137 : Lux-
HHX tK-r'uh-iitnlix <i Irani. F. S. 1'ac. R. R. Surv. x, '280: Abramis occidaitiilix Giinther, vii,

::(i:.. >

««. Anal rays about 13 (12-14).

IIJ). IV. clirysoloiicus (Mitch.) .Tor.— Golden Shiner; Bream.

Uody moderately elongate, strongly compressed. Head short, sub-
cm lie, compressed, the profile somewhat concave. Month small, ob-
lique, the upper lip on the level of the upper part of the pupil, the max-
illary not reaching the front of the eye. Eye moderate, about 4 in head.
Fins medium. Color clear greenish above; sides silvery, with bright
golden reflections; tins yellowish; the tips of the lower tins sometimes
orange in spring males. Head 44; depth 3. D. 8; A. 13; scales 10-
51-3; teeth 5-5. L. 12 inches. New England to Dakota and Texas;
everywhere abundant in bayous and weedy ponds. One of the most
familiar and characteristic of our Cyprin'uhv.

(CilliriniiH fhrijxolfitciiH Mitch. Kept. Fish. X. V. 1 .-'!.">, 23: Abramis rernicolor DeKay,
N. Y. Fauna. Fish. 1D1 : Liwottomux (umricnuus Stover, Fish. Mass. '283: Stillieaniericana
('HIM-, Cypr. 1'ciin. LSoO, 3.W9 : Lfiifinciin. Leucosomua, LusUim, I'lnri/i/ru.*, Slilbc. ^lilliiittt,
or Almimix aincriruititH of various authors (not Cyprian* americanus L.): Luxiluit xc<-o
(Jiraid, I'roc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila. IH.'iti, -203 : Abramin americanus GUuthcr, vii, 305;
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, G5.)

a. Anal rays about 10 (15-18).

•12O. N. amcriraiiiis (L.) Jor. — Southern lircam.

I>ody moderately ele\ated, very strongly compressed. Head rathei
broad and Hat between the eyes. Mouth small, quite oblique, the max
illary barely reaching t lie eye. Eye very large and prominent, anterior,
about ."» in head. 1 )orsal tin short and very high, almost falcate, well
back. Anal tin high a*id long. Scales rather large, the lateral lint
running very low. Color pale olive, with silvery lustre; lower tins red
in the males in spiing. Head I.1,: depth 3.\. 1 >. S ; A. 1(1; scales S-43-
_' : teeth 5-5. L. 1 L' inches. K'ivers of the Soul h At hint ie States ; locally

abundant.

HUH rimniiH Linn. S\.-i. Nat.: /.ruc'turux lioxci Cuv. iV Val. xvii. 31:5: Xote-
isi-lntniix .Jordan. Ann. Lyi'. Xat. Hist. N. Y. 187(1, I'.dl: .Jordan. Hull. U.S.
Nat. Mils. \. (;.">.)

31. CYPRINID^; LEPIDOMEDA. 251

1O8.— RBCHARDSONIUS Girard.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 201: type Cyprinus lalteatua Rich.)

Body oblong1 or elevated, strongly compressed. Head rather small.
Mouth terminal, oblique, jaws normal ; no barbels. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2,
or 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface, the edges entire. Gill-
rakers very small. Belly compressed behind ventral fins, the scales
passing over its edge. Back of tail not keeled. Scales rather small.
Lateral line continuous, decurved. Dorsal fin well behind the ventrals.
Anal basis elongate. American; closely related to the European genus
Alburnus. (Dedicated to Sir John Richardson.)

421. R. balteattis (Rich.) Grd.

Body strongly compressed and somewhat elevated. Head small, the
snout rather short and conical. Mouth terminal, oblique, the lower jaw
slightly projecting beyond the upper. Eye large, 3i in head. Colora-
tion plain, the sides bright silvery, crimson in males in spring. Anal
and caudal large. Dorsal low, much behind ventrals. Base of anal 4£
in length. Head 4.J; depth 3J. D. 10; A. 17 or 18; Vert. 40; Lat. 1.
13-G2-6; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Columbia River and northward; abundant.

(Cyprinus (Abramis) balteatus Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Auier. iii, 1501 : Richardsonius
baltcatus Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. (Surv. x, 278: Abratnis balteatus Giiuthcr, vii, 809.)

422. R. lateralis Grd.

Body slenderer and less compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, ob-
lique, jaws equal. Anal basis 5^ in length. Blackish above; a dark
lateral band; the interspace and belly pale; crimson in males in sum-
mer. Head 4J; depth 3f-4. D. 10; A. 14; scales 13-55-6; teeth 2,
5-5, 2. Columbia River and streams about Puget Sound.

(RicJiardsonius lateralis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 202, and U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish. 279: Abramis lateralis Giinther, vii, 309.)

109.— LEPIDOMEDA Cope.

(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. >Soc. Phila. 1874, 131: type Lepidomeda vittaia Cope.)

Body elongate. Mouth terminal, without barbels. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
hooked, without grinding surface. Scales small. Lateral line com-
plete. Dorsal fin with a strong spine, composed of two, the posterior
received into a longitudinal groove of the anterior. Inner border of the
ventral fins adherent to the body. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ven-
trals. Anal basis short. Size small. (^-fdoc, scaly ; Meda.)

252 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

423. L. vittata Cope.

Body rather stout. Head wide and flat above, slightly depressed be-
hind the eyes. Muzzle obtuse, not prominent. Mouth terminal, ob-
lique. Eye 3^ in head. Scales small, covering the whole body except
the .space behind the pectorals; 2G series above the lateral line and 56
in front of the dorsal. Preorbital bone trepezoidal. Second dorsal
spine as long as the first, and wider. Dorsal rays somewhat enlarged
and ossified. Pectoral rays scarcely enlarged. Color silvery ; a lead-
colored lateral baud and a black dorsal band. Head 3f ; depth 4£. D.
II, 7 ; A. 9 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3i inches. Colorado Chiquito River,
Arizona. ( Cope.}

(Cope, Pror. Ainer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1674, 131, and Zoiil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Mer. v, 64->.)

424. L,. jarrovii Cope.

Body* more elongate. Mouth nearly horizontal, lower jaw somewhat
projecting. Eye larger than in L. vittata, 3£ in head, the maxillary
reaching its anterior border. Spines slender. Scales very small and
difficult to detect, 51 series before the dorsal fin. Olivaceous ; a median
black vertebral band ; sides silvery ; bases of ventral fins red. Head 4;
depth 5. D. II, 7; A. 9; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3 inches. Colorado Chi-
quito Kiver, Arizona. (Cope.)

(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1874, 133. and Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
M.T. v, 643.)

11O.— HIEDA Girarcl.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 191: type Mi-da fulgiAa Grd.)

Body elongate. Mouth terminal, normal, no barbels. Teeth 1,4-4, 1,
hooked, without grinding surface. Body entirely scaleless. Fins as in

Lci>i<l«nH'<la. Size small. (Maht, a classical feminine name, of no con-
ceivable application to these singular fishes.)

425. ill. fillKida <Jnl.

Body slender, elongate, compressed. Head elongate, subconical,
the snout rounded. Mouth large, subterminal, slightly oblique, the
lower ja\v included, maxillary extending to below orbit. Second dorsal
spine highest ; dorsal behind ventrals. Coloration silvery. D. II, 7; A.
8; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Rio Gila. (Girard.)

(Girard, Proc. Arail. Nat. Sri. Phila. l,-;,6. 191; (iiinlli.T, vii, '^

31. CYPRINID^E CARASSIUS. 253

111.— PtAGOPTERUS Cope.
(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1874, 301: type Plagoptcrus argent'wsimus Cope.)

Body slender. Mouth terminal, a barbel at the extremity of the max-
illary. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface. Body en-
tirely scaleless. Fins as in Meda and Lcpidomeda. Size small. (-A«^'?
wound; -—/>ov, flu; in allusion to the armature of the dorsal flu.)

426. P. argcntissimus Cope.

Body slender. 'Head rather broad, the muzzle slightly depressed, over-
hanging the rather small, horizontal mouth. Lips thin, the maxillary
reaching front of eye. Eye moderate, 4£ in head. Dorsal tin entirely
behind ventrals, the tirst spine curved, longer than the second ; soft
rays of the dorsal thickened and ossified at base ; fifth ray of the ven-
tral bound to the abdomen by a membrane for nearly its whole length;
pectoral rays osseous at base. Lateral line complete, slightly ddSexed.
Color clear silvery ; dorsal region dusky, with minute black dots. Head
4; depth 6. D. II, 7; A. 10; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 2£ inches. San Luis
Valley, Western Colorado. (Cope.)

(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 130, anil Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Mer. v, 640.)

112.— CARASSIUS Nilsson.

Crucian Carps.
(Nilssou, Proclromna: type Cyprlnus carassius L. = Carassius vulgaris Miss.)

Body oblong, compressed, and elevated. Mouth terminal, without
barbels. Teeth 4-4, molar, but compressed. Scales large. Lateral
line continuous. Dorsal fin ATery long, with the third ray a stout spine,
which is serrated behind ; anal short, with a similar spine. Ventrals
well forward. Large species of the fresh waters of Europe and Asia;
often domesticated. (Carassius, a latinization of the vernacular names
of the European Crucian Carp, Karasts or Karamche.)

427. C. aiiratus (L.) Bleeker.— (iold-fisli.

Body stout, covered with large scales. Dorsal and anal fins with the
spines strong, coarsely serrated. Coloration olivaceous, usually orange
or variegated in domestication. D. II, 18; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 26; teeth
4-4. L. 12 inches. China and Japan ; introduced everywhere as an
aquarium fish, and now naturalized in many of our eastern streams.
The variations are innumerable.

(Cjiprinvs auratus Linuse-us, Syst. Nat.j Giinther, vii, 32.)

-54: CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

113.— CYPRINUS Linuspiis.

Carps.

(Artoili ; Linu;rus. Syst. N:ii.: type Cyprinus carpio L.)

I'.ody robust, compressed, resembling that of the Buffalo-fish. Mouth
moderate, anterior, with four long barbels. Snout blunt, rounded.
Teeth molar, broad and truncate, 1, 1, 3-3, 1, 1. Scales large. Lateral
line continuous. Dorsal fin very long, with a stout spine, serrated

•

behind; anal tin short, also with a spine. Large fishes of the fresh
waters of Asia ; introduced into Europe and America as food-fishes.
</?, the ancient name of the Carp.)

C. carpio L. — <.'<iri>.

Body stout, more or less compressed, heavy anteriorly. General
color olivaceous. 1). Ill, 20; A. Ill, 5; scales 5-38-5; teeth 1, I, 3-3,
1, 1. L. IS inches or more. Fresh waters of Central Asia; introduced
as a food-fish into Europe and America. In domestication it has run
into many varieties, distinguished by differences in form, squamatiou,
and development of the fins.

(Liiiiii'-u-s Syst. Nat.; Giinther, vii, 2f>.)

FAMILY XXXII.— CHARACINID^E.

(The Cltarttcinx.)

Body variously formed, covered with cycloid scales. Head naked.
Margin of upper jaw formed mesially by the premaxillaries and later-
ally by the maxillaries; no barbels; premaxillaries not protractile.
Teeth various, often incisor-like, often wanting. I'.ranchiostegals usu-
ally •".. (lill-membranes united to the isthmus or not. No pseudo-
branchhe. dills I, a slit behind the fourth. Lower pharyngeals not
truly falciform, but more or less curved, armed with small, sometimes
villiibrm, teeth. Adipose lin usually present (absent in Erythriniiur).
Pylorie cu-ca usually numerous. . \ir-bladder transversely divided into
two portions, and communicating with the organ of hearing by means
of auditory ossicles, as in the Ciipriiiitltr. Anterior vertebra; coalesced
and modified. A very large family of (iO genera and 300 species, inhab-
iting the fresh waters of South America and Africa, where they take

32. CHARACINID^ TETRAGONOPTERUS. 255

the place of the Salmonidcc and Cyprinidcc of the Northern Hemisphere.
A single species reaches the United States.

(Charatinida Giiuther, vii, 278-380.)

* Adipose fin present.

t Dentition complete in both jaws; gill-openings wide, the membranes not at-
tached to the isthmus; nasal openings of each side close together; teeth
compressed, notched. (Tclragonoptcrince.)

t Anal fin elongate (rays 20-50); belly in front of ventrals rounded; premaxillary
teeth in a double series; a single series of teeth in lower .jaw, with no conical
teeth behind it ; no canine teeth ; gill-rakers setiform .. TETRAGONOPTERUS, 114.

114.— TETRAGONOPTERUS Cnvier.

(Astyanax B. & G. ; Poccilurichthys Gill.)
(Artedi; Cuvier, Me"m. clu Mus. iv, 455, 1818: type Tctragonopterus argen-teus Cuv.)

Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with moderate scales.
Belly rounded. Cleft of mouth medium. Anterior teeth strong, incisor-
like; lateral teeth small. Premaxillary and mandibular teeth subequal

/
in size, with a compressed, notched crown, the former in a double, the

latter in a single, series. Maxillary with few teeth. Nostrils of each
side close together, separated by a valve only. Lower pharyngeals very
slender, curved, approaching the form in Cyprinidce, armed with a single
series of slender, hooked teeth. Gill-openings wide, the membranes
free from the isthmus and from each other. Gill-rakers setiform. Dor-
sal fin midway of body, above or just behind veutrals. Anal fin long.
Species about 40, in all the warmer parts of America. (Ts-pdfwvoz,
four-angled ; nspw, fin or wing; of no special application to this group,
the original word used by Klein and Artedi being Tetragonoptrus,)

a. Body oblong, moderately elevated, the depth less than half length. (Astyanax Baird
& Girard.*)

429. T. arg-entatus (Baird & Girard) J. & G.

Olivaceous; a broad silvery band along sides; a black spot at base of
caudal, running up on the fin. Body oblong, compressed. Snout blunt,
lower jaw included. Dorsal inserted above ventrals. Pectorals reach-
ing ventrals, the latter to vent. Head 4 in length ; depths. D. 10; A.
21; scales 6-38-6. Arkansas to Mexico; probably abundant; the north-
ernmost representative of the family.

(Astyanax arycntattts B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 27, 1854: Astyanax
argtntatus Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 74; Giinther, v, 380.)

* Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 26, 1854 : type Astyanax argentatus
B. &. G. (a6n>dvaz, a son of Hector.)

256 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

ORDER M.-ISOSPOXDYLI.

(The Isospondylous Fishes.)

Parietals present. Symplectic present. No interelavicles. A pravor-
acoid arch. Anterior vertebrae simple. X<» auditory ossicles, IMiaryn-
geal bones simple above and below, the lower not falciform. Gills 4, a
slit behind the fourth. A very large group, presenting many moditiea-
tious of structure. (?«TO?, equal ; tfr«;>->.i/..<r, vertebra.)

(riti/KOxtoini (Jiinther. part.)

ANALYSIS OK FAMILIKS < IV ISOSJ'ONDYI.l.

* Tail diphycercal.
«. Lateral margins of upper jaw formed by the maxillar:< ^.

b. Adipose liu none; no phosphorescent spots; body usually scaly: head naked;

throat without barbel.
c. Lateral line present.
</. Gular plate, none.

<•. Air-bladder none; dorsal posterior, opposite anal and similar to if ; mouth
small, with small, pointed teeth; deep-sea fishes.

Al.KI'OCKPIIAI.IIMC, :<!!.

ee. Air-bladder present : dorsal in front of anal.

/. Mouth small, horizontal; posterior part of tongue and the roof of I he

mouth covered with coarse, paved teeth. . . AusrLin.K, :?•!.

ff. Mouth larger, oblique; teeth all pointed; those on the tongne large.

JIYODONTII'.I.. :!.">.

dd. Gular plate present ; month large; teeth all pointed ....... KI.OPID.K, :'<">.

cc. Lateral lino obsolete.

;/. Mouth terminal, large; maxillary in three parls. mostly liroad.

gg. Mouth small, inferior; maxillary short and narrow; not in three
parts ............................... DOKO.-OMA I II>.K, 38.

;/.'/.'/• Mouth very large, snbinferior: maxillary very narrow, jiroduced
backward ........................... KVCIIAIM ii>n>.i:. :'.'.'.

bb. Adipose lin present (rarely absent, and the body with plio^phnii-M ml spots*.
A. Throat with a long barbel; scales very small or wanting ; mouth
large ................................... SK.MIA i ID.I:, •!.">.

lilt. Throat without barbel.

i. Sides with phosphorescent spots; oviduct* present: deep-sea

lishes.

_/. I'seiidobraiH-hiie none ; body scaly ..... < 'n \ i i n n>< >N i n> i :, II.
jj. I'seiidolu-anchiie ])resent ; bodymiked . S i i 'i:\. •!• i \ . n i i.j . |:1.
ii. Siiles without phosphorescent spotaj o\ iducts none.

SAI.MOMD.; . li'..
aa. Lateral margins ot ii|iper ja\\, like the anterior margin, formed by the pivmax-

illaries; adipose lin n.-ually present.

/.-. Pivmaxillaries short, with villiform leeth: month small;

bone-, o|" head ca\ ernoiis ; s( ales ctenoid . . ]'i RCOPSID^, -17.

/.A. I'remaxillaries elongad- : month large; bones of head not

cavernous; scales most l\ cxdoid.

/. Dorsal short, nearly median: body scaly .. Scon i ID.I:, I'.'.

//. Dorsal short, posterior: bcidx scaly . I'AKAI r.ri in i>.i , 41.

///. Dorsal occupying nearly (he whole length of the back;

body naked ........................ Ai.rnix'-Ai KID.-E, 40.

33. ALEPOCEPHALID.E - ALEPOCEPHALUS. 257

FAMILY XXXIIL— ALEPOCEPHALIDJE.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with tliin cycloid or keeled scales,
or with naked, prickly skin. Head naked. Lateral line developed. No
barbels. Mouth moderate or large. Margin of the upper jaw formed
by the premaxillaries and the maxillaries, the former being placed along
the upper anterior edge of the latter. Teeth feeble. Opercular ap-
paratus complete, its bones thin. No adipose fin. Dorsal fin long
and low, posterior, inserted opposite the anal; pectorals short, placed
rather high ; ventrals usually well back, sometimes wanting. Gill-open-
ings very wide, the membranes free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchia3
present. No gular plate. No air-bladder. Stomach curved, without
blind sac. Pyloric coeca in moderate number. Fishes of the deep seas;
but one species known until recently. Lately 3 genera and 7 species
have been described from the abyssal faunas of the mid Atlantic and
Pacific.

(Alepocephalidw Giinther, vii, 477.)

a. Scales cycloid ; dorsal and anal subequal, opposite each other; mouth small ; jaws
nearly even; small teeth in jaws, vonier, and palatines. ALEPOCEPHALUS, 115.

115.— ALEPOCEPEIALUS Eisso.

(Eisso, Mem. Acad. Nat. Sci. Turin, xsv, 270, 1820: type Alepocephalus rostral us Eisso,
from the Mediterranean.)

Body oblong, compressed. Mouth rather small, the snout somewhat
prolonged. Jaws nearly equal in front; a series of small teeth in each
jaw and on the vomer and palatines. Eye very large. Gill-membranes
entirely separate. Branchiostegals C. Opercular bones thin. Dorsal
low and rather long, with a scaly base, opposite and similar to the
anal. Pectorals and ventrals rather small. Caudal moderately forked.
Scales rather large, thin and cycloid. Deep-sea fishes of the Atlantic
and Mediterranean, (a, privative; Af-c'-, scale; xsyaly, head.)

43O. A. bairdii Goode & Bean.

Uniform indigo-blue, the color extending to the inside of the mouth
and the gill-membranes. Body rather elongate. Head moderately
compressed, subconical, the lower jaw included. Maxillary extending
nearly to below middle of eye. Eye large, as long as snout. Dorsal
slightly in advance of anal. Head 4£ in length ; depth 5£. D. 22 ; A.
25 ; P. 12; V. I, 9 ; pyloric cceca 15; B. 6; scales 7-65-11. L. 24 inches.
Grand Banks; dredged at a depth of 200 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.}

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mas. ii, 55, 1879.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 - 17

258 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

FAMILY XXXIV.— ALBULID2E.

(The Lady-fishes.)

Hody rather elongate, little compressed, covered with rather small,
brilliantly silvery scales. Head naked. Snout conic, subquadrangular,
shaped like the snout of a pig, and overlapping the small, inferior, hor-
i/ontal mouth. Maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct supple-
mental bone, slipping under the membranous edge of the very broad
preorbital. 1'remaxillaries short, not protractile. Lateral margin of
upper ja\v formed by the maxillaries. Eye large, median in head, with
a bony ridge above it, and almost covered by an annular adipose eye-
lid. Opercle moderate, firm. Preopercle with a broad, Hat, membra-
naceous edge, which extends backward over the base of the opercle.
Pseudobranchiae present. Gill-rakers short, tubercle-like. Gill-mem-
branes entirely separate, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals about
14. A fold of skin across gill-membranes anteriorly, its posterior free
edge crenate. Xo gular plate. Both jaws, vomer, and palatines with
bands of villiform teeth. Broad patches of coarse, blunt, paved teeth
on the tongue behind and on the sphenoid and pterygoid bones. Lat-
eral line present. Belly not earinate, flattish, covered with ordinary
scales. Dorsal fin moderate, in front of ventrals, its membranes scaly.
No adipose fin. Anal very small. Caudal widely forked. 1'yloric cu-ca
numerous. A single species known, found in all warm seas.
(Cliijiiidn ^i-t>n]> AUnd'ina ( iiint lu-r, vii. Kis, 4C9.)

116.— ALBULA Gronovins.

(Cniiniviiis; r.lorh A. Srlmridrr, Sy^t. Idi'li. 1801, -I'lJ: typf .Hindu ciinorJiyni'luiK
I'il<n !i A. Sclniciilcr /.'SIM- ruljii-x L.)

Characters of the genus included above. (Latin (tlhus, white.)

i:il. A. VllljM'S (L.) Coo. I.-.— lMilii-J;*h ; I'.onc-Jixh.

I'.rilliantly silvery ; oliv.ieeousabove; back and sides with faint streaks
along the rows of scales; tins plain; axils dusky. Upper lobe of
caudal the longer. A band of peculiar, elongate, nieinbranaceous
scales along middle line of back; accessory ventral scale large, lie. id
:;:<: depth J. I), lo: A.S; scales !>-71-7. L. IS inches. Cape < ,'od to
Southern California and Mast Indies; abundant in tropical seas. Not
much valued as food, but beautiful and gamy.
(Esoxvulf I. - st. Nat. : Alluda conorhi/urhiiN (iiintlicr. vii, 468.)

35. HYODONTID^E IIYODON. 259

FAMILY XXXV.— HYODONTIDJE.

( The Moon Eyes )

Body oblong, compressed, covered with moderate-sized, brilliantly
silvery, cycloid scales. Head naked, short, the snout blunt. Mouth
moderate, oblique, terminal, the jaws about equal. Premaxillaries not
protractile. Maxillary small, slender, without evident supplemental
bone, articulated to the end of the premaxillary, and forming the lat-
eral margin of the upper jaw. Dentition very complete. Premax-
illary and dentary bones with small, wide-set, cardiform teeth. Max-
illaries with feeble teeth. A row of strong teeth around the margin
of the tongue, the anterior canine and very strong ; between these is a
band of short, close-set teeth. Vorner with a long, double series of close-
set, small teeth. Similar series on the palatines, sphenoid, and ptery-
goids. Sides of lower jaw fitting within the upper, so that the denta-
ries shut against the palatines. Eye very large, the adipose eyelid not
much developed. Preorbitals very narrow. Nostrils large, those of
each side close together, separated by a flap. Gill-membranes not con-
nected, free from the isthmus, a fold of skin covering their base. No
gular plate. Branchiostegals 8-10. Gill-rakers few, short and thick.
Pseudobranchise obsolete. Lateral line distinct, straight. Belly not
serrated. Dorsal fin rather posterior. Anal elongate, low. Veutrals
well developed. Caudal strongly forked. No adipose fin. Stomach
horseshoe-shaped, without blind sac; one pyloric ccecuin. Air-bladder
large. No oviducts, the eggs falling into the cavity of the abdomen
before exclusion. A single genus, with 3 known species, inhabiting
the fresh waters of North America.

(Hyodontidce Giinther, vii, 375, 376.)

i B ?.— HYOI>ON Le Sueur.

Moon Eyes.

(Hiodon Le Sueur, Jotiru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. i, 334, 1818: type Hiodon tergism Le
Sueur.)

Generic characters included above, (uos^'?, hyoid; 33d>v, tooth;
"hyoid" is the bone shaped like the letter T, forming the base of the
tongue.)

* Belly in front of ventrals strongly carinated ; dorsal rays (developed) 9.

432. H. alosoides (Raf.) J. & G.

Body closely compressed, becoming deep in the adult. Eye mod-
erate, smaller than in other species, about 3£ in head, the maxillary

"260 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

reaching to beyond its middle. Caudal peduncle rather stouter than iu
//. tcryisux, and the fin not so deeply Corked. Back less arched and
snout blunter than in the other species, the mouth larger and more,
oblique. Pectorals longer and veutrals shorter than in H. /m/?.vM.v,
Belly earinated both before and behind ventrals. Bluish; sides silvery,
with golden lustre. Head 4i; depth 3i. D. 9; A. 32; scales G-56-7.
Ohio Eiver to the Saskatchewan; common northward.

(Ainphiodon alosoidts Raf. Journ. Phys. Paris, 1819, 421: Htjodon chrijHopsia Richard-
sun. Fauna Bor.-Amcr. iii, 232, 1836: Htjodon ch rysopsls Jordan, Bull. 1T. S. Nat. Mns. x,
68, 1877: Uyodon amphiodon Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 42.)

*Bolly in front of ventrals not earinated; dorsal fin with 11 or 12 developed rays,
t Belly behind ventrals earinated.

433. II. tcrgiSHS Le Sueur. — Moon Eye; Toothed Herring.

Body oblong, moderately compressed. Eye large, 3 in head, the max-
illary barely reaching its middle. Pectoral fins not reaching ventrals,
the latter just short of vent. Belly behind veutrals some what cariuate.
Color silvery, olive-shaded above. Head 4J; depth 3. D. 12; A. 28;
scales 5-55-7. L. 12 inches. Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley;,
abundant in our larger streams. One of our handsomest fishes; not
valued as food.

(Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 364, 1818: Iliodon clodalus Le Suenr, 1. c.
:!('>?: Ci/prinus (Abramis?) smithi Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 110; Giinther, vii, 37".;
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 68, 1877.)

H I'.i-lly nowhere earinated.

134. II. selcnops Jordan & Bean.

Body more elongate, little compressed, not elevated. Belly nowhere
cariuate. Eye very large, 2i in head. Pectorals not reaching nearly
to veutrals. Clear silvery. Head 4J; depth 4. D. 12; A. 27; Lat. 1.
50. Cumberland 1 liver and southward.

(Jordan & lk-un, Bull. II. S. Nat, Mus. x, 68, 1877.)

FAMILY XXXVI.— ELOPID^E.

(The nig-cycd Herrings.)

Body elongate, iiot much compressed, covered with cycloid scales.
Head naked. Mouth broad, terminal, the lower jaw prominent. Pie
niaxillarie* not protractile, short, the maxillaries forming the lateral
margins of the upper jaw. Maxillary composed of about three pieces,
extending backward beyond the eye. An elongate bony plate between
the branches of the lower jaw (like the gular plate in Amia). Bands

36. ELOPIDJE MEGALOPS. 261

of villiform teeth iu both jaws and on vomer, palatines, pterygoids,
tongue, and base of skull. No large teeth. Eye large, with an adipose
eyelid. Gill-ineinbraues entirely separate, free from the isthmus.
Branchiostegals numerous (20-35). Gill-rakers long and slender.
Pseudobranchice present or absent. Belly not keeled nor serrated,
covered with ordinary scales. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin over
or rather behind ventrals. Caudal fin forked. Xo adipose fin. Pyloric
creca numerous. Two genera, not much alike, with 4 or 5 species, widely
distributed, sometimes entering fresh waters.

(Clupcidce group Elopina Giiuther, vii, 469-472.)

*Body elongate, covered with small scales; anal fm smaller than dorsal. (Elopime.}

a. Pseudobranchije present ELOPS, 118.

** Body obloiig, covered with large scales ; anal fin larger than dorsal. (Meyalopince.)
1). Pseudobranchise obsolete MEGALOPS, 119.

118.— EL.OPS Linnaeus.

Big-eyed Herrings.
(Linnaeus, Syst. Nat: type Elops saurus L.)

Body elongate, covered with thin, small, silvery scales. Dorsal fin
slightly behind ventrals, its last rays short, the fin depressible into a
sheath of scales. Anal fin smaller, similarly depressible. Pectorals
and ventrals moderate, each with a long accessory scale. Opercular
bones thin, with expanded, membranaceous borders; a scaly occipital
sheath or collar. Lateral line straight, its tubes simple. Pseudobran-
chise present, large. Species 2 or more, widely distributed, reniarka
ble for the development of scaly sheaths. (e-W, name of some sea-fish —
a sword-fish or sturgeon; from <^dw, to drive or move.)

435. E. saurus L. — Big-eyed Herring.

Uniform silvery, darker above. Gular plate 3-4 times as broad as
long. Head 4J; depth 5-6. Eye large, 4-5 in head. D. 20; A. 13; V.
15; B. 30; scales 12-120-13. L. 24 inches. Cape Cod to Cape of Good
Hope and China. A handsome fish, not rare on our Atlantic coast.

(Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, vii, 470.)

119.— MEGAJLOPS Lacepede.
Tarpums.

(Comnierson; Lace~pede, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v, 289, 1803: type Mcgalops filamen-
tosus Lac. = Clupea cyprinoides Broussonet. )

Body oblong, compressed. Head large, compressed. Eye very large.
Belly narrow, covered with ordinary scales. Mouth large, oblique.

262 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Maxillary broad, extending beyond the eye. Villiform tooth on jaws,
vomcr, palatine's, tongue, sphenoid. and pterygoid bones. Scales large,
linn. Lateral line nearly straight, its tubes radiating widely in oaeh of
iis scales. Dorsal fiu short aud high, over or behind vcntrals; last ray
of dorsal elongate, filamentous, as ill Doroxmnn and Op/xtltonaim. Anal
lin long, falcate, its last ray produced, its base much longer than that.
of the dorsal. Caudal lin widely forked. Pectorals and vontrals rather
long, (lill-rakers long. Aiial liu with a sheath of scales; dorsal lin
naked; caudal lin largely scaly; nape with a collar of large scales.
Pseudobranchiae none. Species of very large size, largest of the Clupcoid
fishes, found in all warm seas. (//.^«;.o^, large-eyed.)

* Origin of dorsal behind the v< ntrals.

436. M. tlirissoidcs (Bloch & Schneider) Giiuther. — Tarpum ; Jew-fish.

Uniform brilliant silvery, back darker. Body elongate, compressed,
little elevated. Head -i in length; depth 3i. D. 12; A. 20; Lat. 1. 42;
B. 23. Dorsal filament longer than head. Atlantic Ocean, entering
fresh water; common on our southern coasts, and noted for the great
size of its scales, which are used in ornamental work.

(Clupea tltrissoides Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 4:.;4: Cum her, vii,

FAMILY XXXVII— CLUPEID/E.

(The

Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with cycloid
or pectinated scales. Head naked, usually compressed. Mouth rather
large, terminal, the jaws about equal. Maxillaries forming the lateral
margins of the upper jaw, each composed of about three pieces. Pre-
maxillaries not protractile,. Teeth mostly feeble or wanting, variously
arranged. (lill-rakers long and slender. Gill-membranes not con-
nected. free from the isthmus. No gnlar plate, dills 1, a slit behind the
fourth. r.ranchiostegals usually rather few ((5-15). Posterior lower
part of opcrcular region usually with an angular eiiiargiuation, the tips
of the larger branchiostegals being abruptly truncate. Pseudobranchiffi
present. No lateral line (at least in our species). Dorsal tin median or
somewhat posterior. No adipose lin. Ventrals moderate or small (want -
ing in I'rixUfitiNln'). Anal usualh i-ather long. .( 'audal tin forked. IJelly
sometimes rounded, sometimes compressed and armed with bony sei'-
raturcs. (lenera l."c >pe cii -> l.'ld; inhabit iug all seas, and usually swim-
ming in immense- schools. .Many species ascend fresh waters, and some

37. CLUPEID.E - SPRATELLOIDES. 263

remain there permanently. The current genera are ill denned and
apparently too numerous, and we have followed Dr. Giinther in refer-
ring most of them to Clupea. The rudimentary teeth are extremely
variable, even in the same species.

groups Clupeina and Diismiiiieruna Giinther, vii, 412-467.)

* Belly roimtled, covered with ordinary scales ; supplemental bones of maxillary very

narrow. (Dussumieriina'.')

a. Veutrals small, behind dorsal ; teeth small, persistent on jaws, vomer, palatines,
pterygoids, and tongue .................................. ETRUMEUS, 120.

aa. Veutrals below dorsal; teeth wanting or deciduous ....... SPRATELLOIDES, 121.

** Belly compressed, armed with bony serrte ; supplemental bones of maxillary broad.

(Clupeince.)

I). Scales with their posterior margins entire and rounded.
c. Last ray of dorsal not produced.
d. Scales thin, deciduous ..................................... CLUPEA, 122.

dd. Scales firm, adherent, regularly arranged .............. HARENGULA, 123.

cc. Last ray of dorsal produced in a long filament .......... OPISTHONEMA, 124.

bb. Scales with their posterior margins vertical, and pectinate or fluted.

BREVOORTIA, 125.

120.— ETRUMEUS Bleeker.
Round Herrings.

(Bloeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv, Japan, 48: type Clupea micropus Schlegel, from Japan.)
Body elongate, fusiform, sub cylindrical, snout pointed. Mouth ter-
minal, rather wide, the maxillary extending to opposite the eye, its sup-
plemental pieces slender; jaws and most of the bones of the mouth
with small but permanent teeth. Scales cycloid, entire, very decidu-
ous. Branchiostegals fine, about 15 in number. Pyloric coeca numer-
ous. Belly rounded, covered with ordinary scales. Fins all small,
the anal especially so. Veutrals behind dorsal. Two species known.
abdomen; o>.o?, even?)

437. E. teres (DeKay) Giiuther. — Hound Herring.

Olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below. Body terete and fusi-
form. Head slightly compressed forwards. Mouth small, maxillary
reaching front of orbit. Eye large, equal to snout. Fins all very small.
Vomeriue teeth present. Head 4 in length; depth 6. D. i:>; A. 10.
Atlantic coast of the United States; not common.

(Alosa teres DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 262; Gunther, vi, 467.)

191.— §PRAirElE,OII>ES Bleeker.
(Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv, Hariug, 29: type Clupea argyrotwnia Bleeker.)

Body elongate, subcyliudrical or slightly compressed, covered with
moderate-sized deciduous scales. Abdomen obtuse, without keel or

264 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

serratuiv. Mouth essentially as in Clupea. Teeth none, or minute and
deciduous, (i ill-membranes separate, with about 0 ilat branchiostegals.
I'sendobranchia' well developed. Dorsal opposite ventrals; anal tin
short. Stomach with long, blind sac; pyloric coeca in moderate imm-
her. Paeiiictnid Indian Oceans. (^/-«M/w.s, sprat; elo.>?, resemblance.)

138. §. bryoporii** Cope.

Form compressed, moderately elongate. Belly rounded, except be-
tween ventral tins and vent, where it is angular. Maxillary broad.
Hat, reaching to opposite middle of pupil. Veutrals a little in front ol
middle of dorsal. Lower fins short. Pectorals 2£ in distance to ven-
trals. Golden; bluish above. Top of head with a bifurcate depression,
tilled with delicate, branching mucous tubules; opercular and post-
frontal regions with similar tubes. Head 5; depth 4£. D. 18; A. 18;

•

scales 51-12. L. 14 inches. Coast of Alaska. (Cope.}
(Cope, Proc. Arner. Phil. Soc. Pkila. 187:3.)

122.— CL.UPEA Linuujus.

Herrings.

(Clupea, Alosa, Pomolobus, Mdetta, Spratdla, etc., of authors.)
(Liuiia-iiK, Syst. Nat. : type Clupea harengus L.)

Body oblong, more or less compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal,
the jaws about equal, or the lower projecting Teeth feeble, variously
placed, rarely absent. Mandibles very deep at base, shutting within
the maxillaries. Gill-rakers more or less long and slender, numerous.
Scales thin, cycloid, deciduous, entire, rounded posteriorly. Dorsal tin
rather short, nearly median, beginning in advance of ventrals, its pos-
terior ray not prolonged in a filament. Ventrals present. Anal mod-
erate. Belly compressed, more or less strongly serrated, at least be
hind ventrals. Species very numerous; found in all seas. (Latin clnj>c«i,
a herring.)

Our species may be divided as follows:

"VoiiHT \vitli aii <>vate pateh of teeth : \entral serrat HITS \\eak : hrn ii'u,s i ( 'i.rrr \ .

//«>•< ii'jii.'i, miniliilin.
' ' YIHIH rini' li-i-t li none.

tClict-Us longer Ilian diTji, the prroprrrli' produced lorunid liclo\v. ( 1'i iMol.olii s

K:.t.

n. \'rul ral xi-rs-al HITS \\calc ............................................ sagas.

nil. Ventral -i I i :il nrrs >l mn^.

/*. .laws with persistent t.rrth ................................. cliryxocliltiri.i.

hl>. .laws wit Ih'iit pi-rsisirai I ei-t !i \ M i i r n \ \'al.).

lie. -per than l«>n^; slia'l (ALO8A (. u\ irr)

37. CLUPEID^E CLUPEA. 265

*Vomer with an ovate patch of teeth; ventral serratures weak; herrings. (Clupca.)

439. C. Imrenglts L. — Common Herring ; " Whitebait" (young).

Bluish ; silvery below, witli bright reflections. Body elongate, com-
pressed. Scales loose. Cheeks longer than high, the junction of the
mandible and preopercle under middle of eye. Maxillary extending to
middle of eye. Upper jaw not emarginate. Lower jaw much project-
ing. Gill-rakers very long, fine and slender, about 40 on the lower
part of the arch. Eye longer than snout, 4 in head. Dorsal inserted
rather behind middle of body, in front of ventrals. Pectorals and ven-
trals short ; anal low. Abdomen serrated in front of ventrals as well
as behind. Peritoneum dusky. Head 4£; depth 4^. D. IS; A. 17;
Lat. 1. 57; ventral scutes 28+13; vertebraB 5G. Atlantic Ocean; abun-
dant on the coasts both of Europe and America. Spawns in the sea.

(Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, vii, 415: Clupea elongata Le Sueur, Jourii. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. i, '234.)

440. C. mifi'aMSis Girarcl. — California Herring.

Bluish above; sides and below silvery; peritoneum dusky. Lower
jaw strongly projecting j upper jaw not emarginate. Belly scarcely
compressed in frout of ventrals, serrate only between ventrals and
anal. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Yomeriue teeth weaker than
in C, liarenyus ; usually a few teeth on tongue and premaxillary. Ver-
tebrae also fewer, 30 + 20=50. Insertion of dorsal slightly nearer front
of eye than base of caudal. Head 4^; depth 4. D. 1C; A. 14; Lat.
1. 52. Pacific coast of North America. Very similar to C. liarengux, and
equally abundant.

(Girarcl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 138; Gunther, vii, 418.)

** Vomeriue teeth none.

t Cheeks longer than deep, the preopercle produced forward below. (Pomololm

Rafiuesque.*)
a. Ventral serratures weak ; mouth entirely toothless.

441. C. s:iy;six Jenyus. — California Sardine; Sadina.

Dark bluish above; silvery below; a series of round black spots on
the level of the eye, running backward, bounding the dark color of tbe
back ; similar smaller spots above, forming lines along the rows of scales ;
these spots rarely obscure or wanting, especially in old examples ; tip of
lower jaw yellow ; lower part of dorsal yellow ; peritoneum black. Body
very slender, subsiform, slenderer and less compressed than a herring,
the back rather broad. Ventral serratures very weak. Maxillary reach -

* Rafiuesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 38: type Pomolobus chrysochloris Rafiuesque.
operculum; /Lo/^oS, lobe.)

266 coNTKiurriONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

in- nearly to middle of eye. Mandible little projecting, the tip included.
Gill-rakers longer tlian eye, very slender and numerous, close set. Op-
erdcs. top of head, and seapular region with conspicuous branching
tubes and stria-. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer snout than
baM- of caudal. Pectorals and ventrals with sheathing scales. Head
•1 : depih r>. D. 15; A. 17; Lat. 1. 5;.J; scutes 18+14. L. lli inches.
Pacific coast of North and South America : very abundant, spawning
in the sea. IJcsembles the European Sardine (C. pilcliardus], but has
no teeth, and the belly less strongly serrate.

(Jenyn>. ZiuH. 15e:i.4le.Fish. KU: Mchlta witlm Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x,
:;:>": Aloxii nti(*i<-a <Jnl. U. S. Nav. Astron. Exped. ZoiJl. 240: Alaumi califoniica Gill,
. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, '281: Giiuther, vii, 443.)

mi. Ventral serratures strong.

b. Jaws with persistent teeth, at least on pivmaxillaries, and sometimes ou sym-
physis of lowtT ja\v.

412. C. chrysocliloriS (Raf.) Jor. & Gilb.— Ohio Shad; Skipjack.

•

Ilrilliant blue above; sides silvery, with golden reflections; no dark
spot behind opercle. Body elliptical, highest near the middle, much
com] tressed. Head rather slender and pointed, its upper profile
straight. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its tip entering the profile;
upper jaw einarginate. Premaxillary, and often tip of lower jaw, with
nioderate-si/ed teeth. Maxillary large, reaching to opposite posterior
part of eye. Eye large, well covered by adipose eyelid. Fins moderate.
Caudal peduncle slender, the caudal widely forked. Gill-rakers com-
paratively few. short, stout, and coarse, about 1'.'! below the angle of the
arch. Opercles with radiating and branching stria-. Peritoneum pale.
Head.;;: depth.".'/. Kye shorter than snout, 4;\ in head. D.10; A. 18;
Lat. 1. r,L'; ventral scutes l'0-f I,1}. L. 15 inches. Gulf of Mexico and
Mississippi Valley: abundant, and resident in all the larger streams,
and introduced through the canals into Lake Krie and Lake Michigan.
A hand-nine lish, not valued for food.

/•...nolHhHxclu-l/vx-hlori.* K.-if. Irhth. Oh. 1820, 38.)

//. .Ia\\s without |iri.Mstnit teeth; a iV-w teeth usually present on the tongue.

ll'l. <'. iiKMliorris Mil. hill. — Hickory SInitl : Taitnr Ilirrititj ; Fall Herring.

IMuish sihery: >ides with rather faint longitudinal stripes. Head
comparaiively long, the profile, straight and not very steep, form more
elliptical than in the others and less heavy forwards. Lower jaw con-
siderably projecling; upper jaw emarginate. Opercles rather less
einarginate below and behind than in C. nnutlix. Fins low; dorsal

37. CLUPEIP^E CLUPEA. 267

fin inserted nearer snout than base of caudal. Peritoneum pale. Head
4; depth 3|. D. 15; A. 21; Lat. 1. 50; ventral scutes 20+10. New-
foundland to Florida; rather common. Little valued as a food-fish.

(Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 451: Clupea mattowacca Giinther, vii, 438:
Alosa lineata Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 242, and Hist. Fish. Mass. 162.)

444. C. vei'liaiis Mitch. — Alewife; Branch Herring; Gasper&iu.

Blue above; sides silvery; indistinct dark stripes along the rows of
scales; a blackish spot behind opercle. Body rather deep and com-
pressed, heavy forward. Head short, nearly as deep as long, the pro-
file somewhat steep and slightly depressed above the nostrils. Maxil-
lary extending to posterior margin of pupil. Lower jaw somewhat pio-
jecting; upper jaw emargiuate. Eye large, slightly longer than snout,
3£ in head. Gill-rakers long, 30-40 below the angle of the arch, shorter
and stouter fhaii in C. sapidissima. Lower lobe of caudal the longer.
Dorsal fin high, a little higher than long, its height 6 Jin length of body.
Head 4|; depth 3^. D. 16; A. 19; Lat. 1. 50; scutes 21 + 14. Perito-
neum pale. Atlantic coast of the United States; abundant; entering
streams to spawn; land-locked in the lakes of Western New York.

(Mitchill, Kept. Fish. N. Y. 22. and Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 454: Clupca
pseudoharengus Wilson, Eees's Encycl. : Alosa tyrannus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 156:
Pomolobiis pseudoharengus Gill, Kept. U. ri. Fish Com. 1871-72, 811: Pomolobus vernaliy
Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. 1879, 24.)

445. C. eestivalis Mitchill. — Glut Herring ; Blue-back.

Very similar to the preceding, from which it is best distinguished by
the black peritoneum. The fins are lower and the eyes smaller. At-
lantic coast, appearing later than the preceding; less abundant and
less valuable as a food-fish.

(Clupea ccstivalis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. il, 1814, 456: Alosa cyanonoton
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 161: Pomolobus cestivalis Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex lust.

1879, 24.)

tt Cheeks deeper than long, the preopercle scarcely prolonged anteriorly below; no
teeth, or a few, caducous, on the jaws; shad. (Alosa Cuvier.*)

446. C. sapidassiBBia Wilson. — Common Shad.

Bluish above; sides white or silvery; a dark spot behind opercle, and
sometimes several along the line dividing the color of the back from
that of the sides ; axil dusky; peritoneum white. Body comparatively
deep. Mouth rather large, the jaws about equal, the lower fitting into
a notch in the tip of the upper. Preorbital moderate. Cheeks much

* Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2, 1829: type Clupea alosa L. (Latin alausa or alosa, an
early name of the shad; English allis, German alse, Latin halec.)

2G8 roNTRii-.rnoNS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

deeper than long, the preoperele extending little forward, joining tbe
mandible at a point rather behind the eye, Gill-rakers extremely long

and slender, much longer than eye, about GO below the angle of the
arch. 1'ins small. Dorsal much nearer snout than base of caudal.
lic.ul \\: depth :!. 1). 15; A. 21; Lat. 1. (JO; ventral scutes L'l + 1<>.
Atlantic coast of the United States; ascending rivers to spawn. One
of the most important of our food-lish. Also introduced on the 1'aeitic
coast. N

(Wilson, Rrrs's Encyclopedia: Alota, pr&Btdbilis DrKay, NewYorkFauna, Fish. -I'M:
l iim>t laic American writers.)

123.— HARENGVLA Valenciennes.

. Hi-t. Nat. J'oiss. xx, 2??, 1-17: tv]n- Jhinni/nla lutulim Val.)

Characters essentially those of the genus Chqicd, except that the
scales are linn, adherent, and regularly arranged. (Latin diminutive
of harcnyius, herring.)

447. II. peiisacolae Goode & Bean.

Body deep, with projecting belly, formed much as in the shad.
Head very short. Scales of the back in front of dorsal with radiating
siriaj and sharply serrated edges; other scales smooth, with irregular
but unarmed free margins; scales all marked with wavy lines, some-
times forming reticulations. Lower jaw rather long, maxillary ex-
tending beyond front of orbit. Teeth very small, inconspicuous in the
jaws. A large, patch of asperities on the tongue. Gill-rakers line, close
set, shorter than the eye, about 50 below the angle. Eye large, longer
than snout, :; in head. Head <4 ; depth :\. D. 16; A. 17; Lat. 1.40;
scutes 1L' behind vent nils. Peusacola, Fla. (Goode cO Bean.}

\ lliirriKjntd jii iinacoJ(JE Goode & Bean, Pror. U. S. Nat. MILS. 1S79, lo'J.)

124.— OPISTIIONEMA Gill.

Tln-ntd I Iif i- i nt/.
11, I'm.-. A. -ail. Nat. Sri. 1'hila. l-i'.l, :'.7: I\pr rinfH-n llirixn<t ()>l»rck.)

Oharacters essentially those of J/<ti-< mjnlt'. except that the last ray of
the dorsal is produced in a long lilament as in D<>ron<»nt(. (•'l-'.,ji>-:1 be-
hind ; '.,/'•', a thread.)

I IN. o. iln-issa (Osbeok) Gill.

I'.lnish alm\ c; >il\ cry below : an indist inct bluish shoulder-spot : each
scale on the hack with a dark spot, these forming longitudinal streaks.
Body Oblong, compressed. I'.elh stron-ly serrate. Tongue with minute
teeth. Jaws toothless; h»\\ er j.iw sli-hily projecting; maxillary reach-

37. CLUPEIDJE BREVOORTIA. 260

ing nearly to middle of orbit. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Dor-
sal fin inserted in front of ventrals, much nearer snout than base of cau-
dal. Dorsal filament about as long as head. Anal very low. Paired
fins small. Scales rather firm, smooth. Head 4; depth 3i in length.
D. 19; A. 24; Lat. 1. 50; scutes 17 -f 14. Atlantic coasts of America,
chiefly southward, the flesh said to be sometimes poisonous.

(Clnpca thrissa Osbeck, Reise, 336: Clupea thrissa Giinther, vii, 432: CJupea libertatis
Gunther, vii, 433, Pacific coast of Central and South America, is at least very similar. )

125.— BREVOORTIA Gill.
Menhadens.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Jsci. Pbila. 1861, 37: type dupea menhaden Mitch. = Clupc
tyrannus Latrobe.)

Body elliptical, compressed, deepest anteriorly, tapering behind.
Head very large. Cheeks deeper than long. Mouth large, the lower
jaw included. No teeth. Gill-rakers very long and slender, densely
set. Gill-arches angularly bent. Scales deeper than long, closely im-
bricated, their exposed edges vertical, and fluted or pectinated. Dor-
sal fin low, rather posterior. Anal fin small. Intestinal canal elongate.
Peritoneum dusky. Species few, inhabiting the Atlantic. (Dedicated
to J. Carson Brevoort.)
* Scales with their edges entire, fluted.

449. B. patronus Goode.

Head larger than in B. tyrannus. Fins lon-g, the height of the dorsal
greater than the length of the maxillary; that of the anal more than
half the height of the maxillary. Pectorals reaching beyond front of
ventrals; insertion of dorsal in front of ventrals, just behind the middle
point between the snout and the base of the caudal. Scales moderate,
with their margins entire, fluted. Axillary appendages large. Large
scales at base of pectoral. Operculum delicately striated. Greenish
gray above; sides silvery, with brassy lustre; scapular blotch incon-
spicuous. Head 3 in length; depth 2f. D. 19; A. 22; Lat. 1. 50-65.
Gulf of Mexico. (Goode.)

(Goode, Proc. U. S Nat. Mus. i, 39, 1878.)

** Scales everywhere with their edges strongly serrated.

450. B. tyrannus* (Latrobe) Goode. — Menhaden; Mossbwnker; Bony -fish; Wldtc-

Jish; Bug-fish; Fat-back ; Yellow-tail.

Head and jaws shorter than in B. patronus. Fins comparatively short,

*A parasitic Crustacean ( Oniscus prcegustator Latrobe) is found in the mouthsof a very
large proportion of the individuals of this species. The specific names both of the fish
and the Crustacean refer to this psculiarity, the ancient Roman rulers (tyranni) having
had their tasters (prcegustatores) to taste their food before them, to prevent poisoning.

270 CONTRIIH'TIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

tin- height of the dorsal less than the length of the maxillary; height of
anal less than hall' the length of the maxillary. Pectorals not reaching
to ventrals. Dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals, about midway
between snout and base of caudal. Scales moderate, strongly serrated,
arranged very irregularly. Operculum strongly striated or almost smooth
(var. tutrcii). dill-rakers much longer than eye. Bluish above: sides
silvery, with a strong brassy lustre; lins usually yellowish; a conspicuous
dark seajmlar blotch, behind whieh are often smaller spots. I lead .">_',;
depth 3. D. 10; A. 20; Lat. 1. GO-SO; ventral plates 20 + 12. L. 12-1*
inches. New England to Brazil; very abundant southward, spawning in
the sea. Held in no esteem as a food-h'sh, but very valuable for oil and
ma n me; the young canned as sardines.

(Cl«iKii tiiniiniiiti Latrobe, Trans. Ami-:-. I'hil. Soc. Phila. v, 77, ISOvJ : l'ln]>m m< nliadin
Mitcliill, Trans. Lit. &, Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 453, 1814: Clupea menhaden IJiintlii-r, vii. !:'.;',:
( hipanodon aureus Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bras. 5'2 (Brazilian var. anna Coodc): r/»;/, ,<
anna GiinthiT, vii, -137 : Al»*a inriiliadai Stoivr, Hist. Fish. Mass. 337; Goodr. I'rnc. I'. S.
Nat. Mas. i, ;>, 31, 1878; Goode, Kept. U. S. FishComm. for 1877, complete liio^raphy.)

FAMILY XXXVIIL— DOROSOMATIDzE.
(The Gizxtrd Shads.)

Body short and deep, strongly compressed, covered with thin, decid-
uous, cycloid scales. Belly compressed to an edge, which is armed with
bony serratures. Head naked, short, rather small. Mouth small, in-
ferior, oblique, overlapped by the blunt snout; no teeth. Maxillary
narrow and short, with a single supplem ntal bone, not extending to
opposiie the middle of the eye, and forming but a small portion of the
lateral margin of the upper jaw. Mandible short and deep, its rami
enlarged at base. Premaxillary not protractile. Gill-rakers slender,
exceedingly numerous, not very long, similar on all the arches, dill-
membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchia- large.
An adipose eyelid. No lateral line. Dorsal I'm about midway of tin-
body, usually behind ventrals. Pectorals and ventrals moderate, each
wilh an accosory scale. Anal very long and low. Caudal forked. No
adipose lin. Stomach short, muscular, like the gix/ard of a fowl, deiiera
2, species about 12. .Mud-eating lishes of the coasts and rivers of warm
regions, of little value as food.

(Clii)n ulii • ^rniip ('Imtiii'xxiiui ( iiiutlic-r, vii, 40(5-411.)
* Lust ray <•)' ilm-.-al iimdiK-ed iu a long lilaincnt DonosoMA, 120.

39. ENGRAULIDID.E. 271

126.— DOROSOMA Rafinesque.

Gizzard Shad.
(Chatoessus Cn-vier, 1829.)

(Rafinesque, Ichtli. Oh. 1820, 39: type Dorosoma iwiata Raf. = Chipca heterura Raf.)

Characters of the family, with the addition that the last ray of the
dorsal is prolonged and filiform as in Opistlionema and Mcgalops. (<W/>" o
a lance; uS/jct, body ; in allusion to the form of the body in the young.)

451. I>. cepediailUEU (Le S.) Gill. — Gizzard Shad ; Hickory Shad.

Silvery; bluish above; young with a round dark spot at the shoulder;
tips of ventrals and edge of anal often dusky. Body deep, compressed,
the back elevated in the adults. Dorsal about median, its filamentous
ray about as long as head, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter. Caudal
widely forked, the lower lobe the longer. Head 4^; depth 2f. Eye 4£
in head. D. 12; A. 31; Lat. 1. 56; L. transv. 23; scutes 17 + 12. L. 15
inches. Cape Cod to Mexico; abundant southward, entering all rivers,
and permanently resident (uvar. heterurum") everywhere in the Missis-
sippi Valley in the larger streams; also introduced into Lake Michigan
and Lake Erie, and land-locked in ponds from !New Jersey to Nebraska
and Texas. A handsome fish, of no value as food.

(Megalops cepediana Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 361 : Chatoessus
cepedianus Giinther, vii, 409 : Clupea heterura Raf. Amer. Mouth. Mag. 1318, 354 :
Chaioessus ellipticus Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 235.)

FAMILY XXXIX— ENGRAULIDID^.

(The Anchovies.)

Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with thin, cycloid
scales. Head compressed. Mouth extremely large, nearly horizontal,
usually overlapped by a pointed, compr?ssed, pig-like snout. Gape
very wide, the maxillary very long and slender, formed of about three
pieces, extending backward far behind the eye; in some genera, much
beyond the head. Premaxillaries not protractile, very small, firmly
joined to the maxillaries. Teeth small, variously arranged, usually fine
and even, in a single row in each jaw. Eye large, well forward, so that
the snout is very short. Preorbital narrow. Opercles little developed,
membranaceous. Gill-rakers long and slender. Branchiostegals slender,
7-14 in number. Gill-membranes separate or joined, free from the isth-
mus. Pseudobrauchise present. No lateral line. Belly rounded or weakly

272 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

-ei rate. Fins various. No adipose fin. ('andal forked. Small fishes;
usually s\\ -jinming in large schools. Abundant in all warm sens, occa-
sionally cnl din-- rivers. Cienera 0, species about GO.
' ' '.rronp KngrauHdina Giinther, vii, 3S3-40G.)

Ill-membranes .-eareely eoimeeted, the gill-openings heinLT extremely wide; no
]>< dor.-il filaments; anal tin moderate, its orijjin behind that of t lie dorsal ;
apper jaw projecting beyond lower; maxillaries not extending beyond gill-
openings; teeth .-mall, or wanting, in one or both jaws., .STOLEPHORUB, i'j?.

127.— STOt-EPIIORUS Lac6pede.

Anchovies.
(Engraulis Cuvicr, 1817.)

i l.aeriH'dr. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 381, 180:5: type Alherina japonica Gmclin.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous
scales. Snout conical, compressed, projecting1. Maxillary extending
backwaid far behind eye, about to the base of the mandible. Oper-
culum narrow, membranaceous. Teeth small, usually ou the jaws,
vomer, palatines, and pterygoids, those of one or both jaws sometimes
obsolete. Anal fin moderate, free from caudal (its rays lf>~ ID). No pec-
toral filaments. Dorsal about midway of body, posterior to ventrals.
Pectorals and ventrals each with an accessory scale. Adipose eyelid
obsolete. Branchiostegals 9-14. Gill-membranes not united, leaving
the narrow isthmus uncovered. Species about LV), in all warm regions.
(ff-»/.?;, a stole, a white band worn by priests; pw/;(^> bearing; in allusion
to the silvery lateral band.)

tli line, even, inimorons, persistent in both jaws.
t Sides without distincl silvery band.

S. rin^oiis (Jenyns) Jor. & Gilb. — .

P.luish above; sides and below sihci-y. not translucent. Xo silvery
latt ral band. Uody little com]>ressed, rounded aliove, slightly cari
nated below, not serrated. Head long, anteriorly compressed, the snout
pointed and protruding. Head nearly twice as long as deep. K\ e
large, very near the tip of the snout. Maxillary extending beyond root
of mandible. ( )perc!e deeper than long, placed very obliquely, (lill-
rakers \ ei \ long, much longer llian the eye. Head .">J, ; depth ;"U.
I >. 1 I : A. L'L'; Lat. 1. 10; 13. 11. I,. 7 inches. Pacific coast, from Van-
• •oiiver's Island to Peru: extremely abundant. The largest of our an-
chovies.

rini/i ;M .b'ii\ n>. Vnyain- ISea^le. I:1,!',: i:itr/r(tnlin r\n<i< •«« ( ; iint her, vii, 38G:
Enyraulm innrdax (;irard, I'. S. 1'ae. \{. \i. Snrv. x, 33-1: Enyrnuhx ntnius Girnrd, 1. c.

39. ENGRAULID1D.E - STOLEPHORUS. 273

33.ri (much smaller and more compressed, probably the young of S. ringc-ns, but occur-
ring in large schools) : Engraulis pulclieUus Girard, U. S. Nav. Astron. Expcd. Zoo'l. Fish.
247.)

ft Sides with a distinct silvery lateral band.

t Belly compressed to an edge and faintly serrated.

453. §. ba'owna (Gmel.) J. & G. — Anchovy.

Olivaceous; sides silvery; the silvery lateral band about as wide
as the eye, very distinct, more so than in our other species. Body
rather elongate, compressed, not elevated. Head rather short, the
snout projecting much beyond the tip of the lower jaw. Teeth pretty
strong, maxillary extending beyond base of mandible, but not quite
reaching to the edge of the gil1- opening. Eye large, 3| in head. Gill-
rakers long, but shorter than in S. compressus. Anal with a sheath of
scales; dorsal inserted nearer caudal than snout. Head of; depth 4;^.
D. 12; A. 20; Lat. 1. 40. L. 4-G inches. Cape Cod to Brazil; very
abundant southward.

( Atlierina brotuiii Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1397; Giiiither, vii, 389: Cltipea rlttnta Mitclnil,
Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 45'5: Enyratdia mitchiUi Giiuther, vii, 391: Engranlin
vittatus of most recent writers.)

454. S. EjHsIcMS (Goode & Bean) Jor. & Gilb.

Snout somewhat compressed. Maxillary slightly dilated, ending in an
acute point, which extends backward to the gill-openings, toothed along
its entire lower edge; minute teeth in both jaws. Gill-rakers not very
numerous, the longest as long as the eye. Origin of dorsal midway be-
tween posterior margin of orbit and the root of the caudal. Lateral
stripe one-third the height of the body. Head 3| in length; depth 5£.
Eye greater than snout. D. 15; A. 22. (Goode & Bean.} Clear Water
Harbor, Florida. Evidently closely related to S. browni.

(Engraulis liiulcus Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 343, 1579.)

1 1 Belly not cariuated or serrated.

a. Body not strongly compressed, very slender.

455. S. pcrfasciaf us (Poey) Jor. & Gilb.

Body elongate, much slenderer than in #. browni, and not so much
compressed. Head not so deep as in S. browni, more pointed, the snout
rather sharp. Eye rather small, 4£ in head, not longer than snout.
Maxillary teeth well developed; mandibulary teeth very slender. Gill-
rakers very long, as long as eye. Maxillary shorter than in 8. browni,
not reaching quite to the base of the mandible. Belly slightly com-
pressed, not serrated. Scales very deciduous. Veutrals short, very
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 - 18

274 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

slightly in front of dorsal. Caudal peduncle long and slender. Dorsal
inserted scarcely nearer caudal Ihan snout. Silvery stripe broad, half
wid -r than the eve, hoi tiered above by a dusky streak. Head 3<;
depth <;. I>. 1-; A. L'(>. L. 4 inches. West Indies; occasional north-
ward. A specimen in our collection from Wood's Holl, Mass.

( ICiujniuH* jn r/'«.sri(i//(.v Pooy, Mem. Cuba, ii, 312: Eitgrauliti 2>crfa8ciutut< Giiuther, vii,

aa. laxly si mn^ly roinpn-ssrd, translucent in life.
J •»<>. S. «lcii<:atBSSilllius (Giranl) Jor. & Gilb.

Very pale, olivaceous, translucent, with some dark points, and a sil-
very lateral band not as wide as the eye. Head short, nearly as deep
as Ion-. Eye large, much longer than the blunt snout, which projects
considerably beyond the lower jaw. Gill-rakers numerous, .slender,
nearly as long- as the eye. Maxillary reaching past the root of the man-
dible. Lower lobe of caudal the longer. Anal rather long. Dorsal
inserted midway between caudal and front of eye. Head 4] ;; depth 1:;.
D. 13; A. l'.".. Lat. 1. 40. L. 3 inches. San Diego Bay and southward ;
locally abundant.

(EiKjrnnlln (ldivati»xi»iun Giranl, Proo. AcaH. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1854, 154, anil U. S. Pac.
II. II. Surv. x, 333: Enyruulis (IfUcatitmiiiuts Guutuer, vii, 391.)

457. S. comprcssilS (Giranl) Jor. & Gilb. — "Sprat."

Very pale, olivaceous, translucent; a silvery lateral band as broad as
the eye. Body strongly compressed, deeper than in other species.
Head short, nearly as deep as long. Eye large, anterior, much longer
than the blunt snout, which does not project much beyond the lower
jaw. (lill-rakers numerous, slender, nearly as long as the eye. Maxil-
lary reaching beyond the root of the mandible. Lower lobe of caudal
the longer. Anal fin very long. Dorsal inserted midway between cau-
dal and fro ni of eye. Pectoral with a basal sheath. Head 1A: depth 3$.

I). 1L'; A. 31. Lat. 1. 40. L. (5 inches. Very similar to N. (Icllcdtifuii-
)IIHN, but l:irger, \\ith a longer anal tin. Point Concepcion to Mexico;
abundant southward.

OOmpressiU Qr\T&T&} I'. S. I'ac. li. K. S:irv. Pish. :!:: >: Kmjruulln compressus
(iiintlirr. vii, 395.

FAMILY X L.— A LKI'l 1 )OSAURII >.K.

(Tin- l.<niat -Jain-*.)

Body elongate, rat her compre ->ed, scaleless. J lead compressed, with
the snout much produced, and \\ith the cleft of the mouth very wide.
l'renia\ill:ir\ ver\ long and ver\ slender, Ibrming the entire margin of
the upper ja\v, not protractile. Maxillary thin, needle-like, as long as

40. ALEPIDOSAURID^ ALEPIDOSAURUS. 275

the premaxillary, immovable. Teeth very unequal, immovable, and
subject to many variations in the same species ; a series of small teeth
the entire length of the preinaxillary ; those in front sometimes larger
and curved. Palatine teeth compressed, triangular, pointed; two or
three of the anterior ones exceedingly long and strong, fang-like; the
posterior ones moderate. Teeth of the lower jaw similar to those on the
palatines, one pair in front and two or three pairs in the middle being-
much enlarged. No teeth on the tongue. Eye large. Gill-openings
very wide; the gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Gill-
rakers stiif, shortish, spine-like. Branchiostegals 5-7. Pseudobranehiae
large. Opercular bones thin, membranaceous. Dorsal fin very long, oc-
cupying nearly the whole of the back, of more than 40 rays; adipose fin
present, moderate; anal fin moderate; caudal fin forked. Air-bladder
none. Large ^shes of the deep seas, found in the Atlantic and Pacific.
One genus and 6 or 8 species. Every part of the Alepidosawrus+s so
fragile that it is extremely difficult to procure specimens. The structure
of the dorsal fin is so delicate that it must be liable to injury even in
the water; the bones are very feebly ossified, and the fibrous ligaments
connecting the vertebrae are very loose and extensible, so that the body
may be considerably stretched. "This loose connection of the single
parts of the body is found in numerous deep-sea fishes, and is merely
the consequence of their withdrawal from the pressure of the water to
which they are exposed in the depths inhabited by them. When within
the limits of their natural haunts the osseous, muscular, and fibrous
parts of the body will have that solidity which is required for the rapid
and powerful movements of a predatory fish. That fishes of this genus
(Alepidosaurus) belong to the most ferocious of the class is proved b}'
their dentition and the contents of their stomach, but it is worthy of
notice that although the mouth is so deeply cleft, the lower jaw cannot
be moved from the upper at a greater angle than about 40°." (Giinther.)
(Scopelidcc, group Alepidosaurina Giiutlier, v, 420-423.)

128.— ALEPIDOSAURUS Lowe.

Lancet- fislies.
(Alepisaurus Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1833, 104: type Alepisaurus ferox Lowe.)

Characters of the genus included above. The name Plagyodus Steller
(Pallas, Zoogr. Eoss. Asiat, iii, 383) has been lately accepted by Dr.
Giiutlier for this genus. A specimen of one of the Pacific species was
obtained by Steller from the Kurile Islands, and a brief description of

27G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

it, under I lie name of Plaf/yorttiN, left by him in manuscript, was after-
wards quoted by Pallas, without indorsement. Steller wrote before
Linna-us, and apparently used the name Playi/mlnx as a mononomial
designation for his particular specimen or species, and not in the sense
of a Linmcan genus. It seems to us, :it present, best to retain the name
(«, privative; /:-:?, scale; <rar>//<;?, Saurus = Synod us.)

* Ventral rays I) or 10. (.Ilcp><losai<ni8.)

458. A. fea'ox Lowe. — Lancct-fixh.

The length of the head is twice the height of the body, and rather less
than one-sixth of the total. Eye median, 0 in head, as wide as the
interorbital space. Dorsal tin much elevated; pectorals elongated, but
not reaching nearly to ventrals; first ray of dorsal, pectoral, and ventral
serrated. Upper caudal lobe produced into a long filament. D. 41-44;
A. 14^-17; P. 14-15; V. 9-10. (Giinthcr.) Deep waters of the Atlantic;
lately obtained off the coast of Massachusetts by the United States
Fish Commission. A specimen of this or some closely-related species
has been procured by Dr. I3ean in Alaska.

(Alepwaurus ferox Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Loud, i, 395; Giinther, v, 421.)

**Yentral rays 1:5. (Caitlopiis Gill.*)

455). A. foorealis Gill. —

Dorsal fin with about 34 rays, the first of which is rather stout, and
anteriorly has a prominent compressed ridge, which is crenulated in
front. Ventral fins at least as long as the head. V. 13; T>. 5. Mon-
terey to Alaska; occasionally cast on shore.

'•ill, I'rnc. Arad. Nat. Sci. 1'liila. l-lr,', 1-JH; .•llcpidoxininix borculix GiintluT, v, 4'J:5:
duilo/ni-i *< ;•;•« cill, 1'i'oc. Acad. Nat. Sri. 1'liila. isiivi, 1I51, from Monterey ; known l>y
a mutilated specimen only, whieh "dill'ers I'nnn ('. buri'tilin liy the oliloii^ o|>errii!nm.
the nearly n|iial triangular sliajie nl' the eoaleseent inlVaoiicrrular lione almve the
dividing ri<l-e. l>ut \\iih an oliliijiie exeavalion at its liase, which deserilies nearly
the third ol' a circle, as well as the sculpture of the portion below the dividing

ridge".

FAMILY XLL— PARALEPIDID^E.

(The

P.ody elongate, somewhat compressed, formed much as in a I'.arracnda,
co\ civil \\ illi c\cloid scales of model-ate or rat her large si/.e. Head long,
usually scaly on the sides. Mouth \ cry large, lower ja.\v projecting.
PremaiJIlary not jiroject ile, vcr\ long ;nid slender, forming the entire
margin of I he upper ja\\ . Maxillary long and slender, closely adherent

•Gill, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1'hila. l-i'..'. T'-: l\pe .lli'j>ix<iiiru>< all'tnli* Poey, from
Cuba. (iic.r.\u:, .->!eiii: TtOVS, loot ; /. <•., ventral lius ol" many stems or rays.)

41. PARALEPIDHLE STJDIS. 277

to the premaxillary. Teeth rather strong, pointed, in single series on
the jaws and palatines; some of them on lower jaw and palatines some-
times very long and fang-like, and most of them freely depressible.
Opercular bones thin. Pseudobrauchire present. Gill-membranes sep-
arate, free from the isthmus. Brauchiostegals about 7. Gill-rakers
short, sharp, spine-like. Eye large. Lateral line present, its scales
usually enlarged. Dorsal fin short and small, behind the middle of the
body, nearly or quite over the veutrals. Adipose fin present; anal fin
low, rather long; caudal fin short, narrow, forked; pectorals rather
small, placed low. Pyloric cosca none. No air-bladder. Phosphores-
cent spots few or none. Fishes of the deep waters of the Atlantic and
Pacific;, resembling Sphyra'iia in form and dentition. A single genus
and about 5 species are now known.

(Scopelidce, g oup Paralepidina Giinther, v, 418, 420.)

129.— SUDIS Eafinesque.
(Paralepis Eisso.)

(Eafinesque, Caratteri cli Alcuni Nuovi Generi, etc. 1810, 60: type Sudis hyaUna Eaf. of
the Mediterranean.)

Characters of the genus included above. Two genera are usually
recognized, differing in the development of the canines of the lower jaw,
a character which appears to be of minor importance. (Latin sudis, a
stake, an ancient name of Spliyrccna.)

"Lower jaw with. 3-5 very long fang-like teeth on each side. (Sudis.)

46O. S. riaigems Jordan & Gilbert.

Body very slender and elongate, compressed, the depth forming about
one-sixteenth of the length. Head rather slender, anteriorly pointed
and moderately depressed. Mouth large, horizontal, the gape extending
more than half the length of the head. Margin of the upper jaw formed
entirely by the very slender, nearly straight premaxillaries, which are
closely appressed to the long and slender maxillaries. Maxillaries ex-
tending to below the eye, nearly as far as the mandibular joint. Tip of
upper jaw emarginate; tip of lower jaw rather broad, turned up, and
fitting in the notch of the upper jaw. Premaxillaries armed with a
series of small, sharp, subequal, close-set teeth, which are hooked back-
ward ; a long, slender canine in front on each side. Lower jaw with
about 10 sharp, slender teeth on each side, these teeth very unequal,
some of them short, three or four very long and canine-like. Near the
front is one fang-like tooth on each side, then a considerable interspace,

278 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

behind which the others are arranged partly in two rows. Most of these
!rc ili, especially the inner and larger ones and the anterior canines, are
f: cdy dcpressihle. A long series of teeth on the palatines, one or two
of the anterior teeth on each side and one or two others long, slender,
and fang-like. Tongue free anteriorly, ronghish, but apparently with-
out teeth. Scales very large, cycloid. Dorsal fin inserted somewhat
behind the middle of the body, at a distance of nearly 4 times its base
in front of the anal, its height a little greater than the length of its
base. D. 11 ; A. -5. Anal liii anteriorly nearly as high as the dorsal,
its posterior rays low. Pectoral fins placed low, rather short, about as
long as the maxillary. Caudal fin short, narrow, apparently forked.
Veutrals (lost in the type) probably in front of the dorsal. Coloration
light olive, the sides silvery, with dark punctulations. Peritoneum
silvery, underlaid by black pigment. Santa Barbara Channel, California.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I860, 273.)
**Lo\vrr j:i\v \virliont 1'anif-likr teeth. (Paralcpis Risso.*)
a. Ventral tins inserted behind the dorsal. (Arctoscnus Gill.)

461. S. boa'calas (Reinhardt) Jordan & Gilbert.

Olivaceous. Snout as long as rest of head; mandible included, its
upturned tip fitting into an eiuargination of upper jaw. Teeth as in »S'.
ro,v.',r,'o/,s, but considerably stronger. Pectoral and ventral fins small,
the latter inserted behind the dorsal. Head -I.1, ; depth 12. B. 7; D. S;
A. 32; P. 11; V. 9. Greenland to Gulf of Saint Lawrence,

( l'<irnlrjiix ImrcaliH IJcinhardt, Natnrv. Mathcm. Afhandl. vii, llf>: Paralepia korealia

(iiinlhcr, \. 418: .In-tHZcnim (><»•< alia Gill, Proc. Ai-ad. Nat. Sri. Pliila. 1HI>4, 1<— . >

462. S. coruscaiis Jor. & Gill).

Dusky olivaceous; sides of head silvery; bases of fins generally
black; rami of mandible each with a double series of minute phos-
phorescent spots. Uody very elongate, of nearly uniform depth, the
caudal peduncle very slender; abdomen compressed. Head long;
snout sharp, half length of head. Eye large, high. Jaws equal; max-
illary reaching vertical fro: a nostril; tip of lower jaw lilting into an
cinargiuation of premaxillaries. None of the teeth fang-like; premax-
illarics laterally \\ilh minute teeth; 1 or ~> longer teeth in front; vomer
with miniile teeth; anterior palatine teeth long, the posterior short;
teeth of lowe.- jaw slender, dist ant , unequal. Scales deciduous, those
of lateral line enlarged. Fins all very small ; venirals entirely behind

, Km-. Mi'-rid. iii, 47',', l-.'U: tyuc Cun'jonu.'j panili^ia Jiisao. (napa, ucar;
ir, scales.)

42. SCOPELID^E - SYNODUS. 279

dorsal, their distance from front of orbit twice that from base of caudal;
distance of front of dorsal to base of caudal half its distance from tip
of snout; caudal widely forked. Head 4; depth 13. D. 8; A. 31; P.
11; V. 9. Lat. 1. GO. Puget Sound, scarcely differing from the pre-
ceding, the teeth a little weaker.

(Paralepis coruscans Jor. & Gill). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 411.)

FAMILY XLIL— SCOPELID^E.

(The Scopdicls.)

Body oblong or elongate, compressed or not, naked or covered with
scales, which are usually cycloid. Mouth very wide, the entire margin
of the upper jaw formed by the long and slender premaxillaries, closely
adherent to which are the slender inaxillaries, the latter sometimes rudi-
nieutal or obsolete. Teeth various, mostly cardiform. on both jaws,
tongue, and palatines; canines often present; large teeth usually de-
pressible. No barbels. Opercular bones usually thin, often incomplete.
Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals usu-
ally numerous. Pseudobranchioe present. Gill-rakers various. Lateral
line usually present. Cheeks and opercles commonly scaly. Adipose
fm present in most of the genera. Dorsal fin short, median or rather
anterior, of soft rays only. Pectorals and veutrals present. Anal fin
moderate or long. Caudal forked. Skeleton weakly ossified. Air-
bladder small or wanting. Intestinal canal short. Sides sometimes
with phosphorescent spots. Eggs inclosed in the sacs of the ovary and
extruded through an oviduct. Genera 10, species about 50, mostly in-
habiting deep water in warm regions.

(Sco2)did<v group Saurina Giintker, v, 31)3-417.)

*Body without phosphorescent spots. (Synodonlince.)
a. Teeth not barbed ; maxillary not dilated behind ; teeth on the palate in a single

band ou each side ............................................... SYNODUS, 130.

**Body with phosphorescent spots. (ScopeUiia1.)

b. Body compressed, covered with large, smooth scales ......... MYCTOPHUM, 131.

13©.— SYrVOSJUS Bloch & Schneider.
Lizard-fishes.

(Saurits Cuvier, 1817.)
(Grooovius; Bloch & Schneid. Ichth. 1801, S9G: type Esox sy nodus L.)

Body oblong or elongate, nearly terete. Head depressed, the snout
triangular, rather pointed. Interorbital region transversely concave.

280 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Mouth very wide; premaxillary not protractile, very long and strong,
more than half the length of the head; maxillary closely connected
with it. very small or obsolete. Premaxillary with one or two series of
large, compressed, knife-shaped teeth, the inner and larger depressible.
Palatine teeth similar, smaller, in a single broad band. Lower jaw with
a band of rather large teeth, the inner and larger teeth, depressible; a
patch of strong, depressible teeth, on the tongue in front, and a long
row along the hyoid bone. Jaws nearly equal. Eye rather large,
anterior. Supraorbital forming a projection above the eye. Pseudo-
branehia1 well developed. Gill-rakers very small, spine-like. Gill-
membranes slightly connected. Top of head naked. Cheeks and oper-
cles scaled like the body. Body covered with rather small, adherent,
cycloid scales. Lateral line present. No phosphorescent spots. Dor-
sal fin short, rather anterior. Pectorals moderate, inserted high. Yen-
trals anterior, not far behind pectorals, large, the inner rays longer than
the outer. Anal short. Caudal narrow, forked. Branchiostegals 12-10.
Stomach with a long, blind sac and many pyloric cceca. Skeleton rather
firm. Species numerous. Voracious lishes of moderate size, inhabiting
sandy bottoms at no great depth. In most warm seas. (<7u;<'><",nu-, ancient
name of some fish, from iru-^Jdou^j teeth meeting, not shutting past each
other like scissors.)

* Snout rather pointed, longer than eye; upper jaw the louger. (Sy nodus.)
4G3. S. fCBtCBlS (L.) Gill. — X<m<l /'//>•<•; Li;<irtl-li*li.

Olivaceous; yellowish below; back mottled; upper surface of head
brownish, distinctly vermieulated with yellowish; ventral tins, lower
side of head, and inside of mouth tinged with yellow. Eye moderate,
~>\ in head. Scales less regularly a: ranged and the rows less oblique
than in N. li«'ii>cc]>s ; those on the opcrcle in about ."» rows, on the cheeks
in 7; L'5-.'J!) scales along back before dorsal, 1 in a vertical row between
adipose I'm and lateral line, 5 in an oblique row. Pectoral I'm short,
not reaching ventrals, its length three-fourths that of the premaxillary.
Ventral lar^e, its length from outer edge of base greater than from lip
of snout to upper edge of gill-opening. Interorhital space considerably
concave, with radial ing ridges. Head I ',. II. IL'; 1). 11; A. 11; V. S;
scales 7-IH-S (the \erlical rows counted obliquely). L. ll' inches. Cape
Cod to South America; common southward. Not valued as food.

^'iliiiu J'uli i if I.. S\st. Nat.: Satinm fa tat* <;iintlirr, v, /.'.Hi: &u ur tut J'<i tens llollirook,
Ii-htli. S. Car. 1-7.;

42. SCOPELID^E MYCTOPHUM. 281

461. S. Bmcaoceps (Ayres) Gill.

Olive-brown above, grayish below, with some golden lustre on sides;
back with slaty reticulations; head not vermiculated above; lower side
of head and ventral fins yellow. Eye 5 in head. Scales arranged in
regular, very oblique rows; those on the opercles in about 8, on the
cheeks in about 9 rows; 40-50 scales along the back before the dor-
sal, 6 in a vertical row between adipose fin and lateral line, and 10 in
an oblique row. Pectoral fin longer, reaching base of veutrals, its
length about equal to that of the premaxillary. Ventral fin not so long
as the space between snout and upper edge of gill-opening. Interor-
bital space little concave, nearly smooth. Head 4; depth 8£. D. 11;
A. 12; B. 14; scales 13-G6-16 (the vertical series counted obliquely).
L. 12 inches. San Francisco to Mexico; rather common in summer.

(Saurus lucioceps Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 66: Saurus lucioceps Giiuther,
v, 397.)

**Body rather stout; suout short, obtuse, shorter than eye; lower jaw the longer.
( Trachinoceplialus Gill.*)

465. §. myops (Forster) Jor. & Gilb.

Grayish, mottled or barred; scapula black. Body moderately elon-
gate, tapering backwards.. Mouth very large, maxillary more than half
length of head; snout shorter than eye; lower jaw somewhat projecting;
top of head corrugated; interorbital space concave. Anal tin compara-
tively long. Ventral fins very long, reaching about to the vent. Head
3-| in length; depth about 5. D. 11; A. 14; scales 4-5S-7. Tropical
seas; not common on our South Atlantic coast.

(Salmo myops Forster, MSS. Bloch & Schneider, 421: Saurus myops Giiuther, v, 398.)

131.— MYCTOPHUItt: Rafinesque.
(Scopelus Cuvier, 1817.)

(Rafinesque, Indice d'lttiologia Siciliaua, 1810: type Myciopluim punctatum Eaf.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large cycloid scales, those of
the lateral line sometimes enlarged. A series of round luminous spots
along the lower side of the head and body. Head compressed. Mouth
large, the jaws usually about equal; premaxillary very long, slender;
maxillary well developed. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, palatines,
pterygoids, and tongue. Eye large. Gill-rakers very long and slender.
Branchiostegals 8-10. Pseudobranchise large. Air-bladder small. Py-

*Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. Amer. 1861, 53, no description: type Xalmo
Forster. (r/jo^zKoS, Trachiuus; netpct,\7f, head.)

282 coNTKiijrnnN's TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

loric co-ca few. Dorsal I'm near the middle of the body; ventrals
usually below it, with 8 rays; pectorals well developed; adipose I'm
small; anal usually long. Small fishes of the open seas in most re-
gions; species numerous. Several undescribed species have been lately
taken oil' our Atlantic coast by the TJ. S. Fish Commission. (>y£, night;
f»?, light : hence amended by Cocco to Nyctophus.)

4GG. .11. CB'CCllllarc Jordan A. (lilhrrt.

Uody much compressed, deepest in front of the base of the pectorals,
bluntly convex anteriorly, tapering behind. Ventral region much more
arched than dorsal. Caudal peduncle long and very slender. Head
short aad high, abruptly rounded in profile, the snout very blunt.
Jaws equal, the snout not projecting beyond the mouth. Maxillary
very slender, scarcely widened to its tip, and not dilated, its extremity
reaching beyond the eye to the margin of the preopercle. Premaxilhi-
ries anteriorly on a level of the pupil. Teeth very small, present on
all the dcntigerous bones. Kami of the mandible nearly parallel, com-
ing together in a sharp keel below. Orbital margin above and in front
with a thin membranaceous rim, that in front distinct and formed by
the upturned edge of the preorbital. No orbital spine. Nasal bones
membranaceous, their edges upturned, forming a horizontal groove.
A groove between the frontal bones. Orbital margins separated by
a groove from the preopercle. Margin of preopercle very oblique.
All the membrane bones extremely thin, papery. Eye large, .'*£ in
head, dill-rakers long and slender. Head o£ in length to base of
caudal; depth U. Ik-ad and body completely covered with thin mem-
branaceous scales, those on the middle of the sides not elevated and
not noticeably larger than the others. Free edges of all the scales
cienidate, some of them, especially on the back, with the en-nations
acute, but without spines, the scales being truly cycloid. About !."»
scales in a longitudinal series. A phosphorescent spot on each man-
dible near the svmphysis, ."..'! pairs of spots along the belly, <» in front
of venlrals, (i between venlrals and origin of anal, and L'l between
front of ;in;il and base of caudal. Caudal peduncle above and below
with two or three backward-directed spines, which are apparently the,
e\-eited tips of vertebral processes. \). 1L'; A. Hi; the lins rather
low. Origin of dorsal nearer the snout than the base of caudal, much
be lii i id the base < if the venlrals. Ycntrals short, not reaching half way
to vent. Pectorals reaching base of ventrals. Color very dark steel-
blue above, silvery on sides and below, with dark metallic lustre; the

43 STERNOPTYCHIDJE MAUROLICUS. 283

usual phosphorescent spots present, as above described; no evident
cream -colored blotch on the back of tail. L. 2i inches. Santa Barbara
Channel, California.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,274.)

46?. ITI. glaciate (Rehih.) J. & G.

Snout very short and obtuse, with the upper profile descending in a
very strong curve ; cleft of mouth oblique ; maxillary reaching to the
angle of the prreoperculum, and terminating in a triangular dilatation.
Scales smooth, those of the lateral line enlarged. Eye very large, more
than one-third the length of head, which is nearly as deep as long.
Depth 4, nearly equal to length of head. D. 13; A. 17; V. 8. Lat. 1.
30. Coasts of Scandinavia and Greenland. (Giinther.) .

(Scopcltix glacialis Reiulumlt, Dansk. Videusk. Selsk. 1838, vii, 115, 126: Scopelus
gladalis Giinther, v, 407.)

FAMILY XLIIL— STERNOPTYCHID.E.
(The SternoptycMds.)

Body oblong or ovate, naked. Mouth very wide, its cleft oblique or
vertical. Margins of upper jaw formed laterally by the maxillaries, the
edges of which arc toothed. Teeth pointed, mostly small. Opercular
apparatus incomplete. Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not
connected, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchise present. Gill-rakers
long or short. Lower part of body and head with series of phosphores-
cent spots. Adipose fin present, often small. Dorsal fin moderate,
usually median, sometimes preceded by a rudimentary spiuous dorsal.
Eggs extruded through oviducts. Skeleton imperfectly ossified. Small
fishes of the deep seas. Genera 4; species about 12.

(Sternoptycliida groups Sternoptychina and Cocciina Giiiither, v, 384-391.)

*No scales; no rudimentary spinons dorsal; psendobranchise present. (Cocciinw.)
t Lower jaw prominent MAUROLICUS, 132.

132.— MAUROLICUS Cocco.
Argentines.

(Cocco, Lettere sni Salmoui, 32: type Maurolicus amethystinopunctatus Cocco.)

Body oblong, compressed, naked, covered with silveiy pigment;
series of phosphorescent spots along the lower side of the head, body,
and tail. Head compressed, the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of mouth
wide, oblique, the lower jaw prominent. Maxillary large, broad, much
produced backwards, receiving the slender preniaxillary in the upper

284 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

concave- part of its margin. Doth jaws with minute teeth. Gill-rakers
very Ion--. IVrtorals and ventrals develoi>e(l. Dorsal well back, but
before anal. Adipose fin rudimentary. Anal fin long. Branchiostegalfl

8 or 0. Si/.e small. Species about 4. (Dedicated to Maurolico, an
Italian naturalist.)

"rhnsjilioiv.-rrnt ni-^aiis appearing as impressions on the skin.

46§. OT. foorcaSis (Nilss.) Giinther.

Dark greenish, sides silvery. Dody compressed. Mouth wide, the
lower jaw much projecting. Teeth small. Eye large, 3 in head. Five
luminous spots on the throat, 12 between pectorals and ventrals, above
these a row of 8, 5 between veutrals and anal, vent to tail i»4. Dorsal
nearer tail than snout. Adipose fin very small. Ventrals below dorsal.
( audal forked. Head ;5i; depth 3£. D. 10; A. 15. L. 2.} inches.
(Xtorcr.) North Atlantic; rare off our coasts.

(ScojHlus l)(-ri-(i1iti Xils.>oii. Olisrrv. Z<><>1. <l; (uinHier, v. :'>'.): Scojiclux hnnibnldti Ik-Kay,
N. V. Fauna, Fish. 240: Scopelus humboldti Storei, 1 list. Fish. Mass. :}•>- (not <>t ( 'nvier).

FAMILY XLIV.— CIIAULIODONTID.E.

(The Cliauliodonis.}

Body oblong or elongate, compressed, covered with rather large, thin,
deciduous scales. Lateral line present. No barbels. Series of phos-
phorescent spots running along the lower side of the head, body, and
tail. Head much compressed, the bones thin, but ossified. Mouth with
the cleft extremely wide, its margins formed by maxillaries and pic-
maxillaries, both of which are provided with teeth. Teeth unequal,
some of them long and pointed, fang-like. Pectorals and ventrals well
developed. A dipose fin present. Caudal forked, dill-openings very
wide. No pseudobranchiir. No air-bladder. Dec]) waters of the At-
lantic. denera 2, GonoNtonut and ('Imiilnxlns^ differing widely in the
position of the dorsal, the size of the anal, and the development of the
gill rakers; L' species are known.

rnoptyohidte group ^haul'uxlDniinn cii'itlii-r. v. :;'.M, :ii>J.)

I'.'i-sal in I'roni nl vi-nii-aU; n<> jjill-rak.-rs; anal \vitli l-^s tlian -,'()

CiiAri.ioi.rs. 133.

i:t:i.-c;ilAlTl,lODirK ISI.M-II A

Viper-fishes.

Syst. Icliih. I.-M|, |:;n: \>]>t
JJody elongate, compressed, covei-ed \\ith very thin deciduous scales
of moderate si/.e. Head short, much cum]iicssed and elevated, the

45. STOMIATID^E. 285

lower jaw projecting, the suout mucli shorter than eye. Mouth ex-
tremely wide, the cleft reaching much beyond eye. Premaxillaries
with four long fang-like canines on each side. Mandible with pointed,
wide-set teeth, the anterior ones excessively long; none of these large
teeth received within the month. Maxillaries with fine teeth; palatine
with a single series of small pointed teeth; 110 teeth on the tongue.
Eye moderate. Pectorals moderate. Veutrals large. Dorsal fin high,
placed anteriorly, well in front of the ventrals. Adipose fin moderate,
sometimes fimbriate, opposite the low, short anal. Caudal moderate,
forked. Gill-openings very wide. 'No gill-rakers. Brauchiostegals
numerous. (-/aul'.<>-, exserted; do<iu~, tooth.)

469. C. slosna Bloch & Schneider.

Greenish above ; sides silvery; belly blackish. Dorsal not far behind
head, its first ray produced in a long filament. Pectoral fins short.
Ventral fins elongate, longer than head. About 30 phosphorescent dots
in a series from the chin to the ventrals. Scales of the body subhexag-
oual. Head nearly as deep as long, 7 in total length; depth about the
same. B. 17; D. 6; A. 1L> ; Y. 7; Lat. 1. 56. L. 12 inches. (G farther.)
Mediterranean and deep waters of the Atlantic ; a specimen found in
the stomach of a cod on George's Banks.

(Blocb & Schneider, 430; Gunther, v, 392.)

FAMILY XLV.— STOMIATIDJE.
(The Stomiatoids.)

Body elongate, naked or covered with thin deciduous scales. Mouth
very wide. Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the niaxillaries,
which are provided with teeth along their edges. Teeth usually very
strong, unequal, some of them often fang-like. Gill-membranes not
joined, free from the isthmus. Brauchiostegals numerous. A long
fleshy barbel suspended from the throat. No pseudobranchine. Sides
with phosphorescent spots. Dorsal fin short, median or posterior, with-
out spines. Adipose fin present or absent. Pectorals, and ventrals
present. Opercular apparatus incomplete. Skeleton feebly ossified.
Eggs excluded through oviducts. Deep-sea fishes of the Atlantic.
Genera 4; species 8 or 10.

(Stomiatidcc Giiuther, v, 424.)

*No adipose fin; dorsal opposite anal. (Stomiatince.)

a. Body with fine deciduous scales STOMIAS, 134.

aa. Body naked.

280 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

6. Vomer ami palatines \vitli teeth ........................... EciuosTOMA, 13.".

bb. Vunirr ami palatine* tool lil->s .......................... MAI.AI OSTKL'S, I'M.

'' Adipose tin present ; dorsal in front of anal; body naked. (Antr<nicxt!iiiia:)

AsTKONtSTHES, 137.

134.— STOIWIAS Cuvier.

(Cuvier, Ife^ni- Aniin. ii. Hi?: 1 ype Esox boa Risso, from the Mediterranean.)

Iloily elongate, compressed, covered with exceedingly fine and decid-
uous scales, which are scarcely imbricated, lying' in subhexagonal de-
pressions in the skin. Head compressed, the snout very short and the
cleft of the mouth extremely large. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw pro-
jecting. Teeth pointed, unequal, those of the premaxillaries and mandi-
ble very large ; maxillary with fine teeth ; vomer with a pair of fangs ;
palatines and tongue with smaller pointed teeth. Eye moderate. Oper-
cnlar portion of the head short; a large fleshy barbel suspended from
the hyoid region. Vent far back. Dorsal comparatively long, far back,
opposite the anal. Pectorals and ventrals rather small and short, the
latter far back. Caudal fin moderate. Lower side of head, body, and
tail with series of phosphorescent dots. Gill-openings very wide. Xo
pyloric coeca. Singular lishes of the deep waters of the Atlantic.
(rt-r »//.:«-, " mouthy," from ff-u;w., mouth.)

* Hvoid liarbel iiot fringed.

47O. S. fcrox Reinhardt.

IJlack. Xeither pectorals nor ventrals produced. Caudal rounded.
Depth about 12 in total length; head 10. D. 17; A. 21; P. 0; V. 0.

(Uiinthcr.) Greenland, south to Cape Cod, in deep water.
(Reiuhardt, Vidensk. Selsk. Xaturv. etc. x, p. Ixxvii ; Giinther, v, 42G.)

135.— ECIIIOSTOMA Lowe.

(L;)\vo, I'l-oi-. Zuiil. Soc. Loml. 1-1:'., >7 : type I-'i-Jiinntnina Ixirlxifum Ln\ve.)

I'.ody floii-alc. compressed, scaleless. Head rather compressed, the
snout short and the cleft of the mouth very wide. Teeth pointed, un-
equal. those of the premaxillary and the front of the lower jaw being
longest; maxillary teeth in a single series, those of the lower two-thirds
being small; teeth of the hinder par! of the mandible in a double or
triple series; vonier with a pair of fangs; palatines with a single series
of small pointed teeth; t wo groups of similar teeth on the tongue. K\e
i»f moderate si/.e. < )percnlar port ion of the head very narrow and llex-
ible; a fleshy barbel mi flic centre of the liyoid region. Dorsal fin far
back, Opposite anal. Caudal forked. Vent not far in advance of caudal
tin. Pectorals and ventrals feeble, the latter behind the middle of the

44. STOMIATID.E ASTRONESTHES. 287

body. Series of phosphorescent dots along the lower side of the head,
body, and tail. Gill-openings very wide. Gill-rakers minute. No pseudo-
branchiae. No air-bladder. Atlantic, (e^j?, a viper; <rrw,aa, month.)

479. E. barbatum Lowe.

Black, with an elongate, club shaped (phosphorescent) rose-colored
spot between the maxillary and the eye. Barbel as long as head (ill
specimens seen), fringed at its tip. "Upper ray of pectoral produced in
a long and slender filament reaching nearly to the root of the ventrals"
(wanting in specimens examined). Ventrals narrow, elongate. Head G
in length; depth 9. B. 12; D. 12-15; A. 17; P. 3-5; V. 8. L. 9 inches.
Deep waters of the Atlantic; lately taken off Gloucester, Mass.

(Lowe, Proc. Zocil. Soc. Loud. 1843, 83; Giinther, v. 427 ; Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex.
lust. 1879, 23.)

136.— MALACOSTEUS Ayres.
(Ayres, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, 53: type Malacosteus niger Ayres.)

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head rather compressed, the
snout very short, the cleft of the mouth very wide, extending to behind
the root of the pectorals. Teeth pointed, unequal, in single series on
both jaws and tongue; none on the palate. Opercula membrauaceous.
Dorsal far back, opposite anal. Pectorals rudimentary. Ventrals
rather posterior. One species known, (,'j.alazoz, soft; oVre'ov, bone.)

472. M. niger Ayres.

I

Black, with a white loral spot. Snout very short, convex. Lower
jaw with very long canines. Barbel long and slender. Pectoral rays
coalescing into a thin, long filament. Ventrals filamentous. Head 3f
with caudal; depth C. D. 19; A. 20; P. 5; V. G. North Atlantic; a
single specimen known. (Ayres.)

(Ayres, 1. c. ; Guiitlier, vi, 427.)

137.— ASTRONESTHES Eichardson.
(Richardson, Ichtli. Voy. Sulpli. 97, 1815: type Asironestlies niyra Rich.)

Body rather elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head compressed, the
snout short, the mouth wide. Teeth pointed, unequal. Upper jaw with
four long, curved canines; lower with two; maxillary teeth fine, sub-
equal ; palatines with a single series of small, pointed teeth, similar to
those on tongue. Eye moderate. Throat with a barbel. Dorsal fin
long, inserted in front of anal, behind ventrals; adipose fin present;
caudal forked; paired fins well developed. Gill-rakers minute. No pseu-
dobranchire. No air-bladder. Lower parts with phosphorescent spots.
v, star (star-fish); e<7#:w, to eat.)

288 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

•173. A. nifjor Rich.

Black. u it h about 22 luminous spots between chin and ventrals. Bar-
bel a little longer than head. Dorsal beginning just behind base of
vcmrals: pectoral not reaching nearly to ventrals. Jaws equal. Eye
large, well forward. Head 4; depth 5i. D. 17; A. 14. Deep waters
of the Atlantic; described from specimens from the Grand Batiks, per-
haps belonging to a different species.

(Richardson. I.-hlh. Voy. Sulpb. 97; Giinthcr, v, 425.)

FAMILY XLVI.— SALMONID^E.

(The Salmon Family.)

Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales. Head naked.
Mouth terminal, varying much in si/e and form; maxillary forming the
lateral margin ol' the upper jaw, provided with a supplemental bone;
premaxillaries not protractile. Teeth various, sometimes wanting. (Jills
4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobrauchirc present, but often small
or rudimentary. Gill-rakers various. Gill-membranes not connected
free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 3-20. No barbels. Dorsal usu-
ally nearly median, not greatly elongate. Adipose fin present. Cau-
dal fin forked. Anal lin moderate or rather long. Ventrals moderate,
nearly median. Pectorals placed low. Lateral line present. Abdo-
men rounded. Air-bladder large. Stomach ccecal or siphonal; the py-
loric C<LMM i. \v or many, sometimes obsolete. Ova generally large, fall-
ing into the cavity of the abdomen before exclusion. Genera about 20;
species 1U.3. A large and varied family; its members inhabit chielly the
fresh waters of northern regions, many of them being anadromons,
running up from the sea to spawn in the rivers. One genus (L'dro-
piniKi) is found in New Zealand, and the species of Microstoma, Arycn-
tiim, and }It/i>li<tl<>iinl,-its are mostly deep-sea fishes. In economic im-
portance this family ranks among the very lirst, and the salmon and
trout in all northern regions arc the choicest pri/es of the angler.
i ( .imi her, \i, 1 -•.'().">.)

Pylorir n.-r.-i l',-u urnuiir; .stuuiiicli

I'm nc:irl\ it\«Tilic- \c-ntr:ils. ( . l/'./i iiliniiid'. )

a. Branohiostegals 3 or 4 ; Ixxly i-lmi.nalr, sul>cyliinlric:il ---- MlCUOSTOMA, 1U8.
an. ]5r;ilicliiiis|i-^:i! , i; 8; bodj ciiiiiliivsscd.

b. Adipose I'm !<>n^ and low, scarcely shorter than dorsal I'm.

MA I.LOTUS (.juv.)
I'll. Adipose I'm normal, :.hort and hi^h.

c. Ventrals inserted in front ol' I he middle of ihe dorsal; month lurjje.

\er\ small; males \\ith villons hands; teeth leehle; pectoral
rays UJ--JU ............................. M ALLOT us, 140.

46. SALMONID^ MICROSTOMA. 289

dd. Scales larger, similar in both sexes; pectoral rays 10-12.

e. Teeth feeble, those on tongue very weak ; scales small, adherent.

THALEICHTHYS, 141.

ee. Teeth stronger, those on tongue enlarged ; scales moderate, decid-
uous OSMERUS, 112.

cc. Ventrals inserted under or behind the middle of dorsal; mouth moderate

or small.
f. Scales cycloid.

g. Jaws with minute teeth ; maxillary reaching past front of eye.

HYPOMESUS, 14:3.
gg. Jaws toothless; maxillary not reaching front of eye.

ARGENTINA, 144.

jf. Scales ctenoid HYPHALONEDRUS, 145.

** Pyloric co?ca many ; stomach siphonal.

tJaws toothless or with a few feeble asperities; scales rather largo; anal fin

somewhat elongate; maxillary short and broad ; not »u-

adromous ( Coregoiiiiict}) COKEGONUS, 146.

tt Ja\vs with distinct teeth; scales mostly small. (Salmonince.')

1i. Dorsal iiii very long and high, of about 20 rays; scales mod-
erate; tongue toothless; not auadromous.

THYMALLUS, 147.

hh. Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 9-15 in number; tongue with

teeth.

i. Dentition very feeble, incomplete; anal fin elongate, of about
17 rays; scales moderate; not auadromous.

STENODUS, 148.

ii. Dentition strong and complete; conical teeth on jaws, vo-
mer, and palatines ; tongue with two series of strong
teeth (deciduous in very old specimens of Oncorhynchus);
scales small.

j. Anal fin elongate, of 14-17 rays; vomer narrow, long, flat,
with weak teeth; species black spotted.

ONCORHYNCHUS, 150.
ij. Anal fin short, of 9-11 developed rays.

k. Vomer flat, its toothed surface plane; teeth on the shaft
of the vomer in alternating rows or in one zigzag row,
those on the shaft placed directly on the surface of tho
bone, not on a free crest (posterior vomerine teeth some-
times deciduous) ; species black spotted SALMO, 151.

Ick. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft strongly depressed, with-
out teeth ; very small, about 200 in the course of the lat-
eral line; species not anadromous, spotted with red or
gray SALVELINUS, 152.

13§.— THICROSTOMA Cuvier.

(Cuvier, Regne Auim. ii, 1817: type Gasteropelecus microstoma THsso=Microstomaro-
tundatum Risso.)

Body elongate, cylindrical, covered with large, thin, silvery scales.
Head short. Mouth very small, terminal; premaxillaries very small;
maxillaries very short and broad, not extending to the front of the very
large eye, which forms more than half the depth of the side of the head.
Lower jaw and vomer with a narrow series of fine teeth; no other teeth.

Dorsal fin short, inserted before or behind the veutrals, which are behind
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C 19

290 CONTRIBUTIONS TO XORTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

the middle of the body; an;d tin small: caudal sm.-.ll, forked, its central
]>art scaly: pectoral rather narrow; adipose, tin small, fringed, present
in the young, but usually disappearing with age. Branchiostegals ;> or 4.
I'seudobranchia' well de\ eloped. Air-bladder large. silvery. No pyloric
cu-ca : mucous membrane of stomach papillose. Atlantic < )cean, in deep
waters. (;c//«/-, small; <>-('>;i.a, mouth.)

ITS. I?l. grffiiilnmdiriiiii l.Vinh.

"This fish a]>]iears to be intermediate between Arycnlhm and Micro-
xtoma, having the dorsal fin inserted for the greater part in advance of
the vrntrals. and a series of line teeth in the lower jaw. Teeth on the
vomer, noiie on the tongue. Adipose tin conspicuous. The height of
the body is one-half the length of the head and one-tenth of the total."
II. ."•; I). 11; A. 10; V. 10. (Gihitlicr.) Greenland.

(MicroKlnnuix griliiI(iinHritN Rcinli. Vidensk. Sclsk. Niiturv. Matheni. Afhandl. viii,
1MI. Ixxiv: (.iiutlicr. vi, >J05.)

139.— ftlAlLLOTlIS* Cuvier (n»n»g).

Form and dentition of Tlutlcichtht/N. No trace of scales in the known
examples, which are immature. Dorsal tin well backward over ventrals,
its insertion nearer the tip of the caudal than the snout ; adipose tin long
and low, its height much less than the length of its base, its base little
shorter than that of the dorsal: pectoral rays in increased number;
anal moderate. Pseudobrancliia- well developed. Branchiostegals !».
I'yloric caeca 4.

•17IJ. JI. viEBosus (Miillrr) Cnvier (i/onni/).

Translucent whitish; a silvery lateral stripe; upper regions closely
punctate. Kye a little shorter than snout, 1 in head. .Minute teeth in
both jaws; middle of tongue rough; maxillary reaching front of pupil.
Ventrals and pectorals ab::iit equal in length to the longest dorsal ray,
•which is 7 times in length of body; ventrals inserted below first ray of
dorsal, not reaching vent; space between dorsal and adipose tin two-

§

thirds length of head; length of adipose fin more than twice its height,
two-thirds base of anal. Head 1; depth (i. I). IL'; A. L'l ; V. 8j I*. Hi.
L. 4 inches. P.chring's St raits. Probably developed scales when adult.

A^ iln-sr pa^rs arc pas-iin^ tliroii^li ili<- pri >s, \\r li-ani from I)r. llcaii tliat tin-
hi-i-t- ili'srriln-d. collrclcil liy liini in Tx-lirin-'N S'raits, is not a distinct j^ciius and
hpccics av ;it first Mipjiuscd. Inil tin- .M"1'1,^"' M<iHnlnn rilluxiix. We tlicrcfurc sup-
press tin- ] imposed generic a; id specific names, letting I lie dcs< i -ipt imi remain, it
ton late In caned t he lat ti-r.

46. SALMONID.E — THALEICHTHYS. 291

140.— M ALLOT U§ Cnvier.
Capelins.

(Cnvier, Ei'g-ce Auhn. 1829, ed. 2, ii: type Clupea villosa Miiller. )

Body elongate, compressed, covered with minute scales, a band of
which, above the lateral line and along- each side of the belly, are en-
larged, and in mature males they become elongate-lanceolate, densely
imbricated, with free, projecting points, forming villous bands. In very
old males the scales of the .back and belly are similarly modified, and
the top of the head and the rays of the paired fins are finely granu-
lated. Mouth rather large, the maxillary thin, extending to below the
middle of the large eye. Teeth minute, forming single series on the
jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; lingual teeth somewhat en-
larged, in an elliptical patch. Lower jaw projecting. Dorsal inserted
over ventrals. Brauehiostegals 8-10. Lower fins very large. Pec-
toral fins large, horizontal, with very broad base, their rays in increased
number (16-20). Pseud obranchire quite small. Gill-rakers long, slen-
der. Pyloric cceca 6, small. Ova very small. Marine species of the
North Atlantic and Pacific. (//«/Awr<)c, villous.)

476. M. VBlSosus (Miiller) Cuvier. — Capdin.

Dusky olivaceous above, grayish silvery on sides and below. Head
long, pointed. Base of anal in males compressed and prominent; pec-
torals reaching more than half way to ventrals, the latter to anal. Eye
large, 3J in head. Head 4£ in length; depth about 6. D. 12; A. 18.
Lat. 1. ca. 150. Greenland to Cape Cod and Alaska; abundant north-
ward.

(Clupea villosa Miiller, Proclr. Zool. Dan. 1777, 245; Giinther, vi, 170.)

141.— THALEICHTHYS Girard.
Eulaclion.

(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1859, 325: type Thaleiclitlujs stcvensi Grd. = Salmo
padficus Rich.)

This genus is intermediate between Mallotus and Osmerus, differing
from the latter in its rudimentary dentition. All the teeth are very
feeble, slender, and deciduous, although occasionally present on all the
bones of the mouth. No permanent teeth on the tongue. The scales
are much smaller than in Osmerus, and more closely adherent; larger
than in Mallotus, and similar in the two sexes. The coloration is dusky.

202 coxTinr.uTioxs TO XOIITII AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

Small fishes of the North Pacific, remarkable for their extreme oiliuess.
When dried they burn like a candle. (i)<u.-.>.a, rich; i'/J'uz, fish.)

•177. T. |>:u-iifiriis iK'irh.) (int.— I'.nhn-hon; Candb-Jlli.

< 'olor white, scarcely silvery; upper regions rendered dark iron-gray
by the aeciiniulat ion of dark punctulations. Body rat her elongate,
si.-ndcr. and less compressed than in OmnrniH. Jlead long, blunter
than in /////^///r.s'.v.v />r<//<>xi<x, less compressed, broader, and more eon-
vex above, .Mouth large, the maxillary rather narrow and long, reach-
ing beyond the middle of the rather small eye; lower jaw projecting.
Operde willi strong concentric stria*. (Jill-rakers numerous, rather
long and slender. \Yntrals large, inserted just in front of dorsal.
Pseudobranchia- small. Head -}•': depth (». P>. 8; I). 11; A. 21; P. 11.
I .at. 1. 7."); pyloHc co-ca 11; vertebra? 70. L. 1U inches. Oregon to
Alaska, ascending the rivers in enormous numbers in the spring. Au
•I'llent pan-fish, unsiupassed in delicacy of llesh.

(Sal/no (M/illutiiH !) itiK'ijli-nn I.'ichnnNoii, F;inna lior.-AiiHT. iii, 22G: Thaleichthyt
*i (Jirunl, I'. S 1'ac. 1>. li. Surv. I'ish. :i'J."»; (uiiitlicr, vi, 1C>~.)

112.— OS3IEKUS

Smelts.

(Artcdi ; LinnjL-iis. Sy.st. Xat. : lypi- Salmo eperlanus "L.)

Body elongate, compressed. Head long, pointed. Mouth wide, the
slender maxillary extending to past the middle of the eye; lower jaw
projeeling. I'reorbital and suborbital bones narrow. .Alaxillaries and
premaxillai'ii-s with line teeth; lower jaw with small teeth, which are,
larger posteriorly; tongue with a few strong, fang like teelh, largest
at the lip; hyoid bone, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids \\ ii li wide set
teeth. < Jill-rakers long and slender. Ilranchiostegals S. Scales large,
Ioi»r, li()-7() in the course of the lateral line. ])orsal small, about mid-
way of the body, over the ventrals; anal rather long. N'ertebia- about
<iO. I'ylorie e<eca small, lew. Small fishes of the coasts <. I F.urope and.
.Noi-lhern Ami'riea, sometimes ascending rivers. They are considerably
valued as food. ('"-."',/"':, otlorous; the name is eijiiix alcnt to the Eng-
lish "smelt".)

n V»:-A<": \\illi :i ci'c i < s of siniill In ! li : s|irric>s s]i:i wiiin^ in tin- soa.
•1"H. O. tSi:aIoiflil9iy.s Avrrs.

Olivaceous, sides silvery an<l somewhat translucent. ]iody compara-
tively deep and compressed. Head rather short and deep, the ma.xil-

40. SALMONID.E - OSMERUS. 293

lary broad, its edge strongly cnrved, extending to opposite posterior
margin of pupil. Premaxillary on the level of upper part of pupil.
Mandible projecting, -its tip somewhat curved upward. Eye longer
than snout, 4 in head. Fins high, the pectorals usually reaching ven-
trals, and the ventrals to anal ; anal reaching about to caudal. Teeth
weak; maxillary teeth scarcely visible. Head 4i; depth 5-5-. D. 9; A.
18; P. 11. Lat. 1. GO. L. 9 inches. Pacific coast from San Francisco
northward; rather common.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1860, 62; Giinther, vi, 168.)

O. aitensaalus Lockiugton.

Greenish, sides silvery. Body elongate, compressed. Head rather
long, somewhat pointed ; maxillary extending past pupil ; lower jaw
projecting; maxillary rather narrow, little convex. Outline of both
jaws nearly straight, less curved than in 0. tkaleichthys. Teeth on
tongue strong, but much smaller than in 0. mordax ; teeth on maxil-
lary conspicuous; front of both jaws with rather strong teeth; pala-
tine teeth variable, usually strong. Eye large, 4 in head. Fins low.
Pectorals not reaching ventral s, nor ventrals anal, nor anal to caudal.
Head 4£; depth G. D. 10; A. 15-17; P. 11. Lat. 1. G5. L. 10 inches.
Coast of California ; not rare. Very close to 0. thaleichthys, but proba-
bly distinct.

(Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 66.)

aa. Vorner witli 2-4 strong fang-like teeth; species ascending rivers.

4§O. O. niordtlX (Mitch.) Gill. — American Smelt.

Transparent greenish above, silvery on sides ; body and fins with
some dark punctulations. Body rather long and slender. Head large,
with l.;rge mouth and stronger teeth than in the other species of the
genus. Small teeth along the edge of the maxillary; strong fang-like
teeth on tongue and front of vomer ; cardiform teeth on palatines, ptery-
goids, and hyoid bone j mandible with moderate teeth, its tip projecting.
Scales deciduous. Dorsal fin rather posterior, the ventrals under its
front. Lower fins moderate, none reaching the next behind it. Gill-
rakers two-thirds diameter of eye. Head 4; depth 6J. D. 10; A. 15;
P. 13. Lat. 1. GS. L. 1:5 inches. Atlantic coast from Virginia north-
ward, entering streams and often land-locked. Very close to the
European 0. eperlanus, but the latter has larger scales (Lat. 1. GO),
shorter gill-rakers, and rather weaker teeth.

(Atherina mordax Mitchill, Trans. Lit. &Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1814, 446: Osmerus viridescens
Le Sueur, Jonru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 230: Osmerus viridescens Giinther, vi, 107.)

294 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Vur. SpC«'ti';j:JJ Cope.— '! "dton

Slender. Dead short, with very large eye, and short mouth and max-
illary. Maxillary not extending beyond middle of-pupil. Eye 3 in liead.
Head -I.1, ; depth S.\. D. 10; A. 15; Lat. 1. <H5. L. 1 ransv. 10. Small.
V\ ilton I'ond, Kennebcc County, Maine; land-locked in fresli water.
(Cope.}

( Osmerus v' di-um Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soo. Pliilu. 1870, 490.)

V:ir. afstjotti Co])i-. — Cobcsulf-ontic Smelt.

Stouter. Eye .smaller. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil.
Eye H in head. lleadl:,!; depth 7. Lat. 1. (58. L. transv. 10. Laud-
loeked in Cobessicontic Lake, Kennebec County, Maine. (Cope.)

<t!>l>otti Cope, I'm,-. Aim-r. Phil. Sue. Phila. L-'TO, 4'JO.)

481. O. tleaitex strindachner.

Dark brown above ; sides silvery or golden; bead and body with dark
points. Eye two-thirds length of snout. Teeth as in 0. e]H'rlanns and
n. mordd.r; maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye, its length live
times in distance from tip of lower jaw to dorsal. Height of dorsal half
length ol head; heigbt of anal two sevenths. ITeadi; depth ~>L 1). 10;
A. \:>: V. 8; Lat. 1.00; L. transv. 10. Port Clarence, Alaska, to north-
ern China. (liftin, MSS.)

induchuer, Sitzungsb. Kais. Akad. Wiss. AYicn, Ixi, 1^70,

.— IIYPOJIESUS

Smelts.

1. Pinr. Acad. Nut. Sci. I'liila. Ido2, 1C,'.): type .Iri/i ntuin pri-Hixa (Ird.)
Dody rather elong.;':'. modej-ately coni|>ressed, eovei'ed with thin scales
of modei-ate si/.e. Head ratln-r pointed. Mouth moderate, formed as
in Argyrosomus, the shoriish maxillai-y not extending <|iiite ((» mid<lle of
: its outline below l>roadl\ eonvr\, lo\\er jaw projecting. Teeth
minute, on jaws, vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue. N'entrals
inserted directly under middle ol' dorsal, midway between eye and base
of caudal. Ilranehiostegals (i-7. North I'acilie.. ('>-», below; .-'to;,
middle; in allusion to the position of the \entrals.)

. II. prcliosus (Qrd. ' -ill.— s,trf

Light olivai-eous: a silvery band along the lateral line. Eye as long

,>nout, 1.1 in head. fins low, the longest dorsal ray .S in length,

without caudal; jjcctorals scarcely reaching half way to ventrals, 7

46. SALMONID.E - ARGENTINA. 205

in length of body; ventrals not reaching vent, their length S£ in body.
Head 4.1; depth 4;-. D. 10; A. 15; P. 14; V. 8; Lat. 1. 70. L. 12
inches. Pacific coast, from California northward; abundant, spawning
in the surf. A very firm-fleshed and fat little fish, scarcely inferior to
the eulachou.

pretlosa Grd. Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 155: Osmenis pretiosus
Giranl, U. S. Pac. -E. E. Surv. Fisli. 324: Osments elongatus Ayres, Proc. Ac ad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1854, 17.)

4§3. H. oQedus (Pallas) Giiuther.

Darker. Fins higher, the longest dorsal ray 6 in length of body;
pectorals reaching two-thirds the distance to root of ventrals, their
length 5 in body ; ventrals G in length of body. Lat. 1. 56-60. Alaska
and Kamtschatka, spawning in fresh-water ponds. (Bean, MSS.)

(Salmo (Osmtrus) oUdits Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. As. iii, 391; Giinther, vi, 169, in part.)

144.— ARGENTINA Liumeus.
Argentines.

(Artedi; Linuseus, Syst. Nat. : type Argentina sphyr&na L.)

Body oblong, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are
often rough with spinous points. Mouth small, the maxillaries very
short, not reaching to the eye. Eye very large. Jaws toothless; an.
arched series of minute teeth on the head of the vomer and on the fore
part of the palatine; tongue typically, with a series of small curved
teeth on each side. Dorsal fin short, in advance of the ventrals. Cau-
dal fin deeply forked. Eggs small. Fishes of the deep waters of the
North Atlantic and Mediterranean, never entering fresh waters. (Latin
argentum, silver.)

* Scales more or less rough. (Sllus Reiiihardt.*)
4§4. A. syB'tesisiaiEEl Goode &. Bean.

Body compressed. Head not quite twice as long as deep. Snout
nearly 3£ in head. Insertion of dorsal midway between snout and adi-
pose fin; veutrals under last ray of dorsal. Scales very large, cycloid,
covered with minute asperities; a median row of scales along the back
and the beliy. Color olivaceous ; sides silvery. Head 4£; depth 5J.
B. 6; D. 12; A. 13; V. 14; scales 3-60-4. L. 17 inches. Sable Island
Bank, in deep water.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 2G1.)

* Reiiihardt, Bemiirkn. til den Skaud. Ichtliyol.il: type Salmo sUtis Ascanius.
(From the Norwegian name Tas-Sil, said to mean rough herring.)

20G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.
1.25.— S1YPC3A1L93IEDI2I7S c ..... V.

le, I'm.-. 1'. S. Nat. MM-. L880, iii, -I-:'.: type//". oW;,7/. MLS (ioodr.)

Doily sub-terete, covered with adherent rough-pectinate or ctenoid

sc..les. .Mouth ralh'.-r lir-'e, the maxillary reaching to beyond front of
orbit ; lov.vr ja\v projecting. 'iVetli on jaws, small, sharp; tongue
smooth. Dorsal in front of ventrals. Otherwise, essentially as in Ar<jc>i-
t lint.. Deep sea. (:'<ca).<>:, under the sea; i'> £')/"<?, d \veller.)

485. CI. fSj:i3y!>eaiis Gooile.

Grayish, mottled with brown; scales metallic silvery. Body plump,
terete. Maxillary broad and ilattened posteriorly, extending to front
of pupil, its length 2;[ in head. Interorbital space broad, 4 times the
diameter <:f eye. Scales arranged in regular transverse rows, overlap-
ping in sach a manner as to resemble oblique plates on the sides. Lat-
eral line prominent, straight. Insertion of dorsal midway between pee-
torals and ventrals, or snout and adipose tin; pectorals long; ventrals
under middle of dorsal; caudal forked. Head 4; depth 4. D. 11; A.
8; P. 17 or IS; V. 0 or 10; Lat. 1. 52. Deep sea, off the coast of llhode
Island.

(Goudu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 1<1.)

146.— COUEGOXUS Liimaius.

White-fish.

(Artcili; Liiiii;:-iis, Sysl. X:i!.: ty|>r CorcgontlS IdverettlS Ij.)

Body oblong or elongate, compressed. Head more or less conic, com-
pressed, the, form of the snout varying eonsidei-ably. Month small, the.
maxillary short, not extendin-' beyond the orbit, with a well-developed
.supplemental bone. Teeth extremely minute, if present. Scales laod-
eraie. ! iiiu, cycloid, rat her h'rm. Dorsal tin moderate; caudal tin deeply
for!ve<l; anal I'm somewhat elon-aie; ventrals well developed. P.M-ndo-
brain Iii;:- l.ir-c. dill-rakers varying from .- hurt and thicUish to very
Ion- aad .slender. Air-'ola'.lder very lar.u'e. Stomach horseshoe -shaped,
with many (about !(!;>) pyloric cu-ca. Ova small. Species about !<». in-
habiliii- the clear lakes of Northern l-airope, Asia, and America, in
Arc,], iv-ions descend i 11;;' to the sea. Most of them spawn in late fall
or v. inter near the shore, at other seasons often frcquentm*; consider-
able depths. The .uioup, as here defined, includes a number of sect ions
characteri/.ed by minor modifications of .structure, some of which have.
been considered a genera. It seems to us that the number of distinct
species has been overest imat ed by previous writers, and that the tfCO-
range of each one is much wider than Las hitherto been

46. SALMONID.E — COREGONUS. 297

generally supposed. The species are highly valued for food, the flesh
being generally pale and of fine flavor. The coloration is very uni-
form; bluish olivaceous above; the sides and below silvery. (*«/;/'/?>
the temples; Y^'^I angle.)
This genus may be subdivided as follows:

* Lower jaw included ; premaxillaries broad, placed vertically or tlio lower edge turned

inward.

t Gill-rakers short, thickish, few in number; preorbital broad, wider tliau pupil;
maxillary sbort aud rather broad, not reaching to the lino of the eye; the
small supplementary bone mostly narrow aud sharply elliptical ; mouth very

small (PuosoPiUM Milner) coticai, williamsoni, quadrilateral-is, kenniootti.

tt Gill- rakers numerous, long, and slender; preorbital long and narrow; maxillary
comparatively loug, the supplemental bone ovate. (CoiJEGONUS.)

t Tongue too; bless, or nearly so; back elevated clupeiformis.

Jt Tongue with about three scries of small teeth; body elongate, compressed.

Idbradoricus.

tit Tongue nearly toothless; back not elevated hoyi.

** Lower jaw projecting; premaxillaru's narrow, placed more or less horizontally.

§ Body elongate, snbfusiform; scales small, uniform, convex behind (ARGYKO-

SOMCS Agassiz) merki, artcdi, niyripinnin.

§§Body short, deep, compressed, shad-like; curve of the back similar to that
of the belly ; scales large, larger forwards, rather closely imbricated, the
posterior margin little convex ( ALLOSOMUS Jordan) tnUlbce.

* Lower jaw included; preraaxillaries broad, placed vertically or turned inward.

t Gill-rakers short, thickish, few in number; preorbital broad, wider than pupil;
maxillary short and rather broad, not reaching to the line of the eye; the
small supplementary bone mostly narrow and sharply elliptical ; mouth very
small. (Prosopium* Miluer.)

4§6. C. COtaesii Miluer. — Chief 3f on nialn Wliite-fmli.

Head narrowed anteriorly, the snout prolonged, pig-like, protruding
beyond the mouth. Maxillary 4 iu head, barely reaching eye. Sub-
orbital and snpraorbital wider than in the other species. Depth 41 in
length; length of head about the same; body therefore elongate, not
elevated nor much compressed. D. 12; A. 10; scales 8-88-7. Chief
Mountain Lake, Montana, a tributary of the Saskatchawau. Very close
to the next, if really different; the head and mouth larger in the single
specimen known.

(Miluer, Eept. U. S. Fish Com. 1872-'73, S3 : Prosopium couesi Miluer, in Jordan, Man.
Vert. cd. 2, 362.)

487. C. wiflfllacmsoaaa Girard. — Eocky Mountain White-fish.

Body oblong, rather deeper than in C. qu'idrilatcmlis, but little com-
pressed. Head shortish, conic, the profile more abruptly decurved
than in the others. Snout compressed and somewhat pointed at tip,
•which is entirely below the level cf the eye. Maxillary short and very

* Miluer, in Jordan Man. Yert. ed. 2, 331: type C. ij_uudrilati:raUs Rich, (-^
a mask; from the broad preorbital.)

208 CONTRIBUTIONS TO . NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

broad, reaching just about to the anterior margin of eye; therefore',
apparently longer than in the next, owing to the shortness of the snout.
Maxillary contained -I times in the length of the head ; mandible ."> times.
.Month inferior. Eye lr| in head. Adipose tin very large, extending
behind anal. Depth 1) in length ; head -l'-|. D. 11-14; A. 11; scales
S-74 to 88-7. (.1 ill-rakers short and thick, shorter than pupil; ab/nit
111 below the angle. Clear streams and lakes from the Kocky Mount-
ains to the Pacific; abundant in the Sierra Nevada. An excellent
food-iish ; variable.

l, 1'n.c. Acatl. Nat. Sci. IMiila. l^.jC), 13 J; Giiutlicr, vi, 137.)

C. <Jlia.d"ilaleraIis Richardson. — I'Hot-Jixh; Mcnomoncc H'ltitt'-fish ; Shntl
fl'aiti r:

Body elongate, not elevated nor much compressed, the back rather
broad, the form more terete than in any of the other species. Mouth
very small and narrow, inferior, the broad maxillary not reaching to
opposite the eye, ~>.\ in head. Head long, the snout compressed and
bluntly pointed, its tip not below level of eye; profile not strongly de-
curved. Preorbital wider than pupil. Mandible originating under mid-
dle of eye, :>.'4 in head. Adipose lin small. (Jill-rakers short and stoutish,
but rather longer than in C. icHlittiiiNoni. Head 5 in length ; depth 1 ;.
D. 11; A. 10; scales 9-30 to 90-8. Color dark bluish above, silvery
below. Lakes of New Hampshire, Upper (Ireat Lakes, northwestward
to Alaska; abundant in cold, deep w-.ters.

, Franklin's .lourn. \*\>'.\, 711 ; Ci'mtlirr, vi, 17;>:
1'rcscuii, AMI T. .Joimi. Sri. Arts \i, :;;•_'. i-r>i : Coregonua n&vw-angliw Giiuiher, vi,l~:i.)

489. €. keiitiicotti Miln.-.-, .Mss. .-j>. n»r.

I'.ody oblong, elliptical, the back not greatly elevated. Head very
short and deep, the snout bluntly dei-urved and not projecting, the
depth of the head at the nape greater than the distance from the end of
the snout to the operciilar margin. Mouth not inferior, the jaws almost
equal : maxillary extremely short and broad, not quite reaching to the
eye, its length .V. in head, its supplemental bone broad-ovate, broader
than in rlii/H-ifonitix. dill rakers us in C. <iit(ttlriltttertilit<. I'reorbital
rather l>road. Coloi- pale, as in c!ii>>r{/'<irni is. Head f» ] in length. 1).
11: A. I.".: scales lO-'.m-lO. Types Xos. S!»71 ;ind '.tCOO of the Cnited
States National Museum from Fort dooil 1 lope, British America, and
^ "neon Kiver, Alaska, respectively. A strongly marked species, well
distinguished among the American Ibrms by the very obtuse head, but
perhaps identical with some Siberian species.

4G. SALMONID/E - COEEGONUS. 299

tt Gill-rakers numerous, long and slender ; preorbital long and narrow ; maxillnries
comparatively loug; the supplemental bone ovate, rather broad. (Coregonus.')
t Tongue toothless, or nearly so; back elevated.

49©. C. clfllsseifoa'Mias (Mitch.) Milner. — Common White-fish.

Body oblong, compressed, always more or less elevated, and becoming
notably so in the adult. Head comparatively small and short, the snout
bluntish, obliquely truncated; tip of snout on level of lower edge of
pupil j width of preorbital less than half that of pupil. Maxillary
reaching past front of orbit, about 4 in head. Eye large, 4-5 in head.
Gill-rakers moderate, § diameter of eye, about 20 below the angle.
Color olivaceous above; sides white, but not silvery; lower fius some-
times dusky. Head 5; depth 3-4. D. 11; A. 11; scales 8-74-9. L. 20
inches. Great Lakes and northward; the best known and most highly
valued of the American white-fishes. This species, like others of wide
distribution, is subject to considerable variations, dependent on food,
waters, etc. Feeds on minute organisms.

(Salmo dupeiformis Mitchill, Arner. Mouth. Mag. ii, 321, 1818: Coregonns albus Le
Sueur, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 231, 1818 : Coregonus albus Giiuther, vi, 184, aud
of authors generally: Coregonus richardsoiti Gunther, vi, 185: Coregonus sapidissimus
Giiuther, vi, 18G : Coregonus laiior Guuther, vi, 186 : Coregonus olsego, the " Otsego Lake
Bass", DeWitt Clinton Med. & Phil. Register, iii, 188.)

tt Tongue with about three series of small teeth; body elongate, compressed.

491, C. labradoricus Rich. — " Whiting" ; Musquaiv River White fish.

Body rather elongate, compressed, the back not elevated. Head.
rather long and slender, compressed. Mouth rather small, the jaws
equal, the maxillary reaching to the front of the pupil. Maxillary
bone broad, rather short, its supplementary piece ovate. Mandible
reaching middle of eye. Eye large, 4} in head. Supraorbital bone
narrow. Gill-rakers rather long. Bluish black above, silvery below;
scales with dark pimetulations ; fius all dusky. Dorsal fin high in
front, the last rays short. Head 4§ ; depth 4^. D. 11; A. 11; scales
9_80-8. L. 12 inches. Great Lake region to the lakes of the Adi-
roudacks aud White Mountains, and northeastward ; generally abun-
dant in cold, clear lakes.

(Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 203, 1836 ; Giinther, vi, 176 : Coregonus neohan-
toniensis Prescott, Arner. Jouru. Sci. Arts, xi, 342, 1851.)

ttt Tongue nearly toothless ; back not elevated.

492. C. Iioyi (Gill) Jordan. — Lake Moon-eye; Cisco of Lake Michigan.

Body rather elongate, compressed, the back somewhat elevated.
Head rather long, in form intermediate between Coregonus and Argyro-

300 CONTRIBUTIONS TO XORTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

somus. Mouth rather large, terminal, the lower ja\v evidently shorter
Ilian upper, even when the mouth is open; tip of muzzle rather bluntly
truncate: maxillary reaching to opposite middle of pupil, about 3 in
head; mandible extending to posterior margin of pupil. Supraorbital
ami preorbkal narrow. Eye very large, 3i in head. Tongue with
tract's of teeth. Gill-rakers slender, about L'-J below the angle, rather
long, nearly as long as eye. Pseudobranchirc very large. Fins low;
free margin of dorsal very oblique. Color bluish above, sides and be-
low rich silvery, brighter than in any other of onr Corcyoni, mueh as in
Jlyoilmi Mid AW ul a. Lateral line almost straight. Head 4^ ; depth -r,'.
D. 10; A. 10; scales 7-75-7. L. 12 inches. Deep waters of Lake Mich-
igan, Lake Ontario, and neighboring lakes; the smallest and hand-
somest of our Corcjoni. It is intermediate in its relations between the
typical (!<trcyoni and Argyrosomus.

(Argyroxomiix /io.yi (Gill, MSS.) Miluer, Kept. U. S. Fish Coin. 1872-73, 8G, 1^71;
Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. -J, 275.)

**Lo\ver _ja\v project hit;-; premaxillaries narrow, placed more or less horizontally.
$ iicidy elon^aie, sill (fusiform; scales small, uniform, convex behind. (Anjyro-
sontuti Agassiz.*)

493. C. EBarrlti (ithr.

Steel-bluish above, with many dark points; belly white; dorsal and
caudal mostly blackish; pectorals and ventrals tipped with black; e\e
blackish, the iris silvery. Body rather elongate, compressed. Form
of mouth as in C. artcdi, the lower jaw considerably projecting; max-
illary broad, with rather broad supplemental bone, three times as long-
as wide, extending to middle of the very large eye, its length 3 in head;
prrorbital extremely narrow. Length of mandible somewhat more than
least depth of tail. Teeth none, or reduced to minute asperities on
the tongue, dill-rakers numerous, very long and slender. Dorsal
very hi;;!i, much higher than long, its last rays rapidly shortened, the
lirst rays twice the length of base of tin; insertion of dorsal midway
between snout and middle of adipose fin. Caudal large, well forked;
anal small: ventral inserted under middle of dorsal, very long. •: length
of head: pectoral the same length. Scales as in C. «ft<'<li. Head .">;
depth :.;. live :\ in head. D. 11; A. 14; V. 11; scales 7-SO-S. I'.ehr-
in-'s Sea to the north shore of Siberia, ascending rivers; lately obtained
by Dr. iSean in Alaska.

(Siilinii olupeoides I'.-ill.-i-, 7.««^r. K.I--;. Asi;it. iii, -lid; nuf ('IH-CI/IIIIIIH cliijKoiiicK I,a-
c6pedc ; ( .iini her, vi, I'.l.'i. )

>i/., Lake Superior, l.'n. ",:','. I : type <'i,ri't/uiins fl/ijiiifonnii D.'Kax, not of
y\'Hf\\iU,-.f'(iri'fji>nun (trtnli !,<• Sin-nr. (c./n'r/juf, silver; u<.l>j.ta, body.)

46. SALMONID^E - COREGONUS. 301

494. Co airfteslfi Lc Suenr. — Lake Herring; Cisco; Michigan Herring.

Body elongate, compressed, not elevated. Head compressed, rather
pointed. Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching about to the
middle of the pupil, about 3i in head; the mandible 2£ in head. Pre-
orbital bone long and slender; suborbital broad; supraorbital nearly
as long as eye, about 4 times as long as broad. Eye 4-5 in head.
Gill-rakers very long and slender, as in dupea, as long as eye, 25-30
below the angle. Bluish black or greenish above; sides silvery; scales
with dark specks. Fins mostly pale, the lower dusky tinged. Head
4J; depth 4^. D. 10; A. 12; scales 8-75 to 90-7. L. 12 inches. Great
Lakes and northward to Alaska and Labrador; very abundant, usually
frequenting shallow waters. In numerous small lakes in Indiana and
Wisconsin (Geneva, Tippecanoe, Ocouomowoc, etc.) is the modified var.
sisco (Argyrosomus sisco Jordan, Amer. Nat. 1875, 130), which lives in
the deep waters, coming into shallower waters to spawn in December.

(Coregonus artediJ-ie Snenr, Journ. Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 231, 1818: Coregtmus clwpei-
f or mis Giinther, vi, 193, and of nearly all authors, but not Sal mo diqn'ij'nrinia of Mitch-
ill : Salrno (Cone/onus} harenrjus Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Atuer. iii, 210; Sal mo (Coreyo-
•WMN) luddus Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 207: Coreyonus lucidim Giinther, \i, 198:
Coreyonus harenyus Giiuther, vi, 199.)

495. C. uigrrnpiDiMis (Gill) Jor. — Blue-fin; Black-fat.

Body stout, fusiform, compressed. Head stout. Month large, the
lower jaw projecting. Eye rather large, longer than snout, about 4
in head. Teeth very minute, but appreciable on prenraxillaries and
tongue. Gill-rakers very numerous, long and slender. Color dark
bluish above: sides silvery, with dark punctulations; fins all blue-
black. Head 4J ; depth 3$. I). 10; A. 12; scales 9-88-7. L. 18
inches. Deep waters of Lake Michigan ; locally abundant. Larger
'than most of the other Coregoni. Known at once by tbe black fins.

(Argyroaomus 'iiir/ripinms (Gill, MSS.) Milner, Rept. U. S. Fish Corn. 1872-73, 87,
1375; Jordan, Man. Vert. 275.)

§§ Body short, deep, compressed, shad-like; curve of the back similar to that of the
belly; scales lar^c, notably larger forwards, rather closely imbricated, the
posterior margin little convex. (Allosomus Jordan.*)

496. C. tssSli&ce Rich.— Tullibce; "Mongrel White Fish".

Body short, deep, compressed, shad-like, the dorsal and ventral
curves similar. Caudal peduncle short and deep. Head conic, com-
pressed, much as in C. nigri_pmnis. Mouth large, the rnaxillar}* as long

'Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 1878, 331: type Corerjonus tulUbee Rich, (a/l/lo?, other,
different; dfc/./a, body.)

302 coNTRinrTioxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

as the eye. extending past tlic front of the pupil, its supplemental bone
narrowly ovate, with prolonged joint; jaws equal when closed. Kye
large, as long as snout, 1.1 in head. Preorbital narrow: snpraorliital
elongate, rectangular. Scales anteriorly considerably enlarged, their
diameter hall' larger than the diameter of those on the caudal peduncle.
Color bluish above; sides white, punctate with tine dots; each scale
with a silvery area, these forming a series of distinct longitudinal
stripes. I Tead 4; depth 3. D. 11 ; A. 11; scales 8-74-7. L. 18 inches.
Great Lakes and northward. A handsome and well-marked species.

(talma (Coregonnx) InJIihcc Ilirli. FMUIKI I5or.-Anior. iii, 201, 183IJ; Giiuthcr, vi, 199:
ArgyroxoniHs tullibec Jorduu, Man. Yrrl. :>(51.)

147.— TIIYMAtLUS Cnvier.

Graylings.

(Cuvii-r. Ur^iii- Amin. oil. 2, ii, 1^9: type Salmo thymaUits L.)

Body oblong, compressed, little elevated. Head rather short. Month
moderate, terminal, the short maxillary extending past the middle of the
large eye, but not to its posterior margin. Teeth slender and sparse on
the maxillaries, premaxillaries, and lower jaw; vomer short, with a
small patch of teeth; teeth on the palatines; tongue toothless, or
nearly so. dill-openings wide. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. dill-rakers
short and rather stilt'. Suborbital and preorbital bones narrow.
Scales small and loose, 7.~>-100 in the course of the lateral line. Dorsal
lin very long and high, mostly in advance of the ventrals, of about L't)
rays: adipose I'm small; caudal fin forked ; anal fin small, of 10-15
rays. Coloration brilliant, the dorsal with red or blue spots. Pseu-
dobranehia- well developed. Air-bladder very large. Pylorie append-
ages about \~>. neantiful lishes of the fresh waters of northern regions.'
(^•'-//.////.»<-, the ( 1 reek name of the Grayling, the lish having the odor of
' thyme — n:^ui-.]

497. T. si^llifrr li'irlnmlsim. — Amcrlcnn (I

j
llody elongate, compressed, highest under the anterior portion of the

dorsal. Head rather shoi t, snbeonic, com]»ressed, its uppei- out line eon-
tinuoiis nith anterior curve of the back. ]\Iouth moderate, the maxil-
lary extending to below the middle of the eye: jaws about equal.
Tongue, in the young, \\ ith teeth v, liicli are usually absent in the adult.
K\e ipiile lai-gc, about .'5 in head, rather longer than snout, about equal
to the i.iterorbital space. Scales moderate, easily detached. Lateral

46. SALMONID.E THYMALLUS. 303

line nearly straight. A small bare space behind isthmus. Dorsal fin
long and high, its length rather greater than the depth of body, its
height varying, greatest in the males; adipose fin rather small; anal
fin small. Gill-rakers slender, short, about 11 below the angle. Color-
ation brilliant, (in var. tricolor) purplish gray; young silvery; sides of
head with bright bluish and bronze reflections; sides of body with
small, black, irregular spots, most numerous posteriorly in young speci-
mens; ventral fins ornate, dusky, with diagonal rose-colored lines; dor-
sal with a black line along its base, then a rose-colored one, then a
blackish one, then rose-colored, blackish, and rose-colored, the last
stripe continued as a row of spots ; above these is a row of dusky-green
spots, then a row of minute rose-colored spots, then a broad dusky area,
the middle part of the fin tipped with rose; anal and adipose fins dusky;
central rays of caudal pink, outer rays dusky. Head 4f ; depth 4§.
D. 20; A. 11; scales 8-90-9. L. 18 inches. Northern Michigan to
Montana, northward to Alaska and the Arctic Ocean; abounding in
clear, cold streams in suitable locations. Professor Milner (Kept. U. S.
Fish Com. 1872-'73, 740, et seq.) recognizes three distinct species, which

seem to us rather as varieties of one species. These are —

•

Var. sigaaifea* Rich.

From British America and Alaska. Has the scales smaller, (Lat. 1.
98), the maxillary shorter, and the head rather less than one-fifth the
length ; the dorsal rays are perhaps more numerous, and the fin in the
males much higher.

(Coregonus signifer Rich. Franklin's Journ. 1823, 711: Salrno (Tliymalltis~) sirjnifer
Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 190; Giinther, vi, 202; Milner, Rept. U. S. Fish Coin.
1872^-73, 738.)

Var. tricolor Cope. — Michigan Grayling.

From various streams in the northern part of the southern peninsula
of Michigan. Has a longer head than the preceding, forming a little
more than one-fifth the length, and the scales larger, 90-92 in the lat-
eral line.

(Tlnjmallus tricolor Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865,80: Tliymallm tricolor
Giiuther, vi, 201 : Tlujmallus tricolor Milner, Rept. U. S. Fish. Com. 1872-73, 739, and
of late writers on angling generally.)

Var. nioaitaiaias Milner. — Montana Grayling.

From the headwaters of the Missouri. Similar to tricolor, but has the
body deeper, the depth being about 4£ in the length.

(Thymallus montanus Milner, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1872-73, 741, 1874.)

304 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

119.— STE\TO»US Richardson.

^nconnus.

(Liiciolrutta Giiiither.)
(Richardson: type Salmo mficl:i'n:ii Ricli.)

I3o;ly ratlu-r elongate, little compressed. Head long, the cleft of the
mouth \viile. Maxillary long', broad, lanceolate, extending far backward,
lower jaw projecting much beyond the upper. Dentition very feeble,
the teeth extremely small; maxillary toothless; voiner, palatines, and
tongue with narrow bauds of minute villiform teeth. Gill-rakers rigid,
awl-shaped, rough interiorly. Brunehiostegals 10. Pyloric cceca in
great number. Dorsal fin moderate, over ventral* ; anal rather long;
caudal Corked. Scales moderate. Coloration silvery. Migratory trout
of large size, inhabiting the streams of Arctic America and Asia.
(•77^0?, narrow; onnb-, tooth.)

498. S. nriaelicazai Richardson. — Inconnu.

Body elongate, subterete. Head long and compressed, with flattened
vertex. Eye moderate. Preopercle much curved. Dorsal tin nearer
caudal than snout. Bluish above; sides silvery, as in the Corcyoni.
Head :\\. B. 10; D. 1,°,; A. 15; 'scales 11-100-10. Mackenzie's Hiver
and its tributaries.

(S(ilni') in-n:ki-n:ii Richardson, Franklin's Journ. 1823, 707: Luciolrutta mackenziei
Giiuthcr, vi, 1(34.)

1 19.— OXCOESEI VWCEIUS Surkl.-y

Pacific Xalmons.

\!rv. Ann. Lyr. Nat. Hi-4. X. Y. 1861, :>H: type Sal mo scouleri Rich.)
Body elongate, subi'iisit'onn or compressed. Mouth wide, the maxil-
lary long, lanceolate, usually extending beyond the eye; jaws with
moderate teeth, which become in the adult male enormously enlarged
in front. Yomer long and narrow, Hat, with a series of teeth both on the
head and the shaft, Hie latter series eomparat ively short and weak;
palatines with a series of teeth; tongue with a marginal series on each
s:de: teeth oa Yomer and tongue often lost with age: no teeth on the
liyoid bone, Ilranehioslegals more or less increased in number. Scales
modei-a!e or small. Dorsal I'm moderate; anal fin comparatively elon-
gate, of I l-iM rays. 1'ylorie appendages in increased number. (Jill-
r.ikers rather numerous. Ova large. Sexual peculiarities very strongly
developed; the snout in the adult males in summer and fall greatly
distorted; the'premaxillaries prolonged, hooking over the lower jaw,
which in turn is greatly elongate and somewhat hooked at tip; tine

46. SALMONIDJ2 ONCOEHYNCHUS. 305

teeth on these bones also greatly enlarged. The body becomes deep
and compressed ; a fleshy hump is developed before the dorsal fin, and
the scales of the back become imbedded in the flesh. The flesh, which
is red and rich in spring, becomes dry and poor. Salmon, mostly of
large size, ascending the rivers tributary to the North Pacific in North
America and Asia, spawning in the fall. Only five species are certainly
known, (o'^o?, hook; p^r/.0"^ snout.)
The species may be divided as follows :

* Gill-rakers comparatively short and few (20 to 25 in number).

a. Scales very small, more than 200 in a longitudinal series gorbuscha.

aa. Scales medium, about 145 (138-155) in a longitudinal series; pyloric cceca about
150.

1). Anal rays 13 or 14 ; black spots small or obsolete. ; B. 13-14 Tccta*

bb. Anal rays about 16; back and upper fins with black spots ; B. 15-19.. cliouicha.
aaa. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125-135) in a longitudinal series ; pyloric

cceca 50-80 kisutch.

** Gill-rakers comparatively long and numerous (30-40 in number) ; scales large ; lat.
1. about 130 nerka.

* Gill-rakers comparatively short and few (20-25 in number).

a. Scales very small, more than 200 in a longitudinal series.

499. O. gorHJUScBaa ( Walb.)- Gill & Jordan. — Humpback Salmon; Haildo; Holia;

Gorbusclia; Dog Salmon (Alaska).

Color bluish ; sides silvery ; back posteriorly, adipose fin, and tail
with numerous black spots; fall males red, more or less blotched with
brownish. Body rather slender, in the female plump and symmetrical,
in the fall males very thin and compressed, with the fleshy dorsal
hump much developed and the jaws much elongated, strongly hooked,
and with extravagant canines in front.** Ventral appendage half the
length of the fin. B. 11-12. Gill-rakers 13 + 15. A. (developed rays)
15 ; D. 11 ; scales 215 (210-240), those of the lateral line larger, 170.
Pyloric cosca very slender, about 180. Weight 3-6 pounds. Pacific
coast and rivers of North America and Asia from Oregon northward;
not rare; occasionally taken in the Sacramento. Known at once by
the very small size of the scales.

(Salmo gorbuscha Walbaum, Artedi Pise. 1792, G9: Salmo proteus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.
Asiat. iii, 37G : Salmo gibber Bloch & Schneider, 409 : Oncorhynchus proteus Giinther, vi,
157 : Salmo proteus Suckley, Mouogr. Salmo, 97 ; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 71,
1878: Salmo scouleri Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 158. Oncorhynchus sco u leri Giinther,
vi, 158.)

aa. Scales medium, about 145 (138-155) in a longitudinal series; pyloric cceca about 150.
1). Anal rays 13 or 14 ; black spots small or obsolete.

500. O. liela (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan. — Dog Salmon; Hay-bo; Le Kai Salmon.
Dusky above; sides paler, little lustrous; back and sides with no

Bull. Nat. Ms. No. 16 20

30G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

defined spots, but only fine spccklings, which are often entirely obso-
lete: head dusky, scarcely any metallic lustre oil bead or tail; caudal
dusky, plain, or very finely maculate, its edge usually distinctly black-
ish; tins all mostly blackish, especially in males; breeding males generally
blackish above, with sides brick-red, oiteu barred or mottled. General
form of the Quiuiiat, but the head proportionately longer, more depressed
and pike-like ; the preoperclc more broadly convex behind, and the max-
illary extending considerably beyond eye. Gill-rakers lew, coarse, and
stout, as in the Quinuat. Accessory pectoral scale short, not half the
len- tli of Jin. Head 4; depth 4. D. 0; A. 13-14; scales about 28-150-
30; B. 13 or 14, rather broad; gill-rakers 0 -f 15; pyloric coeca 140-1S5;
weight about IL> pounds. San Francisco to Kamtschatka, ascending all
streams in the fall, and spawning at no great distance from the sea;
abundant in IJehriug's Straits. At the time of its run the males of this
species are much distorted and the flesh has little value.

(Salmo keta vel Kayko Walbautn, Artedl Pise., 1792, 72: Salmo kcta vel Eayko Bloch
& Schneider, 1*01, 407: Salmo lagocephalus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. iii, :!72, 1811-'31 :
,^11 lino cunt* iSuckley, Arm. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1858, 9, and Monogr. Salmo, 101: On-
corhynchus lagocephalus Giiuther, vi, 161.)

bb. Anal rays about 16 ; back and upper fins with black spots.

5O1. O. cDiouicIia (Walb.) J. & G. — Quinnat Salmon; King Salmon; Columbia Sal-
mon; Sacramento Salmon ; Chinnook Salmon ; TI/«- Salmon ; Fall Salmon (male) ;
Spring Salmon ; Winter Salmon; Sair-kiccy ; Chouicha.

Color dusky above, often tinged with olivaceous or bluish; sides and
below silvery; head dark slaty, usually darker than the body and little
spotted; back, dorsal fin, and tail usually profusely covered with round
black spots (these are sometimes few, but very rarely altogether want-
ing); sides of head and caudal fin with a peculiar metallic tin-colored
lustre; male, about the spawning season (October) blackish, more or
less tinged or blotched with dull red. Ilead conic, rather pointed
in the females and spring males. Maxillary rather slender, the small
eye behind its middle. Teeth small, longeron sides of lower jaw than
in front: vomerine teeth very few and weak, disappearing in the males.
In the males in late summer and fall, the jaws become elongate and
distorted, and the anterior teeth much enlarged, as in the. related spe-
cies. The body then becomes deeper, more compressed, and arched
at the shoulders, and the color nearly black. Preopercle and op-
erde st'on.uly convex. I'.ody comparatively robust, its depth greatest
near its middle. Ycntrals inserted behind middle of dorsal, ventral
appendage half the length of the I'm; caudal, as usual in this genus,
strongly forked, on a rather slender caudal peduncle. Flesh red and

46. SALMONID.E ONCORHYNCHUS. 307

i
rich in spring, becoming paler in the fall as the spawning season

approaches. Head 4 ; depth 4. B. 15-10 to 18-19, the number on the
two sides always unlike. D. 11 ; A. 10. Gill-rakers usually 9+14
(i. e.j 9 above the angle and 14 below). Pyloric coeca 140-185. Scales
usually 27-140-29, the number in a longitudinal series varying from
140-155, and in California specimens occasionally as low as 135. Verte-
brae GO. L. 30 inches. Usual weight in the Columbia Eiver 22 pounds,
elsewhere 10-18 pounds, but individuals of 70-100 pounds have been
taken. Ventura Eiver to Alaska and Northern Chiuaj ascending all
large streams; especially abundant in the Columbia and Sacramento
Eivers, where it is the principal salmon. Upwards of 30,000,000 pounds
are now taken yearly in the Columbia Eiver. It ascends the large
streams in spring and summer, moving up, without feeding, until the
spawning season, by which time many of those which started first may
have travelled more than a thousand miles. After spawning, most or
all of those which have reached the upper waters perish from ex-
haustion. It is by far the most valuable of our salmon. It has lately
been introduced into many eastern streams.

(Salmo tshawytscha* Walbaum, Artedi Pise. 1792, 71: Salmo oricntalis Pallas, Zoogr.
Ross. Asiat. iii, 367, 1811-'31: Salmo qulnnat Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 219, and of
writers generally: Oncorhynchus qulnnat Giiiither, vi, 153: Oncorhynchus oricntalis
Giiuther, vi, 159: Oncorhynchus qulnnat Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 69: Farlo
aryyreus Girard, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 218: Salmo quinnat, confluenf'iw, and
aryyreus Suckley, Monogr. Salmo, 105, 109, 110: Salmo tschawytscha Blocli & Schneider,
1801,407.)

aaa. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125-135) in a longitudinal series; pyloric
cceca 50-80.

502. O. kisutcUi (Walb.) Jor. & Gilb. — Silver Salmon; Kisutch; Skouriiz; Hoopid
Salmon; Colio Salmon; Bielaya Ryba.

Bluish green 5 sides silvery, with dark punctulations; no spots except
a few rather obscure on top of head, back, dorsal fin, adipose fin, and
the rudimentary upper rays of the caudal 5 rest of the caudal fin un-
spotted; pectorals dusky tinged; anal with dusky edging; sides of head
without the dark coloration seen in the Quinnat ; males mostly red in
fall, and with the usual changes of form. Body rather elongate, com-
pressed. Head short, exactly conical, terminating in a bluntly pointed
snout, which is longer and broader than the lower jaw. Head shorter
than in a young Quinnat of the same size. Interorbital space broad
and strongly convex. Opercle and preopercle strongly convex behind ;
the preopercle very broad, with the lower limb little developed. Cheeks

* A barbarous spelling of the word "chouicha" which we have thought proper to
simplify.

•308 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

id. Eye quite small, much smaller than in young Quinnat of the
same si/e. Suborbital very narrow, with a row of mucous pores along

Mirface. Maxillary slender and narrow, but extending somewhat
beyond the eye. Teetli very few and small, only two or three on the
vomer; those on tongue very feeble. Gill-rakers 10+13, rather long
and slender, nearly as long as eye, toothed. Fins small. Pectorals
and ventrals short, the ventral appendage three-fifths the length of the
tin: caudal strongly forked, on a slender peduncle. Head 4; depth 4.
15. 13-14. Pylorie cceca very few and large, C3 (45-80); scales 25-ll'T-
L".». D. 10; A. 13-14 (developed rays). L. 15 inches. Weight 3-8
pounds. A small salmon, ascending streams in the fall to no great dis-
tance. Abundant from San Francisco northward.

3almo Teiautch W&Va&wai, Artedi Pise. 1?!)^, 70: Sulmo kyvtttuch Blocli & Schneider,
IH'1. -1(>7: Salmo xanyuittolaitiiH I'allas, Xougr. Ross. Asiat. iii, 37U: Oiicorliyiwhus san-
t/iiiinilnitim ( liint In-r, vi, 160 : Oncjrhynchus lyraodon Glinther, vi, l.">r>, iii part: Salmo
*<"»il<ri Snrklcv. Mtmogr. Saltno, 94 : Salmo tsuppiich Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.
iii. -JJt, l~.:ij: Salmo tsuppitch Giinther, vi, 118 (not of Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i,
?;.', 1876,= Salmo purpuratua')] Oncorhynchus tsiqtpitch, Jordan, Fore.it aiid Stream, Sep-
teuiber \->. 1— ". i:'0.)

** Gill-rakrrs comparatively long and numerous (30 to 40 in number); scales large,
in about 130 serit s.

5O3. O. Bicrka (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan. — nine-lack Salmon; Eal-fish; Prater's
Hinr Salmon; Sugk-ey e Salmon ; Krasnaya Ityba.

Color clear bright blue above; sides silvery, this hue overlying the,

blue of the back; lower fins pale, upper dusky; no spots anywhere in

adults in spring; the young with obscure black spots above; males

deep crimson red in the fall; the fins blackish, the caudal then often

speckled with black; young breeding males (u Kcnncrhjl^} often sharply

spotted. Dody elliptical, rather slender. Head short, sharply conic,

pointed, the lower jaw included. Maxillary rather thin and small, ex-

tending beyond eye. Teetli all quite small, most of them freely mova-

ble: vomer with about <i weak teeth, which grow larger in fall males, in-

-ie;id of disappearing. 1'reopercle very with- and convex: opercle very

short, not strongly convex. 1'reopercle more free behind than in 0.

cli'inirlni. Ventral scale about half the length of the I'm : caudal fin nar-

row, widely forked: ;mal tin lung and low; dorsal low. Flesh deep red.

Mali's becoming extravagantly hook jawed in the fall, the snout being

then prolonged and much raised above the level of rest of head, the

lower jaw produced to meet it. .Mandible l.\ in head, in fall males, ]•'* in

females; snout L'| in head, in fall males, :\.\ in females. .Head 4; depth 4.

<'. ill rakers as long as eye, more numerous than in any other of our sal-

mon. usually 1G-123. L. 11 + 13. I). 11; A. 14j scales L'0-133-20;

46. SALMONID^E SALMO. 309

pyloric cceca 75-95. Vertebrre 64. L. 24 iucbes. Weight 4 to 8 pounds.
Columbia Biver to Kamtschatka; generally abundant, especially north-
ward; ascending streams in spring to great distances, and often fre-
quenting mountain lakes in fall, spawning in their small tributaries; one
of the most graceful of the Salmonidce, scarcely inferior to the Quinnat
when fresh, but the flesh more watery and less valuable when canned.

(Salmo ncrlM Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 71: Salmo nerka Blocli & Schneider, 1801,
417: Salmo lycaodon Pallas, Zoogr. Eoss. A&iat. iii, 370: Salmo japonensis Pallas, 1. c. :
? Salmo dermatinus and consuetus Richardson, Voyage Herald, Zool. 1G7, 168 (probably
O.keta): Salmo ijaueidenslliclinxdson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 222: Oncorhynchus lycaodon
pt. and O. paiicidens Giinther, vii, 155, 158: Salmo cooperi, paiicidens, warreni, and
richardi, Suckley, Monogr. Salnio, 92, et seq.; Jordan, Man. Vert. 357; Jordan, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 71, 1878: Salmo Jcennerlyi Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii,
307, 1861, and Monogr. Salnio, 145 (young male or grilse, in breeding season) : Salmo
Jcennerlyi Giinther, vi, 120 : Hypslfario kennerlyi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G2,
33,0: Oncorhyncltus 'kennerlyi Jordan, Man. Vert. 357, and in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i,
72, 1878: ? Salmo tapdisma, arabatsch, and melamplerus Cuv. & Val. xxi, 314-6.)

15O.— SA1LMO Linnaeus.

Salmons.

(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. : type Salmo solar L.)

Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth large; jaws, palatines,
and tongue toothed, as in related genera ; voiner flat, its shaft not de-
pressed, a few teeth on the chevron of the vonier, behind which is a
somewhat irregular single or double series of teeth, which are some-
times deciduous with age. Scales large or small, 110-200 in a longitu-
dinal series. Dorsal and anal fins short, of about 11 rays each; caudal
fin truncate, emarginate, or forked, its peduncle comparatively stout.
Sexual peculiarities variously developed ; the males in typical species
with the jaws prolonged and the front teeth enlarged, the lower jaw
being hooked upwards at the end and the upper jaw emargiuate or per-
forate. In some species these peculiarities are little marked. Species
of moderate or large size, black-spotted, abounding in the rivers and
lakes of Northern America, Asia, and Europe; one or two Atlantic
species marine and auadromous. The non-migratory species (subgenus
Fario) are in both continents extremely numerous, closely related, and
difficult to distinguish. The excessive variations in color and form have
given rise to a host of nominal species. European writers have de-
scribed numerous hybrids among the various species of Salmo, real and
nominal, found in their waters; as also among the various European
Cyprinidce. We have thus far failed to find the slightest evidence of
any hybridism either among our American Salmonidce or Gyprinidce,
in a state of nature. Puzzling aberrant or intermediate specimens

310 coNTinnrTiONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

certainly occur, but such are not necessarily "hybrids." (Salmo, the
Latin name of *v. .whir, originally from salio, to leap.)

The following1 observations on the species of trout are taken, with
some slight abridgment and alteration, from Dr. Guuther's account of
this family (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vi):

Then- is no other group of fishes which offers so many dilliculties to the ichthyol-
;, with it-nurd to the ili.it iuct ion of tin- species, as well as to certain points in

their life history, as this genus. * * * The almost infinite variations of these fishes

an dependent on age, sex, ami sexual development, food, and the properties of the,
water. * * * The coloration is, firat of all, subject to variation, and consequently

this character but rarely assists in dist inguishing a species, tliere being not one which
would show in all .ilages the same kind of coloration. The yonirj, in all the species
of this genus arc barred, and this is so constantly the case that it may be. used as a,
generic or even as a family character, not being peculiar to Salmo alone, but also to
J'lii/ntallttn and probably to Coreyonus. The number of bars is not quite constant, but
tin- migratory trout have two (or even three) more than the river-trout. When the
SnliitmifK have passed this " parr" state, the coloration becomes much diversified. The
males, especially during and immediately after the spawning time, are more in-
tensely colored and variegated than the females, specimens not mature retaining a
brighter silvery color, and being more similar to the female fish. Food appears to
have less influence on the coloration of the outer parts than 0:1 that of the Me.ih :
thus, the more \ariegaled spei imeiis are frequently out of condition, whilst well-fed
indi\ iditals, with pinkish flesh, are of more uniform though bright colors.
The water has a marked influence on the colors. Trout with intense ocellated spots
are generally found in clear, rapid rivers and in alpine, pools; in the large' lakes, with
pebbly bottom, the fish are bright silvery, and the oecllated spots aiv mixed with or
replaced by X-sl|al"'d black spots; in dark holes, or lakes with peaty bottom, they
often asinine an almo.it uniform blackish coloration.

The brackish or saltwater has the effect of giving them a bright-silvery coat,
without or with few spots, none of them ocellated. With regard to si/e, the various
hpecies do not present an equal amount of variation. Size appears to depend on tho
abundance of the food and the extent of the water. Thus, the migratory species
do not appear to vary considerably in si/e, because they find the same conditions in
all the localities inhabited by them. A widely-spread species, however, like Snlmo
/«;-io(or in America, Sulmo jiurpiirndin), when it inhabits a small mountain pool, with
scanty food, never attains a weight of - ounces, while in a large lake or river, where
it finds an abundance of food, it attains to a weight of 1 I or 1(1 pivinds. Such 1 ;
ri\ er-t rout are frequently nann-d or described as Salmon-trout, I lull- trout, Steel-heads,

etc.

The proportions of the various parts of the body to one another vary exceedingly,
in the- >-ame species, with a^e. sex, and condition.

The lins \ ary 1o a certain de- ice. The \ a rial ion in the number of rays in any ono
genus (except OIK -orli ijnclm:- ) is inconsiderable, and of no value for specific distinction.
Although some species appear to be distinguished by a comparatively low dorsal and
anal tin, yet the proportion of the height of the-e lins to iheir length is a rather un-
certain character. In most of the species the lin-ravs are longer during the stages of
vth or development. Tin- caudal I'm especially undergoes changes with a^e.
ipceimen^ "f all species have this tin more or less deeply excised, so that the

of a species which h:n tin- caudal einargiuate throughout life is distin-
d by a deeper ineiiion of the I'm from the young of a species which has it
truncate in the yum;,' slate. The individuals of the same species do not all attain
to maturity at the same si/e.

46. SALMONID.E SALMO. 311

Finally, to complete our enumeration of these variable characters, we must mention
that in old males, during and after the spawning season, the skin on the back becomes
thickened and spongy, so that the scales are quite invisible or hidden in the skin.

After this cursory review of variable characters, we pass on to those which we have
found to be constant in numbers of individuals, and in which it is difficult to perceive
signs of modification due to external circumstances.

Such characters, according to the views of the zoologists of the present age, are
sufficient for the definition of species ; at all events, in every description they ought
to be noticed, and the confused and unsatisfactory state of our knowledge of Sal-
monoids is chielly caused by authors having paid attention to the more conspicuous
but unreliable characters, and but rarely noted one of those which are enumerated
here.

1. The form of the preoperculuni of the adult fish.

2. The width and strength of the maxillary of the adult fish. In young specimens
and in females the maxillary is proportionately shorter than in the adult.

3. The size of the teeth, those of the preiuaxillaries excepted.

4. The arrangement and permanence of the voinerine teeth.

5. The development or absence of teeth ou the hyoid bone. In old examples these
are often lost, and their absence in a species usually provided with them is not un-
common.

6. The form of the caudal fin in specimens of a given size, age, or sexual develop-
ment.

7. The size of the scales, as indicated by counting the number of transverse rows
above the lateral line. The scales of the lateral line are always more or less enlarged
or irregular and the number of scales should be ascertained higher up ; this is one of
the most constant and valuable of all the specific characters.

8. A great development of the pectoral fins, when constant in a number of speci-
mens from the same locality.

9. The number of vertebra}.

10. The number of pyloric cceca.

11. The number of gill-rakers.

The species may be divided as follows :

* Marine salmon, auadromous, with the vonierine teeth little developed, those on the
shaft of the bone few and deciduous; scales large (Lat. 1. 120); caudal well
forked, truncate in old individuals; no hyoid teeth; sexual differences
strong; breeding males with the lower jaw hooked upwards, the upper

jaw emarginate or perforate to receive its tip (SALMO) salar.

** Eiver salmon, not anadromous, with the vonierine teeth largely developed, those on
the shaft of the bone numerous, persistent, in one zigzag row or two alter-
nating rows; sexual differences not strongly marked, the male with the
premaxillaries somewhat enlarged. (FARIO Valenciennes.)
a. Hyoid bone entirely toothless.

b. Scales large, 120-150 in a longitudinal series.

c. Caudal fin forked irideus.

cc. Caudal fin truncate »-. gairdneri.

l)b. Scales small, 165-205 in a longitudinal series.

d. Caudal fin truncate sjrilurus.

aa. Hyoid bone with a narrow band of small teeth (often lost) ; scales small (lat. 1.
155 to 190) purpuratus.

"Marine salmon, auadromous, with the vomerine teeth little developed, those on the
shaft of the bone few and deciduous ; scales large (Lat. 1. 120) ; caudal fin well
forked, truncate in old individuals ; no hyoid teeth ; sexual differences strong ;
breeding males with the lower jaw hooked upwards, the upper jaw emargi-
nate or perforate to receive its tip. (Salmo.)

312 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

5OI. S. s:tl:ir Linna-us. — Cunnuon Atlantic Salmon.

Body moderately elongate, symmetrical, not greatly compressed.
Head rather lo\v. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching just past
the eye, its length '2.\-3 in head; iii young specimens the maxillary
i- proportionately shorter. Preopercolum with a distinct lower limb,
the angle rounded. Scales comparatively large, rather largest pos-
teriorly, silvery and well imbrk-ated in the young, becoming imbed-
ded in adult males. Coloration in the adult brownish above, the sides
more or less silvery, with numerous black spots on sides of head,
on body, and on fins-, and red patches along the sides in the males;
young specimens (parrs) with about 11 dusky cross-bars, besides black
spots and red patches, the color, as well as the form of the head
and body, varying much with age, food, and condition; the black spots
in the adult often X -shaped or XX -shaped. Head 4; depth 4. B. 11;
D. 11; A. 9; scales 23-120-21; vertebne 60; pyloric eoeca about 05.
Weight 15—40 pounds. Xorth Atlantic, ascending all suitable rivers
in Northern Europe and the region north of Cape Cod; sometimes per-
manently land-locked in lakes, where its habits and coloration (but no
tangible specific characters) change somewhat, when it becomes (in
America) var. scbago. One of the best known and most valued of
food-fishes.

(LiniiMMis, Syst. Nat. ; GiinllnT. \ i, 11, and of nearly all authors: SitJmoglorcri fJiranl,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854,85: Stilnw svlntijo (.J Irani, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1853, 380; Sucklcy, Monogr. Saliuo, 143: Sulmo st-bayo and yloctri (iiinther, vi, 1515.)

**River salmon, not anadromons, with tin- vomerine teeth largely developed, thostv
on the shai'r of the bone numerous, persist rut, in one y.ig/ag row or
two alternating rows; sexual dillerenees not strongly niarUed, tho
males with the premaxillarics somewhat enlarged; llcsh often palo.
(Fario Valenciennes*).

a. Ilyoid Imne entirely toothless (tongue witli teeth as nau.il).
b. Si'ales lar^e, in lv!U-ir>() .series.
C. Caudal I'm 1'orked.

/>O->. S. hideiis (iilihons. — ('ulifiirnni Ilroolc Trout; Kainloic Trout.

I'.ody eotnparati\cl\ short and dee]), compressed, varying consider-
ably, and much more elongate in the males than in the females. Head
short, convex, obtusely ridged above. Mouth smaller than in any
other species of the genus, the rather broad maxillary scarcely reach-
ing beyond the eye except in old males. Eye larger than in our other
>pecie>, ."> In head. Yomerine teeth in two irregular series. Dorsal tin

• Valenei. -lines. lliM. N.-it. PuN-;. \\i, •_»,'?: type I'nrin (irt/inli'iix Val. (Fario, a
Latin name of tin- " Salmon Trout "; included species \\itli a single row of perma-
nent teeth on the vomer; Sular, Val. 1. c. 1514, included thoae with two rows, a dis-
tinction of no importance.)

46. SALMONID^E SALMO. 313

moderate ; caudal fiu distinctly though not strongly forked, more deeply
incised than in any other of our species of Fario. Scales compraatively
large. Coloration bluish above, the sides silvery; everywhere above
profusely but irregularly spotted, the spots extending on the sides and
on the vertical fins ; spots on caudal small 5 belly nearly plain; sea-run
specimens nearly plain silvery; males with red lateral baud and blotches.
Head 4; depth 3|. D. 11 ; A. 10; scales 21-135-20, varying considerably,
the highest number noted being on the type of "Fario newlerrii", 33-146-
33. L. 24 inches. Weight J to 6 pounds. Streams west of the Sierra
Nevada, from near the Mexican line (Rio San Luis Bey) to Oregon; very
abundant, and subject to many variations in size, form, and color.

(Gibbons, Proc. Cal. Acacl. Nat. Sci. 1855, 36; Giinther, vi, 119; Suckley, Monogr.
Saliuo, 129; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. i,75: Fario gairdneri Girard, U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish, x, 313 (not Salmo gairdneri Rich.): Fario newberrii Girard, Proc.
Acacl. Nat. Sci. Pkila. 1858, 224 : Fario clarkii, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
219 (not S. clarkii Ricb..): Salmo masoni Suckley, Monogr. Salino, 134.)

cc. Caudal fin truncate (iu. the adult).

5O6. S. gaird.nei'i Rich. — Steel-head; Hard-head; Salmon Trout.

Body rather stout, not very deep mesially, but with the caudal pe-
duncle thick. Head comparatively short and rather slender, in the
females small, in the males the jaws more or less prolonged ; maxillary
rather narrow, the small eye nearly above its middle; lower jaw in-
cluded ; upper jaw in males emarginate at tip and at junction of premax-
illary. Teeth rather small, those on the voiner in two long, alternating
series, which are about as long as the palatine series. Preopercle
rather wide, with the lower limb short; opercle moderate. Gill-rakers
short and thick, 8 + 12 (essentially as in our other species of Fario).
Ventral appendage not half the length of the fiu. Tail wide, squarely
truncate in the adult, somewhat emarginate in the young. Flesh rather
pale. Bones much firmer than in the OncorhyncM. Color blue above;
sides silvery; head, back, upper fins, and tail more or less densely cov-
ered with black spots; belly usually unspotted ; males with colors height-
ened, the back greenish; a broad flesh-colored lateral band, deep red
on the opercles; fins not red; no red on the membrane of lower jaw;
B. 12-11; D. 11; A. 12; scales 20-135-20; pyloric coeca 42; vertebra
38 + 20. L. 30 inches. Sacramento Eiver and northward. A large
trout, abounding in the mouths of the rivers, reaching a weight of 20
pounds. It spawns later than the salmon, and is found in the rivers,
spent, at the time of the spring salmon run. It is then nearly useless
as food, but at other times similar in quality to other trout.

(? Salmo mi/kiss Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 59, apparently confused with S. purpur-
atus: ? Salmo muikixi Bloch & Schneider, 419: Salmo purpuratus Giinther, vi, 116: Salmo

314 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

truiicalux Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist. N. Y. 1838, 3: Salmo yainlncri Richardson,
Fauna ISnr.-Amer. iii,22l: Sal mo </air<l»fri Snekley. Mnnogr. Salmo, 114: Salmo trun-
1-tdnx (iiinthcr, vi, 1^2: Salmo tjuirdinri CJintflicr, vi, llrt.)

bb. Smlrs small. lii."--J(i."> in a longitudinal sevii s.

(/. Caudal liu truncate or double-rounded, not at all forked in the adult.

5O7. S. spilliriis Cope. — Ilio Grande Trout.

Body elongate. Head heavy, but proportionately short, its upper
surface considerably decurved ; interorbital space transversely convex,
obtusely cariuated; the head more convex thau in any other of our
species. Mouth very large, the maxillary reaching far past the eye.
Teeth on vomer in two distinct series. Dorsal fin low in front, high
behind, the last ray more than two-thirds the height of the first; last
ray of the anal rather long ; caudal with its middle rays about as long
as the others. Profusely spotted; back and sides with round black
spots, the spots most developed posteriorly, few on the head, most nu-
merous on the caudal and adipose fin; sides with pale blotches. Head
3J; depth 4. D. 11; A. 10; scales 37-170-37. L. 30 inches. Upper
Bio Grande and Basin of Utah, frequenting mountain streams.

(Cope, Haydeii's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 470, 1872; Jordan, PLOC. U. S. Nat. Mns. i,
74.)

Var. g>lciiriticus (Cope) Jor.

A more abundant and much more widely distributed form, having
the head and mouth equally large, but the top of the head less convex,
the median carina being more marked, especially in the young. The
scales are definitely smaller (39-200-40) and the coloration is rather
darker. This form abounds in all suitable streams from the Bio
(irande, through the Basin of Utah. Specimens intermediate between
and pli'itrlticm occur.

ii pltiii-itirnx Cop'1, Ilavden's Gcol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 471, 1872; Jordan, Proc.

. Nat. Mus. i, 74, lo7H.)

aa. Hyoid lionc with a narrow hand of small teeth (easily scraped oil' and very often
naturally deciduous, especially in old examples).

5OK. S. ]>liri»lir:itus I'allas. — V,,I,H<IH Tnnil of the Columbia ; Yt-llowntone Trout;

I'.rnnl: 1'nnil ; /.«/,r Trout.

Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head rather short. Mouth
moderate, the maxillary not reaching far beyond the eye. Vomerino
teeth as usual, set in an irregular /igxag series; teeth on the, hyoid
bone normally present, but often obsolete, especially in old examples.
Dorsal iin rather low; caudal tin slightly forked, less so than in tri<l<UN,
more than in ,s/;//«/w (the caudal more iorked in young individuals

4G. SALMONIDJ5 SALMO. 315

than in the adult, as in all trout). Scales moderate, varying to rather
small. Back and caudal peduncle profusely covered with rounded
black spots of varying size; doisal, caudal, and adipose fin covered
•with small spots about as large as the nostril; a few spots on the head;
belly rarely spotted ; inner edge of the mandibles below with a red
blotch; sea-run specimens are nearly uniform silvery; males with a
broad lateral band and patches or light red; extremely variable in color
and form. Head 4; depth 4. D. 10; A. 10. Creca 43. Scales variable
in size, 33-150-30 to 39-170-30. The common trout of the Eocky Mount-
ains and Cascade region, abounding in all the streams of Alaska,
Oregon, and Washington, where it descends to salt water, and reaches
a weight of 20 pounds (Columbia River, Charles J. Smith) ; also in the
Yellowstone region, the Upper Missouri, the Upper Bio Grande, Colo-
rado, and the lakes of the Great Basin of Utah, being very abundant
in Utah Lake. Xot common south of Mount Shasta in California.
This species is apparently the parent stock, from which our other black-
spotted trout have scarcely yet become differentiated. Considerable
local variations occur, especially in size, coloration, and size of scales.
The red blotches on the lower jaw between the dentary bones and the
membrane joining them is very constant and characteristic.

(Salmo purpuratua Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat., iii, 374, 1811-31: Salmo clarki Rich.
Fauna Bor.-Auier. iii, 224, 1833 : Fario stcllatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila.
1856, 219: Salmo brevicauda Snckley, Aim. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, 308, 18G1: Salmo
gteUatns, gibbsi, arid brevicauda Giinther, vi, 117-129: Salmo clarki Jordan, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. i, 77 : Salmo tsuppitch Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. i, 72; Fario aurora Girard,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 218, 1836: Salar lewisi Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1853, 219 : Salar virginalis Girard, 1. c. 220 : Salmo carinatus Cope, Haydeu's Geol.
Surv. Mont. 1871, 471-472: Salmo utah Snckley, Moriogr. Salmo, 138: Salmo aurora,
lewisi, and virginalis Giinther, vi, 119-123.)

Var. boBivica'i Bendire. — Walia Lake Trout.

Similar to S. purpiiratus, but with dark spots only on the dorsal, cau-
dal, and adipose fin, and on the tail behind front of anal, where the
spots are very profuse, smaller than pupil. Anterior regions dusky
bluish, not silvery; red blotch on inner edges of deutary bones below
very conspicuous. Head shorter and deeper than in purpuratus, the
snout shorter and blunter, not longer than eye, which is 4 in head.
Opercle and preopercle less convex than in purpuratus. Maxillary 24-
in head. Caudal moderately forked. Head 4; depth 4§. D. 10; A. 11;
B. 12; Lat. 1. 175. Size small. A singularly colored local variety, found
in Waha Lake, Washington Territory, a mountain lake without outlet.

(Salmo lousieri Beudire, MSS.)

316 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

Var. stomias (Cope) J. & G.

Body short and stout, llead large and wide, above broad and flat,
without keel, with wide mandible and mouth, the end of the maxillary
extending half the diameter of the eye beyond the orbit. Eye 4 5 in head.
.Maxillary bone of nearly uniform width. Caudal lin truncate. Gen-
eral coloration of S. spilurux, the black spots most numerous posteri-
orly. Hcad4j; depth 4k ]J. 12; Jr. 10; scales 42 above lateral line,
which probably contains about 200 scales. L. 24 inches. Kunsasltiver
to Upper Missouri. (Cope.) Like S. spilunis in its large mouth and
very small scales, but differing in the presence of hyoid teeth and in the
broad, flat head. We have seen, only the head of an old male of this
form, but think it will prove to be a variety of S. purpuratus.

(Salmo stomias Cope, Haydeu's Geol. Surv. Wyom. 1870,433, 1872: Salmo stomias Jor-
dan, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr. 1878, 795.)

Var. Iiciisliawi Gill & Jordan. — Lake Tahoe Trout; Silver Trout; Ulack Trout.

Body elongate, not greatly compressed. Head comparatively slender
and long-acuminate, its upper surface very slightly carinated ; muzzle
somewhat pointed, but bluntish at the tip; head not convex above;
maxillary rather short, about as in purpuratus^ not reaching much be-
yond the eye. Vomeriue teeth as usual; a small, rather narrow, but
usually distinct patch, on the hyoid bone. Dorsal tin small; caudal fin
short, rather strongly forked. Scales medium. Coloration dark, the
sides silvery; back about equally spotted before and behind; sides with
rather distant spots; belly generally spotted; head spotted even to the
snout; dorsal and caudal also spotted. Head .'5;'; depth 4. D. 11; A.
12; scales 27-100-27 to 37-184-37; cosca 50-GO. L. 18 inches or more,
usually weighing 5 or C pounds, but occasionally 2.1-.' 50. Lake Tahoe,
P\ i amid Lake, and streams of the Sierra Nevada. Evidently a variety
of Xftliiin imri>ur<itUN, but with a longer and more conical head. A line
trout, nosv common in the San Francisco markets.

(Sdlino lifitxliiiiri (iill A. .Ionian. Man. \Vn. ril. ','. :'..".8: Salmo lienxhatci ai:d Salmo
tMi/i/nl'li .Ionian A I Imshaw, Kept. Chief Kn-., l~7~. App. NN, 1'JO, ll'T, phiti-: Salmo
hi Kxltan-i .Ionian, 1'roc. I'. Nat. Mus. i, 7.">, 1-7.-'.)

151.— SALVE JLIi\US Kichanlson.

GluvrrB.

(Ilaionc DrICay: I'liihln Knpp.)
(Nilsson; Kii-lianlson, Fauna I'.ur.-A r. iii, 170, ISM: t\|ic Sulmo xulccHnitii L.)

Body moderately elongate. .Mouth large, or small. Teeth of jaws,
palatines, :ind tongue essentially as in >sW/m>, the hyoid patch present

46. SALMONID.E SALVELINUS. 317

or not. Yomcr boat-shaped, the sbaft much depressed, with or without
raised crest, with teeth on the chevron and none directly on the shaft.
Scales v;ry small, in 200-250 rows. Fins moderate, the caudal forked
in the young, truncate in some species, in the adult. Sexual peculiari-
ties not strongly marked, the males with the premaxillaries enlarged
and a fleshy projection at the tip of the lower jaw. Coloration dark,
with round crimson or gray spots, and the lower fins sometimes with
marginal bands of black, reddish, and pale. Species numerous in the
clear streams and lakes of the northern parts of both continents, some-
times descending to the sea, where they lose their variegated colors and
become nearly plain and silvery. The members of this genus are in
general the smallest and handsomest of the trout. (SalvelinuSj an old
name of the charr; allied to the German Sulbling, a little salmon.)

* Vorner with a raised crest behind the chevron, free from the shaft ; the crest armed
with teeth; hyoid teeth strong; lake trout, gray-spotted (Cristivomer* Gill &
Jordan).

5O9. S. namaycush (Walb.) Goode.— MacUnaiv Trout; Great Lake Trout; Longe
(Vermont)', Togue (Maine).

Body elongate, covered with thin skin, there being no special devel-
opment of fatty tissue. Head very long, its upper surface flattened.
Mouth very large, the maxillary extending much beyond the eye, the
head and jaws proportionately lengthened and pointed. Teeth very
strong. Caudal fin well forked. Adipose fin small. General colora-
tion dark gray, sometimes pale, sometimes almost black; everywhere
with rounded paler spots, which are often reddish tinged ; head usually
verrniculate above; dorsal and caudal reticulate with darker. Eye
arge, 4£ in head. Maxillary nearly half the length of the head;
interorbital space nearly J. Head 4J; depth 4. B. 11-12; D. 11; A.
11; Lat. 1. 185-205. L. 38 inches. Great Lake region and lakes of
Northern New York, New Hampshire, and Maine, to Montana and
northward; very abundant in the larger bodies of water; varying in
form and color in the different lakes.

(Salmo namaycusJiWalb. Artedi, Pise., 1792, 68: Salmo namaycush Gunther, vi, 123, and
of authors generally : Salmo amethystimis Mitchill, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818
410: Salmo confinis DeKay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 238: Salmo adarondacus Norris:
Salmo toma Hamlin : Cristivomer namaycush Jordan, Man. Vert., ed. 2d, 359: Salmo
siscowet Gunther vi, 123.)

* Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 1878, 356 : type Salmo namaycush Walbaum. ( Crista, crest ;
vomer, vomer.)

318 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

V:ir. sisco\V«'t (A-assi/.) J. it C*.—Si*<-<nr<'t S.ilmnn.

P.ody short and deep, covered with thick skin, there being an exces-
sive tendency to the development of fatty tissue. Head very short and
deep, its upper surface broad and short, covered by a skin so thick as
to completely hide the bones; no distinct median carina. Month very
large, its gape narrower than in S. iidinni/ciiuJt. Teeth weaker than in
N. luuiuiiiciixh ; supplemental bone also shorter and broader. Maxil-
lary a little more than half the length of the head. Caudal (in well
forked. Scales rather small, about 173 in the lateral line. Coloration
as in S. nntntnjcnxh^ but usually paler; lin-ra\s the same. Lake Supe-
rior; abundant, but not yet found elsewhere. Very close to the preced-
ing, but differing in the shortness and breadth of the bones of the head
and in the extreme fatness of the ilesh. It is probably a local variety
rather than a distinct species.

(Salmo siacowi l Agassi/, Lake Superior, 1850, 333.)

**Vomer without raised crest, the chevron only being toothed; red-spotted. (>'<//-

ri'liinix. )
flllyoid liono with a narrow median band of teeth (sometimes lost).

51O. S. oqiiassa (Grd.) Gill & Jor.—Oqiiawa Trout; lilue-back Trout.

Body elongate, considerably compressed, less elevated than in the
other species of this genus, the dorsal outline regularly but not
strongly curved. Head quite small, much smaller than in any other
of our trout, its upper surface ilattish. Mouth quite small, the maxil-
lary short and moderately broad, scarcely extending to the posterior
margin of the eye. K\ e large, IU in head. .Jaw* about equal. Scales
small, those along the lateral line somewhat enlarged. Pectoral and
ventral fins not elongate; caudal tin well forked, more so than in the
other species. Preopercle as in X. funtliitillx, but the lower limb more
developed; operdes without concent ric stria-. Coloration dark blue, the
red spots small and round, much smaller than the pupil, usually confined
to the >ide> of the body ; sides with traces of < lark bars; lower tins varie
gated, as in N. /..iitintilix. Head ~>; depth .'». 1>. 10; A. 1). Lat. 1. 1>30;
gill rakers about 1',-f 11. L. 11' inches. Smallest and handsomest of our
trout, as \et known only from the Kangeley Lakes, in Western Maine.

(,SV//,m/<»/""vs" (;ii:"il. 1'ior. Ar:i,|. N:it. S.-i. I'hila. L8i 1,963: X<ihn<i o'/tutKHd Uiiiither,
\ i, l.'.l ; .Joi-daii. I'm. . I . B. Nai. Mils, i, si.)

51 1. S. iKliesi (Ciiutli.-D I'.ran.

(ireenish above, sides silvery or deep red, with very small red spots,
much smaller than the pupil; lower fins deep red, with the anterior

46. SALMONID^E SALVELINUS. 319

margins yellowish white. Body long and slender; head rather small,
the snout blunt; mouth not large, the maxillary reaching posterior mar-
gin of orbit in male only ; teeth very small ; teeth on the middle line of
the byoid bone; angle of preopercle much rounded; gill-covers without
concentric strice; pectoral not longer than the head without snout; veu-
trals not to vent ; caudal deeply forked ; scales minute. Head 4i ; depth
5-6. D. 11; A. 9; B. 11; coeca 28-42; vert, 63. L. 12 inches. (Giintltcr.)
Lakes of Arctic America, Discovery Bay, and Cumberland Gulf.

(Salnw narcsii Giiuther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 476, plate; Bean, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus. xv, 135.)

512. S, arciurus (Gthr.) Gill & Jor.

Dull greenish, silvery or reddish below ; lower fins yellowish ; no red
spots (on specimens seen). Body rather elongate; head small, the snout
very obtuse ; mouth moderate, the maxillary in the male reaching about
to posterior margin of orbit; teeth small; a band of hyoid teeth ; pre-
opercle with a distinct lower limb ; pectoral little shorter than head,
reaching more than. half way to ventral. Caudal moderately forked;
scales minute. Head 4£; depth 5; D. 11; A. 10; B. 11; coeca 31-44
L. 12 inches. Victoria Lake and Floeberg Beach, Arctic America, the
northernmost Salmouoid known. (Giinther.)

(Salmo arcturvs Guutlier, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 294, plate.)

513. S. nialma (Walb.) J. & G.— Dolly Vardcn Trout; Bull Trout; Ked-spoltcd
Trout; Salmon Trout; Malma ; Golct.

Body stout, the back somewhat elevated, deeper and less compressed
than in S.fontinaUs. Head large, snout broad, flattened above. Mouth
large, the maxillary reaching past the eye. Eye 4J in head. Fins
short; the caudal fin slightly forked or almost truncate; adipose fin
usually large; in large specimens its length is twice that of the eye.
General color olivaceous; the sides with round red spots near the size
of the eye, the back commonly with smaller pale ones, a feature of color-
ation which distinguishes this species at once from the others; lower fins
colored as in fontinalis, dusky, with a pale stripe in front, followed by a
dark one; sea-run specimens silvery, with the spots faint or obsolete; fins
and back without dark reticulations. Gill-rakers without concentric
strife, Head 3^; depth 4. D. 11; A. 9; scales 39-240-36; pyloric
coeca large, 45-50; gill-rakers about 8 + 12 as in others. L. 15 inches.
Streams west of the Cascade Range, from Northern California to Alaska

320 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

and Kamtschatka, generally abundant northward, descending to the

sea, where it reaches a weight of about 12 pounds.

(Sulnut Jiinliini Wiilhaiiin Art.-di. Pise. 1711-J, ("id: Sahno callaria* Pallas Zno^r. KO>MI-
Asiat. iii. :;."):;. l~ll-:;i: x<ilm<> citlltiriitK (Jiinther, vi. 14:?: Salmo spwstabUia Girsad, True.
Aead. Nat. Sri. 1'hila. l-<ii», -Jl^: Sulmo jmrki -i Snckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. V. 1-r.l.
309: N.I///H. ,;iiniil>,'lli Snckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. V. 1861,313: >W///. .p.ni.ii. lonlii,
ati'l i;imi>f>rlHi ( Mint her, vi, 1'Jl. 1 K 1 !'.»: Xalrcliiiix xjifrinhiHn .Ionian, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. i, ?'.i, 1-7- : Salmo tndcs Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Pliila. ls?:5: Sulnui bnirdii
Snckley, Ann. L.M-. Nai. Hi.st. N. Y. 1^:11, :'>it:i: Sulmo bainlii (.iiinthcr, vi, 1^1; Salrc-
linun buiidi Jordan, Proc. I". S. Nat. Mns. i, 8'2.)

aa. Ilyoid ti-i-th wanting.

511. S. foiitiiiulis (Mitch.) Gill & Jor.— Brook Trout; Spcckh-d Trout.

LJody oblong or elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated.
Head large, but not very long, the snout bluntish, the interorbital space
rather broad. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond
the eye. Eye large, usually somewhat above the line of the axis of the
body. Caudal tin slightly lunate in the adult, foiked in the young;
adipose fin small; pectoral and ventral fins not especially elongate.
Red spots on the sides, rather smaller than the. pupil; back mostly
without spots, more or less barred or mottled with dark olive or black;
dorsal and caudal fins mottled or barred with darker: lower fins dusky,
with a pule, usually orange band anteriorly, followed by a darker one;
belly in the males often more or less red; sea-run individuals (S.canmlcn-
•v/.s- Smith, the Canadian "Salmon Trout") are often nearly plain bright
silvery; many local varieties distinguished by shades of color also occur.
Head \.\: depth 44. D. 10; A. 0; scales .-JT-L'-'iO-IJO; gill-rakers about
(5-fll. L. IS inches or less. The best known of our trout, abounding
in all clear, cold streams from "Pennsylvania, to Dakota and northward
to tin- A relic Circle, southward in the Alleghanies to the headwaters of
the Savannah, Chattahooehee, Catawba, and French I.road.

- -',/,„ Jnntiimlix Mitdi. Trans. Lit. A i'liil. Boo. X. Y. i, i:i.'.: Salmo fnnthnilh C.Vm-
tlicr, vi, 1 .">•.', anil nf nearly all authors : Sulino cii>Hiilfiif<in' 1 lamilton Smit h, in ( iritlith's
Cuvirr. \. 171. l-.'.l < 'an.-tilian '•Salmon Trout"): Sulmo inuniiciilalttx* 11. I,'. Slmvi-,

!. .lour,,. Nat. Ilisl. \i. 364, 1-'." Canailian "Salmon Trmit"): »»/«/<) iiniii,irni,itii8
(liiiitlicr, vi. !•.'."•: S,il,n,> hn<L«>iii<;i* Sncklcy. Ann. Lye. Nat. HM. N. Y. !*<>!, :5]ii:
Suliiin lui'l <<ini< ii-i (iiinthcr, vi, 1">H; .lorilan, Pi-oc. V. S. Nat. Mus. i, 81:1 Xalixv
I.'ich. l''rankliii's .lonrn. 7(1 1.)

.». S. hood! (\!\<-\i.) (Jill &. Jor.

Kody rather elongat*-. .Maxillary rather strong, straight, extending
to or beyond hind margin of eye. IVeopcrcle very short, with a very
short lower limb. Pectoral not reaching half way to ventral; adipose

" Tin- nominal species <-tinn<l< nxix and inniHt'-itltitux are liased on sea-run specimens of
larger si /e; the M> called " Stimuli Troul".

46. SALMONIDJE SALVELINUS. 321

fin very small; caudal deeply forked. Body and caudal fin covered
with round pale spots of moderate size. B. 12; D. 10; A. 9; Lat. 1.
185. Bootbia. (Giinther.)

(Salmo hoodii Richardson, Ross, Voy. Nat. Hist. App. Iviii, and in Fauna Bor.-Amer.
iii, 173: Salmo Jioodii Gunther, vi, 150.)

516. S. rossi (Rich.) J. & G.

Olive-brown above, the dorsal and caudal similarly colored; belly
red ; scattered red spots near th$ lateral line. Rather slender ; snout
very obtuse; lower jaw remarkably long, with a knob at tip (male).
About 30 teeth on the tongue. Conspicuous pores on the face bones
posteriorly. Scales very small, imbedded. Head 5. B. 12-13 ; D. 13 ;
A. 11; P. 14; V. 10. Arctic Ocean, about Boothia Felix. (Richardson.)
An imperfectly known species.

(Salmo rossii Richardson, Nat. Hist. App. Ross's Voy. Ivi: Salmo rossii Suckley,
Monogr. Salmo, 120.)

517. §. nitidus (Rich.) Gill & Jor.

Body somewhat elongate; head moderate; snout medium. Maxillary
straight, strong, extending beyond the orbit in the male. Teeth mod-
erate, 2 or 3 behind head, of vomer. Preopercle with the lower limb
very distinct. Fins well developed; pectoral reaching scarcely half
way to ventral; caudal fin forked. Head 5. B. 11; D. 11; A. 10; Lat.
1.215. Boothia. (Giinther.) Perhaps a form of 8. stagnalis.

(Salmo nitidiis Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 171, 183G: Salmo nitidus Gunther,
vi, 150.)

518. S. stagoialis (Fabr.) Gill & Jor.

Body elongate; head of moderate size. Snout elongate, pointed,
with the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper in adult examples.
Teeth small. Maxillary elongate, narrow, extending beyond the eye.
Preopercle very short, with a very short lower limb. Opercle and pre-
opercle very conspicuously and densely striated, the striae radiating
from the base of each. Fins much developed, the dorsal much higher
than long ; pectoral very long, reaching more than half way to veutrals,
which are also very long; adipose fin very small; caudal well forked.
D. 11; A. 10; Lat. 1. 210; B. 11; coeca, 41. Lakes of Greenland and
Boothia Felix. (Gunther.)

(Salmo stagnalis Fabricius, Fauna Grcenlandica, 1780, 175: Salmo alipes Richardson,
Nat. Hist. App. Ross's Voy. Ivii, and Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 169 : Salmo alipes Gunther,
vi, 149.)

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C 21

322 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

FAMILY XLVIL— PERCOPSID^.

(The Trout Perches.}

Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the caudal pedun-
cle long and slender. ITead conical, pointed, naked. Month small,
horizontal; maxillary short, narrow, without supplemental bone, not
reaching to the large eye ; margin o£ upper jaw formed by premaxilla-
ries alone, which are short and not protractile. Teeth very small, villi-
form on prcmaxillaries and lower jaw only. Tongue short, adherent.
Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchire pres-
ent. Branchiostegals 6. Gill-rakers short, tubercle-like. Opercle with
entire edges. Lower limb of the prcopercle well developed, the angle
nearly a right angle, its inner edge with a raised crest. Bones of the
head cavernous, as in Acerina and Ericymba. Cranium, with a raised
crest, which does not extend to the occiput. Scales moderate, rather
thin, adherent, their edges strongly ctenoid. Lateral lino continuous.
Dorsal short, median ; ventrals anterior, just in front of the dorsal,
S-rayed; pectorals narrow, placed rather higher than usual 5 anal
small; caudal forked; adipose fin present, 'small. Stomach siphoual,
with about 10 well -developed pyloric cceca. Ova rather large, not fall-
ing into the abdominal cavity before exclusion. Air-bladder present.
Small fishes of the fresh waters of the cooler parts of America; a sin-
gle genus, with probably but one species. The group is one of special
interest, as it combines with ordinary Salmonoid characters the structure
of the head and mouth of a Percoid, resembling notably the European
genus Acerina.

(I'crcopuidce Giinthcr, vi, 207.)

152.— PERCOPSIS Agassiz.
Trout Perch.

(A;,r.-i-M/, T.:iKc Superior, l-r,n, -j- 1 : type Peroopris gwtttthu Ag.)

Characters of the genus included above. (-J/JXTJ, perch ; <;</'•'-> appear-
ance.)

519. P. Kiitfatios

Pale olivaceous, a sihery stripe along the lateral line, becoming ob-
solete forwards: upper parts with obscure round dusky spots made of
dark points. Head slender and conical. Mouth small, subinferior,
maxillary not nearly reaching front of orbit. Caudal peduncle long and

48. AMBLYOPSID.E. 323

slender. Peritoneum silvery. Head 3£ in length ; depth about 4 J. D.
11 ; A. 8 ; Lat. 1. 50. L. G inches. Spawns in spring. Delaware Eiver
to Kansas and northward ; abundant in the Great Lakes. One of our
most remarkable fishes.

(Agassiz, Lake Superior, 1850, 283; Giinther, vi, 207: ? Percopsis hammondi * Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1864, 151.)

ORDER N.~ HAPLOMI.

(The Haplomom Fishes.)

~No precoracoid arch. Parietal bones separated by the snpraoccipital.
A symplectic. Opercular bones present. Anterior vertebra unaltered.
Pharyngeal bones distinct, the superior directed forwards, three or four
in number, the inferior not falciform. No interclavicles. Mouth with
teeth. Air-bladder with a pneumatic duct. Ventral fins abdominal,
rarely wanting; pectoral fins placed low; dorsal fin more or less pos-
terior, usually without spines. Head and body usually with cycloid
scales. No adipose fin. Species chiefly inhabiting fresh water. (6.-Xo6q,
simple; ty/j»>?, shoulder; in allusion to the want of the precoracoid arch.)

(Physostomi part (families Esocidte, Umbridce, Cypr'modontidce and Heteropygii) Giin-
tlier, vi, vii.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF HAPLOMI.

o. Margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries alone; ovoviviparons.

b. Vent jugular; premaxillaries scarcely protractile AMBLYOPSID^S, 48.

lib. Vent abdominal ; premaxillaries freely protractile CYPRINODOXTIDYE, 49.

aa. Margin of upper jaw formed laterally by the niaxillaries; premaxillaries not pro-
tractile.

c. Jaws not produced ; teeth villiforrn, equal UMBRiDjE, 50.

cc. Jaws produced ; teeth cardiform, unequal .* EsocnxE, 51.

FAMILY XLVIIL— AMBLYOPSID^E.

(TJie Blind-fishes.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed behind. Head long, de-
pressed. Mouth rather large, the lower jaw projecting; premaxilla-
ries long, scarcely protractile, forming the entire margin of the upper
jaw. Jaws and palatines with bands of slender villiform teeth. Bran-
chiostegals about 6. Gill- rakers very short. Pseudobranchise con-
cealed. Gill-membranes more or less completely joined to the isthmus.

* Head larger, 3| in length, exclusive of caudal ; dorsal higher, the longest ray 4|
in length ; anal higher, longest ray 6 in length ; pectoral equals height of dorsal ;
ventral 5f in length, reaching vent, which is nearer snout than margin of caudal fin.
Kansas. (Gill.)

324 COXTRIBTTIoys TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

Head naked, tin- surface sometimes crossed by papillary ridges. I.ody
with small cycloid scales, irregularly placed. No lateral line. Vent
jugular, close behind the gill-openings. Ventral fins small or wanting;
pcci orals moderate, inserted higher than in most soft-rayed fishes; dor-
sal without spine, nearly opposite the anal; caudal truncate or rounded.
i 'i anium without median crest. Stomach coecal, with one or two pyloric
appendages. Air-bladder present. Ovary single. Some (and probably
all) of the species are ovoviviparous. lu two of the genera the eyes are
very rudimentary and hidden under the skin, and the body is translu-
cent and colorless. Fishes of small size, living in subterranean streams
and ditches of the Central and Southern United States. Three genera
and four species are " all of the family yet known, but that others will be
discovered, and the range of the present known species extended, is very
probable. The ditches and small streams of the lowlands of our south-
ern coast will undoubtedly be found to be the home of numerous indi-
viduals, and perhaps of new species and genera, while the subterranean
streams of the central portion of our country most likely contain other
species." (Putnum.}

(//(>/•»/)//'/;/ (iiintiuT. vii, 1, 2.)

a. Eyes rudimentary, concealed : body colorless.

/;. Ventral (ins present AMBLYOPSIS, 1 .'.:!.

lih. Velllral lilis obsolete TVPHLICIITIIVS, l.")|.

aa. K\ es developed ; body colored ; vent nils obsolete CiiOLOGASTEit, 155.

153.— AMBL,YOP§1S DoKay%

(DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 187: type AmMyopsis spclams DeKay.)

! ACS rudimentary, concealed under the skin. Surface of head crossed
by vertical tactile ridges, dill-membranes fully joined to isthmus. Ven-
tral lius present, quite small, close to anal. Colorless fishes of small
si/e, inhabiting the cave-streams in the limestone regions of the West-
ern States. (<///, j /.•>-, obtuse; «Y'^j vision.)

.V2O. A. S|M'l;rilS DelCay.

Colorless. .Mouth comparatively large, the length of its cleft about
eipial to base of dorsal. Pectorals reaching front of dorsal; caudal
long, rather pointed. One p\ loric ciecnm. Head '.'> in length; depth

II. !>.!•; A. S; V. I: P. 11. L. 5 inches. Subterranean streams of

Kentucky and Indiana.

(DeKay. \e\v York l-':iiiii:i. Fi-h. 1-7: < i ii :il her, vii.'J; rntnain, Anier. Nat. 1872,
30, ii'..)

l.ll.-TVPIII.ICIITIIVS Cir..rd.

(Ciranl. Pio-. Aead. Nat. Sei. 1'liila. l-.'i'.', f.J: type Ti/j>ltH<hl]n/a sulterranens Crd.)

This genus differs from Amblijopsis only in the absence of the ventral

48. AMBLYOPSID^l CHOLOGASTER. 325

fins. The species are of smaller size, and are found in the same waters.
(TO^O?, blind ; tyOu^, fish.)

521. T. subtcrranvus Grd.

Colorless. Head rather blunter and broader forwards than in A.
spelccus. Mouth smaller, its cleft shorter than base of dorsal. Pecto-
rals scarcely reaching dorsal. One pyloric coscum. D. 7 or 8; A. 7
or 8. L. 2 inches. Subterranean streams of Kentucky, Tennessee, and
Alabama.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 62; Putnam, Amer. Nat. 1872, 30, fig.)

155.— CHOLOGASTER Agassiz.
(Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, xvi, 135, 1853: type Chologaster cornutus Ag.)

This genus has the general characters of Amblyopsis, but differs in
the absence of ventral fins and in the fully developed condition of the
eyes, which are small and lateral. The species are not pellucid, but
colored like ordinary fishes. No papillary ridges. Pyloric coeca 2.
Ditches and cave-streams, (^tu/lo?, maimed ; Yaffr^Pt belly; in allusion
to the abortive ventrals.)

522. C. coriiuf us Ag.

Yellowish brown, dark above; sides with three dark longitudinal
stripes, becoming dots on the tail ; middle rays of caudal fin dark ;
fins otherwise uncolored. Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxillary not
extending to the eye. Pectorals reaching nearly to front of dorsal,
perfect, small. Snout with two horn -like projections. Head 3^-; depth
4£. D. 8 or 9 ; A. 8 or 9. L. 2£ inches. Ditches in a rice-field, Wacca-
maw, S. C. (Putnam.)

(Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1853, 135; Giinther, vii, 2; Putnam, Amc?. Nat.
1872, 30.)

523. C. agassazi Putnam.

Uniform light brown; fins somewhat speckled. Head 4 in body, its
length scarcely greater than the greatest depth. Pectorals reaching
little more than half way to front of dorsal. D. 9; A. -9. L. 1| inches.
(Putnam.} Subterranean streams in Tennessee and Kentucky.

(Putnam, Amer. Nat. 1872, 30, fig.)

A specimen of Chologaster obtained by Prof. S. A. Forbes in a cave-
stream of Southern Illinois does not agree well with either of the above
species. The following description has been furnished us by Professor
Forbes :

The head is 7-£mm long, and the body, without head or tail, 19mm. Head iu length,
therefore, 3^ times. The eye is above and well behind the maxillary, and goes about

326 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

(i in head. Tin- pectoral reaches half way In the dorsal. The color is precisely as de~
siTihcd |'..r rorniititx, except thai tin- middle stripe is decidedly paler than the grouml
color of the body, hut darkei- mi i in- head, the change being abrupt at the c>pen-ular
margin. Tin- caudal liu is dark In-own, wiih s -vcr.il veri ieal rows of \vhiie specks or
Idotches running across the rays. The anterior part of the dorsal is similar in color,
l»ut paler. Total length a trille over an ineli. A scale from the region mentioned hy
rntnain is similar to that of ir/nxxizi, but with 5 orb' concentric lines and :5 radiating
furrows.

The specimen thus agrees with roriintiiH in position of eye and plan of markings,
with (f;/«.sW;( in length of pectorals and siriicture of scales, is intermediate in length
of head, and agrees with neither in color of caudal and dorsal and tint of middlo
band, (I'orbcH, in lit. November -1,

FAMILY XLIX.— CYPRINODONTID^E.
(The Cyprinodonts.)

Body oblong or moderately elongate, compressed behind, depressed
forwards, covered with rat her large cycloid scales, which are adherent
and regularly arranged. X'o lateral line. Head scaly, at least above.
Mniitli terminal, small, the lower jaw usually projecting; margin of the
upper jaw formed by the preinaxillaries only; premaxillaries strong,
extremely protractile. Teeth incisor-like or villiform, sometimes present
on the vomer, but usually in the jaws only; lower pharyngeals sepa-
rate, with canliform teeth. Gill-membranes somewhat connected, free
from isthmus; gill-rakers very short, thick. Branchiostegals 4-6.
r.-endobranehite none. Dorsal flu single, inserted posteriorly, of soft
rays only, rarely with a single spine or a rudimentary spinous dorsal;
caudal iin not forked: ventral (ins abdominal, rarely wanting; pectoral
lins inserted low; no adipose Iin. Stomach not ccecal, without pyloric
appendages. A ir-bladder simple, often wanting. Sexes usually unlike,
the tins being largest in the males. Most or all are ovoviviparous,
the young well developed at time of birth. I-Ycsh-water fishes of South-
ern Fjirojie, Asia, Africa, and America, some of them occurring in bays
and arms of the sea. They are most ly of small si/.e, and the species are
very clinical! of determination. (J-enera .'JO; species about 1-10.

(('i/liriniiilititliili:' (liinlher, vi. 'J'.U-:;.">(;.)

NuTK. — In the following analysis the genera known from Mexico an- also included,
their name-, I.ein^ placed in it

* Intestinal canal com para I i\ely short, lit I le convoluted ; teeth mostly lixcd ; dcntary

hones firmly joined, (f'nntintrir.')
a. Anal iin of the male not modified into an inl romil teni or^an.

6. Te.'th iiK-isor-like, notched; insert ion of dorsal nearly opposite vcntrals. (Cy-

{iriiiixloiitin
C. Teeth in a single series; hody short and deeji.

rf. Dorsal ver\ IOIILT. with K'.-l- rays, the first spine-like. . . JoRDAXKLLA, 15G.
dd. Dorsal short, of 10-11 rays, the lirst ray small ......... CYPIILNODON, 157.

49. CYPRINODONTID^E JORDANELLA. 327

66. Teeth Jill pointed ; ventrals present. (Fundnlincc.)

e. Teeth in more than one scries ; air-bladder present.
/. Dorsal fin comparatively large and well forward, its rays usually more

than 11 and the first ray usually in front of the

anal FUNDULUS, 158.

ff. Dorsal fin small and posteriorly placed, its rays usually 7-10, and the

first ray generally behind the front of the anal.

g. Anal fin small ZYGONECTES, 159.

cc. Teeth in one series; dorsal fin in advauce of anal.

/;. Dorsal and anal fins short, each with 9-13 rays LUCANIA, 160.

lili. Dorsal and anal fins long, each with more than 20 rays.

Glrardin ichtliys.
aa. Anal fin of the male advanced, modified into a sword-shaped, intronrittent

organ. (Anablepince.)
i. Eye normal («'. e., not divided into two portions by a horizontal

partition) ; teeth in bands.
j. Jaws not produced.

k. Dorsal fin long, 14-16 rays Pseudoxiphophorus.

kk. Dorsal fin short, 9-10 rays GAMBUSIA, 161.

jj. Jaws much produced Eelonesox.

"* Intestinal canal elongate, with numerous convolutions ; anal fin in the male usually

modified into an iutroniittent organ ; deutary bones
loosely joined ; teeth movable. (Hmnophagce.)
L Teeth all pointed. (FcecUiinw.)

m. Teeth in more than one row ; dorsal more or less in
advance of the anal, greatly enlarged in the male.
n. Caudal fin in the male with its lower lobe much pro-
duced ; dorsal fin long, of 12 or more rays.

Xiphophorus.

nn. Caudal fin normal, alike in the two sexes.
o. Dorsal fin long, of more than 12 r.iys.

MOLLIENESIA, 162.

oo. Dorsal fin short, of less than 12 rays . . PCECILIA, 163.
mm. Teeth in a single series ; dorsal fin short.
p. Dorsal inserted in advance of anal.

Platypcccilus.
pp. Dorsal inserted posteriorly to anal.

GIRARDIXUS, 164.
11. Teeth incisor-like, tricuspid ( Goodemw} Goodea.

156.— JORB> AMELIA Goode & Bean.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. ii, 177, 1879: type Jordanella floridce G. & B.)

Body short, deep, compressed. Head short. Month small, very pro-
tractile, the lower jaw the longer; lips full. Jaws each with a single
series of rather broad, wedge-shaped, incisor teeth, the cutting edge of
which is deeply notched, usually trifid. Branch iostegals 5. Dorsal flu
elongate, the number of rays 16-18, the first being a robust spine; in-
sertion of dorsal fin behind ventrals, in advance of front of anal, its
last ray behind the last of anal ; dorsal fin not greatly elevated. Anal
fin shorter and smaller, similar in both sexes; ventral fins small, with
a scale at base; caudal fin rounded ; pectorals short and small. Intes-

328 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

final canal rather Ionic: three times length of body. Sexes similar.
(Dedicated to David S. Jordan.)

.VJ1. J. lloridir Cm.iic A. r.«-.-in.

liody ovate, short and deep, with elevated hack, deep candal pe-
duncle, and sleep profile. Head moderate, flat and broad between the
eyes, its profile less steep than that of the back. Kyes lar^e. ,"..',-i in
head. Month small, anterior, the lower jaw projecting. Scales mod-
erate, the humeral scale not much enlarged. J)orsal fin inserted mid-
way between snout and base of candal, its first ray robust and spine-
like, grooved behind, longer than the diameter of the eye, and about
as lii-h as the succeeding soft rays. Fins all rather low, the ventrals
reaching just past the vent. Scales with strong concentric stria-.
Color olivaceous; sides orange or brassy, with a broad steely-blue
stupe aloni;- each series of scales; 4 or 5 vairue, dilt'use, black ver-
tical bars, most distinct in the young, nearly obsolete in the adult: a
lar.ue, difl'use, dusky blotch on the sides, below the dorsal spine; fins
mostly dark, the dorsal barred or speckled in the males, nearly plain
in the females, sometimes a dusky blotch on its last rays; body and
tins everywhere finely punctnlate with black; a dark bar below eye.
Bead 3£; depth 2-24. D. I, 1<>, or 1, 17; A. I, 11, to I, i:;: Lat. 1. L>5-i'7:
L. transv. 11 or lli. L. li inches. Streams of Central and Eastern
Florida; abundant. The above description from specimens taken by
Dr. .J. A. Ilenshall in San Sebastian Itiver. The original types were
from Lake Monroe. Herbivorous, at least in part.
(Goo.lr & li.-an, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 117, LST'J.)

157,— CYPKINODON Lac<5pode.
(Lrbla* Cuvior. )

(L:ii-('|ii-ilc, Hist. Nut. I'i»is«;. v, •J-i'i. IHI:: ; type < 'i/i>rinn<li»i rnri> <i«tnx Luc.)

T.ody \ery short and stout, the back somewhat elevated. Mouth
small. Snoat short. Teeth moderate, incisor-like, tricuspid, in a sin-
gle serie<. Scales very lar^e; humeral scales usually enlai'.u'ed. Dor-
sal fin moilerate, inserted in advance of front of anal: its first ray not
enlarged; anal smaller; ventral fins small. Intestinal canal little
longer than body. ( iill -membra lies considerably united, free from the
isthmus. Chubby little fishes, inhabiting the brackish waters r*'
America, Southern Kurope, and Northern Africa; sometimes living ill
hot salt springs. (/•')-//:•/. >?, carp; <j<l<ir^ tooth.)

49. CYPRINODOXTID.E - CYPRIXODON. 329

525. C. vafi-HCfj-ntcis Lac.

Body short and deep, the back considerably arched. Mouth as in
the others, small and terminal, numeral scale 4 times the size of the
others. Eye longer than snout, 3} in head, less than interorbital
space. Origin of dorsal about midway of body, behind veutrals in old
specimens, rather in advance in the young; males with the dorsal fin
elevated, but not reaching, when depressed, nearly to caudal. Male
fish dusky, with only traces of bars; caudal fin with a dusky bar at
base and on posterior edge; tips of dorsal and anal dusky; the scales
in the breeding season with small tubercles. Female olivaceous; sides
silvery, with darker bars and irregular markings; a dark bar at base of
caudal ; a dark spot on posterior part of dorsal. Head 3| ; depth 2£.
D. 10; A. 10; scales 25; L. transv. 11. L. $ 2.J inches; 9 1^ inches.
Cape Cod to Mexico, in brackish waters, entering streams.

(Lacdpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 48G: LcMas orinits DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish.
215; Giintlier, vi, 305: Cyprinodon bocinns B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. l>%>5,
389: Cyprinodfiii bvriniis Girard, U. S. Mex. B.mml. Surv. Iclith. 07: Cyprinodon borinus
Giiuther, vi, 307: Cyprinodon e.dmius Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 158.)

526. C. &iE>bo§B5S Baird & Girard.

Similar to the preceding, but the body still deeper and the back and
fins still more elevated ; the scales apparently somewhat smaller ; anal
much smaller than dorsal ; coloration similar to that of 0. variegatus.
Head 2^; depth 1*. D. 10; A. 11; Lat. 1. 28; L. transv. 14. Indi-
anola, Texas. (Girard.)

(Band & Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 390; Girard, U. S. Mex, Bound.
Surv. Ichth. (i7.)

527. C. EatafasciaiMS Gariuan.

Form and dentition of C. gibbosus. Black caudal band much wider;
a light baud from middle of opercle to lower half of caudal ; a dark
band above this, separated by a narrower band of light from the dark
olive of the back ; silvery color of belly separated from the light band
on the flanks by a short baud of brown; fins clouded with brown; cau-
dal with a narrow dark band across its base and a broad one across its
extremity. Head 4 in total length; depth 3. B. 12; A. 11; V. G; P.
14; Lat. 1. 30; L. transv. 11. Parras, Coahuila, Mex. (Garman.)

(Garman, Bull. Mus. Cotup. Zool. viii, No. 3, 92, 1881.)

52§. C. elegasa«* Baird & Girard.

Body more elongate than in any of the preceding; the upper outline
of the head less depressed, so that the profile is continuous; fins low,
the dorsal quite small; its rays scarcely extending to the beginning of

330 covruinrTioxs TO NORTH AMEIIICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

the caudal peduncle. Bluish black, sides somewhat variegated \vith
darker, the males somewhat spotted; edge of caudal I'm black in the
male; a black patch ou last rays of dorsal in the female. Head 3i ;
depth '2 to :i. D. 11; A. !«': scales iM-lil. L. L'.V inches. Eio Grande.
(Oirard.)

(Baird A tJininl. J'n.r. Arad. Nat. Sri. I'hila. 1853, 389; Girard, U. S. M.-x. I'.oimd.
Surv. I, lull. <;;;.)

C. ealifo&'Eigciisis Grd.
" It may be easily distinguished (Vein its congeners in North America,
by its uniform system of coloration \vhich exhibits neither bauds nor
spots. The general aspect of its body is rather short and deep, except
in the young which assume a subfusifonu appearance. The largest
s]>ecimeiis which we have examined measure about an inch and a half
in total length. The head constitutes the fourth of the length, the snout
being abruptly rounded off. The mouth is, proportionally speaking,
of medium si/e, whilst the eye is rather small, subcircular ; its diameter
entering three times and a half in the length of the side of the head. The
dorsal lilt is higher than long, and superiorly convex ; its interior margin
being nearer the apex of the snout than the posterior margin of the
caudal. The anal lin is nearly as large as the dorsal, deeper than long,
inl'eriorly convex, particularly upon its posterior half. The caudal is
posteriorly truncated, nearly linear. The ventrals are small, project
beyond the vent and reach almost the origin of the anal. The pectorals
are well developed, rounded off, extending as far as a vertical linedraun
at the insertion of the ventrals. The rays are: D. 10 + 1; A. 11; C.
3, 1, S, S, 1, ;{; V. 7; P. 11*. The scales are much deeper than long,
anteriorly truncated and posteriorly rounded oil' or convex. The color
is olivaceous brown, with a dark grayish tint along the back, and a
golden tint beneath." ((iirnnt.) San Diego, California.

. I'ior. Arad. \;,|. Sri. I'hila, 1 ~.V.I. I.',?.)

.'»:;<>. < . m&culariiu Baird d *<irar<i.

Apparently very similar to C. raricyntnx ; the female dark above,
with dark bars on the sides and a dark shade across the dorsal lin ; lins
lather small. Head 3§j depth L'-L'A. I). 1O; A. 11; scales LMJ-0. L. 13
inches, llio (iila. i (iirnrd.)

i I'.. A C. I'm,-. A.cad. Nat. Bci. I'hila. 1>.V'., :5S'J; (iirard, U. S. Mr\. Uiiiuid. Surv.
I. •lull. 6G

. <'. r:ir|>io I iiiuiln-r.

Slenderer than ('. rnririjiii ux ; humeral scale scarcely larger than the
others; dorsal liii inserted slightly behind ventrals; eye 3£ in head, a

49. CYPRINODONTID.E - FUNDULUS. 331

little shorter than snout; olivaceous, silvery below. Head 3; depth
2£. D. 11; A. 10; scales 25-10. "America." (Giinther.)
(Giiuther, vi, 306.)

15§.— FUrVDli:LtJS Lac6pede.

Killifislies.
(Hydrargyra Lace~pede: Xenisma Jordan.)

(Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 37, 1803 : type Fundulus mudfish Lace"pede = Colitis
heteroclita L. )

Body rather elongate, little elevated, compressed behind. Mouth
moderate. Jaws, each with two or more series of pointed teeth, usually
forming a narrow band. Bones of the maudiule firmly united. Scales
moderate. Branchiostegals 4-G. Preopercle, preorbital, and mandi-
ble with mucous pores. Dorsal and anal fins similar, moderately devel-
oped or rather large, the dorsal usually inserted in front of the anal.
Ventrals well developed. Air-bladder present. Sexes differing in
color, size, and development of the fins, the anal fin in the male nor-
mal. Intestinal canal short. Species very numerous, mostly Ameri-
can, inhabiting fresh waters and arms of the sea. They are the largest
in size of the Cyprinodonts, and some of them are very brightly colored.
(Latin fundus, bottom, the supposed abode of the "Fundulus mudfish.")

The species may be divided as follpws:

* Dorsal fin beginning in advance of anal.
t Branchiostegals 6. (HYDRARGYRA Lace"p&de.)

a. Males with dark cross-bars and a black dorsal spot ; females with longitudinal
stripes ........................................ majalis, swampinus.

aa. Males and females with dark cross-bars ............ ............ similis, zebra.

aaa. Males without sharp markings, the scales rough in spring ; females plain.

parmpinnis.
tt Branchiostegals 5. (FuNDULL'S.)

b. Dorsal long, its rays 16 or 17 ; body with round black spots, at least in the
male ................................................... seminolis.

bb. Dorsal moderate, its rays 10-14.
c. Scales rather small, 40 or more in a longitudinal series.

d. Cross-bars if present, black ...................... diaplianus, confluenius.

dd. Cross-bars silvery.

e. Teeth small, in a band ...................................... menona.

ee. Teeth in about two series, the outer enlarged ................. adinia.

cc. Scales large, less than 40 in a longitudinal series.

/. Males with 9 or 10 silvery cross-bars ; females with black bars ; fins
plain .............................................. nigrofasciatus.

ff. Males with silvery spots and bars ; females nearly plain olivaceous,
or barred with black ................................. heteroclitus.

** Dorsal fin beginning above or slightly behind anal; fins high. (XENISMA Jor.)

(j. Branchiostegals 5 ; spots in regular series ............... catenatus.

gg. Brauchiostegals 4 ; spots irregular ...................... stdlifer.

332 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

* Dorsal I'm l>i'^iinmii; in advanrr of anal.

t Branchiostegals 6. (H<i/lr<t>-</i/r<if Larrprili'.)

n Miili-s with dark rn»>-liars ; frmalrs with longitudinal stripes.

532. F. Ilia jalis (Walli.) (itlir.— KiUifiJi : M«uji*h ;

llo.ly oblong, scan-fly elevated, little compressed; liead rather pro-
longed anteriorly, the mouth small, terminal and very oblique; scales
rather large; dorsal lin moderate; anal liu very high in the males, mod-
erate in the females; ventrals long in the males, reaching past front of
anal ; e\e moderate, shorter than snout and than intcrorbital space; a
slight angle formed by the profile, iu front of the eye, due to the greater
tl.it telling of the snout. Male fishes dark olivaceous above; sides sil-
very or somewhat golden, with about a dozen broad transverse bars of
the color of the back; posterior part of dorsal fin with a black patch;
fins yellowish or pale. Females olivaceous above, white below, a narrow
black band along sides about on the level of the eye and as wide as the
pupil; below this two similar black bars anteriorly and one posteriorly,
the upper one being interrupted; one or two black bars at base of cau-
dal. Females usually larger than the males. A large specimen taken at
JVanfort, X. C., supposed to be a male of this species in high coloration,
showed tin- following colors in life: I'.ack olive, sides and belly bright
salmon yellow; lower tins clear yellow ; pectorals and anal wit h some
dusky; posterior edge of 'caudal dark; dorsal nearly all black, a large
black oeellated spot on the last rays; opercles and under parts of head
with an inky suffusion; cheeks, top of head, and mouth bronze yellow;
sides with about 18 narrow dusky vertical bars. Teeth in a broad band;
an outer row of rather large teeth. Oviduct adnate to first anal ray for
a short distance. Head 3.?; depth 4. ]). IL'; A. 10; Lat. 1. 30; L.
transv. 13. L. f>-G inches. Cape Cod to Florida, the largest of our
('i/in-iiiiiilinithlii-; abundant in shallow bays.

• •hilix miijuHs U'alliaiini, Arti-ili, 1'isc. 1'J, IT'.i'J: /.'-<u ilni'i 'UK Mitch. Trans. Lit. &
1'hil. Sue. N. V. i, .l;!;i; (Jiintlirr, vi. :;•.'•_': IIi/<lrtiri/i/r<t >i«ij<ilix ('. A V. \\ iii, '.'H7.)

b'.l'.l. F. s\v:iBiie>iiiUK (Lac.) (Jthr.

Very similar to the preceding, but the scales apparently somewhat
smaller; greenish olive, with a silvery longitudinal band, and ll'-l/)
blackish vertical streaks. Head 4; depth I1,. 1'.. 0; D. 14; A. 11';
Lat. I. 13. South Carolina. ( \'<il.)
(Hydrargira svampina Lai-t-jinir, Hist. \ai. I'oNs. \. :;?.-': (iiintln-r, vi,

Laii;|nilc, Hist. Nat. I'm-^. v, :;;.-. ]-n;i: ty)"1 Jli/<lninjini mraiiynnu Lac. («5op,
water: >ilvcr.)

40. CYPRINODONTID^: - FUNDULUS. 333

aa. Males and females with dark cross-bars.
F. siinilis (Baird & G irartl) Gthr.

Body moderately elongate. Head rather pointed and elongate, as
in F. majalis. Sexes similarly colored; both olivaceous above; the
sides silvery, with 10-15 dark vertical bars; males with an ocellated
spot on the last rays of dorsal. Ventral fins short; insertion of dorsal
midway between front of orbit and end of caudal. Head 3J ; depth 4.
D. 11; A. 8 or 9; Lat. 1. 33; L. transv. 13. Coast of Texas, ascending

streams.

(£f';f/rrt>y///ra similis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 389: Hy-
drar// i/>-(i ,ii mills Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Ichth. 68: Fnndulus similis Giinther, vi, 323;
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, iv, 400.)

535. F. zebra (Girard) Gthr.

Body elongate, compressed, subfusiform, the back slightly arched.
Head subpyramidal, very much depressed. Eye 4 in head. Fins mod-
erate; higher in the males than in the females. Scales smaller than in
F. similis and more closely imbricated. Olivaceous above, with a black-
ish spot upon each scale ; sides yellowish, with narrow transverse
black bauds or bars, about 16 in number, more conspicuous in the males
than in the females, and extending from the back to the belly ; inter-
spaces wider than the dark bars. Fins plain. Sexes similar. Head
3f. D. 13; A. 14. L. 3 inches. Eio Grande in ISiew Mexico. (Girard.)

(Hydrtmjiira zebra Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. Itf59, 60; Giinther, vi, 324.
Not ol' Dekay. )

aaa. Males without sharp markings; scales rough in spring. Females nearly plain.

536. F. parvipiamis Girard.

Male, light olive green, mottled with darker; sides witli silvery and
brassy lustre; lower parts yellow; about 20 short blackish, cross-bars
along middle of sides, broader, plainer, and more closely set behind ;
sides and fins with dark points; upper fins dull olive; lower yellow.
Female larger, olive green above, sides not barred, with an obscure
dusky lateral band on caudal peduncle. Fins plain. Fins very high
in the male, small in the female. Scales large; in the males in spring
roughened or ctenoid by small granulations and prickles, similar to the
nuptial excrescences of some Cyprinidce; fins also rough. Oviduct form-
ing a sheath at base of first ray of anal. Head 3£; depth 3§. D. 13;
A. 11 ; Lat. 1. 38; L. transv. 12. L. 4 inches. Coast of California from
Point Coucepcion southward ; very abundant in bays and lagoons.

(Girard. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 154 ; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x,
303; Gunther, vi, 319; Steiudachuer Ichth. Beitriige, v, 155, 1876.)

3o4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

tt Branchiostegale ~>. (Fundulus.)

b. Dorsal lonjr; its rays 16 or 17.

537. F. SCillinolis Girard.

Body rather stout. IIead subpyramidal, the snout tapering. Eye
•l-l in head. Dorsal fin high, its origin nearer apex of snout than origin
of caudal; anal deeper than long. Yentrals not reaching vent. Scales
deeper than long, of moderate size. Dark brown with large round
black spots, the spots corresponding to the scales, upon their line of
intersection. Dorsal and caudal spotted. Head 3|; depth 3f. D. 17;
A. 13; V. 6. Florida. (Gh-anl.)

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 59; Giinther, vi, 325.)

1>b. Dorsal moderate, its rays 11-14.

c. Scales rather small ; more than 40 in a longitudinal series.
d. Cross-bars blackish.

538. F. diaplinnus (Le S.) Ag.— Spring Minnow.

Body rather slender, not elevated, compressed posteriorly. Head
moderate; quite Hat above. Fins not large; dorsal and anal rather
low; ventrals scarcely reaching vent in the females; somewhat longer
in the males. General color olivaceous; sides silvery; 15-23 narrow,
irregular blackish cross-bars on the sides; back always more or less
spotted with blackish; fins nearly plain. Teeth pointed, the outer
not much enlarged. Head 4 ; depth 4|. Eye large, 3i in head. D.
13; A. 11; Lat. 1. 40; L. transv. 12. L. 4 inches. Coasts, ascending all
streams to their fountain heads. Abundant in various tributaries of
the great lakes, Upper Mississippi, west to Colorado, and in ponds and
of the Middle and Eastern States.

iliii/ilimni I.r Sucm. .Jmirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1817,130:
WHtW/OKMta Kc Snciir 1. c. i:'>1 : I'intilitltis mnll(t'<inci<itnx (Jiin; licr. vi, :i'J4. and of most
\\iii< rs; .Jordan, Proc.. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1-77, ti7. )

539. F. COOlflllOlltllS Condi- A. Bean.

Yellowish, wi:h ;i longitudinal streak along each row of scales and
about I I distinct irregular vertical dark bands. Head low, Hat. Snout
not produced. Intel-orbital space L' in length of head, eye 1 in head.
Origin of dor>al midway between tip of caudal and middle of eye.
FirM ray of ;m;il under second of dorsal. Anal higher than long.
Scales crowded. ]!. probably ~>. Head .".J, : depth .".';. D. 10; A. 10;
Lat. 1. \~>. Lake .Monroe. Florida. (Qo»<l< • ,(•

(Goode A IJcan. I'roo. U. S. Nat. Mils. 1-7'J, lid.)

49. CYPRINODONTID^E FUNDULUS. 335

dd. Cross-bars silvery.

e. Teeth in bands, the outer not enlarged.

54O. F. niCBKOiia Jordan & Copeland.

Body elongate, slightly compressed, not elevated; head long and large,
rather narrow above, the iuterorbital space half wider than eye, which
is 4 in head. Dorsal moderate, inserted in advance of the anal, which
is short and deep; paired fins short; vent midway between eye and base
of caudal. Color ($) dark olive brown, with about 16 shining, silvery,
vertical bands, which are narrower than the dark interspaces; the inter-
spaces broadest behind; fins plain; teeth pointed, curved, outer little
enlarged. Head 3| ; depth 5. D. 12; A. 10; B. 5; scales 48-12. L.
3i inches. Eock River, Wisconsin.
(Jordan & Copeland. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila. 1377, 68.)

ee. Teeth in about two series, the outer enlarged.

.'541. F. adaatia J. & G. nom. sp. nov.

Body short, deep, and compressed; head moderate, broad, and flat
above, the interorbital space rather more than half greater than the
width of the eye; eye 4 in head; dorsal and anal fins rather large; dor-
sal inserted almost exactly over fiont of anal ; teeth mostly in two series,
the outer very strong; vent midway between eye and base of caudal;
scales small, closely imbricated. Color olivaceous, with 15 to 20 silver
cross-bars, almost as wide as the interspaces posteriorly, wider than the
interspaces anteriorly, extending over the belly and joining their fellows
on the opposite side ; the bands variable, but usually wider and more
crowded than in F. menona ; fins plain. Head 3f ; depth 4. D. 13;
A. 11; scales 44-15. L. 2 inches. Coast of Texas, ascending streams;
our specimens from the Rio Grande.

(? Adinia mu-liifasciata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 117: Fundulus zebra
Jordan. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, iv, No. 2, 1878, 664. Not Hydrargyra multifasciata
Le Sueuf, nor Hydrargyra zebra Grd., nor Fundulus zebra Dekay.)

cc. Scales rather large, less than 40 in a longitudinal series.

/. Males with 9 or 10 silvery cross-bars; females with black vertical stripes; fins
plain.

542. F. nigrofasciatus (Le S.) C. & V.

Body rather short and deep; head rather long and depressed; the
snout obtuse, a slight angle being formed above the eye; dorsal mod-
erate, well back; anal short and deep; eye longer than snout, H in
iuterorbital space, ;3.^ in head. Olivaceous above, silvery below ; fins
in both sexes immaculate; males with 9 or 10 very distinct silvery

336 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH 'AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY -- IV.

cross bars, each about as broad as a scale; females with about as many
narrow black bars, which do not extend on the hack or belly; scales
punctate, Ilcad.'irJ; depth 1. 1 >. 1 1 ; A.!»; scales .">.' 1-1 1. L. L'A inches.
(diinthcr.) Atlantic co.ist of United States, not very common.

i 11 ;iil rn i-'jurn >ii<i>-nj'<ixi-:t<tii Lc Siu-nr. .Tonni. Arad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 1-17, i, 133;
Stoivr, I'i-1' M.IS-. -.".I.".: (Jiimlicr, vi, :^5.)

_//'. Mules with .silvi TV spots and bars; females nearly plain olivaceous; lins spotted.

•"tt'l. F. ll<>t<'roclitUS (L.) Giintbi-r. — Common h'iUilixli ; Mummichog; Sult-irutrr
Minnow.

Uoily thick-set, short and deep; anteriorly broad, posteriorly com-
pre-vse.l. the l»ack elevated; head rather short, blunt, broad and Hat on
top: eye moderate, about equal to snout, about half the width of inter-
orbital space and one-fifth of the length of the head: lins moderate, the
dorsal inserted in males midway between snout and tip of caudal ; in
females farther back; oviduct attached to anterior ray of anal lin, its
open in:;- near the tip of the ray; teeth in broad bands, pointed, the
outer series enlarged. Coloration in males dark dull green, the belly
more or less orange yellow; sides with numerous quite narrow ill-
delined silvery bars made up of spots, most distinct posteriorly: besides
these are numerous conspicuous white or yellow spots, irregularly scat-
tered ; vertical lins dark, with nnmeious small round pah- spots; dorsal
often with a blackish spot on its last ray: anal and vent nils yellow
anteriorly; under side of head yellow; youn.n males sometimes with
dark bars. 1-Ymalcs nearly plain olivaceous, lighter below, without
spots or bars, the scales finely punctate; sides sometimes with a few
faint \crlical shades. Head .'5'rj ; depth .TrJ. J). 11 ; A. 11 ; scales ;><i-l.">;
L. ;>-."> inches. Maine to Mexico, everywhere very common in brackish
waters, the mo>t abundant of our ('i/prhuxltnifiilir. Southern specimens
perhaps reach a larger si/e (var. f/rniulix) than northern, and some speci-
mens (var. iiisriih'iifus) have the head \\itler than usual.

' .,/>;/;•< /!••/./••»- Hi, i \.. S\>l. \;il.: /,,,.,• ^^-ul.nlim. Milch. Tran>. Kit. A. 1'liil. S<T. N.
Y. i. Ill ' Fundulltt piaculeittus of most Ann-ricai1 aulliur>: l-'tii«lttlt<x ;• l>rii |)rkav, N. ^.
Kaiina. l'i-li. '.'I-. I-I-J: / • iiniliiliix </nui(tix liaii'd iV (liranl, I'mc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila.
:. .:-•.!: / mi, lulus ,/r«ii<lix i -ir.ird. I. S. Mr\. Ilonnd. Snr\ . Irlil li. li!» : i'nnditlim jlon-
ih ;/.s/'.v ( ;irard. I'l oc. A' ad. Nal.Sci. I'liila. I- ".'.', \'.~i : i'nnditlim j>i*< ul< ntim Stun-r, I-'isli.
Mas,. -.".M; (Jiinih.T, Cal. Ki>li. llril. .Mils, vi, 3

Dm-.sal I'm ln-^iniiiii^ din-i-l ly alinM- ..rsli^lilly lirliind anal. ( \i nixiini* .lor.)

•.l..rdan. Hull. liiiH'. goo. \:il. Ilisi. 1-71',. 1 J-.': type .\i-ninin<t *t< Ilij, r<t .(or.
a sin-prise.)

49. CYPRINODONTID.E FUNDULUS. 337

y. Brancliiostegals 5; spots in regular series.

544. F. catcnatus (Storer) Gthr.— Stud-fish.

Similar in form to F. stcllifcr, but larger, with lower fins and differ-
ent coloration ; dorsal and anal fins even in the males, falling short of
the caudal ; color bluish or greenish, with a round orange spot (in the
male) on each scale, thus forming series of regular lines of dots ; females
with smaller brown spots on the scales, also forming lines. Anal
prickly in spring males. Teeth in broad bands, the outer somewhat
enlarged. Head 4; depth 4£-5. D. 14; A. 15; Lat. 1. 50. L. G or 7
inches. Tennessee and Cumberland Eivers, locally abundant, one of
the largest and handsomest of the Cyprinodonts.

(PccciUa calenala Storer, Synopsis Fisli N. A. 1846, 430 ; Giinther, vi, 322 ; Cope, Journ.
Ac-ad. Nat. Sci. Phila. lfe'63, 23a: Xcnlsma catenata Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
Y. 1876, 322.)

grj. Brauchiostegals 4 ; spots irregular.

545. F. stcfllifer Jordan.— Spotted Stud-fish.

Body rather long, somewhat compressed. Head broad and flattened
above, in the usual fashion. Eye large, about 4 in head. Scales closely
imbricated, deeper than long. Dorsal fin beginning slightly behind
anal, its last rays in the adult males highly elevated, reaching the
base of caudal, their height equal to the depth of the body; anal sim-
ilar, more elevated in front and less so behind, the last rays falling just
short of caudal ; fins lower in females and young; pectorals reaching
ventrals, the latter to anal in the males. Teeth in a narrow band, the
outer somewhat enlarged, blunt and curved. Coloration brilliant; livid
blue above, somewhat silvery below; body and cheeks, with large,
bright dark orange spots, irregularly placed, not following the rows
of scales, and not always in the middle of the scales; these spots not
uniform in size; females with olive-brown spots horizontally, oblong
and smaller than the orange spots of the males and more regularly
placed ; a blue loral blotch, with a green one below it ; a pale yellow
blotch on the back in front of the dorsal, very conspicuous when the
first anal ray. Head 33; depth 5. D. 13; A. 13; V.G; Lat. 1.53. L.
fish is in the water, but fading in spirits. Oviduct not extending on
3-4 inches. Alabama Eiver, in clear streams and springs; a beautiful
fish.

(Xcnisma stcUifcra Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 322.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C 22

338 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

159.— ZYGOXECTES Agassiz.

Top Minnows.

(Micristius Gill.)
(Agassiz, Am. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, IS")!, l:>r>: type Pcecilia oUoacca Storer.)

This genus is closely related to Fiindnlits, differing chielly in the small
size and posterior position of the dorsal, \vhich has usually less than
ten rays and is commonly inserted behind the front of the anal tin.
The species are smaller in size than those of Fnndulus, and different in
appearance, so that we feel reluctant to unite the two genera, although
the technical differences are very slight. From the Old World genus
Haplocliihis, Zygonectcs is distinguished by the short anal fin. The fe-
males of Zygoncctes are scarcely distinguishable from those of Gambusia.
Species all American. Surface swimmers, feeding upon insects.

(fyj-w, yoke ; vr/Kryr, swimmer ; they being said to swim in pairs.)

* Body rather elongate. (Zygonectcs.)
a. Sides without black band.

25. rubrifrocis Jordan.

Body moderately stout, little compressed, not elevated, the caudal
peduncle deep; head rather long, broad between the eyes, fiat above;
eyes large, 3£ in head, their range horizontal; mouth rather larur.
Teeth small, nearly even, in a narrow baud. Scales moderate. Dorsal
in i very short and small, placed a little behind the anal or about even
with it, its position in the males rather more posterior; anal short, high
in the males; ventrals very small; pectorals small. Color, males dark
olivaceous, with a dark, bronze-orange spot on each scale posteriorly,
much as in Fttmlulus catcnatus. Below, these spots are bright orange.
Faint, narrow vertical, orange bars along the lower and posterior part
of the body. Vertical fins with orange spots. Jaws and space in front
of eyes bright orange-red; paired lins dusky. Females alnio>t uniform
!ir.iss\ --olivaceous, without evident spots or red markings. Head :\\ in
Irngth to base of caudal ; depth ;J:». D. 7 or 8; A. 8 or 9; Lat. 1. 3L>;
L. transv. 11 orli'; B. 5. L. 1U-3 inches. San Sebastian River, Flor-
ida, a larger species than most in the genus, and with the dorsal (in less
posterior.

Mcinl.-Mi. Proc. r. >. Nat. Mus. i-7:>, -J:t7.)

587. Z. Eirttshnlli .Ionian.

Body rather stout, deep and 'compressed, the profile nearly straight,
the back little elevated, and the caudal peduncle deep; head moderate;

49. CYPK1NODONTID.E - ZYGONECTES. 339

mouth rather large ; jaws each with a series of long and rather slender
canine-like teeth, behind which is a band of small teeth 5 the canines
larger in the lower jaw; eye large; scales rather large ; dorsal fin short
and high, inserted slightly behind the anal in the males, exactly opposite
it in the females; caudal large; anal fin larger and rather lower than
dorsal; ventrals quite small; pectorals moderate. General color oliva-
ceous ; sides covered, especially posteriorly, with rather large, irregu-
larly placed orange spots, which also extend on the vertical fins; dorsal
dusky, with a dark bar ; head without red ; caudal and anal more or
less yellow; females obscurely marked; young with diffuse greenish
vertical bars. Head 3£ in length to base of caudal ; depth 4. B. 5;
D. 7 or 8 ; A. 10 or 11 ; Lat. 1. 33 ; L. transv. 10. L. 3-4 inches. San
Sebastian River, Florida. The largest species of the genus, looking
like a Fimdulus.

(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 327.)

548. Z. tSoc-flpEEJBODS (Cope) Jor.

General form of Z. notatus ; lower jaw somewhat projecting ; external
series of teeth in both jaws enlarged ; eye large, 3^ in head. Olive gray,
scales with ochre borders; fins yellow, broadly edged with crimson.
Head 4J; depth 5. D. 10; A. 13; scales 29-10. L. 2^ inches. Elvers
of Colorado. ( Cope. )

(Haplochilus floripinnis Cope, Zool. Lieut. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 695, 1876.

549. Z. liiacatus Garman.

Brownish, finely punctulate with brown; white below; lips, top of
head, and a line along middle of back dark ; tail with faint transverse
bands. Moderately stout, compressed. Crown flat. Eye large, as
long as snout, If in iuterorbital width. Lower jaw slightly longer.
Outer teeth long, slender, curved. First ray of dorsal almost opposite
first of anal, one-third the distance from base of caudal to front of eye;

*

caudal truncate. Head nearly 3; depth 4 J. D. 11; A. 14; V. 6; P. 15;
Lat. 1. 36; L. transv. 12. Northeastern Wyoming. (Garman.}
(Garman, Bull. Mus. Zool. viii, No. 3, 88, 1881.)

«rt. Skies with a broad, dark lateral band ; fins plain or speckled.

55®. Z. nolatus (Raf.) Jor. — Top Minnow.

Body rather slender, compressed behind. Head low, depressed, and
rather elongate, the snout somewhat produced, the lower jaw scarcely
projecting; interorbital space broad, its width about half length of
head; eye large, less than snout, about 3 in head. Fins moderate, the

310 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

dorsal and anal elevated in the males. Teeth in a broad band, the
outer series considerably enlarged and canine-like. Coloration brown-
ish olive, with a broad, dark purplish-black lateral band running from
tip of snout through eye to base of caudal; darker in males than in
females: young specimens have the edges of the. band serrated; a few
series of small black dots along- the sides of the back; dorsal, caudal,
and anal fins dotted with black; top of head with a conspicuous trans-
lucent spot in life; concentric stria? on scales, strong. Head 4; depth
4i. 1). 0; A. 11; scales 34-11. L. 2-3.} inches. Michigan to Alabama
and Texas, generally abundant in ponds and canals.

(Srmotiliti: ! noiatiif Kal'. It-h. Oh. 18JO, 8<i: ]'<rrilin niirumi Stmvr, Synopsis, 178:
Fuiidiilici IcncUun B. Jt G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1'hila. 185:3, 389: Zygoim-tr* jmlclicUiis
(iir.inl, IVoc. Ac-ad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. H.">(.>, GO: Fu>ulnlnx uiiri'iix Cope, I'roc. Ac-ail. Nat.
Sci. I'liila. 1~ I."., ?s: lln-,1 ,,-hilnx ]>nl:'!i: llua Giiuther, vi, 314: IltqrtuchiluN aim it* (.iiiu-
ihcr. vi, :;!.">; Jordan, Man. Vert. '-J(i4.)

**Body short and deep. (Micr'tuHua Gill.)
551. E. attrHatBis .Jordan A. I'.rayton.

Body short and stout, compressed, especially posteriorly. Head
moderate, broad and flattened above. Dorsal fin well back, moderately
high; anal I'm rather larger ; paired fins small. Coloration dull olive;
no stripes or bars; scales slightly dark-edged; a large jet-black blotch
on e;:'-'i side just, above and somewhat in front of the vent, due to the
black peritoneum showing through the translucent sides; dorsal and
anal I'm-; speckled. Teeth small, the outer little enlarged. Head -1;
depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 30. L. 1J inches. Xeuse lliver, North
Carolina.

(Jord.-n vV Hraytmi, Bull. T. S. Nat. Mas. xii, H7s, 84.)

3.>*J. K. :aclaiiops (Cope) .lor.

Hod;, .ather short and deep. Head broad; eye as long as snout,
:\.\ in head, L' in interorUital width; teeth in a band, the outer series
rcely enlarged. l;ins short. Yellowish brown; scales darker edged ;
body ui.liont distinct longitudinal stripes or bars; belly golden; a very
consp:e:;oiis jet Mack spot just hclow the eye, and conllneiit with it in
the adult; dorsal and caudal lins with series o f black dots; caudal very
large. Head .T:-; depth :'..\. D. 7: A. «>; scales L'8-7. L. 1.V, iuelies.
Neusc Kiver (('<>!>'') to Southern Illinois (I-\>rl>rs) and .Mississippi (Hay),
locally abundant.

( //<( l,t ii //is- in Imi'i'n Cope. I'roc-. Ani-'i. I'liil. Soc. 1>7(>, .l.'>7; Jordan, Bull. 111. Lab.
:..', I-;-: Ha; , Proo. U. s. N.-it. Mus. i— n, r(()i.)

49 CYPRINODONTIDyE ZYGOXECTES. 341

553. Z. dispar* Agassiz.

Body short and deep, much compressed. Head short and very broad,
the flat iiiterorbital space being two-thirds of its length, and barely twice
the diameter of the eye 5 the distance between the eyes above greater
than the distance between them/below. Snout broadly rouuded. Fins
moderate; dorsal much smaller than anal. Outer series of teeth some-
what enlarged. Coloration pale olive, bluish in life; a very distinct
brownish line along the edges of each row of scales, appearing wavy or
serrated as it follows the scales; about 10 of these longitudinal stripes
are present; males with the lines interrupted, appearing as series of
dots and further marked by about 9 dark cross-bars; adults with a dark
blotch below the eye, sometimes confluent with it. Oviduct free from
anal, Head 3f; depth 3i. D. 7; A. 9; scales 35-10. L. 2^ inches.
Lakes and sluggish streams from Ohio to Iowa.

(Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 353; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1877, G7.)

554. 55. brachypterus Cope.

" Base of the first dorsal ray behind the vertical line equally dividing
the base of the anal; ventrals not reaching base of anal. Scales large.
Head wide, with overhanging supercilia ; interorbital width twice the
diameter of the orbit, which enters the length of the head 2.J times.
Color uniform olivaceous, the scales with brown edges; cheeks silvery;
no spots on the head. Body stout. Head 4£. D. 7; A. 8. Scales
30-9. Length 2." (Cope, MSS.) Trinity Eiver and other streams in
Texas.

* Professor Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 353, mentions three more species of
this genus, which have not since been recognized, besides two (Z. lateralis and Z. zona-
tus) which are evidently identical with Z. notatus, and another, Z. lineolatus, which
Professor Putnam informs us is identical with Z. nottii.

Z. nottii Agass.

''The darker continuous longitudinal lines alternate with fainter interrupted ones.
Males with distinct transverse bauds ; dark olive above, fading upon the sides ; sil-
very below. Operculuin, throat, and space in advance of the eye orange color." Mo-
bile, Ala.

Z. guttatus Agass.

"A large dark spot upon the centre of each scale on the back and sides, forming
longitudinal rows of disconnected dots. The transverse bars of the male are much
narrower and nearer together than in Z. lineolatus (nottii'). Dark olive above, fading
upon the side. Abdomen silvery." Mobile, Ala.

Z. liieroglyplricus Agass.

"Anterior and upper parts of the body sprinkled with dark dots, passing into longi-
tudinal rows backwards. Light olive above ; silvery on the sides and below." Mo-
bile, Ala.

342 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

5.15. Z. sciaeljfias (Copr) .Tor.

Body short and stout. Eye equal to snout, 3i in head, 1§ in inter-
orbital space. Fins small. Coloration uniform olivaceous, without spots
or lines. Head 34. D. 10; A. 12; scales 39-13. L. 2 inches. Platte
River. (Cope.)

( Fund u I HX Nciadiom Cope, Proc. Acail. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1865, 78: Ilaplochilu.* sciadicus
GiintluT, vi, 316.)

556. Z. ciirysolus (Giiuther) Jor.

Head depressed anteriorly. Snout shorter than the eye, which is 3£
in head and li in iuterorbital space. Fins moderate. Light olive-
colored, with narrow, dark, vertical streaks on the sides; caudal with
bands of brown dots. Head 3i; depth 4. D. 9; A. 11; scales 34-12.
Charleston, S. C. (Gttnther.)

(Ifaplochilua chrysotus Giinther, vi, 317.)

557. Z. zoiiatus (Mitch.) Jor.

Eye large, 2i in head. Dorsal almost reaching the caudal, which is
lanceolate. Sides with 12 black cross-bars ; dorsal and anal dotted with
black; other tins immaculate. D. 7; A. 10. Head 4£ in total length.
South Carolina. (Giinther.)

( ' Eunx zonatun Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 443 : Fundulus zonatus C. & V. xviii,
I'.tii: //«///oc7ii/«.s :onalnn Giiuther, vi, 316.)

553. Z. ciiigillatus (C. &. V.) Jor.

Anal rather larger than dorsal; sides with ten or twelve broad, well-
defined, vertical dark bars, nearly as broad as their interspaces; dorsal
with a large black spot posteriorly, immediately in front of which is a
white one; other fins immaculate. D. 8; A. 9. Head 3£. Coast of
New Jersey. (Giinther.)

(Funiliilus cingnlatus C. & V. xviii, 197 (D. 8; A. 10): Iltjdrargijra luclcc Bainl, Ninth
Smithsonian Kept. 185f>, 344: IIaplocliilu.1 Inchv (iiinthcr, vi, 310.)

16O.— LTJCANIA Girard."
(Ciranl. Proc. Acad. Naf. Sri. Phila. I^.V.), 118: (>•]><• I.n<;uiin n inisla Grd.)

Moiilh moderate, the snout not produced; both jaws with a single
series o!' conical teeth. Scales rather large. Dorsal and anal rays iu
moderate number, the dorsal in advance of the anal; anal fin not
modified in ihe males. Very small fishes. (A coined name without
meaning.)

•GIKAUniMCHTIlYS

(LimnunjHit Giinthrr. )
i-r. (-'vprin. HiJn, HI: tyi>i- (lintrdiniuhtliya innominatus.')

l?ody stout. Mouth small, tin- upju-r jaw very protractile. Teeth small, subcyliu-
rical, in a single series iu each jaw. Scales rather small. Dorsal and anal tins long,

49. CYPRINODONTID^ - LUCANIA. 343

559. L. veamsta 6rd.

Body oblong, much as in Zygonectcs. Dorsal midway ot body, mod-
erately elevated, muck in front of anal. Snout rather pointed. Brown-
ish, slightly spotted. Head 3J; depth 3£. D. 13 ; A. 11; Lat. 1. 27.
L. 1£ inches. Indianola, Tex. (Girard.)

(Limia venusta Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 71, 1859; Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 118; Giiuther, vi, 310: Lucania affinis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. PMla. 1859, 118.)

560. JL. parva (B. & G.) Beau*

Form elongated. Head less than one-fourth the length (with the
caudal). Eye 3 in head. Coloration plain. D. 10; A. 10; Y. G; L.
trans v. 8. Very small. Long Island. (Giinther.)

(Cyprinodon parmis B. & G. Niuth Smithsonian Report, 1855, 345: Cyprinodon par-
vus Giiuther, vi, 307.)

561. L. goodci Jordan.

Body elliptical, rather elongate, the back considerably elevated to a
point just in front of the origin of the dorsal fin ; the caudal peduncle
rather deep and compressed. Head short, comparatively narrow, and
bluntly pointed. Mouth small, terminal; both jaws with rather large
conical canine-like teeth, apparently in a single series. Eye large, near
the middle of the side of the head, its diameter contained 2£ to 2% times
in the length x>f the head, about equal to the width of the interorbital
space. Scales large, their exposed surfaces higher than long, in about
30 (20 to 32) longitudinal and 7 vertical series; humeral scale like the
others. Fins large, especially in the males ; origin of dorsal about mid-
way between snout and base of caudal, conspicuously in advance of
anal; height of dorsal fin in the males two-thirds the length of the head,
about equal to the length of the base of the fin; anal fin similar and
nearly as high and long, beginning nearly under the middle of the
dorsal; caudal moderate, sub truncate; ventrals long, in the males

each with 20 or more rays, nearly opposite each other ; anal fin not modified in the
male. lutestinal canal short. Mexico. (Girardinus; ^Qf?, fish.)

G. innominatus Bleeker.

Head thick, the snout obtuse, the mandible being directed vertically upward; neck
arched so that the upper profile of the head is concave. Eye 5 in head, -£ the width
of interorbital space. Olivaceous, with brown cross-bands, which are sometimes
confluent. Head 4; depth 3£. D. 20; A. 22; Lat. 1. 44. Vicinity of city of Mexico.

(Lucania sp. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 114; Bleeker, Cyprin. 484:
Limnurgus varivyatus Giinther, vi, 309.)

* Dr. Bean informs us that this species, the types of which he has examined, 13 a
Lucania.

344 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

reaching the front of the anal, in the females reaching the. vent; pecto-
rals reaching past front of veiitrals in both sexes. Color olivaceous,
the scales with dark edgings; a very distinct black band in both sexes
running through eye and 'snout straight to the base of the caudal,
where it ends in a round black spot ; this band is about as wide as a
series of scales, although developed on parts of two series; a conspicu-
ous black band in both sexes along the lower edge of the caudal pedun-
cle, from the root of the caudal to the vent, dividing and passing on
each side of the anal fin; fins in the female plain; in the male, basal
half of dorsal and anal jet black, outer half pale with a black edge;
pectorals and especially ventrals also dark-edged; caudal iin faintly
mottled ; vertical fins with more or less red in life. Head 1; depth 4^.
D. 9; A. 9. L. 1J inches. Arlington lliver, Florida, a tributary of the
Saint John's.
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 240.)

161.— GAM BU SI A Poey.*
(Heterandria Agassiz.)

(Tory, Mem. Cuba, i, 382, 1831: type Gambusia punctate Poej, from Cuba.)

Body moderately elongate. Month medium ; both jaws with a baud
of conical teeth; snout not produced ; the lower jaw prominent. Eyes

* PSEUDOXIPHOPHOHUS UU-i-ker.

(Pwciliodes Steindaclmer. )
(Bleeker, Iclithyol. Lid. Prodr. Cypr. I860, -I-':?: type Xiphophoras bimdciilutiiK Heckel.)

This ^eiius has flic general characters <>f (;<t>ithi<xi<t, diHeriiijj in Hie lari^T si/.o of
the dorsal I'm, which has 14-1G rays instead of G-10. Mexico, (tpevdo?, false; A'ij>Ao-
phorun. )
* Anal process ending in a small hook.

P. bimnculatus (Heckel) Giinther.

Kaeh M'.-ili- with a brown crescent ; a black sp >( behind upper end of gill-opening,
and a roond blackish spot on upper half of root of caudal. Hcad'H; depth i;. i;. c>;
D. !•»: A. Hi; M-al.-s >J!l-8. L. 4 iiK-hrs. Mexico. (Ciiiillur.)

(Xiphophonu bimaoulatue lleckd, Sit/^sber. Akad. Wiss. \Vien, 1>1-', ICi'.t; Ciinther,

vi,

**

Aii;il pmce.ss without, hook.

P. rf'ti<-iilnlii.i Tioschol.

Coloration as in the im-cedinr; ; caudal tin entirely blaekish. Depth li in total

I). 1C,; A. -. Mexico. (<;iiiilli,-r.)
(Tro-chcl, Miiller's li.i^c Mexico, iii, App. l'»l; (iiinther, vi, :!:;:;.)

I'.KI.ONKSOX Kner.

(Kner. Sitx.^slier. Akad. Wiss. \Vini. l-i'.n, \|, |]'.»: type /;, l,,n<-*<>.r l><li;< tint*

Cleft of I he mouth much de\clu|icd laterally, the jaw hones bein^ much produced.
The iuieiinaxillarie.a form together an eldii-ate triangular plate, but are not anchy-

49. CYPRINODONTID^ GAMBUSIA. 345

normal. Scales large. Dorsal and anal fins both rather short, the anal
more or less in advance of the dorsal ; anal fin of the male modified into
a long intromittent organ, and much advanced. Intestinal canal short.
Branchiostegals 6. Small fishes inhabiting "the fresh waters of Mexico,
Cuba, and the Southern States. The numerous species are imperfectly
known.

("The name owes its etymology to the provincial Cuban word Gambusino, which
signifies nothing, with the idea of a joke or farce. Thus one says 'to fish for Gambu-
sinos' when one catches nothing." — Poey.)

562. <J. palrucfiis (B. & G.) Girard.

Snout broad, subspatulate, the lower jaw projecting. Eye longer
than snout, 3 in head, 1£ in interorbital space. Anal process in $
longer than head, not curved at its extremity. Caudal peduncle rather
elongate. A faint dark line across upper part of trunk; sometimes
series of dark dots on sides of body; an oblique dark band below orbit;
caudal with dark spots; coloration sometimes uniform. Head 3|;
depth 4. D. S; A. 9; scales 32-8. .South Carolina to Mexico; abun-
dant in lowland streams.

(Heterandria holbrooki Agassiz MSS. : Gambusia holbrooki Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila-. 1859, 61 : Gambusia holbrooki Giiuther, vi, 334 : Heterandria patrucUs B. &
G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 390; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 72.)

563. tr. Iiiisnalis Giinther.

Slender; anal larger than dorsal, and much anterior to it. Olive;
dorsal and caudal with narrow blackish cross-bars. Head 4^. D. 6;

A. 9. Matamoras. (Girard.}

(Gambusia gracilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 121, preoccupied;
Giinther, vi, 335.)

564. €r. arlingloiiia, Goode & Bean.

Uniform brownish olive; fins with a few blackish dots. Snout
broad. Lower jaw projecting. Eye longer than snout, 3 in head. Dor-
sal inserted midway between posterior margin of eye and tip of tail.
Pectorals reaching ventrals ; ventrals to vent. Head 3J; depth 4. D.
9; A. 11; V. 6; Lat. 1. 33; L. transv. 11. Arlington Eiver, Florida;
known from females only, and very likely a Zygonectes.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 118.)

losed together. Mandible long, somewhat prominent ; both jaws with a broad baud
of cardiform teeth. Scales rather small. Anal in advance of dorsal, modified in the
male into an intromittent organ. Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal canal short. Car-
nivorous. Mexico. (Belone; Esox.)

B. belizanus Kner. .

Slender. Olivaceous; sides with series of brown dots ; a black spot at root of caudal.
Head 3 ; depth 5^. D. 9; A. 10; scales 60-18. Mexico and Central America. (Kner.)
(Kner, 1. c.; Giinther, vi, 333.)

346 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

565. G. nflmis (B. & G.) Grd.

Body moderately stout. Dorsal and. anal fins similar in size and
shape, the latter not much advanced. Coloration plain; dorsal and
caudal dotted with black, llead 4; depth 3|. D. G; A. 8. Texas.
(Qirard.)

(l/.-trrmuli-i'i afflnis B. & G. Proc. Acail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 390; Girard, U. S.
M.-\. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 72; Giiuther, vi, 33G.)

566. O. uobilis B. & G.*

Body very deep, elevated in front of dorsal. Anal much smaller
than dorsal. Ventrals very small. Coloration plain. Head 3£; depth

3J. D. 8; A. 7. L. 2£ inches. Texas. (Girard.)

(Hclfraudria nobilis B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 390; Girard, U. S.
Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 71; Giiuther, vi, 335.)

(Two other species from the Rio Graudo region, G. speciosa and G. scnilis, are briefly
and probably unrecognizably described by Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1^59,
121).

162.— MOLLIENESIA Le Sueur.t

(Limia Poey.)

(Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 1821, 3: type Molllenenla I all pinna Le

Siieur.) ,

Body rather stout. Mouth small; mandible very short, its bones not
united, the, dentary being movable; both jaws with a narrow band of
small tertli, besides ail outer series of long, slender, movable teeth,
which are curved and slightly compressed, placed on the outer edge of
the jaw. Brauchiostegals usually 5. Scales rather large. Anal fin

* G. <jra<-ilix (lleckel)Gthr.

Anal proce-s t ,\ i.-c as long as head; the extremity bent. A dark band from upper
••ml of gill-opening to the caudal. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 9; scales v!'J-7. Ori-
zaba, Mexieo. (dilHthcr.)

(.\ijilioiiliunin yrucilia Hcckel, Sitzgsbcr. Akad. \Viss. \Vien, 1848, i, pt. 3, 300; Giiu-

ther, vi, :;:;u.)

tXIPIIOPHORUS Heckel.

(Heckel, Sii/-^lier. AUad. Wiss. Widi, 1848, i, pt. 3, lf>3: typo A*J/>7iojJ/tor«.s
EeokeL)

Tliis genus (litl.-rs from Moll'n m*<ti eliielly in the structure of its eumlnl I'm, the lower
rays of \\lnrli in the males are prolonged into a long >u onl -shaped appendage, which
in the adult is sometimes as long as the rest of the lish. Anal of the male i ..... lilied
into an intromii lent or^an, one or I \\ o of I In enlargi-d ra\ s being provided u ith hook-
like IIP-. Itianchiostegal.s .">. (|/</ja?, sword ; (popsao, to bear.)

X. hclliri lli-cki 1.

Sides with blue and vellowinh-green bands or dark spots. Prolonged caudal ap-
pemlage ot the male nearly as long as the body, yellow, with black edges. Anal pro-
I with numerous hooks. Head 4£ ; depth 3J-. B. 5; D. 13; A. 9; scales 29-8.
Mexico. (C Hit tin r. )

(Ih-ckd I. c.; Giinther, vi, 349.)

49. CYPKINODONTIDJi PCECILIA. 347

behind the dorsal, the anal of the male being modified into an intromit-
tent organ; caudal fin alike in the two sexes; dorsal fin highly elevated
in the male, its base elongate, of twelve or more rays. Intestines elon-
gate, with numerous convolutions. Small mud-eating fishes, of varie-
gated colors, found in Cuba, Mexico, and our Southern States. (Dedi-
cated to Monsieur Mollien, French minister of finance, a patron of
Peron, the friend and scientific associate of Le Sueur.)

567. M. latipimia Le Sueur.*

Body short and deep, compressed. Eye equal to snout, 3£ in head, 2
in interorbital space. Inner teeth almost obsolete; outer series large,
freely movable. Dorsal fin in the males greatly elevated, in the females
moderate. Greenish, silvery below; a row of dark spots along each
series of scales, and the lower part of the trunk also with a series of
round brown spots; each scale with a silvery hinder margin; dorsal fin
in $ with 4 or 5 brown lines interrupted by the rays, and with a row of
vertically ovate spots on its upper half; caudal membrane with black
dots, the lower half of its hinder margin black. Female less spotted.
Head 3f; depth 3£. B. 5; D. 13 ; A. 7; scales 27-8. L. 2£ inches.
Florida to Mexico; abundant in streams of the lowlands.

(Le Sueur, Jouru. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1821, ii, 3; Gunther, vi, 348: Pcecilia multi-
lineata Le Sueur, 1. c. 4 : Pcecilia lineolata Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 70:
Limia pcecilioides Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 70: Limia matamorensis Grd.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 116.)

163.— POBCIL.IA Bloch & Schneider.
(Limia Poey.)

(Bloch & Schneider, Systema Ichthyologise, 1801, 452: type Pcecilia vivipara Bloch &
Schneider, from Surinam.)

This genus differs from Mollienesia only in the smaller size of the
dorsal, which has usually nine or ten rays and is nearly opposite the
anal in the female, but behind it in the male. The numerous species

* M. formosa (Grd.) Gthr.

Body rather stout. Snout short. Fins different in the two sexes. Olivaceous,
scales with brown spots ; dorsal fin with transverse series of blackish spots ; other
fins immaculate. HeadSJ; depth 3^. D. 12; A. 10. Palo Alto, Mexico. (G-irard.)

(Limia formosa Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 115; Gunther, vi, 349.)

M. jonesi Gthr.

Brownish, each scale with a black margin ; a black band between eye and scapula;
a round black spot on upper half of root of caudal ; anal with a black line along each
ray ; other fins plain. Eye shorter than snout, 4 in head, 2 in interorbital width.
Dorsal (in female) much longer than high ; anal small, opposite middle of dorsal.
D. 12 ; A. 10 ; Lat. 1. 29 ; L. transv. 9. Volcanic lake, Huamantla, Mexico. ( Gunther. )

(Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xiv, 370, 1874.)

348 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV,

inli:i')it the West Indies, Mexico, inul South America. (-»'.x'..'.<>;, varie-

gated.)

•
* Branchiostegala 5. (1'u.rilin.)

56§. P. coticliiuiia (Girard) Jor. & Gilb.

Body short, back convex; lieud small; scales very large. Brownish,
each scale with a large brown spot; an obscure black lateral band; fins
plain, event the dorsal, which has a few black spots. Ilead 4. 1). 9;
A. G. Nuevo Leon, Mexico. (Ginml.)

(Liinia coitdtiana Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1839, 116: PceciUa couchii Giiuther,
vi, 347.)

164.-CJIRARDINUS Poey.*

(Poey, Mem. Cuba, i, 383, l^.'.l : type Gintnliiuit mi'taUiciis Poey, from Cul>a.)

Body moderately sleuder ; mouth small ; mandible very short, its
bones not united; snout short; both jaws with a single series of slen-
der, movable, pointed teeth ; scales father large,; anal fin more or less
ill advance of dorsal, in the male modified into an intromittent organ;
intestinal canal elongate; mud eating. Very small fishes, the smallest

• I'LATYriKCIU'S Giinther.

(Ciinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, 350, 18(36: typo rinli//><>< -Him tmu-ulntitx Giinther.)
•all lislirs allied to CirartHnii-i, Imt with tin- origin oi' the anal lin li.-hind that of
the dorsal. Mexico. (itXarvS, broad ; iroixlA.o$, Pcooihu=Pceeitta.)

P. maculatiia Gtbr.

Body much compressed and elevated. Caudal peduncle short and deep. Olivaceous,
n roundish Mark spot on middle of root of caudal ; a l>lack spot oil middle of side, of
body ; dorsal often spotted \vith black : margins of anal and caudal black. Head 3J ;
depth -J^. D. 10 ; A. 9 ; scales 25-8. L. li inches. Mexico. (Gunthcr.)

(Giintlier, vi, :!.'.(!. )

GOODEA Jordan.

(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. l-T:i. 899: type Goodea alripiiinis Jor.)

I'oriii of i'liniliiliii. Uut with the intestinal canal elongate, the dentary bones loosely
joined, and the teeth slender, movable, tri<-if<j>i<l, attached in a single sciies on the
outer edU'e of the ja\\s, not closely set. Fi us small . the dorsal and anal similar, the
d"isal sl'mhlly in advance of anal. No spines. Scales moderate. LimnOphagOOS.
S.-xual chaie^es, if any, unknown. Mexico. (Dedicated to G. Brown Goode.)

('.. iitri/iiiinix Jordan.

Bluish above: sides nearly ]»laiu : a silvery streak alnn.ix each row of scales.
Yiriical lins cliiclls l.lark , . s|,,-eia lly on the distal half. Body oblong, eompi e>M-d,
tlieb.iek nearly st mi-lit, tho caudal peduncle dei-|>. Head short, broad, depressed.
Mouth small. Lower jaw projecting. TcHh ]oosel\ inserted, not oloae together. K.NC
3^ in head, a little more than half the \\idth of (lie inlerorbital space. Humeral
scale somewhat enlaru'-d. 1 'ins small. Dorsal slightly in ad\ ance of anal. Caudal
small. Head I: depth I. [>. 12 J \. 1-: l.at. 1. 38) L. trausv. 13. L. 4 inches.
Guanajuato, Mexico. From a salt lake in a volcanic basin.

(Jordan, Proc. U. >S. Nat. Mus. l-7:>, -JW.J

50. UMBRID.E. 349

vertebrate animals known, found in the fresh waters of the warmer
parts of America. (Dedicated to Charles Girard.)

569. O. formosus Grd.

Body short. Snout 'very short. Anal smaller than dorsal. Brown-
ish olive, with a black streak from the snout along the middle cl the
side, crossed by 6 or 8 brownish-black vertical streaks ; a black spot at
bases of caudal, dorsal, and anal. Head 3£ ; depth 3f . D. 7 ; A. 9 ;
Lat. 1. 28. L. 1 inch. South Carolina to Florida ; said to be the small-
est known fish.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 62; Giiufclier, vi, 354.)

570. G. occidentals (B. & G.) Grd.

Brownish above, with a black lateral stripe ; a black line along lower
margin of tail. Fins unicolor. Head 3f ; depth 3f . D. 7 ; A. 7. Gila
Basin. (Girard.)

(Kcterandrla occidentals B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1853, 390; Girard, U.
S. Mex. Bound. Ickth. 73 ; Giinther, vi, 354 : G-irardinus sonoricnsis Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 120 : Girardinus sonoriensis Giiuther, vi, 355. )

FAMILY L.— UMBPJD^E.

(The Mud Minnows.)

Body oblong; broad anteriorly; compressed behind. Head large,
flattened above. Mouth moderate, the maxillary without distinct sup-
plemental bone. Bands of villiform or cardiform teeth on premaxil-
laries, lower jaw, vomer, and palatines ; premaxillaries not protractile.
Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the broad, short maxillaries,
which are toothless; lower jaw the longer. Gill-openings wide; the
membranes scarcely connected; gill-rakers little developed; branchios-
tegals G-8. Scales moderate, cycloid, covering head and body ; lateral
line obscure or wanting. Dorsal fin moderate, posterior, in advance of
anal ; ventrals small, close to anal ; pectorals inserted low ; caudal fin
rounded. Stomach without blind sac; no pyloric cceca ; pseudobranchise
hidden, glandular ; air-bladder simple ; oviparous ; sexes similar. Car-
nivorous fishes living in mud or among weeds at the bottom of clear
sluggish streams and ponds, extremely tenacious of life, like the Cypri-
nodontidce. Genera 2 ; species 3, Umbra crameri of Austria, and the
following. The family is very close to the Esocidcc, differing mainly in
the smaller mouth and weaker teeth.

(Unibridce Giinther, vi, 231, 232.)

350 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

^Pi-etoral* narrow. with f*-w (l'2-ir>) rnys; ventral rays6; scales moderate. UMBRA, 105.
** Pectorals broad, with many (33-36) rays; ventral rays 3; scales small.. DALLIA, 166.

165.— UlttBRA Muller.

(Mclanura Agassiz.)

(Kramer ; Muller, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bcrl. 1842, 188 : type Umbra crameri
Mliller.)

Body oblong, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size, without
radiating strife; no lateral line. Head shortish, little depressed. Eye
rather small. Cleft of mouth moderate. Ventral fins 6-rayed, below
or slightly in front of dorsal; anal fin much shorter than dorsal. Pec-
torals rather narrow, rounded, placed low, with 12-15 rays, which are
much jointed. Caudal rounded. Prcopercle and preorbital with mu-
cous pores. Branchiostegals 6. Gill-rakers short, thick. Size small.
Two species, very similar to each other, inhabiting the waters of the

United States and Austria. (Latin, umbra, a shade.)

*

571. U. liini (Kirt.) Gthr. — Mud Minnow; Dog-fish.

Dark-green or olive, mottled, sides with irregular narrow pale bars,
these often obscure or wanting; a distinct black bar at base of caudal ;
whitish stripes sometimes present along the rows of scales. Head 3^
in length; depth 4J. B. G; P. 14; D. 14; A. 8; V. 6; Lat, 1. 35; L.
trausv. 15. L. 4 inches. Vermont to Minnesota and South Carolina.
Abundant northward in weedy streams and ditches. " A locality which
with t lie .water perfectly clear will appear destitute of fish will perhaps
yield a number of mud-fish on stirring up the mud at the bottom and
drawing a seine through it. Bitches in the prairies of Wisconsin, or
mere bog-holes, apparently affording lodgment to nothing beyond tad-
poles, may thus be found filled with Mel<inums." (/.VmW.)

(lli/ili-in-inii-ii Ihiii Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Naf . I list, iii, 'JT? : Mrltinnra annuJnta Ag.
Am. .Iniiiii. Sri. A. Arts, l-.".-l, 1 :'..",: Umbra Umi (Jiinthcr, vi, 'Jiiv,' : LeucieoupygiMnu'De
K;iy, Ni'\v V..1-U Fauna. KMirs. -Jl 1: / '/// hrn /<//.'/»""< Jordan, 15nll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. x, 53;
the casl'Tii lonn, ;i_i/.'/ »'"'". "Dually sliglitly diUVriiig in proportionB.)

166.— DA I, I.I 4 Bean.

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H70, 358: typo Dtillia pcctorali* r.can.)

Body oblong, covered with small, partly embedded cveloid scales; a
trace of lateral line; a line of mucous tubes below eye. Eye small.
Cleft of mouth moderate. Yilliform or almost cardiform teeth on jaws,
vomer, and palatines; those on preinaxillaries enlarged. Veutrals in

51. ESOCID^E. 351

front of dorsal, composed of 3 rays ; base of anal about as long as that
of dorsal ; caudal fin rounded ; pectoral fin rounded, with a somewhat
fleshy base, with 33-36 rays. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Streams of
Alaska. (Dedicated to W. H. Ball.)

572. D. pectoralis Bean.

Body dusky brown, mottled with whitish. Belly whitish, often
speckled ; fins with dark spots. Body rather elongate. Eye small, 6
or 7 in head. Pectoral about half as long as head; ventral one-third;
anal beginning opposite front of dorsal and ending nearly opposite its
last ray. Scales on belly very small. Head 4;' depth 5. D. 12; A 13;
P. 34; V. 3; scales 11-77-11. L. 8 inches. Saint Michael's, Alaska.
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 358.)

FAMILY LI.-ESOCID^.

(The Pilces.}

Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed. Head long ;
the snout much prolonged and depressed. Mouth very large ; its cleft
forming about half the length of the head ; lower jaw the longer; upper
jaw not protractile, most of its margin formed by the-maxillaries, which
are quite long and provided with a supplemental bone ; premasillaries,
vomer, and palatines with broad bands of strong cardiform teeth which
are more or less movable; lower jaw with strong teeth of different
sizes ; tongue with a band of small teeth. Head naked above ; cheeks
and opercles more or less scaly; gill-openings very wide; gill-mem-
branes separate, free from the isthmus ; gill-rakers tubercle-like, toothed ;
branchiostegals 12-20. Scales small ; lateral line weak, obsolete in
young specimens, developed in the adult. Dorsal posterior, opposite
and similar to anal ; caudal fin emarginate ; pectoral fins small, inserted
low ; ventrals rather posterior ; vent normal ; no adipose fin ; no bar-
bels ; stomach not ccecal, without pyloric appendages ; pseudobranchire
glandular, hidden ; air-bladder simple. Fishes of moderate or large size,
inhabiting the fresh waters of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and
North America. Genus 1 ; species about 6, one of them cosmopolitan,
the rest all confined to America. The species are all noted for their
greediness and voracity.

(Esocidce Gunther, vii, 226-230.)

352 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

167.— ESOX Liimauis.

Pikes.

(Liiiiia'iis, Syxtrma Natnnr : tyi>r /.W luciux L.)

Characters of tlie genus included above. (Latin, esox, a pike; Greek,
•<;<>;] probably from r«ro<r, equal; </7u?, sharp.)

(/. cli.-rUs as \\.-ll as opi'irlrs entirely scaly; branchiostegals 11-14; color greenish,
rrlirnlatcd. (1'inn-i'llnx* Rat'.)

fc. liram-hiosti'-jals normally 12.
573. E. ailiericailllS Ginelin. — Bandit /'iVAr/vf.

Body short and robust ; head heavy, with blunt short snout, ; eye
rather large, about 5 in head, its diameter nearly half the length of the
snout, its posterior margin scarcely behind middle of head; upper
branch!. »stegals scaly. Dark green ; sides with about twenty distinct,
blackish, curved bars, sometimes obscurely marked, but not distinctly
reticulated ; a black bar below eye, another from upper edge of opercle
through eye to snout. Head 3f; depth 5i. B. 12-13; D. 11; A. 11 j
Lat. 1. 105. L. 12 inches. A small pickerel, alnndant from Massachu-
setts to Florida, in streams east of the mountains.

(AW liH-inx, fjdiiii-riciiiinx Ginelin, Systnna Nature. 1783, 1390: Exox nigcr Lo Sueur,
Journ. Arad. Nat. Sri. 1'hila. i, 415: 7i'w.r fuxciatu* Drkay, NV\v York Fauna, Fishes,
'J-J1 : />').'• (inmtii* SUin-r, Fish. Mass. :H:'. : Kxo.c u'»j<r Giinthcr, vi, '2-."J: llw rurut>H
Holbr.Ich.S.C. 1860, 201.)

571. E. s;«I0HOll«'US Kaf.— Lilllc

Body moderately stout, somewhat compressed; head rather short,
longer than in /•;. ttim-ricanuN, but shorter than in E. reticuhttn*, the f.vc
being exaetly in the middle of the head; eye large, less than 3 times in
snout, about <! in head; caudal well forked. Color green or grayish;
sides with many curved streaks, sometimes forming bars, but more
usually forming marmorations or reticulations, the color extremely vari-
able. sometimes quite plain; sides of head usually variegated: a dark
bar downward from eye, and one forward; base of caudal sometimes
mottled; other lins usually plain. Head:'..]: depth 5-6. D. 11; A. 11;
Lat. 1. 1 (.'."">. L. 12 inches. Mississippi Valley and southeastward, a
small species very abundant in the small streams and bayous of the

South and West.

Bafinee |n.-, I<-li.<>h. 1-JO, 70; Jordan, Man. V.-rl. rd. 'Jd, '2(H : /•>".'• niii!iri>xii.i Kirt-
land, Cleveland Annals of Science, l~.".l, 7H: EsOX n,i,l>n>xnn Cope, Trans. Am. 1'liil.
S«.c. I'liila. l-ili;, 1IKI: /•;.v,,.,- ,•///,/,«* C(.|>.-. 1'iur. A.-a«l. Nat.Sci. Thila. l-i>."., 71»: /
Ci/i'lio (Jiinllirr, vi, 830: E80XpOr08U8 CO|M-. Trans. Am. Hiil.Sor. I'liila. l-llC,, KK This
loi-m i < H/ilio -. poroaiu), di-lin-ni-licil inainl\ l>\ tin' aivlii'd liai-k and sleep jirolilr, is
]>rol>al)ly a \ aricty or a <-ri denial 1'onn of llir preceding.)

nc, h'li. Oh. 1820, 70: type Esox rittutiis Raf. (A latiuization oi 'pickerel.)

51. ESOCID^ ESOX. 353

I

1)1). Branchiostegals 14-16.

575. E. reticiilatns Le Sueur. — Common Eastern Pickerel ; Green Pike.

Body rather slender, deepest near the middle and tapering backward
to a slender caudal peduncle ; head long, the snout prolonged, so that
it is not much shorter than the rest of the head; eye small, about 3£ in
snout, 8 in head; caudal well forked. Color green of varying shades,
sides with golden lustre, and marked with numerous dark lines and
streaks, which are mostly horizontal, and by their junction with one
another produce a reticulated appearance; a dark baud below eye; fins
plain. Head 3£; depth 6. B. 15;' D. 14; A. 13 (counting developed
rays only as in other cases) ; Lat. 1. 125. L. 21 inches. Maine to Ala-
bama, everywhere east of the mountains, not found west of the Alle-
ghanies.

(Le Suenr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 440, 1818; Giiuther, vi,229; Storer, Fish.
Mass. 311, and of all authors: Esox affinis Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1860,198: Esox phalc-
ratus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 41(5.)

aa. Cheeks scaly; lower half of opercles bare; hranchiostegals 14-16; species light-
spotted on a darker ground. (Esox.)

576. E. Indus L.— Pike.

Body moderately elongate, the back little elevated ; head rather long,
the eye exactly midway in its length. General color bluish, or greenish
gray, with many whitish spots which are usually smaller than the eye
and arranged somewhat in rows; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with
roundish black spots ; young with the white spots coalescing, forming
oblique cross bars; a white horizontal band bounding the naked part of
the operculum. Head 3§; depth 5; eye 6£ in head. B. 15, in the Amer-
ican var. estor (13 or 14 in European specimens); D. 17; A. 14; Lat. 1.
123. L. 2-4 feet. Fresh waters of the northern parts of Europe, Asia,
and North America ; in the Eastern United States south to Northern
Ohio ; very abundant.

(Esox Indus L. Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, vi, 226, and of authors generally : Esox estor Le
Sueur, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 413, 1H18 : Esox estor Giinther, vi, 228 : Esox depran-
dns Giiuther, vi, 229 : Esox loreus Agassiz, L. Superior, 317.)

aaa. Lower half of cheeks as well as of opercles bare ; branchiostegals 17-19; black-
spotted on a lighter ground. (Mascalonyus* Jordan.)

577. E. nofoilior Thompson. — Musical-lunge.

General form of E. lucius, the head a little larger proportionally ;
scaly part of cheeks about as wide as eye ; the scales on both cheeks

* Jordan, Kept. Ohio Fish. Com. , 1877, 92: type Esox nobilior Thompson. (Latin,
masca, mask ; longus, long. )

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 23

354 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

:uid opercles in about 8 rows. Colordark gray; sides with round blackish,
spots on a ground color of grayish silvery; belly white; fins spotted
with black. Head 3% ; depth C. B. 18 ; D. 17 ; A. 1 5 ; Lat. 1. 150. L. 4
to 8 feet. A magnificent fish, by far the largest of its family, found in
the Great Luke region and northward.

( F.xox cxior Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 222, ami of various authors, not of Le Sucur;
Thomson. 1'roe. Host. Soe. Nat. Hist. 1850, iii, 163; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat.Mus. x, 54,
and of most late writers.)

ORDER O.— APODES.*

(The Eels.)

Scapular arch free behind the cranium; no praecoracoid arch. Air-
bladder, if present, with a pneumatic duct. Ventral fins wanting.
Maxillary and premaxillary more or less connate with other bones or
with each other, sometimes entirely wanting. Pharyngeal and oper-
cular apparatus often deficient. Vertebra? in increased number. Ver-
tical fins withbut spines, usually confluent around the tail. Gill-open-
ings usually narrow, separated by a broad isthmus, sometimes close to-
gether or confluent. JSTo pseudobranchiae. Body eel-shaped ; naked,
or with rudimentary scales.

As here understood, this order includes most of the old order of
Apodcs, excluding as separate orders the Glanenclieli (Gymnotidos) and
I he Ichtlvyocephali (Monopteridce). It thus includes the Holostomi, En-
chclycephali, and ColoccpJiali of Cope, which may be united provision-
ally until the osteology of various aberrant forms is made known, (a,
privative; -<>bs, foot.)

.(Symbranohidce and Mnrcenidas Giiuthcr, viii, 12-145.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF APODES.

•' v iit much behind head; jaws not greatly produced; dorsal without spines.
t Muscular and osseous systems well developed.
a. 1'reopercle wanting; lower pharyngeals wanting; gill-openings very small,

Mri:.i;xiP/E, 52.
aw. 1'reopercle ]«resent ; lower pharyngcals present.

l>. <; ill-openings well separated AXGUILLTH.i:, .".:'..

///). (.ill openings iioiit.ijiiioiis; mouth very larjje, with small, sliarji n-eili.

SYXAIMTI )iu: \\cui D K, 54.

tt Muscular and osseous systems feebly developed; gape very wide*; stomach ex-
tremely disieiisible SACCOPHAKVXCID.I;, 55.

** Vent under (In- pectorals; both ja\vs jirodnced into a very slender beak; body ex-
tremely slender; middle of dorsal with spines Ni'.MlcilTHYiD.K, 56.

"Called EnohtHyoephatt in (he analytical table on page bJ

52. MURJENUXE — MUE^NA. 355

FAMILY LIT.— MURJENID^E.

(The Murcenas.)

Body elongate, eel-shaped, naked. Head subconical, elevated at the
occiput, the snout rather slender; skull less developed than in fishes
generally, the opercular bones rudimentary, the preoperculum generally
wanting. Premaxillary rudimentary or wanting. Ethmoid very wide.
Maxillary, symplectic, pterygoid, basal-branchihyal, superior and in-
ferior pharyngeal bones all wanting, except the fourth superior pharyn-
geal, which is jaw-like, aud supported by a strong superior branchihyal.
Teeth various. Gill-opening reduced to a small slit or foramen. Ven-
tral fins none. Pectorals usually wanting ; dorsal and anal low, conflu-
ent around the tail, sometimes wanting. Skeleton well ossified. Mus-
cular system well developed. Genera 5 or 6; species about 110. Abun-
dant in warm seas, often reaching a large size.

(Murcenidce engyscliistce Giinther, viii, 93-136: order Colocepliali Cope, Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soc. 1870, 456.)

a. Pectorals none ; vertical fins well developed ; nostrils round ; teeth all acute.

MUR^NA, 168.

16§.— MITR.3ENA Linnaeus.
(Artedi ; Linn. Syst. Nat. : type Murcena helenas L.)

Pectoral fins none; dorsal and anal fins well developed. Posterior
nostril round, with or without tube; anterior nostril with a tube.
Teeth well developed, acute. Tongue not free. JSTo lateral line. Body
usually moderately elongate. Species very numerous in warm seas.
(/jLupatvctj the ancient name of Murccna lielcnce; from p-dpov, a sweet oil.)

a. Posterior as well as anterior nostrils tubular. (Murccna.)

. M. melaeiotis (Kaup) Gthr. — Moray.

Brownish black, everywhere with numerous round yellowish spots,
most of which are smaller than the eye, these sometimes confined to
the head and trunk; a large round black spot around the gill-opening;
angle of mouth black. Nasal tubes subequal in length, shorter than
the eye. Maxillary teeth biserial, and in young examples mandibulary
teeth also. Canine teeth somewhat knife-shaped, of moderate length.
Mouth capable of being completely shut. Gill-opening narrow, not
wider than the small eye. Snout of moderate length. Cleft of mouth
of moderate length, about 2J in length of head. Tail longer than body.
Head 2£ in length of trunk. West Indies, &c. (Giinther.) Specimens

35G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

probably belonging to this species lately obtained at Charleston, S. C.,
by Mr. B. E. Earll.

(Limamitrii mi wclatinlix Kaiip, Aalc Iluinl.mrj; Mus. 27; Gunther, viii, 98.)
rtrt. Posterior nostril without tube. (Gi/mno thorax* Bloch & Schneider. )

579. JI. mordax Ayres.— Conger I.W.

Dark brown, vaguely reticulated with narrow, paler markings and
spots; a round dark blotch about gill-opening; lower side of head and
throat with about lo dark lengthwise streaks; belly with similar
streaks running crosswise; a dark line on each side of base of anal,
with short cross-branches. Snout short, narrow, and pointed. Occip-
ital region becoming fleshy and much elevated with age. Tail form-
ing about half the total length. Head 7 in length. Tube of anterior
nostril half as long as the eye; posterior nostril with a slight border.
Eye above the middle of the gape, 2| in snout, which is G£ in rest of
head. Gill-opening slightly larger than eye. Sides of upper jaw with
iwo series of teeth posteriorly, the outer series of small, close-set, re-
curved, triangular teeth, which are immovable; inner teeth about 5,
similar, but larger, depressible; a groove between the two series; in
front of these, continuous with the outer series, are 3 fixed, knife-
shaped teeth, then a movable tooth, then 3 fixed teeth; on the middle-
line of vomer 3 depressible fangs, the posterior the largest of the teeth ;
in the lower jaw a single series, corresponding to the outer series in
Hie upper jaw, some of the front teeth enlarged and fixed. Beaches a
length of 5 feet. Point Concepcion to Cape San Lucas; abundant
about the islands, and remarkable for its ferocity.
(Ay res, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 30.)

5SO. Itt. OCOlSata (A.^as-i/) .Tenyns.

Teeth nniserial, some of them slightly serrated. Mandible with 12-14
fi-efh on each side, the two anterior being canines of moderate si/.e;
"'intermaxillary1" teeth not much larger ihan " maxillary"; there are
no teeth on the mesial line, between the "intermaxillary" teeth. The
month can be shut completely. Anterior nasal tubes short. Snout
short, thick. Kye ralher small. Clet'tof the month of moderate width,
extending beyond eye. Tail longer than the body. Head about half
as long as trunk. I'.ro\\ nish, with numerous, small round white spots
irregularly disposed, the largest about as large as the eye. Dorsal tin

' l;]o.-ii A. Selmeider, Syst. Ifhtli. .">•-'."•, .VJ- : originally equivalent to AfurcKna.
:, naked; dopctt;, eliesi ; in allusion to the alisciii-r oi pectorals.)

53. ANGUILLKLE. 357

with subalternate large white and black spots ; anal (and dorsal) with
a broad black margin. (Giinther.) Florida and Texas southward.

(G-ymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz, Spix Pise. Brasil, 91; Giiutlier, viii, 102: Neomumna
nigromarginata Girard, U. S. Hex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 70.)

FAMILY LIIL— ANGUILLID^.

(The True Eels.)

Body elongate, serpentiforin, naked or covered with imbedded scales.
Head conical, the snout not much produced, sometimes very blunt.
Preoperculum present. Preinaxillaries present, separated on the me-
dian line by the ethmoid. Maxillaries wanting or connate with the
premaxillary, which forms the border of the mouth. Superior brauchi-
hyals and inferior and superior pharyngeals well developed, the latter
of three bones. Teeth various. Gill-openings separate, not very small
(except in 8imenchelys). Ventral fins none; dorsal and anal low, usually
confluent around the tail; pectorals generally present, placed rather
high. Yeut not far from anal fin. Skeleton ossified. Muscular system
well developed. Heart not far behind gills. As here understood, this
family includes a wide variety of forms, which have been often arranged
in several families. It is probable that some division will be found nec-
essary, but we have not the data on which to make it. Genera about
20; species about 100. In all warm seas, many of them ascending
rivers.

(AnguilUdw, part; Gtlir. viii, 23-90.)

a. Tongue not free anteriorly.
b. End of tail not surrounded by the fiu; nostrils labial. (Ophiaurmce.')

c. Pectoral fins wanting (rarely rudimentary); teeth small, conical. CCECULA, 169.

co. Pectoral fins present ; teeth acute OPHICHTHYS, 170.

bb. End of tail surrounded by the fin.
d. Nostrils labial. (Myrincc.)

e. Teeth granular MYRICHTHYS, 171.

del. Nostrils superior or lateral. (Murceneaodnce.)

/. Pectoral ijns present ; dorsal and anal rudimentary NEOCONGER, 172.

aa. Tongue free anteriorly ; pectorals present ; nostrils not labial.
g. Snout subcouical.

h. Body scaleless. (Congrincs.)

i. Jaws with an outer series of close-set teeth; lower jaw not pro-
jecting CONGER, 173.

1th. Body with rudimentary, linear, imbedded scales, arranged at right
angles with each other. (Anguillince.)

j. Teeth in bands ; lower jaw projecting ANGUILLA, 174.

gg. Snout very short and blunt; body scaly; mandible very strong.

(Simenohelyince. )

k. Teeth blunt, incisor-like in one series ; gill-opening a very
short longitudinal slit SIMENCHELYS, 175.

358 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

169.— C<ECLT,A VaLl.

(Sphagcbranclnus Bloch & Schneider.)

(Vahl, Skrivt. Xatnrh. Selsk. iii, 1794, 149: type Coecula ptenjgcra Vahl=TZ>atop/ii8
]>olii<>]>ht]niliii)in Blccker.)

Body extremely slender. Teeth equal, small, conical, on jaws and
vomer. Nostrils labial. Tongue not free at tip. Pectoral fins wanting
or rudimentary; dorsal fin present. Extremity of tail free. Gill-
openings small, separated by a narrow isthmus. Eyes small. (Latin,
ca'cus, blind.)

581. C. scuticaris (Goode & Bean) J. &. G.

Brownish, paler below. Teeth small, conical, in two series on jaws
and vomer. Gill-openings close together. Dorsal fin beginning far in
advance of the gill-opening, a little nearer- the tip of the snout than the
gill-opening, at a distance from the former equal to three times the
length of the snout. Ilead SJ in distance from gill-opening to vent,
and 8 in tail. Snout pointed, G in head. Pectorals extremely small,
their length less than ^ the total length. (Goode & Bean.}

(SpJiaycbranchus scuiicarls Goodo &, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1^79, 344.)

170.— OPIIICHTIIYS AM.

(02>hisurus Lac6pede.)

(Ahl, Spccim. L-lith. 1789, 9.)

Body elongate, naked. Teeth all pointed; vomerine teeth present.
Nostrils labial. Tongue not free at tip. Dorsal and anal fins present;
pectoral fins developed. End of tail not sin-rounded by the fin. Spe-
cies very numerous, found in all warm seas. ("9'':?, snake; t%0u;, fish.)

'Canine t, eth very distinct. (Muxtrit>i>lii>t* Kaup.)
t'lVH !i in earh ja\v in a double scries.

>. O. pamctifcr (Kaup) «.iiutln-r.

Snout n:irro\ved, sliort, spoon-shaped, twice as long as the eye. Cleft
of the mouth very wide. Teeth pointed, fixed, unequal in si/e, those
of the pivmaxillary in a, single, arched series, the foremost being the
lonp-st of all the teeth; outer series of teeth ill jaws with canines;
vomerine teeth 1 riserial, rather small. Lips not fringed. (Jill-openings
wide. Origin of the dorsal tin at some distance, behind the pectoral,
which is well developed. Tail • somewhat longer than the body.

* K':ni]>, Apodc;. 1-7,1;. ID: typ,- (>])hinnntn ro-tli -Unfiit Rich. (nvGrp or, spoon; o<j>i?t
snake; I'nuii I lie imni of tlie snout.)

53. ANGUILLIDCE OPHICHTHYS. 359

Brownish, with numerous small roundish black spots. (Guntker.)
West Indies, north to West Florida.

(Crotalopsis punciifcr Kaup, Abhaudl. Naturwiss. Yereiu Hamburg, iv, 2, 1860:
Nacrodonopliis mordax Poey, Eept. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 252, 1868: Crotalopsis mordax
Goocle & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 154; Giinther, viii, 50.)

**No distinct canine teeth; snout moderate. (Jtftirwnopsis* Le Sueur.)
t Teeth in the lower jaw in a double series; cleft of mouth wide.

5 §3. O. triserialis (Kaup) Giiuther.

Body with larger and smaller roundish black spots, alternating;
head with many small black spots above and below ; belly plain ; head
and body with longitudinal streaks. Gill-openings curved, well sepa-
rated, a little longer than pectorals. Head with longitudinal wrinkles,
its length two-fifths the distance from the gill-opening to the vent.
Mouth wide, its cleft more than one-third the head. Eye moderate, If
in snout. Teeth pointed, fixed, all biserial, except those on vomer,
which are uuiserial. Pectoral fin 3£ in head, the dorsal beginning
above its terminal portion. Tail rather longer than body. Southern
California to Brazil. (Described from G-arrett's type of 0. calif or niensis.}

(Mnnnioimx triserialis Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 12; Gunther, viii, 58: Ophisurus californi-
ensis Garrett, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 66.)

tt Teeth in lower jaw in one series. (Herpetoichthys Kaup.)

584. &. oceSBataas (Le S.) Gunther.

A series of round white spots along the middle of the side of the
body and tail; dorsal fin with a black edge; some white dots on the
back behind the head and a white line across the occiput. Length
of the head rather less than one-third of the distance of the gill-
opening from the vent. Snout pointed, the upper jaw projecting be-
yond the lower. Cleft of the mouth wide, two-fifths the length of the
head. Eye of moderate size, two-thirds of the length of the snout, and
situated in the anterior third of the head. Teeth pointed, fixed, un-
equal in size; the intermaxillary teeth largest, arranged in a curved,
transverse series ; maxillary teeth in a double, vomerine and mandibu-
lary teeth in a single series ; only the anterior mandibulary teeth form
a short, double series. Length of the pectoral fin rather more than
one-third that of the head ; dorsal fin commencing opposite the poste-
rior third of the pectoral. Tail longer than the body. (Gunther.)
West Indies, north to West Florida.

(Murainopsis ocellatus Le Sueur, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, 108; Gunther, viii,
68: Herpctolclitliys ocellatus Goode & l?ean, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 155.)

*Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, 108: type Murasnopsis ocellata Le S.
, Hiirmna; oipi?, appearance.)

SCO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

171.— XITKICIITIITS Girard.

(Girard, I'mr. Acad. Nal. Sri. I'hila. l-.V.'. 58: type Myrichthys tigrintts Gnl.)

lYctoi-als present; dorsal inserted in advance of base of pectorals, at
:i point neaier to them than to the eye. Ilead lavge; the lower jaw
shorter tlian the upper. Teeth granular, disposed in elongated patches
on the jaws, palatines, and nasal bones. Eyes well developed. Gill-
openings lateral, moderate. Body naked. Xostrils near the end of the
snout, the upper very small, opposite the lower, which are conspicuous
and tubular. (,"•</"'?, Myrns, an ancient name of Mttnnnt ; iyj>:>~, tish.)

585. .TI. titfriiiiis (>rd.

Brownish above, throat and belly dull whitish ; roundish, dark brown
spots on tin- body in four longitudinal series; belly plain ; throat with
whitish spots; spots on head smaller and deeper in color. Fins oliva-
ceous; pectoral and anal plain; dorsal spotted like the body, white-
edged. Body sul (cylindrical, somewhat compressed, tapering backward.
Pectorals broader than long. Head lii in length. Cleft of mouth ex-
tending beyond eyes. Teeth unequal, in many series; three scries on
the front of the dentary bones; two on the upper jaw and two on the
shaft of the vomer. Length 2 feet. (Girard.} Adair Bay, Oregon, not
found by recent collectors.

(Girard, Pirn. A. -ad. Nat. Sci. 1'liila, 1S59, 58.)

172.— NEOCOXGER Girard.

(Girard, I'. S. Mrx. IJoimd. .Surv. Iditli. 1 ~.">l>, 77: type J\Y«r«)/r/,r inn>T<>iinlHn Gnl.)

Scaleless. Pectoral lins present: dorsal and anal fins rudimentary,
passing around the tail, towards the end of which they are more devel-
oped. Cleft of the mouth extending beyond the small eye; maxillary
teeth slender, in several series; vomerine teeth nniserial, forminga patch
in front; posterior nostrils near the anterior rim of the orbit, anterior
near the tip of the snout; tail not much longer than the body. Gill-
openings vertical, rather large. Gulf of Mexico, (^'-s', new;

( 'oiigcr.)

I

5NG. ."%.

1 )ai k reddish brown above, paler below; head small, slender, pointed;
upper jaw the longer; dorsal tin beginning just in front of the Vent,
forming a membranous ridge until near the tail, where it expands and
bee ...... >s lin like: pectorals small. Coast of Texas, ((iinird.)

(Girard, U. S. M-'x. I!.. mid. Surv. I.-lilh. l~.V.t, 77; (uinlluT, viii, -I'.).)

53. ANGUILLID^E ANGUILLA. 361

173.— ATVOU1LLA Thunberg.
Eels.

(Thunberg, Nouv. M6m. Stockh. about 1791: type Murcena anguilla L.)

Body elongate, compressed behind, covered with imbedded scales,
which are linear in form, and placed obliquely, some of them at
right angles to others. Lateral line well developed. Head long con-
ical, moderately pointed, the rather small eye well forward and over
the angle of the mouth. Teeth small, subequal, in bauds on each jaw
and a long patch on the vomer. Tongue free at tip. Lips rather full,
with a free margin behind, attached by a frenuin in front. Lower jaw
projecting. Gill-openings rather small, slit-like, about as wide as base
of pectorals and partly below them. Nostrils superior, well separated,
the anterior with a slight tube. Vent close in front of anal. Dorsal
inserted at some distance from the head, confluent with the anal around
the tail. Pectorals well developed. Species numerous, in most warm
seas, ascending streams, but mostly spawning in the sea. (Latin, angu-
illa, an eel.)

5§'7. A. rostrata* (Le Sueur) Dekay. — Common Eel.

Brown, nearly plain, often tinged with yellowish; paler below. Dis-
tance from snout to dorsal about one-third the length. Distance between
anal and front of dorsal about equal to the length of the head. Head
S£ in length, 2^ in distance from gills to vent. Pectoral shorter than
mandible. L. 50 inches. Atlantic coast of the United States ; very
abundant from Maine to Mexico ; ascending all streams and resident
throughout the Mississippi Valley. Also recorded from China.

{Murcena rostrata and bostoniensis Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 81: An-
guilla bostoniensis Gun the r, vii, 31. Var. ? texana Kaup, from the Gulf of Mexico is
characterized by its thicker lips: Anguilla texana Kaup, Apodal Fish. 45: Anguilla
tyrannus Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 75.)

* Another species has been accredited to our coast, viz :

A. vulgaris Raf. — European Eel. Distance from snont to dorsal 3f in length.
Distance from front of anal to front of dorsal, about a third longer than the head.
Head 9J in length. Pectoral about, as long as the mandible. Vertebrae 45 + 70. Coasts
of Europe, perhaps straying to our coasts-. " I have examined an example from New
Jersey : it is in the Liverpool Museum (Gunther)."

(Murcjna anguilla L. Syst. Nat.; Rafiuesque, Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 37; Turton,
Brit. Fauna, 87; Gunther, viii, 28: Anguilla acutirostris Risso, Eur. Merid. iii, 198.)

362 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

174.— CONGER* Cuvhr.
Conger Eels.

(Cuvier, Ee.^no Aniiu. II, 1917: type Alurccna conger Liun, etc.)

Body Ibnueil as in Anyuilla, the skin scaleless. Head depressed
above, anteriorly pointed. Lateral line present. Mouth wide, its cleft
extending at least to below the middle of the eye. Teeth in the outer
series in each jaw equal and close-set, forming a cutting-edge. No
canines. Band of vomerine teeth short. Tongue anteriorly free. Ver-
tical li ns well developed, confluent around the tail; pectoral fins well
developed; dorsal beginning close behind pectorals. Gill-openings
rather large, low. Eyes well developed. Posterior nostril near eye;
anterior near the tip of the snout, with a short tube. Lower jaw not-
projecting. Skeleton different in numerous respects from that of An-
(/ nil Id. Vertebrae about 56+100. In most warm seas.

The name Leptocephalus was first given to a peculiar band-shaped,
pellucid, worm-like animal, the type of a considerable group of fishes,
the LeptocephalidcB or Helmichthyidce, which has been made to constitute
a distinct order, Letnniscati. It has, however, been satisfactorily shown
by Carus, Gill, Giinther, and others, that these singular forms are not
distinct species, but are early stages in the development of other fishes,
Leptocephalus morris-it, of Coiujcr nigcr, and the others of various Au-
guilloid, Stomiatoid, and Clupeoid Conns. (See Giiuther, viii, 130.) It
is thought by Dr. Giinther lhat the Leptocephalid forms are probably
"individuals arrested in the development at a very early period of their
life, yet continuing to grow to a certain size, without corresponding
development of their internal organs, ;md perishing without having at-
tained the characters of the perfect animal." (X^/JCT, Conger, the an-
cient name of the Conger Eel.)

5§§. C. iiigcr (Risso) J. & (',.— <;,„,/,,• /•:,•/.

Dark brown above, lower part* soiled white; dorsal and anal pale,
with a blaek margin (sometimes uniform black); pectorals dusky, edged
with paler; poi-es of lateral line whitish. Dorsal inserted over the pos-
terior margin of the pectoral, or slightly behind it; pectoral one-third

*Tlm prior naan1 CeptOOepAoZltt (Gmelin, Sysl. Nat. i, 11. "id, 1?s,<; typu Leptoccphalut
mnrrixi (linrl., an arrested larval form of I'mii/ir) should, in strid nrss, sii]n'rsiulo Con-

<jir. 'I'll'- ii.-.i- of (lie li-nn foi- t In- ailull normal lish \vonhl, ho\\ r\i-r? lead 1o confusion,
a-. I.ijitncffiliiilii.1 has for nearly :i lniinln-d .\jars lici-n ajijilifd lo various singular
orgauisms, lately shown to l>r nndrvclopi-d 1'oniis of cd.s and of ccrlaiu Isospondyli.

53. ANGUILLHLE - SIMENCHELYS. 363

as long as the head. Teeth in a single series on the sides of the jaw, in
a broad patch at the tip. Cleft of mouth extending to beyond the mid-
dle of the rather large eye. Jaws equal or the lower included. Dis-
tance from snout to vent three times the length of the head. Head 7£.
L. 50 inches. Europe, to South America and East Indies, frequently
taken on our Atlantic coast. We are unable to detect any difference
between American and European examples. It sometimes reaches a
length of 8 feet.

(Ancjmlla conger L. Syst. Nat. : Murwna nigra Eisso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 93: Conger vul-
garis Cuvier, Eegue Anim. 1817 : Anguilla oceanica Mitchill, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 407 :
Conger ocddcntalis Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 314, 1S42: Conger vulgaris Giinther, viii,
33: Conger occanicus Gill, Kept. Com. Fisheries for 1871-72, 811'.)

175.— SIOTEWCHEI/rS Gill.

Pug-nosed Eels.

(Gill MS. ; Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. si, 1879, 27 : type Simenclielys parasiticus Gill. )
Body eel-shaped, covered with linear imbedded scales, disposed at
right angles as in Anguilla. Lateral line present, faint. Head very
short, rounded, very blunt anteriorly, slightly compressed. Mouth
small, entirely anterior. Premaxillaries and maxillaries of each side
side coalesced and separated from those of the other side by the eth-
moid. Jaws equal, their edges hard, provided with a single series of
small, rounded, close-set, incisor-like teeth. No vomerine teeth. Tongue
broad, somewhat free anteriorly. Mandible very deep and strong.
Operculuin sabre-shaped. Gill-openings very small, inferior, longi-
tudinal, well separated, situated in front of the pectorals and below
them. Both nostrils large, the anterior with a slight rim, but no tube.
Lips full. Pectorals short ; vertical fins confluent around the tail, the
dorsal beginning not far behind pectorals ; vent in front of anal, near
middle of body. One species known, probably the type of a distinct
family. (T^-"?, pug-nosed; e^Aur, eel.)

5 §9. S. parasiticus Gill.

Dark brown, nearly plain. Eye rather large, anterior, but behind the
angle of the mouth, scarcely shorter than the snout. Head i length of
trunk; about £ distance from snout to origin of dorsal; width of gill
slit equaling diameter of orbit ; interorbital space nearly half length of
head. Yent not much in advance of middle of body. Dorsal begin-
ning just behind tips of pectorals; fins rather low. Off-shore banks,
south of Newfoundland ; abundant. Individuals have been found bur-
rowing in the flesh of the halibut.

(Gill, MS. in Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex lust, xi, 27, 1878.)

3G4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

FAMILY LIV.— SYXAPIIOBRANCHID^.
(The Synaphobranchoid Eels.)

Body eel shaped, covered with linear, imbedded scales placed at right
angles, as in Anguilla. Lateral line present. Head long and pointed,
the snout produced. Mouth very long, the eye being over the middle of
its cleft. Jaws about equal ; teeth small, sharp, in a broad band in each
jaw, becoming a single series anteriorly; those of inner series in upper
jaw and of outer series in mandible somewhat enlarged ; vomeriue teeth
in a narrow band anteriorly. Gill-openings inferior, horizontal, close
together, convergent forward, somewhat confluent at the surface, but
separated by a considerable isthmus within. Tongue long, free only at
the sides. Nostrils large, the anterior with a short tube, the posterior
before the lower part of the eye. Pectoral well developed ; dorsal low,
beginning behind vent; anal longer than dorsal, rather high, its rays
slender, branched, not imbedded in the skin; vertical fins confluent
around the tail. Vent near the anterior fourth of body. Muscular and
osseous systems well developed. Stomach very distensible. Deep-sea
fishes; a single genus with 4 species known.
(Murccnida; group Synaphcibrandhina Giinlhrr, viii, 22-23.)

176.— SYNAPIIOBRANCIIUS Johnson.

(Johnson, Prop. Zoiil. Soc. London, 1862, 109: type Synaphobranchus kaupii Johnson =
J/ii ;•<(//« i>in nata Gronow.)

Characters of the genus included above. (ffuva^TJz, joined; ,

59O. S. pilBliatllS (Gronow) Giintlirr.

Uniform brown, rather darker below ; the vertical fins darker behind,
light-edged anteriorly; inside of mouth blue-black ; gill openings dark.
.laws siibe»|iial in length, sometimes the lower, sometimes the upper tin-
longer; the upper with a projecting lleshy tip; maxillary reaching to
opposite -ill openings, which are rather longer than the large eye.
Head ;;.', in distance I'roni snout to dorsal, I';' in distance to anal, 85 in
len-tli. K\e broader than interorltital space, rather nearer t ip of snout
than end of maxillary. Pectoral slender, longer than snout. Xew-
fonndland to Madeira, "a common resident of the deep waters of the
off-shore banks in -00 to -'WO fathoms, where individuals are often taken
on the fishermen's trawl lines."

(Munrnii ]iinna/(i (irmimv, S\st. IHi. rd. Cray, l-.M, U>; Giintlu-r, viii, 22; Goode &
B.-IIII, Bull. E.SH.-X hint. xi, 1^7'J, 2<>.)

56. NEMICHTHYID^E. 365

FAMILY LV.—SACCOPHARYNGIDJE.

(The Gulpers.)

Muscular system very feebly developed, with the bones very thin, soft,
and wanting in inorganic matter, connected by a lax, easily torn fibrous
tissue. Head and gape enormous. Snout very short, pointed, flexible,
like an appendage overlapping the gape. Eye small. Maxillary and
mandibulary bones very thin, slender, arched, armed with one or two
series of long, slender, curved, widely-set teeth, their points being-
directed inwards ; palate toothless. Gill-openings wide, at some dis-
tance from the head, at the lower part of the sides ; gills very narrow,
free, and exposed. Trunk of moderate length. Stomach distensible in
an extraordinary degree. Vent at the end of the trunk. Tail band-
like, exceedingly long, tapering into a very fine filament. Pectoral
present, small. Dorsal and anal fins rudimentary, the former smaller
than the latter, and indicated by a groove bordered by a whitish line on
each side, and commencing at a short distance behind the head; a short
fine ray occasionally visible towards the end of the trunk. Anal rays
distinct, commencing behind the vent, and visible for some distance.
One species known, from the North Atlantic.

(Miiramidaj, group Saccopharyngina Giinther, viii, 22.)

177.— SACCOPHAKYNX Mitchill.

(Mitchill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. i, 1824, 82: type Saceopliarynx flagellum Mitch.)

Characters of the genus included above. (Latin, mccus, sack;
pharynx, pharynx.)

591. S. flagellum Mitch.

Uniform deep black. Three specimens have been found floating in the
North Atlantic, with their stomachs much distended, they having swal-
lowed some other fish, the weight of which many times exceeded their
own. (Giinther.)

(Mitchill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. i, 1824, 82; Giinther, viii, 22: Opliiof/natlms
ampullaccus Harwood, Phil. Trans. 1827, 277.)

FAMILY LVI («).— NEMICHTHYID^. '

(The Snipe-Eds.}

Body excessively slender, not strongly compressed, deepest near the
middle, tapering backward to the long and very slender filament-like
tail, and forward to a very long and slender neck, which is abruptly

3GG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

enlarged at the occipital re-inn. No scales. Lateral line obsolete.
Head resembling that of Jlclone, the head proper small, short, and rather
broad, with tlat top and vertical sides. Nostrils large close together in
front of the eye, without tube or flap. Jaws excessively prolonged,
almost needle like, the upper the longer and somewhat recurved. Teeth
in both jaws small, very numerous, close-set, retrorse. Gill-openings
rather large, running downward and forward, separated by a narrow
isthmus. Pectorals well developed. Vent close behind pectorals, the
abdominal cavity extending far behind it. Anal fin beginning near the
vent, higher than the dorsal, becoming obsolete on the caudal filament.
Dorsal beginning close behind occiput, its anterior rays soft, succeeded
by a long series of very low spines, which are slightly connected by
membrane, their height rather less than the length of the interspaces;
on the tail, the spines again give place to soft rays. The soft rays of
the fins are connected by thin membrane instead of being imbedded in
thick skin, as in eels generally. Color translucent, the lower parts
dark, the back pale. Stomach not distensible. Muscular and osseous
systems well developed. Abdominal cavity extending far behind the.
vent. One genus known, with three species; singular inhabitants of
the deep seas. The position of this family among the Apodcs is perhaps
open to question. A second genus, (\>/ciit<i Gthr., with shorter, soft body,
posterior vent, and shorter vertical fins surrounding the tail, perhaps
belongs to this family.

t; group Xt 'inlchtlnjlna Giinthrr, viii, 21.)

178.— NEIWICIITHYS Richardson.
(LrptorJiynvliw Lo\vc: ficlonopsis Brandt.)
(Richardson, Voyage Sainaran.u;, 1S-18, 10: type Xnnii-hfln/x .tcolopaccits Rich.)

< 'haracicrs of the genus included above. (v/7,ua, thread; ty1";, fish.)

ft!>'2. \. scoloparoias Kill.

Head comparatively Stout, its depth one-seventh its greatest length.
Kye moderate, less than one-third the length of the head \\ ithont snout.
Length of pectoral fins slightly less than height of the anal, which is
less than the height of the body and rather more than the greatest depth

•

of the head. Tale above, belly and anal tin blackish, the color not
abruptly changing, the back somewhat spwkled. L. oG inches. At-
lantic. Ocean, in deep water; many specimens lately taken with the
beam-trawl off the Ne\\ Mn-land coast.

(I.'irhardsoii, Voyage Samani MJJ. 10; ( ninther, viii, 21 : Lcplorlnjnclnis lcucl>tcnl>crtj\
Lov.r i:ili,r<'2>*;* li-iiclili-nlnnji Brandt , M<?m. Ac. St. Peters!). Sav. Ctrau^.
171-174.)

PHYSOCLISTL 3£7

593. TV. avocetta Jordan & Gilbert.

Head slenderer, its depth one-ninth its greatest length. Eye large,
one-third the head, without snout. Length of pectoral scarcely greater
than height of anal, which is scarcely less than the greatest depth of
the body, and more than the greatest depth of the head. Translucent;
belly with close-set dark spots, its lower edge and anal fin black, the
back abruptly white and unspotted. L. 22 inches. Head 10; depth 58;
depth of anal 64 in length of body. Puget's Sound; one example
known, differing in some slight respects from all Atlantic specimens
examined.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,409.)

SOB-CLASS PHYSOCLISTL

(The Physoclistous Fishes.)

Air-bladder, if present, without pneumatic duct, in the adult. Parietal
bones separated by the supraoccipital. Ventral fins usually thoracic or
jugular, normally with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Pectoral fin normally
inserted high, with vertical base. Vertical fins usually with spines.
Premaxillaries normally forming the entire border of the upper jaw.
Tail homocercal. (<pu<r6z, bladder; xAstVru?, closed.)

ANALYSIS OF THE ORDER OF PHYSOCLISTI.

a. Scapula suspended to the anterior vertebrae ; maxillary distinct ; superior bran-
cliihyals and pharyngeals present ; inferior pharyngeals not united; no
interclavicles ; body elongate ; ventral fins abdominal or wanting.

OPISTHOMI, P.
aa. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal.

b. Lower pharyugeals co-ossified ; fins without spines ; ventral fins abdominal ;
third and fourth superior pharyngeals much enlarged.

SYNENTOGNATHI, Q.

bb. Lower pharyngeals separate (or if united, fins with spines and ventrals thoracic),
c. Gills tufted ; superior branchihyals and pharyugeals and basal brauchihyals

wanting; ventrals, if present, abdominal LOPHOBRANCHII, E.

cc. Gills pectinate.

d. Superior branchihyals and pharyngeals reduced in number ; ventrals abdom-
inal HEMIBRANCHII, S.

dd. Superior brauchihyals and phary ugeals normally developed ; ventrals mostly

thoracic or jugular.
e. Bones of the jaws not united.
/. Pectoral fins not pediculate, the gill-openings in front of them.

y. Cranium normal ACANTHOPTERI, T.

gg. Cranium anteriorly twisted ; both eyes on the same side of the head.

HETEROSOMATA, U.

ff. Pectoral fins pediculate, their basal bones reduced in number and elon-
gate ; gill-openings in the axils PEDICULATI, V.

ee. Bones of the jaws co-ossified; the deutary with the articular, andthepre-
maxillaries with the rnaxillaries PLECTOGNATHI, W.

iJG8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

ORDER P.-OPISTIIOMI.

(The A»>/«# Eds.)

Scapular nrch suspended to the anterior vertebrre. Superior pliaryn-
geals and branchihyals ossified, the third pharyngcal a little larger,
the fourth small. Three basal branchihyals ; inferior pharyngeals
distinct; maxillary bone distinct; supraoccipital separating parietals;
no iutcrclaviclcs ; symplectic present; prrecoracoid wanting; parietals
separated by the supraoccipital; air-bladder, if present, without pneu-
matic duct; dorsal with spines; ventrals, if present, abdominal. The
fishes of this order differ from other Physodlaii and agree with the
Eels in having the scapular arch free from the cranium and attached
to the anterior vertebrce. Two families are known. (o-ir>0rn backward;
<jj;j.<>-, shoulder.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF OPISTHOMI.

a. Ventral fins wanting; dorsal fin with the soft portion well develop*!.

MASTACEMBELIRS, 5fi (/>).

aa. Ventral fins abdominal, of numerous spines and soft rays; soft portion of the dor-
sal fin obsolete ......................................... NOTACA.XTIIID.K, 5C (<•).

FAMILY LVI (I).— MASTACEMBELID.E.
(The Spiny Eclx.)

Body elongate, eel-like, naked or covered with very small scales.
Moutli oblique, of moderate si/e, either the snout or the chin being
produced in a fleshy appendage ; lower jaw little movable; upper jaw
not protractile. Teeth small, dill-openings restricted to Hie region
belo\v the, convexity of the operculum, the upper part of the oper-
culum being covered by the skin of the scapular region; gill-mem-
branes five from 1 he- isthmus; gills J, a slit behind the fourth. JVeu-
dobranchia- small or obsolete. Tail isoceival. Dorsal iin very long,
the anterior part composed of low, free spines, the posterior of soft
rays; anal tin with or without spines; caudal fin separate or not.
Ventral fins wanting; pectorals small. Air-bladder present. Bran-
chiostegals C; pyloric COMM L! (in M<tN/<i<Ti>tl>r!iif<). Fishes of the fresh
waters of the Hast Indies, (lenera L'; species about 14. ~\Ye follow
Dr. Bean in attaching provisionally to this family ;i singular fish from

56 (&). MASTACEMBELID^E PTILICHTHYS. 369

the North Pacific, the osteology of which is unknown, and which may
really belong to the AcanthopterL

(Mastacembelidce Giintln-r, iii, 539-543.)

a. Scales none or rudimentary; body very elongate, tapering backward to a point.

(Ptiliohthyince.)

J. Lower jaw with a projecting fleshy appendage at tip; gill-membranes broadly
united PTILICHTHYS, 179.

179.— PTILICHTHYS Bean.
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881: type Ptllichthys goodei Beau.)

Body extremely elongate, serpentiform, little compressed, the tail
tapering to a point. Skin naked, or with a few thin, loose, scattered
scales; no lateral line. Head unarmed, rather small; upper jaw not
protractile; snout short ; mouth oblique; lower jaw projecting consid-
erably beyond the upper, with a protruding fleshy appendage at tip.
Maxillary reaching the front of eye. Mandible little movable. Both
jaws with fine, close-set, sharp teeth, in one row, the posterior teeth a
little the largest ; no evident teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-open-
ings restricted to below the most convex part of the opercle ; the mem-
branes broadly united below, free from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth. Pseudobranchia3 very small, almost obsolete. Gill-
rakers short and stout. Pectorals short; ventrals wanting; dorsal
beginning close behind the nape; the anterior portion for about half
the length of the body composed of very low, stiff, free spines, hooked
backwards, the posterior portion higher, of slender soft rays connected,
by thin membrane. No caudal fin, the tip of the tail free. Anal sim-
ilar to the soft dorsal, without spines. Veut at considerable distance
from the head. North Pacific. (TTT^V, quill ; l^Ouq fish.)

594. P. goodei Bean.

Orange or yellowish, the body with a blackish longitudinal stripe, the
anal darker in color than the dorsal. Eye rather large, as long as snout,
5 in head ; cheeks and opercles long ; pectoral fin half as long as the
head; soft dorsal and anal deeper than the body posteriorly, the anal
a little lower than the dorsal. Vent near the end of the anterior third
of the body ; distance from the vent to the beginning of the soft dorsal
3| times the length of the head ; length of head twice its greatest depth,
5J in the distance to the vent; appendage of mandible half as long
as eye ; free tip of caudal two-thirds eye. Dorsal spines 90 ; soft rays
of dorsal 145 ; of anal about 185 ; P. 12. L, about 12 inches. Aleutian.
Islands.

(Bean, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C 24

370 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY TV.

FAMILY LVI (c).— XOTACANTHID^E.

(The yotacanthitl Fishes.)

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with very small scales ;
head scaly: lateral line present. Head short, the snout protruding
beyond the mouth, which is of moderate size, horizontal ; both jaws with
a series of slender, close-set teeth. Eye lateral, rather small. Gill-
openings wide, not restricted above, the membranes not united, free
from the isthmus. Pseudobrauchire none. Gill-rakers long, slender.
dills !, a slit behind the fourth. Dorsal fin short, median, composed of
a i'e\v very short free spines, with sometimes a single soft ray. Anal
iin very long, moderately high, beginning near the middle of the body
and extending along the lower side of the band-like tail, confluent with
the small caudal ; anteriorly with numeror.sspines. Yentrals abdominal,
nearly median, of 2-4 inarticulate and about 8 soft rays; the fins very
close to each other, and often completely united. Pectorals short, placed
rather high. Genera 2, species about G ; deep-water fishes, found in
most seas.

(Xo'ucanthi Giinther, iii, f>-14.)

a. Dorsal spines G-12 ; snout without proboscis NOTACAXTIIUS, 180.

ISO.— NOTACANTIIUS Bloch.

(Acanthonotns Bloch: fdin/ii/ludon Fubricius.)

(Bloch, Abh. tier Iliiliui. Gesellsch. 1787: typo Notacuntluts <7« •wiwi/ci Bloch = Acantho-
ii'ilii* unmix lUocli, Ausliiiitliselie Fix-lie, xii, 114 : fide Gill.)

Snout not produced into a proboscis. Dorsal spines 12-15. Char-
acters of the genus otherwise included above. (>WT«C, back; axcr/0a,

spine.)

595. IV. ciH'iiiiietzi ]'.:<>< h.

Color plain, or with dusky bands on the back. First spine of the dor-
sal opposite, the ventral tin ; no soft ray in the axil of the. last spine.
Ventrals close together, and joined by the internal bonier of their mem-
branes. Pectorals 13 times in the length of the lish ; ventrals 22
times in length. Head S in length ; depth 12. B. 8; D. X; A. XIII,
110; C. 8.; P. 17; V. Ill, S. Lat. 1. 400. ( Y«l,-n<-'n n,n-x.) Coast of
Greenland. This or some oilier closely related species has been lately
taken in deep \\ater oil' the coast of New England.

(" Xutui'aiilluiH ''In •ntnit:i HIix-li. AMi. <i<-r I'x'ilini. ( ;cscll.scli. 17^7 '' : J«nittt<»ioti(n nasus
, Ausl. 1 i.M'lir, xii, 111: *li-n>illi»iuitim mixiin Hlot-li A S< huciilc r, Syst. It-litli. '.VJO:
tuimiy Cuv. A \ ;il. viii, -Kl?: XiituaiittltitH iiaatiu Giinther, iii, 54: (Jauipylo-
-icii lifinh. Vidcuak. Solsk. Afhaudl. 1838, li>0.)

57. SCOMBERESOCID^. 371

OKDER Q.-SYNENTOGNATHI.

(The Synentognathous Fishes.}

Lower pharyugeal bones fully united ; second and third superior pha-
ryugeals much enlarged, oval, not articulated to the cranium, sending
processes forwards ; the fourth wanting. Ventral fins abdominal, without
spiue, the rays more than 5. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a
post-temporal bone, which is slender and furcate. Parietal bone much
reduced. Supraclavicle not distinct; no interclavicle. Basis of cranium
double in front, but without muscular tube. Fins without spines. Air-
bladder usually large, without pneumatic duct. This order includes
only the family of Scomberesocidce, and marks the transition from the
Physostomi to the Acanthopteri. Its relations with the Haplomi are very
intimate. (<row, together; e^roc, within; pa0»?, jaw.)

(Physostomi pt. family Scomberesocidce Giinther, vi, 233

FAMILY LVIL— SCOMBERESOCIM1.

(The Gar-fislies and Flying-fishes.)

Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, which are usu-
ally deciduous. Lateral line running very low, along the sides of the
belly. Head more or less scaly, usually with vertical sides. Mouth
various, the jaws being often prolonged into a beak. Premaxillaries not
protractile, hinged at base mesially; margin of the upper jaw chiefly
formed by the premaxillaries ; the short maxillaries often entering the
lateral margin ; maxillary often anchyclosed with the premaxillary ; its
edge slipping under the front of the preorbital. Dentition various.
Dorsal fin without spines, inserted on the posterior part of the body,
opposite the anal and usually similar to it. Ventral s abdominal, of sev-
eral soft rays, usually inserted posteriorly. No adipose fin. Pectoral
fin inserted high, sometimes used as an organ of flight. Caudal fin
usually forked, the lower lobe the longer. Vent close in front of anal.
Nostrils large, double, near the eye. Lower pharyngeals fully united.
Gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchise
hidden, glandular. Gill-rakers various. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth. Air-bladder usually large, sometimes cellular. Intestinal canal
usually simple, without coaca. Carnivorous. One genus (Zenarchop-

372 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

viviparous, the other oviparous. Genera about 8, species ICO;
abounding in all warm seas, some of them entering fresh waters.
(Scombercsocidcc Giinther, vi, 233-293.)

"Jaws with sharp, wide-set teeth; both jaws prolonged, forming a beak; finlets
none. (Bclonintr.)

a. Gill-rakers none ; no teeth on vomer or palatines TYLOSUUCS, 181.

** Jaws with very small teeth, or none.

6. Maxillary anehylosed to prernaxillary.
c. Both jaws more or less prolonged ; dorsal and anal witli finlets. (Scombtfre-

socinee. ) ScOMBERBSOX, 182.

cc. Lower jaw only produced; no finlets. (ironirhainplnixr.)
d. Anal fin of the male not modified; species oviparous.

HEMIKIIAMPIirS, 183.

bb. Maxillary separate from premaxillary ; neither jaw produced; no finlets;

pectoral fins elongate. ( Ksoi-irtiiur.)

e. Ventrals anteriorly placed, not reaching to the anal.llAi.ocvpsr.i.rs, 1-1.
ee. Ventrals posteriorly placed, reaching past front of anal.

f. Chin without barbel Exccom'S, 185.

ff. Chin with one or two barbels or tleshy appendages. CYPSELURUS, 186.

181.— TYL.OSURUS Cocco.
Gar- fishes.

(Cocco, Lettere in Giornale Jsci. Let. Sicilia, xvii, 18: type Tylosurus* cantraini
Cocco =Enox imperial in Raf.)

Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed. Both jaws pro-
longed into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer
in young fishes, the very young resembling Ilcnilrhanipltuft. Both jaws
armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, besides which is a series of
longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth. Xo teeth on vomer or
palatines. Maxillaries grown fast to prcmaxillaries. Scales small, de-
ciduous. Lateral line running along the side of the belly, becoming
median on the tail. No finlets. Dorsal lin usually elevated anteriorly.
Caudal tin short, truncate or forked. Pectorals and ventrals small, the
latter inserted behind the middle of the body. < Jill rakn> obsolete. Air-
bladder present. ( )vary single. 1 Jones usually green. Si/e compara-
tively large. Species numerous. Voracious fishes, found in most seas.
This genus dill'crs from /.V/ow+ (Hilonr rul(/(trin Cuvier) in the absence
of gill-rakers and vomerine teeth. (T--/..C, callous; -.•/<•/, tail; in allusion

"We are informed by I>r. Vineiguerra. <>f (ienoa. that the jrill rakers are ohsoletn

ill Tl/lt>xiirilM ini/HI-jillix, as ill all the Allieriean s]iecie> lormelly I'eferred to It

tCuvirr, li'e^ne Anim. ii, 1-17: l\|>e /.'.••«./• In lone L. = ]!<-loin mlijurix

t, an anejent n a me of some lish \vho>e " l>e !!y splits to allow t lie escape of the
the wonnil afterwards ln-aling." doubtless Siiinjiialliim ; /Jf'AoS, a dart.)

57. SCOMBERESICID^E - TYLOSURUS. 373

to the caudal keel, on which the genus was originally based, a character
of little importance.)

a. Caudal peduncle not keeled.

b. Posterior rays of the dorsal prolonged, longer than the anterior rays.

596. T. laians (C. & V.) J. & G.

Olive green above, silvery below, sides with a row of obscure dusky
blotches in the young ; posterior portion of dorsal fin black. Snout a
third longer frhan the rest of the head. Maxillary hidden by the pre-
orbital. Dorsal beginning opposite front of anal, its posterior rays much
elevated, their tips reaching beyond base of caudal. Anal fin slightly
falcate, the last rays very low. Tail compressed, deeper than broad.
Head 3 in length. D. 26 ; A. 27. Virginia to the West Indies and the
west coast of Mexico, occasional on our coast.

(Bclone hians Cuvier & Valenciennes, xviii, 432: Belone hians Giinther, vi, 248.)

bb. Middle and posterior rays of dorsal short, subequal.

c. Dorsal and anal long, each with more than 20 rays.

597. T. latisnusaus (Poey) J. & G.

Green above, white below. Head and body elongate. Eye 10£ in
head. Beak twice as long as the rest of the head. Pectoral rather
long and pointed, broader and shorter than in T. longirostris. Bones
not green. Caudal forked. B. 24; D. 24; A. 25. Cuba; occasional
on our Atlantic coast. (Buzzard's Bay; Goode.)

(Belone latimana Poey, Mem. Cnba, ii, 292, 1860: Belone latimanus Giinther, vi. 249:
Btlone latimana Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 6.)

cc. Dorsal and anal shorter, each with less than 20 rays.

d. Tail compressed, deeper than broad.

T. iiotatus (Poey) J. & G.
Green above, yellow below; vertical fins bluish, their tips tinged
with orange. Free portion of tail compressed, deeper than broad.
Head flat above, with deep scaly median groove. Superciliary region
striated. Base of premaxillaries depressed ; maxillary hidden by the
preorbital. Teeth moderate, wide-set; no vomeriue teeth. Eye less
than interorbital space, f the postorbital part of head. Body broad,
subcylindrical. Pectoral as long as postorbital part of head ; ventrals
very small; anal scaly at base; caudal slightly eniargiuate. Scales
rather large. Head 2 J. D. 13; A. 14. (Giinther.) West Indies, north
to West Florida.

(Btlone notata Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 293, I860: Belone notata Giinther, vi, 248: Belone
notata Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 151.)

dd. Tail depressed, broader than deep.

374 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

599. T. loiifjirostris (Mitchill) J. & G.— Gar-fifth ; Bill-fisli ; X

Olive green above, silvery below; a silvery lateral stripe; a dark
spot above root of pectoral; fins nearly plain. Free portion of tail
moderately depressed, not keeled. Plead long, flat above, with a
broad, rather shallow, scaly median groove. Top of head not rugose,
usually faintly striate. Maxillary rather more than half hidden by the
preorbital. Teeth moderate; no voinerine teeth. Gill-rakers obsolete.
Body snbcylindrical, its depth less than the length of* the pectoral,
which is about equal to the postorbital part of the head. Ventrals a
little nearer the head than the caudal ; dorsal and anal somewhat fal-
cate; caudal fin truncate, or slightly emarginate. Scales thin and
small, deciduous. Head 2*; snout 4. D. 15; A. 18. L. 4 feet. Maine
to Brazil; very abundant on our Atlantic coast. It often ascends rivers
far above tide- water.

(Esox longirostris Mitch. AIIHT. Month. Mag. ii, 322, 1817: Belone truncata Le Sueur,
Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 1 ','('>, H'Jl : Btlone truncata Guuther, vi, 244: Belone scru-
tator Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 30.)

aa. Caudal peduncle keeled.

.

600. T. CXilis (Grd.) J. & G.—Xecdlc-fsh.

Translucent green, silvery below ; an olivaceous vertebral streak and
a bluish lateral band; fins plain. Body very slender ; headlong. Eye
more than a third of the postorbital region. Maxillary not nearly all
hidden by the narrow preorbital. Top of head flattish, with a broad
scaly groove. Pectoral fin shorter than postorbital part of head, its
length more than greatest depth of body; ventrals short, a little nearer
head than caudal; dorsal and anal falcate, rather low, the anal begin-
ning before dorsal and ending in front of its last ray; caudal lin
unequally lunate. Scales very small and thin. Uead 3£. D. lf>; A.
17. L. 3 feet. Coast of California, from Point Conrepcion southward;
abundant.

(Belom vsin« <;ir.-ird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. IMiila. Ls'.l, 149: Iklone exilis Girard, U. S.

K. K. Surv. 1'Uh. l.V: lit lone cxilis Giinthrr, vi,

182.— SCO.HKEKESOX

Sauries.

(S(iyrin RalinrMiuc : (irtniiiiiifniiotua Co.sta.)

(Lac6pi'dc, Hist. N'at. 1'niss. v, :U4, l-n:5: lyjin Soomberesox camperilMO.=E90X aeturus
Walb.)

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, thin, deciduous scales.
Jaws more or less prolonged, sometimes forming a beak, provided

57. SCOMBERESOCID,E SCOMBERESOX. 375

with very feeble teeth; lower jaw the longer. Maxillaries joined to
premaxillaries. Pectorals and ventrals small; dorsal small, opposite,
anal ; last 4-6 rays of dorsal and anal detached, forming finlets. No
pyloric coeca. Air-bladder large. Gill-rakers numerous, long and slen-
der. Size rather small. Species 2 or more, ranging widely in the open
sea. (Scomber; Esox.)

a. Jaws produced in a beak.

601. S. saiirsas (Walb.) Fleming. — Saury; Skipper; Bill-fish.

Olive brown above, sides and below silvery; a distinct silvery band
as broad as the eye bounding the dark of the back. Head broad above,
narrowed below, tapering anteriorly to the very slender pointed beak;
snout longer than the rest of the head. Fins all small; caudal fin
forked ; veiitrals midway between base of caudal and front of eye.
Head 3£ in length; depth 9. D. 9— VI; A. 12— VI; Lat. 1. 110. L.
18 inches. Atlantic Ocean; rather common on both coasts, and found
in the open seas.

(Esox saurus Walbaum, Artedi, Pise, iii, 93, 1792: Scomberesox camperi Cuv. & Val.
xviii, 464: Scomberesox scutellatum Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 132, 1821;
Fleming, Brit. Auim. 184 ; Giinther, vi, 257 : Scomberesox storcri Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.
315 : ? Scomberesox rondeleti Giiiither, vi, 257. )

aa. Jaws scarcely produced, not forming a beak.

602. §. brevirostris Peters.

Dark green above, silvery below; sides with a lateral silvery stripe,
bounded above by a dusky streak; upper fins mostly dusky; lower
pale. Body much elongate, compressed, widest above, the abdomen
and lower edge of head trenchant. Upper jaw conical, not produced,
ending in a very acute tip; lower jaw slightly longer, its tip produced
for a very slight distance, and flexible; triangular portion of premax-
illaries as long as broad; snout a little more than half length of rest of
head; interorbital space flat; maxillary reaching front of orbit. Teeth
very minute, in a single row in each jaw. Eye large, in fron^t of middle
of head. Pectoral fin somewhat emargiuatc, % length of head; ven-
trals small, far back, slightly nearer tip of snout than tip of lower lobe
of caudal; dorsal inserted slightly behind front of anal; both fins low,
the finlets small; caudal widely forked, the lobes equal. Scales small,
deciduous, those on top of head forming an elliptical patch. Head 5£;
depth 9. D. 9— VI; A. 12— VI; Lat. 1. ca. 125. L. 14 inches. Coast
of California; rare.

(Peters, Monatsberii ;lit Akad. Wiss. Berl. July, 18G6, 521 : ? Scomberesox saira Gtmther,
vi,258.)

376 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

183.— I1E.1HRIIA1IPIIUS Cuvier.

Half-beetles.

(Cnvii r, Kr^ne Aniin. ii, 1817: type Hemirhamphus commersoni CuvitT. )

Body elongate, compressed, the dorsal outline parallel with that
of the belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender
beak, bordered with membrane; preuiaxillaries forming a triangular
plate, the teeth of which fit against the toothed portion of the man-
dible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. Teeth feeble, sometimes
tricuspid. Gill-rakers rather long. Head covered above with large,
shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous. No finlets; caudal fin
more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; dorsal and anal similar,
not modified in the males. Oviparous. Air-bladder large. No pyloric
coeca. Young with the lower jaw short. Species numerous, in all warm
seas, going in large schools. Size comparatively small, (i;//:, half;
(jfi/juj'dZ) beak.)

a. Pectoral Jius short ; vent rals moderate. (Hemirhamphus.')

6O3. II. iliiifusciatUS Raiizani.

Greenish, sides with a well-defined silvery band, narrower than the
eye, about as broad as a scale. Tip of lower ja\v red. Lower jaw (from
end of upper jaw) 4i-5£ in total length from its tipsto base of caudal.
Head (without mandible) 4£ in length from, tip of upper jaw. Pre-
maxillaries broader than long. Eye about equal to iuterorbital space,
3 postorbital part of head. Yentrals nearly midway between eye and
base of caudal. Dorsal and anal scaly. Caudal moderately forked, the
middle rays being longer than the eye. Hack not compressed. Head
(with lower jaw) ^~:\: depth 7A. 1). 14; A. 15; Lat, 1. ,>!. L. 12
indies, rape Cod to Panama and Indian Ocean; common on our
South Atlantic coast.

(Run/.uni. Nov. ('..nun. Aca.l. Sri. lust. I5oiK.ii. l-l'.'. v. :WO, tab. 25; Gilntlier, vi,
li(l-J: Ilrinirliuiiiiilitir rii-hardi (Juv. ct Val. xix, ~V>.)

•
<JOI. II. rossr .lonlim A (.ill., ri.

Green, with a silvery lateral band, rather broader than a scale. A
triple vertebral streak. Lower jaw dark reddish brown. Lower jaw
(from tip of upper) I.I in length from its tip to base of caudal. Head
without mandible.'!'! in length from 1 ip of upper jaw. Premaxillaries
about as broad as long. I've less than interorbital space, about half
poMorbital part of head. Yentrals rather nearer tip of caudal than
eye, midway between base of caudal and gill-opening. Dorsal and anal

57. SCOMBERESOCID^E - IIALOCYPSELUS. 377

fins not scaly. Caudal moderately forked, the middle rays being twice
the length of the eye. Pectorals shorter than postorbital part of
head. Ventrals a little shorter. Back broad. Head (with lower
jaw) 2§. D. 14; A. 14; Lat. 1. 03. Southern California, not very
common.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 335.)

aa. Pectoral 1ms very long; ventrals very short ; body very slender. (Euleptorham-
J;//M«* Gill.)

6O5. II, loaogirosiris Cuvier.

Olivaceous, sides silvery. Body extremely slender and elongated,
much compressed, almost band-like. Back thin, subcariuate. Lower
jaw very slender and long, much longer than the rest of the head.
Teeth very feeble. Eye large, about equal to snout. Pectoral fins
long and slender, half as long as mandible, more than one-fourth the
length of the rest of the body. Upper rays of pectorals broad and
compressed. Ventrals not longer than eye, inserted far back. Caudal
fin unequally forked, the lower lobe the longer. Head 6rf; depth 10.
Mandible about 3. D. 22; A. 19; V. G. L. 18 inches. Cape Cod to
Indian Ocean, in the open sea; rare on our Atlantic coast.

(Cuvier, Eegne Anim. ; Giiuther, vi, 276: Hemirhamphus macrorhynchv& Giintlier, vi,
27G: Euleplorhamphus longirostris Putnam, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1870, 238.)

184.— HALOCTPSELUS Weinland.

(Weinlaud, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1839, vi, 385: "type Exoccetus mesoyasicr Mitch.")
This genus differs from Exocostus mainly in the anterior position and
small size of the ventral fins, which terminate in advance of the anal
fin, and are not used as organs of flight. Species not very numerous.
sea; xu<^Ao?, a swallow.)

6OG. II. evoJacas (L.) Weinl.

Olivaceous above, with dark specks; silvery below, with a bright blue
lustre. Pectoral fins black above and behind, the lower border whitish.
Snout obtuse and short, f the diameter of the eye. Eye not large, 4£
in head, less than the width of the broad, rather con\ ex, iuterorbital
space. Distance from snout to first ray of ventral about equal to dis-
tance between root of ventrals and last ray of dorsal. Pectoral fins
long, £ the length of the body, reaching the root of the caudal ; second

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(J, 131: type Eulcptorhamphus brevoorti Gill =
Hcmirhamphus longirostris Cuvier. (zvXeitroS, very slender; pajntpo?, beak.)

378 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

ray of pectoral divided, third ray longest. Ventral fins not reaching
nearly to vent. Dorsal inserted a little in advance of front of anal, its
anterior rays not half so long as the head ; 20 scales in front of dorsal
and (5 bet \\ven dorsal and lateral line. Gill rakers long and slender.
11, ad 1; depth :>\. D. 13; A. 13. Lat. 1. 4l»; Vert. 2o + 19. In most
warm seas, not rare on our Atlantic eoast, where it spawns in summer.

(EsoKitu* rrohiii* L. Syst. Nat. i, 5'21 : /,Vw<//«* cvolans Giintbor, vi, '2&2: Exococius
f minus Liitken, Yidensk. Moddel. Naturh. Forcn. 137G, 1O2 ; YVeiulaud, 1. c.)

. II. oMusflH'OSlris (Giiutber) J. &, G.

Very similar to //. cvolans, but with the dorsal fin inserted above or
behind the lirst ray of the anal; the distance from the snout to the fir>t
ray of the ventrals less than the distance between the root of the ven-
trals and la.xt ray of the dorsal ; 7 to 8 rows of scales above the lateral
line: fins more distinctly marked. D. 13; A. 13. Lat. 1. 40. (Lift ken.)
Tropical seas, north to Louisiana.

<>!it>iNir»xtrix (JUnthcr, vi, IW3: Exococtus obtusirostris Llitken, Vidonsk.
Meddcl. Naturli. Foren. 1870, W2.)

185 .— EXOCOSTUS Lhmicus.
Fly ing -fishes.

(Artedi; Linn.-i-u-i.Sy~t. Nat.: typo Exoccctus rolitaii* L.)

Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed. Head short,
blunt, narrowed below. Month small. -Taws very short, about equal.
Chin without barbel. Maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries.
Teeth very feeble or Avanting. Eyes large. Gill-rakers moderate.
Scales lar-e, deciduous. No linlets. Dorsal fin short, opposite anal.
Caudal widely forked, the lower lobe the longer. Pectoral fins very
long, reaching past the beginning of the anal, and serving as organs of
ilight, their great si/.e enabling these fishes to sustain themselves in tin-
air for some time.* Ventral fins large, posteriorly inserted, also iiM-d
a> organs <>f ilight. Air-bladder very large. No pyloric eo?ea. Species
numerous in aU'warm seas. (i^M/.u-.m-^ sleeping out; the ancient name
Of these fishes, which v, ere supposed to COU1C Out OD the beach to sleep
af night )

"Tin-si1 li-li'"-- an- maM'-d \« sii-,t;!iii 1 lii-iiist-l vrs in tin1 air fur upwards of a minute.
Tli'-ir inoM-nirnts an- r\rc.-din^ly rapid. Tlu-ir impulse, apparent 1\ , roinrs mainly
1 1 mil 1 1n- strung tail, \vliirli li:i> a smiling motion in t In- \\atcr, l>\ which tln-y ai-ipiire
:i -n-a; vrlority. Wln-ii tln'.v tir.sl rmrr^.- from the wati-r, tin- pectorals arc sjircad and
\ iliratc rapidly, like t In- win^s of an insect, and t lie vent rals arc closed. The motion
of the pectoral is >i inn !t am-oiis with tin- in. .lion of tin-tail, and i> probably cans, d l>y
tin- latter. When they reach a lioi i/out.-il jiosi t ion in t he air, the pectorals and vcn-
an- spn-ad, and apparently used only to retain tin- impulse previously received.

57. SCOMBERESOCID.E EXOCCETUS. 379

608. E. californacMS Cooper. — Flying-fish; Volador.

Steel-blue above and ou both sides, belly abruptly silvery. Pectorals
blackish, with the posterior edge paler; an obscure oblique pale baud
across lower part; caudal plain dusky; ventrals pale, partly dusky;
dorsal rather pale, with a dusky blotch above. Body stoutish. Lower
jaw rather the longer ; both jaws with minute teeth. Eye large, rather
longer than snout, 3 in head, nearly equal to the diameter of the slightly
concave iuterorbital space. Pectoral fin reaching past the dorsal
and falling just short of the caudal. Second ray of pectoral divided,
the third longest. Ventrals about reaching middle of anal, their length
3f in body, their insertion midway between middle of opercle and base
of tail. Anterior rays of dorsal half the length of the head ; 43 rows of
scales between occiput and dorsal, 7 between the dorsal and the lateral
line. Head 5; depth 6; I). 12; A. 10; Lat. 1. 58. L. 18 iucties.
Southern California ; very abundant in summer about the Santa Bar-
bara Islands.

(Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.Nat. Sci. 18G4, 93; Giiiither, vi, 295.)

609. E, Moveboracensss Mitchill.

Dark bluish above ; pectorals blackish, with the lower edge pale, in
the young with two black bars; ventrals mesially blackish, the edges all
white; caudal lobes mesially dusky, the edges pale. Head short ; snout
very blunt, shorter than the very large eye, which is narrower than the
broad, concave, iuterorbital space. Pectoral fins very long, reaching
past the base of the caudal ; second ray of pectoral divided ; ventrals
reaching considerably past anal ; their insertion midway between the
preopercle and the base of the caudal. Dorsal fin inserted opposite
anal. Head 4§ ; depth 5J. D. 11; A. 9. Lat. 1. 42-48. North Atlantic;
not rare on our coast.

(Mitcliill, Amer. Mouth. Mag. ii, 233, 1817; DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 230;
?Cuv.& Val. xix, 99.)

610. E. mclanuirias Guv. & Val.

Bluish above, silvery below, the pectoral fin blackish, except a por-
tion of its middle and inner edge ; veutrals plain or nearly so. Head
of moderate length, not very blunt, the iuterorbital space broad, wider
than the eye and somewhat concave. Eye A*ery large, longer than
snout, 3 in head. Pectoral fin If in length, reaching past the base of
the last dorsal ray and the tip of the last anal ray. Ventrals inserted
midway between the posterior edge of the eye and the middle of the
base of the caudal, their tips reaching nearly to the base of the last

380 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKIII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

anal ray ; second ray of pectoral (in divided. Dorsal fin low, its insertion
nearly opposite front of anal. Head 4; depth 6. D. 11; A. 9; scales
6-52-3. Xorth Atlantic ; occasional on our coast.

(TM'uv. iv V;il. Hist. N.-it. 1'oiss. xix, 101; said to liavr a black blotch on the upper
part of tlir lia.M- of tin- (ail, recalling the coloration of species of Saryus, a feature iiot
noticed 1>\ us on any of our tly ing-fish.)

611. E. cxilicns Gineliu.

Bluish above, silvery below, sides with five, broad, transverse bars;
pectorals and veutrals irregularly banded and blotched with blue and
black. Body very slender ; snout short, 1 length of head. Dorsal and
anal fins similar and opposite. Ventrals inserted slightly behind the
middle of the body; pectorals lj in length of body; second ray of pec-
torals extending beyond the membrane in a spine-like process. Veu-
trals 3 in length. Head C in total length with caudal. D. 12; A. 12.
Lat. 1. 48. (Goode.) Atlantic Ocean; a small species, possibly the
young of some other.

(Gmeliu, Syst, Nat. i, 1400, 1788; Giinther, vi, 291 ; Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mua. v,
64.)

18C.— CFPSELURUS Swaiuson.
Bearded

(Cypsilurus Swaiuson, Classification of Fishes, 1839, 296: typo Exococtus nuttalli Lo
Sueur.)

This genus di tiers from Exocmtus in the presence of one or more bar-
bels or cutaneous appendages of delicate texture on the tip of the man-
dible. The species are all of small sixe, and it is possible that in some
of them these appendages are lost with age. (xutslus, a swift or swal-

low ; </•">//'/, tail.)

612. C. fnr<:Unx (Mitch.) \\Viulan.l.

llarhfls i', ribbon-like, usually little if any longer than the eye. Eye
large, narrower than the broadly, slightly corn-ax c, interocular space.
Adult nearly plain; young with three broad, black bands across the
belly in front of the \entrals; opereulum and pectorals marbled with
black: lower caudal lobe with three blackish cross bands; posterior
part »>f ventral and lower part of anal black. Yentrals and pectorals
reaching past base of caudal ; ventrals inserted nearer the root of the
caudal than the Miout ; dorsal very high, hi-her than the body, the
longest rays not reaching the caudal. Anal not low. llead 4 in

LOPHOBRANCHII. 381

length, not very short nor very blunt. D. 13; A. 9. Atlantic Ocean;
not very common on our coasts.

(Exoccctus fitrcatus Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. i, 449, 1815 ; Exoccelus furcatus
Gliuther, vi, 286: Exoccctus nuttalli Le Suenr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1821, 10: Ex-
occeiusnuttaUiiGmithei', vi, 286: Exoccetus furcatus Liitken, Vidensk. Moddel. Naturh.
Foren. 1876, 106; Weinl. 1. c.)

613. C. COBBiafMS (Mitch.) Weiularid.

Greenish above, paler below ; ventrals somewhat dusky ; lower edge
of pectorals pale. Body moderately elongate ; head medium ; eye very
large, longer than snout, about 3 in head. Barbel very long, ribbon-
like, reaching in the adult as far as the base of the ventrals ; a small
similar barbel, shorter than the eye, on each side of it at base. Pectoral
fins reaching to last ray of dorsal, the third ray longest, the second split.
Insertion of dorsal nearly midway between ventrals and anal ; veutrals
slightly nearer gill-openings than base of caudal, their tips nearly reach-
ing end of anal, which is smaller than dorsal ; caudal well forked, the
lower lobe longest. Head 4; depth 5§. D. 12; A. 9; Lat. 1.47. L. 8
inches. (Liitken.) Atlantic Ocean; occasional on our coast.

(Exoccctus comatus Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 448: Exoccettis comatus
Giiuther, vi, 286: Exoccctus comatus DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 231 : Exoccctus ap'
pendicuJatus Wood, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1824,283: Exoccetus comatus Liitken,
Vidensk. Meddel. Natur. Foren. 1876, 106, tig. 1.

OEDEB R.— LOPHOBRANCHII.

(The Lopliobranclis.)

Gills tufted, not laminated, composed of small rounded lobes attached
to the gill-arches. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post- tem-
poral. Superior branchihyals and pharyngeals, and basal brauchi-
hyals wanting or not ossified. Mouth very small, bounded above by
the premaxillaries. Post- temporal simple, co -ossified with the cranium ;
basis of the cranium simple. Pectoral fins with elevated bases. Inter-
clavicles well developed. Anterior vertebrae modified, the diapophyses
much expanded. Air-bladder simple, without air-duct. Snout pro-
duced, bearing the small toothless mouth at the end. Gill-covers re-
duced to a large simple plate. Skin with bony plates. Muscular
system little developed. The families mentioned below have neither spi-
nous dorsal, ,nor ventral fins; the Solenostomatidce of the Indian Ocean
have all the fins well developed. (/W</'«<r, crest; /fya^ca, gills.)

(Loplwbranchii Giinther, viii, 150-203.)

382 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. IV.

ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF LOPHOBUANCnil.

a. No spinons dorsal tin ; no ventral fins; gill-openings narrow.

b. Axis of bead in a line with that of the body SYXGXATHID.E, 58.

Ib. Axis of the head forming ail angle with that of the body..HirroCAMPiD.E, 59.

FAMILY LVIIL— SYNGNATHIDJE.

The Pipe- fishes.

Body elongate, very slender, covered with bony plates. Head slender,
its axis continuous with that of the body. Snout long, tube-like, bear-
in- the short toothless jaws at the end. Gill-openings reduced to a
small aperture behind the upper part of the opercle. Tail long, not
prehensile, usually provided with a small caudal fin. Male fishes with
an egg pouch, usually placed on the under side of the tail, sometimes
on the abdomen, and formed of two folds of skin which meet on the
median line. The eggs are received into this pouch and retained until
some time after hatching, when the pouch opens, permitting the young
to escape. Dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays only; pectorals
present, small; ventrals none; anal fin minute, usually present. Genera
10 or more; species 120. Small fishes, found in all warm seas, some-
times entering fresh waters.

(Syngnatlriflw, group SynyiHifhina Giiuther, viii, 153-193.)

a Humeral bones united In-low; caudal fin present; pectoral fina well developed;
dorsal nearly opposite the vent SIPIIOSTOM A, 187.

1S7.-SIPHOSTO3TIA* Rafincsqne.

(Si/tiyiuilJntx of most recent authors.)

*
(Rafinesqiic, Caratteri di alcuui Xuovi Generi, 18, 1*10: type Syngnathus pelagious "L.)

Body elongate, very slender, six or seven angled, not compressed,

tapering into a very long tail; the dorsal keels of the trunk not contin-
uous with those, of the tail. Head slender, tapering into a long tube-
like, sub terete snout, whieh bears the very short, toothless jaws at the
end. Humeral bones (irmly united with the "breast-riim." Body cov-
ered with a series of bony, keeled, radiated plates, arranged in linear
series. Dorsal (in distinel, rather short, opposite the vent, which is
near the middle of the body; caudal (in present, rather small; anal fin

"Tin- genus Si/iiiitinlliiiH of l.iuiia-iis, originally equivalent to the modern order of
I.n]>li<>hi-iiiirliii, was first subdivided by lvaliue>que in I^IO. The name Xiphostoma was
given to N. jirliii/i<-H.i, and its relatives, the St/nijiHithits of late writers, that of Tiphle
i •• \. li/jilih', the Siphonotioma of late writers, while Si/nf/naHius was retained for S.
and its relatives, the group now usually called \irojiltis.

58. SYNGNATHIDyE SIPIIOSTOMA. H83

minute, close behind vent; pectorals developed, short and rather broad.
Male fishes with an egg-pouch along the under side of the tail, formed
by two cutaneous folds, and splitting lengthwise to extrude the young
fishes. Species numerous, inhabiting all warm seas; abounding in bays
among the sea- weeds, and entering the rivers. The species of this
genus are subject to many variations, and their proper discrimination
is very difficult. (^ov, tube; ar6rj.a, mouth.)

a. Breast shields not covered by skin; Idtwer jaw projecting. (Siphostoma.)
b. Atlantic coast species.

614. §, fiascwm (Storer) J. & G. — Common Ptpc-fish.

Olivaceous; sides mottled and blotched as in other species; base of
dorsal with darker spots. Muzzle shorter than the rest of the head.
Occiput usually more or less keeled. Dorsal fin longer than the head,
covering 4 + 5 rings. Distance from snout to dorsal 3 in total length.
Belly in females scarcely carinate. Tail one-third longer than rest of
body. Lateral line and upper caudal edge not continuous. Head 9.
D. 35-40. Rings 18+37. L. 10. Atlantic coast, common northward;
described from specimens from Wood's Holl, Mass.

(Syngnathus fuscus Storer, Kept. Fish. 'Mass. 1838, 102: Siphonostoma fuscum Jor. &
Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1889, 22: Syngnathus peckianus Storer, 1. c. 1G3: Syngnathus
peckianus Guuther, viii, 157: Syngnathus fasciatus and viridcscens DeKay, New York
Fauna, Fish. 319-321: ? Synynathus ajjinis* Gtinther, viii, 1G4; from Louisiana. )

615. S. louisiarare (Giiuthcr) J. & G.

Color of other species; base of dorsal spotted. Muzzle longest in
females, much longer than the rest of the head. Occiput somewhat
keeled. Dorsal fin shorter than the head, on 3+5 rings. Distance
from snout to dorsal 2£ in total length. Belly in females scarcely

*S. affinis (Giinther) J. & G.

"The length of the snout is a little less than that of the remaining part of the head.
Head nearly one-ninth of the total length. A distinct ridge runs along the median
line of the snout and nuchal shields. Supraorbital ridge continued over the temples.
Anterior part of the operculum with a faint ridge. Shields without spines. Tail
longer than body. Caudal pouch half as long as the body. Lateral line interrupted.
Vent below the posterior third of the dorsal, which occupies (J rings, 5 of which are
body-rings. Caudal fin well developed ; anal im rudimentary in the male. Back
with indistinct brown cross-bars; a brown band from the eye along the snout."
Total length 6 inches. Head 10 lines. Trunk If inch. Length to origin of dorsal
fin 2 inches. Louisiana. (G-iinther.)

Another form or species has the body stouter and the color darker, the dorsal in the
females very high, and blackish, with paler spots. Muzzle about equal to the rest of
the head. Occiput somewhat carinated. Dorsal fin shorter than the head, on 3 + 5
rings. Distance from* snout to dorsal 2| in length. Belly in the females with a sharp
black carina. Head 7. D. 30-31. Rings 15 + 33. Saint John's River, Florida.

(Siphonostoma sp. Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 22.)

384 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

eariuated. Tail one-fifth longer than the rest of the body. Lateral
line and upper caudal edge not continuous. Head 7. D. 33-37.
Rings 18 + 33-20 + 38. L. 12 inches. Virginia to Texas; described
from specimens from Beaufort, N. C.

(SyninathnK Junixinnce Giinthcr, viii, 160: SipJionostoma louisiana Jordan, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1— ii, -J-J.)

bb. Pacific coast species.

616. S. califoriiiense (Storer*) Gill.— Big Plpc-fiali.

Olivaceous, varying to brownish red, yellowish below; head and body
variously marbled and speckled with whitish, the markings posteriorly
taking the form of short horizontal grayish streaks, anteriorly often
forming narrow bars; usually a brownish lateral band. Top of head
not carinated. Snout very long, from H to 2 times the length of the
rest of the head, its length proportionately greater in the adult, and
usually greatest in males. Dorsal shorter than head. Lateral line not
continuous with upper edge of tail. Belly not carinated. Opercle with-
out ridge. Dorsal rays 42 (varying from 38 to 44). Rings 20 + 4G
(those behind the vent varying from 40 to 48 in number; 40 to 43 in
var. firificoliin'dtinn ; 4G to 4& iu vax. calif orniense). L. 14 to 18 inches,
much more than in our other species. Pacific coast of United State's,
everywhere common, especially northward.

(Siiii'iiiiitlnix rtirifoniii'iixix Storrr, Proc. Host. S,>r. Nat. Hist, ii, ?:>. 1 <!.">: S;ii/;iii<itJins
califi>nii<-iixixC,m. Proc. Acad. Nat. S.-i. I'liila. L8tt2, 283: Syngnatkus griseolineatus A.yKB,
Pror. Cal. Ac;nl. Nat. Sri. I-.Y1, 14: Sytujtntlhiix </rix«>Hit«iliiti Giintlirr, vii, It'id: .s';/;i//""-
tliiixdbbolti Ciranl, I'. S. Par. K. R. Surv. Fish. UIG: Synymtthmi cuHfoniicnxi* (iiranl,
I'. S. Par. K. |{. Surv. Fis],.

617. S. Ipptorliyiichust ((Jiranl) .T. & G.

Yellowish brown or blackish, spotted or vermic.ulated. lleail raised
above, but usually not earinated. Snout lA-T,' times the length of the
rest Of the head. D. 30-35. Kings 17 + 37-13. L. ID inches. Other-

*Aimtlirr t'"Mii nr .s|i.-rirs. iirriirriiiLC at M(Hiirrr\ ami Santa P,arl)ara. a^n'fs with
tin- pivrrdiii'; in si/r, mlor, plalrs, fin-rays. iV<-.. Imt ilill'rrs in liavin^ tlir snout sliort.
not longer than I In- iv-t of tin- li.-ail. Tlir ryrs aiv ra! !n-r >nia llrr i lian in N. <;ilij'or-
iiii-nxi; and llir Urcls an- prrliaps Irss sharp.

t Anoi II.T roinnion lorin. \\ hirh is prohalily a varial ion of this sprrirs, is —
,s'. itiiiiiiliittiiin (Jill.

Similar to N. /, j^nrlii/ix-lui*, hut with Ihr snout very short, sraivrlx as Ion;' as tho
rest Of the h.-ail. lh.nl slightly .-ivslr.l ahovr. I >. -0; rin^s 1.") + Urf. L. 8 inches.
Coast of California, rhirll\ south <>f Point Conrrprion.

(Syngnathiu brerirottrh QtiTHtd, 1'ror. Ara«l. N'at. s.-i. Phila. l-T.l, ir.d (name prooc-
rnpinl): Sunf/miUnt'i tlimiitiniit* (Jill, I'roc. Ara«l. N'at. Sri. Phila. 1^(W, 284: Syngnathus
(Jiinthor, viii, 05.)

59. HIPPOCAMPUS. 3a5

wise essentially as in S. californicnse. Nuchal plates somewhat keeled
iu var. leptorliynelius ; not keeled iu var. arundinaceum. Coast of Cali-
fornia, chiefly south of Point Coucepcion : abundant.

(Syngnathns le.ptorliynclms Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 15(> : Syngnathns
leptorhtinchus Girard, U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. Fish. 340: Syngnathus Jcptorhynchux Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 284: Syngnathm arundinaccus Girard & Gill, 11. cc.,)

aa. Breast shields covered by loose sldu ; lower jaw iuclnded. (Dcrmalostetlnis* Gill.)

61§. S. pnnctipinne (Gill) J. & G.

Brown; dorsal fin speckled. Body comparatively robust Snout
moderate, a little longer than the rest of the head. Eye large. Occiput
with a raised keel ; joint between the occiput and the first dorsal shield
more perfect than usual, so that the head can be placed at an angle with

I

the body. Greatest depth about equal to length of post-orbital part of
head. Skin on breast and anterior ventral plates thin, showing the
striation of the bones. Tail twice as long as trunk. Head 8 ; D. 41 ;
rings 19+39. L. 12. Sail Diego, Cal. Only the original types known.

(Dermatostethtis punctipinnis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1802, 283.)

FAMILY LIX.— HIPPOCAMPUS.

(The 8ea Horses.)

Syngnathoid fishes destitute of caudal and ventral fins, and with the
tail prehensile. Form of the body and head singular; in the typical
genera the body is compressed, and the head, which is placed nearly
at right angles with the axis of the body, is surmounted by a bony
crest. These little fishes have thus a remarkably horse-like physiog-
nomy, like that of the conventional "knight" at chess. Mouth very
small, terminal. Dorsal fin median, of soft rays only; anal fin minute;:
pectoral short, with a broad base. Gill-openings very small. Egg-pouch
of the male usually at the base of the tail. Genera about 4 ; species
about 30, most of them belonging to Hippocampus. Fishes of the open
seas of warm regions. They attach themselves by their tails to sea-
weed and other floating substances, and are often carried to great dis-
tances by currents.

(SyngnathidcB, group Hippocampina Giiutlier, viii, 194-206.)

a Body compressed ; occiput witli a narrow bony crest, which is surmounted by a
' ' coronet " ; shields with tubercles or spines HIPPOCAMPUS, 188.

* Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 283: type Dermatostethiis punctipinnia GilL
(dsp/Lia, skin; 6r£(io?, breast.)

Bull. Nat. Mus.

386 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

t
!§§.— HIPPOCAMPUS Rafiuesque."

Sea Horses.

(K:itint-si|iir, Imlirr il'Itt iolo^ia Siciliana, 1810, 37: typo Syngnathus hippocampus L. =
HipptH-timpiia hcptagonus Raf. )

Body strongly compressed, the belly gibbous, tapering abruptly to
a long, quadrangular, prehensile tail. Head with a distinct curved
neck, placed nearly at a right angle with the direction of the body,
surmounted by a compressed occipital crest, on the top of which is an
angular, star-shaped coronet; top and sides of the head with spines.
Body and tail covered with bony plates, forming rings, those on the
body each with 6 spines or tubercles, those of the tail with 4. Pectoral
fins present; anal minute, usually present; dorsal fin moderate, opposite
the vent. Egg-pouch in the male a sac at the base of the tail, termi-
nating near the vent. Species numerous, in all warm seas, (^--wxa/^-oc,
the ancient name, from terro?, horse; *a,u-<>?, a wriggling sea-monster, or
a caterpillar.)

619. H. liepfagomis Raf.— Sea Horse.

Yellowish brown ; eyes and cheeks with radiating wavy lines of light
brown ; snout with a narrow white cross-baud near its middle (fide
Goode) ; sides with a few small pale spots ; dorsal dusky above. Tuber-
cles of body and tail prominent, slightly recurved, usually provided
with slender filaments, the tubercles of each alternate or each third ring
on the back usually larger than the others. Occipital crest very high,
with 5 tubercles, the anterior with long filaments. Snout as long as the
opercle, which is marked with radiating striae. I). 18; P. 18; A. 4.
Kings 11 + 36. L. 5 inches. Warmer parts of the Atlantic ; north to
England and Newfoundland ; rather rare on our coast. Very abundant
in the Mediterranean. European examples examined by us are pro-
fusely spotted, the, snout plain; ours is possibly a different species.

(Synfintitliux lii/>/ii>ciinipiix L. Syst. N:it. ; IJalinrsquc1, 1. c. 37 : HippOCampVS atiliquonnr.

Zonl. Mi>c. l-ll, i(i-i: Hippocampus antiquorum Qtinther, viii, ','nn; Hippooamptu

niin (iooclr, I'roc. U.S. Nat. Mns. I-?.-1, .!.">: IHi>/H>cm>ipiix l>ri-ri,-<>xtrin Cnvirr,
riiiii- Aniin. : Hippocampus kudeoniut IVKay, N. V. Fauna, Fishr.s, :',-J-_» : llipitocampun

iii* Slorcr. Hist. I'i^h. Mass. 410: f JIii>jnicainpiin In i •innidattiti Guutlicr, viii, 'J
•• tail u-illi..iit

62O. II. iei^c'iis ' .i'!.

Chestnut lirown, mottled with dnrker, and dotted with wliite. Body
rather slender, its depth about equal to the distance from snout to pos-

= nippoc'Ji»pu8 LCIK-II. Xool. Misc. 1H14, 103.

60. CENTRISCIDJE. 387

terior margin of orbit; tail longer than bead and body together; snout
rather shorter than opercle ; supraorbital spine nearly half diameter of
eye; coronet well developed, with five spines. D. 19; A. 4. Rings 10
-4- 38. San Diego, Cal., and southward ; reaching a length of nearly a
foot.

(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, Irt58, 342.)

ORDER S.— HEMIBRANCHII.

(The Hcmibranolis.}

Superior branchihyal and pharyngeal bones reduced in number; in-
ferior pharyngeals separated. Ventral fins abdominal or subabdominal.
Mouth bounded above by premaxillaries only ; interclavicles developed.
No pneumatic duct to the air-bladder. (Cope.} There are also several
striking peculiarities in the structure of the shoulder girdle and the skull,
by which these fishes differ from the Acanthopteri, with which group un-
der one name or another they have usually been combined, (^//.j, half;

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF HEMIBRAXCHII.

* Bones of head produced into a long tube, which bears the short jaws at its end.
a. Body short, compressed, scaly ; no teeth ; spinons dorsal present.

CENTRISCID^E, GO.
aa. Body elongate ; teeth present.
l>. Dorsal spines none ; a long caudal filament ; no scales ..... FISTULARIID.E, 61.

6&. Dorsal spines present, disconnected ; no caudal filament.
c. Body covered with ctenoid scales ............ , ....... AULOSTOMATID.E, 62.

cc. Body scaleless, with bony shields ................... AULOKHYNCIIID/E, Q>.}.

** Bones of head moderately produced ; veutralsl, 1 ; dorsal preceded by free spines;
body scaleless, naked or mailed ........................ GASTEROSTEID^E, 64.

FAMILY LX.— CENTRISCID^.

(The Snipe-fislics.}

Body compressed, oblong or elevated, covered with small rough scales;
no lateral line ; some bony strips on the side of the back and on the
margin of the thorax and abdomen, the former someti ines confluent into
a shield. Bones of the skull much prolonged anteriorly, forming a long
tube which bears the short jaws at the end ; no teeth. Gill-openings
wide ; branchiostegals 4. Two dorsal fins, the first of 4 to 7 spines, the
second of which is very long and strong ; soft dorsal and anal moderate ;
ventral fins small, abdominal, of 5 soft rays ; pectorals short ; caudal fin
emarginate, its middle rays not produced. Air-bladder large ; pseudo-

388 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV

hranchia- present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. !N"o pyloric e(vca;
intestinal canal short. A single genus of three or more species, chiefly
of the < 'Id \Yorld, one of them straying to America.
(Ct-ntrisi-'uhi nan, ^cims L'cntrtscns Giinthcr, iii, 51f<-5'J4.)

189.-CENTRHSCUS Liuna-u>.

Snipe-fishes.

(Linna-us Syst. Nat. 1753 : type Centriscus acolopax L.)
The characters of the genus are included above. (x^r^Vxo-, an

ancient name of some spinous fish; from X^J/T/^, a spine.)

6*21. C. scoloj>;ix Linn. — Snipe-fish, ;. Trumpet-fish ; Bijlows-fwh.

Kose red or reddish olive above, silvery on the sides and belly. Body
strongly compressed and somewhat elevated, covered with small striated
scales, each stria terminating in a rather strong spine; second dorsal
spine very strong, serrated posteriorly, its length about i total length
of fish; snout several times longer than the rest of the head. Head L'-l
in length ; depth .'».} to 4. J). V-12 ; A. 20. Mediterranean Sea; occa-
sional northward ; accidental on our coast.

i l.inn. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, iii, 518.)

FAMILY LXL— FISTULARIID^.

(The Trumpct-Jisltcs.)

Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep. Xo
scales. Bony plates present on various parts of the body. Jlead
very long, the anterior bones of the skull much produced, forming a
long tube, which terminates in the narrow month; both jaws, and
usually the vomer and palatines also, with minute teeth ; membrane
uniting the bones of the tube below, very lax, so that the tube is eapa
ble of much dilation. Branchiostegals 5-7; gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth, dill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers rb-
solete. I'seiidobranchia1 present. Air-bladder large. Spinons dorsal tin
ent ireh ab.M-nt : soft dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal tin
opposite it and similar; caudal tin forked, the middle rays produced
into a long lilament : pectorals small, \\ilh a broad base, preceded by a
smooth area as in (innti -mull i<l«- ; ventral tins very small, wide apart,
abdominal, far in advance of the dorsal, composed of G soft rays. Py-
loric cii-ca few; intestines short. Vertebra- very numerous (4 + 4!> + 33).
Fishes of the tropical seas, related to the Sticklebacks in structure, but

61. FISTULARIID^: FISTULARIA. 389

with prolonged snout aud different ventral fins. A single genus, Fistu-
la ria, with two or more species.

(Fistularidce, part, genus Fistularia Giinther, iii, 529-535.)

19O.— FISTULARIA Linuanis.

Trumpet-fishes.
(Liuureus, Syst. Nat. 1758: type Fistularia talaccaria L. )

Characters of the genus included above. The bony shields, charac-
teristic of this genus, are thus enumerated by Dr. Giinther:

" 1. A narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the
skull (conflmut neural spines).

"2. The pair of broader lateral dorsal shields are peculiar bones,
separated processes of the occipital bone — similar to those we have
observed in Mugil, where, however, they are not separated from the
occipital, and arise more outwardly than in Fistularia. These shields
are the longest, provided anteriorly with a ridge, which is prolonged
and extends far backwards between the muscles of the back. This
ridge is flexible, and does uot interfere with the lateral movements of
the fish; it appears to serve as a base for the attachment of muscular
fibres.

"3. The narrow shield on the side is the coracoid, and composed of
two bones, the posterior of which is somewhat dilated and fixed to the
lateral dorsal shields.

"4. The ventral shields are the pubic bones; their posterior half is
broadest, porous inferiority ; they are narrower before the middle, leav-
ing a free lanceolate spase between them, and are again a little widened
anteriorly, where they join the humerus and urohyal." (Giinther, iii,
532.) (Latin, fistula, a tube or pipe.)

a. Skiu covered with dermal ossifications.

635} — F. taE>uccaria Linn. — Trumpet-fish.

Eeddish brown above, variegated with numerous blue spots on the
sides and back. Mouth slightly oblique, lower jaw the longer, over-
lapping the upper; snout much prolonged, tapering but little forward;
its edges with fine serrations or none. Margin of orbit with sharp com-
pressed points in front and behind. Mandible about 4 in snout; snout
3f in length of body. Head 2|. D. 14; A. 13. Warm seas; occa-
sional on our South Atlantic coast.

(Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, iii, 529.)

390 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

an. Skin smooth, without dermal ossifications.

O2 3. F. scrrala CUVUT.

( i ravish ; sometimes with a series of blue spots along the back or sides;
head siivery below. Form much as iu the preceding, but head and body
broader and more depressed; edges of snout more distinctly serrated,
it foramen in the axil of pectoral. Snout 3£ in length. Head 2§. D.
14; A. 13. "Warm seas; rare northward ; perhaps the same as the pre-
ceding.
(Cuvier, Etgne Anira. 1817; Guntlicr, iii. 5153.)

FAMILY LXIL— AULOSTOMATID^E.

(The Flute-mouths.)

Body compressed, elongate, covered with small ctenoid scales. Lat-
eral line continuous. Head long; mouth small, at the end of a long,
compressed tube. Lower jaw prominent, with a barbel at the symphy-
sis. Premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, triangular,
with a supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in bands, on lower jaw and
vomer. Branchiostegals 4. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudo-
branchiae well developed. Gill-rakers obsolete. Gill-membranes sepa-
rate, free from the isthmus. Air-bladder large. Spinous dorsal pres-
ent, of 8-12 very slender free spines. Soft dorsal and anal rather long,
similar, posterior. Caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays longest, but
not produced into a filament. Ventrals abdominal, of six rays, all articu-
lated. Pectorals broad, rounded, the space in front of them scaly. Two
pyloric co3ca. A single genus, with two species, found in tropical seas.
(Fistularidw pt. genus AuJostona Giintlu-r, iii, r>'.Jr>-.r>'JS. )

191.— AULOSTOUIA Lar(>\le.
(Lan-|i. -de. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, l!.">7, l^n:?: typo Fistnlariit diincnsis L.)

Characters of the genus included above. («u/«r, tube; ern^a, mouth.)

<iv» !. A. inni'BiDntBBKi \".-il.

Olivaceous, with one or two series of brown or blue dots along each
side of the bade; another irregular series from the preoperculum along
cadi side of the belly to the anal tin; three, or four silvery lines on each
Mile of abdomen, replaced on the head by irregular oblique streaks;
anterior part of dorsal and anal with a hori/onlal black streak; caudal
Jin usually with two round black spots ; ventral tins plain. 1). X -!'•"> ;
A. LV>; V. 0. (fiiinfhrr.) Cai-il)l»ean Sea, north to Southern Florida;
probably identical with .1. cliiiu'inc.

(Valfiic. inCiiv. IJi-^iii- .\:iiin:il, l~17: Aulaetomaooloratum MiLllcr &Troscb. Scbouib.
Hist. Karbail. 1-I-, 'uJ: .litl<nt<nnn <-»loratum Giinthor, iii, 5:5!!.)

63. AULOEHYNCHIDJE - AULORHYNCHUS. 391

FAMILY LXIIL-AULORHYNCHID.E.

Body elongate, nearly cylindrical, with a very slender, depressed cau-
dal peduncle. Skin naked, with a few series of partly concealed plates.
Mouth terminal, small, at the end of a tube which is about as long as
the rest of the head; teeth very small ; brauchiostegals 4. Gill-mem-
branes slightly connected, free from the isthmus. Dorsal fin with many
small, low, free spines, each of which is depressible in a groove ; soft
dorsal short, elevated in front ; anal similar to the second dorsal, pre-
ceded by a single spine ; caudal fin small, forked. An oblong, naked
area in front of the pectorals. Ventral s thoracic, but inserted some-
what behind pectorals, I, 4, or I, 5. Genns 1; species 2. Small fishes
of the North Pacific, intermediate between the Sticklebacks and the
Trumpet-fishes.

(Aulorlujticlddce Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1832, 233.)
a. Skin of head naked ; veutrals 1, 5 ; pectoral fins euiargiiiate.. .AuLORHYXCiius, 192.

193.— AULORHYNCHUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 109 : type Anlorhynchus flavidus Gill.)

Body very long and slender, almost cylindrical; caudal peduncle
elongate, tapering, much depressed, especially posteriorly. Skin naked,
with a series of small, rugose shields, one on each side of the lateral line,
one on each side of the dorsal fin, and a double row on the lower edge
of caudal peduncle. Lateral line present. Head not mailed. Mouth
small, horizontal, at the end of a tube which is slightly longer than
the rest of the head. Premaxillary bones much expanded, with long
and slender processes; lower jaw projecting, with a flap at symphysis.
Teeth in the jaws rather sharp, almost in one series; palate tooth-
less. Dorsal spines numerous, entirely separate, equal and very short,
the first inserted above the pectorals. Dorsal and anal fins posterior,
nearly equal, oblong, elevated in front; caudal fin small, einargiuate;
pectoral fins emargiuate, the upper and lower rays longest; ventrals
not much behind pectorals, each with 1 spine and (4) 5 rays.
a tube; /5f^«?, snout.)

a. Lateral shields imbedded, not spinous. (Aulorhynchus.)

625. A. flavidus Gill.

Tawny, with about 20 darker cross blotches on the back ; minutely
puuctulate above ; opercula and ante-pectoral region with bright golden
or coppery lustre, bordered above by a blackish band. Gill rakers sleu-

392 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

der. Dnrs;il spines minute, much shorter tlian pupil. Caudal peduncle
longer than head. Head 4; depth 10. D. XXY-9; A. I, 9; V. I, 5.
Pacific coast, from Monterey northward; not rare.

(<;ill. I'nir. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. iN'd, Hill: Aullncops spinescens Peters, Berlin Mo-
natsheriehr, Is;;!; Steind. Ichthyol. Bt-itr. v, 153.)

FAMILY LXIV.— GASTEROSTEIDvE.

(The SticMebacks.)

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, tapering behind to a slender
caudal peduncle. Head rather loag, tlic anterior part not produced into
a tube. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower jaw promi-
nent. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow band in each jaw ; no teeth on
vomer or palatines. Premaxillaries protractile. Preorbital rather
broad; stiborbital plate large, often covering the anterior part of the
cheeks, forming a connection with the prcopercle. Branchiostegals 3.
Gill-membranes broadly joined, free from the isthmus, or not ; gill- rakers
moderate or rather long. Opercles unarmed. Skin naked or with ver-
tically oblong bony plates ; no true scales. Dorsal tin preceded by two
or more free spines; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a single spine;
ventral fins subabdominal, consisting of a stout spine and a rudimentary
ray. Middle or sides of belly shielded by the innominate hones. Pec-
torals short, unusually far behind the gill-openings, preceded by a
quadrate naked area, which is covered with shining skin. Caudal fin
narrow, usually lunate. Air-bladder simple ; a few pylorie en-ca. Gen-
era 3, GVf.s/m>.s7iw, Apcltcx, and Sjnnnchiit. Species about -0. Small
fishes inhabiting the fresh waters and arms of the sea in Northern
Kuropeand America; noted lor their pugnacity. They are exceedingly
destructive to the spawn and fry of larger fishes

" It is scarcely to l>e conceived what damage these lit t le fishes do, and
how greatly detrimental they are to the increase of all the fishes among
which they live, lor it is with the utmost industry, sagacity, and greedi-
ne>s that they seek out and destroy all the young fry that come their
wax." • ti'iiiiUirr.) Most of the Sticklebacks build elaborate nests which
the male fish defends with much spirit.

( ( luxtt -mxtfiild <;ii nt IHT, i, 1-7.)

n. Innominate hours joined, Coiinin^ a triangular or lanceolate |>l;Ue on the median

line i»f t lie ahllomell ........................................ <;.\M IKiiM l.fS, 111.5.

He'. Innominate hones widely separated, forming a hony rid^e on eaeli i-.ide, hel \veen
\\hieh are I he ventral I'M is ........................................ AIM a. us, I'.M.

64. GASTEROSTEID^E GASTEROSTEUS. 393

\

193.— GASTEROSTEUS Linnaeus.

Sticklebacks.

(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. x, 1758: type Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)

Sticklebacks with the iuuomiuate bones coalesceut on the median line
of the belly, behind and between the ventral fins, forming a triangular
or lanceolate plate. Tail slender, keeled or not. Skin naked or variously
covered with bony plates. Dorsal spines 2-10 in number, variously de-
veloped. Species numerous. Fresh waters and shores of all northern
regions, (jaar^p^ belly; da-iov, bone.)

The group may be divided into the following sections, which are
perhaps of generic value :

a. Gill-membranes posteriori}' free from the isthmus.

b. Dorsal spines 7-11, divergent ( Pygosteus Brevoort) pitngitivs.

bb. Dorsal spines 5, in a right Hue (Euculia Jordan) incoaistans.

aa. Gill-inembrauesuot free from the isthmus ; body more or less mailed ( Gasterositus).

microccphalus, biaculealus, atkiusi, aculeatus.

a. Gill-membranes posteriorly free from the isthmus.
b. Dorsal spines 7-11, divergent (Pygosteus* Brevoort).

626. O. pungitius L. — Nine-spined Stickleback.

Olivaceous above, profusely punctulate, irregularly barred with darker,
silvery below. Body very slender, somewhat compressed, tapering into
the very long and slender caudal peduncle, which is much depressed and
strongly keeled, broader than deep. No dermal bony plates ; skeletal
plates not all covered by skin. Post-pectoral plate well developed,
striated. Head shortish, the snout rather blunt. Thoracic processes
well developed, widely divergent, forming a U-shaped figure Dorsal
spines moderate, the anterior diverging to the right or left at various
angles, the posterior more nearly erect. Anal spine large, larger than
the dorsal spines. Innominate bone feeble, lanceolate, not carinated,
its edges raised. Ventral spines moderate, serrulate, their length more
than one-third that of the head. Gill-rakers long and slender; gill-
membranes free from the isthmus posteriorly. Head 4; depth 5-G.
D. IX, I, 9 ; A. I, 8. L. 3 inches. Northern parts of Europe, Atlantic
coasts of America, Great Lakes, and northward; a widely distributed
species, found in both fresh and salt water.

(Linniens, Syst. Nat.; Guuther, i, 6: Gasterosteus occidtntalis Cuvier & Valenciennes,
iv, 509 : Gasterosteus dckayi Agassiz, Lake Superior, 311 (Massachusetts) : Gasterosteus

* Brevoort, MSS. Gill, Canadian Naturalist, August, 18H5: type Gasterosteus occiden-
taliti C. & V. = Gasterosteus punyitiux L. (nvyi/, rump; o6cEov, bone.)

394 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

HI /',-.• /«.v«i Ajrassi/, Lake Superior, lw.".i'. :in>: Gasierosteua oonrinntu Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer. Fishes, 57 (Saskatchewan Eivor and Great Bear Lake; I>. VII-I, 9; A.I, 8):
(idxIrrotti-iiH i.iuini'iixix Siorer, Boat. Juurn. Nat. Hist, i, 404 (Maine; D. VII-I, 9; A.
l.-i. Tli" (\\i» last perhaps represent a disUnot subspecies, distinguished l>\ the

Jil'esenee of? tVce dorsal .spines.)

Suits. bfucliypoda Bean.

Similar to puuyitiiis, but the ventral spines very short, their length
a little less than one-third that of the bead. D. X-I, 10; A. I, 10.

Ballhfs Bay to Alaska; abundant.

(Bean. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xv, 129, 1879.)
bb. Dorsal spines ahout .">, in a right line (Eucalia* Jordan).

6"27. G. iEBCOlBSlaaas Kirt. — Drool: Stickh-bttrl:.

Males in spring jet black, tinged with red anteriorly; females and
young olivaceous, mottled, and dotted with black. Body moderately
elongate, little compressed, the caudal peduncle comparatively stout,
not keeled. Skin smooth, entirely destitute of dermal plates, the skele-
tal plates covered by it. Innominate bone small, lanceolate, covered by
the skin. Space in front of pectorals small ; thoracic processes very
slender and widely separated, covered by skin. Gill-membranes some-
what free posteriorly; gill-rakers short. Dorsal spines four or live, low,
subequal, in a right line, a cartilaginous ridge running along the base of
the flu; anal spine similar to dorsal spines; ventral spines short and
sharp, serrated. Head 3i; depth 4. D. IV-1, 10; A. 1. 10. L. 2i inches.
New York to Kansas and Greenland, in fresh waters only; abundant
in the Great Lake region.

(Kirthind, Bo.st. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 273, 1841: (latitcmxli'iin micrnjniK Cope, 1'nte.

Aead. \.-it. Sri. 1'hila. l^tl."), si: Kucidin iin-oimtium .Ionian, 1'ioe. Aead. Nat . Sei. Phila.
1-77. C)."i: dnxtiTitxtfux pi/i/niiri/s Agassi/., Lake Snjierior, I-.~U, :5M, from Lake Superior ;
this is perhaps a distinct species, dill'ering in the small nnmher of lin-rays : 1). Ill, 1,
i'>: A. I, (>. l-'.iu'nlin iiii-nnntiuix var. c(ii/n//a .lordan, Man. \'ert. ;.-"('>, 'J-l'.' : specimens
from Cayii.ua Lake, N. Y., with compressed and elevated liody, sh'iiderer tail, and
higher .spines : .' dKsti-i-axti K.V u-ill:<iiiimiin\ (iirard, I'. S. ]';lc. R. I{. Kxp. and Snrv. x,i>4.)

aa. Gill-niemliranes not t'n c iVmn the isthmus ; hody more or less mailed. (Haxti /•(»•,•-

t> itn. )
c. Tail naked, nut keeled. J

• .Ionian. Man. Vert. K. I ". S. 1-7C,, J l~ : t \ pe l.,i^t,r«nttns iiironxlniin Kirthind. (sv,
well ; •-. • I ... ii'-st.)

t < »li\ aei'nii.-. In-own, darker al-i>\ <• ; sides spot ted with Mack : lielly yellowish ; head
I', in length; de]ith f> in total length; e\ e i'.l in l.-nuth nf head ; tipoflirst dorsal

f>pim-not reaching the base of the second. 1>. III-I, n>: A. 1,7. ((;i>-< ni.} Williain-

hon's I'ass, ( 'alifornia. This form may ditler from (!. inronstnnN in the .smaller nnmlier
of dorsal spines.

•-, \eral rei-enl writer> ha\e indicated their lielief that the naked tailed tdickle-
hacks an' simple varieties of the ordinary species. This may he true, hut we hi'vo
not yet uiet with distinctly intermi'iliate (onus, cither on the Atlantic or 1'acilic coast.

64. GASTERO^TEID^: - GASTEROSTEUS. 395

628. G. lauBCD'OcepZaaltis Girard.

Olivaceous, silvery below; skin thickly punetulate; males blackish in
spring, with coppery or golden lustre. Body short, deep, moderately
compressed. Caudal peduncle rather deep and compressed. Posterior
part of body unarmed. Processes from shoulder-girdle below widely
diverging, leaving a triangular area on the breast; naked area in front
of pectorals small. Ventral spines serrate, without distinct basal cusp.
Spines of soft dorsal and anal small. Innominate bone lanceolate, twice
as long as broad. Dorsal spines attached to bony plates, as in G. acu-
Icatus. Head 3; depth 3§. D. H-1, 11; A. I, 8. Lateral plates, 4 to 6.
Pacific coast of the United States, ascending streams, abundant south-
ward.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1854, 133 : Gastcrostens plcbeins and inopinatus
Girard, 1. c. 147: Gasterosteus pugelti, Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 92.)

629. G, foiaciaEeaftass Shaw.

Closely related to the preceding, but rather larger; the innominate
bone triangular, two-thirds as broad as long. Ventral spine with a
distinct basal cusp on its outer edge. D. II-I, 12 ; A. I, 9. Northern
Europe and United States from Cape Cod northward. Considered by

most European writers as a variety of G. aculeatus.

(Shaw, Gen.Zool.iv, 60S, 1805; Giiuther, i,f>: Gasterosteus gymnurus Cuvier, Regue
Auim. : Gasterosteus Innrus Cuv. et Val. iv, 481: Gasterosteus cuvieri Girard, Bost. Jonrn.
Nat. Hist, vi, 254 ; Gasterosteus aculeatus trachurus Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex lust. 1879,
.r>: Gasterosteus ivhcatlandi Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst. 18G7, 4.)

art. Tail keeled, armed with plates.

630. G. atBcinsifi Beau.

Keddish, silvery below and with dark bands across the body. Body
slender, as in G. pungitius. Lateral plates 15 in number, the posterior
very thin, covered by skin. Tail keeled. Ventral spines long, nearly
or quite reaching the vent ; dorsal spines in a straight line. Head 3^
in length; depth 5. D. II-I, 11; A. I, 8. (Bean.) Schoodic Lakes,
Maine.

(Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 67.)

631. G. aculcaleis L. — Common Stickleback; Bnr»stickle.

Dark greenish above; sides silvery, or yellow; membranes of ventrals
often red. Head rather long. Caudal peduncle very slender, covered
with plates similar to thos;; on the body, and provided with a conspicu-
ous keel. Processes from shoulder girdle below, covering most of the
breast, leaving a narrow n*ked area between them. Opercle finely stri-
ate. Large rugose bony plates on each side of base of dorsal spines,
the latter joined to them by a hinge and capable of being firmly set, like

396 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY -- IV.

the spines of cat-fisli. Naked area in front of pectorals large. Pelvic
bone lanceolate. Ventral spine with a basal cusp. Spines all serrate,
those of anal ami soft dorsal small. Head 3i; depth -U. D. II-I, 13;
A. I, 9. Lateral plates 33. L. 4 inches. North Atlantic; very abund-
ant on both coasts.

(Linn. Syst. Nat. (ninthcr, i, 1: fiaNicroxtciix nmeboraociUW Cuv. A- Val. iv, 5iK>: Gas-
terosti'iix liiticulcdtiix .Storcr, Hist. Fish. Mass. -10; QiuteroBteus bia&deahu <-t norrhiH-iuvnsis
DoKay, New York Fauna, Fish. <>5, (;:i: (ianteroxtent niijer Cuv. & Val. iv, 504 ; Gtm-
ti n>i!riix Irni-hiirnn Cuv. & Val. iv, 4*1: Gastcrontcuy bispi nouns Walbamn. Aru-di Pise.
179J, 450, the- it'.doMt American name.)

Subsp. catapfaraCtllS (Pallas) J. & G. — Salmon-killer; Stickleback.

Extremely similar, but more robust, the body and head a little shorter
and deeper. Caudal keel very strong. San Francisco to Alaska and
Kamtschatka; very abundant northward.

(OasterdoanthuB cataphraotus Pallas, Mom. Acad. Pctersb. iii, 3*25, 1811: GastcrosteitH
obolarlns Cuv. & Val. iv, 500: Gantcronteus scrratiix Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sri.
Iti55, 47: GautcroateiiN iiiltniteiiiim Cirard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. LS'.'i, i:;5: ti<tntir-
oatcus iiwiiljitux Rich. Last Arctic Voyage.)

194.— APELTES DeKay.

(DeKay, Now York Fanua, Fish. 1842, 67, nomcn miditm: typo Gasterosteus quadroons
Mitch.)

Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the back elevated
at the beginning of the soft dorsal iiu, thence declining in nearly a
straight line to the tip of the snout. Tail very slender, not keeled.
No bony dermal plates; the skin naked. Innominate bones not joined
on the median line but separated, forming a bony ridge on each side of
the abdomen, below which the strong ventral spines are denressible.
Chest mostly bony; bare area in front of pectorals small, but distinct
dill rakers rather short. Gill-membranes attached to the isthmus,
without free edge. Free dorsal spines 3, strong, the first the longest,
directed to one side; the next two directed toward the other side at
ditlerent angles; attached spine of dorsal and anal well developed : a
bony ridge on each side of the spiuous dorsal. («, privative; -c'Arij,
shield.)

<;:5v». A. q:!;i<lr:i4>iis ( Mitch.) Hrrvnnrt.

Brownish olive above, mottled with darker; silvery below; male,
almost black: ventrals with the membrane red in spring. Head t in
length; depth 1. Caudal peduncle very long and slender, about ."> in
length. I). Ill— I, 11; A. I, S. L. 1 A to iM inches. Atlantic coa.st of
the Tinted States; very abundant northward.

(<;ii:<ti-ni:<trim iiiiti'lwitx Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. S;>r. i, 4:5(1, 1815: Gastcrostcits
apclttx Cuv. (V Val. iv, 505; GuyleroaU-un quadraeax (iiintlu-r, i, 7.)

ACANTHOPTERI. 397

T.— ACANTHOPTKRI.

(The Spiny-rayed Fishes.}

Cranium normal, symmetrical ; the maxillary bone distinct from the
premaxillary, which forms the border of the mouth. Bones of the
mandible distinct. Gills normal, laminated, rarely reticulated. Gill-
openings in advance of the pectorals. Opercular apparatus complete.
Basal bones of pectorals not enlarged. Pharyngeals well developed,
the third superior pharyngeal usually largest. Lower pharyngeals
separate or united. Ventral firs variously placed, often wanting, nor-
mally thoracic and six-rayed, the first ray spiuous. Anterior rays of
dorsal and anal normally developed as spines, but often soft and artic-
ulate. Air-bladder, if present, without pneumatic duct. The most ex-
tensive of the orders of fishes, comprising a great variety of forms.

spine; -re/>«v, fiu.)

(Acanthopterygii, PkaryngognatM, and Anacantlrini Giiuthcr, i, ii, iii, iv, exclusive of
various families. Orders Pcrcesocis, Fcrcomorphi, and Pharyngognatki Cope, Trails.
Amer. Phil. Soc. 1870, 456.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF ACANTHOPTERI.

A. Ventral lins abdominal; dorsals two, well separated. (Percesoces.)

B. Dentition strong; vertebra; 24 ............................... SPHYR^ENID^E, 67.

BB. Dentition feeble; vertebrae more than 24 ; carnivorous ....... ATIIERIXID^E, 68.

BBB. Dentition feeble ; vertebra? 24 ; limnophagous ................ MUGILID.E, 65.

AA. Ventral tins, if present, thoracic or jugular.
C. Ventral region without sucking-disk.
D. Suborbital without bony stay.

E. Ventral fins present, the rays in normal number,* I, 5.

F. Lower pharyugeal bones separate (except in certain Stianridas); gills 4,

a slit behind the last.
G. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus.

H. Spinous dorsal transformed into a lamellated sucking-disk, situated

on the top of the head.

ECHENEIDID^E, 70.

HH. Spiuous dorsal not transformed into a sucking-disk.
I. Scales small or obsolete, mostly cycloid; spiuous dorsal compar-

atively little developed; caudal
peduncle slender, t the fin widely
forked. t (Scombriform fishes.)
K. Vertebrae more than 24 or 25; no free anal spiius.

L. Spiuous dorsal represented by free spines; caudal not forked;

body elongate, fusiform.

ELACATID^E, 71.

* Except in certain Stromatciclcv, Acanthurlda', and Icosteidoa.
t Except in Pomatomidce, Elacatida;, aud some Stromatcidcc.

398 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

LL. Spinons dorsal -well develop < d. depressible in a groove
— Scales minute or wanting ; premaxillaries uon-pro-.

tractile SCOMHUI I >.!•:. 7-1.

Scales of moderate si/e; premaxillaries protrae-

tile NOMKID.E, 70 (&)•

LLL. Spinous dorsal little developed, or not distinguishable

from the soft parts; no tinlets.

M. (Esophagus without tooth-like process. CoKYi-ii.KXin.K, 79.
MM. (Esophagus with tooth-like process. -. STROMATEIDJE, 77.
KK. Vertebrae 25 (24-2(5); two free anal spines (sometimes obso-
lete).
N. Scales minute or obsolete, cycloid; tail widely forked.

CARAXGIDJE, 7f>.
NN. Scales small, weakly ctenoid; tail little forked.

POMATOMID.T:, 70.
II. Scales well developed, mostly ctenoid;* caudal peduncle not

especially slender.

O. Pectoral with the lower rays detached and filiform;

two short, separated dorsal tins;
head with muciferous system well
developed.

POLYNEMID.E, 68.
OO. Pectoral fin entire.
P. Throat with two barbels ; dorsals two; scales large.

MULLID^E, 90.
PP. Throat without barbels.

Q. Skull cavernous; anal spines 1 or 2; lateral line
extending on the caudal tin; head
scaly; no teeth on vomcr.

SciJiXIlVE, 91.

QQ. Skull not especially cavernous.
R. Anal fin comparatively short, with loss than i:it
soft rays; vomer mostly with
teeth. (1'crciform fishes, i

S. Scales caducous ; dorsal fins two, the first short;
mouth very oblique.

AlMiCDVII'.K, 89.
SS. Scales adherent.

T. Anal spines 1 or 2; dorsal fins 2; pscudo-
hranelii:e small or oli.xilete.

I'ria-ii' r. -.">.

TT. Anal spines lit or more (rarely olisolete).
U. Pseudobranchue small, covered by the

skin, or obsolete.
V. Vomeriiie teeth ; lateral line ^resent.

KI.ASSIIMA in>.i:, ~:5 (1>).

VV. Vomerine teeth none; lateral line obso-
lete Cr.NTKAKrmn.K, *4.

UU. Pseudobranehia- well developed.

\V. Maxillary not slipping under preor-
bital for its \\hole leugtli.

'Small or wanting in some l'rn>iin<i-i>iiiilii', Trii-lmilnnliilti-, and li'nuli nhr.

t Except in some Sj><n-i<l>i , J'riiicnnlliiiln\ < '/'i/lniriliiiln. etc.

: ol^olete in Home .S fi'mt'id,: ; more than three in some CcntrarcJiida;.

FAMILIES OF ACANTHOPTERI. 399

t Mouth nearly vortical ; at a! fin long ;
whole head closely scaly.

PRIACANTHID.E, 80 (6).
tt Month nearly horizontal ; anal fin

rather short SERRANID.E, 86.

WW. Maxillary with its upper edge for its
whole length slipping under the

preorbital SPARID^E, 8H.

ER. Anal fin elongate ; pscudobranchioe present ;

spinous dorsal little developed.
X. Dorsal spines present : skeleton well

ossified.

Y. Pectoral fins broad, procurrent for-
wards.

t Body scaly ; slit behind fourth gill
small; eyes superior.

URANOSCOPID^E, 103.
ttBody naked; eyes lateral.

TRICIIODONTID.Z, 10;*.
YY. Pectoral fin narrow, not procur-
rent; body scaly.

LATILID/E, 101 (&).

XX. Dorsal spines obsolete ; skeleton
more or less cartilaginous.

ICOSTEHXE, 101.
GG. Gill-membranes united to the isthmus, restricting the gill-openings

to the sides.

Z. Body not elevated ; lateral line
obsolete; spinous dorsal short and
weak ; inner rays of ventrals long-
est GOBIID.E, 104.

ZZ. Body elevated; lateral line
present; spinous dorsal well de-
veloped (Chcetodonliform fi-shes.)
a. Teeth setiforin, in many rows ;
vertical fins densely scaly ; tail
unarmed.
6. Dorsal fin divided.

EPHIPPID^E, 97.
66. Dorsal fin continuous.

CH/ETODONTID.E, 98.
aa. Teeth incisor-like, in one
row ; tail with 1 or more
spines on each side.

ACANTHUKID.E, 99.
FF. Lower pharyugeals united. (Pharyngoynathi.)

c. Nasal openings single on each side; scales mostly ctenoid.

(1. Gills Hi, last slit small or obsolete ; pseudobranchia? present; anal

spines 2 POMACKNTRID/E, 90.

dd. Gills 4, a slit behind the last; pseudobranchine obsolete; anal

spines 3 or more.. .CICHLID^E, 95.

cc. Nasal openings 2 on each side; anal spines 3; scales mostly cycloid.
e. Viviparous; dorsal fin with a scaly sheath; anal rays slender and

numerous EMBIOTOCUWE, 93.

ee. Oviparous; anal rays rather few.

400 CONTRIHCTIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

/'. Tooth villiform ; premaxillaries extremely protractile; gills 4. a

slit In-hind last: pseudobranchiiB
concealed UEUKID.I:, '.|%J.

//'. Teeth not villiform; premaxillariea moderately protractile: gills

3*; last slit obsolete: pseudohran-

chia- well developed .LAHKID.i:. '-'-I.

EE. Ventral fins, if present, with the rays in more or less than the normal

number (I, 5).

h. Anal I'm present.

i. Body compressed and elevated; the scales very small, or none.
_;'. Dorsal spines indistinct.

k. Ventral rays 4-G BHAMID.I:. 80.

kh: Ventral rays about 15 LAMIMUDID.E, 78.

jj. Dorsal spines well developed; ventral s rays about I, ? ./KNID.K, 81.
it'. Body not specially elevated.

7. Ventrals thoracic (if present).

m. Ventrals \vithiuore than 5 soft rays; scales ctenoid ; Load

armed.

n. Vent normal BEUYCID.K, 82.

nn. Vent in front of ventrals; dorsal spines few.

Al'IIKKlKlDKKIIXE, 83.

mm. Ventrals few-rayed or wanting; scales small or wanting.
o. Upper jaw produced into a sword; dentition feeble;

gills reticulated.. .Xiriiiin.i:, ?-J.
oo. Upper jaw not produced ; dentition very >,tnmg: body

elongate Tuicim i:n> i , 7:;.

II. Ventrals jugular (if present).

p. Pseudobrancbiie present. (lilainiifonn fishes.)

q. Dorsal with many spines, sometimes entirely spinous.

BLKXNIIIVK, 113.

qq. Dorsal with few spines or none,
s. GUI-membranes united to the isthmus.

ZoAUCin/E, 115.

«8. Gill-membranes broadly united, free from the
isthmus; venlrals none.

<'I>M;I:<H;AI>II>.K, 116.

888. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
/. Ventrals filamentous, at the throat ; jaws with

teeth Orilll)Ill>.K, 118.

it. Ventrals none; jaws toothless.

AMMODVIM) .!•:, G9.

pp. Pseudobranchia1 obsolete.

M. Dorsal without distinct spinon- part.
r. Vent at the throat ; vent nils none.

l'i i I:ASI I.IMIU:, 117.
rr. Vent posterior.

ir. Scales cycloid; caudal I'm present.

<;.\I>II>.K, 120.

inc. Scales spinous, keeled; no caudal I'm;
the tail attenuate.

MACi:ri;in.i:, 121.

nn. Dorsal I'm with a distinct spinons part,
edinposed of a few spines; ven-
trals I, 'J; gills :?, the gill-mem-
branes broadly united to the
lathmus BATKACHID^E,

65. MUGILID^. 401

M. Aual fin none; skeleton not ossified; caudal rudimentary, or not in

the line of axis of body.

TRACHYPTERID.E, 100.

DD. Suborbital with bony stay. (Cottiform fishes.)

v. Head not mailed.

x. Slit behind fourth gill large ; body evenly

scaled CHIRID^E, 10.~».

xx. Slit behind fourth gill small or wanting.
y. Gill-membranes separate, free from
isthmus ; ventral fins normally
formed, mostly I, 5.

SCORP^NID.E, 106.

yy. Gill-membranes broadly joined, at-
tached to the isthmus or not;
ventral fins variously imperfect.

COTTID.E, 107.
vv. Head mailed, externally bony.

z. Ventrals few-rayed, close together;
last gill-slit obsolete.

AGONID^E, 107 (&).

zz. Ventrals 1, 4, or I, 5, usually wide
apart; last gill-slit large.

TRIGLID^E, 108.
CC. Breast with a sucking-disk.

a. Gill-openings narrow; spinous dor-
sal little developed ; sucking-disk
formed of the united ventral fins ;
pyloric co3ca numerous; subor-
bital with a bony stay.
J». Skin smooth; vertebrae very nu-
merous LIPARIDID/E, 109.

6&. Skin tubercular; vertebrae rather

few CYCLOPTERID.E, 110.

aa. Gill-openings wide ; spinous dorsal
wanting; sucking -disk between
the ventral fins; no pyloric cceca;
body naked.. .GOBIESOCID^E, 111.

FAMILY LXV.— MUGILID^E.

(The Mullets.}

Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with rather large
cycloid scales ; no lateral line, but the furrows often deepened on the
middle of each scale so as to form lateral streaks. Mouth small, termi-
nal. Jaws with small teeth, or none ; premaxillaries protractile. Gill-
openings wide, the membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Bran-
chiostegals 5 or 6. Gill-rakers long and slender. Gills 4, a slit behind
fourth. Psetidobranchia3 large. Two short dorsal fins, well separated,
the anterior with 4 stiff spines, the last one of which is much shorter
than the others; second dorsal long<r than the first, similar to anal;
Bull. Xat. Mus. No. 16 26

402 coxTiiinunoNS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

anal spines .">, rapidly iLjTaduated ; ventral (ins abdominal, not far bade,
attached to the elongate coracoid bone, composed of one spine and live
rays; caudal forked. Air bladder lar.u'e, simple. Inlestinal canal Ion-'.
Peritoneum usii illy black. Vertebra- 1*4. (ienera ."» ; species 70-80;
inhabiting the fresh waters and coasts of warm regions, feeding on
organic mat ter contained in innd. A considerable indigestible portion of
the latter is swallowed, and in order to prevent larger bodies from pass-
ing into the stomach, or substances from pissing through the .uill-open-
in.U's, these fishes have the organs of the pharynx modified into a
filtering ap])aratns. They take in a quantity of sand or mud. and
after having worked it for some time between the pharvuyeal bones,
they eject the roughest and indigestible portion of it. The upper
pharyn.u'e.ds have a rather irregular form ; they are slightly arched, the,
convexity being directed towards the pharyn.ueal cavity, tapering an-
teriorly, and broad posteriorly. They are coated with a thick, soft
membrane, which reaches far beyond the margin of the bone, and is
studded all over with minute horny cilia. Each branchial arch is pro-
vided with a series of long gill-rakers, which are laterally bent down-
wards, each series closely fitting to the sides of the adjoining arch;
they constitute together a sieve admirably adapted to permit a transit '
for the water, returning at the same time every solid substance in the
cavity of the pharynx, (dihithcr.)

The Miii/iliilif, A(ln'rinitl<v, tfjtlti/rti'Hi'lo', and OpMocephdlidCB compose
the group or suborder of /V/vr.vmv.v, thus eharacteri/ed. Ventral fins
abdominal; branchial arches well developed, the bones all present ex-
cept t he fourth superior branchihyal. Third superior phar\ lineal much
enlar-cd ; h»wer ]>hai'y lineal distinct. Scales cycloid. .Pectorals ele-
vated, about on a level with the upper posterior an.ule of operciilnin;
spinous dorsal usually present. (Latin, 7Vm(, a perch; fco.r, a pike—
the -TO up bein- intermediate in its position between the Percoids and
the lld/ilu/ni.)

(Mn>lili,l,i- (iiintli.T, iii. in'.".

*.l:i\vs \\itli :i vi-rii-s (if cili.-i. l>ut \vitliunt true trrtli; ]>:irt <>l' tin- stuinncli inusciilar,

1U5.

195.—

(MuUets.}

(Arti-.li: Linniriis, Byst. \:il.: t \ ]"• Mmjll ••< i>lialun I>.)

I'.ody oblong, somewhat compressed, covered with larijo cycloid scales.
Head large, bluntish, convex above, scaled. Mouth small. Jaws tooth-

65. MUGILID^E MUGIL. 403

less, usually provided with short, flexible cilia resembling teeth ; lower
jaw forming an angle at the syinphysis. A portion of the stomach mod-
ified to form a muscular gizzard. Species very numerous, found in
great schools near the shore in all warm regions. (Latin Mngil, the
ancient name, from mulgeo, to suck.)

* Adipose eyelid well developed.

a. Scales medium (40-42 series); sides with dark stripes; anal rays III, 8.

633. M. naexficamas Steiudaclmer. — California Mullet; Macho.

General form, coloration, and appearance of M. albiila, the head
rather longer, broader, and more depressed ; iuterorbital space about
half length of head. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal with small scales,
the posterior part of the fin naked. Eye rather small; the adipose
eyelid very thick. Bluish above ; sides silvery, with dark stripes along
the rows of scales. Head 4; depth 4. D. IV-I, 85 A. Ill, .8; Lat.
1.42. Pacific coast, chiefly south of Point Concepciou ; abundant; very
close to the next, of which it is probably a variety.

(Steindaclmer, Ichth. Beitriige, iii, 58, 1875.)

634. M. aBfonifla L.— Striped Mullet.

Body rather elongate, little compressed, subterete. Snout not broad,
moderately depressed. Mouth moderate, the lips thin, the maxillary not
nearly covered by the preorbital ; angle made by the dentary bones ob-
tuse, or nearly a right angle. Space at the chin between the inandib-
ulary bones oblanceolate, acutish anteriorly. Scales comparatively
small, a few on the dorsal and anal fins. Pectoral fins placed little
above the axis of the body. Coloration dark-bluish above ; sides sil-
very, with conspicuous darker lateral stripes ; a dusky blotch at base
of pectorals. Head 4&; depth 4. D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 8; scales 42-13.
Atlantic coast of United States ; very abundant southward, where it
is much valued as a food-fish.

(Lhm. Syst. Nat. : Muyil j>7«»ucri Bloch, Ansl. Fiscli.taf.39o: Murjil lincatus Cuv. &
Val. xi, 93: Mnfjil llneatus Gthr. iii, 417: Mnyil berlandicri Grd. U. S. Mex. Botmd,
Surv. 20, fig. 1 — lig. 4 represents the young of M. brasilicnsis.)

aa. Scales larger (33 series); sides without conspicuous dark stripes ; anal rays IIIj 9,

635. KI. brasaUiensos Ag. — White Mullet; Liza.

Body oblong, rather compressed. Snout moderate. Mouth mod-
erate ; the maxillary mostly concealed under the preorbital ; angle made
by the dentaries about a light angle. Space at the chin between the
mandibularies somewhat club-shaped. Scales comparatively large; soft

404 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

dorsal* and anal fins covorocl with small scales; pectoral fins mostly
naked, inserted high. Coloration bluish above; the sides silvery, without
conspicuous dark stripes, bat with shining streaks along the rows of
scales; a dusky blotch at the base of the pectoral; tips of caudal and
soft dorsal Mackish. Head 4; depth 4. D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 9; scales
.".s-i-j; vert. 11 + 13. Cape Cod to South America, and Lower Califor-
nia: abundant; on our Atlantic coast, usually reaching- a smaller size
than Muyil

(Agassi/ Spix. Pise. Brazil, 234 : 1/V//7 cim-ma and Minil petrosus Cuv. & Val. xi,
87,81); Giiuther, iii, 1:31: Aluyil liiicatua Ston-r, Hist. Fish. Mass.)

FAMILY LXVL— ATIIKRINID.E.

(TJie Silvcraidcs.)

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with cycloid
scales of moderate or small size. No lateral line ; some scales often
with rudimentary mucous tubes. Cleft of the mouth moderate. Teeth
small, on jaws and sometimes on vomer and palatines, rarely wanting.
Premaxillaries protractile or not. Opercular bones without spines or
serrature. Gill openings wide, the gill-membranes not connected, free
from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchi;e
present. Gill-rakers usually long and slender, l.ranchiostegals 5 or 0.
Dorsal fins 2, well separated, the first of 3-3 feeble, flexible spines, the
second of soft rays. Anal with a weak spine, similar to the solt dorsal,
but usually larger. Ventral fins small, abdominal, not far back, of 1
small spine and 5 soft rays. Pectorals moderate, inserted high. Air-
bladder present. No pylorie co?ea. Caudal and abdominal vertebra- very
numerous. < 'arnivorous fishes, mostly of small sixe, living in great
schools near the shore in temperate and tropical seas; a few species in
fresh water; nearly all the species have a silvery band along the side.
Genera about S; species f»0.
il. Ciiutli.-r, iii,

a. rivni:i\ill:irii-> In-rly pmi rarl ilc (tlirir skin not cmil iiiumis \vitli that nf tin- fmv-

head).

h. I'rrin;i\ill:iry ii:nru\v, itsnl^i- nc.-irly M r:ii-lil ; tn-lli on VHIIHT. . Al nr.KlNA, 10i>.
ih. I'rrinnxilliiry lirn.-nl |iostcrior]y, its rd^r . nrvcd ; nn Irrih on voincr.
c. Tci-ili in. IH- ............................................... Li-:ri:r:sTiii:s, 1H7.

iiinl :nial jmrlly iiaUnl, |"-<'l(ii ;il \\liollyso in specimens from North Caro-
lina; dorsal and anal dmsrly sral\ . [xrlural mostly scaly in sncvimnis I'rom A
MI-X., ntluTwisr similar.

66. ATHERINID^E LEURESTHES. 405

cc. Teeth in bands.

d. Jaws produced in a short beak ". LABIDESTHES, 198.

dd. Jaws not produced, the lower short MENIDIA, 199.

aa. Premuxillaries not truly protractile (skin of the premaxillaries mesially continu-
ous with that of the forehead).

e. Teeth in villiforui bands ATIIERINOPSIS, 200.

ee. Teeth in a single series, each one bicuspid ATHEIUNOPS, 201.

196.— ATTIE BIN A Linnaeus.

Friars.
(Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. xii, 17G6 : type Alherina hepsetus L.)

Body oblong, compressed. Mouth large, terminal, oblique; jaws
about equal, their edges nearly straight ; maxillary extending to the
front of the eye. Premaxillaries narrow posteriorly, anteriorly protrac-
tile. Villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Species
numerous, mostly European. (aOzftby, the ancient name, from dOyp, a
barb or spike, from the form of body or the numerous bones; possibly
from dOspi^stVj to despise, from their diminutive size.)

636. A. carolma Cuv. & Val.

Very similar to the European A. hepsetus, but with the head smaller
and the body slenderer. Depth 6^ in total length, with caudal. D.
VIII-I, 12 ; A. I, 15. L. 4 inches. South Carolina ; not seen by recent
writers. (Guv. & Val.)

(Cuv. & Val. x, 445, 1835.)

637. A. veSiaaia Goode & Bean.

Snout obtuse, top of head broad and very flat ; cleft of mouth some-
what oblique; jaws equal anteriorly; maxillary extending beyond front
of orbit. Teeth very small in the jaws and on the vomer. The silvery
band occupies the third row of scales, its width less than half the diame-
ter of the eye. Diameter of orbit contained twice in length of head,
greater than iuterorbital width and more than twice the length of the
snout. Spin ous dorsal beginning behind the vertical from the tips of.
the ventral fins. Head 3^ in length; depth 4§. D. V-T, 9; A. I, 10;
Lat. 1. 36; L. transv. G£. (Goode & Bean.) Clear Water Harbor, Florida.

(Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 342, 1879.)

197.— LEUlSE§TJfflES Jordan & Gilbert.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 29: type Alherinopsis tennis Ayres.)

This genus agrees with Menidia in every respect, except that the teeth
are obsolete. But one species is certainly known. (Acy/*0?? smooth;
iffOtu, to eat.)

638. L,. tenuis (Ayres) J. & G.

Clear hyaline green, with the lateral silvery streak very distinct,
wider than eye, on 1£ rows of scales ; edges of scales above bordered by

403 COXTRIBTTIOXS TO xoimi AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

dark points. Scales small, smooth, and firm, closely imbricated, their
edges crenaie. Maxillary not reaching to pupil, i'reinaxillary very pro-
tractile, curved, its posterior portion broad. Lower jaw shorter than
upper. First dorsal iiu over front of anal, much nearer base of caudal
than snout. Eye equal to snout. I Lead -U; depth 5. I). V-I, t); A. 1,
2i! ; L it. 1. 7.j. L. 5 inches. Coast of California; abundant in Sail Diego
Bay.

' .Ithcrinopx'm ti-nuin Ayivs, Proe. L'al. Ac;ul. Nat. Sci. IsiO, 76.)

19§.— L,ABI»E§TEaES Cope.
(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Snc. I'hila. 1870, 4.~>r> : type chirontoma nicctihim Cope.)

This genus differs from McniHiu chielly in the prolongation of the jaws,
both of which are produced into a short depressed beak. (/'V:c, a pair
of forceps ; iaOiu>, to eat.)

<; J >. L.. sicuillus Cope. — Brool; SUnrnide; Skipjack.

Pale olive- green, translucent; lateral silvery band very distinct,
scarcely broader than pupil, bounded above by a dark line ; back dotted
with black. Body elongate, very slender, compressed. Head long, ilat -
tish above, narrow below. Snout slender, conic. Premaxillaries broad
posteriorly, very protractile, produced forwards, the snout longer than
the large eye. Edge of upper jaw strongly concave. Teeth very slender,
mostly in one series, forming a narrow band in front. Scales small,
thin, with entire edges. Spinons dorsal very small; soft dorsal short.
Anal lin long ; caudal forked; pectorals moderate. First dorsal inserted
somewhat behind the vent. Head JA ; depth <> ; eye . oA in head. ]>.
IV-I, 11; A. T, L'.']; Lat. 1. 7.~>. L. .°>} inches. Ponds and sluggish
streams; Michigan to Iowa and Tennessee; locally abundant; a very
graceful little tish.

I'li'inxlniini ^in-ill H in Cope. 1'i-oc. Arad. N'at. Sci. 1'liila. IS!."), HI: I.<tbi<Jcnt1i<'x si, adits

C'i>JM-. PrOC. AllHT. 1'llil. Sue. J'llila. 1S?(I, .Jll.)

805).— HE NIDI A*

Silversides.

Cnl. •
(Bonaparte, I';iir,,r, il:ilira. aliiiat L840: l\pi- .lllnriiin nifiiitliii I..)

I'.mly elongate, more or less compressed. Head oblong, compressed.
Mouth small, the gape curved, very obi i< pie, i.snall\ not reaching the eye;

Swainson, Classin. 1'isiirs. dr. i-.;:i. •. i:: < .iilnriiiniiirn lilcfkn- .-..\thn-i-

H'.I lithi/N IJlrcUi-i- Hi l< nii/initliit.- ( Inl., all I ln--r iinniiiial ^rncra liasnl <Jii I he i^aiiic I \ \«-,

nirriini humboldltana cm. A N'al.. tVmn Mrxim). is distinguished from Mmiitin \>\ th«

vry lon-i and -trnir,' inaiidililc v.hicli |>nit nidi's ln-yuml tlic ii|ipcr ja\v. There are a
1V\\- vdiiicrinc ti-ctli, and the picmaxillary is c\i r.-mrly pmtract ilc.

6fi ATHERIMD;E — MENIDIA.. 407

lower jaw short ; m axillary slipping entirely under pr. orbital; jaws each,
with a band of simple, usually villiform teeth. Premaxiilaries very freely
protractile*, their spines comparatively long, nearly equal to the eye,
extending backward beneath a fold of skin which connects the bases of
the maxillaries; posterior part of prernaxillaries broad. No teeth on
vorner or palatines. Scales entire, or with the edges crenate orlaciniate.
Species numerous, of moderate or smnll size, some of them entering
fresh waters. (Ulcnidia, an old name of some small silvery fish, from.
;j.r^rh the moon.)

(iiO. J?I. toosca (C. & V.) J. & G.

Clear transparent green; sides with a well-defined silvery bind, §
diameter of the eye ; back and chin with large, black dots. Eye large, 3-V
in head, a little longer than snout. Scales firm, their edges strongly
creuate, those on the back laciniate. Upper jaw the longer. First dor-
sal very feeble, over the beginning of the anal, rather nearer the tip of
the caudal than the snout. Distance from first to second dorsal § length
of head. Pectorals reaching ventrals, nearly as long as the head.
Ventrals falling far short of the base of the first dorsal ; second dorsal
very short. Teeth short, even, forming a narrow villiform band. Head
4i| ; depth 5i. D. IV-I, <S; A. 1, 22; scales 45-7. L. 5 inches. Atlantic
Coast of the United States, chiefly southward; abundant.

(Athcrlna m-cnidia Linn. Syst. Nat.: Al,hcrinabosciCu.v. etVal. x, 4G3, 1835: Aiherina
menidia DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 142: Atherinichthys menidia et uolala Gimther.
iii, 403.)

64 i. 31. vajjrasas (Goode & Bean) J. & G.

Silvery streak occupying the lower two-thirds of the third and the
upper two-thirds of the fourth series of scales. Eye 3 in head, as long-
as lower jaw, greater than snout and less than interorbital width. Pre-
maxillaries freely protractile ; teeth rather strong. Scales laciniate on
the back, nearly entire laterally. First dorsal inserted opposite the
space between the anal fin and the vent, nearer base of caudal than
snout. Pectoral about as long as head. Caudal slightly forked, the
lobes equal. Vertical fins excessively scaly. Head 5; depth 5f D.
V-I, 7; A. I, 18; scales 48-7. L. 4 inches. Virginia to Gulf of Mexico.

(Chirostoma ragrans Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 148.)

642, M, raaftnta (Mitch.) J. & G.—Silverside.

Transparent green, with a lateral silvery band half the width of the

* We have been able to verify this character ou only a few of the foreign species.
"Wo are therefore uncertain whether the bulk of the species referred by Dr. Giiuther
to "Aiherinichthys" belong to Menidia or to Atherinopyin.

408 coxTuinuTioxs TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

eye: scales above with spots along their edges, so that their outlines
are clearly defined; Hiiu speckled. Scales with entire edges. Eye large,
'.'.\i\\ bead, about as long as the snout. Jaws equal. First dorsal larger
than in .17". h.-tsd, inserted in front of the anal, over the vent, about mid-
way be! \veen snout and base of caudal. Distance between dorsals':-
length of head. Pectoral scarcely shorter than head, reaching past base
of vent nils, which do not reach the vent or the front of the dorsal.
Body slenderer, and more compressed than in If. bosci. Teeth in few
series, some of them larger. Head .">; depth G. D. IV-I, 8; A. I, 23;
scales Ki-10. L. 5 inches. Atlantic coast of United States, chiefly
northward; abundant.

(A'ltcri HI nolatu Mitrhill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1814, 44G: Alherina notn'a
I" tkay, Xc\v York Fauna, Fish. Ml: Atlicriita mi'iiidia C'uv. ot Val. x, 4G2: Ch'trostoiiM
iiotatitut of modt recent writers.)

31. bcrylUina (Cope) J. &. G.

Pale dive, with a silver band on 2 \ rows of scales. Body stouter than
usual. First dorsal far in advance of second, inserted over the vent,
slightly nearer base of caudal than snout. Eye large, .'> in head. .Man-
dible slightly projecting. Scales not described. Head -I1,; depth G.
1). V-I, 11 ; A. I, 18. L. 2i inches. Potomac Jtiver. (Cope.)

hfrylliniim Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IbGG, 403.)

til 1. ITS. l>r:as;Bacnsos (Qnoy & Gaiiuanl) .1. & G.

Olivaceous, the silvery lateral stripe less than half the diameter of the
eye; scales on back covered with dark dots. Scales all entire. Cleft.
of month reaching to nearly opposite eye. .laws equal. Teeth not
forming a close band. First dorsal inserted over the front of the anal,
nearer the base of the caudal than the snout. Pectoral as long as the
head, reaching well past root of ventrals, which reach the vent. Kyo
.'I!, ill head. Head 1; depth ">. D. IV-I, 0; A. I, L'lj scales -IO-S. L.
.'{ inches. Florida to Mexico and Brazil. Described from a specimen
obtained in Saint .John's River, Florida.

(? Ailiiriini ln-iitilii •!/•;, M:. M \ A (iainianl, \<>\ . 1'i-an. 1'niss. ::::•.': Atlu'rimi bnin'.licnyia
Cm. i'» \'ai. :., I'.i". : AI!K rinu •',/,'/ I;H Imixtlii HA/.I •( liinl IUT, iii, -JIM.)

<>3/>. T3. r>rca::is:i!:i' i ( luddc A Bean) J. d <'.

SiK'eiy >lreak occnp\ ing the loiirlh and upper half of the fifth row
ot' scales. !•;><• .; to :\.\ iii head, about equal to the snout and the inter-
orbital width. Mouth very protractile; lower jaw long, more than
one third the length of the head. Scales not described. First dorsal
Jin far in advance of the anal Jin, in front of the vent, about midway

G6. ATIIERINID.E - ATI1ERINOPS. 409

between base of caudal and snout. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes equal.
Head 4; depth 5. D. V-I, 8; A. I, 15 5 scales 38-9. L. 4 inches.
Florida. (Goode & Bean.}

(Chirobtoma peninsulas Goode &. Beau, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 148.)

8OO.— ATHEBINOPSIS Girard.

Pescadillo del Key.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 134 : type Atherinopsis calif or niensis Grd.)

This genus differs from Menidia in the non-protractility of the upper
jaw. The spines of the premaxillaries are very short, much shorter
thau the eye, and they are covered by a skin which is continuous with
that of the forehead, being only capable of such motion as is permitted
by the extension of a fold of skin between the jaws and the frontal
region. Species reaching a considerable size and having importance as
food-fishes. (aOspi^r^ Atherina; <V'£s> appearance.)

<» 26. A. caDnfoD*cal«'ffa(!iis Girard. — California Smelt.

Translucent greenish, a burnished lateral stripe which is rather
plumbeous thau silvery, some yellow on the opercles. Body elongate,
little compressed. Maxillary narrow, not reaching to the eye, not slip-
ping under the preorbital. Jaws even; teeth small, pointed, in narrow
bands; inner series of upper jaw enlarged. Gill-rakers very long and
slender. Scales crenate, somewhat rough, but not laciniate. First dor-
sal large, inserted in front of anal nearer base than snout; second dor-
sal inserted in front of middleof anal, which has a scaly sheath. Pec-
torals nearly as long as head, not reaching to ventrals, the latter half
way to vent. Eye small, 5 in head. Head 4£; depth 5. D. IX-I, 12;
A. I, 23; scales 77-13. L. 18 inches. Pacific coast of United States;
very abundant; a food-fish of considerable importance.

(Giravd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 134; Girard, U. S. Pac, II. E. Surv. Fish.
x, 103: Atherinichthys califoruiensis Giintker, iii, 403.)

201.— ATHERINOPS Steindaclmer.

(Steindachner, Iclitk. Beitriige, iii, 6!, 1875: type Aiherinopsis affi.nis Ayres.)

Teeth bifid, arranged in a single row in each jaw. Otherwise as in
Atherinopsis. One species known. (aOzptvy, Atherina; w^, appearance.)

A. affisais (Ayres) Steindachner. — Little Smelt.
Clear hyaline green, a silvery lateral band, 1£ scales wide, narrower
than eye, bordered above by a purplish line. Back and sides thickly
punctate. Iris and opercles with bright yellow. Maxillary not reaching

410 CONTRIBUTIONS TO XOKTII AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

pupil. Lower jaw slightly sliortcr than upper. Teeth close-Set, incisor-
like, Y ->haped, the forks divergent ; those in lower jaw largest and most
movable. F.\ e lar-c. not longer than snout. Spiuoiis dorsal moderate,
inserted over the vent, its origin midway between posterior anjjle of op-
erele and base of caudal. Pectoral about as loni;- as the head, reaching
ventrals, the ventrals not to vent. I'>ody stouter t han in related species.

Scales firm, crenate. Peritoneum dark. Head 5; depth 4.',. I). VI-I, ll;
A. I. --: Lat. 1. ."it. L. a foot. Pacific coast of Tinted States, with
Atl<criin>i>NiH ctilt/oniirtiNi*, and e(|iially abundant.
(Alhfrinopsls affinia A.JI6S, I'nic. ('al. Arad. N'at. Sri. ts.io, ?;;.)

*.

FAMILY LXVII — SPIIY1LKX1D.E.

(The

Body elongate, subterete, covered with small cycloid scales. Head
very Ion--, pointed, pike-like, scaly above and on sides, ]\loulh hori-
xontal, lar.ue. .laws elongate, the lower considerably projecting: upper
jaw non-protractile, its border formed by the premaxillaries, behind
which are the broad maxillaries. Large, sharp teeth of unei|iial si/.e,
on both jaws and on palatines; none on the vomer: usually a very
strong tooth near the tip of the lower jaw. Opercnlar bones without
spines or serratnres. dill-openings wide, the -•ill-membranes not united,
free from the isthmus; ^ill-rakers very short or obsolete. Uranchioste-
^•als 7; -ills 1. a slit behind the fourth. Psuedobranchia- well develo])ed.
Air bladder lar-c, bifurcaie anteriorly; many ]»yloric co-ca. Lateral
line well de\clo]»ed, straight. Pectoral tins shorl, jtlaced in or below
the line of the axis of the body; ventrals I. .">. abdominal, in adxance
of the middle of the body; first dorsal over \ entrals, of ~t rat her stout
spines; second dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to anal and oppo-
site to it: caudal fin forked. Yerlebra- L'l. A single -cnus of about !.""»
species; \oracioiis ]>ike like fishes, inhabiting nearly all temperate and
tropical >eas.

i iiiui IIIT. ii, :;:; i :: it.)

.— SPIIVK.E.'VA I'-l.M-h.

Barracudas.

(Arlcili; Hindi, Irli'li.: 1\\>< I ••" • n/ilii/rn mi ( inn I. i

Characters Of the ^enus included above. (<. . tlieaiicient name,

••hammer fish," from <-./;", a dart.)

J't -i toral- iiDl n-arliii)^ in-arly In iVmil nl

67. SPIIYR^ENID^E SPIIYKJENA. 411

G4§. §o rn'ucntea. Grd. — Barracuda.

Browuisli, with bluish lustre; belly white, scarcely silvery. Body
elongate, little compressed. Lower jaw much produced, fleshy at tip.
Eye 10 in head. Maxillary not reaching front of eye; about 3 in head.
Teeth moderate, little compressed. Spinous dorsal inserted a little
nearer snout than caudal, just in front of veutrals, well behind the end
of the pectorals, which are a little longer than tue veutrals and less
than one-tenth the total length. Scales very small. Head 3'^ ; depth
7£. D. V-I, 9 ; A. I, 8 ; scales in 23S series, 1GG in the lateral line.
L. 3 feet. Pacific coast, from San Francisco southward; abundant; an
important food fish.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 144; Steindachuer, Ichth. Beitr. vii; 1;
Giiuther, ii, 338.)

619. §. Sl>ef (Haiiy) Lacepede. — Barracuda.

Olivaceous, silvery below ; young with dusky blotches across the back
and along the lateral line. Body rather slender, with rather large
scales. Maxillary not reaching eye; 2J in head. Teeth moderate.
First dorsal inserted slightly in front of base of ventrals, nearly midway
between snout and base of caudal, much behind the end of the pectorals.
Space between dorsals about one-sixth of the total length. Pectorals
about as long as veutrals, 12 in total length. Eye 8 in head. Lower
jaw with a fleshy tip. Head 3 ; depth 8. D. V-I, 9 ; A. I, 9 ; Lat. 1.
130-150. L. 24 inches. Cape Cod to the Mediterranean (the common
European species) ; not rare on our coast.

(Esox spet Haiiy, Encyclop. Method. Poiss, iii, 7187 : Spliyrcena viilgarls Giinther, ii,
334 : Esox spliyrwna Gniel. Syst. Nat. 1389 : Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss, v, 32i> : f Spinj-
rn'iin bon'iilis DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 39: Sphyrcena boreal Is Goode &. Beau,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mtis. 1879, 146. More than one species has been confounded under
the above names.)

* Pectoral reaching front of spiuons dorsal.

65O. S. giiaguaraclio Cuv. & Val.

Origin of first dorsal fin in front of the middle of the body, more or
less in advance of the tip of the pectorals. Ventrals in front of the
dorsal. Fifth dorsal spine midway between tip of snout and base of
caudal. Pectoral as long as postorbital part of head. Interspace be-
tween dorsals 5£ in length. Eye 6 in head. Opercle with 2 points.
Head 3£ ; depth 7. D. V-I. 9 ; A. II, 8 ; scales 14-110-17. L. 18 inches.
Cape Cod to Florida and Cuba. (Goode & Bean.}

(Cuv. & VaL iii, 342; Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 146: Sphyrama
guayuanchc Poey, Meniorias, ii, 106.)

412 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

S. piccida I.loeh & Schneider. — Picuda ; Barracuda.
Origin of iirst dorsal opposite veutrals, fur in advance of the middle
of the body, at t he tip of the pectorals. Interspace between dorsals one-
fifth of total length. Pectoral fins one-eleventh of total length. Scales
large. Head ;U in total length; depth 7£. D. Y-I, 9; A. I, 0; scales
H-s:j-l5. Vertebrae 12 + 12. L. 3i feet. (Giinthcr.) West Indies,
north to Florida.

(Blocli & Schneider, 1*01, 110: S^iiinnin l-irranuln Cnv. & Val. iii, 34t}; Ciiuthcr,
ii, :53-J; Goocle & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. l.-7(J, 14C>.)

FAMILY LXVIIL— POLYXEMIDJE.

(The Thrcad-Jins.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large scales, which are
feebly ciliated or smooth; lateral line continuous, extending on the cau-
dal flu. Head entirely scaly; snout conic, projecting over the horizontal
mouth, which is rather large, the maxillary extending to beyond the eye.
Eye lateral, anterior, large, with a largo adipose eyelid. Villiform teet h
on ja\\ s and palatines and usually on vomer also. Pseudobranchise con-
cealed. I>ra:ichiostegals 7. Gill-membranes separate, free from isth-
mus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Dorsal fins 2, well separated, as
in the 7Vm";ore\, the first of about 7 feeble but rather high spines, the
second rather larger, of soft rays. Anal fin similar to the soft dorsal,
sometimes larger; caudal fin widely forked; second dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins usually covered with small scales; ventrals I, 5, thoracic,
but pi. iced well behind the pectorals; pectoral fins moderate, placed
low, divided into two parts, the lower and anterior portion composed
of several filiform articulated appendages, free from each other, organs
of touch. Dones of skull with a well-developed mneifcrons system, as
in SciccnidCB. IJasis cranii double, with tube ; post-temporal bifurcate :
scapula with median foramen; superior pharyngeal bones I, third
largest, narrow, directed forward. Masai pectoral bones divided; two
normal^ supporting the I'm, one longitudinal without rays, and one a
plate on the coracoid, supporting elongate rays. Stomach cu-cal, with
a few pylorie appendages. Air-bladder various, sometimes wanting.
Vertebra- L' I. ( ieiiera .". : species L'."). Tropical seas. A singular group,
in some respects intermediate between Hc!<nti<l<r and MmjUidn^ but not
closely related to any other of our fishes. ]\Iost of them are valued as
food fishes.

. ii.

a. Vo:inT \viili ici-ili ; ]>n-o|M-rr]c si-i-rali-: anal tin not much larger than SOCOnd dor-

sal ...................................................... I'OI.YNKMUS, °2U'3.

68. POLYNEMID^E POLYNEMUS. 413

*

203.— POLY NEMUS Linnanis.

(Trivhidion Klein; Gill.)
(Linn. Syst. Nat.: type Polijnemusparadisa;us^Lmi\.}

Teeth in villiform bauds on both jaws, vomer, palatines, and ptery-
goids. Preopercle sharply serrated on its posterior margin, its angle
with a scaly flap. Scales rather small, finely ctenoid. First dorsal
•with 7 or 8 feeble, rather high spines, the first and last short. Soft
dorsal and anal fins about equal to each other; pectoral filaments 3 to
9. Pyloric cceca in great number. Species numerous in warm seas.
(-«Ayr, many; v//7//«, thread; from the numerous pectoral appendages.)
* Pectoral appendages 7.

649. P. pSuavsicri (Lac.) Gthr.

Silvery; pectoral fins black. Maxillary extending backwards past
eye to base of mandible. Pectoral filaments about as long as the fin.
Spiuous dorsal high ; soft dorsal similar to anal, its last ray produced.
Head 3% in length; depth about 3£. D. VII-I, 12; A. II, 13; scales
0-58-10. West Indies; occasional on our South Atlantic coast.

(Potydactylus phimieri Lac. v, pi. 14, f. 3; Giiuther, ii, 321: Trivhidion plumieri Gill,
Proc. Ac. Wat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 279.)

** Pectoral appendages 8.

63©. P. octofiSBS (Gill) J. & G.

Silvery, vertical fins punctulated with black; pectoral fins black.
Pectoral filaments short, reaching middle of interspace between dorsal
fins. Maxillary 2<j in length of head. Eyes large, about 4 in head.
Head 3£ in length; depth about 3£. D. VIII-I, 11; A. II, 14; scales
G-GO-10. New York ; one specimen known.

(Trichidion octoftlis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1881, 280.)

65 1 . P. oet osacmus Grd.

Brownish, sides silvery; fins white. Pectoral filaments very long, the
longest reaching past the front of the anal fin. Eye 4 in head. Head
3£; depth 3£. D. VIII-I, 12; A. II, 13; scales 6-61-10. (Girarcl.)
Florida to Texas.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plrila. 1858, 167 ; Guntber, ii, 320 : Trichidion octo-
nemus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 286.)

411 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

FAMILY LXIX.— AMMODYTID^E.

The S<ni<l Lnitnces.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Ilead
long. Mouth rather large, nearly horixontal, the lower jaw consider-
ably projecting, the symphysis produced. Xo teeth in jaws. Gill-
openings very wide; gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus.
P.ranchiostegals G to 8. Pseudobraiichia* large, lamellate. Gill-rakers
long and slender; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Opercles well de-
velo]>ed, without spines or serratures. Eye moderate. Premaxillaries
very protractile. Maxillaries long and slender. Lateral line running
along side of back. Spinous dorsal absent (or represented by a few
weak s] tines); soft dorsal very long and low, fragile, extending from
behind the head to near the base of caudal. Caudal fin small, forked.
Anal similar to dorsal, but smaller. Vent somewhat behind middle of
body. No ventral fins. Pectoral fins inserted low. Xo air-bladder.
Pyloric co2ca usually 1. Genera 4, species 8. Small fishes swimming in
large schools and often burying themselves iu the sand. Found along
the coasts of northern regions.

(Ojiliiili/(l<r jjroup Ammodytina (iiiutlier, iv, 38-1-388.)

* Body with many transverse, oliliquc folds; a longitudinal fold of skin along sides

of lielly; vower unarmed.
o. Dorsal liu \vitlmut spines ................................. AMMODYTKS, 204.

an. Dorsal fin preeeded by 7 small free spines ............... Au<; YUO i .I:NIA, 'JO.').

2O1.-AM.1IODVTES Linnteus.
Sand Launces.

(Artedi ; Linn. Sywt. Nat. : type Ammotlytt-H tolianux L.)

Uody elongate, lanceolate, the skin with many transverse folds run-
ning obliquely downward and backward, the small cycloid scales
iimst I \ phicnl in cross series between them. Lateral line concurrent
with the back. A 1'old of the skin along each side of the belly. Vomer
not armed with a bicaspid tooth. C'olor silvery. Vertebra1: (53.
sand; "'><„, to dive.)

. A. nilirriratms I (eKay.- — Sinul I.ainn-i : Sniui /'<•! : I.mit.

Oli\'aceoiis abo\ e, sihery l>elo\\ ; sides \\ith a steel-blue stripe. Pec-
toral lins much longer than snout, reaching front of dorsal. Lateral
folds 1 L'.~>- 1 .".<). Depth equal i<> length of mandible, which is 2J in head.

69. AMMODYTID/E - ARGYROT.ENIA. 415

Head 4J; depth about 10. D. GO; A. 28. Newfoundland to Cape Hat-
teras, abundant. Scarcely different from A. toManus of Europe.

(DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 317; Giiutber, iv, 366; Storer, Hist. Fish.
Mass. )

653. A. pcrsonatus Grd. — Sand Lannce.

Clear hyaline green ; sides silvery. Pectoral fin half length of head,
reaching past the front of the dorsal. Lateral folds 130-150. Head 4£ ;
depth 9. Eye 2 in snout, C in head. D. 54; A. 24. L. G inches.
Monterey to Alaska, very abundant; probably also a variety of A.

tobianus.

(Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 137 ; Giintber, iv, 387.)

651. A. aflascafiius Cope.

Dorsal inserted above middle of pectoral. Maxillary reaching front
of orbit. Mandible less than depth of body. Head 4i ; depth 9. Eye
2 in snout, 6 in head. Lateral folds 182. D. G2 ; A. 31. L. 6 inches.
SJtka, Alaska. (Cope.)

(Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1873. Probably also a form of A. toUanus.)

655. A. dulbius Reiiib.

Skin with about 150 very distinct folds. Dorsal fin inserted over
posterior tbird of pectoral. Head G ; depth equalling length of mandi-
ble, 2£ in length of head. D. G5; A. 34. Cape Cod to Greenland.
(Gunther.)

(Reinbardt, Dausk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhaudl. 1838, 132; Giintber, iv, 387.)

205.— ARGYROT^NIA Gill.

(Gill, Cat. Fisb. East Coast N. Amer. 1881, 40 (not cbaraeterized) : type Amnwdyivs
vitlatus DeKay.)

This genus is supposed to differ from Ammodytes in the presence of a
rudimentary spinous dorsal, composed of about 7 minute free spines.
)(>s, silver; rat^'a, ribbon.)

656. A. vittata (DeKay) Gill.

Greenish olive above, with a broad silvery band along the sides, which
is margined above with blackish; silvery below. Body oblong, some-
what compressed, slender. Head small and pointed, flattened and
grooved above, compressed beneath. Eyes large. Snout terminating
in a bifid tip. Mouth rather large, protractile, toothless. Lower jaw
longest. D. VII, 54; A. 28. Sag Harbor, New York. (DeKay.} It
has not been seen since its description by DeKay, and its existence
is extremely doubtful.

(Ammodytes vittalits DeKay, New York Fauna, Fisb. 1842, 3*8.)

416 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

FAMILY LXX.— ECHENEIDID^.

(The Rcmoras.)

Body fusiform, elongate, covered with minute, cycloid scales. Mouth
wide, with villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and usually on
tongue. Preaiaxillaries not protractile. Lower jaw projecting beyond
upper. Spinous dorsal modified into a sucking-disk, which is placed on
the top of tbe head and neck, and is composed of a double series of
transverse, movable, cartilaginous plates, serrated on their posterior or
free edges. By means of this disk these fishes attach themselves to
other fishes or to floating objects, and are carried for great distances in.
the sea. Opercles unarmed. Pectoral fins placed high; ventral fins
present, thoracic, and close together — I, 5; dorsal and anal fins long,
without spines, opposite each other; caudal fin eraarginate or rounded.
Branehiostegals 7. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-rakers short;
gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchire ob-
solete. Several pyloric appendages. No air-bladder. No fiulets. No
caudal keel. Vertebrae more than 10 + 14. Genera 2; species about
10, found in all seas, all having a very wide range.

(Sconibriiln- part : nmus fa-henna (iiintlicr, ii, ^

a. Rays of pectorals normal ........................................ KCIIKNF.IS, 20C.

aa. Rays of pectoral fins stiff, broad, osseous .................. Riiosmociiiurs. x;()7.

2O6.— EOBIEVEBS Linmi-us.

(Artedi; Linn. Syst. Nat.: type Echendx mini-rates L.)

Pectoial rays soft and flexible. Characters otherwise included above.
(^£>//?, an ancient name, from i'-/w, to hold back; vaoc, a ship.)

a. I'.oily v«-ry slender; vertebrae 14-fl6. (Echeneis.)

C57. E. itaucrntcs L. — Pcgailor.

I'.KIU nish; belly dark like the back, as usual in this family; sides
with a broad stripe of darker edged \\ilh whitish, extending through
eyr in snout ; caudal Mack, its outer angles whit ish ; pectorals and veu-
trals black, sometimes bordered wilh pale; <lorsal and anal broadly
ed.ueil \\illi \\hite antenoi'ly. I iody «-longate, siibt«'rete, slender. Disk
long. Dorsal and anal tins longer than the disk; inner rays of ventral
fins n.:rro\\ ly adnate to the abdomen ; caudal becoming emarginate with
age. Vertebra- 14 + 10. Vertical lins lo\v; pectorals :< length of head,
rather J->ng and acute. Lower jaw projecting, with the tip flexible.

70. ECHENEIDIDJE EHOMBOCHIKUS. 417

Maxillary barely reaching vertical from nostril. Head 5£ in length;
disk 3| ; width between pectorals about 7£. D. XXI-XXY— 32-41 ;
A. 34 (32-38). In all warm seas, north to Cape Cod and San Francisco.

(Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Giiuther, ii, 384 : Leptecheneis naucrates Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1864, 60. Echeneis naucrateoides Zuieuw, Nova. Acta. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petro-
pol. iv, 279, Leptecheneis naucraleoides Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 61, Ech-
eneis albicauda Mitch. Amer. Monthly Mag. ii, 244. Echeneis lineata Holbr. Ichth S. C.
1860, 102, and Echeneis holbrooki, Giiuther, ii, 382, are names applied to specimens with
the disk comparatively long, but with only 21 laminae.)

aa. Body rather robust ; vertebrae 12 + 15. (Eemora" Gill.)
I. Dorsal rays about XVIII-23.

65 §. E. femora L. — Eemora.

Uniform dark brown. Body and tail comparatively robust, the latter
compressed. Pectoral fins rounded, short, and broad, their rays soft
and flexible; ventral fins adnate to the abdomen for more than half
the length of their inner edge. Tip of lower jaw not produced into a
flap. Vertebrae 12 + 15. Head broad, depressed Disk longer than
the dorsal or anal fin. Maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit.
Caudal lunate; vertical fins rather high; pectoral f length of head.
Head 4; disk 2f ; width between pectorals 5£. D. XVIII— 23; A. 25.
Warm seas, north to New York and San Francisco, usually found at-
tached to large sharks.

(Echeneis remora L. Sysfc. Nat. : Echeneis jacoboea Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839,
89: Echeneis remora Giinther, ii, 378: Eemora jacoboea Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1862, 239.)

aa. Dorsal rays about XVI-30. (Eemoropsis Gill.)

659. E. brachyptera Lowe.

Light brown, darker below ; fins paler ; body robust, the greatest

• depth nearly twice the length of the short pectoral fins; disk shorter

than base of dorsal, rather broad; upper jaw angular. Caudal nearly

truncate. Head nearly 4; width between pectorals G£. D. XVI — 30;

A. 26. Warm seas, north to Massachusetts.

(Echeneis brachyptera Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1839, 89: Echeneis quatuordecemlam-
inatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 406: Echeneis brachyptera Giiuther, ii, 378: Eemoropsis
Irachypterus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 60.)

2O7.— RBIOMBOCH1KUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 88: type Echeneis osteochir Cuv.)

This genus agrees with Remora in every respect excepting the struc-
ture of the pectoral fins. These are short and broad, rhombic in outline,

* Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 239 : type Echeneis remora L. (Eemora, an
ancient name, "holding back.")

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 27

418 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

the lays all flat. broad and stiff, being partially ossified, although showing
the usual articulation; upper rays of pectoral broader than the others.
One- species known. (/;»V"?, rhomb; -/i'.p, hand.)

G6O. It. ostcoclair (Cuvicr) Gill.

Light brown; underside of head, ventral line, part of ventrals and a
sj>ot on pectorals pale. Mouth very small, maxillary not nearly reaching
to the line of the orbit. Disk very large, broader and rougher than in
J-lchniflx reword-, extending forwards beyond the tip of the snout. Cau-
dal tin emarginate, with rounded angles. Head 4j in length; disk 2.^;
width between pectorals 5. D. XVIII— 21 ; A. 20; P. 20. West Indies,
north to Cape Cod; parasitic on species of Tetrapturus.

(Echencis oxteocltir Cuvicr. Rt-gne Auiiu: Echencia otsteochir Giiutber, ii, 381: Echcneis
tetrapturorum Poey, Memorias, ii, 25G.)

FAMILY LXXL— ELACATID^.

( The Crab-eaters. )

Body elongated, fusiform, subcylindrical, covered with very small,
smooth scales. Head rather broad, low, pike-like. Month rather wide,
nearly horizontal, the maxillary about reaching front of eye; both
jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue with bands of short, sharp teeth;
lower jaw longest. Premaxillaries not protractile. First dorsal repre-
sented by about eight low, stout, equal, free spines, each spine depressi-
ble in a groove; soft dorsal long and rather low, somewhat falcate, sim-
ilar to and nearly opposite the anal; two weak anal spines, one of them
free from the fin ; ventrals thoracic, 1,5; caudal fin forked; no caudal
keel; no finlcts; no sucking-disk; no air-bladder. Branchiostegals 7.
Pyluric coeca branched. Vertebrae more than 10 + 14. A single genus
with probably but one species, a large, strong, voracious fish, found in
all warm seas. (Scombridw part, genus Elacate, Giinther, ii, o7.~i.)

2O8.— EEACATE Cuvior.

(CuviiT, Rrgnc ATiiin. ed. 2<1, 1829: type EJacate mulalmrim Cnv. = Gasterosteu8

< (lll<l<lll« L.)

Characters of the genus included above. (rt)>a/.<\rrn a spindle or an
arrow, from the form of the body.)

E. Canada (Linn.) (Jill. — Crab-cater; f'olritt.
Olive In-own, sides with a distinct broad band of darker, and a less
• li<l inct hand above and below it; below silvery. 1 lead much depressed.
Mouth moderate, the short maxillary reaching front of orbit. Pectorals
broad and falcate; caudal deeply emarginate, the upper lobe slightly

72. XIPHIID.E XIPHIAS. 419

the longer. Lateral line wavy and irregular, descending posteriorly. .
Head 4^ in length; depth 5§. D. VIII-I, 26; A. II, 25. L. 5 feet.
In all warm seas, occasional on our Atlantic coast in summer.

( GasteroHteiw canadus Linn. Syst. Nat. : Elacate atlanticus Cuv. & Val. viii, 334 : Elacate
nigra Giinther, ii, 375 ; Holbrook, Iclath. S. Car. 97.)

FAMILY LXXIL— XIPHIID2E.

(The Sword-fishes.)

Scombroid fishes of great size, with the body elongated, naked or
covered with rough rudimentary scales, and the upper jaw very much
prolonged, forming a "sword," which is composed of the consolidated
vorner, ethmoid and preinaxillaries. Teeth small and rudimentary, or
wanting. Dorsal fin long, usually divided in the adult, continuous in
the young, without differentiated spinous part, the posterior portion
much smaller than the anterior. Anal fin similarly divided in the
adult. Caudal peduncle slender, keeled. Ventral fins thoracic, incom-
plete or entirely wanting. Caudal fin widely forked in the adult. Gills
of peculiar structure, the laminee of each arch joined into one plate
by reticulations. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth ; gill-membranes separate,
free from isthmus. Pseudobranchiie present. Branchiostegals 7. Air-
bladder present. Pyloric co3ca very numerous. Very young individuals
differing much from the adults; the fins high, both jaws prolonged into
a beak, and the head armed with long spines. Genera 3; species about
5; powerful fishes, inhabiting the open seas, most of them valued as
food. (Xipliiidce Giinther, ii, 511-514.)

a. Ventral fins entirely wanting ; teeth none. (Xipldince') XIPHIAS, 209.

aa. Ventral fins present ; teeth small. (Histiophorince.)

6. Ventral rays united into one ; dorsal fin low TETRAPTURUS, 210.

66. Ventral rays three ; dorsal very high HISTIOPHORUS, 211.

2O9.— XIPHIAS Linnaeus.
Sword-fishes.

(Linn. Syst. Nat. : type Xiphias gladius L.)

Sword-fishes without teeth and without ventral fins. Body somewhat
compressed. Dorsal fins 2, the anterior beginning opposite the gill-
openings, falcate and elevated, its height rather less than that of the
body ; second dorsal very small, on the tail, opposite the small second
anal. In the young, teeth are present and the two dorsal fins are con-
nected, the fin being elevated as in the species of Histiophorus. First
anal similar to first dorsal, but smaller, less falcate, and far behind it;

420 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

pectoral fins moderate, falcate. Skin naked, more or less rough, es-
pecially in the young, which have rudimentary scales. Sword flattened.
Caudal keel single. Intestines long, sinuons. Air-bladder simple. Pel-
vic arch obsolete. Fishes of great size, reaching a weight of 300 to 400
pounds, the flesh valued for food. (^£'«<r, the ancient name of Xiphiats
glaflhts, from $i<f»s, a sword.)

662. X. gladiois L. — Common Sword-fish.

Very dark bluish above, dusky below; "sword" almost black above,
below lighter. Cleft of mouth extending beyond eye. Head about 2£ ;
depth about 5£. Snout 3 in length. D. 40-4; A. 18-14. Vert. 14+12.
Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts ; also in the Pacific, north to the Santa
Barbara islands.

(Linn. Syst. Nat.; Gunther, ii, 511; Storer, Fish. Mass. 1867, 71.

21O.— TETRAPTUKUS Rafinesque.

Spear Fishes.

(Rafinesque, Iiulice cl'Ittiol. Sicil. 1810, 30: type Tetraptitrus belone Raf. of the Medit-
erranean. )

Sword-fishes with small teeth in the jaws and on the palatines, with
the ventral tins represented each by a single spine, and with the dorsal
fin not greatly elevated, divided in the adult, its height not greater
than the depth of the body. Body much compressed. Skin with rudi-
mentary embedded scales; sword rounded; caudal keel double. Air-
bladder sacculated. Vertebra 12 + 12. Intestine short, straight.
four; xTSfxj-;, wing; <7'W, tail, from the wing-like caudal keels.)

663. T. :ilB>idus I'oey. — Ilill-Jixh ; Spear-fish; Aguja Jllanca.

Dark blue above; whitish beneath; fins dark blue. Nape elevated,
the greatest depth of the body opposite the opercle. Eye midway be-
tween opercle and tip of lower jaw. Dorsal inserted in front of base of
pectorals. Caudal forked at an angle of 70 to 80 degrees. Head (to
end of upper jaw) L'-; : depth 7-S. Length of caudal lobes 4i. D. IIF,
39-i J; A. II, 1:5-0. Length 7 to 8 feet, (Poet/.) Cape Cod to West
Indies : not rare on our coast.

(Poey, Mrni. ii,-j:;7: 1 Tetorapturwltelone'Raf, J[i><ti<>i>horuH bclone Gunthcr, ii, 513.)

661. T. aaiiplns I'm-y. — .I.'/"./" '''' <"<ix/rt.

Color dark bine; paler below, with bluish cross streaks. Body stouter,
more convex at the nape, the greatest depth being behind the oper-
cle. Caudal forked at anangle of 90 to 100 degrees. Dorsal inserted

73. TRICHIUKID^J. 421

rather behind base of pectorals. Head 2f ; depth 5. Length of caudal
lobes 3J. D. Ill, 38-7 ; A. II, 13-7. Length 8 feet. (Poey.) West In-
dies, north to Florida ; perhaps a form of the preceding.

(Poey, Memorias, ii, 243.)

211.— HISTIOPIIOKUS Lacepede.
Sail-Jishes.

(Istiopliorus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1802, 374 : type Istiopliorus gladifer Lac. =

Scomber gladlus Broussonet.)

Sword fishes with small teeth on the jaws and palatines, with the ven-
tral fins present, of 2 or 3 rays, and with the dorsal fins extremely high,
contiguous, its height much greater than that of the body; anal fin
divided. Body slender, much compressed, covered with elongate scales.
Intestines short, nearly straight; air-bladder sacculate. The sword is
usually shorter than in Xipliias, and the lower jaw more developed.
The skin is also rougher. Large fishes of the •warm seas. (f<mov, sail;
j, to bear.)

665. H. gladius (Brouss.) Gthr.— Sail-fish.

Membrane of dorsal fin with numerous small spots. Dermal produc-
tions lanceolate. Upper profile of head descending in a straight line.
Snout longer than the rest of the head. Head 4 in total length ; depth
7 or 8 in the same. D. 46-7 ; A. 10-7; V. 2. Vertebrae 14+10. (Giin-
ther.) Atlantic and Indian oceans ; occasional on our coast.

(Scomber gladius Brouss. Mem. Acad. Sci. 1786, 454 ; Giintlier, ii, 513 : Histiophorus
indicus Cuv. & Val. viii, 293 : Histiophorus americanus Cuv. & Val. viii, 303.)

FAMILY LXXIIL— TRICHIURID^.

(The Hair-tails.)

Scombroid fishes with the ventral fins imperfect or wanting and the
spinous and soft parts of the dorsal not differentiated. Body extremely
elongate, compressed, naked. Mouth wide, the jaws armed with strong
unequal teeth. Premaxillaries not protractile. Pseudobranchise pres-
ent. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; gill-membranes separate, free
from the isthmus. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin very long, low,
usually continuous, the rays all similar. Caudal fin small or absent ; if
present, forked. Anal fin very long and low, sometimes scarcely rising
above the surface of the skin. Ventrals thoracic, rudimentary or want-
ting. Vertebrae of abdomen and tail in greatly increased number. Air-
bladder present. Pyloric coeca numerous. Genera about 5 ; species 32,

422 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

in the tropical seas. Yery close to the Scombridcc, from -which group,
as here understood, the Trichiur'uhc differ chiefly in the 11011 differenti-
ation of the dorsal spiues. (Trk-hiitridce part 5 Giinther, 342-349.)

*"No caudal tin; tail tapering to a point; dorsal fin single; no ventral fins.

TRICIIIUKUS, 212.

212.-TK1CIIIURUS Liniueus.

Hair-tails.

(Lepturus Artedi; Gill.)
(Linnrcus, Syst. Nat. xii, 176(5: type Trichiurus leplurus L.)

Body extremely elongate, band-like, the tail very slender, tapering to
a fine point, without caudal fin. Head long, with a very wide mouth,
the jaws armed with unequal and very strong teeth; upper jaw with
about four long, strongly compressed barbed teeth ; teeth on the pala-
tines, none on the vomer. Lower jaw longest, preorbital covering cleft
of mouth posteriorly. Dorsal fin single, low, occupying the whole of
the back, the spines not distinguishable from the soft rays; anal very
long, its base more than half the length of the body ; composed of de-
tached spines, which are very short, nearly hidden in the skin, the ante-
rior directed backwards, the posterior forwards; ventral fins wanting
or reduced to small, scale-like appendages; pectorals small. No scales.
Lateral line decurved, concurrent with the belly. Vertebrae 39 + 120.
Color silvery. Voracious fishes of the high seas; reaching a consider-
able size, (-pixiov, a little hair; «u/>«, tail.)

a. Ventral fins entirely wanting in the adult. (Trichiurus.)

i

666. T. lepturus Linn.— Tlalr-tml.

Uniform brilliant silvery; dorsal dark-edged. Snout long and pointed,
about as long as pectoral; maxillary reaching nearly to pupil, concealed
by preorbital. Head about 7£ in length; depth about 10. Eye 2 in
snout. D. 135; A. about 100. Warm seas, north to Virginia and
Lower California.

(Linn. Syst. Nat. xii ; Ciintlier, ii, 34<>.)

FAMILY LXXIV.-SCOMBRID^E.

(The Macl-fn-lx.)

Jiody elongate, nut much compressed, covered with minute cycloid
scales, or else wholly naked; the scales anteriorly sometimes forming a
corselet. Lateral line present, its course undulate. Head subcouic,

74. SCOMBRIDJE SCOMBER. 423

pointed anteriorly. Mouth rather large; premaxillary not protractile ;
maxillary without supplemental bone; jaws with sharp teeth, large or
small. Yomer and palatines toothed or not. Preopercle entire ; opercle
unarmed. Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not united, free from
the isthmus. Gill-rakers usually long. Pseudobranchiae present, large.
A slit behind fourth gill. Branchiostegals 7. Dorsal fins 2, the first
of rather weak spines, depressible in a groove, the second similar to the
anal; anal spines weak; last rays of dorsal and anal usually detached
and separate, forming series of finlets ; caudal peduncle extremely slender,
usually keeled, the caudal lobes abruptly diverging, falcate; ventral tins
moderate, thoracic, 1, 5. Vertebrae in greater number than in Carangidce,
the number more than 25. Pyloric cceca numerous. Air-bladder fre-
quently absent. Coloration metallic, often brilliant. General?; species
about 70. Fishes of the high seas, many of them cosmopolitan, and all
having a wide range. Most of them are valued as food-fishes.

(Scombrldce pt. and Trichiuridce pt. Gimther, ii, 349-373.)

a. Fiulets present ; dorsal spines less than 20. (Scombrhiw.')

6. Spiuous dorsal short (of less than 12 spines), remote from the second.

c. Vomer and palatines with teeth; corselet obsolete SCOMBER, 213.

cc. Vomer and palatines toothless; corselet well developed Auxis, 214.

&&. Spinons dorsal long (of more than 12 spines), contiguous to the second.
d. Caudal keel present.
e. Corselet imperfect or obsolete ; teeth of jaws strong ; minute teeth ou

vomer and palatines SCOMBEROMORUS, 215.

ee. Corselet developed.

/. Palatine teeth strong; vomer toothless; vertebrae normal. ..SARD A, 216.
ff. Palatine teeth villifonn.

g. Vomer with teeth; vertebrae normal, the lower foramina small.

ORCYNUS, 217.

gg. Voiner toothless; abdominal vertebras with the lower foramina en-
larged and a portion between the vertebrae proper and the hsernapophy-
ses developed in the form of a net-work or trellis EUTHYNNUS, 218.

213.— SCOMBER Liuiiaeus.

Mackerels.

(Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758: type Scomber sconibrus L.)

Body fusiform, rather elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal pe-
duncle slender, with two small keels on each side. Mouth wide, with
a single row of rather small, slender teeth in each jaw and on the voiner
and palatines; maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital. Scales
very small, not forming a corselet. First dorsal of 7-12 feeble spines,
separated from the second by an interspace greater than the base of the
fin; second dorsal small, followed by 5-9 detached finlets; anal similar
to second dorsal, with similar fiulets ; pectorals and ventrals small, the

424 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

former on a level with the eyes; caudal fin small, widely forked. Pyloric
appendages exceedingly numerous. Air-bladder usually wanting. Species
few, widely distributed, everywhere highly valued for food, (uxu^poq^
Latin Scomber, the ancient name of the common mackerel.)

a. Air-bladder present, small.

667. S. piiCBJonatophorus DolaRoche. — Chub Mackerel ; Tinker Mackerel ; Easter
Mackerel.

*

Blue, with about 20 wavy, blackish streaks, which extend to just be-
low the lateral line; some of these form reticulations, and inclose pale
spots of the color of the back ; belly and sides silvery ; a black axillary-
spot. Head rather pointed. Maxillary reaching front of pupil. Eye
4 in head, nearly equal to snout; pectoral f length of head. Head 3£;
depth 5. D. IX— I, 12— V; A. I— I, 11— V. Lat. 1. 200. L. 1 foot.
Atlantic and Pacific, north to Maine and San Francisco; common in the
Mediterranean and in Southern California; irregular in its appearance
on our Atlantic coast.

(De la Roche, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist, xiii, 315; Giiuther, ii, 359: Scomber grex Mitch.
Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, 422: Scomber dekayi Storer, Fish. Mass. 1867, 52:
Scomber diego Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 92, 1855: Scomber colias pt. Stein-
dachner, nee Scomber coliaa of Gunther and C. & V., which has but 7 dorsal spines.)

oo. Air-bladder wanting.

608. S. scoanbrus 'L.— Common Mackerel.

Lustrous dark blue above, with about 35 wavy, blackish, transverse
streaks; below silvery; base of pectorals dark. Snout rather long and
pointed, compressed. Mouth large, maxillary extending to anterior
margin of orbit. Yentrals and pectorals short, the former nearly half
length of head. Eye less than snout, 5 in head. Head 4 in length;
depth 51. I). XII— I, 10— V; A. 1, 11— V. L. 18 inches. North Atlantic;
abundant on both coasts, and occasionally straying to the Pacific. A
well-known food-fish.

(Linn. Syst. Nat.: Scomber scomber Giinthcr, ii, 357: Scomber vern a I is Storer, Hist.
Fish. Mass. 54.)

214.— AUXIS Cuvi.T.
Frigate j\l<t<-kcr<'1x.

»('ii\iir, K'.-Linr Anini. l-J'.l, ii : type S/,nnl»r nit In i K'isso.)

Body oblong, plump, mostly naked posteriorly, anteriorly covered with
small scales, those of the peetoral region enlarged, forming a corselet.
Snout very short, conical, M-:ircely compressed. Mouth rather small,

74. SCOMBRID.E - SCOMBEKOMOEUS. 425

the jaws equal. Teeth very small, mostly in a single series, on the jaws
only. Tail very slender, depressed, with a rather large keel on each
side. First dorsal short, separated from the second by a considerable
interspace. Second dorsal and anal small, each with 7 or 8 finlets.
Pectorals and ventrals small. No air-bladder. Branchiostegals 7.
Pyloric cosca dendritical. Gill-rakers very long and slender, numerous.
Vertebrae peculiarly modified, essentially as in JEuthynnus. (at>;i~, an
ancient name of a young tunny, from au|w, to grow.)

669. A. roclici (Risso) Giiiither. — Frigate Mackerel.

Blue, variegated with darker above, becoming plain with age ; belly
silvery. Body robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at cau-
dal peduncle. Eye as long as snout, 5 in head. Opercle very broad.
Scales of corselet and along anterior dorsal region comparatively large.
Maxillary almost entirely concealed by preorbital. Dorsal spines rather
stiff; space between dorsals four-fifths length of head. About 33 gill-
rakers below angle. Pectoral reaching past middle of first dorsal. Head
4; depth 4|. D. X-12-VIII ; A. 13-VII. Vert. 39. Mediterranean to
the East Indies ; lately appearing in great numbers on our Atlantic
coast. A food-fish of little value.

(Scomber rochcl Risso, Icktli. Nice, 1810, 165; GiintTier, ii, 369: Scomber bisus Rafin-
esque, Caratteri, etc. IslO, 45: Auxis vulgaris Guv. & Val. viii, 139.)

215.— SCOMBEKOUIORUS Lac6pede.
(Cybium Cuvier.)

(Lace"pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 292, 1802: type Scomberomorus plumierii Lac. =$c0m-
ber regalis Bloch. )

Body elongate, naked or with rudimentary scales, which do not form
a distinct corselet. Head pointed, comparatively short and small.
Mouth wide, the strong teeth in the jaws often compressed or knife-
shaped; villiform or sand-like teeth on the voiner and palatines; max-
illary not concealed by preorbital. Spinous dorsal low, of 14-18 feeble
spines. Soft dorsal and anal short, similar, somewhat elevated and
falcate, each followed by 7 to 10 fiulets ; ventrals small ; pectorals moder-
ate, near the level of the eye. Air-bladder present. Vertebrae normal.
Fishes of the high seas; graceful in form and beautiful in color; among
the best of food-fishes, (trxo/j/fyo?, Scomber; J/JW/HJ?, near.)

67O. S. coaicolor (Lockingtou) J. & G.

Male dark steel-blue, the sides silvery, without streaks or spots;
female with two alternate series of brown spots, the silvery on sides

426 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

clouded \vithdusky; fins nearly plain, dark. Mouth slightly oblique,
the maxillary reaching to posterior margin of pupil Teeth of jaws com -
paratively small, subconical, little compressed; those of voiner and pala-
tines minute and granular. Eye 5£ in head. Pectoral lius 8 in length,
inserted rather above axis of body; ventral fins small; spines of dorsal
slender and fragile, the longest one-fourth as long as the head; dorsal
tins separated by an interspace equal to one-third the length of base of
spinous dorsal; caudal shorter than head, its lower lobe longest. Gill-
rakers long, 18 below angle. Head about 5; depth rather less. D.
XVII-1G-VIIE; A. I, 1C- VIII. Monterey Bay, California; rare. A
food-fish of high quality.

(Cliriomitra concolor Lockington, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pkila. 1879.)

671. S. macillatus (Mitch.) J. & G. — Sjmnish Mackerel.

Bluish and silvery above with bright reflections ; sides with numer-
ous bronze spots which are nearly round and about as large as the pupil.
Spinous dorsal white at base, dark above and on the anterior half of
the fin. Caudal keel well developed, with a smaller keel above and
below it. Ilead small and pointed. Mouth rather large, oblique: max-
illary reaching posterior margin of orbit. Teeth large, compressed,
about 32 in each jaw. Gill rakers few, slender, about 12 below angle.
Interspaces between dorsals shorter than eye; caudal as long as head.
Head 4J in length ; depth f>£. D. XVIII-1S-1X ; A. II, 17-VIII. Coasts
of North America, north to Cape Cod and Lower California ; one of our
most valued food-fishes.

(Srtmibtr iiitii-iiltttiiH Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 4'Jfi, 1815: Ci/liiim macu-
littuin IJiintluT, ii, :>72: L'ybium maculatum Holbrook, Ichth. S. I'ar. (Hi.)

672. S. refjalJs (Bloch) J. & G.—

Silvery; sides with a. brownish, broken, longitudinal band, above and
below whiehare numerous brownish spots, persistent in the adult; an-
terior portion of spinous dorsal black. Body rather elongate, its dorsal
and ventral curves about equal. Lateral line descending obliquely,
slightly undulate, along the tail. Mouth large; maxillary reaching to
below eye. Teeth triangular, strongly compressed, about L'O-K!. pec-
toral scaly. Head 1 in length; depth Ii. D. XV1I-1, 15-V1II; A. 11,
1.1-VIII. Cape, Cod to Bra/il; not common on our Atlantic coast;
reaches a weight of L'0 pounds.

i-K/alin lilocli, Ansl. l-'isclir, taf. :?:!:!: ri/himn rr</,il,- (iiimlicr, ii, ,'!7v>: Scom-
i-iin jilitmii rii Lac. iii, 'J'.i'J: <'i/l>iinn m-trntm C. &, V. viii, 1831, IdG: Cybium rcyalc
Proc. I*. S. Nat. Mus. 1S7H, 4.)

74. SCOMBRID.E SARD A. 427

673. S. cnbalia (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G.— Sierra.

Sides of body with indistinct darker yellowish spots ; adult immacu-
late; spinous dorsal without black blotch anteriorly. Eye large.
Mouth large, maxillary reaching to below eye. Lateral line descend-
ing abruptly below the second dorsal. Teeth triangular, strongly com-
pressed, about 30-25. Pectoral scaly at base only. D. XI V-1, 15-VIII ;
A. II, 15-VIII. (Poey.) Warm parts of the Atlantic; occasional on
our coast; reaches a weight of 100 pounds.

(Cybium caballa Cuv. & Val. viii, 1831, 187: Cybium caballa Giinther, ii, 373: Cybium
immaculatum C. & V. viii, 191 : Cybium caballa Poey, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 4.}

216.— SAKE* A Cuvier.
Bonitos.

(Pelamys Cuv. & Val. 1831, preoccupied iu Herpetology. )

(Cuvier, Regne Anim. cd. 2d, ii, 1829: type Scomber pelamys Brunnicli= Scomber sarda
Blocli.)

Body rather elongate, covered with small scales, those of the pectoral
region forming a corselet. Caudal peduncle slender, strongly keeled.
Head large, pointed, compressed. Mouth large. Teeth iu the jaws
rather strong, conical, slightly compressed; similar teeth on the pala-
tines, but none on thevomer; maxillary not concealed by preorbital.
Gill-rakers long and strong. First dorsal long and rather low, of 18-22
rather stout spines, which are gradually shortened behind; interval
between the last spine and the second dorsal short; second dorsal small,
followed by 8-9 fiulets; anal fin similar, usually with one less fiulet;
paired fins small ; pectorals placed below the level of the pupil. No
air-bladder. Pyloric cosca very numerous, dendritical. Vertebrae nor-
mal. Fishes of rather large size, with metallic coloration. (Latin,
sarda ; Greek, adf>oa, the ancient name of the typical species, also known,
as Amia, Pelamys, etc. ; so called from its being taken in the neighbor-
hood of the island of Sardinia; hence also the diminutive ffapdbr], the
Sardine.)

674. S. medBterranea (Blocli & Schneider) J. & G. — Bonito; Skip-jack.

Dark steel-blue above, with numerous narrow, dark stripes from the
back obliquely downwards and forwards ; silvery below. Body elongate,
scarcely compressed, robust ; corselet distinct, small, not extending be-
yond pectoral. Teeth moderate, slightly compressed. Gill-rakers rather
small, 13 below angle. Maxillary reaching beyond orbit. Head 3| iu
length; depth 4. D. XXI-I, 13-VIII; A. I, 13-VII; P. 10. L.2£ feet.

428 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKT1I AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts; abundant; a food-fish of rather low
grade.

..nth<r jx'Iiiiiii/x r.riiimirh, Iclith. M.i»il. 1708,69, not of L. S\ >t . Nat.: N.«//uVr
iiiiiK lllurh A. Schu. 1,-iOl, 23: Pclamys sarda Store r, Fish. Mass. 63: Prhtmyx
(Jiinther, ii, 3<>7: Sarda pelamya Gill.)

675. S. chilciisis (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G.—Honito ; Skip-jack; Tuna.

Dark metallic blue; sides dusky; about 5 blackish stripes running
obliquely upward and backward from the pectoral region to the upper
edge of the tail, these variable in number and direction. Head pointed,
conical, naked. .Maxillary reaching posterior border of eye. Pectorals
placed just below the level of the pupil, scarcely halt' as long as head.
Gill-rakers long, strong, about 18 below angle. Corselet moderately
developed. Head 3£ ; depth about 4. D. XVIII-I, 12-V1II ; A. II,
11-VI. L. 2-3 feet; weight 1C pounds. San Francisco to Patagonia
and Japan ; abundant northward in summer; very similar to the pre-
ceding but with the spinous dorsal always shorter.

(Pelamys cliilmxi* Cuv. & Val. viii, 163: Pelamys lineolata Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. Fish. 106: 1'rlamyn cliilcusin Giiuthur, ii, 100: Pelamya orientalis Guniher, ii, l(>(>. )

217.— ORCYNUS Cuvier.
Tunnies.

(Tliynnits Cuvier, 1817, preoccupied in entomology.)
(Cuvier, Regne Aiiim. 2d ed. 1829: type Sromlur llii/nnns L.)

Body oblong, robust, with very slender caudal peduncle. Head con-
ical. Mouth wide, with one series of small, conical teeth in the jaws and
bands of minute villiform or sand-like teeth onthevomer and palatines.
Scales present, those of the pectoral region forming an obscure corselet.
First dorsal of 12-15 spineswhieh grow gradually shorter backward, the
interval between last spine and second dorsal slight; second dorsal and
anal short and rather high, each with 8-10 fiulets ; ventrals moderate;
pectorals moderate or very long, rather below the level of the eye. Yer-
teline normal, the lower foramina very small. Fishes of tin- open seas;
often attaining a very great si/e. (<,.,,.;>•„,-, an ancient name of 0. tliyn-
nux.)

a. iVrioral I'ms sal>n--^]i:i|»ril, reaching liryoml end of second dnrsal. (.llbicorcs.)
<;; <i. O. :il:i5<>3iu:i < I •"• -. I //"'<•<"•'•; .llilniujlii: <, i niton.

lirighl metallic steel -blue; lielly l)luisli silvery; lins colored like, the
body; pectorals l.lackish, wit h ,-ih er\ lustre. r,o<ly little compressed,
regularly elliptical, its weight great in proportion to the length. Tail

74. SCOMBRIDvE EUTHYNNUS. 429

strongly keeled, broader tliaii deep. Corselet indistinct. Scales rather
large. Pectoral reaching beyond second dorsal and anal, inserted a
little below level of pupil, its base a little wider than the large eye;
ventrals short. Head 3J; depth 3£. D. XIV-II, 12-VIII; A. II, 12-
VII. L. 3 feet ; weight 15-20 pounds. In all warm seas, in the open
ocean ; abundant in summer in the Mediterranean and about the Santa
Barbara Islands; occasional on onr Atlantic coast.

(Scomber alatunga Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1788, 1330, misprint for alalonga, fide Cuv. & Val. :
Thynnus alalonga Cuv. & Val. viii, 120: Thynnus pacificus Cuv. & Val. viii, 133:
Thy nmts albarora, alalonga, and pacificus Giinther, ii, 36r», 36G : Orcynus pacificus Cooper,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Nut. Sci. 18G3, 75: Orcynus germo Liitkeu, Spolia Atlantica, 1880, 473.)

a. Pectoral fins comparatively short, not reaching beyond the end of the spinous dor-
sal. (Tunnies.)

677. ©. thyBBiaus (Linn.) Poey. — Tunny ; Horse Mackerel; Albicore.

Dark blue above; below greyish with silvery spots. Mouth rather
large ; posterior margin of preopercle somewhat shorter than inferior.
Eye small. Dorsal and anal falcate; caudal very widely forked ; pec-
torals reaching nearly to end of spinous dorsal. Head 3f in length ;
depth 4. D. XIY-I, 13-IX; A. I, 12-VIII. North Atlantic, on both
coasts; the largest of the Scombridce, reaching a length of 10 feet or
more and a weight of half a ton.

•

(Scomber thynnus Linn. Syst. Nat. : Thynnus secundo-cforsalis Storer, Fish. Mass. 65:
Thynn-us thynnus G'inther, ii, 38'2 : Tnynnus vulgaris C. &V. viii, 58: Thynnusbravhyp-
terus and coretta Giinther, ii, 363. )

21§.— EUTHYNNUS Liitken.
Little Tunnies.

(Thynnus Liitken : Thynnichthys Giglioli ; hoth names preoccupied.)
(Liitken MSS. in Epist. Feb. 1881: type Thynnus thunnina C. &. V.)

This genus differs from Orcynus, according to Liitken*, " (1) in the
absence of teeth on the vomer ; (2) by the complete absence of scales
outside of the corselet, while in the Orcyni of the same size the
skin is covered with small scales; the limits of the corselet in the
Tunny and Albicore are obscure, so that it cannot properly be said
that they have distinct corselets; and (3) by an important osteological
character, namely the peculiar development, in the form of a net-work or
trellis, of a portion of the abdominal part of the backbone, between the
vertebrae proper and the hsemapophyses. This organization is common
to Th. thunnina (alliteratus) and Tli. pelamys, and is found modified in

* Spolia Allantiw, 1880, 596.

430 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTITYOLOGY - IV.

the genus .U/;.s." Species of smaller si/.e than the Tunnies, mostly
pelagic. (Bainl.) (zu, true; Ou^<>;, tunny.)

OTN. E. allitcrutllS (Raf.) J. & G.— Little Tunny; Albicorc.

IHiiisli above with wavy, blackish, longitudinal streaks; silvery
below. Inferior margin of preoperculum half longer than posterior.
Dorsal spines moderate; pectorals reaching the vertical from the ninth
dorsal spine. Head 3£ in length ; depth 4!. D. XV-I, 12-VIII ; A. I,
12-VII. Atlantic Ocean ; occasional on our coast.

5 uniln-i- iiHUi-rutH* Raf. Carat trri <li Alcuni Xuovi Geueri, 1810, 4!i : Thy nuns afliiii*,
tliiiiniiiHi, ami breriroxtris Giiutlirr. ii. ,'ii «:'•-'. !t>5.)

G75). E. pclliJIiys (L.) Liitkon. — Oct-anic Bonito.

Back bluish ; on each side of the belly 4 brownish longitudinal bauds.
Length of posterior margin of the preoperculum 1§ in that of the in-
ferior. Pectoral reaching the vertical from the tenth dorsal spine; dor-
sal spines rather feeble. Ilead 3i; depth 4 (to fork of caudal). D.
XV-I, 12 + VIII; A. II, 12 + VII. (Giinther.) Tropical seas; occa-
sional on our Atlantic coast.

L. Syst. Nat.: Thi/nnus pdamijs Giinther, ii, 305: Thynnua pdamijs
Cuv. ••! V:il. viii, IK?.)

FAMILY LXXV.— CxVRANGIDJE.

The Pilot -fiKhet.

Scombroid fishes, with the body more or less compressed and often ele-
vated, sometimes naked, or more usually covered with small, thin, cycloid

lies. Head compressed, the occipital keel prominent, usually trench-
ant. Month of varying size, the dentition various, the teeth generally
small : prcmaxillaries usually ]»rotractile ; maxillary with or without a
supplemental bone; preoperele usually entire in the adult, in the very
NIIMIIL; armed with three or more spines.* Lateral line complete, anteri-
orly arched, the posterior part straight, sometimes armed with bony
plates. Dorsal fins more or less separated, the spinous part rather weak,
the spines usually depressible in a groove; anal tin long, similar to the
soft dorsal, always preceded by t wo st ill' spines, usually separate, but in
the young often more or less connected wifli the tin or with each other;
these sometimes disappear with old a-c, and s ..... etimes the spinous dor-
sal also vanishes; often a procumbent spine before the dorsal tin; ven-
tral tins thoracic, well developed, I , ."» : caudal peduncle very slender, the
I'm \\idelyforked; pectoral tins narrow, dill openings very wide, the
membranes usually not united, free from the isthmus, dills 1, a slit

uf tli«' transformations of enrioas members of this family, see LUt-
Atlantica,

75. CARANGID.E — TRACHURUS. 431

behind the last. Gill- rakers usually long. Branchiostegals commonly
7. Air-bladder present, often bifurcate behind. Pseudobranchirc large,
present in all our genera, sometimes disappearing with age. (Esopha-
gus unarmed. Pyloric cceca generally numerous. Vertebra?- fewer than
in the Scombridcv, about 25 in number. Coloration generally metallic
and silvery. Genera 25; species about 180, abounding in warm seas,
often moving northward in summer, like the Scombridce. Most of the
species are widely distributed, and nearly all are valued as food.

(Carangidw pt. Gunther ii, 417-485, exclusive of certain genera.)

* Lateral line armed with bony keeled plates, at least posteriorly. (Carangince.')

a. Armature of lateral line extending its whole length TRACHURUS, 219.

aa. Armature of lateral line on its straight posterior portion only.

b. Dorsals and anal each with a detached finlet DECAPTERUS, 220.

bb. Dorsal and anal without fiulets.

c. Spinous dorsal developed CARANX, 221.

cc. Spiuous dorsal rudimentary or disappearing with age ; scales rudimentary.

BLEPHARIS, 222.

*" Lateral line Tinarmed.

d. Premaxillarics protractile.
e. Anal fin about equal to the soft dorsal, its base longer than the abdomen ;

tail not keeled.
/. Thoracic region treuchant ; body excessively compressed.

y. Dorsal outline more convex than the ventral outline ; profile very steep;
head very short and high; preorbital very deep. (Selenitic?,.)

SELENE, 223.
gg. Dorsal outline less convex than ventral ; profile not steep ; preorbital

moderate. ( 67i loroscom brinoc. ) CHLOROSCOMBRUS, 224.

ff. Thoracic region not trenchant; body moderately compressed. (Tra-
cliynotinoR.)

Ji. Forehead convex TRACH YNOTUS, 225.

ee. Anal fin much shorter than the soft dorsal, its base not longer than the

abdomen; tail keeled. (Svriolincu.)
i. Fiulets none.

j. Dorsal spines free, in adult NAUCRATES, 226.

jj. Dorsal spines connected by membrane SERIOLA, 227.

ii. A two-rayed fiulet behind dorsal and anal ELAGATIS, 228.

del. Premaxill aries not protractile ; dorsal and anal with finlets ; maxillary
very narrow, without distinct supplemental bone. (Scombroi-
dlnce.) SCOMBROIDES, 229.

219.— TRACHURUS Rafinesque.
Saureh.

(Rafinesqne, Indiced'Ittiologia Siciliaua 1810, 20 : type Scomber trachurus L. = Tracliurus
saurus Raf.)

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, not elevated, taperiug
to a slender caudal peduncle, which is as broad as deep. Scales present,
not very small. Lateral line armed throughout with plates, those on the
caudal peduncle larger and spinous; an accessory dorsal branch to the
lateral line. Snout rather long. Mouth moderate. Minute teeth mostly

432 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

in single series on jaws, vomcr, and palatines. Dorsals two, the first
preceded by a procumbent spine. No finlets. Two strong spines before
the anal, connected by membrane. Pyloric coeca numerous. In all
warm seas, (r/ia/o'i/x^^ the ancient name of T. saurus; from -,"<*•/";,
rough; oupa, tail.)

68O. T. symtnctricus (Ayres) Girard. — Horse Mackerl.

Similar to T. Mtnni*, but slenderer and less compressed. Arch of
lateral line longer, as long as straight part, the junction of the two much
beyond tip of pectoral ; plates on the anterior part small, crowded, their
height less than half eye. Head 3$; depth 4§. D. VIII-I, 31; A.
II-I, 27 ; Lat. 1. 48 + 47. Coast of California, from San Francisco south-
ward ; very abundant in summer.

(Caranx symmctrims Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1855, 62; Girard, Pac. R. R.
Surv. Fish. 107.)

981. T. saurilS Raf. — Horse Mackerel; Skip Jack ; Saurcl.

Greenish, sides silvery; a dusky opercular spot. Body more com-
pressed and deeper than in the preceding. Head rather long. Mouth
moderate, the maxillary reaching the front of eye. Eye large, equal to
snout, 4 in head ; arch of lateral line short, reaching scarcely beyond pec-
toral, 1£ in straight part, the plates high, nearly as high anteriorly as
posteriorly, their height more than half eye. Head 3£ ; depth 4. D.
VI II-I, 29; A. II-I, 28; Lat. 1. 40 + 37. L. 1 foot. Southern Europe;
occasional on our South Atlantic coast.

(Scomber <rac7(itr««Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 1758: Caranx traclnirun Lac6pede, iii, 63: ? Car-
<iii.i-<nnoritx plumierianus Lac^p. Hist. Nat. 1'oiss. iii, 84 : 1 Selar j(i)>nnirux Ulerkrr, Vrrh.
I '..-it. Gen. xx, vi, Japan, pi. 8: Trttchnrux xtuirux Rafiucsqne, 1. c. 5JO: Trachtirux trachurus
Gilnthei, ii, 41'J.

220. DECAPTERUS Blecker.

Mackerel Scads.

( I'.li-i-Krr, Xuttmrk. Tydschr. 1-^.V). v, -117: type Caranr kurra Cuv. & Val.)

I5ody elongate, little compressed, almost perfectly fusiform. Head
short, pointed. Month rather small ; jaws about equal, the dentition
feeble. A supplementary maxillary bone. I'remaxillaries protraetile.
Scales moderate, enlarged and sjn'iions along lateral line posteriorly;
second dorsal and anal each with a single detached finlet ; free anal
spines very strong. Abdomen rat her shorter than anal fin. Gill-rakers
long and slender. Species numerous. ('T;/a?,ten; 7rrs/><)y, fin ; there being
ten fins, counting the spin ions (inlets and excluding the free spines.)

6S2. D. plllK'tatias (Agassi/.) (Jill. — Sritrt : Pound L'obin.

r.luish above, silvery below; a dark opercular spot. Eye rather
small, shorter than snout, about equal to the width of checks or the ill-

75. CARANGIDJE CARANX. 433

*

terorbital space. Maxillary reaching front of eye. Teeth onvomerand
palatines, none on tongue; teeth in jaws in single series. Lateral line
little arched ; arch of lateral line nearly as long as straight part. Scutes
numerous, deep, crowded, about 40. Pectorals short, shorter than
head. Breast, cheeks, and top of head scaly. Depth 5 in length;
head 4£. D. VIII-I, 30-1; A. II-I, 24-1. L. 12 inches. New York to
the West Indies ; not common on our coast.

* (Caranx punctatus Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bras. 1829, 108: Caranx punctatus Giinther,
II, 426.)

6§3. D. macarellus (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. — Mackerel Scad.

Silvery, plumbeous below ; a small black spot on the opercle. Lat-
eral line nearly straight. Head 5; depth 6. D. VIII-1, 33-1; A. II — I,
27-1; scutes 25. (Gunther.) Warm parts of the Atlantic, northward
to Cape Cod ; scarce on our coast.

(Caranx macarellus Cuv. & Val. ix, 40: Caranx macarellus Giinther, ii, 426.)

221.— CARANX Lac^pfcde.
Crevalles.

(Caranx, Carangops, Carangus, Paratractus, and Tracliurops Gill; Caranx, Gnathanodon,
Selar, Carangoides, Caranyichthys, etc. Bleeker.)

(Commerson; Lace"pede Hist. Nat. des Poiss. 1802, iii, 72: type Scomber speciosus
Forskal.)

Body ovate or oblong, compressed, the back sometimes considerably
elevated, sometimes little arched. Head moderate or rather large, more
or less compressed. Mouth moderate or large, oblique; maxillary with
a well developed supplemental bone, extending to below the eye. Pre-
maxillaries protractile. Teeth variously developed ; sometimes minute,
granular, and deciduous (Caranx), sometimes with an outer row of
stronger teeth (Selar, etc.) or with small canines (Carangus); villiform.
teeth often present on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Gill-rakers long.
Eye large, with an adipose eyelid. Dorsal spines rather low, connected ;
second dorsal long, elevated in front; both fins depressible in a groove.
Anal fin similar to second dorsal and nearly as long, preceded by two
rather strong spines, its base longer than the abdomen. Caudal fin
strongly forked, the peduncle very slender. Ventral fins moderate;
pectorals falcate ; no finlets. Scales present, usually very small. Lat-
eral line with its posterior portion armed with strong bony plates, which
grow larger on the tail, each plate armed with a spine; a short dorsal
branch of lateral line, usually present. Preopercle entire in the adult,
serrate in the young, usually with a membranaceous border. Species
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 28

434 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

very numerous in all warm seas, most of them valued for food. As here
understood, this genus includes a considerable variety of forms, differing
in the dentition and in the shape of the body. Its members seem, how-
ever, to form an almost unbroken series from one extreme to another.
(/»//»/, head. "A cause de 1'espece de prominence que presente leur tete,
de la force de cette parti j, de 1'eclat dont elle brille, et d'ailleurs pour
annoneer la sorte de puissance et de domination que plnsieurs ossetix
de cc -fine exerceut sur uu grand nombre des poissons que frequentent
les rivages" Lacepede).

Our species may be divided as follows :

a. Teeth present, small, nearly uniform, or the outer somewhat enlarged; no canines.

(.S,.lnr I'.l.-cker.)
ft. Body fusiform, elongate ...................................... crumcnophthalmus.

bb. Body ovate or subfusiform.
o. Depth one-third or less than one-third the length to base caudal.

pisquvtus; caballus; cibi.
cc. Depth more than one-third the length ........................ beani ; falcatus.

art. Teeth unequal ; lower jaw with small canines. (Carangitu) ........ fallax;

a. TCI 'th present, small, nearly uniform; the outer row sometimes enlarged; no canines.

(Selar* Bleeker.)
b. Body fusiform, elongate. ( Trachurops Gill. )

681. C. criuneiioplfttlialmus (Bloch) Lac.— Goggler; Big-eyed Scad.

Bluish olive above, silvery below, a faint opcrcular spot. Body ob-
long-elongate, little compressed, the back not elevated. Head elongate,
nither pointed, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary reaching past the
front of the eye, which is very large, longer than snout, about 3 in head.
Eye much deeper than the cheeks and greater than the interorbital
width. A single series of small teeth in each jaw ; very weak teeth on
vomer and palatines ; a patch of teeth on tongue. Shoulder-girdle neai
isthmus with a fleshy projection, in front of which is a dee]) cross-fur-
row; adipose eyelid largely developed. Scales comparatively large.
rh.'cks and breast scaly. Gill-rakers long, numerous. Lateral line
scarcely arched, its scutes weak, but little carinated. Dorsal spines
slender: free anal spines strong; pectorals falcate, nearly as long as
head. An ;.iigle at 1<>\\ er posterior part of opereular region as in Clnpca.
Head :U; depth. \i. D. VIII-I, 20 j A. JI-I, L'L'; scutes 35. Cape Cod
to Madagascar; abundant in tropical seas.

orumenophthdlnuu IMm-li. t:il". :M:l; (iimthcr, ii, lv!9: Tniflnirops cntmcnoph-
, I'M).-. Ai-:i.l.N:it. Bd. I'liila. l.-.'.'J, 4:U.)

bb. Body ovate or snbfiisifonn.

c. Depth onc-tliird in- li-ss tlir length tn liase, of caudal.

• Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. 1855, v, 417.

75. CARANGID^E CARANX. 435

685. C. pisqiicttis Cuv. & Val. — CrevalU.

Greenish olive, golden yellow below ; a black blotch on opercle. Body
oblong, moderately elevated, the dorsal and ventral outlines about
equally arched. Profile forming a uniform curve. Snout rather sharp.
Mouth slightly oblique, a little below axis of body. Maxillary reaching
about to middle of orbit. Teeth comparatively large ; a single series in
lower jaw ; upper jaw with an inner series of smaller teeth ; no canines ;
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Eye rather small, shorter than
snout, 3£ in head. Gill-rakers long, numerous. Pectoral as long as
head, barely reaching anal, its broad basal part half its length. Scales
moderate; cheeks and breast scaly. Top of head naked, with series
of mucous pores. Lateral line with a weak arch anteriorly, which is
about half length of straight portion. Lateral scutes numerous, devel-
oped on whole straight part of lateral line. Head 3f ; depth 3. D.
VIII-I, 24 ; A. II-I, 19 ; Lat. 1. 50 (scutes). L. 1 foot. Cape Cod to
West Indies; the most abundant of the Carangidce on our Atlantic
coast northward.

(Cuv. & Val. ix, 97 : Caranx hippos Holbr. Ichth. S. C. 1880, 90 : Parairactus pisque-
tus Gill, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432 : Caranx chrysos Giinther, ii, 445.)

6§S. C. caballus Giinther.

Greenish above, silvery below ; a black blotch on the opercle, none
elsewhere. Form of C. pisquetus ; rather elongate, not greatly com-
pressed ; the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly and nearly equally
arched ; a low occipital carina ; a prominent supraocular ridge. Scales
comparatively large, the scaly sheaths of the vertical tins well developed.
Cheeks and upper part of opercles scaled; breast scaled, jaws naked.
Teeth in a narrow band above, those in front somewhat enlarged, those
of lower jaw mostly in one series ; feeble teeth on tongue, vomer, and
palatines. Mouth rather small, the jaws nearly equal ; maxillary reach-
ing front of pupil. Eye large, 3£ in head, the adipose eyelid unusually
developed. Gill-rakers numerous, very long and slender, 28 below angle.
Curve of lateral line low, the straight part beginning under first ray of
second dorsal^ at a distance rather more than length of head ; length of
arch If in straight part. Scutes of lateral line strong. Pectoral fins
very long, slender, and falcate, their length considerably more than that
of the head ; a little less than 3 times in length of body, their tips reach-
ing fourth anal ray ; the broad basal part forming little more than one-
third the total length of the fin ; ventrals short ; a concealed spine
before dorsal ; second dorsal and anal a little elevated in front, the long-

436 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

ost ray near]}* half length of head, the last rays of the fin scarcely rising
above the scaly sheath. Head 4; depth 3£. D. VIII-I, 24; A. II-I,
i'l ; Lat. 1. 4t (developed scutes). San Diego, Cal., to South America.
(Description from original types of T. loops.)

(TnicJiitritH hoop* Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1859, 108, not Caranx loops of
C. &V. : Caranx caballus Giiiither, Trans. Zocil. Soc. Lond. 1869,431: Caranx gintrdi
Steiudachncr.)

687. C. cibi Poey.

Dusky bluish, golden below, without spots. Body rather elongate, not
elevated, muzzle pointed. Profile regularly curved. Maxillary reaching
front of eye. Teeth villiform on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Breast
and vertical fins scaly. Last spine of dorsal short, strong, free. Pec-
torals as long as depth of body, falcate ; ventrals short. Eye 4 A in
head. Head 3J ; depth 3. D. VIII-I, 25 ; A. II-I, 22. West Indies,
north to Florida.

(Poey.Memorias, ii, 224, 1858.)
cc. Depth more than one-third the length.

688. C. beani Jordan.

Silvery, bluish above ; no black spot on opercles or fins ; spiuous
dorsal and axil dusky. Body ovate, deep and compressed, somewhat
elliptical ; the profile anteriorly not elevated, forming an even curve con-
tinuous from the snout to the base of the dorsal, the snout therefore not
blunt. Top of head not much compressed. Premaxillaries on the level
of the lower edge of the pupil ; maxillary not reaching to opposite the
front of the pupil. Teeth rather small, in a narrow band on each ja\v,
without distinct canines; villiforni teeth on tongue, vomer, and palatines.
Cheek about as deep as the eye, which is rather small, considerably
nhorter than snout; adipose eyelid little developed. Gill-rakers Ion g.
Breast entirely scaly ; soft parts of the vertical fins densely covered with
small scales. Pectoral I'm falcate, a little shorter than the head, reach-
in- past tlie front of the anal ; caudal equally forked. Plates of lateral
linesmal). IIi-ad:5.\; depth 2&. D, VIII-I, 27; A. II-I, 23; Lat. 1.28.
lira ii fort, North Carolina.

(Jordan, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 486.)

689. C. falcatits Holl.r.

Greenish above with blue reflections, sides and below golden or
silvery ; caudal fin yellow, inner edge of upper lobe black ; a black axil
lary spot, opcivle faintly blotched. Body oval, much compressed, with
the axis nearly midway between the back and belly; profile very con-

75. CARANGID2E — CARANX. 437

vex. Mouth very small, oblique, the maxillary scarcely reaching the
middle of the orbit. Head small, short, about as deep as long. Eye
large, as long as snout, 3£ in head. Gill-rakers shortish, rather strong,
20 below arch; anal spines small, the second longest; upper lobe of the
caudal falcate, more than a third longer than the lower. Lateral scutes
numerous, very strong. Teeth rather strong, in one series in each jaw ;
teeth on tongue few or none; those on vomer and palatines minute,
deciduous ; scales small ; cheeks niked, breast scaly ; lateral line strongly
arched, the arch about one-third the straight portion ; scaly sheaths of
dorsal and anal very high, extending the whole length of fin. Pectoral
falcate longer than head, reaching anal. Head 4^; depth 2 J. D.
VII-I, 28; A. II-I, 25; Lat. 1. (scutes) about 50. West Indies north-
ward; not common.

(Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 1860, 94 : Caranx amblyrhynchus Guiither, ii, 441, pt. not
of C. & V.: Carangops falcatus Gill, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 431.)

aa. Teeth unequal ; lower jaw with small canines. (Carangus * Grd.)

69O. C. fallax C. & V.

Bluish, sides golden or silvery, a very small, black opercular spot.
Form of C. Mppus, but the profile not so strongly arched. Teeth as in
C. liippm. Breast entirely scaly ; anterior part of soft dorsal fin black;
no spot on the pectorals. Scutes present on whole of straight part of
lateral line; arched part of lateral line If in straight part; an abrupt
angle at junction of the two parts. Pectoral shorter than head, max-
illary reaching posterior edge of pupil ; cheek and upper parts of opercles
scaly; scaly sheaths of fins little developed. Head3f; depth 2|. D.
VIII-I, 22; A. II-I, 1C; Lat. 1. 35 (scutes). Warm seas, north to South
Carolina ; not common.

(Cuv. & Val. is, 95 : Caranx hippos Giinther, ii, 449 : Caranx ricliardi Holbr. Ichth.
S. C. 1860, 96.)

69 1 • C. hippus (L.) Giiuther. — CrevalU; Horse Crevalle.

Olivaceous above ; sides and below silvery or golden ; a distinct black
blotch on opercle and one on lower rays of pectorals, the latter some-
times wanting ; axil of pectoral dusky ; anterior edge of dorsals black ;
upper edge of caudal peduncle dusky. Body oblong, the anterior pro-
file very strongly arched. Head large and deep. Mouth large, low, and
nearly horizontal below axis of body ; lower jaw included ; maxillary
extending to nearly opposite posterior border of eye. Teeth in upper

* Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 1829, 23; type Scomber carang us Bloch; name
a modification of Caranx.

438 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

jaw in a broad villifonn hand; an outer series of large, "wide-set, coni-
cal teeth; teeth of lower jaw in one row, a distinct canine on each side
of symphysis; villiform teeth on vonier, palatines, pterygoids, and
tongue. Lateral line with a wide arch, its length ^ that of straight
part ; plates not covering all of straight part. Dorsal spines short,
rather stout; procumbent spine obsolete. Gill-rakers stout, not very
long, 15 below angle. Occipital keel sharp. Eye not very large,
longer than snout, 4 in head. Pectoral falcate, longer than head.
Breast naked, with a small patch of scales in front of ventrals only.
Caudal lobes equal. Head 3£; depth 2£; Lat. 1. (scutes) about 30.
D. YIII-I, 20; A. II-I, 17. Cape Cod to West Indies; common south-
ward.

(Scomber hippos L. Syst. Nat: Carangus hippos Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862,
433: Caranx defensor Holbrook, Ichtb. S. C. 1860, 87 : Caranx caninus Giinther, Trans.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, 432: Scomber caran (jus Bloch, taf. 340: Scomber clirysos Mitchill,
Trans. Lir. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 4*4: Carangus chrysos Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1H62, 434: Carangus esculentus Grd. U. S. Mes. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 23: Caranx
carangus Giiuther, ii, 448.)

222.— BLEPIIAR3S Cuvier.

Cobbler-fishes.

(Gallus Lac6pede, preoccupied: Scyris, Jlynnix and GaUichthys Cuv. & Val.: Blepha-

richihyx Gill.)

(Cuvier, Regne Aniin. ii, 1817: typo Zeus cU'tari* Bloch.)

Body rhomboid, deep, strongly compressed, more or less completely
covered with minute embedded scales, sometimes apparently naked;
those on the straight portion of the lateral line enlarged, bony and
spinous, as in Caranx, but less developed. Mouth moderate, witli
bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue. First
dorsal fin little developed, the spines short and rudimentary, mostly
disappearing with age; soft dorsal and anal similar to each other; the
lirst five or six rays of each fin elongate and filiform in the young, be-
coming shorter with age; ventral tins elongate in young; on finlets.
Caudal peduncle narrow; the caudal widely forked. (Jill rakers mod-
erate, stout. This genus is not essentially different from Caranx:
Warm seas. (,5/s? «/>"?, cilium.)

692. B. crieiitiis (Akcrly) P<-k:iy.

Bluish above, golden yellow below; a dark blotch on opercle; a
black spot on orbit above; a black blotch on dorsal and anal in front.
Body oval, much compressed, highest at the elevated bases of dorsal
and anal fins. Preorbital very deep. Mouth nearly horizontal in the

75. CARANGID^i — SELENE. 439

adult, very oblique in the young. First rays of dorsal and anal fila-
mentous, exceedingly long, becoming shorter with age. Lateral line
with a wide arch, the curved portion about equal to straight. Scaly
sheath of fins little developed. Scutes become stronger and blunter
with age. Ventrals broad. Occipital keel sharp. Pectorals long and
falcate, longer than head. Head 3 Jin length ; depth 1% to 2. D. VI-I,
19; A. II-I, 10. Scutes 12. Cape Cod to South America 5 not very
abundant northwards.

(Zeus erinittis Alcerly, Auier. .lour. Sci. xi, 144; Dek. N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 123: Caranx
sutor Giiuther, ii, 454.)

223.— SE1LENE Lacepede.

Moon fishes.

(Argyriosus Lace~pedo : Vomer Cuvier.)
(Lacdpedo, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 560, 1803: type Selene aryentea Lac.)

Body very closely compressed and much elevated, the profile very
oblique or nearly vertical ; edges of body everywhere trenchant, especially
anteriorly. Head short and very deep, the opercle very short, and the
preorbital extremely deep; an abrupt angle at the occipital region.
Mouth rather small; premaxillaries protractile, fitting into a notch
between the bases of the maxillaries; maxillaries broad, each with a
supplemental bone. Tongue narrow, free. Teeth minute, on jaws,
tongue, voiner, and palatines. Gill-rakers long and slender. Spines of
fins usually weak, more or less filamentous in the young; free anal
spines immovable, sometimes obsolete in the adult. Soft fins falcate
or not. Nofinlets. Head naked. Scales minute. Lateral line unarmed.
Coloration silvery. (^e^vi?, the moon.)
ft. Soft dorsal and anal with, the anterior rays much produced in the adult. (Selene.)

693. §. vonter (L.) Liitken. — Moon-fish; Look Down; Horse-head.

Bluish above, sides and below silvery with golden reflections ; ante-
rior edge of soft dorsal black ; axil dusky. Diameter of eye, length of
opercle, and distance from eye to profile about equal ; eye 2 in maxillary,
2J in preorbital ; mandibles very deep, the deutary bones thin, approxi-
mate ; one or two of the dorsal spines greatly elongate and filamentous
in the young, short in the adult ; ventrals variable in length, usually
about as long as the eye ir the adult, variously elongate in partly grown
specimens. Head 3 in length; long dorsal rays 2; pectoral 2f ; long-
anal rays 2|; depth 1£. D. VII-I, 22; A. II-I, 20. Warm seas;
rather common southward, north to Long Island, and Lower California.

(Zeus vomer Linn. Syst. Nat.: Zeus capillaris Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y.

440 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

1815, 383: Argyrioaus romer GiintluT, ii, 458: Selene argentea Lac<?pede, iv, 5GO:
.Irtiyrt-iimtix I'tieificuH Lockiii^ton, 1'roc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1876: Selene argentea (adult)
:unl AnjiirioMix romer (partly growii) of most recent writers. Llitken, Spolia Atlantioa,
1 — ii, ;, 17, in which memoir the stages of growth of this and other species are fully
described.)

aa. All the lins very low, none of the rays produced or filamentous in the adult. ( Fo-
nur* C'uvier.)

CO I. S. sotipiaiias (Mitch.) Liitken. — Horse Fish.

Gnvnish above, below golden or silvery. Young with a black blotch
at origin of straight part of lateral line. ' Body oblong, rhombic, less
elevated than in the other species ; proiile anteriorly nearly vertical,
highest above the eye, snout somewhat protruding, belly most arched
in the young; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching vertical from front of
orbit. Ventral fins minute; dorsal and anal very low, especially in the
adult, the long rays disappearing very early ; pectorals falcate, about as
long as head. Head 3£ in length; depth If. D. VIII-I, 21; A. II-I,
17. Tropical America, north to Cape Cod ; not very common on our
coasts.

(Zens xetaplnn'w Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, 384: Argyrelosus setipin-
nix Giinthcr, ii, 4.~>LI : Power brown i Cuv. & Val. ix, 189 : Tomer browni Drkay, New York
Fauna, Fish. l'J7 ; Liitken, Spolia Atlanlica, 1880, 543: Tomer curtuu Cope, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. 1'hila. 1870, ll'J: Aryyniusuy uiiimaeulatua Batchelder.)

224.— CIILOROSCOITIBRUS Girard.
(Micropteryx Agassiz, preoccupied.)

(Girard, Pror. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 168: type Seriola cosmopolita Cuv. & Val.
= Scomber cliryxurii* L.)

Body oblong ovate, closely compressed, but not elevated ; the abdomen
promiiH-nt anteriorly, its curve being much greater than the curve of the
back. Occiput and thoracic region trenchant. Caudal peduncle very
narrow, the fin widely forked. Scales small, smooth. Lateral line arched
in front, unarmed. Head nearly naked. Preorbital low. Mouth rather
small, oblique, lower jaw scarcely projecting; upper jaw protractile;
maxillary broad, emarginatr behind, uitli a large supplemental bone,
.laws, \omcr, and palatines with feeble teeth, mostly in single series.
First dorsal of feeble spines, connected by membrane; second dorsal
and anal long and low, similar, much longer than the short abdomen.
No linlets. Anal spines strong. A'etitrals small; pectorals falcate,
(lill rakers long. (•/).«><<•>;, green; <-• r, mackerel.)

' Cuvier, KI^HC Auim. ii, 1^17: tyi»- l'<un<r bnm-ni Cuv. —-. ZCHH ndqiinni.i Mitchill:
i. l.at in rt»ni r, a jiluusliarc. )

75. CAEANGIB.E TRACHYNOTUS. 441

695. C. cfirysurus (L.) Gill.

Greenish above, sides and below golden; caudal peduncle dusky-
above; dark opercular and axillary spots; inside of mouth black. Head
rather deeper than long; opercles very short; snout short. Mouth very
oblique; maxillary reaching anterior margin of eye; eye very large,
longer than snout, about 3 in head. Caudal peduncle longer than
deep, its diameter less than that of the eye; ventrals very small, fitting
into a groove in which the vent is situated; pectorals long, falcate, one-
third the length. Head 3f in length; depth 2±. D. VIII— I, 26; A.
II— I, 26. Cape Cod to Lower California and India ; common on our
South Atlantic coast.

(Scomber chrysurus Linn. Syst. Nat.: Micropter>/x cliri/surus Giiutlier, ii, 460: Serioln
cosmopolita Cuv. & Val. ix, 219: Seriola Moris Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 1860, 79: Chlor-
oscoinbrua cariblccus Grd. Ichth. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 21.)

225.— TRACHYNOTUS Lac<>p6de.
Pompanos.

(Botlirolcemm Holbrook: Doliodon Girard.)
(Lac^pfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1800: type Chcetodon glamus Bloch.)

Body compressed, moderately elevated, the general outline ovate.
Caudal peduncle short and rather slender. Abdomen not trenchant,
shorter than the anal flu. Head moderately compressed, very blunt, the
snout abruptly truncate. Mouth nearly horizontal, the maxillary reach-
ing the middle of the eye; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary with-
out distinct supplemental bone. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands
of villiform teeth, which are deciduous with age. Preopercle entire in
the adult. Gill-rakers short. Gill-membranes considerably united.
Spinous dorsal represented by six rather low spines, which are con-
nected by membrane in the young and are free in the adult. In old
specimens the spines appear small on account of encroachments of the
flesh, and ultimately often disappear. Second dorsal long, elevated in
front; anal opposite to it and similar inform and size; two stout, nearly
free spines in front of anal, and one connected with the fin, these often dis-
appearing with age. Scales small, smooth. Lateral line unarmed, little
arched; no caudal keel. "When extremely young the preoperculum is
armed at the angle with three large spines, and smaller ones above and
below. The spinous dorsal is developed as a perfect fin, and teeth are pres-
ent on the jaws and palatine arch. In this stage the species bas never
been described by previous naturalists, and consequently has received no
name, as the corresponding stage of Naucrates (Nauclerus) has. At an

442 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

early period the preopercular spines are absorbed into the substance of
the preopeirulum and disappear. The spinous dorsal and the teeth are
still retained. In this condition it remains for some time, che spinous
dorsal, however, gradually losing its relative si/e, while the soft vertical
fins increase. In this stage the species belongs to the genus Doliodon
of Girard. At a later period the membrane connecting the dorsal spines
has become obsolete, and the species then represents the genus Trachy-
notus, as understood by Cuvier and Valenciennes, and others. Finally,
in old age, the teeth of the jaws, palate, and pharyngeal bones have fallen
out, and the lobes of the dorsal, anal,, and caudal fins attained their
greatest extension and become pointed. This final stage has been made
known by Holbrook under the new generic nsaa.6 of Bothrolcemus" (Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 440). The pseudobranclme also dis-
appear in old specimens. The species of Trachynotus are among those
most highly valued as food-fishes. (??"%»*, rough; VOJTMT, back.)

a. Body without dark bands.

b. Vertical fins without black.

696. T. caroEaaius (L.) Gill. — Common Pompano.

Uniform bluish above, sides silvery, golden in the adult, without
bauds; fins plain silvery or dusk}*. Body oblong ovate, elevated, pro-
file forming a gentle curve from the middle of the back to the snout,
where it descends abruptly. Dorsal and anal falcate, their lobes reach-
ing \vhen depressed nearly to the middle of the fin ; pectoral reaching to
opposite the vent. Gill-rakers short, slender in the young, becoming
thick iu the adult. Head 4; depth 2£. D. VI-I, 25; A. II— I, 23. L.
18 inches. West Indies, north to Cape Cod; the most valued food-fish
of our southern waters.

(diixti-niili-itx i-iiroHnuit Linn. Syst. Nat.: Tnirlii/nntiis pampainis Giinther, ii, 484;
Bothrol&mue pampanus Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 1800, 81.)

/)/(. Vrrtiral Cms largely black.

<»1»7. T. ovaliss (L.) Gthr.

I'.luish, sides siFvery ; lobes of the dorsal and anal more or less black.
Hotly comparatively deep. Head about .4. Depth 1^ to 2. D. VI-I,
r.) ; A. II — I, 18. Iu all warm seas ; north to Virginia on our Atlantic

coast.

(GuntcrostcuH oralus L. Syst. Nat.; Gtiutucr, ii, 481.)

698. T. gorcciisis C. & V.

Dorsal, anal, and caudal lobes black. Snout obliquely truncated;
maxillary reaching to below the centre of the eye; anterior rays of dor-

75. CARANGID^ NAUCRATES. 443

sal and anal extending beyond the middle of the fins when depressed.
Head 4£ in total length; depth, 2£ j caudal lobes 4. D. VI— I, 20; A.
II-I, 17. Florida to Africa. (Giinther.} Not evidently different from
the preceding.

(Cuv. &. Vat. viii, 419 ; Guutlicr, ii, 483.)
era. Body with vertical dark bands.

699. T. glancus Cuv. & Val.

Bluish, sides golden, with four narrow blackish vertical bands, the
first under the first dorsal spine, the second under the fifth, the others
under the soft dorsal. Dorsal and anal fins falcate, much elevated ante-
riorly, reaching beyond base of caudal ; caudal lobes elongate. Head
3£; depth 2. 1). VI-1, 19; A. II-I, 18. Pyloric coeca 13. Tropical
seas, north to Virginia and Lower California.

(Cuv. & Val. viii, 400; Giiiither, ii, 483; Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 192.)

226.— NAUCRATES Rafinesque.

Pilot-fishes.

(Nauclcrus Cuvier; yotmg.)

(Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, &c., 1810, 44: type Naucrates conductor

Raf. = Gastcrosteus ductor L. )

This genus differs from Scriola only in the reduction of the spinous
dorsal to a few (4 or 5) low, unconnected spines. The young (Nauclerus
Cuv.) have the spines of the dorsals connected by membrane, and a more
or less distinct strong spine at the angle of the operculum. A single
species, in the open seas, (vauxparys, ruler of the ships, *. e. holding ships
fast — a name applied by the ancients to Eclieneis and other fishes.)

700. W. dMCtOl* (Linn.) Raf. — Pilot-fish; Romero.

Bluish, with five to seven dark vertical bars. Body rather elongate,
little compressed. Snout rather blunt. Mouth terminal, oblique, small ;
maxillary scarcely reaching orbit. Caudal keel large, fleshy; pectorals
short and broad; ventrals rather large. Head 4 in length; depth 4.
D. IV — I, 26 ; A. II — 1, 10. In all warm seas ; occasional on our Atlantic
coast.

(Gasterosteus ductor Linn. Syst. Nat. : Naucrates novcboracensis Cuv. & Val. viii, 325;
Giintber, ii, 374.)

444 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

227.— SEBIOLA Cuvier.
Amber -fishes.

(Halatractus Gill.)
(Cuvier, R&gne Auira. ed. 2, ii, 1829: type Caranx dnmerili Risso.)

Body oblong, moderately compressed, not elevated. Occiput and breast
not trenchant. Head usually more or less conical, not very blunt.
Mouth comparatively large, with broad bands of villiforin teeth on both
jaws, tongue, vomer, and palatines; a broad, strong, supplemental maxil-
illary bone; premaxillaries protractile. Scales small. Lateral line
scarcely arched, forming a keel on the caudal peduncle, not armed with
bony plates. Sides of head with scales. First dorsal with about seven
low spines, connected by membrane ; second dorsal very long, elevated
in front ; anal similar to the soft dorsal but not nearly so long, shorter
than the abdomen, preceded by two very small free spines, which dis-
appear in old fishes; no fiulets; ventral fins very long; pectorals short
and broad. Gill-rakers moderate. Species of moderate or large size,
often gracefully colored; most of them valued as food-fishes. This
genus should probably be united to Xaitcrates. (Scriola, the Italian
name of S. dumerili.)

"7O1. S. lalandi Cuv. & Val.— Yellow-tail.

Bright steel-blue above, sides dull silvery, an irregular yellowish
lateral band; fins dusky yellowish green; caudal dull yellow. Body
regularly fusiform, somewhat compressed, tapering to the sharp snout
and slender caudal peduncle. Maxillary reaching front of pupil. Mouth
not very large. Gill-rakers long and strong. Head naked, except on
the checks. Fins scaleless. Caudal keel moderate; caudal lobes nearly
equal. Spines of moderate development, the free anal spines disappear-
ing with a^'c. Pectorals shorter than ventrals, which are half length of
head; longest, dorsal ray § height of body. Tyloric cceca very numer-
ous. Head i; depth 4. D. V to VII-I, 35; A. II-I, L'l. L. .'ifeet. In
most warm seas; abundant in summer about the Santa Barbara Islands;
also occasional on the South Atlantic coast. An excellent food-lish.

(Cuv. A \':il. i\, 'Ji'S !-:;:'>; (iiinlliri, ii, •!('>:!: titriola (iiircoriltnta Sc-hlt-yi'l, Faun.
Japan. I'ni.ss. Ii:,. pi. (i-J.)

7O2. S. rivoliun:* Cuv. A- Val. — Iim-1; Salmon.

Color uniform; an oblique black baud from the nape through the eye
to the preorbitnl. Snout conical, 1 A times t he diameter of the eye. Max-
illary not reaching the vertical from centre of pupil. Back, neck, and

75. CARANGID^E SERIOLA 445

abdomen slightly compressed. Yentrals reaching vent; soft dorsal
falcate, its height 6 in length. Scales small. Depth 3-£; head 4. D.
VII, I, 29; A. II, I, 21; Lat. 1. about 131. (G'dnther.) Coast of Brazil
to Florida.

(Cuv. & Val. ix, 207 : Seriola &owanereszsGiintb.er, ii, 4G4: Seriola bonariensis Goode &
Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.ii, 1879, 129: 1 Seriola bosci * Cuv.' & Val. ix, 209: Liitkeu,
Spolia Atlantica, 1830, C03: Seriola falcata Giiuther, ii, 404.)

703. S. sftearnsii Goode & Bean.

Color bluish above, whitish beneath, a band of greenish yellow as
wide as the eye extending from the preopercle to the extremity of the
tail; fins greenish; traces of bands on the opercle. Body subfusiform,
highest at origin of second dorsal, thence tapering evenly to snout and
tail. Caudal peduncle somewhat depressed, with lateral carinse and
strong transverse grooves above and below; maxillary reaching vertical
from middle of orbit. Teeth viUiform in jaws, on vomer, palatines, and
in one median and two lateral series on tongue. Scales small on the
cheeks, none on limb of preopercle or the remainder of the head. Head
3 Jin length; depth 4|.. Eye 6^ in head. D. VII-I, 36; A. II-I, 19.
(Goode & Bean.} Gulf of Mexico, north to Pensacola.

(Goode & Bean, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 48.)

704. S. zonata (Mitch.) C. &, V.— Rudder Fish.

Bluish above, white below; sides with about G broad black bars,
the forming three large blotches on the dorsal and two on the anal;
the bars growing faint or disappearing with age; an oblique dark
band from the spiuous dorsal to the eye, the space above this olivaceous;
spiuous dorsal black; ventrals mostly black. Head longer than deep;
profile descending in a gentle curve; top of head to base of dorsal fin
compressed. Mouth nearly horizontal ; maxillary reaching to below the
middle of orbit. Pectorals small, rounded, as long as the eye and snout ;
ventrals two-thirds length of head. Yent behind middle of body.
Head 3£ in length ; depth, 3&. D. VII-I, 38 ; A. II-I, 21. L. 30 inches.
Cape Cod to Florida; rather common.

(Scomber sonatas Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, 427; Giinther, ii, 465:
Seriola carolinensis Holb. Ichth. S. C. 1860, 72 ; from South Carolina, wants the vertical
bands, hut is not otherwise obviously different ; this is doubtless due to increased
age, as Holbrook's type was over two feet in length.)

7 J>5. S. fascoata (Bloch) Cr.v. & Val.

Greenish above, yellow below ; body with sixteen narrow and some-
what irregular brown cross-bands, arranged in pairs; those between

* Body deeper, eye larger, spines stouter, and caudal broader than in S. dumcrili.
D. VII-I, 31; A. II-I, 20. Silvery with a brown temporal band. South Carolina.
(Cuv. $• Vol.)

446 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

flu- soft dorsal and anal extend on those fins, forming five blotches oil
the former and three on the latter; a blackish band between the eyes:
ventrals black. Head short, deeper than long ; profile convex. Dorsal
and anal fins not elevated. D. VII-I, 30; A. 11,20. (Cue. & Val)
Coast of South Carolina.

V,,,M/,,r /,<«•/"/.•(•< Bloch. Ichth. taf. 341; Giinther, ii, 4G4 ; Cnv. & Val. ix, 211:
Znnh-htlnjx* faxcialus Swainson, Class. Fish. 1839, 248.)

22§.— EL.AGATIS Bennett.

Yellow Taih.

(Seriolichthys Bleeker: Decaptus Poey. )

(Bennett, Narrative of a whaling voyage, ii, 283, 1«40: type Seriola bipinnulata, Q*oy
& Gaimard.)

Second dorsal and anal long, each with one detached fiulet composed
of two rays. Otherwise as in Seriola. (^«xany, a spindle.)

7OG. E. piBBCBSilatus Poey.

Bluish, with two longitudinal bluish bands, yellowish below. Body
fusiform, very elongate. Cheeks scaly. Maxillary reaching a little be-
yond nostrils. Eyes 7£ in head. Caudal keel feeble ; caudal lobes very
long. Pectorals pointed, half as long as head . Fins not scaly. Two rays
connected by membrane in each finlet. Head4^; depth 5.J. D. YI-I,
2G-II; A. II-I, 17-11. L. 2£ feet. (Poey.) West Indies, north to
Florida: rare.

(Si-riiilu jiinnulata Poey, Memorias, ii, 233, 1858.)

229.— SCOI?I«ROlDE§*Lac6pede.
Leather-jackets.

(Lacr|M-flr, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 52, 1802: type ScombcroidcH nodi Lac.*)
T.od.v compressed, oblong or lanceolate. Caudal peduncle slender,
not keeled. Head short, compressed, acute. Occipital keel sharp.
Monih rather large, with small sharp teeth in bands on jaws, tongue,
vomer. and palatines, and sometimes on the ptei\uoids. Jaws about
equal, the upper not prot ract ile ; maxillary very narrow, without dis-
tinct supplemental hone. ( lill-rakers rat her long. Scales small in our,
species, line;;r. and exireinelv narrow, emhedded in the skin at ditferent
an-le.. Literalline unarmed. Dorsal spines rather strong, 3 to 7 in
niinil.r.i-, nearly five in the adult; second dorsal very long, its posterior
rays p;-ncillated and nearly or quite disconnected, forming finlets; anal

" Tin- gniu-i /uniflitlii/x Swainson, 1. c., based on this species is characterized by the
deep ln-ail, iisdi plh :it t In- ocriimt being greater than its length. (^ovoS, zone;
Oah.)

76. POMATOMinai. 447

rather longer than soft dorsal, much longer than the abdomen, its last
rays forming similar fiulets; anal spines strong; ventral fins depres-
sible in a groove; pectoral fins very short. Species numerous in the
tropical seas. The American species belong to the subgenus or genus
OligopliteSj characterized by the toothless pterygoids and the peculiar
scales. The dorsal spines are seven in Scnmbroides proper ( Chorinemus
Cuvier), the pterygoids are armed with teeth, and in most of the species
the scales are normally developed, (^o/z/fyo?, mackerel; scoo?, like.)

a. No pterygoid teeth ; scales linear, embedded (Oligoplites* Gill.)

7O7. S. occidentalis (Liiin.) J. & G. — Leather-jacket.

Bluish above, bright silvery below; fins yellow. Body lanceolate,
slender. Eye as long as snout, about 4 in head; opercles short.
Maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit. Scales very long and
narrow, embedded in the skin, placed obliquely at angles with each
other, their appearance unlikeordinary scales. Fins low; pectoral as
long as eye and snout; caudal very deeply forked, the lobes equal.
Head 5 in length; depth 4. D. V, 1,20; A. II— I, 20. Both coasts of
Central America, and West Indies, north to ISTew York and Lower Cali-
fornia ; not rare southward.

(Gasterosteus occidentalis Linn. Syst. Nat.: CJiorinemns occidentalis Giiuther, ii, 475;
Oligoplites occidentalis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 186J, 1G6.)

FAMILY LXXVL— POMATOMID.E.

(The Blue-Jlslies.}

Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather small scales, which
are weakly ctenoid. Caudal peduncle rather stout. Head large, com-
pressed. Mouth large, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile. Maxillary
not slipping under the preorbital, provided with a large supplemental
bone; lower jaw projecting; bands of villiform teeth on vomer and pal-
atines, those on the vomer forming a triangular patch; jaws each with a
single series of very strong, compressed, unequal teeth, widely set; upper
]aw with an inner series of small depressed teeth; villiform teeth on the
base of the tongue. Occipital keel strong ; free edge of preopercle pro-
duced and serrated. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus, not united.
Branchiostegals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchire
large. Gill-rakers slender, rather few. Opercle ending in a flat point.
Cheeks and opercles scaly. Lateral line present, unarmed. Dorsal

*Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 166: type Gastcrosteus occidentalis L.
, few; OTT/U'r^S, armed.)

448 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

fins 2, the anterior of about 8 weak, low spines, connected by membrane
and depressihle in a groove; second dorsal long, similar to the elongate
anal, both lins being densely scaly; fin-rays slender. Two very small,
free, anal spines, sometimes hidden in the skin. Ventrals thoracic, I, 5.
Pectorals rather short, Caudal fin forked, the lobes broad. Air-blad-
der simple, with thin walls. Pyloric cceca very numerous. Vertebras
10+14, as in Carangidcc. A single species, found in nearly all warm
seas. This family is closely related to the Carangidcc, from which group
it is an offshoot toward the Percoids.

(Carangidce, genus Temnodon Giintlier, ii, 479-480.)

230.— POMATOUIUS Lacdpfcde.

Bluc-fisli.
(Temnodon Cuvier.)

(Lacdpfedc, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 436, 1802: type Pomatomus skib 'La.c.^Gastcrosteussal-
tatrix L.)

Characters of the genus included above, (-w/io, operculum ; ro/^?,
cutting; from the serrated preopercle.)
7O8. P. saltalor (L.) Gill.— Bluc-fisli; Gnen-fixh; Skip-jack.

Bluish or greenish, silvery below ; a black blotch at base of pectoral.
Body robust, moderately compressed ; belly compressed to a blnntish
edge. Head deep ; top of head and a ridge on each side above the
cheeks naked. Cheeks much longer than the opercles. Pectorals placed
rather low, their length a little more than half that of the head. Dead
;5;\; depth 4. D. VIII-I, 25; A. II-I, 20; Lat. 1. 95. L. 3 feet. Atlantic
and Indian Oceans; of late years very abundant on our Atlantic coast;
a large, voracious fish, extremely destructive toother fishes; valued for

food.

(Terra naltntrix L. Syst. Nat. xi, 17GO, i, 293: G astcrostcita saltatrix L. Syst, Nat. xii,
Kitllittor Cuv. &. Y;il. ix, 225: T< ininnit.n mttnhir Slon-r, Hist. Fish.
Ti iiiiiiiilnn xaltdtor Ciintlii-r, ii,479.)

FAMILY LXXYI (&).— NOMEIDJE.

(The Nome! da.)

Scombrnid fishes with the Ixtdy oblong, more or less compressed,
covered with cycloid scales of moderate si/e. Vertebra1 more than
10+14, as in ^;-<nnl>rit!;r and Nfomatciila-. Mouth large or small,
usually with minute teeth ; preniaxillaries ]>rotractilc ; maxillary narrow.
(lill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; pscudobranchioc large.
tooth-like processes in the oesophagus. Preopercle entire, or creuu-

77. STROMATEID.E. 449

late. Lateral line unarmed. Veutrals thoracic, I, 5. sometimes depress-
ible in a deep groove in the abdomen. Dorsal tins separate ; the spines
usually feeble, connected by membrane. Soft dorsal long, sometimes
with linlets; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, without free spines; caudal
peduncle slender, the fin widely forked. Pyloric coeca numerous. Gen-
era 5 ; species about 10. Fishes of the tropical seas.

(Scombridw, group Nbmeina Giiutker, ii, 337-392.)

a. Cleft of mouth narrow ; veutrals received in a deep groove in the abdomen.

NOMKUS, 231.

231.— NOIflEUS Cnvier.
(Cuvier, Regue Anim. 1817: type Gobi us gro;>ovii Gmelin. )

Body oblong, rather compressed, covered with rather small cycloid
scales. Head tiattish above; occipital crest little developed; cleft of
the mouth narrow. Teeth small, in a single series in the jaws; teeth
on the voiner and palatines. Pseudobranchire large. First dorsal with
10 or 11 spines ; second dorsal and anal very long, similar to each other,
without fiulets ; anal fin with 3 rather strong spines, none of them free ;
caudal fin not deeply forked ; ventral fins long and broad, attached to
the belly by a membrane, depressible in a deep furrow in the abdomen.
Lateral line running high. Air-bladder present. Pyloric cceca very
numerous. Vertebrae 16 + 25. Warm seas. (v ops us, pastor; early
travellers having compared the fish to a mullet, herder or Merger in
Dutch.)

7O9. N. grosiovii (Gmel.) Gthr.

Brownish above, silvery below, the sides below with large round
brown spots ; ventrals black, with silvery edgings ; anal with 3 brown
spots. Maxillary reaching to below the front of the eye; ventrals
reaching front of anal, pectorals still further. D. X-I, 26; A. Ill,
26. Tropical parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans; north to
Florida.

(Gobius gronovii Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, 1203: Nofiicus mauritii Cuv. & Val. ix, 243 1
Gimtker, ii, 387.)

FAMILY LXXVIL— STROMATEID^.

(The Broad Shiners.)

Scombroid fishes, with the body compressed and more or less ele-
vated, covered with small or minute cycloid scales. Profile anteriorly
blunt and rounded. Mouth small. Premaxillaries protractile or not.
Dentition feeble ; no teeth on vomer or palatines ; oasophagus armed
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 29

450 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

with numerous horny, barbed or hooked teeth. Gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth, ('.ill-membranes either free or more or less joined to the
isthmus. Gill-rakers rather long. Pseudobranchirc present. Cheeks
scaly. I'reopercle entire or serrate. Lateral line well developed. Dor-
sal tin single, long, with the spines few or weak, often obsolete ; anal fin
long, similar to the soft dorsal, usually with three small spines, which
are often depressible in a fold of skin ; ventrals thoracic or jugular,
normally I, 5, but sometimes reduced or altogether wanting ; caudal tin
lunate or forked. Usually no air-bladder. Pyloric coeca commonly nu-
merous Vertebrae more than 10 -f 14. Genera about 5; species 25-30.
Small fishes, found in most warm seas. The two subfamilies, both repre-
sented in our waters, differ widely from each other in general appear-
ance, but agree in the singular character of teeth in the oesophagus.

(Scombridcc and Carangidce, pt. Giinther, ii, 397-404, 485. Genera Siromateus, Centro-
Jophus, ami Pammelas.)

* Ventral fins minute or absent; opercular bones entire; scales minute; caudal fin

forked; premaxillaries not protractile. (Skromatevnce.)
a. Caudal peduncle not keeled; gill-membranes free from tbo isthmus.

STIJOMATEUS, 232.
** Ventral fins well developed; V.I, 5; scales moderate ; premaxillarics protractile;

caudal lunate. (Ccntrolophince.)

1). Dorsal spines short and stout; preopercle, intcropercle, and subopercle finely
serrate LlKUS, 233.

232.— ST 310^1 ATE US Linnanis.

Harvest Fishes.

(Pcprilus and Rhombnn Cnvicr: Poronotus Gill.)
(Artedi; Liima'iis, Syst. Nat. : type Stromatcus fiatola L.)

I '.mly ovate or suborbicular, strongly compressed, tapering into a
slender caudal pedunele, \\liich is not keeled or shielded. Head short,
compiessrd, the proiilf obtuse. Mouth small, terminal, the jaws sub-
equal. I'reaiaxillaries not> protractile. .Jaws each with a single series
of weak ti-eth. Scales very small, cycloid, silvery, loosely inserted,
extending on the vertical fins. ( );>"rc:ilar hones entire. < nil-mem-
branes separate, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers moderate. Lateral
line continuous, concurrent witii the buck. Dorsal tin long, more or
lc^ elevated in front, preceded by a few indistinct spines— usually one
or more procumbent spines in Iron) of dorsal and anal, each of these
with a free point hotli antei iorly and posteriorly; anal tin similar to
dor>al.or .shorter, usually with three small spines; ventral fins wanting
in the adult, a rudiment sometiaies visible in the young; a single small,

77. STROMATEID^E STROMATEUS. 451

sharp spine, attached to the pubic bone, often occupying the place of
tlie ventrals; pectorals long and narrow. Caudal widely forked. Spe-
cies numerous, ((rrpw^arso^^ an ancient name of some brightly colored
fish in the Red Sea; from a-pw^a^ a bed- quilt.)

o. Ventral fins obsolete ; pelvic spine present.

b. Dorsal and anal fins falcate, their anterior rays much longer than the head ;

body suborbicular. (Ifhombus* Lace~pede.)

710. S. alepidotcis (L.) J. & G.— Harvest FisJi.

Greenish above, golden-yellow below. Body suborbicular, bounded
by even curves. Mouth very small, oblique, maxillary reaching front
of orbit. No pores along the sides of the back. Pectorals shorter than
head, reaching half way to caudal ; soft dorsal and anal fins falcate, the
longest rays of anal nearly half length of body; caudal lobes equal
Scales thin and deciduous, not very small. Head 3; depth 1£. D. 45;
A. 40; Lat. 1. about 90. Vertebrae 15+ 15. Cape Cod to South Amer-
ica; commonest southward.

(Chaitodon alepidotus L. Syst. Nat. : Strrnoptyx gardenii Bl. &, Schn. 1801, 494 : Rhombus
longipmnis Cuv. & Val. ix, 401 : Stromateus gardenii Giinther, ii, 399. )

bb. Dorsal and anal fins not falcate, their anterior rays shorter than the head ; form
ovate.

c. No series of large pores along the sides of the back.

711. S. SB BBS ii OB Swoons Ayres. — California Pompano.

Bluish above, brightly silvery below; fins punctulate; anterior lobes
of dorsal and anal dusky-edged. Body ovate, blunt anteriorly, with a
short, slender tail, the caudal fin widely forked. Mouth very small,
terminal, the maxillary extending to the eye. Teeth very feeble. Gill-
rakers short, slender, less than half diameter of eye. Eye small. One or
2 procumbent spines before the dorsal; longest rays of dorsal f of head ;
pubic spine small; pectorals longer than head; no pores along base of
dorsal. Spines of dorsal and anal very small or entirely obsolete. Scales
small, silvery, deciduous. Head 4; depth 2. D. Ill, 46; A.III, 40. L.
10 inches. Pacific coast of United States ; abundant in summer; highly
prized as a food-fish.

(Poronottis simillimua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1830, 84.)

cc. A series of large pores along the base of the dorsal fin. (Poronotus^ Gill.)

US. S. Jo'iacaBfltBams Peck. — Dollar-fish; Harvest-fish; Suiter-fish; La Faydtc.
Bluish above, below silvery. Body oval, much compressed. Dorsal

*Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 321, 1800: type Chaitodon alepidotus L. (po/.i/3o?,
rhomb. )

tGill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. Am. 1861, 35 (not characterized): type Stromateus
triacanthus Peck, (it op 6?, pore; v Syro?, back.)

4'V2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

and ventral outlines about equally curved. Suout very blunt, rounded
in proiilc. .Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching the orbit. Caudal
peduncle very short; anterior rays of dorsal and anal little elevated.
Lateral line high. a series of conspicuous pores above it near the ba>e
of the dorsal. Pectorals much longer than head. Gill-rakers rather
long, :• diameter of the eye, which is 4 iu head. Head 4; depth I'.1,.
1). 111. I.'); A. Ill, 38. L. 10 inches. Maine to Cape Hatteras; very

abundant.

(Perk, Mrm. Aincr. Acacl. ii, 48: Rhombus cryptomia Cuv. A Val. is, 408; Giiutlier, ii,
398.)

233.— LIRUS Lowe.

Rudder-flukes.
(PaUnurm DeKay, preoccupied in Crustacea: Faliiinrichthi/sGill: Pammclas Giintlu-r. )

i l.i irua Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Loud. 1839, 82: type Leirus bennetti Lowe = CcHtroloplut*

oealisC. & V.)

Jody ovate, compressed, more elongate and less compressed than in
Profile very blunt and convex. Mouth moderate ; maxil-
lary narrow, with a small supplemental bone; preiaaxillaries protrac-
tile, litile movable. Jaws nearly equal, each with about one series of
small, slender teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Preoperculum.
interoperculum, and suboperculum finely serrated. Gill-rakers long:
gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Scales small, smooth ;
larger, thicker, and more adherent than in Stronnttritx. Cheeks scaly.
Pins rather low; dorsal' fin long, preceded by 0-8 short but rather
strong spines, the last ones connected by membrane, the others nearly
free; anal fin similar but shorter, preceded by 3 spines, which, like the
dorsal spines, are nearly imbedded in thick skin; vertical fins denseh
.-scaly towards their bases; caudal fin emarginate; caudal peduncle
stout; ventral lins large, thoracic, I, 5; pectoral fins moderate, rounded
or falcate. T\\o species, differing from the European genus Ctintrolophua
chielly in the development of the dorsal spines, which in the latter genus
are indistinguishable from the soft rays. (/::/'»-, thiir.)

713. I.. IM-M iloniiis (Mitel..) J. & G. — /,'//</</. r-Jixli.

P.lackish green, every when- dark, the belh scarcely ]»aler and not
silvery. l\ve rather large, with an adipose eyelid, its diameter nearly
«'(|iial to the MI. uit. U in head. Maxillary reaching to o])]>osite Iront
of pupil. Top of head naked, covered \\ith small mucous pores. Pec-
torals nearly as long a^ head. Head :;.\: de|>tli L'._L D. VII, I, 21; A.

78. LAMPRIDID.E LAMPEIS. 453

III, 16; Lat. 1. 75. L. 1 foot. Maine to Cape Hatteras; rather com-
mon northward.

( Coryphccna perciformis Mitch. Amer. Month. Mag. ii, 1818, 244 : PaUnnrus perciformis
DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 118: Palinurichthys perciformis Gill, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1880: Pammelaa perciformis Giiuther, ii, 485.)

FAMILY LXXVIIL— LAMPRIDIDJE.

(The Opahs.)

Body ovate, compressed, and elevated, covered with minute, very
deciduous, cycloid scales. Head small, rather pointed. Mouth small,
terminal, without "teeth, its angle with slits in the skin to permit the
motion of the jaws, as in Orcynus. Premaxillaries protractile. Opercu-
lar bones entire. Dorsal fin single, very long, elevated, and falcate in
front, without distinct spines ; anal long and low, not at all falcate ;
both fins depressible in a groove; ventral fins thoracic, but behind the
pectorals, composed of 14 to 17 rays; pectoral fins large, falcate, their
bases horizontal; caudal fin moderately forked, its peduncle short and
slender, without keel. Lateral line present, much arched in front.
Branchiostegals 0. Gill-membranes free from the isthmws. (Esophagus
not armed with spinous teeth. Air-bladder large, bifurcate behind. Py-
loric appendages very numerous. Vertebra 45. -Fishes of large size
and gorgeous coloration, inhabiting the open Atlantic. A single genus
with one or two species.

(Scombridoc, genus Lampris, Gunther ii, 415, 416.)

234,— L.AMPRIS Betzius.

Opahs.
(Retzius, Nyallandlung, iii, 91, 1799 : type Zeus flH/fo/MsBriinnich = Zeus luna Gmelin.)

Characters of the genus included above. (Aa>j.-p6s, radiant.)

7 14. L,. gMttatMS (Briinnich) Retz.— Opah; King-fish; Sun-fish.

Color a rich brocade of silver and lilac, rosy on the belly ; everywhere
with round silvery spots; head, opercles and back with ultramarine tints,
jaws and fins vermilion; flesh red. Longest dorsal ray shorter than
pectorals, which are nearly as long as the head. Anal very low in
front, a little higher behind. Head 3^; depth If. D. 54; A. 40; V.
14_17. Vert. 23+22. L. 3-4 feet. (Lowe.) Atlantic, occasional off
Newfoundland. One of the most gorgeously colored of fishes.

(Zeus gultalus Briinuich, Dauske, Selsk. Skr. iii, 1788, 398: Zeus luna Gmelin, Syst.
Nat. 1788, 1225: Lampris luna Giinther, ii, 416; Cuv. & Val. x, 39: Lampris lauta Lowe,
Fish. Madeira, 27.)

454 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

FAMILY LXXIX.—

(The Dolplrim.)

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Cleft
of the mouth wide, oblique, the lower jaw projecting. Cardiforin teeth
in the jaws and on the voiner and palatine bones; a patch of villiform
teeth on the tongue; no teeth on the oesophagus. Opercular bones
entire. Skull with a crest, which is much more elevated in the adult
than in the young. A single, many-rayed dorsal fin, not greatly elevated,
extending from the nape nearly to the caudal flu; anal similar, but
shorter; both without distinct spines; pectoral fins very short and
small ; veutrals well developed, thoracic, I, 5, partly received into a
groove in the abdomen ; caudal fin widely forked. Lateral line present.
Gill-membranes free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 7; no pseudo-
branchire. No air bladder. Pyloric appendages very numerous. Verte-
bra more than 10 + 14. A single genus, with six or eight species. Very
large fishes, inhabiting the high seas in warm regions, noted for their
brilliant and changeable colors. To this family belongs the Dolphin
or Dorade of the ancients, Coryiriuvna liippnrns L.
(Seombridw: genus Coryphaina Giiuther, ii, 404-408.)

235. CORYPBS/ENA Limueus.

Dolphins,

(Lampugim C. & V. ; young or crestless forms.)
- (LiiiTiii-us, Syst. Nat.: type Coryphasna lii/ipitrus L.)

Characters of the genus included above. The species are not well
known, having been unduly multiplied by authors, (zoinjtpaiva, the name
applied by Aristotle to Cori/plm-na hippurus, from zipus, helmet; yaixu,
tn show.)

715. C. pimc filial a (Cuv. ;iu<l Yal.) f'.flir. — Spot/a! Doljihht.

Sea -recn, silvery l>elo\v, with scattered Itlaek spots on the sides and
liaek : a series of distant rounded spots along the base of the dorsal
fin; head with brown stripes. I'.ody elongate, compressed, tapering
gently backwards; profile \er\ <-onve\, sintut blunt. .Almitli lai-ge,
oblique; ma\illar\ reaching middle of orbit. Pectorals si tort, falcate;
, ventraU long and rather narrow. I\ve large, nearly as long as snout.
Head U, ; dcjtlh about."). " I). .")! ; A. -.">." Warmer parts of the
Atlantic, occasional on our coast.

(lMni)>ui/nx )>n»ctulutiin Cuv. ami Val. i.v, '.W7: Gliutber, ii, 408: ? Coryphana cquiscti
L. Syst. Nat.)

80. BRAMID^E — PTERACLIS. 455

716. C. sueuri Cuv. & Val.

This species appears to differ from the preceding in the increased num-
ber of tin rays. The elevated crest represented in DeKay's figure of his
" C. globiceps " is a character of very old individuals. " D. 64 ; A. 20."
( Cuv. & Val.) " D. 63; A. 29." (DeKay.) Atlantic coasts of the United
States; rare.

(Cuv. & Val. ix, 302: Corypliaina globiceps DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 132.)

FAMILY LXXX.— BRAMIMJ.

(The Bramoids.)

Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with cycloid or spinous
scales. Mouth wide, oblique; the jaws, voiner, and palatines provided
with sin ill teeth. Preinaxillaries protractile. Snout more or less ob-
tuse and convex. Dorsal and anal fins very long, both more or less
elevated; ventrals thoracic or jugular, the number of rays usually not
I, 5. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobrauchia3 present. Pyloric append-
ages few. Vertebrae more than 10 + 14. Genera 4; species about 10,
inhabiting the open seas.

(Scombrida? : genera Brama, Taractcs, and Pleraclis Giiuther, ii, 408-411.)

* Dorsal fin very nigh, extending from the forehead to the caudal fin, composed of very
slender, inarticulate spines ; anal fin similar ; ventral fins jugular. (Pteravlinas. )

a. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with small teeth; air-bladder very small.

PTERACLIS, 238.

236.— PTERACHS Gronovius.
(Gronovius, Act. Helvet. vii, 44, 1772: type Corypliwna veil/era Pallas.)

Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate-sized cycloid, lobate
or emargiuate scales. Ej-e large. Dorsal fin very much elevated, ex-
tending from the forehead to the base of the caudal, composed of filiform
spines, its form triangular, its base scarcely less than the total length
of the fish; anal fin similar in form, also composed of slender fragile
spines ; ventral s jugular, nearly under the eye, long, of 4-6 slender rays.
Pseudobranchiae present. Air-bladder very small. Most of the species
of this singular genus inhabit the Indian Ocean, (-rs^ov, fin or wing;
xAsfw, to close. "The name indicating the double rows of scales which
embrace the bases of the two vertical fins.")

717. P. caroaintis Cuv. & Val.

Silvery, with bluish reflections. Mouth larger, scales larger, and
fourth ray of the dorsal stouter than in other species. D. LIT; A. LXIV.

45G CONTRIKFTIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

( 'oa>t of Smith ( 'arolina; known only from a mutilated specimen 4 inches
long, evidently the young of some pelagic species.

(.Cuv. A. V;il. i\. Mil-; (Jiiutli.T, ii, 411.)

FAMILY LXXXL— ZEN

(The Doric*.)

Body short, deep, much compressed and elevated, naked, or covered
with minute scales, or with bony protuberances. Teeth small, in narrow
bands or single series, on the jaws and vomer and sometimes on the
palatines. Month rather large, terminal, the upper jaw protractile.
Ivves lateral. Opercles and other bones about the head often armed
with spines. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Gill-membranes little united, free
from the isthmus. Pseudobranchia> large. Air-bladder large. (1 ill-
rakers usually short. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Dorsal lin emar-
ginate, or divided, the anterior part with strong spines, the posterior
part longer; anal fin with or without spines ; ventral fins thoracic, their
rays I, 5 to I, 8 ; caudal fin usually not forked. Lateral line obscure,
unarmed. Pyloric coeca exceedingly numerous. Vertebne about 32.
Genera 5; species about 10; fishes of singular appearance, inhabiting
warm seas.

(Scombritln; jjroup Cyltina, Giiuther, ii, 393-396: Ci/tH-la (JiiniluT, Intr. Snidv Fish.
450.)

»

a. Scales minute or wanting; anal spines vrry strong; no palatine teeth. (/,niii(i'.)
i>. Anal spines :?; bases of both dorsals armed mth spinooa plates. ZENOPSIS, ^37.

237.— ZE \OPSIS Gill.

(<;ill. 1'nic. Ac-mi. Xiit. Sci. I'liila,. I^IVJ, 1'^:!: type /nin iirliitlosux Tciniiiiiiuk &
Schlr^cl, from .Japan.)

I'.ody ovate, mncli compressed, without scales, not \\arty. Head
deeper than long, its anterior profile steep. Mouth rather large, upper
jaw protractile; teeth small, on jaws and vomer, none on the palatines.
V'irioii> IMMI, -s of the head and shoulder girdle armed with spines.
Series of bony plates along the sides of the belly and the bases of the
dorsal and anal, each plate armed with a strong spine. K\ e large,
placed high. ( iill rakers short. Dorsal spines very strong, usually 10
in number. Anal spines ;?. Ventral fins long, mostly I, 7. Caudal
peduncle Blender, the lin not forked. Twoor three species known, differ-
ing from /nix, mainh in I he presence of.", anal spines instead of 1. IV
lagic. (Ci'"'?. /'-n>: ••..-.-. appearance. Zens is from Ce<^, Jupiter.)

82. BERYCID^E. 457

Z. ocellatiis (Storcr) Gill.
Color silvery, nearly plain ; a black lateral ocellated spot in life, dis-
appearing in spirits. Body short, deep, compressed. Skin wholly
naked, except for the bony bucklers, which are armed each with a central
spine hooked backwards and marked with radiating- ridges; 7 bucklers
along the base of the dorsal, the 5th and 6th largest; 2 on the median
line in front of the veutrals, the second largest; one median plate, and
0 pairs between ventrals and anal, and 4 along the base of the anal. Top
of the head with ronghish ridges, but without spines ; a spine at the
base of each dentary bone; the broad maxillaries each with a supple-
mental bone; teeth nearly obsolete. Eye large, much nearer the gill
opening than the tip of the snout. Gill-rakers short. Caudal peduncle
very slender, the caudal fin short and rounded ; pectorals very short. ;
ventrals large, the rays I, 6, the first soft ray closely appressed to the
spine; anal spines short and stout, the soft rays, like those of the dorsal,
low; dorsal spines filamentous. D. IX, 20; A. 111,24. Pelagic; one
specimen taken at Provincetowu, Mass. (Description from the original
type.)

(Zeus occllatus Storer, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 888; Gill, 1. c.)

FAMILY LXXXIL— BE

(The Squirrel -fishes.)

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with very strongly ctenoid
or spiuous scales. Head with large muciferous cavities, covered by thin
skin. Eye lateral, usually large. Mouth more or less oblique. Pre-
maxillaries protractile ; maxillary rather large, usually with a supple-
mental bone. Bands of villiform teeth on jaws, and usually on vomer
and palatines. Opercular bones usually spinous ; frequently every mem-
brane bone of the head strongly serrated. Brauchiostegals mostly 8.
Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth. Pscudobranchise present. Gill-rakers moderate. Cheeks
and opeicles scaly. No barbels. Dorsal fin long or short, usually with
strong spines ; anal with 2-4 spines ; ventral fins thoracic, usually I, 7,
the number of rays greater than I, 5 ; caudal fin usually forked. Pyloric
co3ca numerous. Genera 5-G ; species about 50. Bough-scaled and
brightly colored fishes of the warm seas; two species straying to our

458 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

coast. Many of them inhabit considerable depths in the ocean. The
young often difter widely in appearance from the adult.

(i:<-ri/<-iiltr (riiuther, i, 8-50; exclusive of certain genera.)

a. Dorsal Gn continuous, the spiuous part short ; anal spines 3 ; abdomen serrated.

HOPLOSTETIIUS, iJ38.
aa. Dorsal fiu deeply cinargiuate, the spinous part long ; anal spines 4.

JIoLOCENTRUS, 2?!0.

238.— HOPL,O§TETHUS Guv. & Val.

(Cuvier & Valmcicnnes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 4G3, 1823: type Hoplostcthus mcditerra-
in a x Cuv. &. Val.)

Body short and deep, much compressed. Head short, compressed,
very blunt anteriorly, deeper than long, with very conspicuous mucous
cavities. Eye very large. Mouth very oblique, the jaws equal when
the mouth is closed. Maxillary long, broad behind, with a distinct sup-
plemental bone, which reaches the posterior border of the eye. Teeth
very line, villiforin, on jaws and palatines, none on the vomer. Sub-
orbital with radi iting ridges and a few spines; a vertical ridge on the
front of the opercle. Opercle little developed, its spine small or obso-
lete; a strong spine at the angle of the preopcrcle; the long vertical
limb of the preopercle finely serrated. Gill-membranes separate, five
from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 8. Scales moderate or small,
ctenoid; lateral line present, its scales enlarged; abdomen with a series
of bony plates each, ending in a retrose spine. Dorsal fin continuous,
short, the spines graduated, 0 in number; anal with 3 graduated spines;
e;m<l;il forked, its rudimentary rays spinous; pectorals low,rather long;
vcntrals F, G, rather short. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric cu'ca numerous.
Vertcbr;e 114-15. Deep-sea fishes. (o-A<^, armed ; <7rs0«?, breast.)

78?). Dff. tiicdiitcrriioicus C. & V.

Silvery, rosy in life; fins scarlet, peritoneum and inside of mouth
blaeU. K\e very large, much longer than snout, forming aboo.1 one- third
t he length of head. Abdominal plates (.)-l.'! in number. Body above with
very small rou<.»liish scales; sides nearly or quite1 naked (in the young
example seen), sealy in the adult. Pectorals reaching first soft ray of
anal; venlralsto vent: lins rather low. Head L'J, ; depth 1:,'. J >. V I ,
Hi; A. ML s: I, at. |. i',S. Length of specimen .'i inches, lately dredge:!
by the I'.S. Fish < 'oinmission off Chesapeake I'.ay. Coasts of Southern
Europe.

(C. «fc V. iv, 439; Giinther, i, 9: Traohiohthys SJICCIOSHS Lowe, Fish. .Madeira, G31.)

82. BEttYCID^E HOLOCENTRUS. 459

239.— IIOLOCENTRUS Bloch.

Squirrel-JisJies.

(Ehynchlckihys Cuv. &. Vtil. ; youug. )
(Ariedi; Bloch, AusL Fische, iv, 01, about 1787: type Holocentrm sogo Bloch.)

Body oblong1, moderately compressed, the ventral outline nearly
straight, the back a little elevated, the tail very slender. Head coin-
pressed, narrowed forward. Operculum with a strong spine above,
below which the edge is sharply serrated ; a strong spine at the angle
of preopercle. Orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, iiiteropercle, sub-
opercle, occiput, and shoulder girdle with their edges sharply serrate.
Mouth small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting in the adult; in the
young (which constitute the supposed genus Rliyncliicliiliys], the snout is
much produced. Maxillary broad, striate, with a supplemental bone.
Eye excessively large. Scales large, closely imbricated, the posterior
margin strongly spinous. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal deeply emar-
ginate, the spines usually 11, depressible in a groove; soft dorsal short
and high ; anal with 4 spines, the first and second quite small, the third
very long and strong, the fourth smaller; caudal widely forked; both
lobes with the rudimentary rays spine-like ; veutrals large, I, 7, the
spine very strong. Species numerous, remarkable for the development
of sharp spines almost everywhere on the surface of the body. (oAw?,
wholly; xlvrpovj spine.)

72O. H. peaitacaaitlius (Bloch) Vaill. & Boc. — Squirrel-fish.

Chiefly bright red, with shining longitudinal streaks; tins not black.
Mouth small, the maxillary scarcely reaching middle of orbit. Soft
dorsal as high as the body ; ventrals much longer than pectorals, reach-
ing vent. Head 3£ in length ; depth 3£. Eye about 2J in head. D.
XI, 15; A. IV, 10; V. I, 7; Lat. 1. 50. Vertebra 11 + 10. Coeca 25.
West Indies ; accidental on our coast ; once taken at Newport, E. I.
" Its bright color and nervous darting motions rendering it one of the
most conspicuous denizens of the rock-pools. The local name refers to
the grunting noise uttered by them, which resembles the bark of a
squirrel." (Goode.)

(Bodiamis pentacantlius * Bloch, Ansl. Fische, iv, 40, taf. 225 : Holocentrns sogo Blooh,
Ausl. Fische, iv, 61, taf. 232: Perca rufa Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 351; Holo-
ccntrum longipinno'GnntiheT, i, 28; Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex. 144.)

* " Opercula squamosa. Auteriora 5 spinis pone horrida." (Bloch.)

4GO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

FAMILY LXXXIII («).— APHREDODERID/E.

(The Pirate Pcrchcx.)

Body oblong, elevated at the base of the dorsal, compressed behind,
the head thick and depressed, the profile concave. Caudal peduncle
thick. Mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw projecting;
maxillary reaching to anterior border of the eye. Teeth in villiform
bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids. Premaxillaries not
protractile; maxillaries small, without evident supplemental bone.
Preopercle and prearbital with their free edges sharply serrate; opercle
with a spine. Bones of skull somewhat cavernous. Sides of the head
>caly. Lower pharyngeals narrow, separate, with villiform teeth.
Gill-membranes slightly joined to the isthmus anteriorly. Gill-rakers
tubercle-like, dentate. Pseudobranchiae obsolete. Gills 4, a small slit
behind the fourth. Branchiostegals G. Scales moderate, strongly
ctenoid, adherent. Lateral line imperfect or wanting. Vent always an-
terior, its position varying with age,* from just behind the ventral fins
in the young, to below the preopercle in the adult. Dorsal tin single,
median, high, with but 3 or 4 spines, which are rapidly graduated, the
first being very short. Anal small, with 2 slender spines; ventral tins
thoracic, without distinct spine, the number of rays usually 7; caudal
tin rounded behind. Air-bladder simple, large, adherent to the walls
of the abdomen. Vertebra} 14 + 15. Pyloric coeca about 12. A single
genus, with probably but one species. Confined to the United States.

(Aphn-ilodfi-'uin < iiintlicr, i, 271.)

24O.— APIIKEDODERUS Le Snenr.
] 'irate Pcrch<x.

i Li- Sin-iir: div. A V:il. Hist. N.-ii. J'niss. ix, \\~>, !>:!.*: type Aphrwlodi-rux ijlbbosns Le
Siit-nr Srnlnjixix Hiii/iniun (iilliaiuti.)

Characters of the genus included above. (»/>.•<?..--. excrement ; ,7 //,/,,
tlie tliroaf, iVom the position of the vent: heiiee more correct h .\i>hn-

doderiu.)

721. A. s:iy:i:a«s (Cilli.-iinsi 1 ),-Ka\ .—l'i,

Color dark olive, profusely speckled with dark points which often
make blackish streaks along rows of scales; two blackish bars at base
of ;-audal. between which is a. light bar. Head .'!; depth 3. D. Ill, 11

'This Hinguhir fart \\a^ lirsi imtii-ril li\ I'lol'i-ssdr S. A. For')cs.

83. ELASSOMATID.E ELASSOMA. 401

(IV, 10); A. II, G; V. 7; B. 6; Lat. 1. 47-58. L. 5 inches. Sluggish
streams aiid bayous from New York coastwise to Louisiana, and through-
out the Mississippi Basin in lowlands and streams with alluvial bot-
toms; locally abundant, variable. The singular variations in the posi-
tion of the vent have given rise to several nominal species and a nomi-
nal gen«s.

(Scslopsis say anus Cillia:ns, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 81: Aphredoderus gibbo-
sns C. &. V. ix, 448: Stcrnotremia isolcpis Nelson, Bull. Ills. Nat. Mus. i, 39, 1876: Apliro-
dedirus cookianus Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 60: Aster notremia mesotrema
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, f>2: Aphocloderns isolcpis Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 24'J;
Giiuthcr, i, 271. For dc-icriptiou of variations in the position of the vent, see Jordan,
Bull. 111. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 43, 1878.)

FAMILY LXXXIII (6).— ELASSOMATID^E.

(The Elassomes.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, cycloid scales.
Mouth small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting ; both jaws with rather
strong conic teeth in few series ; no teeth on vomer or palatines; upper
jaw very protractile. Bones of head with entire edges. Cheeks and
opercles scaly. Gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus;
gill-rakers tubercle-like. Lower pharyngeals narrow, separate, with
sharp teeth. Branchiostegals apparently 5. Lateral line obsolete.
Vent normal. Dorsal fin single, small, with about 4 spines; anal with
3 spines; ventrals thoracic I, 5; caudal rounded. Pseudobranehise
none. Vertebrce 24. One species known, a very singular little fish,
one of the smallest known, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United
States ; intermediate between the Aplircdoderldce and Centrarchidcc.

241.— EILASSORIA Jordan.

(Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 50, 1877 : type Elassoma zonata Jordan.)

Characters of the genus included above. (Ika.aff6u><j.a, a diminution.)

722. E. zocaatttjna Jordan.

Color olive green, everywhere finely puuctulate; sides with about
eleven parallel vertical bauds of dark olive, about equal in width, nar-
rower than the eye ; the bauds about as wide as the pale interspaces ;
a conspicuous roundish black spot, nearly as large as the eye, on the
sides just above the axis of the body, under the beginning of the
dorsal ; soft fins faintly barred ; a blackish bar at base of caudal.
Body oblong, compressed, the nape rather broad and depressed. Head
narrowed forward. Eye large, 3 in head. Mouth small, oblique, the

4G2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

maxillary scarcely reaching pupil. Teeth in jaws stout, conical, slightly
carved, in two or three rows. Ilead 3; depth 3i. D. IV, 10: A. Ill,
.->: ]j. :•; scales -12 + 19. L. H inches. Smallest of our spinous-rayed

fishes, inhabiting slavish streams and bayous, from South Illinois to

Texas and Alabama.

(Jordan, Bull, x, U. S. Nat. Mus. 50. 1877; Jordan, Man. Vrri. «•«!. \>, -JJ8; Jordan,
Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 47; Hay. Proc-. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, ISflO.IiOO.)

Family LXXXIV.— CENTRARCHID/E.*

(The Sun-Jishes.)

Percoid fishes with the body more or less shortened and compressed ;
the regions above and below the axis of the body nearly equally devel-
oped, and ' corresponding to each other, and the pseudobranchiae im-
perfect. Head compressed. Mouth terminal, large or small. Teeth
in villifonn bauds, the outer slightly enlarged, without canines; teeth
present on preraaxillaries, lower jaw, and vomer, and usually on pala-
tines also, sometimes on tongue, pterygoids. and hyoid. Premaxilla-
ries protractile; maxillary with a supplemental bane, which, in one
genus, is sometimes minute or obsolete. Preopercle entire or some-
what serrate; opercle ending in two flat points or prolonged in a black
flap at the angle. Preorbital short and deep; first suborbital narrow,
the maxillary not slipping under its edge. Gills 4, a slit behind Ilie
fourth. Pseudobranchia3 small, almost glandular, nearly or quite cov-
ered by skin. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Bran-
ehiostegals C or rarely 7. Gill-rakers variously formed, armed \vith
s::iall teeth; lower pharyiigeal bones separate, their t<cth conic or
sometimes paved. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Body fully scaled, the
scales usually not strongly ctenoid, rarely cycloid. Lateral line present,
usually complete. Dorsal fins continent, the spines 6-13 in number
usually 10), depre.ssible in a shallow groove; anal spines ;;-<». Intes-
tinal canal sh ort . I'\ loric coeca 5-10. Vertebra- about :Ji». Coloration
usually brilliant, chiefly greenish. Sexes similar; changes with age
often great. Fresh-water fishes of Nort h America; genera 1<>: species
about L'.">, forming one of the most characteristic, features of our lish
fauna. .Many of the species build nests, which they defend with much
courage. All are carnivorous, voracious, and gamy. All are valued as
food in direct proportion to the si/e which they attain.

• V»V arc ind«-l>vd t-> Mr. Chos. L. M.-Kay (<>r ll-i- iv-nlts (if his studies of this family,
in I li<- advance of tin- publica! inn nl' a 11101:1 >.L; ra pli nl' I In-

84. CENTRARCHID^ - CENTRARCHUS. 463

This is a very natural and peculiar group, but its claim to recognition
as a distinct family is questionable, as the only character of importance
which separates it from Serranidce is the rudimentary character of the
pseudobranchire. There is a strong analogical resemblance between
the CentrarcJiidw and the Cichlidcc.

(Percidw, group Gryslina, pt. Giinther, i, 256-261.)

a. Dorsal fin scarcely larger than anal ; gill-rakers verv long and slender.

b. Spinous dorsal longer than soft part, the spines about 12; anal spines usually 8.

CEXTRAKCHUS, 242.
bb. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, the spines 5-8, anal spines 6.

POMOXYS, 243.
art. Dsrsal fin much larger than anal ; gill-rakers shorter.

c. Body comparatively short and deep; dorsal fin not deeply divided.
rf. Tongue and pt cry golds with teeth; mouth large.
e. Scales ctenoid; caudal emargin ate.
/. Operculmn emargmate behind; anal spines 5-7.

ff. Brauchiosiegals 7 ................................ ARCHOPUTES, 244.

gg. Branchiostegals 6 .............................. AMBLOPLITES, 245.

ff. Operculum ending in a black convex process or flap; anal spines 3.

ClLENOBKYTTUS, 246.

ee. Scales cycloid; caudal fin convex ................. ACAXTHARCHUS, 247.

d. Tongue and pterygoids toothless; mouth small.

h. Caudal fin convex; operculum emarginate behind.
i. Dorsal lin continuous; dorsal spines normally 9; anal spines 3.

ENNEACANTHUS, 248.

ii. Dorsal fin angulated, some of the middle spines higher than the
posterior ones; dor-al spines 10; anal 3 ...... MESOGONISTIUS, 249.

Jth. Caudal fin. emarginate; operculum prolonged behind in a convex
process or flap, which is always black ............... LEPOMIS, 250.

cc. Body elongate; dorsal fin low, deeply emarginate; mouth large; caudal emar-
giuate ........................................ MICROPTERUS, 251.

242.— CENTRARCHUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
(Cuvicr & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 62, 18^9: type Labrus irideus Lace"pede.)

Body short and deep, compressed. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw
the longer; maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone. Teeth
on vorner and palatines. Opercle emarginate behind. Gill-rakers seti-
form, very long, finely dentate, in large number (20-30 of the large ones).
Fins large; the dorsal and anal fins about equal in extent, the soft por-
tion of the latter longest and most posterior, the two fins being obliquely
opposed; dorsal fin with the spiuous part longer than the soft part, of
about 12 spines, which are not rapidly graduated; anal fin with about
8 spines. Scales large, not strongly ctenoid, (xsyrpov, spine;
anus, from the development of the anal spines.)

C. macB'ogitcrus (Lac.) Jor.
Body ovate, strongly compressed. Head small. Mouth moderate,
very oblique, the maxillary reaching pupil. Preopercle and preorbital

404 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

finely serrate ; 5 or G rows of scales on cheek. Fins high ; ventral spine
reaching beyond the vent. Mandible about half the length of the head.
Color green, with scries of dark-brown spots on sides, below lateral line,
forming interrupted longitudinal lines; belly yellowish; a dusky oper-
cular spot: lins-. with reddish or brownish markings: the dark colors
on vertical fins forming reticulations around paler spots; conspicuous
dccllated black spot usually present on last rays of dorsal fin, especially
distinct in the young, disappearing with age. Head 3£; depth 2. D.
XI or XII, 12; A. VII or VIII, 15; scales 5-44-14. L. 6 inches.
North Carolina to South Illinois and southward; abundant in lowland
streams.

(Labriix macroptcriis Lac^pc-de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 447, 1802; Jordan, Hull. U. S.

N:it. Mus. x. :?(>: Laln-nx irldcnn Lacoprde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 716, 1802: Centi-archii*

irideus Holbr. Ichth. S. C. 18(50, 18: Centrarchitti iridcus Giinther, i, 2">7: Ci-nlrun-liiix
irhlnt* Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 30.)

•

243.— POjJIOXYS Rafinesque.

Grapples.

(Pomoxin Ralinesque, Journ. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 417, 1818: type Pomoxis annular'w
Hal'. )

Body more or less elongate, strongly compressed, the snout projecting.
.Mouth large, oblique ; maxillary broad, with a well-developed supple-
mental bone. Teeth on vomer and palatines; few or none on tongue.
Lower pharyngeals narrow, with sharp teeth. Gill rakers long and
slender, numerous. Opercle emarginate; preopercle slightly dentate.
Scales large, moderately ctenoid. Fins large, the anal larger than the
dorsal, of 0 spines and about 17 rays ; dorsal with G-S graduated spines,
the spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part; caudal fin emarginate.
IJranchiostegals 7. (-ib />.;*, opercle ; <<u<r, sharp; the opercle ending in
two Hat points instead of an u ear-Hap.")

a. Dorsal spim's <>. ( I'omoxyx.)

724. I*. :mi9iil:i:'is Rat'. — Ovn>;»iY ; l'«i< 7i. /«>r ; .\Vir I.'njlit : ('amplxJlitr.

I'.ody elongate. Head long, the .profile, more or less strongly S -shaped,
owing to the projecting snout, depressed occipital region, and very
prominent thickened ante dorsal area. Mouth very wide, the maxillary
reaching past the pupil. Scales on cheeks in •!-."• rows. Eye large, 4
in head. Color silvery olive, mottled with dark green, the dark marks
ehielly on the up;ier part of the body and having a tendency to form
narrow vertical bars; dor>al and caudal fins marked with green; anal
tin pale, nearly plain. Fins very high, but lower than in /'. xjinroides.
Head 3; depth 2J. D. VI, 15 ; A. VI, 18; Lat. 1. 3G-48. L. 12 inches.

84. CENTRARCHIDJE AECHOPLITES. 465

Variable, Mississippi Valley, &c.; abundant southward, cliiefly in
sluggish streams ; valued as a food-fish.

(Rafinesque, Amer. Montlily Mag. 1818, 41 ; Raf. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818,
417; Raf. Ichth. Ob. 1820, 33; Jordan & Copeland, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1876:
Pomoxys storcrius, brevicauda, inter medius, and protacanthus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1885, 64-66: Ctntrarclius nitidus Gimther, i,257.)

aa. Dorsal spines 7 or 8. (Hypcristius * Gill.)

•725. P. sparoodes (Lac.)Grd. — Calico Bass; Grass Bass; Barfish; Strawberry Bass.
Body oblong, elevated, much compressed. Head long, its profile not
strongly S shaped; the projection of tbe snout and ante-dorsal region
and the depression over the eye being less marked than in P. annularis.
Mouth smaller than iu P. annularis, the maxillary reaching about to the
posterior edge of pupil, the mandible shorter than pectorals. Scales on
cheeks in G rows. Fins very high ; anal higher than dorsal, its height
4-5 times iu length of body. Color silvery olive, mottled with clear
olive-green, the dark mottlings gathered in irregular small bunches, and
covering the whole body ; vertical fins with dark olive reticulations sur-
rounding pale spots; the anal marked like the dorsal ^a dusky opercular
spot. Head 3 ; depth 2. D. VII or VIII, 15 ; A. VI, 17 or 18 ; Lat. 1. 41.
L. 12 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley to New Jersey,
and southward to Florida and Louisiana ; chiefly in lowland streams and
lakes; a handsome fish; valued as food.

(Ldbrus sparoides Lace"p. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1802,517; and iv, 717: Centrarclius
sparoides C. & V. iii, 8, 1829: Centrarclius hexacanthus C. & V. vii, 458, 1831 : Centrar-
clius hexacanthus Giinther, i, 257: Pomoxys hexacanihus Hoi brook, Ichth. S. C. 29:
Pomoxys niyromaculatus Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 247, and Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 37,
based on Cantharus nigromaculatus Le Suenr MSS., noticed by C. & V. iii, 8.)

944.— ARCBIOPLITES Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851, 165: type Centrarclius interruptus Girard.)

Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated. Mouth large, oblique,
the broad maxillary with a well developed supernumerary bone. Teeth
on jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids ; lingual teeth in two
patches ; pharyngeal teeth pointed. Gill-rakers long and strong, com-
pressed, numerous, about 20 in number, some of them on the upper por-
tion of the arch. Branchiostegals 7. Operculum. emarginate, the lower
point much the larger, striate, the ridges terminating in small spines;
preopercle, iuteropercle, subopercle, suborbital and preorbital with their
inferior edges conspicuously serrate; dentaries and preopercle with large
muciferous depressions or pits. Dorsal fin with about 13 spines; anal

* Gill, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1834, 92 : type Centrarclius hcxacantlms C. & V.
high; itiriov, sail.)

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 30

466 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

usually with 7 spines. Caudal emarginate. Scales strongly ctenoid.
California. («/>/"?, anus; Z-krr^, armed.)

726. A. iiitcrrniptiis (Grd.) Gill. — Sacramento Perch.

Body oblong-ovate, compressed, the back considerably elevated ante-
riorly, depressed over the eye, the snout projecting at an angle. Mouth
terminal, very large, the maxillary very broad, extending beyond pupil.
KYM very large, 4 to 5 in head. Scales on cheek in about eight series.
Dorsal spines rather low, strong; anal spines similar. Pectoral short,
barely reaching anal. Color blackish above, sides silvery, with about
seven vertical blackish bars, irregular in form and position and more or
less interrupted; a black opercular spot; fins nearly plain. Head2§;
depth 2£. D. XEII, 10; A. VII, 10; scales about 7-51-14. L. 12 inches.
Sacramento and Sau Joaquin rivers; abundant; the only fresh-water
percoid west of the Eocky Mountains.

(Centrarchits iiitcrruptus Girarcl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 129: Anibloplitea
itiiirrnptns Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 10: Centrarchits intcrrnjitus GUuther,
i, 237 : Ccntrarchuu maculosus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei. i, Id54, 8.)

245.— AMBILOPLITES Rafiuesque.
Rock Bass.

(Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 33: typeXepomis icthcloidcs Tia£.=Bodicmusrup6stri8 Raf.)
Body oblong, moderately elevated, compressed. Mouth large, the
broad maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone ; lower jaw
projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids ; lingual
teeth in a single patch ; pharyngeal teeth sharp. Branchiostegals G.
Opercle ending in 2 flat points; preopercle serrate at its angle; other
membrane bones chiefly entire. Gill-rakers rather long and strong,
dentate, less than 10 in number, developed only on the lower portion
of the arch. Scales large, somewhat ctenoid. Dorsal fin much more
developed than the anal fin, with 10 to 11 rather low spines; anal spines
normally (». Caudal fin emarginate. (w/^SAyc, blunt; J-xirr,-, armed.)

727. A. rcspestris (Raf.) Gill.— Common Rock Bass; /,'*,//•> : t;<i<itil<--Eye.

Body oblong, moderately compressed. Head large, the profile little
depressed above the eye. Month large, the maxillary extending to
opposite posterior part of pupil. Eye very large, 3i in head. Gill
rakers feu, about 10 developed. Scales on cheeks in <> to8 scries; pre-
opercle serrate near its angle. Color olive green, brassy-tinged, with
much dark mottling; the Young irregularly barred and blotched with
black, the adult 'with a dark sp:>t on each scale, these forming inter-

84. CENTRARCHID.E - CH,ENOBRYTTUS. 467

rupted black stripes; a black opercular spot ; dark mottliugs oh the
soft dorsal, anal, and caudal. Head 2£; depth 2-2£, D. XI, 10; A.
VI, 10 ; scales about 5-39-12. Coeca 7. Vert. 14 + 18. L. 12 inches.
Vermont to Great Lake region and Manitoba, south to Louisiana ; very
abundant west ot the Alleghanies.

(Bodianus rnpestris Raf. Atu. Monthly Mag. 1817, 120: Centrarclms ceneus C. & V. iii,
84 : CentrarcJms ceneus Giinther, i, 255 ; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 237 : Ambloplites cavi-
frons Cope, Journ. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 217, is probably a young specimen of this
species.*)

246.— CH^ENOBRYTTUS Gill.

War-mouths.
( CaUiurus Ag. not of Raf. )

(Gill. Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1864, 92: type CalUnrus melanops Gcrd.. = Pomotis gulosus
Cuv. & VaU

This genus has the general form and dentition of Ambloplites with the
convex opercle, 10 dorsal and 3 anal spines of Lepomis. Preopercle
entire. Branchiostegals 6. Caudal fin emarginate. Scales weakly
ctenoid. (;/«^co, to yawn; Bryttus, i. e. Lepomis.)

a. Dorsal beginning above the opercular spot.
728. C. aralBSlius McKay. — Goggle Eye.

Body heavy, deep and thick, stouter and less elongate than in the
next. Head deep. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching nearly to pos-
terior margin of the eye; the supplemental bone strong. Scales on
cheeks in 7 or 8 rows. Opercular flap broad. Eye small, 4£ in head ; pre-
opercle and mandible with large mucous pits. Dorsal beginning directly
over the opercular spot, which is above base of pectoral ; spines of dor-
sal very stout, the longest as long as from snout to middle of eye. Color
in life dark olive-green above ; sides greenish and brassy, with blotches
of pale blue and bright coppery red, the red predominating ; belly bright
brassy yellow, profusely mottled with bright red ; lower jaw chiefly
yellow ; iris bright red ; opercular spot as large as eye, black, bordered
with copper color; 3 or 4 wide dark red bands radiating backwards
from eye across cheeks and opercles, separated by narrow pale blue inter-

* A. cavifrons Cope.

Physiognomy more of Centrarclms. Month large, very oblique, the maxillary
reaching beyond the middle of the pupil; chin prominent. Outline of cranium con-
cave. Eye large, 3 in head. Scales of cheeks very few, minute. Mucous cavities
large. Silvery, dusted with dark points; scales with a narrow vertical dark shade
at base; soft fins dusky; a small black opercular spot. Depth 2^. D. X, 12; A.
VI, 11 ; scales 7-38-13. Roanoke River, Virginia. (Cope.}

-468 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

spaces; upper fins chiefly black, mottled with orange and blue; lower-
lins dusky; a small black spot on last rays of dorsal; color in spirits
\er\ dark, the reddish shades becoming black; young with vertical
chains of spots. Head L*;| ; depth L'J. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 9; scales
G-40-12. L. 10 inches. Lake Michigan and Upper Mississippi Valley;
abundant.

',/ ,x*<>]>i;t<x miltinops .Tor. Man. Vrrt. od. 1, 1876, 223, 317: Chccnobryttus gulosus Jor-
ilan. .Man. Vert. ed. 2, 1^7^, 2 i~ : Ch<cnobryttua gulosus Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. V. 1-7(5, 359, not Pomotis gulosus C. & V. ; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas, 1881.)

aa. Dorsal fin beginning behind the vertical of the base of tlio pectorals.
72O. C. $?8l9osus (C. & V.) Jor. — War-mouth : Hc(1-eycd Bream.

Very similar to the preceding; the body more compressed and more
elongate, the profile less steep. Scales of cheeks larger, in about 6-8
rows. Opercular spot smaller. Eye 4£ in head. Dorsal beginning
behind base of pectoral ; pectoral short, barely reaching anal. Color in
life clear olive-green clouded with darker, usually without red or blue;
a dusky spot on each scale more or less distinct ; vertical fins mottled
with dusky; a faint spot on last rays of dorsal bordered by paler ; 3
oblique dusky bars radiating from eye; belly yellowish. Head 21;
depth 2£. D. X, 9 ; A. Ill, 8 ; scales 0-43-11. L. 9 inches. Virginia '
to Texas ; abundant only southward. Close to the preceding, but dis-
tinguishable by the posterior insertion of the dorsal.

(Poiiintix t/iilosu* Cuv. & Val. iii, 3G7, 1829 : CenlrarrliiisgHloftit* and ririflisC. & V. vii,
437, 4GO, 1H31: Ccntrai-clmx f/nloxux (Jiintlirr, i, 2.V: CaUiitriix Jhridcnsis Ilolbrook, Journ.
Acail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1>r.:>, .".:^ : Jln/ltux jlorulcnxis Giinther, i,260 : Lepomis gillii Copr,
.Itiiirii. Arad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1888, 225: Chivnobryttim riridis Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat.
lli-l. N. Y. 1^7C., :',.;<»: <'li<r>i<>l>ri/it,<x riridix .Ionian, Man. Yt-rt. od. 2, 238: CuUiiirux
iiirl,i,ii>/,x (Jirard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Stirv. x, 11 : Bryttm mclanops Guntber, i, 2!iO: Lc-
]>:>inix flniri/liiHx Cone. Jouru. Arail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1^08, 24.)

217.— ACANTHARCIIUS Gill.

«;ill. Aincr. Journ. Sri. Arts. IH:;J, 92 : typ<- Cntlrnrrlm* pomolix Baird.)

I '.oily oblong, robust, not much compressed or elevated. Mouth not
vi-r\ lai-.u'e, the broad maxillary with a well developed supplemental
bone; lower ja\\ projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids,
and ton-lie; lingual teeth in a single patch; pharyngeal teeth sharp.
(iill rakers l'e\v, rather Ion- and strong. Operele einarginate ; preoper-
ele entire. Scales cycloid, large. Lateral line complete. Dorsal spines
usually 11 ; anal spines 5; caudal fin r ...... ded behind. (axavOa, spine ;

^ anus.)

84. CENTRARCHID^E ENNE ACANTHUS. 469

A. pomotis (Baird) Gill. — Mud Sun-fish.
Body oblong, moderately compressed. Snout short. Mouth, wide,
the gape short j the maxillary reaching posterior part of orbit. Eye not
very large, 3-£ to 4 in head. Cheeks with about 5 rows of scales. Dor-
sal spines low ; the longest about as long as from snout to middle of
pupil. Color very dark greenish ; body usually with five rather indis-
tinct blackish longitudinal bands along the sides ; cheeks with dark
bands, which run nearly parallel, the lowest passing across the maxillary
around the front part of the lower jaw. Fins plain dusky. A black
opercular spot. Head 2f ; depth 2. D. XI, 10 ; A. V, 10 ; scales G-43-12.
L. 4 inches. Southern New York to South Carolina, in sluggish streams
near the coast.

(Centrarclius pomotis Baird, 9th Smithson. Eep. 1854, 325; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed.
2, 237: Centrarclius pomotls, Giinther, i, 25(j.)

24§.— ENNEACANTHUS Gill
Hemioplitcs Cope: Copelandia Jordan. )

(Gill, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts. 1864, 92: type Pomotis olesus Grd.)

Body rather short and deep, compressed. Mouth small ; the supple-
mental maxillary bone well developed. Teeth on vomer and palatines,
none on the tongue. Opercle ending behind in two flat points, with a
dermal border. Preopercle entire. Scales rather large, the lateral
line sometimes interrupted. Dorsal fiu continuous, normally with 9
spines ; anal fin smaller than the dorsal, with 3 spines ; caudal fin con-
vex behind. Branchiostegals 6. Species of small size and bright color-
ation. Abnormal variations in the number of dorsal and anal spine^
have given rise to the nominal genera Hemioplites and Copelandia.
(sweet, nine ; axavOa^ spine.)

731. E. eriarctiiis (Jordan) McKay.

Body rather elongate, the profile forming a nearly uniform curve.
Eye large, 3 in head. Mouth moderate, maxillary reaching slightly
beyond front of pupil ; its supplemental bone well developed. Scales
on cheek in about 3 rows. Soft dorsal high, its longest rays equal to
distance from snout to front of opercle ; anal fin very large, with strong
spines. Pectorals reaching beyond anal spines; ventral spines reaching
anal. Lateral line incomplete. Olivaceous; vertical fins .with round
(blue?) spots. Head2f; depth 2J. D. X, 9; A. IV, 8; scales 4-33-10.
L. 3 inches. Menomonee River, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; but one speci-
men preserved. It is probably an Enneacanthus with an abnormal in-

470 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

crease in the number of spines. Specimens of E. simulans with the same
numbers arc occasionally found.

(i'»j)<-ltinilin i riarcha Jonlau, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 56; McKay, Proc. U. S.
Nai. Mns. l^si.j

732. E. otK-siis (Baird) Gill.

I»ody oblong-ovate, elliptical. Scales large, little crowded. Dorsal
spines 2£ in head, as long as from snout to posterior margin of eye. Anal
fin large; ventral spine not reaching vent, its first ray not reaching the
base of the last anal spine; caudal fin moderate, about as long as from
snout to middle of opercle; opercular spot rather large, more than half
the size of the eye, velvet black, bordered with purple. Eye 3| in head;
cheeks with four rows of scales. Color olivaceous, with 5-8 well-defined
dark cross-bars ; spots on body and fins purplish or golden ; cheek
with lines and spots ; a dark tar below eye. Head 2§; depth 1*. D.
IX, 10; A. Ill, 10; scales 4-32-10; the pores developed usually on
about 20 scales, but sometimes on nearly all of them. L. 3 inches.
Massachusetts to Florida, abundant in sluggish streams near the coast.

(Pomotis obexns Baird, 9th Smiths. Rcpt. 1^.11, U-J4: lin/ltus obcsus Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Si-. Phila. K>i), 53; Jordan. Man. Vert. -Ji:>: llri/ttus faxciatus Holbrook, Journ.
Ai-ail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 51 : Jlryttux faxviutu* GiiuthiT, i, 200; Cope, Proc. Acad.
Nat. S,-i. Phila. Iti7d, C5: Ponotia guttatits Morris, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851>.)

733. E. gloriosus (Ilolbr.) Jor.

Body oval, moderately compressed, the profile concave above eye.
Opercukir spot scarcely larger than pupil. Caudal about as long as
from snout to anterior margin of preopercle. Color olive-green, yellow-
Hi below, speckled above with golden; no vertical bands; fins rosy,
with golden spots,, often a dusky spot at base of caudal. Head 2);
depth U. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 10. L. 2;| inches. Maryland to Florida,
in clear sluggish streams.

• Hi-i/thix i/l:>ri<>xiix Hollir. .Iniiin. Arad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855. 51: Bnjttus gloriosus
Ciiiithi-r, i, -Jin; riil.'i-.V- l.n.^-«'r. Fish. -s Maryland, ll'J.)

731. E. ftlmnlana (Cope) M. K.I\.

llody coiiipinatively «'longato. Mouth moderate, very oblique, the
maxillaiA reaching just past the front of orbit. Dorsal spines medium;
.volt I;I\N in the males somewhat elevated, reaching to or beyond (var.
l>i/i/iii/i f) the base of the caudal; the longest soft ray as long as from
snout to front of operelc, or (var. pinnitjcr} as long as head; fins in
females all lower; pectoral I'm reaching nearly to middle of anal. Eye
."•I in head. Lateral line usually, but not always, complete. Color dark
olive; young with traces of vertical darker liars; ear-flap small, with a

84. CENTRAKCIIIDJE - MESOGONISTIUS. 471

bine border, and a pearly spot in front; a dark bar about width of
pupil extending obliquely downwards below eye ; sides of head, whole
body and vertical fins, in fche males, with round bright blue spots ar-
ranged in irregular rows, these spots most distinct on the cheeks and
opercles and on the lower part of the sides; females duller, with larger
and fainter spots more regular in position. A dark bar below eye.
Head 2f ; depth 2|. D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 9 (occasionally D. X, or A. IV,
in abnormal specimens) ; scales 3-30-9. New Jersey to North Carolina;
abundant near the coast.

(Hemioplltes simulans Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 218; based on speci-
men with 4 anal spines: Ennencanlhus margarotis Gill & Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.
x, 28, 1878: Enneacanthus gutfatus Cope, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G9, 219:
Enneacanthus pinniger Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 27, 1878, a southern form, dis-
tinguished by the larger size, brighter color, and larger fins, all doubtless the result
of more favorable surroundings.)

249.— MESOGONISTIUS Gill.

Banded Sun-fislies.
(Gill, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 92: type Pomotis chcetodon Baird.)

Body short and deep, compressed. Mouth small. Teeth present on
vorner and palatines, none on the tongue; supplemental maxillary bone
small. Gill rakers rather strong, dentate. Opercle ending in two flat
points, with a dermal border; preopercle entire. Scales large. Dorsal
with ten spines; outline of the fin augulated, the middle spines being-
much longer than some of the posterior ones; anal fin much smaller
than the dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin posteriorly rounded. Size
small, (pzffoz, middle; ij«ma, angle; <5<mov, sail.)

735. M. cheetodon (Baird) Gill. — Black-banded Sun-fish.

Body suborbicular, compressed. Head moderate, the profile nearly

*•

concurrent with the dorsal curve. Mouth very small, the maxillary
reaching nearly to the eye. Eye large, 3 in head. Cheeks with 3-4
rows of scales. Fins rather large; dorsal fin high in front, the middle
portion depressed. Lateral Hue continuous. Coloration clouded straw-
color, the sides with 6-8 conspicuous but rather irregular black vertical
bars, the first through the eye, the second in front of pectorals, inter-
rupted on the operculuin, the third at the front of the dorsal covering
the membrane of the first three spines, and forming a medial black
stripe on each ventral fin, the fourth at front of soft dorsal, the fifth
opposite its last ray, the last at the base of the caudal; black oper-
cular spot, with a crescent-shaped paler centre. Fins mottled. Head 3 ;

472 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

depth 12. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 12; scales 4-28-10. L. 3 inches. New
.Jer.M-y to Maryland, in sluggish streams. A handsome little fish.

(I'oino/ix <-h<: todon Baird, Ninth Smithsonian Report, 1854, 3^4: Poitwtis chaitodon
Giiuther, i, i!G3; Jordan, Mail. Vert. cd. '2, '2-45.)

25O.— L-EPOJIBS Rafmisque.

Sun-Jixhcs.

(Tchthdij, Pomolift aud Apomoiis Rannisqno: Jiryttus Cuv. & Val. : Xcnotis, Xystro-
jilitcs aud Hclioperca Jordan: Etipoinotia Gill & Jordan.

(Rafinesqnc, Journal de Physique, 1819, 402: type Labrus auritus L.)

Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the back in the
adult somewhat elevated. Mouth moderate or small, the jaws about
equal; maxillary narrow, the supplemental bone small or reduced to a
mere rudiment or altogether wanting. Teeth on vomer, and usually on
palatines ; none on tongue or pterygoids ; lower pharyngeals narrow,
the teeth conic or paved. Gill-rakers mostly short; preopcrculum
entire; operculum ending behind in a convex flap, black in color,
which in some species becomes greatly developed with age. Branchios-
tcgals (>. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin continuous, with ten spines;
anal witli three spines; caudal fin emargiuate. Coloration brilliant,
but evanescent. A large genus, one of the most difficult in our fish
fauna in which to distinguish species. The form of body, development
of ear-flap, and height of spines vary greatly with age. The number
of fin-rays and scales arc essentially the same in all. (As-!-, scale; -£/>•«,
operculum, a character supposed to distinguish the genus from Spams.)

The species may be subdivided as follows:

Lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth mostly conic.
a. Phoryngeal teeth all, or nearly all, slender, a'-nto.

b. Supplemental maxillary bone well developed; palatine teeth present; {jill-
rakers stiff and ratlierlon^. (.t]Hnn<>tix U'aT. ).rt/<in< //;<*, 8ymmetricu8,phenax.
Ib. Siipplemeiilal maxillary reduced to a . slight rudiment.
c. Gill-rakers stiff, not very abort; palatine teeth usually present. (Lepomis.)

it. (iill-rakers ec.mpar.'il i \ ely lon^ ami slendi-r; ear-llap short.

Itclii/riiH, maorochirus, mi/xttn-alix, tloinjiitux, inuriiiiix, i>iiii<-tiititx, in i Hiatus.
<!<l. Cill-raker.s short, thiekish; ear-llap very l«m^ and narrow in the adult.

(iiiritiin.

( iill-rakeis weak and llexilile, very short ; no ]ialat ine teeth. ( ,V< H<I//.S Jordan.)

iniiinli>rm, iiuiri/iiiiitiix, Ii/inibifrons.
bbl. Sii])]>lemental maxillary ohsolete ; ^ill-rakers slender. ( //< liujxrca.)

e. J 'a la I ine teeth present Jnunilix.

ec. Palatine tc-etli ni>ne; a black dorsal patch pallidus.

act. I'liaryn^eal teeth m«»ll\ hluntly conic. (.\i/xlr<>i>littx Jordan.)

lurox, t nri/oniK, albulus.

•"Lower idiaryiip-als Lmad, with tlie ti-i th jiaved. nearly spherical, truncate a hove.
Lupomotis Gill «fc Jordan) nolulus, Itolbrooki, tjibbosus, lirun.

84. CENTRARCHID^ - LEPOMIS. 473

a. Pharyngeal teeth all or nearly all slender, acute; lower pharyngeals narrow, the

teeth mostly conic.

ft. Supplemental maxillary evident ; palatine teeth present ; gill-rakers stiff and
rather long. ( Apomolis * Rafiuesque.)

736. Ij. cvaaieilus Raf. — Red-eye; Blue-spotted Sun-fish.

Body oblong, rather elongate, becoming short and deep with age ;
moderately compressed. Head large, with projecting snout. Mouth
rather large, the maxillary broad and flat, with a small supplemental
bone, reaching nearly to the middle of the eye ; lower jaw projecting.
Dorsal spines quite low, the highest scarcely longer than snout (in the
adult, longer in young). Scales small. Opercular spot small, less than
eye, broadly margined, the black confined to the bony part. Pectoral
short, not reaching anal. Color variable, the prevailing shade green,
with a strong brassy lustre on sides, which becomes nearly yellow below ;
each scale usually with a sky-blue spot and more or less of gilt edging,
giving an appearance of pale lateral streaks; besides these marks, dusky
or obscure vertical bars are often present, and the sides are sprinkled
with dark dots ; vertical fins marked with blue or green, the anal usually
edged in front with pale orange; usually a conspicuous black spot on
posterior base of dorsal and anal, these often obsolete ; iris red ; cheeks
wilh narrow blue stripes. Scales on cheeks in 8 rows. Head 3 ; depth
2£. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. about 48 L. 7 inches. Very variable.
Great Lake region to Mexico; very abundant south westward ; ascend-
ing small brooks.

(Eaf. Jonirn. de Physique, 1819, 420 : Icthelis melanops Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 28 : Cal-
liurus lonyulus, diaphanus, formosus, and microps Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.
and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 1859 : Bryttus signifer Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv.
Fish. 20 : liryttus longulus Gunther, i, 260 : Lepomis microps, mineopas, and melanops
Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868 223, 224 : Apomotis cyanellus Jordan, Man.
Vert. E. U.S. ed. 2,239.)

737. I.. syiBiBBietractis Forbes, sp. nov.

Color dark, most scales with a vertical dark bar at base; cheeks mot-
tled, not striped ; sides with about 10 vertical bars, widest forward ;
pectoral fins pale ; ventrals dusky in the male; dorsal fin in the female
with a dark ocellated spot on its last ray. Body short, deep, with reg-
ular outlines. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw longest, the maxillary
reaching the front of the pupil ; supplemental maxillary present. Pala-
tine teeth present ; pharyugeal teeth rather blunt. Gill-rakers stiff and
long. Cheeks with 7 rows of scales. Opercular angle not prolonged,

* Rafinesque, Jourii. de Physiq'ue, etc., 1819, 420 : type Lepomis cyanellus Raf. ; a,
primitive ; Ttia^a, operculumj ov$, &&T =Tdipomis Raf. 18^0.

474 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

its black spot higher than long, shorter than eye with a narrow pale
border. Spinous dorsal rather low, two-thirds height of soft, the long-
est spine as long as from snout to middle of eye; caudal peduncle short
and deep ; caudal slightly einarginate ; pectorals and ventrals reaching
vent. Head _:-] ; depth 1^. Eye a little longer than snout, or- in head.
D. X, Id; A. Ill, 9; scales G-34-U. L. 2J inches (adult). Types 15
(•pecimens, in Illinois Laboratory of Natural nistory from Illinois liiver.
(.Forces MSS.)

738. L,. pheiiax (Cope & Jordan) McKay.

Appearance of Lepomis pallidus. Body rather short and deep ; snout
short, projecting, forming an angle over the eye. Mouth looderate, the
lower ja\v slightly the longer, the maxillary reaching middle of eye, the
supplemental bone strong. Eye moderate, 4J in head. Opercular spot
larger than eye. Scales on cheek in 7 rows. Gill-rakers very long.
Dorsal spines short and strong, as long as from snout to middle of eye ;
pectorals long; soft dorsal high, anal higher. Color in spirits nearly
plain olive-green ; no black spot on dorsal or anal. Head 2 J ; depth 2]-.
D. X, 10 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales C-43-14. L. 6 inches. Beaseley's Point,
New Jersey.

(Apomotis phcnax Cope & Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. x, 26, 1877 ; McKay, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mas. 1881.)

bb. Supplemental maxillary reduced to a slight rudiment.

c. Gill-rakers still', not very short; palatine teeth usually present. (Lepomls.')
d. Gill-rakers comparatively long and slender; ear-Hap short.

739. Li. ischyriis Jor. & Nelson.

Aspect of L. pallidus. Body elongated, robust, much elevated.
Mouth wide, the maxillaries reaching middle of orbit. Palatine teeth
present. Occiput prominent; top of head flat and short, forming an
angle with the descending profile. Scales on cheeks in 6 rows. Fins
high, the dorsal spines rather low and very strong, the longest a.s long
as from tip of snout to middle of orbit. Opercular (lap large, with a
broad pair edge, entirely surrounding the black. Eye large, smaller
than opercular spot, -U in head. Color dusky, mottled with orange and
blue; cheeks with wide obscure, blue bands; a dusky spot on dorsal
and anal behind; belly and lower tins coppery yellow; lower jaw and
lower parts of head leaden blue. Ilead 2jj ; depth, -}. 1). X, 12; A.
111,10; scales 5— 1<»-14. L. 7 inches. Illinois KM ver.

(IcJilliclin ai/uilriiHiH Nrlsmi, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist, i, 37 (not Pomotis aqullcnsia
B. & G.); Jordan & N.-lson, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 25, 1877.)

84. CENTRARCHID^E LEPOMIS. 475

7JO. L. iiiacrocliirus Eaf.

Bright steel-blue, with many bronze orange spots, which cover nearly
the whole surface, so arranged that the ground color forms a series of
vertical chain-like bars, very conspicuous in life ; vertical fins mottled
with bronze and usually more or less edged with pale orange ; sometimes

•

a faint black dorsal spot; no distinct blue stripes on cheek, but the
sides of the head shaded with purplish. Opercular flap small, black,
margined with pale. Body rather elongate, the head somewhat acute.
Pectoral fins reaching beyond ventrals to anal. Gill-rakers rather long
and slender, strongly toothed, 11 developed. Supplemental bone minute.
About 7 rows of scales on cheeks. Head 3; depth 2£. D. X, 12; A.
Ill, 10; scales about C-42-15. L. 5 inches. Ohio Valley; a small,
handsome species.

(Eaf. Journ. de Physique 1819, 420; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 239: Lepomis nephelus
Cope, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G8, 222.)

741. L,. mystacalas Cope.

Body deep, compressed. Eye large, 3J in head. Dorsal spines
robust, little shorter than the soft rays; paired fins long; maxillary
extending somewhat beyond front of orbit;- four rows of scales on
cheeks; opercular spot short without border. Gill-rakers slender.
Dusky, sides silvery, with irregular, short, dark vertical bars ; a pale
baud from mouth across preopercle, a dark line below this, then a silvery
band; lower parts and most of vertical fins yellow. Head 3§; depth
2. D. X, 12 ; A. Ill, 12; scales 7-51-15. East Florida. (Cope.)

(Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 18', 7, 66.)

742. L,. eSoBigataas (Holbr.) Gill & Jor.

Body rather elongate, compressed. Front steep. Caudal peduncle
long. Maxillary extending to front of eye. Eye large, 3£ in head.
Scales on cheek in 6 rows. Opercular flap moderate. Fins high, the
longest dorsal fin as long as snout and eye. Dusky above, yellowish
below, with faint dark vertical bars on the sides, and a dark blotch on
the tail behind the dorsal fin; cheeks with pale bluish lines; fins plain.
Head 2§; depth 2£. D. X, 11; A. HI, 9. L. 4 inches. South Carolina
to Florida. (Holbroolc.)

(Pomotis elongatns Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 47: Pomotis elongatus
Giiuther, i, 2(52: ? Lepomis ophthalmwiis Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1838, 224.)

743. L. (MBJB'asaos (Grd.) McKay.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the form precisely as in L. cya-
neUus. Moiith rather large; maxillary about reaching front of eye;

476 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

teeth on vomer and front of palatines. Gill-rakers moderate, 9 or 10 de-
veloped. Supplemental maxillary scarcely appreciable. Eye equal to
interorbital width. Cheeks with 7 rows of scales. Spiuons dorsal rather
high, the longest spine about as long as from tip of snout to pupil; pec-
torals short, scarcely reaching vent. Scales small, reduced on breast.
Dark greenish; a black spot on dorsal as in L. cyanelhis. Head 2| ;
depth 3. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-42-15. Texas.

(CaUinrus muriniis Oil. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 18, pi. 7, fig. 1; flu- other
specimens examined by Girard belong to L. cyancllus : Bri/ttus murinun Giinthor, i,
21 ill; .McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1881,88.)

744. L«. ptBBictatus (Cuv. &. Val.) Jor.

Lody deep, compressed, the profile steep; an angle above the eye.
Mouth moderate; maxillary reaching past anterior margin of eye; sup-
plemental maxillary present, small. Palatine teeth present. Gill-rakers
rather long, stiff, and strong. Opercular flap small, short, and deep,
shorter than eye. Eye large, 4 in head. Scales on the cheeks in 7
rows. Dorsal spines high, the middle ones highest, nearly as long as
snout and orbit. Olivaceous, with numerous small deep brown spots,
smaller than pin-heads, resembling tly-specks; these are most distinct
on the lower part of the sides, where they form lines along the rows of
scales, and on the opercles; sometimes they cover the whole body. Fins
plain dusky. Uead 3; depth 1$. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 10; scales 0-40-13.
L. "> inches. Streams of Florida; a handsome species, known at sight
by the peculiar coloration.

(Hryltm pniH-t(itn* anil ri'1i<-u1atit8 Cnv. & Val. vii, 402; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. ii, JJ1. L879: I.<i>»»n« u plains Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1877,0.".: /.,/>i-
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 25, 1877.)

7 15. L.. BBiiaaialus Jordan.

IJody oblong and somewhat regularly elliptical. Mouth rather large.
Operenlar Hap short and broad, entirely black. Scales of elieek in
4 series. Kve large, :\.\ in head. Gill-rakers shortish, but still' and
rough. Palatine teeth present. Dorsal spines rather long, as long as
from snout to posterior edge of pupil. Pectorals long. Color dark, a
scarlet spot on each scale, toi miug red longitudinal stripes; a dusky
mark on each >ide of each red spot; belly largely orange red: tins dark;
110 dorsal spot; iris red. Head L>:,{ ; depth L'l. 1). X, 10; A. 111,9;
scales 1-10-11. L. 4 inches. Alabama to Texas;, not rare; a small,
brightly colored species.

(Jordan, Bull. U. S. .Nat. Mns. x, 20/1877.)

84 CENTRARCHID.E LEPOMIS. 47 1

dd. Gill-rakers short, thickish ; ear flap in the adult very long and narrow.
746. Ii. auritllS (L.) Raf. — Long-cared Sun-fisJi.

Body elongate, not much elevated. Snout moderately prominent.
Mouth rather large, oblique, the maxillary reaching past front of eye.
Cheeks with rather small scales, in about 7 rows. Scales of breast very
small. Palatine teeth few, rather large. Gill-rakers quite short, not
much longer than in Lepomis megalotis, but stiff and rough, set wide
apart, diminishing in size from the angle forwards. Opercular flap
very long (longer in the adult than on any other of the Sun-fishes
except Lepomis megalotis), narrow, usually not wider than the eye. In
the young the flap is variously shorter, but always narrow; lower
margin of flap usually pale. Dorsal spines rather low. Color olive;
belly largely orange red ; scales on the sides with reddish spots on
a bluish ground; vertical fins chiefly orange or yellowish; head with
bluish stripes, especially in front of eye; fins becoming dusky in spirits;
no dusky blotch on last rays of dorsal and anal. Head (without flap)
3 in length; depth 2J. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 47. L. 8 inches.
Maine to Louisiana; abundant in all streams east of the Alleghanies;
the typical form, above described, chiefly northward.

(Labrus auritus Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 283, 1758: Labnis auritus Linn. Syst. Nat. ed.
xii, 475, 1766: Bryttus utncolor Cuv. & Val. vii, 464: Pomotis ritbricauda Storer, Bost.
Journ. Nut. Hist, iv, 177: PomoHs appendix Storer, Hist. FisL. Mass. 1887, 14.)

Var. soSis (Cuv. & Val.) McKay.

Similar to the preceding, except that the scales on the cheek are
larger, in 5 or G rows; the scales on the breast are not very small, and
there is usually a dusky blotch on the last rays of the dorsal. Virginia
to Louisiana, in streams coastwise; abundant, replacing the true auritus
in the streams of the Southern States.

(Pomotis soils Cuv. & Val. vii, 468: Iclttlivlis rubricauda Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 1860,
15; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 89.)

co. Gill-rakers weak and flexible, very short; palatine 1eeth none. ( Xenotis* Jordan.)
74'?. I>. Mlieg'alotas (Raf.) Cope. — Long-eared Sun-fsh.

Body short and deep, compressed, the back very strongly arched; the
profile very steep, usually forming an angle above eye, but sometimes
full and convex. Mouth small, oblique, the premaxillary rather below
the eye, the maxillary extending to opposite middle of eye. Scales on
cheek rather large, in about 5 rows. Dorsal spines very low, not much
longer than the snout. Opercular flap in the adult very long and broad,
with a broad or narrow pale bine or red margin, the margin sometimes

* Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877,76: type Pomotis fallax B. & G.
wonderful; ovS, ear.)

478 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

very broad, sometimes almost wanting:; the flap half or more longer
than tin.1 eye in the adult, much shorter in the young;, its develop-
ment subject to great variation. Brilliant blue and orange; the back
chiefly blue; the belly entirely orange, the orange on the sides in spots,
the blue in wavy vertical streaks; lips blue; cheeks orange, with bright-
blue stripes; blue stripes before eye; iris red; soft parts of vertical fins
with the rays blue and the membranes orange; veutrals dusky. Head
AMthout flap, 3 in length; depth l§-2£. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 8; scales 5-
38-14. L. 0 inches. Michigan to Minnesota, South Carolina, and Mex-
ico; very abundant in most streams. One of our most brightly-colored
iishes. Extremely variable: the young are often elliptical in form, and
the size at "which the characteristic ear-flap is developed varies greatly
with different individuals. We have thus far failed to distinguish any
tangible varieties. Some Southern specimens have the ear-flap longer
(f'ttlla.r); some Northern ones have the scales rather larger (///.sr/v'y^Ms),
or the margin of the ear-flap broader than usual (peltasien}, or wanting
altogether (tythrochloris). Some Southern specimens (brericrjiti) have a
dusky spot on the last rays of dorsal. These characters gradually dis-
appear on examination of a large series.

(Icliflu'lix nifi/ttlotix K'af. Ichth. Oh. 1820,29: Senolift WY/« /<>//'* Jordan. M;tn. Vert. <•<!. •_>,
242: IfhthcliH (inri/n K'af. Idi. Oh. 1820,29, not Labrnx « nritn * L. : Lepomis auritua Cope,
Jtmrti. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila, 18G8, 220: Xciiolix hjtlmn-ltlori* .Ionian, Bull, I'. S. Nat.
Mils. -\, -1U: I'<»iuiti.f nilida Kirtland, Bust. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. iii. \l~i: I'omotix faUu.r
Bainl A: Oiranl, Proc. A.-ad. Nat. Sci. 1'hila. 1>r>4, 24: 1'nmofi* fnlla.r (Sirard, U. S.
Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 27: Pomotis rubricauda (Jiintlirr, i. 2:'rJ: I'omotin hr<ric<]>* \\. A
(',. I'n.r. A.-ad. Nar, Sci. J'hila. 1-.".:!, 390: 1'oinolix j><>i>< i (Jiranl, 1". S. Tac. I,1. I.1. Surv.
Fish, x, 2<>: rtiiiiotiK Kdiiiiiiiiiiili'iiliix A^ass. AJIKT. .Toiirn. Sci. Arts. !>'>!. :i(l-J: .Xi'iiolix M»/;.S
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Xat. .Mns. x, 22, not I'viiioHa xolis C. & V. : J'ltmolis rtnir<'.i(t'i-n>ix
J!air<l A (Mi-ard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 24 : AV in>li.-i (inn 'olux .Jordan, Bull.
1 . S. Nat. Mas. x, 41 : I'oniotis in^rijilux Agassi/. Anicr. Jonrn. Sci. Arts. 1 -.". 1. "d-J:
.\i'n»ti:< hi'iiTiiil/ix .Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. x, -12: Lcjiontix /«'//«.s/<* CO]H-, 1'rnc.
-. I'hil. Sue. 1'hila. 1-70, 4.'.J; AicKav. 1'ioc. I'. S. Nat. Mns. iv, rtj.)

ILo BDiar;;aDi:ttcas (Holltr.) McKay.

y short and deep. Snout shorter than the diameter of the eye,
the maxillary extending to the 01 bit. Paired I'ms rather long. Color
olixe. \\ilh darker vertical bars; head and body \\iili numerous bluish-
green spots; opercnlar append!.: bordeicd with green. Head .'i; depth
2. 1). (IX) X. 11': A. Ill, 10. F.uivda. (HolhrooL)

(I'lmiolix iiiiinjiiitiliix llollir. Jonrn. Aian. JX'ut. Sci. 1'liila. I- .".">, 49: I'diimlix nmriji-
iiatux (Jiinlli'T, i, '..'(I!.)

7 89. t,. E>oc»t>ifTroias ( A^ass.) Jor.

Uody rather short and deep, with the profile very sleep and the back
very much arched, the greatest depth of the body being over the

84. CENTRARCHIDJS — LEPOMIS. 479

•

opercles; opercular flap very small, immargined. Eye large; a slight
angle in front of the eye. Gill-rakers unknown. Mouth moderate,
placed very low; the premaxillaries entirely below the eye; maxillary
extending back to the middle of the pupil. Dorsal spines moderate,
the last ones somewhat shortened. Anal fin large; pectorals and ven-
trals reaching anal. Scales of cheek in 5 rows. Light brown; fins
pale, unspotted. Scales of belly and sides dotted with golden orange.
Head 2f; depth 2£. D. X, — ; A. Ill, — ; scales 5-!-ll. L. 4 inches.
(Agassiz.) Tennessee Kiver. Known to us from the original descrip-
tion and from a tracing of a drawing received from Professor Bliss.
(Pomotisbombifrona Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 303.)

aaa. Supplementary maxillary obsolete ; gill-rakers slender, rather stiff.. (Hellopcrca*
Jordan.)

d. Palatine teeth present.

750. li. histniBas (Grd.) Cope. — Bed-spotted Sunfish.

Body oblong. Scales large. Spines rather high. Profile not very
steep. Eye 3£ in head ; mucous pores on head very large ; opercular
flap rather long, broad, with a very broad red margin which entirely
surrounds the black. Gill-rakers rather long, blunt, 8-10, well de-
veloped; cheeks with about 5 rows of scales. Bluish, with conspicuous
greenish spots and mottlings posteriorly ; sides with many conspicuous
round salmon-red spots; usually a faint black spot on last rays of
dorsal; belly and lower fins red. Head 2f ; depth 2£. D. X, 11; A. Ill,
9; scales 5-34-11. L. 3 inches. Kentucky to Kans.is and Texas; lo-
cally abundant; a small, highly-colored "species.

(Bryttm Tiumiliii Girard, Pmc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 201; Girard, U. S. Pac.
R. R. Snrv. Fish. 1858, 21: Lepomis aiiagallinus Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1868, 221: Lepomis anagallinus Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 3, 240: ? Bryttus oculatus\ Cope,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. .1865, 83: ? Lepomis oculatus Cope, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1868. 221.

M. Palatine teeth none ; a black blotch on last rays of dorsal.

751. L. paJMdlis (Mitch.) Gill & Jor. — Blue Sunfish; Copper-nosed Bream; Dol-

lar dec.

Body comparatively short and deep, compressed ; the young slender,
the adult nearly orbicular. Caudal peduncle rather slender. Head not

* Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876,355: type Labrus pallidus Mitch,
sun : TcepMT?, perch. )

t L. oculatus Cope.

Similar to L. Inimilis, but the body deeper, the caudal peduncle and fin forming
but one-third of the length. Head short; opercnlar flap long, with a black spot as
large as eye, surrounded by a broad pale margin; body without red spots. Depth 2-J-. '
Scales 5-32-11. L. 3. (Cope.) Minnesota.

480 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

large, tin1 projecting snout usually forming an angle above eye. Mouth
quite small, oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary barely reach-
ing the front of the eye. Five rows of scales on cheeks. Opercular
Hap very short in the young; in the adult rather long and wide, without
pale edge.' dill -ralcers moderately long, nearly terete, bent slightly
downwards, about 30 well developed. Dorsal spines strong and high,
usually longer than snout and eye. Ventral fins reaching anal; pectorals
reaching past anal spines. Olive green ; adults dark; young more or
less silvery, with a purple lustre in life; sides with undulating, often
chain-like, transverse greenish bars, which become obsolete in the adult;
no blue stripes on cheeks; a diffuse black blotch at base of posterior
rays of dorsal and anal, often obscure in young; no red on fins; very
old specimens often with the belly coppery red. Head 3; depth 2. 1).
X, 11; A. Ill, 10; Lat, 1. 44. L. 8 inches. Great Lakes to Florida and
Mexico; very abundant; one of our most widely diffused and variable
species.

(Labi-it* palhiilH* Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc.N. Y. 1815,407; Jordan, Man. Vert.
241: Labrun <ip)H-n<H.r Mitrhill, Amer. Month. May. '247, 1H1H (not Pomot'm appendix of
authors): Pomolis incinor 0. & V. vii,4!>o': Pomolis incisor Giinther, i, 'JS'.l; Iclit/iclix i>i-
cixnr I lolhrook, Ichth. S. C. 12 : Pomol'm fjibbomis C. & V. vii, 4(>7 : Fomotix x/ici-ioxux. and
af/iiilciiHiH B. &G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854,24: Pomotis spcctosus (Jiinthcr, i,2li:5:
r,,nn>h.-i limn (inl. ['. S. 1'ac. 1{. R. Snrv. Fish, x, 'J'J : Lcpomi* loni/ixpinix, ntci/alotix, and
ardi'-:i(icnx (.'ope, .Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ISIH, -J-Jd, '2'J'J: Lrpmnii piirpiiriimrnx ('»}»•,
Proc. Aincr. Phil. Sor. 1'hila. 1^70, -I"):;: I'omotix ubxntnix " Agassi/, Anicr. .lonrn. Sci.
Arts. I -."> !. :',(),': /,<)>ii>p»initx ubsciiniH Jordan, Ann. Ly«'. Nat. Hist. 1876, 317, a deeply
colored variety, from the Tennessee Basiu. aiid south ward.)

aa. Pharyngeal teeth mostly hlnntljr conic. (Xyxtroplites} Jordan.)

•752. I« Eaoros (B. & G.) McKay.

Appearance of /,r/>.-///m- i)ttl!i;Inft. Body robust, deep; the front steep,
the projecting snout forming a considerable angle at the eye. Caudal
peduncle rather long. Mouth moderate. l\ve large. Scales on cheeks
in 1 or ."> rows. Opercular Hap broad, about as large as eye, with an
oian-e margin below and behind. Spines strong and rather hi.uh.

"The life colors of " l.i iiniiiix ri/i.-,T«/-/(.s" are a>

l>.nk i^recii alxixe. the shoulders and t'roiil of hack with distinct

s|iot>: sides with wide dark-green iiar.s ; chest i>ri»ht eo]i|iery-red. spotted \\\i\\ black-

ish and oranue ; sides of hell y wit h Idackish and carmine ; lace, lower jaw, and lo\\ er
IIIIIN ot' head ••! a pi-r-nliar hri^ht leaden hlne; cheeks orange and lead-hlne. not
>tii|ied: operoular'apol lai^e. all hlack; vertical tins dark hlue-^reen ; a black spot
on last rays of dor>al and anal.

tJurdan MSS Cope. I'r..,. \nier. Philos. Soc. 1S77, (id : type Xi/xlroplifrx yiUn Jor-
dan --- : Ilriilhix (ill'tilii* (int. (^uSrpor, a .sciaper — gill-raker: urr,\ir?/i, armed.)

84. CENTRARCHID.E LEPOMIS. 481

Pectoral fins long. Olivaceous, plain in spirits; belly silvery; cheeks
not striped; usually a faint spot on last rays of dorsal, and sometimes
of anal also. Head 2f ; depth 2. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales 5-39-15.
Texas; one specimen known ; distinguishable from Lepomis pallidus only
by the blunt teeth.

(Pomolis heros Baird & Girard, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 25: Pomoiis Jicros
Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. IclitL. 6: Xystroplit'es heros Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2,
244.)

753. L.. cua-yoi'iis McKay.

Body very robust, compressed; form nearly oval; dorsal outline
more convex than ventral; profile steep, convex. Mouth oblique,
small; maxillary reaching front of eye. Outer teeth stronger than
others; teeth on front of palatines. Lower pharyugeals with the rather
long posterior spur turned up, stoutish ; the inner angle rounded, some-
what obtuse. Teeth stout, very much blunted, not close set; the inner
considerably stronger and less blunt than the rest. Gill rakers short,
stout, about eight in number, the inner surface roughened. Maxillary
with a small but perfectly distinct supplemental bone. Eye very small,
considerably less than length of snout. Scales on cheeks in 6-7 rows.
Opercular flap nearly as long as snout, surrounded by a very broad,
paler, membranous margin; scales on the opercle large, in 5 rows.
Dorsal spines low, the longest as long as from snout to eye; much
lower than soft rays. Caudal peduncle and fin short and broad; ven-
trals and pectorals short, reaching vent. Scales on breast larger than
those on cheeks. Head 3f ; depth 2f. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 10; scales 6-
43-14. L. 6§ inches. Lake Huron ; one specimen known.

(McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 89.)

'754. It. allmBBis (Grd.) McKay.

Body elongate, rather deep mesially. Caudal peduncle rather elon-
gate. Snout projecting, forming an angle above eye. Mouth wide,
the lower jaw projecting; maxillary reaching just past front of pupil.
Eye as long as opercular flap, 4£ in head ; flap moderate, broad, with a
very wide pale edge below and behind. Dorsal spines moderate, as
long as snout and half of orbit. Five rows of scales on cheek. Lower
pharyugeal teeth blunt, almost paved. Light olive, uniform in spirits;
traces of dusky mottlings on last rays of dorsal and anal. Head 2i;
depth 2. D.X, 10; A. Ill, 9; scales 0-42-13. L. 5 inches. Florida to

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 31

482 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Texas; not common; like the preceding species, intermediate between

Lrjiuini.i proper and Enjtouutl'ts.

(l'.njttn.< nUxtlii* (inl. 1'n.r. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phila. 18.7T: Girard, U. 8. Par. R. R.
Snrv. >:, ll>: Bryttus albulua GunthdT, i, v>.~>'.i: Xyatroplites gilli Jordan., Bull. U. S. N:it.
Mus. x. •_'!. 1-77 ; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat Mas. 1881, 89.)

' Lmvrr pharyn.ijrals liroad; pharyn^ral teeth paved, snlispherical in form, truncate
aliovc. (Enpomotin Gill & Jordan.*)

7.35. 1L. Ejoflbn-ooki (Cuv. & VaU McKay.

IJody robust, elevated, tlie snout rather produced. Eye large, 4 in-
head; maxillary reaching front of orbit. Dorsal fin high, the spines
about as high as the soft rays; pectoral fins very long. Cheeks with 5
rows of seales. Gill-rakers rather long, obtuse, strongly toothed. Oper-
cular llap short,broad, with a broad orange margin below and behind.
No palatine teeth; pharyngeal teeth paved. Dusky olive, silvery be-
low; throat yellow; fins dark, with yellowish rays; no black dorsal spot.
Head 3jj; depth L'j. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 11. L. 10 inches. South Caro-
lina to Florida; abundant.

(PomoH* liolbrooki C'uv. &. Val. vii, 405, 1831: Pcmotis apecioxus Holbr. Journ. Aoad.
Nat. Sri. 1'liila. 1 .^ .")">. 4'"1 : 1'omotin micrulophitft (fiinthcr, i, '2li4: 1 Xystroplites longimanua
t'opf. 1'ror Anicr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 18r7, GJ: Kupoinutls holbroold Jordan, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. ii. ]S70, ->M.)

L,. BiotaSHS (Agass.) McKay.
Body robust, elongate, the snout projecting, the profile scarcely gib-
bous. Alouth rather wide, oblique, reaching the front of eye. Eye
rather large. ( )percular llap wide and rounded, shorter than in L. <jil>-
bvNttN, with a rather wide pale 'border all around. Scales very large1;
4 rows on cheek. Spines rather high and strong, the longest dorsal
Kpinc as long as from niu/.zle past middle of pupil. Soft fins high.
(iill-rakers short and not very still'. Pharyngeal teeth paved. Color
pale olive, mottled: a faint dorsal spot. Head ."»; depth 1'J, ; 1 >. X. 11;
A. III. 11; seales .l-:;."j-i:;. L. S inches. Illinois to Alabama.

(I'miititix imliiliix A». AIIKT. .Iniini. Sri. Arts. I-.". 1, :'.n_>: L'li/iomolis jmlliilnx .Icirdan,

l. I . 8. Nal. Mil-. \.'JI, 1-77: lint I'oiiititix i/illlitlit* A'^a-

L. gibbOSUS (L.) McKay.— -Common SHii-fidt : l-n-nm: I'liinpkin-m-fil ; Sinnn/.
Body short and deep, compressed, the prolile steep, convex; usually
an angle abovr the rye. Head rather small. Mouth small, oblique,
the maxillary scarcely reaching the front of the eye. Dorsal spines
rather high, as long as eye and snout: the soft rays higher. Pectorals

V Jordan, Field and I'mol, 1-77, ii. I'."': type ,Vy«in/.s niirnm \Valliaum= Pcrca

L. (/r. \\c-Il; Ti&it,. , nprn-lc ; ,-,i---. car.)

84. CENTEARCH1DJE LEPOMIS. 483

long. Scales large; 4 rows on cheek. Pharyngeal teeth all truncate,
paved. Color greenish-olive above, shaded with bluish, the sides spot-
ted and blotched with orange; belly orange-yellow; cheeks orange,
with blue wavy streaks; lower fins orange, upper bluish and orange-
spotted. Opercular flap rather small, the lower posterior part always
bright scarlet, a mark which distinguishes this species when adult at
once from all our other high-colored sun-fishes. Head 3^; depth 2. D.
X, 11 ; A. Ill, 10; Lat. 1. 47. L. 8 inches. Great Lake region to Maine
and southward to Florida, east of the Alleghauies; found only in the
northern parts of the Mississippi Valley. One of our most abundant
and familiar fishes.

(Perca gibbosa L. Syst. Nat. ed. xi, 293, 1760 (after Perca fluviatilis gibbosa, vcntre
liiteo, of Catesby): Sparus aureus Walb., Artedi, PLc. 1792, 290 (after "Goldtisch"
of Schopfi:): Pomotis vulgaris Cuv. & Val. iii, 91, 1829: Morone maculata Mitchill, Re-
port, in part, Fish. N. Y. 1814, 18: Pomotis vulgaris Holbr. Ichth. S. Car. 8: Pomatis
rtilyaris Storer, Fish. Mass. 12: Pomotis auritus Giinther, i, 261: Eupomotis aureus Jor-
dan, Man. Vert. 241.)

758. L.. lirus McKay.

"This species resembles P. incisor (L. paUidus) in the outline of the
body, the nature and coloration of the scales, and in the size and form
of the fins, but it differs greatly from it by its large mouth, the free
extremity of the upper jaws reaching the vertical line of the middle of
the eye, by the presence of teeth upon the palate, and by the ventral
fins being placed immediately under the pectorals. The black oper-
cular appendage, which is very short, has a narrow orange border be-
hind; there is a black spot at the base of the posterior rays of the
dorsal; both dorsal and anal are marked by one or two dark stripes;
the caudal is crossed by several dotted vertical lines; there are eight
or nine dusky bars across the sides between the head and tail. This
species bears the same relation to Pomotis that Pomoxis bears to the
true Centrarclms in the size of the mouth and the form of the body,
and I have no doubt it will some day become the type of a distinct
genus." (Agassiz.) Tennessee Eiver, at Hunts ville, Ala. We are
informed by Professor Bliss that the types of this species have the
pharyngeals paved.

(Pomotis paUidus Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 303, not Labrus pallidus
Mitch. ; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 89.)

484 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

231.— MICROPTERUS Lacepede.
Black Bans.

(llitro and Uri/Klr* I'nvier and Valenciennes: Calliurus, Dioplites, Lepomix, etc., Rafiu-

esqne.)

. Hist. Nat. 1'nis-,. iv, 325, 1802: type Mioropterus dolamieu Lar.)
Body elongate-ovate, compressed, the back not much elevated. Head
oblong-conic. Mouth very large, oblique, the broad maxillary reaching
nearly to or beyond the posterior margin of the eye, its supplemental bone
\\ ell developed. Lower jaw prominent. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and pala-
tines; usually none on the tongue. Preopercle entire; opercnluin end-
ing in two Hat points, without cartilaginous ilap. Branchiostegals uor-
inallv (>. Scales rather small, weaklv ctenoid. Lateral line continuous.

V / t/

Dorsal fin divided by a deep notch, the spines low and rather feeble, 10
in number; anal spines 3; the anal fin much smaller than the dorsal;
caudal fin emarginate. Size large. Two species, among the most im-
portant of American ''game-fishes." (//j/r/^/c, small; --zpu-^ tin ; the dor-
sal fin in the typical specimen having been injured, its posterior rays,
detached and bitten off short, were taken by Laeepede for a separate lin.)

a. Mouth very larjje, the maxillary in the ailnlt extending beyond the orbit : seales
rather large, IJ5-70 in the lateral line; 7-b series above lateral line.

759. JI. s:iitm»Jcl:'N (Lac.) Henshall. — Large-mouthed Hind: Bass; Oawego Haw;

<;>•(•< n HHXH ; Hayou

Body ovate-fusiform, becoming deeper with age, moderately coin
pressed. Head'large. .Month ^•ery wide, the maxillary in the adult
reaching beyond the eye; in the young shorter. Scales on the cheek
in about 10 rows; scales on the trunk comparatively large. Lingual
teeth sometimes present. Dorsal lin very deeply notched. Colora-
tion of the young dark-green above; sides ami below greenish-silvery;
a MaeUish stripe along the sides from opercle to the middle of the
caudal tin: t hree dark oblique stripes across the cheeks and opercles;
below and above the lateral hand some dark spots; caudal tin pale at
base, then blackish, whitish at tip; belly white. As the fish grows
older the black lateral band breaks up and grows fainter, and the color
becomes more and more of a uniform pale dull green, the back being
darker; a dark opercular blotch usually present. Head ."•',: depth 3.
J). X, I.",; A. Ill, 11; scales S-US-li;. L. 1-1' feet. Kivers of the
I nited States, from the Cicat Lakes and lied Kiver of the North
to I'loiida and Texas; everywhere abundant, preferring lakes, bayous,

84. CENTEAECHID.E MICEOPTERUS. 485

and sluggish waters. It grows to a larger .size than the next species,
and is readily distinguished by its coloration and the larger mouth and
larger scales. Both species vary much with different waters.

(Labrus salmoides Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 716, 1802: Lepomis pallida Baf.
Iclith. Ob. 30, 1820; Jordan, Anu. Lye. Nat. Hist, xi, 314, 1877: Cichla floridana Le
Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1822, 220: Hiiro nigricaiis 0. & V. ii, 124: Ifiiro
niijricans Giiuther, i, 255: Micropterus nigricans Gill, Prec. Ainer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1873,
70 (and of most late writers): Dioplites nuccensis Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Iclitli. 3;
Micropttrus salmoides Heushall, Book of the Black Bass, 1881, 110.)

aa. Moat.li sinaller, the maxillary in the adult not extending beyond orbit; scales
smaller, 72-75 in the lateral line ; 10-12 series above the lateral line.

76O. M. dolomieu Lac. — Small-mouthed Black Bass.

Body ovate-fusiform, becoming deeper with age. Head large. Mouth
large, but smaller than in M. salmoides, the maxillary ending consider-
ably in front of the hinder margin of the orbit. Scales on the cheek
minute, in about 17 rows; scales on the trunk comparatively small.
Dorsal fin deeply notched, but less so than in M'. sahnoidcs, the ninth
spine being about half as long as the longest, and not much shorter than
the tenth. Coloration quite variable, the young dull golden green, with
bronze lustre ; darker spots along the sides, which tend to form short
vertical bars, but never a dark lateral band; 3 bronze bands radiating
from eye across cheeks and opercles; a dusky spot on point of opercn-
lum; belly white; caudal fin yellowish at base, then black, with white
tips; dorsal with bronze spots, its edge dusky. In some waters the fin-
markings are obsolete, but usually they are very conspicuous in the
young. Southern specimens usually have the scales of the lower part
of the sides with faint dark streaks; adult specimen's have all these
marks more or less wholly obliterated, and become ultimately of a uni-
form dead green, without silvery lustre. Head 3£; depth 3-£. D. X, 13;
A. Ill, 10 or 11; scales 11-74-17. Eivers of the United States, from
the Great Lake region to South Carolina and Arkansas; abundant,
frequenting running streams, and preferring clear and cool waters; its
southern limit is bounded by the presence of such waters. As a game
fish this species is usually more highly valued than its congener.*

(Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss, iv, 325, 1802; Henshall, Book ot the Black Bass, 1981,
84: Bodianus achigan Eaf. Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 120, 1817; Gryste*
salmoides C. & V. iii, £4 : Grysle.8 sdlmonoidts Giinther, i, 25'2 : Micropterus salmoidea
Gill, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1873, 07, and of many American writers: Calliurua
puiictulaius Raf. Ichth. Oh. 26: Grystes faaciatua Giiuther, i, ^58: Centrarchus obscurus
Giinther, i, 258.)

*Both this species and the preceding are popularly known in the Southern States
by the grossly erroneous name of "Trout."

486 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

I

FAMILY LXXXV.— PERCID^E.

(The Fercliex.)

Body more or less elongate, terete or compressed, covered more or less
completely with rather small, ctenoid, adherent scales. Lateral line
usually present, not extending on the caudal fin. Mouth terminal or
inferior, small or large, the premaxillaries protractile or not; maxillaries
large or small, without distinct supplemental bone. Jaws, vomer, and
palatines with bands of teeth, which are usually villiform, but sonic-
times mixed with canines; occasionally the teeth on the vomer or pala-
tines are absent. Head naked, or more or less scaly; preopercle entire
or serrate ; opercles usually ending in a flat spine. Branehiostegals 6
or 7. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; gill-membranes free or connected,
not joined to the isthmus ; gill rakers slender, toothed ; pseudobranchiae
small, or glandular and concealed^ or altogether wanting ; lower pharyn-
geals separate, with sharp teeth. Fins generally large ; two dorsals,
the first of 6 to 15 spines; anal fin with one or two spines (three in
Fercichthys, a fresh- water genus from Chili). Veutrals thoracic, I, ."> ;
pectorals often very large; caudal lunate, truncate or rounded. Anal
papilla often present. Air bladder small and adherent, often entirely
wanting. Pyloric co3ca few. Vertebras, 30 to 45.

Genera about 22 ; species, 90 to 100 ; inhabitants of the fresh waters
of cool regions, most of them being American and nearly all belonging
io the fauna of the United States. The great majority of the species
belong to the sub-family of EtheostomatincB, the Darters, all the species
of which group are American. They are among the most singular and
interesting of our fishes. They differ from the typical Farina' in their
small si/.e, bright colors, and large fins, and mere technically in the
rudimentary condition of the pseudobranehi;!' and the air bladder, both
of which organs are usually inappreciable. The preopercle is unarmed,
and the number of branehiostegals is six. An anal papilla is likewise
developed. ;is in the (iohiidtf, to which group the Darters bear a consid-
erable superficial resemblance, which, however, indicates no real al'linity.
The relations of the Darters to the Perches have been aptly expressed
by Professor S. A. Forbes:

••(liven a supply of certain kinds of food nearly inaccessible to the
oidinary fish, it is to be expected that some fishes would become
e>;u ci;ill\ fitted for its nt ili/at ion. Thus the l-'theostomatina- as a group

85. PEKCID.E. 487

are explained in a word by the hypothesis of the progressive adapta-
tion of the young of certain Percidcc to a peculiar place of refuge and a
peculiarly situated food supply. Perhaps we may without violence call
these the mountaineers among fishes. Forced from the populous and
fertile valleys of the river beds and lake bottoms, they have taken
refuge from their enemies in the rocky highlands, where the free waters
play in ceaseless torrents, and there they have wrested from stubborn
nature a meager living. Although diminished in size by their constant
struggle with the elements, they have developed an activity and hardi-
hood, a vigor of life and a glow of high color almost unknown among
the easier livers of the lower lands. * * * Notwithstanding their
trivial size, they do not seem to be dwarfed so much as concentrated
fishes." (Am. Nat. 1880, October, pp. 697-702.)

The colors of the Etheosto matinee are usually very brilliant, species of
Pceciliclithys, Notlionotus, and Dlplesium being among the most brilliantly
colored fishes known 5 the sexual differences are often great, the females
being as a rule dull in color and more speckled or barred than the males.
Most of them prefer clear running water, where they lie on the bottom
concealed under stones, darting, when frightened or Jmugry, with great
velocity, for a short distance, by a powerful movement of the fan-shaped
pectorals, then stopping as suddenly. They rarely use the caudal fin
in swimming, and they are seldom seen moving or floating freely in the
water like most fishes. When at rest, they support themselves on their
expanded ventrals and anal fin. All of them can turn the head from
side to side, and they frequently lie with the head in a curved position
or partly on one side of the body. The species of Ammocrypta and
perhaps some of the others prefer a sandy bottom, where, by a sudden
plunge, the fish buries itself in the sand and remains quiescent for
hours at a time, with only its eyes and snout visible. The others lurk
in stony places, under rocks and weeds. Although more than usually
tenacious of vitality, the Darters, from their bottom life, are the first
to be disturbed by impurities in the water. All the Darters are car-
nivorous, feeding chiefly on the larvae of Diptera, and in their way vora-
cious. All are of small size; the largest (Pcrcina) reaches a length of 8
inches, while the smallest (Microperca) is probably the smallest spiny-
rayed fish known, barely attaining the length of an inch and a half.
They are of too small size to be used for food, although, according to
Eafinesque, "they are good to eat, fried."

The PercincBiire represented in America by two genera, and in Europe
by the same two and three others — Acerina, Percarlna, and Aspro — the

488 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

latter bearing a strong external resemblance to iheEtltcostonutlina; and
serving as a connecting' link between them and the more typical forms.

(PerotdcB part, Giinther, i, 58-78; genera 1'in-it, Lm-iupcrca, Pilcoma, I>ohonoma,
rintt, I'lniniiKi, .Ixjiro, Fcrcichthys, and

' AlKll SpilieS 01IC (II- 1\VO.

a. PseudobranchisB imperfect or Wanting; preoperole entire; branchiostegals 6. (Ethe-

b. rremaxillaries protractile.

c. Body extremely elongate, subcylindrical, translucent, the belly al least naked;

lateral line complete ; gill-membranes broadly unitrd.
d. Anal 'spine single ; anal tin nearly as large as second dorsal.

AMMOCRYPTA, 252.
(Id. Anal spines two ; anal fin small ........... . ..................... IOA, '253.

cc. Body less elongate. opaque, chiclly scaled.
c. Anal spine obscure, normally single.

/. Lateral line complete, or wanting on a few scales only..BOLEO8OMA, 2.~>4.
ff. Lateral line incomplete ......................... . ---- VAILLANTIA, '255.

ee. Anal spines two, the lirst commonly tbe longer.

(j. Gill-membranes more or less broadly united; belly with ordinary scales.
li. Maxillary bone normal ........................... ULOCKVI i:.\. -,'"!>.

/</(. Maxillary adnate to the preorbital ................ DIPLKSITM, '257.

gg. Gill-niembraiifs scarcely connected.

i. Belly with enlarged caducous plates .......... COTTOGASTI'.I:. 258.

ii. Belly without enlarged caducous plates .......... IMOSDMA. 'J.V.i.

lb. Preniaxillaries i\ot protractile.

j. Lateral line complete.

k. Ventral line with a series of enlarged, spinous, caducous scales

or (if these are fallen) a naked strip.

/. Mouthsmall, inferior, benealha jiig-likesnout .. I'KIU'INA, '-.I'l'i.
11. Mouth larger, the snout not projecting beyond it.

Al.\ lUIDM S. -Jill.

kk. Ventral line without caducous scales.
m. (iill-membranes .scarcely connected.

n. Anal lin larger than second dorsal H.\I>I:<>PI n:i s, -.' ;-J.
ii n. Anal lin smaller I ha n second dorsal . .Norm >N< > I r>. 'Jdii.
w//(. (Jill-memliranes liroadly connected .. NANOSTOMA, J(il.
jj. Lateral line |)resent, incomplete.

o. GiU-inemliranes liroadly united ____ KTIII:OM< -MA, -Ji;:..

oo. (iill- mcmliranes separate or nearly so.

l'<: (ii ICIM MV-. -j::i;.
jij. Lateral line olisoleto ....................... Min:.>iM:i:cA. -J(i7.

a. I'seudolirancliia! \\ell di-ve!oped; preoperele serrate; branchiostegals?. ( mind.)

l>. ( 'aiiine teeth none ; body oblong ....... I'r.KCA. 26H.

l»j>. Canine teeth in ja ws and jialat mi's : body elongale.

2.12.— A^I^IOC'KVE^TA .Ionian.
Sand l)in-(cr.\.

(*/'/• uralijiix Agassi/; not I'l, nn>lci>>* F.gerioii, a ^enns of extinct Canoids.)
(.Ionian, Itull. I'. S. Nat. Mils. \. (i. 1-77: type .liiiiimr,-i//>l<i bnini .Jordan.)

ly slender and elongate, siib-cvlindrieal ; pellucid in life. Head

'Agaa i/. 1'iull. Mus. Comp. /u.'il. i, :>, i-<;;: type Elheoatoma pclluridum Uainl MSS.

85. PERCID.E — AMMOCRYPTA. 489

slender. Mouth rather wide, terminal, horizontal, the lower jaw in-
cluded ; premaxillaries very protractile ; teeth on the vonier. Scales
thin, ctenoid, little imbricated, present along the region of the lateral
line and on the tail, sometimes wanting' on the back or belly ; lateral line
complete. Head scaly or naked ; no ventral plates ; the belly naked.
Gill-membranes considerably united, forming an angle at their junction.
Dorsal fins moderate, about equal to the anal fin and to each other;
dorsal with about ten spines ; anal spine single, weak. Vertebra} 22
+ 22 (A. pellticida). Darters of moderate or rather large size, inhabi-
ting the sandy bottoms of clear streams, where they bury themselves
entirely excepting tbe eyes and snout. Coloration translucent, with
bright reflections. («///./.«•:, sand ; xpu—os, concealed.)
a. Cheeks and opercles naked; body imperfectly scaled.

761. A. toeaaai Jordan.

Body greatly elongated, sub-cylindrical, transparent. Head rather
large, heavier than in A. peUucida. Mouth rather wide, nearly termi-
nal ; the upper jaw somewhat the longer ; outer teeth -strong, hooked.
Opercular spine obsolete. Head entirely naked. Body naked, except
the caudal peduncle, which is sparsely covered with thin, imbedded
scales, and a series of rather large scales along the sides, on which the
lateral line runs. Dorsal fins high, wide apart, about equal in height to
the anal fin and to each other; caudal fin emarginate. Color trans-
lucent, without bars or spots, the lateral line shining-golden in life.
Spinous dorsal with a large black spot on the membrane anteriorly,
another near the middle, and some small ones behind; other fins with
their membranes dusted with dark points. Head 3^ ; depth 7}. D. X-
10 ; A. 1, 9 ; Lat. 1. 65. L. 2£ inches. Louisiana and Mississippi.

(Ammocryvta beanii Jordan, Bull. U. S.Nat. Mus. x, 5, 1877 : Ammocrypta f/clida Hay,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. IbSO, 490 — apparently the young; the size smaller and the tins
lower.)

aa. Cheeks and opercles scaly.

762. A. peBlMcMa (Baird) J. & G.—Fand Darter.

Translucent; scales with fine black dots; a series of small, squarish
olive or bluish blotches along the back and another along each side;
lateral spots connected by a gilt band. Body slender; head stout.
Cheeks, opercles, and temporal region scaled ; the scales imbedded and
more or less cycloid. Neck above thinly scaled or naked ; scales of body
not very rough, those along lateral line and caudal peduncle most
closely imbricated; belly entirely naked ; opercle ending in a short, flat

490 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

spine. Maxillary barely reaching- to opposite the large eye; eyes high
up, separated by a narrow, grooved space. Pectorals snort, reaching
tips of ventrals, half way to vent. Head 4£ ; depth 7. D. X-10; A.
I, 8; Lat. 1. about 7,"), about 6 series of scales above it. L. 3 inches.
Ohio valley and northwestward ; abounding in clear sandy streams ; one
of the most interesting of our lishes.

(Elheoatoma pellucidum BairdMSS. : Pleurolepis pellucidve Aga&enz, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool. i. .", l-ii:i: ricin-ol(-]iin 2)cUuciiliin Vaillant. Krrhrivlics sur Etheostom. in Nonv.
Arcliiv. Mus. 1S74, 138: Phnroh'p'iH pellundux Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 219: Pkurol<-jii><
2)i'lltu-idt(s Jordan &. Copelaiid, Auior. Nat. 1877, 86.)

763. A. asprella Jordan.

Head long, rather slender. Eyes very large, high up and very close
together. Month not large, sub-terminal, horizontal. Cheeks and oper-
cles with pectinated scales. Opercular spine well developed. Squama-
tion much more complete than in A. pellucida, the scales small and
quite rough, largest posteriorly. Throat and belly naked, the space
between the ventral fins scaled. Back of neck scaly. Fins large, the
dorsals well separated; the spinous high, highest in front; second dor-
sal smaller, smaller than anal; anal spine high, flexible; caudal Innate.
Coloration clear olivaceous, sides with 8 to 10 dark squarish blotches,
quite small and far apart; a blackish shade forward from eye, and a
dusky shade across opercle. Said to present in life "almost all the
colors of the rainbow." Head 4i ; depth 8. I). IX-10; A. I, 8 ; Lat. 1.
OS, ten series above the lateral line. L. 4 inches. Illinois to Alabama,
in sandy streams; a much larger and rougher species than the preceding.

(f'l<nr<ilc]>in (inprcllux Jordan, Bull. Ills. Lai). Nat. Hist. 2, 38, 187b : Plat rotcpin as-
prcllun Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 404.)

253.— IOA Jordan & Bray ton.

(Jordan iV I'.rayton, Bull. IT. H. Nat. Mus. xii, 83, 1878: typo rai-ilichtlii/* ••;/>•<•«« Cope.)
This ^eiius diil'ers from A in tn<HTi//>t« chielly in the presence of two well-
developed .spines in the anal tin. Theanallin is proportionately smaller,
and the scales arc larger and rougher, more fully covering the body.
The sqnamation of the head is moie complete than in any other genus.
.slender, translucent in life. (;'«^, an arrow or dart.)

761. I. vilivn (Cope) J. A B.

For ..... f .\iiiiii<>ci-i//>/<i. Head slender, acuminate; mouth not very
small; temporal region scaled; cheeks and opcrcles covered with large,
imbricated, very roughly ctenoid scales, these scales extending forward
to the maxillary and backward to edge of opercle and on suboperclej

85. PEECID.E — BOLEOSOMA. 491

the feeble opercular spine is almost hidden by them. Middle and lower
part of the sides of the body covered with large, imbricated, very rough
scales, these less closely set below; breast naked; behind the ventrals
the middle line of the belly with some small scales, behind which is a
naked space bounded by small imbedded scales, and extending as far
as the vent; back from middle of first dorsal forward naked, posteriorly
more or less scaly. Fins low and small, the second dorsal larger than
the first or the anal ; the spines slender ; anal spines short ; pectoral
fins long and narrow. Translucent, with small dark spots on back and
sides, besides finer specklings ; fins plain. Head 4£; depth 7. D. VII
to IX-11 to 13; A. II, 6 to 8; Lat. 1. 60. L. 2 inches. Nense Eiver,
North Carolina; locally abundant.

(Poecilichthys vitreus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 1870, 263; Jordan &
Bray ton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 82, 1878.)

254.— BOLEOSOMA DeKay.

Tessellated Darters.
(Arlina and Estrella Grcl.)

(DeKay, New York Fauna Fisli. 1842, 20: type Boleosoma tessellatum ~DcKny=Etheos-
toma olmstedi Storer.)

Body moderately elongate, fusiform, not translucent. Head small,
narrowed forwards, the profile convex. Mouth small, horizontal, the
lower jaw included; premaxillaries protractile. Maxillary not adnate
to preorbital. Vomerine teeth present. Scales large. Lateral line con-
tinuous (rarely wanting on two or three scales). Belly with ordinary
scales. Gill-membranes narrowly connected. Dorsal spines 7-10, slen-
der; soft dorsal much larger than anal; anal normally with a single,
short, slender spine, the first soft ray simple, but articulate. Vertebra?
(B. niyrum) 17 -f- 20. Coloration olivaceous and speckled, the males
blackish in spring. Size small, (pohq, a dart; <7o>//«, body.)

a. Dorsal spines normally 9.

b. Cheeks scaly ; second dorsal with 13 or 14 rays ......................... olmstedi.

11}. Cheeks and breast normally naked (occasionally fully scaled).
c. Body fusiform, with slender caudal peduncle; fins moderate; second dorsal
with 11 or 12 rays; lateral line usually not quite complete ........... nigrum.

cc. Body robust, compressed ; fins very high.
(1. Second dorsal with 13 rays; lateral line with about 40 scales ........ efftdgens.

dd. Second dorsal with 10 rays ; lateral line about 35 ................ . . rexillare.

aa. Dorsal spines 7 (?) ...................................................... oesopus.

402 COXTIMIM TIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

a. Dors.-il spines normally 0.

b. (.'In-cks scaly; second dorsal with 13 or 14 rays.

765. B. oa:ns3cdi (Storer) Agassi/.

liuily slender, little compressed, with long caudal peduncle. Head
slender, rather pointed. Cheeks and opercles scaly; space before dor-
sal naked; hn-ast naked. Fins very high, pectorals reaching past tips
of ventrals. Coloration olivaceous, tessellated above; sides with
blotches and zigzag markings ; fins speckled or somewhat barred ;
head not speckled, dusky in males; usually a black stripe forward from
the eye and another downward. JIead 4; depth 5i. D. 1X-14; A. I,
!>: Lat. 1. 50. L. 3£ inches. Great Lakes to Georgia and Massachu-
setts; the commonest eastern species. A southern form, var. macula-
ix, has the cheeks scaly above only, and is more speckled; var. aim-
, found eastward, has the breast closely scaled.

ulmxtcdi Storer, IJost. Jonrn. Nat. I list. 1842, (il : Boleoeoma tfissdlaium
Kav. New York Fauna Fish. ItiJ^uO; Agassi/. Lake Superior, 299; (uinther, i,77;
Cope, .lonrii. Aead. Nat. Sri. I'hila. lH(iS, 1-_>1:5; Vaillant. I.e. ?l>: IlolniNoma nnti'iilnltci'ps
Cope, I 'roc. Amcr. 1'liilos. Soc. lt!70, 5WS.): Enirvlla airomaciilata (iirard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila, 1H.'>9, (5(5.)

bb. Cheeks and lireast (normally) naked.

d. Body 1'iisil'orm, with slender caudal peduncle; (ins moderate; second dorsal
with 11 or 12 rays; lateral Hue usually not quite complete.

766. B. EBE??E'laEBI (R:ifO -Tor. — Tolnm.-i Dcrhr.

Body fusiform, slender. Head conical, moderate, the snout some-
what deeurved. Mouth small, lower jaw included. Cheeks and breast
nak'ed (specimens occasionally found with these regions closely scaly);
opercles scaly; space before dorsal mostly scaled. Fins high, but
smaller and lower than in the other species. Coloration pale oliva-
ceous; back much tessellated with brown; sides with numerous small
W-shaped blotches; head speckled above, mostly black in the males;
a bl.ick line forward from eye, and sometimes a line downward also;
lins barred; males in the spring blackish anteriorly, sometimes almost
entirely black. Tubes of the lateral line obsolete on the last 4 or 5
.scales. Head I1,; depth.".. ]). IX-12; A. I,S; scales fi-ll-O. L. L'i
iii.-lies. Ohio Valley, <!reat Lake region, and I'pper Mississippi; very
abundant where I'ound. It perhaps varies into />'. olinntcili, but may be
distinguished, as far as we have seen, by the shorter dorsal.

(Kllifuxloiiin ni'irii li'af. Irliili. ()]i. I— .'(i, :',7 : j:tili'om>nni nini'iiliiliiiii Agassi/, Lake Su-
perior. l~.".d, :',(i.">: {litlniHiiniii \>r< ri;iiinic ( 'ope. 1'roc. Amer. I'hilos. Soc. 1-7(1. 'JC.S; (Jiin-
tlu-r. i,?7: i;<>l«n<nii<i iinttnliiiii \'a i Hani . I.C.I — : .' /'" i-ilirlitli_;* • nii'uniifi Cope. 1 'roc. Acad.
Nat. S. i. 1'liila. l-.'.J, v;:;.': /.'»/• oxniia inni-iilaliini .Ionian. Man. N'erl. ed. ',', '."J4.)

85. PERCID^E — VAILLANTIA. 493

(id. Body robust, compressed ; fins very high.

e. Second dorsal with 13 rays; lateral line about 40.

767. B. cffaBlgeflDS (Grd.) Cope.

Body rather slender; caudal peduncle not contracted ; opercular spines
ruditneutal ; muzzle abruptly decurved. Eye of in Lead. Fins very

+r

high; caudal very much rounded; venfals reaching anal; pectorals
still longer. Color brown, with traces of nine spots on the side; muzzle,
chin, and spot below the eye black ; fins black, the second dorsal and
caudal with white specks. Head 44-; depth 6^. D. IX-13; A. II, 8;
scales 5-40-0. L. 2£ inches. Maryland to Korth Carolina. (Cope.)

(Arlhta effulgent Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 64; Cope, Proc. Am.
Philos. Sue. 1870, 239.)

ec. Second dorsal with 10 rays; lat. 1. about 35.

768. 15. vexMBai'e Jordan.

Body rather short imd stout ; caudal peduncle not contracted ;
opercular spine moderately developed ; space in front of dorsal fin
naked; mnzzle moderately decurved; eye moderate. Second dorsal
very high, higher than long; pectorals and veutrals long, nearly reach-
ing anal. Coloration olivaceous, the sides with traces of vertical bars;
first dorsal, veutrals, and anal black ; second dorsal and caudal strongly
barred with pale in fine pattern; head black in the male; lateral line
complete. Dead 4; depth 4f. D. VIII-10; A. I, 7; scales 4-35-6.
L. 2| inches. Eappahaunock River, Warrenton, Va. ; a single speci-
men known.

(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18SO, 237.)
«rt. Dorsal spines 7.

769. B. Ecsopras Cope.

Body stout, the back rather elevated ; the caudal peduncle somewhat
contracted; muzzle somewhat decurved; mouth terminal. Dorsal fins
much elevated. Color light brown, with six small dark dorsal spots,
and ten similar small spots along the dorsal line; a bar around muzzle
and one below eye. D. VII-14; A. 10; scales 5-47-8. L. 2£ inches.
Loyalsoc Creek, a tributary of Allegheny Eiver. (Cope.} One speci-
men known, perhaps an accidental variation.

(Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1.S70, '270.)

255.— yAILLArSTIA Jordan.

(Jordan, Bull. U. S Nat. Mus. xii, 89, 1878; type BoU-osoma camnrum Forbes.)

This genus agrees with Boleosoma in all respects, except that the
lateral line is incomplete, usually ceasing near the middle of the body.
(To Leon Vaillaut, author of an excellent monograph of these fishes.)

494 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

770. V. camura (Forbes) Jor.

Body slender, elongate, with long caudal peduncle. Back somewhat
elevated. Head small, rather slender, the snout shorter than eye,
strongly decurved. Mouth inferior, horizontal, small, the maxillary
extending to the middle of the eye. Gill-membranes little connected.
Cheeks, opercles, and breast closely covered with rather large scales;
median line of neck naked; opercular spine strong; scales moderate;
lateral line quite short, nearly straight, reaching to the middle of the
sp nous dorsal, developed on 20 to 30 scales. Fins small, the dorsals
well apart; first dorsal larger than the second, which is larger than the
small anal. Coloration as in Boleosoma, olivaceous, the back spotted
and tessellated; sides with about ten irregular spots; a dark spot on
opercles. Head spotty above; a black line across the muzzle; no bar
below eye ; dorsals and caudal fin finely barred. Head 4^; depth 5 J.
D. X-10; A. I, 8; scales 5-56-10. L. 2| inches. Rivers of Illinois.

(liolcosoma camura Forbes, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 40, 1878.)

771. V. cliBorosoma Hay.

Body slender, compressed, the dorsal region much arched. Caudal
peduncle long and slender, the body abruptly contracted at the vent.
Head small, convex in profile. Cheeks and opercles scaled. Breast
scaled or naked. Dorsals separated by a distance equal to half the head,
about equal to each other, larger than the anal. Lateral line developed
on 4 to 20 scales. Greenish yellow, with many blotches and zigzag
markings of brown; a row of about 10 of these blotches along each side,
most distinct on caudal peduncle; about 8 square brown dorsal spots.
Top of head, opercular spot, and subocular spot, black. A black streak
from eye to snout. Head 4£; depth 5]> D. IX-11; A. I, 7 or I, 8; Lat.
1 50 to 00. L. 2 inches. Eastern Mississippi; apparently not different
from the preceding.

(Hay, I'roc. U. S Nat. Mus. 1880,495.)

256 — UL.OCENTRA Jordan.

.Ionian, Man. V.-rl. K. I". S. <•<!. 2, 223, 1878; type Jr/j/m iitrijnimi* Jor.)

r.odv moderately elongate, little compressed. Head short, thick, with
tumid cheeks. Month small, horizontal, the lower jaw included. Pre-
maxillaries protractile, little movable; maxillary movable, not joined to
thepreorliit.il except at its root; vomerine teeth present, small. Gill-
memliranes more or less broadly connected. Scales moderate. No ven-
tral plates. Lateral line complete or incomplete. First dorsal with 12

85. PERCID^E — ULOCENTRA. 495

spines ; anal smaller than second dorsal, with two well-developed spines,
the first the longer. Small species, rather brightly colored. (Woe, com-
plete; xsvrpov, spine; the development of the anal spines distinguishing
it from Boleosoma.)

a. Lateral line incomplete.

772. U. pBsDox (Cope) J. & G.

Vermillion red, with faint small brown dorsal spots; a series of similar
blue spots along the lateral line. Spiuous dorsal with a dark blue bor-
der; second dorsal with a dark shade; caudal cross-barred. Body rather
stout. Head compressed. Mouth terminal, the premaxillaries freely
protractile ; opercnlar spine strong. Cheeks and opercles naked. Breast
and neck scaleless or nearly so. Scales rather large, the belly scaled
like the sides. Gill-membranes not described. Lateral line straight,
reaching middle of second dorsal. Anal fin small, other fins large. D.
X-12; A. II. 5; scales 5-52-8. L. 2 inches. Trinity Biver, Texas. (Cope.)

(Boleosoma phlox Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvii, 30, 1880.)

773. U. sftagmsea Jordan. — Specie.

Body slender, formed as in Boleosoma. Head narrow and thin, the
snout somewhat pointed, obliquely truncate in profile. Mouth narrow,
horizontal, subinferior, its cleft nearly reaching eye; premaxillaries little
protractile. Lateral line extending to opposite middle of second dorsal.
Scales rather large. Opercles, cheeks, and neck scaly; breast naked.
Gill-membranes not very broadly joined; opercular spine sharp. Fins
rather large; caudal emarginate. Olivaceous, tessellated and speckled
above; sides with about 8 W shaped dark green blotches below the lat-
eral line and various duller ones above; upper parts in the larger speci-
mens sprinkled with small orange spots, which are more conspicuous
after death, when the green has faded. Fins mottled; spinous dorsal
with a band of orange-red above, and one or two narrow dark ones below
it. A dark stripe forward and another downward from eye. Head 4| ;
depth 5. D. X-12 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-46-7. L. 2£ inches. Georgia to
Louisiana; rather common in the ponds and streams of the hill country.

( Eoleosoma stigmceum Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 311.)

aa. Lateral line complete.

774. U. atrapaBUBis Jordan.

Body rather short, somewhat compressed behind. Head extremely
short and deep, the snout very short and abruptly rounded, as in Dip-
lesium. Eye large. Mouth small, with equal jaws. Cheeks and oper-

496 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN- ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

cles scaly ; the cheek scales small and closely set; a triangular series
of scales ou temporal region ; throat smooth ; neck above closely
scaly; belly closely scaled. Fins large; spinous dorsal high, the
second still higher, but smaller than the first, its base about equal to
the length of the head ; dorsal fins contiguous, slightly connected.
Color olivaceous; head above entirely black; back with 8 dark cross-
bars ; about 11 bar-like blotches, somewhat indistinct, arranged along
the lateral line; fins chiefly black; membranes of the second dorsal
and ventral fins entirely black, that of the spiuous dorsal with a broad
black horizontal bur at base, above which are numerous distinct black
oblique streaks; anal with a broad black bar; caudal and pectoral fins
largely dusky. Females and young probably paler. Head 4J ; depth
l\. I). XH-10; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. (not counted). L. 2.} inches. Cum-
berland River; but one specimen known.

(Arlina atripinnia Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1877, 10; Jordan, Mau. Vert. ed.
2,223-)

775. 11". MiiBiotera (Cope) Jordan.

l>0(ly short and rather deep. Head small ; the snout very obtuse, as
blunt as in l)ij>h'sium. Cheeks, opercles, and breast scaly. Dorsal fins
•well separated. Back and sides each with a series of quadrate blackish-
green blotches; belly saftroii-color ; upper parts sprinkled with red
spots; first dorsal margined with orange-red; a row of oval red spots
across the middle of the tin ; second dorsal with the membrane chiefly
blood-red; a black spot on occiput and opercle; a dark stripe downward
and one forward from eye; caudal fin brown, barrel. Head."); depth
4. 1). X-ll; A. 11,7; scales 10-52-12. L. 3 inches. Headwaters of
the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers; an elegant and peculiar species,
carrying to an extreme the gobioid appearance of these fishes.

i Hyo8tomanimot<'ritm Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Soi. 1'liila. l~ ;-,--'l">: HI/OS tomasimotervm

Vaillanl IiVrlu-rrhrs, K'U: /HjilfxiiiiH itiniotrriim .Ionian, Man. \Vrt. c,l. "J,

•257. -DIPLESIH.II

Agassi/..)

RalinrM|!ir. Iclilli. Oil. l-'v!n, :!7; type Ktln-imlnmd lilnnitttiilrx Raf.)

I'.ody elon-ate. suluerete. Head very short and blunt, with tumid
cheeks; t he |>rolile \ ci \ cunvex. Mouth small, inferior, horixontal. I're-
i',a\illaries protractile, little movable, joined to the forehead mesial ly
by a slight freiium ; maxillary not protractile, adnate tor most of its
length to the lle.shx -Ivin of the pi-eoi -bital; lower jaw very short; teeth

85. PERCIDJE — COTTOGASTER. 497

in jaws strong ; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-membranes broadly
connected. Scales moderate, rough. Lateral line complete; no enlarged
ventral plates. Dorsal fins large, the spiuous dorsal longer and lower
than the second, of about 13 spines ; anal smaller than second dorsal
with 2 strong spines. Vertebrae (D. llennioides] 19 +22. Coloration
largely green. (<Sc?, two ; -Xiatov, near ; dorsal fin nearly divided in two.)

776. I>. Mennioides (Raf.) Jor. — Green-sided Darter.

Body stout, elongate, little compressed ; profile very convex. Eyes
large, high up and close together; a longitudinal furrow between the
eyes. Mouth small, horizontal, quite inferior; upper jaw concealed in a
furrow under the snout. Scales moderate ; those on the belly large, not
caducous ; cheeks with fine scales ; opercles with large ones ; neck scaly ;
chest naked. Anal papilla very large. Anal spines strong ; caudal fin
einarginate ; lower rays of the pectorals, and the rays of the ventralsand
anal enlarged and fleshy in the males. Color olive green, tessellated
above; sides with about eight double transverse bars, each pair form-
ing a Y-shaped figure ; these are sometimes joined above, forming a sort
of wavy lateral band ; in life these markings are of a clear deep green ;
sides sprinkled with orange dots-; head with olive stripes and the usual
dark bars; first dorsal dark orange brown at base, blue above, becoming
pale at tip; second dorsal and anal of a rich blue green, with some red-
dish; caudal greenish, faintly barred; young and female specimens are
more or less dull, but the pattern is peculiar. Head 4^; depth 4|. D.
XIII-13; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 65 to 78. L. 3-5 inches. Pennsylvania to
Kansas, south to Alabama; one of the handsomest and most abundant of
the Darters.

(Etlieostoma llemrioides Raf. Journ. de Physique, 1819, 419 : Pileoma cymatogramma
Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 327: Hyostoma cymatoyrammum Vaillant,
1. c. 102; Jordan, Man. Vert. 222: Hyostoma blcnnioperca Cope (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1868, 214) is a form larger than usual and with rather smaller scales : Hyostoma
newmani Agassiz (Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 305) is slenderer, with rather larger
scales on the body and on the cheeks. Both grade into the common form. )

258.— COTTOGASTER Putnam.
(Bheocrypta Jordan.)

(Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1863, 5: type Boleosoma tessellatum Thompson, not
of DeKay.)

Body rather robust, little compressed. Head moderate, bluntish.
Mouth small, the lower jaw included; premaxillaries protractile; maxil-
lary not adherent to the preorbital. Teeth on vomer. Gill-membranes
nearly separate. Scales ctenoid ; those of the middle line of the belly
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 32

498 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

enlarged and spinous, falling off at times, leaving a naked strip; lateral
line continuous. Dorsal fins large, the second usually smaller than the
lirst and smaller than the anal. Anal spines two, strong, the first the
longer. Size moderate.
(xorro?, sculpin; ya<5rr}p, belly.)

777. C. coiM?Iandi Jordan.

Body rather slender and elongate. Head rather large and long,
somewhat narrowed, resembling that of Eolcosoma. Mouth small, hori-
zontal, sul (inferior. Eye large, 3£ in head. Cheeks naked; opercles
and neck each with a few scales; throat naked. Ventral plates well
developed; scales moderate, strongly ctenoid. Color brownish olive;
a series of rather small, horizontally-oblong, black blotches along the
lateral line, forming an interrupted lateral band; back tessellated;
blackish streaks forward and downward from eye; ventral fins dusky
in the male; vertical fins with dusky specks; a black spot on anterior
rays of spinous dorsal. Head 4J; depth 5J. D. XI- 10; A. II, 9; Lat.
1. 50. L. 2^ inches. White River, Indiana; abundant near Indianapolis.

(Rheocrypta copelundi Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. X, 9, 1877: Rheocrypta copelandi
Jordan, Man. Vert.

778. C. putliami J. & G. (nom. sp. nov.).

General form of the preceding. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching
to the pupil. Snout convex. Cheeks naked; opercles closely scaled ;
chest naked; neck above scaly; scales large. Tessellated above; sides
with ten square blotches, which are small and slightly connected by a
dusky band; spinous dorsal with a brown median band; second dorsal
and caudal barred; entral in the males dusky; a dusky stripe down
ward and one forward from eye. Head 4 ; depth (I. I). XI-11; A. II, 8;
I -at. 1. 44. L. 3 inches. Lake Champlain. (Described from Xo. 1314,
U. S. Nat. Mua.)

( nolconoma t<**i llntitm Thompson, Appendix Hist. Vermont, 1K53, 31; not of Dokay :

trwlltifux I'litnain, JJnll. Mus. L'omp. /ool. 1.-U3, ;">.)

259.- IlttOSTOIUA Jordan.

(.Ionian, 1'ror. Aead. Nal. Sri. I'liila. 1^77, 41) : type Ihuinytti rnx xliitinarili Grd.)

Hodv robust. Jlrad large. Mouth comparative! y large, horizontal,
the lower jaw included; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary not adnate
to preorliital. Uelly witliout caducous plates. Fins as in AjrorfliiiN, the
anal larger than the SCJCOIM! dorsal. (E^{> to move; a-<>na, mouth.)

779. n. ACiumardi (Cnl.) Jordan.

P.ody stout, heavy fon\ar<l, compressed behind. Head broad and

85. PERCIDJE — PEKCINA. 499

thick. Eye large, 3£ in head. Mouth large and broad, the lower jaw wide,
a little shorter than the upper; maxillary reaching to the eye. Cheek.s,
opercles, and neck scaly; chest naked; belly naked anteriorly, scaly for
a distance in front of the vent ; scales rather large. Dorsal fins large,
the first larger than the second, which is smaller than the anal, though
longer; the two dorsal fins well separated; anal fin large, very deep, in
some specimens (males?) reaching to the caudal; anal spines strong, the
first the larger. Color dark, densely but vaguely blotched with darker;
sides with 8-10 obscure blotches, the anterior ones bar-like; a large black
spot on base of spinous dorsal behind, and a small one in front; second
dorsal, caudal, and pectorals barred ; a very strong black suborbital bar,
and a faint dark line along muzzle. Head3f; depth 5. D.X-15; A. II,
11; scales 6-56-11. L. 3 inches, Wabash, Illinois, and Arkansas Eivers.

(Hadropterm shnmardi Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 100; Jordan, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 49; Jordan, Man. Vert. 222.)

26O.— PEKCBNA Haldeman.

Log Perches.
(Pileoma DeKay.)

(Haldeman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 330, 1842: type Perca nebulosa Hald. =
Scicena caprodes Eaf. )

Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with small ctenoid
scales. Lateral line continuous; ventral line with enlarged 'plates,
which fall off, leaving a naked strip. Head depressed, rather pointed,
the mouth being small and inferior, overlapped by a tapering, sub-
truncate, pig-like snout ; upper jaw not protractile. Teeth on vomer
and palatines. Gill-membranes scarcely connected. Dorsal fins well
separated, the first the larger, of 13-15 spines; the second dorsal rather
longer than the anal, which has two spines, the first of which is usually
the shorter. Air-bladder and pseudobranchise present, rudimentary.
Vertebrae (P. caprodes) 19 -f 22. General pattern of coloration olivace-
ous, with dark vertical bands alternately long and short. (A diminu-
tive of Perca.)

7§O. P. ca.prod.es (Raf.) Grd. — Log Perch; Rock-fish; Hog-molly; Hog-fish.

Body elongate, compressed. Head long and pointed, depressed and
sloping above. Mouth small, quite inferior, the maxillary not reach-

«

ing nearly to the front of the eye. Cheeks, opercles, and neck scaly;
chest naked. Fins rather low. Color yellowish green, with about 15
transverse dark bands from the back to the belly, these usually alter-
nating with shorter and fainter ones, which reach about to the lateral

500 COXURIBUTIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

line; a black spot at .the base of the caudal; fins barred. Head 4;
depth C. D. XY-15; A. II, 9; Lat. 1. 02. L. 6-8 inches. Great Lakes
and streams of the South and West; the largest of the darters.

(Sciania caprodes Rafinesqne, Amcr. Month. Mag. 1818, 534: Pileoma semifascialum
DeKay, New York Fauna Fish. 1842, 16: Etheostoma caprodex, nebulosa, semifaxciata,
and bimaculata Storer, Synop. Fish. N. A. 270-272; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1859, 06: Pileoma semifasciatum Giinther, i, 76: Pileoma caprodes Vaillant 1. c. 43;
Jordan, Man. Vert. 220: Pileoma carbonaria Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1853, 387: Pileoma carbonaria Giiuther, i, 76: Pileoma carbonaria Girard, 1859,
10: Percina carbonaria Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 67; the latter a
variety from Texas with the fins mostly higher.)

Var. manitou Jordan.

Space in front of spinous dorsal naked ; lateral bars short, more or
less confluent, each one not meeting its fellow of the other side across
the back; otherwise essentially as in the preceding, with which it inter-
grades. Chiefly northwestward; abundant in Wisconsin. Examples
intermediate between caprodes and manitou from Potomac Elver (Bean;
Jomj] and Illinois (Forbes).
(Percina manitou Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 53.)

261.— AtVORDIUS Girard.
Black-sided Darters.

(Ethcostoma Agassiz; not of Rafinesque.)
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 63: type Alvordins maculatus Girard.)

Body rather elongate, little compressed. Mouth rather wide, ter-
minal, the lower jaw included, the snout above not protruding beyond
the premaxillaries, which are not protractile. Teeth on vomer, and
usually on palatines also. Gill-membranes separate. Scales small,
ctenoid, covering the body. Belly with a median series of enlarged
spinous plates, which fall off, leaving a naked strip; sides of head
scaly or not. Lateral line complete. Fins large, the soft dorsal smaller
than the spinous or the anal. Anal spines 2; dorsal spines 10-15.
Vertebrae 22 + 22 (A. aspro}; 17 + 22 (A. wide*). Coloration bright;
sides with dark blotches. The most active and graceful of the darters.

(Dedicated toMaj. 15. Alvord, who discovered "Alvordius maculatus" at FortGratiot,
on Lake Huron.)

a. Vertebrae more than 40; dorsal spines 11 to 15; palatine teeth present. (Alcor-

dius.)
b. Cheeks, opercles, and ante-dorsal region entirely scaleless; head very long and

large; lat. 1. 75-80 macroccphalua.

bb. Checks covered with line scales; npereles with larger ones.

c. I lend very slender, with long acuminate ninz/le; .jaws nearly equal; space be-
fore dnis.il scaled; lat. 1. (55-70; lateral blotches small, quadrate.

plioxoccplialus.
cc. Head stouter, with wider muzzle; lower jaw included aspro, nevisensis.

85. PERCID^E ALVOEDIUS. 501

Cheeks naked; opercles scaly above only; space before dorsal naked; muzzle

blunt.

d. Ventral shields moderate ; colors dull, plain crassus.

dd. Ventral shields very large, 4 or 5 times the size of the ordinary scales ; colors

brilliant variatiis.

aa. Vertebrae less than 40 ; dorsal spines 10 or 11; palatine teeth obsolete ; males with

the lower fins tuberculate in spring. (Erivosma Jordan.) evides, fasciatus.

a. Vertebrae more than 40 ; dorsal spines 11 to 15; palatine teeth present. (Alvordius.)
6. Cheeks and opercles entirely scaleless ; head very long and large ; lat. 1. 75 to 80.

781. A. macrocepEialus (Cope) Jor.

Body elongate. Head long and large ; mouth rather large, maxillary
reaching to opposite anterior margin of orbit. Eye shorter than snout,
4£ in head. Ventral shields twice as large as other scales. Head, neck,
aud chest without scales. Color light brown, with a slightly undula-
ting whitish band from upper angle of opercle to caudal peduncle ; back
with dark quadrate spots ; sides with 9 blackish longitudinal spots,
alternating with smaller ones; streaks downward and forward from
eye; vertical fins somewhat barred; spinous dorsal with a median
blackish band ; head spotted above. Head 3£; depth 7. D. XV-13;
A. II, 11; scales 11-77-15. L. 3 inches. Ohio Valley; not very common.

(Etlieosioma macroceplialum Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1866, 401; Jordan, Man.
Vert. ed. 2, 220.)

bb. Cheeks covered with fine scales; opercles with larger ones.

c. Head very slender, with long acuminate muzzle ; jaws nearly equal; space be-
fore dorsal scaled; lat. 1. 65 to 70; lateral blotches small, quadrate.

7§2. A. pfroxoccplaaius (Nelson) Cope & Jordan.

Body rather slender, compressed. Head extremely long, narrow and
tapering, the snout very acuminate. Mouth large, the maxillary reach-
ing to the eye ; the lower jaw unusually narrow and long, scarcely shorter
than upper. Eye about equal to snout, 4^ in head. Cheeks, opercles,
and neck -with small scales; chest naked. Color yellowish brown, some-
what as in A. aspro, but the lateral spots smaller and more numerous,
quadrate in form ; a small blackish spot at each end of the lateral line.
Head 4; depth 5£. D. XII-1S ; A. II, 9; scales 12-68-14. L. 4 inches.
Indiana to Kansas; not common.

(Etheostoma phoxocephalum Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist, i, 35, 1876; Jordan,
Man. Vert. Ed. 2d, 221.)

cc. Head stouter, with wider muzzle; lower jaw included.
7 §3. A. aspro Cope & Jordan — Slack-sided Darter.

Body rather elongate, fusiform , compressed behind. Head moderately
elongate, less pointed than in some of the species. Mouth moderate,
the lower jaw included ; maxillary reaching just past the front of the
eye. Eye about equal to snout, 4 in head. Gill-membranes little con-

502 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

uected. Lateral line straight, prolonged forwards to the eye. Opercles
with rather large scales ; cheeks covered with very small ones, which
are scarcely visible; breast naked; neck naked, or more or less scaly;
body otherwise entirely scaly, the scales small and rough. Straw-yel-
low or greenish, with dark tessellations and marblings above, and about 7
large dark blotches along the sides, which are partly confluent, thus form-
ing a moniliform baud ; tins barred. Head 4 ; depth G. D. XIII to XV-
1L> ; A. II, 9 ; scales 9-65-17. Ohio River to the Upper Missouri, chiefly
northward; one of the most curious and elegant of the darters. Its
coloration varies much in intensity with differences in surroundings.
Specimens from the Ohio Valley slenderer than the typical form, with
narrower head, scaly neck and paler colors, form a slight variety ap-
proaching A. phoxocephalus.

(Etheoatoma blcnnhides Kirtland, Bost. Jonrn. Nat.Hist. 1839, 340 — not of Rafinesqne :
Ethcostoma Menu hides Vaillaut, 1. c. 57 ; Cope &. Jordan, Proc. Acart. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1877, 51: Alvordiux maculatus Jordan, Mail. Vert. ed. 2, 220, probably uot of Girard,
who describes the bead as scaleless.)

7§4. A. ncvBsensis (Cope) Jor.

" This is an elongate fish, with muzzle obtuse in profile, as well as wide,
viewed from above. Cheeks, operculum, and middle dorsal line scaled.
Ventral line without spinous scales ; one only being present in the sym-
physis of the ' coracoids'. Anal fin with base a little shorter than .spi-
nous dorsal; the species may really be a PcrciUchthys. First dorsal
moderately elevated ; second, peculiar in spinous ray, well separated
from the first dorsal. Caudal fin slightly forked. Ground color above
yellowish, crossed by 9 dark chestnut quadrate spots on the median line,
which arc wider than their interspaces and arc connected at their cuds

|

by an undulate chestnut baud. Below the latter a similar longitudinal
band on the anterior half of the body. Six quadrate black spots on the
sides, with a small spot between each. A dark band from end of muz-
zle to scapula ; below it on operculum, a silver spot. A blade bar below .
eye. Kelly white. Caudal and second dorsal distinctly, pectoral and
ventral faintly black barred. A series of black spots along middle of
lirst dorsal." Head \\ • depth -1?. I>. XIII-I, ll': A. IF,S; scales 8-53-
11. L. :'>',. (('<>i><'.) Maryland to North Carolina.

i llii,lri>iitfriix iniifiil/ilHH* Grd, Proc. Ae;id. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1SV.I; not .tlr. inai-iiltitii*
(iid. : l-:Hn-Hxtnnin in rixi uxr Cope, Proc. Anier. Pbilo.s. Soc. Phila. !-?<>, -Jill.)
bbb. (Mieeli.-, 1 1. -i K I'd ; operelesseah ;i 1 .< .\ e mil y ; space l>r fui i- dorsal naked ; muzzle blunt.
d. Ventral shield* mu<lrr;i!<- : <-<>!ors dull, plain.

*Tho types of lhi> speeies, lately examined by us, seem to be idem tea I \t itli .1. nen-
sensis ; cbeeks with rat her lar^e scales ; middle of breast with scales; ventral plates
large. Scales 7-56-12. D. XIV-1'2 ; A. II, 9. Maryland.

85. PERCID^ ALVORDIUS. 503

785. A. crasstis ' Jordan & Brayton.

Body stouter and more compressed than in A. aspro. Head stout:
mouth as in A. aspro, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Outer teeth
slightly enlarged. Cheeks entirely naked ; opercles scaly; breast and
anterior part of neck scaleless; ventral shields moderate. Coloration
essentially as in A. aspro, the blotches rather faint and band-like. Depth
5;heau4. D. XI-12; A. II, 8 j scales 7-54-7. L. 3-4 inches. Eivers
of North and South Carolina.

(Etkeosloma maculatnm var. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 261 (riot Hadrop-
terus macalatus Grd.); Jordan & Brayton, Bull, xii U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 12.)

dd. Ventral shields very large, 4 or 5 times the size of the ordinary scales; colors
brilliant.

786. A. variants (Kirt.) Jor.

Body moderately elongate ; deeper than in A. aspro. Head rather
short and stout. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching the eye; lower
jaw scarcely shorter than upper; outer teeth somewhat enlarged. Eyes
moderate, about as long as snout, 3£ in head. Head naked, with the
exception of a few scales on the upper anterior part of the opercle;
neck and breast scaleless. Ventral shields larger than in any of the
other species ; four times as large as the other scales, 0 to 8 in number,
with strong radiating points. Coloration bright olive, the back with
short brown cross bars ; the sides with broad brownish shades; black
blotch on neck and on opercle ; blackish bars downward and forward
from eye ; fins barred, the spinous dorsal with a black band. Accord-
ing to Dr. Kirtland, the males are further variegated with blue, green,
and orange. Head 3f; depth 5. D. XII-12; A. II, 8; scales 7-53-9.
Ohio and Pennsylvania.

(Ftheostoma variahim Eirtlaud, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1840, 274: Etheostoma pelta-
um' Stauffer MSS. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, p. 233 : ? Alvordlus maculal us
Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, 68 : Etheostoma ptltatum Vaillant, 1. c. 61 :
Ahordius peltatus Jordan, 1. c. 220.)

aa. Vertebrte less than 40; dorsal spines 10 or 11; palatine teeth obsolete; males with
the lower h'ns tuberculate iu spring. (Ericosma* Jordan.)

787. A. evades Jordan & Copeland.

Body moderate, somewhat compressed. Head heavy, the profile
rather convex. Eye rather large, high, 3£ in head. Mouth moderate,
somewhat oblique, the lower jaw included ; maxillary reaching front of
eye. Cheeks, neck above, and throat naked ; Opercles with rather large
scales; ventral plates little enlarged. Fins large; second dorsal lower

. S»

* Ericosma Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. x, 8, 1877 : type Ahordius evidcs Jordan &
Copelaiid; (r?p, spring-time ; HO^JHEO^ to adorn.)

504 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

tlmu anal, but with longer base. Coloration extremely brilliant ; dark
olivaceous above, tessellated with dark ; sides with about 7 broad trans-
verse bars extending from below the lateral line on one side across the
back and down the other side ; these bars are wider than the eye and
are connected along the lateral line by a faint black stripe. In the female
these bars are black and the intervening spaces yellowish. In the male
the bars are of a dark rich blue-green with metallic lustre; the con-
necting longitudinal line greenish-bronze ; just above this line is a
luminous yellowish streak, and above in each of the interspaces between
the bars is a bright blotch of bronze-red ; entire lower parts of the body
of a bright clea'r yellow, which becomes on the under side of the head,
throat, and branchiostegals a bright orange-red ; blackish green streaks
downward and forward from eye ; cheeks orange-red, the color of iron
rust ; dorsal fin orange-colored, with a bright bronze edge, a blackish
spot on the last rays; second dorsal and caudal pale orange; two bright
yellowish spots at base of caudal ; anal bronze, with a blue-black shad-
ing ; ventral fins dark blue-black ; pectorals faintly orange. Males with
the rays of the ventral and anal fins covered with small corneous tuher-
cles, exactly as in some Cyprinida'. Female and alcoholic specimens
show little of the bright colors, although the same pattern is preserved.
The spinous dorsal has a dusky spot on its posterior rays, and the fins
are destitute of the dark bars found in the other species of Alvordius.
Head 4£; depth 5£. D. XI-10; A. II, 8; scales 9-G3-9. L. 2-3 inches.
White Kiver, Indiana; locally abundant; one of the most brilliant of
fishes.

(AlrortliitH cridi-x Jordan & Copelaml, Proc. A cad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 51: Ericosma
cvidca Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. x, 8, 1877.)

788. A. fasciatus (Grd.) Jor.

" It has the same blenuioid aspect as its congener (Alvordius aspro] ;
the total length of the specimens observed measuring about two inches
and a quarter, the head entering in it four times and a half. The eye is
of medium size, subcircular; the diameter being contained 4 times in
the side of the head. The first dorsal is lower and longer than the
second, to which it is contiguous. The anal is well developed, rather
deeper than the second dorsal but shorter upon its base. The caudal
fin is subtrmieated. The ventrals and the pectorals are of moderate
development, their tips being nearly even. The rays are D. X, 12; A.
I, 8; the scales are small, deeper than long, posteriorly rounded oil' and
minutely pectinated, whilst their anterior margin is truncated, exhibit-
ing numerous radiating ridges upon the latter section only. Their im-

85. PERCID^E — HADROPTERUS. . 505

brication takes place after the fashion of the Sciaenoids ; instead of
longitudinal series, they constitute transverse oblique series. As to the
coloration, it is but imperfectly preserved. Transverse bands of deep
chestnut alternate with white or yellowish ones. These bauds or fas-
ciae are better denned below the lateral line than above it, where they
are sometimes interrupted. The head is brown, with a vertical black
streak across the orbits. The fins are yellowish, imicolor, except the
first dorsal, which is margined with black. During life we imagine this
fish to be one of the prettiest inhabitants of the fresh waters of this
continent." (Girard.) Chihuahua River, Mexico. The types of this spe-
cies are lost, but it is doubtless closely allied to A. evides.

(Diplesion fasciatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 101.)
262.— HAUKOFTE KITS Agassiz.
(Hypohomus Cope: Plesioperca Vaillant.)
(Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 305: type Hadropterus nigrofasciatus Ag.)

This genus differs from Alvordius only in the absence of the caducous
ventral plates, the belly being covered with persistent scales, similar to
those on the sides. (ufy>«<?, strong ; nrepov, fin.)

a. Anal fin large, not smaller than the second dorsal.

b. Scales small, more than 75 in the lateral line ; body elongate, little compressed ;
D. XV-15. (Hypohomus* Cope.)

7§9. M. aurantiacus ((/ope) Jor.

Form elongate ; caudal peduncle slightly contracted ; orbit smaller
than length of muzzle, 4 in head, excluding the opercular spine ; man-
dibles shorter than muzzle ; cheeks and operculum covered with small
scales; scales very small, covering the ventral line; gular region
smooth ; third dorsal ray longest, fin outline rapidly descending poste-
riorly; first anal ray below first of second dorsal; caudal fin even.
Golden-brown above, with a series of small round brown spots nearer to
the basis of the dorsal fin than the lateral line ; the latter traversed by a
broad black band, which passes on sides of head around muzzle ; below
bright citron-yellow ; fins unspotted. Head 4^; depth C. D. XV-15;
A. II, 11; Lat. 1. about 85. L. 4£ inches. (Cope.) Headwaters of Ten-
nessee River.

(Cottogaster aurantiacus Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1869, 211: Hypohomus
aurantiacus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1870, 451 : Hadropterus aurantiacus Jor-
dan, Man. Vert. 221.)

bb. Scales large, less than GO in the lateral line; body robust, more or less compressed ;
dorsal XII-12. (Hadropterus^.)

* Hypohom-us Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1870, 451: type Cottogaster aurantiacus
Cope, (vrtao, below ; 6/iioS, uniform.)
t Plesioperca, Vaillant.

50 ti CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

II. nigl'ofasciatus Agassiz:. — Crawl-a-lottom.
Head and body stout and heavy, the body compressed. Mouth moder-
ate, the maxillary reaching front of eye; eye moderate, 4 in head.
Scales rather large. Fins all large. Breast usually naked, but some-
times closely scaled; scales on the median line of the belly somewhat en-
larged, but not caducous nor especially spinous. Dark olive above, with
blackish markings; sides with vertical bars, somewhat diamond-shaped,
but quite narrow; these acute above and below, more or less confluent
along the middle, about 12 in number; the bands dark greenish, vary-
ing to jet black, most distinct near the middle of the body and broadest
behind; inner half of each of the vertical fins black; outer half more or
less speckled and barred; top of head black, a black band through eye
and snout, and a dark vertical shade below the eye; a small black spot
between two smaller ones at base of caudal fin. Head 4; depth 5. D.
X 1 1-12 ; A. II, 10; scales 7-58-15. L. 4 inches. Eivers of the Southern
States from South Carolina to Louisiana; one of the largest of the
darters.

(Agassiz, Amor. Journ. Sci. Arts, xvii, 305, 18G4; Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
Y., lrt?7, 310: J'lfniaijcrnt «»<r;w Vaillaut, 1. c., 37: .llrorrtins spiUinttiii Hay, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1-<W0, 491, from C'liickasa \vlia K'ivcr. Mississippi, specimens with the
eye larger, the suout more pointed, the iius higher, and the color very dark.)

263.— NOTBIO^OTUS Agassiz.
Slue-breasted Darters.

(Agassiz, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. 1863, i, 3: type Ethcostoma maciilatum Kirtland.)

Body robust, or rather elongate, compressed. Mouth terminal, mod-
erate; the lower jaw somewhat included; premaxillaries not protractile;
maxillary movable. Teeth strong, present on vomer and palatines.
Gill-membranes scarcely connected. Scales moderate or small, ctenoid;
those of the middle line of the belly not enlarged, persistent. Lateral
line will developed, nearly straight. Fins large, with strong spines;
first dor>al longer and larger than the second with 10 to 15 spines ; anal
with t\\<> strong spines, the anterior usually the larger. Coloration
often brilliant. (;<><>•>;, prominent; >w7«c, back, in allusion to the large
si/e of the, dorsal tins, the name given in opposition to Catonotus.)

a. Hi .nl -hurt, tin- iiin/vlc abruptly di-mrvrd ; hit. 1. 52 ; dorsal spines 10 to 12: fius

dock-edged.

791. N. CHllllll'lls (Cope.) .lor. — />'//« -hnn^h'/l Darter.

Body stout; head short ; mu/y.le abruptly decnrved, the mouth some-
what inferior; lower jaw included. Caudal broad, truncate. Males very

85. PERCID.E NOTHONOTUS. 507

dark olive or blackish, with an obscure band of a paler shade ; belly
paler ; breast and throat deep rich blue ; sides profusely sprinkled with
crimson dots; these spots sometimes arranged in short longitudinal
series of threes and fours; series of olivaceous lines along the rows
of scales ; first dorsal with a black spot at base in front^aud a crim-
son one on the margin between the first and second rays ; second dor-
sal, caudal, and anal crimson, bordered with yellow, which again is
bordered with black or dark blue on the edge of the fin; the crimson is
deepest next the yellow; pectoral and ventral fins with a broad red mar-
gin.' Females less distinctly marked; olivaceous, somewhat barred.
Head 4; depth 4£. D. XI-13; A. II, 8; scales 7-53-8. L. 2£ inches.
Ohio to Tennessee in clear streams ; one of the most elegant members
of this most beautiful genus.

(PccciUchthys camurus Cope, Proc. Ara. Pkilos. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 265: Nothonotus
camurus Jordan, L c. 225.)

aa. Head rather long and pointed ; muzzle not decurved.
b. Dorsal spines 10 to 12.

c. Scales small; lateral line 55 to 65; fins not dark-edged.
d. Body slender.

792. N. sangiiifluns (Cope) Jor.

Body elongate, with dorsal line not elevated, and the caudal peduncle
very deep. Head flat, acuminate, the front descending very gradually,
the mandible rising as gradually to its extremity ; orbit rather large, equal
to snout, 4 in head ; end of maxillary reaching front of pupil ; teeth
of outer row larger. Fins generally, especially the caudal, short ; latter
slightly rounded; first dorsal much elongate; first anal spine very
large. Coloration above black, shading to dark olive below, and with
a narrow, wavy, leather colored dorsal band; throat turquoise blue;
sides and dorsal region marked with small circular spots of bright crim-
son, irregularly disposed, and in considerable number ; first dorsal
uucolored, with a black spot at base anteriorly and a dark shade through
the middle; second dorsal blood-red, without border; caudal with two
large crimson spots confluent on the middle line of the tail at its base,
without border ; pectorals and veutrals not red-bordered ; females dull,
with the fins black-barred and not crimson. Head 4 ; depth 5£. D. XII-
12; A. II, 9; scales 9-58-10. L. 2^ inches. South Fork of Cumber-
land River, Tenn. (Cope.)

(Pcecilichthys sangulfluus Cope, Proc. Ain. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 264: Nothonotud
aanguifluuA Jordan, Man. Vert. 228.)

508 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

dd. Body comparatively deep, compressed.

793. Uf. inaculatus (Kirtland) Ag.

Body moderately elongate, deep, and compressed. Head long and
rather pointed. Mouth rather large ; jaws equal. Dorsal fin elevated,
the longest rays reaching caudal. Olive green ; sides with rather large
spots of brilliant carmine ; vertical fins more or less barred with red
and white. Head 4; depth 4f. D. XII-13; A. II, 8; Lat. L CO. L.
2 £ inches. Mahoning Kiver, Ohio ; not yet recognized elsewhere.

(Ethfostoma maculata Kirtland, Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1640, 276 : E. maculata Storer,
Synopsis, 270: Nothonotus maculatus Agassiz, Bull. M. C. Z. 1863, 3: Ifothonotus inacu-
latus Jordan, Man. Vert. 225.)

cc. Scales larger ; lateral line 43 to 47 ; body stout.

794. IV. rufilineatus (Cope) Jor.

Stout, the dorsal line elevated and descending regularly from the base
of the first dorsal to the end of the muzzle. Muzzle short, regularly
conic, about equal to eye, which is smaller than usual, 4£ in head.
Dorsal well developed ; caudal peduncle deep ; caudal fin small, trun-
cate. Scales large. Color pale olive, with numerous narrow longi-
tudinal lines, each on the adjacent margins of two rows of scales; these
lines include a number of quadrate spots of a mahogany or brick-red
color, which alternate with each other, but are not regular in position
or number; pectoral region bright turquoise blue; belly bright reddish
orange; head with two longitudinal mahogany-colored bands, and a spot
of the same below the eye; five red spots on each side of the head, one
on operculum, preoperculum, suboperculum, and on each lip; fins all
broadly crimson-bordered, the anal and caudal with narrow black
edging; two orange areas at base of caudal ; anal vermilion, with yel-
low base and black margin on posterior half. Females more olivaceous,
id .sen rely barred and with the fins speckled. Head 4; depth 44. D.
XI-12; A. II, 8; scales 0-45-7. L. 3 inches. French Broad Kiver,
"\Vann Springs, N. C. (Cope.}

(I'n;-ilirl,tliyn nijiliiinilHsCoiw, I'roc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 267.)

11). Dorsal spim-s 11 ; scales small; lat. 1. 53; back not arched.

791. N. vialsacr:atHK (Cope) Jor.

Body fusiform, stout. Caudal peduncle very deep. Dorsal outline
scan-civ arched: top of head gently and regularly curved to the end
of the mu//le, much as in ^.mnnjnijliiiifi. Orbit four times in length of
head, equal to mii/./le. First dorsal not low ; caudal truncate, rounded ;
anal small; scales small. Color light olive, with about eight vertical

85. PEKCID^E NANOSTOMA. 509

dkar olive bars on the sides, which are interrupted above the lateral line ;
a few irregular crimson dots on the sides. Fins uniform, transparent,
except the first dorsal and caudal ; the former has a median series of
red spots, the latter is pale orange, with a black margin; no cross-bars
on fins in the male ; second dorsal with a black margin. Head 4 ;
depth 4J. D. XIV-13; A. II, 8; scales 8-53-9. L. 2 inches. French
Broad Elver. (Cope.}

(Poscillchtliys vulneratus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 286.)
Jf% Species incompletely described.

The following species have not been recognized since their original
description. They perhaps belong to Nothonotus.

•796. !¥.? tessellatws (Storer).

"Body oblong. Head gibbous, less than one-fourth the length of
the body. Lateral line straight. Top of the head and upper portion
of the sides of a greenish-brown color; 8 or 10 transverse bluish bands
on the sides ; the intervals between these bands are yellowish, and in
the centre of each is a bluish rhomb; a black blotch at the base of the
tail; the lips, opercles, and rays of the first dorsal gamboge-yellow.
D. XII-13; P. 13; V. I, 5; A. II, 10. L. 3 inches. Florence, Ala.
Caught in running water." (Storer.)

(Etheostoma tessellata Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845: E. tessellata Storer,
Synopsis, 273.)

Y97. N.? cimeire MS (Storer).

"Body oblong, compressed. Head gibbous directly over the eyes.
The upper portion of the sides is of a light yellow color, crossed longi-
tudinally by 3 or 4 cinereous interrupted narrow bands, one or two of
which commence at the snout, the others back of the head, and are
lost anterior to the tail; between these bauds is a series of longitu-
dinally-arranged oval blotches, of a similar color, and from these bands
descend obliquely backward and downward to the abdomen narrow
transverse lines; lower portion of the sides yellowish-white; first dor-
sal margined with red; second dorsal and anal variegated with red
dots. D. XI-13; P. 15; V. I, 5; A. II, 8. L. 3-4 inches. Florence,
Ala. Caught in deep, still water when fishing for perch." (Storer.)

(Etheostoma cinerea Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845: E. cinerea Storer, Synop-
sis 273.)

264.— NANOSTOMA Putnam.

(Putnam MSS. Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 7, 1877: type Pcecilichthys zonalis Cope.)
Body fusiform, not greatly compressed. Mouth small, subinferior,

510 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

the premaxillaries not protractile. Yoraerine teeth very feeble or
•wanting. Scales large. Gill-membranes broadly connected; no en-
larged ventral plates. Lateral line complete. Dorsals well separated,
the second larger than anal, higher and shorter than spinous dorsal ;
dorsal spines about 10; anal spines 2. (vavo?, small; <rr«,ua, mouth.)

a. Cheeks, opercles, and throat closely scaled. .

79§. N. zoiialc (Cope) Jor.

Body slender, somewhat compressed. Head small, rather short; the
mouth small, subinferior. Snout decurved, rather obtuse, maxillary
not reaching front of eye. Cheeks, opercles, neck, and throat closely
scaled. Eye rather large. Teeth very feeble, those on the vomer not
evident; probably none on the palatines. First dorsal well developed,
separated from the second, which is higher and shorter than the spin-
ous dorsal, and considerably larger than the anal; caudal emargiuate.
Bright olivaceous above, golden below; 6 dark-brown quadrate dorsal
spots, which connect by alternating spots with a broad brown lateral
band, from which 8 narrower dark-bluish bands more or less completely
encircle the belly ; paired, anal; and caudal fins golden, brown-spotted ;
middle half of the first dorsal crimson; a series of round crimson spots
near the base of the second dorsal; occiput, a baud on muzzle and one
bdow eye black; a black spot on operculum and one at base of pec-
toral; females duller and speckled with veutrals barred and lateral
bars feebler. Head 4£; depth 5. D. XI-12; A. II, 7; scales 11-50-12.
L. 3 inches. Mississippi Valley, in clear streams; rather rare.

(Pcccilichthu* zonalis Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1638, 212; Jordan, Man.
Vert. 2'>5: A/M/as/owa vinciipes Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, 236, 1879; the female.)

799. If. eBofjaGBS Hay.

Body stout, somewhat compressed. Head short and deep, with
swollen cheeks. Snout abruptly decurved. Mouth stibterminal, hori-
zontal, small, the maxillary not reaching the front of the eye. Eye 4
in head. Lateral liue nearly straight. Checks, opercles, and back of
neck scaly; chest and region just behind ventrals naked. Spinons
dorsal half as high as long, a little longer than the head; soft dorsal

IS Ion- as head and j; as high as long; anal :| lenglh of head, as high
as long; pectoral tins very large, reaching beyond ventrals to verit.
( 'olor purplish ; <» large quadrate black blotches along back and 8 broad
transverse bars along sides fainter, these alternating with dark spots}
many of the scales above with jet-black spots forming longitudinal
streaks; two black spots at base of caudal; a few black spots behind

85. PEKCID/E NANOSTOMA. 511

eye; dark spots downward and forward from eye: ventral and anal
flus indigo-blue; pectorals with blue; a bar of deep orange-red along
base of both dorsals. Head 4; depth 5. D. X-12; A. II, 8; scales 5-
42-6. L. 2^ inches. Chickasawha River, Mississippi. (Hay.)

(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 493.)
oa. Cheeks, opercles, and breast entirely scaleless.

§OO. IV. thalassinum Jordan & Brayton.

Body rather stout, compressed behind, the back somewhat arched.
Head large, the snout rather blunt and convex in profile. Eye large,
high up. longer than muzzle, 3J in head; interorbital space rather nar-
row. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching to the
orbit. Upper jaw slightly longer than the lower. Head entirely naked ;
throat naked; neck naked anteriorly. Fins all large; membrane of the
first dorsal continued to the base of the second ; longest dorsal spine
scarcely shorter than the soft rays, the base of the spinous dorsal a
little longer than that of the soft dorsal; anal not much smaller than
the soft dorsal, its first spine the longer; caudal fin deeply lunate; pec-
torals reaching nearly to vent. Male, in life, with the body dark green
and blotched above; sides with 9 dark blue-green vertical bars, the
five next the last most distinct; spinous dorsal reddish at base, then
a broad black band, tlie uppermost third of a bright ferruginous red;
second dorsal blackish at base, reddish above; caudal with 2 orange
blotches at base, black inesially, p&le orange distally; anal fin of a
brilliant blue-green color at base, pale at tip; ventrals greenish; head
mostly grass-green ; the streaks forward and downward from eye dark
green; females duller and more speckled. Head 4; depth 5. D. X—
11; A. II, 8; scales 5-43-5. L. 2£ inches. Saluda Eiver, South Caro-
lina; abundant.

(Notlwnotus thalassinus Jordan & Bray ton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 13, 1878.)

8©1. IV. tesseliatsam Jordan.

Color olivaceous, the markings obliterated in the type. Body fusi-
form. Head broad and heavy, entirely naked. Mouth moderate, hori-
zontal, the lower jaw included, the maxillary extending to opposite
front of eye. Anal higher than second dorsal, but not so long, its
spines strong. Gill-membranes broadly united. D. X-12; A. II, 8;
Lat. 1. 48. L. 2£ inches. Allegheny River; only the type (1199, U. S.
Nat. Mus.) now known.

(Hadropterus tessellatus Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 7, 1877.)

512 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

§O2. I¥. i IB scrip tuna Jordan & Brayton.

Body rather stout and deep, strongly compressed. Caudal peduncle
rather deep. Ilead large, rather obtuse, the profile quite gibbous, a
considerable angle formed opposite the eyes, which are high up and close
together. Eye about equal to snout, 3i in head. Mouth moderate,
slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching eye, the upper jaw the longer.
Head entirely scaleless; neck above scaly; breast naked; belly closely
scaled; scales large. Fins large; spinous dorsal longer than soft dorsal,
which is somewhat larger than the anal ; the two dorsals connected by
membrane; dorsal spines a little more than half the length of the head;
pectorals large. Color olive, with a bright scarlet spot on each scale,
these forming continuous lines along the rows of scales; 3 dark blotches
across the back ; one in front of dorsal, forming a black spot on the ante-
rior spioes; one between the two dorsal fins, forming a similar black spot
on the last rays of the spinous dorsal ; and one on the caudal peduncle,
behind the second dorsal; sides with about G irregular dark-olive blotches
just below the lateral line ; edge of spiuous dorsal black, below this bright
orange-red, a dusky bar at the base; entire anal fin, cheeks, opercles, and
a bar below the eye bright blue; females without red spots, the sides
blotched. Head 4|; depth 4£. IX XI-12; A. II, 8; scales 5-40-j. L.
2£ inches. Oconee Eiver, Georgia; one of the most beautiful of the
group.

(XothonotuH inscr'qilus Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus. xii, 34, 1878.)
265.— ETIIEOSTOMA Rafincsqne,.

(Catonotus Agassiz. )
(Rafincsqno, Jonrn. do Physique, 1819, 419: type Etheosloma flabcllaris Raf.)

r><xly elongate, compressed. Mouth terminal, more or less oblique;
upper jaw not protractile. Vomerine teeth present; teeth in the jaws
stron-, tli<« outer series canine-like. Opercular spine well developed.
(lill-mrmltraiu's broadly united. Scales rather large. Lateral line
incomplete; an enlarged, black humeral scale. First dorsal fin low,
considerably lower than the second dorsal, of 7 to 0 subequal spines,
which, in the males, end in little fleshy knobs; anal fin smaller than
the second dorsal, with - spines, the first of which is always the larger.
Vertebra- (/•,'. lincolatinii) 11 + 21; si/e small. Coloration dark. The
species arc extremely quirk in their movements, and their coloration,
although not gaudy, is very elegant.

(Tli<' -wnnl I'.tlnoaltiiini Is st.itnl liy IJaliiH'sqnr t<> mean " rarioxs mouths," the species
known to him — i. c., 1'crcina caprodcn, D'tplcsinm blcnnioidcs, and Etkeostoma Jlabcllare—

85. PERCID,E — ETHEOSTOMA. 513

being so different in respect to the form of the mouth, that he conceived that they
might belong to different subgenera. The etymology of the word is not evident.)

«. Head entirely naked; lateral line short; lower jaw prominent.
6. Body with longitudinal dark stripes.

8 J3. E. liBseolatsnnn (Ag.) Jor. — Striped Darter.

Body elongate, compressed, the back scarcely arched. Head long
and rather pointed, entirely destitute of scales. Month rather large.,
terminal, oblique, the lower jaw the longer. Eye moderate, longer than
the snout, about 4 in head. Opercular spine strong. Fins all low, the
first dorsal in the males about half as high as the second; higher in the
females; caudal large, rounded. Anal spines longer in females than in
the males; dorsal and anal spines pointed in the female, in the male with
thickened fleshy tips. Scales moderate. Lateral line extending about
to end of first dorsal. Neck and throat naked ; scales on sides extending
up to the base of the dorsal fin. Color dark; each scale with a dark
spot, these forming a series of conspicuous longitudinal lines along the
rows of scales; second dorsal and caudal conspicuously cross-barred;
head blackish, with dark stripes radiating from eye; males further
marked with conspicuous dark cross bars. Head 4; depth 5. D. VIII-
12; A. II, 8; scales 7-53-7. L. 2J inches. Minnesota to Indiana; abound-
ing in clear or rocky streams; one of the most singular and handsome
of the darters.

(Catonotits lineolatus Agassiz, Arner. Journ. Sci. Arts. 1854. 305: Catonotus lineolatus
Vaillant, 1. c. 118. )

bb. Body not striped.

8O4. E. flabellare Raf.

Very similar to the preceding, but rather more elongate and less
compressed. Head rather larger. A narrow strip along base of spinous
dorsal not scaled. Coloration paler, there being little or no trace of the
longitudinal stripes, so conspicuous in E. lineolatum; the males with cross
blotches, the iemales nearly plain olivaceous; second dorsal and caudal
fins barred; b'ack humeral spot conspicuous. Lateral line usually vei y
little developed ; lower jaw less projecting than in E. lineolatum. Head
4; depth 5. D.VIII-12; A. II, 8 ; Lat. 1. 46. Length 2£ inches. West-
ern New York to Ohio Valley and North Carolina; very abundant in
the tributaries of Lake Ontario.

(Rafinesque, Jouru. de Phys. etc. Paris, 1819,419: Catonolus flabelUtm Vaillaut,
Recherches, 1873, 1-21: Catonolus fasciatus GirarcT, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(J, G7:
Oligocephalus humeralis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, G6: ? Catonotus

Bull. Nat, Mus. No. 1C 33

514 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Putnam. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. l<cf>:"!, 3: Elltcostjma linxleyi Srorer. Pror.
Soc. Nut. lli>:. I-1.")!, ;>7: Catimotiix t/<il» Hutu* Vaillant ]. c. 121: <'ntnn»1u» liiixlryi
Vaillant. KVeheiehes. \^~'.\. 123: F.thcoxtomn jlnMlorc .Ionian. Man. Vert. eel. 2, 227.)
a« Cheeks, opcreles. neck. and throat closely scaly ; jaws equal; lateral line nearly com-
plete.

8Q5. E. sq^acaaaceps Jordan.

Body rather elongate, considerably compressed, the caudal peduncle
deep. Head large ; tbe jaws comparatively short and equal. Lateral
line wauling only on a few of the posterior scales, and with occa-
sional tubes behind the continuous series. Spinons dorsal low and
short, the spines about equal, less than halt' the height of the second
dorsal ; bases of the two dorsals about equal, slightly connected by
membrane. Color dark, without spots, stripes or bands, in spirits;
male mottled, with about 0 cross-blotches ; vertical fins cross-barred;
lower lins black in the male, pale in the female; a large black humeral
spot. Ilead 3£ ; depth 5. D. IX-12 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-50--G. L. 1'^
inches. Ohio Valley; not common.
(Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 11, 1877.)

•

266.— P4ECIL.ICHTHYS Agassiz.
Rainbow Darter*.

(Oligocephalus, Boleichtliyfi, Aplesion, and Jtrariim Girard: Astailchtliys Vaillant:

Aga.ssiz. )

(Agassiz, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 304: type I'actUchthi/s rariati<n Agassi/.=.E7/uw*-

tontd <•<>'>• iih'H Storcr. )

Body variously robust or elongate, usually compressed. Head rather
large. Mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, terminal or nearly so; vo-

mer with teeth; pvemaxillaries not])rotiactile. Gill-membranes scarcely
connected. Scales rather large, those oil the belly similar to the others.
Lateral line wauling posteriorly, its tubes beginning at the orbit. Dor-
sal spines Otoll, the middle ones highest and more than hall' the height
of the soft rays; second dorsal larger than spinous dorsal or anal; anal
with two spines, the first usually the larger. Vertebra- in /'. <-<!'ruli'>ix,
lo -f 18; in /' MM, 15 + 11. Si/.e small. Coloration usually brilliant.
(-<n/.'.).«;, variegated ; r/Un-, fish.)

The original types of <'<il<mt>liiK /,< miicolli, now in poor condition, show the follow-
ing characters:

Color plain, without trace of lines or spots; pectorals, caudal, and both dorsal-,
checkered uiih black. Pdaek hllllieral spot large. Cheeks, opercles and breast naked.

Scales rather large. Lateral line extending to below middle of second dorsal, (till-
membraues forming an angle with each other, pectorals a little shorter than head.
Hvjid :;:,'; depth :-.'. I). VIII. in; A. 11, 5 J BOaleB G-40 C. Prom Southern Illinois.

85. PEECID.E - PCECILICHTHYS. 515

fl. Dorsal spines 8 or more; anal spines well developed.

b. Humeral region with an enlarged black scale-like process.
t-. Cheeks and opercles naked ; nape naked ; body striped ................ virgatus.

cc. Cheeks and nape naked ; opercles scaly .............................. mxatilis.

ccc. Cheeks, opercles, and nape more or less scaly ............ punctulatus, arteaicc.

bb. Humeral scale obsolete or wanting.

d. Opercles and cheeks naked ; preopercle cremilate; anal spines very long.

lepidus.

dd. Opercles scaly ; preopercle strictly entire.
e. Lateral line nearly straight.

/. Cheeks naked; or with only 3 or 4 small imbedded scales close behind
eye ............................................... cu-rnleus, spectabilis.

ff. Cheeks evidently scaly, at least above ................ asprigenis, Jessica.

cc. Lateral line forming a slight curve above the pectorals; dorsals sub-equal.

Dorsal spines 9 or 10. (Boleichihys Girard. )
g. Cheeks scaly ......... butlerianus, barratti, fnsiformis, erochrous, eos.

ijrf. Cheeks naked ............................ exilis, warreni, gracilis.

aa. Dorsal" spines 6 ; anal spines obsolete ? (All-arms') ..... . ............... . laieralis.

a. Dorsal spines 8 or more; anal spines well developed.

b. Humeral region with an enlarged scale-like process, which is always black.
c. Opercles, cheeks, and nape naked ; body striped.

8©6. P. virgatus Jordan.

Body slender, subfusilorm, compressed, the back somewhat elevated,
the caudal peduncle rather deep. Head long1, rather slender and pointed,
little compressed, the snout but little decurved. Mouth rather large,
somewhat oblique, the maxillary reaching to the pupil, the lower jaw
scarcely shorter than the upper ; teeth small, even, in several rows.
Eye rather large. Posterior border of preopercle above, obtusely cre-
nate. Scales rather large; lateral line distinct, on about 20 scales; 53 in
a lengthwise series. Head naked ; nape and breast naked. Color green-
ish, each scale with a small blackish spot, forming conspicuous lateral
stripes, as in EtJteostoma lineolatum ; back and sides with cross-blotches ;
humeral scale large and black ; dorsal and caudal fin faintly barred.
Head 3| ; depth 5. D. IX-10 ; A. II, 8. Kock Castle Kiver, Kentucky ;
resembles the species of Etlieostoma.

(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 236, 1879.)

cc. Clieeks and nape naked ; opercles scaly.

P. saxatMas Hay.
Body rather slender. Head pointed, the profile descending in a
gradual curve. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to opposite front
of pupil. Eye equal to snout, 4 m head. Cheeks, breast, and throat
naked ; opercles with a few large scales. Lateral line little arched, its
tubes on about 35 scales. Dorsals well separated, the second shorter
and higher than first. Greenish, with darker tessellations; a black

516 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

humeral scale, a black streak downward and forward from eye; opercles
mostly blade. Head 4; depth 5. D. XI-10; A. II, 7 ; scales 11-50-5.
L. li inches. Chickasuwha River, Mississippi. (Hay.}
Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1880, 495.)

occ. Cheeks, operclrs, and nape more or less scaly.

&O§. P. punctulatus Ag.

Body elongate, compressed, the back not elevated. Head slender,
rather long and pointed, compressed. Mouth large, terminal, oblique, the
jaws about equal, the maxillary extending nearly to opposite middle of
• •ye. Scales quite small; a few imbedded scales on upper part of cheeks
and behind eye; neck mostly covered with small scales; throat naked.
Fins rather small, the pectorals short. Color, in life, not known; in
spirits, the sides of the body clouded or reticulated with darker; a con-
spicuous black humeral spot; first dorsal dark at base, then pale, with
a narrow dark border; the other vertical fins similarly colored, the dark
colors probably blue in life; females with the sides and fins speckled.
Head 4; depth 4£. D. X-llj A. II, 7; scales 9-60-20. L. 2J inches.
Missouri to Texas.

(Agassiz, Amor. Journ. Sci. Arts, \ft~>\, 304: IMeiclifliy* whifplci Oirarcl, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1K>9, 101: Nothonotus punctulatus Agassiz, Bull. Mns. Corup. Zool. i, 3,
1863.)

8O9. P. artcsaa; Hay.

Body elongate, compressed. Head large. Mouth large, terminal,
nearly horizontal, the lower jaw slightly included; maxillary reaching
to opposite front of pupil. Palatine teeth in a broad band. Eye equal
to snout, 4i in head. Cheeks entirely covered with small scales; oper-
cles with large scales; scales along back very small. Lateral line ex-
tending to end of second dorsal, on about 45 scales. Dorsals contig-
uous; lirst dorsal as long as head, its height less than half its length;
soli dorsal considerably higher; anal a little over half length of head;
pectorals reaching tips of ventrals, much smaller than in /'. ctri-ulcu*.
Yellowish olive, with transverse oblique bars of darker, and sprinkled
v.itli small blotches of carmine; peetorals and ventrals dull blue; dor-
sals with a broad hand of carmine along their middle, bordered on each
side by orange; tips of dorsals dull blue, as is the base of the soft dor-
sal : l»ase of spinons dorsal with several carmine spots; anal mostly
crimson, tipped with blue; caudal blue, then orange, carmine orange,
and tipped with blue; a black humeral scale. Head ,'Vf; depth 5. D.

85. PEKCID.E — PCECILICHTHYS. 517

XI-13; A. II, 7; scales 8-5G-11. L. 2f inches. Tombigbee Elver,
Mississippi. (Hay.}
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 494.)

~bl). Humeral scale obsolete.

d. Opercles and clieeks naked; preopercle crenulate; anal spines very long.

§10. *P. lepsdus (B. & G.) Grd.

Body rather stout, compressed, tapering backwards. Head sub-
conical. Mouth moderate, with equal jaws; maxillary reaching front
of orbit. Eyes large. First dorsal rather low; dorsal fins somewhat
connected. Head, as well as throat and neck, entirely scaleless. Color
olivaceous, with some dark (blue?) bars; scales dusky at base; dorsals
and caudal mottled or barred. Head 4£ ; depth 4§. D. IX-11 ; A. II,
6; scales in about 50 series. L. 2i inches. Texas.

(Bolcosoma lepida B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 388, 1853; Girard, U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv. Ichth. 1859, 11: OHyoccphalus lepidus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil a.
1859, 67: Bvleosoma lepidum Giinther, i, 77.)

dd. Opercles scaly; preopercle strictly entire; anal spines moderate.

e. Lateral line nearly straight.

/. Cheeks naked, or with only 3 or 4 small imbedded scales close behind eye.

§11. P. cosmBeus (Stoi'er) Agassiz. — Blue Darter; Rainbow Darter; Soldier-fiuh.

Body robust, rather deep and compressed, the back somewhat ele-
vated. Head large, compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique,
the lower jaw somewhat included, the maxillary reaching front of orbit.
Palatine teeth in one row. Neck and breast usually naked. Fins all
large; dorsal fins usually slightly connected. Males olivaceous, tessel-
lated above, the spots running together into blotches; back without
black lengthwise stripes; sides with about 12 indigo-blue bars running
obliquely downwards and backwards, most distinct behind, separated
by bright orange interspaces; caudal fin deep orange, edged with bright
blue; anal fin orange, with deep blue in front and behind; soft dorsal
chiefly orange, blue at base and tip; spinons dorsal crimson at base,
then orange, with blue edgings; veutrals deep indigo; cheeks blue;
throat and breast orange; females much duller, with little blue or red,
the vertical fins barred or checked ; young variously marked. Head
3f ; depth 4£. D. X-12; A. II, 7; scales 5-45-8, the lateral line devel-
oped on about 30-35 scales. L. 2J inches. Mississippi Valley; very

* Four more nominal species of this type are described by Girard (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1859, 102) under the names Aplesion potsii, Oligocephahis yrahami, O. leon en-
sis, and O. 2)ulcliclhis; the first from Chihuahua, the next two from Texas, the latter
from Canadian River. A. JJO/SH has D. X-I, 11; O. graliami has D. IX-13; A. II, 8;
O. Iconensia D. IX-10; A. II, 7; 0. pulcluilus A. II, G. All are probably identical with
P. lepidus.

518 roNTRIIUTlMNS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

abundant in river c'lianuels. One of tlie most gorgeously-colored darters.
but less graceful than most of them.

i El','* n*;<>, H,I i-inili-n Siorer. 1'roe. Host. Soc. N;it. Hist. 1845, 47: PceciJichthye cceruleus
Agassi/, Hull. Mils. Coinp. Zool. i. :?, !*:>:>: I'trcHichthya curiatus Jordau, Man. Vert.
cd. 'J, -J-Jb': Aatatidhthys pulohelluB Vaillant, 1. c.

812. P. specfabilis Agassiz.

Very similar to the preceding, but more elongate and rather more
compressed; the colors similar, but the upper portion of the sides with
distinct blackish stripes along the rows of the scales, and the 'ground
color of the back and sides having a peculiar whitish or bleached ap-
pearance. The two dorsal fins usually well separated. Scales usually
present below and behind eye. Head 4; depth 4£. D. X-12; A. II, 7;
scales 5— 40-7; Lat. 1. on 20-25 scales. L. 2-3 inches. Mississippi Val-
ley : rather less abundant than the other, and ascending small or even
muddy streams. Probably merely a brook variety of the preceding,
from which it is not always to be distinguished with certainty.

(Agassiz, Amur. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 1854, 304; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, *227.)

( lieel;s evidently scaly, at least above.

. P. aspripcmis Forbes.
Body rather stout, compressed. Head small and pointed. Ej*e large,
longer than snout. Mouth terminal, oblique, the jaws even. Breast
always naked; opercles scaly; cheeks closely scaled, the lower fourth
rarely bare. Dorsal fins usually separated. Coloration mottled green-
ish ; the spinous dorsal dusky behind, in life with a broad band of blue
ami crimson ; soft iins speckled. Ilead 4; depth U. D. XI-12; A. II,
<s; Lat. 1. 40, the tubes developed on 34-41 scales. L. 24 inches. Illi-
nois River.

(Korl.es, Hull. 111. I, ah. Nat. Hist, i, 41, 1*77; .Jordan. Man. Vert. ed. >„>, 4U4.)

*1I. P. jt'SSiSE .Jordan «V IJrayton.

i'.ody fusiform, rather deep and compressed. Head rather large,
moderately pointed. .Month rather large, terminal, the upper jaw
slightly longest. Cheeks scaly above, the greater part naked; opereles
.s.aly; throat naked; neck al>;>\ v scaly. Lateral line extending neaily
to end of second dorsal. Fins moderate. Chestnut colored above, with
about '.» quadrate bar-like blotches of a dark-bine color along the sides,
and about ."> dark cross blotches on the back; tins mottled with chest
nut; a \ello\\ or orange band across the dorsal; second dorsal and anal
>|.eckled with golden. Head i; depth. \ I>. XI1-12; A. II, Uj scales

85. PERCID^E PCECILICHTHYS. 519

6-47-7, the tubes of the lateral line on about 35 scales. L. 3 inches.
Chickamauga River, Georgia.

(Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 1878, 227; Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii,
59, 1878.)

ee. Lateral line forming a slight curve above the pectorals; dorsals subequal ; dorsal

spines 9 or 10. (Boleichthys* Grd.)
g. Cheeks scaly.

815. P. IbMtBeB'naEBMS Hay, (sp. nov.).

Body elongated, contracted behind ventral fins; dorsal region ele-
vated. Mouth horizontal, small ; maxillary extending to opposite
anterior edge of pupil. Opercles with 2 rows of scales along lower
edge; cheeks densely scaled; lateral line ruiming high, extending to
opposite end of anterior dorsal, on 18 scales. Pale greenish, yellow
below; above and on sides much mottled with brown; about 10 square
blotches along back ; a dark spot on opercle, one behind and one below
eye; a streak on snout between eyes; dorsals with dark markings; a,
red streak along margin of spiuous dorsal; anal fin nearly white; cau-
dal barred. Head 4 in length; depth 5f. Eye 3£ in head. Caudal
peduncle 3f in body. D. IX-11; A. II, fi; scales 3-44-12. Black
River, Mississippi. (Hay MSS.)

816. P. feaa-raUi (Holbr.) J. & G.

Body comparatively short, chubby and compressed. Head rather
large. Mouth large, oblique ; the jaws equal, the teeth rather strong.
Eye large, 3 in head. Scales large, varying in number. Lateral line
beginning at the eye, arched high over the pectorals and ceasing about
midway of the body, developed on about 20 scales. Opercular spine
strong. Dorsal fins moderate, about equal, separated by an interspace.
Color greenish, with dark specks; fins mottled; a dark line downward
and one lorward from eye; a series of rather small greenish blotches
along each side and on the back. Head 3f ; depth 4f. D. X-12; A.
II, 7; lateral line 45-55. L. 2 inches. Maryland to Illinois and south-
ward ; chiefly in streams of the lowlands.

(Bolt'osoma barratti Holbr. Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 56: Hololepls barratti
Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 233: Hololcpu barratti Vaillant, 1. c. 127: Bo-
Icichthya dcyans Jordan, Amer. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 308: Bolcicltthys cJcf/ans
Jordan, Man. Vert. 404, and probably of Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859,
104.)

* Boleichihys Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 103: type Boleiclithys exilig
Grd. (/Jo/Us, dart; z'^Oi;?, lish.)

520 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

§17. P. fiasiiToB'DEiBS (Grd.) J. &. G.

Hotly moderately eloogate, strongly compressed. Head rather long
and nai row ; -muzzle short, decurved, shorter than the eye. Mouth coin-
paratively large, terminal; maxillary reaching past front ot eye. Eyes
large, 4 in head. Opercular spine strong. Lateral line beginning at
the eye, on about 12 to 15 scales. Neck scaly ; belly and throat scaly.
Olivaceous, dotted with' dusky points; second dorsal and anal speckled.
Head 4; depth C. D. X-9; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 55. L. 2 inches. Massa-
chusetts to New Jersey.

(Boleoaoma fusiformia Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1854, 41: Hololejns f uni-
form} a 1'opo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi la. 1804, 'j:5H : Hololupis fusiformis Vaillant, 1. c.
131: ttolrii-hthyts fuaiformis Jordan, Man. Vert.

818. P. en'ochrows (Cope) J. & G.

Body elongate, compressed; the dorsal outline curved, the ventral
nearly straight. Head long, decurved and narrowed in front. Mouth
subinl'erior; the maxillary reaching past front of eye. Eye 4 in head,
greater than length of snout. Opercular spiue strong. Lateral line
developed on about 1C scales. General color rather dark; blackish
above; a black streak on muzzle and one downward from eye; a dark
band, irregularly notched, along the sides, besides dark specks; caudal
barred; the sides along the lateral band marked by red dots in life.
Head 4; depth G. B. IX-10 ; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. 43. L. 2 inches. Streams
tributary to Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. ( Vaillant.)

(Hololopis erochrous Cope, Proc. A<-ad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ]K'i4. •_':'•:'•: ll<>lnl<-jiin crochrous
Vaillant, 1. C. i:>:>: /•'<>/< ir!itltyn crochruim Jordan, Man. Vert. *2%J8.)

8I1>. P. cos Jordan & Copeland.

I '.ody elongate, slender, somewhat compressed, especially behind,
rather heavy forwards, with very long and slender caudal peduncle.
Head long, i (Minded in front. Mouth small, little oblique, the upper
jaw a very little the long< r. BorsaHins high, about equal; caudal trun-
cate. < hecks, opercles. and neck closely scaled. Breast naked, or with
a median series of small scales. Lateral line developed on 22 to 26
scales. ( 'olor dark olive, with darker markings; 10 or 12 dark dorsal
spots or liars, and as many short dark-blue bars across the lateral line
ii(-!il\ opposite the dorsal bars, but not continuous with them; the in-
terspaces between these bars, as well as most of the ventral region,
bright crimson in the males, nearly plain in the females; lower parts of
the sid:--. cheeks, etc., with various sharply defined but irregular black
markiu . : second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals strongly marked with

85. PEECID^ PQECILICHTHYS. 521

wavy bands; first dorsal bright blue in the males, with a broad median
band of crimson; speckled in the females; top of head dark; black
streaks downward and forward from eye. Head 4; depth 5-J-. D. IX-
11; A 11,7; Lat. 1. 58. L. 2£ inches. Indiana to Minnesota; abun-
dant in clear cold streams ; one of the prettiest of the darters.

(Boleichthys cos Jordan & Copelaud, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 4(5: Bolciclitliys
cos Jordan, Man. Vert. 228.)

gg. Cheeks naked ; opercles scaly.

§2O. P. exiHis (Grd.) J. & G.

Body compressed, tapering towards the caudal peduncle, which is
slightly coiit; acted. Eye large, subcircular, 3£ in head ; maxillary
reaching anterior edge of pupil. Lateral line nearer the dorsal than
the abdominal outline ; pectorals extending further than the veutrals.
Yellowish-brown, speckled with grayish -black, dorsals and caudal
barred; a dark spot on the occipital region and a streak in advance of
as well as beneath the orbit. Head 4^ (with caudal). D. X-10; A. IF,
8. L. If inches. Little Muddy River, a tributary of the Upper Mis-
souri. (Girard.) Differs from P. eos in the naked cheeks.

(Boleichlhys cxilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 103.)

831. P. warrani (Grd.) J. & G.

"Resembles P. exilis more than any of its congeners by the shape
of the body and the general appearance. It differs by a more compact
body, a proportionally shorter head, smaller scales, and the number of
fin rays. Giouud color yellowish-brown, the middle of the flanks macu-
lated with transverse spots of blackish ; the belly exhibiting a rather
orange hue ; the first dorsal has a series of vertically elongated black
spots resembling a dark baud across the middle of the fin ; the second
dorsal and caudal are transversely multilineated. A black streak may
be seen in advance of the orbit and another beneath it." D. IX-1! ; A.
11,9. L. 2 inches. Cannon Ball Kiver. (Girard.) Perhaps identical
with the preceding.

(Bolcichthys warrcni Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 104.)

§22. P. gracinis (Grd.) J. & G.

Slender and graceful; first dorsal lower and longer than the second;
anal much deeper than long ; tips of the ventral fins extending a little
further back than those of the pectorals. Olivaceous, spotted with
blackish ; second dorsal and caudal barred ; a longitudinal black streak
in advance of the orbits and a vertical one beneath them. Head 4

522 CONTRIBUTIONS TO "XOETII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

(with caudal). D. X, 10; A. 8. L. 1£ inches. Rio Seco and Rio Leona,
Texas, (fii rani.) The types of this species, examined by us, have the
lateral line incomplete and the preiuaxillaries not protractile.
(Boh-o*oma gracile Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 103.)

•

* Dorsal spines 6; aiial spines obsolete? (Ah-ariuy* Girard.)

823. P. lateralis (Grd.) J. & G.

"A representative of the Etheostornoid family was procured by the
United States and Mexican Boundary Commission at the Rio Grande
del Xorte (Rio Bravo). It constitutes a new generic type allied to
C'ttonotitts, and to which we have applied the name of Alvarius, with the
following characters. Head elongated and tapering. Mouth terminal,
large, not protractile; lower jaw longer than the upper. Teeth very
minute. Opercular apparatus, cheeks, and throat scaly. First dorsal
nearly equal in height to the second, from which it is quite distinct.
Anal tin much smaller than the second dorsal ; caudal fin truncated ;
five soft rays to the ventrals. Ventral scales uniform." Body slender,
elongate. Head subcouical and tapering forward. Eye equal to snout,
4 in head. Maxillary reaching pupil. First dorsal about equal to second
and separated from it. Anal smaller than second dorsal, the last rays
of the two tins opposite each other. Scales very small. Lateral line
median. Brownish, back spotted ; sides with a narrow blackish streak,
which extends around the snout; first dorsal with a black spot on its
upper posterior edge; caudal transversely barred. D. VI, 10; A. 8. L.
If inches. Rio Grande. (Girard.)

(Alrarius laterali* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1839, 101.)

207.— miCROPERCA Putnam.

(Putnam, Bull. Mna. Conip. Zoiil. I, 18:5:?, 4: type Microperca punctulafa Pntn.)

I'.ody rather short, compressed. Mouth moderate, the jaws about
ei|iial. Premaxillaries not protractile. Vomerine teeth present. Gill-
membranes scarcely connected. Scales large; Lateral line obsolete.
Dorsal lins small, snbequal, well separated, the first with six or seven
spines; anal fin much smaller than second dorsal, with two well-devel-
oped spines. Color greenish, with dusky markings. Size very small,
probably the smallest of the spiny-rayed fishes. (.".://»< r, small; -€f>/.rt,
perch.)

823. JI. pr'rSJran'DM Hi'v.

Body >horl and stout. Snout conical, pointed ; jaws equal; mouth

( Jiianl. I'mr. Acad. \at. Sci. Pliila. H.7.), 101: type Alrnriti* latcmlis. (A
coined name without meaning.)

85. PERCID.E — PERCA. 523

small, slightly oblique, maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye small, 4
in head, Cheeks and opercles with large scales. Opercular spine well
developed. Scales large, the tubes of the lateral line developed on two
of them; dorsals well separated. Anal spines slender, high; pectorals
and veutrals reaching about to vent. Olive, speckled with brown; ten
brownish spots along the sides; black streaks downward and forward
from eye; dorsal fins mottled. Head 4; depth 4£. D. VIII, 11 j A.
II, 6. Lat. 1. 36. L. 1£ inches. Alabama and Mississippi.

(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 498.)

825. M. piiBBCtoaHata Putnam. — Least Darter.

Body rather short and deep, somewhat compressed, the back arched.
Caudal peduncle rather long. Head moderate. The snout somewhat
decurved. The mouth moderate, terminal, oblique. Cheeks naked.
Opercles somewhat scaly.. Opercular spine very small. Neck and chest
naked. No trace of lateral line. The usual series of tubes along the tem-
poral region. Scales quite large, strongly ctenoid. Vertical fins short.
Anal spines strong, the first usually the largest. Coloration olivaceous,
the sides closely speckled and with vague bars and zigzag markings ; sec-
ond dorsal and caudal barred ; dark streaks radiating from eye ; a dark
humeral spot. Head 3£; depth 4£. D. VI- VII, 10; A. II, G; Lat, 1.
34. L. 1£ inches. Smallest of the darters, and one of the smallest of
fishes, abounding in the clear streams of the Northwestern States.

(Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, 1863, 4; Jordan, Man. Vert. 229.)

268.— PEKCA Linnaeus.

Perch.
(Arterli: Linnaeus, Systema Naturae : type Perca fluviatilis L.)

Body oblong, somewhat compressed, the back elevated. Cheeks
scaly; opercles mostly naked; the operculum armed with a single
spine. Preopercle and shoulder girdle serrated. Mouth moderate,
terminal ; premaxillaries protractile ; teeth in villiform bands on jaws,
vomer, and palatines ; no canine teeth. Branchiostegals 7. Gill-mem-
branes separate; pseudobranchise small, but perfect; no anal papilla.
Scales rather small, strongly ctenoid. Lateral line complete. Dorsal
fins entirely separate, the first of 12-15 spines; anal fin with two slender
spines; caudal emarginate; air-bladder present. Pyloric cceca3; ver-
tebrae (P. fluviatilis) 21+20. Fresh waters of northern regions; three
species now known: P.flumatllis in Europe, P. sclirencld in Asia, and
P. americana. This genus has long been considered the type of the

524 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

spiny-rayed fishes, and in many systems it has been placed first in the
scries of fishes. (-lf>*rn Perca, the ancient name of P.fluriatiUs, from
>;, dusky.)

P. wsBS^iriruJia Scliranck. — Yellow Perch; American Perch; Kinged Perch.

Back dark olivaceous; sides golden yellow; belly pale; sides with 6
or 8 broad dark bars, which extend from the back to below the axis of
the 1 Kxly ; lower fins largely red or orange ; upper fins olivaceous ; usually
no distinct black spot on anterior or posterior part of spinous dorsal.
Back highest at origin of spiuous dorsal, which is more or less behind
insertion of pectoral ; profile convex from dorsal to occiput, thence con-
cave anteriorly, the snout projecting. Month somewhat oblique, max-
illary reaching opposite middle of orbit. Cheeks closely scaled through-
out, the scales imbricated ; opercular striae and rugosities on top of head
well marked. Pseudobranchire quite small. Gill-rakers stout, short-
ish. Head 3\ in length; depth 3.[. D. XIII-I, 14; A. II, 7; scales 5-
55-17. Fresh waters of the Eastern United States; chiefly northward
and eastward ; abundant.

This species has been recently considered as a slight variety of the
European Perm Jlnri«tit!x. It is, however, distinguished by the follow-
ing characters: The head in P. amcri<-«na is rougher, the opercle more
strongly striate, the bones generally with finer and more numerous seme ;
the prcorbital is serrate, the scales on the cheeks are larger, imbricated
and distinctly ctenoid; the maxillary extends to opposite the middle of
the pupil. The gill-rakers are stout, the longest but three times as high
as broad. The pseudobranchise are much smaller than in P.Jliiruttilix.
First, spine of the dorsal over or behind the posterior edge of the opercle,
a series of scales downward from it re-;ching about to base of pectoral.
In P.JIitridUlix the dorsal is further forward, and the anterior spines are
considerably higher than in 7'. <onfr!c<tn<i. The scales are usually larger
in the American species, the dark bars are more sharply defined, and flic
black >poi on t he membrane of the last dorsal spines, well defined in P.
Jlnridfilix, i> usually wanting. The most important characters, the dif-
ference in the insertion of the dorsal, and in the gill-rakers and pseudo-
branchia-, have not been noticed by those writers who have decided
that our species is identical \\itli the Fmopean.

/•< rr,i iniiri-i'-tiiiti Srhiam-k, iiiiiMit IT'.K). fidrfiill: Bodlanus fareseenn Mitch. Trans.

Lit. vV I'liil.S;..'. V V. L815, I'-'l: Peroa fltUSWMM IIu11m.uk, Iclilli. S. C. l-r,n, •-': Perca
iinitii, uml f/rni-ilii ( Jiintlirr, i, r>lMHt: Peroa fluviatilia var. Stciudaclmer,

. Wiener Akad. 1-Td.)

85. PERCID.E — STIZOSTEDIUM. 525

269.— ST1ZOSTEB5IUM Rafinesque.

•

Pike Perches.

(Liicioperca Cuvier: Cenlropomus Bleeker.)
(Stizostedion Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 23: type Perca salmonca Raf.)

Body slender, elongate, fusiform. Head subconical, long. Cheeks
and opercles more or less scaly ; top of the head with some scales.
Mouth large, the jaws about equal; premaxillaries protractile, little
movable. Teeth in villiform bands, the jaws and palatines with long,
sharp canines. Gill-rakers slender, strong-, gill-membranes separate.
Preopercle serrated ; opercle with one or more spines, terminations of
radiating striae. Dorsal fins separate, the first with 12 to 15 spines;
anal spines 2, slender; ventral fins not close together. Scales small,
strongly ctenoid ; lateral line continuous. PseudobrancMae well devel-
oped. Pyloric coaca 3 to 7. Large carnivorous fishes of the fresh waters
of North America and Europe ; two strongly marked species on each
continent. («TJ!>, to prick; dreOtov, a little breast ; u the name means
pungent throat," according to Eafiuesque.)

a. Pyloric coeca 3, subequal, all about as long as the stomach. (Slieostedium.)

827. S. vitreum (Mitch.) Jordan & Copeland. — Wall-eyed Pike ; Dory; Glass-eye;
Yellow Pike; Blue Pike ; Jack Salmon.

Dark olive, finely mottled with brassy, the latter color forming indis-
tinct oblique lines : sides of head more or less vermiculated ; lower jaw

ttJUf<> m.jU-j .

flesh -colored:/! belly ancVlower fins pinkish; spinous dorsal with a large

^- .

ict-black blotch on the membrane of the last two or three spines, other-

d 7

wise nearly plain; second dorsal and caudal mottled olive and yellow-
ish; base of pectorals dusky without distinct black blotch. Body slen-
der, becoming compressed with age, the back more arched than in 8. ca-
naclcnsc. Dorsal spines high, more than half length of head; soft dorsal
nearly as long as spinonsdorsal. Tlead 3^ ; depth about 4i. Eye shorter
than snout, 4J-5 in head. D. XIII-I, 21 ; A. II, 12] Lat. 1. 9;). Pyloric
cceca 3, rather long. Great Lake region, Upper Mississippi, and some
Atlantic streams, north to the fur countries; an abundant and valued
food-fish, reaching a length of nearly 3 feet and a weight of 10 to 20

pounds.

(Perca vUrea Mitch. Sup. Amer. Month. Mag. ii, 247, 1818: Liicioperca amcricana
Cuv. &• Val. ii, 122; Luciopcrca amcricana Giinther, i, 74; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus,
x, 43: Perca salmonca Raf. Amer. Mouth. Mag. v, 354, 1818: Stisoale Jtium salmoutnm

526 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV. •

%.

Jordan, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus. x, 47: Stizoslctliiirm ritmnn var. salmoncum Jordan, Man.
Vert. ii, '2:50, the "Blue Pike," a local variety in Ohio and southward ; bluer, with the
body shorter and deeper, the size smaller.)

•
flrt. Pylorie cceca small, unequal, 4 to 7 in number. (Cynopcrca Gill & Jordan.*)

§28. S. ran tide asset (Smith) Jor. — Sauger; Sand-pike; Gray-pike; Horn-fish.

Olive gray above, sides brassy or pale orange, with much dark mot-
tling ; young pale orange with large dark lateral shades ; spinons dorsal
with U or 3 rows of round black spots ; no distinct black blotch on
the posterior part of the fin ; a large black blotch at base of pectorals ;
second dorsal with about 3 rows of irregular dark spots ; caudal dusky
and yellowish. Body elongate, more terete than in the preceding. Head
quite pointed, depressed, about 3i in length ; depth 4£-5. Eye small,
5 in head. Opercular spines varying in number and size. D. XIII-I,
18 ; A. II, 12 ; Lat. 1. 95. Pylorie cceca 4-7, smaller than in S. mtreum.
L. 15 inches. Great Lake region, Upper Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

(Ludopcrca canadensls C. H. Smith, MSS. in Griffith's edition Cuvier's Animal King-
dom, x, 27"), 183(5: Ludopcrca canadcnsis Giinther, i, 75: Ludopcrca grisca DeKay, N.
Y. Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 19; Ludopcrca arisca Giinther, i, 70; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. x, 48 : Lucioperca borea Grd., Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. P'hila. 1857.)

FAMILY LXXXVL— SERRANID^E.

(The Sea Bass.)

Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with adher-
ent, ctenoid (rarely smooth) scales of moderate or small size. Mouth
horizontal or little oblique, usually large. Premaxillary protractile.
Maxillary broad, with or without a supplemental bone, its posterior part
not slipping under the edge of the preorbital. Jaws with bands of teeth,
some of the teetli sometimes enlarged and canine like; no incisors nor
molar teeth; vomer and palatines with bauds of villiform teeth; tongue
some! imes with teeth ; ptcrygoids toothless. Gill-rakers usually stiff and
rather long, armed with teeth. Gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth.
Psendobranehia' large. Lower pharyngeals separate, rather narrow,

".Ic.nl.-m, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 48: type Lucioperca cdiitnlriisix Smith, xvov, dog;

!, pereh.

tThree varieties of this species may usually he recogiii/ed :

«. Var. ratiailfusr, of the St. Lawrence region, with the opereles and bones of the head

eonsideraldy rougher, the number of operenlar spines, \vhieh are merely the free

ends of the sf ri;e. inereased : t lie head is also more eloseh :iml extensively scaly :

1>. Var. i/i-ini'inii (DeKay), the common form of the (in-at Lake region, described above ;

and

r. \ar. Ixiriinn ('-r>\. from the I'pper Missouri region, with the head slenderer.
These forms iutergrade and are doubtless varieties of the same species.

86. SERRANID^E. 527

•with pointed teeth. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Brauchiostegals 7 or 6. Cheeks and opercles scaly; preopercle with
its posterior margin usually more or less serrate ; opercles usually ending
in one or two flat points or spins. Ncstrils double. Lateral line con-
tinuous, single, not running up on the caudal fin (except in Centropomus}.
Skull without cranial spines, not cavernous. No suborbital stay. Dorsal
fin variously developed, continuous or divided, the spines generally stiff.
Anal fin rather short, with 3 spines, which are rarely reduced in number
or obsolete. Ventrals separate, throacic, 1, 5. Pectorals well developed.
Caudal fin truncate, rounded, or moderately forked, its peduncle stout
and not keeled. Vertebrae about 25. Air-bladder present, usually rather
small, and adherent to the walls of the abdomen. Intestinal canal
short, with several or many pyloric appendages ; the stomach coecal.

Genera 40; species about 300. Carnivorous fishes, chiefly marine,
and found in all warm seas; a few in fresh waters.

As here understood, the Serranidce comprises the most of the family
of Percidcc as understood by Giiuther and others, exclusive of those with
imperfect pseudobrauchire, those with one or two anal spines and with
the number of vertebra? increased, those in which the whole length of
the maxillary slips under the preorbital, and the forms related to
Priacantlms. Even after these eliminations the family is considerably
varied. The definition of genera in this group ofl'ers many difficulties.

(Percida1, groups Percina, Serranina, exclusive of certain species, Giinther, i, 61-220:
Serranidcc, Labracidce, Centropomida, Gill.)

*Anal spines strong; dorsal spines several.
tBranchiostegals seven.
a. Teeth all villiforin, without canines.

b. Caudal fin deeply forked; dorsal divided.
c. Tongue toothless ; supplemental maxillary present. (Ccniropomince.')

d. Second anal spine strong CENTROPOMUS, 270.

cc. Tongue with teeth ; supplemental maxillary wanting. (Lalracinas.)

e. First dorsal with 9 spines Eoccus, 271.

&&. Caudal tin not forked.

e. Tongue toothless ; head scarcely armed.

/. First dorsal of 10 spines, depressible in a groove.. STEUEOLEPIS, 272.
ee. Tongue with teeth ; head well armed.

g. Dorsal continuous ; a rough ridge on the operculum.

POLYPRION, 273.
act. Teeth not all villiform, some of them more or less enlarged and canine like.

(Serranlnce.}
h. Maxillary without distinct supplemental bone ; lateral canines

usually stronger than those in front SERRAXUS, 274.

hh. Maxillary with a distinct supplemental bone ; anterior canines

strongest ; inner series of teeth depressible.

i. Cranium above with three parallel raised crests ; anal rays
about III, 11 TRISOTROPIS, 275.

528 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IT.

i. Cranium \vith only the median crest developed; anal rays

about III, 9 EPIXEPHELUS, 276.

/(7(/i. Maxillary unknown; "pyloric cceca innumerable."

PROMICROPS, 277.

tt Brancbiostegals 6; dorsal spines 10, the third filamentous BULKS, 278.

** Aual spines obsolete or reduced to 2; scales very small, smooth. (Rhypticina?.)

j. Dorsal spines 2 or 3 only RHYPTICUS, 279.

27O.— CENTROPO31US Lacdpi-.le.

( Oxy labrax Bleeker. )
(Laco'peu'e, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 248, 1802: type Sciaaia undecimalis Bloch.)

Body elongate, covered with rather small, ctenoid scales. Head
oblong-conical, depressed, lower jaw projecting ; teeth on jaws, vorner,
and palatines, all villiforro, without canines; tongue smooth. Maxillary
with a strong supplemental bone. Preopercle serrated; two stronger
spines at its angle; opercle without true spines; preorbital and supra-
scapular usually serrated. Dorsal fins entirely separated; the first with
8 spines; the first and second spines usually much shorter than the
third. Anal fin short, with 3 spines, the second of which is long and
strong. Caudal forked. Lateral line conspicuous, extending on the
caudal fin. Branchiostegals 7. Species numerous, inhabiting tropical
seas. According to Professor Gill the skeleton of Centropomus differs
so widely from that of the other Serranoids that it should constitute a
separate family, (-/.ivrpov, spine; TTW//CZ, operculum.)

a. Lat. 1. about 70; body elongate.

879. C. 83BEd4M-«5jnaaas (Bloch.) Cuv. & Val. —Kol>«l<>.

Silvery, greenish above; lateral line black, very distinct; dorsal and
caudal dusky; other fins yellowish; ventrals without dusky area. Pre-
orbital nearly entire,. Third dorsal spine longer than the fourth; second
anal spine comparatively short, about as long as third. Air-bladder
anteriorly with two long, slender, backward directed horns. Head 3;
depth4i. D. VII-1,9; A.III,(); Lat. 1. 70. A largr loo.Hisli, abundant
in the West Indies; ranging northward to Lower California, Florida,
and Texas.

,,niii until, iintilix Mlorli. lehih. :to:?: (iiintln-r. i, 79: Vaillant vS. I'.ornurt. Miss. Sci.
an Mex. iv, 17: (.'rnii-itjioinioi i-iriilix J.orUiu^ton, 1'rof. <'a!. A«-ad. Nat. Sei. 1877, 16.)

971.— ROC^ITS Mitrhill.

Bass.

(L(il»-ns Cnvicr. 1-1? : prcniTiipii'd in Chiriilir.)

(Mitehill, IJi'itf. part, 1'i^b. N. V. 1-1 1. 25: type lioccue striutu* Mit.-h. = Scicrna lin-
cata JHoch.)

Body oblong or ovate, compressed and more or less elevated. Head

86. SERRANID.E — ROCCUS. 529

conical, scaly above and on sides. Mouth rather large, nearly horizon-
tal ; the jaws equal, or the lower projecting. Premaxillaries protrac-
tile; maxillaries large, without supplemental bone, only the edge of the
anterior part slipping under the preorbital. Teeth all villiform, in
bands, on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue. Eye large, orbital ridge
a little elevated. Preopercle serrate behind and below; the teeth of
its lower margin sometimes enlarged. Opercle with two flat spines.
Preorbital narrow. Pseudobranchke large. Scales large. Breast
scaly. Dorsal fins separate or connected at base, the anterior with 0
strong spines. Anal spines well developed. Caudal fin lunate. Pec-
torals small. Species about 6, in America and Europe, inhabiting both
fresh and salt waters. (Name derived from the vernacular " Bock-fish.")

a. Serrse on lower edge of preopercle small, not directed forwards.

b. Teeth on base of tongue ; anal spines graduated ; lower jaw projecting; scales

on cheeks almost cycloid ; dorsal fins separate.

c. Teeth on base of tongue in two patches ; body elongate, little compressed.
(Roccus Mitchill.)

830. R. lineatus (Bloch) Gill.— Striped Bass; Rock-fish; Eock.
Olivaceous-silvery; sides and below silvery white or brassy; sides

marked with 7 or 8 longitudinal dark bands, one of which runs along
the lateral line; the stripes usually continuous. Body elongate, little
elevated; the young slender; axis of body about in the middle of the
depth of the body. Mouth large, oblique ; the large maxillary reaching
to below the middle of orbit. Eye about half length of snout. Pec-
toral short, If in head. Spines slenderer than in the other species ; the
second anal spine £ length of head. Head 3 J in length; depth 3 J. D.
IX-I, 12; A. Ill, 11; Lat. 1. 65. L. 3-4 feet. Atlantic coast; entering
rivers ; one of the largest and finest of our game fishes.

(Scicena lineata Bloch. Ichth. ix, 53 : Roccus Uncatus Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1860, 64 : Labrax lineatus Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860,24 : Labrax Uncatus Giinther, i, 64.)

cc. Teeth on base of tongue in a single patch ; body oblong, compressed. (Lepibema *
Raf. )

831. R. chrysops (Raf.) Gill.— White Bass.

Silvery, tinged with golden below the lateral line and with reddish
above ; sides with blackish or dusky longitudinal lines, 4 or 5 above
the lateral line, one through which the lateral line runs, and a variable
number of more or less distinct ones below it, the latter sometimes
more or less interrupted or transposed. Dorsal outline much curved ;

*Rafinesque, Ich. Oh. 1820, 23: type Perca chrysops. (AeTfz?, scale; ftrjuoi, stair;
from " the scaly bases of the fins.")

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 - 34

530 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

second anal spine .\ length of Lead. Axis of body rather below the
middle of its depth. Ilead conical, slightly depressed at the nape.
Month small, nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching middle of pupil.
Head about 3£ in length; depth about 2J. Eye large, its diameter
equal to the length of the snout. D. IX-I, 14; A. Ill, 12 ; Lat. 1. 55.
L. 15 inches. Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley, and northward. A game
iish of some repute.

chryf02)8 Raf. Ich. Oh. 1820, 28: Labrax mnltiUneatus Kirtland, Bost. Jour.
Nat. Hist, v, 21: Roccus ch r ysops Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Pliila. 1860, 113: Labrax
om-nhilii, limit ilincata, and notata Giinther, i, Go, 6? : Labrax albidun Dekay, New York
Fauua, Fish. 1842, 13.)

l>b. No teeth on base of tongue; second anal spine enlarged; jaws equal; scales on

rlu-cks ctenoid; dorsal fins somewhat connected. (Alorone* Gill.)
d. Sides striped with black.

§32. K. ieBtcrruptus (Gill) J. & G.— Yellow Bass.

Brassy, tinged with olivaceous above; sides with 7 very distinct lon-
gitudinal black bands, darker than in the other species, those below
the lateral line interrupted posteriorly, the posterior part alternating
with the anterior. Body oblong-ovate, with the dorsal outline much
an-hed. Head depressed, somewhat pointed, its prolile concave. Eyes
large, their diameter equalling length of snout. Mouth somewhat
oblique, maxillary nearly reaching middle of orbit. Spines very robust ;
second anal spine f length of head. Dorsal fins little connected. Head
3 in length; depth 2§. D. IX-I, 12; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. 50. L. 1 foot.
Mississippi Valley, chiefly southward; north to Illinois.

I

(Labrax chryvops Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. is.~>8, 29; not I'crca cltrynopa
Rat'. : Morone inten-upta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1'hila. I860, 118.)

dd. Sides not striped vrith black.

w:j:j. R. a me ri can us (Gmel.) J. & a.— White Perch.

Olivaceous; sides silvery, with faint lighter streaks. Body oblong.
o\ate; dorsal outline much arched: the head depressed above eyes,
and rather pointed. Mouth rather small, somewhat oblique, maxillary
iiraily reaching the vertical from the middle of the orbit. Eye mod-
erate. its diameter alum! equal to length of snout. Spines strong, the
second ;ui:il spine nearl\ .] length of head. Dorsal tins considerably
connected. Head .''> in length ; depth about .'>. D. IX-I, 12; A. Ill, 9;

*<-ill. I'r.M-. Ai -id. N;ii. Sci. 1'hila. 18GO, 11<>: tvpr I'l-n-n ninn-lt-ann (Jnu-1. Morone
M;t.li. h'i-|it. Fisli. N. V. 1-11. 18; Is properly a synonym nf /'(•»•(•<«. (Mraniug, if any,
unknown.)

86. SERRANID^E — STEEEOLEPIS. 531

Lat. 1. 59. Length scarcely a foot. Cape Cod to Florida, abundant,
ascending all streams coastwise.

(Perm amcricana Gmel. Syst. Nat. I, pars iii, 1308, 1789: Labrax rufus Storer, Hist.
Fish. Mass. 9: Morone americana Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1830, 116: Perca mu-
cronata Raf. AmeB» Month. Mag. ii, 205: Labrax nmericanus Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 5:
Labrax rufus and pallidus Giinther, i. 65, 67.)

272.— STEREOLEPIS Ayres.

Jew Fishes.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 28: type Stereolepis glgas Ayres.)

Body oblong, somewhat elevated, little compressed. Head robust,
the profile steeply elevated, the forehead broad and flattish. Edges of
preopercle and interopercle serrate, becoming nearly entire with age.
Crown, cheeks, and opercles scaly ; snout, preorbital, and jaws naked.
Scales small, not strongly ctenoid, their surface rugose with radiating
striae. Mouth large, wide, placed low ; lower jaw prominent. Maxil-
lary with a well- developed supplemental bone, extending to below the
eye. Preorbital wide, only the anterior edge of the maxillary slipping
tinder it. Teeth all villiform, in broad bands, on jaws, vorner, and pal-
atines. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchise very large. Gill-rakers
very strong. Dorsal fin with 11 low, stout spines,, the last spines very
much shorter than the middle ones, and all depressible in a deep groove.
Anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with 3 low, stout spines ; caudal fin
broad, nearly truncate; pectorals moderate; ventrals long. Pyloric
cosca about 7. Size enormous, among the largest of Percoid fishes.
(ffrspsoq, firm ; It-iq, scale.)

§34. S. gig£&s Ayres. — Jew-fish; Black Sea Bass.

Brownish with large black blotches, becoming with age nearly uni-
form greenish black; vertical fins in the young with a conspicuous
pale edge ; ventrals black. Body and head robust ; region from occi-
put to dorsal carinated. Soft parts of vertical fins scaly ; spinous part
naked ; first dorsal spine prominent, curved. Ventrals reaching vent,
one-fourth longer than the pectorals. Head 3; depth 3. D. X-1, 10;
A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. 115. Pyloric coeca 7, long. L. 5 feet. Coast of
California from San Francisco southward, not rare.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1859, 28: Stereolepis calif ornicus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1863, 330.)

532 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

273.— POL.YPRION Cuvier.
Stone Bass.

(Cuvier, Regne Anim. ii, 1817: type Polyprion cernium Val.)

Body robust, moderately elevated, covered with small, firm scales,
which extend on the vertical fins. Mouth large, the lower jaw pro-
jecting. Teeth in villiform. bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and
tongue. Preopercle serrate; orbital region with spinous projections;
a strong, rough, bony longitudinal ridge on the opercle. Dorsal fin
continuous, low, with 11 strong spines; caudal rounded; anal with
3 spines, the third the largest; ventrals large; pectorals short.
Spiues of anal and ventrals somewhat serrate on the anterior edge.
Vertebrae 13+ 13. Pyloric ececa about 70. Brauchiostegals 7. (
many; -picu-^ saw.)

835. P. oxygenous (Sclin.) J. & G. — Stone Bass; Wreck-fish; Cernier.

Grayish brown, the caudal edged with white; young clouded with
light and dark. Body robust, somewhat compressed; the back ele-
vated. Month rather large, the scaly maxillary extending to opposite
the posterior margin of the eye ; lower jaw the longer. Supraocular
region, scapula, suprascapula, preopercle, and a ridge on opercle spi-
nigerous. Anal spines short, serrate anteriorly, the third much the
longest. Head 3 ; depth 24, D. XI, 12; A. Ill, 8; L. C feet, A very
large fish of the coasts of Southern Europe and Africa ; a single young
specimen lately obtained in deep water by the United States Fish Com-
mission. It resembles Stcreolepls, but is much rougher.

amcricanus Bloch & Schneider, 205, t. 47, 1801; erroneously ascribed to
Ann-rim (nomen im-jitum '. ): Epinephclus orygcneios Bloch & Schneider, 301 : Poli/prion
cernium Valenciennes, Mc*m. du Mus. xi, 265: Polyprion ccriihim Cuv. & Val. iii, 21, pi.
te: I'uliipnon cernium Guuther, i, 1(59: Polyprion cernium Pay, Brit. Fish. 17.)

271.— SERR ANUS Cuvier.
Sea Bass.

(Cuvit-r &. Valenciennes, Hist. \nt. I'uiss. ii, 210, 182H : type I'<r<-a ncriba L.)

Body oblong or modem! Hv elongate, covered with rather small,
ctenoid scales. Scales of the lateral line quadrilateral or subtriaugu-
l:u, ctenoid. Head oblong. Mouth wide, oblique. Maxillary with-
out supplemental hone. Outer series of teeth more or less enlarged
and canine-like, the Amines sometimes very small, sometimes large,
commonly numerous and developed along the sides of the lower jaw,

86. SERRANID^E — SERRANUS. 533

as well as along the front ; teeth mostly fixed. Preopercle serrate be-
hind ; opercle ending in 2 flat spines. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Gill-
rakers shortish, stout. Fins little scaly. Dorsal fin continuous or
emarginate, with 10 strong spines and 11-15 soft rays. Anal spines
well developed. Caudal fin lunate or truncate. Occipital crests little
developed. Pyloric coeca few. Vertebrae 10 + 14. Species very nu-
merous in warm seas. Several modern genera are here included, some
of which may perhaps merit restoration.

The typical species of Centropristis differs from Serranm scriba and
its relatives in numerous respects, notably in the scarcely differentiated
canines, the broader bands of teeth, the broader head, the stronger
serra? on the opercle, the rudimentary dorsal groove and nearly naked
spiuous dorsal (in Serramis proper, of which we have no typical species,
there is no trace of a groove and the dorsal is more scaly), the larger
scales, and the shorter soft dorsal. Each of these characters is shared
with some of the species now referred to Serranus, and any line of divi-
sion of the two groups is simply arbitrary, at least until the species are
better known.

(Serran or serrano, a vernacular name; from the Latin semi, a saw.)

* Canflal trilobate or trifnrcate.
t Dorsal spines simple. (Centropristis* Cnvier.)

§36. S. atrarims (L.) J. & G. — Black Fish; Black Sea Bass.

Dusky brown or black ; more or less mottled, with traces of pale longi-
tudinal streaks along the rows of scales ; young greenish, often with a
dark lateral band, sometimes broken up, forming cross-bars ; dorsal fin
with several series of elongate, whitish spots, forming interrupted lines ;
other fins dusky, mottled. Body ovate, robust, the back somewhat ele-
vated ; axis of body below the middle of the depth. Head large, thick,
little compressed, somewhat pointed ; top of head naked ; cheeks and
opercles scaly ; scales on cheeks in about 11 rows. Mouth oblique, low,
rather large, the premaxillary below the level of the eye ; lower jaw
prominent; maxillary broad, its upper edge anteriorly slipping under
the edge of the broad preorbital, which is nearly as wide as the eye.
Eye large, wider than interorbital space, less than snout, 4£ in head.
Gill-rakers long. Canines very small, scarcely differentiated. Teeth

all fixed, the bands rather broader than usual. Dorsal spines rather

I ,

*Cuvier, Regne Aiiim. eel. 2. 1829: type Centropristis nujricans Cu.v.=Perca atraria
L. (xevTpov, spine ; Ttpiorrj1?, saw.)

534 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

.-strong:, not filamentous, the middle ones rather higher than the poste-
rior, which are considerably lower than the soft ra\ s. the highest spine
as l«n- as from snout to middle of rye. Anal short and high, its spines
graduated. IVrtoral very long, 1J in head, reaching vent. Yentrals
long, nearly reaching vent, inserted below front of base of pectorals.
( 'andal slightly double concave ; fins little scaly, except at base ; a rudi-
mentary groove at base of spinous dorsal, over which scales do not
pass. Head 2;< ; depth 2§. D. X, 11 ; A. Ill, 7; Lat, 1. 50 j coeca 4-7.
L. 12 inches. Cape Cod to Florida ; generally abundant.

(Ptrca airarta L. Syst. Nat.: Centroprixti* nii/rimns Cuv. & Val. iii, 37: Centropristi*
atrariua GUnther, i, 86: Centropristis atrarius Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 42.)

tt Dorsal spines produced in long filaments. (Trlloburus* Gill.)

837. S. trafurcus (Linn.) J. & G.

Grayish, with purple reflections; sides with G dusky gray vertical
bars meeting across the back; silvery below; head bronze, with blue
streaks in front of eye; dorsal shaded with olive, a large irregular
black spot near its middle; dorsal filaments red. Body slender, little
elevated, subfusiform. Mouth large, nearly horizontal, maxillary reach-
ing to opposite middle of orbit. Preopercle finely and evenly serrated.
Most of the dorsal spines and the three lobes of the caudal produced
and filamentous. Head 3 ; depth about 4. D. X, 11 ; A, III, 8 ; Lat. 1.
about 55. South Atlantic coast ; not very common.

(Pcrca tnfurcn Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 489: CeHtrttprixtix trifurca Holbrook, Ich. S. Car.
18(50, 49: AnthiasJ'itrcattut Giiiither, i, 91.)

** Caudal lunate <>r truncate.

t Seme on lower limb of preopcrcle small, not autrorse.
a. Canine teeth small.

b. Dorsal fin continuous, none of tin- spines elevated.

C. Seme ;it the anjjle of the preopercle forming <"ic '"' two groups of
radiating spines; soft dorsal rather short. (D'n>lcctntm t Hollir.)

838. S. fascicailaris Cnv. & Val.— %um7 n*lt : S,rnm<>.

Ilrownish al>ove, silvery below, sides marked with 7 or S longitudinal
dark lilue line.>: head marked with blote'.ies and lilies of dark blue;
three or four disiinei l»lnc st ripes across top of head ; two across pre-
mliital, the h»\\cr forked ; iins barred with blue and pale \ellow. Body
elnii-ale, not ele\ated. Head naket 1 above ; month rather large, maxil-
lary narrow, nearly reaching posterior margin of orbit. Dorsal and

•Gill, < 'at. TishcN Kasi ( ,,;isi N. Am. I ,-:'.! . ::ii ; not < -luiractrri/. -.1 : type I'crca trifur«t
L. (r/jf/f, three ; ;..!,,•, -, .'.r/j<!. tail.)

•Ilii Hi KM. k, Ich. S. C. ril. 1, ::•.', I -.V.i: i\|»- .v, rra nun faxc ini Juris C. & V. (5??,
: nXf/Hrpor, spur.)

86. SEKKANID^E - SEER ANUS. 535

anal spines slender, rather low, the former continuous with the soft
rays; second anal spine small; caudal deeply emarginate; pectoral s
shortish, reaching tips of ventrals. Seme of preopercle forming two
diverging groups of long spines at its angle; lower limb of preopercle
entire. Head 3; depth 4. D. IX, 12; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. about 65. West
Indies, north to South Carolina ; not rare.

(Cuv. & Val. ii, 245: Cenlropristis fascicularis Guiither, i, 83: Diplectrum fasciculare
Holbrook, Icth. S. C. I860, 35.)

cc. Serrse of preopercle simple. (Hallperca* Gill.)
d. Soft dorsal of more than 13 rays.

839. S. suMagariiBS (Cope) J. & G.

Chocolate-brown; cheeks, iuteropercle, maxillary, and mandible with
a coarse network of white lines; yellowish below; body with 5 vertical
cross- bands, 2 on the caudal peduncle and 2 above anal fin; pectoral
and caudal with small brown spots; second dorsal and anal brown,
with rows of small white spots. Form elongate-oval. Head narrow,
conical; profile regular ; mandible projecting; opercle with three points;
maxillary smooth ; cheeks and opcrcles scaly, those on the latter minute ;
scales on the vertex ceasing behind posterior margin of pupil. Median
dorsal spines subequal ; median anal spines extending beyond base of
anal fin; caudal truncate. Teeth and armature of preopercle not de-
scribed, but doubtless much as in S. atrarius, D. X, 14; A. Ill, 8;
scales 5^-48-18. Pensacola, Fla. (Cope.)

(Centropristis subligarlus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, - — .)

bb. Dorsal fin emarginate, some of the anterior spines being elevated ; soft dorsal
long; preopercle simply serrate. (Paralabrax\ Girard.)

840. S. cBaiEsa-atMS (Gr<l.) Steiud.— Rock Bass; Cabrilla.

Grayish green, with obscure, broad dusky streaks and bars, which
form reticulations on the sides; sides often mottled or shaded with
bluish or yellowish, but usually without distinct spots; a broad dark
shade near axis of body, below which the color is nearly plain silvery
gray. Preorbital narrow, its least width slightly more than half the
diameter of the orbit. Maxillary broad, much expanded at tip, its
greatest width two-thirds diameter of eye. Gill-rakers rather long, 22
below the angle. Pectorals long, 1£ in head ; ventrals If in head ;
third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines about equal, the second spine

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186-2, 233: type Serranus bivittatws C. & V. (a/lc,
sea; Tr'spur/, perch.)

t Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 131: type Labrax nebuJifer Grd. —Atraclo-
pena and Go:iioperca Gill, (napa, near; Xafipa'c,, Labrax.}

536 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

half the length cf the third, the third less than length of snout and
orbit; second anal spine longest. Top of head mostly naked ; a few
-<alcs along the median line behind the pupil. Head 3; depth 3J; eye
1% in snout. D. IX, I, 13; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 73. L. 18 inches. Coast
of California; abundant southward.

(Labrax clatltratH* Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 143: Paralabrar clathratiis
Grd. I'. S. Par. R. R. Snrv. 34 : Parnlabras clalhratus Giinther, i, 62: Atractopcrca clath-
ntta Gill, Pror. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18(31, 165.)

§41. S. macanlofasciatias Stcindaclmer. — CabriUa.

Olive brown, everywhere above thickly covered with dark hexagonal
or roundish spots, which cover more space than the ground color, the latter
forming reticulations around them ; spots on back more or less confluent,
most distinct and tinged with orange on sides of head, branchiostegals,
and base of pectorals; about 7 oblique dusky cross-bars along the sides,
in which the spots are deeper in color and more confluent ; a bluish stripe
from eye across cheeks ; lips plumbeous ; lower side of head yellow ;
sphious dorsal dusky, the membrane of third spine black; soft dorsal
with bronze spots; caudal with confluent dark spots at base and bronze
spots at tip; other fins mottled with bronze and dusky. Preorbital very
wide, wider than eye ; maxillary narrow, reaching middle of pupil, its
width about half that of eye ; gill rakers short, 14 below angle of arch ;
pectoral short, 1£ in head; ventrals !!£; third and fourth dorsal spines
elevated, the second two-fifths the height of the third, which is longer
than snout and orbit; second anal spine shorter than third ; top of head
scaled on the middle line to opposite front of pupil, naked on sides; eye
half as long as snout. Head 3; depth 3. D. X, I, 14; A. Ill, 7; Lat.
1. IK) (7L* pores). L. 12 inches. Coast of California, abundant from San
Dieo southward.

iK hncr, Iclithyol. Notizen vii, 969, 18G8; Vaillaut & Boconrt, Miss. Sci. au
Mrx. iv, 7-J. H74.)

§42. S. oebnllfer (Grd.) Steind.— Jb&nny J'<r<l<:

Greenish with irregular pale and dark mot (lings and traces of dark
oblique cross-bars, the colors having a washed or faded appearance; fins
dull bluish black, mottled ; lower side of tail with wavy whitish streaks;
under side of head salmon color; preorbital, suborbital, and cheeks pro-
fusely marked with round orange spots; a dark streak downward and
backward from eve: caudal mottled. Preorbital very broad, its least
width about equal to the diameter of the eye; maxillary rather narrow,
half as broad as the eye, reaching middle of pupil; gill-rakers shortish,

86. SERRANIDvE TRISOTROPIS. 537

about 15 on lower part of arch; pectorals rather short, about f the
length of the head ; ventrals 2-2 £ in head ; first 2 dorsal spines very
short, the third very high, much higher than any of the others ; second
spine one-third to one-fourth length of third, which is longer than
snout and orbit; second anal spine as long as third; top of head closely
scaled to beyond front of eyes. Head 2f ; depth 3£ ; eye less than half
the snout. D. X, I, 14 ; A. Ill, 7 ; Lat. 1. 80. L. 18 inches. Coast of
California, from Monterey southward ; abundant.

(Ldbrax nebulifer Girarcl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 142: Paralabrax nelndlfcr
Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 33, pi. xii: Paralabrax nebulifer Giinther, i,62; Stein-
dO'Chner, Ichthyol. Beitriigo, iii, 1.)

tt Seme on lower edge of preopercle, large, spur-like, directed forward, (Plectropoma*
Cuvier.)

843. S. cSBioi-Eirus (C. & V.) J. & G.— Negrito,

Color uniform blackish, strongly tinged with violet; pectoral and
caudal yellow. Mouth rather large, the maxillary without supplemental
bone, extending to the front of the pupil; lower jaw projecting; niue
rows of scales on the cheek; preopercle finely serrate above, its lower
margin withseveral antrorse teeth. Body elevated, somewhat com-
pressed. Pectoral long, extending beyond ventrals ; caudal forked ; sec-
ond and third spines of anal about equal. Head 2-f ; depth 2|. D.
X, 15 ; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. about 65. West Indies, north to Garden Key,
Florida.

(Plectropoma clilorurum Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 406, 1828: P. cMorurum
Giinther, i, 167: P. chlorurum Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sci. Mex. iv, 104: Pleclropomanigri-
cans Poey, Memorias Cuba, i, 71, 1851: Hypoplectrus niyricans Poey, Synopsis Pise.
Cubens. 290.)

275.— TBI§OTKOPIS Gill.

(Parepineplielus Bleeker.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1863, 104: type Perca guttata Bloch.)

Characters of Epinephelus, except that the lateral crests on the cra-
nium are well developed, like the median one. "This genus is recog-

*

nizable externally by its oblong form, the peculiar structure of the nos-
trils, the form of the fins, etc., but is more especially distinguished by
the development of the skull, which differs in a very marked manner

* Cuvier, Regne Auiui. ii, 142, 1829: type Bodlanus maculatus Blocb. This group
has been separated from Serranus on account of the strong autrorse teeth of the lower
edge of the preopercle. It has been divided by Professor Gill into several genera,
which have been adopted and defined by Professor Poey, but their necessity is not
evident. It is at best an artificial group, and some of the current species (P. afrum,
etc.) belong to Epineplielus. (7tA.f[xrpov} spur; 7t&,ua operculum.)

538 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

from that of r.it'mi-pliclm. * * * The skull differs from that of Epi-
»r/>/«7«.vby the wider interorbital area, the parallelism and continuation
of the lateral crests forward to the middle of the orbits inclosing an elon-
gated parallelogram, the surface of which, especially between the orbits.
is more uniform ; the absence of a frontal crest, the simple curvature or
straight ness of the naso-voiuerine ridge and absence of the angle at the
suture between the nasals and voiiicr." (Gill.) The species of this
group have the anal III, 11, er III, 12. They reach a very large size,
and are abundant in the tropical seas, (-psi-, thrice; r/x)-:?, a keel, in
allusion to the piesence of the three parallel elevated keels on the top
of the cranium, which distinguishes this genus from Epinephehis.)

844. T. brtitisecus Poey. — Slack Grouper; Abadejo.

Clear brown, covered with spots of darker brown, irregular in size
and form; pectorals reddish; ventrals bluish; other tins dusky; max-
illary with a supplemental bone; preopercle sinuous; third dorsal spine
not a third as high as the body; soft dorsal highest ut its middle.
Head 3J in total length; depth about 4. Eye 7.4 iu head. D. XI, 10;
A. Ill, 11; Lat. 1. about 110; cceca 15. (Poey.) West Indies, north to
Virginia.

(torninitx liriinm HH Pocy, Meiuorius Cuba, ii, 131, 1858; Goode & Jii-an, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mu>. ld?9, 143.)

945. T. faScatus Poey. — Scamp.

Brown, with irregular darker spots, none on the head or belly; pec-
torals edged with blackish and orange. Body moderately compressed.
Maxillary reaching vertical from posterior margin of eye; lower jaw
much projecting beyond the upper; upper jaw with teeth in a single
series, with ;i short band in front; 4 canines; lower jaw with teeth in
t\\o .series, and with several canines at the sympliysis; teeth on vomer,
in an angular patch ; palatine teeth in a single series. Sixth dorsal
spine longest ; caudal deeply forked, the external rays nearly twice the
length of the middle, ones. Head I',;; depth about, 3. D. XI, 17; A.
III. 11 ; L. lat. 120; L. transv. ^. ((!,>,»!, ,l- liean.) West Indies, north
to I'ensacola.

Poey, Mriiinrias. ii, I:1.-; <; ..... !<• A. Itran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, 140, 1871>.)

A l'..:m.

Maxillary reaching perpendicular from posterior margin of orbit;

ii jaw with two canines; upper jaw with an inner series of villifonn

and an outer serfefl »i lai -•• slender conical teeth curved inward; lower

86. SERRANID.E EPINEPHELUS. 539

jaw with two series of conical teetli, the inner the largest and movable ;
voiner and palatines with very small villiforni teeth. Preopercle with
fine denticulations on its posterior margin and some coarser ones at the
angle. Third and fourth dorsal spines highest, the first slightly higher
than the second. Color not described. Head 2J-2f ; depth 3£. D.
XI, 18; A. Ill, 10; L. lat, 145; L. traiisv. f£. (Goode & Bean.)
Western coast of Florida.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 1879, 141.)

276.-EPBNEPHELUS Bloch.

Gro upers * ; Merous.

(Bloch, Ichth. 1793 ; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1601, 299 : type Epincplielus niber
Bloch.)

Body stout, compressed, covered with small ctenoid scales, which are
often somewhat embedded in the skin ; 75-140 in the course of the lat-
eral line ; scales of the lateral line triangular, cycloid ; soft parts of the
vertical fins generally more or less scaly. Top of cranium narrow, with
the median crest only developed, the lateral keels being obsolete. Pre-
opercle moderately serrate behind, its lower limb nearly or quite entire,
rarely with an antrorse spine; opercle with two strong spines. Mouth
large ; maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone. Canine
teeth few, large, in the front of the jaws; enlarged teeth of the inner
series of each jaw depressible. Gill-rakers short. Dorsal spines usually
9 or 11, not filamentous, the last ones somewhat shorter than the middle
ones. Anal spines 3, the second usually the larger ; the number of soft
rays 7-9. Caudal fin rounded. Pyloric cceca usually few (usually 10-
20). Species very numerous, most of them of large size, abounding
in all the tropical seas, where they are among the most valuable food-
fishes. (ixtvstpsXos, clouded; in allusion to a supposed adipose mem-
brane covering the eye.)

* Dorsal spines 11.

a. Pyloric cceca less than 35. (Epinepheliis.)

84T. E. capreolus (Poey) J. & G.—Calrilla.

Brown, everywhere covered with round dark spots regularly placed,
largest below, smallest near the dorsal fin, those below about as large
as the pupil; two larger black spots at base of spinous dorsal, partly on
the fin; a few roundish pale spots on the body; fins all spotted; pec-

*A corruption of the Portuguese name, G-arrupa.

540 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

torals and veutrals finely mottled, the pectorals with a narrow pale
edge. Body ovate, rather slender, the head long and pointed. Lower
jaw slightly projecting; maxillary extending nearly to the posterior
border of the orbit; four small canines in front of lower jaw. Pre-
opercle slightly cmarginate, its edge finely serrate. Scales small, those
on cheeks, breast, and top of head very small. Caudal rounded; pec.
toral fin extending beyond tips of veutrals, to vent; second anal spine
rather strong. Head 2§ ; depth 3. P. XI, 1C ; A. Ill, 7 ; Lat. 1. about 80.
Florida to the Caribbean Sea; abundant in the West Indies; an excel-
lent food-fish. The synonymy of this species is much confused, and the
jiame to be adopted is uncertain.

: l;n-a maculata Blocli, Ichth. 181, taf. 343, 1797; not HoUcentrus ma<-nhttnx Bloch,
Ichth. taf. '24-2, which ia also apparently an L'pincjiJiclns : ? Sparus atlunticus Lac<5p.
Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 158,1802 (based on Kloch.): IStrranus impetiginoaus Miiller&Tro-
schel, Schoinburgk, Excurs. Barbadoet:. GG5: ? Sen-anna maculatus and impetiyinosua
<;iinthcr, i, 1 :',<», 14'2: Serratms capreolua Poey, Memorias, ii, 145: Serranua capreolua
Yaillant, Miss. Sci. an Mex. iv, 87.)

848. E. driiimnoHd-liayi Goode & Bean.— Hind; John, Paw.

Color umber brown, everywhere densely covered with white stellate
spots except on the lips and belly; about 40 of these between gill-open-
ings and base of caudal; along the sides the spots often coalesce. Tre-
opercle evenly serrate. Eye CJ in head. Caudal truncate or slightly
einarginate. Head lit}; depth 2g. I). XI, 1C; A. Ill, 9 ; scales 32-125-
57. Gulf coast of United States. (Goode & Bean.)

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 174, 1878.)

JL^JUM^'

819. E. uiorio (Cuv.) Gill.— Hcd Grouper.

r,ro\vnisli. marbled with ash; salmon color below; soft parts of the
vertical lins margined with blue. Body oval, compressed above; pro-
file oblique, gently curved; mouth terminal, large, somewhat oblique;
maxillary reaching beyond eye. Eye about as long as snout. Head
L'.l; depth ,",. I>. XI, 17; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 100; cceca2S. Atlantic coast,
elnrtlv southward.

ferramumorioCnv. A V;ll. ii,285: Sin-mtn* in»rl<> (Jiinthcr, i, 14'2: Strrniutx
ynxt.-r I l..|l.r.,..U. J.-li. S. 0. I860, 34.)

E. iii^i-ilns i lliilliriiok) Gill.— Ill<i<-k tinnier; Jnc-fuh.
Bluish black sibnvi-, lighter l>elo\\ •; no red; no traces of markings on
l)od\ or lins. IJody oblong, thick, tapering backward. .Month large,
very oblique, lower jaw projecting. A spine on the lower limb of the
pivnprrcle in front of the angle. Head L''r; ; depth about 2^. D. X, 15;

86. SERRANID.E - PROMICROPS. 541

A. Ill, 9; scales 24-115-52. Gulf of Mexico, north to South Carolina j
reaches a weight of 300 pounds.

(Serranus nigritus Holbrook, Icli. S. C. 1860, 177: Serranus nigritus Gunther, i, 134;
Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. MIIB. 1878, 182.)

aa. Pyloric cceca numerous (CO-70). (Hyporthodus* Gill.)

851. E. niveatus (Cuv. & Val.) Poey.

Brownish olive ; sides with many large, light blue spots, which are
arranged in about 5 transverse rows ; a large quadrangular black spot
crossing caudal peduncle above and running down on sides to below
the lateral line. Body oblong, compressed, highest forwards; mouth
large, oblique, maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit; lower jaw
slightly the longest ; membranes of vertical fins scaled half way up ;
second anal spine about as long as third and much stronger ; top of
head entirely scaled, except in front of nostrils. Eye large, as long as
snout. Head 2£; depth 2§. D. XI, 14; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. about 85.
West Indies to Florida ; accidental northward.

(Serranus niveatus Cuv. & Val. ii, 380 : Serranus niveatus Giinther, i, 130 : Hyporlhodus
flavicauda Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 98, from Newport, R. I.)

** Dorsal spines 9. (Bodianm\ Bloch.)

852. E. pimctatllS (L.) J. & G. — Butter-fish; Nigger-fish; Coney.

Olivaceous yellow or red, covered with small, round, dark-edged
spots of blue ; one or two black spots on the tip of the chin and one
on the caudal peduncle ; colors brilliant and variable. Maxillary not
reaching posterior margin of eye ; eye 5J in head ; preopercle finely
serrate; its lower limb entire; caudal truncate; skull channelled be-
tween the eyes, its upper surface smooth. Head 2f . D. IX, 15 ; A.
Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 85. Pyloric cosca 8. Vertebrae 10 + 14. (Giinther.)
Size small ; flesh soft. West Indies, north to Florida Keys ; abundant.

(Perca punctata L. Syst. Nat. x, 291, 1758 : Serranus ouatalibi Cuv. & Val. ii, 381,
1829 (red variety) : Serranus ouatalibi Giinther, i, 120 : Serranus guativere Cuv. & Val.
ii, 383: Serranus carauno Guv. & Val. ii, 383: Enneacentrus punctatus Poey, Rep. Fis.-
Nat. Cuba, 1868, 288: Enneacentrus punctatus Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 59.)

.— PROMICROPS am.

(Gill, MSS. ; Poey, Synopsis Piscium Cubensiuni, 1868, 287 : type Serranus guasa Poey.)

"This genus has the characters of Epinephelus, except the cranium,
which resembles that of Trisotropis by the great interorbital width.

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 98: type Hyportlwdus flavicauda Gill = Str-
ranus niveatus juv. (vito, below ; opQo?, straight ; odovS, tooth.)

t Bloch Ichthyol; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801,330: type Bodianus gutiatus
Bloch. (From Eodiano, a Portuguese name of various similar fishes.)

542 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

AVe may notice the eye well advanced. It further differs in the den-
tition and by the extreme division of its pyloric appendages. The teeth
are in a large band, a little narrower in the lower jaw ; the external
margin shows a row of teeth a little stronger, especially the two first,
but there are no differentiated canines; the extreme inner series in front
has some stronger teeth. The palatine and vomerine teeth are in finer
bands. The cceca and their divisions are innumerable." (Poey.) Else-
where the cranium is described as short, broad, and flat, the occipital
crest very low. Size enormous, as in the genus Stcreolepis. This genus
ami TriHotropis should probably be considered as sections of Epincphc-
ht.t. (-/>», before ; /uxpos, small ; w/', eye ; in allusion to the shortness of
the anterior part of the cranium, due to the advancement of the orbit.;

853. P. if is;»s:< Foey. — Guasa.

Yellowish olivaceous, with numerous brown spots. Body more com-
pressed above than below. Mouth large, maxillary reaching beyond
the orbit ; preopercle feebly serrated ; opercle with 3 flat points ; fins
all very low, caudal rounded. Head 3£; depth 4. D. XI, 16; A. Ill,
8. (Poey.) West Indies, north to Florida ; reaches a weight of 400 or
500 pounds.

i nunts gttasa Poey, Mem. ii, 141, 1858.)

278.— DUJLES Cnvier.
(Cuvier, Rfegne Anim. ed. 2d, ii, 1829: type JJuks auriija C. & V.)

Body oblong, ovate, compressed and elevated, covered with rather
large scales. Mouth large, the lower jaw projecting ; the maxillary
reaching to opposite the middle of the eye. Teeth moderate, the ante-
rior in the upper jaw enlarged, wide-set, but hardly forming canines.
I'reopercle sharply serrate; opercle with - strong spines. Dorsal
witli 10 spines, anal with 3; the third dorsal spine filamentous, the
second anal spine, longest. Branchiostegals 6. Fishes of the warm
seas, sometimes entering rivers. (,7<,r>/i^, a slave; the lish being under
the lash of the long dorsal spine.)

^a Cn\ . A \;\\.

Yellowish gray, with two or three darker cross-bands and faint dark
longitudinal streaks. ( )pcrclc with two or three strong spines, the upper
one the largest ; pectoral and ventral fins large; third dorsal spine fila-
mentous, reaching the, middle of the caudal ; caudal truncate. D. X,
13; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. -Hi. Vert, 10 + 14. Tropical parts of the Atlantic j
said to have been taken on our coast.

'.Cuv. & Val. iii, 112; Gilntlu-r, i, 206.)

86. SERRANID/E RHYPTICUS. 543

279.— RHYPTICUS Cuvicr.

Soap-fishes,

r, Regne Anim. ii, 1829: type Anthias saponaceus Bloch & Schneider.)

Body oblong ,compressed, covered with small, smooth embedded scales.
Mouth oblique, rather large, the lower jaw prominent, the maxillary
with a supplemental bone, reaching to or beyond the pupil; preorbital
rather narrow; no canines; broad bands of villiform teeth on jaws,
vomer, and palatines. Preopercle crescent-shaped, without angle or
serratures, tts margin with spinous teeth above. Opercle with spines.
Dorsal fin with two or three low stout spines, sometimes separated by
a notch from the soft rays ; anal fin without spine, or with an embedded
rudiment; caudal fin rounded behind. Ventrals small. Pectorals short
and rounded. Tropical seas, (pu-ruoq^ washing; from the u soapy"
skin.)

a. Dorsal spines 2, more or less connected with the soft rays. (Promicropterus* Gill.)

855. R. maculalus Holbr.

Olive brown above, with scattered whitish spots; below pale slate
color. Back regularly arched from snout to caudal fin. Mouth large,
maxillary extending beyond orbit; lower jaw longer than upper, and
projecting much beyond it in closed mouth. Preopercle with 2 stout
spines; opercle with 3. Pectorals rather large. Vertical fins high.
Dorsal spines slightly connected with the soft rays. Head 3£; depth 3.
D. II, 25; A. 15. North Carolina to the West Indies.

(Holbrook, Ich. S. C. L8CO, 42; Gunther, i, 173.)

856. R. decoraiws (Gill) J. & G.

Brownish, irregularly maculated with light spots about as large as
the pupil, these generally with a blackish centre; the spots are some-
times confluent and are most numerous on the sides. Eye equal snout,
5| in length of head. Head 3; depth 3£. D. II, 26; A. 16. Tropical
seas; accidental at Newport, K. I. (Gill.)

(Promicropterus decoratus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL Phila. 186:3, 164.

857. R. pimitosus Goode & Beau.

Very light brown, with numerous small brown spots; the diameter of
the largest, one- third that of eye; these absent on abdomen and throat;
traces of light margins to the vertical fins. Upper jaw nearly reaching

* Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 53 : type Bhypticus maculatus Holbr.
(itpo, before; /uzK/aoS, small; mepov, fin.)

544 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

the vertical from posterior margin of orbit. One continuous dorsal;
dorsal and anal fins higher posteriorly, the longest rays reaching base
of caudal. Eye twice the length of snout. Head more than one third
length of body; depth 3.J. D. II, 27; A. 15; Lat. 1. 90; L. transv. -3%.
(Goode & Bean.} Key West, Fla.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 341, 1879.)

FAMILY LXXXVIL— PRIACANTHIDJE.

(The Big Eyes.)

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with small, firm, rough
scales; all parts of the body and head, even the snout and maxillaries,
being densely scaly. Head deep. Mouth large, very oblique, the lower
ja\v prominent. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, none on
the tongue. Premaxillaries protractile. Maxillary broad, without sup-
plemental bone, not slipping under the very narrow preorbital. Eye
very large, forming about half the length of the side of the head.
Posterior nostril long, slit-like. Preopercle more or less serrated, one or
more strong spiucs at its angle; operculum very short, ending in two or
three points behind. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Pseiidobraiichia} large. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill-rakers
long. Branchiostegals 6. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin continu-
ous, with about 10 spines, which are depressiole in a groove; anal spines
3, the soft part long, similar to the soft dorsal; veutrals large, thoracic,
I, 5; pectorals small, rounded; caudal fin truncate or lunate. Spines
of fins generally rough with small seme. Air-bladder large. Pyloric
cmca few. Small carnivorous fishes of the tropical seas; mostly rose-
colored in life. Genus 1; species about 20.

< /'< rcidcc, group Priacanthina Giinthcr, i, 21.r)-->21.)

28O.—PRI ACANTHUS Cniver.
I>ig Eyes.

(Cnvirr, Ri-LCiir Aiiim. ii, 1817: type I'rinnintlntu mooropMftttZflMM Cuvicr.)

Characters of the genus included above. (-/>E'O*V, saw; axavOa, spine;
from the serrature of the spines.)

a. I!i>ily more than twice an \»t\£ as deep; scales small. (Priacanthus.)

858. P. miiiTophthalmiis < 'u\ . A. Val. — nig Eye.

I : n ill u-iii red, fins edged with dusky. Body oblong, compressed, but
little elevated. Gape of mouth subvertical, maxillary passing front of

88. SPARID.E. 545

eye. Head completely scaled. Eye about one-half length of head, more
than 6 times width of preorbital. Ventrals long, reaching front of anal ;
pectorals small, not longer than eye. Lateral line following the curve of
the back. Head 3£; depth 2f. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 15; Lat. 1. 85. West

Indies; occasional on our coast.
(Cuv. & Val. iii, 95; Gunther, i, 215.)

aa. Body not twice as long as deep; scales large. (Pseudopriacantlius Bleeker.)

859. P. altws Gill.

Nearly uniform orange-red in life; vertical fins dotted with black;
ventrals black. Body oblong, compressed and elevated. Profile very
oblique; snout extremely short; gape of mouth very oblique, maxillary
reaching to below orbit. Eye about one-half length of head. Spines
stouter than in P. macrophtlialnms. Scales much larger and rougher.
Lateral line running obliquely upwards in front, then abruptly turning
downwards. Ventrals large, extending beyond origin of anal. Pre-
opercle and opercle coarsely serrate at angle and on lower limb ; angle
of preopercle with 2 spines, upper limb simply roughened. Caudal fin
rounded. Head2£; depth 1J. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 45. Coast
of New England ; not common.

(Priacantltus altus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1662, 132.)

FAMILY LXXXVIIL— SPARID^.*

(The Spar old Fishes.)

Body oblong, more or less elevated, covered with moderate-sized ad-
herent scales, which are generally more or less strongly ctenoid, some-
times almost cycloid ("sparoid"). Head large, the skull often with
traces of the cavernous structure seen in Scicenidce. No suborbital stay.
Mouth moderate or large, terminal, low, nearly horizontal. Premaxil-
laries protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone, for its whole
length, slipping into a sheath formed by the edge of the broad preorbital ;
teeth villiform, cardiform, incisor-like or molar ; canines sometimes pres-
ent ; vomer, palatines, and tongue with or without teeth ; gills 4, a large
slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchire large; gill-rakers moderate;
branchiostegals 4-7 ; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Edge of preopercle serrated or entire ; opercle usually without spines ;
sides of head generally scaly. Dorsal fin continuous or deeply notched,

* Including 87 Pristipomalidce, and 88 Sparidce of the artificial key to families, on
page 77.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 35

54C CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

tin- spines stron-, usually depressible into a groove. Anal I'm similar to
soft doi>al, with •"> spines. Yeiitrals thoracic, I, ?>, commonly \vith an ac
cesson scale-like appendage. Caudal I'm rounded or forked. Lateral
line continuous, not extruding upon the caudal fm. Pyloric cceca lew or
many. Air-bladder present, usually simple. Genera ~>~>; species about
•l.'iO, abounding in the seas of temperate and tropical re-ions. Those
\\itli inci.vor teeth only are chietly herbivorous, the others carnivorous.
The three principal subdivisions given below have beeu often taken a>
separate families.

(Sjinriilir, rrif-tiinniniliilr and Pen-ilia' pts. Guuther, i, 17f>-211, 272-339, and 412— 1l>9,

exclusive uf certain genera.)

«. Teeth all conical and pointed; no incisors nor molars, preopercle serrate; pylori.-

cojca few; carnivorous.
b. Vomer with teeth.

c. liorsal I'm det 'ply emaruinate ; teeth all vi Hi form, in narrow bands. (AVw/c/i-

tlii/intr) Xr.McimiY-. 881.

cc. Dorsal fiu continuous ; canines more or less developed. (Luljitnhm:)

LUTJAXUS, 282.

bb. VOIIIPT, palatines, and tongue toothless.
<?. Dorsal I'm eoiitinuous.

e. Caudal tin lunate or forked ; profile convex. (Priaiipomatinai.)
/. Mouth small : dor-al and anal lins naked or scaly at base only.

POM.UIASYS, -J-."..
//'. Mouth lar^c; soft parts of dorsal and anal densely scaly throughout.

1 M tJBABIS, 28 I.
ee. Caudal liu convex : profile concave. (LobotiiiO'.)

It. Jaws with hands of \ illiforin teeth, in IVont of which are a series of
larger ones; no teeth ou vouieror palatines.

Loi!'>i B8, 255.

ltd. Teeth on the s'nlesof the jaws molar: prcopercle entire ; i>yloric circa lew ; no teeth

on vomer. palatines, or tongue: carnivorous. ( S/mrhnr. 1

/'. 1 'rout teeth conical, not at all COIP pressed SP\I:I B, -~li.

/'/'. Front teeth compressed, iuciaor-like l>ii'i.oi>cs, -j-?.

ana. Teeth in front incisor-like; no molars; jiylorie eieea many ; herbivorous.

///. Voiner toothless: tins mostly scaleless. (din-lliim .)

11. Incisors trilid; cheeks BCalyj opeivles naked; dorsal

spines 1 I M I.'. GlKKLLA, 288,

mm. Vomer with teeth; snfl tins densely seal\ : iuci-or.> lanceo-
late. ( I'iiin l< i>ti r'/ini )

o. Incisors \\ith hori/.ontal backward-project in^ roots, the
liaiidiil'small teeth behind them narrow.

I'IMII i IM i 1:1 8, '-'-'.'.

00. Incisurs without evident roots, the hand o!' small teeth
l«road ; soft dorsal and anal many-rayed, much longer
than spi is dorxil 8COBPI8, 290.

2N1.-XE1VICIITIIYS fJill.

((Jill, 1'roc. Aead. Mat. ScL I'hila. 1-V,:;, -J: ty|»e \< ni<'lttlii/n jrniili (Jill, from Lower

California.)

r.i.dy moderately elongate, siibfusilbrm, compressed; head conic, little
compressed 5 eyes lar-e. anterior; preorbital rather narrow, oblique j

88. SPARID.E LUT JANUS. 547

preoperculum pectinate behind ; mouth rather small, very oblique ; chin
much projecting, a pore on each side of it at the symphysis ; teeth very
small, recurved, in narrow bands in each jaw; vorner with a rhomboid
patch of very minute teeth ; palatines nearly toothless ; tongue slightly
rough 5 branchiostegals 7; pseudobranchiae present; scales small, firm,
ctenoid ; lateral line continuous ; dorsal fins separate or connected by
a low membrane; the first received into a groove, and composed of
about 10 slender but rigid spines ; second dorsal low ; anal fins with 3
graduated spines and 10 to 20 rays ; caudal fin emarginate, with rounded
lobes; ventrals with a pointed axillary scale. Pacific Ocean. (?£*«<?,
strange ; fyOuz, fish.)

«. Anal fin not elongate.

S6O. X. californiensis Steindachner.

Silvery, with continuous dusky stripes along the rows of scales on the
upper half of the body, 3 above the lateral line, 4 or 5 below. Body
oblong, not elevated nor much compressed ; mouth moderate, terminal,
very oblique, the lower jaw strongly protruding; premaxillary in front
above the middle of the large eye; maxillary not very broad, reaching
opposite front of pnpil ; eye 3£ in head, longer than snout. Teeth in
jaws villiform, in a very narrow band; on the vomer scarcely appreciable;
edge of preopercle finely serrate ; no opercular spine ; ventrals with a
large accessory scale ; gill-rakers very long and slender; pseudobranchise
large ; scales small, firm, quite rough, covering the top of the head,
cheeks, and most of the preorbital, which is rather narrow ; soft parts
of vertical fins well scaled; spiuous dorsal depressible in a groove, the
spines stiff; the two dorsals almost separate; second spine highest, the
others regularly shorter ; soft dorsal low; caudal forked; second and
third anal spines high. Pectoral falcate, f length of head, reaching be-
yond the tips of the rather short ventrals. Head 3£ ; depth 3£. D. IX-
I, 12 ; A. Ill, 10 ; Lat. 1. 52. Pacific coast, from San Diego southward.
Here described from specimens collected by Dr. Streets at Cerros Island.

(Steindacliner, Ichth. Beitrage, iii, 3, 1875; Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii, 49.)
2§2.—LUT JANUS Bloch & Schneider.

Snappers.

(Mesoprion Cuvier : Diacope Cuvier : Genyoroge Cantor.)

(Bloch & Schneider, Systema Ichthyol. 1801, 324 : type Lwtjanus lutjamts Bl. & Schn. )

Body oblong, compressed, the back somewhat elevated ; head long ;

mouth large, the jaws with bands of villiform teeth, besides which are

548 coNTimuTK.xs TO NORTH AMI.KICAX ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

usually an outer scries <.f larger teeth in each jaw, ami 2-4 stronger teeth
01 canines in the front of the upper jaw; vomer with villiform teeth; villi-
torm teeth <>n the palatines and in one or more patches on the tongue ;
preoj icrcle sometimes with a notch posteriorly, into which a knob on the
interoperde lits (Diacopc)j posterior limb of preopercle finely serrate;
gill-rakers moderate, strong: branchiostegais ?; vertical fins not much
scaly: dorsal spines lO-li'; caudal lunate or forked. Vertebra} 10 + 14.
Species very numerous, in all warm seas. (Luljang, the Japanese or
Malayan name of some of the species.)

i Caudal tin deeply forked, the lobes attenuate. (Ocyurua* Gill.)

861. L,. mcSanurus (L.) J. & G.

Olivaceous, with oblique streaks above the lateral line, and some
shiii'ng golden longitudinal bauds on the side; no axillary spot nor
lateral blotch ; fins chiefly yellow, the caudal not black. Body elongate,
compressed; head pointed; lower jaw prominent; upper canines well
developed; preopercle without distinct notch; maxillary reaching to
front of pupil; eye large, nearly as long as snout, 3£ in head: top of
head with a sharp keel; spines rather slender; pectorals reaching past
tips of ventrals; anal spines graduated, short; caudal deeply forked,
inner ra\> less than half the length of the outer. Head 3; depth
;3. D.X,13: A. III. '.); Lat. 1. 51. West Indies, north to Florida.

i l',rni iiH-liiiiin-ti L. S\M. N:it. ( after ( 'atesl>v) : SpOTUS ohrySUTlU l.lorh, lehtli. tat". 2<'rJ :
M "/>n»it i-li ri/Kiiritx Cuv. A \":il. il. I.V.I : M, *i>/>ri<»i <'in-i/nnrnx ( ii'mtlier, i, 180 : Ocyunts
in' 'mi urns Goode, Proc. I". S. Nat. Mi is. 1871), 114.)

aa. Caudal tin lunnt.-.

h. Vnmrrinf trdh t'liriiiin^ a cross-shaped or anchor-shaped patch; canines well
developed.

BJ. caxis i I'.lnrli A- Sclin.) Poey. — Y<lli>iii ; C.ray Snapjn r.

(ireenish olive, each scale with a brown spot, these sometimes con-
tl i-'iit. jorming narrow bands extending likewise across the vertical
tins; usually a narrow bine stripe on preorbital and cheeks; youu-
s met hues barred and wit h the lins dark-edged : no lateral blotch. Snout
long and sharp : month i ..... Icratc. maxillary reaching front of pupil ; eye
. >horter than snout, :\\ in head. Cheeks with about 0 rows of
scales; preopercle with a slight notch at the tip of the interopercle ;
teeth strong; canines in upper jaw well developed; tongue with a siu-

-i-ill. Pme. Arad. Nat. Sri. 1'hila. l-f,j. •::;>;• ixj,,- Spirit* <-hn/»uru8 Bloch.
ui-in't. tail.)

88. SPARID^E - LUTJANUS. 549

gle patch of teeth ; nostrils oblong ; gill-rakers shortish ; spines strong ;
second anal spine little enlarged. Head 3 ; depth 2f . D. X, 14 ; A.
Ill, 8 ; Lat. 1. 48, New York to South America ; common southward.

(Sparus caxis Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 284: Mesoprion griseus Cuv. & Val. ii, 409:
Mesoprion griseus Giinther, i, 194: Neomcaiis emarginatus Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. Ichth. 16; Poey, Kept. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1867, 269.)

863. Ei. Macltfordi Goode & Bean. — Red Snapper.

Uniform rose-color ; lighter below and on centres of scales ; belly sil-
very ; axil of pectoral dark. Body much compressed, lower profile much
less arched than the upper. Preopercle finely serrated, the denticula-
tions coarser at the angle; a slight emargination above the angle, in
which is received a slight elevation on the iuteropercular bone. Maxil-
lary reaching the orbit. Lingual teeth in two patches, the anterior
cordate; canines strong, two in front of upper jaw larger than others.
Anterior nostril round, posterior oblong. Pectorals elongate, reaching
past the long ventrals nearly to anal. Third anal spine slenderer and
slightly longer than the second. Caudal fin forked, the middle rays two-
thirds as long as the external ones. Eye about 7 in head, two-thirds
width of preorbital. Head 2f ; depth 2f. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 9; L. lat.
50; L. transv. j^-. Coast of Florida; a large and beautiful species, be-
coming important as a food-fish.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 176, 1878.)

864. Ei. slearaisi Goode & Bean.

Scarlet below, shading into reddish or purplish brown above; plum
color on sides and top of head; below lateral line the posterior half of
the exposed portion of the scales white tinted with scarlet; the basal
portion reddish and much darker; lower side of head light scarlet; ver-
tical fins darker than body; pectorals and ventrals white-roseate. Head
3 in length; depth 3. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 8; L. lat, 45; L. trausv. -&.
(Goode & Bean.} Peusacola, Fla.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 179, 1878.)

It. Vornerine teeth in a diamond-shaped patch; canines feeble. (Rliom~boplitcs* Gill.)

865. E.. ailfOi'iaSdeils (Cuv. & Val.) Vaillant. — Mangrove Snapper;
Snapper.

Vermilion-red above, rosy below; sides with oblong irregular yellow
spots; dorsal and pectoral fins red; ventrals and anal lighter. Body

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 237: type Centropristis aurorulens C. & V.
(po/u/joS, rhomb ; oTrAzr?;?, armed ; in allusion to the form of the patch of teeth on the
vomer.)

550 CONTRIBUTIONS Tn XuKTII AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

oblong-elliptical, moderately compressed, not elevated. Mouth mod-
crate. without distinct canines. Tongue with a large oval patch of
teeth. besides which arc ."> or 0 smaller patches. Nostrils round, near
together. I'reopercle lincly serrate, its notch obsolete. Gill-rakers
very Ion- and slender. Dorsal spines rather slender; second anal spine
a little longer than the third; eandal fin Innate, its lobes not attenuate.
II. a. 1 :\.\: depth 3. D. XII, 11; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. .~>4. L. 1 foot. West
Indies, north to South Carolina and Florida.

• iiti-»/ii-ixt< * nitrornhciis Cuv. & Val. iii, •!."•: Mrxoprinn niirnrnl»-iin (iiinllirr, i, '.>(>?:
i'--nti-<i]irixt,-x aiirornbi'iiH Sunvr, Mem. Am. A«-ail. Aris »V >i'i. 1-N5, 2
•ulna* (.'mult- A liraii, 1'ror. 1". S. Nal. Mu>. l-7'.». 1

2§3.— POUIADASYS

(Prixtipoma Cuvier.)
(La> -I']H •(],•. Hivt. Xat. Poiss. iv, 515, 1802: type Sciccna argcntca Forsk.)

llody oblong or ovate, somewhat compressed, the back elevated or
not; mouth small, terminal, low; the maxillary usually not extending
t<. opposite the eye, its tip not reaching the posterior ed-e of the broad

.>rl»ital: premaxillaries very protractile: teeth on jaws only, in villi-
loiin bands, the outer scries usually more or less enlarged; a central
yroove behind the symphysis of the lower jaw; branchiostegals 7:
cheeks and opercles scaly; preopercle rather finely and evenly serrate;
.scales moderate. fc\\. it' any, on the dorsal and anal lins; dorsal spines

-lly 1L'. strong: ^ill-rakers feeble ; caudal forked. Species numerous
in all warm seas; the range of variation in form is very great in this
'.M'lms. (-(»;>.>/., opereiilum ; <Wt>c, rough.)

•» Oater teeth considerably enlarged, canine.like. (<'<ni<>ii»u ' c. A V.)

*<;•>. P. BsobilsN (I., i .1. A G.

I'.ody \\ith S yellowish brown rn»s bands; doi'sal spines silvers.
[•.mil rather slender; the head conic, somewhat pointed, the lower jaw
jUDJeetin- : mouth modci-ate, low, oblique: a series of short, stout canines
outside the usual band of villiform teet h ; preopercle strongly serrate.
with t\\o spiuous teetli at the angle, the teeth behind directed upward;
chin with a central -roovc; pectorals narrow, not reaching as far as t ips
of venirals, alxmt t«> vent; second anal spine \ ery long and strong,
higher than the soft ra\s; caudal almost truncate. Air-bladder with

"('iivn-rA \"ali'iiririiii<->. Ili-i . \ l.'.ti: t y|n- < 'ni/n/l/iii aiililld'niix C. A: V.=

. mi iiliiniii-ri Hlni'li. , COm :

88. SPARID^E — POMADASYS. 551

two short boras in front. D. XII, 13; A. III. 7; scales 6-54-13. West
Indies, north to Texas.

(Pcrca nob Hi s L. Syst. Nat.: Scicena plnmieri Bloch, Ichth. vi, GO, taf. 306: Conodon
plumierl Giiutlier, i, 304: Conodon antillanus Cuv. & Veil, v, 156.)

oa. Outer teeth moderately enlarged, not canine-like.
b. Anal spines graduated. ( Orthopristis* Girard. )

§67. P. fwlvomacMlaiiis (Mitchill) J. & G. — Sailor's Choice; Hog-fish.

Light brown, silvery below 5 sides with numerous orange-colored and
yellow spots ; those above the lateral line in oblique series, those below
in horizontal rows; vertical fins with similar spots; head bluish, with
yellow spots ; angle of mouth and gill-membranes with orange. Body
oblong, compressed, not much elevated. Head long. Snout conic.
Mouth low and small, the maxillary barely reaching to the nostrils.
Outer teeth slender and rather short. Eye high, 4i in head, nearly
midway in its length, its diameter § depth of the broad preorbital.
Dorsal and anal entirely naked, with a sheath of scales at base; anterior
spines of dorsal higher than the posterior, which are lower than the soft
rays; anal spines short, graduated; pectoral moderate, reaching past
tips of ventrals; caudal forked, the upper lobe the longer. Head 3£;
depth 3. D. XII, 16; A. Ill, 12 ; Lat, 1. 75; pyloric creca 6. L. 1 foot.
Atlantic coast, from New York southward ; a food-fish of some import-
ance.

(Labrus fxh-omficulatus Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 406, 1815: Hnmulon
fulvomaciihitum DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 84: Pristipoma fidi-omaculatum Giiii-
ther, i, 301: Pristipoma fidvomaculatum Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 157.)

§6§. P. fascaattis (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G.

Sides with irregular dark cross-bars; a dark streak on the upper half
of the operculum, extending on the sides; dorsal fin with two or three
series of rounded brown spots. Eye 5 in head. Dorsal fin nearly even,
its spines rather slender; caudal emarginate; third anal spine thinner
and longer than the second. Head 3; depth 3. D. XII. 16; A. Ill,
13; Lat. 1. 75; coeca 6. Gulf of Mexico, north to Louisiana. (Giinther.)

(Pristipoma fasciatum Cuv. & Vul. v, 285: Pristipoma fasciatum Giinther, i, 301.)

l)l>. Second anal spine larger than third. (Pomadasys.)

§69. P. davadsomi (Steindachner) J. & G. — Sargo.

Grayish silvery, dark above, with many dark points ; a very distinct
black cross-band on back and sides, from between the fifth and seventh

* Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 1859, 15: type Orthopristis duplex Grd. =
Labrus fulvomaculatus Mitch. (opQoZ, erect; Ttpitin?, saw.)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

dorsal spines to opposite the lower edge of the pectoral ; edge of opercle
and base of pectoral Mark; tins otherwise dull yellowish. Body ovate,
compressed, much elevated ; a regular and steep curve 1'roni snout to
dorsal. Month small, terminal; maxillary not reaching front of e\e.
I'reorbital alioiit as wide as eye, which is 4 in head. Outer teeth dis-
tant, little enlarged. Gill-rakers moderate. Membranes of dorsal and
anal somewhat scaly; dorsal fin deeply emarginate; second anal spine
longer and stronger than third; pectoral long, Teaching Tent; caudal
forked, the upper lobe the longer. Head 3f; depth L'A. 1). XII, 11;
A. Ill, Id; scales 1 ( )-."i< !-22. L. 12 inches. Pacific coast, from Santa
I arbara Islands southward.
(I'rintipoma davidsoni Sti-imlachner, Ichthyol. Buitriige, iii, 6, 1875.)

87O. P. vaa-ginacus (Liuu.) J. & G.

Golden olive above, silvery below, a dusky oblique bar running from
nape forward through eye, arid another running vertically downwards
from beginning of dorsal; behind this are several narrow longitudinal
stiipes of bright light blue edged above and below with black. Body
ovoid, compressed, and much elevated. Profile very steep. ^louth
small, oblique; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit; outer teeth
lather strong. F.\ es rather large. Second anal spine very strong.
longer than soft rays; pectoral long, reaching anal. Head."1, : depth L",.
D. XII, 17; A. Ill, 9. South Atlantic coast of United States to Lower
California.

rii-i/iiiiniH I, inn. Syst. Nat.: /V/.w;//o//j« rii-ii'mirum ( liintln-r. i. ','->:
i-irii'niiriiN (ill), I'roc. Arail. Nat . Sci. 1'liila. IHil. lUC; .In'moli-fiima In iiiiilns ( ;ill,
Proc. Acad. N.-n. Sci. Phila. Irilil, 107.)

W71. P. biliBn<>afus(C.& V.) J. & G.

IJody rather <leep; snout obtuse, shorter than e\e. which is one-third
length of head; month narrow, the maxillary reaching front of eye ;
preopercle serrulate, the teeth at the angle, stronger: dorsal spines
strong, the third spine longest, half length of head; second anal spine
extremely Mrong, much longer than dorsal spines: vertical tins scaly
half their height: caudal emar-inate. Two parallel brown hands on
cadi .Mile, one above the lateral line, the other from the eye to a brown
spot at the root of the caudal; adults becoming uniform in color; (ins
blackish. Head.'!:-; (in total, with caudal) ; depth L'ri. I). XII, 17; A.
1II,S; M-ales !)-.V. 1-1 I. (<ii< nlltcr.) Tropical A inei ica, on both coasts,
north to San Die.-n.

(/'riali/iiniiii liiliiKii/inii ami im ltni«i>t<riiin Cn\. A Val. v. '.'71 , •.'?:!; I'l-intijioinn ntclnn-
opt(ntin ( .iiul IHT, i, -J-7: I'l-ixl-jumni m< liiimpti nun Stcind. Irhili. JJi-itr. viii, ">, 1879.)

88. SPAEID^E DIABASIS. 553

2§4.— DIABA§I§ Desmarest.

Red Mouths.
(Haimulon Cuvier.)
(Desmarest, Premiere Decade Ichth. (1818): type Dl a lasis parra Desm.)

Body oblong, usually more or less elevated; mouth wide, the maxillary
very long, reaching usually to below the eye, its tip extending to the
posterior end of the preorbital ; no teeth on voiner or palatines ; teeth
of the jaws conical, the outer series stronger, curved ; lips and inside of
the mouth commonly bright red in life ; soft parts of the vertical fins
completely covered with scales ; a marked angle formed at the junction
of the spinous and soft parts of the dorsal ; second anal spine enlarged,
generally larger and longer than the third; caudal forked. Species
very numerous. (Std^aatq^ a crossing; the allusion not evident.)

* Sides of the head with blue stripes.

§72. I>. foi'EJflOSias (L.) J. & G. — Black Grunts.

Brownish above, sides lighter; top and sides of head with very many
(12 or more) narrow wavy longitudinal lines of dark blue, which do not
extend on the trunk ; 6 or more of them on preorbital ; fins dusky, with
a more or less apparent bluish tint ; a red blotch at angle of mouth, ex-
tending forward on lower lip. Body oblong, compressed and elevated,
highest at origin of dorsal fin ; profile very convex to front of eye,
where the long, compressed snout forms an angle with it. Eye posterior
and high up ; 2 in snout, 4 in head. Mouth large ; maxillary reaching
front of orbit. Snout with a few^ scattered scales. Second anal spine
much enlarged. Head 2f ; depth 2|. I). XII, 17 ; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. 55.
South Atlantic coast of the United States and southward.

(Ptrca formosa Linn. Syst. Nat. : Hcemulon formosum Giinther i, 305: Haimulon arcu-
atum Cu\. & Val. ix, 481: Hcemulon arcuatum Holbrook, Ich. S. C. IbtiO, 124.)

** Sides of head without blue stripes.
a. Body not striped.

873. D. cSirysopterws (Linn.) J. & G.

Light brown above ; sides brilliantly silvery ; mouth red posteriorly,
white in front. Body with general form of preceding, but the back less
elevated, the profile being nearly straight. Scales of the pectoral region
not larger than the others. Head 2|; depth 2f. D. XIII, 14; A. Ill,
10 ; Lat. 1. about 55. (Holbrook.) West Indies, north to South Carolina.

(Perca chrysoptera Linn. Syst. Nat. : Haimulon chrysopterum Giinther, i,313: Hcemulon
chrysopterum Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860,121.)

aa. Body striped or banded.

554 coxTKir.fTioxs TO NORTH AMKIIICAX ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

I. D. I re iiieCHiiMlus (Comic A. lV:m) .1. & G.
l';ilc. with a pair of bands as broad as tin- pupil extending from the
snout, when- they unite, following the dorsal line at a distance about
equal to their own width, and connecting with the same at the end of
the base of the seeond dorsal, where they reunite: a second broad pair
of bands extending from the snout through the middle of the eye, in a
straight line below the lateral line to the base of the caudal ; traces on
the head of a pair of narrower bands between the two other pairs; a
single stripe on the mesial line of the body, from a point in advance of
the eyes to the region of the dorsal ; a very prominent blot eh at base of
caudal tin; maxillary extending beyond front of orbit ; dorsal iin mod-
erately notched, the fourth spine the longest; second anal spine very
strong and longer than the fourth dorsal spine, also longer than the
third anal spine; scales very large, irregularly arranged. Head ."> ;
depth 3. D. XI, I, 15; A. Ill, 8; L. lat. 50; L. trausv. -•'„. (<ioo<lc
»1 lli-nn.) Clear Water Harbor, Florida.

Goocle & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. ii, 340, 1870.)

875. D. trivittatiis (Bloch & Schn.) J. & G.— irhil<-

C.reenish olive, sides with about 4 distinct brownish or yellowish
longitudinal streaks running up on sides of head; the two middle ones
broader and golden, running from the eye ami mu/xle below the lateral
line; lips and mouth brilliant red; dorsal and caudal tins grayish brown.
Kody ratherelongate, fusiform, compressed and but little elevated; snout
sharp; mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the narrow maxillary reach-
ing beyond front of orbit; eye as long as snout; second and third anal
spines of nearly equal length, the second the stronger. Head l\.\ ; depth
:\.\. l>. XIII, 1-1; A. Ill, S; I/it. 1. 70. South Atlantic coast of I'nited
States and southward; well distinguished from the other American
species by its slender form.

' ,i-ii in mi-ill ^ Iririll'ilii-i I! l.ir] i A Srliin-iilrr. l-n|. I-- : S, rrni/ii^ ,;i/ii nini I.irlit. Hrrl. Ali-
llilllill. 18*20,288: Ilti uuilim ijiindrilinxlt/nn (.Jiilltlli'l-, i, :;ll'i : Jlnini/llliii r</y)i •IIIKI ( Jixulf,

j'.uii. r. s. ,x..i. MUS. \. :,:-,.)

285.— E.OBOTES Cuvier.

(Cnvit-r. I.'i-L'in- Aiiiin. <•(!. '.', ii, 1-.".i: Ivpr L»l><>t<x , nil' ( 'nvirr =Holo(i iilriix xnri-
n a in i ntit I'-lnrii.)

I'.ody oblong, conqu-essed and elevated, co\ered wilh inodci'ate si/ed,
weakl\ ctenoid M-ale>; ]>rolile of head concave, the snout prominent;
mouth moderate, oblique, with thick lips: upper jaw very protractile,
ihe lower the longer; jaws with narrow bands of villilbrm teeth, in

88. SPARID^E — SPARUS. 555

frout'of which is a row of larger conical teeth directed backward; no
teeth on vomer or palatines; preorbital narrower than eye; preopercle
strongly serrate. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsal fin continuous, with 12
spines which may be depressed in a shallow groove; soft rays of dor-
sal and anal fins elevated; anal spines graduated; bases of soft dorsal
and anal thickened and scaly; caudal rounded. Air-bladder present.
Pyloric co3ca 3; vertebrae 13 + 11. (A»/9«rs?, lobed ; the soft parts of
dorsal, anal, and caudal said to resemble one three-lobed fin.)

/ J

§76. It. SBiFinamensis (Bloch) Cuvier.— Piaster. - A-

Blackish above, becoming silvery-gray on the sides; often blotched
and tinged with yellow; fins dusky gray, sometimes with yellow.
Head small. Profile from dorsal to occiput strongly convex, from occi-
put to snout concave; maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit.
Scales around eye very small, those on opercle large. Eye small,
much shorter than snout. Pectorals shorter than ventrals, which do
not reach vent; soft dorsal higher than the spinous portion. Head 3;
depth 2i. D. XII, 10; A. Ill, 11; L. lat. 47. A large fish, reaching a
length of from 2 to 3 feet, and found in all warm seas; north on our
coast to Cape Cod.

(Holoccntrus sitrinamensifi Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 316: Lobotes auctorum Giiuther,
i, 338; Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1880, 169.)

2§6.— SPARUS Linnaeus.

(Pagdlus, Cltrysoplirys and Pagrus Cuvier; Calamus Swainsou.)
(Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: type Sparus auratus L.)

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with moderate-sized
scales. Head moderate. Opercles not armed. Cheeks scaly. Mouth
rather small, terminal, low. Anterior teeth in the jaws cardiform, the
outer series of teeth generally enlarged, sometimes canine-like, not com-
pressed. Both jaws with two or more series of rounded molar teeth,
which are sometimes irregularly mixed with slender teeth; no teeth on
vomer or palatines. Dorsal rather low, the spines, 11-13 in number,
depressible in a groove; anal spines moderate, the second not greatly
developed. Caudal fin forked. Air-bladder simple. Gill-rakers short.
Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal canal short. Pyloric cceca few. Carniv-
orous fishes, mostly of the Atlantic, (a-dpos, Spams, the ancient name;
from G-aipu>, to struggle.)

a. Anterior teeth not canine-like. (Pagellus* C. & V.)

* Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 169, 1830: type Sparus erythrinus L.
(From pagcl, a French name of Spams erylhrinus.)

5.") 6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

877. S. iniliK'B'i (Cood-.- & Bean) J. & G.

Dull silvery with brown cross-bauds. Form of Diplodus argyrnps.
Diameter of eye equalling: length of opercle; eye about 4 in head, less
than H in snout. Preorbital nearly as high as long;, with the edge nearly
st i -light. Five series of scales between the preorbital and angle of pre-
opercle. Three series of molars in the upper jaw, two in the lower;
front teeth not deseril.ed. Dead :!.]; depth 2}. D. XII, lL>; A. I IF, 10;
L. lat. IS; L. transv. -f4. (Goode & Bean.} Charlotte Harbor, Fla.

milntri (jooilo & Bean. Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. ii, 134, 1H?'J.)

aa. Antcriur trrth canine-like.

b. Molar teeth above in two series. (Pagrw* Cuvier.)

878. S. pagrus L.

Silvery; back rose-colored. Upper profile of the head parabolic; an
obtuse prominence before the upper anterior angle of the e\e; preor-
bital a third higher than long', with an incision in front. ]So procum-
bent dorsal spine. Dorsal spines not elongate; second anal spine
stronger but not longer than the third, one-fourth the length of the
head: peetoral elongate, reaching the fourth soft ray of the anal. Eye
l.\ in interorbital space; 1§ in snout. Ilead 3; depth 2|. I). ^KII, 10;
A. 111,8; scales (i-.jG-lG. .Mediterranean Sea and neighboring waters;
occasional on our South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.

(L. Sy-t. Nat.: >/»(/-/rs uri/ni/, «.s Bludi A. Srlnn-i.liT, 1-nl, 'JT1 : 7'//</c«x
(iiimlirr, i, 4l>(5: J'a<jrnx ari/i-nlcus Goodc & Bi'iin, 1'roc. U. S. Nat. Mu^. l-T'j, i:1,:',.)

S. chrysops L.— Porc/ee.
Color nearly plain dull silvery; axil dusky; ventrals dark, liack
elevated; head large and heavy; eye large, placed high: preorbital
very large, its diameter half greater than that of eye; interorbital area
very convex. Six strong conical teeth in front of upper jaw, and S in
lower: about 1' rows of molars, the inner series larger. Five ,ows of
si-ales on the widest part of the cheek, 4 on the interopercle; breast
scales large. A procumbent spine before the dorsal; dorsal spines
lather high: >ecoml and third anal spines about equal; caudal forked;
pectoral long and falcate, reaching the last anal spine; ventrals moder-
ate. Head.;; depth L',1,. D. XIII, 111; A. 111. 11; Lat. 1. .ij. South
Atlantic coast: abundant: long overlooked by naturalists, lately re-
discovered b\ Mr. K'. II. Karll.

L. S\st. N.-ii.: (i.iiKli- MSS.)

•C'nviiT, K'.-^MI- Anini. i-il. -. 1-17: !>]..• Xj,<ini* //.«//•//> L. (nay pu^ tin- :iiiri.-itt
nann- <>|" tin- t yiiir:il

88. SPAKID^G DIPLODUS. 557

880. S. aculeatus (C. & V.) Gill.

Silvery ; reddish on the sides, with golden longitudinal streaks ; dor-
sal and anal fins reddish, ventrals red. Pectoral elongate. Limb of
preopercle scaly. Molar teeth small, in two* series in the upper jaw.
Body rather elongate. A procumbent spine before the dorsal. D. XII,
12; A. Ill, 12. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.} Atlantic coast of the United
States, chiefly southward ; rare ; a doubtful species, perhaps the same
as the preceding or the next.

(Chrysophrys aculeata Cuv. & Val. vi, 137: Clirysoplirys aculeatus Giiutlier, i, 496.)

2871.— DBPL.OIHJS Kafinesque.
(Sarg us Cuvier, 1817; preoccupied in Entomology. )
(tRafinesque, Indice Ittiologia Siciliaua, 1810, 54 : type Sparus annttlaris L.)

Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the back often ele-
vated. Mouth rather small, terminal, low. Incisors broad or narrow,
truncate, entire or more or less emarginate, sometimes serrate in the
young ; a series of smaller teeth behind them. Molar teeth mostly in 2
or 3 rows. No teeth on vomer or palatines. Scales moderate. Dorsal
spines mostly 12, strong, depressible in a groove. Procumbent dorsal
spine present or absent ; anal spines rather strong. Caudal fin forked.
Gill-rakers short and slender. Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal canal short.
Pyloric cceca few. Carnivorous species ; abundant in the Atlantic, many
of them highly valued as food. (<j£-A«o?, double; ddobsj tooth; the teeth
of two sorts.)

a. Incisor teeth very narrow, entire. ($tenotomus\ Gill.)

881. I>. argyrops (L.) J. & G. — Scup; Scuppaug ; Porgee.

Brownish, somewhat silvery below, everywhere with bright reflec-
tions, but without distinct markings in the adult; soft parts of ver-
tical fins somewhat mottled with dark; young faintly barred; axil
dusky. Body ovate, compressed, the back elevated, the axis of the
body near the middle of its depth. Head deep. Eye narrower than
the preorbital. Mouth small, terminal, the maxillary extending to
opposite the posterior nostrils. Incisor teeth very narrow, almost con-

*In tliree series according to C. & V. The original type is now lost, but a memo-
randum by Aug. Dume'ril, preserved in the Museum at Paris, states that the specimen
Mas a " Pagras" (with two rows of molars), and not a "Chrysophrys" (with three).

t " VI. Gen. Diplodus. Una sola ala dorsale principando vicino al capo, un apendice
squamosa viciuo ad ogni ala toracina. Osserv. Coutiene il Sparus annularis di Linneo,
ed 3p. variegatus di Lace~pede." (Rafinesqne.)

tGill, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865: type Sparus argyrops'Li. (drsvot, nar-
row; ro/uoS, cutting.)

558 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

ical ; molars in two ro\\-s aliove. Checks short and deep with 4 rows
of scales. A procumbent spine in front of the dorsal. Third dorsal
ne elevated, often somewhat filamentous. Pectorals moderate, reach-
ing front of anal, ventrals a little mrther; second anal spine a little the
longest. Head.1'.', : depth 2. D. XII, 12 ; A. Ill,' 11. Scales S-IJI-KJ;
L. 11' inches. Cape Cod to Florida; abundant; a valuable food-fish.

(S/Hinis nri/i/rn/i* I.. Syst. Nat.: Paf/rn* tiri/i/roj:* • Cnv. & . V:il. ^\. 1li-J: /'»////•«> i;n/i/r-
ops llnlliniiik. Idi. S. Car. 174: Pagrtia argyrops (iiintlM-r, i.47xJ: Sari/im tiniliimxi* diiu-
UIIT. i, I I'.i : x/t nittiiiiuix arijyrops Gill, and oi' most latr American writers.)

int. Inrisor teeth lu-oad.

b. Incisor teeth emarginate ; procumbent dorsal spine present. (Layodon* IIol-
brook.)

882. D. rhomboidcs (L.) J. & G.— Pin-fish ; Bream.

r.rownish, white below; sides of head and body with horizontal stripes
of light bine and golden; G or 7 very faint darker vertical bands,
disappearing with age; vertical fins yellowish, with bluish stripes; a
dark axillary spot. Body ovate, elliptical, compressed, and somewhat
elevated, the axis of the body near the middle of its depth ; snout about
in the axis. Head rather sharp. Month small, the upper jaw more
freely protractile than usual. Molars in two series; anterior incisors
each deeply notched. Cheeks with 5 or G rows of scales; scales <m
breast litth* reduced in size. A procumbent spine before the dorsal fin :
dorsal spines high, much higher than the soft rays, the fourth highest :
>eco nd anal spine little larger or longer than the third; pectorals as
long as head; ventrals moderate. Head 3i ; depth L'.1.. 1). XII, 11;
A. 111,11; scales S-GG-1S. L. 1- inches. New Jersey to Texas: abun-
dant southward.

(S/xini.1 rluuiihiiiilrx I, inn. Syst. Nat.: S<i>-</ux rlioinlniilt'x Cuv. & Val. vi. \'
( Jiintlii-r, i, 117: J.itt/udoii rltiniihiiidi .-,• 1 lollirnnk, Idi. S. Car. l-iin, .",

ltd. IiH-i-nrs entire in the adult ; emarginate »r serrate in the

/«. A iiKirniiilieiit spine liel'tire t lie dorsal I'm. (Archosargust GlU.)

O. |>roS>:ito<f<>E»li:iliis i\Vali>.) J. A (',. — ^
<ira\i>h. \\ith about S vertical black bands, \\hicli arc about as
broad as the interspaces; dorsal dusky; \entral and anal black:
base of pectoral dusky. l;<id\ robust, becoming very deep with a.-i',
the back c ..... pre.Nsed and elevated; axis of the body below the middle
o!' the depth ; snout entireh below axis of l>od\ ; prolile very steej>;

• UnlbrooK, I. h. - ( .1 ed. i, :>i;. I .-.V.i: t\]>e XIIHI-HX rlHiiiihoitlix L. (\ayaot, liarr;

G08(.H . tooth. )

Gill, ( -inaclian Naturalist, An.un-t, l-i'i.'i: t\pi- SfinriiH probato<-(j>]t<iliin Wulb.
fOV, ruler: 3 HL'H^. I'MHII it-- nieeininenee in si/i- and value.)

88. SPARID.E DIPLODUS. 559

preorbital broad. Month low, horizontal; incisors broad, serrated in
the young, then becoming ernarginate and finally entire. Cheeks with
6 rows of scales; scales on breast very small, crowded. Dorsal spines
very strong, higher than the soft rays, the last considerably shortened,
so that the outline of the fin is emarginate ; second anal, spine very
strong, nearly as long as the snout and eye ; pectoral very long, reach-
ing past the front of the anal; ventrals reaching . vent. Head 3^; depth
If. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 10; scales 7-45-16. L. 30 inches. Cape Cod
to Texas ; abundant ; the largest member of the genus, and one of our
most valued food-fishes.

(Spams probatocepJtalus Walbautn, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 295: Sargus ovis Mitchill,
Trans. Lit, & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 392, 1814: Sargus ovis Cuv. & Val. vi, 53: Sargus oris
Holbrook. Ich. S. Car. 1860, 54 ; Giinther, i, 447 : Arcliosarcjus probatocephalus Gill, and
of most late American writers.)

II). No procumbent spine before the dorsal fin. (Diplodus.)

§81. D. hoSM'ooSii (Bean) J. & G.— Bream.

Dull silvery, without cross-bands ; dorsal, caudal, anal, ventrals,
axil, and edge of opercle dusky; a black blotch on caudal peduncle
above. Body ovate, not elevated, compressed, the axis of the body
below the middle of its depth. Eight incisors in each jaw; three rows
of molars above, two below. Pectoral 3 in length ; second anal spine
longest. Head 3|; depth 2£. D. XII, 14; A. Ill, 13; scales 8-61-1G.
L. 12 inches. Charleston, S. C. (Bean.) (Possibly the adult form of
the next.)

(Sargus liollrooki Bean, Forest and Stream, June 13, 1878, and in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1878, 198.)

885. D. ca,3idi9iiacuia (Poey) J. & G. — Spot-tailed Pin-fish.

Silvery, with bright reflections; about 8 very narrow dark vertical
bands; a very distinct black bar on back and sides of caudal peduncle;
shining streaks and dark punctulations along the rows of scales ; ven-
trals and anal mottled with dusky; edge of opercle dusky; axil dark.
Body ovate, compressed, very deep. Dorsal and ventral outlines both
strongly arched, the axis of the body at about the middle of the depth,
the back steeply elevated behind the nape. Maxillary not reaching
the eye, which is 3 in head. Caudal peduncle short and slender, about
as deep as long. Cheeks with 3 rows of scales; interopercle broad,
with 3 distinct rows of scales; scales on breast not much reduced.
Mouth very small, terminal. Incisors broad, entire. Spines moderate,
those of the dorsal higher than the soft rays; second anal spine longest;
pectorals long, reaching to anal; veutrals reaching to vent. Head 3^;

5GO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

•

depth 2. I). XIT, U; A. Ill, 13; scales 6-G3-14. L. 5 indies. North
Carolina to Cuba; abundant at Beaufort, N". C.

(Sari/nx <iiii'liiiiu<'iila IWy, .Mnnurias, ii, HI-. 1-:,-: A«;-<y«s holbruoki Jordan & Gil-
1-Tt. 1'roc. U. X. \.-it. .Miis. 1-7S. :;?•); not of Bean.)

2§§.— GIRELLA Gray.

(Camarina Ayres.)
(Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zoiil. l$:\-*: type Girellapuncfatn Gray.)

llody oblong-ovate, compressed, covered with rather large scales.
Month small, with a series of flat, tricuspid, movable incisors, behind
which is a broad band of similar smaller ones; no molar teeth: no
teeth on vomer or tongue. Cheeks with very small scales; opercles
and top of head chiefly naked. Dorsal fin rather low, with about 14
spines, on the bases of which the scales extend, forming an imperfect
sheath; no groove at base of dorsal; no procumbent dorsal spine; anal
spines small, graduated; caudal lunate. Air-bladder divided into two
posterior horns. Pyloric cceca numerous; intestinal canal elongate;
peritoneum black. Herbivorous. Pacific Ocean. (A latinization of the
French «GireUe»= Julia.)

8§6. O. iiigricans (Ayres) Gill.— Blue-fish.

Dusky green, paler below; young with a large yellowish spot on
eacli side of the dorsal tin. Body oval, compressed, \\ it h very deep
caudal peduncle; snout thick, its profile evenly rounded; mouth
small, subinferior, low, nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching nearly to
front of orbit ; a minute patch of palatine teeth; preopercle minutely
serrulate at its angle; preorbital asbioad as eye. ( 1 ill -rakers numerous.
rather lung. Scales linn, weakly ctenoid, those on thorax and front of
back smaller. Dorsal spines lower than the soft rays; anal higher than
soft dors;il. similar to it; caudal emarginate; pectorals short and broad.
not reaching vent; ventrals short. Head 1; depth -.\. I>. XIV. 1 1 ; A.
MI.PJ: La t. 1. r.O. L. 1L> inches. Coast of California, from Umterey
sonthv.ard, abundant in rocky places, feeding on sea-weed.

(Ciiiiiin-iiKi iii'ii-inuix Avivs, I'ror. Cal. Ac.-nl. Nat. Sri. l-iio, -1: <;inll<i
Gill, 1'ror. Ara.l. Nat. Sri. 1'liila. 1-:..', •.'!>.)

289.— FIITIELKPTEIirS

i I.. M, !„-.],•. Ili-i. \.-it. 1'i.iss. i\, I -.".I, 1802: type 1'inx h/.lmi* l><>.^-;. I.:ir<'prilc.)

Body i-egnlai-ly ovate, moderately compressed; head short, with
blunt snout; eye large; mouth small, horizontal ; maxillary barely
reaching front of eye; both jaws with a single series of rather narrow

88. SPARID.E — PIMELEPTERUS. 561

obtusely lanceolate incisors, implanted with compressed usually conspic-
uous roots posteriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth : fine
teeth on voiner, palatines, and tongue. Branchiostegals 7 ; gill-rakers
long. Preopercle obsoletely serrate; preorbital narrow, covering but
little of the maxillary. Squaination very complete, the space between
and about the eyes being the only naked part ; scales smallish, thick,
ctenoid, 60-70 in the lateral line, which is continuous; similar scales
entirely covering the soft parts of the vertical fins, and extending up
on the paired fins. Dorsal fin low, with about 11 spines, which are depres-
sible in a groove of scales; the fin continuous, but the last spines
low, so that a depression occurs between the two parts of the fin; the
bases of the spinous and soft parts about equal; anal similar to soft
dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin forked; pectoral fins small ; ventrals
well behind them. Intestinal canal long. Pyloric cosca usually very
numerous. Species numerous, in all warm seas. Herbivorous. (

fat; XTSpo-;, fin.)

a. Soft dorsal and aual not elevated, the latter rather short. (Pimelepterus.)

887. P. bosci Lac.

Dusky, with series of light stripes, about 25 in number, following the
rows of scales ; the middle part of each scale pale, the edge dusky ;
the stripes along middle of body much broader than the others, the
scales along the back and belly being much smaller; a silvery streak
along the preorbital. Body ovate, somewhat compressed. Longest dor-
sal spine one-fifth the height of the body, rather higher than the soft
dorsal and nearly equal to the longest ray of the anal. Horizontal pro-
cess of the teeth not much longer than the vertical. Interorbital space
2£ in head ; top and sides of head finely scaled ; iuterorbital region
gibbous, below which point the snout is truncate ; preopercle weakly
serrulate ; gill-rakers long. Soft dorsal and anal very low ; median dorsal
spines highest; second anal spine highest ; caudal well forked, the lower
lobe longest. Head4i; depth 2£. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales 10-
66-20; vertebrae 0 -f 16. Massachusetts to Panama; common southward.

(? Perca sectatrix L. Syst. Nat. : Pimelepterus bosci Lace"pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 429,
1802: P. Tfosd Cuv. & Val. vii, 258: P. bosci Giinther, i, 497 : Pimelepterus flavolineatus.
Poey, Report, i, 319; Poey, Synopsis Pise. Cubens. 324, 1868.)

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 - 36

5G2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

290.— SCORPIS CuviiT & Valenciennes.

(Cuvicr A. Yalriiriniiii's, Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 503, l-1'.l : type Scotyisgeorgianus Cuv. &
Val.)

Body ovate or suborbicular, covered with small, firm, ctenoid scales,
which also cover the membranes of the soft parts of the vertical fins;
mouth small, terminal, horizontal ; the maxillary narrow, slipping under
the edge of the rather narrow preorbital ; sides, top of head and

*

jaws chxely scaled; preopercle entire or minutely crennlate; jaws with
broad bands of slender teeth; those in the outer series incisor-like,*
compressed, narrow and lanceolate in form, the outer surface transversely
convex, the inner concave ; the other teeth of the jaws are similar, but
grow progressively smaller backward toward the inside of the mouth ;
incisors without conspicuous roots behind ; all the teeth are somewhat
movable, as in GircUa; no molar teeth; vomer, palatines, and tongue
with patches of minute villiform teeth; gill-rakers slender, rather long;
dorsal spines low, in a slight groove, about 10 in number ; soft part of the
fin elongate, much longer than the spinous part, sometimes falcate;
anal spines small, graduated, the soft rays numerous; caudal lunate;
>< ales thinnish, adherent, with smaller ones intermixed; pyloric coeca
extremely numerous ; air-bladder small ; branchiostegals 7. Warm seas.
;-:-7 name of some sea-fish; from axofir.ios, scorpion.)

a. Body ovate; fins iiot falcate. (Ccesionoma Kanp t)

§88. S. califoniiensis Steimlachner. — M«li«1n>ia.

Blackish above, tinged with bluish ; steel-blue or grayish below, some-
what mottled; sides with faint oblique verticalliues of spots ; lins black-
ish. I'.o.h elliptic-ovate, its outlines regular; head bluntish, rounded,
strongly convex; maxillary not reaching front of eye: eye small, l.\ in
-limit, .") iii head; middle spines of dorsal highest, their height scarcely
greater than the diameter of the eye : soft dorsal low, not elevated in
front, little higher than the spines; anal low; caudal Innate, the upper
'ulte .-slightly Ion ;er; pectorals short and narrow; ventrals rather small.
Head .5r;: depth L'J. 1). IX, I, 22; A. Ill, 19; scales 9-58-19. L. 12
inches. Coast of California, from Point Conecpcion southward; a hand-
some lish, of considerable value as food.
^•< iml.-M lmrr. Ii-htlivol. H'.-ih-ii^i', iii, 19,

* In .sVor/M* i/i'orii'uiiniH, thu ty|i<- of the ynnis. Hit- miter trrtli ;iiv said to be conic.
Tins is prnlialily crnmcoiis. <>i hmvisr our sjn-rics docs not lirltmy lot In- ^miis.
, S\ striua 1'i'K -arnni ii, 11, 1 .-?.">: t \ \«- Hairpin uijiiqntinia Rich.

89. APOGONID.E APOGON. 563

FAMILY LXXXIX.— APOGONID^J.

Body oblong, elevated, covered with usually large, loose, deciduous
scales, which are striated and ctenoid or sometimes cycloid; cheeks
scaly; lateral line continuous; cleft of mouth wide, oblique; villi-
form teeth on jaws and vomer ; canines sometimes present ; preopercle
commonly with a double ridge, its edge entire or slightly serrated;
lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth ; pseudobranchia3 present ;
brauchiostegals 6 or 7. Dorsal fins well separated, the first with 6 or 7
rather strong spines ; anal fin short, usually with 2 spines ; ventral fins
thoracic, I, 5. Fishes mostly of the Eastern seas, some of them in fresh
waters. Genera about 10; species about 120.

(Perddce part: group Apogonina Giinther, i, 222-250.)

a. Branchiostegals 7 ; no canines; no recumbent dorsal spine ; palatine teeth present ;

anal spines 2. ( Apogoninas. )

fe. Lateral line commencing at the head ; preopercle with a double ridge ; teeth on
the palatines APOGON, 291.

291.— APOGON Lacepede.

King of the Mullets.
(Amla Groiiow, not of Linuseus.)

(Lace"pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 411, 1802 : type Apogonniber Lac. = Mullus imberUs L. =
Apoyon rex-mullontm C. & V.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with very large ctenoid scales.
Lateral line continuous. Head large; mouth wide, oblique, the max-
illary extending to below the middle of the large eye ; villiform teetli
on jaws, vomer, and palatines ; no canine teeth ; preopercle with a
double ridge, entire or somewhat serrate ; opercle with a spine behind.
Gill-rakers rather long. Dorsal spines 6 or 7, strong ; second dorsal
remote, short; anal with 2 spines, the second much the longer, the
soft part similar to the soft dorsal ; pectorals and ventrals moderate.
(a-eofwv, without beard ; thus distinguished from the bearded mullet,
Mullus.)

a. Edges of preopercle serrulate ; scales very large. (Apogon.)

889. A. americanus Castelnah.

Violaceous, scales all with dark points; a dark spot on opercle. Body
comparatively elongate, little elevated ; jaws equal ; muzzle short ; eye
large, 3£- in head ; preopercle very finely denticulated. Second dorsal
spine stoutest, as high as the third ; pectorals nearly reaching anal.

5G4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Depth 3 in total. Head 3£. D. YI-I, 9 ; A. II, 8; scales 3-25-9.
( Vaillant & Bocourt.) West Iiidies ; accidental at Newport.

(Castelnau, Auim. Nouv. Rares Am6r. du Siul, Poiss. 3; Vaillaut & Bocourt, Miss. Sci.
an Mex. 41 : Apogonichthys americanus Giinther, i, 247.)

«<;. Edge of prcopercle entire ; scales comparatively small. (Glossamia* Gill.)

§9O. A. pandionis Goode & Bean.

Color nearly plain reddish, the body and fins everywhere speckled
with fine dots. Body oblong, not elevated nor greatly compressed.
Eye very large, forming nearly half the length of the side of the head,
much greater than the interorbital space ; maxillary extending to oppo-
site pupil ; preopercle entire. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Mouth
oblique, but not nearly vertical, the lower jaw projecting. Fins low;
caudal well forked. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. VII-I, 9 ; A. II, 9 ; scales
small, cycloid, 3-45-8. Deep water, off Chesapeake Bay.

(Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,'lGO.)

FAMILY XC.-MULLID^.
(Tlie Surmullets.)

Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large ctenoid scales;
lateral line continuous; large scales on the head; upper profile of the
head more or less parabolic. Mouth small ; teeth present in one juw at
least, and sometimes in both, or on the voiner or palatines. Premaxil-
laries protractile; maxillaries without supplemental bone, partly hidden
by the broad preorbital. Eye moderate, placed high ; branchiostegals
4; 2 long barbels at the throat, attached just behind the symphysis
of the lower jaw. Dorsal fins 2, remote from each other, the first of sev-
eral high spines, which are depressible in a groove; anal similar to the
soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines; ventials thoracic, I, 5. Genera 5;
species 35, in all tropical seas, some species straying northward.

r, i, :?97-411.)

* T«-i- tli iii lower jaw, mid on vomcr :mil p:il:it incs ; none in the upper jaw.MuLLUS, 292.
I', lli in both jaws ; Done OD vomcr or palatines .................... UPEXEUS, 293.

.— 9IUL.LVS Linna-u.s.

Surmullets.

s, Syst. Natura-: type .!/«//«.•< hnrbntiin L.)

Teeth in the lower jaw and on the vomer and palatines; none in the
upper jaw; dorsal spines?; anal spines very small. Otherwise as in

* Gill, Proc. Ar;ul. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1SG3, b2 : !»'•• A/xif/on aprlon Rich. (yl.uaoa,
tongue; a/jza, Ainia, a iiame applied by Gronow to Apogon.)

90. MULLID^E UPENEUS. 5G5

Upenetts, the head rather shorter. One species known. (Latin, mulhis.
the ancient name of Mullus barbatus, from /.*u,Uo<r, lip ; hence " mullet,"
a fish with thick lips.)

891. M. barbatus L.— Surmullet.

lied, with three yellow longitudinal stripes. Body oblong, moderately
compressed; snout blunt, its profile very • obliquely decurved; mouth
horizontal, small ; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit ; diarn-
ter of eyes about equalling the slightly concave interorbital space.
Head 3£ ; depth 3|. D. VII-I, 9 ; A. II, 6 ; Lat. 1. 36, its mucous tubes
branching into a network on each scale. European ; this or some simi-
lar species said to have been once taken at New York (Gill). One of
the choicest food-fishes of the Mediterranean.

(Linn. Syst. Nat. : Mullus barbatus and surmuletus Gtinther, i, 401 : Mullus, sp. incog.
Gill, Eept. U. S. Fish Com. 1872-:}, 804.)

293.— UPENEUS Cuvier.

Goat Fishes.
(Cuvier, Eegne Anim. eel. 2, ii, 1829: type Mullus barberinus Lac.)

Body oblong, compressed; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, low,
the jaws subequal; eye large, high, posterior; opercle short, deep, with
a posterior spine; jaws with rather strong teeth, in one series, or in a
narrow baud; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lips well developed;
barbels nearly as long as head ; scales very large, somewhat ctenoid ;
lateral line continuous, its tubes ramifying on each scale; head covered
with large scales; first dorsal with about 7 spines; anal with 2, the first
very short ; caudal fin forked. Species numerous in the tropical seas.
(An old name of some fish ; from u-^, upper lip.)
a. Teeth, in the upper jaw in move than one series. (Pseudupeneus* Bleeker.)

§92. U. maculatus (Bloch) Cuv. & Val. — Goat Fish.

Red; sides of head with bluish longitudinal lines; three black blotches
along the lateral line; each scale with a blue spot at its base; body
oblong, moderately compressed, tapering backwards from occiput; ven-
tral outline nearly straight ; snout long and rather sharp ; mouth ter-
minal, small ; maxillary not reaching orbit ; eyes situated backwards and
high up; head 3£; depth 4. D. VII-I, 8; A. II, G; Lat. 1. 30, high up
and following the curve of the back. Y. 10 + 14. West Indies ; occa-
sional on our coast.

(Mullus maculatus Blocli,Ichthyol, 1797, (af. 348; Giinther, i, 408; MitWtypeneus macu-
latus Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 307 : Hypeneus maculatus Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 49.)

* Pseudupcneus Bleeker, Poiss. Cote Guinee, 1862, 56: type Upeneus praycnsis Cuv. &
Val. (Tpevd o£, false; Upeneus)=MuUhyj)eneus Poey, 1868.

5GC CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

FAMILY XCL— SCLENID^E.

(The Croakers.}

Body compressed, more or less elongate, covered with rather thin,
ctenoid scales. Lateral line continuous, extending on the caudal ti:i.
Head prominent, covered with scales. Bones of the skull cavernous,
the muciferous system highly developed, the surface of the skull, when
the flesh is removed, very uneven. Chin usually with pores, sometimes
with barbels. Mouth small or large, the teeth in one or inoie series, the
outer of which are sometimes enlarged; canines often present. ISTo in-
cisor nor molar teeth ; no teeth on vorner, palatines, pterygoids, nor
tongue. Maxillary without supplemental bone, slipping under the free
edge of the preorbitaL Premaxillaries protractile, but not very freely
movable. Nostrils double. Pseudobranchiro usually large, present in
all our genera. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill rakers present.
Branchiostegals 'I. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Lower pharyngeals separate or united. Preopercle serrate or not.
Opercle usually ending in two flat points. Dorsal tin deeply notched,
or divided into two fins, the soft dorsal being the longer, the spines
depressible into a more or less perfect groove. Anal tin with 1 or
2 spines. Ventral tins thoracic, I, f>. Pectoral tins normal. Caudal
tin usually not forked. Ear-bones very lar^e. Pyloric coica usually
rather lew. Air-bladder usually large and complicated (want ing in Men-
licirrt(n). Most of the species make a peculiar noise, called variously
croaking, grunting, drumming, and snoring. This sound is supposed
to be caused by forcing the air from the air-bladder into one of the lat-
eral horns. Carnivorous. An important family of about 25 genera and
125 species, found in all warm seas, one species being confined to fresh
waters. Many of them reach a large si/.e, and nearly all are valued for
food.

(,SV/V,m?,r (Jiinther, ii,

' 1 in! sals c (.ill i -nuns, I IK- sec -01 id d 01 sal nincli larger tli.-iu (lie anal.

t Vertehne almnt ld-l-l-1. (Xi-Kinii.
; I,d\\ Tr j;i\v included.

$ I,(i\vrr pliar\ nijeals fully united, \\illi paved leeth : second anal spine very lar^e.
ii. 1. ov ei ja\\ \\itlioui liarU-ls. (I'resh-water species ) I I.\i'i.< iiix iv > i is, "JIM.

<'n. Lower Jaw with several small iiariieis. (Marine species). PoooxnAB, 'JH">.

fy$ Lower pliai \ n^eal hones dist inel.

b. Ijowci jaw \\itlioul barrels : anal spines 'J.

c. Teeth well developed, persistent in liothjaws ........... Sci^XA, 296.

91. SCLENID^ HAPLOIDONOTtJS. 567

0

cc. Teeth feeble, permanent in upper jaw only; anal spines small.

LIOSTOMUS, 297.
fefc. Lower jaw with several minute barbels.

d. Preopercle with its membranaceous margin erenulate.

GENYONEMUS, 298.

dd. Preopercle with its bony margin serrate MICROPOGON, 299.

bbb. Lower jaw with a single thickish barbel.

e. Air-bladder present ; anal spines 2 UMBRIXA, 300.

ce. Air-bladder none ; anal spine single MENTICIRRCS, 301.

U Lower jaw projecting beyond upper.

/. Snout short, blunt ; no canines; anal fin very smal; soft part of

dorsal much longer than spiuous part LARIMUS, 302.

ft. Vertebrae about 14 -j- 10 ; body elongate ; lower jaw projecting. (OtoUtliince.)

]>. Canine teeth none ATRACTOSCION, 303.

kh. Canines two (or one) in upper jaw only.. ..CYNOSCIOX, 304:
** Dorsals remote; the second about as large as the anal. (Isopisthincc.)

i. Lower jaw projecting ; aual spines feeble ; teeth small,
sharp, in narrow bands SERIPIIUS, 305.

294.— HAPLOIDONOTUS Rafinesque.
Fresh-water Drums.
(Amblodon Eafiuesque.)
(Aplodinoius Rafinesque, Jouru. de Phys. 1819, 418 : type Aplodi-notus grunniens Raf. )

Body oblong, the snout blunt, the back elevated and compressed.
Mouth rather small, low, horizontal, the lower jaw included. Teeth
in villiforrn bands, the outer scarcely enlarged. No barbels. Pseudo-
branchiae rather small; gill-rakers short and blunt. Lower pharyn-
geals very large, fully united, with coarse, blunt, paved teeth. Preop-
ercle slightly serrate. Dorsal spines strong and high, with a close fit-
ting scaly sheath at base, the two dorsals somewhat connected. Second
anal spine very strong. Caudal double-truncate. Fresh waters of the
United States. (fahn-, a cloak; v<5r«?, back; according to Gill, from
the scaly base of the dorsal fin.)

893. H. ga'MJiEiieias Raf. — Sheepsliead; Thunder-pumper; Drum; White Perch;
Croaker.

Grayish silvery, dusky above, sometimes quite dark, the back some-
times with oblique dusky streaks along the rows of scales. Scales rather
thin, adherent, smaller on the back and belly. Second anal spine more
than half the length of the head. Snout very blunt, overlapping the
mouth. Eye large. Head 3£ ; depth nearly 3. D. IX-I, 30 ; A. II, 7;
Lat. 1. 55. Great Lakes to Texas, abundant, reaching a weight of 50 to

568 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

CO pounds. Its flesh is not of high quality, and is often tough and ill-
tlavored, especially in the lakes.

ii* iinninii us Raf. Jouru. dc Phys. 1819, 83 : Cortina o*cula Giinther, ii, 297 :
Sci<rnagri*«i I.. Sin ur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1822, 2.~> J : Amlilodmt c<»i<'in>uix and
thit'ittit* Aga.-.>i/, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 307 : ? Corvina richardvoni* Cuv. & Val. v,
100: Ambludon m-ijlwius Grd. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtb. 1859, 12.)

295.— POGON1AS Lacc-pede.

Drums.

(Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 138, 1802: type Pogonias fasciatus Lac. = laforus
crornis L.)

Body short and deep, the dorsal outline much elevated, the ventral
nearly straight. Mouth moderate, the upper jaw longest; teeth small,
in villiform bands, the outer not enlarged; lower pharyngeal bones
large, fully united, armed with strong paved teeth; lower jaw with
numerous barbels, each about half as long as the eye; preoperculuin
entire, >vith a membranaceous edge. Dorsal fins slightly connected, the
spines high and strong; caudal fin subtruncatc; first anal spine short,
the second exceedingly large, nearly as long as the soft rays; pectorals
and ventrals long; gill-rakers short and bluntish. Pseudobranchiffi
large. Marine species reaching a very large size; among the largest
of the Sci*uida3. (xwfwviaq, bearded.)

§94. P. chrnmis (Linn.) C. & V.— Drum.

Grayish silvery, with 4 or 5 broad dark vertical bars, which
disappear with age; fins dusky. Body oblong, much compressed;

* If correei 1 v ill scribed, this species is the type of a distinct genus which has been
provisionally teimed /,'»///<7i, I i Hi us. ll is probable, however. that tin- type was a
deformed individual of //. grunnivns.

The following are the alleged characters, generic and specific:

EUTYCHELITHUS Jordan.

(Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 1, 242, 1876: type Corvina ricli,tr,lx,mi ( '. \ V.)

I»il)ri> tVniu HaploidonotlU in the much deeper body, strep profile, ihc nearly equal
jaws, tlie .single rat her short anal spine, and in the smaller si/e of most of the tins.
(/ITI I//', Iii! U\ ; /(''..., >tone; in allusion to the large ear-bones of Sei.-enoid lishes. Tlie
ear-bones of llii/iluiilonoliiN are quite large and are marked with a rude impress of the
letter 1., and are henee Known to \ViseonMn ho\sas "lucky-stonea.")

/'. rii/m/'r/Mi/M (V. A V.) JacHeMf—Maleahagtmay.

Grayish oli\«', with darker bands across the back; body ;uueh elevated, highest in

lion) of dorsal Illi : profile \ el y abruptly deem \ cd. 1'reiqien le finely serrate. l',\.

halt length of snout. J'eelorals pointed, eoiisiderabl\ -longer than \entrals. Head

n total length, including caudal fin; depth •-'£. 1). IX,'J'J; A. 1,7: Lat. 1.54.
(C. & V.) Lake Huron.

(Ciirriim i-ii-linnlxoiiii Cuv. A Val. v, 100: Corrina rirhanlKonii Kichardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer. 1830, 04: Corcina rivhardaonii (.iiuther, ii, 298.)

91. SCLENID.E — SCLENA. 569

profile very steep, its curve uneven; ventral outline little curved.
Mouth moderate, maxillary scarcely reaching- middle of orbit. Scales
large, those on breast much smaller. Fins large, pectorals reaching
beyond tips of ventrals, nearly to vent; second anal spine more than
half length of head. Head above scaly, except a triangular space on
snout. Head 3£ in length; depth 2£. D. X, I, 20; A. II, 6; Lat. 1. 50.
Cape Cod to West Indies; abundant southward.

(Labrus cromis Liuu. Syst. Nat.; Giiuther, ii, 270; Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1860, 114:
Pogonias fasciatus Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1880, 119 : L'ogonias fasciatns Giinther, ii, 270. )

296.— SCIjENA Linnaeus.
(Johnius Blach : Corvina C. & V. : Pseudoscicena Bleeker.)

(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: type Scicena umbra L.)

Body elongate, compressed, not much elevated. Head rather long.
Mouth moderate or rather large, the lower jaw included. Teeth in both
jaws mostly in villiforin bands, the outer row often enlarged ; lower
pharyngeals separate, their teeth conic or paved. Chin with pores; no
barbels. Preopercle with its bony posterior edge serrated, or else with
a membranaceous margin. Scales moderate, in oblique series. Dorsal
fins connected, the spines rather strong. Anal spines 2, the second
varying in size. In this genus and most of the other iSciccmnce the
muzzle above the premaxillaries is provided with a number of pores, and
near the base of the premaxillary 2 or 4 small dermal flaps are present;
in all these species the preorbital is very wide, and often gibbous.
Species numerous, in all warm seas. Many attempts have been made
to subdivide this genus, but none of the current genera form definable
natural groups, when foreign species are taken into account, ((r/.taiva,
Sciaeua, from ffxtd, shade, the classical name of Scicvna aquila.)

a. Teeth in both jaws in single series or very narrow bands.

ft. Head depressed, very broad between the eyes. (Stdliferux* Stark.)

895. S. stcllifera (Bloch) J. & G.

Pale above, with purplish reflections, almost translucent ; below sil-
very; everywhere finely punctulate ; fins yellowish, the tips of dorsal
and pectoral blackish. Body oblong, not much elevated, little com-
pressed ; the tail slender ; head short; snout blunt; eye very small,
5 in head; profile depressed above the eyes; the interorbital space flat-
tish, extremely broad ; a slight ridge above each orbit, these meeting

* Stark, Elements Nat. Hist, i, 459, 1828 : type Bodianus stellifer Bloch.

570 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

above tin- snout. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw scarcely shorter than
the upper; the maxillary extending to below the middle of the small
eye. Teeth as in <S'. pnm-t<tta, but with series of larger teeth less devel-
oped and the villifonn band broader. Preorbital full, cavernous; pre-
operele cavernous, its margin with a few strong teeth. Pseudobranchia3
well developed. Gill-rakers loug and slender. Dorsal spines slender;
caudal strongly convex; second anal spine rather long, slender, nearly
as long as soft rays. Ventral outline nearly straight. Vent a little
nearer preopercular margin than base of caudal. Pectorals short, not
reaching tips of ventrals. Head 3J in length; depth 3. D. XI, I, 2U;
A. II, 9; Lat. 1. 50. West Indies, north to Virginia. Ilere described
from a specimen from Peusacola.

xtellifer Bloch, lelith. taf. 231: Cheilodipterns acoupa Lacdperte, iii, 546:
Con-inn trixpinosa Cuv. & Val. v, 109: Romoprion lanceolutus Holb. Ich. S. Car. 1860,
HI?: Si-iu-iui hinci nlnla Ciinther, ii, 289: SteUifcnis lanci-vldtiix Gill, Report U. S. Fish
Coinin. lw?'J-7:{, H).~> : ? Corrina xt ell if era Gunther,ii, 299=Cormna mirropx Steind. Ichth.
Noti/. i, (I. 1-iil, said to he distinguished from S. sfellifera by the smaller eye ((> in head),
narrower intcrnrbital .space (-JJ in head) and weaker serriu on the preopcrde. Per-
haps more than om- species is here included.)

I). Head normal, narrow between the eyes. (Hairdiclla* Gill.)

898. S. pllBictata (Linn.) J. & G. — Silrrr 1'i-n-h ; Yellow-tail; Ma<lfiuoixi-lle.

Greenish above, silvery below, each scale with a series of dark punc-
tulations through the centre, usually very conspicuous, sometimes ob-
scure, these forming narrow somewhat irregular streaks along the sides j
fins plain, tlie caudal yellowish. Body oblonjr, compressed, rather robust.
Head cMinpressed, conical, not specially depressed, nor broadened; pre-
operculum scaicely cavernous, strongly seriated or spinous at its angle;
interorbital region depressed, transversely convex, narrower than eye.
Mmith rather lai-ge. somewhat, oblique, maxillary reaching about to
middle of orbit; jaws sutequal ; both jaws with stout recurved teeth,
behind which in the upper jaw are a lew series of smaller teeth; teeth
in the. lower jaw mostly in one series, outside of which are a few smaller
teeth. Dorsal spines moderate; anal fin small, placed unusually far
back, coterminous with the second dorsal Second anal spine strong,
nearly as long as the soft rays. Scales in less oblique series than usual.
Gill-rakers long and slender. Soft dorsal and anal fins considerably
• Is; pectoral tin quite short, not reaching half way to anal ; caudal fin
double truncate. Lower pharyn-'eals small, with sharp teeth. Eye

l. I'roc. A. ad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. Mil, 83: typo Bodianm argyrolcucua Mitch. (Dedi-
cated to Spencer F. Baird.)

91. SCLENID.E — SCLZENA. 571

rather large, equal to snout, 4 in head. Preorbital narrow. Head 3£;
depth about 3. D. XI-I, 22 ; A. II, 9 ; Lat. 1. 50. Cape Cod to Florida j
abundant southward.

(Perca punctata Linn. Syst. Nat. (two species of the same name): Bodiamis argyrolc-
ticus Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. 417, pi. 6, fig. 3: Cortina argyroleuca Giin-
ther, ii, 299: Homoprion xanthurus Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1830, 164.)

art. Teeth in lioth jaws in broad bands.

c. Preopercle with its bony margin serrate.

d. Outer teeth in upper jaw considerably enlarged. (Sc'xcnops* Gill.)

897. S. jacofoi (Steiud.) J. & G.

Body moderately elevated; mouth moderate, rather inferior; maxil-
lary reaching middle of eye ; outer row of teeth in each jaw slender,
somewhat enlarged, those in upper jaw much larger than in lower; pre-
opercle finely serrate. Dorsal spines very slender, the fourth half length
of head, higher than the soft rays; second anal spine more than twice
as strong as dorsal spines, as long as from middle of .eye to edge of
opercle,' lower than the soft rays. Caudal truncate or slightly concave ;
pectoral shorter than veutrals, the first ray of the latter being filamen-
tous. Scales on body and head ctenoid. Silvery gray, darker above;
three dark brown longitudinal stripes along sides, the lower broadest,
extending from eye to middle of caudal, the middle one running to upper
edge of tail, the upper to soft dorsal; below these stripes are some-
times feebler ones, besides brownish lines following the rows of scales ;
fins plain, more or less punctulate; markings probably less distinct in
the adult. Head 3; drpth 3. D." X-I, 27 j A. II, 8; scales 11-56-10.
San Diego, California. (Steindachner.)

(Cortina (Jolmius) jacobi Steiud. Ichth. Beitriige, viii, 3, 1879.

89§. S. oeeliata (L.) Gthr. — Channel Bass; Red Horse; lied Bass.

Grayish silvery, iridescent ; scales with dark spots forming faint ir-
regular undulating sti ipes ; upper part of base of caudal with an oval
black spot as large as the eye, bordered by white or orange, this spot
often duplicated. Body rather elongate, not much elevated, compressed
behind, an almost even curve from snout to base of dorsal ; preopercle
distinctly serrate ; eye large, 1 £ in snout, 5£ in head ; gill-rakers short
and thick ; mouth large, maxillary nearly reaching the posterior mar-
gin of the orbit. Caudal truncate ; second anal spine rather strong, two-
thirds as long as first ray; pectoral fins very short, not reaching half
way to anal. Lower pharyugeals narrow, with conical teeth. Head 3i"r ;

* Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Id63, 30: type Perca oeeliata L. (Gniaiva, sciaina;
<y^», appearance.)

572 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

3i. 1). X-I, 25; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 50. Cape Cod to Mexico;
common southward; kiiowii at sight by the peculiar caudal spot.

(/Vmi occllala L. Syst. Nat.: Corrina octllala Cuv. & Val. v, 134: Cord mi vccllata
Holbrook, Ich. S. C. I860, 150; Giinther, ii, ^9.)

dd. Outer teeth in upper jaw scarcely larger than others; lower pharyugeals enlarged,
their teeth paved. (Ronvador* J. & G.)

§99. S. Stearnsi CSteindaclmer) Jor. & Gilb. — Roncador.

Grayish silvery, with bluish lustre, some streaks of dark points along
the rows of scales ; breast and belly with two dusky lengthwise streaks;
a very conspicuous, large, jet black spot at base of pectoral, including
the axil and the base of the fin ; fins grayish, with dusky shades; inside
of mouth, branchiostegals, and peritoneum mostly black. Body oblong,
heavy forward, the shoulders elevated and the profile steep; mouth
rather large, maxillary reaching beyond middle of eye. Teeth in both
jaws in a broad villiform band, the outer row scarcely enlarged; no
canines; preoperclc strongly dentate; gill-rakers slender, rather short;
lower pharyngeals broad, the teeth mostly paved ; eye large. Spinous
dorsal not much elevated; second anal spine shortish, about half the
height of the soft rays, very stout; pectoral elongate, reaching much
past the tips of the long ventrals; caudal fin lunate, the upper lobe
the longer. Head 3§ ; depth 3. D. X-I, 24 ; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. CO. L. 30
inches. Coast of California, north to Point Concepciou ; a large and
valued food-fish, singularly distinguished by its black pectoral spot.

(Oonina stearnsi Strindacbner, Icbtbyol. Beitriige, iii, 1675,22: Roncador stcarnsi
Jor. & Gilb. Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus. IrtBO, 28.)

cc. Prenperele with an entire, nie;nbranaceou8 honlrr.
d. Dorsal with less than 30 soft rays.

9OO. S. sutiirim (Grd.) J. & G.— Red Roncadur.

Blackish, with coppery lustre; each scale with a cluster of dark
points; a dark operciilar patch; fins rather dark; belly silvery, but
diistrd with dark specks. I'.ody oblong, with the antnlorsal region
convex and the profile nearly straight. Maxillaries not reaching to
posterior holder of eye. Teeth in lower jaw in a broad villiform band;
upper jaw with a similar band, in front of which is a single row of large
teeth: lower pharyngeals narrow, with conical teeth, (lill-rakers short

•.Inrdan A CilbrH, I'mc. T. S. Nat. Mus. ]--n, •_'- : t\|.r Cnrrin,! st,;ini*i Slrimlarh-

IHT. (Spanish n>n«i<l<»\ ^nintrr.) This is perhaps a valid i^rnus. distinguished from

mi b.v Us lar^i-, pavrd pliai \ n^cals, ri'M-iiiltlinii those- uf I'lxjunins, but not united.

l = Corrin<i Cmier. Ivej^ne Aniin. ed. 'J, ii, 1?:!, 1-'J'.»: type Sria'im nifjrn Hlocb=
>• in //« innlirii J,. .None uf tin species of | lie jjnnip called >'<•(«•«« by Cuvier were known
to Linnaeus.

91. SCI^NID^E — LIOSTOMUS. 573

and thick. Scales on head ctenoid. Second anal spine very stout,
nearly as high as the soft rays; caudal fin slightly lunate. Head 3£;
depth 2§. D. X-I, 23; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 55. Pacific coast, north to
Point Concepcion.

(Amblodon saturnus Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 93: niilnoscion saturnus Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pkila. 18G1, 85: Corvina saturna Giiuther, ii, 298.)

dd. Dorsal with more than 30 soft rays. (Pareques* Gill.)

9O1. S. actuninata (Bloch & Schneider) J. & G.

Everywhere blackish, with traces of about 10 narrow horizontal
streaks along the sides; spinous dorsal quite black. [Young specimens
yellowish, with 7 or 8 straight longitudinal dark bands about as Avide as
the interspaces ; dorsal fin similarly banded. J Form of 8. saturna, the
back somewhat elevated, the profile steep and nearly straight from the
tip of the conical and rather pointed snout to the base of the dorsal.
Mouth not large, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the
eye. Lower jaw included; both jaws with broad bands of villiform
teeth, the anterior series in the upper jaw considerably enlarged. Scales
on the head scarcely ctenoid above, cycloid on the cheeks. Gill-rakers
short, rather stout. Pectorals very short, not reaching half way to the
tips of the ventrals, and but half way to the anal; as long as from the
snout to the edge of the preopercle; anal fin small, its tip not reaching
to the last ray of the second dorsal, its spine robust, nearly as high as
the fin, half the length of the head ; first dorsal small, with slender
spines; second dorsal very long, its tip nearly reaching caudal. Eye
rather large. Head 3£; depth 3. D. IX, I, 30; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 53.
West Indies to Florida. Here described from a specimen lately taken
by Mr. Silas Stearns at Pensacola, Fla.

(Grammistes acuminatus Bloch & Schn. 1801, 184: Eques acuminatus Giiuther, ii, 280:
Pareque acuminatus Gill, 1. c.)

297.— I.IOSTOMUS Lace"pede.
Spots.

(Liostomus Lace"pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 439, 1802: type Liostomus xanthurus Lac.)

Body oblong, ovate, the back compressed. Head obtuse. Mouth
small, horizontal, the upper jaw with a band of feeble teeth, the lower
nearly or quite toothless; lower pharyngeals separate, the teeth paved.
Preopercle with a membranaceous border. Dorsal spines 10, slender,
rather high, the last connected with the soft rays; anal spines 2, the

*Gill, in Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1876, v, 50: type Grammistes acuminatus Bloch
& Schneider, (nccpa, near: Eques.)

574 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

second iiot large; caudal (in emarginate. Gill-membranes slightly con-
nected; gill-rakers slender. (/;?»?, smooth; rtr^a, mouth — the mouth
having been originally described as toothless.)

90'2. Li. xaiitlatirus Lac. — Spot; Goody ; Oldwife; La Fai/<tt, .

Bluish above, grayish silvery below; sides with about 15 dark bands,
extending from the dorsal obliquely forward to below the lateral line;
a distinct round dark humeral spot ; fins plain olivaceous ; caudal not
yellow. Profile steep ; snout blunt and gibbous; interorbital region
narrow. Fins small, the spines weak; second anal spine about half
as long as the longest soft ray; upper lobe of caudal longest. Head
3i; depth 3. I). X, I, 32; A. II, 12; Lat, 1. GO. L. 12 inches. Cape
Cod to Florida ; a valuable food-fish southward.

(Lacrpi-dc. iv. l:".i; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1833,32: Homoprion xanthnrus
Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 18GO, Io4 : Sciaina xanthnrits Giinther, ii, '288: Mut/il obliquus
Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and 1'hil. Soc. N. Y. i, 40."> : Lioxtomus obliquit* Holbrook, Icb.
S. C. IriGO, KiU: .Vu'a'Hrt obliqtia Giiuther, ii, vJ>'^: Lciostomns humcralle and ranthurua
C. &, V. 141, 14'J. The alleged species "obUquus" and ftxant)nintn" dilVcr in color,
"j-iiiillniriix" lirin^ plain golden, without spots or bars; tail yellow ; probably based
Oil laded museum specimens.)

»

298.-GENYONEJIUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. S;-i. Phila. 1831, 87: type Lioslomwt lincntiis Ayres.)

Body elongate, moderately compressed, the back little elevated.
Head oblong, the snout abruptly decurved. Eyes moderate, anterior.
with a crenulated nienibranaceous edge. Mouth rather
, siihterminal, somewhat oblique. Lower jaw with several very
small barbels and with a few large pores. Teeth equal, in villiform
bands, the anterior series scarcely enlarged. First dorsal with about
l.'l spines; anal with 1* spines, the second short and feeble; caudal
emai -iuate. IMiaryngeal bones and teeth as in Micropot/on. Air-bladder
simple. (Jill-rakers slender, rather long. Size small. (??'•'"$, lower
ja\v; •'il;><i.* barbel.)

OO3. G. Inn :ilci > (Ayrcs) (\\\\.—IMtk Ron<;t,l<»:

Silvei.v \\itli brasss lustre and black punctidations, these forming
faint oblique dark lines ;dong the rows of scales; lins vello\\ ish ; axil
black. Head conic, rather l»lunt; maxillary reaching silghtly beyond
middle of pupil. I'.arbels ."»-.s, minute, on the inner edge of each dentary
bone. Anal spines very small, the second not half the height of the
soft rays; pectorals and ventrals moderate, not reaching vent ; caudal
concave. Head 3£; depth 3£. D. XIII, I, 22; A. II, 11; Lat. 1. 55.

91. SCI^NID^E — UMBRINA. 575

L. 10 inches. Pyloric cceca 8 ; air-bladder simple. Coast of Califor-
nia; very common.

(Liostomus lineatiis Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acacl. Nat. Sci. i, 25, 1855; Girard, U. S. Pac,
E. R. Surv. Fish. 99: Scicena hncata Gunther, ii, 288.)

299.— ITIICBOPOCtOIV Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Croalcers.

(Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 213, 1830: type Micropogon Uneatus C. & V. = Perca
undulata L.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed, somewhat elevated. Pre-
qpercle strongly dentate. Teeth in villiform bands, the outer row in the
upper jaw enlarged ; lower jaw with a row of minute barbels on each
side. Second anal spine moderate. Caudal fin double truncate. Lower
pharyugeals narrow, distinct, with conical teeth. Gill-rakers moderate,
rather slender. Air-bladder with long horns, (ii.tz.poq, small; -ayw>,
beard.)

9O1. M. undulatus (L.) C. & V.— Croaker.

Color grayish-silvery, with bright reflections ; sides and back with
narrow, irregular, undulating lines of dots; dorsal fins with three lines
of dots along base. Body rather elongate, slightly elevated, the back
somewhat compressed. Head long, the snout prominent, not strongly
convex. Mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching
to front of eye. Eye 2 in snout. Preopercle strongly serrate ; the
spines near angle diverging. Dorsals nearly separate, the first high;
pectorals moderate, nearly reaching tips of ventrals ; ventral filament-
ous; anal inserted nearly under middle of second dorsal; the second
spine rather weak, shorter than snout, one-third length of head. D. X,
I, 27 ; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. GO; co3ca 8. Head 3£ ; depth 3£ ; eye 5 in head,
rather less than iuterorbital width. L. 12 inches. New York to West
Indies; common southward.

(Pcrca undulata L. Syst, Nat. ; Cuv. & Val. v, 219 ; Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. I860, 146;
Giinther, ii, 271 : Mwropogon Uneatus Cuv. & Val. v, 215.)

3OO.— UlttBRINA Cuvier.
(Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 1, 297, 1817: type Scicena cirrhosa L.)

Body moderately elongate; back somewhat arched. Head oblong,
with the snout thick and protuberant. Mouth almost horizontal, of
moderate size. Preoperculum with its bony margin finely serrate.
Lower jaw with a single thickish barbel. Teeth in villiform bands,
the outermost in the upper jaw somewhat enlarged. Anterior dorsal

57 G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

with about 10 spines; anal fin with 2 spines, the second not very small.
Caudal lunate or truncate. Gill-rakers normal, but short. Air-bladder
present. In most warm seas. (Latin, imibra, shade; the name umbra
was used for the typical species by early writers.)

a. Sides without vertical bars.

905. I', roncador Jor. & Gilb. — Yclloiv-Jinncd Roncador.

Bright silvery, bluish above, with brassy reflections; sides with nar-
row, distinct, undulating streaks of deep olive, running from the head
and pectoral region upward and backward, with some abrupt curvatures,
to the base of the dorsal fin, sometimes alternating with lines of spots;
no vertical bars; cheeks pure white; fins mostly yellow; peritoneum
black. Body elliptical-elongate, the back somewhat elevated, the curve
from snout to dorsal regular. Head conical, bluntish. Mouth horizon-
tal, the maxillary extending to beyond front of pupil; eye moderate, 1£
in snout, 5£ in head, 1£ in interorbital width. Caudal lunate, the upper
lobe the longer. Second anal spine strong, 2i in head, a little shorter
than third dorsal spine. Pectoral short and small, not reaching tips of
ventrals, and not half way to vent ; its length 1£ in head. Head 3|;
depth 3£. D. X-1, 27 ; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. 58. L. 15 inches. Point Coucep-
cion to Panama abundant; one of the handsomest of the Scirenoids.

(Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881: Umbrina undulata Steimlachner, Ichthyol.
Beitiiige, iii, 21, 1875; not of Girard. )

aa. Sides with vertical bars.

906. U. broussoiicti Cuv. & Val.

Body with about 9 dark cross -bands, besides undulating streaks
along the rows of scales ; spiuous dorsal blackish. Body rather stout,
the back somewhat elevated; maxillary extending to pupil; preopercle
finely denticulate on its bony edge; barbel short; pectoral fins short
and small, not reaching to tips of ventrals nor half way to vent;
caudal truncate; second anal spine thick, f the length of the head.
Kvr .Tr; in head. Head 3£ ; depth 3. D. X-I, 28; A. II, 7; scales 5-48-
10. West Indies, north to East Florida.

(Cuv. & Val. v, 1H7 ; (Jiinther ii, "277; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 17: Urn-
brina conndoi Cm . A. Val. v, 1-7.)

303.— .IIEXTICIRRI'S Gill.
King-fish.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1SG1, 86: type Perca alburnus L.)

Body comparatively elongate, little compressed; head long, subconic,
the bluntish snout considerably projecting beyond the mouth; mouth

91. SCLENIDJ3 — MENTICIRRUS. 577

small, liorizoiital, both jaws with bands of villiform teeth, the outer
teeth in the upper jaw more or less enlarged; chin with a single stout-
ish barbel; preopercle with its inembranaceous edge serrulate; gill-
rakers short, tubercular; dorsal spines high, slender; second dorsal
long and low; caudal fin with the lower angle rounded, the upper
sharp; anal fin with a single weak spine; no air-bladder. Lower pha-
ryngeals separate, small, with sharp teeth. Species numerous in Amer-
ican waters. (Latin, mentum, chin; cirrus, barbel.)
a. Outer row of teeth in upper jaw not greatly enlarged.

907. OT. nehulosus (Mitchill) Gill.— Wkiling ; King-fish; Barb.

Bright grayish silvery, with irregular dark bars, those in front run-
ning obliquely backward and downward, those behind obliquely forward
and downward ; fins all dusky. Body elongate, terete, but little com-
pressed; snout very blunt; profile evenly curved; eyes very small,
about 2 in snout; outer teeth not much enlarged ; pectoral fins short
and broad, scarcely reaching tips of ventrals, 1£ in head ; ventrals If in
head; dorsal fins scarcely connected; spinous dorsal high, its height
three-fourths length of head ; anal spine very weak, less than half the
height of fin. Head 3f in length ; depth 4|. D. X-T, 26 ; A. I, 8 ; Lai.
1. about 68. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras ; common northward ; an im-
portant food-fish.

(Scicena nebulosa Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y. i, 403, 1815: Umbrina neb-
ulosa Giinther, ii, 275.)

908. M. Iit:ora9is (Holbrook) Gill.— Surf Whiting.

This species is said to be distinguished from M. alburnus by the plain
silvery color and the absence or reduction of the outer series of larger
teeth. Form entirely similar to that of M. alburnus. D. X-I, 27 ; A. I, 9.
Coast of South Carolina. (Holbrook.)

( Umbrina littomlis Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1H60, 144 : Umbrina littoralis Gunther, ii, 276.)
aa. Outer row of teeth in upper jaw much enlarged.

909. UI. alburnus (Linn.) Gill.— Whiting.

Silvery, faintly clouded along the back and sides, these marks form-
ing dusky bars, running obliquely forward and downward to below
the lateral line, sometimes obsolete. Body elongate, rather slenderer
than in nebulosiis; back slightly arched ; belly nearly straight. Snout
broad, depressed, and bluntish, protruding beyond the mouth. Outer
teeth of upper jaw very strong. Maxillary reaching to below middle of
the small eye. Third dorsal spine highest, less than half the length of
the soft dorsal, and two-thirds the length of head ; pectorals broad,
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 37

578 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

rather long, their tips reaching beyond ventrals, their leugth li in head;
ventrals 1' in head. Ilead 3£ iu length; depth about 4. D. X-I, 25; A.
I, 7; Lat. 1. 05. South Atlantic coast of United States.

(Perca alburnus Linn. Syst. Nat. : UnibriiKt ulburnun Giiuther, ii,275: Umbrina albur-
niix Hull). Ifh. S. C. 18JO, 137: I'mbrina yhahvtia Girurd, Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclith.
1S59, 13.)

91O. JI. lindcilatus (Grd.) Gill.— Bagara; "Sucker".

Sooty grayish, with bright reflections, the back, all the fins, and under
side of the head dusky with dark points; undulating lines alongsides run-
ning upward and backward ; back often with very faint dark cross-bars.
Body elongate, the buck not elevated. Head bluntish. Eye small, 2i
in snout, 7 iu head, the maxillary scarcely extending to its front. Ante-
rior teeth of upper jaw strong. First dorsal high, its longest spine
reaching past frout of second dorsal ; anal small, nearly under the
middle of second dorsal, li iu head ; pectoral fins reaching past tips
of ventrals nearly to vent, their length 1^ in head. Head 4 ; depth 4.
J). X-I, 20; A. I, 8; Lat. 1. GO. L. 18 inches. Pacific coast, from Pan-
ama north to Point Concepciou; abundant.

nndiilata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1£54, 148, and iu U. S. Par.
R. K. Surv. Fish. 101 (tin; type, a very y<mn»- specimen, exauiiiied by us): Umbrina
cloiiyata Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1804, 148.)

3O2.— L.ARIMUS Cuvicr & Valenciennes.

•(Cnvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 145, 1830: type Larimn* brericeps C. & V.)
Body oblong, compressed; snout very short and blunt; mouth very
•oblique, large, the lower jaw projecting ; teeth small, in villiform bands ;
no barbels; preopercle finely serrated; pseudobranchia1 i>resent; air-
l>ladder siui])le; vertebra? as usual; lower pharyngeals distinct, with
pointed teeth; dorsal tins connected, the first moderate, the second long;
anal lin very small, placed well back, provided with 2 spines; caudal
lin convex. (An ancient name of some fish, from /.n(»'>-, pleasant, dainty.)

1>I I. L. fascgafiBM Holhrook.

Silvery gray, clouded above; s'des marked with about 7 nearly ver-
tical dusky bars, running from the back to below the lateral line. JJody
ohiong, coiiijn'essed. vent nil outline nearly straight, dorsal outline consid-
eral»l\ arched; snout very short, much less than the diameter of the
large eye; mouth large, very oblique, maxillary nearly reaching pos-
terior margin of orbit; tip of mandible on level of lower part of pupil;

91. SCIJENID.E — CYNOSCION. 579

second anal spine small; pectoral fin short and caudal subtruncate.
Head 3£ ; depth about 3. D. X-I, 24 ; A. II, 6; Lat. 1. about 62. (Hol-
brook.) South Atlantic coast and southward; rare.
(Holbrook, Icli. S. C. 1860, 154; Giinther, ii, 269.)

3O3.— ATRACTOSCIO1V Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1832, 18: type Otolithus cequidens Cuv. & Val.)

This genus differs from Cynoscion only in the dentition, the bands of
teeth being somewhat broader and some of the teeth near the middle of
the upper jaw enlarged, but not forming canines. The species are
among the largest of the Sciccnidce, and as food-fishes they are among
the best. (ar/>«xroc, a spindle; azmv, Sciseua.)

912. A. notoile (Ayres) Gill. — White Sea Bass; Sea Trout; Corvina.

Dull silvery, bluish above; e very where punctulate; young with obscure,
dusky cross-bars ; axil and fins dusky. Body elongate-elliptical," not
much compressed ; head slender, conical, the snout rather pointed; mouth
terminal, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; maxillary reaching to be-
yond pupil; prem axillary in front on the level of the orbit; teeth in
lower jaw enlarged and in a single row laterally, anteriorly smaller, in
a broad patch, the inner series in both jaws reflexed and movable ; upper
jaw with about two series on sides forming a broad eardiform patch in
front ; a few of the teeth near the middle of the jaw enlarged but not
canine-like ; gill-rakers moderate, very strong ; scales very thin, weakly
ctenoid ; anal spines 2, weak, the first sometimes obsolete ; fins low,
pectoral not reaching half way to vent; caudal lunate, the upper lobe
generally longest. Head '3£; depth 4. D. X-I, 21; A. II, 9; Lat. 1.
88 (tubes); more than 100 series of scales. Pacific coast north to San
Francisco; one of the largest and most valuable of our Scia3noid fishes,
reaching a weight of 60 to 70 pounds. The flesh is firm and rich.

(Johnius nobilis Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acacl. Nat. Sci. 1860, 78 ; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pliila. 1862, 18 : Otolithus caUfornensis Stemduclmer, Ichtli. Beitrage, iii, 31, 1875, the
young or " Sea Trout.")

3O4.— CYNOSCION Gill.
Weak-fislies.

(Cestreus Gronow; not of C. & V.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 49 : type Jolnrius regalis, Bloch.)

Body elongate, little compressed ; the back not elevated. Head
conical, rather pointed. Mouth larger than in our other Sciaeuoids; the
lower jaw projecting. Maxillary very broad. Teeth sharp, not closely

580 CONTKII'.r YI»NS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

set. in rather narrow bauds; the lower jaw without canines; upj -i T
jaw with two Ion;; canines, one of which is sometimes obsolete ; lateral
teeth of lower jaw larger than anterior. Preopercle with its mem
branaceous edge serrulate, the bone entire. Lower pharyngeal bones
separate, their tei-th all pointed. Gill-rakers strong', rather long. Ver-
tebrae about 14+10 (instead of 10+14 as in Scia'noidx generally).
I'setidobranchin- well developed. Dorsal spines slender; anal spines 1
or 2, very feeble ; second dorsal long and low; caudal fin subtruncate or
lunate. Large fishes chiefly of the waters of America, closely related to
the < Hd World genus OtolithuN. from which the> are distinguished by the
absence of canines in the lower jaw. All of them rank high as food-
iishes; the flesh is rich, but tender and easily torn ; hence the popular
name of Weak fishes, (xijw^ dog; <j-/.i<», Scirena; the modern Greek

name of 1'inhr'mn rlrrhosa.)

«
a. Anal spines 2.

913. C'. |>arvi|>iime Ayres. — JUuc-fisli ; Corrina.

Clear steel-blue above, without stripes or spots, silvery below; a
narrow dusky shade along the sides below the lateral line ; axil dusky;
lower lins yellowish with dusky shading; upper fins dark; the second
dorsal dark-edged. Body elongate, compressed, little elevated. Head
conic, rather pointed. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to beyond
the pupil. Eye large, a little shorter than snout, 6 in head. Teeth
moderate, in a rather broad band; canines very long and strong, usually
but one present. Fins rather low; caudal lunate; pectoral short, not
reaching to the tips of the ventrals. Gill-rakers strong, rather long.
Head :j.i; depth 4^. D. IX-I, 23; A. II, 10; the first anal spine ex-
tremely small. Lat, 1. with 75 tubes; the number of scales about '.>•">.
L. 30 inches. IMoric coeca 3. Air-bladder long, with two appendages.
Co.i-t ol California and Mexico, chiefly south of Santa Barbara. An

e\e:-lleiit food lisll.

, res, Proo. < ':il. Acad. Xat. Sci. 18G1, 150: Ololithnx mtujdnti-iiu; Slcinilaclui.-r, Ii-hih.
licit r.'i^i-. iii, 1 •-7.">. )

i:n. Anal spine

<•. Hack niiil'iini >ilvcry wliitc, without dark spots or blotches.

!>1I. <\ llOf till ill Moll).— ll'hitr Trout: S,-,i Trout.

I'liilbrm bright silvery, bluish above. liody elongate, little compi-ess-
ed. I'.ack more arched than in the other species. Mouth moderate,
oliliijiie; louer jaw longest ; maxillary reaching opposite middle oj
i:\e large, about as Ion- as >nont. Heail3J; depth 3^. D. X-I, 28 (X-

91. SCI,ENID,E — CYNOSCION. 581

I, 25, Giinther) • A. I, 10 ; Lat. 1. about G8. (HolbrooTe.) Coast of South
Carolina and southward.

(OtoUthus nothus Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 134: OtoUthus nolluts Giinther, ii, 308.)
cc. Back irregularly speckled and blotched, the spots forming undulating streaks.

9fl5. C. regale (Bloch & Schneider) Gill. — Weak-fish; Squeteague; Gray Trout.

Silvery, darker above aud marked with many small, irregular dark
blotches, some of which form undulating lines running downward and
forward; back and head with bright reflections; dorsal and caudal
fins dusky ; ventrals, anal, and lower edge of caudal yellowish, some-
times speckled. Maxillary reaching to beyond pupil ; teeth sharp, in nar-
row bands. Pectorals short, scarcely reaching tips of ventrals, a little
more than half length of head ; longest dorsal spine as long as maxillary,
not half length of head. Head 3£ in length ; depth 4J. Eye about 1£
in snout. D. X-I, 29; A. I, 13; Lat. 1. 78. Cape Cod to South Amer-
ica; very abundant, and highly valued as a food-fish.

(Johnius rerjalis Bl. & Schn. 1801, 75: OtoUthus regalis Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 129:
Otolitluis reqalis Giiuther, ii, 307.)

9:6. C. thalassitnurai (Holb.) Gill.

Silvery, darker above, and marked with many interrupted narrow
dark lines, directed from back obliquely forwards ; belly yellow, the
color running up on the sides. Body longer and less elevated than in
the preceding, and with a sharper snout. Head 3i in length; depth
about 4^. D. X-I, 26 ; A. I, 9. South Atlantic coast of United States.
A doubtful species, distinguished from C. regale by the fewer tin rays.

( OtoUthus thalassinus Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 133 ; not OtoUthus tlialassinus Giin-
ther, ii, 308.)
l)bb. Back aud upper fins with many conspicuous round hlack spots.

917. C. manBiBalum (Mitchill) Gift. —Spotted Sea Trout.

Bright silvery, darker above ; back posteriorly with numerous round
black spots as large as the pupil; both dorsal and caudal fins marked
with similar, somewhat smaller spots, much as in a trout ; anal dusky.
Maxillary reaching to posterior edge of eye ; canines moderate. Long-
est dorsal spine not quite half the length of the head ; pectorals short,
not reaching tips of ventrals, not half length of head ; caudal lunate.
Head 3£; depth 5. Eye large, about 6 in head. D. X-I, 25; A. 1, 10;
Lat. 1. about 90. Virginia to Mexico ; very abundant southward.

(Labrus squeteague var. macnlatus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 396, 1815: 0/0-
Uthus carolinensis Cuv. &Val. ix, 475: OtoUlhus carolinensis Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860,
72: OtoUthus carolinensis Giiuther, ii, 306: OtoUlhus drummondi Girard, U. S. Mex.
Bound Surv. Ichth. 1859,13; not of Richardson ?.)

582 CONTRIBUTIONS TO N<»KTII AMKKH'AN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

•

305.-SERIPHUS Ayres.

Queen-fishes.

(Ayivs. I 'roc. Cul. Acad. Nat. Sci. pt. ii, 80, 1801: type Seriphus politus Ayres.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, deciduous, ctenoid
scaJes. Head deep, compressed, earinated behind, depressed above the
eve. Snout bluntish, lower jaw projecting. Mouth large, oblique. Teeth
small, sharp, separated, in narrow bands. Gill-rakers long. Pseudo-
branchia.' present. Preopercle with its inembranaceous edge denticulated.
Fins fragile, the soft parts scaly; dorsal tins well apart, the second un-
usually small, scarcely larger than the anal, which ks unusually large;
a nal spines 2, feeble ; caudal fin lunate. Vertebra 14 + 10, as in OtoUtJi-
iiitt'. Size small. (/T///^»?, a small winged insect; also a kind of worm-
wood; the allusion not evident.)

918. S. poBitus Ayres. — Qitcen-fixJi ; King-fish.

Bluish above, sides and below bright silvery, finely punctate ; ver-
tical fins all pale yellow; base of pectorals blackish. Body oblong, com-
pressed. Depth of head ^ its length. Mouth very large, oblique, the
tip of the mandible on 'the level of the pupil, the broad maxillary reach-
ing to the posterior margin of the pupil. Teeth small, sharp, separated,
in about two series in front and one behind. Gill rakers 3 diameter of
eye. Scales ctenoid, very deciduous. Spines very slender. Soft parts
of vertical tins largely covered with small deciduous scales. Dorsals
well separated, the second inserted in advance of the anal, which ex-
tends much further back; caudal concave; pectorals small, barely
reaching tips of the small ventrals. Flesh very tender. Head :;:<;
depth :;••>. 1). VIII-I, liO; A. II, Ul ; Lat. 1. about 00. L. 12-14 incho.
Coast of California ; very abundant southward; north to San Francisco.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. A.-.-ul. Nat, Sci. ii, no, ls:;i ; (Jill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IH;-.'.
877.)

FAMILY XCIL— GERRID.E.

(The (JcrroMx.)

Body oblong or elevated, coni])ressi'd, covered with sparoid scales;
lateral line continuous ; mouth moderate, extremely protractile, descend-
ing when protruded, the spines of the preiiiaxillary extending to above
the eye, closing a deep groove in the top of the head; maxillary with-
out supplemental hone, not slipping under the very narrow preorbital ;
its surface silvery, like the rest of the head; base of mandible scaly,

92. GERRIDJE — GERRES. 583

a slit between it and tlie preorbital to permit its free motion ; both jaws
with slender, villiform teeth ; no incisors, canines, nor molars ; no teeth
on vomer or palatines; preopercle entire or serrate; sides of head
scaly; nostrils double, round; pseudobranchise concealed; gill-iakers
short, broad ; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus ; dorsal
fin single, continuous or deeply notched, the spinous and soft portions
about equally developed, with a scaly sheath along the base, as in Em-
biotocidcc; dorsal spines usually 9 or 10 ; anal usually with 3 spines ; the
soft portion of the fin similar to the soft dorsal, but shorter ; ventral
fins thoracic, I, 5 ; branchiostegals G ; lower pharyngeal bones firmly
united, with a suture; air-bladder present; pyloric coeca rudimentary;
vertebrae 10-14. Oviparous. Species about 30, inhabiting the tropical
seas. They differ considerably in form, and in development of spines,
but probably all may be referred to a single genus.

(Gerridce Gunther, iv, 252-264.)

3O6.— QERRES Cuvier.

(Cuvier, Regne Auim. ed. 2, ii, 1829: type Gerrea plumieri Cuv. & Val.)

Character of the genus included above. (An ancient Latin name of
some similar fish.)
a. Preopercle serrate ; second spines of dorsal and anal mucli enlarged. (Gerres.}

919. O. plBimaeri Cuv. & Val.

Brilliant silvery, a blackish stripe along each row of scales, making
about 12 streaks, the upper concurrent with the back and thus strongly
curved ; fins, except the pectorals, dusky. Body compressed, the back
much elevated, the profile steeply descending and somewhat concave, the
snout rather pointed ; lips full, mouth quite small, the maxillary reaching
front of the pupil of the large eye, which is longer than snout, 3^ in
head; three rows of scales on cheek; scales large, smooth, adherent;
longest dorsal spine nearly as long as head, longer than longest anal
spine ; pectorals narrow, pointed, reaching past tips of veutrals to anal ;
caudal forked; ventral with a large accessory scale. Lat. 1. conspicuous,
its scales 38. Head 3J in length ; depth 2. D. IX, 12 ; A. Ill, 9, the latst
rays not much higher than the scaly sheath. West Indies, north to
Eastern Florida.

(Cuv. & Val. vi, 452; Gtiuther, iv, 253.)

aa. Preopercle entire ; second spines of dorsal and anal little enlarged. (Diapterus*
Ranzani.)

* Diapterus Ranzani, N. Comui. Ac. Sc. Bol. 1841 : = Eucinostomus B. & G. (dtaxre-
poS, having the fin divided.)

584- CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

920. G. argOBltcus (Baird & Girard) Giiuiher.

Silvery, without spots or streaks on body or fins; young sometimes
barred. Mouth very small, maxillary reaching slightly beyond vertical
from front of eye ; scales large ; spinous part of dorsal as long as soft ;
second dorsal spine scarcely half the length of head ; soft dorsal
extending a little further back than anal. Eye 3 in head Head 3£;
<l<-ptlt .">. D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 7 or 8. New Jersey to North Carolina.

(Eucinostomus argent? us Baird & Girard, Ninth Smithsonian Report, 1854, 335.)

921. G. lioincBBymus (Goode & Bean) J. & G.

Silvery, brownish above, centre of scales with a darker spot; a black
spot on spinous dorsal ; young with transverse dark bars. Body oblong,
compressed, highest at front of spinous dorsal ; profile steep, not arched ;
mouth horizontal, maxillary reaching to below eye ; eye large. Head 3f
in length ; depth 2.\ ; eye 3 in head. D. IX, 10 ; A. Ill, 8. L. lat. about
40. (Haird & Girard.) Atlantic coast of the United States; abundant
southward.

x liomonymus Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 340, 1879: Eucinosto-
mus ar<jcnt<-H9 Girard, U. S. Hex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 1859, 17, not of B. & G. : Gcrrcs
aryentctts Giiuther, iv, 256.)

922. G. liarengHlus (Goode & Beau) J. & G.

"The height of the body is contained 3 to 3^ times in the total length
without caudal, the length of the head 3£ to 3£ times; the diameter of
the eye excels the length of the snout and is contained 3 times in the
length of the head and equals the width of the interorbital space ; the
groove for the processes of the interinaxillaries is naked and extends to
the vertical through the anterior third of the eye; the free portion of
the tail is longer than high ; the least height of tail equals the length of
the <;th dorsal spine ; the 3rd dorsal spine is the longest, its length being
contained twice in the height of the body and equals the length of the
head without the postorbital portion; the last dorsal spine equals in
length the I'd anal, and about equals the length of the snout, and is about
;-; as long as the :>d ; the first dorsal ray is fully 14 times as long as the
1st dorsal spine: the I'd anal spine is stronger and shorter than the 3rd,
its length being contained 3r in the length of the head; the 3d anal
spine is contained .'!.\ times in the length of the head; the caudal is
lurked, its length slightly less than the length of the head, and very
little greater than the length of the pectoral; the pectoral reaches to
the perpendicular through the origin of the soft dorsal. The ventral is
half as long as the head; the vent is under the I'd ray of the soft dor-

93. EMBIOTOCID.E. 585

sal. D. IX, 10 ; A. Ill, 7 ; P. 15 ; V. 1, 5 ; C. + 17 +. L. lat. 44 ; L. trans.
•f-0. The back has a slight tawny hue, interrupted as it blends with the
white of the sides by five or six indistinct scollopy incursions of the
body color, giving the upper part of the side of the fish a marbled ap-
pearance." (Goode & Bean.} West coast of Florida.

(Eucinostomus Jiarenyulus Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 132, 340.)

FAMILY XCIIL— EMBIOTOCIDJE.

(The Surf-fishes.)

Viviparous Labroids. Body ovate or oblong, compressed, covered
with cycloid scales of moderate size. Cheeks, operculum, and interoper-
culum scaly. Lateral line continuous, running high, without abrupt flex-
ure; not extending on the caudal fin. Head rather short. Mouth small,
terminal. Jaws with conical or compressed teeth of moderate or small
size, in one or two series. No teeth on vomer or palatines; no canines;
lower pharyngeals united, without suture, their teeth conical or paved.
Upper jaw freely protractile. Lips full, the lower either forming a free
border to the jaw or else attached by a frenum at the symphysis. Max-
illary short, without supplemental bone, slipping for most or all of its
length under the preorbital. Opercular bones entire. Brauchiostegals
0 (or 5). Gill-rakers usually slender; gill-openings wide, the membranes
free from the isthmus or very slightly connected; pseudobrauchire
present; gills 4, a slit behind th^ fourth. Nostrils round, 2 on each
side. Dorsal fin single, long, with 8-18 usually slender spines, which
are depressible in a groove. A sheath of scales along the base of the an-
terior part of soft dorsal and posterior part of spinous dorsal ; this sheath
separated by a furrow from the scales of the body. Anal fin elongate,
with 3 moderate or small spines and 15-35 slender soft rays, its form
and structure differing in the two sexes. Ventral fins thoracic, I, 5.
Pectorals moderate. Caudal forked. Oviduct opening behind the vent,
the two apertures always distinctly separated. Air-bladder large, sim-
ple. No pyloric coaca. Vertebra 13-19 -f 19-23.

Viviparous. The young are hatched within the body, where they
remain closely packed in a sac-like enlargement of the oviduct analo-
gous to the uterus, until born. These foetal fishes bear at first little
resemblance to the parent, being closely compressed and having the
vertical fins exceedingly elevated. At birth they are from 1£ to 2£
inches in length, and similar to the adult in appearance, but more com-
pressed, and red in color. Since the announcement of their viviparous

58C CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

nature by Dr. Gibbous and Professor Agassi/, in 1853, these fishes have
been the subject of much interest to anatomists.

Fishes of the Pacific coast of North America, inhabiting bays and
the surf on sandy beaches. One species (Hysterocarpus traslti) inhabits
fresh waters, one (" Ditrema" violaceum) is found in Australia, and
another (T)ltrcma temmincki) is found in Japan. The species reach a
length of from G to 18 inches, and are very abundant where found.
They are much used for food, but the flesh is poor and tasteless. Most
of them feed on Crustacea, but one genus (Abeona) is partly or wholly
herbivorous. Genera 8; species 20.

(Embiotocidiii Giiuther, iv, 244-251.)

* Spinous dorsal longer than the soft part, .of 16-18 spines; second anal spine the

largest. (Hystei-ocariiiiHr. )
a. Scales large; teeth moderate, conical, in one series; lower lip without frenuni.

HYSTEROCARPUS, 307.
** Spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part, of S-ll spines; anal spines graduated.

(Embiototince.)

6. Scales large (40-50 in tha lateral liue); soft dorsal and anal more or less short-
ened.

c. Teeth incisor-like, most of them obtusely three-lobed ; lower lip with a nar-
row freuum ABEOXA, 306.

cc. Teeth conic, entire MiCKOMKTitrs, 309.

bb. Scales small (00-75 in the lateral line).

d. Teeth in two series in each jaw AMPIIISTICHI-S, 310.

dd. Teeth in a single series in each jaw.

e. Lower pharyngeal bone normal (with the posterior margin concave, the
the lateral horns well developed, and the teeth all on the same plane,
some conical, sonic truncate).
/. Lower lip with a frenuni, its edge entire.

g. Abdomen much longer than the base of the short anal fin.

HYPSURUS, 311.
gg. Abdomen much shorter than the base of the long anal tin.

DITKKMA, 312.
ff. Lower lip without freuum, its free fold ineised behind; lips very

large RuACOCim.rs, 313.

ee. Lower pharyngeals peculiar, very large, posteriorly convex, the lateral
horns little developed, the teeth on two separate planes which meet
at an angle, the anterior teeth hexagonal and tessellated, the posterior
appressed forwards DAMALICHTIIYS, 314.

3O7.— HYSTEKOCARPUS Gibbons.

(KihhoiiH, Daily I'laeer Times and Transcript, May 18, 1854, and in Proc. Acail. Nat.
Sci. I'hila. Ktl, l'J4: type //i/.s/rnxvir/M/* trnxki Gibbons.)

Body ovatr, tin- back strongly ele\ ated and convex; head small, the
snout projreting; month small, with one scries of rather large, bluntly
conical teeth ; the jaws about ecpial ; lips not much enlarged, the lower
forming a free border, without frennm; gill rakers moderate, widely set;
branchiostegals ."> ; scales rather large, silvery; spinous dorsal very

93. EMBIOTOCID^E — ABEONA. 587

long, of about 1C spines, highest at the fifth or sixth, theuce gradually
shortened each way, the last spiues being shorter than the soft rays;
anal spines stronger than in the other genera, curved, the second
spine being longer and stronger than the first and third, which are
nearly equal 5 soft rays of anal 20-23 in number, the anterior simply
articulated. Fresh waters of California. (ua-czpoq, later; *«/}-<>?, fruit;
i.e., fruit borne late; in allusion to the prolonged development of the
embryo.)

923. H. traski Gibbous.

Males,' above dark brown, sides yellowish or olivaceous, with fine
black dots; throat and belly golden yellow; females olivaceous, darker
above, with black blotches on sides in irregular transverse bars. Body
oval, compressed ; ventral curve less than that of the back ; head small,
profile from snout to occiput concave ; mouth small, oblique, maxillary
not reaching orbit; lateral line following the curve of the back ; dorsal
spines rather high, the fourth to seventh highest ; cheeks with 3 rows
of large scales. Head 3£ ; depth 2. D. XVI, 11; A. Ill, 22; Lat. 1. 40.
Rivers of Central California, locally abundant.

(Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 105, 124; Guntlier, iv, 251.)

3O8.— ABEONA Girarcl.

Shiners.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Rci. Phila. 1855, 322: type Abeona trow'bridgn Grd. = Cymn-
toyaster minimus Gibbons.)

Body ovate or oblong, compressed. Head moderate. Mouth small;
the jaws about equal ; lips rather thin, the lower with a narrow frenum;
teeth in one principal series, besides which are often one or two other
teeth, stout, somewhat compressed, and incisor-like ; all or most of the
teeth three-lobed. Gill-rakers very slender and short. Lower pharyn-
geals scarcely concave behind ; the teeth all large and truncate. Scales
large. Dorsal fin short and high ; the spines robust ; the middle ones
highest and rather higher than the soft rays. Anal fin short and deep,
with strong spines. Vertebrae (in A. minima) 14 + 19. Species of small
size; partly or wholly herbivorous, feeding on sea- weeds. Coloration
variegated. (A coined name without meaning.)

*924. A. minima (Gibbons) Gill.

Color greenish above with bluish, reflections, thickly dusted with
black dots ; an irregular longitudinal black baud along axis of body,
and two vertical dark bars downward from base of dorsal fin on which

588 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

they appear as blotches; sides ofteii \vith much light yellow; axil of
pectorals black. Body oval, compressed, with thick short caudal pe-
duncle and very short head. Profile moderately depressed above the
eyes. Spinous dorsal rapidly rising to the fifth or sixth spiiie, thence
gradually descending; spiuous dorsal higher than soft part; cheeks
with scales in 2i series. Head 3£ ; depth 2. D. IX, 14 ; A. Ill, 16 ; Lat.
1. 45. L. C inches. Pacific coast of United States; common; the small-
est of the family.

(C'ljmatogaster minimus Gibbous, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 125: Abeona irow-
In-idgii Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish, x, 186, pi. 34, n'g. 6-10 : Ditrcma minimum
Giiutber, iv, 249.)

925. A. aurora Jordan & Gilbert.

Color bluish-black above, becoming lighter on sides and silvery be-
low. Opercles and lower half of sides punctate with black dots and
shaded with light orange, the latter more intense on the centres of the
scak'S and forming a diffuse lateral baud; a broad grayish streak back-
wards from pectorals to opposite origin of anal, this streak without orange
tint and with the margins of the scales dark by aggregation of black
points ; young specimens with the bright lateral shade more distinct,
and rosy instead of orange; fins marked with more or less blackish, the
anal with some yellowish; a conspicuous black triangular blotch in the
axil of the pectoral. Body elongate, with a very long and rather thick
caudal peduncle. Head transversely very convex above, and with a
blunt snout. Mouth small, oblique; maxillary reaching but two-thirds
the distance to front of orbit. Spinous dorsal with the fifth to the ninth
spines highest, and about equal to the longest soft ray. Caudal forked
for nearly half its length. Scales on cheeks in 3 distinct series. Head
4 ; depth 2:>. D. IX, 17 ; A. Ill, 20 ; Lat. 1. 45. L. 7 inches. Monterey
P>;iy. California ; abundant in rock-pools.

(Jordan & Gilbert, 1'roc. U. S. Nat. Mils. 1880,299.)

312.— JTIICROITIETRUS Gibbous.

Sparadat.

(Ciliii<ilo(jnxttr and Hniclu/ixfinx (Jill: Mttroijaxlir A.trassiz.)

i (Jil. linns, I'ruc. Ciil. Ai-.-id. \.-il. Sci. iu D:iilv 1'laccr Times and Transcript, May 30,
1 -." 1: t\ |M- ('i/iiiiit<>i/ii*t<-r iiyi/ri'i/itliiN Gibbons.)

Body elliptical, oblong, compressed. Head conic. Mouth small,
oblique, the lower ja\v slightly shorter; lips thin, the lower with narrow
tiemiiii or none: teeth small, conical, rather numerous, in one series,
(lill-rakers moderate, slender. Scales comparatively large. Dorsal

93. EMBIOTOCIDJE — MICROMETRUS. 589

spines rather high, some of the middle oues highest, the posterior not
so high as the soft rays ; the soft dorsal shortened. Anal moderate,
with weak spines. Caudal forked. Pharyngeals normal, the teeth all
conic. Vertebrae (in M. aggregates) 15 + 20; in If. frenatus 13 + 21.
Species of small size and bright coloration, (fuxpo^ small; versus,
measure, i. e., small size.)

o. Lower lip with a freiium. ( Brachyistius * Gill. )

926. Itt. fresiatus (Gill) J. & G.

Body elongate, compressed, regularly elliptical, with a slender pointed
head and a long caudal peduncle; profile much depressed over the eyes,
the snout projecting. Mouth ATery small, oblique, maxillary not reach-
ing orbit. Cheeks with two rows of scales. Dorsal spines very long
and rather strong, the sixth and seventh the longest and a little longer
tLan the soft rays. Caudal rather deeply forked. Gill-rakers slender,
rather long. Color dark olive brown above, each scale with a dark
spot at base, followed by a light mark; below bright light coppery-
red; each scale with a blue spot and dark puuctulatious; head colored
like the body; fins all light reddish. Head 3f ; depth 3. D. VIII, 15;
A. Ill, 22; Lat. 1. 40. L. 8 inches. Entire Pacific coast of United
States ; locally very abundant.

(Brachyistius frenatus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1832, 275: Brachyistius fre-
natus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 304: Ditrema breviplnne Gunther, iv,
248.)

927. Itl. rosaceus Jordan & Gilbert.

Bodyobloug-ovate, deepest at the shoulders; the profile thence to the
occiput con vex, the occipital and interorbital region considerably depress-
ed; body tapering backwards from the shoulders into a short and slender
caudal peduncle. Head small, thick, the snout blunt. Mouth compara-
tively large, little oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary slightly pass-
ing the vertical from the front of the orbit ; premaxillary anteriorly on a
level writh the inferior margin of the pupil. Eye very large, its diameter
about one-thi. d the length of the head ; interorbital region very broad.
Teeth large, conical, truncate at tip, about ^ ; none on the sides of the
lower jaw. Scales on the cheeks in three series. Spinous dorsal high,
the first spine about two-fifths the length of the highest ; the sixth to tenth
of nearly equal height, and higher than the soft rays. Anal fin with the
base. oblique, the spines rather strong, and more or less curved. Caudal

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1882, 275: type Brachi/istius frenatus Gill.
S, short; ttiTiov, sail.)

590 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOimi AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

fin narrow, forked for more than half its length, the lobes rather pointed,
Pectoral fins small, not reaching to the tips of the veutrals. Color ro>e-
red with silvery lustre, darker above; top of head orange; a very dis-
tinct chocolate colored spot above the lateral line at the origin of the
soft do: sal tin ; another smaller one just below the end of the soft dorsal.
Fins immaculate, tinged with reddish. Head 3£ ; depth 2£. I). X, 18;
A. Ill, 20; scales G-oO-tG. L. 8 inches. San Francisco, Cal., in deep
water outside the Golden Gate.

(CyiHatofjaxt-r rosaceus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 303.)
ti(i. Lo WIT lip without frenum. (Micromelrus.)

O2§. ITI. aacgl'Cg'a.tMS Gibbous. — Sparuda ; "Minnow."

Silvery, back -dusky ; middle of sides anteriorly with the scales each
with a cluster of dark points, these forming a series of longitudinal
stripes, which extend to opposite the base of the anal; these stripes are
interrupted by 3 vertical light ) ellow bars, on which are no black specks
in the adult. Adult males in spring almost entirely black. Body
elongate oval, compressed, heaviest at the front of the dorsal ; caudal
peduncle short and slender; head short; teeth very small, conical 12-6;
dorsal spines high and rather feeble, rising rapidly to the fifth, thence
slowly descending, the last lower than the soft rays. Cheeks with 3
rows of scales. Head 3£; depth 2§. I). IX, 20 ; A. Ill, 23; scales 3-
3.S-11. L. G inches. Pacific coast of the United States, everywhere
exceedingly abundant.

(Cymatogattcr <((/t/rcfi<(1ti? Gibbous, 1. c. May I*5, 1S7.4 ; Gibbons 1. c. May 30, 1854;
Cildinns, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia. 1854, 125: Cynititni/nxfcr di/i/rctiahix Gibbons, Proc,
Arail. Nat. Sri. Pliila. 18."4, 10G : J!»l<;>n,itux Hiodotcrnx Girarcl, U. S. Par. R. R. Surv.
]• isli. 11)3: Ditrcntu a<i<jr<'u«tit-m Giiiith«T, iv, *

31O.— ABIPaZISTICEIUS Agsissiz.

K Agassi/: I^imir'itliiiN ciranl: C//7nafo</a8/ej'* and Hyperprosopon

Hypocritichthya Gill. )

s-ix, Am. .lonrii. Sri. Arts. lS',-1, 1'.ti? : t\ jn- .1i>ij>Li><th-hu8 arfjciitcux Agassi/.)

Hody ovate or oblong, strongly compressed. Month moderate, oblique
oi almost vertical, with slender conical teeth in two series in each jaw,
the outer series longer; lips thin, the lower with or without frenum.
dill-rakers long or short, slender and still'. I'haryngeals normal. Fins

"Tin- ^nnis r//,,/.//n»/r/.v/,T (Millions, as lirst drl'mcd by ils am Imr, is i-i|iii\ alcul to the
c:irli<T lloldiiti >!nx nl AgUSSlZ. Prior to this, Jhc name ft/in, it<>;/,ixt<-r ua> used by (lili-
lum>. \\ itliont cxplana! inn, as I hr ^r:n-ric name of tin- uronji al'lrru anls called by him
Micrometrut.

93. EMBIOTOCID.E — AMPHISTICHUS. 591

not very high, the spines slender. Scales small, GO-75 in the course of
the lateral line. Species 5, differing considerably in form and appearance,
but agreeing in essential characters, (a/^t, double; a^o?, series.)

* Lower lip without freuum ; gill-rakers numerous, long.

a. Profile depressed or concave over the eyes; mouth very oblique, the lower

jaw projecting ; eye very large.
I. Anal fin short, its rays about III, 23. (Hypocritichthys* Gill.)

9S9. A. a BBJI IDS (A. Agassiz,) Jor. & Gilb.

Silvery ; an inky blotch on the middle of the anal fin and a fainter
blotch on the spinous dorsal ; front of anal yellow ; fins otherwise plain.
Axil black. Body comparatively elongate, formed much as in Micro-
metrus frenatus ; upper anterior profile nearly straight, depressed above
the eyes. Snout sharp. Mouth large, very oblique, the tip of the lower
jaw on a line with the upper profile of the snout ; maxillary reach-
ing front of orbit. Dorsal spines high and slender, longer than the
soft rays, the middle longest. Anal spines small. Caudal fin short,
not widely forked ; pectorals short and broad, four-fifths the length of
head. Eye, five fourths the length of snout. Head 3i ; depth 2£. D.
IX, 22 ;' A. Ill, 23 ; Lat. 1. 63. L. G inches. San Francisco to Point
Concepcion ; rather rare ; locally abundant at Santa Cruz.

(Hyperprosopon analis Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 133: Hi/pocrit-
ichthys analis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 276: Ditrema anale Giiuther, iv, 250.)

b. Anal fin long, its rays about III, 33. ( Hyperprosopon t Gibbous.)
c. Ventral fins posteriorly black.

93O. A. arcuatllS (Gibbous) J. & G. — Wall-eyed Perch; White Perch.

Bluish black above; sides bright silvery, sometimes faintly barred;
ventrals with a broad terminal bar of black; caudal and anal -edged
with blackish. Body ovate, strongly compressed. Interorbital space
rather wide, abruptly depressed at the nape, the profile of the snout
extending forward at a less angle than that of the back. Snout very
short, much shorter than the eye. Maxillary scarcely reaching front
of pupil. Mouth extremely oblique. Eye 2£ in head, larger than in
any other species. Middle dorsal spines a little higher than the last,
or than the soft rays; anal low. Head 3£; depth 2^. D. IX, 27; A.

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 276: type Hyperprosopon analis A. Ag.
(viroKpiToS, deceiver; Ixffoo, fish; its appearance (Micrometrus) belying its affinities
(Nolconotus).

t Gibbons, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 18, and in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1854, 105: type Hyperprosopon aryenteus Gibbons. (vTtrjp, above; it poQ OOTT or,
face. )

592 CONTRIBUTIONS TO XORTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Ill, 32; Lat. 1. 72. L. 10 inches. Coast of California, from Cape Men-
docino southward; very abundant.

(Ifilpirprnwjwii ari/enteinii Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 105: Hyper-
pruxopon itri'iiiiliini (iibbons, 1. c. 125: Hyperprosopon argenteus and arcitatus Gill, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 27o: Ditrcmn arr/uih/ni and Dttrcma megalops Giiuther, iv,
•JJ'.i: Kinndilluj* .unjalo^ Girard, U. S. Pacific R. R. Surv. Fish. 197.)

cc. Ventral fins not black.

931. A. a?assizi (Gill) J. & G.

Greenish olive above; sides bright silvery; 5 or C short blackish ver-
tical bars on the sides, these sometimes obsolete; a dusky patch above
anal and on the front part of anal fin; caudal reddish, dusky at tip;
veutrals colorless. Body elliptic ovate, the profile nearly straight from
the snout to above the occiput, there forming a slight angle, thence
straightish to the base of dorsal ; ventral outline variable, sometimes
strongly arched. Mouth small, very oblique, the premaxillary on the
level of the middle of the pupil, the maxillary scarcely reaching front
of pupil. Eye half longer than the snout. Three rows of scales on
cheek. Sixth dorsal spine highest, higher than the soft rays; pectorals
falcate. D. IX, 25; A. Ill, 29; Lat 1. GO. L. 8 inches. Coast of Cal-
ifornia; not generally abundant.

(Jluprrproxopon arcuatus Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 125 (not of
Gibbons): Hyperprosopon agassiz'ti Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, 276.)

aa. Profile little depressed above the eyes; mouth less oblique, the lower jaw not
projecting; eye scarcely longer than snout. (Ilolconotun.*)

932. A. rhodotcrtis (Agassiz) J. & G.

Greenish above; sides silvery, profusely covered with spots and
blotches of light orange-brown or coppery red, these mostly in the form
of interrupted vertical bars; caudal, anal, and ventral fins bright red-
disli, without black spots or markings. Body deeper, more elevated,
and less compressed than in the preceding species. Profile nearly
straight from snout to dorsal. Mouth oblique, forming an angle of
about -15 degrees; premaxillary on the level of the lower edge of pupil;
maxillary reaching just past front of pupil. Gill-rakers fewer and
stouter than in the preceding species. Head 3;|; depth 2. D. IX or
X, 2i»; A. III. i".»; Lat. 1. 05. L. 1 foot. Coast of California; not very
abundant.

( [fii'cininliiH rli<)/l<>t<riin L. Agassi/., AIIHT. .Tmini. Sci. Arts, 1-.VI, :;i'.~: lloli-niintiin rliodo-
liTiif, \. A-;ivsi/, I'nic. H,,si. So.-. Nut. Hist. IH'.I. i:!'J: i'.iniichtliyx ln'crnunnii Girard,
I'. S. I';ic. I,'. K. Surv. Fish. I'.l'.l: llitir/na rliodiili'i-mn (Jiint her, iv.'Jf.n. )
mi. l.ov.cr lip with a I'mmm ; ^ill-rakers few, sh«u t.

*Ag:i>-i/.. Auicr. .lour. Sci. Ails. 1-,M, I'.iiT : type llokonotua rhodoterua. (6A«oS, fur-
row ; I'ojro?, back.)

93. EMBIOTOCID.E HYPSURUS. 593

933. A. argeiiteus Agassiz. — Surf-fish.

Silvery ; sides with narrow vertical bars of a brassy olive color, alter-
nating with vertical series of spots of similar color; fins plain; vertical
fins sometimes edged with dusky. Mouth comparatively large, little
oblique, the premaxillary being below the level of the rather small
eye. Body ovate, the back elevated; ventral outline straightish.
Head blunt and deep. Lips rather thin, the lower with a frenum.
Gill-rakers few, rather short, stiff; lower pharyngeals normal. Caudal
peduncle short and stout. Head 3£; depth 2£. D. X, 24; A. Ill, 26;
Lat. 1. 65. Vertebrae 13 + 18. L. 1 foot. Coast of California; very
abundant.

(L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 367; Girard, U. S. Pac. E. E. Surv. Fish.
201: Ditrema argenteum Giinther, iv, 251: Amphistichus similis Girard, U. S. Pac. E. E.
Surv. Fish. 203.)

311.— HYPSURUS A. Agassiz.

(Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 133 (nomen nudum) : type Enibiotoca
caryi L. Agassiz. )

Body oblong, compressed, moderately elevated, tapering abruptly to
a very slender and short caudal peduncle. Head moderate, rather
acute, lower jaw included. Lips moderate, the lower with a frenum.
Teeth few, conical, blunt, in one series, those of the upper jaw some-
times partly in 2 series. Gill-rakers slender, rather short. Pharyn-
geals normal. Dorsal fin rather low, the spines all lower than the soft
rays. Caudal broad and short, widely forked. Anal fin extremely short,
although many rayed, beginning far back, the length of its base being
less than half the distance between its first spine and the root of the
ventrals, the abdomen being therefore extremely long. Scales rather
small. Vertebra 17 + 20. This genus is distinguished from Ditrema
chiefly by the great length of the abdominal region. Species of small
size and brilliant coloration. (6i/'t, high; ou/>o, tail.)

934. II. caryi (Louis Agassiz) Alexander Agassiz.— Bugara.

Coloration extremely variegated, olivaceous, with stripes of orange
between the rows of scales; about 13 dusky orange cross-bars, irregular
in form; eyes reddish, surrounded by a sky-blue band; membranes of
opercles chiefly orange; opercle bluish, spotted with orange; sides of
head with sky-blue spots; lower jaw with orange and blue stripes;
breast and belly with longitudinal stripes of bright orange, alternating
with steel-blue; abdominal furrow orange, edged with blue; pectoral
with an orange crescent at base bordered with light blue; soft dorsal
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 38

594 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

•with a black blotch near the front; caudal of a peculiar rich orange-
brown, with cross-bars formed of round grayish spots; anal chiefly
orangi1 tipped with blue, and with a large blackish blotch; other fins
orange- brown, mottled. Body elliptical, compressed, the ventral outline
comparatively straight. Snout sharp; premaxillaries on the level of
the lower margin of pupil. Fourth to sixth dorsal spines highest;
higher than the soft rays. Pectoral long. Anal very short; its rays
slender and crowded; its origin opposite posterior third of dorsal.
Head 3i; depth 2J. D. X, 23; A. Ill, 24; Lat. 1. 71. L. 10 inches.
Coast of California; very common from Santa Barbara to San Fran-
cisco; a beautiful fish, largely used for bait.

(Embiotoca cartjl Agassiz, Auier. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1853, 389, ami 1854, 366: Ditrema
caryi Giiuther, iv, 247.)

312.— DITREOTA Schlegel.

Surf-fishes.

(Embiotoca Agassiz: Phanerodon Girard: Twnioioca Alex. Agassiz.)
(Schlegel, Fauna Japon. Poiss. 77, 1850: type Ditrema temmincki Kleeker, from Japan.)

Body oblong, compressed, more or less elevated, with the caudal
peduncle robust or rather slender. Head moderate, lower jaw in-
cluded. Lips moderate, the lower with a freuum. Maxillary short, its
whole length slipping under the preorbital. Teeth few, conical, blunt-
ish, in one series. Gill-rakers weak, rather short and slender. Pharyn-
geals normal. Caudal fin lunate or forked; anal I'm rather long, much
longer than abdomen, its spines small. Scales small, about GO in the
lateral line. Species 5, differing in external appearance, but alike in
essential characters. The Japanese type of this genus is closely re-
lated to Ditrema atripcs. (<ni-, two; r/^/jia, aperture.)

(i. Caudal pediinrlt; stout, the fin not widely forked. (Embiotora ' Ag.-issiz.)

935. D. latcralc (Agassiz) Gthr.— Win- r>>r<-h ; Surf-fink.

Color reddish olive above, becoming bright orange red below, every-
where .thickly dusted with black points; a continuous bright blue streak
along the edges of each row of scales; streaks of thoracic region formed
by isolated blue spots on the middle of the scales; head with several
series of blue spots and streaks; fins all olivaceous dusky; ventrals
with some light orange. Body oblong, compressed, with a short and
very high caudal peduncle, the body tapering backward less than usual.

*Ag;issi/. Ainrr. .Journ. Sci. Arts, 1853, 387: type Kmlnot.ica jacksoni Ag.
life within; rowoS, oll'spring.)

93. EMBIOTOCID.E DITEEMA. 595

Month but little oblique, the maxillary scarcely reaching orbit, Teeth
strong. Spiiious dorsal very low, the last spine highest, but much
shorter than the soft rays; soft dorsal and anal high. D. X or XI, 23;
A. Ill, 31 ; Lat. 1. G3 ; Vert. 15 + 19. L. 15 inches. Pacific coast of
the United States; everywhere very abundant.

(fimbintoca laterally Agassiz, Ainer. Jotirn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 363: Tocniotoca lateralis
Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 133: Embiotoca lineata, ornata, and
ptrspicabilis Girarcl, U. S.Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.; Giintlier, iv, -245.)

936. D. jacksoai (Agassiz) GiintheT.— Surf -fish; Croaker; Black Perch.

Brownish, tinged with green, blue, red, or yellowish; sides with about
10 faint vertical dusky bars; belly usually yellowish; head with blue
spots; fins dusky, tinged with blue or red; anal in males sometimes
red with a black patch, and the ventrals orange. Colors extremely
variable, the pattern of color not definite. Form ovate, rather thick,
the outlines convex. Mouth rather small. Dorsal spines low, much
lower than the soft rays; caudal peduncle thickisb, the fin not widely
forked. Scales on cheeks in 4 series. Head 3^ ; depth 2. D. IX or X,
20; A. Ill, 25; Lat. 1. 58. L. 1 foot. Pacific coast of the United States;
the most abundant of the larger species southward.

(Embiotoca jacksoni Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1853, 387, and 1854, 366: Em-
liotoca jacksonl Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 168; Giinther, iv, 245: Embiotoca
cassidii and E. webbi Girard, U. S. Pac. R, R. Surv. Fish. 171, 173.)
aa. Caudal peduncle slender, the fin widely forked. (Phanerodon Girard.*)
6. Ventral fins blackish at tip.

9;J7. D. atripes Jordan & Gilbert.

Light olivaceous above, pearly below ; scales above the axis of body
each with an orange spot at base, its outer margin tinged with blue,
these forming faint reddish streaks along the rows of scales; anal with
a dusky spot; ventrals broadly tipped with blackish; caudal not dark-
edged. Body elongate, tapering into a long and slender caudal pedun-
cle. Snout rather projecting. Head small. Mouth small, the maxil-
lary not extending to opposite the eye. Teeth few and small. Eye as
long as snout, 3£ in head. Cheeks with 3 rows of scales. Gill-rakers
longer than in related species, and pharyngeals stronger, with the teeth
more nearly paved. Highest dorsal spine shorter than the soft rays.
Pectorals long, reaching tip of ventrals. Caudal lobes equal. Head
3£; depth 2£. D. X, 23; A. Ill, 29; Lat. 1. 70. L. 10 inches. Mon-
terey Bay; locally abundant.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I860, 320.)

1)1). Ventral fins colorless.

* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 153 : type Phanerodon furcatus Grd.
visible; odoov, tooth.)

596 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

938. D. fiirratuiii (Grd.) Giinther.

Light olivaceous, silvery below, sometimes yellowish; scales with
bright reflections, but no red markings ; usually a round dusky spot
on the anal; ventrals plain; caudal fin edged behind with dusky; fins
usually yellowish tinged. Body oblong elliptical, compressed, tapering
backward into the long and slender caudal peduncle; mouth small;
teeth rather large, conical; gill-rakers very short and slender; last
dorsal spine highest, sometimes higher than the soft rays, the fin
higher than in D. atripes; caudal fin strongly forked, the upper lobe
usually the longer. Head 33; depth 2£; D. X, 24; A. Ill, 32; Lat. 1.
66. L. 1 foot. Coast of California; extremely abundant from Cape
Mendocino southward.

(Phanerodon furcatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 163, and in U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish. 184; Giiuther, iv, 247.)

313.— RHACOCHILUS Agassiz.
(Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts 1854, 367: type Ehacocliilus toxotes Agassiz.)

Body ovate, compressed, tapering abruptly into a long and robust
caudal peduncle ; mouth comparatively large, the lower jaw included ;
lips extremely thick, the lower without frenurn, its posterior free edge
coarsely lobed; teeth few, small, conical, in one series; gill-rakers
rather long ; pharyugeals normal ; scales small ; dorsal spines low,
posteriorly subequal, much shorter than the soft rays ; caudal deeply
forked ; anal basis elongate, the spines small. Vertebrae 14 -f 22.
The genus differs from Ditrema chiefly in the development of the lips.
(/;«*«?, ragged ; -/^^, lip.)

939. R. toxotes Agassiz. — ^flfione.

Olivaceous, with brassy reflections and dusky points ; fins plain ; body
ovato, with elevated back and long, thick caudal peduncle; head deep,
with prominent snout; mouth wide, oblique; maxillary reaching front
of orbit, slipping under the preorbital ; lips extremely large, with
uneven surface; teeth strong, wide-set, those in mandible little devel-
oped; eye large. Soft dorsal considerably elevated, imieh higher than
spinous portion; pectorals and ventrals long; caudal short, deeply
forked, the upper lobe the longer. Head 3? ; depth L'r. D. X, 23; A.
Ill, 30; Lat. 1. 76. L. IS inches. The largest and least handsome
of the family, and the one of most value as food. Coast of California;
lather common.

(Agassiz, Am. Joimi. Sci. Arts, 1854, 307; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 188:
Ditrema toxotes Giiuther, iv, 247.)

94. LABEID.E. 597

314.— DAMALICHTHYS Girard.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 321 : type Damalichthys vacca Girard.)

Body ovate, compressed, with long caudal peduncle. Head rather
large. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw included. Lips full, the lower
with a frenum. Teeth very few, short, conical, bluntish, in one series.
Gill-rakers short and slender. Lower pharyngeal very large, convex
behind in outline, with the lateral horns very short and thick. Anterior
tooth-bearing area on the plane of the bone; posterior area inclined
backward, forming a steep angle with the anterior part; teeth on an-
terior part low, truncate, hexagonal, tessellated ; on posterior part ovate,
flattened, imbricated, and turned forward so that the posterior side forms
the grinding edge. Scales rather small. Dorsal spines low, much
shorter than the soft rays. Anal fin long, with small spines. Vertebrae
13 + 21. Species of large size, plainly colored, externally resembling
Ditrema, but singularly distinguished from all the other members of
the family by the peculiar pharyngeals. (dd<j.aXiq, calf; hOus, fish ; in
allusion to its viviparity.)

94O. D. argyroSOWlMS (Girard) J. & G. — White Perch; Poryee.

Color soiled white, with silvery lustre; three or four obscure dusky
bars, most distinct in the young; fins nearly plain, dusky. Form
broadly elliptical, the dorsal curve regular; caudal peduncle rather
slender. Head not blunt; premaxillary just below the level of the
pupil, the maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye. Lips thickish, even.
Cheeks with 3 or 4 rows of scales. Gill-rakers not ^ so long as the
large eye, which is longer than snout. Teeth very few, short and blunt.
Dorsal spines stoutish, the last one highest, half the height of the soft
rays. Caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer. Pectoral long.
Head 3£; depth 2£. D. X, 23; A, III, 29; Lat. 1. 63. L. 15 inches.
Pacific coast of United States, north to Vancouver's Island; very abun-
dant northward.

(EmUotoca argyrosoma Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila. 1855, 136, and in U. S. Pac.
E. E. Surv. Fish. 180: DamaUchthi/s vacca Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855,
321, and in U'. S. Pac. E. E. Surv. Fish. 182: Ditrema vacca Giinfher, iv, 246.)

FAMILY XCIV.— LABRID^E.

(The Wrasse-fishes.)

Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales; lateral line
continuous or interrupted, often angularly bent. Mouth moderate,

508 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

terminal; premaxillaries protractile; maxillaries without supplemental
bone, slipping under the membranaceous edge of preorbital; the anterior
teeth in the jaws usually very strong; teeth of the jaws separate or
more or less soldered together, sometimes forming a continuous plate;
no teeth on vomer or palatines ; lower pharyugeals completely united
into one bone, without median suture. Lips thick, longitudinally pli-
cate. Xostrils round, with two openings on each side. Dorsal fin con-
tinuous, the spinous portion long; anal similar to soft dorsal, usually
with two or three spines. Ventrals thoracic, I, 5. Branchiostegals
5-". Pseudobranchia3 present. Gills 3% ; the slit behind the last arch
small or obsolete; the gill-membranes somewhat connected, often joined
to the narrow isthmus. Air-bladder present. No pyloric coeca. Genera
65, species 450, chiefly of the tropical seas. Many of them are brilliautly
colored, and some are valued as food-fish. Most of them feed upon inol-
lusks, the dentition being adapted for crushing shells. The group has
been much subdivided, and many of the current genera are distinguished
by characters of little importance.

(Labridw Giinther, iv, 65-244.)
a. Teeth in ju\vs distinct; pharyugeal teetli not confluent; anal spines 3.

b. Dorsal fin with 15-20 spines ; teetli all conical; no posterior canines; lateral line

continuous. (Labrina:)

c. Preoperclo serrate; cheeks and opercles scaly; teeth in a band, the outer en-
larged CTKXOLABKUS, 315.

cc. Preopercle entire: cheeks scaly; opercles naked; teeth in about t\vo series.

TAUTOGA, 316.
ccc. Preopercle entire; cheeks and opercles scaly; teeth in a single series.

LACHXOLJJMUS, 317.

Ib. Dorsal fin with 8-13 spines. (JulicHnce.)
d. Lateral line continuous.
e. Cheeks and opercles scaly ; dorsal spines 12; posterior canines present.

HAKIM-:, 318.
ee. Cheeks ;ind opercles naked or very nearly so; dorsal spines D.

/. Posterior canines well developed Pi,ATY<;i.ossrs, 319.

//. Posterior canines obsolete psi-:rixuri.is, 320.

dil. Lateral line interrupted; head naked, its upper edge usually trenchant.

XYKICHTHYS, 321.
aa. Teeth in jaws confluent; pharyngeal teeth pavement-like ; anal spines 2; .scales

large. (*<•<! rinai.)
g. Teeth partly separate, the anterior distinct ; dorsal spines flexible.

CAI.I.IOI.ON, 322.

gy. Teeth soldered together, forming a plate like the ja\v of T<-tn>t1<ni;
each jaw di\ided on the median line ; dorsal spines flexible; scales
on cheeks in two or more rows HKMISTOM.V, 32:t.

94. LABRID.E — TAUTOGA. 599

315,— CTETVOL.ABRUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Gunners.

(Cuv. et Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 223, 1839: type Labrus rupestris L. of Europe.)

Body oblong, not elevated, comparatively slender and compressed.
Head moderate, more or less pointed. Teeth in the jaws in several
series, the outermost very strong; the teeth unequal, conical, and
pointed; no posterior canines. Cheeks with small scales; opercles
with large ones. Preopercle with the vertical limb finely serrated.
Branchiostegals o. Gill-membranes considerably united, free from the
isthmus; gill-rakers short. Scales moderate, 35-50 in the lateral line;
lateral line continuous, abruptly bent opposite posterior part of second
dorsal. Dorsal long and low, the spinous portion much longer than the
soft, of 16-18 low, subequal, rather strong spines; soft dorsal slightly
elevated ; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with three strong graduated
spines ; caudal truncate ; pectorals short, the ventrals inserted behind
their axils. (-'-?<•'•, -'.rs^o-, a comb; Labrus, a related genus, from the
Latin labrum, lip.)

a. Interopercle naked. (Tautoyolabrug Giinther.*)
941. C. adspca'SGis (Walb.) Goode.— Gunner; Choyset; Blue Perch.

Brownish blue, with more or less of a brassy lustre; colors variable;
young variegated and with a black blotch on the dorsal fin. Eye mode-
rate, broader than preorbital, 4i in head. Head 3J in length; depth 3.
D. XVIII, 10; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 45. L. 12 inches. Newfoundland to
Cape Hatteras; common northward, about rocks.

(Labrus adspersus Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 254: Ctenolalrns burgall Giinther, iv,
90: Ctenolabrus cwruleus Storer, Hist. Fish Mass. 234.)

316.— TAUTOGA Mitcliill.
Tautogs.

(Mitchill, Report Fish New York, 1814, 23: type Labrus tautoga Mitchill = Tautoga
nig} a Mitchill = Labrus onitis L.)

Body oblong, not elevated nor greatly compressed. Head large,
nearly as deep as long, with a convex profile. Mouth rather small.
Teeth very strong, conical, in two series; the outer somewhat incisor-
like; the two anterior teeth in each jaw strong; the posterior teeth
small, without canines. Eye small, high up. Cheeks with small scales.

*Giiiither, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 90: type Labrus burgall Bloch and Schneider:
[Tautoga;

600 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY TV.

Opercles naked, except above. Scales on body rather small, in about GO
transverse series, those on ventral region reduced in size. Lateral line
continuous, abruptly decurved opposite the end of the soft dorsal.
Dorsal fin long, low, continuous, the spinous part much the longer,
with about 1C low, strong, subequal spines, each with a small cuta-
neous appendage at tip; soft dorsal higher than spiuous; anal similar
to soft dorsal, with three stout, graduated spines; pectorals broad and
rather short; caudal short, truncate, with rounded angles; the soft
parts of the vertical fins with the membranes somewhat scaly; veutrals
conspicuously behind pectorals. Brauchiostegals 5. Gill-rakers very
short and feeble; gill-membranes somewhat connected, free from the
isthmus. A single species known. (A latiuization of the vernacular
name "Tautog," which is of Indian origin.)

942. T. oiiifis (L.) Gthr. — Tauiog ; Black-fish; Oyster-fish.

/; Blackish; young greenish, with about three pairs of irregular chain-
like bars, the sides sometimes reticulated; chin white. Pectorals short,
rqunded, not reaching the tips of the short ventrals. Head 3£ in length ;
depth 3. D. XVI, 10; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. 60. Maine to South Carolina;
a common food-fish.

(Labrus onitis Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, iv, 88: Taidoga amerlcana Storer, Hist.
Fish. Mass. -J76.)

31?.— L,ACIINOL;EUHJS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Hog-fishes.

(Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 274, 1839: type Laehnolcemus aigula C. & V.=
Labrua falcatus L.)

Body strongly compressed, the back sharp and elevated, the profile
long and steep. Snout sharp. Mouth low, horizontal, the jaws narrow;
premaxillary slipping under the membranaceous edge of tin- very broad
preorbital, which is twice the depth of the eye. Teeth in front prom-
inent, canine like, in a single series; no posterior canines. Cheeks and
opercles with imbricate scales. Scales of moderate si/.e. thin, adherent.
Lateral line complete. Dorsal with fourteen spines, the tirst three
strong. I'alcate, produced in long streamers in the adult, the mem-
branes between these, spines very low, the filamentous tips longer than
the head; other spines all low, gradually shorter to the eleventh; sec-
ond dorsal and anal much produced; caudal lobes falcate; third anal
spine, strong; pectorals and vent rals short. One species known. (/«^>r/,
velvety; /«:/*<)?, throat, the pharyugeal bones being only partly provided
with teeth, and the rest of their surface covered with a velvety mem-
brane.)

94. LABRID.E HAEPE. 601

943. Li. falcatus (L.) C. & V. — Hog-fish; Aigrette; Capitaine.

Chiefly red; a jet black spot usually present at base of soft dorsal;
ventrals dusky; clieeks with 4 rows of scales. Ventrals reaching be-
yond tips of pectorals. Head 3; depth 2J; scales 8-40-19; vert. 12 +
17. L. 14 inches. West Indies, north to Florida; abundant. An ex-
cellent food-fish; varies much with age.

(Labrus falcatus L. Syst. Nat. i, 475 : Lachnolcemus falcatus, aigwla, dux, suilhis,
caninus, and psittacus C. & V. xiii, 277-291; Giinther, iv, 87; Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. v, 36, 1876.)

318.— HARPE Lace-pede.
Lady-fislies.

(Cossyplms Cuv. & Val. ; preoccupied: Trovhocopus Giinther: Pimelometopon Gill.)

(Lace~pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss, iv, 426, 1802: type Harpe cceruleo-aureus Lac.— Labrus
rufus L.)

Body oblong, moderately compressed, covered with firm scales of vary-
ing size, 25 to 60 in the course of the lateral line, which is continuous.
Head rather pointed in the young, becoming very deep and convex in
the adult from the development of the adipose tissue on the top of the
head. Opercle, subopercle, interopercle, and cheeks scaly, preoperde
naked ; preopercle minutely serrulate or entire. Jaws each with four
strong, conical, somewhat compressed canines in front, the lateral teeth
similar, but much smaller, coalesceut at base with each other, and with
small granular teeth, so that the surface of the jaws is bony; upper
jaw with strong posterior canines, directed forwards. Dorsal fin with
about twelve low spines, its soft portion scaly at base or naked ; anal
with three spines, the spines rather strong ; lobes of soft dorsal, anal and
caudal more or less produced in the adult; ventrals inserted directly
below pectorals. Gill-membranes slightly connected. Coarse, brightly-
colored fishes, inhabiting tropical seas, («/->-??, scythe; m allusion to the
falcate fins.)
a. Base of dorsal scaly ; scales rather large ; vertical fins with falcate lobes. (Harpe.)

944. H. rufa (L.) Gill.— Lady -fish; Doncella.

Head and upper half of body anteriorl-y rich chestnut brown; re-
mainder, including lower half of operculum, bright golden yellow.
Snout pointed, its length more than one-third that of the head. Head
longer than high. Upper lip thick, with conspicuous folds; preoper-
culum denticulate. Two outer ventral rays and lobes of soft dorsal,
anal and caudal much produced ; the long rays of the dorsal and anal
extending to the middle of the median caudal rays, the outer caudal

G02 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

rays twice as long as the median. (Goode.) D. XII, 10; A. Ill, 11;
scales 5-32-13. "West Indies, north to Florida Keys.

(Lulu-it* ri'fux L. Syst. Nat. i, 284: Cofmyphus rufits Giiuther, iv, 108; Gill, Proc.
Aoail. N;it. 8ci. I'hila. 1863,222; Goodc, Bull. U. S. Nm. Mus. v,37: Cossyphus bodianus
Cuv. & Val. xii, 103: Bodianus rufus Pocy, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 331.)

aa. Base of dorsal not scaly; scales rather small; vertical fins little produced. (Pime-
lomctopon* Gill.)

945. II. pulclira (Ayres) J. &, G.— Red-fish; Fat-head.

Males with the head, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, and the posterior
part of the body, as far as the vent, purplish black; middle part of the
body, pectoral fin, middle of caudal, and posterior edge of dorsal red,
varying in tint from clear crimson to blackish, with coppery or purplish
lustre; region about shoulder-girdle reddest; lower jaw in both sexes
abruptly and entirely white; females dusky rose-colored, with the black
areas ill defined or obsolete. Forehead in the adult with a very prom-
inent fatty hump. Gill-rakers short, thickish. Caudal fin truncate, the
lobes in the adult produced and pointed. Scales on breast small; pre-
opercle serrulate in young. Head 3£ ; depth 3. D. XII, 10 ; A. Ill,
12 ; Lat. 1. G2. L. 30 inches. Coast of California, from Point Con-
ception southwards ; very abundant. Dried in immense numbers by
the Chinese.

(Labnis piildur Ayrrs, Froc. Cal. Ac ad. Nat. Sci. i, 3, 1854: Semioossyphtu pulflur
Guuther, iv, U9; rinuhmetopon pitlchvr Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PLila. 1864, 59.)

319.— PLATYGLOSSUS Bleeker.

Donccllas.

(Hattcliccres Ruppell, preoccupied : Chocrojulis Gill.)
(Klein; Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1801, 411: type Julia iiintitlitri* C. & V.)

Body oblong, compressed, not elevated, covered with large scales,
HICK- being 2;"i-30 in the course of the lateral line, which is not inter-
rupted, but abruptly bent posteriorly. Scales on breast rather smaller.
Head naked, eompressed, conic. Preopercle entire. Teeth large, eaeli
jaw with t\v<> to four canines in front, none of them bent backwards; a
posterior canine tooth directed forwards on each side of the upper jaw.
Dorsal spines nine; anal spines three, graduated; ventrals inserted
under axil of pcctoial. Gill-rakers short and feeble; gill-membranes
slightly joined to a narrow isthmus. Species numerous, brilliantly col-
ored, abounding in kelp in the tropical seas. (rJ.aro^^ broad ; ^w<r<ra,
tongue; an old name without evident application.)

"Gill, 1'roc. Arad. Nat. Sri. 1'liila. 1864, 58: type Labruu puh-lur Ayros. (7rz//£/lo$,
fat; /.leroTtov, forehead.)

94. LABKID.E — PLATYGLOSSUS. 603

946. P. radiatus (L.) J. & G. — Blue-fisli; Doncclla.

Adult brilliant azure-blue, eacli scale edged with bright pearly green;
a longitudinal blue band on anal; margin of dorsal light blue; young
(" cyanostigma") brownish, a light-blue spot on the base of each scale;
head with spots and stripes of bright blue; dorsal with 4 lines of stripes
and blotches and a broad edge of blue; caudal with a broad white mar-
gin, the outer rays blue, the base of the fin spotted with blue; anal with
border and two longitudinal stripes of blue, besides a blue spot at the
base of each ray ; pectoral with first 5 rays and a transverse line blue.
Head 4; depth 3. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales 2-28-10. L. 16 inches.
West Indies, north to Key West.

(Spar us radiatus Lhmieus, Syst. Nat. xii, 472, 1766: JiiUs cyanostigma, prineipis, and
patatus Cav. & Val. xiii, 391-398: Flatyglossus cyanostigma Giiutlier, iv, 1G1 : Platy-
glossus prineipis Giiiither, iv, 164: ClxcrojuHs radiatus Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. v,
35.)

947. P. grandisquamis (Gill) J. & G.

Color, in spirits, dark chestnut or brownish red ; a very dark vertical
spot bordered by steel-blue, behind the opercle; anal fin faintly barred;
caudal marbled, and with a marginal dark baud. Body rather short
and stout. Profile slightly convex. Maxillary nearly reaching front of
orbit. Dorsal spines short, rather stiff. Caudal fin subtruncated. Head
3£; depth 3£. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; Lat. 1. 27. Beaufort, N. C.

(Chcerojulls grandisquamis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 206.)

94§. P. liunicralis (Poey) Gtlir

A black spot, edged with pearl color posteriorly, on the extremity of
the operculum; a brown band from the snout through the eye and the
opercular spot across the bend of the lateral line to the base of the
caudal; a second from below the axil along the side of the belly; a
bluish streak, edged with darker, from the eye obliquely upward and
backward, meeting its fellow on the nape; base of pectoral whitish,
without black spot ; caudal truncate, with blue angles. A black baud
along the middle of the dorsal fin is described by Dr. Giiuther, but is
wanting in the specimens seen by us. Head 3| ; depth 3f. D. IX, 11;
A. Ill, 11; scales 2-29-10. Coast of Cuba, north to Florida.

(Julis humcralis Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 212, 1858; Giinther, iv, 165: Chcerojulis humeralis
Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S..Nat. Mus. 1879, 338.)

949. P. semicincius (Ayres) Giinther.— -Kelp-fish..

Dark greenish brown, with bright reflections; head bronze-green
above; three or four narrow, horizontal, wavy blue bauds below the

604 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

/

eye, alternating with bronze. Just above middle of body, close behind
the pectorals, iii the males, is a deep indigo-blue cross band, which
nearly meets its fellow under the belly. Pectorals yellow, upper edge
of axil black; veutrals cream-color, each reaching beyond the posterior
edge of the blue cross-band ; other fins with horizontal, wavy, reddish
streaks; female without blue band, but with irregular ink-like spots on
numerous scales on the back and tail. Body oblong, compressed, rather
elevated at the nape. Lips thick, the lower with a frenum. Teeth in
about two series; three or four of the anterior in each jaw, canine-like.
Eye small. Dorsal spines slender, low, and flexible. Scales on breast
small. Head3i; depth 3£. D IX, 12; A. Ill, 12; Lat. 1.28. Pacific
coast, north to Point Coucepciou, not rare southward.

(Julis semicinctus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 32; Giintker, iv, 161; Stein-
daclmer, Ichthyol. Beitriige, v, 151, 1876.)

320.— PSEUDOJULIS Bleeker.

Seiloritas.

(Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 412: type Julis girardi Bleeker.)

This genus dififers from Platyglossus only in the lack of development
of the posterior canines, which are either wanting altogether or reduced
to a slight rudiment, (v''e5<5«?, false; toyAoc-, Julis, an allied genus.)

a. Dorsal spines very slender and flexible. (Oxyjulia* Gill.)

95O. P. modestus (Grd.) Gthr.— Scnorita; Peace Key.

Olive-brown, the scales each with orange-brown in the centre; cream-
color below; sides of head with alternating horizontal streaks of bluish
and brown; a dark blue spot at base of pectoral above; membrane of
base of spinous dorsal largely indigo-blue; a large inky blotch at base
of caudal, covering one-third the fin; fins otherwise light brown. Body
elongate, UK- back not elevated, the head slender and sharp. A sin-ill
posterior canine sometimes present on one side, usually entirely wanting.
Fins low; ventrals short; caudal truncate; spines weak and slender;
pectorals reaching beyond tips of ventrals. Head 4; depth 4i. .D.
JX, 13; A. Ill, 13; Lat. 1. 28. L. 7 inches. Pacific coast; abundant
southward. A graceful little iish.

(./«?•« »iodc*//»N(;ir;iril, V . S. Pao. K'. U. Surv. Fish. 1858,163; Giintlu-r, iv, 1(58: Oxy-
jiilix /H.H/rW/,.v<;ill, I'm.-. A.-.-i.l. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 142.)

•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 142: type Julia modest us Ayres.

94. L ABRIDGE — XYEICHTHYS. 605

321.— XYRICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Razor '-fishes.
(Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 33, 1839: type Coryphcena novacula L.)

•

Body oblong, compressed, deepest behind the occiput, thence tapering
backward. Head very short and deep; the profile almost vertical; the
upper and anterior outlines compressed to an edge, at least in typical
species. Preorbital very deep. Eyes high, near the top of the head.
Mouth small, low. No posterior canines. Cheeks and opercles naked,
or with ouly a few very small scales below the eye. Scales large, with
membranaceous edges; less than thirty in a longitudinal series; lateral
line interrupted behind, commencing again lower down on the caudal
peduncle. Dorsal fin continuous, with nine spines. Colors brilliant.
Tropical seas, (zupov, razor; l%0u<;, fish.)

951. X. vermiculatus Poey.

Head greenish, tinged with orange on the side; seven or eight blue
stripes along the cheeks; three on the opercles; body brownish, paler
below; each scale with a blue Arertical baud and sometimes some blue
spots; toward the end of the pectoral is a broad violet band on the
sides; dorsal and anal carmine red with blue vertical lines, paler on the
front of the dorsal; caudal blue, with vermilion bauds; pectorals white;
ventrals rosy. Head very short, deeper than long, the front compressed,
sharp, almost vertical. Preorbital very deep, its depth half the length
of the head. Eye small, placed very high, its distance from the profile
scarcely greater than its diameter; four small scales below the eye.
Two canines in front of each jaw. Dorsal spines low, flexible ; ven-
trals rather long; pectorals short. Head 4; depth 3£. D. IX, 12; A.
Ill, 11; scales 2-27-8. West Indies, north to Key West, Fla.; very
similar to the European X. novacula (L.) Cuv. & Val., if not identical
with it.

(Poey Memorias Cuba, ii, 215, 1858.)

952. X. lineatus Cuv. & Val.— Eazor-fish.

Eose-red; a large oblong blotch on each side of the belly, below the
pectorals; narrow lines descend from these blotches, meeting on the
belly. The two anterior dorsal spines flexible, not produced. Outer
ventral ray prolonged, not reaching vent. D. IX, 12; A. Ill, 12; Lat.
1. 25. (GilntJier.) West Indies; occasional on our Southern coasts.

(Cuvier & Valenciennes, xiv, 50, 1839: Novacula lineata Giinther, iv, 171.)

606 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

32S.-CALLIODON Grouow.

(Grouow; Blorh iV Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 312: type Calliodon H neat us Bloch &
Schneider.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with large scales.
Lateral Hue complete, its branching tubes covering the surface of its
scales. Teeth at base coalescent with the bony jaw, the tips free; no
median division in either jaw; upper jaw with canine-like teeth in front;
posterior canines present; lower phiryngeal bone large, broader than
long; the teeth coalescing, forming a pavement. One row of large
scales on the cheek. Dorsal spines flexible. D. IX, 9 or 10; A. 11,8;
scales about 2-24-G. Tropical seas. (xaAO?, beautiful; 6da>-^ tooth.)

953. C. iistus Cuv. & Val.

Keddish in spirits, nearly plain, a black spot behind the first dorsal
spine. Body moderately elongated, compressed. Head rather pointed.
Upper jaw with 0 canines in front, free at their tips, coalescent below;
no smaller teeth behind these; posterior canine well developed, directed
outward and partly backward; between the anterior and posterior
canines a series of small teeth behind the sharp edge of the bone.
Lower jaw with a series of close-set, even, bluntish teeth, coalescing
below; upper lip double for its whole length, covering all of the upper
jaw except the tips of the teeth. Opercles with two rows of scales,
Jarger than those on the cheeks. Dorsal spines moderately high, very
slender; pectoral short, rounded; caudal truncate. D. IX, 0; A. II, 8;
scales li-24-6. West Indies, occasional northward. This description
taken from a specimen obtained at Charleston by Mr. K. E. Earll.

(Cuv. & Val. xiv, 283, 183!); Ciinth.-r, iv, 214.)

323.— IIEHXISTOHA Swainson.

Parrot-fishes.

Pscndoscarns Blceki r.
(Swainson, Class'n. Aiiim. ii. IK.'.I, '.••Jo: type Srunix JH i><> llmni'lt.)

I'-ody oblong, more or less compressed, covered with very large scales.
Lateral line continuous. Lower jaw included ; teeth in each jaw sol-
dered tog« tlier, forming a continuous plate, divided by a median suture
a> in Tt'h-otlon ; the. separate teeth traceable by serrations on the edge
and by reticulated markings on the anterior surface; none of them
exserted; posterior canines small or wanting; lower pharyngeal very
large, longer than broad, the teeth paved. Scales on the cheek in
more than one series. Dorsal spines flexible; dorsal IX, 10, or X, 9;

95. CICHLKLE. 607

anal II, 8, or 9. About 24 scales in the lateral line. Tropical seas.
Large fishes of the tropical seas, brilliantly colored, little valued as food.
Many species occur in the West Indies, any of which may be found about
the Florida Keys. The closely related genus Scarus Forskal, distin-
guished chiefly by the stiff spines of the dorsal fin, occurs in the same
waters, and several of its species may be looked for on our coast. ( »}//.£,
half; ffrofj.a, mouth ; the jaws divided.)

954. H. jrm-scamaia (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G.

Brownish, the jaws and naked parts of the head green; fins dark, the
margin of the dorsal, anal, and ventrals green. Upper lip thick, cov-
ering more than half of the plate of the jaw; lower lip full; no.poste-
rior canine teeth. A single scale on the lower limb of the preopercle,
besides the two series of scales on the cheek ; opercle with two rows of
scales; top of head scaled forwards to the eyes. Eye small, about mid-
way in head. Dorsal fin not emarginate; anal spines long and flexible;
caudal shortish, double truncate; pectorals short. Lateral line ab-
ruptly decurved posteriorly. Head 3; depth 3. D. X, 9; A. II, 9;
Lat. 1. 23. West Indies, north to Key West, Fla,

(Scarus guacamaia Cuv. & Val. xiv, 178, 1839: Pseudoscants guacamaia Giinther, iv,
•233.)

FAMILY XCV.— CICHLID.E.

(The Cichlids.)

Fresh- water Labroids. Body elevated, oblong or elongate, covered
with moderate-sized scales, which are usually ctenoid. Lateral line, in-
terrupted, usually ceasing opposite the posterior part of the dorsal, and
then recommencing lower down on the caudal peduncle. Mouth vary-
ing in size, terminal, the jaws with rather small teeth, which are usually
conical, but sometimes lobate or incisor like; no teeth on vomer or pal-
atines. Nostril single on each side. Premaxillaries freely protractile;
maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital. Gill-rakers various; gill-
membranes often connected. Dorsal fin single, with the spiuous por-
tion well developed, usually rather longer than the soft portion; anal
fin with 3 or more spines, the soft part similar to the soft dorsal;
ventral fins thoracic, I, 5. Lower pharyngeal bones united into a
triangular piece, with a median suture. Branchiostegals 5 or 6 ; no
pseudobranchiGe. Gills 4; a slit behind the fourth. Air bladder pres-
ent. A large family of fresh-water fishes of moderate or small size,
representing, as to form, size appearance, and habits, and even as to
many details of structure, in the waters of South America, the Cen~

608 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

trar cli idee of the United States. Genera about 25; species about 120,
inhabiting the rivers of Africa and tropical America, the genus Heros
extending into the limits of the United States. Those with locate
teeth are herbivorous, the rest carnivorous.

(Cltromide* Giiuthcr, iv, 264-316.)

* Spinous part of dorsal longer than the soft; gill-rakers short and thick ; teeth con-
ical ; body ovate or oblong, covered with ctenoid scales ; anal spines 5 or
more ; mouth rather small HEKOS, 327.

324.— HEROS Heckel.
(Herichthys Baird & Girard.) .
(Heckel, Brazil, Fluss-fische, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii, 362, 1840: type Heros severus Heckel.)

Body oblong, compressed, somewhat elevated, the form Centrarchoid.
Head rather large, scaly on the cheeks and opercles; preopercle entire.
Mouth rather small, terminal, low, the jaws equal; maxillary small ;
preorbital deep; jaws with a single series of rather stout conical teeth,
behind which, in front, is a narrow band of villiform teeth. Gill-mem-
branes slightly connected, free from the isthmus; gill rakers short and
thick. Scales rather large, ctenoid; the lateral line interrupted and
beginning again below, as usual in this family. Dorsal fin continuous,
the spiuous part much longer than the soft part, of about 17 rather low
but strong spines; soft rays much higher than spines; anal fin similar
to soft dorsal but shorter, its spinous part also longer than the, soft, of
about G spines; caudal fin subtrimcate, with rounded angles. Species
very numerous in Central and South America. (>>w?, hero; the appli-
cation not evident.)

955. H. cynnogiitfatus (B- & G.) Gthr.

Brownish, body and soft parts of vertical fins everywhere with small
blue spots; sometimes a black spot on middle of spinous dorsal, with
another one below it on the back ; a black blotch at base of caudal.
Body oval, moderately compressed; profile gently curved ; interorbital
region slightly depressed; eyes small, situated rather backward and
high up; mouth small, maxillary not reaching orbit; six rows of scah-s
on chn-k ; Cms high. Head 3£; depth 2£. D. XVII, 10; A. VI, 8. Lat. 1.
25. llivers of Trxa* and Mexico.

( fln-ii-htliyx ryantxjiitlatus B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 25, 1854: GUnther,
iv, 290.)

96. POMACENTKID2E — POMACENTRUS. 609

FAMILY XCVL— POMACENTBID.E.

(The Pomacentroids.}

Labroid fishes with, the body short, deep, cbm pressed, covered with
ctenoid scales; lateral litie wanting posteriorly; mouth moderate, usu-
ally with rather strong teeth; vomer and palatines toothless; nostril
single on each side,* nearly round ; preopercle with its posterior edge
largely free; dorsal fin single, with the spinous portion longer than the
soft, which is similar to the soft anal; anal spines 2; ventral fins tho-
racic, I, 5, the anterior rays longest. Lower pharyngeals fully united;
branchiostegals 5-7; gills 3£; slit behind the last gill very small or ob-
solete; no labyrinthiform appendage ; air-bladder and pseudobranehire
present; gill-membranes free from the isthmus. Vertebrae 12+14.

Fishes of the tropical seas, similar in mode of life to the Chcctodontida\
feeding on small marine animals and plants in the coral reefs. Genera
10 ; species about 160.

(Pomaccntndae Giiuther, iv, 2-64.)

a. Teeth incisor-like, fixed, in one series POMACENTUTS, 3-25.

aa. Teeth conical, in 2 or more series CHHOMIS, 3*6.

825.— POMACENTRUS Lacepede,
Demoiselles.

(Glyphidodon Lac.: Hypsypops, Pomalaprion, and EuscMstodus Gill.)
(Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 50d, 1802: type Chwtodon pavo Bloch.)

Body ovate, deep and compressed; the profile steep. Head moderate,
nearly as deep as long, almost everywhere scaly. Mouth quite small,
terminal ; the jaws equal; both jaws armed with a single series of com-
pressed teeth, notched or not, immovable. Gill-rakers long; preop-
ercle entire, or more or less serrate; preorbital serrate or entire.
Scales large, strongly ctenoid, the lateral line running parallel with
the back to near the end of the dorsal fin, at which point it ceases.
Dorsal fin continuous, with 12 or 13 low stout spines; the soft part
more or less elevated, its last rays gradually shortened; anal fin sim-
ilar to soft dorsal, with two spines, of which the second is much the
larger; dorsal spines with a sheath of large scales, the membranes of
both dorsal and anal covered high up with small scales; caudal fin

*As in the Cichlidai. All other Acanthopteri have two nasal openings on each side.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 39

G10 CONTRIBUTIONS To NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

deeply forked. Branchiostegals 5 or 0. Species numerous in the trop-

ical seas. (-m^Mj operculum; •/.;•;-(><>•;, spine.)

a. Preoperrle serrate. at least in the adult. (Pomncciitrus.)

956. P. lesicostictiis Miiller & Troschel.

Da-k brownish above, yellowish green on the sides and belly, yellow
on the tail and caudal fin ; numerous roundish bluish-white spots on the
head, back, and soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins, the dots being-
less numerous on the sides; sometimes nearly uniform brown, almost
unspotted ; no spot on the back of the tail ; a white dot on the base of
the la .1 anal rays; young- with an ocellated dorsal spot and convergent
blue bauds on the snout; upper profile of head arched; suborbital ring
minutely denticulate posteriorly; preopercle serrulate; lower limb of
preopercle scaly; upper and lower teeth nearly equally broad, entire ;
caudal forked, the lobes rather pointed. Depth 2J in total. D. XII,
15; A. II, 13; scales 3-28-9. (Giinther.) West Indies, north to West
Florida.

(Miiller & Troscbel, Scbouibnrgk's Barbud. 674; Giiutber, iv, 31; Goode & Bean,
Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1879, 338.)

an. Preoprrcle entire.

l>. Tertli entire. (Hypzypops* Gill.)

957. P. B'sabicundus (Grd.) J. & G..— Garibaldi.

Uniform deep scarlet, unmarked ; edges of fins dusky. Body short
and deep, elevated, compressed, constricted behind the dorsal and anal,
the caudal peduncle short and deep; head higher than long, the preor-
bital I'.nd suborbital regions being unusually deep ; preopercle entire;
cheeks, opercles, and top of head scaly; mouth small; lips thick; teeth
compressed, narrow, blunt and entire, in a single row, dark at tips;
^ill-rakers short and flexible; prcorbital anteriorly as wide as the eye;
cheeks with 5 or (> rows of rather small scales, opercles with several
rows of larger ones; lips thick, the lower without frenum; soft fins
rathei high; pectorals reaching nearly to vent. Head 3.\ : depth 1^. D.
XII, Hi; A. II, 15; scales 5-30-13; Lat. 1. on 21 scales. L. 12 inches.
< 'oast of California, south of Point Concepcion; abundant al unit rocky
isJands.

', //////I/MI /IK/ riiliii-iniilii:-: <;iranl. Pror. Acad. Nat. Sri. Hiila. lH.r>4, 148: Parma ruln-
( ninl, i < iiini her, iv, .">-<: //////S///III/I.S nitiiftniili N (Sill, I'mc. A«-a<l. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 18(53,
218.
lib. Teeth emarginste. ('.'////(//II/IH/IK/ t i.;n-i'|M-<ir.)

•

•(Jill, I'ruc. Ai"nl. Nat. Sci. I'hila. \^\\, ic..".: type Glyphisodon rubiouitdus Gid..

i; ;'-.TII, lidnu ; /.'i//-, i-\i-; in allusion to tlie liiLjli suliorliital region.)
i Uliiiiliixodiiii Lar«'-|H'<lr. I list. Nat. 1'niss. i\..".|-J. 1-llxi: typ<- aliijiliisodon moucliarra
Lac. Cheetodon eaxatilia Rloch. (r.U'v^/;, notcb; oocbv, tootli.)

96. POMACENTRID.E — CHROMIS. 611

958. P. coBicoBor (Gill) J. & G.

Dark olive, with 5 or G vague, dark cross-bands; pectoral with a
tapering, black transverse line at base. Iiiterorbital space convex,
wider than orbit; breadth of infraorbital ring two-thirds the greatest
breadth of the preorbital. Teeth rather broad, deeply notched. Depth
If. D. XII, 12; A. II, 9; scales 3-25-10. (Giinther.) Both coasts of
Central America, north to Florida Keys.

(Euschistodits concolor Gill, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 145: GltjpUdodon con-
color Gimthcr, iv, 37 : GUjphidodon concolor Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 187'J,
338.)

959, Po saxatJBis (Linn.) J. & G.—Coiv-pUot; Mojarra.

Greenish olive; head and fins dark; body with 5 or G black cross-
bauds, which are rather narrower than the interspaces; the first from
the origin of the dorsal to the pectoral fin, the second downwards from
fourth and fifth dorsal spines, the third from the ninth and tenth dorsal
spines toward the vent, the fourth from end of spinous dorsal to middle
of anal, the fifth below the end of the soft dorsal and continued on the
posterior rays of dorsal and anal; a faint sixth bar at base of caudal.
Soft dorsal and anal fins produced, the fourth and fifth rays of dorsal,
and the fifth and sixth of anal, longest. Eye rather large, about as
long as snout. Head rather short, 3£ in length ; depth If. D. XIII,
14 ; A. II, 13 ; Lat. 1. 27 ; pores on 21 scales. Tropical seas of Amer-
ica ; occasional on our South Atlantic coast.

(Chcctodon scucatilis Linn. Syst. Nat.: Glypludodon saxatilis Giiutlier, iv, 35: Glyplw-
dodon saxatilis Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 38.)

32«.— CHROmS Cuvicr.
(Hdiastes Cuv. & Val. : FnrcariaPoey: Ayreaia Cooper.

(Cuvier, Mdmoires du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1815 : type Sparus chromis L. = Chromis ccusianea
Risso, of the Mediterranean.)

Body rather deep. Preopercle entire. Mouth small; teeth small,
conical, in two or more series, the outer larger. Scales rather large,
24-30 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal fin with 12-14 spines. Brauchi-
ostegals normally 5. Pyloric coaca 2. Gill-rakers long and slender.
Tropical seas; species numerous. (y,p»!^ the ancient name of some
fish, probably a Scitenoid, from //>^w, to neigh, from the noise made
by the fish; akin to our names Grunter, Croaker, Drum, Hog-fish.)

o C. pBl5SCtBpiMBig§ Cooper. — Blacksmiih.
Dark slaty blackish, with violet lustre above; some of the scales
with a greenish spot or edging; fins bluish black; posterior part of

612 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

body with small round brown spots, which form more or less regular
series, s-.;i't d;;rsal and caudal densely spotted. Body oblong, some-
what regularly elliptical. Head bhmt, short, and deep, the profile ab-
ruptly descending- to the snout. Lips thick, the lower without freuum.
'iYKh moderate, conical, in about two series, the inner very small.
Cheeks, opercles, and top of head scaly. Spines stiff and low. Cau-
dal forked; pectorals and ventrals long. Jleadi; depth 2.\. D. XII,
11; A. II, 10; scales 4-29-10; 18 in course of lateral line; L. 9 inches.
Pacific coast, north to Point Concepcion ; not rave.

(Ayrcsia pitnctipinnis Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1833, 73.)

961. C. iBisoiatus (Cuv. & Val.) .}. & G.

Dark brownish, with metallic reflections ; each scale on the head and
anterior part of the body with a blue spot ; young with two blue lines
along the forehead convergent oil the snout, and with a black spot im-
mediately behind the dorsal fin. Caudal fin emargiuate, with rounded
lobes. Second anal spine more than half the length of the head ; dor-
sal spines high; ventrals long; pectorals moderate. Depth 2 5 D. Xlli,
12; A. II, 12; scales 2-28-9 ; coeca 2. West Indies, north to Southern
Florida.

(Hellascs insolatux Cuv. & Val. v, 494 : 77<7ms/<.v inwltitiis Giiuthcr, iv, Gl.)

FAMILY XCVII— EPHIPPID.E.

(The Angel- fishes.}

Body compressed, usually greatly elevated, the anterior profile steep.
Scales moderate or small, ctenoid, densely covering the soft parts of the
vertical fins; lateral line present, following the curve of the back. Mouth
siaall, terminal, horizontal; prcmaxillaries protractile; maxillary short,
without supplemental bone, partly slipping under the preorlntul ; jaws
with bands of slender, pointed, movable, brush-like teeth; preoperele
usu.dly very finely serrated ; gill-membranes broadly attached to the
isthmus, the openings restricted to the sides; branchiostegals 6 or 7:
pyloriee:eca t'e\v; gill-rakers very short ; pseudobranchia' present. Dor-
sal tins 2, somewhat connected; the first of 8 to 11 spines, which are
depressible. in a groove; soft dorsal and anal tins anteriorly high, their
bases thickened Ity the scales; anal spines .". or 1.. short; caudal fii;
truncate or nearly so; pectorals shori : ventrals long, thoracic, I, 5;
air Madder lar-e, commonly bifurcate in front, and with two slend..
horns behind. As here understood, a group of -4 genera and about 10

07. EPHIPPIDJE — CH.ETODIPTERUS. G13

species, closely related to the Chcetodonts, but said to show important
differences in the skeleton. Fishes mostly of largo size, in \varm seas,
.sometimes entering rivers.-

part; genera Scatophagus, EpMppus, and Drcpanc, Giinther, ii, 57-65.)

a. Anal spines 3; dorsal spines 8 or 9, the third prolonged; prolile very steep ; scales
small ............................................... Ci-i-ETODiPTErtus, 3-J7.

327.— CILffiTTODHPTERUS Lace"pede.
( Parcphip2)U8 Gill. )

(Lacepedc, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 50J, 181)2: typa Cluetodon plumicri Bloch — Chcctodon
falter Brouss.)

Body much elevated and compressed, its outline nearly orbicular, the
anterior profile nearly vertical. Scales small, 55-70 in the course of the
lateral line. Jaws about equal; no teeth on voiner or palatines; teeth
on jaws slender, somewhat movable; preopercle finely serrulate. Bran-
chiostegals G. Dorsal fins 2, somewhat connected, the first of usually I'
spines, the third of which is elongate ; anal spines c", small, the second
the longest; ventral with a large accessory scale. Pyloric ccsca 4-0.
American, distinguished from the Asiatic geaus EpMppus by the very
much smaller scales, (zat-odwv, Chretodon; <Jc?, two; -rzpuv, fin, the
dorsal being divided.)

2, C. f:abeD* (Brouss.) J. & G.—Anr/vl-fislt ; Porrjee.
Grayish ; a dusky band across the eye to the throat ; a second similar
band, broader, beginning in front of the dorsal and extending across the
base of the pectoral to the belly; a third band, narrower, extending to
the middle of the sides, from the base of the fourth and fifth dorsal
spines; a fourth broader band from the last dorsal spine to the anal
spines, the remaining bands alternately short and long; all of these
bands growing obscure and disappearing with age; ventrals black.
Vertical fins low in the young, lalcate in the adult. Third dorsal
spine nearly as long as from eye to edge of preopercle, its membrane
blackish; chin with a row of pores; preorbital nearly as wide as eye;
pectoral considerably shorter than ventral, the first soft ray of the latter
filamentous. Head 3-3}; depth L£. D. YIH-I, 20; A. Ill, 18; Lat.
1. GO; coeca 4-6. L. 2 feet. Warm seas; north to San Diego and JSTew
York; abundant on our South Atlantic coast; an excellent food-fish.
Very large specimens, which we suppose to be old individuals, but which
may possibly be a distinct species (Epliippus yiyas Cuv.), have the occi-
pital crest and anterior interliajmals developed in thick bony masses.

(CJicEtorlon fabcr Broussonet, Ichth. Decas. 1, v. t. 4, 1782: Chcctodon falter Gmel. Syst.
Nat. i, 1263, 1789: Zeus quadratus Gmel. I.e. 1225; Giiuther, ii, 61: Epldppus yigas Cuvier,

G14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

Regnr Auiin.: I. 'p!ii< ip u s glgan Giiiither. ii, 61: Eplnppus ffif/as Holbrook, Ich. S. Car.,
li'T: Eplripiniii fubcr Holbrook, 1. c. 110: Ephlppus zonatun Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. 110, from San Diego.)

FAMILY XCVIIL— CHJETODONTIDJE.

(The Cluctodonlis.)

Body strongly compressed, elevated, suborbicular iu outline, covered
with moderate-sized or small scales, which are finely ciliated or nearly
smooth; lateral line present, concurrent with the back, not extending- on
the caudal fin; mouth small, protractile, terminal; maxillary very short;
teeth slender or jsetiform, often extremely long, in narrow bands in the
jaws; no teeth on vorner or palatines; no canines, molars, or incisors;
eyes lateral, of moderate size ; branchiostegals C or 7 ; pseudobranehise
very large; air-bladder present. Gill-membranes more or less attached
to the isthmus ; gill-rakers very small. Dorsal tin single, continuous, its
rays sometimes filamentous, its soft part as well as the soft part of the
anal densely covered with small scales; anal similar to the soft dorsal
with 3 or 4 spines ; veutrals thoracic, I, o. Carnivorous fishes of the tropi-
cal seas, noted for their singular forms and bright colors. Genera 5 or
more; species about 170, most of them belonging to Chwtodon and Po-

s part, Giinther, ii, 1-57.)

a. Preoperculuin without spine atits angle ___ ...... -. .......... — CII./ETODOX,

na. Preopironl inn with a strong spine at its angle ............... POMAC.AXTIIUS, 3^9.

328.— CII.'ETODON Linnaeus.
(Saroihrodits Gill: Tetragonoptrua Bleeker.)

( Liniiicus, Systcnia Natura-, x, 1?."S: type CIni lotion cttplxtntlux L.)

Body short, deep, very strongly compressed, especially above and
behind; head small, compressed, almost everywhere scaly; mouth very
Miiall, terminal, the jaws provided with long, slender, flexible, bristle-
like teeth ; preoperculum entire or nearly so, without spine. Dorsal fin
single, continuous, not notched, the spinous part longer" than the soft
part, of about 1.". spines; last r;i\s of soft dorsal usually rapidly short-
ened: caudal peduncle short, the caudal fin fan-shaped; anal similar to
soft dorsal, preceded by •"• or \ strong spines. 1 5ody covered with rather
large cienoid scales, somewhat irregular in their arrangement; the
lateral line curved, high, parallel with the hack. Gill-openings rather
narrow, the, membranes narrowlyjoined to the isthmus; branchiostegals
0. A very large genus of singular-looking fishes, abounding in the

98. CH^ETODONTID^ - POMACANTHUS. 615

tropical seas; most of them have the body crossed by transverse black
bars. (/"try, bristle; 3Swvj tooth.)

C. E2aac«il®ciBact«s (Gill) J. & G.
Olivaceous, darker above; a dark-brown band from beginning of dor-
sal fin obliquely forwards through eye and across the cheeks; a second
bar beginning in a blotch on soft dorsal, runs vertically across the body.
Body suborbicular, closely compressed ; profile steep, concave, the short
snout projecting; mouth very small, maxillary not reaching the vertical
from the anterior nostril; caudal peduncle very short ; lateral line, begin-
ning at upper angle of opercle, running obliquely upwards to opposite
the base of soft dorsal and then decurved, ending opposite extremity
of soft dorsal. Head 2J in length; depth H. D. XII, 19; A. Ill, 17.
Atlantic coast, rare.

(Sarothrodas mncnlocinctus Gill, Proc. Acai. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1831, 99.)

329.— POMACANTHUS Lacdpede.
(Chcptodon, Holacanthus, and Acanthochcctodon Bleeker.)

(Lace"pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 517, 1802: type Chwtodon arcuatus L. )

This genus differs from Chcctodon chiefly in the presence of a strong
spine at the angle of the preopercle. Body much compressed and ele-
vated; dorsal fin entirely scaly, with 8-15 spines; the anal with 3;
scales moderate or small; brauchiostegals 6 ; air-bladder with 2 poste-
rior horns ; pylori c cceca numerous. Species numerous in the tropical
seas. Many of them are brilliantly colored. (-<£•/./.«, operculnm; cixnOa,
spine.)

a. Dorsal spines 12 to 15. (Holacanthus* Lac.)

9S4. P. caGaarls (Linn.) J. & G.. — Angel-fish; IsabcUta.

Brownish olive, each scale with a crescent-shaped mark of lighter ;
nape with a dark-brown spot ocellated with blue ; chin, base of pectoral.
borders and spines of opercle and preopercle bright cobalt blue ; fins
with blue and yellow. Body oblong, compressed and elevated; mouth
small; scales ciliate; soft dorsal and anal with the anterior rays pro-
duced in long streamers. Head 4 in length ; depth about 2. D. XIV,
20 ; A. Ill, 20 ; scales 8-50-30. West Indies, occasional on our South
Atlantic coast.

(ChcKtmlon ciliaris Liiiii. Syst. Nut.: Holacanilius ciliaris Lace"pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
iv, 527, 16U2: Holacanthus ciliaris Giintker, ii, 46: Holacanthus ciliaris Goode, Bull. U.
S. Nat. Mus. v, 43.)

*Lace~pedc, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 525: type Chcetodon tricolor Bloch. (oloS, complete;
, spine.)

G16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

tui. Dorsal spines 8 to 11. (Pomacanthue).
S>6«>. P. a :v iiat us (L.) Lac.

Dark brown, anteriorly plain ; lower jaw pale ; each scale with a daik
spot and a whitish edge; young' with yellowish vertical bands, some-
nines spotted with black; base of pectorals sometimes yellow. Scales
on body small, nrm; large and small ones irregularly mixed. Head with
shagreen, formed of rudimentary scales. Dorsal and aiial extremely
falcate, the anterior soft rays two-thirds the length of the body in the
adult; dorsal spines very low; last anal spine long. Month small;
gill-rakers short; gill-membranes very slightly joined to the isthmus
mesially. D. IX, 30; A. Ill, 24; Lat, 1. 80-100; cosca 15; vert. 10 +
14. West Indies, north to Garden Key, Florida.

(Chwiodon arcnatiifi L. Syst. Nat.: Pomacanthus paru, cinguJatiift, qninquccinctits, and
urcuatus Cuv. & Val. vii, 202-211: Pomacanthus parti (Uintlirr, iii, 55.)

FAMILY XCIX.-ACANTHURIDJE *

(The Surgeons.}

Body oblong, compressed and usually elevated, covered with very
small scales ; lateral line continuous. Tail armed with one or more
movable spines or bony plates. Eye lateral, high up; pivorbital very
narrow and deep. Nostrils double. Mouth small, low; each jaw with
a single series of incisor-like teeth; vqmer and palatines toothless; pre-
maxillaries somewhat movable, but not protractile; maxillary short;
gill-rakers obsolete; pseudobranchia1 large; gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth; gill-membranes attached to the isthmus, the openings thus re-
stricted to the sides. A single d ;rsal lin, with strong spines, the spi-
MOIIS part of the lin about as long as Ihe soft part; anal lin similar,
shorter; ventral iins present, thoracic, mostly I, 5 (never I, 4, I, as in
'r<'ittliiilid(r). Pelvic bone long, evident thiough the skin, as in HtiliNtidw,
with which group the Ac(i>itltnri(l(c have numerous allinities. I'vloiic
cceca rather lew. Air-bladder large. Herbivorous fishes of the tropicai
seas; genera 5 or more; species nearly SO, most of them belonging to
Acanthurus.

t
I. roiinriiln- (JiiiilluT, iii, :{56.)

a. Tail with a movable- laurel -liKc ^\>\\n- on cucli sidr: incisors serrate.

ACAN mi i:rs, :!::o.

"Callrd Tuilliiiliili;- in tin- key on pa^f 78.

100. TRACHYPTEEID^. 617

33®.— AC A TV T HI! 51 US Blocli & Schneider.

(Acronurus Gthr. ; young.)
(Forskfil; Blacli & Schneider, Ichthyol. 1801, 211: type Chwtodon chirurgus Bloch.)

Body ovate-oblong, compressed, covered with minute ctenoid scales.
Mouth rather small, with broad lobate or serrate incisors, which are
sometimes movable. A movable spine in a groove on each side of tail.
One dorsal fin, low and long, with 7-9 (sometimes fewer) spines; usually
a procumbent spine before the dorsal ; anal with 2 or 3 spines. Ven-
tral rays I, 5. Caudal eniargiuate. Gill openings moderate, oblique,
separated by a broad isthmus; operculum very short; preopercle ob-
lique, with entire edge. Branchiostegals 5. Intestinal canal elongate.
Yertebrtvi 9 + 13. (axavOa, spine; oupa, tail.)

Ao «-]hBB'iu>g'M§ Bl. & Sc.hn. — Surgeon -ftsh ; Doctor-fish.
Brownish; opercle with a black margin; sometimes a whitish band
across tail at base ot caudal; sides with dark transverse bauds; vertical
fins with oblique, parallel, dark streaks. Body oblong, compressed,
and not greatly elevated ; profile little convex, somewhat undulated.
Vertical fins high ; caudal moderately emargiuate. Head 3£ in length;
depth 2. D. IX, 25; A. Ill, 23. West Indies; occasional northward.

(Bloch & Schneider, 214; Gunther, iii, 329, in part; Poey, Anales Soc. Hist. Nat.
Espagn. 1880, 245.)

9®¥. Ao c«EB*MSeffi:s Bloch & Schneider.— Blue Surgeon; Bar'bero.

Deep bluish brown, with undulating pale blue longitudinal lines,
especially on the dorsal and anal fins, where they become straight and
oblique. Upper profile of snout slightly concave. Caudal fin more or
less deeply forked, the lobes bordered with pale in the adult; caudal
spine glassy, amber-colored; opercles striate. Body very deep. Depth

•

]£ in length. D. IX, 2S; A. Ill, 25. West Indies; occasional northward.

(Bloch & Schneider, 1801,214; Poey, Anal. Soc. Hist. Nat. Espagn. 1880,244: Acan-
tJiurus nigricans Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. v, 42 (not of L.): Acanthiirua cceruleus
Gtmther, iii, :];!G.)

FAMILY C.— TRACHYPTERID^.
( The King-of-the-Herrings.)

Body elongate, strongly compressed, naked, the skin smooth or
prickly. Lateral line present. Head short, the mouth rather small,
terminal, with feeble teeth; premaxillaries protractile; opercles un-
armed. Eye large, lateral. Branchiostegals G. Gill-membranes sepa-

G18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

rate, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit bc'hind the fourth. Pseudo-
branclme well developed, in a pouch formed by a fold of the mucous
membrane. Dorsal tin single, extending from the head to the tail, it3
rays all technically spinous, being neither articulated nor branched,
but all very soft, flexible, and fragile; anal tin wanting; pectorals
short; ventrals thoracic, the rays elongate, often less than I, 5 in num-
ber; caudal fin either rudimentary or else divided into two parts, the
upper and larger fan-shaped, directed obliquely upward from the slen-
der tip of the tail. Bones very soft, the muscles little coherent. Py-
loric creca very numerous. Vertebrae in large number. Deep-sea fishes.
ol'ien of large size, found in most warm seas. Their extreme fragility
renders them rare in collections, and the species are little known.
Genera 3; species about 15. They have no intimate relation with any
other of our families.
(Traohypteridce Giinther, iii, 300-311. )

a. Ventral fius well developed; caudal present, not in the line of the axis of the
body TRACIIYPTERUS, 331.

331.— TRACHYPTERUS Gouan.

King-of-the-Herrings.

(Gouan, Hist. Poiss. 1770, 104: typo Cepola trachyptcra Gmel.)

This genus is characterized by the well-developed ventral fins, com-
posed of 4-0 branched rays each, and by the presence of a long fan-
siiaped caudal fin extending obliquely upward and backward from the
end of the long and slender tail; lower lobe of the fin little developed;
the anterior rays of the dorsal lin are usually elevated, and separated
by a notch from the rest of the fin; the tin rays and the lateral line
are often armed with prickles. Deep-sea tishes of large sixe. (-f>a%u;,
rough; -7£/<«/i/, fin.)

9C8. T. i&StivcSis K^N.—King-of-tlus-Salmon.

Bright silvery, with three large round black spots below the dorsal
fin; a fourth near the abdominal edge, a little below the lirst of the
back. Anterior rays of the dorsal lin elevated; the longest rays of the
posterior part of the dorsal nearly as deep as the body; dorsal rays
rough, a small spine at the base of each of them; caudal lin with the
civet lobe \\cll developed, ih> outer rays longer and stronger than the
intermediate rays: rays of the lower lobe short: skin prickly, the lat-
eral line armed with small bony shields, each provided with a spine.

101. ICOSTEID^E. 619

Head 7; depth 7. D. 7, 100 to 190; C. 0-5; P. 11; V. 7. (Giinther.)
Described from Valparaiso, Chili. A young specimen examined by us
from Santa Cruz, Cal., agrees in essential respects, except that the skin
xs entirely smooth. The prickles are perhaps acquired with age, other-
wise ours may be a different species. T^vo specimens of Trackypterus
have also been taken in Puget Sound, but they have not been preserved.

(Kiier. Wien. Sitzimgsber, xxxiv, 437, 1859, t;if. 1; Gunther, iii, 303.)

FAMILY CL— XCOSTEIDJE.

(The Ronquils.)

Body oblong, compressed, naked or covered with small ctenoid or
cycloid scales. Head moderate, not externally bony, the opercles un-
armed. Mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillary protractile or not;
maxillary moderate, without supplemental bone. Teeth small, in bands
or in single series; vomer and palatines with or without teeth. No bar-
bels. Lower pharyngeals separate. Branchiostegals 6 or 7. Gill-open-
ings wide, the membranes free from the isthmus ; gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth; gill-rakers slender. Pseudobranchiae large. Pyloric coeca few.
Air-bladder present. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin very long, con-
tinuous, without distinct spines; .anal long, without spines; caudal tin
convex; ventral fins thoracic or subjugular, separate, but very close
together, I, 4, or I, 5; pectorals rounded, sometimes fleshy at base.
Vent normal, without papilla. Skeleton more or less soft and cartila-
ginous. This group, as at present constituted, is composed of three
very diverse genera, each of a single species, inhabiting the deeper
waters of the North Pacific. It is probably most nearly related to the
HalacantMdcB, from which it is distinguished by the presence of pyloric
coeca and by the non-labroid dentition.

(losteidce Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1830, 300.)

a. Body naked, lateral line and fin rays beset with groups of spinules ; skeleton not

ossified. (Icosteince.)
1}. Air-bladder present; teeth in jaws only, in single series, very slender; ventrals

thoracic, 1, 4 ; caudal peduncle slender ICOSTKUS, 332.

aa. Body covered with small scales ; no spinules ; air-bladder wanting or rudimentary ;

ventrals 1, 5.
c. Skeleton imperfectly ossified ; lateral line median. (Icichthi/ina>.*)

d. Teeth in a single series, minute, in jaws only; ventrals thoracic; caudal pe-
duncle slender. ICICHTH YS, 333.

cc. Skeleton ossified; lateral line near the back. (Bathymasterince.)

e. Teeth in bands, rather strong, on jaws, vomer, palatines, and pharyugeals;
veutrals subjugular; caudal peduncle not slender BATIIYMASTKU, 334.

G20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

332.— 1CO§TEIJ§ Lockington.
(Locking-ton, Pror. T. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 63, 1830: type Icosleu-s awly malleus Lockington.)

Body oblong, much compressed throughout, the head thicker than
any part of the body. Dorsal outliiie rising rapidly to the origin of the
dorsal flu, thence more 'regularly curved; the region at the base of the
dorsal and anal strongly corn pressed; caudal peduncle slender, widened
at the base of tlu tin. Mouth large, horizontal ; maxillary narrow,
reaching to beyond middle of eye. Teeth in jaws in one row, slender,
sharp, closely and regularly set, those in the lower jaw largest; no teeth
on voiner, palatines, or pharyngeals. Gill-rakers flexible, few; gill-mem-
branes separate, fiee from the isthmus. Brauehiostegals C. Pseudo-
brauchire well developed. Lateral line conspicuous, continuous, de-
curved, groups of small spines present along its entire length. No
scales anywhere on body or fins. Fins rough, with small spiuules; a
series along each ray, dividing as the ray branches; dorsal fin com-
mencing above the axil of the pectoral, composed of 50-00 rays, which
are all soft and flexible, some of the anterior unbranched; the fin low
in front, increasing in height behind; none of the rays more than once
forked; anal shorter than the dorsal, similar to it, of 35-40 rays; some
of the anterior apparently undivided; caudal fin elongate, fan-shaped,
the middle rays produced; accessory rays numerous, procurreut; pec-
torals with a fleshy base, fan-shaped, the middle rays longest; ventrals
thoracic, inserted just behind the pectorals, narrow, consisting of 1
short subspinous ray and 4 long soft rays. Air-bladder large. Yer-
trbra- numerous, the vertebral column extremely flexible and soft.
Cranial banes tolerably firm; bones of the face and opcreles very flex-
ible. Deep-sea fishes, from the Pacific. (;i-/.w, to yield, submit; »f;-^«-^
b:>ne — the "entire body being charaeterixed by a want of firmness, as
in be doubled up as readily as a piece of soft, thick rag.")

IVlhi'-id \ell:>\vish or brownish, with purplish spots and blotches of
irregular form ; the spots largest above, most numerous along the lat-
eral line; lleshy bases of caudal and pectorals spotted; throat and gill-
membranes with dark punrt illations; (ins dusky, obscurely blotched.
Longest ray of dorsal nearly reaching base of middle caudal rays. Eye
(i in head, scarcely half the length of tiie snout or the width of the in-
CTOI -bital space; diameter of caudal peduncle about ~t.\ in greatest
depth. Head 4; depth 3. D. 5l»-55; A. 37-40; V. 1,4; Lat. I. 110-lL'O

101. ICOSTEID^E — ICICHTHYS. 621

(groups of spines). L. about 12 inches. Pacific coast of United States ;
three specimens known, from deep water.

(LockiDgton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. ii, 63, 1880.)

333.— ICSCHTHYS Jordan & Gilbert.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 305: type Idchthys lockingtonl J. & G.)

Body elongate, not elevated, not compressed at the bases of the ver-
tical tins. Head moderate. Eyes lateral. Mouth terminal, little ob-
lique, with small, sharp teeth in one series, in the jaws only. Prtmax-
illaries not protractile. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus;
p;ill-rakers long. Pseudobranchia? present. Branchiostegals 7. Body
covered with small cycloid scales. Lateral line continuous, unarmed.
Bases of fins without spinules; dorsal and anal fins long and low, com-
posed of soft rays only; pectoral fins moderate, their bases fleshy, as
in Icosteus; ventral fins small, thoracic, I, 5. Pyloric cosca about 0,
large. Bones all very flexible, cartilaginous. Deep-sea fishes, (
to yield or submit; izUoq, fish — in allusion to the flexible skeleton.)

97O. I. locEiiaagnJoESB Jor. & Gilb.

Plain brown, paler below, somewhat punctulate. Body oblong, some-
what compressed, the caudal peduncle rather slender. Head moderate,
compressed, with vertical cheeks, rather broad and slightly con vex above,
the snout abruptly descending. Mouth moderate, little oblique, the slen-
der maxillary scarcely widened at the tip, extending to beyond front of
pupil; anterior edge of the preniaxillary on the level of lower rim of
eye; lips thin; premaxillary tapering backward, not forming the whole
margin of the upper jaw; maxillary behind slipping entirely under the
membranous edge of the preorbital; preorbital rather wide, with one or
two series of rather large, thin, cycloid scales (other scales on head, if
any, now lost on the typical example); lower jaw prominent, projecting
in front, included at the sides. Teeth in jaws only, minute, sharp, closely
and evenly set, larger and less numerous than in Icosteus cenigiriatlcus.
Eyes large, lateral, longer than snout, 4 in head. Cheeks rather wide;
preopercle with a prominent crest, behind which are some radiating mu-
cous cavities; the bone with a broad, prolonged, flexible, membranaceous
edge, covered with radiating stria?, each of which ends in a flexible point.
Opercle and subopercle rather large, extremely thin, and each crossed
by radiating stria?. Branchiostegals 7. Gill-rakers long, slender, sharp,
close-set, and moderately stiff, their length nearly three-fourths the diam-
eter of the eye. Scales very small, soft, and smooth, covering the body

022 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

evenly, but becoming smaller belo\r. Lateral line nearly straight, ap-
parently continuous. Dorsal fin long and low, beginning nearly mid-
way between the vent and the base of the ventrals; all the rays soft
and articulated, and all except the first branched; first rays very low,
the tin gradually rising posteriorly, the highest rays 3 in head, some-
what scaly; anal lin similar, shorter, beginning slightly in front of the
middle of the body and ending just in front of the last rays of the dor-
sal; caudal broad, fan-shaped, on a slender peduncle; the accessory
rays numerous and procurrent; base of pectorals a little below the axis
of the body, their outline rounded; the liu short and small, shorter than
head; ventrals short and small, thoracic, placed a little behind pec-
torals, with 1 obsolete spine and 5 soft rays, one of which is slightly
filamentous; the tin 3 in head; fin rays not beset with spiuules. Tent
normal, immediately in front of the anal, without papilla. Air-bladder
wanting. Bones ?.\l soft and flexible. The skin not thick and tough, as
in Icostvns, but thin and scaled. Head 5; depth 4. D. 40; A. 28; Lat.
1. 120. L. 7£ inches. Deep water off San Francisco, Cal.; one specimen
known.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. ii, 305, 1880.)

331.— BAT33YMA§TER Cope.
(Cope, Proc. Aincr. Phil. Soc. 1873: type Batliymaxlir nignatus Cope.)

Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, covered with small
ctenoid scales. Head rather large, subconic. Eyes large. Month
moderate, neatly horizontal, the lower jaw slightly projecting; lips
full; premaxillary protractile, not extending to the angle of the
mouth ; maxillary without supplemental bone, not slipping under
the narrow preorbital. Teeth moderate, in a cardiform band in each
jaw, the outer somewhat enlarged; bands of teeth on vomer and
palatines. No barbels. Branchiostegals <!. Gill-membranes scaicely
connected, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers few, very short. Pseudo-
br.inehi;:' large. Cheeks scaly; rest of head naked. Opercular bones
unarmed. Mucous pores numerous on top and sides of head. Lateral
line conspicuous, placed high, not reaching the caudal fin, its scales a
little enlarged. Dorsal lin long, continuous, moderately high; two
or three of the foremost, rays inarticulate, but no distinct spines; anal
fin long, similar to the dorsal; caudal convex ; pectorals rather broad,
their bases extending obliquely downward and backward, their rays
all branched; ventrals slightly in front of pectorals, I, 5, close together,

102. (a) LATILID^E. 623

the inner rays longest. Skeleton well ossified. Pyloric cosca few (2 or
3). ~So anal papilla. North Pacific. (;3a0u?, deep; ij.aarijp, a searcher.)

IS. siignaians Cope. — lionquil.
Olivaceous, tinged with brown; about 8 round, faint bluish blotches
along- the sides, each surrounded by rings of yellow spots; a yellow
ring around the eye and a yellow band along the cheek; fins translu-
cent, the anal with a yellowish stripe and a t)luish edging; dorsal red-
dish or yellow, with a dusky blotch in front; ventrals dusky; larger
specimens nearly uniformly dark. Eye large, about as long as snout,
4 in head; its diameter much more than interocular space; maxillary
extending to below front of pupil; cheeks closely scaly; rest of head
entirely naked; a narrow, naked area in front of dorsal, bounded by
rows of mucous pores; skull with large mucous cavities behind the
eyes, which are translucent in life; scales of lateral line enlarged, twice
as far apart as the others. Dorsal fin inserted at a distance behind
the occiput, less than the diameter of the eye; pectorals | the length
of the head; fourth ray of ventrals longest; vent much nearer snout
than root of caudal; caudal vertebras about 33. Head 4^; depth 6§.
D. 41: A. 33; V. I, 5; P. 18; Lat. 1. 02 + G (tubes); scales in about 200
transverse series. L. 12 inches. Alaska to Puget Sound, about rocks,
in water of moderate depth.

(Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873.)

FAMILY CII (a) — LATILID^E *

(The Blanquillos.)

Body more or less elongate, fusiform or compressed. Head subcon-
ical, the profile usually convex; suborbital without bony stay; cranial
bones not cavernous; opercular bones armed or not. Mouth moderate,
terminal, usually little oblique; teeth rather strong; premaxillary usu-
ally with a posterior canine; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary with-
out supplemental bone, not slipping under the edge of the preorbital.
Gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchias well developed.
Gill-membranes separate, or more or less united, often adherent to the
isthmus. Lower pharyugeals separate. Scales small, ctenoid. Lateral
line present, complete. Dorsal fin long and low, usually continuous, the
spinous portion always much less developed than the soft portion, but
never obsolete; anal fin very long, its spines usually feeble and few;

"Called TracJnnid(c in the key oil page 78; see also family 102 (b), Trichodontidcu.

G24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY TV.

caudal fin forked; tail diphycercal; veutrals thoracic or sub u^u'ar,
I. 5. usually close together; pectoral fins not very broad, the rays all
branched. Vertebra4 in increased number (35-50). Pyloric coeca few
or none. Fishes of the temperate and tropical seas, many of them
reaching a large size. Genera about 5; species about 10.

(Tracliinidir, groap Pinguipedina Giinther, ii, 'J.~ 1-234.)

«. Dorsal fin continuous; body scaly; upper jaws usually with posterior cauincs.

(LalilincE.)
I. Dorsal and anal wi^h less than 20 soft rays each.

>'. An adipose appendage at the nape: a lleshy prolongation on each side of the
labial fold, extending backward, behind angle of the mouth.

LOPHOLATILUS, 335.

Z>&. Dorsal and anal fins each with more than 20 soft rays; no a lipose appendage at
the nape CAULOLATILUS, :3:3G.

335.— LOPHQ1LATIL1[J§ Goocle & Bean.

(Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 205: type Lopliolatilus chamccleoniiccpv
G. & B.)

This genus differs from C&ulolatilus and agrees with Latilus in the
small number of dorsal and anal rays, and is distinguished from both
by the presence of a large adipose appendage on the nape and by a
fleshy prolongation upon each side of the labial fold, extending back-
ward beyond the angle of the mouth. One species known. (A»^«<j,
crest; Latilus.}

972. L,. cftamaeJeojiticeps Goode & B?an.— 77 lc-fixh.

Coloration brilliant; head and body with numerous greenish-yellow
spots; upper portion of body with a violaceous tint; lower parts whitish,
with some areas of yellow; caudal rays striped with greenish-yellow,
some of the stripes connected by cross-blotches; anal and ventral fins
whitish; pectorals violet-tinted, with some yellow on posterior surfaces;
soft dorsal with an upper br;>ad band of violaceous and a narrow basal
portion of whitish; many rays each with a yellow stripe: anterior part
of I'm with some yellow spots. Maxillary reaching anterior margin of
orbit; opercle and preopercle scaly, tlr.- latter finely denticulate; upper
jaw with an outer series of stronger teeth, behind which is a band of vil-
lilbrm teeth; lower jaw with a few large canines and an inner series of
small conical teeth : VOMMT and palatines toothless. Head .".in length;
depth :;'. I). VII, 15: A. II, I.1!; scales S-lK'5-30. (Oootle d- Itvan.)
Abundant in deep waters oil' the coast of Massachusetts; a fine large
fish, which may become important as food.

(<;:,nde A \\-.\\\. I'. or. f. S. \:it. Mils. L879, '.'1 15.)

102 (ff). LATILID^E — CAULOLATILUS. 625

386.— CAin,OL,ATIL,US Gill.

Blanquillos.

(Dekaya* Cooper; preoccupied.)

(Caulolatilus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862,240; nomen iinflnni, defined. in Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18^55, 66: type Latihis chrysops C. & Y.)

Body elongate, subfusiforin, not strongly compressed, heavy forward,
tapering to a rather slender caudal peduncle. Profile of head strongly
arched. Mouth moderate, little oblique, the jaws nearly equal; lips
thick; maxillary narrow, not slipping under preorbital; teeth in villi-
form bands, preceded by a row of stronger acute teeth; hindmost teeth
in each jaw canine-like, directed forward; posterior canines of upper
jaw largest; no teeth on vomer or palatines; preopercle pectinate, the
teeth nearly even; opercle with a blunt, flat spine. Eyes large, lateral.
Gill-membranes slightly connected, forming a fold across the isthmus,
with which they are narrowly joined. Branchioslegals 6. Gill-rakers
short and stout. Nostrils double, round, close together. Scales small,
firm, ctenoid. Lateral line continuous, concurrent with the back. Dor-
sal with 7-9 slender, pointed, graduated spines, and 22-27 soft rays ;
anal similar to soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines, and more than 20
soft rays; caudal fin forked; ventral fins ihoracic; no adipose append-
age at the nape. Large fishes of the warm seas. (-/.auXoq^ stem ; Latllus —
/. c., many-rayed Latilus.)

913» C. prince p§ (Jenyns) Gill.— jniite-fsh; Yellow-tail.

Olivaceous, with bluish reflections; brownish above, greenish below;
fins light greenish olive, tinged with bluish and orange, the colors
always pale; dorsal and anal greenish, with a bluish band near the
tip; axil dusky. Flesh of the occiput becoming thick with age,, as in
Harpe. Eye large, about half the convex interorbital space, 4J in head.
Maxillaries reaching front of eye. Teeth rather strong. Preopercle
finely, evenly, and acutely serrate behind, nearly entire below; pre-
opercle, interopercle, and preorbital naked; cheeks and opercles scaly;
top of head scaled on the median line to between the eyes. Dorsal
spines flexible; ventrals slightly behind the pectorals, the outer rays
longest; caudal moderately forked, the upper lobe the longer; caudal
peduncle short and slender, abruptly contracted; pectorals falcate,
longer than caudaj, | length of the head. Head 3§; depth 4. D. IX-

* Dekaya Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G4, 711: type Dekaya ariomala Cooper;
not Dekayia Millie-Edwards & Haime, 1851 ; a genus of corals.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 40

G2G CONTRIBUTION'S TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

-I: A. II, 2.">; scales 10-1 iM- 10. L. 40 inches. Monterey, southward,
abundant about the Santa Barbara Islands; a food-fish of considerable
importance.

(tLatilus princcps Jenyns, Zool. P.eagle. Fishes, 52 (from Galapagos Islands): /><•-
/.<;//« (iiiiiiinild Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 71, 18G4: Caulolcitilitft anomalus,
j,rin<Tpx, an<l tijJhiis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 63: Cauloltitiliis anomulny
Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mils, vii, 48, 1877: ? LatUus princeps Gunther, ii, 2o3.)

971. C. chrysops (C. & V.) Gill.—

Reddish, marked with yellow; a yellow band below the eye and a
dark axillary blotch. Body rather robust. Interorbital width half
length of snout. Snout longer than maxillary. Eye small, G in length,
of head in adult. Fins rather short; caudal slightly emarginate: pec-
toral not reaching origin of anal, not one-fourth of total length. Dead
3i; depth 3j in length. D. VII-23; A. I, 23; Lat. 1. 120; 1. transv. 48.
(Goode & Bean.} Pensacola, Fla., and southward.

(.' LdlihtN cliri/xo/iti Cuv. & Val. ix. 49(5, 183:? (from Brazil): 1 Latiliis cJirunops Giinther,
ii, "2~>:\: ".('(tnhihitilux ri/niwps Poey, Rept. Fis. Nat. i, 312, 18(57 (Cuba): Caulolatiltm
microps Goode &, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 41!, 1878. The characters ascribed to
tin- latter species, Lcin,-;- details of form only, may be due to age, as greater differences
occur between young and old of C. pr'nia-px.')

FAMILY CII (6).— TRICHODONTID^.

(TJie San fl- fishes.)

Body i-.ulicr elongate, moderately compressed, naked. Head short,
flat on top, the sides vertical. Eyes large, high up, but not superior.
Month large, almost vertical; lower jaw projecting, its tip entering the
profile; lips fringed; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary very broad,
without supplemental bone, not slipping under the ve. v narrow preor-
bital. Teeth moderate, slender and sharp, but not setiform, in bauds
on jaws and vomer; palal ines toothless; inner teeth of jaws depiessible.
< Jill-rakers very short; gill-membranes narrowly united, free, from the.
isthmus. liranehiostegals .">. (Jills 1, a slit behind the fourth. Preop-
erele \\itli ~> prominent sp-nes, the two upper directed strongly upward,
the two lower downward, the middle one downward and backward: no
barbels; operele small, strongly striate, unarmed ; preorhital with sjiines;
no suborbilal slay. Lateral line obsolete. Dorsal tins separate, the first
the larger, of numerous slender, low spines; anal fin elongate, without
distinct spines, the rays of the anterior third of the fin much shorter
than the others; pectorals with a very broad, curved, prucnrrent base;
a broad lunate area between pectoral and gill-opening, nearly covered
by the operele; soft rays of dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins all simple;

103. URANOSCOPID.E. 027

ventrals close together, thoracic, but behind the pectorals, I, 5, the
middle rays longest; caudal lunate, with many accessory rays, on a
slender peduncle. Twro species known, from the North Pacific.

(TracMnidcv, genus Trichodon Giiutlier, ii, 250.)

331.— TKICH©D<[>]V Steller.

(Steller; Cuvier, Regne Aniru. ii, 1829: type Trachinus trichodon Tilesius.)

Characters of the genus included above, (fy^lj hair; oV?<yv, tooth.)

915. T. stelleri Cuv. «fc Vol.— Sand-fish.

Olivaceous silvery, the back darker, with short bars and reticula-
tions of blackish, the latter chiefly on the head and nuchal region; be-
low this a longitudinal narrow white stripe, and then a narrow black
stripe, interrupted anteriorly, extending from the eye to the base of
the caudal; spinous dorsal with 2 lengthwise bauds of black; chin and
snout black. Eye large, placed high, 3 in head; maxillary extending
to beyond its middle; the premaxillary near the level of its upper edge;
cheek quadrate, as deep as long. Pectorals reaching past vent, the
lower rays rapidly shortened, the width of its base f its length, two-
thirds the length of the head; anterior rays of anal less than half the
height of the posterior. Head 3J; depth the same. D. XV-18; A. 9,
19. L. 12 inches. Coast of Alaska, south to San Francisco, burying
itself in the sand near the shore; not rare northward.

(Trachinus trichodon Tiles. Me'm. Ac. Petersb. 1813, 466; Cuv. & Val. iii, 154; Giiu-
ther, ii, 251: Trichodon lineatus Ayres, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1860, 60.)

FAMILY GUI.— URANOSCQPID.E.

(The Star Gazers.}

Body more or less elongate, conic, terete or subcompressed, widest
and usually deepest at the occiput. Scales small, smooth, adherent,
arranged in very oblique series, rarely wanting. Lateral line feeble or
obsolete. Head cuboid, partly mailed above. Eyes small, anterior, on
the top of the head. Mouth vertical, the mandible strong and promi-
nent; lips more or less conspicuously fringed; teeth moderate, on the
jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines also; premaxillaries protrac-
tile; maxillary b/oad, without supplemental bone, not slipping under
the preorbital. Gill-openings very wide, continued forwards; gill-
membranes nearly separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals G.

G28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

(Jills oA. a small slit behind the last. Pseudobranchia1 present. No
anal papilla. Dorsal lius 1 or 2, the spinous part very short, the soft
part elongate: anal long: caudal riot forked; pectoral tins with broad
oblique bases, the lower rays rapidly shortened, most of them branched,
ventral lins jugular, close together, I, 5, the spine very short, the inner-
most rays the longest. Air-bladder generally absent. Pylori c cceea
in moderate number. Carnivorous fishes of singular appearance, living
on the sea-bottoms in most warm regions. Genera 7; species about IN).

(Ti-dfliiniil.r. nTH'.ip I'rano^ci^inni GiiiithiT, ii, 2'2~>-^'.}'2. )
a. Dorsal lius -J: head without spines; no tentacle in the mouth.. ASTRO8COPU8; :'>:'.-.

338.— ASTKOSCOPUS Brevoort.
(A<jnun Giinther: Vpxelonpliorus Gill.)

(Brevoort; Gill, I'nic. Arad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1£60,20: type Uranosoopus anoploe Cuvier. )
Mouth large, the lower jaw without retractile tentacle within. Teeth
narrow, in villiibrm bauds, on jaws, voiner, and palatines; teeth of jaws
depressible. Nostrils fringed; a curved furrow behind each eye, with
its edges fringed. No spines about the he'ad, the edges of the mem-
brane bones covered by smooth skin; surface of the bones rugose; a
broad plate on the occipital region, from the middle of which a Y-
shaped projection extends forward, the tips of the fork being between
the eyes: a trapezoidal spac", covered by naked skin, bounded by the
Yj Ihe eye. the suborbitals and the occipital plate. Head scaleless;
back and sides covered with close-set scales; belly mostly naked.
Humeral spine obsolete; no spine before the ventrals. First dorsal
small, of about 4 low, stout, pungent spines, connected by membrane
to the second dorsal, which is rather high and long; pectorals and ven-
trals large. American, distinguished from the Old World rnutoNcojmn
chielly by the unarmed head. (^7.?..-,, star; <r/:»-iiu, to look.)

976. A. > -IM:I-< tun (C. &, V.) Gill.

Dark brown above, jialei' below; upper parts densely covered with
small rounded white spots, each surrounded by a black ring; lower
jaw and labial fringes similarly spotted: spinons dorsal black, \\hite
posteriorly; so!') doi-.sal \\ith L* black and L' \\hite stripes; caudal black.
witl^L* \\hite longitudinal stripes, its upper and lower edges nar-
rowly white: anal white at base and tip. with a black median band:
pectoral.-, brown, with a black band below, the lower edge white, the

101. GOBIID.E. G29

upper ray spotted ; ventrals white. Width of pectorals less than half
length of head, their length a little less than that of head; ventrals
reaching three-fifths distance to vent. Scales small, evident, in very
oblique series. T-shaped bone on top of head conspicuous, on each
side of it a broad naked area, said to be the seat of electric powers.
A ridge of skin along middle line of belly from ventrals to vent.
Head 3; depth 3. D. IV-I, 13; A. 12. L. 12 inches. West Indies,
occasional on our South Atlantic coast.

( Uranoscopus y-grcscum Cuv. & Val. iii, 308, 1829: TJranoscopus y-gra'cinn Giinther, ii,
229: Upseloiiphorus y-grcecum Gill, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 113; Bean, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mis. 1879, 56.)

A. asaoplaas (Cuv. & Val.) Brevoort.

Brownish, everywhere covered with fine white spots; a dark lateral
band on the caudal peduncle, near which the spots are larger; caudal
with lengthwise stripes of black and pale. Form and armature essen-
tially as in A. y-grcecum. Pectoral a little longer than ventral, one-
fourth shorter than the head. Scales on back evident, but small, the
belly and lower part of the sides naked. Head 2i; depth 3^. D. IV-
13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 113. Atlantic coast of United States; rare.

( Uranoscopns anoplos Cuv. & Val. viii, 493 (young, said, to be naked): Af/ntis anoplns
Guuther, ii, 229: Astroscopes gtittatiis Abboit, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 365;
Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 60.)

FAMILY CIV.— GOBIID^E.

(The Gobies.}

Body oblong or elongate, naked or covered with ctenoid or cycloid
scales. Dentition various, the teeth generally small; premaxillaries
protractile; suborbital without bony stay. Skin of head continuous
with covering of eyes. Opercles generally unarmed. Pseudobranchio?
present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes united to the
isthmus, the gill-openings thus restricted to the sides. No lateral line.
Dorsal fins separate or connected, the spiuous dorsal least developed,
of 2-8 flexible spines, rarely wanting; anal usually without spine, sim-
ilar to the soft dorsal; ventral fins close together, separate or fully united,
each composed of a short spine and 5 soft rays, the" inner rays longest;
the ventral fins, when united, form a sucking-disk, a cross-fold of skin
at their base forming a cup; caudal fin convex; anal papilla prominent.
No pyloric coeca ; usually no air-bladder. Carnivorous fishes, mostly of
small size, living on the bottoms near the shores in warm regions. Some

G30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

inhabit fresh waters, and others live indiscriminately in either fresh or
salt water. Genera GO-TO; species nearly 400.

(Gobiid : part ; groups Gobiimt, Amblyopiiia, and Trypauchenina Giiuther, iii, 1-13??.)

Vent nils separate; body scaly.
a. Vomerine teeth present; isthmus narrow, the gill-openings continued forward

below ..................................... PHILYFNUS, 339.

an. Vomerine teeth wanting; isthmus broad.

b. Scales small (00-100 in a lengthwise series); teeth fixed ....... ELKOTRIS, 340.

bb. Scales large (30-35 in a lengthwise series); outer teeth movable.

HORMITATOR, 341.
' Ventral iins united.

c. Dorsal Iins separate. (Gobiiiuv.}
d. Dorsal spines several.
c. Body scaly.
/. Scales ctenoid; dorsal spines G; maxillary moderately developed, end-

ing below the eye.

/i. Teeth in the upper jaw emarginate, in one series; teeth of lower jaw
horizontal .............................. EVORTHODUS, 34v>.

hit. Teeth all simple.

i. Teeth in the npper jaw in one series; those below in a very narrow
band ................................ EUCTENOGOUICS, 34:!.

ii. Teeth in several series in each jaw.

j. Teeth of the outer scries fixed, somewhat enlarged; body not
greatly elongate .............................. GOBIUS, 344.

jj. Teeth of the outer series setaceous, movable; body extreme! \
long and slender ...... .................. GoiiioxKi.r.rs, 34f>.

ff. Scales very small, cycloid.

k. Maxillary inordinately developed, in the adult, reaching the
gill-opening; dorsal spines!) ............ GILLICIITHYS, :;4(i.

kk. Maxillary moderately developed; dorsal spines 7 or 8.

LEPiDOGOiurs, 347.
i-c. Hiidy naked : teeth in bands: no canines ............. GOBIOSOMA, 34^.

(ill. Dorsal spines 2; body naked; eyes obsolete ....... ..TVPHLOGOBIUS, 319.

CC. Dorsal fin continuous; scales minute or wanting. (AmblyopinCB.)

1. Teeth in a single series ................... TYNTLASTKS, 350.

339.— PHIL-YPNUS Cnvier & Valenciennes.

n (iiinther.)

(Guv. A.- \:\\. Hist. Nat. 1'oiss. xi, •„'.">.">, 1837: type Pldti/cijiJinlun tlormitator Bloch &
Schn.)

r.udy elongate, Ici'ctc anteriorly, compressed behind. ITead elongate,
depressed ;il»o\ e. Month l;:r.^e; lower ja\v longest. Teeth cardifomi, ou
jaws and voiner; no teeth <m palatines and tongue. Gill-openings con-
tinued forward below, so that the isthmus is very narrow. Scales mod
• •rate, ctenoid, eovering most of the head. Dorsal Iins well separated,
the first of 7 spines; ventrals separate. Largest of the doliics, some of
the species reaching a length of nearly - led Tropical rivers and
bays. (i.":7y;r!/</?, slumber-loving.)

104. GOBIID.E — DC-EMIT ATOR. 631

9?§. P. doB'inatator (Bl. & Schn.) Cuv. & Val.

Brownish, marbled with darker; sides of head with 2 brown stripes;
tins rose-colored, with series of brown spots ; two oblong brown spots
on base of pectorals. Snout sharp; maxillary reaching to opposite
middle of orbit. Vomeriue teeth in a crescent-shaped band. Eye small,
half width of interorbital space. Caudal peduneleVery long and rather
slender. Head 3 in length; depth about 5i. D. VI-I, 9; A. I, 9;
Lat. 1. 00. L. 1-2 feet. Texas and southward, entering the rivers.

(PlatycepJialus donnltator Bl. & Scliu. 60, 18UI: Eleotris dormitutrlx Gliutlier, iii, 119;
Cuv. & Val. xii, 255.)

34O.— EL-EOTRflS Gronow.
- Tetards.

(Goliomoms and GaMomoroides Lacepede.)
(Grouow; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichtli. 1801, 65: type Elcotris gyrinus Cuv. & Val.)

Body long and low, compressed behind. Head long, low, flattened
above, without spines or crests, almost everywhere scaly. Mouth large, „
oblique, the lower jaw projecting. Teeth in jaws villiform, fixed; no
teeth on vomer or palatines. Preopercle and branchiostegals unarmed.
Eyes small, high, anterior; isthmus broad. Dorsal fins well apart, the
first of about 7 flexible spines; ventrals separate. Scales small, cycloid,
00-100 in a longitudinal series. Tropical seas, entering fresh waters.
(rj^o-.f bewildered.)

9^9. E. gyi'BMWLS Cuv. & Val.— Tetard; Sleeper.

Brownish ; vertical fins, with brown dots ; two darker stripes behind
the orbit. Body elongate, moderately compressed, of nearly equal
depth throughout. Caudal peduncle long and deep. Head rather broad
and flattened above, its scales minute. Mouth large, very oblique;
maxillary reaching beyond the vertical from centre of orbit. Eye small,
half width of iuterorbital space. Head 3£ in length; depth about 5.
D. VI-I, 8 ; A. I, 8 ; Lat. 1. about GO. Brackish waters, from Texas
southward.

(IGobliis pisonis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1783, 120:>; Cuv. & Val. xii, 250; Giinther, iii,
122.)

341.— DOKMITATOR Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 240: type Eleoiris g undid chi Poey.)

Body oblong, the back broad and elevated; the head broad and deep.
Mouth small, anterior; jaws subequal, each with a narrow band of slen-
der teeth, those in the outer row movable; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines. Eyes moderate, lateral, wide apart. Head unarmed, almost

G32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

everywhere scaly. Scales large, ctenoid. Isthmus moderate; gill-clefts
extended a little forward above ; gill-rakers long. Pharyngeal teeth
setaceous ; an external series broad, flexible, lamelliform. Dorsal spines
flexible, usually 7; ventrals separate. Brackish waters in the tropics.
(Latin, (lonnitator, one who sleeps.)

4

9§O. I>. lioicatus Gill.

Brownish-yellow, thickly puuctnlated with darker, with a dark line
running along the midd'e of each row of scales, and with a dark ver-
tical blotch on the scapular region; head apparently with 2 dark longi-
tudinal bands; dorsal and anal tins with 2 rows of dark spots near the
base, a fainter one beyond; all the fins with minute dark dots. Dead
3§ in length; depth about 3J. Eye equal to snout. D. Y1I-1, 10; A. 1,
10; Lat. 1. 32. (GUI.) Savannah, Ga.; probably identical with the next.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 271.)

981. O. macuEatus (Bloch.) Gil\.—S!ccp<r.

Dark brown, with lighter bluish spots; a faint dark stripe along sides;
a large dark blue spot edged with black above base of pectorals, and
a dark streak from eye to angle of mouth; two dark streaks on side of
head; branchiostegal membrane blackish; dorsals barred with spots;
anal dusky, barred with bluish, and with white margin; a dai'k bar on
base of pectoral. Caudal a little shorter than head. Eye small, shorter
than snout. Head 15!, in length; depth about 3 (in the adult). D. Yll-!>;
A. 10; Lat. 1. 33. L. 12 inches. Kio Grande and southward to Guiana
and Equador; very abundant in brackish waters. (Here described from
specimens from Mazatlan.)

,-:irna mantJala Bloch, Ichth. taf. 299, f. 2: Klcolrls mugiloidcK C. A V. xii, 265:
lnld Giiulhcr, iii, 112: Klriilri* xitiintiilciitus Giranl, I'. S. Mcx. Bound.

Surv. Idilli. ISYJ, 2*: Klftitrix xoinnolcnttt (JiintluT, iii, ~>^7 : Jlnninlator
I'ncy. S\n. 1'isc. (Jnlicns. il'.Ui.)

34SB.— EVOKTEIOOttJS (Jill.

<i;ill. Proo. Ac!<l. Nat. Sci. IMiila. 1^.'.!), 1 '.!.->: type I'.rnrthodnx bnnceps Gill.)

liodv elongate, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate si/e. Head
thic.lv, shnrl. IstJimiis moderate. Teeth in a single scries, with the
crown emarginate, those of the lower jaw hori/ontal; no canines, l-'iist
dorsal of <1 spines; ventral lins united, not adherent to the belly, (cu,
well; ni.ii,,:. straight ; nn<»>-, tooth.)

9S2. E. cafBDliBs (Gr&.) Gill.*

Olivaceous, with cross blotches of darker. P.ody snbfusiform. Head

- \\'i- an- inl'oiiii.-d liv I'l-ol'cssi.r Cill that tlrs species, or a species supposed to he the
same, is an Knirtlnnlux. Tlu^ types are now

o

104. GOBIID^E — GOBIUS. 63,"

Lot very blunt. Jaws even. Mouth somewhat oblique 5 maxillary ex-
tending to opposite the pupil; isthmus very wide. Dorsals well sepa-
rated, the second somewhat longer than the first; anal short, inserted
behind front of second dorsal; ventrals not reaching to vent; pectorals
broad and rounded, reaching vent; dorsal spines not filiform. Head
3£; depth about 4. D. VI-11; A. 11; Lat. 1. 30. Saint Joseph's Island,
Tex. (Girard.}

(Gobius cattilus Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclitli. 1839, 26.)

343.— ESJCTEN<e><S©BIU§ Gill.
(Gill, Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, 45, 1859: type Euctcnogobius badius Gill.)

This genus differs from Gobius in the dentition, the teeth being
pointed, in a single series in the upper jaw and in a very narrow band
in the lower. (su, well; xrct?, comb; Gobius; from the ctenoid scales.)

9§3. E. Eyrie MS (Grd.) J. & G.

Brownish, obscurely barred with darker. Body oblong elongate,
tapering slightly from occiput to caudal peduncle. Head oblong, com-
pressed. Snout very blunt; profile in front of eyes nearly vertical.
Mouth moderate, nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching beyond middle
of orbit. Teeth conical, rather strong, in two rows in front of lower
jaw, in one on the side, and in one in the upper jaw. Fins all high;
middle rays of spiuous dorsal produced; caudal lanceolate; pectoral
reaching beyond tips of ventrals, which reach the vent. Head 4.^ in
length; depth about 4|. D. VI-11; A. 11; Lat 1. 32. Eio Grande.

{Gobius lyi'icus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 169: Gobius lyricus Gtiuther,
iii, 550.)

3-14.— GOS51US Linnaeus.

Gobies.
(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: type Gobius wir/er L.)

Body oblong or elongate, compressed behind. Head obloug, more or
less depressed. Eyes high, anterior, close together; opercles unarmed.
Mouth moderate. Teeth on jaws only, conical, in several series, those in
the outer row enlarged; no canines; isthmus broad. Scales moderate,
ctenoid; cheeks usually naked; belly generally scaly. Dorsal usually
with 6 spines; pectorals large; ventrals completely united, not adnate
to the belly; caudal fin usually obtuse. Species very numerous. Onr
species are very little known, and some of them may not belong to this
genus. (xw/?£«?; Latin, Gobius or Gobio, a name applied to the gudgeon
(Gobio fluviatilis) and to other small fishes; allied to Cobitis, chub, etc.)

*Body entirely scaly.

a. Upper rays of pectorals partly free, finely branched, silk-like.

G34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

9§ 1. G. soporator Cuv. & Val.

Dark brownish-olive, marbled with darker, and with lighter dots
along- the series of scales; fins all blackish, the dorsal and caudal more
or less distinctly barred; a dark blotch on temporal region. Body
rather stout. Kye rather large, slightly less than snout. Head rather
broader than high. Month rather large; jaws equal ; maxillary to mid-
dle of eye. Cheeks naked; scales on nape much smaller than those on
body; opercle not longer than eye; distance of first dorsal from eye
equals that of snout from preopercle; upper rays of pectoral silk-like,
the fin not quite as long as caudal, shorter than head; ventrals not
reaching the vent, their basal membranes very broad. Head 3; depth
4f. D. VI-I, 9: A. I, 8; Lat. 1. 35; 1. trans. 13. Both coasts of Me x
ico; very abundant southward, north to Florida.
(Cuv. & Val. xii, 56; Giintlicr, iii, ^6.)

985. G. caroliiiensBS Gill.

Blackish-brown, indistinctly marked with lighter; a darker spot at
base of caudal; a few light spots on opercnluin; fins purplish. Head
44- in total length (with caudal); depth about 5; caudal peduncle £ of
total length, its height £ of the same; eye 4 in length of head; upper
rays of pectorals silk-like; caudal % total length, as long as pectoral.
D. VI-I, 9; A. I, 8; Lat, 1. 38; L. tr. 14; IMS. (Gill.) Charleston,
S. C.; the type now destroyed; probably identical with G. soporator.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 263.)

986. G. glllosus Gnl.

Olivaceous, with transverse black spots on the back and longitudinal
ones on the head. Snout subconical, the month very large, oblique, the
lower jaw included; maxillary extending beyond the orbit. Eyes small,
superior, their length 5 in head, twice the interocular space; isthmus
moderate. Dorsals well separated, the first with some rays filiform;
dorsal and anal barely reaching base of caudal ; ventrals reaching
vent; pectorals longer than ventrals; caudal rounded; scales mod-
erate. Head nearly one-fourth the total length. D. VI-!.">; A. 15.
Jndianola, Te\. ((lirnrd.)

(<;ir:ml, I". S. M^\. limiml. Snrv. Iclitli. H.V.I, •„>(;.)

Appearance of (inhiti* It/rlms. Reddish l>ro\vn, obscurely barred with
dusky. Head larger; caudal shorter: ventrals shorter; anal^ lower;
scales smaller than in (i. lyr'n-iiK : teeth very slender, much smaller
than in (I. lyric ax. Third dorsal spine filamentous. D. VI-11; A. 12.

104. GOBIID.E — GOBIONELLUS. G35

Brazos Santiago, Tex. (Girard.) Like the preceding", a dubious species,
which may not belong to this genus.

(Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtli. 1859, 25.)

««. Pectoral Avitk its upper rays normal, simple, or nearly so; scales large. (Cory-
phopterus* Gill.)

98§. €». glaiicofreemim (Gill) J. & G.

Tawny, with a faint blue spot in the center of each scale, and with 6
spots, each formed by aggregation of dark dots, on the ridge of the
back between the second dorsal spine and the axil of the soft dorsal
fin; another row of similar but fainter spots runs from the scapular
region, and a third row along the middle of the sides; head tawny,
with dark spots and blue dots; a straight blue line across the cheeks;
dorsal fins with faint blue spots. Body robust, compressed; head
naked; mouth oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting, the maxil-
laries extending to below pupil; teeth long, in many series, the outer
curved; scales ctenoid, large. Pectoral fin with the upper rays little
branched, not silk-like; cheeks scarcely tumid; caudal and pectoral
longer than veutrals, about as long as head. Head 3^; depth 4£. D.
VI-10; A. I, 9; P. 18; Lat. 1. 25; 1. traiisv. 7. L. 1.J inches. Coast of
Washington Territory. (Gill.) The original type is now lost, and the
species has not been rediscovered.

(CorypJurpterua glaucofratnum Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 283.)

345.— GOBIONELLUS Girard.
Emerald- fislics.

(Smarugdus Poey. )
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1858, 168: type Gobius lanccolulns Bloch. )

Body extremely long and slender, the depth contained more than
six times in the length to base of caudal. Scales small, ctenoid. Head
not depressed, obtuse-convex, scaly above; cheeks and opercles naked;
<no barbels. Teeth small, in narrow bands, those in the outer row in
the lower jaw setaceous, movable, in the upper jaw somewhat larger,
fixed; no canines; lower jaw thin and flat. Dorsal with 6 spines; soft
dorsal and anal many-rayed ; caudal lanceolate. "Base of the tongue
tuberculate, and shining with bright blue and green reflections, like a
a precious stone" (hence the names SmaragduSj Esmeralda, etc.). Ver-
tebrae elongate, 11 -f 15. ' (A diminutive of Gobi us.)

. _ i __ • _

, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, '262: type Coryphopterus glaucofrccnum Gill.
il'v, summit; nrspov, fin.)

G3 6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

989. G. orcaiiicus (Pall.) J. & G.

Brownish, lighter below; a faint dusky streak along sides; a dark
l>ar below eye; lins imicolor; pectorals dusky. Body much elongate,
of equal depth throughout. Head short; profile very convex. Mouth
large. oblique; jaws equal; maxillary reach ing to below middle of orbit.
Dorsal spines more or less elevated, filiform, usually higher than the
soft rays; caudal from £-J of length of body; pectoral slightly longer
than head or than ventrals, none of its rays silk-like; basal membrane
of ventrals well developed. Head 5i-G in length; depth about 7i. D.
VI-13; A. 14; Lat. 1. GO-TO, the scales much smaller and crowded, an-
teriorl. Coast of Texas to Guiana.

I';i!l:is. Spicilc^ia, viii. 4, 1769, after Gobins candd longissima aciinii-
)niln (Jronmv : C/ihiitx Idin-colatiis Bloch. Fischr Drutsclil. ii, 12, pi. oS, f. 1. 17^4: (iobiim
Idncenlahts C. A: V. xii, 114: Colin* bacahtus C. & V. xii, 119: Gobiim t<iua<>!«tii>< (Jiin-
tlicr, iii, 50: Goblonellus hast at ns Girard, Proc. Acad. N:it. Sci. Phila, 1858, 169: Gobio-
ncUus hastatus Girard, U. S. Mex. Bouud. Surv. 1859, 24.)

31G.r-ftlL]LICHTIIYS Cooper.
(Cooper, Proc. Ca-1. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863, 111: typo GillicJithys iHirubil'tK Coopor.;

Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with small, cycloid,
imbedded scales; belly and head naked. Eyes small, almost superior.
Gape wide, the maxillary in the adult inordinately developed, prolonged
backward to the base of the pectorals; its posterior part a cartilaginous
expansion, connected to an expansion of the skin of the lower jaw,
thus forming a channel backward from the mouth, almost exactly as
in the Blennioid geuus Ncoclinus and the Trachinoid genus 0/>/.s-///</.y-
nathus. Teeth small, even, in broad bands. Dorsal fins 2, the second
high, the liist of G very weak spines, none of which are exserted; cau-
dal rounded; pectorals large; isthmus broad. Singular little fishes,
in brackish waters, bin-rowing in the mud.

' D«'ilir;ilrd to Tlirmlori. (Jill.)

99O. {«. mni'abiles Cooper. —

Dull olive, very liuely marbled with darker; sides of head and max-
illary tinely jmnctate: tins oiive; l)e!ly and ventrals yellowisli. Jjody
ratlu'r stout, somewhat compressed. lOyes small, higli, anlerioi1; max-
illary in the adult reaching past base of pectorals, proport ioiiately
.-smaller in the \oiing: in the very young the bone is scarcely larger
than in o'her (Sohics. Scales \ci'\ small, smooth ; belly and head naked,
showing prominent veinin^s: dorsal spines very weak. IleadSi; depth
\\; maxillary, in adult,.".. D. YI-1.".; A. 1,10. L. G inches. Pacific

104. GOB1IDJE - LEPIDOGOBIUS. 637

coast of United States, extremely abundant southward. It lives in
shallow creeks and lagoons, where it fills the bottoms with holes and
tunnels.
(Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863, 111.)

Gill.

( Cyclogobius Steindachner. )
(Gill, Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1859, 14: type Gobius gradha Grd.)

Scales small, cycloid; dorsal spines 7 or 8; otherwise essentially as
in Gobius. Pacific Ocean. (Is-tous, scaly; Gobius.}

a. Head scaly. (Lcpidogobius.)

991. JL. gracilis (Grd.) Gill.

Very pale olive, with roundish blotches of rusty red on back and
sides; vertical fins mottled with reddish; distal half of all fins and
under side of head blackish, especially in the males. Body elongate,
long and low, little compressed, covered with thin, smooth, half-im-
bedded scales. Head scaly above and on cheeks and opercles; mouth
oblique; jaws equal; maxillary extending to below middle of eye.
Teeth in rather broad bauds, the outer teeth enlarged, especially in
upper jaw; outer teeth in lower jaw somewhat movable. Eyes large,
placed high, the iuterocular space very narrow; opercle adnate to scapu-
lar arch from upper edge of pectoral upward. Fins 'rather high, the
dorsal spines slender, flexible and exserted at tip ; pectorals short, not
reaching so far as tips of ventrals; ventrals inserted slightly behind
axil of pectorals; basal sheath of ventrals large. Head 4; depth 6J.
D. VII-18; A. 15. L. 5 inches. Pacific coast of United States; com-
mon northward, in rather deep water.

(Gobins gracilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia. 1854, 134, not of Jenyns: Gnbins
lepidus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 127: Gobius lepklns Giiuther, iii, 78.)

aa. Head naked. (EiicyclogoHus* Gill.)

99$. JL. newtocrryi (Grd.) Gill.

Olivaceous, mottled with darker; spinous dorsal and anal tipped with
dusky; second dorsal and caudal checkered; pectorals transparent;
head with some dusky markings. Body short, chubby, little com-

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1882, 330: type Gobius newberryi Grd. "The
genus Eucyclogobius is very distinct from Lepidogobius, differing especially in the
robust, subfnsiform body, the size and position of the eyes, wider forehead, shape of
jaws, and especially the position of the ventral fins." (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1863, 264.) (ev, well; KvxhoS, cycloid; Gobius.)

638 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

pressed. Ik-ad large, rounded above, the snout broad. Mouth large,
oblique, the lower jaw somewhat projecting; maxillary extending to
considerably beyond the posterior margin of the small eye. Teeth
rather strong, in narrow bands, the outer row larger; outer teeth of
lower jaw somewhat movable. Opercle adnate to scapular arch from
upper edge of pectoral upwards. Scales very small, cycloid. Head
naked. Fins moderate; dorsal spines very slender, not filamentous,
lower than the soft rays; caudal truncate, about as long as pectorals,
and considerably shorter than head; ventrals inserted under lower an-
terior edge of pectorals. Head 32; depth 4£. D. VII£-12; A. 11; Lat.
1. about GO. L. 2£ inches. Coast of California; rare.

(tioMitfs newbcrrii Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 130: Gobiu* neirbtrrii
<;iiuthrr, iii, 72: Eucyclogobiua neivberrii Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1-6:5. 2<if>.)

34 S.— GOBIOSO3IA Girard.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 109: type Gohius ulepidotiis Bloch &
Schneider.)

This genus differs from Gobius mainly in the entire absence of scales.
The teeth are in several series, the outer row enlarged, and there are
no canines. Dorsal spines usually 7. (Gobiux : so>/j>a, body.)

993. «. aDcpi<lotU92l (Bl. & Schn.) Girard.

Olive brown, with 7 or 8 paler transverse bars; fins dark brown;
caudal with 2 or 3 curved bars. Body elongate, little compressed.
Head somewhat flattened above; month rather small; maxillary ex-
tending nearly to opposite middle of orbit. Caudal fin pointed. Head
•"•!.: depth about o£. D. YII-14; A. 11. South Atlantic coast of United
States.

,<li-]>i<l(tln* Bl. & Schn. 547, 1801; Giinther, iii, 85: Gobius boscii C.& V. xii,
93.)

991. <». molostinii (iir.-inl.

Dusky brown; lins with blackish streaks. Head large, depressed;
snout rounded ; jaws even; maxillary scarcely reaelfng pupil. Caudal
fin rotmded, Shorter than head; anal shorter than second dorsal; ven-
trals small, not reaching vent: pectorals broad, reaching beyond the
ventrals; dorsals conl igiious ; isthmus very wide. Hody short and
. 'hubby. II. -ad :;.1.; depth l\. I ). VM-ll': A. 12; P. 16. (dirartl.}
Coast o!' Texas; ascemling streams, said to have been once taken at
the Falls of the Ohio.

(Girard, I'm,-. Ar-ad. X.il. Sri. 1'liila. 1858, IG'J; Giinthrr, iii, 556.)

101. GOBI1D.E - TYNTLASTES. 639

349.— TYPHJLOGOBIUS Steindacliuer.
(Otlionops Rosa Smith.)

(Steindachuer, Ichth. Beitriige, viii, 142, 1879: type T. californiensis Steind.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with loose, smooth,
naked skin. Head large, depressed, with tumid cheeks. Mouth large,
the maxillary reaching to beyond the orbit; jaws equal, each with a
narrow baud of villiforni teeth, the outer teeth slightly enlarged; lower
jaw capable of little motion; snout rounded; no cirri. Eyes very small,
imperfect, covered by skin. Fins low; first dorsal of 2 flexible spines;
second dorsal moderate; anal very short; caudal rounded; ventral disk
asinGobius. Gill-openings rather narrow. One species known. (TO^OT,
blind ; Gobius.)

i

995. T. calaforEiiensis Steind.

Bright pellucid pink in life, the upper parts somewhat speckled; top
of head with slight wrinkles of skin. Insertion of first dorsal midway
between snout and base of caudal ; insertion of anal opposite fifth ray
of soft dorsal; pectorals as long as caudal, extending beyond ventrals
to first dorsal; fin rays covered by loose skin. Eyes visible in life as
small dark specks, disappearing in alcohol. Head 3f ; depth 5. D.
II-l 1 ; A. 7 ; P. 16. L. 3 inches. San Diego, Cal. ; burrowing in sand
among rocks.

(Steindachner, lekth. Beitr. viii, 142, 1879 : Othonops eos Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1881, 19.)

35O.— TYWTL.ASTES Giiuther.

(Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, 194 : type AnMyopus sagilla Giiuther.)

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, imbricate, cycloid
scales. Head elongate, quadrangular. Mouth wide, oblique, the lower
jaw projecting; teeth small, in single series, none on vomer or palatines.
Eyes very small, or rudimentary. Dorsal fin single, continuous, about
6 of its anterior rays simple ; caudal fin pointed, more or less joined to
the dorsal and anal ; ventral fins united. Air-bladder very small or
absent. No pseudobranchisB. Vertebrae 11 -f 20. Pacific Ocean.
, a nmd-dabbler.)

996. T. sagitta Gtinther.

Grayish, sides and below silvery; an ovate gray spot before each
dorsal ray; caudal gray. Body and head elongate, compressed, the
length of the latter two-thirds the distance between the base of the
ventral and the vent. Maxillary reaching to behind eye ; teeth sub-

G40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

horizontal, very small. Scales becoming larger posteriorly. Caudal
arrow-shaped, about one-fourth length of rest of body ; pectoral as long-
as vi-ntral, half as long as head. Head 5f (7 in total with caudal);
depth !)? (li( with caudal). D. VI, 21; A. I, 20. L. 9.J inches. "Cali-
fornia." (Giinthcr.)
(Ainblyopus (Tynllastet) sagitta Giiutlier, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862, 193.)

FAMILY CV.— CH1RID.E.*

(The CMroids.)

Cottoid fishes, with the body elongate, covered with small scales,
which are either ctenoid or cycloid; head more or less conical, scaly,
without armature above; preopercle sometimes armed; top of head
without spinous ridges, but usually with dermal flaps; a bony stay
across the cheeks from the suborbital. Mouth large or small, with
t<vth on jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines; teeth various.
Gills 1, a considerable slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes free or
variously attached. Branchiostegals 0 or 7. Pseudobranchise present.
Dorsal iin elongate, continuous or divided, the anterior half or more

a posed of spines; anal fin elongate, with or without spines; vcutrals
1, 5; some or all of the soft rays branched. Pyloric caeca few or many.
Lateral line present; sometimes several lateral lines. Carnivorous
lishes of the Xorth Pacific. Genera, 8 or 0 known; species about 15.

(Tri;/H/]n\ jjroup Hefarolepidina Gliuthor, ii, !)0-9">: genera, ('hints, Oplnudon, .•l</nint-
iii it*. :iiid /.

a. Lateral lines I or more on <>ach side ; anal spines ohsolete : monl li moderate : jaws

with :m outer series lit' stronger teeth, lint nil canines. (Chiritxr.)
Ii. (iiil-iniMii'.iraii'-s ln-oailly united, five from tin- isthmus; scales mostly ctenoid.

II i:\.u.i:. \.M.MTS. ;!.")!.
aa. Lati-r.-il line sin^h- on c-.-ich side.

</. (;ill-iiieinl(i-;ines free 1'ro ui the isthmus; preoperele armed.

c. An.-il spines olisolete; srales cycloid: motitli lar^e, with strong eaninej;.

ee. Anal spine.-,:',, sironx; scales ctcinuil ; nxuilh small, without canines.

"The ('liirifl'i; Xrorjiiniiilir, Ciiltitln. .li/oiii'ln , '1'iii/liilii, I.ijxirid'nld. and
iViMii a closely-related series ( t'dhi/ihnirli \, and are disl in^iiished I'roni all the other
.li-niiliiiiiiliri l>y the pre-eiir-.il' the siiliorliital slay. Dill'crent writers have widely
separated aome <>!' the memlicrs of this ^roup from the others, hut the relations of
each, e-ijie.-ially of tin- Xritrint'iiiil,r, .ti/ini:ilii-. and /.i/mi-iil'iiltf, wilh the Col tula.' are so
close that it is dil'.ici;'.i to dniw salisfactory houndary lines.

105. CHIRID2E HEXAGEAMMUS. 641

/. Gill-membranes scarcely united ; spinons dorsal greatly elevated in front;

scales very rough. (Zaniolepincv) Z AXIOLEPIS, 353.

ff. Gill-membranes broadly united; dorsal spines low, stiff; head pointed.

(Oxylcbiinw) OXYLEBIUS, 354.

dd. Gill-membranes united to the narrow isthmus; preopercle unarmed; anal

spines weak or obsolete.
g. Dorsal fins connected. (Agrammina:.)

h. Anal* comparatively short, its rays about 12; palatine teeth present.

MYKIOLEPIS, 355.

gg. Dorsal fins widely separated; body and head rather slender. (Anoplo-
pomince) AXOPLOPOMA, 356.

351.— HEXAGRAMlTIUSt Steller.
Rock-trout.

(CMnts Steller: Ldbrax Pallas : AcantholeMus Gill: Chiropsis Girard.)
(Steller; Tilesius, Act. Acad. Petropol. ii, 335, 1810: type Hexagrammus asper Steller.)

Body oblong, somewhat compressed. Head subconical, blunt in
profile. Mouth rather small, horizontal; jaws with bands of moderate-
sized, conical teeth, the outer row enlarged; teeth on vomer, and usu-
ally a small patch on the palatines; preopercle unarmed; a fringed

* Anal rays about 20 in Agrammus schlegeli, a Japanese species.

tThe following species from the coast of Kamtschatka, related to Hexagrammus,
have been made the types of distinct genera. These genera may be valid, if the
characters assigned are correct, which is doubtful:

GRAMMATOPLEURUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 106: type Labrax lagocephalits Pallas.

Distinguished from Hexagrammus by the cycloid scales, (ypa/njn^, line; TtXevpov,
side. )

G. lagoceplialns (Pallas) Gill.

Five lateral lines; mouth rather small; color golden-brown. D. XX-24; A. 22.
Kurile Islands.

(Labrax lagocepJialus Pallas, Me"m. Acad. Petcrsb. ii, 384, 1810: CMnts lagocephalus
Giinther, ii, 92.)

OCTOGRAMMUS Bleeker.

(Bleeker, Versl. At. Amst. vi, 1370: type Labrax octogrammits Pallas = Octogrammus
pallasi Bleeker. )

Distinguished from Hexagrammus by the union of the gill-membranes to the isth-
mus (?). (OHTO, eight; ypajujarf, line.)

0. pallasi Bleeker.

Olivaceous; back and sides spotted; belly yellow; pectorals hyaline; veutrals
black at tip: four lateral lines; mouth moderate; scales strongly ctenoid; body
elongate; dorsal deeply notched. "Flabella branchio stega divisa." D. XIX; A.
24. Kamtschatka and Aleutian Islands.

(Labrax octogrammus Pallas, 1. c. 393: Chirus octogrammus Giinther, ii, 92; Bleeker,.

1. c. ;= Hexagrammus dccagrammus1?)

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 41

G42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

supraorbital cirrus. GUI-membranes broadly connected, free from tlio
isthmus; <;ill-rakers short, tubercle-like. Scales small, mostly ctenoid.
Head more or less scaly, without spines. Lateral lines usually 5 on
each side. Dorsal fin long, sometimes with a deep emargination be-
tween the spines and the soft rays; dorsal spines slender, 19-22 in
number; anal fin elongate, with a single rudimentary spine; rays of
peetorals and anal exserted and almost simple; pectoral rounded, with
broad, procurrent base, the rays thick; ventrals well developed, placed
at a considerable distance behind the root of the pectorals; caudal sub-
truncate. Branchiostegals 6. Pyloric coeca numerous (about 13). Xo
air-bladder. Species of rather large size and bright coloration; abun-
dant in the ZSTorth Pacific. (££, six; rpa.u/j.i), line.)

«. Dorsal liu coutiuuotis, or but slightly emargiuate. (Pleurograminus* Gill.)

997. II. inonoptci'ygius (Pallas) J. & G.

Dark olive above, yellowish below, the color of the back forming sev-
eral broad cross-bars on the sides; fins dusky, nearly plain; the pec-
toral with blackish margin ; ventrals blackish. Body rather stout, little
compressed. Mouth moderate, the maxillary extending to below the
front of the large eye. Teeth in the jaws in bands, the outer series
somewhat enlarged and recurved; teeth on vomer, and a few asperi-
ties on the palatines. Supraocular cirri small. Cheeks partly naked;
opercles well scaled; scales small, all rough. Five lateral lines, the
fourth of these ceasing on the belly. Dorsal fin high and continuous;
pectoral rather large; ventrals long, inserted behind the pectorals at
a distance of twice the diameter of the eye. Head 4^; depth 4. D.
XXI-2.">: A. 24. Coast of Alaska; not rare.

(Labrax monoplcri/i/in^ Pallas, Mrui. .V. Sri. IVIrrsl). ii, 391, 1810, and in Zoogr.
"Asiat. iii, 281: Chinm ini>i><iiif<Ti/t/inx (Jiiiither, ii, 92.)

998. II. ordiiiatiis (Cop.>) J. & G.

"Dorsal tins not. very elevated, continuous, but with a slight depres-
sion at the point of union of the two; a dentate flap above each eye;
lateral lines ol' pores ~>. only three of which extend to the basis of the
caudal lin, \\7., the second, third, and fil'th; the first extends to opposite
the middle of the second dorsal; the fourth commences below and in
front of the basis of the pectoral, and extends to a point a little behind
thai measured by tin-, extremity of that I'm: (he inferior series of oppo-
site. sides < -.on verge, and unite a little behind the basis of the ventrals

*Gill, i'ror. A< ;nl. Nat. Sci. 1'liila. 1H61, 166: type Labrax itionoptcryyiuy Pallas.

105. CHIRID/E HEXAGRAMMUS. 643

into a single median line, which extends to the branchiostegal fold.
F.adii Br. VI; D. XIX-25; C. 37, the interspaces scaled; the margin
nearlj' truncate; A. 20; V. I, 5; P. 18. Head scaled above and on
sides, except on interoperculum and muzzle. Scales ctenoid, 13-94-34.
The scales are elongate, and nearly truncate distally ; on the sides they
are in oblique series, but near the dorsal fin from 3-5 rows exhibit
scales superposed vertically. General color pale-orange, with ill-
defined blackish shade on the sides, and 7 quadrate-blackish spots at
the base of the dorsal fin; below, bright yellow; dorsal and caudal fin
yellowish at base, margins with a broad blackish band; 3 black spots
on the middle of the first, and 4 on the middle of the second dorsal fin ;
anal yellow, with 7 blackish blotches extending anteriorly across the
rays; pectoral yellow, with brown spots on the rays and a black one at
the base in front; eye with 5 blackish radii, diverging, two anteriorly,
one upward and backward, one backward, and one downward and back-
ward. Total length 14 inches; length of head entering it 4.33 times;
depth of body 4 times in the same; eye 5 times in head, 1.G6 times in
muzzle, and 1.25 times in interorbital width." Coast of Alaska. (Cope.)

(Cliirus ordinatus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873.)

«« Dorsal fin with the spines separated from the soft rays by a deep notch. (Hexa-

gr animus.)
ft. Cheeks partly naked.

c. Scales all strongly ctenoid.

999. H. asper Steller.

Light or dark greenish, much mottled with blackish, rusty -red, and
light blue, the dark color in the form of fine marbliugs, the reddish in
the form of broad washes, and the bluish as roundish spots; two light-
bluish bands downward and forward from eye, separated by a black-
edged brown area; a whitish streak and various reticulate markings
on cheeks and opercles; pectorals and dorsal mottled with brown spots;
a dark humeral spot, distinct in the young; lower fins black in the
male, pale in the female; flesh often tinged with green. Form rather
slender. Maxillary reaching past front of eye, about to pupil. No
teeth on palatines. Scales all strongly ctenoid, except on sides of
head; region about suborbital stay and lower part of the opercles
naked or nearly so; lower part of cheeks scaled in varying degree,
generally more naked in large examples. A lateral line from occiput
close to dorsal fin, ceasing near middle of spinous dorsal; one from
occiput along back to base of caudal; one from angle of opercle to
middle of base of caudal; one from just below the pectoral fin, undu-

C44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Lit ing along the sides of the abdomen, ceasing in front of tips of ven-
trals; one beginning on the median line of the breast, forking near
the middle of the veutrals, the branches going straight to the lower
part of the tail. Dorsal high, less deeply emarginate than in the fol-
lowing species; the spines high; caudal slightly emarginate; supraoc-
ular tentacles moderate, about as long as pupil; sexes not very dis-
similar. Head 3§; depth 4£. D. XXII-I, 20; A. 23; Lat. 1. 110.
Alaska, south to San Francisco and Japan; abundant.

(Steller, MSS. Tilesius, Act. Acad. Petrop. ii, 340, 1810: Labrax hexagrammus Pallas,
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii, 684, 1811: Chirus hexagrannmia Giinther, ii, 91: diiropsi* nebu-
losus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 45, based on a specimen with some of the
soft rays of the dorsal broken, resembling spines: Chirus nebulosus Giiritlier, ii, 93:
Jciiiitltolcbins nel)ulosu8 Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 166: Chirus frit/rammus
Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873: Hexayrammus scaber Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Miis. 1881, 154; based on very young specimens, showing a rudimentary additional
lateral line along middle of side.)

cc. Scales mostly cycloid posteriorly ; dorsal very deeply etuargiuate.

1OOO. BS. supeircilEOSUS (Pallas) J. & G.

Blackish -green, varying to dark brown and cherry-red, the coloration
and pattern extremely variable; sides usually with round pale spots,
•which are generally cherry-red, especially in the adult, but which are
sometimes nearly white and often obsolete; belly mostly reddish;
pectorals greenish or red, usually "with 2 or 3 dusky crescent-shaped
cross-bauds at base, the outer portion often plum-color; fins mostly
greenish or red, variegated; lower fins mostly dusky; flesh, and all
membranes, livid green, especially in the adult; stomach and intes-
tines of a livid green. Body rather robust. Orbital tentacle much
larger than in other species, its length § the diameter of the eye. A
few teeth on front of palatines. Skin covering suborbital stay naked;
cheeks otherwise scaly. Scales ctenoid on body anteriorly, becoming
nearly smooth behind and on head. Lateral lines 5; one on the middle
line from the nape, forking, and extending on each side nearly to end
of second dorsal: The second to the upper edge of the caudal; one to
the middle line of the tail; one from throat to about middle of anal;
ami one on the middle line of the belly, forking behind the ventrals,
and extending on each side to the tail. Dorsal deeply emarginate.
Caudal truncate or slightly rounded; pectorals large. Sexes similar.
Head 4; depth 3J. D. XX-i'.'J: A. l'l>; Lat, 1. 107. L. 18 inches.
Alaska to Monterey; not rare.

(Lnhru.r ^ipn-rilioxiix I'allas. MI-MI. A«"i.l. IVtrrsb. ii, 388, 1810, and in Zoogr. Rosso-
iii,-,'?'J: Cltirus^'ntu.i (Girard. 1'roc. Ai-ad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 132:

105. CHIRID.E — HEXAGRAMMUS. 645

pictus Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 43: Chirus plctus Giinther, ii, 93: Chirus picltis
Lockingtou, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 54 : Chirus balias Cope, Proc. Arner. Phil. Soc.
1873.)

bb. Cheeks wholly scaled ; scales all ctenoid.

1OOI. II. decagrammMS (Pallas) J. & G. — Rock Trout; Boreyat; Bodicron.

Males clear brownish-olive of varying shade, often tinged with bluish
or coppery and vaguely blotched; often with small blue spots; head
and anterior part of body with rather large sky-blue spots, each sur-
rounded by a rusty ring, these smaller and more numerous on the top
of the head; lips with bluish spots; upper fins brown, mottled; ven-
trals and anal dusky-bluish; pectorals dark, both rays and membranes
crossed by sharply -defined whitish reticulations, so that the fins appear
to be profusely spotted with white. Females brownish, somewhat tinged
with reddish, closely covered with round spots of a reddish-brown; these
spots usually quite small and uniform over the whole back and sides;
dorsal fin spotted on the scaly part, the fins otherwise plain reddish or
bluish, the ventrals usually dusky; pectorals light orange, without mark-
ings. Other females (u maculoseriatus'"} have the ground color slaty-
blue, with rows of round orange spots considerably larger than usual,
and becoming vermiculations on the head; dorsal fin orange, clouded at
base with blue; soft dorsal edged with bluish; pectorals plain orange;
belly white. Body elevated at the shoulders, descending rather steeply
at the nape. Maxillary not reaching middle of eye; a very few teeth
on front of palatines; supraocular flap smaller than in other species,
shorter than pupil. Cheeks and opercles entirely scaled; scales on the
body all strongly ctenoid. Uppermost lateral line forking on the nape,
the branches running to opposite the middle <?f the second dorsal; the
second lateral line to upper edge of tail; the third to middle of tail;
the fourth to a little beyond the middle of anal; the fifth to lower edge
of tail; the fourth beginning near the lower edge of the pectorals and
undulating opposite the veutrals, the lowermost on each side joining
just in front of the vent, and proceeding on the median line to the
middle of the breast. Dorsals high, scarcely connected; pectorals and

/

veutrals large; caudal slightly emarginate. Head 4A; depth 4. D.
XXI-24; A. I, 23; Lat. 1. 112. L. 18 inches. Forth Pacific; abundant
from Point Concepcion to Alaska.

(Labrax decagrammus Pallas, Mem. Acad. Peters!). 1£10, ii, 386, $, and in Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat. iii, 278: Chirus decagrammus Gunther, ii, 92: CMrus guttatus Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 132: Chiropsis guttatus Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.

G4G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

41: Gliiropsls constcllatus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 4'2, $\ CJiirus consMlatus
Giintherii, 90: ('him* fiiittatua, consMlatiis, and mai:i<!»n, riulnx Lockiugton, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1880, iii, 53-55: Grystes liiirKtux ( J ) Ayres, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 9, 1854:
f Lai) rax octogrammus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 'J83, J.)

352.— OPHIODON Girard.

(Oplopoma Girard.)
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 133: type Opluodon clongatus Girard.)

Body elongate, low, little compressed. Head long, rather pointed,
its surface scaleless. Mouth terminal, very large. Jaws with very
strong, sharp, unequal teeth, some of them canine-like; long series of
cardiforni teeth on vemer and palatines. Gill-openings very wide, the
membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Preopercle with a few
bluntish spines; a dermal flap above the eye. Scales very small, be-
coming smooth with age. Lateral line single, continuous. Dorsal fin
long, deeply notched, the spines about L'4 in number, slender and flex-
ible, the middle ones highest; anal fin long, without distinct spines;
ventrals, I, 5, inserted somewhat behind pectorals; pectoral fin broad.
Pyloric coeca very numerous. Gill-rakers tubercle-like. Species of large

size; among the largest of the cottiform fishes, (w.^?, snake; o8wv, tooth.)
i

1OO2, O. elOngatUS Grd.— Ciiltus Cod; Jllitr <'•>,!; Buffalo Cod ; Ling.

Dark brown above, much mottled ; dorsal fin and whole upper part
of body covered with small rusty brown spots of varying size and hue;
lower parts of body of a livid bluish gre<>u, especially. in the adult, the
llesh and all membranes tinged with given; ground color often bluish
or reddish tinged; young sometimes bright green; tins dusky, mottled,
the dorsal and caudal with a very narrow, pale edging. Head large,
the snout sharp, conic. Mouth very large, the lower jaw prominent;
maxillary reaching beyond orbit; each jaw with a series of large
pointed teeth, bent inward and immovable; front of upper jaw with
L'-l larger canines; outside of the series of large teeth each jaw ha*
numerous small, sharp teeth; vomer and palatines with a single row of
canines; snpraorhital tentacle much shorter than pupil, Dorsal fin be-
ginning above prcopercle, the I'm very deeply notched, the highest spines
nearly one-third length of head: caudal eniarginate. Head .'U; depth
f>. 1). XXV-21; A. L'L». L. 40 inches. Pacific coast, Alaska to Santa
Barbara; very abundant, reaching a weight of 30-10 pounds, being one
of the most important ibod-lishes on the coast.

(CIrard, I'n.c. A<-:id. \;it. Sci. I'hila. 1-7.1. 1 :::'.; Girard. IT. S. Par. U. TV'. Surv. Fisli.
4H; GiintliiT, ii, HI: o/,/(.y«.;»f/ jHnitlirrhiit (iir.-ird. I'I-HC. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G,
, and in U. S. Puc. JC. U. Smv. l'i.-,h. Iii: Ophiodon pantherinus Giiiitbc-r, ii, 93.)

105. CHIEID^E ZANIOLEPIS. 647

353.— ZANIOLEPIS Girard.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 202: type Zaniolcpis lalipinnis Grd.)
Body elongate, little compressed, tapering from the nape to the long
and slender tail. Head short, conical, the profile decurved. Mouth
rather small, low, terminal, horizontal; cardiform teeth on the jaws,
vomer, and palatines; no supra-orbital cirri; preopercle with spines.
Gill- membranes not united, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers tubercle-
like. Scales small, imbricated, extremely roughly ctenoid. Lateral line
single, continuous. Dorsal fin with about 21 spines; some of the ante-
rior spines greatly elevated; a deep notch between the spines and soft
rays; anal fin very long, with 3 spines, the second of which is longest;
ventrals I, 5, long, inserted a little behind pectorals; pectorals mod-
erate. Pyloric creca few (5 or G). ISTorth Pacific, in deep water. (£ov<ov,
a comb or card; /le-cs, scale; hence more correctly spelled with an initial
X.)

1OO3. Z. latipinnis Grd.

Olivaceous, the body and upper fins spotted with rusty brown; the
vertical fins marked with blackish; a black streak before eye; subor-
bital bluish silvery. Body elongate, fusiform, scarcely compressed, the
dorsal outline rising rather steeply. Mouth small, horizontal, low, the
maxillary reaching nearly to the middle of the eye; the premaxillary
entirely below the eye. Eye very large, longer than snout, 3J in head;
preorbital wide, partly covering the scaly maxillary; interocular space
rather narrow, somewhat concave; nasal spines present; preopercle
with 3 sharp spines. Dorsal spines slender, stiff, the first and second
longest, usually greatly produced, but stiffish to the tip, scarcely con-
nected by membrane, reaching to nearly middle of second dorsal, and
more than half the total length of the fish, but often much shorter; a
deep notch between spinous and soft parts of dorsal; second dorsal
high, its rays gradually shortened; anal long, its spines high; ventrals
elongate, wide apart, reaching past front of anal; pectorals short and
narrow; caudal short, slightly emargiuate. Head and body every-
where covered with minute, imbricated, very rough, shagreen like
scales. Head 4£; depth 5J. D. XXI-I, 11; A. Ill, 17. L. 12 inches.
California, from San Francisco northward, abundant in deep water; a
slender fish, of dry, firm substance.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 202; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.
73; Giinther, ii, 94.)

G48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO XOETII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

351.— OXYLEBIUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. A'-ail. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1862, 277: typ«- OxyMriu* pictus Gill.)

Body oblong, somewhat compressed. Head conical, very slender,
acuminate, the profile somewhat concave. Mouth small. Jaws each
with a band of teeth, the outer series considerably enlarged; minute
teeth on vomer; few or none on palatines. Top of head with dermal
tlaps. Preopercle with 2 blunt spines. Gill-membranes broadly con-
nected, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers short, not very stout. Scales
small, ctenoid. A single lateral line. Dorsal flu emarginate, with about
10 low, rather strong spines; soft dorsal moderate, its membrane closely
scaled: anal with 3 stout spines, the second the longest; caudal trun-
cate; pectorals rather long, their bases not procurrent; ventrals moder-
ate, inserted well behind pectorals. Pyloric coeca few. -Small fishes, of
blight coloration. («£u?, sharp; ;.c,5j«c — Lebius, an old synonym of llr.i -
nDHHN, I'rom /;,?:«?, a kind of small fish suitable to be cooked in
tfa, a kettle.)

10O1. O. pictus Gill.

Tawny grayish, with about C black bars, alternating with areas of
pale orange, the latter obscured by dusky spots and blotches; the dark
bars extending on the fins, the first across the nape, the second across
the middle of the spiuous dorsal, the third broader, across posterior part
of spinous dorsal and front of anal ; one across middle of soft dorsal, one
• in posterior part, and one at base of caudal; the bars are about as wide.
as the interspaces, and their edges are irregular, but sharply defined;
pectorals and caudal orange, with cross-series of spots; ventrals largely
black; under side of head orange, freckled, spotted with pale; U fringed
cirri over each eye, scarlet; breast and belly marbled. Body rather deep,
compressed. Head little compressed, slender, pointed; lips thick; lower
jaw slightly included; maxillary small, barely reaching eye. Kves large,
about equal to snout, \ in head; nasal spines present ; inlerocular space
narrow. Scales on sides of head \ cry small; scales on body small,
ctenoid, with strong horizontal stria-, those on breast minute. Dorsal
liu continuous, its spines still', the middle ones highest, and all con-
siderably lo\\er than the soft ra.\s; second anal spine longer than the
third, about equal to the soft rays; pectorals barely reaching anal;
ventrals to past vent. Mead 3Jj depth \\\. I). XYI-i:>; A. Ill, i:J.
L. 10 inches. Korky shores, from Monterc\ northward; rare. A most
beautiful and active little fish.

(Gill, Pi'oc. Aca.l. Nat. Sri. j'hila. lirC'J, 277.)

105. CHIRTDM ANOPLOPOMA. 649

355.— MYRIOtEPIS Lockingtoa.
(Lockingtou, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,248: type Hyriolepis zonifcr Lockington.)

Body oblong, somewhat compressed. Head heavy. Mouth moderate,
the lower jaw slightly projecting; both jaws with bauds of slender,
sharp teeth, the front teeth slightly enlarged ; similar teeth on voiner
and palatines ; preopercle entire; no dermal flaps. Gill-rakers short; gill-
uiembraues very narrowly joined to the isthmus. Scales small, ctenoid,
everywhere covering the head and body and the soft parts of most of
the fins. Lateral line single. Dorsal fin deeply emargiuate ; the spines
about 15 in number. Anal rather short, without distinct spines. (<wpiuq,
many; ,U-:<r, scale.)

IOO5. M. zonifer Lockington.

Black above, whitish below, with four broad black bars on the sides;
the first over the pectorals ; the second anterior to the vent, almost en-
circling the body ; the third near the base of the anal, and the fourth
encircling the caudal peduncle ; a black bar at base of caudal and two
across the fin; other fins blotched and banded with light and dark;
ctenoid tips of the scales white. Head everywhere densely scaly, the
only naked areas on the head being the lips and the folds of the gill-
minebranes. Scales on body largest posteriorly, small on head and
chest. Vertical fins, except the spiuous dorsal, covered nearly to the
tips of the rays with small scales; external surfaces of paired fins
similarly scaly; spiuous dorsal with a few scales. Pectorals broad,
lanceolate, not reaching the vent; fourth dorsal spine longest, the
others diminishing regularly to the 12th. Eyes lateral, shorter than
snout; iuterorbital space broad, slightly convex. Head 4 in total
length; depth 3|. D. XIV-I, 15; A. II, 11; Lat. 1. 130. Monterey
Bay, California ; one specimen known.
(Lockingtou, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 248.)

356.— AJVOPL.OPOMA Ayres.
(Scombrocottiis Peters.)

(Ayres, Proc. Cul. Acacl. Nat. Sci. 1859, 27 : type Anoplopoma merlangus Ayres — Gadas
fimbria Pallas.)

Body elongate, little compressed, tapering into a very slender caudal
peduncle. Head rather long, the snout somewhat tapering. Mouth ter-
minal, moderate, the lower jaw included; maxillary very narrow, slip-
ping almost entirety under the preorbital; teeth moderate, cardiform,

650 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

those iu the lower jaw in a single series laterally, and in a narrow baud
in front ; upper jaw, voiuer, and palatines each with a baud of similar
teeth. Ilead entirely scaly. Xo supraorbital flap. Preopercle un-
armed, its mcnibrauaceous edge creuulate. Gill-ruembraues joined
to the isthmus. Body entirely covered with minute ctenoid scales.
Lateral line single. Dorsals short, well separated, the first of slender,
flexible spines; second dorsal shorter, similar to" the anal, which is pre-
ceded by three weak spines ; veutrals but little behind pectorals; caudal
tin forked. Peritoneum black. Pyloric cceca about two, long and slen-
der. Gill-rakers slender, few, uot very short. Xorth Pacific.
unarmed; -£/.*</, operculuin.)

1OO6. A. fimbria (Pallas) Gill.— Beshow; Coal-fish.

Color slaty-black or grayish, somewhat reticulated; white below, the
yonng rather pale; adult nearly black; fins dusky; caudal edged with
pale; lining of the opercle black. Premaxillaries on the level of the
lower part of the orbit; maxillary reaching to opposite front of pupil.
Dorsal fins separated by a distance nearly equal to two-thirds length of
the base of soft dorsal, the spines very weak; the fourth longest; pec-
torals reaching beyond tips of veutrals, not half way to vent. Head 4 ;
depth GJ. D. XX-1, 17; A. Ill, 15; Lat. 1. 190. Usual length 18 inches,
but sometimes much larger. Monterey to Alaska; rather common, es-
pecially northward. A very singular and interesting fish.

( (iadus fimbria Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii, 200, 1811: AnopJopoma merlangus
Ayrfs, J'roc. Cal. Ac-ad. Nat. Sci. lsr>D, 27 : Scombrocottus nalmoneus Peters, Berlin.
Mouatsber.) •

FAMILY CVI —

(The Roclc-Jishcs.)

Colloid fishes, with the body oblong, more or less compressed, the head
generally large, and usually with one or more pairs of ridges above,
which terminate, in spines. Opercle usually with t\vo spinous pro-
cesses; prcoperde, with live. Mouth terminal, usually large, with
villii'orm teeth on jaws and vomer, and usually on the palatines. I're
niaxillarics protractile; maxillary broad, without supplemental bone,
not slipping under preorhital. Gill-openings wide; the gill-membranes
separate and fi ee from the isthmus; usually no slit behind the fourth
gill. Scales ctenoid, or sometimes cycloid, usually well developed,
.sometimes nearly obsolete. Lateral line single. A bony stay extend-
ing backward from the suborbital toward the preopercle. Ventral
tins thoracic, of the normal percoid form, I, 5, the rays branched; dor-

106. SCOEP.ENID.E SEBASTES. 651

sal with 8 to 16 rather strong spines and about as many soft rays; anal
rather short, with 3 spines and 5-10 soft rays ; soft rays in all the fins
branched, except some of the lower rays of the pectorals. Pyloric coeca
in moderate or small number (less than 12). Pseudobranchire large.
Air-bladder present. Genera about 20; species aboiit 200, inhabiting
all seas, but especially abundant in the temperate parts of the Pacific
Ocean, where they form a large proportion of the fish fauna. They are
non-migratory fishes living about rocks; most of them are of large size,
and all are used as food. Many of them are viviparous, the young be-
ing produced in great numbers when about one-fourth of an inch in
length.

(Triylida1, group Scorpcenina pt. Giiuther, ii.)

a. Dorsal spines 15 ; vertebrae 12 -f- 19 ; palatine teeth present SEBASTES, 357.

aa. Dorsal spines 13; vertebrae 12 -{- 15 ; palatine teeth present SEBASTODES, 358.

aaa. Dorsal spines 12; vertebrae 10 -{-14; palatine teeth present; scales ctenoid, or

provided with dermal flaps SCORP^EN A, 359.

aaaa. Dorsal spines 10 or 11 ; scales smooth, entire SETARCHES, 360.

35?.-SEBASTE§ Cuvier.
Rose-fishes.

(Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2, ii, 1829: type Perca norregica Mu'ller.)

Body oblong, compressed. Head large, scaly above and on sides; cra-
nial ridges well developed. Mouth terminal, very broad, oblique, the
broad maxillary extending to below the eye; lower jaw projecting,
with a bony knob at the symphysis ; palatine teeth present. Eye very
large; preopercle with five divergent spines; opercle with two; supra-
scapular spines strong; gill-rakers long, slender. Scales small, ctenoid,
irregularly arranged; no dermal flaps. Dorsal fin continuous, very
long, the spinous part much longer than the soft part, of 15 strong spines;
anal spines three, strong; caudal ernarginate; pectorals long, narrow.
Branchiostegals 7. Vertebrae 12 + 19. Coloration mostly red. Ovoviv-
iparous. Species few, mostly of the Northern Seas. (^-/Sa^rd?, magufi-
cent.)

1OO7. S. BliariaillS (L.) Liitken. — Rose-fish; Red-fish; Snapper; Hemdiirgon.

Orange red, nearly uniform, sometimes a dusky opercular blotch, and
about 5 vague dusky bars on the back. Body ovate; back elevated,
the ventral outline straightish; top of head evenly scaled; interorbital
space with two low ridges, between which it is concave; nasal spines
present; cranial ridges moderate, rather low and sharp; preocular,
supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital ridges present, the
latter with the tips abruptly divergent ; suprascapular spines very sharp

G52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO XORTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

and prominent; opercular spines long and sharp; subopercular spine
prominent; preopercular spines slender and sharp, the second longest;
suborbital stay not reaching preopercle; preorbital narrow, with two
spines. Kye exceedingly large, 3 in head, more than twice as wide as
interorbital space. Mouth very large, oblique; maxillary very broad,
reaching middle of eye, its leugth -;\ iu head; preinaxillaries on level
of middle of pupil; tip of lower jaw much projecting, with a conspicu-
ous, pointed symphyseal knob; mandible and maxillary scaly; pseudo-
branchhe very large; gill-rakers long, stiff and strong, about as in Selas-
iodcs plnnigcr. Dorsal spines sharp, the longest about as long as eye;
the fin deeply emarginate; soft rays not very high, higher than the
spines; caudal narrow, moderately forked; anal spines moderate, gradu-
ated; the second a little shorter than eye; pectoral rather long, reaching
vent, its base narrow; ventral reaching to vent. Scales small, irregu-
lar, not strongly ctenoid. Peritoneum brownish. Head 3; depth l!!:.
D. XY-13; A. I IT, 7; Lat. 1. 40 (tubes); scales about 85. Atlantic
coasts of America and Northern Europe, south to Cape Cod.

(I'erca marina L. Syst. Nat. x, 1758, in part: Perca norwegica Miiller, Zool. Dau. 4G:
Sebastes noncajiciix (iiinther, ii, 95.)

Snlisp. vivipai'iis (Kroyer) Liitk.

General color brownish red, somewhat mottled, with a blackish blotch
on the operclr, and some other brownish spots on the body. Pectoral iins
a little longer than in S. iii«riiius; interocular space rather narrower.
Head ;J| ; depth :;;. 1). XV-14; A. Ill, 8. Arctic Seas, south to Cape
Cod and the lialtic; smaller than the preceding and living nvar shore;
thought to be a littoral variety.

(Sfliimlfx ririjiariiH Kn'iyiT, Xaturliist. Tidsskr. i, 275, 1844-'45; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. 1'liila. i-i;:;, :;:',::: s,/,(ixtfx fii-ijmnix (iiiuihcr, ii, SH>. )

358.— SEBASTODES* Gill.

Cud"

( >'. Jiiisli, 'lilhi/s. Scli(ixt<>i>lHH, Sdxixtiniiux and Sebastosomus Gill.)
(Gill, True. Ai-iul. Nat. Sci. I'liila. l-i'.l. 1 r,r, ; t \ ]»• Si li<ixt, -N /><iiiri»i>i>iix Ay res.)

Body Oblong OF elongate, SOmewhal compressed; head large: month

A \ri\ doiilitl'nl s|»i-i-i«-s, \\hii-li may l>r tin- \ i'"".^ "'' ^'l>antt-K inui-iniix, with au ab-
normal n mill ii T of s| lines, is accredit rd to our At lant ic coast, vi/. :
>. .' fdxrhiliiH (Ston-r. )

"Jiody elongated, not convex in front of dorsal (in as in Si-htixtcx tuirrrflicitx; four
distinct dark lirnwn lransver.se hands upon the sides, the liroadest at llie jxisteiicrr
portion of the body." 1 ». \III-14: A. 111,7. I'n>\ incetown, Mass. (Slorer.)

( .^liiixti-n/iixi-itilnx Storer. 1'ro.-. I'.osi. Sue. Nat. 1 list, v, :il , 1-54 : *lm*li* .' fastiatus Gill,
Proc. Aoad. -Nat. 1'hila. l.-OLJ, 335.)

106. SCOKP^ENID^E — SEBASTODES. 653

moderate or large, with the jaws equal or the lower inor'e or less pro-
jecting; teeth in villiforin bands on jaws, vomer and palatines. Head
more or less evenly scaled, without dermal flaps; cranial ridges more or
less developed;* some or all of the following pairs present, usually
ending in spines: preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, cor-
onal, occipital, and nuchal. Five preopercular spines. Two spines on
the opercle and one to three on the suprascapula. Suborbital stay
moderate, usually not reaching preopercle. Gill-rakers various. Scales
moderate or rather small, ctenoid, in 45 to 100 transverse series. Dor-
sal fin continuous, emargiuate, its formula XIII, 12 to 14. Anal fin
III, 6 to 0. Pectorals well developed, the base broad or narrow, the
lower rays undivided. Caudal truncate or slightly forked; soft parts
of vertical fins more or less scaly. Pyloric coaca G to 11. Vertebrae
12 + 15. Species of rather large size, and varied, often brilliant colors,
mostly red. Sexes colored alike. Most of them, inhabit the Pacific
Ocean, and they are exceedingly abundant in rocky places along the
west coast of the United States. All are ovoviviparous, bringing forth
great numbers of young, which are nearly half an inch in length when
born. The species differ greatly in form and armature, but the genera
based on these differences intergrade too closely to be worthy of reten-
tion. (<r£/2aoTo'7, Sebastes; £^<>-, likeness.)

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF SEBASTODES.

a. Scales very small; lat. 1. 90-100; mouth very large, the lower jaw much projecting;

skull thick, the cranial ridges
weak. A. Ill, 9. (SEBASTODES.)
Color light olivaceous red ;
young greenish paucispinis.

* Diagram of cranial ridges of Sebastodes.

*\

'I \

a\ fa

a. Nasal spines. d. Postocular spines. g. Occipital spines.

6. Preocular spines. e. Tympanic spines. h. Nuclial spines.

c. Supraocular spines. /. Coronal spines. i. Eyes.

654 coNTRir.rrioNs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

aa. Scales small; hit. 1. Go to 80; anal rays III, 7 to III, 9; skull thick, cranial ridges

very ]o\v or obsolete : lower jaw
much projecting ; gill-rakers
very Imig ami slender; ciunhil
emarginatc; jaws scaly. (Sr-
BASTUSO.MUS Gill.)

I. Peritoneum \vlute; cranial ridges all obsolete.
o. Color olivaceous, nearly plain; caudal yellowish or greenish; month large.

flavidus.

cc. Color du>ky, sides spotted with black; caudal dark; month smaller., mdanopti.
1>l). Peritoneum lilack.

d. Snpraof ular and occipital ridges obsolete, without spines; colors dusky, the

fius blackish.
e. Preoenlar ridges obsolete, the frontal region between ihem not specially

convex ciliatun.

ec. Preocular ridges present, usually ending in spines, the frontal region be-
tween them bulging., myathm*.

dd. Snpraoeular and occipital ridges mostly present, ending in spines; dorsal

fin not deeply euiargiuate; soft
dorsal low.

/. Second anal spine scarcely or not longer than third; postocular spine

wanting; color creamy olivace-
ous en tonulas.

ff. Second anal spine notably longer than third.

ij. Body ovate; postocular spines present; color chiefly creamy or oliva-
ceous orulix.

gg. Body rather elongate; postocular wanting: color chiefly red. .proriytr.
aaa. Scales moderate; lat. 1. \'> to c>o: anal rays ill, ~> to III, 7.

h. Cranial ridges very low, the skull thick and solid; lower jaw little

projecting; interorbital space
convex; gill-rakers slender,
usually long.
t. Color olivaceous; postocular spine wanting; mandible with a few

smooth scales atrocirt'tm.

ii. Color red ; postocular spine present.

j. Scales on mandible smooth J color chiefly orange pi/i iiii/t r.

jj. Si-ales on mandible very rough ; color chielly brick-red. . niiniatus.
A/I. Cranial ridges more or less strong: skull comparatively thin; gill-
rakers generally short.

A'. Postocular and tympanic spim-s both present ; interorbital

space concave. (Si:i;.\ST( >.MfS

Gill.)

1. Cranial ridges broken and armed with acce^on spines (in

the adult, nearly smooth in
young); second anal spine
scarcely longer than third;
color red, nearly plain, .rttln r.

//. Cranial ridges smooth : second anal spine much longer than

third; color rosy, with three • .1
four round blot dies of pink on
sides of back.
m. Dorsal spines low, the hi-hest less than half the length

of head.
n. Body everywhere with small round pale spots.

consteUatus.

106. SCORP^ENnXE — SEBASTODES. G55

7(?(. Body without stellate spots.

o. Pale blotches on sides surrounded by purple shades;

head with purplish above ; man-
dible naked rosacrus.

oo. Pale blotches on sides surrounded by green shades ;

no purple; cranial ridges very
sharp ; mandible partly scaly.

rhodochloris.

mm. Dorsal spines very high, the highest half the length of

head; body above with many
small round green spots.

chlorosiictus.
Jck. Postocular spine wanting.

p. Mandible scaly, its tip much projecting; perito-
neum dusky; interorbital space
concave ; body comparatively

elongate donyatus.

pp. Mandible naked ; peritoneum white ; body deep.
q. Scales on head mostly cycloid; lower jaw pro-
jecting; second anal spine much
stronger than third ; color pink-
ish white; banded with deep

crimson rubrivinctus.

qq. Scales on head ctenoid; lower jaw usually in-
cluded; second anal spine lit-
tle enlarged. (SEBASTICHTHYS
Gill.)

r. Coronal spines present; cranial ridges moderate;
color brownish, mottled.

auriculattis.
rr. Coronal spines none.

«. Cranial ridges with entire edges.
t. Nuchal ridges none.

u. Gill-rakers extremely short, most of them
as wide as high; general color

dusky-greenish rastrelligcr.

uu. Gill-rakers higher than wide.

v. Highest dorsal spine notably more than

half length of head.

10. Head and upper parts not speckled
with orange; membrane of spi-
nous dorsal not very deeply in-
cised,
x. Color dark brown, varied with

light brown caurinus.

xx. Color reddish, varied with yel-
lowish ; dorsal spines higher.

vexillaris.

ww. Head and upper parts everywhere
speckled with orange; front of
•ba>ck yellowish; soft fins black;
dorsal spines extremely high,
their membranes deeply incised.

maliger.

65 G CONTRIPUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

rr. Highest dorsal spine little if any more

than half the length of bead.
y. Pale blotches on sides not form-
ing a continuous lateral band;
occipital ridges moderate.
z. Pale markings flesh-color; dark
markings olivaceous.. cantatas.
zz. Pale markings yellow: dark
markings blackish. .<•//>•//*(»/«< lax.
yif. Pale blotches on sides, forming
a continuous lateral band; body
and fins profusely speckled with
pale; dark markings black;
pale markings yellow; occipital

, ridges very strong nebulosus.

it. Nuchal spines present, usually distinct from
occipital; cranial ridges very
short and high; olivaceous,
banded with black; head red

below t Hfrricep*.

88. Cranial ridges with the surface broken, spi-
nous; frontal ridges elevated;
color bright red, with black
bauds niyrocinctus.

a. Species with very small scales (lat. 1. 90-100); the cranial ridges little developed •
the mouth very large, the lower jaw much projecting. (Xebttntodcx.)

IOO8. S. paiicispillis (Ayres) Gill. — Boccaccio; Mvron; Jtit-k.

Pale dull orange red, dark brown above, the sides somewhat vaguely
spotted; young olivaceous; fins nearly plain, lower reddish, upper
dusky; tip of lower jaw dark. Dody elongate, compressed, profile
straight from the protruding tip of the lower jaw to the trout of the dor-
sal. Head large, long, and narrow, pointed. Month much larger than
in any other species, oblique, the broad maxillary reaching to beyond the

*

e\e; its length 1<| in head; lower jaw very strong, with a projecting
knob at tip, which protrudes farther than in any other species. Pre-
maxillary on the level of lower edge of pupil. Cranial ridges little de-
veloped, the preoeidar and oeeipital traeeable and sometimes ending in
small spines. I nterocular spaee broad, with two low ridges; top of
head scaled to tip of snout; maxillary and preorbital scaly: preorbital
with narrow neck and three small spines; suborbital stay moderate;
preopereiilar spines sharp and diverging, the third largest, the lower
often divided: opereulaV spines moderate, dill-rakers slender, com-
pressed, not very long. Kye large, l-<! in head, slightly more than in-
terorbital width. Scales very small and rough, irregular; accessory
scales few. Dorsal spines low, rather slender, the lin deeply emar-

106. SCORP^ENIDJE SEBASTODES. 657

giuate; longest spine f length of head, scarcely higher than the soft
rays; caudal emarginate; anal low, its spines small, short, graduated,
the second shorter than eye; pectorals narrow, rather long, not nearly
reaching vent, the base f diameter of eye; ventrals shorter, not reach-
ing tips of pectorals. Peritoneum white. Head 2f; depth 35; pec-
torals 5. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. with 65-80 tubes; about 100
scales in a longitudinal series. L. 30 inches. Coast of California;
abundant in rather deep water.

(Sebastes pancifipims Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acacl. Nat. Sci. i, 6, 1854: Sebastes paucispinia
Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 83; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pkila. 1861, 165; Ayres,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1832, 215: Scbastts pancispinls Giinther, ii, 98.)

aa. Species with scales small (lat. 1. 60 to 70); cranial ridges little developed; skull
thick ; lower jaw strongly projecting; anal rays III, 7 to III, 9; jaws scaly;
gill-rakers very long and slender. (Sebastosomtts* Gill.)

1OO9. S. flavidais Ayres.— Ydloic-tall Ilock-jish.

Olive green, rather pale, plain or finely spotted with yellowish; fins
olive, caudal strongly tinged with yellow; young mottled. Body ob-
long, compressed, the back not much elevated. Head rather long,
pointed. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary extending to nearly
opposite posterior margin of eye, 2 in head; premaxillaries in front on
the level of lower margin of pupil. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its
symphyseal knob very prominent, but less so than in S. pauci&pinis.
Preorbital narrow, without spines. Top of head evenly scaled, the
nasal spines only present and very small. Cranial ridges obsolete,
without spines; only the occipital ridges visible under the scales. In-
terorbital space evenly convex. Preopercular spines rather strong, all
of them directed strongly backwards; opercular spines moderate; su-
prascapular spines small, the upper obsolete. Scales medium; acces-
sory scales variable. Dorsal spines low, slender, the longest 3 in head ;
the soft rays rather high, the fin very deeply emarginate, the mem-
brane joining the thirteenth spine at about one-fourth its height; cau-
dal fin notched ; anal spines low, regularly graduated, the third spine
less than half the height of the soft rays, the second as long as eye; pec-
toral fins shortish, rather broad, reaching tip of ventrals, but not quite
to vent. Peritoneum white. Head 3; depth 3; pectoral 4. D. XIII-
15; A. Ill, 0; Lat. 1. about 60. L. 24 inches. Coast of California,
abundant; an important food-fish.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18(52, 209, f. 64.)

* Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1884, 147 : type Si'bastes mclanop^ Grd. (
Sebastes; 6&)ita, body.)

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 42

658 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

1O1O. S. iiaciamops (Grd.) Ayres.

Oli've brown, dark above, the sides paler; upper part of sides thickly
marked with small slaty-black blotches; head blackish above; a dark
streak <ui maxillary and one from eye across cheeks; fins dusky, the
dorsal pal<-r at base, with many round dark olive-brown spots; a black
opercular spot; lower rays of pectorals often tinged with orange. Body
comparatively elongate, highest at shoulders. Head long, in form
intermediate between mystinus and flavidus ; snout rather sharp. Mouth
large, oblique, the maxillary not quite reaching posterior margin of
orbit; its length a little less than half head; lower jaw protruding, its
tip on a line with the descending profile; premaxillaries on the level of
the lower margin of pupil. Eye large. Cranial ridges almost obsolete,
all scaled over and without spines in the adult; preocular spines obso-
lete, the space forward of the eye not projecting; preopercutar spines
short, but sharp. Gill-rakers longer than in myxtiiius, very slender.
Dorsal rather low, deeply emarginate, the highest spines 2£ in head,
a little lower than the soft rays; caudal slightly emarginate. Anal
spines small, the second shorter but stouter than third, longer than
•eye; pectorals short and rather broad, not reaching as far as tips of
ventrals, which scarcely reach vent. Scales moderate; accessory scales
numerous; mandible, maxillary, preorbital, and snout closely scaled.
Peritoneum white. Head 3; depth 2§. D. XIII-1G; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1.
.'>">; scales 00-70; pectoral 4.^. L. 20 inches. Monterey to Sitka; most
abundant northward. At San Francisco much less common than *V.

^'rlmxti'x nu'lanopn Girard, Proc. Acart. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 135, 1H">4, and in 1T. S.
I'MC. K'. I,'. Snrv. Fish. .-1; Ayivs, Proc. Cal. Acacl. Sci. IHW, 'JU. f. (if,: £<•/<«»/»•*
iin-liiiiiijii (iiiniliiT, ii, ljj: Sebastosomua simulans (Jill, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1^(U,
1-17.)

1011. S. c-Bliatus (Tili-s.) .1. &. G.

Blaekisli green, the sides rather pale, much mixed with darker; dark
shades from eye backward; a black streak on maxillary; lins all dusky,
the upper tins somewhat mottled; adult said to have the body and fins
tinged with red. liody rather deep and compressed. Mouth smaller
than in »i<!<tn<>i>s, the maxillary reaching to behuv posterior margin of
pupil; lower jaw somewhat projecting, but without prominent knob at
the symphysis; cranial ridges all obsolete, covered !>y scales; no pre-
ocular spine or any bulge of the skull in that region; preorbital narrow,
without spine; preoperctilar spines short and broad; opercular and sn-
prascapular spines small; lower jaw fully scaled, roughish. llead well

t
106. SCORP/ENIDJE - SEBASTODES. 659

covered with ctenoid scales. Dorsal fin low, not deeply emarginate, the
membrane joining the thirteenth spine near its middle; soft dorsal low,
higher than the spines, the longest spine as long as maxillary, a little
less than half head; caudal ernarginate; anal low, its second spine
stronger, but not longer than the third, f the height of the soft rays,
2.V in head ; pectorals rather short, reaching beyond tips of ventrals to
vent. Gill-rakers numerous, very long and slender, nearly as long as
the eye. Peritoneum black. Head 3J; depth 3^; pectorals 3|. 1).
XIII-15; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. GO. Coast of Alaska; not noticed south of
Kodiak.

(Epinephelu-8 ciliatus Tiles. Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. iy, 474, 1810: Pcrca varidblUs
Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii, 241, 1811: Scbastes rariabilis Cnv. & Val. iv, 347: Se-
bastes variabilis Giiiither, ii, 99.)

1O12. S. MiystiBlBBS JOT. & Gil\).—P<?che Pretrc; Black Rock-fish.

Slaty black, becoming paler below the lateral line; sides more
or less mottled; tip of lower jaw black; top of head with 3 indistinct
cross-bars, extending on the- cheeks; a dark bar on anterior edge of
opercle; fins all plain dusky. Body oval-oblong, compressed, both out-
lines evenly curved. Head rather blunt, compressed; profile oblique,
almost straight, becoming convex with age. Mouth smaller than in
any of the preceding species, oblique, the lower jaw protruding; pre-
maxillaries on the level of lower rim of orbit; maxillaries dilated be-
hind, reaching posterior margin of pupil, thickly scaled behind, their
length 2^ in head. Cranial ridges obsolete, except the preocular, which
usually ends in a small spine; the region between and in front of the'
eyes bulging considerably; preopercle with rather strong spines, the
two at the angle longest; opercular spines rather strong. Spinous
dorsal very low, the longest spines 2£ in head, lower than the soft rays,
the fin rather deeply emarginate; second anal spine stronger than
third, and a little shorter, 3J in head; pectoral fins long, about as long
as head, their middle rays longest, reaching beyond the ventrals to
about the tenth dorsal spine; caudal emargiuate. Peritoneum black.
Head 3£; depth 2f; pectorals 3£. D. XIII-15; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. GO
(50-35 tubes). L. 14 inches. Puget Sound to San Diego; the most
abundant species of the family about San Francisco; found in rather
shallow water.

(Scbastichthys mystinus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 455; 1881, 56,
70.)

S. eiifomelas Jor. & Gilb.
Dull olive-green; sides with obscure, round, rusty spots; belly, lips,
and lower parts tinged with creamy; obscure light and dark shades

GOO coNTKir.rTioxs TO NORTH AMV.UICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

across checks; 1' or .'? very obscure dark vertical bais; lins all dusky,
somewhat reddi>h tinned; lower half of pectoral reddish. Body ob-
long elongate, the back little arched. Caudal peduncle slender. Profile
less steep than ill uralix, the snout blunter. Mouth small, the short
maxillary CM ending to below middle of eye, its length L'.\ in head:
lower jaw protruding, its tip entering the profile: preorbital very nar-
row, without spine. Kye large, less than interorbital space, 4 in head.
Cranial ridges very low, mostly covered by the scales; preocular, su-
praoeular, tympanic, and occipital spines usually present, the preoc-
ular larger than ill any of the preceding species, the su])raocular and
tympanic sometimes obsolete: preopereular spines small, directed back-
wards; opercular spines small; jaws, preorbital, and snout with small
scales. Gill-rakers numerous, long', and slender, their length about j-
diameter of eye. Dorsal spines very low and slender, the longest about
.') in head, the fin moderately emarginate; soft dorsal long and low, not
much higher than the spines; caudal lunate; anal low, its second spine
stronger than third, but not so high, 3^ in head; pectorals moderate,
reaching beyond ventrals, not to vent. Peritoneum jet black. Head
:'.',: depth :5.\; pectoral :',;;. I). XIiI-15; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. 05. L. 1L'
inches. Monterey l>ay, in deep water; rare.

^ hiixltcltUuj* in/unit -lux .Ionian iV (iilln-rl. Proa. I*. S. Xut. Mus. l-HI, 1 Iv'.)

IOI 1. S. ovalis Avrcs.— Thn-n.

Olivaceous, strongly tinged with creamy red, especially below; mem-
brane of both dorsals covered with many small, round, black spots;
similar spots usually on the body; upper lins greenish, lower yellowish,
mostly dark-edged; caudal fin dark; young more green, with 1' or '.'>
large black blotches on upper part of sides, and without dark spots on
tins. l!od\ deep, almost oval, the back considerably elevated, the profile
>tcep. the lower jaw Considerably protruding. Mouth not large, the
maxillary reaching to posterior edge of pupil, its length about U.] in
head. Cranial ridges not much developed, except the preocular, which
forms a large triangular protuberance, ending in a spine; preocular,
supraociilar. postocular, tympanic, and occipital spines present; pre-
opercular spines long and slender, all projecting backward: opercnlar
spines strong: preorbital narrow. \\ ith L' bhmlish spines. Gill-rakers
\ci\ long and slender, the longest two-thirds the diameter of theevc.
Kye large. slightl\ longer than snout. Dorsal tin very low, the notch
between the spinons and soft parts very shallow, the height of the two
parts about eipial (LM in head), the membrane joining the last spine at

106. SCORP^NIDvE — SEBASTODES. 6G1

about 5 its height; second anal spine longer and stronger than third,
almost as high as the soft rays, 2^ in head; pectorals long, reaching
beyond tips of ventrals; caudal emarginate; maxillary and mandible
scaly. Peritoneum black. Head 3; depth 2|. D. XIII-14; A. Ill, 8;
pectoral 3£; height of dorsal 8; Lat. 1. about 70. L. 14 inches. Coast
of California, in deep water; rare.

(Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1862, 212, f. 65: Scbasticlitliys ovalls Jordan & Gilbert,
Proe" U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 143.)

">. S. proriger Jor. & Gilb.
Bright light red, mottled above with dusky olive-green, the ground
color forming distinct blotches under the third dorsal spine and under
the first and last rays of the soft dorsal; lateral line running in the
middle of a very distinct continuous red stripe, precisely as in S. elon-
gatits; head above with purplish cross-shades; opercle with a dusky
blotch; two olive shades radiating from the eye; lips and tip of lower
jaw blackish; iris red; caudal fin bright red, speckled with dark olive;
spinous dorsal bright red, the posterior part of each membrane black-
ish; soft dorsal olive and red; lower fins bright light red, with shades
of olive yellow. Body elongate, somewhat compressed, a little less
slender than in S. elongatus, which this species much resembles in color
and form. Head rather small. Mouth small, much as in 8. ovalis, the
short, broad maxillary extending to beyond the middle of the eye, the
premaxillary on the level of lower margin of pupil; maxillary 2^ in
head; lower jaw strongly projecting, with a conspicuous symphyseal
knob. Eye very large, longer than snout; preorbital narrow. Cranial
ridges very low and weak; preorular, supraocular, tympanic, and occi-
pital present; most of the ridges partly covered by scales; tympanic
spine minute; occipital ridge not conspicuous, the spine depressed.
Preopercular spines sharp, the second longest, the points of all directed
backward; opercular spines moderate. Interorbital space broad, nearly
as broad as the eye, somewhat regularly convex, the middle being ele-
vated. Gill-rakers very long, slender, and numerous, the longest longer
than the supraocular ridge, and about half the diameter of the eye.
Scales rather small. Dorsal fin very low, as in 8. ovalis, not deeply
emarginate, the highest spine little more than one-third length of head;
soft dorsal low, half as high as long, the highest ray about equal to
the longest spine; caudal fin moderately forked; anal fin lowr, its length
nearly equal to the height of its longest ray; second spine much longer
and stronger than the third, scarcely shorter than the longest ray, 2£

i\l>'2 CONTRIBUTIONS To NOKTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

in head: pectorals rather long and narrow, the- tips reaching beyond
the tips of the ventral* to the \vnt. Peritoneum black. Head :>; depth
,'. D. XII l-l.!: A. Ill, 7; pectoral 3^ in length; Lat. 1. 75. L. 10
inches. Coast of California, in deep water; not rare.

'i,iflichtli>i« i>r,>ri:/< r .Ii.nlau & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I.-NI), 3'27.)

tt«(i. Species with llu- seales moderate, the cranial ri.l.nes low. the skull thick, the
iut.Torliital spare broad ami convex, tin- lower ja\v scaly, its tip not strongly
projecting: gill-rakers slender; pectorals narrow; peritoneum white.

IO16. S. atrovireiis .Tor. & Gilb.— Garriqw.

Olive green, marbled with darker; sometimes brownish; 'belly. pale
yellowish green; fins olivaceous, no red anywhere. Body oblong, not
tapering rapidly backward. Head moderate, rather pointed. Month
moderate, the lower jaw somewhat projecting, the maxillary extending
to beyond posterior border of the pupil; its length 2 in head; pre-
maxillary below pupil. Eye large, 3£ in head Cranial ridges low, not
ending in prominent spines; the following pairs are present: preocular,
supraoenlar, and occipital, and sometimes a minute tympanic; nasal
spines prominent; preorbital very narrow, with two stout spines; pre-
operenlar spines short, rather sharp, the second longer and slenderer
than the others; opercnlar and snprascapnlar spines sharp; interor-
bital space broad and slightly convex, widened backward, a little de-
pressed on each side next the snpraocular spine, its width less than
that of the eye and more than the length of the occipital spine. Gill-
rakers slender, not very long, the longest £ the diaoieter of the eye.
Preorbital scaly; maxillary partly scaly; mandible with some smooth
- ales: scales large, regularly arranged. Dorsal (in rather deeply emar-
-inate. the spines moderate, the fifth half length of head and lower
than the soft rays; caudal truncate; anal tin short and high, its spines
^lender, the second shorter than third, and not much stronger, about
•J._l in head; longest soft, rays 1 A in head; pectorals long and narrow,
leaching p;:->t vent nearly to beginning of anal, their length sex-en-
eighths that of head, their base narrow. Ventrals long, reaching just
,.ast the vent. Head :',; depth!'.1,. D. XI 11-11: A. lll.d: Lat.l. f>L».
I,. !."> inches. Coa.xt of California; generally abundant, especially south-
ward.

iSthnxlirlitliyx «tr»r',r. //- .I..Mi;m A Cilliert. I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 289.)

1O17. S. l»illlliH:«'r ' ' ;iU ' •'• A (•.— Fliiiinii: Orntiiji- li'.n-k-fi*h.

(Ironnd color light olive gray, jirofnsely blotched with bright clear
orange red or with light orange \ ell. .w, the red shades predominating

106. SCOEP^NID^: - SEBASTODES. 663

above, the pale below; belly nearly white; top of head with cross-
blotches and marblings of orange, alternating with pale; sides of the
head flesh-colored, with three bright orange bauds radiating from the
eye; maxillary with orange touches; lips pale, tinged with blackish;
inside of mouth pale; dorsal fin with the membrane bright orange, a
large black blotch occupying the membranes between the seventh and
tenth dorsal spines; this spot is usually distinct, but in old examples
it is sometimes obsolete; pectorals light red, mottled with yellowish;
other fins all bright orange, without dusky tips, slightly mottled with
paler at base; lateral line running in a distinct continuous light-gray
streak, which is not crossed by the red markings; old specimens some
times with large inky blotches on different parts of the body. Body
rather robust, elevated, and compressed. Mouth large, oblique, the
maxillary reaching to below the posterior margin of the large eye, its
length half the head; mandible somewhat projecting, with a knob at
the tip; the middle teeth on a raised base which fits into the emar-
gination of the upper jaw; interorbital space very broad, concave on
either side of the convex center, as wide as the eye, which is 4 in head;
cranial ridges low, but stronger than in preceding species; preocular,
isupraocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital present; the space be-
tween the two occipitals concave; the ridges small but sharp; both
jaws, preorbital, maxillary, mandible, and snout scaly, the scales on
the lower jaw smooth; preorbital rather narrow, with two spines; pre-
opercular spines long and sharp. Dorsal fin deeply emarginate, the
spines rather high, nearly as high as the soft rays, the longest 2£ in
head; caudal fin lunate; pectoral fin long, reaching to the tips of the
long ventrals, past the vent; base of pectoral narrow, about as broad
as eye; second anal spine strong, nearly as long as third, 3 in head.
Gill-rakers very long and slender, nearly f diameter- of eye; accessory
scales numerous, especially on head. Peritoneum pale. Head 2§;
depth 2f; pectoral 3£. D. XIII-14; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 48. L. 25 inches.
Pacific coast, from Monterey northward; one of the most important
species.

(Sclasiodes rosaceus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac;id. Sci. ii, 216, 1862, f. 62; not Sebastes
roscicctis Grd. : Scbastosomus pinniger Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 147: iSebas-
Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1880, 72.)

1OB§. S. zniniatllS Jor. & Gilb. — Easciera; liaslicr.

Color above deep vermilliou, mottled with flesh-color on the sides, the
belly light red; back and sides everywhere with clusters of black dots,

C'il CO\Ti:ir.rT!<>NS TO NOETB /LMEEICAJJ ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

so that tin- \\hole body has a dusky shade: top of head and back wuh
vaguely defined cross-blotches made of dark points; three obscure
orange stripes radiating from the eye: maxillary with a red streak: lips
red, mottled with blackish; under side of head light red, mottled with
darker: inside of mouth red; (ins all bright vermillioii; spinous dorsal
spotted with olive-gray below, the membrane posteriorly edged with
blackish; soft dorsal spotted below with blackish, a vertical dark olive
streak on each membrane; other fins tipped with blackish, the mem-
branes more or less dotted; no black blotch on the spinons dorsal. Body
oblong, the form much as in 8. pinniycr. Head moderate, somewhat
pointed. .Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching past pupil, its
length 2 in head; premaxillary on level of lower edge of pupil; lower
jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper, with a moderate sympliyseal
knob; middle of lower jaw elevated, fitting into an emargination of the
upper. Head more completely scaly than in related species, the scales
also rougher, the scales on the preorbital and head generally, being fully
ctenoid; mandible scaled even to the symphj'seal knob, its scales always
roughly ctenoid; interopercle fully scaled; most of the branchiostegals
with series of scales; maxillary, preorbital, and tip of snout fully
scaled; preorbital with a narrow neck; cranial ridges low and small:
prcocular, supraocnlar, postocular, tympanic, and occipital spines pres-
ent; interorbital space very broad, with a slight depression on each
side of a median ridge; preopercular spines rather long and sharp, the
second the longest, the spines radiating, dill-rakers, as in piiinii/cr,
very long and slender, the longest about V, the diameter of the e\ e.
Dorsal tin low, ratjier deeply emarginate, about as in />'. j>!inii</rt\ but
rather higher, the soft rays higher than the spines; caudal tin slightly
emarginate: anal tin rather high, the second spine about as long as
the third and stouter, little more than half the height of the soft ra\ s,
about ;; in head; pectoral fin moderate, the tip reaching about to the
vent, the base rather narrow: ventrals very long, usually reaching past
the vent, almost to the lie-inning of the anal. Head L' ,' : depth :5; pec
toials ;!A. Dorsal lavs XIII-I1; A. Ill, 7: Lat. 1. 47. L. I'O inclus.
San Francisco to San Diego: not rare.

',,stirl, I!,;/* miiii'ittt* .Ionian \ Cilln-rt, I'n.c. I'. S. Nat. Mus. L880, 70.)

muni. Sprrirs \vilh the si-airs iif liimlcratr BlZflJ th'1 iTanial I'iil.HT^ Ili^li: Ivillpllllii1

:in<l ]Hixtiirul;ir spinrs linth prrsrnt ; lower j;i\\ littlr pniji-rtin^; anal rays
III. 7; M-ali's mi In-all ci.-niiiil; ^ill-raUi-i-.s >lmri ; si-conil anal spint- usually

' Cill.)

Gill, Pi-oc. U. S. Nat. MM-. l-i;i, 117: \ pi- >V l>,i*t< .s nmaceus Grd.

106. SCOKPyENID^E SEBASTODES. 665

1019. S. rubcr (Ayres) J. & G.—Red Itock-fish; Trtmlor.

Color clear deep vermilion red, paler below; a narrow undulating
whitish streak along the sides, from the eye to above the base of the
anal, and another along the lateral line; these indistinct in the adult;
faint dusky shades radiating from eye; fins red, the soft fins always
largely blackish at tip, especially in the young; young more distinctly
inarked than the adults, which are nearly plain brick-red. Body. oblong,
rather deep, not much compressed. Head large, blunt. Mouth large, the
maxillary reaching nearly to posterior edge of eye, its length half that
of head ; premaxillary on level of lower edge of pupil ; lower jaw a little
projecting, the symphyseal knob slight. Cranial ridges rather high and
sharp, smooth in the young, becoming very rough and broken in the
adult; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital pres-
ent; preocular spines triangular; supraocular short, becoming with age
divided into a series of irregular spines and tubercles; occipital ridges
diverging, likewise divided in adults; interorbital space broad, flattish,
coarsely scaled, with 2 slight ridges anteriorly. Eye moderate, 4J in
head; preorbital wide; preopercular spines broad, usually divided, the
third multifid. Scales on head rough; jaws naked; suborbital stay
weak. Gill-rakers short, clavate, the longest ^ eye. Scales on body
rough; accessory scales numerous; pectoral short, broad, its length 4
in body; dorsal spines stout, rather low, the fin not deeply notched,
the longest spine about as high as the soft rays, 2J iu head; caudal
truncate; soft fins scaly; second anal spine little stronger or longer than
the third, f height of soft rays, 2 -if in head. Peritoneum white. Head
3; depth 2f. D. XIII-14; A. Ill, 7; Lat, 1. about 50. L. 30 inches.
Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara northward, abundant; reaches a
larger size than any of the others, except possibly S. paueispinis.

(Sehastes ruber Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, 7, 1854, and Id6'2, 215.)

1020. S. coaastellatus Jor. & Gilb.

Orange-red; back olive shaded; belly yellowish; cheeks with red
and yellowish shades; head and body everywhere closely covered with
small roundish pale spots; spots above light rose color; below larger
and nearly white; 4 or 5 roundish rose-colored blotches on the back,
besides some mottliugs of a similar shade; the first spot, often obscure,
under the fourth dorsal spine; the next near the lateral line under the
eighth dorsal spine; the third close to the junction of the two parts of
the dorsal; the fourth under the end of the soft dorsal; a fifth some-
times near the base of eighth dorsal spine; opercular flap with a rosy

GG6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

•

spot; fins light reddish; dorsal speokled at base with light and dark.
Body robfist, heavy forwards, tapering into a slender caudal peduncle.
Head rather pointed in profile. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw
slightly projecting beyond the? emarginated tip of the upper jaw; a

small knob at the symphysis; maxillary very broad, extending be-
• •

yond pupil, its middle part with many small £cales, its length 2 in

bead; premaxillary in front just below the level of the eye; mandible
almost entirely covered with small rough scales; muzzle and precrbital
scaled to the tip of the snout; head densely covered with small scales.
Ciajiial ridges rather high and narrow; preocular, supraocular, post-
ocular, tympanic, and occipital present; interorbital area concave,
with 2 prominent ridges covered by scales; supraocular ridge rather
short; occipital ridge long, curved, ending in a sharp spine; preoperde
with its second spine long and sharp; preorbital wide, its edge lobed.
Fye large, 4 ia head. Gill-rakers short, clavate, the longest of them
about one-fifth the diameter of the eye. Scales strongly ctenoid, the
accessory scales largely developed. Dorsal spines rather strong and
low, the fourth more than one-third the length of the head; the fin
rather deeply emaiginate; soft dorsal rather low, about as high as the
second au.al spine, 2$ in head, robust, curved considerably longer than
the third or the soft rays; caudal slightly emarginate; pectorals rather
narrow, reaching beyond ventrals, about to vent, their length two-
thirds that of the head. Peritoneum white. Head 2i; depth L'A. 1).
XI 11-13; A. Ill, G; Lat. 1. 53. L. 15 inches. Coast of California, from
San Francisco southward, abundant in deep water; a brilliantly-colored
fish.

(S<-l>tix!i<'liilnixcoHiitfllatuijJor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 295.)

I O'J I . S. rosaceiis ((Jnl.) J. & G.—Cormir.

Bright orange red, the young strongly tinged or mottled with golden
yellow; back with 4 pale spots, arranged precisely as in X. <-<»ixt<'ll<t/ us,
rliotliH-liloi-ix, and <-lilt>n>xlirti<x ; these always very distinct, of a rose-
pink color, or sometimes a'most white; the darker border around them
is of a deep purple or blood color, never greenish; fins rosy, mottled
with orange; head with radiating stripes of orange and rosy: nape with
alternating bars of \ello\\ ish and deep red, the colors blending; no de-
cided green, and no snr M pink spots anywhere. Body oblong, little
elevate. 1. Head rather pointed. .Month moderate, the jaws about

•

e(|iial, the lower \\ith a small knob; maxillary not reaching poslcrior
border of eye; its length 1* in head; premaxillaiies below the orbit.

1C6. SCORPyENUXE - SEBASTODES. * 667

Eye very large, 3i in bead. Maxillary and preorbital partly scaled;
inaudible and snout naked. Cranial ridges much as in 8. constellatus,

•

but more depressed; preocnlar, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and
occipital present; length of snpraocular spine about equal to inter-
orbital width; preopercular spines short. Gill-rakers moderate, longer
than in S. constellatus, not clavate. Scales moderate, the accessory ones
numerous. Dorsal spines rather low and strong, the fourth two fifths
the length of the head, about as high as the soft rays, the fin rather
deeply emargiuate; caudal slightly notched; anal rather low, with the
second spine curved, 2£ in head, much longer and stronger than third,

•

shorter than the soft rays; pectoral fins moderate, reaching beyond tips
of venirals, past the vent, 3-J- in body. Peritoneum blackish. Head
2§; depth 3. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, G; Lat. 1. 48. L. 12 inches. Coast
of California, in rather deep wc-ter; the most abundant of the red spe-
cies, and one of the smallest.

(Sebastes rosaceus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. viii, 146, 1854, and in U. S. Pac.
E. R. Surv. Pisli. 78, pi. 21 (poor figure, from a specimen in bad condition): Sebastes
helvomaculatus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii, 26, f. 8, 1839: Sebastes rosaceus Giiutlier,
ii, 9.1)

1O22 S. rhodochloris Jor. & Gilb.— Fly-fish.

Bright clear rose-red, without trace of purplish ; region above lateral
line with much deep green in the form of reticulating streaks; below
the lateral line the green gives place to bright golden yellow similarly
mixed with red; top of head with cross-bands of green and red ; green
streaks radiating from the eye; four bright pale pink spots on the sides
of the back, arranged precisely as in rosaceus, constellatus, and chloros-
tictuSj the color brighter than in these, surrounded by rings of green,
without any trace of purplish shading; a pink opercular spot; a pale
area behind eye; fins all with the rays red, the membranes olive or
golden. Body oblong, more elongate than in related species; maxil-
lary 2^ in head, reaching beyond pupil; jaws about equal; preorbital
narrow. Eyes very large, 3i in head. Cranial ridges higher and
sharper than in any other of the red species; preoeular, supraocular,
postocular, tympanic, and occipital species present; interocular space
very narrow, its width less than length of supraocular spine; two sharp
ridges. extending lengthwise of it ; preopercular spines long. Gill-rakers
as in rosaceus; mandible finely scaled near'tbe base. Dorsal fin moder-
ately ernargiuate, lower than in rosaceus, the longest spine nearly 3 in
head; soft dorsal as high as spines; caudal slightly notched; second
anal spine longer than in any other species, longer than maxillary,
higher than the soft rays, half length, of head ; pectoral reaching past

GG8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

vent nils, n<«;irlv to anal, 3J in body. Peritoneum dusky. Ik-ad lU;
depth 3. D. XIII-14; A. IIF, G; Lat. 1. 58, the accessory scales very
numerous. L. 12 inches. Off Monterey and San Francisco, in deep
•water: rather rare.
, >'. Wv/i<7< /A//* /•//•»/.« Vi/.*/-js Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus. 1880, 144.)

1O23. S. rlllol'OStictllS Jor. & Gilb. — Pexca T'crmitjUa.

Olivaceous above, sides pinkish and golden; four roundish spots of
pink placed as in S. constcllatux and S. rosaceus, but less distinct; a
pink blotch on opercular Hap; the upper parts of the body, from just
below the lateral line, closely covered with small round spots of a clear
olive-green; these spots most distinct on the back and the top of the
la-ad; on the sides of the body, just above and below the lateral line,
these spots form two continuous series, following the course of the lat-
eral Hue; eyes above with green spots; fins nearly plain red; base of
dorsal spotted with olive. Body oblong. Head moderate, the profile
rather steep, with a nearly even slope Mouth large, oblique, the max-
illary reaching to behind the pupil, its length about 2i in head; the
premaxillary in front below the level of the large eye, which is 3i in
head. Jaws equal in the closed mouth, the tip of the lower fitting
into the emarginate upper jaw; a rather conspicuous symphyseal
knob. Preorbital sinuate. Cranial ridges sharp and high, ending in
sharp spines, about as in t'oitxtdUiiux ; preocular, supraocular, postocu-
lar, tympanic;, and occipital present. Inteorhita) space concave, with
two rather prominent ridges. Preopercular spines rather sharp, the
second longest: opercular spines sharp. Gill-rakers long and rather
strong, not clavate, the longest about two-fifths the diameter of the
eve, longer than in related species. Scales on head fewer than in *sr.
rnnxtcHittux ; the snout wholly naked; maxillary partly scaled; man-
dible naked. Dorsal spines very high, nearly as high as in rc.cillori* ;
the I'ouilli highest, nearly half head, higher than the soft rays, which
are also considerably elevated. Dorsal fin rather deeply omarginate;
caudal tin eniargiiiate; anal tin not very high, its second spine much
higher and stronger than the third, about as high as the soft rays, 1",
in head; pectorals .'!.\ in length, with moderate base, reaching beyond
tips of ventrals, about to vent. Head L'.l : depth!'-'*. D. XIiI-13; A.
Ill, <i; Lat. 1. ."»(). L. l."i inches. Oil' .Monterey and San Francisco;
abundant in deep water.

BpeoieB with the lower jaw projecting :m<l M-nly; the posturul.-ir spine \v;mt-
111:4: i lie liixly rloii^atr ; i In- pn i I miriiiii d u>k y ; otherwise as in the preceding
group.

106. SCORP.ENID.E SEBASTODES. 669

1O21. §. eloiigatus (Ayres) J. & G.—Iteina.

Color light red; sides above with irregular horizontal iu terra p ted
olive-green bands, which are more or less broken into blotches, two of
these bands below the lateral line, becoming confluent behind; a dis-
tinct pale band following the course of the lateral line; upper fins
blotched with olive, lower pale red; head olive and blotched above,
pale red below; chin black. Body more elongate than in any of the
other species (except paucispinis), compressed. Head long, rather
pointed. Mouth large; maxillary extending to posterior margin of pu-
pil, its length 2-| in head; premaxillary on level of lower margin of
orbit; lower jaw strongly projecting. Eye very large, longer than
snout, 3£ in head; iiiterorbital space broad, concave, with low frontal
ridges. Cranial ridges low and long; preocular, supraocular, tympanic,
and occipital present; tympanic spines small; preopercular spines very
sharp, all pointed, directed backwards; opercular spines very long and
sharp. Gill-rakers long and strong, the longest about one-third the eye.
Scales large, not very rough; accessory scales numerous. Maxillary,
mandible, and preorbital scaly. Dorsal spines moderately high, rather
strong, the highest about equal to the soft rays, 2^ in head; the fin not
deeply emarginate. Caudal fin lunate; anal fin rather low; the second
spine half length of head, much longer than the third, higher than the
soft rays; pectorals moderately broad, long, reaching beyond the tips of
the short ventrals to vent. Peritoneum dusky. Head 23-; depth 3£;
pectoral 3£. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, G; Lat. 1. 58. L. 12 inches. About
Monterey and San Francisco; abundant in deep water. This species
bears considerable resemblance to S. proriger.

(Sebastes clongatus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii, 23, 1859, f. 9.)

aaaaaa. Species with the scales of moderate size; the cranial ridges well developed ;
the post-ocular wanting; scales smoothish; those on the head mostly cycloid ;
lower jaw naked, its tip protruding ; peritoneum white; second anal spine
long.

1O25. S. rulteriviiictus Jor. & Gilb. — Spanish Flag.

Very pale rose-red, almost white, with cross- bands of a deep, intense
crimson-red; these bauds broadest on the back; one of the bands runs
across the eye, snout, snborbital and maxillary, its boundaries indis-
tinct; the next across the nuchal region, front of dorsal and opercle;
the next across the middle of the spinous dorsal, including the ventrals
and the postrior half of pectorals; another across soft dorsal and anal;
another across base of caudal, the fin itself being deep rose color; the
other fins share the color of that part of the body against which they

670 roxTRir.rrmxs TO NORTH AMIMIIPAX ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

lio. Cody robust, rather deep and compressed. Head long, acute in
profile. there being a nearly straight slope from a bony prominence in
front ol' the spinotis dorsal to the tip of the Io\ver jaw. Month rather
large. oblique, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary broad, extending to
opposite the middle of the eye; its length 2£ in head; premaxillary on
level of lower border of eye; cranial ridges quite low, their spines
blunt ish and depressed; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, and occipital
ridges present; interorbital space flattish, narrow, not so broad as the
• •ye, not widened behind, with sparse, smooth scales; two long frontal
ridges extend the length of the interorbital space; these are covered
with bare skin; behind and between these are two shorter ridges cov-
ered by naked skin; occipital ridges long, curved, diverging behind;
mandible naked; maxillary with a few scales; snborbital stay very
prominent, its tip nearly reaching the preopercle; preopercular spines
very strong, the second longest; opercular spines long; preorbital
wide. Eye very large^ its diameter 3J in length of head. Gill-rakers
rather short, robust, much compressed, the longest about one-fourth the
length of the eye. Scales on head all small and thin, mostly cycloid;
scales of body smoother than usual; accessory scales very numerous.
Dorsal spines robust, rather high, the fifth not quite half the length of
tin- head: those behind rapidly shortened, the membrane joining the
thirteenth spine below its middle; soft rays about as high as spines;
caudal slightly einargiuate; anal low, its second spine 2i in head, much
longer and stronger than third, both robust; pectorals moderate, not
i.-aching vent, 3g in length; the base equal to diameter of eye; ven-
trals not reaching tips of pectorals. Peritoneum white. Head L'A;
di-ptli L'.\. D. XII1-11'; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 55. L. 15 inches. Santa.
Harbara to ."Monterey, in deep water; rare. In life, the most brilliantly
colored large lish in our waters.

••./.S//V///////V fiiJn-irhirtKH . Ionian ».t Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu<. ]--o. -j'.M.i

(i,i,i,nni(i. Sp<-i'ii-s with tli.' sralrs of UK xlrra t c si/r, Ilir cranial ridges strong and
niM-tl\ lii^li, lint no! sharp, tlir postoonlat Wanting) the ja\vs nr.-irly equal,
1lir IOV.IT nakrd ; tin- ^ill-r;'krrs slmrt ; tin- pert oia Is l.roail. wit h t liicki-nrd

lower rays; anal III, :. to in, ?. (.sv/«/.xf/Y///////.v* (Jill.)

lo-.»<;. S, aiai-i4-iDlattis (Grd.) -1 A «..

Color blackish brown, much mottled with light brown; top of head
dark: a dark blotch on the upper angle of the opercle; entire body
Hushed with brownish red, this color nn».i noticeable on front of head;

•Cill, Pro.-. Ar:ul. Nai. Sci. I'hila. I-.-.', -JT-^: typo Sebaatcs nigrocinvtus Ayres:
(<5i . iir^nil'u-i'iit ; i^'V^, lish.)

106. SCORP^ENID^: SEBASTODES. 67 1

a brownish red streak along: middle of maxillary, and a second from the
preorbital downwards and backwards across the cheek ; another from
eye to lower part of. opercle; fins all marked with dark and light olive
and reddish, the latter hue especially on the ventrals and anal; base of
pectoral blackish; northern specimens are more blackish, and less uni-
form, in color; old specimens are often nearly uniform reddish brown;
the young sometimes with obscure dark bars, the caudal fin speckled.
Body oblong; rather deep. Mouth moderate, below axis of body, the
jaws nearly equal; maxillary reaching beyond eye, its length 2£ in
head; preorbital broad; interorbital space concave on each side of a
broad median ridge; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, coronal, and
occipital spines present, the latter sometimes divided; preopercular
spines long, all directed backward, the second longest; opercular
spines weak; 3 suprascapular spines. Scales on body large, ctenoid;
accessory scales not very numerous; mandible naked. Spinous dorsal
high, the longest spine 2 in head, higher thaa the soft rays, which
are much elevated; second anal spine longer and stronger than third,
2£ in head; soft part of anal high; pectorals rather short and broad,
the tips barely reaching the vent, their length 3J in body; ventrals
reaching to vent; caudal truncate. Head 3£; depth 2J. D. XIII,
13; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 45. L. 18 inches. Pacific coast, from Vancouver's
Island to Cerros Island, very abundant; the only species entering
the bays and caught with hook and line from the wharves. It may
be known at once by the coronal spines, which are developed on no
other American species of the genus. In some of our specimens from
the Gulf of Georgia these spines are obsolete on one or both sides.

(Sebaxtes anriculatiis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 131, 146, and U. S. Pac.
E. R. Snrv. Fish. 80: Sebaxtes anriculatiis Ayres, Proc. Cul. Acad. Sci. 1862, 215, f. 68:
tiebasfes ruber var. parrus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, 7, 1854.)

1O27. S. rastrcIBager Jor. & Gilb.— Grass Eoclc-Jish.

Blackish green, with paler mottlings, the sides spotted with darker;
belly pale greenish ; paired fins dark, often bordered with reddish ; other
fins chiefly olivaceous, spotted with darker; the brightness of the olive
and greenish shades is quite variable, but the species is always without
definite markings and without bright red. Body oblong, deepest at the
shoulders. Head short, blunt. Mouth moderate, little oblique, the max-
illary reaching to the posterior margin of the eye, its length 2-^ rn head;
the premaxilla'ry rather below the level of the eye; jaws equal, without
symphyseal knob. Eye small, anterior, 4£ in head. Cranial ridges

672 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

strong. but broad and depressed, ending in small spines; preocular,
Mipraocnlar. tympanic and occipital present: the occipital ridges are
very long. equalling the diameter of the orbit; preoperctilar spines
short ami stout, the two upper subequal; opercular spines very broad
and Hat, sometimes bifid; suprascapular spines strong: interorbital
space moderate, narrower than eye, llattish, with two low ridges; s]>ines
<>!' head little divergent backwards. Gill-rakers very short, wide, com-
pressed, the longest almost as wide as high. Scales on body large;
accessory scales few. Dorsal spines low, the fifth about two-fifths the
length of the head; the fin little emarginate; soft rays considerably
higher than spines; caudal slightly rounded; anal high, its spines low,
the second as high as the third and much stouter, 3 in head; pectoral
rather short, reaching vent, its base extremely broad, its width about
one-third length of head; the lower rays much thickened; length of
pectorals 3§ in body; ventral s moderate, not quite reaching the tips of
the pectorals. Peritoueum brownish. Head 3; depth 2J. I). XIII-
!.'»: A. Ill, G; Lat. 1. 47. L. 15 inches. Coast of California; abundant
southward. A strongly marked species, known at once by its short
gill-rakers.

raxtrcU'ujcr Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns, 1880, 29fi.)

. S. cauriiiiis (Kk-h.) Jor. & Gilb.
This form agrees with the subspecies rc.riUari*. in general characters,
tillering in the color, which is scarcely reddish or yellowish, the dark
shades being dark brown, the pale shades light brownish and better
defined than in r<:rill<trix ; the chin is rather more projecting; the dor-
sal spines are slender and much lower than in rrriUnriN ; in this respect
there is considerable variation among individuals; the armature of the
head is essentially the same as in rc.rilltirix, as are the fin -rays, gill-
rakers. and scales. I'uget Sound to Sitka; abundant.

'•u.i, \ , aurinua l.'ichanlsnu, \'»\. Sulphur. I chili. 77, pi. 11. f. 1. !- 1~>. This species
lias IIH special alliuity with tlie Japanese S. iiicniiix, with which it has lieen identified
li\ I >:. (JiinthiT.)

Sulisp. \4-\iilaris .l»r. A i',\\\i.—(;<ir>-ni><i.

Uriglit pale yellowish-red, becoming lighter below, the reddish and
yellowish forming large and irregular areas, sometimes one shade pre-
dominating, some! hues the other; ;i pink cross blotch on the back at
lia.ve of the second and third dorsal spines sometimes present; upper
parts of head most |\ pink, with broad olive shades running backward,
one on the lower lip, one on the maxillary, one I'rom preorbital region
downward, one I'rom t lie e\ e backward and do\\ nward across the cheeks^

106. SCOKP^ENID^: - SEBASTODES. 673

and another across the opercular spines 5 fins all pinkish red, the mem-
branes olive; vertical fins narrowly edged with dusky; top of head usu-
ally with alternating cross-shades of pinkish and yellowish; yellowish
shades sometimes replaced by light olive; other specimens are quite red;
still others brownish; the light areas on the back have a position sim-
ilar to that of the rosy spots in 8. constellates. Body stout and com-
pressed, the back elevated. Mouth rather large, the broad maxillary
extending behind the orbit, its length 2 in head; premaxillary on level
of lower edge of pupil; jaws subequal, the lower somewhat projecting,
but without symphyseal knob; the upper jaw emargiuate at tip. Cranial
ridges long and low, higher than in rastrelliger, the preocular, supraoc-
ular, occipital,and sometimes tympanic present; preocular spines con-
spicuous, extending well backward; occipital spines rather long, diverg-
ing backward ; interorbital space broad and flattish, narrower than eye,
occupied by two raised ridges, covered by the scales; preopercular
spines moderate, some of them usually divided into two, three, or four
at tip, the middle one the largest. Eye moderate, high up, 4-4i in head ;
preorbital very broad ; suborbital stay short. Jaws naked. Gill-rakers
rather long and strong, the longest slightly clavate, nearly half as long
as eye. Dorsal spines very strong and high, about as in chlorostictus,
nearly as high as in maliger, the highest more than half length of head,
and rather higher than the very high soft rays; membrane of spinous
dorsal rather deeply incised, but less so than in maliger; second anal
spine 3 in head, scarcely longer than the third, and not much stronger,
about two-thirds as high as the soft rays; caudal truncate; pectoral
shorter than head, not reaching the vent; its base rather broad, its
length 32 in body; ventrals not reaching vent. Peritoneum white. D.
XIII-16 ; A. Ill, 6 ; Lat. 1. 55. L. 18 inches. Coast of California,
abundant southward; apparently a geographical variety of 8. caurinus,
but quite different in color.

(Scbastichtliys vexiUaris Jpr. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 292.)

1O29. S. BMaBa^er Jor. & Gilb.

Color warm yellowish brown, the anterior portion of the back and
sides usually clear yellow; breast yellow; anterior part of body and
head, especially in the adult, closely covered with small round spots of
a clear orange-brown color; posterior part of body darker than ante-
rior, variously mottled ; soft fins all slaty black, the pectorals and dorsal
paler at base and speckled ; brownish shades radiating from the eyes.
Body oblong, robust. Head large. Mouth moderate, the jaws nearly
Bull. Nat, Mus. No. 16 - 43

674 coxTRir.rnoxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

equal when closed; maxillary reaching to opposite posterior margin
of eye, its length about half that of head; preorbital moderate, with
an angular lobe. Cranial ridges a little higher than in caurinus, a little
lower than in carnatns; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, and occipital
present; occipital ridges low; preopercular spines very short; oper-
cular loag. Gill-rakers moderate, somewhat clavate, about as long as
pupil. Scales rough. Jaws naked. Dorsal spines very high and
strong, higher than in any other species, the membranes very deeply
incised, so that half or more of the length of the highest spines is tree
anteriorly; highest spine about £- length of head, the fin deeply emar-
giuate; soft dorsal high, but lower than the spines; caudal truncate;
anal high, the second spine 2| ill head, little higher than the third, not
t \vo-thirds the height of the soft rays; pectorals very broad and rounded,
reaching beyond ventrals to vent; base of the fin broader than eye, the
lower rays thickened; its length 3£ in body. Peritoneum pale. Head
2|j depth 2£. I). XIII-13; A. Ill, 6; Lat. 1. 47. L. 20 inches. Mon-
terey to Sitka, mostly in deep water, very abundant northward; one of
the largest species.

(Si-btiftticlithi/ft muligcr JOT. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 322.)

1O3O. §. csiruatiis Jor. & Gilb.

Yellowish brown, with blotches of clear flesh-color or pinkish, the
dark color predominating above, the pinkish below; membrane between
third and fourth spines always pale, this color forming a blotch at the
base of these spines, and then extending obliquely downwards and
back \vards, usually joining the ventral color; in front of this light area
on the sides is a narrow oblique dark one, in front of which in turn is
a pale one, which begins at the angle of the opercle and divides, pass-
ing around the pectorals and uniting below them; a light blotch under
the eighth dorsal spine, extending up on the fin; another at junction of
the two dorsals, and another under the last ray; under each of these
are irregular undulating pale areas; sides with pale blotches of all
si/es; head above witli emss-shades and bands radiating from eye, its
light shade.s tinged with purplish; fins colored like neighboring parts
of body. IJody rather short and deep. Mouth low and rather short,
the maxillary extending to rather behind the posterior edge of the
eye, its length 2 in head; premaxillary entirely below eye; jaws about
equal; no symphyseal knob. Scales on head rather rougher than in 8.
rlit-1/MHHi'hiti; lower jaw, maxillary, space in front of eye and nasal region
naked. Cranial ridges well developed, but somewhat lower than in S.

106. SCORP^ENID^E SEBA£«TODES. 675

chrysGwelas covered with thick skin; preocular, supraocular, tympanic,
and occipital present; occipital spines lower and narrower than in cliry-
somelas; preopercnlar spines small and bluntish. Gill-rakers short,
clavate. Spinous dorsal always higher than in clirysomelas, the highest
spines 2 in head, rather higher than the soft rays, the membranes more
deeply incised than in chrysomelas ; caudal truncate; anal moderately
high, the second spine, 2£ in head, stronger and slightly longer than
third, about two-thirds height of soft rays ; pectorals rather short, 3£
in head, about reaching to the vent, their bases very broad, the lower
rays thickened and fleshy; ventrals reaching vent. Peritoneum white.
Head 2|; depth 2f. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, 6; pyloric coeca 8; vertebra
12 -f 15; Lat. 1. 43. L. 14 inches. Coast of California, generally abun-
dant; in rather shallow water.

(Sebastichthys carnatus Jor. & Gilb. Prop. U. S. Nat. Mug. 1880, 73.)

1O31. S. c 11 ry some las Jor. & Gilb.

Pattern of coloration precisely as in 8.. carnatus, the colors different;
light shade a clear, warm, brownish yellow, with some specks of deeper
orange; varying from a dusky orange to olivaceous yellow, the latter
color more often seen on the belly; dark shade, black or dark brown,
with slight olive tinge; dark color predominating on the back; mem-
brane between third and fourth dorsal spines and an area at the base
of these spines always pale; a yellow blotch extending thence downward
and backward, usually joining the light color of the belly; another light
area passing from near the angle of the opercle around the pectorals,
uniting below them; three other blotches along the back, one under
the eighth dorsal spine, one under the last spine, and one under the
last soft ray ; from each of these, irregular pale areas extend down the
sides ; fins the color of the region to which they belong ; head above
with dusky cross-shades and faint bands radiating from the eye. Body
short and stout, compressed. Head short, bluntish. Mouth rather
small, entirely below the axis of the body; lower jaw slightly included;
preniaxillaries on level of lower edge of orbit; maxillary reaching poste-
rior margin of eye, its length 2 in head; preorbital wide. Cranial
ridges very prominent, high and strong, covered with thick skin, ending
in strong spines, which diverge backward ; preocular, supraocular, tym-
panic, and occipital present; preopercular spines short and thick. Gill-
rakers as in 8. carnatus. Scales moderate, rough, the accessory ones
few ; lower jaw, maxillary, nasal region, and space in front of eye naked.
Dorsal spines high and strong, the highest 2^ in head, rather higher
than the soft rays, the fin deeply emarginate; second anal s»piue 2| in

G76 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

head, much stronger than third, the two about equal in length; pec-
toral 3:J in head, with very broad base, reaching beyond the tips of the
vcntrals, which reach nearly to the vent; lower pectoral rays thick-
ened; caudal truncate. Peritoneum pale. Head 2J; depth 2%. D.
XIII, 13; A. Ill, G. Lat. 1.45. L.13 inches. San Francisco to San
Diego, abundant in rather deep water.

(Sebastichthys chrysomelas Jor & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 455, 465.)
1O32. S. isebHJosaiS (Ayrcs) Jor. & Gilb. — Garrupa.

Ground color blue-black of varying shade, sometimes tinged with
yellowish anteriorly, everywhere finely and irregularly freckled and
spotted with yellow or white, the light color usually bright and
sharply denned; these spots smallest and most numerous on head; a
l>n>ad irregular yellow band, made of confluent blotches, from be-
1 \\ eeu the third and fourth dorsal spines, involving their membranes,
downward to the lateral line, thence backward to base of caudal; fins
all black, with light spots at base; under parts soiled yellow. Body
robust, the back elevated, the profile steep. Mouth rather large, the
jaws equal, the maxillary 2 in length of head, extending to beyond
pupil; jaws naked. Eye large. Cranial ridges high and thick, com-
paratively short; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, and occipital pres-
ent, the latter much higher than in chrysomelas, and bulging so that its
base is narrower than its upper part; interorbital space narrow; pre-
opercular spines short. Gill-rakers as in clirysomelas. Dorsal rather
high, considerably emarginate, the highest spines, 2 in head, higher
than the soft rays; caudal truncate; second anal spine 2J in head,
stouter and slightly longer than third, much lower than the soft rays;
pectorals short and broad, 3.V in length, reaching beyond lips of ven-
1 rals to vent. Scales rough, the accessory scales numerous. Peritoneum
pale. Head 3; depth L>:<. 1). XIII-13; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 49. L. 12
inches. Pacific coast, from Vancouver's Island to Monterey, in rather
deep water; abundant.

r.sv/.«s/r.y/,/.x-r|-«/H* Onl. I'm,-. Arail. Nat. Sci. I'liila. is:,.;. \.\(\, and in U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. l-'isli. ?'.i, not <>t' Siorcr: Schnxlt* iii-lnilnxiin Ayrcs, 1'i'oc. Cal. Ar.-ul. Sci. i, 5, 1804:
s.litixlirlilliiixfiiKi'iolHrix I.orkiiiglon. J'roc. I". S. Nai. M ', -J'.»7 )

IO:i:$. S. SOITirrps .Ionian vV (lillirri.— Tnr-Jl«li.

Dark olive, blackish above, yellowish below; sides with about 7
oblique black cross hands, wider than eye, usually sharply defined, but
sometimes faint, in the young; two black bands downward ami back-
ward from eye; lips, month, front and lower part of head strongly
washed with coppery red; bases of fins with small whitish spots; fins

106. SCORPyENID.E — SEBASTODES. 677

blackish olive; cranial ridges black. Body robust, compressed behind.
Head compressed. Month large, the maxillary reaching to opposite
middle of eye. its length 2^ in head: jaws equal. Cranial ridges thick,
short, high and strong, covered with lax, thick skin, placed nearly in
a right line on each side; preocular, supraoeular, tympanic, occipital,
and nuchal spines usually present, the latter sometimes eoalescent with
the occipital; interorbital space narrow, fiat, closely scaled; preorbital
rather broad; preopercular spines sharp; jaws naked; membranes oi?
spinous dorsal thick, covered with small scales. Eye small, 5 in head.
Gill-rakers short, stiff and clavate. Dorsal spines strong, rather low,
scarcely exserted, lower than the soft rays, the longest 2§- in head;
second anal spines 2£ in head, stronger than third, scarcely longer;
pectorals broad and rounded, the lower rays thickened, the tips reach-
ing vent; ventrals reaching beyond vent; caudal rounded. Peritoneum
pale. HeadS ; depth 2i ; pectoral 3i. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, 5; Lat. 1.
50. L. 12 inches. San Francisco to Cerros Island, abundant south-
ward; one of the most singularly marked of the rock-fishes.

(Sebastichtliijs serriccps Jordan &, Gilbert,, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, ;58.)

1O34. S. iidgrocinctus (Ayres) ,T. & G.

Bright orange-red, with 5 jet-black vertical bars, overlaid with red ;
these bars comparatively narrow, none of them wider than eye; one
at beginning of dorsal, extending downward on opercle and scapular
region; a second, broader one, under middle of spinous dorsal; a third
under posterior part of spinous dorsal; the fourth narrower, under front
of soft dorsal; the fifth under middle of soft dorsal, all of these extend-
ing on the dorsal fin; two oblique black bands from eye, downwards
and backwards across cheeks; another upwards and backwards towards
the nape; fins uniform deep orange, anal and ventrals tipped with black-
ish; mouth red. Body short, deep, and compressed, deeper than in any
of the other species; back arched. Head large, compressed. Mouth
very large; maxillary extending to oeyoud pupil, 2 in head; lower jaw
very slightly projecting, the symphysis not produced; premaxillary
scarcely below eye. Eye. large,' 4-|- in head. Cranial ridges higher than
in any other species, their spines blunt, the ridges arranged in two
nearly parallel series as in S. serriceps, the surface of the larger ones
roughened by accessory spinous tubercles as in S. ruber; occipital
ridges very high; skin covering cranial ridges thin or obsolete, not lax;
interorbital space sparsely scaled, very narrow, its breadth a little more
than half diameter of eye, with very strong frontal ridges, which are not
covered by the scales; jaws naked; preorbital broad, a low ridge extend-

GTS CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

ing along its surface and that of the suborbital; this ridge, somewhat
rough and not covered with the scales, is continuous with the short sub-
orbital stay; preopercular spines short, very blunt, the opercular spines
very strong; scapular spines moderate. Gill-rakers short and stout,
clavate, the longest nearly one-third the diameter of the eye. Dorsal
spines rather high and strong, the longest 2^ in head, about as high as
soft rays, the fin not deeply einarginate; caudal tin rounded; anal fin
high, its second spine 2J in head, higher and much stronger than the
third; pectorals broad, fan shaped, 3| in length, their base one-third
broader than the diameter of the orbit, their tips not quite reaching
tips of ventrals. Scales rough. Peritoneum white. Head 2i; depth
2§. D. XIII, 15; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 50. L. 15 inches. San Francisco
to Vancouver's Island, in deep water; rare southward. A large and
singular species.

(Sebastes nigrocinctits Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii, 25, 1«59, and 217, f. 67: Selas-
tichthys nifjrocinctus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 278.)

359.— SCORP^ENA Linmcua.
Rascacios.

(SebaHtaplstcs Gill : Parascorpwna Bleeker: Pscudoscbastes Sauvage : Pontinus Poey.)

(Artedi; Linmeus, Systema Nature, 17,'s : type Soorpcena porcus ~L.)

Body oblong, somewhat compressed. Head large, not much com-
pressed, usually naked above, and armed with several series of spinous
ridges; often with dermal flaps. Mouth large, with bands of villiform
teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Scales mostly ctenoid, of mod-
crate size, often with skinny flaps. Dorsal fin with 12 stout spines;
anal with 3 spines, the second commonly the longest; pectorals large,
rounded, the base usually procurrent; the upper rays divided, the lower
simple in all our species; ventrals inserted behind pectorals. No air-
bladder. Vertebra; 10 + 14. Species numerous in the tropical seas;
fishes of singular forms and bright colors; the variation in squamat inn
and armature is very great, but if the group be further subdivided,

•

some characters other than those hitherto suggested must be taken.
The intergradatioii of the species of tirorpu-iut and HclHtNtotlcx is very
perfect. The greater number oi' dorsal spines and of vertebra) afford
the only characters known to us by which ScbtiNtotlr* may be distin-
guished from Xt-iH-jHt-nti. (<r •/.<>; >-aiva, the ancient name of Scorpccna
.svro/'ft, from <T/<Y<-:«-, scorpion, in allusion to the dorsal spines, which
inflict a very painful sting-like wound.)

106. SCORP^ENID^E SCORP^ENA. 679

a. Cheeks, opercles, breast, and usually top of head scaly; uo pit at the occiput;

aspect of Sebastodes. (Pontinus* Poey. )
&. Dermal flaps none ; pectoral fin not procurrent ; no exoccipital spines.

1035. S. dactyloptera De la Roche.

Color delicate scarlet red, the opercle and dorsal fin somewhat
mottled with brownish. Body not much elevated, little compressed,
the tail slender. Head large, little compressed ; cheeks, opercles, and
occipital region well scaled; no dermal flaps anywhere; suborbital stay
strong. Mouth rather large, with teeth as usual on jaws, vomer, and
palatines; lower jaw not projecting; maxillary extending to beyond
pupil. Suborbital with a narrow raised smooth ridge, which ends in a
spine at the base of the stay ; preorbital narrow, its edge slightly spi-
nous; interorbital space narrow, with two parallel raised ridges and a
deep groove. Cranial ridges short, sharp, about as in Sebastodes rosa-
ccus; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, occipital, and nu-
chal spines present; suprascapular spines sharp; no exoccipitals; oper-
cular spines moderate ; preopercular spines sharp, the second longest.
Eye very large, 3 in head. Jaws naked. Gill-rakers rather long and
slender. Pectoral very narrow for a Scorpccna^ the rays not procurrent
below nor thickened, reaching anal; ventrals small, reaching past vent;
anal small and low, its second spine a little stouter but not longer than
third; dorsal low, little emarginate, the spines slender. Scales ctenoid,
regularly arranged; no accessory scales. Head 3-J-; depth 2f. D. XII
12; A. Ill, 5; Lat. 1. 43. Deep water off Chesapeake Bay; described
from a specimen lately taken by the U. S. Fish Commission. It is pro-
visionally identified with 8. dactyloptera, of the Mediterranean and Ma-
deira Islands, but it is probably a species distinct from the latter,
although closely related.

(De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii, 1809, pi. 22, f. 2: Sebastes dactylopterus Gunther, ii,
99: Sebastes imperialis C. & V. iv, 336.)

aa. Cheeks, opercles, and top of head naked; dermal flaps present; pectorals pro-
current, a quadrate pit at the occiput. (Scorpcena.)
c. Breast scaly. (Parascorpaina Bleeker.)

1036. S. Sjasttsitsi Grd. — Scorpene; Scorpion; Sculpin.

Brown, irregularly mottled and blotched with rosy purplish and pale
olive ; opercles and cheeks, a bar behind eye, and 5 or 6 large blotches
at base of dorsal, purplish; head, back, and sides with many small

* Poey, Memorias Cuba, ii, 172, 1860 : type Pontinus castor Poey. (Latin, pons, bridge ;
"si 1'idee d'un pout forme" par les trois premiers sous-orbitaires pent conteuter les
£tymo],ogi8tes j'eu serai bieu aise; j'ai deja dit que les iiorns les plus savants ne soiit
pas les meillenrs." Poey.)

C80 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

round dark olive spots; belly unspotted; thoracic region pink; spinous
dorsal blackish, its middle part with many roundish pale spots, forming
a continuous stripe, besides smaller black spots; caudal and pectoral
with vertical bars ol dark and pale spots; soft dorsal and anal spotted;
ventrals pinkish, little spotted; jaws and branchiostegals yellowish,
more or less mottled; axil pale, with round dark spots. Body robust,
little compressed; interorbital space not very deeply concave; a pit at
the vertex in front of occipital ridges, much broader than long. Monk
very broad, little oblique, the lower jaw included ; maxillary 2£ in head,
reaching posterior margin of orbit. Gill-rakers very short, broad, com-
pressed. Cranial spines bluutish, high; preocular, supraocular, post-
ocular, tympanic, occipital, nuchal, and exoceipital present, besides a
bifid spine between the exoceipital and orbit ; upper preopercuiar spine
longest; opercular spines not large; suprascapular spines 3, knife-like;
suborbital region without pit, but with a bony carina on which are
2 or 3 bluutish spines. Ilead naked; breast, and region before pec-
torals, covered with small imbedded scales (with exception of opercular
Hap); anterior margin of preorbitals, margin of preopercle, and nostrils
with skinny flaps; 1 or 2 rather small flaps above eye, besides several
smaller ones on various parts of the head. Scales small, nowhere dis-
tinctly ctenoid; nearly every scale on the upper parts of body with a
small membranous flap. Dorsal spines high, higher than the soft rays,
the longest 24- in head; second anal spine longest and much the-strong-
est, 3 in head; pectoral very broad, short, and rounded, its lower rays
proem-rent, its tip reaching beyond the ventrals to vent, its base more
than ^ head, its length 3.} in body; caudal rounded. Peritoneum white.
lle;idL'.;: depth,1*. D.XII. 10; A.III,5; Lat, 1.30 (tubes); 50-60 scales.
L. 12 inches. Coast of California, from Point Concepcion southward;
very abundant.

.'ml. I'm,. Ar:,,l. \;,i. Sri. Phila. 1834, 14r>; Grd. U. S. I'.-ir. I,'. K. Sm-v. l-'isli. 77, pi.
17: <S'i7>«*/(///< •/< i/tillnltis Gill, in Stn-rt's Bulletin, U. S. .Vit. Mu>. \ ii, 1-77, (i%2.)

1O.17. S. |>liioni<'i-i ISlorh. — Hum-win.

Olive brown, excessively marbled with silvery and reddish; fins pro-
fusely variegated; caudal barred with brown and silvery; a dark blotch
on spiuous dorsal, between the Gth and 7th spines; axil black, with
white spots. l'.od\ short and thick. Head irregular in I'orm, with nu-
merous grooves and pits, and many lle>hy slips; a large deep pit below
the eye, between it and the front of suborbital stay; supraocular flap at

106. SCORP.EXID.E — SCORP.ENA. G81

least as high as eye; large flaps on preorbital and edge of preopercle,
preocular, supraocular, tympanic, coronal, occipital, nuchal, and exocci-
pital spines present; a deep pit behind coronal spines, as long as broad;
preopercular and opercular spines moderate, bluntish, snborbital stay
prominent, with 3 or 4 sharp spines; a few scales on preopercle and
opercular flap; head otherwise naked; maxillary reaching to behind
eye, not quite half head ; lower jaw included; breast covered with small
imbedded scales ; scales of body large, not ctenoid, firm, many of them,
with membranous flaps; lateral line with a series of fleshy flaps. Dor-
sal low, the highest spine 2f in head, somewhat lower than the soft rays;
pectorals very broad, procnrrent, reaching about to front of anal tin;
second anal spine very robust, 2f- in head, much larger than third.
Head 2£ in length; depth 3. D. XII, 10; A. Ill, 5; Lat. 1. 25 (rows

»

of scales) ; about 40 pores. West Indies and both coasts of Mexico ;
occasional northward. Here described from specimens from Mazatlau,

Mexico.

(Bloch. Nya. Handl.Stockh. x, '234, 1789; Bloch &. Schneider, 1801, 194: Scorpana bnfo
C. &. V. iv,306; Giiuther, ii, 113: Scorpcona rascacio Poey, Syuops. Pise. Cubens.303.)

cc. Breast naked.

1O38. S. porcus Linn.— Pig-foot.

Eeddish brown, much mottled above with darker, and dotted with
black; much less variegated than in S. plumieri; usually a black blotcli
on posterior half of spinous dorsal. Body oblong, compressed; back
somewhat elevated, highest at origin of spinous dorsal; suborbital stay
close to eye, without any pit between it and the eye ; supraocular flap
broad, a little lower than eye; no flaps on posterior edge of preop-
ercle, four on occipital region, few along lateral line; preocular, supra-
ocular, tympanic, occipital, ex occipital, and nuchal spines present; a
pit before occipital spines; opercular and preopercular spines short;
maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit. Scales present on post-
ocular region and upper part of preopercle; scales on body somewhat
regularly placed; breast naked. Fins high; pectorals much less pro-
current at base than in S. plumieri, reaching beyond tips of ventrals,
which reach anal; spines slender, the second anal slender, little longer
than third. Gill-rakers short and thick. D. XIII, 10; A. Ill, 5; Lat,
1. 40. Southern Europe; a specimen said to have been sent to Ctivier
from New York.

(Linn. Syst. Nat. ; C. & V. iv, 300; Giiuther, ii,107.)

G82 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

36O.— SETARCHES Johnson.

(Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862, 11: type St-larchc* giintheri Johnson.)

As here understood, this genus differs from Scorpcuna in having less
than 12 dorsal spines and the scales cycloid, without skinny flaps.
Deep-sea fishes. Our species differs from 8. giinthcri in the possession
of but ten dorsal spines instead of eleven. (Etymology not obvious.)

1O39. §. imrmattiK Goode.

Body stout and deep. Fins high ; vertical fins inserted well back,
the paired fins well forward. Interorbital widtli half the length of the
upper jaw, about equal to the orbit. Eye moderate, nearly 4 in head.
Scales comparatively large, regularly arranged, cycloid, with concentric
furrows and no dermal flaps. Cranial ridges developed about as in Se-
Jjoxtes. Preopercular spines very long; caudal truncate. Pectoral flu
long, 2| in body. Head 2£; depth 2f. D. X, G + ; A. Ill, G. (Goode.)
Deep water off Rhode Island; known from a young specimen.

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1830, 480.)

FAMILY CVII («).— COTTID^E.

(The Scutyins.)

Body moderately elongate, fusiform or compressed, tapering back-
ward from the head, which is usually broad and depressed. Eyes
placed high, the interocular space usually narrow; a bony stay con-
necting the suborbital with the preopercle, usually covered by the skin;
upper angle of preopercle usually with one or more spiuous processes.
Teeth equal, in villiform or cardiform bands on jaws, and usually on vo-
inerand palatines; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary without supple-
mental bone, dills ,'U or 4; slit behind the last gill small, or obsolete;
gill-rakers short, tubercle-like or obsolete; gill-membranes broadly con-
nected, often joined to the isthmus. P>ody naked, or variously armed with
scales, prickles, or bony plates, but never uniformly scaled. Lateral line
present, simple. Dorsal lins separate or somewhat connected, the spines
n-nally slender, the soft part elongate; caudal (in separate, rounded;
anal (in similar to the soft dorsal, without spines; pectoral (ins large,
with broad proeurreiit ba>es, the rays mostly simple, the upper some-
times branched ; vent nils thoracic, rarely entirely wanting, the rays usu-
ally less than !,."». I'seudobranehia- present, at least in all our species.
Pyloric c<rca usually in small number (1-*); air-bladder commonly
wanting. Genera about 40; species about 1 ."><), mostly of the rock pools

107 (fl). COTTID.E. 680

and sliores of northern regions ; many species found in fresh waters.
The group, as here understood, comprises a considerable variety of
forms, and is very difficult to define, as it grades into the Liparididcv
on the one hand, and into the Scorpcenidce on the other. Most of the
species are of small size and singular aspect, and none are valued as
food. The genera have been probably too much multiplied, and sev-
eral of them can be only provisionally accepted.

(TrigUflcc, group Cottina, pt.; group Scorpcenina, part, Giinther, ii; family Psychro-

lutldai Giinther, iii, 516, 517.)

•

a. Spiuous dorsal longer than soft part, of more than 14 spines. (Hemitripterinas.)
b. Spiuous dorsal deeply notched, the anterior spines highest; skin rough, with

prickles and tubercles ; teeth on vomer
and palatines; gill-membrane free from
isthmus; no slit behind last gill.

HEMITRIPTERUS, 361.

aa. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, of less than 13 spines,
c. Ventral tins wanting. (Ascellchtkyince.)

d. Skin naked; no slit behind fourth gill; gill-membrane free from isthmus;

teeth on vomer and palatines.

ASCELICHTHYS, 362.

cc. Ventral fins present.

e. Spinous dorsal little deAreloped, continuous with the. soft dorsal, the spines

slender, concealed in the loose naked
skin; gill-membranes broadly joined to
the isthmus ; no slit behind last gill.
(Psychroluiinoe.)

f. Vomer and palatines toothless PSYCHROLUTES, 363.

ff. Vomer with teeth CorruNCULUS, 364.

ce. Spinous dorsal not concealed.

g. Gill-openings extending below at least to the base of lowest pectoral

ray. (Cottinoe.)

h. Slit behind last gill obsolete * ; vomer with teeth.
i. Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus, not forming a fold
across it ; head feebly armed ; palatine teeth few or none.

URAXIDEA, 366.
ii. Gill-membranes free from isthmus, or else forming a broad fold

across it; head well armed.
j. Palatine teeth well developed; body usually more or less

scaly ICELUS, 365.

jj. Palatine teeth none ; body without true scales COTTUS, 367.

hh. Slit behind last gill evident.

Jc. Vomer without teeth ; preopercular spine with antler-like pro-
cesses; gill-membranes forming a fold
across isthmus ... GYMNACAXTHUS, 368.
Jck. Vomer with teeth.
I. Skin not hispid, t

* A round pore in some species of Cottus,
t Partly villous in Triglops.

684 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

m. Palatine teeth noiio.
n. Gill-rneinbranes more or less joined to the isthmus, some-

times forming a fold across it.
o. First dorsal spine not elevated.

p. Preorbital strongly cavernous; intestinal canal
short ; spines of head short ; fresh
•water ................ TRIGLOPSIS, 369.

pp. Preorbital little can vernous; iutestial canal short;
spines of headlong; marine. (Snbgemis
Oncocottns) ................ COTTUS, 367.

ppp. Preorbital not cavernous; intestinal canal elon-
gate; lateral .line, with a series of large
bony plates ........... ENOPHRYS, 370.

oo. First dorsal spine elevated; skin perfectly smooth;
intestinal canal short. .LiocoTTUS, 371.
nn. Gill-membranes free from isthmus; sides below with
oblique series of minute prickly scales;
series of plates along back and along
lateral line ............. TRIGLOPS, :'.?-'.

mm. Palatine teeth present.

q. Gill-membraues joined to the isthmus, sometimes

forming a narrow fold across it.
r. Skin perfectly smooth ; preopercular spine with
antler-like processes; spinous dorsal
short, entire ........ LKPTOCOTTUS, 373.

rr. Skin with bands of rough scales ; preopercular
spine simple; spinous dorsal long, eniar-
ginate ........... HKMILF.PIDOTUS, 374.

qq. Gill-membranes entirely 1'ree from the isthmus.
«. Sides of back with a baud of rough scales;
ventral fins very long, armed with set:e.

MELLKTICS, 375.

89. Sides of back without band of scales.
t. Veutrals I, 5; spiuous dorsal long.

SCOHP.ENICHTIIYS, 376.

tt. Ventrals I, 3; spinous dorsal short.

OLIGOCOTTUS, 377.

II. Skin everywhere rough with villiform prickles: lirst dorsal

elevated in front; head small, with ver-
tical cheeks.

u. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus;
veil Ira Is small .......... I5l.rr>-i \-. ::;*_

uu. Gill-membranes united to the isthmus;
ventrals well de\ doped.

N \rirciri ins, :57'.».

gg. Gill-opening restricted to the space above the upper edge of th<> i>;is<>

of the j)ectoral; skin everywhere with
bifid or trilid prickles. (Illtamphocot-

v. Snout produced ; month very small; no

teeth on vnniei or palatines; head ele-
vated, with two bony ridges.

RlIAMPUOCOTTUS, 380.

107 («). COTTID.E — HEMITEIPTEEUS. 685

361.— HEUIITRIPTERUS Cuvicr.
Sea Ravens.

(Cnvier, Regne. Anim. ii, 1829, eel. 2: type Hemitrlpterus americanus C. & V.)

Body moderately elongate, scaleless, but the skin covered with prickles
and bony protuberances of various sizes and forms. Head large, with
numerous bony humps and ridges and fleshy slips above; orbital rim
much elevated, the iuterorbital space deeply concave; a depressed
area at the occiput, behind which are two blunt spines on each side.
Mouth very wide; jaws, vomer, and palatines with broad bands of
teeth; no slit behind last gill; gill- membranes broadly united, free
from the isthmus; preopercle with stout, blunt spines; suborbital stay
very strong, forming a sharp ridge. Spinous dorsal much longer than
the soft part, of 15 to 18 spines, of which the first two are the highest,
and the fourth and fifth shorter than the succeeding ones, the fin thus
deeply emargiuate; pectoral fins very broad, much procurrent; veu-
trals I, 3. Large fishes of singular appearance, inhabiting the North
Atlantic and Pacific. (^//.T, half; r/>£c?, three; Trre/x)^, fin.)

1O1O. If. asnericaiaass (Ginelin) Cuv. & Val. — Sea Raven.

Reddish brown, marbled with darker brown, and much variegated;
yellowish below ; fins variegated with light and dark. Body villous,
the prickles enlarged and tubercle-like along back and lateral Hue;
nasal spines strong; supraocular ridge much elevated, with dermal
flaps and two blunt spines; two pairs of fleshy slips on nasal bones,
and two on supraocular ridges; smaller cirri on maxillary, on preor-
bital, and several on lower jaw; interocular space very deeply concave;
two blunt occipital spines on each side, outside of which are two or
three others; opercle small, with a bony ridge; preopercle with two
blunt spines, below which are one or two others; lower jaw slightly
projecting; maxillary reaching beyond eye, about half head; pectorals
nearly reaching anal; highest dorsal spine If in length of head, as
long as caudal; ventrals reaching half way to anal. Head 2f ; depth
3|. D. IV, XII-I, 12; A. 13; Lat. 1. 40. Atlantic coast of America;
chiefly northward from Cape Cod.

(Scorpcena americana Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1788, 1220: Cotfus acadian Walbaum, Artedi
Pise. 1792, 392; Cuv. & Val. iv, 268; Guntlier, ii, 143: Hemilripterus acadianus Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass. 35.)

G8G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

1O11. II. ravifroiis Lock.

Very similar to the preceding, but with the upper surface of the head
more uneven, the concavity of the iuterocular area more marked, and
the dorsal lin with more spines. Head equalling depth, about 3£ in
total length with caudal. D. IV, XIV-13; P. 20; V. I, 3; A. 14; Lat.
1. 44. L. 1C inches. Kodiak, Alaska; perhaps not distinct from the
preceding.

(Lorkington, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1880, 233: ? Cottus villostis Pallas, Zoogr.
Ross.-Asiat. iii, 129, 1811.)

362.— ASCELICIITHYS Jordan & Gilbert.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 264: type Ascelichthys rhodorus JOT. &
Gilb.)

Body plump, fusiform, tapering backward, covered with loose smooth
skin; head broad, depressed, its upper surface evenly and weakly con-
vex; a hooked preopercular spine; no nasal spines; a supra orbital cir-
rus; teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines; no slit behind fourth gill; gill-
mcmbraues broadly united, free from the isthmus; spinous dorsal low:
the spines slender, almost concealed in the membrane; pectorals broad;
ventral Jins ictinting. Small fishes of the rock pools of the North Pacific.
(a, privative; <r/£>>.oc, leg; <>^'>, fish.)

1O42. A. rhodorus Jor. & Gilb.

Dark olivaceous, sometimes with saddle-like pale blotches; lips rosy;
spiuous dorsal dusky, edged in life with bright crimson; other fins
dusky, edged with paler, the pectoral slightly barred. Head low,
rounded anteriorly; maxillary reaching to posterior border of eye. No
scales, prickles, or barbels anywhere, except a fringed cirrus over the
eye; preopercle with a short, simple, strongly hooked spine; spines
diiedrd downwards and forwards on subopercle and interopercle; lat-
eral line continuous. Dorsal fins connected by membrane, the spines
low, weak, nearly uniform; soft dorsal nearly twice as high as spiuous;
pectorals about reaching vent. Head 3; depth 5. D. IX-19; A. 15;
P. 10. L. 5 inches. Pacilic coast; Sitka to Cape Mendoeiuo; abundant
among rocks between tide-marks.

(Jordan & Gill>.-rt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu*. 1-^0,204.)

3G3.— PSYCIIROLl'TES Gtinther.

(Giintlirr, Cat. Fish. Urit. Mus. iii, .Md, l-ill: typi- I'xi/rliroliitcH parafloxns Gtinther.)

IJody tadpole-shaped, tapering from the head to the very slender tail,
covered with very loose, naked, movable skin. Head large, depressed,

10?(«). COTTIDJE COTTUXCULUS. 687

flatfish above; snout obtuse, rounded ; iuteroculaf space very broad,
concave, the ocular ridges obsolete; lower jaw projecting; maxillary
entirely aduate to the skin of the preorbital; jaws with bands of villi-
form teeth; no teeth on voiner or palatines; no spines or cirri about
the head; suborbital stay narrow, not reaching preopercle. Gill-mem-
branes united to the isthmus; gills 3£, no slit behind the fourth.
Branchiostegals 7. Fins connected ; spinous dorsal of short, slender,
flexible spines, imbedded in the skin and scarcely visible; soft dorsal
short, the rays close together; anal low; caudal separate; pectoral fins
long, with a broad, procnrrent base. Veutrals rather long, I, 3, close
together, distinct, the base adnate to the body. Small fishes, closely
resembling Liparididce, from which group they are distinguished by
no character of much importance. (yuzpoXouT-qc;, one who bathes in cold
water.)

1O43. P. paradosias Gthr.

Dusky, pale below; sides of head with round pale spots (mucous
pores) ; top of head with dark obscure streaks. Body almost fusiform,
tapering from the shoulders to the very slender tail. Head very large,
depressed, its bones thin; interocular space two-fifths length of head.
Mouth large, the maxillary extending to below posterior margin of eye;
premaxillary on the level of pupil; two blunt tubercles behind eye; no
spines about head; processes of premaxillary very prominent; isthmus
broad. Dorsal long, the spines separated by an em argi nation from the
soft rays, the spines very slender, weak and wide apart, enveloped in
thick skin; soft rays close together, much higher than the spines;
caudal short, rounded; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, but lower; ven-
trals about half as long as the pectorals, their rays about I, 3. Head
2f; depth 4£. D. VIII-9; A. 0; C. 12; B. 7. North Pacific; this
description taken from a specimen examined by us from Kodiak; the
original type from the Gulf of Georgia.

(Giinther, iii, 516.)

364.— COTTUNCULUS Collett.
(Collett, Norges Fiske, 1875, 20: type Cottunculus microps Collett.)

Tadpole-shaped, the head extremely large, the body tapering rapidly
from the shoulders to the slender tail; mouth rather large, terminal,
oblique, the jaws about eqiial; villiform teeth in the jaws; a double
patch on vomer; no teeth on the palatines; no spines on the head, tho
tubercular surface of the skull covered by skin ; skull thin, its bones

688 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

not firm. Gills .'U, no slit behind the last arch; gill-membranes broadly
joined to the isthmus, their union extending to above the lower edge of
the base of the pectorals. Pseudobranchire very small; no cirri, scales,
or prickles; the skin thin and movable, smooth, or roughened with small
warts. Spinous dorsal little developed ; the two fins usually continu-
ous ; spines very slender, flexible, imbedded in the skin; pectorals short,
procurrent below; ventrals very short, well separated, their rays 1,3;
caudal rounded. Deeper parts of the Atlantic; very closely related to
Psyclirolutes. (A diminutive of Cottus.)

1O44. C. microps Collett.

Pale, with three broad dusky cross-bands on body and fins, one on
head, one through sp incus dorsal and pectoral, one through second
dorsal and anal, besides a small band at base of caudal. Head very
large, its length, breadth, and depth nearly equal; the greatest depth
at the nape; four bony tubercles on top of head and some at the sides,
all covered by the skin; lower jaw included; maxillary extending to
below the middle of the eye, which is equal to the snout, and about 4i
in head; suborbital stay and the rough ish edge of the preopercle both
covered by smooth skin; chin and preorbital with pores. Skin every-
where thin, somewhat movable, its surface roughened by small blunt
warts. Dorsal fin continuous, the feeble spines lower than the soft
rays; pectorals barely reaching anal; caudal long. Head 1'r! ; depth 3J.
D. VI-19; A. 10. L. 8 inches. Deep water off the coasts of Norway
and of Ithode Island ; lately taken by the United States Fish Commis-
sion. The specimens here described by us differ somewhat from Col-
lett's description, but the very small sixe of the original typos may per-
haps account for the discrepancies.

( .'CnllHi, Nniirrs Kiske, 1875, 20, pi. 1; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. ls~0, 479.)

1OI5. C. torvus Goode.

Color yellowish, the (ins all dusky; no cross-bars. General form and
appearance of C. ////r/-o/>.v, but the head still larger, and the skin per-
fectly smooth, very thin, loose, and movable as in IJimrin. Tubercles
on head stronger, more numerous, covered by skin, but more spine-like,
the hones firmer; spinons dorsal still feebler and more concealed.
Head L'A; depth .">A. I >. VI 1-14; A. ca. 15. L. 6 inches. Deep water
oil' the coast of Rhode Island; lately taken by the I'nited States Fish
Commission.

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 479; name only.)

107 («). COTTID2E ICELUS. 689

365.— ICELUS Kroyer.
(Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. i, 253, 1844: type Icelus hamatm Kroyer.)

Body fusiform, naked, or variously covered with rough scales or
plates, which are permanent and alike in both sexes; skin otherwise
smooth. Mouth rather large; teeth on vomer and palatines. Head
naked or scaly, usually with cirri ; preopercular spine hooked, branched,
or forked. Gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; no
slit behind fourth gill; ventral rays I, 3. North Atlantic and Pacific;
the species differing greatly in appearance and armature, (ec'xe^os, re-
sembling.)

* Skin more or less scaly.

a. Spinous dorsal uot emarginate.

&. Top of head and interorbital area convex and nearly smooth; head naked.
(Artedius* Girard.)

1O46. I. lateraBis (Grd.) J. & G.

Dark clear olive-green ; head reddish-shaded, the back with sharply
defined cross-blotches, alternately dark olive and pale; lower half of
sides usually writh numerous small pale spots; belly bluish; fins barred
with different shades of olive, reddish brown, and black; northern spe-
cimens with a black spot on the front of the spinous dorsal; below it
a scarlet crescent, bordered with yellow. Body rather slender, little
compressed. Head long and low, less deep than in the other species ;
occipital region almost flat; interocular space much narrower than the
eye. Eye shorter than snout, nearly 5 in head; skin of head every-
where perfectly smooth, its upper surface with numerous small con-
spicuous pores, and many slender small cirri; no distinct supraorbital
cirrus, and no occipital ridges; nasal spines small. Mouth very large,
the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary extending to below the posterior
edge of the eye, its length about half that of the head; preopercular
spine very small, covered with the skin, forked at tip. Dorsal band of
scales narrow, of about 8 rows anteriorly, 2 or 3 posteriorly. Lateral
line anteriorly, with small cirri. Dorsal spines very slender, the first
two shorter than the others ; pectorals reaching front of anal. Head
2f; depth 5. D. IX-16; A. 13; Y. I, 3; scales about 28 in a longitu-

* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 134: type Scorpccniclitliys laterally Girard.
Dedicated to Petrus Artedi, the "father of Ichthyology," the ablest student of fishes
before Cuvier.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 44

GOO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

dinal series. L. 5 inches, liock-pools; from Puget Sound to San Luis

Obispo: not common.

(Scorpaniohthys lalcralix Orel. Proc. Ac-nil. Nnt. Sci. Pbiln. 1854, 145: Artediita latcralis
Girard, U. S. I 'ao. K. R. Surv. Fish. 70: Artcdiiix lateral!* Giiutlu'r, ii, 174.)

bl>. Top of brad uneven; iuterorbital area concave.
c. llrad \\ith8tellatescalesabove.

1O47. I. Biotospilotus (Grd.) J. & G.

Olivaceous, often tinned with purplish, and niueli variegated; a black
liar at occiput; another from middle of spinous dorsal to the axil; one
uuder front of second dorsal extending obliquely forwards; one under
posterior part of second dorsal ; one on caudal peduncle; bars and in-
terspaces everywhere finely reticulated and mottled; lower parts dusky,
with brassy tinge, often with dark reticulations around whitish spots;
brancliiostegals blackish, with yellow tinge; fins all variegated, the
lower fins generally dusky; a black spot ocellated with orange between
first and second dorsal spines, sometimes a duller one between third
.and fourth; a large black spot between sixth and eighth spines. Head
short and broad, its vertex depressed; nuchal region with a cross-ridge,
in front of which is a quadrate depression; two blunt tubercles behind
<-ach eye, armed at tip with small spines; behind these two others with-
out spines, on the occipital ridges; each of these spines with a small
-cirrus: a small cirrus above posterior part of eye; a minute one on the
maxillary; interorbii al space deeply concave, the supraocular ridges
elevated. Eye very large, 4rj in head. Mouth moderate, broad, the
maxillary extending to beyond the pupil, its length nearly half that <•!'
the head; snborbital stay strong; preopercle with a strong process,
bilid at lip, and with one or more upward-directed spines; below this
three blunt serrated processes or mnltilid spines; vertex, temporal re-
gion, interorbital space, and opeivles covered with small, detached,
siellale scales, strongly spinous at their edges; these smaller t han tin-
scales of the dorsal band. Head L):,'; depth r,1. D. 1X-1."»; A. 11 or
TJ. L. 10 inches. Northern specimens represent a marked variety,
the color paler, the head more scaly, and the edge of the prcopercle
without serrated processes. I). 1X-17; A. 12. Pacific, coast ; abun-
dant at Santa I'.aibara and in Puget Sound; not round in rock pools.

' nh/rili /liilntiix Iain-nil* .\\n--i. 1'nir. Cal. Ac:i<l. Sri. l-f>('.. 77: .trlnliiix in>!i»<iiilotu8
(Jnl. I'rnr. A.-id. Nat. Bet. I'liila. l-.M1., I:M. and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 71 : Artcdius

cc. Ilrad williuiit dcvrlii|)«-il

(/. Dpper preoperoalar apine houkrd, bifurcate. (Icclus.)

COTTIDJE ICELUS. 691

1O1§. I. hamatus Kroyer.

Yellowish, with many brown spots. Head large, naked ; upper pre-
opercular spine small, hooked upwards, bifurcate; 3 spines below it, two
of them hooked upwards; two blunt occipital spines; vertex depressed.
Skin of body above with warty scales and small prickles; some rows of
bony scales from neck to base of caudal; a series of tubercles along
lateral line; sides of body with scattered scales; interocular space
very narrow, its width 4 in eye; dorsals separated; pectorals shorter
than head; no air-bladder; gill-membranes broadly joined, free from
isthmus; no slit behind last gill. D. IX-20; A. 16; V. I, 3. Arctic
Seas, Alaska to Spitsbergen.

(Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. i, 253, 1844; Giinther, ii, 172.)
dd. Upper preopercular spine long, with 5 hooked processes.

1O49. I. qiiadrisersatais (Lockington) J. & G.

Pale olivaceous, somewhat mottled; lateral line with dark blotches;
branchiostegal region black in the males ; a black bar at . base of
caudal; a black spot at front of spinous dorsal, and one at tip of the
last spine; pectorals with a dark spot at base; other fins olivaceous,
little variegated. Body slender, little compressed, tapering from the
shoulders to the slender tail. Mouth moderate, the maxillaries reach-
ing about to middle of pupil; a pair of ridges on the occiput, each
ending in a spine, the space between them concave; interocular space
very narrow, grooved; upper preopercular spine very long, armed with
about 5 hooks, all but one directed upwards; below this three simple
spines. Head naked or very nearly so, with conspicuous mucous pores
above and a few minute cirri. Dorsal fins separated; pectorals broad,
about reaching anal; ventrals very small. Lateral line with a series of
spinous plates; above it along the back a double series of spiuous
plates placed at an angle, the upper plates with the free edge down-
ward and backward, the lower plates with the free edge upward and
backward; this band composed of a single series before and behind,
and not extending around the dorsal in front; skin otherwise perfectly
smooth. Head 3^; depth 5£. D. VIII-13; A. 12; V. I, 3. L. 3 inches.
Deep waters off San Francisco; locally very abundant.

(Artedlus quadriseriatus Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 330.)

aa. Spiuous dorsal fin deeply emargiuate; head scaly. (Cliitonotus* Lockiogton.)

* Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 141 : type Chitonotus megacephalus Lock.
, a rough cloak; r&ro?, back.)

G92 CONTRIBUTION'S TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

1050. I. iiic^arephalus (Lock.) J. &. G.

Color pale olivaceous with darker cross-bars; fins in the male, black-
isli: ventrals ;uid anal whitish, unmarked; eye dusky above. Body
fusiform; head long; eyes large, separated by a very narrow, slightly
concave interorbital space; mouth large, the maxillary extending to
posterior border of eye; preopercle with a strong process armed
with 3 or -4 upward-directed and 1 horizontal point; below this 3 other
spines; two or three spines close behind eye on each side; two occipital
ridges, ending in spines, the space between them concave; top of head,
interocular space, snout, upper part of opercle, and a narrow belt close
under the eye covered with rough scales; lateral line with a series of
quadrate plates, their upper and posterior edges strongly serrate, the
lower and anterior edges imbedded; above these the back is evenly cov-
ered with smaller scales, the lower and anterior part of each scale im-
bedded, and the upper edge strongly toothed; 5 to 8 rows of these
scales; a narrow naked area at base of dorsal. Dorsal spines slender,

« «

the first usually longer than head, reaching past front of soft dorsal
when depressed; the second and third spines progressively shortened ;
the 4th higher than third, the membrane between third and fourth deeply
einarginate; second dorsal high; pectorals reaching past front of anal;
ventrals to vent; anal papilla very large; no conspicuous cirri. Head
2$; depth 5±. D. III,VII-15; A. 15; V. I, 3; Lat. 1. 38. L. C inches.
Off San Francisco, in deep water, locally abundant; possibly a variety
of the next.

(Chitonotus mct/accplialus Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1881, 141.)

1051. I. pugettensis (Steind.)J. &G.

Coloration of the preceding. Body slender, stouter than in I. met/n-
cfjitinluK •; head shorter and broader; the mouth also shorter, the maxil-
lary not reaching posterior margin of eye; interorbital space extremely

narrow, narrouer than in f. megoc&phalus } squamation and armature of
head and l>ody preei>el\ as in T. mcgnccjtlmhin. Dorsal lower than in J.
iiLi/iicr/il/nliis, the lirst dorsal less deeply notched; the first spine lit t le
higher than the second, its tip not reaching to the end of the fin, its total
length less than half that of tin • head; soft dorsal high, higher than first
dorsal spine. Head.'); <l<-pth -1$. I). Ill, VII-15; A. 15; V. I, 3; Lat 1.
.".7. L. II inches. Puget Sound.

(.Ir/nliiin IHKJI 'Iti nxia IStrimlarliiifr, Ichtb. Bcitriige, v, 133.)

107 (a). COTTID.E — URANIDEA. 693

** Skin naked, smooth.

1052. I. * miciliatUS (Reinh.) Kroyer.

Olivaceous, mottled and barred with darker, above and on fins. Head
broad; lower jaw included; palatine teeth well developed; maxillary
extending to opposite middle of pupil. Eyes very large, separated by
a narrow ridge; occiput with two blunt ridges, in front of which the
vertex is concave; upper preopercular spine large, strongly hooked
upward, more than half length of eye ; downward-directed spine on pre-
opercle long and sharp ; skin perfectly smooth. Pectorals reaching front
of anal; spinous dorsal rather high; vent midway between snout and
middle of caudal. Head 3; depth 4£. D. VIII-13; A. 11. L. 4 inches.
Cape Cod to Greenland, in deep water; abundant.

(Coitus uncinatus Reinh. Vid. Sel.sk. Natur. og Math. Afhaudl. 1833, 44: Centriderm-
ichthys uncinatus Giinther, ii, 172: Icelus uncinatus Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr. 1844, '253.)

1053. I. (?) bicornis (Reinh.) J. & G.

Occiput with two acute points ; four preopercular spines, the upper-
most of which is bifurcate. Skin not described. D. VIII-15; A. 14.
Greenland. ( Giinther. )

(Coitus bicornis Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. og Math. Af h, viii, Ixxxv : Centriderm-
ichthys bicornis Giinther, ii, 172.)

366.— URANIDEA Dekay.
Miller's Thumbs.

(Coitus and Cottopsis Girard.)

(Dekay, New York Fanna, Fish., 1842, 61: type Uranidea quiescens Dekay = Coitus
gracilis Heckel.)

Fresh-water sculpins. Body fusiform. Head feebly armed, the pre-
opercular spines covered by the skin; skin smooth or very nearly
so; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, none on palatines. Gill-
openings separated by a wide isthmus, over which the membranes do
not form a fold; no slit behind fourth gill. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsals
nearly or quite separate, the first of 6-9 slender spines; ventrals I, 3,
or I, 4. Fishes of small size, inhabiting clear waters in the northern
parts of Europe, Asia, and America. The species are extremely nu-

*This species should form the type of a distinct genus if the current genera of this
group are to be recognized. The Japanese genus Centridermichthys Rich, to which
this species and many others of our Cottoids have been referred, differs from I. unci-
natus in having the slit behind the last gill developed, and the gill-membranes fully
united to the isthmus.

G94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

merous, and arc very dillicult to distinguish, all being very similar in
form and coloration. The relations of this genus to Coitus are very
dose, (uupavvq, the sky ; eidtu, to look.)

«. Palatines with teeth; ventrals I, 4 (except in 1059).

l>. Pretiperenlar spine lar^e, strongly hooked; skin above with coarse prickles.
(Tauridea* Jordan & Rice.)

1 <>.»!. U. spilota Cope.

Olivaceous, finely speckled and mottled with darker; belly white;
tins mottled. Body contracted at front of anal, subterete posteriorly.
Head very broad and flat; no occipital prominences; preopercular spine
extremely large, as long as eye, hooked upward; below it are three
small spines directed downwards; subopercular spine strong; space
above lateral line behind head, covered with small stiff prickles, coarser
t han in U. aspera and farther apart, slightly hooked backward; no spines
behind axil; isthmus broad, the gill-membranes fully joined to it, not
forming a fold. Head 3-?-; depth 5J. . D. VIII-17; A. 12. Great Lakes,
in deep water, and northward to Hudson's Bay.

(Ur<inid«i xpilota Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1865, 8'2: Cotlopsis ri<-<i Nelson,
Bull. IIls.'Mus. Nat. Hi-st. 187(5: Tauridea spilota Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U.S. 255: Cot-
lop*i* x/»i7o/«* Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1877, 81; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1881, 127; specimens from near Hudson's Bay, said to have no palatine teeth.)

bb. Prrtiprreular spine small, more or less perfectly concealed in the skin,
c. Skin almost everywhere villous. (CoUopsis\ Girard.)

1OS5. U. aspcra (Rich.) J. & G.

Grayish olive, much mottled and barred; fins finely variegated;
usually a large black blotch on posterior part of spinons dorsal,
liody rather stout, compressed behind. Head rather broad, traus-
\ersely convex; opercle and preoperele with the usual spines, all small
and nearly concealed in the skin; interorbital .space broad and llattish,
broader than eye (in adults); skin covered with small close-set prickles,
forming a villous covering, the prickles smaller, stiller, and more closely
set than in the next species; head, belly, caudal peduncle, and space
along dorsal smooth, or nearly so; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals,
I. L, nearly reaching vent; dorsal spine slender: lateral line complete,
angularly bent belo\\ last rays of second dorsal. Head 3; depth 4£.
I). X-i'l: A. IS. L. 10 inches. Streams west of the Sierra Nevada

'Jordan A Ki" . Man. Vert E. U. 8. ed. 2, 1878, 256: tjpe i't>ti»im* rim Nelson.

( r<n-/><:, r<>\\ : / i8t <• . appearauer. i

•i.irard. 1'mc. liust. Sue. Nat. 1 1 ist. iii, 30:5, 1850; type t'utlus aspcr Rich. («orro5,
(.'titlua; iiif,'i-. appi-ar:iii<-e.j

107 («). COTTID^ — URANIDEA. 695

and Cascade Mountains; abundant; specimens from the Sacramento
Eiver (var. parvus) smaller in size, paler in color and with the interor-
bital space concave, narrower than eye.

(Coitus asper Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. Fish. 295, 1836: Trachidermus richardsoui ;
Hcckcl, Ann. Wiener Mas. 1840, 162: Centridermichtitys aspcr Giinther, ii, 170: Col-
topsis asper Grtl. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 51: Cottopsis parvus Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 144: Centridcrmichthijs parvus Giinther, ii, 170.)

1O56. U. semiscabra (Cope) J. & G.

Olivaceous, barred and spotted as in other species; fins mottled;
spinous dorsal pale at base and tip, with a median broad black band;
two dark blotches at base of caudal. ^Form of U. aspera, but slenderer.
Skin* of top of head and entire body, except lower part of caudal pe-
duncle, thickly covered with papillae; those of anterior and upper parts
of body each tipped with a spine, many of those on head with median
pores; top of head with a median lengthwise depression. Head nar-
rowed anteriorly, the maxillary extending to beyond pupil; opercular
and preopercular spines as in U. aspera ; lateral line not complete;
spinous dorsal low; soft dorsal and anal high; caudal long; pectorals
about reaching anal; ventrals rather broad, reaching half way to anal.
Eye 4£ in head. Head 3J; depth 4J. D. VII-18; A. 14; V. I, 4. L. 4
inches. Fort Hall, Idaho (Cope). Utah Lake (Jordan).

(Cottopsis semiscaber Cope, Hayden's Survey, Montana, for 1871-72, 476: Cottopsis
semiscaler Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 459.)

cc. Skin smooth, or prickly in or behind the axil only. (Potamocottvs\ Gill.)

1O5T. U. gtilosa (Grd. ) J. & G.

Olivaceous, variously mottled and barred; fins clouded with darker.
Form rather robust. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching to pupil ;
palatine teeth evident. Eyes small, little wider than the interorbital
space; preopercular spine short; spiuous dorsal low; pectoral fins
about reaching anal; veutrals I, 4, not to vent. Head 3; depth 5. D.
1X-21; A. 15-17 (Washington); D. VIII-20; A. 18 (California). L. 6
inches. Eivers from California to British Columbia; not rare. Cali-
fornia examples have the axillary prickles developed as usual in U. rich-
ardsoni; all of them within the space covered by pectorals when de-
pressed. Specimens from Vancouver's Island and about Port Town-
send have these prickles forming a considerable band, and extending

* "Skin prickly above the lateral line; smooth below it posteriorly." (Cope.)
iGill, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, 40, 1861: type Coitus punctulatus Gill.
?, river; xorrot, sculpin.)

GOG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

backward on botli sides of the lateral line to the middle of the second
dorsal, the baud narrower and the prickles smaller posteriorly.

(Cottoim* giilosun Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. .1854, 129: Centridcrmichttiys
guloHitx (iiintluT, ii, 170.)

1058. U. punctulata (Gill) Cope.

Light olivaceous ; body covered with small black spots, which become
larger and more scattered behind; soft dorsal, pectorals, and caudal
thickly spotted; spinous dorsal without dark blotch. Head long and
wide. Mouth quite large; maxillary reaching past front of orbit;
preopercular spine strong, directed obliquely backward and upward.
Head 3; depth5. D. VIII-17; A. 13. (Gill.) Bridgets Pass; distin-
guished from the other species by the speckled coloration.

(Poiamocottus punctnlaliis Gill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 40, and in Ichth.
Capt. Simp. Expl. 187G, 402.)

1059. U. bcndirci (Bean) J. & G.

Uniform dark brown above, lighter below. Maxillary extending just
beyond front of eye; eye 4 in head; preopercle with 4 spines, the upper
one half as long as the eye. Pectorals reaching origin of anal; ven-
tral s not to vent. Depth 4. D. VIII-1G; A. 12; V. I, 3. Walla- Walla,
Wash. (Bean.)

(Putamocottu8 lendirei Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 27.)

1060. U. ricSiardsoni (Agassiz) J. & G. — Miller's Thunib; Slob; Muffle-jaw ;
Bull-head.

Olivaceous, more or less barred and speckled with darker; tins
mostly barred or mottled. Body slender or stout, tapering regularly
backward to the tailj vertex somewhat depressed; interocular space
with a groove; preopercle with a short sharp spine, little hooked,
directed backwards and upwards, mostly covered by the skin; below
this are l* smaller concealed spines; suhopercle with a stmitish spine,
directed forwards. Skin smooth, except the region immediately behind
the pectorals, which is beset with very small sharp prickles which are
sometimes obsolete; lateral line conspicuous, continuous or interrupted
behind; lirst doi>al low and feeble; pectoral tins large, their leng:h
nearly equal to that of the head, their tips usually reaching beyond the.
origin of the soft dorsal; ventral tins moderate; isthmus very broad,
the gill-membranes not forming a fold across it. Head ."..\ : depth 4-(J.
1). VI to VIII-lGor 17; A. aboul 11': V. 1,4. L. 3-7 inches. Middle
and Northern States, abounding in all clear rocky brooks and lakes;
extending southward along the Alleghanies to Alabama.

107. COTTID.E URANIDEA. 607

NOTE. — As here understood, a wide-spread and abundant species, varying in dif-
ferent regions, as is the case with most non-migratory species. In this as in others
of similar range, the. inhabitants of each stream may show local peculiarities. A
number of these forms have received from Dr. Girard specific names, which are
accompanied by detailed descriptions. Large collections of these fishes show that
numerous similar "species" still exist uudescribed, as it is a rare thiug to find a speci-
men which exactly agrees in all respects with any of the species in Dr. Girard's
"Monograph of the Fresh-Water Cottoids." The following forms, of all of which tho
writers have specimens, may possibly be recognized as "varieties," but of their com-
plete iutergradation we have no doubt:

Var. richardsoni (Ag.) is rather slender, with the vent rather more posterior than
usual, placed midway between the snout and the tip of the caudal; in the others it is
nearly midway between the snout and the middle of the caudal. Wisconsin to Lake
Superior.

(Cotlus richardsoni Agassiz, Lake Superior, 1850, 300: Cottns richardxoni Girard,
Monograph Fresh- Water Cottoids N. A. 39: Coitus richardsoni Giiuther, ii, 1£8 )

Var. bairdi (Girard) is small and slender, with the spiuous dorsal very low, and tho
palatine teeth less developed than in the other forms. Cayuga Lake, N. Y., to Ohio.

(Cottns bairdii Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii, 1850, 410, and Mou. Cott. 44.)

Var. wilsoni (Grd.) is rather stouter, with stronger palatine teeth, and with some of
tho uppermost of the pectoral rays bifurcate, these being entire in the others. Ohio
Valley, Pennsylvania, and Indiana.

(Coitus wilsoni Grd. 1. c. 42. )

Var. alvordi Grd. is short and chubby, with the first dorsal rather high, and joined
by membrane to the second more than in other forms. Common in Wisconsin and
Michigan.

(Coitus alvordi Grd. 1. c. 46.)

Var. meridionalis (Grd.) is rather robust, with the dorsal fins scarcely connected,
and the mouth rather larger, the maxillary extending to opposite posterior border of
eye; the preopercular spine is sharp and directed well upward. Pennsylvania to
North Carolina, along the Alleghanies; abundant.

(Coitus meridionalis Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii, 1850, 410, and 1. c. 47.)

Var. zopltera (Jor. ) is slender and very dark in color, and more conspicuously varie-
gated ; the first dorsal high; the palatine teeth well developed. Alabama River.

(Potamocoltus zoplicrus Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187G, 320.)

Var. Carolina} (Gill) is a very large form, rather robust, reaching a length of nearly
six inches, without axillary prickles, and with the palatine teeth well developed.
The lateral line, as in the other forms, is sometimes continuous and sometimes inter-
rupted. It abounds in the limestone region from Indiana to Tennessee, and is fre-
quently found in caves.

(Potarnocottns carolince Gill, Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 40: Poiamocottus Carolines
Gill, Simps. Kept, Ichth. Utah, 1877, 403.)

IQftl. U. wlaeel«ri Cope.

Body slender, entirely smooth. Head not broad; maxillary reaching
pupil. Lateral line deflcxed' below dorsal. Eye large, 5 in head; isth-

•

mus as wide as distance from pupil to snout; preopercnlar spine strong.
Pectoral longer than head, reaching past front of anal, longer than
usual in V. richardsoni. Head 3; depth Cf. D. VII-17; A. 12; P. 15,

698 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

its rays all simple. Utah and Western Colorado, abundant; not evi-
dently different from the preceding.

irlinliri Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 138: Uranidca vhcchri
Cop.- A V.-ii r.nv, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, G9G.)

aa, Palatino tooth obsolete. (Uranidca.)
c. Vi-ntral rays I, 4.

1O62. U. cognata (Rich.) J. & G.

Apparently similar to the European Uranidca gobio, and distin-
guished from most of the American species by having the ventral rays
1, 4. Skin smooth; pectorals as long as head; preopercular spine small
curved upwards. D. VIII-18; A. 14. Great Bear Lake (Richardson);
perhaps the same as the next.

(Coitus cognutit* K'irhanlson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 1836,40: Cotlus coynatus Girard,
1. c. 41, ami Giiuther, ii, 157.)

1O33. U. miaiuta (I^llas) J. & G.

Olivaceous, finely variegated and speckled; tins above speckled.
Body long and low, little compressed. Head rather small, wider than
deep. Mouth short, comparatively small, the maxillary extending little
beyond front of orbit; mandible included; preopercular spine sharp,
straight. First dorsal low, the spines nearly even; pectorals reaching
about to vent; veutrals not to vent; skin entirely smooth. Dead 4;
depth 44. D. Vlll-lil; A. 14; V. I, 4; Lat. 1. 36. L. 5 inches. Aleu-
tian Islands. Perhaps a variety of the European U. gobio.

(Colin* niinulux Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso.-Asiat. iii, 14.">, 1M1 1-1831 : Uratiidca microstoma
1-,'x-kiu.ifton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. l-'H), ~,S: uot Cot lux mii-roKtomun Ilot-krl.)

cc Ventral ray.s I, 3.

(/. Anal rays 14 or !.">.

1OO1. U. mar^iiiafa Bran.

Olivac.-oiis, hlotelied, the tins punctulate; first dorsal dark, with a
distinct pale margin. Body stontish. Head broad, slightly depressed;
maxillary Keaehing to anterior third of orbit ; preopereular spine short,
bliintish; bel«>\v this one or t \vo smaller ones; \.-nt nearer base of
caudal than snout. Head:;-, pectoral I in length; ventrals (i. 1 ). \' 1 i
or VHI-lSor 1!»: A. l/i; V. I,;;. Walla Walla, Wasliington. (Jlcnn.)

(B.-an. Pro,-. I'.S. Nal. Mu.-. 1881,28.)
IO<».». I. \ isrosa ( Hal.l. i .l..r.

Olivaceous, varii-gated.'the spinoiis dorsal edged with orange in life;
tins mostly liarred. P.ody rat her stout ; mucous pon-s on head unusu-
ally numerous. Month small; maxillary reaching middle of eye; pro-

107. COTTID^ URANIDEA. 699

ocular spine acute, extremely short, directed obliquely upwards; isth-
mus rather narrow; first dorsal low, slightly connected with second;
pectorals shorter than head, reaching second dorsal. Head 3% in
length; depth 4f. D. VI-18; A. 14; V. I, 3. Pennsylvania and
Maryland.

(Coitus viscoSus Haldemau, Suppl. Mouogr. Liruuea 1842, 3: Cottus viscosus Girard,
1. c. 51.)

dd. Anal rays 11 or 12.

1066. U. gi-acilis (Heckel) Putn.

Olivaceous, mottled, upper edge of spinous dorsal red in life. Body
rather slender, fusiform; preocular spine moderate, concealed. Mouth
rather large, the maxillary reaching nearly to the pupil ; pectorals
reaching front of anal; ventrals about to vent. Head 3£; depth 5.
D. VIII-1G; A. 12. Streams of New England and New York; not
rare.

(Cottus yracilis Heckel, Ann. Wien Mus. ii, 148, 1837: Coitus gracilis Girard, 1. c. 49:
Coitus golrio Ayres, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, v, 121, 1845: Uranidca quicscens De K. New
York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 61.)

1067. U. goMoides (Girard) Jor.

Similar to the preceding, but larger and more robust, the mouth
larger, reaching to beyond the line of the pupil, and the pectorals
short, not quite reaching anal; preopercular spine stout, curved sud-
denly upwards. Head 3£; depth 4f. D. VII-17; A. 12. L. 4 inches.
Tributaries of Lake Champlaiu. (Girard.) Probably a variety of U.
gracilis.

(Cottus gobioidcs Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1850, 41, and 1. c. 55.)

1068. U. boleoides (Girard) Jor.

Slender, sub-fusiform. Mouth rather large, the maxillary extending
to opposite the pupil ; preopercular spine acute, directed obliquely up-
wards; isthmus narrow. Fins larger than in any other species; pec-
torals reaching fourth ray of anal. Head3£; depth 5^. D. VI1I-17;
A. 11. L. 3| inches. Connecticut Valley in Vermont. (Girard.)

(Coitus boleoides Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1850, 411, and 1. c. 56: Cottus bo-
leoides Gunther, ii, 159.)

1069. U. franklini (Agass.) Jor.

Olivaceous, mottled; both dorsals and anal with a broad dark bar
on the distal half; pectorals and caudal broadly blotched with dusky.
Jaws equal; preqpercular spine stout, short, pretty strongly hooked up-
wards and inwards; first dorsal rather high, not much lower than sec-

700 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

pectorals short, not reaching anal; axil prickly, as in species of
Head :\.\ ; depth 5. D. V1II-17; A. 11 or 12. Great Lakes,
mostly in deep water.

(Ci>ltn* fi-niikHiii Agassi/. Lake Superior, IPfiO, 303: Cottu/t franklini Girard, 1. c. 53:
CuHiix fi-mikl'ini'i Giinthrr, ii, l.~>s: .' (;,UHX forinonus Girard, 1. c. ^": I'nmiiha kiunlicHi
Hoy. MSS. : Nr'son, 15ull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Ui.st. 1870,41: I'ranidca kumlienii Jordan,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd. 1'hila. 1877, G4.)

1O7O. H. hoyi Putnam.

Grayish olive, speckled and barred. Body rather slender. Female
with the anterior parts of body and region above lateral line covered
M ith sparse prickles; male apparently smooth. Head narrowed for-
wards ; jaws narrow, about equal; maxillary reaching front of pupil;
preopercular spine prominent, longer than pupil, sharp, almost
straight, directed backwards and but little upwards; below this is
another sharp, prominent spine, also nearly straight, directed partly
downwards; 1 or 2 minute concealed spines still lower; pectoral fins
reaching vent. 1). Vl-15; A. 11 ; V. I, 3. L. barely 2 inches. Lake
.Michigan, in deep water; the smallest species, well distinguished by
its preopercular spine.

(Putnam MSS. Nelson. Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1876, 41; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Pbila. 1-77, 63.)

367.— COTTUS* Linnaeus.
(AoanthocottHS Girard.)

(. \m-di; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: type Coitus scorpius L.)

Body rather slender, subl'usiform, covered with thick skin, in which
are sometimes imbedded prickly plates, especially along lateral line; de-
ciduous granular tubercles also sometimes present, but no true scales.
Hi ad lai-e. .Month terminal, large, the lower jaw included; villiibrm
teeth on tjie jaws and vomer, none on the palatines; suborbital stay
Mron-; preopercle with 2 Strong straight spines above directed back-
ward, and 1 below directed downward and forward; opercle, nasal

• I'atlltx lid I'll ii xi ( 'll\ . iV Vill.

^ . lic.u Ni, \\iih dark ma ridings; *]iinrs of lir.st dursal ratln-r strung; hc.-id Miiooth;
puint ul' |in-o|n-r«'lc nut n-arliin.n upi'irlc. 1 1. VIII-lfi; A. 1^; C. 10; 1*. 1,-. Kaint-
scliatka. ( t'ur. ,( /'«/.)

(Cn\. A \'al. i\, I'M). I'ruin ;i drawing.)

i nl/iiH iniiniiin-iiliiH ( 'n\ . A Val.

llru\\ ni-li. A i-.. miirli ni:iil>l.-d : tins v:n ic^.-itcd : lii'st ilursal^vitli a larjjo Mack spot;
',' --t ron L; >] pines In-l'uri- ! In- eye) '-' >lmrl .spi iii-s un tin- prroprn-lr ; ;i rathi-r >t run^ spine
nu upi'ivlr ; dursnl spines rather strong. D.VIII-14; A. 1'2; C. 14. Kanitschatka.

(I'ur. .V / '//. )
(Cuv. vV Val. iv, 497, from a drawing.)

107. COTTID^ — COTTUS. 701

bones, orbital rim, and shoulder girdle usually armed; gill- membranes
forming a fold across the rather narrow isthmus; slit behind last gill
small or wanting, often reduced to a mere pore; vertebra) about 28.
Brauchiostegals mostly 6. Dorsal fins 2, separate, the first short, its
spines rather slender; ventral rays usually I, 3. Species numerous in
the seas of northern regions. (XO-TO?, the ancient name of Uranidca
iOj from XMTTW?, head.)

«. Head with small tentacles; lateral line with distinct plates.

1O71. C. foUDlBaMs Euphraseu. — Father-lasher.

Colors variegated, the dark markings sometimes red. Head broad,
depressed, covered with soft skin, in which are many mucous pores;
maxillary reaching past middle of orbit; upper preopercular spine
straight, slightly longer than eye; opercular spine granulated at base;
small cirri above eye and elsewhere on head ; usually one on end of
maxillary; cranial bones mostly covered by skin; lateral line with
some bony plates, which are most distinct anteriorly; these are very
much smaller than in Enoplirys Mson; interocular space very narrow,
its ridges continuing backward, serrated, each ending in a sharp spine;
no trace of slit behind last gill ; spinous dorsal low; anal small; pecto-
rals reaching front of anal; veutrals moderate. Head 2-|; depth 03.
D. VI1I-12; A. 9; Vertebrae 12 -f 17. Arctic Europe; said to stray to
Greenland.

(Enphraseu, Nya Schwed. Abhaudl. 1786, 64; Giiuther, ii, 164; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit,
Ireland, 1880, 51.)

aa. Head without tentacles; lateral line unarmed or with concealed plates.

1®?2. C. octodecimspinosiis Mitch.

Olivaceous, with transverse dark bars, paler below; fins barred and
mottled; ventrals plain. Body very slender, tapering backward to
the long and slender caudal peduncle. Head long and narrow; mouth
moderate; maxillary not extending past eye, 2£ in head. Upper pre-
opercular spine extremely long, longer than eye, extending beyond tip
of opercular spine, its length more than 4 times that of the spine below
it; a strong spine at upper posterior margin of orbit directed upward
and backward; occipital ridges long, low, converging behind, each
ending in a similar spine. Vertex nearly flat. Eye very large, as long-
as snout, 4£ in -head, much wider than iuterorbital space; nasal spines
sharp. Skin usually without rough tubercles; lateral line with a series
of partly concealed plates. Spinous dorsal higher than soft dorsal;
the spines strong, the longest nearly half head; pectorals reaching

702 eoxTKir.rnoxs TO XOI.TII AMKKK-AX ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

anal; ventrals not to vent; n<> trace of slit behind last gill. Head
I'.1,; depth .">.',. 1). IX-1.">; A. 1-1; V. I, 3. Atlantic coast; rather com-

mon northward.

(Mifdi. Trans. Lit. ami Phil. *<><•. X. Y. i. >0. 1-15; Giiuthcr, ii, 163: Jcanthocottit*
Store]-, Hist. Fish. Mass. *Jd.)

1O73. €\ aesiciis Mitrhill.— f

Grayish olive, much variegated with darker; no distinct paler spots;
bark and sides with broad, dark, irregular bars; all the Jins barred;
mandible mottled; belly pale. Head rather broad; maxillary L':\ in
head, reaching; to just beyond pupil; snpraocular and occipital ridges
prominent, each with a low, bluntish spine; nasal spines moderate;
upper preopeivular spine, shorter thati eye, nearly twice length of the
next spine, about reaching' middle of opercle. Lateral line complete:
sides with scattered concealed plates. Dorsal spines rather low, higher
than the soft rays; pectorals reaching- anal; no trace of slit behind last
gill. Head l! '<; depth 4. D. IX-13; A. 10; V. I, 3. L. G inches. Coast
of Southern Xew Hug-land and New York; our smallest species; com-
mon in seaweeds near shore. ,

(Mit.-liill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, l*i:>, 380; Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex
lust. 1*71). 1:5: Cuttitx milchilli (Jmither, ii, 1G4.)

1O71. €. scorpioades Fabricins.

V<-i-y dark, finely mottled with paler; fins dusky, with paler spots;
anal and ventral lins with the pale spots largvr. Body stoutish, tail
slender. Head very short; jaws short, the maxillary reaching the
middle of the large eye; top of head concave between the two occipital
ridg-es; preopercular spines quite short; opercular spine almost obsolete.
Skin nearly smooth. Isthmus narrow, the fold across it very narrow;
no trace of slit or pore behind the last gill. Dorsal lins slightly joined,
the spines slender; pectorals reaching vent. Head .".; depth 1H. D.
X-17; A. 1L'; V. I,.".. Arctic regions o!' America : Greenland to Siberia.

iFal.r. fannaGroenl. ir.7. I780j Hran, Bull. r. S. Xat. Mus. xv, 1-J-J: LiiiU.-n An.
A"idc'ii>!<. M«'i!(icis. Kji'iiii-iili. l.-'?ii. I'J : Cottiu pochypus GftnOivr, ii. li'»l.)

1O75. <". sa-orpiios L.

Dark olivaceous, mottled with paler: fins dusky, with paler spots.
(Imeral characters of the subspecies (/fd'uhnntiaix, from which it differs
chiefly in the smaller si/.e, the narrower inlerorbital space, which i>
diameter of eye. and in the 1;>\\ cr spinons dorsal, (lie highest spines be-
ing a l)ou I one ei- htli the leiiglli to base of caudal; pore behind last gill
usually ver\ small, but evident. Head I'.!; depth -I1,. D. X-1U; A. 14.
Noi-lhern lOnrope and Arctic re-ions of Amei ica, south to Kastport, J\Je.

(L. Sy.«t. Xat.; (Jiinlhor, ii, 1 ."•'.': Unui, Hull. t'. S. Xat. Mus. xv, 116.)

107. COTTID/E - COTTUS. 703

Subsp. g-B-cesaaaBsdaCMS (Cuv. & Val.) Beau.— Daddy

Daik browu above, with broad darker bars; below yellowish, the
belly in the male with large pale spots; back and top of head with
grayish blotches; (ins brown and yellow, all of them spotted and
barred. Head large. Mouth large ; maxillary reaching posterior edge
of orbit, 2-J in head; the supraorbital and occipital spines tubercle-like;
a small tubercular spine on front of occipital ridge; upper preopercular
spine reaching middle of opercular spine, its length equal to eye, not
t \vice that of the spine below it; nasal spines sharp. Sides of body
above lateral line with a series of imbedded prickly plates, below
which are numerous scattered spines and prickles. Dorsal and anal
flus high; spiuous and soft dorsals about equal in height, their height
more than one-seventh of length of body; ventrals long; pectorals
about reaching vent. Eye large, equal to least interorbital width (in
specimens a foot long). Head 2£; depth 4£. D. X-17; A. 14; V. I, 3;
P. 18. L. 25 inches. New York to Greenland, common; one of the
largest sculpins.

(Cottus grcenlandicus Cuv. &Val.iv, 156: AcantJiocottiis rariaMlis Girard, Bost. Jonrn.
Nat. Hist, vi, 248: Cotl.ua grcenlandicus Gunther, ii, 161; Goode & Beau, Bull. Essex
Inst. xi, 13, 1879: Acantliocottus variabiUs Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 26; Day, Fish. Gt.
Brit. 1880, 51 : ? Cottus porosus C. & V. viii, 498: Acantliocottus mucosus Ayres, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, 12.)

1O76. C. polyacaBitliocepBaaDiBS Pallas.

Dark olive above, much variegated with darker and reddish; belly
mostly whitish; sides and belly (in males) with numerous blackish reticu-
lations surrounding large round white spots; jaws dusky, mottled with
whitish ; membrane joining maxillary to preorbital black, with round
white spots; fins, all but the ventrals, mottled and barred with blackish
and yellowish. Body rather elongate. Head long and narrow, some-
what compressed, concave between the orbits, the orbital rim being
elevated; nasal spines strong; a strong ridge above eye, with a blunt
compressed spine behind it; behind this a small digitate cluster of
ridges ending in low spines; behind these an irregular broken ridge
on each side of the vertex, extending to the occiput; outside of this
another ragged ridge ; suborbital stay strong, striate ; upper preopercu-
lar spine long, straight, simple, striate at base, longer than eye; a
similar bnt shorter spine below it, not half as long, and the usual
downward-directed spine at lower edge of preopercle and subopercle;
opercular spine moderate. Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching
beyond eye, half length of head; skin of top of head covered with
small smooth warts; skin of body with some scattered rough tuber-

704 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

cles. usually nearly smooth. Dorsals not very high; dorsal spines
slender; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals moderate, I, 3. A minute
]>ore usually present behind last gill. Lateral line complete. Head
L",: depth I1,. D. X-I, 13; A. 11. L. 24 inches. Puget Sound to
Alaska; very abundant; one of the largest seulpins.
(Pallas, /,,.)-!•. Ross.-Asiat. 1811, iii, 133; Guntber, ii, 1GG.)

1O77. C. labradoricus (Orel.) Gthr.

Nasal spines small; a rough prominence above orbit, and two similar
ones on occiput; a slight depression on crown; four preopercular spines,
the upper about f length of eye, equal to interorbital width; eye as
long as snout, 5 in head, half length of maxillary, which extends to the
\i-rtical from its hinder margin. Dorsal spines slender, the longest |
length of maxillary; pectorals reaching u little beyond anal; ventrals
not to vent; skin above lateral line with a lew spinous tubercles; a
s'nall slit behind fourth gill. D. X-14; A. 14; V. I, 3; P. 17; C, 11;
]'>. (». (Ih'dii.) Labrador and Hudson's P>ay.

(Acanthocottua Inhrcdoricnn Grd. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, vi, 18CO, 247, pi. ; Giiutker, ii,
!(>:{; Bran, 1'ior, U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 16H1, 128.)

1O7§. C. ia»235opt!erMs* Kner.

Color of C. grcenldndicitNi but darker, with dark bars; gill-membranes
and hinder part of belly dark; dark regions, with very bright white
specks of different sizes; first dorsal partly black, partly transparent;
second dorsal crossed by 3 oblique dark bands; anal by 1, in contrary
directions; caudal with .'5 dark bars; pectoral with 4 or ."> dark bars,
much narrower than the interspaces; ventrals with black and white
spots. Lower jaw projecting. Eye 5 in head, as long as snout ; supra-
ocular ridge slightly elevated, continued backward as a low bony ridjje,
without spines; a quadrangular depression between these ridges; crown
and occiput with naked warty skin; preopercle with 4 spines, the up-
permost straight, as long as eye; highest dorsal spine half length of
head; sol'! dorsal twice as high; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals to
vent. Sides often with irregular rough bony tubercles; a moderate slit
behind last gill: gill-meiiibr.ines • irtlv free from isthmus. D. VIII-
l.1!; A. 11': Lat. 1. 10. (Knrr.) Alaska to Northern China..

(Cot In* In niojili rim Kncr. Sit /.nn^licr. Kais A cad. \Viss. \\'i< n, l~i',-, :;in ; I',. 'an, Proc.
T. S. Nat. .Mns. l->],-jl-.)

flOTO. C'. «iBim!r:<-<»n:as* I..

Olivaceous, soiaeuhat variegated; the tins faintly spotted. Body

:, -Cill. PI-IK-. Acad. Nat. Sri. I'hila. I-".'. 1.1: typo Coitus (jtuidricornis Gill.
?, lunik: >.6rrof, tJuttus.)

107. COTTID^E COTTUS. 705

rather slender. Head long, tapering forward; mouth large, the max-
illary reaching to below posterior margin of eye; eye moderate, 4 in.
head; bones of head below eye cavernous, as in Triglopsis thompsoni,
but less so; preopercle with 2 long, diverging spines, the upper and
longer not quite reaching opercular margin; opercular and scapular
spines quite short; a rugose spine, sometimes broader and expanded at
tip like a cock's comb, above each eye posteriorly, and a similar one on
each side of occiput. Males with irregular series of round, rough, wart-
like scales above the lateral line; these wanting in the female; lateral
line chain-like, with small imbedded plates; head naked. Frst dorsal
convex, of slender spines, well separated from second, which is rather
high, the -longest ray 1§ in head; pectorals reaching anal; veutrals
moderate. A moderate slit behind last gill. D. VIII-14; A. 13; cceca
7; vert. 40; Lat. 1. 45. Greenland to the Baltic Sea.

(Cottus quaclricornis L. Syst. Nat.: Cottus quadricornis Giiutlier, ii, 166: Oncocottus
qnadricornis Gill: Cottus hexacornis Rich. Franklin's Jouru. 726: Coitus hexacontis Giiu-
tlier, ii, 166; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. 1880, 53.)

1O§®. C. laMBtaBlfi* Bean.

Brownish, pale below; sides with a few white blotches; first dorsal
with 2 broad oblique dark bands, separated by a pale area; second
dorsal with 5 dark bauds; anal with G; pectorals with 4; caudal with
3; ventrals pale, with 2 dark areas. Head broad, subtriaugular, much
depressed, its greatest depth 2§ in its length ; eye 2 in snout, 7 in head,
equal to the concave iuterorbital space; surface of head covered with
small dermal tubercles; patch of vomerine teeth very large; nasal spines
strong; a blunt prominence above each eye, and 2 on the occiput; sev-
eral radiating ridges behind eye, as in C. polyacantlioceplialus ; upper
preopercular spiue as long as eye; maxillary reaching slightly past
eye, 2£ in head. Longest dorsal spine about half postorbital part of
head; pectorals reaching soft dorsal. A series of rough bony tubercles
above lateral line and some small ones below it. A pore behind last
gill. Head 2f ; depth 5J. D. X-16; A. 13; Y. I, 3; P. 18; B. 6.
Chamisso Island, near Bering's Straits. (Bean.}

(Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 149, 1881.)

1O§1. C. jack Cuv. &Val.

Body and pectoral fins spotted with brown ; vertical fins with brown
bands. Resembles C. scorpius; the preopercular spines similar, but
there are slight granulations instead of tubercles behind the eye and
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 45

706 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

temples; rough scale-like tubercles along the back above the lateral
line; lii>t dorsal low. D. VII-15; A. 15. L. 21 inches. Bering's
Sea. (Cuv. tt Vat.)

SU'llrr MSS. in Tiles. M<5m. Acad. Sci. Petersb. iv, 273, 1811 (non-
linomial); Ctiv. & Val. iv, 172; Giinther, ii, 165.)

1O§2. C. axillaris (Gill)

Bluish, with whitish spots on trunk and a darker band-like spot below
anterior portion of second dorsal; abdomen yellowish; region above
anal spotted; above this are larger spots confluent with the dark color
of sides; spinous dorsal with 2 vertical dark bands; second dorsal with
3 oblique ones; caudal banded; anal spotted; pectoral black at base,
with '2 oblique bauds; a dark spot on lower axil. Head subrhom-
boidal, large, depressed; postorbital crests little developed; preopercle
with 2 simple spines near the angle, and 2 tubercles below; opercle with
a longitudinal rib ending in a spine. Skin smooth, or with scattered
Tubercles. Gill-membranes forming a fold across the isthmus. D. IX-
15; V. I, 3; B. C. Bering's Strait. (Gill.)

(Boreocottns axiUaris Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1359, 166.)

1O§3. €. (?) polaris Sabine.

Pale, with clusters of minute dark spots. Head compressed; nasal
spines present; lower jaw included; preopercle with 4 strong spines;
pectoral fins larger than in I'l-dnidca (/ohio ; lateral line with a series of
small tubercles. D. VI to VIII-l.'J; P. 1~>; V. I, 4; A. 14; C. 14. L. 2
inches. North Georgia, British America. (Morcr.) Probably not a
Cotttts.

•, I'.irry's First Voyage, 213; Ston-r, Synop. Fish. N. A. 307.)

1OM4. C. (?) platyrcphalns Pallas.

Olivaceous, much variegated, white below; fins spotted. Head large,
much depressed, as broad as the body; lo\ver jaw projecting; teeth on
vomer and on pal. it ines (.')(" in area lunata palatio medii, et utrinquc
lineari"). Kves moderate, near together; vertex Hat behind the eyes,
with a ridge on each side, in front of which near the orbit, and behind
at the nape, are oblong tubercles, each ending in a short spine; preop-
ercle with 2 very strong, diverging spines above; opercle with a con-
cealed .spine; lateral line with concealed, elongate plates; back with
rough warts; pectorals large; dorsal spines feeble. D. V1I-12; A. 11;
C. 10; P. 15; V. I, 3. L. 12 inches. Kamtschutka. (Pallas.) If this

107. COTTID.E — COTTUS. 707

species really has palatine teeth, it cannot belong to this genus. It
may be a species of Centridermicliffiys.

(Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. iii, 135, 1811; Cuv. & Val. iv, 177: Mcgalocottus platy-
cephalus Gill, 1861, 166.)

aaa. Head with, tentacles above; lateral line without plates. (Porocottus* Gill.)

1O§5. C. verrwcosMS Bonn.

Very dark brown, whitish below; spinous dorsal dark, with a median
and a posterior light band; soft dorsal and pectorals each with 5 dark
bands; anal whitish, with a dark stripe; ventral s pale. Nasal spines
sharp; a short tentacle above each eye and one on each side of the
vertex; vertex and interorbita-1 space deeply concave; crown, nape, and
interorbital region with small dermal warts; upper preopercular spine
as long as short diameter of eye; eye 4 in head, as long as snout; max-
illary reaching to below middle of eye, half length of head, longer than
fourth dorsal spine. Pectoral reaching front of anal; skin smooth;
lateral line with numerous short vertical accessory branches, placed
opposite each other. No pore behind last gill. Head 2A ; depth 4^.
D. XI-1C; A. 15; V. I, 3; P. 17; C. 12; B. 6. L. 3£ inches. Plover
Bay, near Bering's Straits. (Bean.)

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Na^ Mus. iv, 152, 1881.)

1O§6. C. niger Bean.

Almost black; sides mottled with lighter brown, sometimes with
round white blotches on belly and sides; pectoral plain or with white
blotches. Nasal spines blunt, covered with skin; no spines above
orbits or on occiput; no sharp spines on head except the two upper
preopercular spines, which are almost concealed; the uppermost as
long as eye, 6 in head, and equal to snout or interorbital space; top of
head with fine dermal granulations, the vertex with numerous slender
tentacles; a soft tentacle of moderate length above eye; jaws equal;
maxillary longer than fourth dorsal spine, 2 in head, reaching hinder
margin of orbit. Caudal and ventrals each half length of head; pec-
toral not reaching vent; skin smooth. A small slit behind last gill.
Head 2£. D. IX-1G; A. 12; Y. I, 3; P. 16; B. 6. Saint Paul Island,
Bering's Sea. (Bean.)

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 151, 1881. >

1O§7. C. quadrifilis (Gill) J. & G.

Purplish, irregularly spotted with black; a dark spot below eye, and
another on maxillary; fins mostly variegated with black; a dark spot

* Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1859, 166: type Porocotius quadrifilis Gill.
pore; Korrof, Cottus.)

708 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

on upper axil, and another toward middle of base of pectoral. Head
large, depressed, subrhomboidal; preopercle with a single hooked spine;
operde without longitudinal rib or spine; lower jaw and other parts of
head with numerous large pores. Mouth moderate. Ventral s small.
Skin naked: a slender lilament over each eye, and one on each side of
nape. Gill-membranes forming a fold across the isthmus. D. VIII-
l.".; V. I, 3; B. 5. Bering's Stiaits. (Gill.)
(Porocottua quadnfiUs Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1859, 16G.)

368.— CYMNACANTHUS Swainson.

(Pliobetor Kroyer. )
(Gymnocanthus Swainson, Class. Fish. &c., 1839, 271: type Cotius mitral is C. & V.)

General characters and appearance of Cottus, but with no teeth on
the vomer, and with a small but well-defined slit behind the last gill.
The upper preopercular spine is armed with 2 or 3 antler-like processes,
and the tins are all very large, the ventrals notably so. Marine species
of the Arctic Seas. (yu^us, naked; axdvOa, spine.)

1O8§. O. pistilliger (Pallas) Gill.

Dark brown above, with traces of darker vertical bars; belly pale;
males with the axillary region dusky, with many large round white spots;
first dorsal blackish, with pale blotches; second dorsal with alternating
oblique bauds of white and blackish; anal and caudal nearly plain; pec-
torals and ventrals yellowish, with black cross-bars; mandible barred
with black. Nasal spines small; occipital ridges low, the space between
them concave, with rough plates; supraorbital ridge ending in a blunt
tubercle; interoi bital area with smooth skin. Eyes very large: maxil-
lary extending to pupil; upper preopercular spine broad, much shorter
than eye, \\ith about three points; skin mostly smooth; axil prickly;
inner edge of middle pectoral rays papillose ( $ ). Spinous dorsal very
hi.uh and long, the longest spines in the male three-fourths length of
head: second dorsal a little lower; anal very long, rather low; pec-
torals very In-oad. reaching past front of anal, the Io\\cr rays rapidly
shortened: veiitndy extremely long, the rays loiig-exserfcd, reaching
past front of anal: anal papilla laru.e. Head 3*; depth -I)-. ]). XII-
L6| A. is; y. 1. :;: p. n;: rert. ll'+lS. Arctic Seas, so nth to Norway,
Ala-ka. and Labrador.

' nlhix i,ixtilli:irr I'.-ill.-is. in Cuv. A V:)l. iv. 1!>:'. 1 -.".»: r,,tl,is mitrali* Cuv. & V:il.
iv, l;il: i;,ttn>< i>i*tilli<in- i'allas. Zoogr. Boss.-Afiiat. iii, -\'.\, prinlcd 1-11, j.nblished
l-.'.l: dcanthocottiu patrit II. !>'. Stnn-r. lln-i. .lonrn. Nal. I list, vi, '_'.",(»: Cull its rt utralis
Ciiiiili.-r. ii, Id?: <'<>ttn* i>i*tilli,n r ( iiim IHT, ii, It)?: Cottttx tricimpis Rcinh. Vidciisk.

107. COTTID.E — TRIGLOPSLS. 709

Selsk. Nat. Math, v, iii: Coitus fdbricn Girard, Monogr. Cott. 59: Cotins tricuspls Giin-
tJier, ii, 168; Phobctor triciispis Kroyer, Natur. Tidskr. i, 263, 1844: Bean, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus. xv, 127, 1879: Cottus ventralis Collett, Ckristiania Vicl. Selsk. Fork. 1678,
151.)

1O89. G, g-aBeaUias Beau.

Olivaceous; back with four distinct browo spots, the longest nearly
twice as long as eye, and extending a little below lateral line, there
blending with a wavy lateral stripe; dorsals and pectorals with inter-
rupted black bands; lower fins plain whitish. Body elongate. A small
tubercle above each eye; four preopercular spines, the longest about
as long as eye, and with two or three processes. Space between eyes
deeply concave, completely covered with bony granulations, as are the
crown and neck; similar granulations on hinder margin of orbit, on
suborbital stay and on opercles. Skin of body naked. Pectorals, aud
in males the ventrals also, reaching beyond vent; maxillary reaching
to below eye. Head 3| (including caudal); depth 7£. D. XI-16; A.
19; V. I, 3. Unalashka. (Bean.)

(Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 153.)

369.— THKGLOPSIS Girard.

(Ptyonottts Gthr.)
(Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 18, 1851: type Triylopsis thompsoni Grd.)

Body and head slender. Skin naked; lateral line chain-like. Teeth
on vomer, none on the palatines. Eyes large, the interorbital area con-
cave; bones of lower part of head extensively cavernous; a small but
distinct slit behind last gill ; gill-membranes almost free from the
isthmus, forming a broad fold across it; preopercular spines straight,
simple; fins large. Fresh- water fishes, closely related to Cottus, to
which genus the single known species should, perhaps, be referred.
Its relations with the group called Oncocottus are certainly intimate.
a, Trigla ; o'yk, appearance.)

IC9®. T. HfiiKunniipsoMi Grd.

Pale olivaceous, with darker blotches; upper fins faintly banded.
Body elongate, very slender. Head long, depressed above; snout
long and pointed; eye quite large, nearly as long as snout, much wider
than iuterorbital sj>ace, 4 in head; jaws subequal; mouth large, the
maxillary extending rather beyond middle of eye; preopercle with 4
sharp spines, the upper much shorter than pupil; cavernous structure
of skull highly developed; upper surface of head smooth; gill-mem-

710 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

branes not broadly united, nearly free from isthmus. Dorsal fills well
.-eparated; spinous dorsal short and low, its height little more than
length of snout; second dorsal very large, 3 times height of first, its
longest rays about as long as head; anal high, half as high as second
doisal: pectoral long, reaching past front of anal; ventrals well devel-
oped; lateral line chain-like, conspicuous; skin perfectly smooth. Head
3; depth G. D. YII-18; A. 15; V. 1,3. L. 3 inches. Deep waters of
the Great Lakes.

'•iirard, Proo. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 19, 1"C>1; Girnnl, Monogr. Cott.6.~>: Ptyonotus

tluHiijuHiiii Gliiither, ii. 175, the uame Triglo^*!* lu-iny; MM aside oil account of the prior
Triylops. )

37O.— ENOPIIRYS S \vainson.
(Asj>icottu8 Grd.: Clypeocottus Ayivs: Ciratocuttus Gill.)

(S\vai::s(iu, Class. Fish. &c. 1839, 271: type Cottus cluviyer C. &, V.)

Body short and thick, depressed anteriorly. Head very large, mailed
above with rugose, bony plates; a series of large, rough, bony plates
along lateral line; no scales. Teeth in villiform bands in jaws and on
vomer, none on palatines; preoperele with strong, straight spines; sub-
orbital stay broad, externally bony; gill-membranes joined to the isth-
mus, not forming a fold across it; a slit behind fourth gill. Dorsal lins
separate, the anterior short, not notched; anal short. Intestinal canal
elongate. Herbivorous, feeding chiefly on alga), (ev, on; "cr^u?, eye-
brow )

1OOI. E. bisou (Grd.) J. & G,— Stone ScuJpin.

Olivaceous above, variegaied \\ith blackish and reddish, yellowish
below; lins olivaceous, marked with black; ventrals pale. Snout blunt;
maxillary reaching beyond pupil; external bones of head rough granu-
l:n : imcrorbital space elevated and concave, the orbital ridge without
spine; suborbital sta\ covering most of cheek; a ridge extending back-
\\.:n!> i'rom eadi e\e, the t wo connected by a nos> ridge al occiput; the
ridges are large and rough, and the space between them is concave;
preoperele with 1 spines, the upper very long, straight and roii-li,
nsiialh reaching past opercle, a little more than one third head; oper-
cnlar rid-e very broad: subopercle with 1' diverging si>ines; a single
s: i ies of large, rough, granular plates along sides, iVom opercle to base
of caudal, the plates wit hoiit keel «>r s|>ine and growing smaller behind;
spinon, dor>al small, much lower than soft rays; anal short. Head 2£;
depth 4. D. Vlll-ll'; A. '.». L. ll' inches. San Francisco to Alaska;

107. COTTID^ - LIOCOTTUS. 711

abundant. Besembles Coitus bubalis, with which it has been improp-
erly confounded by Dr. Giinther.

(Aspicottus bison Girard, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 130: Clypcocottns robusius
Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, 12: Axpicottus bison Girard, U. S. Pac. E. E.
Surv. 66.)

1092. JE. «lncea*ai5BS (Pallas) J. & G.

Greenish and reddish, marbled arid spotted. Form of E. bison, the
head large, wider than deep or long; top of head nearly as in E. bison,
the ridges higher and very rough; orbital ridges elevated, continued
backward toward the nape, the occipital ridges sharp behind; upper
preopercular spine very long, rough, nearly two-thirds as long as head,
with strong recurved hooks or serrations on' the upper edge; lower pre-
opercular spines strong; opercle with a longitudinal rib and no dis-
tinct spine; lateral line with a row of rough bony scutella, each with
a minute central spine; skin above more or less villous or prickly, else-
where smooth. Isthmus wide; a slit behind last gill; vomer with teeth.
D. Vll-14; A. 10; C. 12; P. 17; V. I, 3. L. 6 inches. Alaska and Kara-
tschatka. (Here described from a specimen in the British Museum.)

(Coitus dicer aus Pallas, Nov. Act. Petrop. 1783, 354: Coitus diceraus Cuv. & Val. iv,
189: Synanceia cervus Tiles. Me"m. Ac. St. Petersb. iii, 278: Ceratocottus dieeram Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 165, and 1861, 167: Coitus diceraus Giiutlier, ii, 189.)

1093. E. cJavigea- (Cuv. & VaL) Sw.

Dark brown, with 3 or 4 vertical bauds; belly white. Top of head
everywhere rough; two strong nasal spines; superciliary margins much
elevated, with a deep groove between them; 4 preopercular spines, the
upper exceedingly long and strong, extending nearly to the vertical
from the end of the first dorsal, serrated and coarsely toothed on its
upper margin, but without antler-like processes; "occiput with a very
long cuneiform process on each side"; lateral line with bony plates,
rougher than in E. bison, each with a serrated keel and spine; skin sub-
villous above, with small rough warts; a series of small cutaneous ap-
pendages above the anal. Suborbital stay spinous; vomerine teeth
present; isthmus broad; slit behind last gill large. D. VI-13; A. 11;
V. I, 3. L. 2£ inches. Bering's Sea. (Here described from the original

type, in the British Museum.)
(Coitus daviger Cuv. & Val. iv, 195, 1829: Coitus daviger Giiutlier, ii, 167.)

37 B.— LIOCOTTUS Girard.
( Lciocottus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 133 : type Lciocottus Mruitdo Girard. )

Body elongate, covered with thick, smooth skin. Head compressed,
narrowed above, not externally bony. Mouth small, horizontal, low ; villi-

712 coxTRinrnoNS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

form tooth in both jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatines; upper
preopercular sjiinc short, strong, with bifurcated tip: suborbital stay
narrow; gill-membranes ])artly free from the isthmus, over which they
form a broad fold; a slit behind fourth gill. First dorsal with its upper
mar-in somewhat S -shaped, the lirst two spines elongate, the middle
ones of nearly equal length, and the posterior ones rapidly shortened;
ventrals I, 3. Pacific. (As?«<;, smooth; *«"«?, Cottus.)

1O9I. L. hires sad o Grd.

Olivaceous, shaded with light blue, and reticulated with brownish-
red. the latter color predominating on the head; sides with four broad,
oblique, brownish-red bars, the first three running from dorsal forwards
and downwards, the fourth from caudal peduncle backwards to base of
caudal; abdomen orange brown, with pale spots; caudal orange brown,
with yellow bars near the tip; fins with bars and spots of dark brown-
ish-red; breast and ventrals whitish; three dark blotches at base of
pectorals; spiuous dorsal with oblique dark streaks; a dark blotch on
each eye ;tbovc, and a light streak forwards and downwards from eye.
Body elongate, fusiform, the caudal peduncle slender: profile of snout
decurved; maxillary reaching front of orbit ; tlnve small cirri at the end
of each maxillary; preoperculur margin with several similar cirri;
opercle and shoulder-girdle without spines; upper preopercular spine a^
long as pupil. Top of head smooth; supraorbital ridges little elevated;
nasal spines distant from tip of snout. Spinous dorsal elevated in front,
the first two rays much longer than the others, nearly two-thirds length
of head; soft dorsal and anal lins rather long; pectorals reaching past
front of anal; ventrals to vent. Head 3i ; depth 44 ; eye largo, 4i in
head. I). 1X-1 7; A. 15; V. 1, ."». L. 10 inches. Santa Barbara Islands;
extremely local.

«iir;ir.l. Proo. Acad. Nat. Soi. 1'hila. 1650, l:)3; Giranl, U. S. 1'::.-. K. K. Snrv. Fish.G:*:
H liiruiiiln (Jiinlhrr, ii, lilii. )

372.— TKIUL.OPK Kciiihanlt.
I ' Ii'ciiili.-irili , Viil. SrUK. Nalnr. Miith. At'li. v, lii: tvpr V';7f//oy»N ]ii in/ili KYinlianlt.)

I'.ody ralher elongate, the tail very slender. Head small and com-
pressed. Month moderate; villilbrm teeth on jausand vomer, none on
the palatines; preopercular spines small, simple. Head prickly, but
without scales. A low of enlarged plate like scales along the lateral
line: a similar row above it at the base of the dorsal fin : the space be-
tween these densely prickly: lower half of body crossed at short inter-
vals by transverse undulating folds of skin, the edge of the fold with

107. COTTIDJE - LEPTOCOTTUS. 713

minute rough scales, causing it to appear sharply and finely serrate.
Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus; a distinct slit behind
last gill. Dorsal spines rather high and slender ; ventrals apparently
1,3. Arctic seas. (r^Aa, Trigla; ux}^ appearance.)

1O95. T. pinigeli Reinli.

Olivaceous, somewhat variegated with darker; fins barred; a series
of dusky spots along sides; an ocellated black spot on posterior part
of spinous dorsal. Head very slender ; eye large, placed high, but
lateral; preopercular spines short; maxillary extending to below mid-
dle of orbit; nasal spines sharp. Ventral fins rather short; pectorals
extending to front of anal ; tail very slender, its diameter less than the
eye; anal papilla large. Head 3^. D. IX-21; A. .21. Alaska to Green-
land and Cape Cod.

(Reinhardt, Vid. Selsk. Natur. v, lit; Giinther, ii, 173: Trlglops pleurostictus Cope,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1865.)

373.— LEPTOCOTTUS Girard.
(Girarcl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 130: type Leptocottus armatus Grd.)

Body elongate, depressed, covered with perfectly smooth skin. Head
depressed, obloug, not very broad, without cirri; lower jaw included;
suborbital stay narrow; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Gill-
membranes rather narrowly joined to the isthmus, not forming a fold
across it; a slit behind fourth gill; preopercular spine strong, with two
or three points hooked upwards. Dorsal fins separate; the spiuous
dorsal short and small, entire; ventrals I, 4. Pacific coast. (Ac-™?,
slender; xorroc, Cottus.)

1O96. Li. armatus Grd.

Grayish olive above, becoming abruptly white and silvery below;
sides creamy; pectoral fins creamy yellow, with five or six black cross-
bars; spinous dorsal dusky, with an ink-like blotch on tip of last rays,
and an oblique white baud below; soft dorsal dusky, with several ob-
lique white bands; caudal banded; ventrals and anal plain. Head long
and depressed; mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond eye; inter-
orbital space broad, scarcely concave; nasal spines concealed; top of
head flattish, covered with rugose skin; upper preopercular spine with
three or four spinules hooked upwards; suborbital stay slender, not
reaching preopercle; eye very small, less than iuterocular width, 7£
in head; lateral line complete; skin everywhere smooth; no prickles
nor cirri. Dorsal spines very slender and low; pectorals reaching

714 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

vent; ventrals half way to vent. Head 3 in length; depth C. D.
A' 11-17: A. 17; V. I, 4. L. 12 inches. Kodiak to San Diego; every-
where very common; the most abundant of the Cottoids of our west
coast.

(Giranl, Pmr. A<-:ul. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.'>4, 131; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.
60: Centridermichthya armatus Giiuther, ii, 171.)

374.— BIEUllLEPIDOTUS Cuvier.
(Temnistia Richardson: Caltjcilepidotua Ayrcs.)

(Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2d, lt<29: typo Coitus htmiltpidoius Tilesius.)

Body with two broad bauds of rough scale-like plates on each side,
one along the side of the back, one along the lateral line, the upper
bands meeting anteriorly in front of dorsal; scales roundish, their up-
per and posterior margins free; skin otherwise naked; head naked.
Yilliform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Branchiostegals 0. A
small slit behind fourth gill; gill-membranes joined to the isthmus,
sometimes forming a narrow fold across it ; preopercular spines simple,
strong. Dorsal fins connected, the first long, with strong spines, emar-
ginate, the first three spines shorter than those which follow; ventrals
I, 4. North Pacific, (^//t, half; A£-:<J»T«;-, scaled.)

a. Belly immaculate.

1O!)7. II. SpiiiOSUS (Ayres) Grd. — Cdbezon.

Brown, mottled and obscurely barred, often tinged with red; top of
head usually with brick-red; fins all, except ventrals, mottled with
blackish and reddish; skin joining bones of jaws unspotted; belly
whitish, immaculate. Body rather elongate, depressed; head broad,
somewhat concave between the occipital ridges; two sharp radiating
ridges behind upper posterior margin of each orbit; top of head cov-
ered with loose skin, and with thick-set mucous tubes; interorbital
space narrow, concave, half diameter of eye; preopercle with l' strong,
shortish, diverging spines above; fleshy slips above operclc, near upper
posterior part of eye, and at occiput; a long lleshy slip on maxillary,
and 4 on lower jaw; many scales on sides with small Haps; skin, where
not scaly, thin and lax; dorsal band of scales with about Trows at
its widest par!, anteriorly much wider than the space between it and
the lateral hand; isthmus rather narrow, I he membranes not forming
a fold across it; dorsal tins considerably connected, spines very low,
the highest about two-thirds the height of the soft rays, and 3;| iu
head; first dorsal spine about half as long as maxillary; pectorals

107. COTTID^: HEMILEPIDOTUS. 715

broad, shortish, about reaching vent; distance from spinous dorsal to
snout greater than length of pectoral. Head 3; depth 5. D. Ill, VIII,
20 ; A. 16 ; V. 1, 4 ; Lat. 1. 60. L. 10 inches. Coast of California, in rather
deep water; seen by us only about Monterey and San Francisco.

(CaJycilepidotus spinosus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 76, 1855; Girard, Proc.
Acad, Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 134; Girard, U. S. Pac. E. R. Surv. Fish. 68.)

1O9§. H. joa-dasii Beau.

Throat and belly pure white ; upper parts brownish, with wavy darker
bai s. Dorsal band of scales with but 4 rows in its widest part. Eye
as long as snout, 4 in head, the short diameter equal to interorbital
space; maxillary extending to below middle of eye; top of head corru-
gated ; distance of spinous dorsal from snout equal to length of pectoral;
first dorsal spine as long as maxillary; longest dorsal spine 2 J in head;
pectoral reaching anal; ventral nearly or quite to vent; a narrow fold of
skin across isthmus. Head 2§; depth 4£. D. Ill, VIII, 21; A. 17; V.
I, 4. L. 13 inches. Unalashka.

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 153.)
aa. Belly covered with small black spots.

1O99. H. tracfrurus (Pallas) Giiuther.

Olivaceous or reddish, more or less mottled and barred with darker;
belly and lower parts pale, profusely covered with small blackish spots;
fins all more or less speckled; skin joining bones of jaws finely spotted
with black. Body robust, not depressed. Head large; interorbital
space deeply concave, its width § diameter of the large eye; occipital
ridges low and broad; bones of top of head extremely rough, naked;
with radiating striae, but without spines; small flaps over posterior
part of eye, at occiput, over opercle, and on cheek, maxillary, preor-
bital, mandible, and tip of snout. Skin thick and firm; gill-membranes
forming a slight fold across the isthmus; upper band of scales of about
4 rows, narrower anteriorly than the interspace; first three spines of
dorsal about equal, lower than those following; soft dorsal high. Head
2f; depth 3|. D. Ill, VIII, 19; A. 15; V. I, 4; Lat. 1. 61. L. 18 inches.
Alaska to San Francisco; abundant in Puget Sound; a much larger
fish than H. spinosus, and readily distinguished by the spotted belly.

(Coitus hemilepidolus Tiles. Me"m. Ac. Petersb. iii, 262, 1801: Coitus tracliurus Pallas,
Zoogr. Ross -Asiat. iii, 138, 1811: Hemilepidotus tilesii Cuv. & Val. iv, 276, 1829; Giiu-
ther, ii, 173: Blepsias ventricosus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, 3d Heft, 14, t. 13: Temnistia
ventricosa Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. Fish. 1836, 59: Hemilepidotus glbbsi Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 13.)

716 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

375.— UIELLETES Bean.
(Bean, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus. 1879, 354: type Mcllctcs papilio Bean.)

Body moderately elongate. Head broad, depressed, rounded in front,
naked, with several cutaneous flaps; jaws, vomer, and palatines with
bands of villiform teeth; preopercular spines simple, rather strong;
gill-membranes broadly connected, free from the isthmus; a slit behind
the last gill; a narrow band of ctenoid scales along sides of back,
meeting in front of dorsal; a few prickles on anterior parts of body,
and some small dermal flaps on sides; skin otherwise naked; dorsals
connected; the spinous dorsal long, not emargiuate; pectorals well de-
veloped, the rays all simple; ventrals very long, I, 4, the inner surface
of the rays armed with stiff setaj; pyloric co3ca G; no air-bladder.
Alaska. (//TJ/U^T, a loiterer; remaining in shallow pools as the tide
recedes.)

1100. UI. papilio Beun.

Grayish brown, with darker bands and various mottlings; belly
grayish, with round white spots; fins all much mottled and barred.
Nasal spines obtuse; 2 spines above posterior part of orbits, and 2 on
the vertex, the last four with short filaments. Ventrals 2 in length,
longer than pectorals, extending to the seventh anal ray ((?). Head
4; depth !>•-;. D. XII, 20; A. 17; P. 17; V. I, 4. L. 7 inches. Saint
Paul's Island, Alaska.

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18/9, 354.)

376.— SCORP.ENICIITHYS Girard.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 131: type Hcmitriptcrus mannoratus Ayrcs.)
Body rather robust, covered with smooth, thick skin. Head large,
somewhat compressed, its upper surface rugose. Mouth rather large,
with villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; gill -membranes
broadly united, five from the isthmus; a large slit behind fourth gill;
preoperqolar spines small, simple; spinous dorsal long, scarcely emar-
ginate, but slightly depressed near its middle, the first four spines
shorter than those immediately following: ventral lins large, I, 5. Size
large. Pacific Ocean. (<rxo/>7rafya, Scorp&na; ly,0"~, fish.)

1101. S. iii:iriiior:»tns (Avns) Cr.l.

Olive brown, thickly mottled with dark blotches and light spots, and
reticulated with different shades of green and brown ; sides with 5 irreg-
ular, dark, vertical blotches, of which two are under each dorsal ;md

107. COTTID,E - OLIGOCOTTUS. 717

extend on the fins; belly livid bluish or green, reticulated with
olive; the ground color is excetedingly variable, ranging from cherry-
red to green; lips blotched with white; fins all more or less barred;
flesh and membranes livid bluish. Top of head rugose, without spines;
interorbital space concave, narrower than the large eye; a fleshy flap
on middle of snout, and one on end of maxillary; superciliary cirri
large, more than half diameter of orbit, laciuiate; upper preopercular
spine short, straight, about half diameter of eye; suborbital stay very
broad; maxillary extending to beyond eye. First four spines of dorsal
subequal, shorter than the fifth; dorsal fins scarcely connected at base;
pectorals shortish, not reaching anal. Skin thick and leathery, with-
out prickles or cirri. Head 3; depth 4. Eye 6 in head. D. XI-18;
A. 12; P. 15; V. I. 5 ; Lat. 1. (pores) t!0; pyloric co3ca about 30; ver-
tebrae 15 +21. L. 30 inches. Puget Sound to San Diego; very abun-
dant. The largest of our Cottidcc, reaching a weight of 10 to 15 pounds.

(Hemitripterus marmoratus Ayres, Proc. Gal. Acad. Sci. 1854, 4; Girard, U. S. Pac.
E. R. Surv. Fish. 64; Giiuther, ii, 154.)

377.— OL,I«OC©TTU§ Girard.

(CHnocottus and Blennicottus Gill.)
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 133: type Oligocottus maculosus Girard.)

Body rather elongate, the skin smooth or provided with some small
prickly scales; preopercular spines short, simple or furcate; small ten-
tacles on head and anterior parts of body; gill-membranes broadly
united, free from the isthmus; a slit behind fourth gill; dorsal spines
slender, the fin short and not emarginate; anal papilla large; ventrals
I, 3, or I, 4. Small fishes of the North Pacific, inhabiting rock-pools
between tide-marks. («A^oc, small; XOTTOS, Cottus.)

a. Mouth with distinct lateral cleft; the head narrow anteriorly.
&. Skiu with imbedded, prickle-like scales. (Clinocoitus Gill.*)

O. jsasalns Grd.

Olivaceous, much mottled, and with numerous small black and white
spots; about five irregular darker bars; a dark bar at base of caudal;
fins all spotted; cirri very numerous, mostly whitish, giving the fish a
woolly appearance in life. Head narrower anteriorly and rather pointed ;
mouth with lateral cleft, the maxillary reaching beyond pupil; baud of
palatine teeth short and narrow; eye large, 5 in head, about twice the
width of the deeply-grooved interorbital space; nasal spines distant

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1881, 168: type Oligocottus analis Grd. (Clinus;
Cottus.}

718 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

from snout; preopereular spine short, bifurcate; cranium plane above.
Upper part of body mesially, covered with minute, imbedded, non-im-
bricated, pectinate scales; anteriorly, small cirri, mostly bifid or trilid,
take the place of the scales. Head, especially above, Avith very many
similar cirri ; a fringe of cirri on edge of preopercle. Dorsal fins con-
tiguous. rather low; pectoral reaching past front of anal. Anal papilla
very large. Head :\.\ ; depth 4J. D. IX-17; A. 14; V. I, 3; P. 16. L.
7 inches. Coast of California; abundant in rock-pools from Monterey
>outhward to Lower California.

(Grd., Proc. Acacl. Nat, Sei. Phila. 1857, 201 ; Girard, U. g. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 57:
Centridermichthya ana1 is Giiuther ii, 171: Coitus criiriyer GUntber ii, 522.)

bb. Skin without scales or prickles. (OH(jocottn>i.)

11O3. O. onacillosus Grd. — Johnny.

Usual color reddish brown, varying to gray, intense green or crimson
according to surroundings, the vivid colors developed in the presence
of similarly colored algae; fins all barred; belly usually livid bluish or
greenish; lower side of head with white mottlings; northern specimens
with an ocellated black spot on front of spinous dorsal. Head slender,
narrowed above, the snout rather pointed ; maxillary reaching pupil ; top
of head with several scattered cirri; a few on sides of head, none on
edge of preopercle; cirri on lateral line anteriorly and on front of back,
also on base of spinous dorsal. No scales or prickles anywhere; pre-
opercular spine forked. Front rays of anal enlarged and partly de-
tached in <?; anal papilla large (in <?); pectorals reaching well beyond
front of anal. Head .Tr; ; depth 4J. D. VIII-1C; A. 1± L. 3 inches.
San Luis Ohispo to Alaska, exceedingly abundant northward; one of the
smallest of marine ('ottid-.r.

((iirui.l. Pr..r. Acad. Nat. S,-i. I'hila. K.i;. !:,:{; Giranl, U. S. Pac. K. I,1. Surv. Fish.
[>('.: Cenlridermtehthys nuic/ilomin (;iiuthcr, ii, 171.)

n«. Minith \\itli v;-ry lilllc Inirnil i-]rfi : tin- h.-nd -^lohoid. (liJcnnicuttu** Gill.)

I I OS. O. ^l4>C>i<i-<>|)s Ci-d.

Dark oli\c, with oltsciii'e darker cross-bars: first dorsal with 2 dark
-trcaks aliove: lins ^cneialh 1 sirred \\ith greenish, orange, or blue;
cirri mo>||\ Mack. I'.od\ little compressed; head cxtK-nicly short and
blunt, naiTo\\c;l above, nearly everywhere convex. Mouth anterior,
short and broad, al ..... st without lateral cleft ; lower jaw shortest ; max-
illary reaching past front of the small eye; interorbital sp;',: e very iiar-

•(Jill, I'ruc. Acad. Nat. S.'i. 1'liila. 1^,11, 1GG: type Oligocottits ylobiceps Grd. (Blen-
nt«» ; Coitus.)

107. COTTID^E BLEPSIAS. 719

row, grooved, about half width of eye: preopercular spine with a single
point turned upwards; top of head with two series of cirri; none on
sides of head, except a few on upper part of opercle; a series of cirri
along anterior half of lateral line; skin without scales or prickles; pec-
torals reaching beyond front of anal. Head 3f ; depth 4|. D. IX-1G;
A. 11; V. I, 3. Northern specimens are larger in size, with paler and
more variegated coloration and red markings; the dorsal has one or
two more rays, the preopercular spine is stronger and slightly hooked
upwards, and the opercle has many more cirri above than in the south-
ern form. Pacific coast, from Monterey northward to Kodiak ; in rock-
pools; rather rare.

(Girard, U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. Fish. 1858,58: Centridermichthya globiceps Giiuther,
ii, 171.)

378.— BLEPSIAS Cuvier.
(Peropus Bennett: Histiocottus Gill.)
(Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1829, eel. 2d: type Trachinus cirrhosus Pallas.)

Head and body compressed; skin hispid with stiffish villifonn
prickles, sometimes with definitely naked areas ; snout and chin with
several rather long barbels; mouth small; teeth villiform, on jaws,
vomer, and palatines; preopercle with two short blunt spines; gill-
membranes free from the isthmus; gills four, a slit behind the fourth;
top of head with bony ridges; suborbital stay narrow; first dorsal
short, elevated in front, the spines slender; second dorsal large; anal
similar, lower; ventrals very short, I, 3; pectorals long. Pacific coast.
(An old name of some fish; from /JAe/rw, to look.)

a. Spinous dorsal emarginate ; sides with naked areas.

1 IO.3. B. cirrSiosus (Pallas) Giinther.

Dark olivaceous, sides of back with four to six vertically oblong black
blotches edged with paler, not reaching nearly to lateral line; belly and
naked areas on sides whitish; black bands radiating from eyes ; fins
dark, with large pale blotches and dark spots; caudal with light and
dark bars ; ventrals plain ; a small white spot on front of spiuous dor-
sal. Snpraocular ridges well developed; interorbital space concave,
with two low ridges extending backwards from nasal spines, diverging
towards occipital ridges; the latter large, partly interrupted; subor-
bital stay conspicuous; temporal ridge present; maxillary reaching to
beyond middle of pupil; snout with five barbels, chin with six, the
longest about as long as the eye, which is 3f in head; a small cirrus

720 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

on each iiiterorbital ridge; interorbital space as wide as eye; sides
with three or four pale, well-defined, naked areas behind pectorals, the
two anterior much the largest; behind these a long naked strip along
tin- lateral line, colored like the rest of the body; first four spines of
dorsal elevated, § to £ length of head; the fifth much shortened; mem-
brane deeply notched between the fifth spine and the sixth, which is
longer than the one before it; ventrals as long as eye; pectorals reach-
ing much beyond front of anal; first rays of soft dorsal short; the
others gradually lengthened to near the last, the highest higher than
the dorsal spines; caudal longer than head. Head 3^; depth 3f. D.
V, 111-23; A. 20; P. 12; Lat. 1. 50. L. 6 inches. North Pacific, south
to San Francisco.

( Traclihuix rirrluimiH Pallas, Zoogr Ross.-Asiat. iii,237, 1811 : Bhpslas trilolms C. & V.
iv, 375, 182'J; Gunthcr, ii, 153; Steindacliner, Ichtli. Beitriige, v, 128, 1876.)

««. Spinous dorsal not cuuirginatc ; uo naked areas.

11O6. B. bilobus Cuv. & Val.

Olivaceous, paler below; dorsal region with 4-5 black bars, reaching
one-third the distance to the lateral line, and somewhat continued on
the fins; caudal with a black bar at base, otherwise plain; pectorals
and anal blotched with black. Body shorter and deeper than in B.
r//rAr>mv, with thicker caudal peduncle and heavier head, the bones
less firm; snout short, obtuse; interorbital space very wide, concave,
hall' wider than the small eye; short occipital ridges present, besides
several bluntish tubercles. Mouth broad, oblique, the maxillary reach-
ing pupil; teeth small, distant; barbels as in cirrhofsus. Head and
body covered with prickles, larger and blunter than in cirr/Hisus; no
naked patches on body; fins less developed than in cirrfiosii*; first
five or six spines of dorsal subequal, the last three abruptly shorter;
pectorals longer and much broader than in t- />/•// o\/?*, reaching seventh
anal ra\ ; caudal short, much shorter than head. I>. 1X-21; A. 18; P.
1(1. ('oasis of Alaska and Kamtschatka; the specimen here described
from Kodiak.

LV. A Val. iv, :;:;i, L829: /'T. ./*,/« lilobun Unim-it. B.Trli.y.s V..Y. /.,,",1. Fish. 59;
(Jiintlirr, ii, I.V.5. )

379.— NAUTICIITIIYS Giranl.
(Givard, I'. S. I'M.-. K'. K'. Surv. Kisli. 1-.>', 71: type' Illi-jixinx >» •nJnfn^-'nih^ Girard.)

I'.ody rather elongate, coni])rcsscd, but not elevated, the skin evenly
covered with short, close >rt, villiibrm prickles. Head short, strongly

107. COTTID.E RHAMPHOCOTTUS. 721

compressed, the cheeks subvertical ; orbital ring much elevated above,
with several blunt protuberances behind; nape much depressed, with
the base of the dorsal fin rising abruptly above it; mouth small; teeth
on jaws, vomer, and palatines; preopercle with small bluntish spines
above; gill -membranes broadly united to the isthmus; a slit behind
fourth gill; branchiostegals G; first dorsal falcate, the spines very flex-
ible, the anterior much elevated, much longer than head, the posterior
rapidly shortened; second dorsal long and rather high; anal fin similar
to second dorsal, but shorter and lower; pectorals moderate; ventrals
I, 3, well developed, nearly as long as head. Pacific coast. Small
fishes, of singular appearance. (v«6-ry<r, sailor; <>0<k, fish; in allusion
to the development of the first dorsal fin.)

»

11O7. IV. oculofasciatus Grd.

Grayish above; sides with dark marblings and obscure dusky bands;
a very conspicuous black band through the eye and across cheeks; first
dorsal blackish; other fins barred with light and dark; ventrals plain.
Maxillary reaching to opposite pupil; eye very large, longer than snout;
nasal spines conspicuous, curved ; maxillary and edge of preopercle with
minute cirri; orbit with a branched cirrus, as long as pupil; the narrow
iuterorbital space deeply channelled; supraocular ridge posteriorly with
3 blunt tubercles; 2 compressed tubercles on each side of first dorsal;
a deep pit at nape, extending under origin of first dorsal; spiuous dor-
sal smooth; rays of soft dorsal and caudal roughened with prickles;
dorsal spines nearly twice length of head; ventrals f length of head,
a little shorter than caudal; pectorals long. Head 3J; depth 3f. D.
IX-28; A. 19; P. 14; V. I, 3; Lat. 1. 44. L. 6 inches. Pacific coast,
San Francisco to Unalashka; chiefly northward.

(Blepsias oculofasciatns Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 202; Giiuther, ii,
157; Steiiidacliiier, Ichth. Beitrage, v, 130.)

38O.— RHAMPHOCOTTUS Gunther.
(Giiuther, Ann. Nat. Hist, xiv, 369, 1874: type Rhamphocotius richardsoni Gunther.)

Body short, elevated. Head very large, its greatest depth greater
than that of the body ; skull with 2 strong bony ridges from above the
front of the eye, continuous with 2 large occipital ridges, leaving the
interorbital space and middle line of the top of the head strongly
concave; snout slender, narrow, and abruptly protruding; mouth very
narrow, fl-shaped, its gape longer than wide; teeth villiform, none on
the vomer or palatines; gill-opening confined to the region above the
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 46

722 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

base of the pectorals, the membranes below completely united to the
shoulder girdle and isthmus; apparently no slit behind last gill; a
stout, straight, preopercular spine; nasal spines present; no other
spiiu-s on head. Skin everywhere on head and body firm, immovable,
dcirscly covered with stiff bifid or trifid spinous prickles; spinous dor-
sal very small; pectoral with procurrent base, (pantos, snout; XWT-TOC,
Cottus.)

11O8. R. richardsoni Gthr.

Brownish, with 6 or 8 oblique black bands running downward and
forward; a white bar below eye; a dusky bar at bases of pectorals and
ventrals, the fins otherwise plain. Head hard and bony, nearly as
long as rest of body; snout 'rather longer than eye, which is of mod-
erate size, and with partly vertical range; maxillary extending to front
of eye; suborbital stay strong; pectorals long, reaching tips of ventrals
and past front of anal; ventrals long, their rays prickly. Head 2;
depth 2. D. VII-14; A. 7 or 8; V. ca. I, 4. L. 2£ inches. Northern
seas. Three specimens known: the one here described from Bering's
Straits; the original, said to be from "Fort Rupert"; a third recently
•obtained by Mr. Lockington, from the stomach of a Sebastodes, at Mon-
tcrey.

(Giiuther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xiv, 370, 1874; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,
252.)

FAMILY CVIII (a) — AGONIDJE.*

(The Alligator-fishes.)

Body elongate, or more or less elevated, angular, covered with about
eight longitudinal series of large bony plates, which form a coat of mail ;

"The following genera and species of this type have been described from Kaui-
tschatka .UK! I lie Kurile Islands, and will doubtlesi be found oil our Alaskan coast:

IIYPSAGONUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. l^I'd, '2.')!): type Anpidopliorn* qnnrtricnrni* Cuv. &. Val.)
\\m\\ • eompre^r-ii ami rii's atrd, its depth greater than length of head, more than

one-third the hoily: head small, separated from the liase of the dorsal by a very deep
nuchal depression ; top of head very uneven ; mouth terminal. 1 he jaws about equal;
novoim-riue teeth; gill-membranes midcscrihed. probal>ly free from isthmus; no bar-
bels; scales large. not very rough, most of them stiiate ami armed with a central
spine or tubercle; dorsal spines strong, the first serrated ; pectorals short, procurrent;
ventrals small, (vifit, high ; .lijonun.)

11. tiixidrii-oniix (Cuv. & Val.) Gill.
Two horns above eye And 2 above occiput; intcrorbital space nearly as broad as

108 ^. AGONID.E. 723

head externally entirely bony, the plates often spiuous; eyes large, placed
high; suborbital stay cuirassing the cheek; mouth terminal or inferior;
barbels often present; teeth small, in villiform bands, on the jaws, and
often on the vomer and palatines also ; gills 3 £, no slit behind the last ;
pseudobranchice very large, usually extending down the inner side of
the opercle; gill-rakers small; gill-membranes united, free or joined to

eye; 2 small spines above snout; dorsals well separated. Head 3£; depth 3. D.
IX-(5; A. 10; Lat. 1. 33. Katutschatka. (GUnther.)

(Aspidophorus quadricornis Cuv. & Val. iv, 221, 1829: Agonus quadricornis Gunther,
ii, 215.)

HIPPOCEPHALUS Swainson.

(Swainson, Class. Fish. &c., 1839, 272: type Aspidophorus superciliosus Cuv. & Val.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed, the head depressed at the nape; dorsal
spines strong, the first inserted close behind the nape; dorsals well separated; jaws
equal, or the lower slightly the longer; breast granulated; gill-membranes not de-
scribed, probably free. ('iTtnoS, horse; KScpaXrjj head.)

H. japonlcus (Pallas) Gill.

Yellowish brown, the body banded and the fins with dark lines. Top of head not
very rough; a fiat triangular prominence, directed upward and outward above each
eye, concealing the eye when viewed from above; 2 spines above the snout; subor-
bital with 2 or 3 spines, one of them with a barbel; suborbital stay broad, gibbous;
barbels small; bony plates rough-striate, pyramidal, the center raised; ventrals half
as long as pectorals; dorsals separated by a space greater than length of either; fina
all very rough. Depths. D. VI-17; A. 8; Lat. 1. 45. L. 12 inches. Kurile Inlands.
(Cuv. $ Val.)

(Cottus japonicus Pallas, Spicilegia fasc. vii, 31, 1772: Agonus curilicus and Agonus
stegophtlialmua Tilesius, Me~m. Ac. Petersb. iv, 416, 427: Aspidophorus superciliosus Cuv.
& Val. iv, 215: Agonus ateyophthalmus, Giinther, ii, 214.)

Sracliyopsis dodecaedrus (Tiles.) Bean.

Brownish, body and fins banded. Body elongate ; snout obtuse, depressed, without
spines; mouth nearly vertical, the lower jaw considerably produced; interorbital
space as wide as eye; suborbital with spines; breast with many small convex polyg-
onal plates; keels of the scales ending in a small point. Head 5; depths. D. XI-7;
A. 15; P. 15; V. I, 2; Lat. 1. 40. Kamtschatka; common. (Cuv. <Sr Val.)

(Agonus dodekaedrus Tiles. M6m. Ac. Petersb. iv, pi. 13, 1811: Phalanglstes loricatus
Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 114: Aspidodophor us dodecaedrus Cuv. & Val. iv, 209:
Agonus dodecaedrus Gthr. ii, 214.)

Siphagonus segaliensis (Tiles.) Steind.

Yellowish brown ; fins with black bands. Form resembling Bracliyopsis rostratus,
but the tail shorter; body depressed; eye behind middle of head; two spines on the
suborbital, and some others about eyes; dorsals contiguous; anal longer than second
dorsal ; no barbels under the throat ; gill-membranes and barbels at chin undescribed.
D. VII-8; A. 12; C. 10; P. 14; V. I, 2. L. 7 inches. Island of Saghalien. (Cuv. $
Val.)

(Syngnatlius segaliensis Tiles. Me"m. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, ii, 216: Agonus Icevigatus
Tilesius, Me"m. Acad. Petersb. iv, 436: " Aspidophore llsse" Cuv. & Val. iv, 214.)

724 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

the isthmus; ventral fins thoracic, close together, imperfect, I, 2 or I, 3;
spinons dorsal small, sometimes absent; anal short, similar to soft dor-
sal, without spines; caudal narrow, few-rayed; pectorals entire, with
broad base, the rays mostly simple; pyloric coeca few; air-bladder
none. Small fishes, chiefly of the Arctic Seas. Genera about 10; spe-
cies about 16. They feed chiefly on Crustacea, and are often found at

considerable depths.
(Triglida;, group Cataphracti pt. Giinther, ii, 211-216.)

a. Spinous dorsal obsolete ; gill-membranes free from the isthmus. (Aspidophoroidina. )

ASPIDOPHOROIDES, 381.

an. Spinous dorsal present.

b. Gill-membranes free from the isthmns; lower jaw projecting,
c. Body extremely elongate; snout forming a tube; chin with a single long

barbel SIPHAGOXUS, 382.

cc. Body fusiform, less elongate; snout not forming a tube; chin without barbel.

BRACHYOPSIS, 383.

bb. Gill-membranes united to the isthmus, lower jaw included.
d. Bony plates of body without spines.

f. Vomeriue teeth none; no occipital pit AGONUS, 384.

ee. Vomeriue teeth present ; a deep pit at the occiput BOTHIIAGON us, 385.

dd. Bony plates of body ending in spines.

/. Vomerine teeth present ODONTOPYXIS, 386.

ff. Vomerine teeth none PODOTHECUS, 387.

3§1.— ASPIDOPHOROIDES Lac£pede.
(Anoplagomis Gill.)

(LacrpJ-dr, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 228, 1802: type Aspidophoroides tranquebar Lac. = Cof£ua
monopterygiue Bloch. )

Body very long and slender, subterete, octangular, tapering into a
very long six-sided tail. Head slender, short, with large eye; mouth
small, terminal ; jaws and vomer with villiform teeth. Dorsal fin
single, without spines, very small, inserted nearly opposite the still
smaller anal; other fins small; bony plates of body keeled, without
spines; gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus. (da-Is,
shield; (,'"'/' -wj to bear; er^r, appearance.)

a. N.isal spines very strong.

11OO. A. moiiopK c > :;iiis (Bloch) Ston-r.

P.roxvuish, obscurely banded with darker; pectorals, dorsal, and cau-
dal mottled or barred. Head triangular, much narrowed anteriorly;
nasal spines very large, diverging, inserted near tip of snout; no other
spines anywhere; eyes very large, longer than snout; supraocular
ridges very high; a ridge extending backward from eye along tern-

108 (a). AGONID^E SIPHAGONUS. 725

poral region; lower jaw slightly included; caudal peduncle very long
and slender, forming about two-fifths the length; breast with flat
plates; dorsal ridges high anteriorly, the median line of back from
snout to dorsal fin concave. Head 5§; depth 9. D. 5; A. 6; Lat. 1.
about 50. L. G inches. Polar regions, southward to Cape Cod; abun-
dant in deep water.

(Coitus monoptcrygius Bloch, Ausliiudische Fisclie, ii, 150, taf. 178; Gunther, ii, 210.)
act. Nasal spines obsolete. ( Anoplayonus Gill.)

1110. A. icaei'mis Giintber.

Black, obscurely marbled with grayish and brownish; dorsal grayish,
marbled with black; caudal black, with a gray band; anal yellowish,
with a black dot behind each ray. Body anteriorly much broader than
high. Head flat, depressed, triangular; nasal spines obsolete; lower
jaw projecting; interorbital space grooved, narrower than the orbit;
eye less than snout, 5 in head; pectorals shorter than head; ventrals
small; breast with about 16 plates. Head 5 in total length; depth 14;
width 9. D. 5; A. 5; C. 10; P. 10; V. 2; Lat. 1. 41. Vancouver's
Island. (Giinther.)

(Gunther, ii, 524: Anoplagonm inermis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 167.)

3§2.— SIPHAGONUS Steindachner.
(Steindachner, Ichth. Beitriige, v, 140, 1876: type Syngnath us scgaliensis Tiles.)

Form of Syngnathus; snout produced in a tube; lower jaw projecting
beyond upper, with a long barbel at the syrnphysis; gill-membranes
free from the isthmus; both dorsals present; ventrals very short j
plates of body slightly keeled, without spine. (Latin, sipho, tube;
Agonus.)

1111. S. barb at us Steind.

Brownish, a lengthwise black band on sides of head, becoming ob-
solete behind. Body very slender, subterete; median line of head and
back concave; snout produced into a long moderately-compressed
tube, the single barbel at the chin about twice the length of eye; teeth
on vomer; snout and orbital rim without spin'es; eye in middle of head;
suborbital narrow, unarmed; preopercle with 3 spines; large polygonal
scales on the breast; pectorals long, reaching dorsal; veutrals very
short, the vent close behind them. Head 4; depth = length of snout,
9. D. VI-7; A. 9; P. 12; Lat, 1. 44. L. 0 inches. Coasts of Alaska
and Japan ; not rare.

(Steindachuer, Ichth. Beitriige, v, 140, 1876.)

726 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

383.— BRACIIYOPSIS Gill.

(? Lcptagonus Gill.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, -J.VJ: type Agon us restrains Tilesius.)

Body elongate, fusiform, low, covered with spiiious plates. Head de-
pressed, spinous; mouth comparatively large, very oblique, the lower
ja\v projecting; jaws, vonier, and palatines with small teeth; gill-mem-
branes united, free from the isthmus; barbels few; spinous dorsal well
developed; ventral rays I, 2. (/fya^w?, short; <>0£<r, face.)

B. root rat us (Tilesius) Gill.

Body more fusiform than in other species of this genus, very robust
in front of the middle, tapering to the slender tail. Head triangular
and pointed, as seen from above, the mouth quite narrow; eyes small,
well forward; head considerably depressed, snout without spine; a
short flap at angle of mouth; scales not very rough; gill-membranes
free from the isthmus; ventrals quite short; breast with a median row
of large raised convex plates; a row of similar plates bordering the
edge of the gill-opening, the three series forming a /j\-shaped figure,
the interstices filled with very small plates. "D. VIII-8; A. 13"; Lat.
1. 36. L. 8 inches. Alaska and Ivamtschatka; here described from
specimens lately obtained by Dr. Bean.

(Agonus roatratits Tiles. M6tn. Acad. Pctcrsl). iv, pi. 14: Phtilangintesfusiformis Pallas,
Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 11(>: Agonua rontratuy Giinther, ii, 214.)

1113. B. vcrrucosus Lockington.

Olivaceous, banded with darker; pectorals whitish at base, with si
dark spot above and below; terminal port ion dark; ventrals bright
01 an.ue \cllo\v with a large black spot inside of the first ray, and two
small spots near the tip in <?, the fin plain in 9. Body elongate, de-
pressed; mandrble narrow, not one-fourth as deep as long; maxillary
reaeliing slightly beyond front of eje, with a short barbel at tip; length
of b.irliel \ that of eye; ridges on head all rough; supraocular ridges
serrale; occipital and postorbital ridges without spines; preorbital with
about six spines; suborbital stay with two; preoperele \\iih two spines
near its angle; operele without spines; membrane of mandible with
small stellate t nlierelrs; plates on bod\ rough, each with a keel termi-
nating in a strong spine; the dorsal plates with small prickles also;
breast and base of pectoral tin with large, striate, wart-like tubercles;
plates of ventral series tubercular anteriorly; upper lateral series of

108 (a). AGONID.E BRACHYOPSIS. 727

plates reaching head; pectorals reaching the eleventh plate; ventrals
extending beyond front of anal in <?, much shorter in 9 ; the membrane
between the rays very broad; anal papilla small. Head 4J; depth 8.
D. IX-7; A. 11; V. I, 2; P. 14; C. 10; Lat. 1. 35. L. 8 inches. Coast
of California; abundant in deep water.

(Locldugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 60, 1880 (May 6): Agonus (Brachyopsis) bar-
Jcani Steind. Iclith. Beitriige, ix, 253, 1880 (July 15).)

1114. B. xyosternus J. &. G.

Light olive brown, finely reticulated with darker, pale below; mandi-
ble, and sides of head below eye bright silvery; pectoral blackish, with
a large light blotch at base below and a broad pale tip ; caudal entirely
black; dorsal nearly plain; ventrals plain; anal white anteriorly, ab-
ruptly black behind. Form of B. verrucosus, but rather stouter and
less depressed; breast covered with minute prickles; plates of body
with spines as in B. verrucosus, but without smaller prickles ; ventral
fins short, reaching, even in the male, little more than half way to anal;
the connecting membrane of the rays very narrow; maxillary barbel
long, three-fourths the diameter of the eye; mandible very deep, more
than one third as deep as long; upper lateral series of plates obsolete
from front of first dorsal forward. Head 4£; depth 7. D. VI-G; A. 8;
V. I, 2 ; P. 17 ; Lat. 1. 30. L. 5 £ inches. About Monterey and San
Francisco; common about Santa Cruz.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 152, 1880 (July 2): Agonus (Brachyopsis)
annce Steiudachuer, Iclith. Beitriige ix, 254, 1880 (July 15).)

1115. B. (?) decagonus (Bloch & Schneider) J. & G.

Yellowish brown, marbled with darker. Body elongate, compressed ;
head depressed ; jaws equal; a pair of spines above the snout, a second
above the orbits, a third on the nape, the latter the largest; barbels
very short and thick; scales with very prominent spines; six series of
scales between the ventral fins and the vent; four between the vent
and the anal fin; pectoral fins much longer than head, one-fourth total
with caudal. D. VI-7; A. 8; P. 14; Lat. 1. 41. Greenland to Norway.
(Giinther.)

(Agonus decagonus Bl. & Sclin. 1801, 105: Agonus decagonus Giinther, ii, 215: Agonus
decagonus Collet, Norges Fiske, 1875, 40: Archagonus decagonus Gill: Aspidophorus spi-
nosissimus Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. i, 250, 1844: Agonus spinosissimns Gunther, ii,
214: Leptagonus spinosissimus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 167, 1861.)

728 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

384.— AGONUS Bloch & Schneider.

(AapidopJionu Lucdpude: Phalangisics Pallas.)
(Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 104, 1801: type Coitus cataphractua L.)

Body low; bead broad, depressed, about as broad as long; mouth
small, siil anterior, the lower jaw inrluded; no vomeriue teeth; gill-
meinbranes joined to the isthmus, forming a narrow fold across it;
plates on body without spines; fins short. One species known, (a,
without; pws/«?, joint: i. e., rigid.)

1116. A. cata.p9ir;ictns (L.) Bloch & Schneider. — Sea Poacher.

Brownish, sides with some dark bands; pectorals and upper fins
barrt-d. Body anteriorly very broad, flattened below, tapering ab-
ruptly forward to the triangular snout, and slowly backward to the
long and slender tail; the greatest width is half more than the greatest
height and 5 times the least height; snout with four sharp, hooked
spines projecting much beyond the horizontal 0 -shaped mouth; lower
jaw profusely covered with thickish barbels, the largest longer than
c\c; subor.bital narrow, with three blunt bony projections; preopercle
and subopercle each with a stout spine, that on subopercle the larger
ami hooked backward; bones of head striate; orbital crests elevated,
roughish; interorbital space broader than eye; top of head little un-
even, without spines; two blunt occipital processes; no nuchal depres-
sion; the space between dorsal ridges concave; plates on body rugose;
lateral plates much smaller than others, the upper lateral series obsolete
from middle of spinous dorsal forward, in which region the lower lateral
>eries is much enlarged; breast with four quadrate plates forming a
square. Dorsal small; pectoral about as long as head, reaching to
within tour plates of anal; ventrals short, reaching little beyond vent,
<;v; in length. Head about as broad as long, 4A; depth G. I). V-7; A.
r»; Lat. 1. .'J.">; cu-ca 5; vertebra! 11 + 25. Northern Europe; recorded,
perhaps erroneously, from (ireenland.

(Col/iiH c<iliii»linn-lnx I,. Sysi. Nat. i, lf>l : .l.x/wfr//)/ior«« armatux Larf'p. iii, 222; Giiu-
Ilirr, ii, 211 ; l>ay, Fi-h.-- < Jn-at Krit.-iin,

38*.— BOTIIKAOONUS Gill.

(Gill, Bull. I'. S. NaL Mtis. \i. iiu-d.: type lli//n«ii/i>iiiif< mrnni Stcindaclincr.)

IJody rather sliort and deep, broad and depressed anteriorly, com-
pressed behind; a deep nuchal pit ; month snbinl'erior, the lower jaw
included ; head and neck to the dorsal tin rhombic in outline, as seen
from above; jaws and vomer with teeth; dorsals small, well separated;

108 («). AGONID^E PODOTHECUS. 729

anal similar to soft dorsal; ventral I, 2; plates without spines or keels;
no spiues on head. Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus.
North Pacific. (poOpos, a cavity; «;'wvo?, Agouus.)

1117. B. swani (Steindacbner) Gill.

Clear yellowish ; a blackish cross-bar downwards and forwards from
base of first dorsal; another between the dorsals, and a third behind
dorsal and anal; a dusky bar across iuterorbital space and through eye;
fins all mottled or barred. Nuchal pit broader than long, the plates be-
hind sending three processes into it; top of head with two broad par-
allel ridges, the space between them transversely concave; preopercular
margin denticulated ; breast with large plates, similar to those on sides
of body. Head 3J; depth 3J. D. III-5; A. 5; P. 12; C. 12; Y. I, 2;
Lat. 1. 32. Puget's Sound; one specimen known. (Steindachner.)

(Hypsagonus swanii Steindacbuer, Ichtb. Beitritge, v, 144, 1876.)

»§6.— OE>ONTOPYXIS Lockington.
(Lockington, Proc. TT. S. Nat. Mas. ii, 328, 1879: type Odontopyxis trispinosus Lock.)

The genus differs from Podothecus chiefly in the presence of vomerine
teeth. The body is very slender; and the fins few-rayed, (odtuv, tooth ;

True::?, box.)

1118. O. trispinosus Lock.

Olivaceous, with six or seven darker bands; fins with dark blotches.
A sharp, rather long, movable spine upon the tip of the snout, its tri-
angular base projecting beyond the jaws; behind this a pair of recurved,
fixed spines ; supraorbital ridge prominent, ending in a backward-
directed spine; maxillary with two minute barbels; isthmus broad;
eye very large; forehead strongly convex, longitudinally transversely
strongly concave; a deep nuchal cavity divided by a longitudinal ridge;
preorbital with a spine directed backward; eye large; a circlet of hori-
zontal spines at base of caudal. Head 5£ in total length ; depth 10 to
12; eye 3f in head. D. IV-6; A. 6; V. I, 2; P. 14; 0. 11; Lat. 1. 36.
L. 3 inches. Pacific Coast from San Francisco to Santa Barbara.

(Odontopyxis trispinosus Lockingtou, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus. ii, 328, 1879.)

3§T.— PODOTHECUS Gill.
(Par a (/onus Gill.)

(Gill, Proc. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 18G1, 259: type Podothecus peristethus G'M = Agonu8 acipen-
serinus Tiles.)

Body elongate, fusiform; head long, compressed, armed above; snout
protruding much beyond the small, inferior, U-shaped mouth; teeth

730 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

very small, in villiform bands; none on vomeror palatines; lower parts
of head with barbels; gill-membranes united to the isthmus, not form-
ing a fold across it. Plates of body armed with spines; spiiious dorsal
present. Ventral rays I, 2. (~»u-^ foot; Or^rn box, from a supposed
groove tor the reception of the veutrals.)

1119. P. vulsus J. & G.

Dark brown, with 7 to 0 darker cross-bars, extending on the fins;
pectorals black, with whitish edging and a pale blotch near base; other
fins chiefly black, the anal with whitish edging; belly white. Body
very elongate, broader than high. Head triangular, the profile irregu-
lar, the snout pointed. Mouth 0 -shaped, entirely inferior, the maxil-
lary reaching front of pupil; distance from premaxillaries to tip of
rostral spines, about half length of snout; maxillary, interopercle, and
branebiostegals, with scattered cirri, these fewer and smaller than in
P. acipenserinus ; none oh lower side of snout. Eye large, as long as
snout, .'ii in head; the orbital rim prominent all around. Spines of
head more numerous than in the other Agonidcc. Snout with two
strong spines directed forwards, two large ones behind them directed
upwards, then two smaller ones; orbital ridge elevated and serrated,
with a preocular and a supraocular spine; behind the latter, a ridge
armed with two spines on each side, separated from the first plates of
the dorsal series by a deep quadrangular pit; a row of minute, erect
spines on median line of back and top of head; a sharp, serrated, tem-
poral ridge, with four spines; opercle with a strong rib and several
spines; suborbital stay with an irregular prominent ridge; preoperele
with three principal spines and some smaller ones; suborbital narrow,
hall' width of eye, extremely uneven, armed with small spines and
tnbeivles; more t lian 70 spines and tubercles on the head. Plates of
body all striate, those above and on sides ending each in a sharp
spine; breaM with about six polygonal plates, on each side of which
are the plates of the abdominal series; bases of caudal and pectorals
with small spines. Ventrals short, the vent near the middle of their
length. Head 1: depth X. D. 1X-7; A. '.»; Lat. 1. 40. L. 4£ inches.
Deep water, oil' San Francisco; not common.

i-///.-, «s .Ionian A Cilln-it, Proc. U. S. Nat. MILS, iii, 303, 1830.)

1 12O. P. ariiM'iiscriiitiK (Tiles.) Gill.— Alligator

Brown with darker marblings and narrow vertical streaks; fins oliva-
ceous, more or less marbled with dark; ventrals plain, black in <? ; a

108(6). TRIGLID^E. 731

dark bar at base of pectorals; belly white. Body elongate, the tail very
slender, broader than deep; head narrow, the cheeks sub vertical, the
snout long and pointed; mouth 0 -shaped, wholly inferior; distance from
premaxillaries to tip of nasal spines less than half snout; maxillary
and lower side of snout with dense tnfts of long cirri as long as eye;
a few on mandible, none on branchiostegal region. Eye large, shorter
than snout, 4 in head; orbital rim prominent above only; snout with
two spines directed forward, then two larger ones hooked backward, far
behind which are two smaller ones close together, directed upward;
orbital bones rugose, with a strong supraocular spine only; behind it a
sharp occipital ridge on each side, each ending in a single spine; no pit
at the occiput, the vertex nearly plane; opercle and preoperele strongly
striate, the latter with a ridge and a blunt spine; suborbital very broad,
nearly as deep as eye, striate, with a double ridge at its lower margin,
the upper ridge with two or three spines; head with about 18 distinct
spines in all. Plates of body strongly striate, those above ending in
strong spines; breast with about twelve polygonal plates; slight asper-
ities at base of pectoral ; ventrals very short, not longer than eye in $ ,
about half longer than eye in <? ; pectorals large, about reaching anal;
caudal peduncle long, about half length of body without head; dorsals
high in $ , the two fins closely contiguous. Head 3| ; depth 6. D. IX-7 ;
A. 8; Lat. 1. 37; vert. VI + 27. L. 12 inches. Puget Sound to Alaska;
common northward.

(Agon us acipenserinus Tilesius, Me~ra. Acad. St. Petersb. iv, 422, 1813. Agonus acipenseri-
nus Giiuiher, ii, 212: Podothecus peristctli us Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 260:
Parayonus atipemerinus Gill, 1. c. 167: Agonus acipenserinus Jordau '& Gilbert, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 332, 1880.)

FAMILY CVIII (&).— TRIGLIME.*
(The Gurnards.}

Body elongate, usually more or less fusiform, covered with scales or
series of bony plates. Head externally bony, usually entirely cuirassed
with rough, bony plates, some of which are armed with spines; eyes
high; mouth terminal or subinferior; premaxillaries protractile; max-
illary without supplemental bone, slipping under the preorbital ; teeth
very small, in bands in the jaws, and usually on the vomer and pala-
tines, sometimes entirely wanting ; gills 4, a large slit behind the
fourth; pseudobranchia3 present ; gill-rakers various; gill-membranes

* Family 108 (a), Agonidce is included under Triglidcc, in the key to families, on page
79.

732 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

free, or variously attached to the isthmus. Ventral fins thoracic, usu-
ally wide apart, separated by a flat area, I, 4 or I, 5. Spinous dorsal
present, short; soft dorsal similar to the anal, which is without spines;
caudal narrow, few-rayed. Pectorals large, with broad base, some-
times divided into two portions, sometimes with the TWO or three' lower-
most rays detached. Air-bladder present; pyloric coaca usually pres-
ent, few in number. Singular looking fishes, allied to the Cottida;
found in all seas. Genera 5; species about 40.

(Triglida; pt. Giinther, ii, 191-210, 21G-224.)

o. Pectoral fins, with two or three detached appendages belo\v; ventrals I, 5, wide

apart.
b. Body mailed; teeth none; pectoral appendages 2. (Perivtediinw.)

PKHISTKDir.M, 388.

bb. Body scaly; teeth present ; pectoral appendages 3. (Trigliiue.)

c. Palatines toothless TRIGLA, 389.

cc. Palatines with teeth PnioNorrs, 3UO.

aa. Pectoral tin divided to the base, into two unequal parts; ventrals I, 4, contigu-
ous; gill-uiembraues broadly attached to the isthmus. (DoGtylopterinat.')

CEPIIALACANTIIUS, 391.

388.— PERISTEDIUM Lacdpi-d.-.

(PerMedion Lac<?pedp, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 3U8, 1802: type Pcrintcdion muhinnat Lac. =
Triqla cataphracta Gmelin.)

Body elongate, fusiform, covered with bony plates, each of which is
armed with a strong spine; head bony; each preorbital produced into
a long flat process, which projects more or less beyond the mouth;
mouth small; teeth none; lower jaw included, provided with barbels;
gill-membranes separate, narrowly joined to the isthmus anteriorly;
gill-rakers slender. Dorsal fin continuous or divided. Pectoral fin
short, with the two lowermost rays detached. Ventrals I, ."">, separated
by a broad flat area. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric cceca about 10.
Warm seas. Color generally red. ("/'!, around; arsOuf^ diminutive of
a-^tio-^ breast; the breast being mailed.)

1121. P. mi ilia tu in Goode.

15 right crimson. Armature of body essentially as in 7*. liri'riroxtrc;*
spines of abdominal plates very weak posteriorly; length of preorbital
process :\.\ in disiance from its extremity to front of orbit: interorbital
space deeply conc:i\e; protuberance on the forehead very slight; a
pair of spines on upper surface of snout behind base of preorbital
processes; a large]1 pail1 on preorbital processes; ridge, of preopercle
ending in a depressed, short, sharp-pointed spine; about ten small

liiinih.-r, Cat. FUli. Brit. Mus. ii, 218, 18UO.

108(6). TRIGLID.E PRIONOTUS. 733

tentacles on each side of lower jaw, those near the symphysis smallest.
Long tentacles at angle of mouth fringed, extending to bases of pec-
torals. Head 2£; depth 5. D. VII-1S; A. 17; C. 16; P. 2-10; V. I,
5; Lat. 1. 28. L. 12 inches. Gulf Stream, off the coast of Ehode Island.
(Goode.)

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1880, 349.)

3§9.— TRIG L, A Liunseus.

Gurnards.
(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Naturae, 1758: type, Trigla lyra L.)

This genus differs from Pnonotm chiefly in the absence of palatine
teeth. The scales are smaller and the pectoral fins less developed; a
series of bony, spinous plates extend along the base of the dorsal fins,
a pair of them to each ray, the fin thus running in a shallow groove;
caudal fin usually emarginate. Lateral line usually forking at base of
caudal, the branches running to tip of fin. The numerous species
abound on the coasts of Europe, Africa and India. (r/^Aa, classical
name of Mullus barbatw; transferred to this group for no evident
reason.)

1122. T. cucailiis Linu. — Red Gurnard.

JRose-red; profile of snout rather steep, slightly concave; preorbital
with short deuticulations; maxillary nearly reaching front of orbit;
lateral line with a series of unarmed plates, which are deeper than
long; first dorsal spine tuberculated ; second longest, § length of head;
pectoral reaching past front of anal. Head 3J; depth 5. D. IX-18;
A. 17; Lat. 1. 75. Common in Europe; said by Cuvier to have been
once brought from New York by Milbert.

(Linn. Syst. Nat.: Trigla pini Giinther, ii, 190; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. 1880, 58.)

39O. -PRIONOTUS Lace"pede.

Sea Robins.
(Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 337, 1802: type Trigla evolans L.)

Body subfusiform ; profile of head descending to the broad depressed
snout, which is much longer than the small eye; eyes close together, high
up; surface of head entirely bony, the bones rough with ridges and
granulations ; scales on head few or none ; preopercle with one or two
sharp spines at its angle; opercle with a sharp spine; nape with two
strong spines; a spine on shoulder girdle. Mouth rather broad; bands
of small, almost granular, teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines; gill-

73-1 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

membranes nearly separate, free from isthmus; gill-rakers rather long.
Body covered with small, rough scales, which are not keeled: lateral
line continuous: scales of breast very small. Dorsal fins distinct, the
first of S to 10 rather stout spines; anal fin similar to soft dorsal;
juvtoral fin with the three lower anterior rays thickened, entirely free
from each otlr.-r and from the fin; ventrals I, 5, wide apart, with a Hat
space between them, the inner rays longest. Pyloric cceca in moderate
number^ air-bladder generally with lateral muscles, and divided into
two lateral parts; vertebra} 10 or 11 + 15. Species about 10, repre-
senting in America the old world genus Trigla. (-p'.wv, saw; i>d*T<>-,
back; three free, saw-like spines being said to intervene between the
two dorsals.)

a. Mouth small, mandible not reaching vertical from front of orbit; prcopercular
spine without conspicuous basal cusp; blotches on spinous dorsal well de-
lined, ocellatcd; a transverse groove connecting the upper posterior angles of
.•rbit. (Ortiii-litliyx* Sw.)
fc. Body very slender; sides with numerous round brownish spots.

11 'J3. P. puiictiUus (Bloch) Cuv. & Vol.

Dark olive brown, back and sides covered with numerous round
bron/e spots, larger than the pupil; spinous dorsal dusky, with lighter
streaks and two black ocellated spots; second dorsal and upper half of
caudal spotted; anal blackish, with a pinkish border; pectorals black-
ish, the free rays barred with light and dark; ventrals pale; branehi-
o.Megal membrane pinkish. Pectorals short, reaching only to middle of
suit dorsal, L'.\ in length to base of caudal; first dorsal high. Body
much slenderer than in any of the other species. Band of palatine
teeth very slender, shorter than eye; maxillary one-third length of
head: preorbital without spines; operele scaleless; gill-rakers shortish;
about 10 below angle. Head :!',; depth <>. I). X-1.".; A. ll'; Lat. 1.
about 7~>. West Indies, north to North Carolina; not rare southward.
1 1 ere described from specimens from North Carolina, perhaps belonging
to a species distinct from the true ptincti'fiis, which is described as less
slender.

l',-i:/l,i ),<ni,-1<i1n Bloeh. Ansl. l-'iseh. taf. :'.."..': M'uv. A Val. iv, l>:$; ?(;iinl lier, ii,
'.•:;; .Jordan A (iill.erl, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mils. 1878, :'.7:5.)

/>/). Iioil\ rat In r lolnisi : Md-\s of body without conspicuous spots.
1 1*JI. I*. |>allllD|M'S ( Mitdi.) Sl..ivr.

Brownish above, clouded with darker; throat and branchioslegals
dark; a distiiujt black blotch above on membrane between fourth and

9wain8on, Cla->. l-'i.-.li. etc., l-:'.'.i, -Ji'.-J: typ-' Tr>-jl« punctilio, Bloch. (opvi?, bird;
S, lish.)

108(6). TRIGLIDJ5 — PEIONOTUS. 735

fifth dorsal spines, this ocellated below; 2 longitudinal light streaks
below dorsal blotch; second dorsal with oblique whitish streaks. Head
comparatively smooth above. Preopercular spine strong; opercle scale-
less; band of palatine teeth short and broad, shorter than eye. Pec-
torals short, not reaching middle of second dorsal, 2J- in length; pec-
toral appendages strong, more or less dilated at their tips; ventrals
long, reaching anal; gill-rakers rather short, about 10 below angle;
maxillary 3£ in head. Head 3; depth 5. D. X-13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 58.
Atlantic coast of the United States; common northward.

(11 Trifjla Carolina Linnaeus, Mantissa, ii, 528: Trigla palmipes Mitchill, Trans. Lit.
& Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 431, 1815: Prionotus pilatns Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii,
77: Prionotus palmipes and P. pilalua Storer, Fish. Mass. 18: Prionotus carolinusC. & V.
iv, 90: Prionotus carolinus Giiuther, ii, 192.)

aa. Month large, mandible reaching at least the vertical from front of orbit; no dis-
tinct transverse groove between and behind the eyes; preopercnlar spine
with a smaller one at base; dorsal blotch diffuse, not ocellated. (Prionotus.)

1125. P. tribulus Cuv. & Val.

Dark brown above, with darker blotches and numerous small, pale
spots; belly pale; a black blotch at base of mandible; membrane of
spinous dorsal, between the third and sixth spines, with a black blotch
above; second dorsal with brownish spots, forming oblique bars, and
with 2 dark blotches at base, the posterior blotch continued obliquely
downwards and forwards t,o below the lateral line; pectoral olive
brown, with dark cross-bars, which are more distinct towards the tip
of the fin; its upper edge white; pectoral appendages with dark spots;
basal half of caudal paler. Pectorals rather short, not reaching end
of dorsal, 2 in length to base of caudal; pectoral appendages thick,
tapering. Body robust. Head shorter and broader, snout shorter,
and bones more strongly striate than in P. evolans; iuterorbital space
deeply concave; occipital and supraorbital spines very strong and
much compressed; band of palatine teeth as long as eye; gill-rakers
shortish, 9 below angle; membranous edge of opercle scaly. Head 2J
in length; depth 4. D. X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. about 50. South Atlantic
coast of the United States; abundant.

(Cuv. & Val. iv, 98, 1829; Giinther, ii, 195; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1878, 374.)

1126. P. evolans (Linn.) Gill.

Similar to var. lineatus, but spotted also with white; the pectorals
plain black, with pale edgings above, longer than in var. lineatus,
reaching usually past the end of the second dorsal and anal, 1^-lf in

736 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

length to base of caudal. Body and bead stouter, the plates rougher;
Irs somewhat larger, in about 55 series. Atlantic coast; common
southward.
(f Tritjla n-vlans L. Syst. Xai. ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 374.)

Subsp. lineal us (Mitch.) J. & G.

Olive brown above, mottled and spotted with blackish; whitish be-
low; a narrow dark streak along the lateral line, with a broader one
below it, which terminates behind in a series of spots and blotches;
lower jaw and branchiostegal membranes sometimes bright orange-yel-
low; pectorals blackish, edged with olivaceous and orange, with numer-
ous transverse dark lines; membrane of spiuous dorsal with a black
blotch between third and sixth spines; soft dorsal plain or with 2 black
blotches at base; ventrals and anal orange; pectoral appendages slen-
der, dusky. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, 15 below angle; band
of palatine teeth wide, shorter than eye; spines on head moderate in
size, compressed, the one at upper posterior angle of orbit little devel-
oped; membranous edge of opercle scaly; ventral reaching to front of
anal; pectoral reaching to past middle of soft dorsal and anal, from 1J
to 2J in length. Head 1':] in length; depth 4A. Eye 2A in snout. D.
X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. about GO. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras; common
northward. Perhaps a distinct species, but seeming to vary into the
preceding.

(Tr'Hjln Innnla Mitchill, Trans. Lit. A rhil. Soc. N. Y. i, 430, 1815: Primiotus lincatua
rr, Hist. Fish. Mass.: Pri»noiiin lineatus Giinther, ii, 19:2: J'rionotuv otrigatun Cuv.

& Val. iv, 86.)

1127. P. str|>li:iiiop!ii'ys Lockington.

I '.ile olivaceous, abruptly white at level of pectorals; back and sides
with a lew scattered dark spots; branehiostegals mostly satVron-yellow;
spinous dorsal dusky, with a diffuse dark blotch between fourth and
lifth spines, near edge of membrane; second dorsal spotted; caudal
with dark blotches; pectorals dark, with large round black spots.
Body rather stout ; head large, compressed, broad, and very nearly
plane above; the in) erorbit al region not concave; no transverse fur-
row behind orbits; orbital rim with a slightly raised, serrated crest;
snout very short, two -fifths length of head; month large, the broad
maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit; bands of palatine teeth very
narrow; gill-rakers long and slender; head less rough than usual, the
bones little striate; occipital processes not reaching first dorsal spine;
preorbital little projecting; preopercle with a strong smooth spine,

108(6). TRIGLID.E CEPHALACANTIIUS. 737

reaching slightly beyond membrane of opercle; opercle ending in two
points, the lower a long spine, the membrane connecting the two scaly ;
scales thin, ciliate, not closely imbricate; first dorsal spine granulate
in front; pectorals reaching beyond middle of anal, about to base of
ninth ray; free rays very slender, the uppermost more than half length
of fin; veutrals not reaching vent; caudal slightly etnarginate. Head
2§; depth 4,' eye 1$ in snout. D. X-12; A. 11; P. 13-111; Lat. 1. 55.
Deep water off San Francisco ; one specimen known.
(Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1830, 529. )

391.— CEPHA1LACATVTIIUS Luc6pede.

Flying Gurnards.
(Dactylopterus Lac<5pMc, iii, 325.)
(Lacdpeclc, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii. 323, 1602: type Gasterosieus spinarclla Linn.)

Body elongate, subquadr angular, tapering behind; head very blunt,
quadrangular, its surface almost entirely bony; nasals, preorbitals,
suborbitals, and bones of top of head united into a shield; nuchal part
of shield on each side produced backward in a bony ridge, ending in a
a strong spine, which reaches past front of dorsal; interocular space
deeply concave; preorbitals forming a projecting roof above the jaws;
preopercle produced in a very long rough spine; cheeks and opercles
with small scales; opercle smaller than eye; gill-openings narrow, ver-
tical, separated by a very broad, scaly isthmus; pseudobrauchia3 large;
gill-rakers minute; mouth small, lower jaw included; jaws with granu-
lar teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales bony, strongly keeled;
2 serrated, knife-like appendages at base of tail; first dorsal of 4 or
5 rather high flexible spines, the first one or two spines nearly free
from the others; an immovable spine between the dorsals; anal and
second dorsal short, of slender rays; caudal small, lunate; pectoral
fins divided to the base into two parts, the anterior portion (corre-
sponding to the free rays in Prionotus] about as long as the head, of
about 6 rays, closely connected; the posterior and larger portion more
than twice length of head, reaching nearly to caudal in the adult
("Dactylopterus" Lac.); much shorter in the young ("Cephalacanthus"
Lac.); these rays very slender, simple, wide apart at tip; ventrals Ir
4, long, pointed, their bases close together, the inner rays shortest;
air-bladder with two lateral parts, each with a large muscle; py!oric
coeca numerous; vertebra 9 -f- 13. Warm seas; the adult able to move
Bull. Nat, Mus. No. 1C 47

738 coxTKinrnoxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

iu the air, like the true flying-fish, but for shorter distances. (y.ztalrn
head; a-wOa, spine.)

«. o.-riimt without filament.

113§. C. SpiEiarclBa (L.) Lac. — Flying-robin; Bat-fish; Volador.

Greenish olive and brown above, of varying shades; below pale,
marked irregularly with dusky and bright brick-red, varying to salmon-
\ellow; pectoral fins mottled with bright blue streaks near the base,
and blue spots and bars toward the tip; their under sides glaucous-
blue, edged with darker; caudal fin with about three brownish-red bars;
coloration extremely variable. First two dorsal spines free, slightly con-
nected by membrane at base; preopercular spine reaching beyond base.
of pectorals, not to end of occipital spine; pectorals reaching nearly to
base of caudal. Head 4^; depth 5 J. D. II-IV, 8; A. 6; P. 28, G. L.
IL' inches. Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts; abundant southward.

(Gasterostcita xiiinarella L. Syst. Nat. i, 492 (young): Trif/la rolitanx Linn. Syst. N;it.
i, UH (adult): Triala roll tana Gmeliu, Syst. Nat. 178S, 1346: Daclylopterus rolitaiu
(iiinthcr, ii, 221: Daclylopterus volitans Liitkeu Spolia Atlautica, 1880, 417; Giiuther,
ii, 224.)

FAMILY CIX.— LIPARIDID^E.

(The Sea Snails.}

Body more or less elongate, subcyliudrical anteriorly, compressed
behind, covered with smooth skin, which is usually very lax. Head
broad, obtuse, the snout short; suborbital bone styliform behind, joined
to the preopercle, as in the Cottidcc; jaws with bands of small teeth,
which are usually tricuspid; no teeth on vomer or palatines; premaxil-
laries protractile, little movable; opercular bones unarmed; inter
opeivlr slender, ray-like, overlying the branchiostegals ; gill-openings
small, the membranes joined to the broad isthmus, and to the humeral
arch below, dills :\.\ ; no slit behind the last; pseudobranchi:;- rudi-
mentary or wanting; pyloric coeca numerous; no air-bladder; dorsal
iin rather long, the spines feeble and flexible, low, similar to the soft
rays; anal long, similar to the soft dorsal; ventral tins !..">. the two
completely united, and forming the bony center of an oval sucking-
disk; vcntrals sometimes entirely wanting: pectoral tins very broad,
the base procurrent: the outline usually emarginate, some of the lower
rjiys being produced: tail diph\ cereal ; caudal tin short, convex ; ver-
tebra- iL'-f.'iO. Cienera.'J; species about L'O. Small lishes, nearly all of
the northern seas.

(Discoboli; group Lipuridina Giiuther, iii, 158-165.)

109. LIPARIDID.E - AMTTRA. 7o9

<t. Ventral disk entirely \vautiug. (AmitrinCB.)

b. Lower jaw included ; skin thin, lax .............................. AMITRA, 3i»~

CHI. Ventral disk present. (Liparincp.)

c. Ventral disk very small, under the head, the vent close behind it; lower jaw
projecting; skin lax, thin ................................. CAREPROCTUS, 3y:>.

cc. Ventral disk well developed ; vent well behind head ............ LIPAKIS, 394.

392.— AMITRA Goode.

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 18SO, 478: type Amitra lipartna Goode.)

Body elongate, attenuate backward, covered with lax, smooth, slimy
skin, which is separated from the body and fins by a filmy mucous inter-
tissue. Dead small, thick, convex between eyes; snout convex, pro-
truding-; mouth small, horizontal, the lower jaw included; teeth small;
eyes lateral; gill-openings restricted to small slits above the base of the
pectorals, covered by the very small opercle; no barbels; dorsal and
anal fins many-rayed; dorsal continuous, almost concealed by the skin;
the spines scarcely different from the soft rays; anal similar to dorsal;
both connected with the caudal, which is pointed; no trace of ventral
fins or sucking disk; pectoral fin very broad, procurreut, its lower rays
inserted nearly under the eye, the fin emarginate; vent well behind
head. One species known; its position intermediate between the Cot-
tidce (Cottunculus, Psychrolutes) and LiparuUflic, two groups much more
intimately related than most writers have conceded.* («, without;
stomacher.)

1129. A. laparina Goode.

Yellowish white, dusky toward the tail and front of head ; perito-
neum black. Body posteriorly compressed, the tail very thin; eyes
half width of interorbital space, 5 in head; upper lip with pores. Dor-

. - _ -- _ — _^ - ~ ---

*I should put the family of Gobiesocidce far away, at least a suborder off, from the
(lyclopteridce and Liparididce, which are far more closely united to the true Coilitlu .
represented by Cottus and Hemilriplerus, than to either the Gobiesotddce proper or to th<-
Gobies and Bleunies. In fact, Llparls has as close affinities, as shown by its skeleton,
with Cottus and Hemitripterus as with Cyclopteras ; and we have in the three groups.
represented by Cottiis, Liparls, and Cydopterus, well-inarked families of the same sul--
order. The only character by which the Ci/clopteiida; and Lipurldidcc are closely united
consists in the peculiar formation of the ventral disk by the union of the ventral tins:
but as this structure is simply brought about by the modification of the rays in a
manner common to the several genera, and not by any marked anatomical difference iu
the structure of the same fins in Cottus, I can only look upon it as a generic character
common to the known representatives of both families of Cyelopteridce and Liparididir ;
and the discovery of a representative of either family with ventral tins of the ordinary
form would not necessitate the establishment of a family for its reception, as in that
cai,e we should simply consider the structure as of generic value. (Putnam,
Ani. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1673, 337.)

740 foNTKIIM'TIOXS TO XOKTIl AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY -- IV.

sul beginning over pectoral; ;uial under ninth dorsal ray. Headl!'.-;
depth :>.\. 1). V, «;L»; A. :>4; C. 6; P. 2:5. L. ."> inches. Deep water oft
the coast of Rhode Island; lately dredged by the U. S. Fish Com-
mission.
(Goode, I'r...-. T, s. \at. Mua. 1880,478.)

393.— CAREPROCTUS Kriiyer.
l KK">V<T, N.-iturh. Tidsskr. i, '2.r>?. !>:>•.>: tyjn' LijHirix rctiiliardi Kriiyrr.)

Body elongate, semi-transparent, covered with thin lax skin; month
oblique, the lower jaw projecting; teeth simple, hooked; ventral disk
small, situated far forwards, under front of eye; vent a little behind it,
far in front of anal tin. (/.a<ia, head; -[uu/.r<'>^, vent.)

113O. €. g-clatiitosus (Pallas) K foyer.

Eose-colored; vertical fins violet; gill-cavity black. Ventral disk very
small, supported by a bilamellate cartilage descending from the throat;
vertical fins continuous. lir.dy oblong, compressed, semi-transparent,
soft, and gelatinous; head thick, flat above; cleft of mouth nearly ver-
tical, as in CriiiioxcopHH ; a series <;!' -pores along upper lip; jaws, palate,
and pharynx rough. with teeth; skeleton very weak. 1). more than ."»():
A. about 45; C. (i; P. :](); cu-ra ls; vertebra- (i4. (Gihitlier.) Alaska
and Kamtschatka ; (iivnland.

(Cydopterua iii-lnlinoxnn 1'allas. S]iicilci;ia, vii. !'.», ITC.yf f.iinn-ix f/i •litlhio/mx (Jiintlicr,
iii, Hi:!.' ." Li/inrix i/i-Iiitiiioxiix K'cinh. d\i'isi-t, &c. 1*\4, Ixxvii: ? Lijuiria rciithtinli
Ki'iiytT, Natnrli. Tidsskr. i, vJ'.vJ: .' ('urrin-ofltix fiiiil/nrili Kri'ist-r, I. C., 257, the Green-
land lurui, tliun^lil l»y Hi-. Kri'.ycr lo lie dilVcrcnl IVoiu < . </<'l(ithi<>xns.)

391.— LIPARIS Linntriis.
Sea-Snail*.

(Artedi; Liiina-ns, Syat. Nat.: type Ci/fli>iilrriix H/mrix L.)

I'.ody rather elongate, covered with smooth skin, which is usually
l'reel\ movable; head short, tlattened above; mouth liori/ontal, the
lower ja\v included; teetl. in several series, usually (rieuspid; maxil-
lary covered by skin of preorl)ital region; ventral disk well developed,
on the In-east, its front below or behind the middle of the head ; vent
well behind the head, about midway between sucking-disk and anal fin.
Dorsal lin continuous or divided, its spines hardly differentiated ; dorsal
I'm free from caudal or not ; pectoral emarginate, some of the lower rays
produced; vertical lin> en veloped in skin. Northern seas (one species
known from Chili). (/.:.-</;<-;.-, sleek skinned, shining.)

(i. Dorsal fin continuous. < Li/xn-ix.)

b. Dorsal I'm comitM'ti'd \\illi I lie rand il.

109. LIPARIDID^E — LIPARIS. 741

1131. L. major (Walb.) Gill.

Dorsal arid anal slightly connected with base of caudal; anterior
nostrils tubular; posterior simple. D. 45; A. 38; P. 42; C. 10. Size
very large. L. 10 inches. Greenland. (GUI.)

(Cydopteriis It pans var. major, Walb. ArtetU Pise. 489, 1792: Li parts tunicata Kroyer,
Naturh. Tidsskr. i, 236, 1862: Actinochir major Grill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864,
193.)

1132. L.. pulcliella Ayres.

Grayish, usually with wavy purplish stripes, sometimes marbled and
spotted with purplish; pectorals spotted or banded with grayish purple;
lateral line with round whitish spots. Snout broad and blunt, project-
ing beyond mouth; maxillary reaching nearly to front of eye; teeth
short, close-set, a broad band in each jaw, that of upper jaw broadest.
Body compressed behind, thick in front; head almost globular; ante-
rior nostrils tubular; skin very thin and lax. Dorsal tin high, undi-
vided, continuous with anal and caudal around the tail; tail tapering
to a point, appearing isocercal, but the vertebrae essentially as in other
species; pectorals very broad, the base of lowermost rays under eye;
ventral disk small, oval, 2£ in head; pseudobranchise well developed.
Head 5; depth 5. D. 48; A. 39; C. 12; P. 36. L. 10 inches. Pacific
Coast, from Monterey to Puget Sound ; not rare.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1855, 23; Gunther, iii, 164 ; Steiudachuer, Ichth.
Beitiiige, iii, 53, 1875.)

1133. L,. gibba Bean.

Head and body very pale brown or gray, paler below; head and
anterior parts often with concentric brown rings; sides plain or marked
with brown stripes and rings; tail sometimes with dark blotches; ver-
tical tins usually with dark bauds. Body abruptly contracted near the
vent, covered with lax skin; "interorbital space shallow-concave, the
vertex and nape somewhat elevated; snout depressed; head as wide as
long, longer than deep; nostrils tubular, 'the tubes of anterior nostrils
longest; eye small, 4 in head; ventral disk nearly circular, 8 in length;
vertical fins confluent; dorsal continuous; longest dorsal ray half as
long as head; pectorals reaching front of anal; caudal C in body.
Head 3i ; depth 3£. D. 42 ; A. 30 ; P. 35 ; C. 12. Bering's Sea,
Alaska and Siberia. "Distinguished from L. fabricii by its smaller
eye and its depressed snout," and from "L. tunicata'17 by the larger
eye and fewer rays in dorsal, anal, and pectorals. (Bean.)

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 148, 1881.)

742 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

1134. L. arotit-a

Uniform (lark rusty -brown or chestnut. Snout rather high and
deciirved; inter* trbital space 3 in head; Ibreliead depressed; anterior
nostrils simple, posterior tubular. Vertical tins continent; caudal con-
vex, 7 in total length; pectoral 5J; ventral disk 10. Head 4 in total.
its width (U; depth 2$. D. 42; A. 34; C. 11; P. 35. Port Foulke,
(ireenland. (Gill.)

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 191.)

1135. L.. tuiiicata Ri-iuh.

Yellowish, mottled with brownish. Eye nearly 3 in snout or inter-
orbital space; posterior nostril not tubular: pseudobrauchia? reduced
to two lamelhe; vertical tins continuous; anal beginning below tenth
dorsal ray; ventral disk longer than broad, half length of head; skin
thin, loose. D. 42: A. 34; C. 12; P. 3-4. Coasts of Greenland. (Gun-
ther.)

(Liparis tunicata Reinhardt, Overs. Kong. Danske Vidensk. S:-Isk. vi, cxi, 183(i, "D.
39; A. 33; P. 30; C. 14": Llpari* fabrici'i Krii.ver, Natiirli. Tidsskr. ii, 274, l^J? : I,i]>ari*
fabricii (iiinther, iii, 161: L'qmrtH j'abncll Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1^04, 19iJ.)

1136. L,. lilieata (Lepecbih) KriJyer.

Yellowish, striped with dark brown or purplish; the color very vari-
able. Body thick, covered with thin, loose, slippery skin; head obtuse,
the nape swollen; snout broad, not depressed; lips thickish; posterior
nostril tubular; eye 7 in head; gill-openings reduced to a vertical slit.
extending to upper part of root of pectoral; pseudobranchia- obsolete;
tail truncate at base of caudal. Dorsal and anal lins united with the
raudal; ventral disk rather longer than broad, half length of head, its
margin with about 13 papilhe. Head 4; depth 3A. D. 33; A. L'S; P.
34; C. 13. L. 5 inches. Northern Europe and America, south to Cape
Cod.

< i/< -lii/^i-nis li/,nri!< I,. Sysl. Nat. i. II I : Ciii-lujih'riiK Hitratim LCJH-C liin, Nov. ('oiiiin.
1 Viio|ml. xviii, .V.'-J: l.i/nn-ix rnlt/arix Giintlicr, ii, I.V.I; LiitUcn. Xalinli. Form. \'idcn>k.
M.-d.l.-U. l-i;n anil l>:il. -.M:!; Cdlcli. Norges Fisk.-, H7r.; (•:..)

1137. I.. D :i9iul:i «. ,„„!.• A I'.can.

Color uniform wliitish. translucent in life. Body thick, subcylin-
drical anlei -iorlx . rapidlx tapering to the tail; skin thick, lax: snout
broad, with prominent vertical profile, its length 1 in head; maxillary
:; in head, not reaching front of orbit : ventral disk nearly round, its
length half its distance from snout. Head I; depth 4. Pectoral 5.

109. LIPARIDID2E LIPAEIS. 743

D. about 48; A. about 48; P. 27; V. 14 (papillae). (Goode & Bean.)
Halifax.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus. 1879, 46.)
l>b. Dorsal separated from caudal by a notch.

113§. 1L. monfageii (Donov.) Cuv.

Yellowish, the vertical fins brighter, with darker margins. Trunk
thick; head broad; skin thin, loose; head flat above the nape, slightly
prominent; snout very broad; maxillary not reaching eye; posterior
nostrils simple; eye 9 in head, half length of snout or iuterorbital
space; pseud obranchiai none; posterior nostril not tubular; pectorals
notched; dorsal continuous, not joined to the caudal; anal not con-
nected with caudal; ventral disk circular, not quite half as long as
head. Head 4 in total length; depth 5. D. 28; A. 24; C. 14; P. 30;
vert. 10 + 25. (Giinther.) Massachusetts to Greenland and Northern
Europe; not rare.

(Cydopterm montayui Donovan, British Fishes, iii, pi. 68; Giiuther, iii, 161: Collett,
Norges Fiske, 1875, 67.)

1139. to calBiodoei (Pallas) Gthr.

Olivaceous, punctate with black dots, light below. Body depressed
forwards, compressed and tapering behind; head narrowed forwards;
snout rounded; eye small; iuterorbital space broad and nearly flat;
maxillary not reaching eye; teeth small, evidently tricuspid, in broad
bands; skin lax, thickish. Gill-openings very small. Dorsal and anal
barely joined to base of caudal rays; edge of disk with 12 papillae;
diameter of disk about one-half length of head. D. 28 ; A. 26. Alaska;
abundant.

(Cyclop! erus callyodon Pallas, Zoogr. Koss.-Asiat. iii, 75, 1811; Giiuther, iii, 162.)

1140. Li. cyclopiis Gthr.

Reddish olive, with darker specks, most conspicuous on the fins; a
dark bar at base of caudal; a dark streak below eye; a pale streak
along sides. Skin not very thick, adherent. Body everywhere com-
pressed, even the head being deeper than broad; head scarcely convex
above, the nape not prominent; jaws equal; maxillary reaching to
opposite middle of the small eye; teeth small, three-lobed ; ventral
disk oval, three-fifths length of head. Dorsal fin scarcely emarginate,
the spines rather stiff, the first spine in front of vent; pectorals reach-
ing vent; caudal entirely free from dorsal and anal. Head 4; depth 5.
D. VII, 23; A. 27; C. 12. Monterey to Puget Sound. (Here described

744 CONTK'lIUTIoNS To NnK'Tll AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

from a small example taken at ^Monterey, perhaps belonging- to a
different species.)

i .' l.\i»in* I'l/i'lnjinx' (iiinther, ii, 163, 1801.)

aa. Dorsal I'm emarginate, the spines separated from the soft rays; skin firm. (Seoli-
is\ Steiiid. )

1111. L. siDiirosa Ayres.

Rose-red or brownish, unspotted. Body strongly eompressed, the
back somewhat elevated, not much depressed forwards, the head not
wider than deep, longer than in L. pnl<-hcll« ; mouth rather large.
terminal, the jaws equal when closed; teeth blunily tricuspid, the
band in upper jaw widest; eyes small; skin linn, thick, little movable.
Dorsal fin separated into two parts by a deep emargination; second
dorsal rather low, entirely free from caudal ; anal nearly free from
caudal; pectorals moderate; ventral disk oval, l'i in head; vent at
posterior fourth of pectorals; end of tail truncate. Head 4J; depth
about 4. D. VII, 26; A. 20; C. 1C; P. 31. L. 0 inches. Coast of Cali-

fornia; rare.

(LijHtr'iN »i//mv«.s Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 24, 1>?55: Liparis mucosus Giiii-
ther, iii, 559; Steiudaclmer, Ichth. Beitrtige, iii, 54, 1875.)

FAMILY CX — CYCLOPTERID^E.

(The Lump Suckers.)

Body short and thick, more or less elevated, covered with a thick
skin, which is smooth, tubercular, or spinous; head short and thick;
snborbital stay present, thin and flatfish: mouth small, terminal; jaws
with bauds of slender teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill-
openings narrow, restricted to the sides, the membranes being broadly
joined to the isthmus and shoulder girdle; branchiostegals (i; dorsal
tin long, the anterior part of llexible spines, which, in the adult, are
sometimes hidden by a tleshy hump, sometimes entirely wanting;
suit dorsal small, opposite the anal, and similar to it; caudal lin
rounded, free from the dorsal and anal: ventrals thoracic, nminieiitai \ ,
forming the bon\ center of a sucking-disk; pectorals short, placed low.

' In l»r. ( iiintlid's Ivpi- uf /.. '-i/.-lo/nit-. (Yum l'.M|iiiiii:iiilt Ilarl:<»r, Ilir I'm-fnriiiiila is
l>. :;."»; A. :;n; C. Iv.'; llu- \mlial ili-k is said 1<t In- Irss than hall' tin- liMiylh nl' lln-
lii-ail. ami tln-dm-sal is said to hr^in Ist-hind I lie vent . Tlie species is said lua^in-
-•in nearly every resprcl \\ith /.. i-nlijnrin" (liiuatu). Our .speeinieii is iiiueli nearer

/.. intK'iiml.

t Steindaeliner, lehlh. Uritia-c, iii. ,"1.4, !,-?.">: tyne /./;«« n'« muconus Ayres. (veca,

110. CYCLOPTERIDyE - CYCLOPTERI-JIITHYS. 745

their bases broad and procurrent; pyloric coeca numerous; vertebra?
12 + 10, the skeleton feebly ossified. Genera 2; species 4; inhabiting
the northern seas of both hemispheres. By means of the adhesive
ventral disk these fishes are enabled to attach themselves very firmly
to rocks or other objects.

(Discoboli; group Cyclopterina Giinther, iii, 154-158.)

a. Spinous dorsal wanting ; skin smooth or nearly so ....... CYCLOF-TERICHTHYS, 395.

aa. Spiuons dorsal present, sometimes disappearing with age; skin tuberculate.

CYCLOPTERUS, 396.

395.— CYCL.OPTERICHTHYS Steindachuer.

(Steiudachuer, Ichth. Beitriige, x, 14, 1881: type Cyclopterichthys glabcr Steind. =
Cijclopterus ventricosus Pallas.)

Body short and thick, rounded, covered with thick smooth skin, des-
titute of bony tubercles (or nearly so?); tail slender, compressed, the
body abruptly contracted to its base; head broad, obtuse; mouth ob-
lique, the lower jaw prominent; teeth rather small, sharp, in two rows
anteriorly; pseudobranchiaB large; gills 3^; suborbital connected by a
bony stay with the preopercle; gill-opening small, above the base of
the pectoral, which is broad and procurrent; ventral disk moderate,
fringed. Dorsal short and high, of soft rays only, opposite the short
anal, both well separated fiorn the small caudal, (xuxlo-rspot;, round-
fiuued; ^067, fish.)

1142. C. veaata'BCOSUS (Steiudachncr) J. & G.

Brown, with numerous round dark spots. Head broader than long,
the greatest depth a little less than its length; eye small, round, 7 in
head, the maxillary extending to below its middle. Head 3; depth 2i.
I), i); A. 7; P. 20; C. 11. L. 12 inches. (Steindaclmer :) Okhotsk Sea,

northward.

(Cyclopterus ventricosus Pallas, Spicilegia Zool. vii, 15, t. 2, about 1770: (CotyUxf) ren-
tricosiis Guuther, iii, 498: Cyclopterichthys glaber Steind. Ichth. Beitriige, x, 14, 1881,
taf. viii.)

1143. C. stelleri (Pallas) J. & G.

Color blackish. Body ovate, smooth ; a single series of osseous
tubercles along the middle of the back to the origin of the dorsal fin;
lower jaw longest; teeth small, unequal; eyes small, high; gill-opening
reduced to a round foramen. Dorsal fin commencing on the middle of
the back and extending to near the base of caudal; anal ending oppo-
site dorsal. Peter and Paul's Harbor, Bering's Sea. (Pallas.)

(Cyclopterus stelleri Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 73. 1811: (Cotylis?) stelleri Gtin-
ther, iii, 499.)

746 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMKIMCAX ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

396.— CYCLOPTERUS Linnaeus.

(LumpiiH Cnvier. )

(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: type Cycloplvrus lumpus L.)

Spinous dorsal present, sometimes disappearing with age; skin thick,
armed with series of bony tubercles; other characters of the genus
included above. (xvx/.<>-, circular; r.nnu-^ tin; from the circular ventral

disk.)

a. Dorsal spines nut disappearing with age; gill-opening a small slit on level of eye;
ventral disk large. (Eamicrotremua* Gill.)

1141. C. spiiiosil* Miill. r.--

< 'olor olivaceous, the skin between the plates thickly punctate. Body
orbicular, cuboid anteriorly; base of spiuous dorsal and body behind
vent abruptly com] tressed; teeth in narrow bands; gill-openings on a
level with eye, slightly narrower than orbit. Spinous dorsal not hidden,
covered with rough tubercles, similar to those on body, but smaller;
width of ventral disk slightly less than its 1'Migth, and somewhat less
than length of head. Body covered with irregular roundish conical
plates, varying much in size, some of the larger with a central point,
turned backward: all the plates with small tubercles and slender flex-
ible prickles; small plates ajong bases of all the tins; a series of (» large
plates extending backward from above eye to opposite the interval be-
tween dorsals; a series of .1 on each side of middle of interocular space
fr ..... snout to nape, these increasing much in size posteriorly: a series
of .'! along opercular margin; along base of spinous dorsal, a series of
1. not connected with that of interorbital space: a single large plate on
each side of the interval between dorsals; two longitudinal series of 4
large plates eacli. beginning above base of pectorals and behind gill-
slits, terminating under the space between dorsals; the largest j date on
bod\ is immediately behind axil of pectoral ; a smaller one below it, and
two others between it and origin of anal ; two series of smaller plates
below eye; many small plates interposed between the series of large
ones; very small plates on under side of head and middle of tail; no
plates between ventral disk and vent; none in axil of pectorals. Head
:',: depth nearly I'. D. YII-11; A. HI; <'. 10. Alaska to Iceland, soat h

•(Jill. I'me. Ai-ail. Nat. Sri. I'hila. l-.'.t. I'll": t>|.i- r//r/..;j/,r;rx ,S;M//<W<* Mull.
(£v/u>i/ji>:, vei\ Miiall: ri>r/iti.. aperture, I'miu the small gill-openings.)

111. GOBIESOCID.E. t/ 747

to Puget Sound and Maine. Here described from an Alaskan specimen

of " C.

(Miillcr, Prodr. Zool. Dan. ix, 1777; Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 134; Giin-
ther, iii, 157 : Cycloplerus orbls Giinther, iii, 158, 1861, specimen from Vaucouvers Island.)

aa. Dorsal spines enveloped in a fleshy hump in. adult; gill-openings larger; ventral
disk small. ( Cyclopterm. )

1145. C. luBnjpass L. — Lump-Sucker; Lump-fish.

Olivaceous, with darker markings; skin punctulate. Head heavy,
almost round; interorbital space very wide, flattish; maxillary reaching
to or slightly beyond front of eye; gill-openings extending from level of
upper margin of eye to opposite middle of base of pectorals; length of
gill-opening about equal to base of pectoral, three-fifths length of head,
equal to length of ventral disk; a fleshy hump on the back, which, in
the adult, covers the spiuous dorsal; skin with small tubercles, and
about 7 rows of larger spinous plates; a median dorsal row, which
divides and forms two series behind the hump; two lateral rows, of
Avhich the lower has larger plates; one abdominal row on each side.
Head 3£; depth 2. D. about V1I-10; A. 10. North Atlantic; rather
common on the coasts of America and Europe.

(Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ; Giiuther, iii, 155: Lumpux anglorum Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish.
305.)

FAMILY CXI— GOBIESOCID^E.

Body rather elongate, broad and depressed in front, covered by
smooth, naked skin; mouth moderate; upper jaw protractile; teeth
usually rather strong, the anterior conical or incisor-like; posterior
canines sometimes present; no bony stay from suborbital across
cheeks; opercle reduced to a small spine-like projection concealed in
the skin, behind angle of the large preopercle; pseudobranchise small
or wanting ; gills 3 or 2-J ; gill-membranes broadly united, free or
united to the isthmus; .dorsal fin on the posterior part of the body,
opposite to the anal and similar to it, both fins without spines; ventral
fins wide apart, each with one concealed spine and 4 or 5 soft rays.
Between and behind the ventrals is a large sucking-disk, the ventrals
usually forming part of it. This sucking-disk, which is different in
structure from that of Cydopterus and Liparis, is thus described by
Dr. Giinther:

uThe whole disk is exceedingly large, subcircular, longer than broad,
its length being (often) one third of the whole length of the fish. The

( H ( ->N ruMurTioNs T«» NORTH AMT.KICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

central portion is formed merely by skin, which is separated from the
pclvie or pul>ic bones by several layers of muscles. The periphcric
portion is divided int<» an anterior and posterior part bv a deep
noii-li behind tlie ventrals. The anterior ]>eripheric portion is farmed
by the ventral rays, the membrane between them and a broad fringe.
which extends anteriorly from one ventral to the other. This fringe
is a fold of the skin, containing on one side the rudimentary ventral
spine, but no cartilage. The posterior periplierie portion is suspended
on each side on the coraeoid, the upper bone of which is exceedingly
broad. l>eeo'iiin<i a free, movable plate behind the pectoral. The lower
bone of the coraeoid is of a triangular form, and supports a very
broad fold of the skin, extending from one side to the other, and con-
taining a cartilage which runs through the whole of that fold. Fine
processes of the cartilage are continued into the soft striated margin, in
which the disk terminates posteriorly. The face of the disk is coated
with a thick epidermis, like the sole of the foot in higher animals. The
epidermis is divided into many polygonal plates. There are no such
plates between the roots of the ventral tins." ((Jiinther, iii, p. 4<.r>.) No
air-bladder; intestines short ; pylori c co-ca few or none; skeleton linn ;
vertebra- b'5 to 14 + 13 to L'l'. Carnivorous fishes of small sixe, chiclh
of the warm seas, usually living amoiit;- loose stones between tide-marks
and clinuin^ to them firmly by means of the adhesive disk, (.leisera 10;
species L'."") to .'!<>.

• '.itxiK-itlir (Mintlirr, iii, 489-f>lf>.)

a. < ;ill-iiirinl>raiirs (Vi-c from tlii' isthmus; nills:'.: lower jaw \vitli incisor*; posterior
part i)!' snrkiii^-disk. wit In nit a I'ITC aiitcrioi' margin ......... ( ii >i:i I >• . . \. :!',I7.

Lai ,"'!>•. Iti^t. Nat. <lcs l'nis-4. ii, .V.i.'i, l-nn: t\|n- (i»liii-xn.i- ri /ilmltix l.ai-r|ii-ili'.)

l'.od\ anteriorly very broad and depressed, posteriorly slender, cov-
ered \\ith ton-h. smooth skin; head lar^e, rounded in front: mouth
terminal, crescent-shaped; lower jaw with a series of strong incisors in
front; upper jaw \\ith a narrow band of teeth, those of the anterior
•series larger: no teeth on vomer or ]>alatines; jiills .">; gill-membranes
broadly united under the throat, not attached to the isthmus; sucking-
disk lai -e. the postciior portion without ant«-rior free margin. Species
numerous, all American; most ly t ropical.

\:ia! tin <>l" 111 to K: ra;.s. alimil a-s Inn^' a^ ilcp|->a I. ( t 'miliin-lniK* ( Jill.)
/'. 1 lii'i-nrs of li>\\ <•]• ja vv i-nl ii-c

. Pmr. A«-a«l. Nat. Sci. 1'liila. 1-i'i'J. :t:;n: tvpi- /.i jiiulot/nytcr rcttriildtim Unl.
: . :inn-~ : i. (., anal inaiix -raynl.)

111. GOBIESOCID/E — GOBIESOX. 749

1146. G. retiCHlsitoss (Grd.) J. & G.

Light olive, everywhere reticulated with brownish orange; middle of
upper lip black; a light bar between eyes and across cheeks; vertical
lins dusky; caudal with two faint brownish bars near its base. Head
nearly as broad as long; mouth wide, its width more than half length
of head; outer teeth of upper jaw rather strong, close-set, vertical, con-
ical, or slightly compressed, a narrow baud of. small, conical teeth be-
hind them; lower jaw with larger teeth, 6 or 8 of the anterior broad,
incisor-like, with entire edges, placed nearly horizontally; lateral and
posterior teeth small, as in upper jaw; distance from vent to caudal
2f in length of body; sucking-disk as broad as long, 3£ in length.
Head 2$ ; depth G£. D. 13; 'A. 12; V. I, 4. L. G inches. Puget
•Sound to Monterey; very abundant in rock-pools.

(Lcpatloijasti-r rcticulatus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 155: Lcpadogaster
m«YU?dric«s Grd. U. S. Pac. R. K. Surv. Fish, x, 130: Gobiesox ma'-andr'tcxti Giiuther, iii,
505.)

II -IT. 45. strtsnsosias Cope.

•>

Bluish plumbeous, fins blackish. Head extremely wide, its width 2f
in total length; this width partly produced by a large fleshy mass ex-
tending from end of maxillary to end of interopercle; eye small; profile
of head descending abruptly from posterior line of orbits. Superior
dental series 12 on each side, externally, but the three median teeth
conceal some series of which the second three external teeth are a
continuation; inferior teeth, 11 on each, side; four median incisors hor-
izontal and subequal; no marked canine. D. 11; A. 10; C. 16; P. 21.
(Cope.) Hilton Head, South Carolina.

(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila, 1870, 121.)

lib. Incisors of lower jaw triciispid.

I3i§. G. rhessodOBi Rosa Smith.

Dark olivaceous, usually with tliree broad yellowish cross-bauds
above; the first across interorbital space and cheeks, the second, very
wide, across back and front of dorsal fin, the third below middle of
dorsal; some or all of these sometimes wanting. Form much as in
G. reticulatus ; distance from vent to caudal 2f in length of body;
maxillary extending to below eye; incisors of lower jaw tricuspid, not
much declined, about 8 in number; upper teeth essentially as in G.
reUciilatus. Dorsal a little longer than anal, coterminous with it.
Head 3^; depth 6J. D. 11; A. 10. L. 2£ inches. San Diego to the
Gulf of California; locally abundant.

(Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 140.)

750 CoNTRIItrTlONS To NORTH AMF.RICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

FAMILY ('XII.— BATKACII IlLK.*

(The Tofnl-fiK/ics.)

\ a'

Body generally robust, depressed anteriorly, compressed behind;
head large, depressed, its muciferous channels well developed; mouth
MTV large, the teeth generally strong: premaxillaries protractile; gills
:;. a slit behind the last; pseudobranclmc none: gill-openings restricted
to the sides, the membranes broadly united to the isthmus; branchios-
tegals mostly <»; gill-rakers present, moderate; suborbital without bony
sta\ ; post-temporal bone simple, undivided; scales small, cycloid, or
\\antiiig. Dorsal fins L', the first of two or three low, stout spines;
soft dorsal very long; anal fin similar, but shorter; ventrals rather
large, jugu'ar, I, 2 or I, 3; pectorals very broad, the rays branched;
pvloric circa none; tail diphycercal, the caudal fin distinct, rounded.
Carnivorous coast fishes, mostly of the warm seas; the young of some
or all the species fasten themselves to rocks by means of an adhesive
ventral disk, which soon disappears. Genera 5; species about 12.
i ciinther, iii, 186-177.)

a. Hody naked.

l>. Lateral line obsolete; dorsal spines I! ......................... B.YTKACIirs. '.'•'.^.

bb. Lateral lines several, eaeli I'onned of shining Ixidies iniliedded in th«' skin,
aei-iini]iaiiie(l liy [mres and niinnte cirri; no axillary foramen; dorsal spines '2.

Point ii i in >. :;'.i:i.

398.— BATRA'CIIUS Bloi-h & Sel.neider.

(Klein: I'.lodi A S.-lmeidi-r, Syst. lehth. \^\, 4'J: typ.- t;<i,lit* tax L.)

Hody comparatively short and 1'obust, scaleless; head lar.uc. de-
l:i'ess«-d; jaws, vomer, and palatines each with a single series of strong
blunt teeth; mandible with an additional external series at symphysis;
teeth of upper jaw small; dentary bones foi'iiiin^ an acute an.u'le at
-\inph\sis: lips ll'-shy; upper an^'le <>!' opercle with L' diverji'inj;' spines.
more or less concealed in the skin: spinons dorsal of .'{ stout short
spines, the second the longest; no lateral line nor conspicuous pores;
\oiiiio- with series of small tufted cirri on back and sides; branchioste-
-als (1; vertebra- iL' + l'U. i.--/-.-^..-, a fro^.)

\ ,il nt' peeinral \\iili a lar^e

1 I 19. It. tail ( Linn, i Cnv. A Val. ~ 'I'<»nl-Ji*li : Oi/st, r-li^li : Surpo.

Du>k\ olive, with black markings conlliient on the sides and forming
irregular, indistinct liars; belly and under side of head lighter; fins

" Family " 114" of the key on page 80.

112. BATRACH1D.E PORICHTIIYS. 751

vnth black bars, those on dorsal ami anal oblique. Teeth in mandible
small anteriorly, regularly increasing in size backwards ; those on voinei-
prominent; a broad flap above orbit; tip of maxillary and lower side of
mandible with conspicuous cirri; a series of smaller cirri along margin
of preopercle; subopercle ending in a long, sharp spine; orbit about
equalling interorbital width or length of snout; pectoral with a large
foramen in the axil. Head 2§; depth 4£. D. 111-27; A. 24. Massa-
chusetts to the West Indies; very abundant.
(Gadus tan Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giiuther, iii, 167.)

Bubsp. paa'dtis Goode & Bean.

Very pale yellowish-brown, thickly covered with round spots of dark
brown; those on head smaller; belly with numerous spots, the largest
as large as eye; back with many oblong blotches, besides small round
spots: fins blotched and banded; otherwise as in B. tan. Pensacola,
Fla.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 336.)

399.— PORICHTHYS Girard.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 141: type Porichtlu/s nolatus Gr&. = Batra-
chtis porosissimus C. & V. )

Body rather elongate; head not very broad, depressed, the lower jaw
projecting; skin naked, with several series of mucous pores; mouth
wide, with conical teeth in the jaws, and a canine tooth on each side of
the vomer; opercle with a single spine; first dorsal with 2 very small,
stout spines; pectoral broad, without foramen in the axil; branchioste-
gals G; air bladder divided into two lateral parts; vertebrae 11+31.
(-<>f><>~, pore; r/Ouz, fish; in allusion to the extraordinary development
of the mucous system.)

1I5O. P. poa'OSi§S2E«aaas (Cnv. & Val.) Gihither. — Midshipman.

Olive brown above, with coppery reflections, the belly brassy-yellow;
sides with irregular broad vertical cross-blotches, most distinct in the
young; dorsal grayish, with oblique dark bars; vertical fins sometimes
margined with black; pores of lateral lines bead-like, shining silvery;
a white space below eye, with a black crescent below it. Head nar-
rowed forwards; opercle developed as a strong spine; maxillary reach-
ing beyond orbit; lower jaw with a single row of about 10 large, re-
curved teeth, behind which is a patch of small teeth; sides of jaw with
a single series of canines similar to those in front, but larger; upper
jaw with an irregular series of small teeth; palatines with a single

752 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

scries of conical U'c-th: - large curved canines on vonicr; head with
several rows of fringed pores: ore row along lower line of opeivle and
subopercle; another along upper edge of cheeks, this branching behind
and below the orbit, one branch running forwards below the orbit and
around the snout, the other vertically downwards behind the maxillary:
a series of fringes behind the lower lip; behind this a series of pores
without fringes; a short straight scries of pores on each side of vertex;
a row of pores along the base of the dorsal lin, curving at front of dor-
sal, and terminating at upper angle of opercle; a row below this, not
reaching base of pectoral; a third row does not reach the base of cau-
dal, and is anteriorly strongly curved upwards to base of pectoral; 2
concentric series on the abdomen, the outer extending forwards be-
tween bases of ventrals. The so-called "•shining pores" on the sides
are not pores, but bright round pieces of shiny membrane, showing
throngli a translucent skin; each of the spots luis above it a pair of
fringed Haps with a small pore between them; the rows of Haps along
bases of dorsal and anal (ins are without shining spots. Ventrals
reaching bases of pectorals, which reach to opposite the sixth anal
ray; caudal not half length of head; peritoneum black. Head ,"»j-J;
depth 0. D. 11-37; A. 33; V.I, 2; P. 18. L. 13 inches. Pacific coast ;
very abundant from Lower California t*o Puget Sound; occasionally
southward to Panama; also in the West Indies and on the coast of
Brazil.

Batrachus poroaisaimua C. & V. xii, ."01: Poriditliyx notatui Girard, Proc. Acacl. Nat.
S,-i. 1'hila. 1854, 141, and in U. S. Par. K. R. Surv. Fish. KU ; (Jiinthrr, iii, 170.)

FAMILY CXIII.-LEPTOSCOPIDJE.

Bo;ly oblong, low, compressed posteriorly, covered with moderate
c\doid, imbricated scales; lateral line complete, anteriorly running1
along side of back, posteriorly median; head oblong, nearly plane,
above; eyes small, superior, well forward; snborbital bones enlarged,
but without "stay"; nostrils double: opercle fringed: mouth nearly
vertical; prema \illaries protractile, not forming the entire edge of the
upper jaw; lips fringed; gill openings very broad, the membranes sep-
arate and free IV. im the isthmus; pscndobrancliia' present or absent.
Dorsal I'm \crv long, undivided, several of the anterior rays spinons;
anal very long, commencing close behind the vent, which is near the
breast; caudal diphycercal. free from dorsal and anal; pectorals vari-
able, the base procmrent : \ cut rals jugular, I, 3 or 1,5; vertebra- more
than 10+ It; pyloric co-ca none, (lenera about 5; species about 10;

114. BLENNIHXE. 753

inhabiting the tropical seas. This group or family is most nearly re-
lated to the UranoscopidcBj but some of the species show Blennioid
traits.

(Leptoscopoldce Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 503-506.)

a. Ventral rays I, 3 ; pectoral rays simple. (Dactyloscopina;.}
b. Pseudobranchise none; head cuboid; dorsal commencing at the nape.

DACTYLOSCOPUS, 400.

4OO.— DACTYtOSCOPUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 132: type Dactyloscopus tridigitatus Gilt.)

Body moderately elongate, covered with rather large, cycloid scales;
head cuboid, oblong and nearly flat above; eyes small; interorbital
space broad; mouth nearly vertical; lower jaw not dilated beneath nor
ernargiiiate in front, without barbels; no intralabial filament; teeth
villiform, on jaws only; pseudobranchioe obsolete. Dorsal commencing
at the nape, with 10-12 spines; ventral rays I, 3. (daxruXoq, finger;
r, short for Uranoscopus.)

1151. D. tridigitatus Gill.

Whitish; Iread with coarse wavy darker lines; fins immaculate.
Body slender, much compressed posteriorly ; opercular fringe of 15
separate filaments. Distance from snout to dorsal 5 in total length of
body. Head 5 (in total); depth 7. D. XII, 28; A. II, 32; P. 13; V. I,
3; scales 11 + 4 + 30 = 45. West Indies, north to Key West. ( Oill.)

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1859, 132, 1861, 264, and 1862, £05; Giinther, iii, 279.)

FAMILY CXIV.— BLENNIDXE *

(The Blennies.}

Body oblong or variously elongate, usually compressed; naked, or
covered with usually cycloid scales; teeth usually well developed; sub-
orbital ring not articulated with the preopercle; dorsal fin long, contin-
uous, or divided into two or three fins, the anterior portion and some-
times the whole fin composed of spines, which are stiff or flexible; anal
fin long, usually with one or two small spines; ventrals jugular, few-
rayed, or wanting; caudal fin present, rounded; tail diphycercal ; air-
bladder usually wanting; pseudobranchire present; gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth; vertebrae numerous. Genera about 50; species nearly 300.
As here understood, a large and varied family, chiefly of small carniv-
orous fishes, inhabiting rock-pools and sea bottoms near the shore.
Some of them are found in the fresh-water lakes of Italy. Many of

* Including families 112 Blennidas and 113 Anarrhichadidce of the key on pages 80
and 81.

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 - 48

754 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

tliein (Clinin(c) are ovoviviparous. Professor Gill divides this group
iuto several families (Anarrhichadidce, Blenniidcc, CebediclitJnjidw, Xiphi-
diontida', Stichaida', and CryptacanthiddBj but the second, third, fourth,
and fifth of these groups at least are very closely allied. Genera about
40 ; species about 250.
(BUnniidir pt. Giinther, iii, 206-294.)

* Molar teeth none.

a. Teeth long and slender, curved, hook-like or comb-like: in front of jaws only;

body naked; dorsal with many soft rays;
ventral fins well developed. Species
carnivorous, oviparous, chiefly tropical.
(Blenniina:.')

b. Anterior teeth canine-like, unequal; some of the teeth movable; others angu-
larly bent; gill-membranes free from isth-
mus OPHIOBLENNIUS, 401.

lib. Anterior teeth comb-like, equal ; teeth all fixed.

c. Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus, the gill-openings restricted to

the sides.

d. Mouth large, the head rather pointed; no canines CHASM ODES, 402.

dd. Mouth small; the head decurved in profile.

e. Canine teeth none ISKSTIIES, -103.

«?. Canine teeth present in one or both jaws posteriorly.

HYPLEUROCHILUS, 404.

cc. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus, or at least forming a fold across it;

posterior canines present . . BLENNIUS, 405.
CM. Teeth conic, not comb-like.
/. Body scaly.

g. Lateral line present (or more or less obsolete), single, high in front,

abruptly curved above pectorals, becom-
ing median posteriorly ; dorsal fin with
one or more soft rays; gill-membranes

free from isthmus; veutrals well devel-

•

oped. Species carnivorous, ovovivipa-
rous, rhirlly tropical. (L'Unlnte,.)
h. Soft dorsal of numerous rays; scales small.
t. Maxillary greatly developed, ivurhing far beyond eye; teeth on

vomer and palatines NKOCI.INUS, 406.

ii. Maxillary moderate.

j. Air-bladder obsolete ; caudal fin rounded CLIXUS, 407.

ii. Air-bladder large; caudal forked; teeth on palatines.

HKTKKOSTICHUS, 408.

Jih. Soft dorsal of a single ray; scales ratlier large; a notch behind

third spine of dorsal.

CRKMXOBATES, 409.

gg. Lateral line, if present, straight, concurrent with tlie back; some-
times branched or duplicated.
k. Mouth horizontal or nearly so.

1. Gill-openings not continued forward below, tlio membranes
broadly united, free from isthmus or not;
ventral tins very small or wanting. Spe-
cies carnivorous or herbivorous; ovipa-
rous (T) Arctic or subarctic. (Xiphiite-
rincE.)

114. BLENNID^E. 755

TO. Dorsal fin of spines only.
n. Lateral lino none.

o. Gill-niembraues free from the isthmus ; no pyloric coeca.
p. Anal spine none ; ventrals I, 3 ; top of head with

tentacles CHIROLOPHUS, 410.

pp. Anal fin with 2 small spines; ventral fins rudi-
mentary MUR.ENOIDES, 411.

ppp. Anal fin with a large spine in a sheath; ventrals

wanting APODICHTHYS, 412.

oo. Gill-membranes joined to the isthmus; no ventral
fins; no anal spines; pyloric cceca.

ANOPLARCHUS, 413.

nn. Lateral lines several; pyloric cceca present; gill-
membranes free from isthmus; ventrals
none; anal spines small.

XIPHISTER, 414.

mm. Dorsal fin with its posterior half composed of soft rays ;
gill-membranes broadly united, free from
isthmus ; veutrals wanting ; lateral line
single, high; pyloric cceca present

CEBEDICHTHYS, 415.

II. Gill-openings prolonged forward below, separated by a nar-
row isthmus ; pectorals nearly as long as
head ; ventrals well developed. Ovipa-
rous, herbivorous. Arctic. (Stichccince.)
q. Lateral line present.
r. Lateral line forked or duplicated.

EUMESOGRAMMUS. 416.

•

rr. Lateral line simple, median. .. STICKS us, 417.
rrr. Lateral line simple, dorsal.

NOTOGRAMMUS, 418.
qq. Lateral line obsolete.

8. Teeth on vomer or palatines -LuMPENUS, 419.

ss. Teeth on jaws only LEPTOBLENNIUS, 420.

kk. Mouth nearly vertical; gill-membranes attached to the isth-
mus; scales small; lateral line obsolete;
no ventrals ; dorsal of spines only. ( Cnjp-

tacanthodlncs) DELOLEPIS, 421.

ff. Body naked; dorsal fins of spines only; ventrals obsolete.

t. Gill-membranes joined to the isthmus; lat-
eral line obsolete ; pyloric cceca present ;
mouth nearly vertical; teeth strong, on
jaws, voiner, and palatines.

CRYPTACANTHODES, 422.

aa. Molar teeth strong, on vomer, palatines, and sides of lower jaw; dorsal of flex-
ible spines only; scales minute ; gill-mem-
branes joined to the isthmus; no ventral
fins; air-bladder present; no lateral line.
(Anarrhichadina:. )

u. Caudal fin distinct ; body moderately
elongate ANARRHICHAS, 423.

uu. Caudal fin confluent with dorsal and
anal; body eel-shaped.

ANARRHICHTHYS, 424.

756 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

4O1.— OPIIIOBLENNIUS Gill.
(Blennopliia Valenciennes; preoccupied.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad.'Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 103: type Blennophis webbii Val.)

Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed, scaleless; snout
short, high, abruptly decurved anteriorly; symphysis of lower jaw
with 4 hooked canines, the outer strongest and bent backward, almost
forming a right angle; sides of lower jaw with 2 or 3 still larger canines,
the hindmost very large and bent backward; upper jaw with 4 slender
canines in front, followed by a long row of shorter, slender, movable
teeth, which are set close together; nasal tentacle digitate; a low simple
tentacle above eye; gill-openings wide. Dorsal fin long, the spines
slender, separated by a slight notch from the soft rays; caudal lunate,
free from dorsal and anal ; veutrals moderate, I, 2 ; pectorals large.
snake; Blennius.)

1152. O. webbi (Val.) J. & G.

Dark golden-brown, sometimes with a broad cross-band of dusky
violet on back and dorsal fin; caudal with 2 dark longitudinal stripes;
dorsal and anal purplish or orange; an intense, round, dark, ocellated
spot behind eye. Head much compressed; eye 3£ in head; snout 4£.
Dorsal beginning above gill-opening, ending just before caudal; its soft
rays somewhat higher than the spines, the highest spine If in head;
caudal and pectorals each about as long as head; ventrals li in head.
Head 4; depth 4J. D. XI-22; A. II, 23; V. I, 2; P. 15. "Western
coast of Southern California" to Mazatlan, Barbadoes, and Canary
Islands. ( Stcinflach n er. }

(ItlennophiH webbii Valenciennes; W<-1»1> &. Bortholot, lies dinar. Poiss. 60: Blcnno-
phis webbi Giintber, iii, 1259; Sh-mdauhner, Ichth. Beitnigc, viii, 41, 1879.)

4O2.— CIIAS.HODES Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xi, 295, 1836: type Blcnnius bon<ini<iiiit* Lac.)

Body oMong, compressed, naked; head triangular in profile, the
snout somewhat pointed; mouth large, Avith lateral cleft, tin- maxillary
usually extending to beyond e\e; premaxillaries not protractile; teeth
in a single series, long and slender, comb-like, confined to the front of
each jaw; no canines; cirri very small or wanting; gill-openings very
>mall, their lower edge above the middle of the l>ase of the pectorals;
lateral line incomplete. Fins as in Ulcn niits. American. (•/aff/j.w(h<;J
yawning.) (See Addenda.)

1153. C. liosqiiiainis (Lai .) ( uv. A Y.-il.

Color (in <? ) olive green, with about nine horizontal narrow blue lines,

114. BLENNIlDzE ISESTHES. 757

these somewhat irregular and interrupted, converging backwards; op-
ercular membrane and a broad stripe through middle of spinons dorsal
deep orange-yellow; anal fin dark, the rays with white mernbrauaceous
tips; ? dark olive green, reticulated with narrow pale green lines, and
with several broad dark bars, which are more distinct posteriorly; ver-
tical fins similarly marked ; head finely dotted with black; a dusky spot
at base of caudal in both sexes. Orbital tentacle very minute or want-
ing; maxillary extending to rather beyond eye; iuterocular space very
narrow, not concave. Dorsal fin not eniarginate, the spines slender.
Dorsal joined to base of caudal; anal free. Head 3£; depth 3J. D.
XI, 19 ; A. 20. ISTew York to Florida ; chiefly southward.

(Blennim bosqnianus Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 493, 1800 ( 9 ); Giintker, iii, 229: Pholis
novemlineatns Wood, Joimi. Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 280, 1824 ( $ ) : Chasmodes novcm-
lineatus Giiuther, iii, 229.)

1154. C. quadrifasciatus (Wood) C. & V.

Body with 4 distinct brownish bauds, a fifth broader and less marked
on the neck; four round yellowish spots along base of anal; head
spotted with blackish. Lower jaw slightly longer than the upper.
Dorsal fin free from the caudal; anal fin highest anteriorly. D. 27; A.
15. ( Wood.) Habitat uncertain, probably South Atlantic coast of the
United States.

(Pliolis quadrifasciatus Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 282, 1824; Giinther,
iii, 229.)

4O3.— ISESTHES Jordan & Gilbert.

(Gen. uov. : type Blennius flcnUUs Girard.)

This genus differs from Blennius in the absence of canine teeth and
in the restriction of the gill-openings to the sides, the gill-membranes
being fully united to the isthmus as far as the base of the pectorals.
The known species are American. (tV<^, equal; £<rtf:'o>, to eat; in allu-
sion to the uniformity of the teeth.) (See Addenda.)

1155. I. gentilis (Grd.) J. & G.

Olivaceous, body and fins marbled and spotted with darker; anal
pale-edged; a blue spot on the dorsal in front; males with golden
stripes on lower parts of head. Gill-openings extending downward to
lower edge of pectorals. Head large, short and blunt, the profile of
snout steep; supraorbital cirrus large, multifid, as high as eye; inter-
orbital space convex, less than half width of orbit; no canines. Dorsal
fin not eniarginate, free from caudal, its spines stiff, lower than soft
rays, 2£ in head; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals half way to vent;

758 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

lateral line present anteriorly, ending above anal. Head 3J; depth 4.
D. XII, 19; A. 21 ; P. 14. L. 5 inches. Coast of California, from Point
Coucepcion southward.

(Blennius gfntilix Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 149: Blcnrius gcniitis
Giiuther, iii, 217: Blenmua gentilia Steindachner, Ichth. Beitriige, v, 150, 1876.)

1156. I. paiiictatus (Wood) J. & G.

Light olivaceous, with darker reticulations, forming ill-defined ver-
tical bars; head with very distinct black dots; a series of black dots
on each side of lateral line; dorsal with a black blotch in front and
with the lateral bars extending on it; anal fin blackish, the rays tipped
with white; caudal barred. Body rather deep; head large, obtuse;
iuterorbital space concave, half the diameter of orbit ; orbital cirrus
as long as dorsal spines, bifid at tip, branched below; a minute nasal
cirrus; no canines; gill-openings extending to about lower fourth of
base of pectoral, thus narrower than in L gentilis. Dorsal fin high,
little notched, the soft part highest, the spines stiff, 2$ in head. Ilead
3f ; depth 3£. D. XII, 15; A. 19. Coast of North and South Carolina.

(Blennius punclatus Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, '278, 1825: Blvnnius punc-
tatiiH Giiuther, iii, 228: V Blcnnius hentz Le Sm-ur, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 363,
1825: ? ffypsoblennius hentzi Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. Amer. 1861, nomen nuditm.)

404.— HYPLEUROCIIILUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1881, 168: type Blennius miihiftlis Grd.)

This genus differs from Ulnutiun in the restriction of the gill-openings
to the sides, the gill-membranes being broadly and fully joined to the
isthmus. (6, upsilon; xtzvpov, side; ^st/lo?, lip; the allusion not evi-
dent.)

1 157. II. multifilis (Grd.) Gill.

Dusky brown, hark and vertical fins with roundish spots, most con-
spicuous in the young. Head short, the profile bluntly decurved; max-
illary icaching to below middle of eye; four canine teeth, those in the
lo\\ci- j;i\v larger than those in upper; supraocular cirri very high, each
with lour smaller ones at base. Dorsal fin not emarginate, the soft rays
r;ithrr higher than the slender flexible spines; membrane of last ray
almost reaching base of caudal; origin of anal in advance of that of
>ol't dorsal; pedorals broad, reaching beyond front of anal; veutrals
long, nearh reaching vent, Ilead ;}.?; depth about same. D. XIII,
11: A. II, IS; V. I, :;. Coast of Texas. (GYd.)

(fllnmiuH nniltiliiix (iininl, I'. S. Mrx. Round. Surv. 1859, 27, pi. xii, f. 6: JJlmniua
multijilix Uiinlher, iii, 502; Gill, Proc. Arad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18(51, 168.)

114. BLENNIID^: BLENNIUS. 759

1158. H. gemiiaaius (Wood) J. & G.

Olive browii, faintly barred with darker; sides plain (in our speci-
mens), or with "several pairs of spots of a reddish-brown color, ar-
ranged pretty regularly in a double row" (Wood)] vertical fins edged
with darker, especially the anal; dorsal black in front. Head not very
blunt, the anterior profile straight, oblique; orbital cirrus not large,
shorter than eye, branched at tip; iuterorbital space concave, not half
diameter of eye ; a slight transverse groove behind eye; canines in both
jaws very strong, hooked backwards, the lower considerably stronger
than upper; gill-openings extending downward to opposite or slightly
below lower edge of pectoral. Dorsal fin not emargiuate, the spines
slender, but rather stiff, lower than the soft rays; pectorals shortish,
veutrals rather long. Head 3^ ; depth 4. D. XI, 15 ; A. 18. L. 2£
inches. South Atlantic coast of the United States; abundant in empty
shells and clusters of tuuicates.

(Blenn'uis gemiiiatus Wood, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. iv, 278, 1824: ? Slennius
geminatus Giiuther, Hi, '228.)

4O5.— BLENNIUS Linnaeus.

Blennles.
(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. : type Slennius ocellaris L.)

Body oblong, compressed, naked; head short, the profile usually
bluntly rounded; mouth small, horizontal, with a single series of long,
slender, curved, close-set teeth in each jaw, besides which, in the lower
jaw at least, is a fang-like canine tooth on each side; premaxillaries not
protractile; gill-openings wide, extending forward below, the mem-
branes free from the isthmus, or at least forming a fold across it. Dor-
sal fin entire, or more or less emarginate, usually free from caudal, the
spines slender; pectorals moderate; veutrals well developed, I, 3j no
pyloric cosca; lateral line developed anteriorly. Species very numer-
ous, lurking under rocks and algae in all warm seas; some species in
the lakes of Northern Italy. (Blennius, the ancient name, from /5Aewa,
slime.)

a. Orbital cirri present. (Blennius.)
1). Both jaws with canine teeth,
c. Dorsal little emargiuate.

1 159. 13. fucorum Cuv. & Val.

Olive green, becoming darker above, with numerous brown spots
on the cheeks and sides of the body; below faintly reddish. Orbital

7 GO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

cirri nearly as long as head, bifid above, and with fringes at the base.
Dorsal fin slightly emarginate, free from the caudal, the spines rather
stiff. Head very short and deep, its profile nearly vertical; both jaws
with very strong canines. Gill-membranes free from isthmus poste-
riorly. Head 5 in total length. D. XI, 17; A. 18. Open ocean, from
near the Azores; said to have been once taken off the coast of New
York.

(Cuvier & Valenciennes, xi, 263; Giinther, iii, 217; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish.
149, pi. 22, fig. 06.)

aa. Orbital cirri none. (Pholis* Fleming. )

1160. B. cnrolinus (C. & V.) J. <fc G.

Greenish, with 4 or 5 irregular dark spots or shades along the back ;
dorsal with a large black spot in front; anal brown-edged. Body
rather long and slender, more elongate than in Blennius pholis, more
compressed, the head longer; maxillary extending to opposite middle
of eye; teeth |£, with strong canines in both jaws. Gill-membranes free
from isthmus; no trace of tentacles above eye. Dorsal spines slender,
a little lower than the soft rays, the fin little emarginate; dorsal and
anal not joined to the caudal. D. XII, 18; A. 17. South Carolina.
Only the original type in the museum at Paris known; from this the
present description was taken.

(Pholis carolinus Cuv. & Val. xi, 276.)

408.— NEOC LINUS Girard.

(Giranl, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fisb. x, 114, 1858: type Neoclinus blanchardi Girard.)

Body compressed, rather elongate, covered with minute cycloid scales;
literal line present, incomplete, high anteriorly; head naked, the cheeks
tumid; upper jaw protractile; maxillary greatly produced backward,
more than two-thirds length of head, reaching far beyond the eye;
both .jaws, voaier, and palatines with stout, unequal, conical teeth in
a single series, besides which, in the front of the jaws, are smaller
teeth; nasal and supraocular region with fringed tentacles; gill-mem-
branes broadly united, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers weak. Dor-
sal tin loinf, scarcely emarginate, its anterior two-thirds composed of
slender, flexible spines, which arc similar to the soft rays, all of which
are simple,; anal long, its rays all simple: ventrals moderate, I, 3; cau-
dal tin distinct; pectorals rather broad, rounded; no air-bladder; no
pyloi iccceca. Pacific Ocean. (>'»?, new; xAw*?, Cliims.)

* Fleming. I'.ril. Aiiiin. "JO? : 1\pe /Hi iniiitx ]ilnilin I,. (OoA/?, ancient name, of some
fish which was believed to shelter itself iii a cloud of mucous which it produced.)

114. BLENNIID^ CLINUS. 761

1 161. J\. satiricus Girard.

Dark brown, nearly uniform; maxillary flap broadly edged with
bright yellow. Head bluntish, convex in profile; eyes large, high up,
well forward, separated by a rather narrow flattish interorbital space;
top of head convex; cheeks long; opercles short. Head larger, and
teeth rather stronger than in N. blanckardi; maxillary enormously de-
veloped, reaching about to gill-opening, its length varying with age;
provided at tip and inner margin with a very broad wing-like flap,
which is joined to the lower part of the cheek; this membrane is more
than twice the diameter of the eye; below it is another membrane con-
necting this with the lower jaw; supraorbital cirrus quite small, but
present. Head 3£; depth G; maxillary with flap, 3J. D. 43; A. 29.
L. 12 inches. Monterey, Cal. ; a rare and most interesting species.

(Ncoclinus satiricus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 57; Gimther, ii, 260.)

1162. W. tolaaaclaai'di Girard.

Dark red or plum color, with olive-green blotches on the side; belly
olive, speckled with lighter; front of mouth red; fins colored like the
body; a black spot ocellated with yellow between the first and second
dorsal spines; 2 light-yellow spots at base of caudal; dorsal and cau-
dal tinged behind with yellow; anal and pectorals chiefly vermilion ;
color quite variable, some specimens duller or barred. A long cirrus,
much longer than eye, above the front of the eye; reddish at base, its
fringed tips bright yellow; a short, multifid, nasal barbel, and a cluster
of 3 or 4 fringed barbels behind supraocular cirrus. Maxillary two-
thirds length of head, G in body, large, reaching nearly to opposite
front of dorsal; lateral line ending opposite the vent, only its straight
anterior portion being developed. Dorsal spines one-third length of
head. Head 4; depth 5. D. XXVI, 17; A. 30. Coast of California,
north to Monterey.

(Girard, U. S. Pac. E. E. Surv. Fish. 1858, 114; Gunther, ii, 259.)

4O7.— CLINUS Cuvier.
(Cuvier, E&gne Anim. ii, 1817: type Clinus acuminatus C. & V.)

Body more or less elongate and compressed, covered with small
or minute scales, which are usually cycloid; lateral line complete,
abruptly decurved behind the pectoral ; head obtuse or somewhat
pointed; stout, unequal, conical teeth on jaws and vomer, and some-
times on palatines; the teeth mostly in single series, except in front;

762 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

no conspicuous posterior canines; maxillary not produced backward
from angle of mouth; gill -membranes united, free from the isthmus.
Dorsal fin long and low, chiefly composed of spines; some of the ante-
rior spines often different from the others, longer or shorter, and set
farther apart; anal fin low, with 2 spines; ventral fins jugular, of 1
spine and 2 or 3 rays; caudal fin truncate; brauchiostegals G; air-
bladder and pyloric cceca absent; viviparous. Inhabiting rock-pools
among alga3, in warm seas. Our two species are very different, and
represent opposite extremes in this large and varied genus, (x/tVoc, a
name of some sleepy fish; from x/^, a bed.)

a. Nape with a fringe of filaments; teeth on vorner and palatines; scales moderate.
(Labrosomus* Swaiiisou.)

1163. C. nuchipinnis Quoy & Gaimard.

Reddish brown, sometimes with vertical bands ; a black spot on
opercle, which is often edged with white; cheeks and fins reticulate or
dotted. Body oblong, rather robust; head naked, thick, short, not very
obtuse anteriorly, compressed above; mouth rather large, the maxilla-
ries not prolonged backward, extending to opposite the posterior part
of eye, 2£ in head; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; front teeth of
jaws conic, strong; eyes large; interorbital space very narrow; each
side of neck with a long series of hair-like filaments, nearly as long as
eye; orbital tentacle short and broad, multifid; nostrils with a tufted
barbel; lower jaw slightly projecting, its posterior teeth sometimes re-
curved; pectorals a little shorter than head, reaching vent. Dorsal
spines rather slender, the three anterior spines scarcely shorter than
the others; all the spines lower than the soft rays; dorsal fin com-
mencing near, the nape, the spiuous portion long; soft rays higher
than the spines; caudal small; pectorals rather large; ventral* mod-
erate; gill-membranes broadly united, free from the i>iliimis; lateral
line complete, high anteriorly, then abruptly decurved ; membranes
of vertical tins scaly; scales not very small, cycloid. Head :\.\- depth
3£. D. XVIII, 11'; A. II, 17; Lat. 1. 70. L. 8 inches. AVest Indies;
occasional on our South Atlantic coast.

nii<-liii>iiniin t^iioy A < .:i im:u <1, Vny. Crania Zool. 25.r>: Cllnun pectinifcr Cuv.
& Val. \i. :'71: Li/iimnim rirrlnininii Dckay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. HI*,', -11: Cliinin nuclii-
pinniH (JiinlluT, Mi. '.'' '••-': / <ibro8omun pectin if er Gill, 1'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18GO,
105.)

*Swainson, Cl;i^. Fi-li. ii. 7."., 1839: type Clinus pectinifer Cuv. & Val. = C/i»M« »u-
chipinnin J. & G. (Labrnx; (Jw/uv, body.)

114. BLENNIID^E HETEROSTICHUS. 763

aa. Nape without fringe of filaments.

b. Head pointed; no palatine teeth; spinous dorsal notched behind fifth spine;
scales minute. (Gibbonsia* Cooper.)

1164. C. evides J. & G. nom. sp. nov.

Usual color of adult translucent, reddish or orange, nearly plain ; a
large pellucid spot on the membrane behind third dorsal spine, and
some small ones behind it; pectorals barred; young specimens vari-
ously variegated, with light and dark shades of red, brown, and white,
the hue varying exceedingly and dependent on the surroundings; a
dark spot usually present behind gill-opening. Body elongate, com-
pressed; head small, rather pointed; mouth quite small, terminal, the
maxillary about reaching pupil, 3J in head; lower jaw projecting; no
teeth on palatines ; posterior teeth not recurved ; eye moderate, shorter
than snout, nearly 6 in head ; a small supraocular flap, not higher than
pupil. First spine of dorsal inserted over preopercle, its length more
than one-third that of head; the second nearly equal; the third, fourth,
and fifth progressively shorter; the sixth about as long as fourth; the
seventh longer; the rest nearly equal to the last, which is lower than
the soft rays; pectorals short, not reaching vent; ventrals short; scales
very small, smooth; head naked; no air-bladder. Head 4f ; depth 4|.
D. V, XXXI, 10; A. II, 26. L. 9 inches. Coast of California, from
Monterey southward ; in rock-pools ; very abundant.

(Myxodes (Gibbonsia) elegans Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 109, 1864: Blakea
elegans Steiudaclmer, Ichth. Beitriige, v, 148, 1876; not Clinas elegans C. & V.)

4O§.— HETEROSTICHUS Girard.

Kelp-fishes.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1834, 143: type Heteroslichus rostratus Grd.)

Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with very small, smooth
scales; head long and low, the snout conic, produced, very acute; pre-
maxillaries protractile; mouth moderate, terminal; each jaw with a row
of conical teeth, behind which anteriorly is a broad patch of villiform
teeth; vomer and palatines with villiform teeth; gill-rakers feeble;
gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; orbital cirri
minute or wanting; cheeks scaly. Dorsal fin very long, the posterior
rays soft, the five anterior spines wider apart than the rest and sepa-
rated from them by a notch, the first and second spines longest, rather
flexible, the other spines stiff; caudal fin forked; veutrals I, 3; pec-

* Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 109: type Myxodes elegans Cooper. (Dedi-
cated to Dr. J. P. Gibbous.)

764 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

torals moderate; lateral line simple, complete, abruptly curved behind
pert orals; air-bladder present, large. Size large. (^pi>~, different;
a--.-/"-, rank; in allusion to tlie anterior dorsal spines.)

1165. II. rosti-utns Grd.— Kelp-fist.

Translucent reddish brown, varying to blackish or olive, with traces
of shining pale bands on the sides, and dark vertical bars, the hue
and pattern of color varying greatly; young specimens most varie-
gated; a translucent spot behind third dorsal spine. Body much com-
pressed, deepest anteriorly; head slender, compressed and pointed;
lower jaw projecting, with thick lip; maxillary reaching pupil, L'j-J in
head; eye large, 7 in head; orbital cirrus minute, usually entirely want-
ing; cheeks and upper edge of opercle with small scales, rest of head
naked; middle rays of caudal about two-thirds length of outer. Head
33; depth 33; B. G. D. V, XXXII, 13; A. II, 34. L. 15 inches. San
Francisco to San Diego. The largest of the Blcnnies which are allied
to Clinus.

(Girard, Proc., Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 143; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.
30; Giiiither, ii, 'JG4, :ui<l iii, 201.)

409.— CREIVINOBATES Giinther.
.Auchenopterus Giintbcr, preoccupied.)

(Giinther, Proc. Zoo'l Soc. Loud. l^Cil, 374: typo Auchenopterus monophthalmus Gthr.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with rather large
cycloid scales; head shortish, naked; cheeks full; mouth moderate,
with a band of conical teeth in the jaws and about one series on the
\ inner; none on the palatines; gill-membranes united, free from the
isthmus; upper surface of head with tentacles. Dorsal liu low, com-
posed of stiff spines, wilh but a single soft ray, which is lower than the
spines; first three spines more or less separated from the others; anal
lin low, with two spines; veutrals jugular, well developed; pectorals
broad; lateral line complete, strongly curved anteriorly. Warm seas.
This genus dilleis from Crinticcfm in having but one soft ray in the
dorsal tin, and in the well-developed scales, (///^//vo^ar-/^, one who
haunts rocks.)

a. Three anterior .spines connected to the others hy membrane.

1166. < . iule^i i|>iniiis Rosa Smith.

Color dark brown, variegated with different shades of brown and

114. BLENNIID^E — CHIROLOPHUS. 765

reddish; about 5 indistinct dark cross-bars; a distinct ocellated black
spot on posterior part of dorsal fin; caudal fin translucent, speckled;
a black bar at its base; base of pectorals violet, bordered with black,
the rest of the fin checkered; ventrals barred. Head stout, broad,
conical; niouth little oblique; eyes large; nasal, supraocular and nu-
chal regions with fringed cirri, those at the nape flap-like. First and
second dorsal spines low, a little higher than the third, which, in turn,
is higher than the fourth, and separated from it by an interspace; the
membrane between the third and fourth spines deeply einarginate;
anterior spines not forming a separate fin; highest anterior spine not
higher than the highest of the posterior part of fin. Head 4; depth 4&.
D. Ill, XXVIII, 1; A. II, 20; V. I, 3; Lat. 1. 38. L. 2£ inches. San
Diego, California, southward to Mazatlan ; abundant in rock-pools.
(Cremnobates integripinnis Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 147.)

41O.— CHIROLOPHUS Swainson.
(Rlenniops Nilsson: Carelophus Kroyer. )

(Cliirolopltls Swainson, Class. Fish, ii, 275, 1839: type Blennius yarrclli C. & V. = Blcn-
nius ascanii Walb.)

Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales; no lateral line;
snout short; no teeth on vomer or palatines; teeth in jaws small; gill-
menibranes united, free from the isthmus; nostrils, orbital region, and
neck with dermal flaps, the supraorbital flaps high. Dorsal fin long,
of spines only; ventrals well-developed, jugular; caudal fin distinct.
No air-bladder or pyloric coaca. Northern seas; one species known
from Europe; a second species, imperfectly described by Pallas, may
be provisionally placed with it. (x&p, hand ; Xoyoq, crest ; apparently
a, head, was intended, which would make " Carelophus.")

1167. C. (?) polyactocepiiaBais (Pallas) J. &. G.

Form of Zoarces. Body compressed, covered with soft imbedded
scales; head very short, retuse; lower jaw longer; "both jaws without
teeth ";(?) eyes approximate; interorbital space with 2 minute cartilag-
inous spinules; 2 large superciliary cirri; vertex behind orbits subex-
cavated, with 2 series of erect cirri. Dorsal fin beginning at the neck,
extending to the caudal; ventrals midescribed. D. LXX. Karat-
schatka (Pallas) and Alaska.

(Blennius polyactocephalus Pallas, Zool. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 179, 1811.)

766 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Butter-fishes.

(Centronotus Bloch: GunncUus Cuvier.)

(Lacdpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 324, 1800: type Murasnoides sujef Lacdp. = Blennius
g unn ell us L.)

Body long and low, considerably compressed, somewhat baud-shaped,
the tail slowly tapering; head small, compressed, naked or scaly;
mouth rather small, oblique; jaws with rather small teeth in narrow
bands or single series; vomer and palatines usually toothless; gill-
membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; scales very small,

* Little known species related to Muranoides, recorded from Kamtschatka, and
doubtless occurring also in Alaska, are the following:

M. tcenia (Pallas).

Body banded; teeth obtuse, subdistinct; head subtriangular, compressed; body
ensiform, covered with minute imbedded scales; vent median. Dorsal fin extending
from near the head to the tail, the spines subequal; caudal subdistinct; pectorals
small; ventrals represented by 2 recurved spines. D. LXXXVII; A. 47. Kurile
Islands. (Pallas.)

(Blennius tccnla Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 178.)

M. rubcrrimus (Cuv. & Val.)

Bright red. Form of preceding; scales inconspicuous; ventrals each a single
scarcely projecting spine ; caudal broad, rounded, distinct. D. CXV. Kurile
Islands. (Pallas.)

(GunncUus ruberrimus Cuv. & Val. xiv, 440, after Pallas, 1. c. 178.)

M. ? ocellatus (Tilesius.)

Brownish, marked with yellow and purple; six black ocellated spots, along the
dorsal h' n. Caudal distinct; ventrals none. D. LXXX; A. 50. Otherwise essentially
as in M. yiinncllua. Kamtschatka. (Cuv. $• /'«/.)

(OphiiHiint iK'dlatum Tiles. Mdm. Acad. St. Petersb. ii, 237, 1811: Gunnrllus apos Cuv.
& Val. xiv, 426: Centronotus apus Gthr. iii, 288.)

GUNNELLOPS Bleeker.

(Bleeker: type Blcnnlu* roseua Pallas.)

Apparently distinguished from Murccnoidea by the tapering tail, around which the
vertical fins are confluent; palatine teeth present.

(Gunin-tlitx, (tunnel, an old name of Muranoidcs gunnellua; uif>, eye.)

G. roncus (Pallas) Bleeker.

Intensely red. Head nhtnse, the lower jaw projecting; eyes large; body very
long, compressed, tapering into a slender tail; pectorals small, ovate, hyaline; 2
Bpines in place of venirals; dorsal extending from the nape to the end of the tail;
anal joined to caudal. D. ca. 100; A. ca. 90; P. 9; V. I. Knrile Islands.

(Ulenniua roaeus Pallas, 1. c. 177: Ccntronotus roecue Gunther, iii, 290.)

114. BLENNIID^: - MUE^NOIDES. 767

smooth; no lateral line. Dorsal fin long and low, beginning near the
head, composed entirely of stiff, sharp, subequal spines; anal similar
in form, of two spines and many soft rays; caudal fin short and small,
sometimes joined to dorsal and anal; pectorals short; ventrals very
small, of one spine and a rudimentary ray (obsolete or wanting in
some imperfectly-known species provisionally referred to this genus) ;
intestinal canal short, without cceca. Shore fishes of the Northern
fishes of the Northern seas, (nupc/Liva, an eel; eT5«?, form.)

6. Ventrals present, I, 1. (Murcenoides.')

1168. M. gunnelliis (L.) Gill.— Butter-fish.

Olive brown; sides with numerous obscure darker bars; base of
dorsal with ocellated dark spots; a dark bar below eye. Head short
and compressed, scale-less; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching front of
pupil; caudal fin distinct; pectorals little more than half length of
head; ventrals of a spine and a rudimentary ray. Head about 8;
depth 9. D. LXXVIII ; A. II, 38 ; V. I, 1 ; vert. 85. L. 12 inches.
North Atlantic; abundant both in America and Europe.

(Bleniiius gunnellus L. Syst. Nat. i, 443: Centronolus gunellus Giinther, iii, 285: Ophi-
dium mucronatum Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 361, 1815: Gunnellus macrocephalus
Girard, Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist, vi, 263, 1850: Gunellus ingens Storer, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist, vi, 261, 1850; perhaps an abnormal specimen rather than a different genus.)

1169. M. fasciatus (Bloch & Schu.) Gill.

Grayish or brownish, marbled with darker, anteriorly with several
irregular cross-bands, which reach the abdomen ; back with a series of

10 or 12 subtriangular pale spots along the- base of dorsal, each spot
including some brown specks; a brown-edged pale vertical band be-
hind eye; a brownish band from below the eye to the throat. Mouth
very oblique, the snout short; iuterorbital width less than diameter of
eye; pectoral scarcely half as long as head; ventrals very small; ver-
tical fins not joined. Head 9£; depth 9. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 42;
Y. I, 1. Greenland to Alaska. (GuntJier.)

(Centronotus fasciatus Bloch & Schneider, 165, 1801: Gunnellus fasciatus and groen-
landicus Guv. & Val. xi, 441, 442: Centronotus fasciatus Giinther, iii, 287: ? Centronotus
gunelliformis Giinther, iii, 288.)

11 YO. M. oriiatus (Grd.) Gill.

Usually greenish above, yellow or orange below, but varying to
brown and cherry-red; traces of about 20 darker bars along sides; a

768 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

dark bar downward from eye; fins reddish; a V-shaped mark from
eyes to occiput, grayish, bordered by jet black; the common form
(la'tus Cope) with about 14 red spots along base of dorsal, each with
a curved black bar in front and behind, partly encircling it; others
(ornattis) with about as many broad /\-shaped darker blotches, which
extend on the fin, the first one or two blotches often shaped as in the
form called Icetus. Head naked, very narrow above; nape nearly equi-
distant between origin of dorsal and front of orbit ; origin of anal
equidistant between base of caudal and base of pectoral ; pectoral 2
in head; veutrals each consisting of a spine and a ray. Head 8;
depth 8. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 37. L. 12 inches. San Francisco to
Alaska; very abundant northward.

(Gunnellus ornatus Grd. Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 149: Centronotus nebulosus
Gtiir. iii, 287, part, but the Japanese M. nebttlosits is a difterent species: Centronotus
lostus Cope, Proc. Anier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873.)

1171. M. maxillaris Bean.

Brown; back with a series of 11 rounded or oblong pale spots, the
longest half as long as the head; all of these spots include at the top
a rather large brown spot, and below numerous little browu spots;
between the first and second pale blotches are 2 very dark spots oil
the dorsal membrane, and below the dark spots a pale one of similar
size; sides with about 26 pale bands, mostly well defined, especially
anteriorly; interorbital space with a brown band, preceded and fol-
lowed by a pale band half as wide; below eye 2 whitish bands, with a
brown one between them. Head scaleless; mouth little oblique, the
lower jaw on level of middle of eye; width of mouth equal to length
of pectoral and nearly half head; mandible as long as pectoral. Eye
equal to snout, a little more than interorbital width; ventral spine §
eye. Highest dorsal spines near front of fin, half length of mandible;
caudal half head; vent under forty-third dorsal spine, not far behind
middle of body. Head 8; depth 7. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 43; V. I,
1. Saint Paul Island, Alaska. (Bean.)

aa. Wnfrals mlm-ril ti> ;i rudiment.

1 172. I»I. dolirhoxastcr (Pallas) J. & G.

Brownish olive, marbled with yellowish; fins yellowish; dorsal fin
with distant pale vertical bands; snout very short; cleft of mouth
oblique; a pair of small bony warts ("verrucas ossere e cute prom-
inulae") in place of veutrals. Caudal tin well developed, the dorsal

114. BLENNIID2E APODTCHTHYS. 769

and anal joined to its base. Head 7; depth 10. D. LXXXIII; A. II,
50. L. 12 inches. Kamtschatka and Aleutian Islands. (Pallas.)

(Blcnmus dolichogaster Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 175, 1811: Centronotus dolicho-
gaster Giiuther, iii, 289.)

«aa. Ventrals entirely wanting. (Asternopteryx Riippell.)

1173. M. giasaelliforntis (Riippell) J. &. G.

Reddish brown, with 10 brown cross-bands, most distinct on base of
dorsal and anal; light blotches along- dorsal fin, each between two of
the brown cross- bands, and each with a brown spot in the center; a
light, brown -edged, vertical band below eye. Ventrals none; snout
short; cleft of mouth oblique; width of interorbital space less than
diameter of eye; length of pectoral 3 in head. Dorsal spines short
and stiff; caudal distinct. Head S£; depth 8. D. LXXXI; A. II, 41.
(Glinther.) Type supposed to be from Greenland.

(Asternopleryx gunclliformis Riippell MSS. : Centronotus gunelliformis Gunther, iiiy

288.)

412.— APODICHTHYS Girard.
(Girard, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci.'Phila. 1854, 150: type Apodichtliys flauidus Girard.)

Body elongate, compressed, covered with very small scales; no lat-
eral line; snout short; mouth moderate, oblique; teeth in the jaws
moderate, stouter anteriorly; vomer with teeth; gill-membranes united,
free from the isthmus. Dorsal fin long, low, even, of spines only; anal
fin similar, preceded by a large spine in a pouch of skin; caudal fin
short, connected with dorsal and anal; no ventral fins; pectoral fins
small; intestinal canal shori, without pyloric ccsca. Small bright-
colored fishes of the Pacific, (a-ou?, without feet; hOuq, fish; in allu-
sion to the want of ventral fins.)

a. Anal spine very long, pen-shaped, excavated on anterior surface. (Apodichthys.)

1174. A. flavidus Girard.

Color orange, varying with the surroundings to intense grass-green,
brown, and dark purple; a few light round spots along axis of body
posteriorly; a narrow black bar downwards and backwards from eye;
a shorter, less-distinct bar from upper margin of orbit backwards to
occiput; anal fin obliquely barred with brownish. Head short; mouth
very oblique; maxillary reaching pupil; upper jaw with a series of con-
ical teeth, behind which is a patch of smaller teeth; sides of mandible
with conical teeth in a single series, forming a patch in front; vomer
with three conical teeth; palatines toothless; nape equidistant between
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1G 49

770 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

front of dorsal and pupil. Anal spine very large, two-fifths the length
of head, shaped like a pen, deeply exeuvated on its anterior side, and
very convex behind, very thin, flexible, and with sharp edges, entirely
included in a pouch of skin; pectoral fins about two-fifths length of
head. Head !».',; depth 7:\. 1). XCIII; A. I, 40. L. 18 inches. Point
Concepciou to Vancouver Island; abundant; usually found below low
tide-mark.

(Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 150; Giinther, iii, 290: Apodii-htltys rlres-
CI-IIK Ayiw, Proc. Cal. Arad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 55: Apodlvlithifx inonialus Gill, Proc. Arad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. IbG'J, vJT'J: Apodichthys sanguineus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

••;•_'. -JT9.)

aa. Anal spine small, not pen-shaped nor excavated.

11?'?. A. fucoriim Jor. & Gilb.

Bright olive-green or deep red, the color varying with the surround-
ings; a row of dark spots along axis of body, these sometimes with
light-bluish center, and connected by a very narrow dark streak; gen-
erally a dark streak downward from eye, but no other markings about
head. Form and dentition as in A.jlncidtis. Mouth very oblique, the
maxillary reaching center of pupil; nape nearer front of dorsal than
end of snout. Anal spine comparatively small, about one-fifth length
of head, transversely very convex in front, and slightly concave or
grooved behind, the pouch of skin at its base little developed; pec-
torals ver\ small, shorter than eye; anal fin beginning nearer tip of
caudal than tip of snout by about 3 times length of head. Ilead 10;
depth ill. D. LXXXIII; A. 35. L. G inches. Monterey to Tuget
Sound; abundant in rock-pools and bunches of Fucus; remarkable for
its active movements.

(Jordan A. (iill.cr', Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1^0, 1:59.)

413.— ANOPLARCIIUS Gill.

(liill, Proc. Arad. Xaf. Sci. Phila. l-^iil , -JC.l : type Aiinphirrlnix piirjiiircmriiH Gill.)

I'.ody elongated, compressed, covered with very small, imbedded
scales; lateral lino, obsolete. Head small, compressed; eyes small;
month oblique: teeth in each jaw in one series, of nearly uniform si/c;
no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill mem bra lies broadly attached to the
isthmus; branchiostegals 5. Dorsal tin not very low; no anal spines;
venlrals wanting: caudal fin small, entire: pectoral fins moderate;
pvloric COMM present, few. Pacific. (av<;r/«»?, unarmed; a/^"?, anus;
the anal fin being without spines.)

114. BLENNIID^E XIPHISTER. 771

1 1 76. A. atropiirpureus (Kittlitz) Gill.

Color grayish olive, varying to brown, everywhere above finely
marked with blackish reticulations; along each side of back a series of
small, irregular, sharply-defined grayish spots; a series of small pale
spots along lateral line; belly pale; crest- and middle line of back
rather pale; under parts of head yellowish; an oblique, wedge-shaped,
pale streak extending downward and backward from the eye, bounded
on each side by a sharp light-red line, and then by a dusky area; lower
jaw mottled; dorsals olivaceous, speckled, a blackish spot on front;
anal olive, tinged with red; pectorals dull orange, barred at base; cau-
dal reddish, with narrow pale streaks, and a light bar at base; color
sometimes nearly plain purplish, but more often grayish and mottled.
Head with a fleshy crest, which rests oil a ridge of bone; its height in
older specimens about equal to eye; mouth rather large, the maxillary
reaching beyond the orbit. Pectorals about half the length of head;
dorsal and anal comparatively high, barely connected with the base of
caudal; nape midway between origin of dorsal and pupil. Head CJ;
depth 6f. D. LYII; A. 41. Alaska to San Francisco; abundant
northward.

(Opltidium atropurpureiim Kittlitz, Denkwiircl. einer Reise, Russ.-Amer. i, 225, 1858:
Centra not us cristagalli Giiuther, iii, 289: Anoplarclim purpurescens Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Soi. Phila. 1861, 261: Anoplarchns cristagalli Giiutlier, iii, 564.)

117 7. A. alectrolopltus (Pallas) J. & G.

Brownish-olive, darker above; a series of green blotches along the
dorsal; dorsal brownish-olive, with indistinct oblique bars; anal and
caudal with wavy lines; head with a longitudinal fleshy crest, extend-
ing from above eyes to nape. Anal fin beginning at anterior third of
body; dorsal and anal uniting with the caudal; pectorals very small;
no veutrals. Lateral line obsolete. D. LXIII; A. 44; C. 13. Island
of Talek, Gulf of Penshin. (Guv. & Vol.) Perhaps identical with the
preceding.

(Blennius alectrolophus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 174: Gunnellus alectrolophus
C. & V. xi, 447: Centronotus alectrolophus Giinther, iii, 289.)

414.— XIPHISTER Jordan.
(Xiphidion Girard; preoccupied in Orthoptera.)

«

(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1879, 241: type Xiphidion mucosum Girard.)

Body elongate, eel-shaped, covered with small scales; lateral lines
several, viz : one along the median line of the side, one above this, and
one below it; one on each side of the abdomen, the two meeting in

772 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

front, and one from the occiput toward the base of the dorsal fin.
Kaeh of these lias on each side, series of short branches, placed at
right angles to the main line, those on opposite sides alternating.
Marh of these branches has about two open mucous pores. Dead
short, bluntish, scaleless; mouth moderate, oblique; jaws with rather
strong teeth, the anterior canine-like; no teeth on vomer or palatines.
Uranchiostegals G; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. A
single long, low, uniform dorsal fin, consisting of spines only; anal fin
similar in form, with 2 small spines; caudal short, joined to dorsal and
anal; no ventral tins; pectoral fins very small. Intestinal canal mod-
erately elongate, with 4-G well-developed pyloric coeca. Herbivorous,
feeding on alga?. Active fishes, inhabiting tide-pools and crevices
among rocks in the, North Pacific, (zlvtaryp, a sword-belt.)

1178. X. chims Jordan & Gilbert.

Color olive-brown, yellowish below; sides with marblings of different
shades of brown, sometimes with short blackish vertical bars; some
round black spots along the back and sides; a black spot behind
opercles; numerous black spots on sides of head, forming in older spec-
imens light and dark streaks, which radiate from eye across cheeks
and opercles, the pale streaks forming reticulations; dorsal with black
spots, and a series of bright reddish-brown cross-blotches; pectorals
and caudal plain. Head short; nape not constricted; mouth small;
maxillary extending to middle of pupil ; teeth strong, the anterior
canine like, bluntish; about 4 canines in lower jaw, 5 or 6 in the upper,
similar to the teeth behind them, but somewhat larger. Abdominal
lines meeting on the breast, but not connected with the lower lateral
line. Dorsal fin beginning close behind pectoral; nape midway be
t \veen middle of eye and front of dorsal ; anal beginning about a head's
length nearer snout than base of caudal; pectoral fin comparatively
large, longer than the eye, its length about equal to distance between
middle and lower lateral lines. Head 7; depth 9. D. LXX; A. II, 50.
Monterey to Alaska; smaller than the other species, and living ill
deeper \valer.

(Jordan A <;ill..Tt. I'm.-. U. S. Nat. MILS. 18HO, 135.)

1 175). \. ill IK- ONUS i .11. -i i, I i .Ionian.

I'.laeki.vli green, pale on belly and sides of head, marked posteriorly
with olive-green in \arions patiern; a transverse light -greenish bar at
base of caudal; .'I olive bro\\n streaks, radiating backward from eye,
paler in the center and edged above and below with blackish, outside

114. BLENNIUX3 CEBEDICHTHYS. 773

of which is sometimes a streak of pale olive. These streaks all merge
backward into the color of the head; middle streak broadly wedge-
shaped; the third streak terminating before reaching margin of pre-
opercle; old specimens often coarsely blotched with yellow. Lower
jaw with a series of short stout conical teeth ; upper jaw with a narrow
band of similar teeth; 2 strong canines in upper jaw, 4 in the lower.
Lower lateral line sending a branch to the abdominal line; nape not
constricted. Dorsal beginning anteriorly; distance from its origin to
occiput less than that from occiput to tip of snout ; origin of anal nearer
snout than tip of caudal by about half length of head; pectoral fin as
long as eye. Head 8; depth 7£. D. LXXIII; A. 48. L. 18 inches.
Monterey to Alaska; very abundant among rocks and alga3.

(Xipliidion mucosnm Girard, U. S. Pac. E. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 119: Xiphidion mu-
cosum Giiuther, iii, 291; Jordan & Gilbert. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 137: Xipkidium
cruorcum Cope, Proc. Amer. Phi]. Soc. Phila. 1873.)

11§O. X. mpestris Jor. & Gilb.

Eeddish brown, uniform or variously shaded with lighter; a light
olivaceous bar at base of caudal, extending on dorsal and anal ; behind
this a blackish area; tip of caudal usually pale; 3 long, well-defined
stripes radiating backward from eye, these stripes uniform black, ab-
ruptly margined with very light olive; the central stripe proceeds
straight backward from the eye, half the breadth of the cheeks, at
which point it is broadest; it is then narrowed and bent abruptly
downward; both the middle and lower stripes reach the margin of
preopercle. Teeth essentially as in A", mucosus. The lower lateral line
sends a branch to the abdominal line. A constriction at the nape.
Distance from origin of dorsal to the occiput greater than the distance
from the occiput to the snout. Anal fin beginning much in advance
of middle of body, the distance from the first ray to tip of caudal ex-
ceeding the distance to snout by nearly twice length of head; pectoral
very short, its length less than diameter of eye. Head 8; depth 9.
D. LXVI; A. 50. L. 12 inches. Smaller than the preceding, and
equally abundant; among rocks and alga3, from Alaska to Monterey.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 137.)

415.— CEBEDICHTHYS Ayres.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 59, 1855: type Cebedichthys cristagalli Ayres= Apo-
dichlhys violaceus Grd.)

Body comparatively short, compressed, covered with minute scales;
lateral line distinct, running very high, with very short branches,

774 roxTKimTmxs TO NORTH AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

cadi ending in a pon>, as in X!j>liixl<T, l>nt tin1 branches more oblique
ami le>s regular. Head short; crown witli a conspicuous fleshy lon-
gitudinal crest in the adult; jaws siibequal, with conical teeth; villi-
form tectli on \ omer and palatines; gill-membranes united, free from
the i>thmiis. .Dorsal fin continuous, long aud low, the anterior part
composed of sharp spines, which are rather lower than the soft rays;
caudal I'm rounded, connected with dorsal aud anal: anal tin similar to
soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines; pectorals small; ventrals wanting.
I in retinal '-anal elongate, with several pyloric eo-ca. Pacific Ocean.
Herbivorous, similar in habits to the species of \ij>Iiix/<T. (•/.;ilj<i^, the
Sapajou, a kind of monkey; './<>'>$, fish; in allusion to the "peculiar
monkey-like" physiognomy as seen from the front.)

1181. C. violaccus (Ayros) (Jnl.

Dull olive grayish, mottled with lighter, sometimes reddish tinged;
vertical lius all edged with reddish; cheeks with :'> darker stripes,
edged with paler, one downward and backward from the eye, close
behind angle of mouth; another above it to root of pectoral ; another
running upward and backward from the eye, and meeting its fellow
over the crest. Maxillary extending to or beyond orbit. Dorsal scaly
at base; vent nearer snout than base of caudal; pectoral two-lifths
length of head; nape midway between dorsal and eye. Head (\\ ;
depth ('». ]). XXIII, 41; A. I, 41. L. 30 inches. Sail Francisco to
J'oint Coiicepcion; abundant.

Ciranl, 1'rnr. Ac-:xl. N:i1. Sci. Pliila. 1 "C) 1, 1".0 : r<7W/V/i//,i/x ,T/N-
tti;/,illi Avivs. 1'n.c. C;il. Arail. Nat. Sci. 1,58, l-'.V.: Ciranl. (' . S. I'ac. K'. K'. Surv. fish.
TJ1; ( Jiiiit JUT, iii, 2(JO.)

416.— EirmZNOUKAJIJIFS Ciill.
((nil, 1'nic. Acad. Nat. Si-i. 1'liila. 1-iil, ">\0: tyjir clinii.i )>nr< ixn* Kriiyrr.)

Body comparatively shoi-t, the back somewhat arched; moiitli rather
large, ihe jaws with villilbnn teeth; teeth on vomer and palatines.
Scales small; lateral line present, median, wit h one or more accessory
branches: pectorals and ventrals well developed. Dorsal moderately
hi-Ii. of spines only, sliglitly connected with the rounded caudal; gill-
op1 Dings continued forwards below, the membranes narrowly joined to
the isthmus; p> loric eo-ea present. (.-•'', well; /-V.,c, middle; Yl"-1:1!",,
line; the lon.ue.xi lateral line being t he middle one.)

(i. LIIWIT lati-ral lint- |nv-,rnt .

1 IN'J. I-:. pr:rrisio> . Kroyer) *,ill.

An ovule, black, white edged spot between Ihe sixth and tenth dorsal
spines. .Snout Mibconical; cleft of mouth slightly oblique; vomeriue

114. BLENNIID^ - STICELEUS. 775

and palatine teeth present; 3 lateral lines on each side, the median
continued to the base of the caudal ; ventral fin half as long as the pec-
toral, whicli is much shorter than head; dorsal fill terminating just at
root of caudal. Head 4; depth nearly 6. D. XLIX; A. 34; V. 3.
Greenland. ( Giinther.)

(Clinus pm'cisus Kroyer, Natnrh. Tidsskr. i, 25, 1836: Clinus unimacitJntus Reinli.
Vid. Selsk. vii, 114, 1837: Slichceus unimaculalus Giinther, iii, 283; Gill, 1. c. 210.)

aa. Lower lateral line wanting.

11§3. E. subbifurcatus (Storer) Gill.

Brownish, with several round paler blotches above at the base of
the dorsal fin; spaces between these blotches darker, appearing like
bars; a broad black bar crossing the opercle obliquely from below the
orbit, and two parallel dark bars running backwards from orbit; belly
yellowish white; dorsal fin with numerous black dots. Mouth rather
large; maxillary reaching to below orbit; back somewhat arched; ven-
tral outline nearly straight; eyes large; lower lateral line wanting;
upper branch of lateral line about two-thirds length of head. Head 4^;
depth nearly 5. D. XLIY ; A. 30. North Atlantic, south to Cape Cod.

(Pholis SHbbifnrcatiis Storer, Eep. Fish. Mass. 1839, 03.)

417.— STICH^EUS Reinhardt.

(Reinhardt, Dansk. Videusk. Natur. og Math. Afhaudl. 1837, 109: type Blenniiis punc-
tatus Fabricms. )

Body comparatively short and compressed, covered with small scales;
teeth on jaws, vorner, and palatines. Lateral line present, single, me-
dian; pectorals and veutrals well developed. Dorsal moderately high,
of spines only, free from the caudal ; gill-openings continued forward
below, the membranes narrowly united to the isthmus; pyloric cceca
present, (a-l^du), to set in rows.)

1I§4. S. punctatns (Fabric.) Kroyer.

Scarlet ; dorsal with a series of round black spots, white-edged pos-
teriorly; head below with 5 brownish cross-bands; a brown streak
from snout through eye. Snout subconical. Dorsal spines of mod-
erate length. Eye half interorbital width. Head 5^ in total length;
depth 8. D. XL; A. I, 35. (Giinther.) Polar seas, south to Cape Cod
and Alaska.

(Blennius punctaius Fabric. Faun. Gron. 153, 1780: Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr. i, 377,
1837; Giinther, iii, 283.)

776 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

418.— IVOTOGRAITUIUS Bean.

(Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 147, 1881: type Stichceua rothrocki Bean.)

This genus differs from Sticlucus in the presence of a single lateral
line along the base of the dorsal fin. It is known, however, from im-
mature examples only. The caudal lin is emargiuate, a character
unusual in this family. (>oiror, back; ^a,a/iry, line.)

1185. IV. rothrocki Bean.

Talc brown, with 3 series of paler spots, those of the median series
usually longer and narrower than the others; a series of about 10 pale
spots oil median line of back, the anterior as large as eye; a daik
stripe around snout to end of opercle; a very narrow dark stripe
along base of dorsal, its lower margin seeming to mark the course of
the superior lateral line. Body covered with minute scales; lateral
line undeveloped (in the immature specimens known), apparently run-
ning close to outline of back. Teeth in the jaws, and apparently on
vomer and palatines. Gill-membrane deeply cleft, free from the isth-
mus. Eye 4 in head, as long as the subconical snout; maxillary
reaching front of pupil. Dorsal beginning above upper axil of pec-
toral: like the anal, connected by a low membrane with the caudal;
caudal emarginate behind; ventrals short, close together, 3 in head,
and not half as long as pectorals; longest dorsal spines half height of
body. Head 4.J; depth G. B. G. D. XLVIII; A. I, 34; V. I, 4; P. 15;
C. 21. Northern Alaska and Siberia.

(Stichceual rothrocki Ik-iiu, Proc. U. S. Nat. MILS iv, 1-lfi, 1881.)

419.— JLUIWPENUS

(Lcptof/n n inline Ayrrs: Lcptoclinua and Anisarchua Gill.)
(Hcinliunlt, Dansk. Vidcnsk. etc. 1837, 110: type lilennius lumpcnits Fabr..)

I'.ody greatly elongate, moderately compressed, covered with small
scales; lateral line indist iuct or obsolete. Headlong; snout short; no

cirri; e\e.-, large, placed high; month moderate, with a single row of
rather small, conical tee! h on each jaw; teeth present on voiner or pal-
atines; gill- openings prolonged forward below, very narrowly united
anteriorly to the isthmus, not forming a tree fold across it. Dorsal
c ..... posed of numerous, sharp, flexible, rather high, spines; caudal fin
long; anal man\ rayed; pectorals large, more than half lengt h of head;
Ycntrals well developed, jugular, I, 3 or 1,4; intestinal canal long; py-
loric circa present; no air bladder. Chiefly herbivorous. Northern
is. ( LtuitjK'ii, a Dani>h name of some similar li.>h.)

114. BLENNIID^ - LUMPENUS. 777

o. Teeth on vomer and palatines ; pectorals with the upper and middle rays shortened,
shorter than the lower (Leptodinus* Gill.)

11 §6. L(. ma.cula.tus (Fries) Nilss.

Yellowish; a series of 5 large dark spots along the base of the dorsal
fin, between which are smaller and fainter spots; dorsal and caudal
barred. Caudal fin truncate, free from dorsal and anal; veutrals half
as long as head; pectorals large, about as long as head. Anterior
rays of dorsal short and free. Teeth on vomer and palatines; lower
jaw included; maxillary reaching middle of eye. Head 6. D. LX; A.
36. (Collett.) Greenland to Spitzbergen; occasional southward, in
deep water.

(Clinus maculatus Fries Kgl. Vet. Ak. Hancll. 1837, 49 : Clinus aculeatus Reinh. Dansk.
Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. Af haudl. vii, 114, 122, 194, 1838: Stichceus maculatus and aculeatus
Giinther, iii, 281; Collett, Norske Nord-Havs Exp. 1880, 67.)

aa. Teeth on jaws and palatines, none on vomer; pectorals with the middle rays

longest, the lower ones shortened.
6. Anterior half of anal fin with the rays shortened. (Anisarchus\ Gill.)

11 §7. JL. medius (Reinh.) Kroyer.

Yellowish, nearly plain. Lower jaw scarcely included, the maxillary
reaching frout of eye; teeth on palatines, none on vomer; ventrals slen-
der, one-third length of head ; lower rays of pectoral shorter than mid-
dle ones, the fin shorter than head. Dorsal and anal slightly joined
to the truncate caudal ; anterior half of anal with the rays shortened.
Head 0; depth 10. D. LXI; A. 42; Y. I, 3. Greenland to Norway and
Spitzbergen. (Collett.}

(Climis medius Reinh. Dansk. Vidensk. Afhandl. 1838, 114: Lumpenus medius Kroyer,
Naturh. Tidsskr. i, 377, 1837: Stichceus medius Giinther, iii, 281: Anisarchus medius Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209; Collett, 1. c.,62.)

lib. Anal rays subequal. (Lumpenus.)

118§. L,. ang-uillaris (Pallas) Gill.

Olive green above, pale below; sides marked above with dark olive
brown; a series of more or less distinct oblong blotches of olive brown
along middle of sides; dorsal barred or spotted; anal pale; opercle
with a dark blotch; head dusky above. Cheeks scaly; mouth some-
what oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching front of
pupil ; teeth on palatines, none on the vomer; sides of each jaw with
1 or 2 larger teeth. Gill-openings prolonged forward a distance greater
than length of snout; pyloric coeca 4, unequal. Fins all comparatively

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209: type Clinus aculeatus Reiuh.
slender; Tf/lzVo?, Clinus.)

tGill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209: type Clinus medius Reinh. (avi<5o$,
unequal; apxo?, anus.)

778 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

high; pectorals two-thirds length of head, the middle rays longest;
ventrals one-third length of head. Dorsal and anal distinct from the
pointed caudal, which is nearly as long as head. Head S; depth 14.
1). LXXI; A. 40; V. I, 4; 13. 7. L. IS inches. San Francisco to
Alaska ; very abundant northward.

(Hlnuiiiix tiiif/iiillarin Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 176, 1811: Leptogunnellus gracilia
A.MVS, Pior. Cal. Acacl. Nat. Sci. i, "20: Lunqtcniix amjitillarin Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R.
. Fiah. 12:j: Slichccu-s antjuiUuris Giiuther, iii, 282.)

1189. L,. fabricii (Cuv. & Val.) Kroyer.

Light brown, clouded with darker. Upper jaw scarcely longer than
lower. Vertical fins separate; pectorals large; ventrals very slender.
Depth 14. D. LX1II; A. 41; Y. I, 3. Greenland. (Cuv. & Val.)

(lilenniu* luntjH-tni* Fahricins, Fauna Griml. 151: GinincUus fabricii Cuv. & Val. xi,
431: atii-liti'itis litnqx'nxs Giiuther, iii, 280.)

420.— UGPTOBtENNlUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. I860, 21: typo Llniithix mrpmtinus Ston-r.)

Body greatly elongate, covered with small scales; head rather slen-
der; teeth very small, in a single series in each jaw; none on the
vomer or palatines. No lateral line; no cirri; gill-openings somewhat
prolonged forwards, narrowly united to the isthmus. Dorsal fin very
long, continuous, of spines only; ventrals well developed, of 1 spine
and 2 or ;i rays ; pyloric ccBca present. This genus is hardly worthy
of separation from Lumpenus. (/£—()?, slender; Blennius.)

a. Dorsal spiues 60-65. (Centroblenmus Gill.*)

1 19O. L,. u u i»ia us (Rich.) J. & G.

Tale olive, marbled with -darker. Upper jaw slightly longest; no
teeth on vomer or palatines. Vertical fins not continuous; ventrals
slender, one-third length of head; pectoral fin ovate, the middle rays
longest. D. LXIIIj A. 43; V. I, 4. Wellington Sound. (Jficlninl^n.)

(Lniii/it-inix Hiiliihtx K'irh. Last Arcli<- Voyage, Fish, l:?, pi. 28: SHchim* iinbiliix GUii-
tli.-r, iii, .'.ill: Ci-nlrolileniiiux nubility Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. l>!i». 'J

aa. Dorsal sjiincs 70-80. (Leptoblennius Gill.)

1191. L.. ^I'l'gX'iitiims (Storer) Gill.

Olive above, with lighter cloudings; pale below; dorsal fin brownish,
with broad, obliqur, white bands; pectorals pair. Head not large, its
sides sparsely covered \\ilh small scales; eye as long as snout; max-
illary reaching front of pupil; gill-openings extending forward below,
for a distance less than length of snout; pectorals long, seven-eighths

•Gill, Pruc. A.a.l. Nai. Sci. Phila. 1-iiii, 21: type Lumpenus nubilus Rich.

114. BLENNIID^E - DELOLEPIS. 779

length of bead; ventrals moderate, 2§ in liead. Head 9; depth 15.
D. LXXV; A. 50; V. I, 3. L. 12 inches. Cape Cod to Greenland.

(Blcnniitft scrptntimis Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 30, 1848; Gill, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phi la. 1864, 209.)

!i. lampetrseformis (Wall). ) J. & G.
Yellowish, with numerous brown spots of different sizes; caudal
banded. No teeth on vomer or palatines; maxillary reaching front of
eye. Caudal free, acuminate; first three or four rays of dorsal short
and almost free; pectoral convex, shorter than head; vent well for-
ward. Head 9. D. LXXII; A. 50; V. I, 3. (Collctt.) Greenland to
Norway and Spitsbergen.

(Dlenniu-s lumpetraiformis Walbauin, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 184: Clhius nebulosus Nilss.
Skaiid. Faun. 1855, 195: Sticlia'tt* islandicus Giinther, iii, '281: Blennius graciUs Stuwitz.
Nye Magaz. f. Nat.urv. i, 40(5, 1838: Clinus nebulosus Fries Vet. Akad. Haudl. 1837,
55: Leptobh-nnius graciJis Gill, 1. c. 210: Lumpenus lampetrasformis Collett, Norske Nord-
havs Exp. 1880, 71.)

421.— DELOtEPIS Bean.

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882: type Delolepis virgatus Bean.)

Body anguilliform, moderately compressed posteriorly, covered with
small, imbricated, cycloid scales; vent nearly median; a small anal
papilla; lateral line continuous, straight, nearly median, composed of
open pores, without prominent tubes. Head oblong, subquadraugular,
naked, the muciferous channels well developed, the vertex shallow-
concave; snout short, obtuse; nostril single, tubular, close behind pre-
m axillary; eyes small, high, separated by an interspace of moderate
width, surrounded by a series of shallow pits; mouth wide, oblique,
terminal, the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; lips fleshy; pre-
maxillaries slightly protractile, with 2 rows of small conical teeth; a
few larger teeth at the sj'mphysis; vomer and palatines with a few
rather large teeth; tongue smooth, adherent; mandible with a few
shallow pits, the series continued on the posterior border of preop-
ercle; opercles unarmed. Gill-membranes attached to a narrow isth-
mus; gill-rakers very short; pseudobrauchise present. Branchioste-
gals G. Pectorals short, placed low, their bases vertical; veutrals
none; dorsal beginning above gill-opening, composed entirely of
spines; anal with 2 spines and many split rays; dorsal and anal con-
tinuous with the caudal, which is rather long and pointed. Intestine
short, with a few pyloric cosca. (tir^oq, visible; te-<.~, scale.)

1193. I>. virgatus Bean.
Brownish yellow; a brown stripe along lateral line; another along

780 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

back: a third along base of anal. Width of head equal to greater
depth of body; iuterorbital area equal to snout, or one-third length of
mandible: maxillary reaching a little behind eye, its length 3 in dis-
tance from snout to front of dorsal; eye 2 in snout, 11 in head. Be-
ginning at a short distance behind origin of dorsal, small, oblong,
cycloid scales, closely imbricated, cover a strip of the body along the
lateral line; the scaled area gradually widens backward until, behind
the vent, only a very narrow strip along bases of dorsal and anal is
naked. Dorsal beginning over upper angle of gill-opening; lirst spine
half as long as the seventy-first or longest; caudal 11 in length; pec-
toral 3 in head. Head G; depth 10. D. LXXVI; A. II, 4G; P. 13;
cceca G. L. 30 inches. Coasts of British Columbia and Alaska. (Bean.)
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 )

422.— CRYPT AC ANTIIODES Storer.

Wry-mouths.

(Storer, Kept. Fish. Mass. 1839, 28: type Cryptacanthodcs maculatus Storer.)

Body very long and slender, compressed, naked; lateral line obso-
lete; head oblong, cuboid, with vertical cheeks; conspicuous mueifer-
ous channels in mandible and preopercle; head flatfish above, with
deep rounded pits between and behind eyes ; mouth large, very ob-
lique; lower jaw very heavy, its tip projecting; premaxillary not pro-
tractile; jaws with rather sharp, conical teeth; larger teeth on the
vomer and palatines; most of the teeth in single series. Gill-mem-
branes joined to the isthmus; the gill-openings prolonged forwards
below; pyloric cosca 5. Dorsal fin long, composed entirely of spines,
which are rat her strong, but enveloped in the skin; dorsal and anal
joined to the caudal; no ventral fins; pectorals short. Size rather
large; one species known. (x(>u--uz, hidden; axav0«t>Vy?, spined.)

1&91. <'. :ii:ir:jJulsis Storer. — 7/V I/-»K> nth; (;lu»it-f(tt1i.

Light brownish, with several series of smallish dark spots, arranged
in more or le>s i.-idar rows, from the head 1<» the base of the caudal;
verti'-al tins dosel\ spoiled with darker: head above thickly speckled;
body sometimes (>• 'nun mitus") entirely immaculate. E\es small, placed
high, not so wide as the iiiterorbital space, which has 1' ridges and 3
pils; orbital rim raised; U deep pits behind eye at the temples; a
deeper pit on the top of head between them; a raised ridge con-
tinued backward on each side of head behind orbital rim; maxillary
extending to beyond eye; pseiidobrancliia- small; pectorals short, 3 iu

114. BLENNIID^E ANARRHICHAS. 781

bead, their tips reaching beyond front of dorsal; vent a little in front
of middle of body. Head G£; depth 13. D. LXXIII; A. 50. North
Atlantic, south to Cape Cod; not very common.

(Storer, Kept. Fish. Mass. 1839, 28; Giiuther, iii, 291: Cryptacanthodes inornatus Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1863, 332, albino form. )

423.— ANARRHICHAS Linnaeus.

Wolf-fishes.

(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: type'Anarrhichas lupus L.)

Body moderately elongate, covered with rudimentary scales; head
scaleless, without cirri, compressed, narrowed above, the profile strongly
decurved; mouth wide, oblique; premaxillary not protractile; jaws with
very strong conical canines anteriorly; lateral teeth of lower jaw either
molar or with pointed tubercles; upper jaw without lateral teeth;
vomer extremely thick and solid, with 2 series of coarse molar teeth;
palatines with 1 or 2 similar series. Gill-membranes broadly joined to
the isthmus; no lateral line. Dorsal fin rather high, composed entirely
of flexible spines, which are enveloped in the skin; anal fin lower;
caudal fin developed, free from dorsal and anal; no ventral fins; pec-
toral fins broad, placed low; air-bladder present; no pyloric coeca.
Northern seas. (Anarrhichas (or Scansor), an ancient name of A. lupus;
from a\>apfii%a<><j.ai1 to climb or scramble up; the allusion not evident.)

1195. A. lupus Linn. — Wolf-fish..

Brownish; sides with numerous (9-12) very dark transverse bars,
which are continued on the dorsal fin, besides numerous dark spots
and reticulations; fins dark; caudal tipped with reddish. Maxillary
reaching beyond orbit ; band of vomerine teeth extending much far-
ther back than the short palatine band. Pectorals large, rounded,
two-thirds length of head. Dorsal high, beginning over the gill-open-
ing, its longest rays about half length of head. Head 6 ; depth 5£.
D. LXII; A. 42. North Atlantic; rather common both in America

and Europe.

(Linnams, Syst. Nat. i, 430, 1760: Giinther, iii, 208; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii,
1879, 217 : Anarrhichas vomerinus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 1867, 99, the American form.)

1196. A. minor Olafsen.

Sides without vertical bars, but with many large, round, black spots.
Vomerine teeth extending nearly or quite as far back as the palatines.
(Bean.) North Atlantic.

(Olafsen, Eeise i Island, 1772, 592: Avarrhichas pantherinus Zouiew, Nov. Act. Pe-
trop. 1781, 271; Beau, Proc. U.-S. Nat. Mus. ii, 217, 1879.)

782 coxTiiinrnoxs TO NOETII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

1197. A. latifrons Steenstrup & Hallgrimsscm.

Brown, obscurely spotted with darker; the sides without dark bars.
Head broad, the profile not strongly decurved; teeth much smaller;
vomerine teeth not extending nearly as far back as the palatine series.
Pectorals three-fifths length of head; dorsal fin not very hi<ih, begin-
ning above the gill-opening, the longest spine less than half head;
caudal 2.1 in head. Head 5; depth 4. D. LXVII; A. 45. (Collet t.)
North Atlantic.

(Steenstrnp A. Hallgrimsson, Fork. Skand. Natnrf. 3 die Mote, 1842, 647: Beau, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, '218, 1879; Collett, Moddi-lsk. Norges Fiske, 1S7'J, 46.)

119§. A. leptiirus Bean.

Dark brown, without bands or spots; belly pale, clouded with very
dark brown. Head moderate; maxillary half as long as head; 4 large
canines in the upper jaw and 5 in the lower, all of them strongly re-
curved; behind the canines in each jaw are a few sharp, conical teeth,
also recurved; palatine teeth in 2 series, 4 in the outer and 5 in the
inner series, those in the outer series the longer; vomerine teeth iu 2
series, the vomeriue patch beginning in advance of the palatine, and
extending farther back than the latter; head and tins scaleless; median
line of body, and all of tail with small, widely-separated scales. Head
4i; depth 5. D- LXXXI ; A. 52. (Bean.) Alaska.

(Bran, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mas. ii, 212, 1*71): T! -Inarrhicliax oriailnlix Pallas, Zoogr.
Eoss.-Asiat. iii, 77,

424.— ANARRIIICIITHYS Ayr. s.

rN. Pruc. Arad. Nat. Sri. i, :?'2, I-."): typo Anarrhichthys ocellatv* Ayros.)
Body elongate, tapering backward into a very long and compressed
tail, around which the dorsal and anal are confluent with the caudal.
Scales rudimentary; no lateral line. Dorsal high, composed entirely
of flexible spines; pectoral fins broad, placed low; no ventral tins.
Head very large, compressed, the snout rather short: month large;
jaws with very strong, conical canines anteriorly; voiuer and palatines
each with about L' rows of coarse molars, the palatine band shutting
against .similar teeth on the sides of (lie lower jaw. (lill-membraiies
broadly united to the isthmus, ^'o pylorir cu-ca. Large fishes of the
North 1'acilic. (-/>.//v;-^//r, . \n<i rrh i<-li ax ; :'/"•'•-, fish.)

11!>9. A. orcBkitoi* Ayres.

Dark gi-a\ ish or greenish, the body and dorsal fin everywhere cov-
ered with round, ocellated black spots of various sixes, the light mark-

115. LYCODID.E. 783

ings forming reticulations around the spots; head paler, with the retic-
ulations in much finer pattern; anal pale-edged. Pectorals broad, more
than half length of head. Longest spines of dorsal half length of head.
Head 11; depth 15. D. CCL; A. 233; P. 19. L. 5-8 feet. Pacific
coast, from Monterey north to Puget Sound. Feeds largely on Ech-
inoids.

(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 31, 1855: Anarrlilclillujs fells Girard, U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 125: Anarrhiclithys fells Giinther, iii, 211.)

FAMILY CXV.— LYCODIDJE *

(The Eelpouts.}

Body elongate, more or less eel-shaped, naked or covered with very
small, imbedded, cycloid scales; head large; mouth large, with conical
teeth in jaws, and sometimes on vomer and palatines; bones of head
unarmed. Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus; pseudo-
branchire present ; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Dorsal and anal
fins very long, of soft rays only, or the former with a few posterior
spines; vertical fins confluent around the tail; pectorals small; veu-
trals jugular, very small or wanting. Lateral line obsolete or nearly so.
Gill-rakers small ; pyloric cceca rudimentary; vent not near the head.
Genera about 6 ; species 30. Bottom fishes, chiefly of the Arctic and
Antarctic seas; some of them, and perhaps all, are viviparous.

(Lycodldw Giiiither, iv, 319-326: genus Zoarces Gimther, iii, 295: Zoarclmlce Swain-
son.)

a. Dorsal fin low behind, some of its posterior rays short and spine-like; ventrals
small. (Zoarcince.)

I). Scales present; teeth strong, couic, in jaws only ZOARCES, 425.

aa. Dorsal fin continuous. (Lycodince.)
c. Ventral fins present.

d. Vomer and palatines toothless; scales present LYCODOPSIS, 426.

dd. Vomer and palatines with teeth.

e. Scales present LYCOPES, 427.

ce. Scales obsolete ." LYCODALEPIS, 428.

cc. Ventral fins wanting.

/. Jaws equal; body scaleless GYMNELIS, 429.

ff. Jaws unequal, the lower projecting UKOXECTES, 430.

* The six families folio wing (Lycodtdm, Congrogadidce, Fierasferida', Ophidiidw, Gadidce,
Macruridaf) constitute the group or suborder of Anacanthini or Jugulares, distinguished
from the other Acantliopleri by the long dorsal and anal fins, which are composed of
soft rays only. The ventral fins, if present, are jugular. The present family is called
Zoarcidw in the key, on page 79.

784 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

425.— ZOARCES Cuvier.

Eelpouts.
(Cuvier, R^gne Aniru. ed. 2, ii, 240, 1829: type filcnnius lir'qjarua L.)

Body elongate, compressed, tapering posteriorly ; head oblong, heavy,
narrowed above, the profile decurved; mouth large; teeth strong, conic,
bluutish, in 2 series in the front of each jaw, and 1 series on the sides;
teeth in outer series larger; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Dorsal fin
very long, low, some of its posterior rays much lower than the others,
developed as sharp spines; pectoral fins broad; ventrals jugular, of 3
or 4 soft rays. Scales small, not imbricated, imbedded in the skin.
Size large, (^wupxr^ viviparous.)

a. Numbers of fin rays and vertebrae increased. (Macrozoarccs Gill.)

12OO. Z. angitillaris (Peck) Storer. — Eelpout; Mutton-fish; Mother of Eels.

Reddish brown, mottled with olive, the scales paler than the skin
about them ; dorsal fin marked with darker ; a dark streak from eye
across cheeks and opercles; lower jaw included; maxillary reaching be-
yond orbit ; pectoral long, about two-thirds length of head ; ventrals
one-fifth head ; highest ray of dorsal about equal to snout ; the poste-
rior spines about one-third length of eye; first ray of dorsal above pre-
opercle. Head G; depth 7. D. 95, XVIII, 17; A. 105. L. 20 inches.
Delaware to Labrador; rather common northward. Two forms, per-
haps distinct species (anguillaris, ciUatux) occur, distinguished by the
size of the jaws.

anfluillaria Peck, Mem. Amor. Acad. Sci. ii, 46; Storer, Fish. Mass. 263;

GiintluT, iii, 2W : Enchelyopus aiiyuilltirix (Jill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 258:
Zoarax Inbroiiuft and /. fnnlirintita Cuv. &, Val. xi, 4(K5, 468: JHniiiimi ciliutits Mitch.
Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 375, li-l."., tin; large-mouthed form.)

426.— tYCODOPSIS Collett.
(Leuri/nnis Lockington.)

(CollHt, I'rnc. 'A»;\\. Soc. London. 1*70, 381: type Lycodes pacificus Collett.)

Body rlungiitc, e«-l-sliaped, covered with small, smooth, imbedded
scalrv Head l;irge; snout broad and long; interorbital space very
narrow; mouth large, horizontal; teeth Conical, those of the upper jaw
in a single row; those of the lower in a band in front, the inner series
enlarged, larger than the upper teeth; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines. Ventral tins very small; vertical fins continuous, without spines.
ijcr, Lycodcs; d<f".;, appearance.

115. LYCODID^ - LYCODES. 785

. L.. pacifictis Collett.

•

Light-reddish olive, becoming lighter below; vertical fins margined
with black; the scales paler than skin, forming light spots; pectorals
dusky. Head comparatively short ; orbital region not constricted, nor
cheeks tumid; month comparatively small, the maxillary reaching cen-
ter of pupil; head, nape, and axil of pectoral naked. Dorsal and anal
fius enveloped in thick skin, which is covered with imbedded scales like
those on the body; pectoral half the length of head; veutrals half
length of orbit; mandible half length of head; distance from snout to
base of dorsal, 4J in length. Head 5t; depth 8J. D. 100; A. 83. L.
12 inches. San Francisco to Puget Sound ; rather common in deep
water; the original type said to be from Japan.

(Lycodes pacificus Collett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 381.)

2. L,. paucidenfis (Lockington) Gill.

Very similar to L. pacificus, but larger, with larger head and mouth;
snout very broad; orbital region constricted ; cheeks tumid; maxillary
extending about to posterior edge of orbit. Pectoral two-fifths length
of head; veutrals half orbit; mandible three-fifths length of head; dis-
tance from snout to base of dorsal, 3| in length. Head 44 ; depth 10.
Off San Francisco in deep water; possibly a variety or state of the pre-
ceding, corresponding to the ''variety" ciliatus of Zoarces ancjuillarls.

(Leurynnis pautidens Lockingtou, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 326; Gill, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1880, 248.)

427.— LYCODES Kemhardt.

(Reinhardt, Kongl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturv. vii, 153, 1838: type Lycodes vahll
Reiiih.)

Body elongate, more or less eel-shaped, tapering behind. Head ob-
long ; mouth nearly horizontal ; lower jaw included ; conical teeth on
jaws, vomer, and palatines, those on jaws and palatines mostly in a sin-
gle series. Dorsal fin beginning behind bases of pectorals, without
spines; pectorals moderate, inserted rather high; ventral fins small,
of 3 or 4 rays. Scales small and imbedded, present on part or all of
the body, the scaly area more extensive in the adult than in the young.
No air-bladder nor pyloric cosca. Species numerous, chiefly of the
Northern seas. (J.uxcudr^, wolfish.)

a. Body elongate, its depth 12-24 times in length.

. L,, paxillMS Goode q,ntl Bean.
Color probably light brown. Body very elongate; head broad, flat
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 - 50

78G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

above, the profile- abruptly decurved ; upper jaw extending far beyond
the lower; elieeks very full and protuberant; teeth of both jaws in a
single scries except at the symphysis ; a few teeth clustered at the head
of the vomer; palatines with a single series; teeth very stout, recurved
and sharply pointed ; scales covering the entire body and extending on
the bases of the vertical tins ; head and pectoral fins scaleless ; dorsal tin
insert ed at less than one-fourth the entire length from the snout. Head
7; depth 17. D. 116; A. 100. (Goode A Bean.) Le Have Banks.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 44.)

L. verrilli Goode. & Bean.

Light grayish brown above; below, pearly white; sides with irregular
brown patches bisected by the lateral line; abdominal region livid blue;
a spot of brown on the tip of tail. Body very elongate. Head much
depressed ; maxillary nearly reaching posterior margin of orbit; upper
jaw much the longer; profile very convex, snout obtusely rounded
above. Head 5g ; depth about 13. D. 02; A. 88. (Goode & Bean.}
Coast of Massachusetts and northward, in deep water.

(Goode and Beau, Amor. Jouru. Sci. Arts, xiv, 1878, 474.)

•aa. Body moderately elongate, its depth 6-10 times ill the length.

1UO5. L,. vsailli Reinhardr.

Brownish yellow, with 0 blackish cross-bands extending oil the dor-
sal fin and confluent on the belly ; the first cross-band on and below the
anterior dorsal rays, the second above the vent; adults nearly uniform
blackish. Head nearly twice as long as high; snout long, the maxil-
lary reaching to opposite middle of eye; distance of vent from ventrals
nearly etpial to length of head; ventral fins less than one-fourth as long
.1- pectorals; vertical fins scaly; body wholly scaly. Head I.1,; depth
8. I). 11<; ; A. 03; V.I; vert. 25 + 87. Korfh Atlantic. (f Hint her.)

l,Vmli:,nll. D.msk. Vi.lensk. Selsk. Afhandl. vii, 15:?, 1838; Giiutbcr, iv, 319; Gill,
Proc. A. -ail. Nat. Sci. I'hih. 1 ,-•<;:•,, :&(».)

12OG. I.. <>sBnaiki (Mint.

I'.rownisli black, with a whitish yellow patch on the nape, and 5-8
transverse bands of the same color across the dorsal and posteriorly
across the anal, these bands becoming broken into annular snots, with
a.ue. Uody behind front of dorsal scaled; vertical lins scaly; nape
scaly; snout obtuse; maxillary not more than half head; lateral line
indistinct, divided; pectorals s in length. 1 lead 4£; depth 8. 1). 110;

115. LYCODID.E - LYCODES. 787

A. 95; P. 22; V. 4. Xova Scotia to Finmark and Spitzbergeu. (Col-
lett.)

(Collctt, Norges Fiske 1874, 9"> ; Collett, Norske Nord-Havs Exp. I860, 84: Lycodm
rnhli (ioode &. Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879. 209, not of Keinh.)

L,. rcticulatBas Keinh.

•

Brownish, with reticulated black lines on the head and body; those
on the body disposed in 5 groups or cross-bauds, the three anterior
of which emit 1 or 2 vertical streaks on the dorsal fin; dorsal dark-
edged. Body entirely scaly; vertical fins naked. Head twice as long
as high; snout long; maxillary extending to behind middle of eye:
distance from vent to ventrals more than length of head. Head 4 :
depth about 8. D. 94; A. 75; Y. 4; caeca 2. L. 14 inches. Green-
and, south to the Grand Banks.

(Reinhardt, 1. c. 167; GUnther, iv, 320; Gill, 1. c. 2GO; Collctt, 1. c. 84: Lycodes rossi
Malingr. 1864: Lycodes gradlis Sars, Christ. Vid. Selsk. Fork. 1866: Lycodes perspiciUtuii
Kv<">yer, Dansk. Videiisk. Selsk. Afkandl. 1845, 233: Lycodes pcrspicillum Giintlier, iv,
3iO: Lycodea perspicillum Gill, Proc. A<:ad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863,260.)

12O8. Li. semiDBiidus Rcinh.

Color uniform pale grayish brown, without spots or bands. Body
naked in front of vent, scaly behind; fins naked. Head large. Dis-
tance of ventrals from vent somewhat more than length of head.
Head3£; depth 7. IX 91; A. 74; P. 21; cceca 2. Greenland to Spits-
bergen. (Collett.)

(Reinhardt, Kong. Dansk. Selsk. etc. 1838,223; Gimther, iv, 320; Gill, 1. c. 260;
Collett, 1. c. 113.)

L. ncbulosus Kroyer.

Brown, with small, fiiint, yellow, transverse bands across the back
Body naked anteriorly; the posterior part of dorsal fin scaly; the anal
naked or nearly so. D. 87; A. 08; P. 19; Y. 3. Greenland. (Kroyer.}
An imperfectly-described species, unknown to recent writers.

(Kroyer, 1. c. 1844, 140; Gill, 1. c. 260.)

121©. JL. coccienenES Bean.

Brown, red below; pectorals reddish brown above, carmine below;
9 bluish-white bauds on the dorsal; a few whitish blotches on sides
and on head; anal brownish red; head white below; a whitish blotch
as large as eye at upper angle of gill-opening. Posterior two-thirds of
tail covered with separated scales; rest of body, head, and fins, scale-
less; lateral line visible only on scaly part of body, consisting of a few
faint, short, linear scratches. Pectoral twice as long as premaxillary,
falling short of the vent by its own length; dorsal beginning over

788 C'ONTRint TloNS TO NOKTII AMKRICAX ICIITIIY< >L< >< iY - IV.

anterior half of pectoral; anal under twenty first dorsal ray; tail stout.

Head I: depth l.\; 15. <!. 1>. S7 (with half of caudal) ; A. S7 (with half

of caudal); P. 1*: V. :'.. L. L'O inches. Dig Diomede Island, Bering's
Strait. (licuH.)

(Kean, I'rof. I' S. Nat. Mii>. iv. ] 1-1. l.— l.)

428.— LYCODALCPLS IMr.-ker.

, Vcrl. Ak:i;l. Amst. c«l. 'J. vjii, :?(>9: 1yi><- Li/milt* HUK-UHHX Rich.)
Tliis genus dill'ers from I.i/cotlcx in the total absence of scales.
>/;-, J,y<-otlcx ; a/.;-'.-, without scales.)

. 1L. E211ICOSMS (Rich.) Worker.

Ulackish. Avith invguhir white markin.us in the form of 5 narrow bars
across the back; lower parts of head and trunk whitish. liody robust;
head very lar.uc; snout lony, its length 3 in head; mouth large, the

I

maxillary extending to beyond eye; distance from vent to ventrals
more than length of head: eye very small, 11 in head. Ventrals very
small: pectorals large and broad. Head ;>.i; depths. I), i/ii; A. 70;

\". .".; vert. l'(J -(- (!(); c<eca 1'. L. IS inches. Arctic seas.

(1. ill-mil .v IIIIII-IIHIIH Ii'icli. Lust An-; it- Yoya^r. :?C>'J: l.ii<-<nl<:i iiitiroxitx (Jiintlicr. iv, I'rjd:
HtiiriKiix I'.fan. I'.ull. I". S. Nat. Mils. \v, 1 TJ, LS7D.)

1292. L,. IliraiCfi (IJean) .). ».\: C.

Light brown, grayish below; a cream-colored band on anal; a cres-
centic baud of cream-color crosses the nape, and continues behind the
pectorals; l() bauds of cream-color, bordered 'with brown, from the tips
of the dorsal rays to the lower half of body, becoming wider, and
broken below the middle; caudal tipped with pale. Head depressed;
maxillary reaching to opposite posterior margin of e\e; distance from
\eiitraU to vent less than length of head. Head I',; depth S. 1). S,"~>;
A. 67; P. 18; V.3. Saint Michael's, Alaska.

I ,... , turneri I'-.-an. i'rur. r. s. Nat. Mns. 1878,

l-j|:i. i,. (><>::sfjs -: IMH, .1. A <;.

"Without any scales; length of the pectoral exceeding twice its
breadth, liaxin^ 1.". ra\ s. V«-llowish, lightei' on t he belly, with 11 large
-addle like markings across the back, the middle of these markings
being much lighter than their edges; the whole back and the sides
marbled." (diiiilliff.) Coast <»f North (leor^ia. An imperfectly de-
-ciibed species, mi!: nm\ n to late writers.

I'.li niiin^ iniliifix SabinO, r:ill\'.^ .liiiini. \'oy. l-l'l-'.'H
< liinthiT, iv, :W1.)

115. LYCODID^E - URONECTES. 789

429.— GYM1VEL,IS Reinbardt,

(Rfinbardt, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afbandl. vii, 131, 1838: type Ophidium viride Fa-
bricius.)

Body elongate, naked (see G. stiyma). Vertical fins without spines;
ventral fins none. Small conical teeth on the jaws, vomer and pala-
tines. Gill-openings very narrow. No air-bladder; pyloric creca none;
no anal papilla. Size small. Arctic seas, (yu^us, naked; ev^u?, eel.)

1214. G. viridis (Fabr.) Reinb.

Brownish, sometimes uniform, but generally with dark roundish
transverse markings; 1 to 4 round black spots on anterior part of
dorsal fin ; anal sometimes black-edged ; lower part of head with
sharply-defined whitish markings. Snout subconical, longer than the
eye; jaws equal; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching beyond eye; teeth
rather small, conical, in a single series 011 each side, forming a patch
anteriorly; distance from snout to vent 2^ times length of head. Pec-
toral rounded, inserted low, its length less than half that of head.
Dorsal commencing over posterior third of pectorals. Head about 6£ ;
depth about 13. Eye 7 in head. D. 100: A. 80. Arctic seas, Alaska
to Nova Scotia; abundant.

(Ophidhon viride Fabr. Faun. Grcrnl. 141, 1780; Giintber, iv, 323; Collett, 1. c. 123:
Gymnelis pictu8 Giintber, iv, 324, 1862.)

1215. G. ? stigma (Bejinett.) Gtbr.

Scales present, very small ; no trace of ventrals. Dilute brown, with
irregular transverse series of brown spots, besides obscure cross-bauds
("void swathes"); a large, round, purplish spot near the origin of the
dorsal. Vertical fins united into a transparent ridge; pectoral rather
large. Snout obtuse; chin with a large gibbosity; teeth small. Depth
about 8. L. 5 inches. Kotzebue Sound. (Lay.} Probably the type of

a distinct genus.

(OpMdium stiyma Lay & Bennett, Zool. Beecbey's Voy. 67; Giiutber, iv, 325.)

43O.— URONECTES Giintber.

(Giintber, Cat. Fisb. Brit. Mns. iv, 325, 1832: type Ophidium parrii Ross.)

Body ensiform, compressed; tail long and tapering; ventrals none;
vent not far distant from the head; numerous minute teeth in jaws and
on palate; lower jaw the longer; no barbel; scales and gill-openings
unknown, (oupri, tail; vr/xrr/?, swimmer.)

12 1C. U. parrii (Ross) Gtbr.

Color uniform. Head very obtuse, its length, depth, and breadth
equal; head broader than the body, flattened and grooved between the

790 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

eyes, which are lateral and rather large; greatest depth of body some-
what more than length of head; neck much arched. Dorsal inserted
just behind head: pectoral extending beyond vent. Bead 4. D. 50; A.
15; P. 37. Balliirs Bay. ((.iiinthi'r.)
(Ophidium parrii Ross, Parry's Third Voyage, App. 109; GUutlier, iv, 326.)

FAMILY CXVL— CONGROGADID,£.

Body elongate, compressed, eel-shaped, naked or covered with small
scales. Mouth moderate, horizontal, the lower jaw the longer; teeth in
a single series in the jaws and sometimes on voiner and palatines also:
no barbels. Branchiostegals 4 to 7 ; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ;
pseudobrauchio? present, Gill-membranes more or less connected, free
from the isthmus. Dorsal tin long and low, of slender rays imbedded
in the skin; anal similar to dorsal, both connected to the caudal fin;
tail diphy cereal. Pectoral fins small; ventral fins wanting. Vent re-
mote from the head, without papilla. Air-bladder none; pyloric : cu-ca
none. Small fishes, .chiefly of the East Indies. Genera 3; species 4.

(Ojihidiiilii', group Congrogadinn Giinthe.r, iv, 388, 389.)
a. Canines present; dorsal beginning near the middle of the body. . .SCYTALIXA, 431.

431.— SCYTALINA Jordan & Gilbert.
(.For. & Gilb. IVor. K. $. Nar. Mus. 1880, 2<5I>: l.vpe. Sci/lalina crnltilr .f. & G.)

Body very long and slender, covered with small scales. Head de-
pressed, shaped like the head of a snake, with tumid cheeks and a dis-
tinct neck. Eyes small, superior. Mouth rather large, the lower jaw
slightly projecting. Teeth conic, in single series on jaws, voiner, and
palatines. Kach jaw with two canines in front. No lateral line; pseu-
dobraneliia* small, (rill-rakers almost obsolete. Dorsal lin very low.
its first lay near the middle of the body. Anal fin similar to dorsal,
nearl\ as long. Tail diphycercal, the caudal well developed. (Diminu-
tive of Hcyfttlr, from n-/.n-<u.-in a viper.)

B2I7. S. roBMluDc .1. A C.

Flesh-colored, with much mottling of purplish in line pattern; belly
nearly plain; caudal reddish-edged. Head broader than body; snout
depressed, rounded at tip: cheeks very long: opercle short; interor-
l»ital space rather broad, concave posieriorly: eyes small, anterior and
superior: upper lip separated by a crease from the skin of the fore-
head; lower jaw projecting; edge of lower lip with poms, and small
dermal Maps and fringes; maxillary extending a little beyond eye;
nostrils with small Haps. Lower jaw with a series of close-set, even,

117. F1ERASFEEID.E— FIERASFEE. 79 L

conical teeth, besides two divergent canines in front; upper jaw with
similar teeth in several series in front, the canines smaller and closer
together. Pectorals little longer than eye; insertion of dorsal slightly
in front of anal, a little in front of middle of body; rays of vertical fins
low and weak, those of caudal most developed ; vent close in front of
anal, which is similar to dorsal. Head 8; depth 14. D. 41; A. 36. L.
6 inches. Straits of Fuca; burro wing' among rocks near low tide-mark.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 1880, -266.)

FAMILY CXVIL— FIERASFERIDJE.

Body very elongate, compressed, tapering into a long and slender
tail. No scales. Teeth cardiform on jaws, voiner, and palatines; canine
teeth often present; no barbels; lower jaw included; vent at the throat ;
gill-membranes more or less united, free from the isthmus; no pseudo-
branchiae; no pyloric coeca; vertical fins very low, confluent, without
spines; no ventral fins; pectoral fins present or absent. Small fishes
of the tropical seas, parasitic in shells of inollusks, in Echinoderms, etc.
Genera 3; species 12.

(Ophidiidw, group Fierasferina Gliiitber, iv, 381-384.)

a. Pectoral fins present ; caudal fin obsolete ........................ FIERASFER, 432.

432 — FIERASFER Cuvier.

(Cuvier, Regne Anim. ii, 1817 : type Fierasfer imberbis Cuv. = Gijmnotus acus Brimuich. )
ISTp distinct caudal fin; pectoral fins developed. (Fierasfer, the
ancient name, from <l".zpos, sleek and shining.)

121§. F. dubiois* Putnam.

Color, in spirits, uniform light brown, with a short silvery band along
the sides of the abdomen, made by confluent spots. Maxillary extend-
ing slightly beyond orbit; lower teeth larger than the upper, except 2-4
front teeth of upper jaw, which are about equal to lower teeth; vomer
with 3-6 teeth, 2 or 3 of these canine-like. Pectoral half head; vent
under base of pectoral. Dorsal fin low, but distinct; anal much more
developed than dorsal; its longest rays about in the middle of the fish.
Air bladder long, slightly constricted behind. Gill-membranes not cov-
ering isthmus. Head 7£ ; depth of head 15. (Putnam.) Florida Keys
to Cuba and Panama.

(Carapus t.affinis Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 1868, 402, not of F. affinis Giiuther; Putnam,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1874, 344.)

* In the Museum of Comparative Zoology is " one valve of a pearl oyster, in which
a specimen of Fierasfer dubiitx is beautifully inclosed in a pearly covering, deposited
on it by the oyster.'' (Putnam.)

792 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.

FAMILY CXVIIL— OPHIDIID^E.

(The Opliidioicis.)

Body elongate, compressed, more or less eel-shaped, naked or covered
with very small scales, which are iiot imbricated, but placed in oblique
scries at right angles with each other; head large; lower jaw included;
both jaws, and usually voiner and palatines also, with villiform or car-
dilbrm teeth; premaxillaries protractile; gill-openings very wide, the .
gill-membranes separate, anteriorly narrowly joined to the isthmus be-
hind the ventrals; pseudobrancMae small or obsolete. Gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth; vent more or less posterior. Vertical fins low,
without spines, confluent around the tail; tail isocercal; ventral fins at
the throat, each developed as a long, forked barbel. Air-bladder and
pyloric cosca present. Genera 3, species about 12. Carnivorous fishes,
found in most warm seas.

> o/il<idiid(c, group Ophidiina Giinther,.iv, 376-380.)

a. Body scaly.

b. Palatines with a band of villiform teeth only OPHIDIUM, 433.

433.— OPHIDIUBI Linnaeus.

(Ophidion Artedi; Linnions Syst. Nat.: type Ophidion barbatiim L.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed; scales small, not imbricated,
Itut arranged in short oblique series, placed at right angles with each
other, much as in An(jniUa. Head naked, or somewhat scaly; teeth
villifonn, those of the outer series more or less enlarged; teeth on
vomer and palatines bluntish, some of them enlarged. Vent well be-
hind pectorals. (()})lii<lium, an ancient name, from o<fi<nav, a small
snake.)

<i. Outer teeth of jaws fixed. (OpJiidimn.)

I'21M>. O. iiiai-^iiialiiui ]>•],.

Color nearly plain brownish; dorsal and anal fins margined with
black. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit ; air-bladder short
and broad, with a foramen on the under side; outer ray of ventrals
about equalling length of head; inner ray half length of outer. Gill-
rakers I. Head <!.[,; depth !\. Atlantic coast of North America from
New York southward.

(Dckay, N. Y. Fauna. Fisli. l-l,', :',i:» ; Putnam. I!..st. S<,<-. Nat. Hist. 1*74, 34-J.)

118. OPHIDIID^E — OPHID1UM. 793

1220. O. josepBai Grd.

Pale olive, sprinkled all over with brownish specks; belly and sides
of head plain ; vertical tins edged with black. Eye moderate, 4 in head ;
maxillary extending to opposite its posterior margin ; origin of dorsal
at some distance behind base of pectorals. Body shorter and pectorals
more elongate than in 0. taylori. Head 6. Saint Joseph's Island, Texas.
(jGirard.)

(Ophidian josephi Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtli. 1859, 29.)

1221. O. lioBba-ooki Putnam.

" Inner barbel nearly two-thirds length of the outer; outer barbel equal
to the distance from the center of the eye to the point of the operculnm ;
maxillary reaching to the posterior border of the eye. Length of the
eye equal to the distance from its posterior margin to the ridge of the
preoperculum. Head one-sixth of the total length of the fish. Dorsal
and anal with a black margin. Gill-rakers 4. Air-bladder long, pointed,
without a foramen." L. 6 inches. Key West, Florida. (Putnam.)

(Putnam, Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1874, 342.)

1222. O. tayloa-i Girard.

Light olive; head and upper parts covered with conspicuous round
dark, olive-brown spots; chin dusky; vertical fins edged with black.
Head large, little compressed, naked; top of head with conspicuous
mucous pores. Dorsal fin beginning over the pectorals; outer ray of
ventrals little more than half length of head; inner about one-third.
Air-bladder ovate, not contracted; seven gill-rakers below the angle of
the arch; pseudobranchiae developed. No spine on the end of the
snout. Outer teeth in both jaws considerably enlarged, the upper
largest. Head G; depth 8. L. 12 inches. Coast of California; not
rare.

(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1859, 138.)
aa. Outer teeth in jaws movable; head scaly above. (Leptophidium* Gill.)

1223. O. pa-ofBiiados-BBiBi (Gill) J. & G.

Light rufous ; vertical fins margined with black. Body very slender;
scales regularly arranged in quincunx order; scales on head extending
to forehead, opercles, and cheeks; snout high, projecting, armed with a
concealed spinous hook ; teeth villiform, separated by an interval from
an outer row of longer, slender, movable teeth; eye longer than snout,
3J in head; lateral line obsolete behind ; vent toward end of first third

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1H03, 210: type Leptophidium prof andorum Gill,
d?, slender; 6(pi8iov, Ophidhmi.)

704 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

of length; ventral fins short. Head G; depth 10. Gulf Stream, oif the
coast of Florida. (Gill.)
(Leptophidiumprofundorum Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1803, 211.)

FAMILY CXX.— GADID^.*

(The Cod-fishes.)

Body elongate, more or less compressed behind ; tail usually isocer-
cal (diphycercal in Dinematichthys); scales cycloid, small, sometimes
wanting. Grill-openings very wide; gill-membranes separated or some-
what united, commonly free from the isthmus; no spines, the fin-rays
all articulated. Dorsal flu exteuding almost the length of the back,
forming one, two, or three fins; anal fin long, single or divided; caudal
h'n distinct, or continent with the dorsal and anal; ventral fins jugular,
but attached to the pubic bone, each of one to eight branched rays.
Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. No pseudobrauchisB. Edge of pre-
opercle usually covered by skin of head. Pyloric cceca usually numer-
ous, but sometimes few or none. Air-bladder generally well developed.
Genera 35, species about 90; an important family, many of its members
being highly valued as food. They inhabit chiefly the northern seas;
one genus (Lota) being confined to the fresh waters. Two genera (tity-
yicola, Lucifitga) are blind and inhabit the cave streams of Cuba.

(Gadidcc Giinther, iv, 326-369; Ophidildai, group Urolulina, iv, 371-376.)

a. Body scaly.

b. Vertical fitis united or approximated ; pyloric coeca two ; no barbel. (Brolulinw.)

c. Vertical fins united BYTHITES, 434.

••<-. Vertical tins separate ; tail diphycercal DIXEMATICHTHYS, 435.

bb. Vertical tins well separated; pyloric co3ca mostly numerous; tail isocercal.
(I. Frontal bone single, normal, ((ladnnt'.}

e. Anterior dorsal composed of a band of fringes preceded by a slender ray;
barbels 3 to 5.

/. Ventral rays 3 to 5; anal ii'n entire ONOS, 436.

ee. Anterior dorsal composed of distinct, rays.
g. Chin with ;i barbel.

h. Dorsal (ins two; anal fin one.

i. Ventral tins narrow, filamentous, each composed of two ov three

slender rays PilYcis, 437.

il. Ventrals broader, each of about si\ rays.

j. Tail attenuate ; anal tin notched ; month inferior: deep-sea (ishes.

1 1 \ i.or<>i:riiYi:rs, 4:!.-.
jj. Tail normal ; anal tin entire : mouth terminal.

A". Vomer toothless; teeth \illiform PllYSlt'ULrs, 439.

/,/,. Yonier with teeth.

7. Vomer and mandible with canines Mor.VA, 440.

//. Vomer and mandible without canines LoTA, 441.

'Including family 119, Jirotiilida;, in the key to the families, page 79.

129. GADIB^E DINEMATICHTHYS. 795

Till. Dorsal fin single; aual fin single; ventrals well developed.

BROSMIUS, 442.

Tihli. Dorsal fins three ; anal fins two GADUS, 44:5.

gg. Chin without barbel; lower jaw projecting; scales large; dorsals two;

anal one : HYPSICOMETES, 444.

dd. Frontal bone divided; top of head with a triangular excavated area; no

barbel. (Alerluciince.)
p. Lower jaw projecting; dorsals two; anal one; anal and

second dorsal deeply emargiuate MERUJCIUS, 445.

aa. Body naked; month very large : abdomen greatly dilatable ; teeth very unequal;

jaws with very long, depressible canines. (Chiasinodon-
tinat) CHIASMODON, 44(J.

434.— BYTHSTES Eeinhardt,
(Reinhardt, Dausk Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl. vii, 178, 1833 ; type Bythites fuscusHeMi.)

Body elongate, covered with minute scales. Head large, thick;
mouth large; jaws equal; no barbel; bands of teeth in the jaws
and on voiner and palatines. Brauchiostegals eight; gill-membranes
united, free from the isthmus; eye moderate. Lateral line interrupted.
Vertical tins united ; ventral fins reduced to simple filaments, each com-
posed of two rays closely united. Air-bladder large; two pyloric cosca.
A thick, conical, anal papilla (in the male). Greenland. (fiuOhr^, tin.
animal of the depths, from ftuOt<><;, the deep.)

1224. B. fwscaas Reiuh.

Uniform dark-brown. Head with minute cirri; snout obtuse; maxil-
lary extending to below eye; vertical fins enveloped in thick skin; veu-
trals two-thirds as long as head. Depth less than length of head.
Greenland. ( Giinther.)

(Reiuhardt, 1. c. 179; Giiuther IT, 375.)

435.— DINEMATICHTHYS Bleeker.

(Brosmophyda Gill: Halias Ayres.)
(Bleeker, Batoe, 318; type Dinematichtliys ilyocoeteoides Bleeker.)

Body moderately elongate, covered with minute imbedded scales;
lateral line inconspicuous; head moderate, conical; opercle with a
spine posteriorly; preopercle unarmed, usually with a large mucous
pore at its angle; no barbels; jaws subequal ; teeth in the jaws cardi-
form, in bands anteriorly; vomer and palatines with similar teeth;
gill-membranes little connected. Dorsal fin low, continuous, its last
rays contiguous to the caudal, but nearly or quite free from it; anal
fin even, similar to dorsal, but shorter; rays of vertical fins slender,
much branched; ventrals reduced each to a filament formed of two rays

796 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

closely joined ; caudal short and slender; tail diphycercal, truncate at
"base of caudal; anal papilla large (in J1); stomach large, with two short
pyloric cnva. («:?, two; */;//«, thread; ;>^?, fish.)

a. Head nearly or quite scaleless. (Halias* Ayrcs.)

1225. D. Biiargaiiatms (Ayres) Gthr.

Keddish brown; fins broadly edged with bright rose red. Head with
traces of very rudimentary scales sunken in the skin ; eye well forward, 1.]
in snout, 7 or 8 iu head ; maxillary reaching beyond eye a little less than
half length of head; teeth of jaws snbequalr iu broad bands; palatine
teeth in a short band, shorter than eye. Fin-rays slender, imbedded
in skin; pectorals moderate, a little more than half length of head;
ventrals half length of head ; nape nearer origin of dorsal than tip of
snout; vent slightly behind middle of body; caudal as long as eye and
suout; a conspicuous pore above tip of maxillary; two pores at chin ;
anal papilla without horny appendages; lower lip with a fringe of
minute cirri. Head 4£ in length; depth about 0. D. about 80; A.
about ()."). Coast of California, rather rare ; in deep water.

(Broxmiux marginatim Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 13. 1854: Halias margi-
nal u* Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1860, 52', Giintlier, iv, 375: Brosmophyds mar-
yinatus Gill, Proc. Acail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 168; 1863, 253.)

436.— ONOSt Ayres.

•

Rocklings.

(Motella Cuvier: MolveUa Kaup: Rhinoncmiis Gill: Ciliata Couch and Coitchia Thomp-

son, young forms.)

(Risso, Hist. Nat. d'Eur. Merid. iii, 21-1, 182G: type Onos iiutxti'lla kisso= G'«d««
nttiix HI. & Schn.)

Body rather elongate, covered with very small scales; head more or
less depressed; lower jaw included; chin with a barbel; snout with t\\o
to lour barbels, one on each anterior nostril; teeth in bands on jaws and
vomer; none on palatines; some of the teeth in upper jaw sometimes
enlarged or canine-like; dorsal tins two, the anterior composed of small
fringe-like rays concealed in a groove, in front of these a single long
ray; second dorsal long; anal similar; caudal tin rounded or lanceo

*Ayivs. I'ror. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, 52, I8(i0: type J!n>t<inittn •inurtiiiiatuK
(<U?, I he sea.)

t \V«- <li> nut adopt the earlier name (iitiili-f>i>mirii>< of Ralines(|tie( because \ve iind
little evidence that the rou»h li^ure of Kondelet, on which Ciiidnijtxarux

e was founded, was intended for a species of OHOX rather than of
Hloeh A: Schneider is a lieterogeueous groiii). including species of
of wliich j;-enus it may l>e considered a synonyin.

120. GADID^E - ONOS. 797

late; tail isocercal ; ventral fins of 5 to 7 rays. Small fishes of the
northern seas; the species differing considerably among themselves^
(Onos, an ancient name of certain Gadoid fishes; from «>/«£, an ass.)

a. Barbels four; head anteriorly high and compressed ; 110 large canines. (Rhinone-
mus Gill.)

1226. O. CBB3iforius (L.) Goode & Beau. — Four-bearded Rockling.
Brownish, posterior part of dorsal and anal, and lower margin of cau-

dal abruptly black ; inside of mouth black. Head oblong, compressed,
the snout high, its anterior profile blunt; mouth large, inferior; a barbel
at chin, one at end of snout, and one on each anterior nostril; maxillary
reaching much beyond eye; teeth in narrow bands, some of them con-
siderably enlarged; lateral line stitch-like, developed at intervals.
First (free) ray of dorsal as long as head; veutrals about half length
of head; caudal somewhat acute. Head 5; depth C. D. 50; A. 43;
V. 5. L. 113 inches. North Atlantic, on both coasts.

((ladus cimbriifs Linmens, Syst. Nat.: Motella caudacnta Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.
361: Motella cinibna Giiuther, iv, 367: Rhino nemus caudacuta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1863, 241.)

««. Barbels three. (Onos.)

1227. O. iNL'iaiEmrdti (Kroyer) Gill.

Uniform reddish brown; cirri and tips of fins red. Head depressed,
but rather pointed anteriorly; snout rather short, with two barbels;
chin with one; teeth in villiform bauds, those of one series in each jaw
longer than the rest. First ray of first dorsal short, little longer than
snout. Yent near middle of length. Distance from snout to first dor-
sal -*„- of length. HeadS. I). 56; A. 45; V. 8. Greenland. (Collett.)

(1 Motella argentata Eeinh. Selsk. Nat. Math. Afh. 1837, 110: Motella reinhard/i
Kroyer MSS. ; Collett, Norske Nord-Havs. Exp. 18bO, 131: Onos reinhardti Gill, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 241: ? Concilia argentata Giiuther, iv, 383, the young of
this or other species of Onos; small, silvery tishes, swimming at the surface in the
opeu sea.)

122§. O. eaisis (Reinh.) Gill.

Head small; snout with two barbels; chin with one; teeth feeble,
uniform, in villiform bands; palatine teeth villiform. Vent nearly me-
dian; distance to front of dorsal f of length. First dorsal ray pro-
duced, as long as head. Head 5f; D. 59; A. 46. Greenland. (Col-
lett.)

(Motella ensis Keiuh. Dausk. Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. vii, 115, 1838: Onos cnsis Gill, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 241; Collett, 1. c. 134.)

798 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

437.— PHYCIS* Bloch & Schneider.

Codlings.

(Bloch. & Schneider, Syst. Tchth. 1801, 56: type Phycia tinea Bloch & Schneider.)

Body rather elongate; head subconic; mouth rather large, the
maxillary reaching to below eye; lower jaw included ; chin with a small
barbel; jaws and voiner with broad bands of subequal, pointed teeth;
palatines toothless. Dorsal fins two, the first sometimes produced at
tip; second dorsal long, similar to the anal. Veutrals wide apart,
filamentous, each of 2 or 3 slender rays. Gill-membranes somewhat
connected, narrowly joined to the isthmus, (fu/t'r. an ancient name of
some fish living in the Fucus,

a. Dorsal rays scarcely produced. ( UropJi yds \ Gill.)

1229. P. s-egrius (Walh.) J. & G.

Pale brownish tinged with yellowish, the lateral line dark brown, in-
terrupted by white spots; inside of mouth white; first dorsal largely
black, this color surrounded by white; second dorsal olivaceous, with
irregular round dark spots; caudal, anal, and pectorals dusky; ven-
trals and lower edge of pectorals white; two vertical series of round
dark spots on the sides of the head. Body rather stout; head broad;
mouth large, the maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye. Eye less
than snout or interorbital width; first dorsal low, its height about equal
to half length of head; ventral fin longer than head, about 3£ in length
of body; caudal fin subtruncate. Head 4£; depth 4£. D. 8-43; A.
about 1.1; scales rather large, about 90 in the lateral line. North
Atlantic,, south to Cape Fear. Said to exhibit electric powers in life.

I Illfiiniiix ri'niiiH \V;ill). Art. Pise. 1792, 188: Pit yds punctainx Bek. N. Y. Fauna, Fish.
ttHclu-li/o]>im rci/nlin Bloch. & Schn. 1801, 53: Phyds reyal'w Giinthcr, iv, 355.)

I •-»:;<>. P. carl I i Bean.

Brown, with some li^ht spots on the second dorsal fin and on the
sides; anal and both dorsals margined with brown. Body short and
stout; maxillary extending beyond front of eye; barbel one-third
length of upper ja\v, which is half length of head; interorbital space
equal to length of snout; pectorals as long as postorbital part of head;

* " Ifii)>ni]>l<ni in •,/< iili-u" (iiinlhcr ( ii. :;-!i; iv, :;(!J); a very .small silvery lisli, occasion-
ally lake 11 <>:i our masts as well as on those of Kim >]><•, is now supposed to In- t lie \ ounjr
<>(' species of J'lii/i-tn.

•i. ill. 1'roc. Aca.l. Nat. Sci. 1'hila. 1863,240: typo Gadtts rcyiuxVfalb. (ovpa, tail;
i$, I'hycis.)

120. GADID^E PHYCIS. 799

ventrals reaching nearly to vent; none of the rays of first dorsal pro-
duced, the fin not higher than second dorsal. Head 3§; depth 4£. D.
10-02; A. 53; P. 15; Lat. 1. 155. L. 14 inches. Charleston, South Car-
olina.

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. iii, 69, 1880.)

at(. One of the rays of the first dorsal more or less produced. (PJu/cis.)
1231. P. chuss (Walb.) Gill.— Codling ; Squirrel-hake.

4

Brownish above, sides lighter and tinged with yellowish; thickly
punctulate with darker; below pale; inside of mouth white; vertical
tins somewhat dusky; anal tin margined with pale; lateral line not
dark. Body rather slender; head depressed; eye large, about equal to
iiiterorbital width ; maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil. Fila-
mentous dorsal ray about two-sevenths length of body, when perfect;
pectorals •£ length of head; ventral fins extending beyond the vent;
scales comparatively large. Head4i; depth 5. D. 9-57; A. 50; Lat.
1. 110. Atlantic coast, chiefly northward.

(Blennius chuss Walb. Art. Pise. 1792, 186: Enchelyopus americanw Bl. & Schn. 1801,
53: Phi/cis americanus Giinther, iv, 3f>3: Plit/cis filamentosus Storer, Fish. Mass. 367;
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1863, 237.)

12.£2. P. tenuis (Mitch.) Dek.— Codling; White hake; Squirrel-hake.

Brownish, lighter and yellowish below: fins very dark. Snout longer
than eye, narrower and more pointed than in P. chuss. Eye large,
usually wider than in terorbital space; maxillary reaching beyond pupil.
Filamentous dorsal ray about two-thirds length of head; ventral fins
about reaching vent. Scales very small. Head 4^; depth 5J. D. 9-
57; A. 48; Lat. 1. 138. Distinguished from the preceding chie.fly by the
smaller scales. North Atlantic, south to Virginia; abundant north-
ward.

(Gadus tennis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, 372; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1863, 238: Pliycis dekai/i Kaup, Archiv. Naturg. i, 89, 1858.)

1233. IP. cliesteri Goode and Bean.

Eye 3$ in length of head; maxillary twice in head ; barbel one third
diameter of orbit ; vent equidistant from tip of snout and end of second
dorsal; distance from snout to dorsal fin equals twice the length of the
mandible; the third ray of the second dorsal extremely elongate, its
length more than twice that of head, and more than four times that of
the longest of the other rays ; ventral fins with the first ray one-third
length of -body, the second about three times the length of the head,

800 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

tbe third shorter than the diameter of orbit; pectorals four times as
long as the opercle. Scales large and thin; lateral line much broken
posteriorly. Head 4£ ; depth 5. D. 9 or 10, 50; A. 56; Lat. 1. 90.
(Goode and Bean.) Coast of Massachusetts, in deep water.
(Goode and Beau, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. i, 1878, 256.)

43§.— HALOPORPHYRUS Giiuther.
(Lcpidlon Swaiuson; preoccupied as Lepidla.)

(Giiuther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns. iv, 3r>8, 1862: type Gadus lepidion Risso.)

Body elongate, compressed, tapering into a slender tail. Scales very
small. Head entirely scaly, even to the gill-membranes. Snout de-
pressed, thin and flat, projecting beyond the mouth; mouth rather large;
chin with a barbel; jaws with bauds of villiform teeth; a small round-
ish patch of teeth on voiner, none on palatines. Dorsal fins two ; the
first short, its anterior ray produced into a long filament; anal fin
deeply notched, almost separated into two fins; ventral fins with six
rays, one of them filamentous; caudal truncate. Branchiostegals 7.
Deep-water fishes. (<//c, sea; -o/Hfupoz, purple, from the deep colora-
tion.)

1233. II. viola Goode & Bean.

Color, deep violet or blue-black ; inside of mouth and operclcs blue-
black; snout broad, pointed at tip, much depressed, forming a roof-like
projection above mouth ; a conspicuous keel extending backward from
tip of snout along the suborbital to the posterior margin of the eye.
Mouth U-shaped, wholly inferior; maxillary nearly reaching posterior
margin of orbit; iuterorbital space flat, as wide as the large eye, the
orbital ridges somewhat elevated; barbel about one-half diameter of
orbit. First dorsal with its first ray much produced, longer than head;
anal I'm deeply notched near its middle. Caudal peduncle as long as
eye; its depth more than half its length; longest ray of ventrals reach-
ing about half way to vent; pectoral 1£ in head. Head 1 J : depth 5.
I). 4-53; A. 40; V. (J; Lat. 1. 115. Hanks of Newfoundland and south-
ward, in deep water..

ll<ihii>i>ri>lnjrun riohi ('• ..... !<• ;m<l Bran, Proc. \' . S. Nat. Mus. i, 2~>f>,

439.-PIIYSICULUS K:uip.

<K:mp. Wir^mauu's An-liiv. I-."-, s-<; type Physiculua dalwigkii Kuup.)

Body clou-ate, covered with small scales; head entirely scaly ; snout
broad, obtusely rounded, project ing beyond the mouth; mouth of mod-

120. GADIDJE LOTA. 801

erate size; chin with a barbel; jaws with bands of villiform teeth;
vomer and palatines toothless. Dorsals 2; anal fin single, not notched;
ventral fins with 5 rays, the outer rays filamentous; caudal rounded,
slender, free; branchiostegals 7. (A diminutive of Pliycls.)

1234. P. dalwigkii Kaup.

Color uniform brownish; pectoral and anal whitish; axil of pectoral,
chin, and belly blackish; inside of mouth white. Head broad, de-
pressed; cleft of mouth oblique; maxillary extending beyond vertical
from pupil; iuterorbital space flat, its width rather less than vertical
diameter of orbit; a concealed spine on each side of nape. Height of
first dorsal equalling half length of head; second dorsal somewhat
lower, nearly uniform in height; anal similar to second dorsal, but
lower; pectorals two-thirds length of head; filamentous ventral ray
not reaching aual. Eleven series of scales betweeen anterior dorsal
and lateral line. Head 4 in length; depth 5£. D. 7-67; A. 69; V. 5,
(Giinther.) Madeira; lately taken in deep water off the coast of Massa-
chusetts.

(Kaup, Wiegm. Arch. 1858, 88; Giintker, iv, 348.)

440.— IdOLVA Nilsson.

Lings,

(Nilsson, Skandiuav. Fauna, 183-2> iv, 57:!: type Gadus molm L.)

Body elongate, covered with very small scales. Chin with a barbel;
lower jaw included; bands of teeth on jaws and vomer; lower jaw with
large canines which are arrow-shaped and movable; vomer with a curved
series of canines, mixed with small teeth, these mostly fixed; no teeth
on palatines. Gill-membranes broadly united. Two dorsal fins, both
well developed; one anal fin; ventrals of several rays. Northern seas.
(An old name of M. vulgaris.)

1235. OT. vulgaris Fleming. — Ling.

Barbel longer than eye; a short barbel at the nostril; eye as wide
as interorbital space. D. 15-66; A. 62; V. 6; vertebra 27+ 37. (Gun-
ther.) Greenland and Northern Europe.

(Gadus molva L. Syst. Nat. ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. 192; Giinther, iv, 361.)

441.— L.OTA Cuvier.

Burbots.

(Cuvier, Regne Auiiu. ii, 1817: type Gadus lota ~L. = Lota vulgaris Jenyns.)
Body long and low, compressed behind. Head small, depressed,
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 51

802 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

rather broad; anterior nostrils each with a small barbel; chiu with a
loug barbel; snout and lower parts of head naked; month moderate,
the lower jaw included; both jaws with broad bauds of equal, villiforin
teeth, voiner with a broad, crescent- shaped baud of similar teeth; no
teeth on palatines. Gill-openings wide, the membrane somewhat con-
nected, free from the isthmus. Scales very small, imbedded ; vertical
fins scaly. Dorsal fins two, the first short, the second long, similar to
the anal; caudal rounded, its outer rays procurrent; ventral s of several
rays. One species, living in fresh waters of northern regions. (Lota,
the ancient name.)

. ]L. maculosa (Lo S.) C. & V. — Burbot; Lake Lawyer; Ling.

Dark olive, thickly marbled and reticulated with blackish ; yellowish
or dusky beneath; young often sharply marked, the adult becoming
dull-grayish; vertical fins with dusky margins. Maxillary reaching to
posterior margin of eye; barbel longer than the very small eye; pec-
toral If in head; ventral s reaching half way to vent. Head 4§; depth
6. D. 13-70; A. G8; V. 7; vertebrae 21+38; coeca 30. L. 2 feet. New
England and Great Lake region, north to the Arctic seas; abundant
northward; also (var. vulgaris) throughout Northern Europe and Asia.

(Gadus ?oto L. Syst. Nat.: Gadus maculosus Lo Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
i, 83, 1873: Lota compressa, inornala, and macnlosa Dekay, New York Funna, Fish. 1842,
283-285: Lota vulgaria Jenyns, Manual Brit. Vert. 448: Lota vulgaris Giiuther, iv, 359.)

442.— BROSHIIUS Cuvier.

CvsTcs.

(Cuvier, Bfcgue Anira. ii, 1817: type Gadus brosme Miiller.)

Body moderately elongate, covered with very small scales. Mouth
rather Large, with teeth in the ja\vs, vomer, and palatines, some of
those on the vomer and palatines enlarged ; chin with a barbel ;
branchiostrgals 7. Dorsal fin single, continuous, not elevated; anal
fin similar, but shorter; caudal fin rounded; ventral fins several-rayed.
Fishes of the Northern seas. (A latinization of the vernacular name
brosme.)

*

1237. If. l»ro*iBic (Miillrr) White.— CuaJc.

Brownish, mottled; young uniform dark slate-color, or with trans-
verse yellow bands; vertical fins bordered with blackish, and with a,
white edge. Head flattened above; upper jaw slightly longer than
lower; mouth large, oblique; maxillary reaching beyond orbit. Head

120. GADID.E - GADUS. 803

4£; depth 5|. D. 98 5 A. 71. (tftorer.) Polar regions, south to Cape
Cod and Denmark.

(Gadus brosme Miiller, Prodr. Zool. Dau. 41, 1776: Gadus brosme Fabr. Faun. Grcenl.
140; Urosmitis flavcsccns Giintlier, iv, 369: Brosmiiis flavescens Storer, Fish. Mass. 368:
Brosmius brosme Gunther, iv, 369: Brosmim vulgarls Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish.
289.)

443.— GADUS Linnaeus.

•

Cod-fishes.

(Artedi ; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. : type Gadus callarias or morrhua L.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed and tapering behind. Scales
very small; lateral line present. Head narrowed anteriorly; mouth
moderate or large; chin with a barbel, which is sometimes minute;
teeth cardiform, subequal, or with those of one series more or less en-
larged; vomer with teeth; none on the palatines. Dorsal fins three,
well separated; anal fins two; ventral fins well developed, of about
seven rays. Species of the Northern Seas; highly valued as food.

(Gadus, the Latin name, akin to the English word Cod.)

d. Lower jaw included; barbel well developed.

b. Vent below second dorsal; species of large size.

c. Lateral line black; mouth small, the maxillary not reaching eye. (Mclano-
grammus* Gill.)

123§. G. ses'SsfiBBiis "L.—HaMock.

Dark gray above, whitish below; lateral line black; a large dark
blotch above the pectorals; dorsals and caudal dusky. Snout long
and narrow, overlapping the small mouth; maxillary barely reach-
ing front of orbit; teeth subequal, large, in a cardiform band in upper
jaw; in a single series on lower jaw and on vomer; occiput carinated; a
ridge extending backward from each orbit; eye very large, two-thirds
length of snout, 4 in head. Anterior rays of first dorsal elevated,
three fourths length of head, the fin pointed, higher than second and
third dorsals; caudal lunate; vent below front of second dorsal. The
skull in this species is more depressed than in Gadus callarias, broader,
and thinner in texture; occipital crest exceedingly high, much higher
than in Gadus, the wing-like projections at its base anteriorly spread-
ing widely, raised above the surface of the skull. Head 3f ; depth 4J.
D. 15-24-21; A. 23-21. North Atlantic, on both coasts; an important
food-fish, reaching a considerable size.

(Gadus ceglifinus Linuteus, Syst. Nat. : Gadus ceglifinus Giinther, iv, 332: Melanogram-
mus ccglifmus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 237.)

Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 237 : type Gadus ceglifinus L. (//e'Aa?, black;
}, line.)

804 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

cc. Lateral line pale; mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching past front of eye.
d. Vertebrae normal. (Gadus.)

1239. G. callarias L.— Common Cod-fisJi.

Greenish or browiiisli, subject to many variations, sometimes yellow-
ish or reddish; back and sides with numerous rounded brownish spots;
lateral line pale; fins dark. Head large, but varying much in size;
maxillary about reaching middle of orbit; occipital keel not greatly
developed; teeth strong, cardiform, in narrow bands, those of the outer
row in the upper jaw, and of the inner row in the lower jaw, somewhat
enlarged. Eye moderate, about half length of snout. First dorsal
little elevated, its height about half length of head; vent under front
of second dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate; pectorals half length of
head. Head 3£ to 4£; depth about 4. D. 14-21-19; A. 20-18. North-
ern Seas, south to Virginia, Oregon, and Japan, one of the most impor-
tant of all food-fishes. The fish of the Pacific Ocean (var. macroceplialax)
is said to have the air-bladder ("sounds") smaller; it is wholly similar
externally. The Greenland form (var. ogac} is very dark, with slender
caudal peduncle, longer barbel, larger eye, broader interorbital space,
longer pectorals, and more advanced ventrals. Great variations occur
in size of head and in color among individuals from different regions.

(Gadus caUarias et morrlina Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, iv, 328: Motrlnia amcricana
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 34:5: Gadim macrocephalua Tiles. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pctersb.
ii, 300, 1H10: Gadua macnurplmliifi (iiinthcr, iv, 330: Gadus oyak Richardson, F. 13. A.
Fish. 246: G adits ogac Bean, Bull. U. IS. Nat. Mas. xv, 110: Gadus auratusCope, Proc.
Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1873.)

dd. Vertebra? peculiarly modified, somewhat as in Merlucius. (Ti'Zesia* Svrainson.)

121O. G. t?racilis Tiles.

Dusky bluish above, yellowish white below, without spots. Form of
a haddock, the body subterete, compressed, the belly prominent. Head
oblong, the snout rounded and depressed; upper jaw longer and broader
than lower; barbel moderate; outer teeth setaceous; eye large. Scales
very small, little imbricated. First dorsal subtriangular: second dor-
sal lower: third obtusely triangular j pectorals large; ventrals with the
.second ray produced; caudal e(|ual. Head I,1..; depth 4J. D. 14-17-10;
A. 21-L'O; P. 1!»; V. li; 15. 6. (Palhitt.) Alaska to .Japan. An insuffi-
ciently-described species, which, acc"nling to Dr. Dean, who has lately
obtained it in Bering's Sea, is very distinct from the other members of
the genus. It differs from <;<«l/ts <-nll«riax in the structure of its ver-

*S\vaiiis<m, Nat. Hist. Fioh.etO.1839/3UO: type Gadus yracilis Tiles. (Dedicated
to William Theophilus Tilosius.)

120. GADIDvE GADUS. 805

tebrse, resembling the structure found in Merlucius. This difi'erence, in
Dr. Beau's opinion, may necessitate the revival of the genus Tilesia of
Swaiuson.

(Gadus gracUis Tilesius, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. ii, 354, 1810: Gadus wact>na
Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. Hi, 182, 1811: Tilesia gracilis Swainsou, 1. c. : Tilesia yracilis
Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 243).

l)b. Vent in front of second dorsal; species of small si/e. (Microgadus* Gill.)

1341. G. proximus Grd. — Tom-cod.

Olivaceous above, pale, or slightly translucent, white below; dorsal
fins dusky, paler at base; first anal, and veutrals uucolored; second
anal dusted with dark points. Head long, convex above, somewhat
compressed, with vertical sides; eye moderate, about 5 in head; mouth
rather large; maxillary reaching to below pupil; barbel small; teeth
in each jaw in a baud, the outer row a little enlarged. Gill-membranes
ajittle connected, free from the isthmus. First dorsal highest, some-
what falcate, its height three-fifths length of head; first anal longer
and higher than second; pectorals moderate, reaching anal; ventrals
filamentous, scarcely reaching anal ; caudal slightly emarginate. Lat-
eral line very distinct, wavy, high anteriorly, slightly interrupted pos-
teriorly. Vent below first dorsal. Head 4; depth 4f. D. 14-18-19;
A. 21-21; V. 6 or 7. L. 1 foot. Monterey to Alaska ; abundant; a
food-fish of some importance.

The Tom-cods (Microgadus} differ considerably from the true cods
(Gadus) in the structure of the cranium. The following is Professor
Gill's account of the skull of G. proximus, the italicised portions indi-
cating the differences from Gadus callarias :

"The cranium is proportionally broader towards the front and less
flattened, while the brain -case is flattened below, decidedly swollen on
each side of a depressed sphenoidal groove, and has an ovate cardi-
form shape; the paraoccipital or epiotic is not produced into an angle
behind, but is obtusely rounded, and its posterior or outwardly-descend-
ing ridge Hunt; the opisthotic is well developed, oblong, and with its
re-entering angle high up, and, on a line with it, the surface is divided
into two parts — a narroic and flattened one, and a lower expanded
one, much swollen; the alispheuoid or pro-otic is oblong, acutely eniar-
giuate in front, swollen from the region of the high anterior sinus,
and above a little produced forwards; the great frontal is a little longer

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1865, 69: type Gadus proximus Grd.
small; yadoe, Gadus.)

806 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

than broad, with supraoccipital crest continued forwards on the bone,
and near the front expanded upwards, and with the expanded portion
behind dividing into narrow lateral icings; the lateral testiforin ridges
of the frontal are continued forwards and curved outwards towards the
antero-lateral angles; the anterior frontals are mostly covered in front
by the great frontal, and are nmch developed in the direction of the
antero-lateral angles, the inferior expanded axillary portion being very
narrow; the nasal has a rounded ridge in front, continued well below,
and its posterior crest is laminar and trenchant."

(Gadii* proximus Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 141, and in U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. 142: Morrhua californica Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, 9: Gadus califor-
nicm Giinther, iv, 332: Mlcrogadiis proximus Gill.)

1242. G. tomcod \Valb. — Tom-cod; Frost-fish.

Olive brown, distinctly blotched and spotted with darker, lighter on
the belly; more opaque than in G. proximus; back and sides profusely
punctulate; dorsals and .caudal blotched with darker; auals coarsely
punctulate anteriorly, colorless posteriorly; ventrals and pectorals
dusky. Snout rounded, less produced than in G. proximus; mouth
short; maxillary 2£ in head, reaching pupil; eye large, of in head;
barbel small; pectorals reaching vent; veutrals filamentous, not reach-
ing vent. Vent under interval between first and second dorsals.
Head 3§ ; depth 5. D. 13-17-18 ; A. 20-17. L. 11 feet. Virginia to
Labrador; common northward.

(Gadit* torn-cod \Valliauin, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 133: Jforrlnta pntinoxa Storer, Fish.
Mass. 357: Gadus lomcodus Giiuther, iv, 331: Microyadus tomcodus Gill.)

aa. Lower jaw projecting; barbel small, sometimes obsolete.
e. Upper jaw with its teetb subequal. (PoUuchiiw Nilss.*)

. ft. virens L. — Pollack; Coal-fidi : Green Cod.
Greenish brown above; sides and below somewhat silvery; lateral
line pale; fins mostly pale; sometimes a black spot in the axil. Body
nither elongate, compressed; snout sharp and conic; mouth rather
small. oblique; maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit ; lower jaw
slightly the longer; teeth in the upper jaw nearly equal, the outer
-eiies not being espeeially enlarged; barbel rudimentary or obsolete.
(Jill-membranes considerably united, free from isthmus. Vent under
first dorsal. Caudal tin lunate. Pectorals short, scarcely reaching

'Nilsson; JJonapartr, Can. !<>;;., Mrtmliro, 1--4C, 45: type Gadus pollachius L.
(jtoA.A.2?/^, many-fashioned; an old name, \vith 110 obvious application; perhaps
merely a latini/.t-d Ibrni of tin- common name.)

120. GADID.E GADUS. 807

anal; ventrals short. Head 4 ; depth 47|. D. 13-22-20; A. 25-20; Lat.
1. about 150; vertebra? 54. North Atlantic; common northward on

both coasts.

(Gadus virens and G. carbonariiis Linn. Syst. Nat. : Merlangus purpureus Storer, Fish.
Mass. 358: Gadua viniis Giinther, iv, 339: Pollaclrius carbonarius Gill.)

1244. O. diaSeograiBBBMiffS Pallas.

Blackish above, with silvery luster; everywhere puuctulate with
black; fins also puuctulate; ventrals and first anal pale. Snout conic,
sharp, rounded in profile; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching middle
of pupil; chin with a niiimte barbel; teeth small, those of the outer
row above slightly enlarged; eye large, wider than the flat iuterorbital
space, 4 in head. Gill membranes somewhat united, the posterior out-
line deeply emargiuate; vent under interspace between first and sec-
ond dorsal; first dorsal higher than the others, the second lowest;
ventrals filamentous, reaching two-thirds distance to vent; pectorals
long, reaching past front of anal; caudal somewhat concave. Head
4; depth 5. D. 12-17-18; A. 18-18; V. 7. North Pacific, south to
Monterey.

(Gadus chalcogrammus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 198, 1811-1831: Gadus perisco-
pus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873: Gadus chalcogrammus Giiuther, iv, 340.)

ee. Upper jaw with an outer series of rather larger teeth. (Boreogadus* Giinther.)

1245. O. saida Lepechin.

Brownish above, silvery below; head, body, and fins minutely dotted
with black; the dorsals and pectoral almost entirely black, as is the
lower half of the anal fins; lateral line pale. Barbel minute or absent;
teeth extremely minute, sharp, those in the outer series a trifle larger;
snout longer than eye, which is equal to interorbital space, and about
one-fourth head; body elongate; tail slender; caudal deeply forked,
the upper lobe the longer; ventrals long, 1J in head; pectorals 1£;
vent below front of second dorsal. Scales very minute, non-imbricate.
Head 3|; depth 5£. D. 13-15-21; A. 16-21. (Collett.) Greenland to
Alaska and Russia.

(Gadus saida Lepechin, Nov. Comra. Acad. Scient. Petrop. 1774, 512: Gadus saida
Giiuther, iv, 337 ; Collett, Norske Nord-Havs Exp. 1880, 126 : Merlangus polaris Sa-
Line, App. Parry's Voyage, ccxi, 1824: Gadus fabricii Eich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 245:
Gadus fabricii Giiuther, iv, 336: Boreogadus polaris Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1863, 233: Borcogadns saida Beau, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 108: ? Gadus pygmceus Pal-
las, Zoogr. Eoss.-Asiat. iii, IPO, 1811: Gadus agilisReiuh. Kgl. D. Vid. Selsk. 1838, 126:
? Gadus glacialis Peters, Nord-Pol Exp. ii, 172, 1874.)

* Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 336, 1862: type Gadus fabricii Eich. (fiopeo?,
northern; Gadus.)

808 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

444.— HYPSICOMETES Goode.

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 347: type Htjpsicometes gobioides Goode.)

Body elongate, covered with large scales; mouth rather small, hori-
zontal, the lower jaw much projecting; 2 or 3 rows of feeble teeth on
jaws and vomer; none on palatines. Eyes large, superior, near to-
gether. No barbel ; no pseudobranchiiD. Caudal fin separate ; 2 dor-
sal fins, the first of a few long rays, the second with a longer base,
entire, and similar to the anal ; ventrals well developed, each of 0 rays.
Deep-sea fishes. (&>t', in deep water; /.(u^.rjrr^^ dweller.)

1246. II. gobioides Goode.

Color grayish, clouded with darker; belly pale; a large dark blotch
at base of upper rays of caudal. Head rather broad and depressed,
its width about equal to greatest depth of body; maxillary reaching
front of orbit; snout broad, rounded, as long as eye. Caudal truncate;
longest rays of first dorsal as long as the snout; ventrals wide apart,
with broad bases, inserted far in advance of the pectorals. Head 3;
depth 8. D. 6-17; A. 16; V. 6; Lat. 1. 58. L. 2 inches. Gulf Stream,
off the coast of Ehode Island. (Goode.)

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 348, 1880.)

445.— MERLUCIUS Rafinesqne.
Hakes.

(Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alciini Nuovi Generi, etc. 1810, 26: type Gadus merlucius L.)

Body elongate, covered with small deciduous scales. Head slender,
conical, the snout long, depressed; a well-defined, oblong, triangular
excavation at the forehead, bounded by the ridges on the separated
frontal bones; these ridges converge backwards into the low occipital
crest; eye rather large; edge of preopercle free; preopercle with a
channel behind its crest, crossed by short radiating ridges; mouth
large, oblique; maxillaries extending to opposite the eyes; lower jaw
longest; no barbels; jaws with slender teeth, of various sizes, in about
2 series, those of the inner row longer and movable; vomer with sim-
ilar teeth; palatines toothless. Brauchiostegals 7. Gill-rakers long;
gill-membranes not united. Dorsal fins 2, well separated, the first
short, the second long, with a deep emargination : anal emargiuate,
similar to second dorsal; ventral fins well developed, with about 7
rays; vertebra peculiarly modified, the neural spines well developed
and wedged into one another; frontal bone double and the skull oth-

120. GADID.E MERLUCIUS. 809

erwise peculiar in several respects. Species several, very similar.
Large, voracious fishes, little valued as food. (Merlucius, the aucient
uame, meaning "Sea-Pike.")

1247. M. biliDioaris (Mitch.) Gill.— Hake.

Grayish, darker above, dull silvery below; axil and edge of pectoral
somewhat blackish; inside of opercle dusky silvery; inside of mouth
dusky bluish; peritoneum nearly black. Top of head with the W-
shaped ridges very conspicuous; eye shorter than snout, and less
than iuterorbital width; maxillary reaching posterior border of pupil;
teeth not very large, smaller than in M. smiridus. Scales larger than
in other species; pectorals and ventrals long, the latter reaching three-
fourths distance to vent, their length about three-fifths that of head.
Head 3*; depth G£. D. 13-41 ; A. 40; Lat. 1. 100-110. Coasts of New
England «aud northward; rather common.

(Stomodon bilinearis Mitchill, Kept. Fish. N. Y. 7, 1814 : Gadiis albidus Mitchill, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 409: Merlticius albidus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 30:}; Goode &
Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. xi, 9.)

124§. 191. siMiradoBS Raf. — European Hake.

Dusky above, silvery below; dorsal, caudal, and distal part of pec-
toral blackish; inside of opercle black; inside of mouth black poste-
riorly, pale in front; peritoneum black. Ventrals a little more than
half head; t -eth very long. Head large, 3£; depth G£. . D. 10-3i5; A.
36; vert. 23+26; Lat. 1. 150. Coasts of Europe; abundant; straying
to Greenland. Here described from specimens taken at Genoa. The
identity of the northern species with M. smiridus is perhaps uncertain.

(G-adiis merlticcitis L. Syst. Nat. ; Raliuesciiie, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 1810,
28: Merluclits vulyaris Fleming, Brit. Anim. 193: Merlucius eultjaria Giiuther, iv, 344:
Mpicopus gayi Giiuther, ii, 248.)

1249. M, prodaactus (Ayres) Gill. — MerJuccio.

Silver gray; head dusted with coarse black dots; inside of mouth and
opercle jet black; peritoneum, silvery, with black specks. Head with
the W-shaped ridges less strongly marked; maxillary reaching center
of pupil; eye large; pectorals long and narrow, reaching vent; ventrals
much smaller than in M. bilinearis, reaching half way to vent; their
length about f that of head ; caudal somewhat forked. Scales quite
small, deciduous. Teeth moderate. Head 3f ; depth 7. D. 11-41; A.
43; V. 7. Lat. 1. 136. L. 3 feet. Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara
northward ; abundant.

(Merlangus productns Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 64: Homalopomus trow-
tridgii Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 132: Gadus productus GUnther, iv, 338 j
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 247.)

810 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

446.— CH1ASMODON Johnson.
(Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1853, 408: type Chiasmodon nigcr Johnson.)

Body elongate, compressed, and tapering posteriorly, naked ; belly
pendent, its walls membrauaceous, capable of great dilation. Mouth
very large; lower jaw longer than upper, without barbel; both jaws
with two series of large, pointed teeth, some of the anterior being very
large and movable; vomerine teeth none; palatines with teeth similar
to those in the jaws. Gills 4. No pseudobrauckia3. Gill-openings
very wide, the membranes joined to the isthmus for a short distance.
Dorsal fins two; anal single; ventrals inserted below pectorals, each of
five soft rays. Tail not isocercal, truncate at base of caudal. Caudal
forked, free from dorsal and anal. Singular fishes of the deep sea, re-
markable for their ability to swallow fishes of many times their own
size by means of the great distensibility of the walls of the body. The
position of this genus in the family Gadidce is doubtful. (/^dajj.^ a mark
of the form of the letter X; O<JWK, tooth; the two anterior canines cross-
ing each other when depressed.)

125Q. C. nager Johnson.

Entirely black. Ilead compressed, elongate, the crown flat, its depth
less than half its length; maxillary reaching angle of preopercle ; both
jaws armed with long, pointed, wide-set teeth, nearly all of which are
movable; two anterior teeth of upper jaw very long, crossing each other
when depressed; three anterior pairs of teeth in lower jaw likewise pro-
longed, the third pair the longest; palatines with a longer, fixed tooth
in front. Eye moderate, above the anterior part of maxillary, 4£ in
head, shorter than snout, as wide as'interorbital space. Lateral line in
a longitudinal groove. First dorsal of slender ra.\s, its base 2J in that
of second dorsal; anal commencing behind second dorsal, its anterior
rays without connection with vertebral column; posterior rays of anal
and dorsal very feeble; pectoral as long as head without snout; ven-
tral half as long as pectoral. Head 3i. D. 11-1'S; A. 27; P. 13; V. 5.
L. 12 inches. (Giinthcr.) Deep seas; taken at Madeira and off the
coast Of Massachusetts.

(Johnson, 1. <_•. 408: Chiaxmodiut nigrr Giinthrr, v, -i:?."i.)

FAMILY CXXL— MACRURIDJE.

(The Grenadiers.)

Body elongate, tapering into a very long compressed tail, which ends
in a point; scales moderate, very rough, usually keeled or spinous.

121. MACRURID^ — MACRURUS. 811

Teeth villiform or cardiform, in bauds, on the jaws only; tip of lower
jaw with a barbel; premaxillary protractile. Dorsals two, the first
short and high, of stiff, spine-like branched rays; the second dorsal
very long, of very low feeble rays, continued to the end of the tail;
aual fin similar to the second dorsal, but much higher; no caudal fin;
ventrals small, subjugular, each of about 8 rays. Branchiostegals 6
or 7. Lateral line present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill-
rakers very small; gill-membranes narrowly united to the isthmus; no
pseudo branchiae ; pyloric coeca numerous; air-bladder present. Genera
about 5 ; species about 15, chiefly of the northern seas, in deep water.
(Macruridce Giinther, iv, 390-398.)

a. Scales of moderate size.

1). Suout produced, conical ; cleft of mouth entirely inferior MACRURUS, 447.

bb. Snout short, obtuse, truncated; cleft of mouth lateral.

CORYPH^ENOIDES, 448.

447.— MACRURUS Bloch.

(Lepidoleprus Risso.)

(Macrourus Bloch, Ichth. v, 152, 1787: type Macrourus rupestris Bloch, not of Gunner.)
Snout broadly conical, high, projecting beyond mouth; mouth mod-
erate, its cleft horizontal, U-shaped, entirely inferior; teeth of the outer
series not enlarged; head sometimes with roughened bony ridges, one
of which, on the suborbital aud preorbital, simulates the suborbital
stay of the Cottoids; eyes very large; scales very rough, keeled, the
keels usually ending in spines. Deep water fishes ; mostly northern.
This genus grades into the next, and is perhaps unworthy of retention.
(fjLaxpos, long; do pa, tail.)

a. Suborbital region with a conspicuous bony ridge extending from the preopercle
along the suborbital and preorbital to the end of the projecting snout.

1251. HI. faSiracii Suudevall. — Rat-tall; Grenadier.

Dusky, inside of mouth and gill-openings black; peritoneum black.
Snaut sharp, nearly as long as eye, 3J in head; an area of loose, rough-
ish, naked skin between the suborbital ridge and the mouth; supra-
ocular and occipital ridges present, the iuterocular space concave.
Scales each with a longitudinal serrate ridge ending in a spine; first
ray of dorsal denticulated toward the tip ; vent behind origin of second
dorsal; 5 rows of scales between first dorsal aud lateral line. Head 4J;
depth G. Eye 3 in head. D. 12-124; A. 148; V. 8; Lat. 1. ca. 125.
Massachusetts to Greenland and Norway, in deep water; not rare.

(Coryphcena rupestris Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 1776, 443 (not of Gunner) : Macrourus
rupestris Bloch, i, 152: Macrurus rupestris Giinther, iv, 390: Hacrurus fabricii Sunde-
vall, Vet. Akad.Handl. 1840, 6.)

812 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

"M. cariiiinatus Goocle.
Silver -gray. Body stouter than in M. bairdi, the tail less attenuate.
Scales heavy, covered with long spines arranged in nine or ten rows,
like wool-cards (carmen), those of the middle row similar to the others.
Eye as deep as width of interorbital space, 5 in head. Snout long,
sharp, depressed, triangular, 3 in head, its lateral ridges well devel-
oped, running in a straight line under the eyes; a strong horizontal
ridge from supraorbital to gill-openings parallel with subocular ridges;
barbel very short. Long ray of dorsal unarmed; anal rather high, its
longest rays equal to half width of interorbital space; pectoral not
reaching anal ; ventral behind pectoral, its filament not reaching anal.
Head 5; depth 8. D. 10-80+ ; A. 76 + ; P. 13; V. 7; scales ca. 5-100-
12. Gulf Stream, off the coast of Rhode Island. (Goode.)
(Goode, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 346.)

aa. Suborbital region without conspicuous bony ridge.

1253. I?I. bairdi Goode & Bean.

Brownish gray, bluish below; membrane of first dorsal and under
surface of snout pink; throat and branchiostegals deep violet: front
of dorsal and anal blackish. Snout sharp, quadrate, shorter than eye,
with 4 radiating ridges; bony ridge of preorbital and suborbital obso-
lete, this region unarmed and soft to the touch; mouth less distinctly
inferior than in other species. Scales keeled; first long ray of first
dorsal strongly serrate anteriorly; vent under middle of first dorsal.
Head G£; depth 8. D. 12-137; A. 120; scales 6-1 52-20. Beep water,
oft' the coast of New England. This species approaches CoryphcenoideS)
and renders the distinction of the genus Macritnis doubtful.

(Goode & Bean, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, xiv, 471, 1877.)

44§.— COKYPH i:\OIDES Gunner.
((•miner, Trondhj. Selsk. Skrift. iii, 50, 17f>.~>: type Coryphtenotdes r>ip<'x1rin Gunner. )

Snout short, obtuse, high, obliquely truncated, soft to the touch,
exeept its bony center; cleft of the mouth lateral; head without prom-
inent ridges, the membrane bones of the side of the head sol't and
papery; teeth in the outer series of upper jaw s ...... -what enlarged.

Scales smooth or spinoiis. Lower jaw with a barbel. (/.<>/>u£ui-;a, Cory-
jilnntd ; tV<M'?, resemblance.)

1254. C. rii|»«'xlris Gunner.

Bones of front and sides of head thin and papery; no bony ridges
on sides of head; angle of preopercle with a conspicuous four-angled

122. PLEURONECTID^E. 813

process. Eyes very large, longer than snout, 3£ in head; maxillary
extending to below posterior edge of pupil. Pectorals inserted above
ventrals and below first ray of dorsal, which is strong, compressed,
ard armed anteriorly with sharp teeth directed upward; vent under
last ray of first dorsal. Scales small, rough, but not keeled. Head 4;
depth 5£. First D. 11; A. ca. 110; Y. 8. Banks of Newfoundland to
Norway, in deep water.

(Coryphwnoidcs nipestris Guuner, Troudhj. Selsk. Skrift. iii, 50, 1765: CorypTtcenoides
norvegicus Giiuther, iv, 396: Macrourus norvegicus Nilssou, Skand. Fauna Fiske 600,
1832: Macrourus stromi Reiuli. Dausk. Vidensk. Afhandl. vii, 129.)

ORDER U -HETEROSOMATA.

(The Flat-fishes.)

"Cranium posteriorly normal; anteriorly with twisted vertex, to allow
two orbits on the same side, or one vertical and one lateral; basis cranii
not quite simple. Dorsal fin long, of jointed rays. Superior pharyn-
geals 4, the third longest, much extended forward, the inferior sepa-
rate." (Cope.) This order includes the single family of Pleuronectidce.
(i'-£/™?, different; ffw/j.a, body.)

(AnacantMni pleuronectoidei Giiuther, iv, 399-504.)

FAMILY CXXII AND CXXIIL— PLEURONECTID^E.

(The Flounders.)

Body strongly compressed, oval or elliptical in outline; head unsyrn-
metrical, the cranium twisted, both eyes being on the same side of the
body, which is horizontal in life, the eyed side being uppermost and
colored, the blind side lowermost and usually plain. In very young
fishes the bones of the head are symmetrical, one eye on each side, and
the body vertical in the water. In some species the cranium becomes
twisted, bringing the upper eye over with it; in others the upper eye
moves through the cranium. Mouth small or large, the dentition
various; premaxillaries protractile; no supplemental maxillary bone;
pseudobranchise present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lower pha-
ryngeals separate; no air-bladder; vent not far behind head. Scales
various, rarely absent, usually small. Lateral line usually present,
extending on the caudal fin, sometimes duplicated or wanting. Dorsal
fin long, continuous, of soft rays only, beginning on the head; anal

814 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

similar, shorter; caudal various, sometimes coalescent with dorsal aud
anal; pectorals inserted rather high, sometimes wanting; ventrals
under the pectorals, usually of several soft rays, sometimes wanting.
Fishes mostly carnivorous, inhabiting sandy bottoms in all seas, some
species ascending rivers. Many of them are important food-fishes.
Genera about 40 ; species nearly 400.

(PleuroncctidcK Gunther, iv, 399-504.)

a. Pectoral and ventral fins both present ; caudal distinct; margin of prcopercle more

or less free.
.6. Mouth large; teeth nearly equally developed on both sides of the mouth.

c. Ventral iin of the left side inserted nearly on the ridge of the abdomen; body

sinistral.
d, Vonier with teeth ; lateral line arched in front ; scales small or obsolete.

BOTHUS, 449.
dd. Vomer toothless; lateral line not arched; scales well developed, mostly

ciliated CITHARICIITHYS, 450.

cc. Ventral fins both lateral; vonier and palatines toothless.
e. Caudal fin lunate.

/. Lateral line arched in front; scales cycloid HiPPOGLOSSUS, 451.

ff. Lateral line not arched.

g. Teeth not arrow-shaped; gill-rakers few, short.

PLATYSOMATICHTHYS, 452.
gg. Teeth arrow-shaped; gill-rakers numerous, long.

ATHERESTHES, 453.
ee. Caudal fin not lunate, the middle rays produced.

h. Lateral line arched in front; body usually sinistral.

PARALICHTHYS, 454.
Mi. Lateral line not arched; body dextral.

HlPPOGLOSSOIDES, 455.
6&. Mouth small; teeth, if present, most developed on the blind side.

j. Teeth small, acute, in several series: lateral line nearly straight,
with an accessory branch ; scales small, cycloid ;
eyes dextral.
fc. Lips longitudinally plicate; dorsal fin beginning on the blind

side PLEUKO VICIITII YS, 450.

kk. Lips simple; dorsal fin beginning on the median line.

HYPSOPSETTA, 457.
jj. Teeth in one series.

1. Teeth rather largo, bluntish or trenchant; eyes dextral (some-
times sinistral in one species); veil trals( usually) both
lateral.
m. Dorsal fin with less than 80 rays; anal with less than GO.

Pl.EUROXECTES, 458.

mm. Dorsal fin with more than 95 rays; anal with more than 80;

body unusually elongate.
n. Left side of skull with strong mucous cavities j nnal spine

present GLYPTOCKPIIALUS, 459.

«n. Left side of skull without conspicuous mucous cavities;

anal npine obsolete CYXICOGLOSSUS, 460.

II. Teeth small, acute, in one, series; lateral line nearly straight,
simple; scales thin, ctenoid; eyes sinistral; left vtn-
tral on ridge of abdomen ETROPUS, 461.

122. PLEURONECTID.E— BOTHUS. 815

9

jjj. Teeth norie ; eyes sinistral ; caudal fin subsessilc ; body translu-
cent TIIYRIS, 462.

aa. Pectoral iins one or both reduced or "wanting; margin of preopercle usually not free.

o. Vertical fins free from the caudal.

p. Eyes sinislral; caudal subsessile; left pectoral only
present; lateral line present, arched on eyed side,

straight on blind side MOXOLENE, 463.

pp. Eyes dextral; ventral of right side continuous with
anal; pectoral fin single small, or wanting; scales
very rough; lateral line single, straight ; teeth villi-

form, on blind side only ACHIRUS, 464.

oo. Vertical fins confluent around the pointed tail; body
sinistral; no pectoral fins ; one ventral present; eyes
very small.

q. No lateral line ; ventral free from anal ; teeth
minute, on' blind side only; snont not hooked;
scales ctenoid APHORISTI A, 465.

449.— BOTHUS Rafinesque.
Turbots.

(Rhombus Cuvier, not of Lace"pede: LepidorJiombus Gthr. : Scophthalmus Raf. : Lophop-

seita Gill.)

(Rafiuesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, 23: type Botlms rumolo Raf. =
Pleuronectes rhombua L.)

Eyes and color on the left side. Body broadly ovate, strongly com-
pressed; mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching to beyond eye;
teeth subequal, in villiform or cardiforrn bands, sometimes in single
series; a small patch of teeth on the vomer. Scales small, ctenoid or
cycloid, sometimes obsolete; skin sometimes with bony tubercles. Lat-
eral line strongly arched in front, without accessory branch. Dorsal
fin beginning on the snout; anal fin not preceded by a spine; ventral
of left side free from the anal, inserted nearly on the ridge of the ab-
domen, its base broad, the rays well separated. Species sometimes of
large size, mostly of the Atlantic. (/3«0oc, deep.)

a. Scales developed, cycloid; no bony tubercles. (Botlms.*)

1255. II. maculatns (Mitch.) J. & G. — Sand-flounder; Window-pane.

Light olive brown, almost translucent, everywhere marbled with
paler, and with many roundish irregular blackish blotches; fins spot-
ted. Body broadly rhomboid, very strongly compressed; interorbital
area flattish; eye rather large, about equal to snont; teeth in both
jaws in one series laterally, in a very narrow band in front; maxillary
nearly half length of head. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, nu-
merous, about 25 below the angle of the arch. Scales well developed,

* = Loplwpsetta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 216: type Pleuronectes macu-
latus Mitchill,

816 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

*

cycloid, loosely imbricated; those of the blind side a little smaller; no
bony tubercles; vertical fins scaly. Anterior rays of dorsal elevated,
branched, with free tips. Head 3J; depth If. D. 65; A. 52; Lat. 1.
85. L. 18 inches. Atlantic coast of United States, very common north-
ward; size rather small.

(Pleuronecte* maciilatus Mitch. Rept. in Part Fish. N. Y. 1814, 9: Plenronectes aquosus
Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 389, 1815: Rhombus aquosus Giiuther, iv, 411 : Lophop-
selta maculata Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862. 216.)

•

45O.— CITHARICHTHYS Bleeker.
(Hemirhombus Bleeker: Orthopsetta and Metoponops-Qtill.)

(Bleeker, in Giiuther, iv, 420, 1832, and in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, xiii,
1832: type Citharichthys caijennensis Bleeker.)

Eyes and color on the left side. Body oblong; mouth of the large type,
but comparatively small, with one or two series of small, sharp teeth in
each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers moderate, slender.
Dorsal tin beginning just in front of eye; all the fin rays simple; vent-
rals of colored side on the ridge of the abdomen; no anal spine; caudal
fin convex or double-truncate behind. Scales thin, slightly ctenoid.
Lateral line nearly straight, simple. Lower pharyngeals separate, each
with a single row of teeth. (Citlianis, an allied genus; ty0y?, fish — a
fish which lies on its xiOapoq or ribs — that is, on its side.)

a. Teeth in upper jaw in two rows. (Hemirhombus* Bleeker.)
b. Interorbital space broad ; left pectoral filamentous.

1256. C. araimica (Cuv.) J. & G.

Light-brown, with blackish blotches ; fins mottled ; left pectoral
barred. Body elliptic-ovate, the anterior profile regularly decurved,
lor m ing an angle above the snout. Mouth rather large, arched; max-
illary L'j-J in head, extending to below eye; teeth in upper jaw in two
series, some of the outer forming small canines; lower teeth in one row.
Eye large, 1 in head; lower eye in advance of upper, especially in the
adult; interorbital space broad, concave, as broad as eye in adult, much
narrower in the young. Gill-rakers short, flatfish. Dorsal rather low,
the longest r.i.vs L", in head; anal without spine; pectoral of left side
with two filamentous rays, its length 1J to 2 times head. Scales small,
thin, weakly ciliate, with smaller ones intermingled. Head 3§; depth

MSS. Guuther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 423, 1862: type Hemirhombus
gnineensis Bleok. (e^tt, half; /Jo/i/JoS, Ilhombus.)

113. PLEURONECTID.E— CITHAEICHTHYS. 817

2f. D. 81; A. 63; Lat. 1. 53 '(Lat. 1. 70, GiintJier). West Florida to
Cuba; abundant in deep water.

(Pletironectcs aramaca Cuvier, Kegne Anim.: Hemirhombus aramaca Gthr. iv, 422:
1 Hemirhombus fuscus Poey, Syii. Pise. Cub. 1868, 406.
era. Teeth in both jaws in single series (Citharichthys).

1257. C. sordidus (Grd.) Gthr.

Dull olive brownish of varying shade, the males with dull orange
spots and blotches; each scale with a darker edge; dorsal and anal
fins in the male blackish, with dull orange blotches, and edged ante-
riorly with yellowish ; female paler, the tins nearly plain. Form' ellip-
tical; iuterocular space concave, scaly, a conspicuous sharp ridge above
the lower eye; mouth not large, the maxillary about 3 in length of head ;
teeth anteriorly subequal, growing much smaller behind. Gill-rakers
about 16 below the angle. Lower pharyngeals narrow, each with one
row of slender teeth. Scales rather large, thin, and membranaceous,
readily deciduous, their edges slightly ciliate; accessory scales numer-
ous. Eye large, much longer than snout, 3J in head; depth of caudal
peduncle less than one-third head; pectorals long, nearly two-thirds
length of head. Head 3|; depth 2&. D. 95; A. 77; Lat. 1. 70. Coast
of California north, to Vancouver Island; very abundant; a small, soft-
fleshed, dull colored species.

(Psettietithys sordidus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 142; Giinther, iv, 421;
Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 83: Metoponops cooperi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1864, 198: Orthopsetta sordida Gill.)

125§. C. spil©B>teriis Giinther.

Olive brownish, usually with large blotches of darker; a series of
distant, obscure, blackish blotches along the basal portions of the anal
and dorsal fins. Body ovate. Mouth small, very oblique, the gape
curved; maxillary 2| times in length of hea'd, reaching beyond middle
of orbit; snout projecting; eyes small, even, shorter than snout, about
6 in head, separated by a narrow ridge, which is concave and scaleless
anteriorly ; teeth all small ; front teeth of upper jaw wide-set, much
larger than the posterior, which are close together and very small;
teeth of lower jaw few, wide apart. Gill-rakers short and strong, 13
below angle. Pectorals short, less than half length of head. Scales
large, those on middle of sides posteriorly largest. Head 3£; depth
2-^g-. D. 80; A. 61; Lat. 1. 45. Size small. Tropical America, north
to Florida and Louisiana (here described from specimens obtained at
Panama).

(Giinther, iv, 421; Giiuther, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, 471: Citharichthys micros-
tomus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 223.)

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 52

818 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

1259. C. arctifrons Goode.

Light brown. Body comparatively elongate. Scales cycloid, de-
ciduous. Lateral line sharply defined, straight. Eye 4 in head; inter-
orbital space very narrow, its width 4 in snout; maxillary 3.J in head.
Dorsal fin beginning above front of upper eye, its greatest height
more than half the length of the head; anal beginning below axil of
pectoral; caudal triangular, subsessile, as long as head; rays of ver-
tical fins all much exserted; pectorals inserted very low, that of the
colored side being twice the length of the other. Head 4; depth 2i.
I). 83; A. 07; P. 10 (left), 7 (right); Lat, 1. 40. L. 6 inches. Gulf
Stream, off the coast of Rhode Island; abundant. (Goode.)

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 341.)

12 CO. C. iiBiicoreiis Goode.

Ashy gray, with dark lateral line; eyes black. Body comparatively
deep, its greatest height over the pectorals. Scales thin, deciduous.
Eye 3 in head, equal to snout, and more than twice the interorbital
space, which has a strong ridge; maxillary less than half length of
head; teeth minute, close-set, in a single series, stronger on the blind
side. A strong, sharp spine on the snout at the anterior termination
of the ridge at lower margin of upper eye. Highest rays of dorsal
half length of head; caudal pointed, triangular, subsessile; pectoral
of left side twice as long as the eye, not half longer than right pec-
toral. Head 4; depth 2. D. 74; A. CO; P. 4 (right), 10 (left); Lat. 1.
40. L. 3 inches. Gulf Stream, off the coast of Khode Island. (Goode.)

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 342.)

451.— HIPPOGL.OSSUS Cuvier.

Halibut.

uvicr, Ri'<r]ir Aniin. ii, 1H17: type Pleuronectes Mppogloseue Ij.)
Kves and color on the right side. Form oblong, not strongly com-
pressed. Month wide, oblique; teeth in the. upper jaw in two series,
those below in one; anterior teeth in upper jaw, and lateral teeth in
lower, si ron-; no teeth on vouier or palatines; lower pharyngeal teeth
in two rows. Dorsal tin beginning above the eye, its middle rays ele-
vated, the posterior rays of dorsal and anal bilid; caudal tin lunate;
ventral lins both lateral. Scales very small, cycloid; lateral line with
a strong curve in front. (1 ill-rakers few, short, compressed, wide-set.
Vertebra- 1C + 34. Largest of the llounders; the single species abound-

113. PLEURONECTES - PLATYSOMATICHTHYS. 819

ing in the Northern seas. (The ancient name, from l-xnoc;, horse;
tongue.)

1261. H. vulgaris Fleming. — Halibut.

Nearly uniform dark brown ; blind side white. Body comparatively
elongate, not strongly compressed, deep mesially, thence rapidly taper-
ing each way; head broad; eyes large, separated by a very broad flat-
tish area; lower eye slightly advanced; mouth large, the maxillary
reaching middle of orbit. Head 3f ; depth 3. D. 105; A. 78. In all
Northern seas, south to France, Cape Cod, and San Francisco. One
of our most important food-fishes, reaching a weight sometimes of 400
pounds.

(Pleuronectes Tiippoglossus L. Syst. Ndt. ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. 1828, 197; Giintber,
iv, 403: Hippo fjloas us americanus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 220.)

452.— PLAT FSOMATICHTHYS Bleeker.

«

(Reinhardtius Gill.)

(Bleeker, Comptes Rendns Acad. Sci. Amsterd. xiii, 1862: type Pleuronectes pinguid
Fabricius=P/eMro»ec<es hippoglosnoides Walbanm.)

Eyes and color on the right side. Body more or less elongate, com-
pressed; head long and large; mouth large; maxillary reaching be-
yond eye; jaws with strong, unequal teeth; the upper with 2 series in
front, these converging behind; lower jaw with a single series of strong,
distant teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers few, short,
stout, and rough. Fins rather low; caudal fin lunate. Lower pha-
ryngeal teeth in 1 row. Scales small, cycloid; lateral line without
anterior curve. One species known. (-Aary?, flat; ffu>^a^ body; ;£#£?,
fish.)

1262. P. Iiippog9ossoidcs (Walbaum) Beau. — Greenland Halibut.
Yellowish brown. Snout more than twice as long as the orbit, the

diameter of which is one-eighth the length of the head; eyes even in
front ; interorbital space flat, scaly, wider than the orbit ; lower jaw
prominent; length of maxillary 2£ in head; teeth conical, pointed;
upper jaw with 2 series, convergent posteriorly; those of the outer
series gradually smaller posteriorly; a pair of strong canine teeth
anteriorly in the inner series, the other teeth of this series being very
small; lower jaw with a series of strong, distant teeth. Gill-rakers
short, thick, and strongly dentate. Fins naked. Longest dorsal raya
one-third length of head; no anal spine; dorsal and anal rays all
simple, the dorsal beginning over posterior third of the eye. Scales

820 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN -ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

very small, not ciliated. Head 4; depth 3. D. 100; A. 75. Green-
land to Cape Cod, common northward, reaching a very large size.

(Pleuronectes hippoglossoides Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 115: Hippoglossw grcen-
landlcus Gimther, iv, 404.)

453.— ATHERESTHES Jordan & Gilbert.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 51: type Platysomatichthys stomias
J. &G.)

Eyes and color on the right side. Body very long and slender,
closely compressed, tapering into a long and slender caudal peduncle;
Lead elongate, narrow; mouth extremely large, oblique, the long and
narrow maxillary extending beyond the eye; both jaws with 2 irreg-
ular series of sharp, unequal, arrow-shaped teeth, some of them long
aud wide-set, the others short and close-set, sharp; the long teeth
fieely depressible. Gill-rakers numerous, long, slender and stiff,
strongly dentate within. Scales rather large, thin, and readily decid-
uous, slightly ciliated; those on the blind side similar, smooth; lateral
line without arch. Fins low and fragile. Dorsal commencing over the
eye, its anterior rays low, the posterior rays somewhat forked; no anal
spine; pectorals and ventrals small, both of the latter lateral; caudal
lunate. (a.0rtp, arrow; o8<uv, tooth; from the arrow-shaped teeth.)

1263. A. Stomias Jordan & Gilbert.

Plain olive brown, the margins of the scales darker; blind side dusted
with black points. Head long, the snout protruding, somewhat truncate
at tip; mouth excessively large; the maxillary more than half the length
of the head, and reaching behind the eye; teeth in upper jaw anteriorly
in a single series, long, slender, and wide-set, much smaller and closer-
set behind; on sides of jaw the teeth are very small, and in 2 distinct
scries, the inner of which corresponds to the single series in front, the
teetli thus gradually increasing in size forwards; teeth in inner series of
lower jaw very sharp and slender, longer than the upper teeth, wide-
set, alternating with shorter, depressed teetli; outside of these larger
teeth is a series of fixed small teeth; all of the long teeth in both jaws
depressible and conspicuously arrow-shaped towards their tips; inner
series of small teeth in upper jaw also arrow-shaped, depressible; eye
large, 4J in head; interorbital space scaly, ridged, not a third the width
of tlie eye. Gill-rakers long and strong, about 17 in number (in total),
(lie longest more than half the diameter of the eye. Upper eye with
its range entirely vertical. Scales extremely thin, irregular in size, not

113. PLEURONECTJD.E - PARALICHTHYS. 821

evenly imbricated ; lateral line very prominent. Dorsal fin beginning
just behind the middle of the eye; caudal peduncle nearly as long as
the pectoral flu, about two-fifths the length of the head. Head 3|;
depth 3£. D. 103; A. 86; Lat. 1. 135. San Francisco to Alaska, in
deep water; reaching a length of 2 feet.

(Platysomatichthys slomias Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1830,301.)

454.— PARALICHTHYS Girard.

( Pseudorhombus Bleeker : Ancylopselta, Ch^enopaetta, and Uropsetta Gill : Xystreurys

J. & G: Hippoglossina Steindachuer.)

(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 14G: typo ParaUchthys maculosus Girard.)

Eyes and color on the left side (except in Paralichthys maculosus and
Paralichthys liolepis, reversed examples of which species are about as
common as sinistral ones). Body oblong; mouth large, oblique; each
jaw with a single row of usually slender and sharp teeth, which are
more or less enlarged anteriorly; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-
rakers various. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid; lateral line simple,
with a strong curve anteriorly. Dorsal fin beginning above or before
the eye; both ventrals lateral; caudal fin double truncate, or double
concave, its middle rays produced ; no anal spine. Species numerous,
found in all warm seas. (-a/m/AeAo?, parallel; i'/^Ou-^ fish.)

1264. P. californicaiS (Ayres) J. & G. — Monterey halibut; Bastard halibut.

Grayish brown, uniform, or mottled with blackish and pale, the head
sometimes sprinkled with black dots; young brownish, with bluish
spots. Body rather long and thickish; head small; eye small, little
wider than the broad, flattish interorbital space; maxillary as long as
pectoral, half length of head, reaching beyond eye ; teeth slender, sharp,
rather long, the canines moderate. Scales small, finely ciliate, each
scale surrounded by narrow, accessory scales ; scales on blind side simi-
lar; fins with ctenoid scales. Dorsal low, beginning over front of upper
eye. Gill-rakers very loug and slender, numerous, as long as eye, 23
below the angle. Lower pharyngeals narrow, with small, slender teeth.
Anal spine small, concealed. Head 3^ to 4J ; depth 2§. D. 70; A. 55;
Lat. 1. 100. Body indifferently dextral or sinistral. Coast of California;
abundant southward; an important food-fish, reaching a weight of GO
pounds.

(Paralickthys maculosus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phil. 1854, 147, young (not
Rhombus maculosus Cuvier, which is also a species of Paralichiltys): ParalichtJiys macu-
losus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 147: Paraliclithys maculosus Giinther, iv, 431:
Hippoglossus californicus. Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 29: Paralichthys macu-
losus and Uropsetta californica Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1864, 197: Pseudorhombus
californicus Giinther, iv, 426.)

822 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

1265. P. opliryas J. & G. (sp. nov.)

Color brownish gray, mottled with darker; fins dusky, with round,
dark blotches. Body moderately elongate, thickish; mouth not very
large, oblique; each jaw armed with a single row of large, sharp, wide-
set teeth, the front teeth enlarged and canine-like, about 8 on each side
of lower jaw; lateral teeth of upper jaw minute, close-set; chin promi-
nent; maxillary not reaching beyond eye, scarcely half length of head.
Diameter of eye about equal to length of snout, 5^ in head. Dorsal fin
low, beginning over front of eye, its first rays about 5 in head; anal
spine obsolete. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, 5 + 14 in number,
the longest two-thirds eye, 3f in maxillary, their length 4 to 5 times their
breadth at base. Scales very small, not ctenoid, with few accessory
smaller ones; curve of lateral line 4£ in straight part. Interorbital space
a rather narrow bony ridge, anteriorly naked, not wider than pupil (in
specimen 8 inches long), the ridge extending backward, forming a con-
spicuous elevated rim behind upper eye. Pectoral about half length of
head; caudal £. Head 3*; depth 2J. D. 88; A. 67; Lat. 1. 90. One
specimen known; from Charleston, S. C.

P. dcaatatus (L.) J. & G. — Common flounder.
Blackish olive, mottled and blotched with darker; fins similarly
marked, the pectorals more or less distinctly barred. Body oblong,
moderately compressed; mouth wide, oblique, the mandible very heavy
and much projecting; 8 to 10 teeth on each side of lower jaw, the two
anterior teeth very long ; anterior teeth of upper jaw strong, but smaller
than those in the lower jaw; the lateral teeth very small and close-set.
K\cs small, shorter than snout, about one sixth length of head, and
in the adult as wide as the broad, flatfish, scaly, interorbital area; the
latter is much narrower in the young. Scales small, cycloid; accessory
scales few. (Jill-rakers lanceolate, dentate, stoutish, wide-set, much
shorter than eye, the longest 2£ times as long as broad at base, f>.] in
in maxillary, about 2 + 10 in number; pectoral fin about as long as
maxillary, which extends beyond eye, and is rather more than half
length of head. Dorsal low, its anterior rays somewhat exserted, but
short; caudal double concave, the middle rays produced. Anal spine
obsolete; veiil rals small. Fins all scaly. Head 3)- ; depth 2.1,-. D. 88
(85 in 93) ; A. GO (<w to 73) ; Lat. 1. about 100. New England to Texas
and West Indies; i-\er\ where one of the commonest species.

(Pleuronectea dentatus L. s.vst. N:it. i,4.">M: J'httcHsaocc.Uaris Dckay, Now York Fauna,
. Hl'J: Pseudorhombus dentatus ami P. occllaris Giintber, iv, 425-430: Chcenopsetta

113. PLEURONECTID.E PARALICHTHYS. 823

ocellaris Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1864, 218: Plevronectes melanogaster Mitclvill,
Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. (doubled example): Platessa oblonga Dekay, New-
York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 299, pi. 48, f. 156, not Pleuronectes oblongus Mitch. : Pseudo-
rhombus oblonyits Giiuther, iv; 426: Pseudorltombus dentatus Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1879, 123.)

1267. P. albigutta J. & G.

Dark olive, mottled with dusky, and marked by numerous more or
less distinct pale spots, which are sometimes obsolete. Body moder-
ately elongate, elliptical ; mouth large, the maxillary reaching past
lower eye, its length half head; teeth rather strong, slender, about 7
on each side of lower jaw; 3 or 4 moderate canines in front of upper
jaw; the lateral teeth being minute, close-set; interorbital space nar-
row, scaled posteriorly, the upper ridge prominent behind upper orbit;
eye 5f in head. Gill-rakers broad, the longest 2£ in eye; about 10 be-
low angle. Fins low ; anterior rays of dorsal not elevated nor exserted ;
the longest rays behind the middle, 2f in head; caudal rounded, 1 J in
in head. Scales moderate, cycloid. Lateral line with a high curve, its
length 3% in straight part. Head 3£; depth 2f. D. 77 (75 to 80); A.
60 (59 to 61) ; Lat. 1. 90 (pores}. South Atlantic and Gulf coast, rather
common; readily distinguished from P. dentatus, by the smaller num-
ber of fin rays.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mue. 1H82.)

126§. P. squamiBentus J. & G.

Brownish; body and fins spotted with darker; caudal mottled with
white; pectorals banded, with dark spots. Body deep, strongly com-
pressed ; caudal peduncle very short. Head wide, the eyes large, wide
apart. Mouth very large, oblique, the broad maxillary reaching well
beyond pupil, its length more than half the head. Lower jaw project-
ing ; teeth few, unequal, in a single row, about 8 in each jaw canine-
like, the two in front of lower jaw longest; lateral teeth of upper jaw
minute. Interorbital space flat, scaly, nearly as broad as eye. Scales
very small, smooth, adherent ; curve of lateral line 4J in straight
part. Gill-rakers short, 3 -f 9 in number, triangular, roughly toothed,
little higher than wide, the longest nearly half eye. Dorsal beginning-
over front of eye, the anterior rays 4£ in head; pectoral short, shorter
than maxillary. Anal spine obsolete. Caudal double-rounded. Head
3| ; depth 2. D. 78; A. 59; Lat. 1. 123 (pores). West coast of Florida
to South Carolina.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

824 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

12CO. P. obloiigus* (Mitch.) J. & G.

Grayish, thickly mottled with darker and somewhat translucent j
four large, horizontally-oblong, black ocelli, each surrounded by a
pinkish area ; one just behind middle of the body below the dorsal,
one opposite this above anal; two similar smaller spots below last
rays of dorsal and above last of anal. Body comparatively elongate,
strongly compressed. Eyes large, nearly 4 in head, separated by a prom-
inent narrow, sharp ridge. Upper jaw with very numerous small, close-
set teeth laterally, and 4 or 5 canines in front; the lateral teeth abruptly
smaller than the anterior; each side of lower jaw with 7 to 10 teeth.
Chin prominent. Maxillary narrow, reaching past middle of pupil, 2£
in length of head. Gape curved. Scales weakly ctenoid or cycloid.
Gill-rakers thick, rather long, few, about 8 below angle. Dorsal low,
beginning over front of eye, some of the anterior rays exserted, but not
elongate; the longest rays behind middle of fin, not quite half head.
Caudal 1^ in head ; pectoral If. Anal spine obsolete. Head 4; depth 2£.
D. 72; A. GO; Lat. 1. 93. (D. 79; A. 59, according to Mitchill; D. 86;
A. 7G, according to Storer). Atlantic coast, northward ; not abundant.

(Pleuronectes oblonr/n* Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. i, 391, 1815 : Plafessa qnad-
roccUata Storer, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1847, 242, and in Hist. Fish. Mass. 397, pi.
xxxi, f. 3.)

152 TO. P. ODiiiiiatiis Jor. & Gilb. nora. sp. nor.

Brownish olive, with four large, oblong, ocellated spots, the first above
the arch of the lateral line ; the three posterior forming an isosceles
triangle, the hindmost being on the lateral line. Body oval, com-
pressed, very deep; an abrupt angle above eye. Mouth very small,
the maxillary reaching to below middle of orbit, 2i in length of head;
teeth comparatively small, about 14 on each side of lower jaw; no

*A specimen in our collection from Wood's Holl, Mass., provisionally referred to

tliis species, shows flic following characters:

Ilrownisli, somewhat mottled, wit IK ml traces of ocelli (possil)ly faded) : fins similar.

Iiody rather elongate, slenderer than in other species >md more compressed; mouth

rather large, oblique, the lower .jaw not projecting, the maxillary '-", in head, reaching
to opposite posterior border of pupil ; a In ml I'.' leet h <m each side of lower jaw, the aii-
terioi rather long. ,-ilmut equal to anterior teeth of upper jaw; lateral teeth of upper
jaw becoming gradually smaller posteriorly, much larger, less numerous, and nioro
widely set than in ot her species of this genus. Eyes large, longer than snout, 4 to 4£ in
head, separated by a narrow, elevated, bony ridge, narrower than pupil; anteriorly
scalelcss. and curved behind the upper eye posteriorly. Scales moderate, cycloid,
rather thin: curve of lateral line -I',' in straight part. (Jill-rakers 2-f-8in number,
rather long and slender, about ji in maxillary. J)or>al beginning above middle of
e\e. its anterior rays not longer than others; the middle rays a little longer than
longest of anal, which an- about half head; caudal as long as head; anal spine ob-
solete; ventrals small : pectoral I Jin head. Head 4^-; depth 2J. D.77; A. 63; Lat.
1. 90. L. about 14 inches.

113. PLEURONECTID^E HIPPOGLOSSOIDES. 825

strongly differentiated canines in either jaw. Eyes moderate, sepa-
rated by a very narrow, sharp, scaly ridge. Gill-rakers very short,
thick, few in number ; about 8 below angle, the longest less than one-
half diameter of pupil. Scales rather small, very strongly ctenoid, those
on blind side also rough ; curve of lateral line rather low. Dorsal be-
ginning in front of pupil, its anterior rays long and filiform, much ex-
serted, the third ray half head; caudal short and rounded, If in head;
ventral tin of colored side elongate, as long as pectoral, half length of
head. Anal spine wanting. Head 3f; depth If. D. 70; A. 55; Lat. 1.
about 85. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts; not common.

(Ancylopsetta quadrocellata Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 224, not Platessa
quadrocellata Storer, -which is also a species of Paralichthys : Pseudorhombus quadrocel-
latus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 370.)

1271. P". Hole pis Jor. & Gilb.

Color olive brown, mottled with darker; sometimes with very distinct
round black blotches; vertical fins blotched with dark; pectoral of
colored side with oblique bars. Body elliptical ovate, broad and com-
pressed, its curves regular; mouth small, very oblique, the lower jaw
included; maxillary reaching about to pupil, 2f in head; eyes rather
large, 4£ in head, separated by a very narrow, blunt scaly ridge ; teeth
small, conical, blunt, in a single row; those in lower jaw subequal,
close-set; those upper jaw more distant, decreasing in size backwards;

teeth j4^f. Gill-rakers very short, broad, and. strong, minutely ser-
rate on inner margin, about seven below angle, the longest scarcely
one-fourth as long as the eye. Scales small, oblong, cycloid, the smaller
accessory scales extremely numerous; branchial arches and skin of the
shoulder girdle with small, cup-shaped, tubercular scales. Dorsal
rather high, firm, low in front, highest near the middle of the body;
caudal peduncle very short and deep, its depth 4 times its length.
Pectoral of eyed side falcate, usually much longer than head, its length
varying considerably. Anterior nostril of blind side with a long flap.
Head 3|; depth If. D. 80; A. 02; Lat. 1. 123. L. 15 inches. Coast
of Southern California; indifferently dextral or sinistral.

(Xystreurys* iiolepis Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 34.)

455.— HIPPOGLOSSOIDES Gottsche.
(Psettichthys Girard: Pomatopsetta Gill.)

(Gottsche; Wiegmaun's Archiv. 1835, 168: type Hippoglossoides limanda Gottsche =
Pleuronectes platessoides Fabricius.)

Eyes and color on the right side (except sometimes in H. elassodon).

*Jordan & Gilbert 1. c. : type X. Iiolepis J. & G. (t-v<5rpov} raker; evpv$, wide.)

826 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Body oblong, moderately compressed; mouth rather large, with one
row of sharp teeth on each jaw, besides which, in the upper jaw, is often
an inner row of small teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill-rakers
rather long and slender; scales ctenoid; lateral line nearly straight,
simple, or with an accessory dorsal branch. Dorsal fin low in front,
beginning over or before the eye ; ventrals both lateral ; caudal double
truncate, produced behind. Species found in the Northern seas.
-j Hippoglossus ; etdoq, resemblance.)

a. Lateral line simple; dorsal beginning above eye.

I). Upper jaw with oue series of teeth. (Hippoglossoides.')

II. platessoides (Fabricius) Gill.— Bough Dab.
Reddish brown, nearly plain. Body ovate; mouth moderate, oblique;
maxillary narrow, reaching to below pupil, 2§ in length of head; teeth
rather small, conical, larger anteriorly, in one row in each jaw, those in
the lower largest. Eyes rather large, the upper longer than snout, 4£
in head; lower jaw included, but with a projecting knob at the chin.
Snout thick, scaly; interorbital space narrow, with a raised, obtuse
ridge, entirely covered with rough scales in about 0 series ; mandible
with a series of scales. Gill-rakers rather short and robust, not toothed,
about ten below angle; longest raker less than one-third length of eye;
fins with small, rough scales; a strong pre-anal spine; pectoral not quite
half length of head. Head 33; depth 2£. D. 88 (80 to 93); A. 70 (04
to 75); Lat. 1. 90 (pores). North Atlantic; abundant northward on both
coasts. Southern specimens (var. limandoides) have, as a rule, a smaller
number of fin-rays than northern specimens.

(Pleiironectes platexsoides Fabricius Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 164: Plcuroncctes
limando'ulrx lilorh. Ausl. Fischc, iii, 24, tab. 106: Pomatopsctta dentaia Gill, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. 1'liila. 1864, 5/17: Hippoglosaoides UmandoiiUx (iiinthcr, iv, 4()[>: Ilippo-
dentatuu Giinther, iv, 406; Collett, Norske Nord-havs. Exp. Fiske, 1880, 144.)

1273. II. clussodoii Jor. & Gilb.

Brownish, nearly uniform, sometimes spotted with darker; fins gray-
ish, irregularly blotched with dusky. Body oblong-elliptical; caudal
peduncle about as long as deep; mouth rather large, the gape curved;
lower jaw projecting, with a symphyseal knob; maxillary narrow,
reaching beyond middle of pupil, 2£ in head; teeth small, close-set,
nearly uniform, in a single row. Gill-rakers slender, smooth, about
10 below arch, the longest nearly halt' diameter of orbit. Eyes large,
separated by a narrow, knife-like ridge, which is naked or with a single
series of scales. Scales small, linn, rough, those on tail roughest, those

113. PLEURONECTID.^ - HIPPOGLOSSOIDES. 827

on blind side similar, mostly smooth anteriorly. Anal preceded by a
spine; caudal long; pectoral of eyed side half length of head; ventral
reaching past front of anal; pectoral and ventral of eyed side with
prickle-like scales. Head 3*; depth 2^. D. 77-84; A. 59-64; V. 6;
scales 45-100-40. L. 18 inches. Body sometimes sinistral. Puget
Sound to Alaska; rather common. Very closely allied to the preceding

species.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 278.)

an. Upper jaw with 2 rows of teeth.
c. Scales small, firm.

II. jordani Lockington.

Olive brown, nearly uniform; membrane of dorsal and anal fins
clouded with darker. Body broadly elliptical. Dorsal and ventral
outline equally and regularly curved. Mouth oblique, the jaws about
even, the syinphyseal knob but little projecting; gape curved; maxil-
lary broad, reaching to behind pupil, 2§ in head; teeth in 2 series in
the upper jaw, the inner series small and distant from the outer, which
is considerably enlarged in front; lower jaw with a single series similar
to the outer series in the upper jaw, but larger. Gill-rakers roughish,
strong, about 15 below angle, the longest about half as long as eye.
Lower pharyngeals rather narrow, each with a single row of sharp
teeth. Eyes large; iuterorbital space a narrow, blunt, scaly ridge.
Dorsal beginning over anterior margin of pupil, the rays all simple;
caudal fin with the middle rays slightly produced; anal preceded by a
spine; pectoral half length of head. Scales of colored side small, firm,
strongly ciliated, nearly uniform over head and body; lower jaw and
snout scaleless ; scales on blind side smooth. Head 3^; depth 2 J. D.
94; A. 72; Lat. 1. 9G. L. 20 inches. Point Concepcion to Puget Sound;
abundant; an important food-fish.

(Lockington, Scientific Press Supplement, April, 1879, i, 20; Lockiugton, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 73.)
cc. Scales rather large, thin, and deciduous.

1275. H. exilis Jor. & Gilb.

Pale olivaceous brown, with dark points, forming edgings on each
scale; bronze spots sometimes present; fins mostly dusky; dorsal and
anal edged anteriorly with yellowish; ventrals largely yellow. Body
slender, compressed, the flesh soft; mouth not large, very oblique, the
gape curved; lower jaw scarcely projecting, with a knob at symphysis;
maxillary rather narrow, reaching middle of pupil, 2§ in length of

828 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

head; teeth small, slender, close-set, nearly uniform; above in 2 series,
below in 1. Eyes large, separated by a sharp, scaly ridge; lower eye
advanced. Scales comparatively large, thin and deciduous, ctenoid,
but not so rough as in the other species; those on blind side similar,
less rough. Lateral line prominent. Fins low, fragile; anal preceded
by a spine; caudal flu long, rather pointed; pectorals small, the right
pectoral little more than half length of head. Gill-rakers short, slen-

•

der, toothed, 9 below angle, the longest about one-third diameter of
orbit. Head 4; depth 3£. D. 78; A. 62; V. 6; scales 10-71-18. L.
12 inches. A small, weak species, abundant in deep water, from San
Francisco to Alaska.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 154.)

aa. Lateral Hue with an accessory dorsal branch; teeth in one row ; dorsal beginning
before eye. (Psettichtlii/y* Grd. )

1276. P. melaaiostictHis (Grd.) J. & G.

Grayish brown, finely speckled with darker on body and fins. Body
not very deep, elliptical; mouth rather small, the maxillary extending
to below pupil, 2f in head; teeth large, in a single series in each jaw,
those in lower jaw largest; a few large canines in the front of each
jaw. Eyes very small, separated by a broad, flat, scaly space, without
ridge; lower eye slightly in advance of upper. Gill-rakers rather
stout, weak, hooked at tip, 14 below the angle. Scales very small,
ctenoid on colored side. Lateral line nearly straight, with a long acces-
sory dorsal branch. Dorsal commencing in advance of upper eye, the
anterior rays elevated, slender and cxserted, the longest about one-third
length of head. First ray of dorsal nearly free from its membrane.
Pectoral tin short. 2.\ in head ; anal fin preceded by a spine; caudal large,
strongly convex. Lower pharyngeals very narrow, each with one row
of sharp recurved teeth. Head h depth 2£. D.85; A. GO; Lat. 1. 112.
Puget Sound to Point Concepcion, common.

(l'xi-tt<rlitli;i« iiK'liini>:<liflnx (Jirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1834, 140: Pgettichihi/s
Hii-lintdKtiftHH (iiintlier, iv, 4'2U: Puettickthi/x iHfluiioxtictuv Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. lo?l), 73.)

456.-PLEIJKONICTIIYS Girard.
( Eteteroprosopon IJlorkcr. )

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 1>:.|, i:;:>: type /'/< •nriiiiirlillivs cocnosns Girard.)
Kyes and color on the right side. Body deep; head short, with very

* Girard, I'mc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18.">4, 140: type Pvettichthyv mclanoatictua
Girard. (^erra, lloiinder; /^Ou?, lish.)

113. PLEURONECTID^E - PLEURONICHTHYS. 829

short, blunt snout; mouth small, with several series of slender, acute
teeth, which are most developed on the blind side, and are often want-
ing in one or both jaws on the colored side; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines; lips thick, with several lengthwise folds, within which is a series
of short fringes. Lower pharyngeals narrow, each with a double row
of very small teeth. Gill-rakers wide-set, very short and weak. Lat-
eral line nearly straight, with a dorsal branch in our species. Scales
small, cycloid, non-imbricate, imbedded. Dorsal fin anteriorly twisted
from the dorsal ridge toward the blind side; anal fin preceded by a
spiae; caudal tin convex behind. Intestinal canal elongate. Herbiv-
orous species, feeding chiefly on algce. Pacific Ocean. (xteupov, side;

fyOuZ) fish.)

a. Dorsal tin beginning on the level of the lower lip; interocular ridge with blunt
or sharpish tubercles.

P. decurrcns J. & G.

Color brownish, usually much mottled with chocolate and grayish,
often finely spotted with brownish on body and fins. Eyes very large,
3£ in head ; a blunt tubercle in front of upper eye, another at each end
of the narrow iuterorbital ridge, the posterior largest, but usually not
spine-like; two or three above the latter behind the upper eye; some
prominences above the opercle; a band of teeth on the right side of
the lower jaw, similar to that on the blind side, but narrower. Ver-
tical fins high, the longest dorsal and anal rays two-thirds the length
of the head. Dorsal beginning very low, on level of end of maxillary,
its first nine rays on the blind side. Head 3|; depth If. D. 72; A. 46
L. 12 inches. Coast of California; rather common in deep water.

(Pleuronichthys ccenosus Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 97: PleuronicJithyt
quadrituberculatua Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880. 50, nee Pallas; Jordan &
Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 453.)

aa. Dorsal fin beginning on the level of the upper lip.

1). Interocular ridge posteriorly with a strong, backward-directed spine.

12'3'§. P. verticalis Jordan & Gilbert.

Color dark olive brown, mottled with lighter and darker, sometimes
with light grayish spots ; middle of sides often with a dark spot ocel-
lated with light olive, this again surrounded by darker; fins light, often
tinged and margined with reddish, and mottled with blackish. Eyes
large, 3£ in head ; a tubercle in front of each eye, and one at anterior
end of interorbital ridge; posterior end of ridge with a strong, sharp,
backward directed spine; a tubercle behind upper eye; right side of
lower jaw without teeth. Dorsal and anal fins lower than in P. decur-

830 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

mj.s, the longest rays 1§ length of the head; dorsal fin beginning oppo-
site or slightly below the premaxillary, about five rays being on the
blind side. Head 4 ; depth 1J. D. G5-72 ; A. 45-48. Coast of Cali-
fornia; not rare.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 49.)

bb. IiitiTorlutal ridge without distinct spine.
1279. P. COBB1OSUS Girnrd.

Color light brown, blotched with chocolate color and yellowish, some-
times nearly plain, but usually profusely mottled; sometimes with ocel-
lated blotches, sometimes with the light colors replaced by purplish red.
Interorbital ridge prominent, bu.t without spine or conspicuous tuber-
cles, the tubercles of the other species being represented by slight
elevations. Vertical fins very high, the longest rays of dorsal and
anal two- thirds the length of the head. A narrow band of teeth on
the colored side of the lower jaw. Dorsal fin beginning on the level
of the premaxillary, its first five rays on the blind side; caudal longer
than head. Head 4£; depth If. D. 68; A. 48-50. San Diego to
Alaska, not generally common, but widely distributed; usually in
deep water.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 139: ParopJtryu cocnosits Gunther, iv, 456.)

457.— HYPSOPSETTA Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 195: type Pleitroniclithii* gutfnlatits Grd.)

Eyes and color on the right side. Body broad, ovate, rhomboid;
month very small ; teeth slender, equal, acute, in several series; lips
thick, not plicate. Lateral line nearly straight, with an accessory
dorsal branch. Scales small, smooth. Dorsal fin beginning on the
dorsal ridge, not turned to the blind side; anal spine present; caudal
Jin convex. Gill-rakers little developed, (y '••:'. deep; yerra, flounder.)

. IS. r,'u9tai9:it:i (Grd.) Gill.— Diamond Fh>,in<l,-r ; " Turbot."
Brov.n. witli numerous pale-bluish blotches in lite, these disappearing
in spirits; blind side white, with a strong tinge of yellow along profile,
of head ; tins plain, sometimes with black specks. Body very deep,
somewhat angnlaied near middle of back and belly; eyes moderate,
-eparaled b\ a llattisli, raised area; head without spines or tuber-
cles; scales of opercnlar region little developed; those of blind side
reduced; no teeth on right side of either jaw. Accessory lateral line,
long, half length of bod\. Anal spine small; pectorals about half
length of head; ventrals rather short; caudal peduncle much deeper

113. PLEURONECTID^E— PLEURONECTES. 831

than long; caudal large, nearly as long as head. Head 3|; depth If.
D. 68; A. 50; Lat. 1. 95. L. 12 inches. A variable species. Coast of

•

California; abundant.

(Pleuromchthys guttulatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 137: Pleu.ranectes
guttulatus Giinther, iv, 445: Parophrys ayresi Giinther, iv, 456; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1864, 195: Pleuronichthys guttulatus Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879,
94.)

458.— PiEURONECTES* Linaseus.

Plaices.

(Platessa Cuvier: Platlclitliys and Paroplirys Girard: Lepldopsetta, Myzopsetta, Liopsetta,
and Euchalarodus Gill: Clldoderina and Pseudopleuronectea Bleeker: Limanda
Gottsche: Flcsus Moreau.)

(Artedi; Linnaeus Systema Naturae: type Pletironectes platessa L.)

Eyes and color on the right side (except in P. stellatus, which is indif-
ferently dextral or sinistral). Body ovate, elliptical, compressed; head
moderate, sometimes tuberculate; mouth small, the small, narrow max-
illary reaching front of eye or beyond ; blind side with one (rarely two)
series of close-set, conical or incisor-like teeth; colored side of both
jaws usually toothless. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid, often imper-
fectly imbricated, sometimes tubercular or obsolete. Lateral line
nearly straight, or more or less arched anteriorly, simple, or with an
accessory branch. Gill-rakers small, widely set. Species very numer-
ous in northern seas. (-Xsopw^ side; v^'zr^, swimmer.)

o. Lateral line with an accessory dorsal branch, long or short.
b. Lateral line straight or with a slight arch.

c. Scales mostly cycloid, small, imbricated. (Paroplirys t Girard.)

1281. P. vetMlws (Grd.) J. & G.

Uniform light olive brown ; the young somewhat spotted with
blackish. Body elongate-elliptical ; snout very prominent, much pro-
truding, forming an abrupt angle with the descending profile; depth
of head opposite middle of upper eye about equalling distance from
middle of orbit to snout; eyes large, separated by a very narrow, high

* " If we were to attribute to some of the characters the same generic value as in
other Pleuroneciidce, we should be obliged to establish a genus for almost every species,
and to separate fishes which evidently form one natural group" (Giinther, iv, 438).
The curvature of the lateral line is here subject to much variation ; the accessory
lateml line, characteristic of so many Pacific species, disappears by degrees, while the
gradations in dentition end squamation are so numerous as to be apparently useless
for generic characters. We are unable to follow Dr. Giinther in referring to Plcitronec-
tes, the species of Glyptoccplialm and Cynicoglossus, which seem to us to represent a
•well-differentiated type.

t Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 139: type Parophrys vctulus Girard.
(Ttapa, near together; o<ppv?, eyebrow; in allusion to the narrow iuterocular space.)

832 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

ridge; eye large, 4i in head, the upper with vertical range; mouth very
small; maxillary not reaching pupil; teeth trenchant, small, and rather
narrow, widened at tip; about 45 teeth on left side of lower jaw; few
teeth on right side of lower jaw. Accessory lateral line long. Pec-
toral about half length of head; caudal truncate, 1£ in head. Fin rays
entirely scaleless. Scales on body all cycloid, those on cheeks often
slightly ciliated. Head 3£; depth 2£. D. 74 to 86; A. 54 to GS; Lat. 1.
105 (tubes). Santa Barbara to Alaska; an abundant species.

(Parophrys vetulus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 140: Parophrys retitlus
Giinther, iv, 455: Plenroncctes digrammus Giiuther, iv, 445: Parophrys hublardi Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.1862, 281.)

cc. Scales everywhere strongly ctenoid, well imbricated. (Isopsetta* Lock.)
d. Scales closely imbricate; accessory lateral line long.

12§2. P. isolepis (Lockington) J. & G.

Color brownish, mottled and blotched with darker. Body elliptical,
much compressed, moderately deep, the curvature very regular; head
moderate, strongly compressed, the profile little depressed above the
eye; eyes rather large; iuterorbital space broad, flattish, with several
series of scales. Scales on cheeks similar to those on body, rather
large, ctenoid, and closely imbricated. Mouth comparatively large;
maxillary reaching pupil, 3§ in head; teeth not large, about 1g + .1,4> con-
ical, close-set, in one somewhat irregular series, or partly in two series;
those on colored side small. Lower pharyngeals each with a double
row of bluutish teeth. On the blind side the scales are more or less
ctenoid, sometimes smooth; those on the cheeks weakly ctenoid; most
of the opercle, the preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle on blind
side naked. Lateral line with a very slight arch in front, the depth of
which is less than one-fifth the length; accessory. branch nearly as long
as head. Fins rather low, mostly covered with ctenoid scales. Head I ;
depth L'j. I). 88; A. G5; Lat. 1. 88. L. 12 inches. Point Concept-ion
to Puget Sound; rather common in deep \\ater.. This species bears
some resemblance to Hippoglossoides mchinoxl idiot.

(L<]>i<l<>]>x<ltit iiniliniNd l.nrkiii^iuii. I'mr. IT. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 106 (not of Girard):
Li-jiiiliiimfttn isnli/iix Liirkington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 325.)

dd. Scales loosely iinln i< -ate; accessory lateral line very short.
1283. P. ix< h> t us J. & G.

Light olive brown, vaguely clouded with light and dark; fins reddish
brown; a few roundish dusky blotches on dorsal and anal; pectoral and

"Lockiuytoii MSS. : type Lcpidopselta isolepis Lock. (ido$, equal; ^crra, llouuder.)

113. PLEUKONECT1DJE PLEURONECTES. 833

caudal tipped with dusky 5 blind side white, immaculate, or with small
round rusty spots; left side of head sometimes rusty tinged. Body
oblong, robust; caudal peduncle rather long; snout projecting; form-
ing an angle with the profile; mouth oblique, the chin projecting;
teeth TJ^pP, narrowly incisor-like, bluntish, in a single, rather close-set

series; maxillary reaching past front of orbit, of in head; eyes large;
interorbital space rather broad, scaly, continuous with a ridge above
opercle. Head mostly covered with scales like those of the body, but
smaller and rougher. Gill-rakers feeble. Lower pharyngeals each
with two rows of coarse blunt teeth. Scales thick and firm, adherent,
not closely imbricated; those in front well apart; all the scales strongly
ctenoid; blind side with similar scales, almost as strongly ctenoid. Ver-
tical fins mostly scaly. Lateral line conspicuous, its scales less rough
than the others; a distinct short accessory lateral line on both sides,
extending to about the tenth dorsal ray, less than one-sixth head ; a series
of pores around lower eye behind. Dorsal beginning over pupil, its ante-
rior rays low; its highest rays nearly half length of head; caudal
large, double truncate; pectoral of right side about half head. Head.
3£j depth 2. D. 70 to 76; A. 52 to 57; V. 6; Lat.l. 85. L. 15 inch us.
Puget Sound.

(Parophrya ischyma Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 276.)
fc/j. Lateral line with a strong arch in front; scales rough. (Lepidopsetta* Gill.)

12§4. P. bilineatus (Ayres) Gthr.

Yellowish brown, with numerous round pale blotches. Body broadly
ovate, thickish; mouth moderate, turned toward the left side; teeth
stout, conical, little compressed, bluntish, in one series, rather irregu-
larly placed. Lower pharyngeals broad, with two rows of blunt teeth.
Gill-rakers few, very short, thick and weak, without teeth. Snout pro-
jesting; eyes large, separated by a prominent ridge, which, like the
cheeks and upper portion of the opercle, is covered with rough stellate
scales; lower eye advanced; opercle, subopercle, and interopercle of
left side scaly; preopercle naked. Scales rather small, mostly ctenoid,
not closely imbricated; those on the blind side smooth; scales on the
cheeks and other parts of the head very rough ; scales of body smoother
and less closely imbricated anteriorly, the degree of roughness varia-
ble, northern specimens (var. umbrosus) being roughest. Lateral line

*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 195: type Platichthys umbroaus Girard =
Plutessa Mlineata Ayres. (JtsitiSoS, scaly; ipETta, flounder.)

Bull. Nat, Mus. No. 16 53

834 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

moderately arched anteriorly, with an accessory, dorsal branch, which is
less than half length of head. Height of arch less than one-third its
length. Dorsal beginning over the eye, its anterior rays low; caudal con-
vex; anal preceded by a spine; a concealed spine behind ventrals; r:iys
of dorsal and anal all simple; dorsal and anal somewhat scaly; caudal
three-fifths length of head; pectoral half head. Lower pharyngeals
broad, each with two rows of blunt teeth. Head 3f ; depth 2J. D. 80;

A. GO; teeth ^ rjoj ^at. 1. 85. L. 20 inches. San Francisco to Alaska;

abundant northward. A food-fish of some importance.

(Plates-ia bilineata Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 40: Pleuroneotea bill neat us
Giiutlier, iv, 444: Lepidopsetta bilineata Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 103:
J'iati<-lttlii/s iimbrosm Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 135: Phuronectes 11111-
brosus Giiuther, iv, 454: Pleuronectes perarcuatus Cope, Proc. Amef. Phil. Soc. 1873.)

aa. Lateral line without accessory branch.

e. Lateral Hue strongly arched iu front; scales ctenoid. (Limanda* Gottsche.)

. P. fcrrugincits (Storer) J. & G.— Sand Dab.
Brownish olive, with numerous, irregular, reddish spots; fins simi-
larly marked; left side with caudal fin, caudal peduncle, and margins
of dorsal and anal fins lemon yellow. Body ovate-elliptical, strongly
compressed; teeth small, conical, close-set, in a single series on each
side in each jaw. Snout projecting, forming a strong angle above
upper eye, with the descending profile. Gill-rakers of moderate length,
very weak, not toothed. Eyes moderate, ii in head, the lower slightly
in advance of upper, separated by a high, very narrow ridge, which is
scaled posteriorly, and is continued backward as an inconspicuous but
rough ridge to the beginning of the lateral line. Scales imbricate,
nearly uniform, those on right side rough-ctenoid, those on left side
nearly or quite smooth; scales on body rougher than on cheeks. Cau-
dal peduncle short, higher than long. Dorsal inserted over middle of
eye. its middle rays highest; pectoral less than two-fifths length of
head; caudal I'm rounded; anal spine present. Lateral line simple,
with a rather low arch in front, the depth of which is barely two-fifths
the length. A concealed spine behind ventrals; ventral of colored side
partly laieral, the other wholly so; anal spine strong. Head 4 in
length; depth l'!. D. 85; A. Ill'; Lat. 1. 100. Atlantic coast, chiefly
northward.

(I'luli sx<( I'trrii'/iiirii Sinivr, l.vpurt Fish. Muss. I-1:?*.), 141: Platessa rostrata II. R,
Stmvr, r,ii-t. .luiirn. Nat. Hist, vi, •,'('.-<: .\/i/:,ijim-lln J'rrrutjinea Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. I'liila. Mil, 217.)

' ( Juitsclic, Wii-giiiaim's Archiv. 1K55, 100: type Plcuroncctes limanda L. = Limanda
rulnarix ( intt^-lic. (Limanda, an ancient name of L. vu-lyaris; perhaps from Xl/.irjv,
a small bay or creek.)

113. PLEURONECTID^ PLEURONECTES. 835

1236. P. asper Pallas.

Brown, nearly plain, the blind side with tinges of lemon-yellow.
Form of P. bilineatus. Teeth small, almost conical, on both sides of the
mouth; interorbital space narrow, scaly; opercle and preopercle naked
below. Gill-rakers very feeble. Pharyngeals not very broad, their teeth
bluutish, not paved. Scales small, wide apart, partly imbedded, each
one with 1-4 spiimles, which are almost erect; anterior scales with 3-4
of these spiunles; posterior mostly with 1; scales of blind side smoother;
middle rays of dorsal and anal only scaly. No accessory lateral line.
Anal spine present; twentieth anal ray and thirty-seventh dorsal ray
longest; caudal double truncate. Head 3£; depth 2. D. G9; A. 53.
Alaska to Kamtschatka.

(Pleuronectes asper Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 425, 1811: Pleuronectes asper Giin-
ther, iv, 454: Limanda aspera Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 242.)

1287. P. foeani (Goode) J. &. G.

Grayish, mottled with darker; a conspicuous black blotch on the
outer rays of caudal on each side. Body elliptical, with angular out-
lines, strongly compressed; head very short; snout abbreviated; mouth
small, subvertical ; teeth small, apparently in two rows, chiefly on the
blind side of lower jaw; eyes large, as long as mandible; interorbital
space very narrow. Dorsal fin beginning about pupil, its rays long,
wide apart, exserted ; right ventral near the median line. Caudal broad,
fan-shaped. Lateral line with an abrupt curve, the length of which is
twice its height and about equal to length of head, its scales highly
specialized; lateral line on colored side less developed. Scales small,
strongly ctenoid on the right side; larger and cycloid on the blind side-
Head 5£ ; depth 2f. D. G4 ; A. 63 ; Lat. 1. 88, -27 scales in its curve.
Deep water off the Ehode Island coast. (Goode.)

(Limanda beani Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 473.)

ee. Lateral line without anterior arch.

/. Eyes and color ou either side; scales coarse, stellate ; lower pharyugeals broad,
with paved teeth. (Platichthys* Grd.) ,

1288. P. Stellatus Pallas.— California "Flounder."

Dark brown or nearly black, with lighter markings; fins reddish
brown; dorsal and an al with four or five vertical black bands; caudal
with three or four black longitudinal bauds. Body broad and short,
the snout forming a slight angle with the profile; lower jaw projecting;
interocular space rather broad, with very rough scales. Large rough

*Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 136: type Platichthys rugosus Grd. (7tA.arv$,
flat; z^OvS, fish.)

836 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

scales at base of dorsal and anal rays and on sides of head; similar
but smaller scales scattered over the body. Lateral line smooth. Fins
without scales ; a cluster of bony prominences above opercle. Teeth
incisor-like, truncate, rather broad, ] -[|. Lower pharyngeals broad,
with coarse, paved teeth. Head 3f ; depth 2. D. 58 ; A. 42. L. 30
inches. Sari Luis Obispo to Kainschatka; very abundant northward;
one of the largest and most important of the flounders of the Pacific
coast.

(Pallas, Nov. Act. Potropol. 1, 347: PlatichViys rugosus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv.
J-Y-h. 148; Giinther. iv, 443: Platichthys stellatus Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1879, 91.)

ff. Eyes and color strictly on the right side.

</. .Scales not imbricated, usually ctenoid in the male, cycloid iu the female ; lower
pharyngeals broad, with paved teeth. (Phuronectes.)

12§9. P. quadritiiBtCfl'ciilatus Pallas.

Grayish, mottled with paler and with round black spots; fins very
dark. Form of P. ylaber. Mouth very small, with small, incisor-like
teeth, rounded at tip. Eyes separated by a narrow ridge; about five
small, prominent, conical, obtuse bony tubercles in a row above the op-
ercle, continuous with the direction of the lateral line, which is straight,
without accessory dorsal branch ; tubercle above opercle largest. Scales
small, cycloid in all specimens examined. Anal spine present. Head
:'.:-;; depth 2. D. 08; A. 50; Lat. 1. 78. Coasts of Alaska and Kam-
tschatka.

(Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 423, 1811: Parophryn ([uadrituberculatus Giinther, iv,
4.".<;; I!can, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,241: Plcuronectes pallani Steindaclmer, Ichth.
l'>.-itr;ii;r, viii, 45, 1879.)

129O. P. glabcr (Storer) Gill.

Grayish brown, mottled with darker brown; fins with blackish spots.
] '.oily oblong, ovate. Eyes rather small, separated by a naked elevated
ridge. .laws sometimes each with two distinct rows of teeth; the inter-
rupted outer series of truncate, close-set, thickish incisor-like teeth,
which are sometimes movable; the inner row of similar teeth more
widely set and rather distant from the outer row (and often or generally
wanting); about L'O teeth in outer row in lower jaw; right side of both
jaws toothless; interoi bital ridge, continuous with a broad, naked,
Mnoothish, tubercnlose ridge, which joins the lateral line. Scales small,
distant, non-iinbricate, smooth in the female and more or less ctenoid in
Ihe male; those on blind side smaller. Fins moderate, somewhat scaly ;
anterior rays of dorsal low; pectoral a little more than half head; bases
of vertical tins not tuberculate. Anal spine present. Lower pharyngeals

113. PLEUEONECTID^E — GLYPTOCEPHALUS. 839

separate, broad, with coarse teeth. Head 3£; depth 2. D. 55; A. 40 5
Lat. 1. 70 (pores). L. 10 inches. Atlantic coast; chiefly northward.

(Platessa gldbra Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 130, 1843, and Fish. Mass. 393,
pi. 31, f. 1: JEuchalarodus putnami Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 222 — male;
Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 347: Liopsetta gldbra Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1864, 217.)

1291. P. glacialis Pallas.

Dark brown, the fins spotted. Form of P. gldber. A roughened ridge
above the cheeks and opercles on the eyed side. Eyes separated by a
narrow smooth bony ridge. Scales minute, imbedded, non-imbricate,
ctenoid in the males, smooth in the females; scales on blind side sim-
ilar, less developed; scales of lateral line a little larger. Teeth col-
ored, incisor-like, forming an even edge, mostly on blind side. An
anal spine; pectorals short. Head 4; depth 2 £. D. 56; A. 42. Alaska
to Northern Siberia.

(Pallas, Itin. iii, App. 706; Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. iii, 424: Pleuronectes glacialis
Richardson, Fauna. Bor.-Amer. Fish. 258; Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. IMS I, 241: Pleu-
ronectes cicatricosus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.- Asiat. iii, 424 (<f , D. 59; A. 36): Pleuronectes
franJclini Gunther, iv, 442, 1862 ( $, D. 56; A. 37).

gg. Scales well imbricated, strongly ctenoid; lower pharyngeals narrow, with conic
teeth. (Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker.*)

1292. P. americanilS Walbaum. — Winter flounder ; Mud dab.

Dark rusty brown, spotted or nearly plain ; young olive brown, more
or less spotted and blotched with reddish. Body elliptical, an angle
above eye. Head covered above with imbricated, strongly ctenoid scales
similar to those on the body; blind side of head nearly naked; inter-
orbital space rather broad, strongly convex, its width half eye; the
space entirely scaled; teeth compressed, incisor-like, and widened to-
wards tips, close-set, forming a continuous cutting edge; some of teeth
often emarginate, sometimes movable; right side of both jaws tooth-
less. Highest dorsal rays less than length of pectorals, and more than
half length of head; anal spine present. Head 4 in length; depth 2^.
D. 65; A. 48; Lat. 1. 83. Coast of New York, northward; abundant.

(Walbauin, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 113; Gunther iv, 443: Platessa plana Storer, Fish.
Mass. 373.)

459.— GLYPTOCEPHALUS Gottsche.

(Gottsche, Wiegruann's Archiv. 1835, 156: type Glyptoeephalus saxicola Gottsche =
Pleuronectes cynoglossus L.)

Eyes and color on the right side. Body extremely elongate, more
than twice as long as deep; much compressed. Head very small and

* Bleeker, Comtes Rendus. Acad. Sci. Amst. xiii, 1862: type Platessa plana Storer.
(tpevdoS, false; Tr/leupOKj/^r?;?, Pleuronectes.)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

5o»

short; its blind side with many excavations and raucous cavities iii the
skull, mandible, and preopercle. Month very small ; teeth moderate,
incisor-like, broad, equal, close-set, in a single series; no teeth on
vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers short, weak. Lower pharyngeals nar-
row, • with one or two rows of conical teeth. Lateral line nearly
straight, simple; scales very small, smooth; dorsal and anal very long,
there being more than 90 rays in the dorsal and more than 80 in the
anal; caudal fin rounded; anal spine present. Vertebrae in increased
number. Northern seas. (/'Au-rt)?, sculptured; zsyaZy, head.)

1293. O. cynoglOSSUS (Linn.) Gill. — Craiy-Jtoundcr.

Grayish brown; membranes of the fins with dark spots; pectoral of
the colored side dark, about half as long as the head. Upper jaw with
about 30 teeth; eyes large, separated by a narrow, scaly ridge; opercle
aduate to shoulder-girdle for a short distance only. Pectorals very
short, not falcate, that of right side about half length of head. Head
5 in length; depth 2|. D. 105 (101 to 112); A. 95 (87 to 99). Lat, 1.
li_V>. North Atlantic, on both sides; abundant in deep water north-
ward.

(Pleuronectes cynofiloMus Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 259, 1758: Glyptocephalus acarlianus Gill,
1'roe. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, 361: Plcuronectes cynogloxsus Giintlier, iv, 449: Plcu-
roncctes t-longa.tu.ii Giiuther, iv, 450: Collett, Norske Nord-Havs. Exp. 200.)

1294. O. zacliirtis Lockington.

Uniform brownish, fins darker; blind side everywhere dusted with
dark points. Body elongate; snout very blunt; iuterorbital space a
very narrow, scaly ridge; mouth somewhat twisted toward the blind
side; teeth on both sides of jaws, broad and compressed, in a single
row, forming a blunt, continuous edge; about 34 in the lower jaw.
I\ves very large, 3| in head. Opercle nearly free from shoulder-girdle.
Pectoral of the colored side falcate, longer than the head, more than
twice as long as the pectoral of the blind side. Body not slimy. Head
I : depth:;. D. 94: to 100; A. 79 to 89; Lat. 1. 138. L. 15 inches. Coast
of California; in deep water.

(Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 88.)

460.— CYNICOCil^OSSUS Bonaparte.

(Microxltiniiix ( lotlsrlir. iirt-orciipinl l>y .}fii'ri>:itoinir. Brachyprosopon Bleeker.)
(Bonaparte. Fauna Italn-a. i~:'.7. I'asc. \i\: typi1 Pit imnn-fltx mici-imtiimnx Don.)

This genus agrees with (ili/itfocrjthalua in the elongate body, long
fins, and numerous vertebne, differing in the absence of the cavernous

113. PLEURONECTIDJE - ETROPUS. 839

structure of the head. Anal spine obsolete, (-/.wr/.oz, dog like;
tongue.)

1295. €>. pacificus Lockiugton.

Olive brown, with darker blotches; fins blackish ; blind side mo.re or
less dusky. Body elongate, elliptical; snout not blunt; iuterorbital
space a narrow, scaly ridge ; eyes large, 3 in head ; mouth very small ;
teeth large and very broad, forming a continuous cutting edge on blind
side only of each jaw; about 10 teeth in lower jaw. Opercle above 'its
angle wholly adnate to shoulder-girdle. Dorsal and anal fins low.
Pectoral fins moderate, that of the colored side a little the longer,
about two-thirds length of head; ventrals very small. Body exces-
sively slimy in life. Head 4£; depth 3£. D. 102; A. 85; Lat. 1. 140.
L. 12 inches. Alaska to Monterey ; abundant in deep water.

(Glyptocephalus pacificus LocMngton, Scientific Press Suppl. i, 21, April, 1879: Glyplo-
cephalus pacificus Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879.)

461.— ETROPUS Jordan & Gilbert.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 3o4: type Etropus crossotns J. & G.)

Eyes and color on the left side. Body regularly oval, deep and
compressed. Head small; mouth very small, the teeth close-set, slen-
der and pointed, somewhat incurved, mostly on the blind side; no teeth
on vomer. Eyes small, separated by a narrow, scaleless ridge; margin
of preopercle free. Veutrals free from anal, that of colored side in-
serted on ridge of abdomen, its base rather long. Dorsal tin beginning-
above eye; caudal double truncate; anal without spine. Scales thin,
deciduous, ctenoid on left side, cycloid on blind side. Lateral line
simple, nearly straight. Size small. This genus is apparently allied
to CUliaricMJiys, although the mouth is very small. (erpo<^ abdomen;
<r, foot; in allusion to the insertion of the ventrals.)

1296. E. ci*os§otus J. & G.

Light brown, with some darker blotches; fins mottled and spotted.
Teeth in lower jaw on both sides, in upper on blind side only. Eyes
large, separated by a narrow scaleless ridge, which extends above the
opercle; edge of preopercle and especially of opercle on blind side
fringed with white cilia. Caudal one-fourth longer than head; pectoral
of left side three-fifths head; ventral of blind side longest, inserted in
advance of the other. Head 4| • depth 2. D. 80 ; A. 61 ; V. G ; Lat, 1. 68i
L. 5 inches. Coast of Louisiana and Texas to Mazatlau and Panama;
locally abundant.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 364; 1882, — .)

840 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

462.— TIIYRIS Goode.

(Goodc, 1'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 344: type Thyris pellucid us Goode.)

Body elongate, soft, and translucent. Head very short; mouth small,
toothless. Eyes sinistral, close together, the lower slightly advanced.
Pectorals of blind side smallest; ventrals crowded together on median
keel of body, their bases prolonged on this keel. Kays simple; dorsal
beginning on the snont; caudal snbsessile, almost confluent with dorsal
and anal. Scales very thin, easily detached, probably cycloid. Lateral
line well marked, straight. One species known, from deep water.
window, from the translucent body.)

1297. T. pcllucMus Goode.

Colorless, translucent; three conspicuous dusky longitudinal lines on
left side, the middle one faintest. Two streaks on right side; eyes
black. Body thin, pellucid, divided into three longitudinal tracts by
depressions at the bases of the rows of interspinons processes. Scales
small, thiii, caducous. Head very small; eyes small, protruding, their
diameter equal to the interorbital space and half the length of the
snout; month small, formed as in the soles, the up per jaw somewhat
hook-shaped. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of the eye, of long,
flexible, simple, rays, the tips of which are much exserted. Pectorals
inserted far below lateral line, that on blind side as long as orbit, the
other as long as snout; ventrals reaching past front of anal. Head 5;
depth 3. D. 100; A. 80; P. 12 (left), 4 (right). L. 3 inches. (Goodc.)
Gulf Si i cam, off the coast of Khode Island. Perhaps a larva of some
species of which the mature form is as yet unknown.
(Good.-, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, :i44.)

463.— NIONOLENE Goodc.
(<; ..... 1'-, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, :!:?^: type Mtmolrne Ncxsilictiuda Goode.)

P.odv thill, elongate; eyes on the left side, very close together, near
the prolile; month moderate, the length of the maxillary less than one-
third that of the head; teeth minute, in a single scries, nearly equal on
both sides; noted lion vomer or palat incs. Scales rather large, ctenoid
on colored side, cycloid on blind side. Lateral line well-marked, that
of colored side strongly and angnlarh cnr\ cd anteriorly; that of blind
side nearly straight. Pectoral of blind side wholly absent; dorsal
beginning on the .snout, its rays all simple. Caudal tin sessile, almost
continent with dorsal and anal. Ventral tins normal. Gill -rakers few,
feeble. Vertebra- l-'i. Deep sea lishes. (."«><<c, single; OM^JJ, arm.)

113. PLEURONECTHXE ACHIRUS. 841

129§. HI. sessilicauda Goode.

Ashy brown, with darker brown spots; blind side white; pectoral
blackish, with traces of darker transverse bauds. Body thin, its thick-
ness not greater than the diameter of the eye ; depth 7£ times the diame-
ter of the eye; head everywhere closely thatched with scales even to
the edges of the lips. Vertical fins mostly scaly. Lateral line on left
side arched, its direction peculiar, the curve having two angles; lateral
line on blind side nearly straight. Dorsal beginning on the snout,
highest posteriorly, its longest rays half the head ; anal beginning close
to the vent. Caudal rounded. Pectoral three-fourths length of head.
Ventrals on the median line, equal. Head 5; depth 2|. D. 99 to 103;
A. 79 to 84; scales 23-92-25, 20 in the anterior curve. L. 0 inches.
Gulf Stream, off Newport, Ehode Island. (Goode.)

(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 33rf.)

464.— AC13IRUS Lacepede.
Soles.

(Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. iv, 659, 1802: type Pleuronectes achirus L. = Achirus
fasciatiis Lac. =Pleuroncctes lineatus L.)

Eyes and color on the right side. Body oblong, bluntly rounded
anteriorly. Head small ; eyes small, close together, the upper eye in
advance of the lower; mouth small, somewhat turned toward the colored
side; nasal flaps present, the nostril of the blind side fringed; lip of the
colored side fringed; teeth very small, on blind side only; gill-openings
narrow; the branchiostegal region scaled. Head closely scaled every-
where, the scales on the colored side similar to those on the body, those
of the nape and chin much enlarged; scales on the blind side anteriorly,
have their pectinations more or less produced, forming cirri ; scales of
both sides extremely rough, extending on the fins. Lateral line straight,
simple; edge of preopercle covered by the scales. Dorsal beginning
on the snout, low in front and thickly scaled, its rays divided; anal fin
similar, without spine; caudal fin free, convex; caudal peduncle very
short and deep; pectoral fin of left side wanting, that of right side
small or obsolete; ventral rays 3 or 4, the ventral fin of the colored side
long, connected with the anal by a membrane. («V£J^j without hands;
i. e., without pectoral fins.)

a. Pectoral fins both obsolete. (Achirus.)

1299. A. lineattis (L.) Cuv.

Olive brown, usually with about 6 narrow vertical black cross-lines
usually not broader than pupil and with numerous black spots and

842 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

clouds; fins with dark spots, some of which form bars parallel with the
rays: left side white, usually more or less mottled, sometimes barred.
Form oval, the outlines regular. Eyes small, separated by a flattish
space wider than eye. A concealed spine in front of upper eye. Scales
on nape and chin 3 or 4 times size of others. Fins moderate, scaly on
both sides; caudal about as long as head. Head 3J; depth 1§. D.
55; A. 41; V. 4; Lat. I. 75. L. G inches. Atlantic coast, common from
Cape Cod southward; ascending rivers.

(I'll Hi-nut <-U'H (tcJiirus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 268: PJeuronectes li neat us L. Syst. Nat.
ed. 12, i, 458: Achirus mollis Storer, Fish. Mass. 400: Solea aclnrus GUuther, iv, 476.)

Subsp. bro\vni (Gtbr.) .1. & G.

Cross-bauds broader, as broad as eye; left side immaculate. Gulf of
Mexico and southward.

(Soha In-owni Giiiitber, iv, 477.)

465.— APHORISTIA Kaup.

(Kaup, Wiegniann's Archiv. 1858, 106: type Archirus ornatus Lac^pfcde.)

Eyes and color on the left side. Body elongate, lanceolate in out-
line, rounded forward, tapering to a point behind, strongly compressed.
Mouth small, unsymmetrical, twisted toward the colored side; teeth
small; eyes very small, close together; snout short, not produced,
with a hook; lips conspicuous, not evidently fringed; one nostril pres-
ent, with a slight barbel, just before lower eye. Scales ctenoid, of mod-
eraie si/.e, covering the whole body nearly uniformly; edge of preop-
ercle covered by the scales; no lateral line on either side. Dorsal h'n
low. beginning just behind the snout, continent with the anal around
the tail; pectoral tins obsolete; ventral lin of colored side only pres-
ent. not continuous with the anal. (Jill-openings Aery narrow. Warm
seas, (tivitfitfjt) a dearth ; taro;, a limb.)

13OO. A. a 9 fir a lid a .Tor. A (iilb.

Olivaceous, with very distinct dark streaks along the r6ws of scales,
and witli numerous vertical half-bars; those above lateral line alter
naling with those below, anterioi IN , nearly meeting them behind; ver-
tical fins black posteriorly. I'.ody oblong lanceolate, comparatively
slender, not very blunt anteriorly. Month reaching to opposite the
eye; lips large; teeth small, present on both sides. Scales small, much
smaller on the head: 1 hose on blind side similar. Dorsal beginning on
the head: ventral \\cll separated from anal. Head 5.1;; depth 3^. D.
100; A. 80; Lat. 1. 105. L. 5 inches. San Diego, Cal.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 23.)

PEDICULATI. 843

I3O1. A. plagiusa (L.) J. & G.

Dark brown, with six or seven obscure darker cross-bands, and
numerous dark specks and mottliugs, forming indistinct stripes; fins
all speckled, the caudal not darker than the other fins. Teeth very
small, present on both sides of the jaw; eyes very small, close together,
the upper in advance, the lower just above angle of mouth. Ventral
fin moderately developed, barely reaching anal, to which it is connected
by a low membrane. Head 5; depth 3£. D. 95; A. 80; Lat. 1. 93.
South Atlantic and Gulf coast to the West Indies; abundant in sandy
bays.

(Pleuronectes plagiusa Linn. Syst. Nat. : Plagusia plagiiisa Gill, Ca,t. Fish. E. coast,
794 : Achirus ornatus Lac. iv, 659: Aphorialia ornata Gthr. iv, 490.)

ORDER V.— PEDICULATI.

(The Pediculate Fishes.)

Carpal bones notably elongate, forming a sort of arm, which sup-
ports the broad pectorals. Gill-openings reduced to a large or small
foramen, situated in or near the axils, more or less posterior to the
pectorals. No scales. Ventral fins jugular, if present; first vertebra?
united to the cranium by a suture; epiotics united behind supraocci-
pital; elongate basal pectoral radii reduced in number; no interclavi-
cles; posttemporal broad, flat, simple; superior pliaryugeals two, sim-
ilar, spatulate, with anterior stem and transverse blade; basis of
cranium simple. No air-duct to the swim-bladder. Anterior dorsal
reduced to a few tentacle-like, mostly isolated, spines. This group is
considered as a modified offshoot from Batraclioid or Blcnnloid forms.
(Latin pediculatus, provided with a little foot or peduncle, in allusion
to the peculiar pectoral fins.)

(Pediculati Giintker, iii, 178-205.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF PEDICULATI.

•

a. Gill-openings in or behind the lower axils of the pectorals; mouth large, terminal.
b. Pseudobrauchue present; pseudobrachia with two actiuosts; head broad, de-
pressed LOPHILD/E, 124.

l>b. Pseudobranchite none ; pseiidobrachia with three actiuost.s.
c. Ventral lius developed; pectoral members geniculated, with elongate pseudo-

brachia ANTEXNAKIID^E, 125 («).

cc. Ventral fins obsolete ; pectoral members not geuiculate, with moderate

psendobrachia CERATIID.E, 125 (b).

aa. Gill-openings in or behind the upper axils; mouth small, usually interior.

MALTUEID.E, 12G.

84-4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

FAMILY CXXIV.— LOPHIID/E.

(Tlie Fishing Frof/s.)

Head wide, depressed, very large. Body contracted, conical, taper-
ing rapidly backward from the shoulders. Mouth exceedingly large,
terminal, opening into an enormous stomach; upper jaw protractile;
maxillary without supplementary bone; lower jaw projecting ; both jaws
with very strong, unequal, cardiform teeth, some of the teeth canine-
like, most of them depressible; voiner and palatines usually with strong
teeth. Gill-openings comparatively large, in the lower axil of the pecto-
rals. Pseudobranchhe present. Gill-rakers none. Skin mostly smooth,
naked, with many dermal flaps about the head. Spinous dorsal of three
isolated, tentacle-like spines on the head, and three smaller ones behind,
which fcrm a continuous fin; second dorsal moderate, similar to the anal;
pectoral members scarcely geuiculated, each with two actinosts and with
elongate pseudobrachia; veutrals jugular, I, 5, widely separated. Py-
loric cceca present. A single genus, with three or more species, living
on sea-bottoms; remarkable for their great voracity.

(Pediculati part, geiius Loplnus Giiuther, iii, 178-182.)

466. — L.OPIIIUS Liuna-iis.
hiny Frogs.

(Artedi; Linnanis, Syst. Nat. 17f>8: type Lojtliinx jiixfatoriux L.)

( 'haraetcrs of the genus included above. (Lojihins, the ancient name
of L. jtisctituriHN, ironi /.<><fi>s, a crest.)

2. L.. l»i*r:iforius. — Fishing-frog; MonJ:-ftnh; Goon<--fmh ; All-month;
iii/li r.

i. mottled, below white; mouth behind the liyoid bone im-
maculate: pectoials and caudal black attip; ]>eritonenm black. Body
depressed, tapering, sea reely longer than head. Humeral spine; with
three points, of which the posterior is the longest. Head surrounded
with a I'lin-e of barbels; top of head, in young, with many strong-
spines. Anterior dor>al spine elongate, lleshy at tip. I). I-I-I, III —
1<>: A. !>. L. .") feet. Noitli Atlantic, on both coasts; generally com-
mon, from Norih ( '.IK. linn northward. A lish of singular ugliness of
appearance.

(Linn. Syst. N.ii.; Uiintlirr. iii, IT'.i: f.,>j>liinx ,tiii,-n<;iiiitn Cuv. & Val. xii, 380.)

125 (a). ANTENNARI1D.E - ANTENNARIUS. 845

FAMILY CXXV (a).— ANTENNARIID^E.

(The Frog-fishes.}

Head and body more or less compressed. Mouth vertical or very
oblique; lower jaw projecting; jaws with cardiforin teeth; premaxilla-
ries protractile. Gill-openings small, pore-like, in or behind the lower
axils of the pectorals. No pseudobranchise. Skin naked, smooth, or
prickly. Pectoral members forming an elbow-like angle. Pseudo-
brachia long, with three actinosts. Ventral fins present, jugular, near
together. Spiuous dorsal of one to three separated, tentacle-like spines ;
soft dorsal long, larger than anal. Pyloric cosca none. Genera about 5 ;
species nearly 40. Inhabitants of tropical seas, <f living on floating sea-
weed, and enabled, by filling the capacious stomach with air, to sustain
themselves on the surface of the water"; therefore, widely dispersed
by currents in the sea.

(Pediculati pt. Giiuther, iii, 182-200.)

a. Head compressed; a rostral spine or tentacle, followed by two larger spines; pala-

tine teeth developed.
&. Dorsal spines disconnected ................................. ANTENNARIUS, 467.

aa. Head cuboid; a single rostral spine or tentacle; soft dorsal low. ..CHAUNAX, 468.

467.— AWTENNARIUrS Lacepede.

(Chironcctes Cuv.)

(Corumerson ; Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 421, 1798 : type Antennarius cJiironedcs
Commerson.)

Body oblong, compressed, very deep through the occipital region,
tapering behind ; breast tumid. Mouth rather large, more or less.
oblique, or even vertical ; cardiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and pala-
tines. Eye small. Skin smooth, granular or spinous, with numerous
fleshy slips. First dorsal spine developed as a small rostral tentacle;
second and third dorsal spines strong, covered with skin, with nu-
merous fleshy filaments; soft dorsal high and long; anal short and
deep; caudal fin rounded; pectoral fins moderate, with a more or less
slender wrist, at the lower posterior angle of which are the very small
gill-openings; ventral fins well developed. Fantastic-looking fishes;
very numerous in warm seas. (Latin antenna, a feeler or tentacle.)

«. Ventral fins long ; skin smooth or nearly so ; mouth oblique. (Ptcroplirynoidi'a* Gill.)

1303. A. liistrio (L.) J. & G.— Mouse-fish; Toad-fisJi.
Yellowish, marbled with brown; 3 dark bauds radiating from eye;

* Plvrophrync Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863,90: type Chironccteaboucjainvillei
C. & V. ; preoccupied as Pieropltrynus: Pterophrynoides Gill, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus.
1-78, 216. (nrspov, wing; (ppvvrj, toad; cz<5o£, resemblance.) This genus is per-
haps worthy of retention.

846 covnnnrTiONS TO NORTH AMIMMCAX ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

vertical fins barred with brown; belly and sides with small white
spots. Skin of head and body, as well as dorsal lins, with Meshy ta--.
which are most numerous on the dorsal spines and abdomen. Wrist
slender: \entrals large, nearly half as long as head. Dorsal and anal
with the posterior rays uot adnate to caudal peduncle. Head L",;
depth 1\ D. II 1-14; A. 7; V. 5. Tropical parts of the Atlantic;
abundant on our Gulf coast and occasional northward.

x liixlrin Linn. Syst. Nat. cd. Id. '.':!? : <'1iir<>in'cl,:-< In rii/ulii* C\\\. Mnn. Mus.
iii. 1',':!: .lnti-ini(trinn inannorntit* (iiintln-r, ill, Id5: I'tcroplinjin Jtintrtu (Jill, Proc. 17. is.
Nat. Mus. i. -Jill. 1-78.)

aa. Ventral (ins short; skill spinous; mouth vertical. (.Intennariux.)

13O1. A. annaQlafus Gill.

FaNvn-color, lighter below; many black spots ocellatcd with white
both on the body and lins; body with several pink areas, one of which
forms a triangular saddle in front, of the dorsal and another a broad
ring around the base of the caudal fin; angles of month with a pink
spot. Month large, vertical. First dorsal spine slender and straight,
terminating in three simple tentacles; third dorsal spine partly im-
bedded in the skin; wrists and pectorals widened: ventrals short.
Skin covered with bifid spines, (dill.) (iardeu Key, Florida.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1-fi::, '.»•.>.,

1 :{<>•>. A. pEcoiropIatEiaCcHiss Gill.

I'.rowu, marbled with lighter, "and with scattered black dots: each
^ide with three large black spots ocellated with brownish; one on
dorsal near its base, a second immediately below it on the sides, and a
third in the middle of the caudal tin; mouth behind tongue black, with
yellow lines. Skin covered with minute bifurcated spines. First dor
sal spine terminating in a Cringed lobe: second spine longer than the
lir-t. its membrane extending nearly to the base of the third spine,
the latter nearly free, (dill.) Key West, Florida.

l, I'r...-. A.-:,,l Nat. Sri. I'liila.

HiS.-CBIAUNAX Lou,-.

i l.iuv.-, Trans, /."<>]. 8oc. i.nmi. iii, :::;:i. i~ii;: typr rimimnx ]>i<tnx l,o\vc.)

Head very large, depressed, cuboid. .Mouth large, subvert ical; jaws
and palate with cardil'orm teeth. Skin with minute spines. Spinous
dorsal reduced to a small tentacle above the snout; soft dorsal mod-
erate. low; anal short. Nuciferous channels conspicuous. Atlantic.

;, Olie who gapCS.)

125 (6). CERATIID.E CEEATIAS. 847

1 3OG. C. pictus Lowe.

Bright orange above 5 sides rosy; fins vermilion, llostral tentacle
short, pedicellate; inuciferous channels, appearing' as chain-like rows
of pits. Head 1£: depth 5£. D. 1-11; A. 5; P. 11; V. 4; 0. 7. Deep
sea; taken at Madeira and off the coast of lihode Island.

(Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Load, iii, 339, 1346; Guuther, iii, 200; Goode, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1880, 470.)

FAMILY CXXV (&).— CERATIIDJE.

Head and body compressed. Mouth terminal, more or less oblique.
Gill-openings small, in the lower part of the axils. No pseudobranchise.
Spinous dorsal represented by one or more tentacles. Pectoral mem-
bers not geuiculated, with short pseudobrachia and three actinosts.
ISTo ventral fins. Fishes of the open seas, usually inhabiting consid-
erable depths; about 6 genera and 7 or 8 species known. All are
uniform blackish in color.

( Pediculati, genus Ctratias, Giinther, iii, 205: Ceratildce Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
187«, 216.)

«. Month moderate.

6. Gill-arches unarmed; gills 2i pairs.
c. Cleft of induth nearly vertical; skiu prickly.

d. Second dorsal spiue developed CERATIAS, 469.

dd. Second dorsal spine obsolete MAXCALIAS, 4f 0.

cc. Cleft of mouth nearly horizontal; skiu smooth; second dorsal spiue developed.

ONIRODES, 471.

bb. Gill-arches armed with dentigerous tubercles; gills in \ 2i pairs; skin with
scattered tubercles; second dorsal spine obsolete HIMANTOLOPHUS, 472.

469.— CERATIAS Kroyer.

(Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift. 2 raikke, i, 639, 1844: type Ceralias holboUi Kroyer.)

Head and body much compressed and elevated, covered with prickly
skin. Mouth wide, its cleft nearly vertical; teeth in jaws conic, mov-
able, of moderate size; no teeth on voiner or palatines. Gills 2J; gill-
arches unarmed. Spinous dorsal reduced to two spines, one on the
head, the other on the back, the basal element of the second spine
exserted ; soft dorsal and anal short ; pectorals very short, broad, of
about 20 rays. Pyloric co3ca 2, small. Skeleton soft, fibrous. Green-
land, (jc^anac, one that has horns.)

13O7. €. Baoitooila Kroyer.

Black. Caudal fin very long, lanceolate, longer than the trunk (ex-
clusive of head). Cephalic spine reaching, when depressed, beyond

848 CONTRIBUTIONS TO N<»1H'II AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

base of caudal: membrane behind, dorsal and anal extending nearly to
base of caudal. I). I, I, 4; A. 4; C. S; P. 10. Greenland.

(Kroyi-r. Natnrh. Tidsskr. 16-14, G3U; Guntlu-r, iii, 205.)

47O.— MAWCAL.IAS Gill.
(dill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 2t»7, 1878: type CeraHa* Hniiioxcopit* Murray.

General characters of Cerallnn, but with the spinous dorsal reduced to
a rostral spine, and two fleshy claviforin tubercles behind it. Pectoral
tins narrow, with about 10 slender rays. (Latin mant-H*, detective, "with
a quasi-diminutive termination to correspond with

13Ȥ. 31. uranoscopoS'(Murray) Gill.

rnil'orin black. Anterior spine of first dorsal ])roduced in a long
filament, ending in a pear-shaped bulb, terminating in a semi-trans-
parent whitish spot, this spine originating on posterior part of head,
and reach ing, when depressed, nearly to the tip of tail; far behind this
are two short, lleshy tubercles, lying in a depression in front of second
dorsal. Teeth moderate, depressible. Skin everywhere with minute,
imbedded conical spine*. Kyes very .small, placed high on the middle
of tin- head. D. 1-3 or 4; A. 4; C. 8; P. 10. (Murray.) Deep seas;
taken at Madeira and off the coast of Southern Xew England.

• ruliiix uniiioxco/nix Murray, in Wyvillo Thompson, The Atlantic, ii, (57, 167^: Gill,
1. c. -'-'- ';, Goode, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1— I), 4(i<>.)

471.— ON I RODE S Liitk.-n.
Liitkcn, Overs. Kon^. Dansk. Vidcnsk. Sclsk. ForhaiKll. 1.-71, .">(',: type

Illliiioilix rxcltriclltii IJilkl'U.)

Head and body coaipressed, oval, covered with smooth skin. Mouth
moderate, almost hori/ontal ; vomer with teeth. Gill ai'che> unarmed;
gills in L'J, pairs. Spinoiis dorsal represented by a rostral spine, the
basal element of which is procumbent and subcutaneous, and a second
spine about mid\\ay between the rostral spine and the soft dorsal.
(.reeidand. ('.>£:/<w ?/,;-, dream-like, in allusion to the small, almost

covered, eyes.)

O.

Black; terminal half of the bulb of the cephalic spine whitish.
Cephalic spine \\illi a bulbous termination, surmounted b\ slender
filaments, in several transverse rows. Caudal tin shorter than trunk.
without head. D. 11-1. I >eep sea. off ( Ireenlaiid. (<////.)

(Liiikcn, Dansk. Vi<l.Mi>k. S, l.k. ]•,„!,. ],-71, r,7 : Gill, I'm,-, r. s. Nat. Mus. 1878,
2180

126. MALTHID^E. 849

472.— H1MANTOLOPHUS Reinhardt.
(Corynoloplim Gill.)

(Reinhardt, Dausk. Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. 1837, 74: type Himantoloplius grosnlandicus
Reinhardt.)

Body aiicl head oval, compressed. Skin more or less prickly. Mouth
moderate, the cleft oblique, the joint of the inaudible below the eyes.
Gills in £2£ pairs; gill-arches armed with dentigerous tubercles. Spiu-
ous dorsal represented only by a single long rostral spine, the basal
clement of which is procumbent and subcutaneous. Greenland.
a thong; Aoyoq, tuft.)

1310. II. greefialaBBdicus Reiuh.

Body oblong-oval. Cephalic ray provided with about 11 tentacles.
Depth 2£. D. 1-9; P. 12. Greenland. (Gill.)

(Reinhardt, 1. c. 74; Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 218.)

1311. H. rcHBiiiardti Liitken.

Body short-oval. Cephalic ray § length of head, with about 8 ten-
tacles. Skin sparsely covered with thorn-like prickles. Depth 1|.
D. 1-5; P. 17. Greenland. (Gill.)

(Liitken, Kong. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. 1878, 321: Corynoloplms reinltardti Gill, 1. c.
219.)

FAMILY CXXVL— MALTHID^E.

(The Bat-fishes.)

Head very broad and depressed, the snout more or less elevated, the
trunk short and slender. Mouth not large, subterminal or inferior, the
lower jaw included; teeth villiforin or cardiform. Gill-opeuiugs very
small, above and behind the axils of the pectoral fins. Body and head
covered with bony tubercles or spines. Spinous dorsal reduced to a
small rostral tentacle, which is retractile into a cavity under a promi-
nent process on the forehead; in one genus the rostral tentacle is ob-
solete; soft dorsal and anal fins small and short; ventrals well devel-
oped; pectoral fin well developed, its base strongly angled, with long
pseudobrachia and 3 actinosts. Brauchiostegals 5; no pseudobranchise!
Genera 3; species about 10; chiefly American.

(Pediculati part; genera MaUhe and Halieutma Giiiither, iii, 200-205.)

a. Snout produced; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; mouth small.

b. Rostral tentacle present ......................................... MALTHE, 473.

aa. Snout obtuse; disk orbicular.

c. Mouth small; rostral tentacle obsolete ; teeth on vomer and palatines.

HALIEUTICHTHYS, 474.
cc. Mouth wide; rostral tentacle present ; no teeth on vomer or palatines.

HALIEUT^EA, 475.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C - 54

850 CONTRIBUTIONS* TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

473.— MAL.THE Cuvier.

Sea Bats.
(Cnvier, Rf-^nc Animal, ii, 1817: type Lophius respertilio L.)

Body stoutish; head very broad and depressed, triangular in form,
the forehead elevated and produced. Mouth rather small, sub-inferior;
villiform teeth in bands, on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Skin with con-
ical, bony protuberances. Dorsal and anal fins very small; rostral ten-
tacle present, retractile into a cavity under a bony prominence on the
forehead; ventrals present, I, 5, well separated. No air-bladder; no
pyloric coaca. Coasts of America. (/j.dAOrn a name of some soft-bodied
fish.)

131*2. BI. vcspertilio (Liun.) Cuv.— Bat-fish.

Pale grayish brown above, reddish below. Distance between the
anterior angles of orbits much less than that between the posterior
angles; forehead produced in a sub-conical process, which is variable
in length but longer than in the other species, about -^ of total length;
rostral groove longer than broad. D. 4; A. 4. L. 6 inches. Atlantic,
coasts of America, chiefly southward.

(Loplnns vespcrlilio Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, iii, 200.)

Suhsp. nasiita (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G.

Dusky above, with round, black spots, edged with whitish. Rostral
process short, about one-thirteenth of the length of the body; cavity of
rostral tentacle higher than broad; vent behind middle of body; width
across arms about half length of body. Head U. D. 4; A. 4. South
Atlantic coast of the United States.

( MiilHiirii iiiixtiln and noldhi Cuv. &, Val. xii, 452, 453: Mallhc nolala Liitken Naturh.
l'«.n-n. Vidrnsk. .Mcddcls. l>i;.">, 4.)

1313. II. cubifYoii* l.'irh.

llosti-al ea\ity somewhat broader than high; distance between ante-
rior angles of orbits about equal to that between the posterior angles;
snout not produced beyond the rostral cavity, but with a cylindrical
button-like tubercle slightly contracted at base, pointing obliquely up-
wards and forwards; caudal peduncle very thick and heavy. Head L,';
width acVoss arms Li. 1). 1; A. 4. Coast of Florida; the original type
said to have come I'roin Labiador. Reaches a length of more than a
foot.

(Richards 1'aiin. l!..r.-AiiiiT. Fish. p. ID:!; Giintber, iii, 203.)

126. MALTHIDvE— HALIEUT^ A. 851

474. HALIEUTICHTIITS Poey.
(Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 89: type Hulieutichthya reticulatua Poey.)

Disk suborbicular, about as long as the rest of the body (including
caudal fin) ; forehead with a transverse bony ridge, the cavity beneath
it being without a tentacle; mouth rather small, inferior, the lower jaw
nearly semicircular; teeth fine, on jaws and palate. Dorsal and anal
fins with four rays each. (<iA:eun??, fisher; frtfu?, fish.)

1314. II. ac.nleatus (Mitch.) Goode.

Color gray, reticulated with blackish; caudal with three blackish
bauds. Disk longer than wide and somewhat narrowed anteriorly;
ridges armed with simple spiues; five bicuspid spines on each lateral
margin of the disk, and between them smaller, simple ones; five spines
forming a pentagon before interorbital area; one over each orbit, and
4 on a ridge behind each orbit. D. 4; A. 4. (Gill.) Cuba to Southern
Florida.

(Loplnus aculeatus Mitch. Amer. Monthly Mag. ii, 3'25, 1818: HuUeuticJithys reticulatua
Poey MSS., Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 91; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
ii, 109, 1879.)

475. IIAHEUTJEA Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(Cnvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat: Poiss. xii, 455, 1837: type Lophius stellatiis Wahl.)
Head very large, broad, depressed, its outline nearly circular; cleft
of the mouth wide, horizontal; jaws with small cardiform teeth; no
teeth on vomer or palatines. Skin everywhere covered with small, stel-
late spiues. Forehead with a transverse bony ridge, beneath which is
a tentacle, retractile into a cavity, the only rudiment of the spinous
dorsal fin; soft dorsal and anal very short, far back. Gills 2£, the
anterior gill-arch without laminte. Branchiostegals 5; vertebrae 17.
Warm seas. (aAcsur^, one who fishes.)

1315. IS. senticosa Goode.

Reddish gray, whitish below. Disk orbicular, nearly as broad as
long, its outlines prolonged on each side in a strong spine, armed at tip
with a group of spiuelets; skin above with numerous stout, conical stel-
lated spines, largest posteriorly ; a marginal series of close-set spines,
besides 5 to 7 on each carpal peduncle; outside of the marginal spines
is a row of 5 depressed, knife-like spines, each with a crown of three
spinelets; these two rows of marginal spiues coalescing on the front
edge of disk forming a bristling row, pointing in different direc-
tions; small stellate prickles in the interspaces of the larger spines

cnxTinr.uTioxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

and on the ventral surface. Snout somewhat projecting, with three
mult Hid spines; a ridge armed with spines across front of eyes over
top of snout; four of these spines larger than others; rostral tentacle
club-shaped, trilobate at tip; width of mouth equal to distance between
centers of eyes. Head L>.}; width of disk 2. D. I-fl; A. 4; C. 8; P.
11; V. 5. Deep water off southern New England. (Goodc.)
( Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 407. )

ORDER W.-PLECTOGNATHL

(The Plectognalhs.)

Scapula suspended to the cranium by a posttemporal ; premaxillaries
usually cob'ssified with the inaxillaries behind, and the dentary bones
with the articular; pharyngeal bones distinct; posttemporal coossilied
with the epiotic and undivided; interopercultim a slender rod ; superior
pharyngeals laminar, usually vertical and transverse; skin with rough
scales or covered with shields or spines, sometimes naked; skeleton
incompletely ossilied, the vertebras iu small number; ventral lins re-
duced to a single spine or wanting; air-bladder without pneumatic duct.
This group is a modified offshoot from A<-«>tlIi<>i>t<'ri, its nearest rela-
tives being the Chcetodontidce and the AcanthuridcQ. (-Asxr^, braided or
plaited; fAOo^, jaw.)

ri<;-!,>,/natlii GiintluT, viii, 207-320.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF PLECTOGXATIII.

it. Jaws with distinct teeth.
b. Ventral fins nhsulrlc.

c. Teeth narrow; body with an inunnvaldo cara])aoe of hexagonal ])latos; no
>|iinoiis dorsal ........................................... Os'i IIACI 1 1 >.!•:, l'J7.

CC. Tufth incisor-like; Ixidy With scales Or movable plates; spinons dorsal presenl.

]>.M,ISI ID.K. 1'JS.

an. Jaus.-ach inodilied into a sort of l>eak, without dist inct teeth; no spinous dorsal.
(I. I'.ody little compressed : vertical lins dist inct .......... Ti: 1 1:< >n< >NTII>.I-:. I'.'.'.

(/</. liody much compressed : vertical lins nmre or less eonllneiit around the tail.

:, 130.

FAMILY CXXVIT.— OSTRACIIDJE.

(The Tninl--fmJn-n.)

P.ody short, cuboid, tri<iuet rous 01- pentagonal, covered by a carapace
formed of firmly united six-sided plates, the jaws, bases of the fins, and
caudal peduncle free and covered by smooth skin. Mouth small; each
jaw with a single serio-s of long, narrow teeth. Gill-opening a nearly

127. OSTEACIID^E OSTRACIUM. 853

vertical slit, below ami behind tlie eye. Dorsal fin single, short, with-
out spine; anal short, similar to dorsal; caudal rounded; no ventral
fins; vertebrae 14, the anterior elongate, the last five extremely short;
no ribs. Genera two; species about 20; chiefly of the tropical seas.
" The locomotion of the trunk-fishes is very peculiar. The propell-
ing force is exerted by the dorsal and anal fins, which have a half
rotary, sculling motion, resembling that of a screw-propeller; the cau-
dal fin acts as a rudder, save when it is needed for unusually rapid
swimming, when it is used as in other fishes; the chief function of the
broad pectorals seems to be that of forming a current of water through
the gills, thus aiding respiration, which would otherwise be difficult on
account of the narrowness and inflexibility of the branchial apertures.
When taken from the water, one of these fishes will live for two or
three hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, and when restored
to its native element seems none the worse for its experience, except
that, on account of the air absorbed, it cannot at once sink to the bot-
tom" (Goode).

(Sclerodermi, group Ostraciontina, Giinther, viii, 255-268.)

a. Carapace forming a continuous bridge behind anal tin ; ventral surface not c.iri-
uateel OSTRACIUM, 475.

476.— OSTRACIUM Linnams.

(Ostracion, Artedi; Linnaeus' Syst. Nat. x, 3:50, 1758: type Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus.)
Trunk-fishes with trigonal, tetragonal, or pentagonal carapace, the
ventral surface never carinated; carapace closed behind the anal fin.
Temperate and tropical seas; the trigonal species confined to the west-
ern Atlantic, (darprixiw, diminutive of vffTpdxuv, any hard object, like the
shell of a mollusk.)

«. Body three-angled. (Lactophrys Swainson. )
b. No supraocular spine.

1316. O. trigonuon Linn.— Trunk-fish.

Uniform brown, with numerous irregularly grouped whitish spots,
most abundant on caudal peduncle; young specimens with a black
blotch on sides behind gill-openings. Body three-angled; no spine
before eyes. Each ventral ridge with a large, flat spine ; dorsal ridge
high and sharply compressed, descending rather rapidly forward and
ending opposite posterior margin of orbit; carapace open behind the
dorsal fin. Head 4 in length; height of sides 2. D. 10; A. 10. West
Indies; occasional on our coast southward.

(Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. x, 330, 1758; Giinther, viii, 256; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1879, 276: Lactoplirys trigonus Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 362, 1861.)

854 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

bb. Bnpraoottlar spines present, strong, directed forward. (Acanthoatracium Blcekcr.)

1317. O. qiiadi'irorne L. — Cow-fish; Cuckold.

Color brown, yellow, blue, or green, with irregular blue blotches; the
centers of the scutes often lighter than the margins. Carapace trigonal ;
adults with a broad low ridge on each side of the back, the dorsal ridge
more elevated than in the young, which are somewhat tetragonal. Yen
tral surface nearly flat: angles of body cariuate; a stout spine directed
forwards over each eye; abdominal spines Hat, directed backward; me-
dian dorsal spine seldom present, never persistent; bridges behind dor-
sal and anal each ending in a flat spine; under side of caudal peduncle
with a free plate; carapace closed behind dorsal fin. Ilead-if; depth
2£. D. 10; A. 10. Tropical parts of thft Atlantic; common on our coast
southward.

(LimiiBiis, Syst. Nat. x, 331, 1758; Giiiither viii, 257; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas.
1.-79, 278.)

FAMILY CXXVIIL— BALISTID.E.

(The Trigger-fishes.)

Body oblong, or ovate, more or less compressed, covered with rough
scales or scutes of varying structure, the scutes not forming a carapace.
Mouth small, terminal, low; jaws short, each with one or more series of
separate incisor-like teeth; eye near the occiput ; preorbital very deep,
(lill-openings small, slit-like, above or in front of the pectoral lins.
Dorsal lins two, the anterior of one to three spines, the first spine high-
est; second dorsal remote from the first, of many soft rays; caudal lin
rounded or forked; ventral lins wanting, their place sometimes occu-
pied l>y a single spine at the end of the very long, usually movable,
pubic, bone. Genera about, S; species about 100. Carnivorous ti.shes;
inhabitants of the warm seas.

(linliniiitn . uioiip y.V(/i.x/i//«, (Jiiiilhcr, viii, '.Ml -'.'55.)

a. I >m-al spines three ; body covered \vitli thick scales or jilales. (HiiJixtiiin:}

HAUSTKS. 477.
an. linrsal spine single m folloueil by ;i rudiment; skin \\iili minute, rou^h scales.

(MiHKiritiltllhlil-. )

//. Ventral spine present: ^ill-slit sliurl. nearly vertical; anal rays almut ::it.

M<»N.\( AN i ins, 17-.
Hi. \'<iitral spine (pl.sul.-ii- ; ^ill-slit lonj,', ol>li(jiie ; anal rays about -K' t<i .Ml.

AiUTKKA, 479.

-177.— BAHSTES Linnn-us.

Trigger-fishes.

(Arteili: I.innaMis, Systema Nat urn-. 175- : type i;,tlixl,* rihtlufi'L.)

13od\ compressed, covered with thick, rough scales or plates. Both

128. BALISTID^ — BALISTES. 855

jaws with incisor-like teeth, usually four on each side, in each jaw.
First dorsal of three spines, the anterior of which is much the largest
(the third rarely minute or x>bsolete) ; second dorsal and anal rather
long, similar to each other, often falcate or filamentous in front; caudal
fin usually rounded, with the outer rays produced; pelvic bone very
long, with a blunt, usually movable spine at its end; no barbels;'
branchiostegals 6; vertebrae 7 -f 10. Species very numerous in the
tropical seas, (/SaxcS, to shoot.)

a. Caudal peduncle compressed ; teeth white, uneven, more or less notched ; cheeks

without naked stripes; larger bony plates behind gill-opening.
&. A groove in front of the eye; tail without spines or tubercles. (Batistes.)

131§. B. vetulus L.

Two curved, bluish, dark-edged bauds on the side of the head, the
lower from the angle of the mouth towards the throat, the upper from,
above the snout to the root of the pectoral ; a black light-edged line,

»

similarly curved below the eye; several other similar lines radiating
from the eye; caudal fin margined above and below with bluish, and
with an iutra-marginal bluish band ; dorsal and anal fins with trans-
verse bluish bauds ; young with some irregular oblique black lines fol-
lowing the rows of scales. Scales on head much smaller and more
crowded than those on body; third dorsal spine shorter and weaker
than second ; caudal fin widely forked, the lobes filamentous and about
equal. Head 3; depth If. D. 111-29; A. 27; Lat. 1. 03. Tropical parts
of^the Atlantic; occasional on our coast.
(Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, viii, 215.)

1319. IS. CJljsriscilS Ginelin. — Leather-jacket.

Uniform brownish; second dorsal and anal chequered or marked
with interrupted longitudinal brown lines ; caudal mottled ; young
with numerous small dark-brown dots. Third dorsal spine shorter but
stouter than the second; plates on head similar to those on the body;
caudal lobes produced in the adult; soft dorsal high, its longest rays
1^ in head. Head 3J; depth If. D. 111-27; A. 25; Lat. 1. 51 to 57
(02 in specimens from Italy) ; about 35 scales in an oblique series from
vent upward and forward. Warm seas; occasional northward; com-
mon on our Gulf coast and in the Mediterranean.

(Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1471, 1788; Giinther, viii, 217 : Balistes ftdiginosus Dekay, New
York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 339.)

13'2O. B. powcli Cope.

Ashy above, pale below; sides everywhere with series of longitudi-
nally oval azure spots; dorsal and anal fins marked with smaller blue

856 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

spots. Form elevated, profile convex; scales without prominent spino;
two or three scapular plates; first dorsal spine rugose, 1^ in muzzle;
third dorsal spine well developed. Head^J.} in total length; depth 1:,! ;
D. III-2G; A. 22. (Cope.) Newport, Rhode Island; a doubtful species
(probably strayed from the West Indies).

(Cope, l-'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 120.)

478.— ]JIO]\ ACANTHUS Cuvier.
(Ciivicr, Regne Animal, ii, 1817: type Mnnacanthus cklnensis Cuvier.)

Body short and deep, very strongly compressed, covered with minute,
rough scales. Mouth very small; upper jaw with a double series of
incisor-like teeth, usually six in the outer and four in the inner series;
lower jaw with about six incisors in a single series ; teeth connivent,
unequal ; gill-opening a small slit, shorter than the eye, nearly vertical,
below the posterior part of the eye, and just in front of upper edge of
pectoral. Dorsal spine large or small; second dorsal and anal fins simi-
lar to each other, of about 30 rays each; caudal fin moderate, rounded ;
pelvic bone with a blunt spine; the bone connected by a movable flap
of varying size; side of tail often with a patch of spines, especially in
the males; no barbel. Vertebra?. 7 + 11 to 14. Species very numerous
in warm seas. (//«>»?, one; «*<zv0a, spine.)

a. Ventral spine movable; dorsal spine with retrorse barbs.

b. Abdominal llap greatly developed, extending beyond the ventral spine.

x. )

1321. ITI. occidentals Giinther.

Brownish, mottled with lighter; a broad brown band across the
middle of the ventral llap. Scales very small, without median crest.
Spines becoming longer on caudal peduncle, which has in addition 2
or 3 pairs of strong spines curved forward, these prominent only in
adults; ventral llap longer than head, about £ length of body. Scales
on ventral llap developed as Hat plates, with their free margins pecti-
nate. Snout pointed, the upper profile concave. Dorsal spine strong,
iwaily as long as head, armed behind with 2 rows of retrorse barbs;
ventral spine small, rough. Ilrad 34; depth 1£. D. 1-30; A. 30.
West Indies; occasional on our southern coasts.

((Jiiiithcr, viii, 'J:>7.)

bb. Abdominal llap moderate, nut extending brymid the prlvie spine. (Steplianolcjiix'
GilL)

1322. I»I. brocciis (Mitch.) l>.-k. — /•>„,/-.//*// ; Fil,-fish.

Dull-greenish, mottled with darker; lins olivaceous, somewhat

*Gill, J'roc. Acad. Nal. Sci. 1'liila. IfcGl, 78: typo Mvnucaittltuii actifcr lieunett.
crown; AeTn'?, scale.)

128. BALISTID.E MONACANTHUS. 857

blotched. Body rather deep. Jaws subequal; eyes large, more than
& length of siiout. Gill-opeuing about as long as 'eye, separated from
the eye by an interspace nearly equal to its length. Anterior profile
slightly concave. Dorsal spine somewhat shorter than snout, inserted
above posterior part of eye, stout, rough, armed behind with 2 rows of
retrorse barbs. First ray of soft dorsal said to be sometimes filament-
ous (not so in our specimens) ; pectorals small. Pelvic bone long, end-
ing in a short, blunt, movable spine, beyond which the abdominal flap
does not extend; length of free edge of flap when expanded not greater
than diameter of eye. Scales minute, each with a crest of about 3
prickles, those on caudal peduncle villous, those on the ventral flap
larger, elongate; no naked areas; no recurved spines on tail. Head
3f ; depth If. D. 1-32; A. 32. L. 6 inches. Cape Cod to Tropical
Seas; abundant on our South Atlantic coast.

(BaUstes Iroccus Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 467, 1815: Monacanthus Iroccus,
massacliusettensix, and setifer Dels.. N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 335-337: Monacanthus mas-
sachuscttensis Storer, Fish. Mass. 425 : Monacanthus setifer (in part) Giiuther, yiii, 240 :
SlepJianolqns setifer Gill.)

1323. M. davidsoni Cope.

Brown, with 5 longitudinal bands with pale centres, the upper and
lower forming 3 dark blotches at the base of dorsal and anal; head
unspotted; caudal with a brown cross-baud. Scales with 3 scutes on
a common base; longer, slender, recurved spines on tail, in 2 clusters
of 3 each; sides with slender scattered filaments. Dorsal spine with
strong teeth, its height one-half depth of body. Pelvic plate elongate,
spinons all around. Depth 2^. D. 1-30; A. 28. Florida Eeef. (Cope.)

(Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. xiv, 476, 1870.)

1324. M. spilonottis Cope.

Light-brown; some longitudinal lines just below the dorsal fin, the
median developing a dark spot below the middle of the soft dorsal.
Scales each supporting a pedicle, whose summit divides into 4 or 5 rad-
iating spines. Body elongate; outline of front straight. Dorsal spine
long, with simple teeth, 4£ in length of body; dorsal and anal fins me-
dially elevated; no brush or spines on caudal peduncle. Pelvic shield
elongate, spinons all around, the movable portion present. Depth 2£;
D. 1-32; A. 31. Gulf of Mexico. (Cope.)

(Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc;. Phila. xiv, 476, 1870.)

858 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

aa. Ventral spine fixed; dorsal spine weak, without barbs; abdominal flap moderate.
(Catitltfritx*'

. -II. pulliis Kan/.

Coloration variable, generally with a wliitish spot behind the last
dorsal ray. Body moderately elevated. Snout moderately produced,
Avith the upper profile slightly concave. Posterior margin of eye di-
rectly above axil. Adults with two pairs of strong recurved spines
on each side of tail; caudal short. Dorsal spine nearly straight, rather
shorter than head, without barbs, situated above the front of eye. Skin
with a velvety appearance; the scales minute. Depth about 2. D. I-
35; A. 31. (G anther.) Tropical Seas, north to Southern Florida.

(Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Act. Sci. Inst. Bouon. v, 4, IH-1'J: .' Monacanthuu pardalls Riip-
pell, N. \V. Fish. 1835, 57: Monaca ntlms pardalls Giiutber, viii, 230.)

479.— ALUTERA Cuvier.
File-fislics.

•

(Cuvier, Regno Auim. ed. 2, ii, 829, 1829: type HaUntes monoceros Osbeck.)

Body oblong or rather elongate, strongly compressed, covered with
minute, rough scales. Mouth and teeth essentially as in MonacantlmN,
but the lower jaw more projecting, so that the lower teeth are directed
obli<]uely upward and backward. Gill-opening an oblique slit, longer
than eye, situated below and in advance of eye, its posterior end be-
hind base of pectorals. Pelvic bone long, falcate, movable under the
skin, without spine at its extremity. Dorsal spine small, inserted over
the eye, rough, but without barbs; soft dorsal and anal long, each of
;;<;-.">(> rays; caudal fin convex; pectorals small. Species numerous.
('.u/.oumz, unwashed.)

1326. A. s< ho pili OValb.) Goocle.

Dull-greenish, marbled with lighter and darker; lower lip dusky.
Kve small, about 4 in snout. Gill-slit nearly twice as long as eye, its
upper posterior edge nearly under the middle of the eye. Pectoral tins
scarcely half longer than eye. Dorsal spine slender; dorsal and anal
fins low; caudal very long in the young, becoming shorter in the
adult. Scales minute, shagreen-like, uniform over the body. Head
:rr; in length; depth LV\, D. I-I3G; A. 38. L. 1C inches. Cape Cod to
Indies; abundant southward.

xi-lxr/ifli \Viilli.-Miin, Aitcdi, Pise. 1792, 4(>1 : liolixti'it anrantiacus Mitchill,

Trans. Lit. tV 1'liil. Si.c. N. V. i. It',-. 1-ir, (adult ): Alulrnt ••itx/,i<-<iti<l<i J>l<ny, Nc\v
Y<nk I'.-uma, Fish, l-i-', 338 (\<>iin»-): CeratootinthiM aurantiacus Qi\l (adult).)

*

Swainscui, Class. I'isli. <•! c. ii, :VJ7. 1 -:'.'.!: lyp" I'mitln rii/r* intHittnx ,S\\;iiiisun : Hulix-
tcs sandu •/./,,,/ -i.-: (,». A. (i. (ttarOo?, ass; piv, snout.) (=Liomo>niainthii8 etc. Bleeker.)

129. TETKODONTIDJE LAGOCEPHALUS. 859

1327. A. scripta (Osbeck) Bleeker.

Head and body with irregular blue spots and lines, and small, round
black spots. Skin finely velvety. Body oblong, its depth, equal to dis-
tance from snout to. posterior margin of orbit. Snout produced, the
upper profile concave. Dorsal spine very feeble, above middle of orbit.
Part of gill-opening in advance of orbit. Pectoral fin inserted below
orbit; caudal elongate, about as long as head; dorsal and anal low.
DepthS. D. 46; A. 50. (G'dnther.) Tropical seas; occasionally north
to South Carolina.

(Balisles scriptus Osbeck, Itiu. i, 144, 1771: Monacanthus scriptus Giinther, viii, 252.)

FAMILY CXXIX.— TETRODONTID^E.

(The Puffers.)

Body oblong or elongate, usually little compressed, and sometimes
very broad; belly capable of great inflation; skin scaleless, usually
more or less prickly, sometimes with strong spines. Teeth in each jaw
wholly confluent, forming a sort of beak which in each jaw is some-
times divided by a median suture; lips full; nostrils various. Fins of
soft rays only ; dorsal fin posterior, opposite and similar to the anal;
caudal fin distinct; no ventral fins; pectoral fin short and broad, its
upper rays longest. Pelvic bone undeveloped. Gill-openings small,
close in front of the pectorals; air-bladder present. Genera about 10 ;
species 80; inhabiting warm seas; noted for their habit of filling the
stomach with air. When inflated, the diameter of the belly is often
greater than the length of the body.

(Gymnodoittcs, group Tetrodontina Guuther, viii, 270-316.)

a. Both jaws divided by a median suture. (Tetrodontince.)
b. Nostril on each, side a single tube, with two openings.

c. Dorsal and anal falcate, of 12 to 15 rays each LAGOCEPHALUS, 480.

cc. Dorsal and anal of 6 to 8 rays each TETROUON, 481.

aa. Both jaws entire, without median suture. (Diodontina.)

d. Spines very small, flexible, bristle-like, mostly two-rooted.

TRICHODIODON, 482.

dd. Spines strong, stiff, erectile, mostly two-rooted DIODON, 483.

ddd. Spines very strong, immovable, mostly three-rooted.

CHILOMYCTERUS, 484.

48O.— LAGOCEPIIAL.US Swainson.

( Gastropliysm Miiller. )
(Swaiuson, Class. Fish. etc. 1839, 328: type Tetrodon lagocephalus L.)

Body comparatively elongate; skin smooth or variously prickly, the
prickles most developed on the abdomen j abdomen capable of very

860 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

great inflation. Dorsal and aiial fins rather long, falcate, of 12 to 15
rays each; caudal lunate. A single nasal tube on each side with two
openings near its tip. Jaws each with median suture. Lower side of
tail with a fold. (Aa^«?, hare; xe^a/r,, head, from the incisor teeth).

132§. L,. lH>vigatll$ (Liuu.) Gill.— Tambor; Smooth Puffer.

Olive green above, sides and below silvery white. Body elongate,
the tail slender. Back and sides smooth; belly prickly, the spinous
region oblong, extending from the throat backwards nearly to the vent
and on sides nearly as high as base of pectoral fins; spines compara-
tively large, three-rooted, well separated and with no smaller ones in-
termixed. Eye large, silver}', 2 in snout, 1£ in the flat interorbital
space. Gill-opening midway between snout and front of dorsal. Dor-
sal and anal fins large and falcate, the last rays rapidly shprteced;
height of dorsal If in head; caudal fin lunate, the longest ray 1£ in
head; fold of skin on sides of tail very distinct, ridge-like. Head 3£.
D. 14; depth 4£. A. 12. Tropical seas, north to Cape Cod.

(Tctrodon lurigattts L. Syst. Nat. i, 411: Tetrodon laviyatua Giiuther, viii, '274.)

4§1.— TETRODON* Linnaeus.
(Tetrodon, Leisomus ami Cirrhisomus Swainson: Cheilichthys Miiller: Anchisomits Kaup.)

(Tetraodon Linutens, Syst. Nat.: type Tetraodon testudineus L.)

Body oblong, usually little elongate; skin variously prickly or smooth,
sometimes with cirri. A single nasal tube on each side, with two open-
ings near its tip. Dorsal and anal fins short, little falcate, of C to 8 rays
each; caudal truncate or rounded. Jaws each with median suture.
Species numerous, in warm seas, (rerpa^ four; o'oo^, tooth.)

a. Tail without fold below.
l>. Skin almost smooth.

1329. T. politllK

I!rown, with very numerous small, round, dark spots above; usually
pale curved cross-bars present, in the form of concentric rin.^s, one on
middle of hack in front of dorsal, inclosing a dark area, another sur-
i-oiindin- this, the remainder appearing as bars, anteriorly running
downward and backward, posteriorly downward and forward. Skin
smooth; spines rudimentary or obsolete, on belly only, imbedded in

*The earliest subdivision of the ^••niis Titroilon seems to In ih:il ni;idc by Swainson
in 1 .-*:;:». I 'iiit one l/mna-an species ( li-xtmlim •»*) is ivt.-iinrd in the ^eniis l>\ Swainson.
The seet ion to which it belongs contains nnmerons species, and may well retain tho
original generic n.ime. Tin- \ aim- of the sulnli\ isions is <loiihtlul, but they may be
retained lor the pn sent at least.

129. TETRODONTID^E TETRODON. 861

wrinkles of the skin; no caudal fold; nasal tentacles distinctly per-
forate. Interorbital area flat; sides without cirri. Head 3; depth 4J.
D. 7; A. G. San Diego to Panama; very common southward.

(Tetrodon politiis Girarcl, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 340: Tetrodon politus
Giiuther, viii, 281.)

l>b. Skin prickly, more or less.

1330. T. tcstudiiieus L.

Dark brown above, marbled with lighter; sides to below pectoral
fins .yellowish brown, marked with many round dark spots; belly and
fins immaculate; back, from interorbital region nearly to base of dorsal
fin, axils of pectoral and belly nearly to vent covered with minute,
imbedded spines. Snout, sides, and tail naked ; snout rather produced,
the eye being nearer the root of pectoral than tip of snout. Interorb-
ital area generally concave; sides sometimes with cirri; length of cau-
dal equal to its distance from dorsal. Head 3. D. 8; A. 6. West
Indies ; occasional on our coasts.

(Tetrodon testndineus Linii. Amceu. Acacl. i, 309, and Syst. Nat i, 309: Tetrodon testu-
dinens Giiuther, viii, 282.)

1331. T. sjucng-Ieri Bloch.

Dark brown above and on sides to base of pectoral fins ; sides below
yellowish, with a series of about twelve round dark-brown blotches
about as broad as eye; belly white; caudal fin with a brown ba^ at its
base and a broader one at its margin. A patch of minute spines from
the occiput half-way to the dorsal fin; belly spinous to near the vent;
head, tail, and most of sides smooth ; sides usually with numerous
small cirri. Snout produced, the eye nearer root of pectoral than tip
of snout. Head compressed, narrow; iuterorbital space slightly con-
cave, very narrow, about half as broad as eye. Head 3. D. 7; A. 6.
West Indies ; occasional on our coast.

(Tetrodon apengleri Bloch, Ausl. Fisclie. i, 135: Telrodon spengleri Giinther, viii, 284:
Cirrhisomus spengleri Swainson, Class. Fish, ii, 328, 1839.)

1332. T. turgidus Mitch.— Puffer; Swell Toad; Blower.

Olivaceous above, marbled with black; belly light orange; sides of
body and tail with narrow irregular black cross-bars; an inky blotch
below and behind pectoral fin; fins plain. Body about as wide as deep
when not inflated ; interorbital space slightly concave; profile not very
steep, depressed in front of the eyes. Caudal peduncle, lips, and bases
of fins smooth; skin everywhere else rough with small three-rooted
spines, wbich are largest on the back and belly. No cirri. Eyes

8G2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

rather small. Head 2§; depth 3. D. 7; A. G; C. 7, slightly rounded.
L. 12 inches. Atlantic coast. Massachusetts to Texas ; very abundant.

(Tetrotlni tnn/iilns Milchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 473, 1815: Teirodon turgidw
Dt-kay, \c\v York Fauna, Fishes, 327: Tetrodon turgidus Giinther, viii, 285.)

1333. T. tricliocephalus Cope.

Brownish above, faintly vermiculated with lighter ; sides yellowish,
In-coming white below; fins uniform light yellow; a brown spot at base
of pectoral. Profile suddenly descending from prefrontal region to pre-
maxillary, arched from the former point backward ; belly spinous to near
vent; dorsal region from a little behind the nares to above the ends of
the pectoral fins spinous; spines on the head long, close-set, like seal
bristles ; caudal tin truncate, with prominent points. Head 3£ in total
length; eye 3£ in length of head. D. 8; A. 7. (Cope.} Newport, Rhode
Island.

(Tdruudon irichoceplialua Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 120.)

482.— TRICHODIODON Bleeker.

Hairy Box-fislies.

(Blecker, Atl. Ich. Gymnodontes, 49: type Diodon pilosus Mitch.)

Body oblong, little depressed ; nasal tentacle present ; dermal ossifica-
tions very small, each with a pair of lateral roots, and each terminating
in a fine flexible, bristle-like spine, (-/"z^, hair; dtddwv, Dlodon.)

1334. T. pilosus (Mitch.) Bleeker.

Brownish above, ashy below; spines of a metallic golden color; sides
and back with a lew oblong blackish-brown spots. Body oblong, cuboid ;
the skin entirely spinous, except a small space* around the mouth and
c\es and another on caudal peduncle. D. 12; A. 1-4. (Dckay.) North
Atlantic: rare; said to reach a large size.

(/Hottim J,U<>XIIH Mitch. Trims. Lit. A: Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 471, 1815: Dio<l<>n jiilosits De-
kny, Nr\\ Vurk l'';mn:i, Fishes, :!-JC>; (iiintlit-r, viii, 31(>.)

483.— DIODON Linnseus.

Porcupine-fishes.

(Liiiiiifii-i. S\st. Nat. 1?.",-: type Hiudini Iti/xtrir L.)

IJody robust, the bell\ moderately inllatable. Dermal sjiines strong,
still', most of them two rooted and erectile, a few three-rooted and there-
lore immovable: both jaws entire; nasal tube simple, with 1 \\ o lateral
openings. IVctnrals broad, their margin undulate, the upper lobe
longest; vert ical lins rounded. \Yarmseas. (o:?, two; oowv, tooth.)

129. TETRODONTID.E CHILOMYCTERUS. 863

1335. D. liystrixL.

Back, sides, and fins with numerous small, round blackish spots.
Spines strong, dilated at the base, with a pair of basal grooves; post-
pectoral spines the longest, about as long as the pectoral fin, those of
•the posterior part of the back and tail short and broad, three-rooted
and therefore not erectile; upper and lower part of the tail with two
or three pairs of three-rooted, immovable, recumbent spines; frontal
spines moderate. Head 3; depth 3£. D. 13; A. 13. In all tropical
seas, north to Lower California and Florida. L. about 3 feet.

(L. Syst. Nat.; Giiutlier, viii, 306: % Diodon spinosissimus Giinther, viii, 307.)

1336. D. MovcBnanacwlatais Cnvier.

Olivaceous, variously spotted, usually a broad blackish brown band
between orbits, extending downward behind the eye; a second parallel
to it across the nape; a large transverse subtriangular spot in middle
of back; a kidney-shaped spot above pectoral; all these spots usually
pale edged ; back and sides with small black spots. Spines varying in
length ; upper part of tail without ossifications^ but a pair of spines
lying along-side, their base on the side of the dorsal; some tentacles
usually present above eye and on throat, abdomen, and back ; 14 to 19
transverse series of spines between snout and dorsal. Tropical seas,
north to San Diego.

("Diodon tacliete" Lace~pede, ii, 13: Diodon novemmaculatus, sexmaculatus. quadrimac-
itltttiiN, au<l iHiiUhnaculati'8 Cuvier, Me"m. Mus. Hist. Nat. iv, 136, 137, 1818: Diodon
maculatus Guuther, viii, 307: Diodon maculatus Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii, 43.)

484.— CHII.OBIYCTERUS Bibron.

Rabbit-fishes.

(Bibron (Chilomyclere, Revue Zool. 1846, 140); Kanp, Wiegm. Arcliiv. 1855,232: type
Diodon geometricus Bloch &• Sch.n.)

Body broad, depressed, moderately inflatable. Dermal spines short,
stout, immovable, triangular, each with three roots; nasal tube simple,
with two lateral openings; caudal peduncle short; fins small, formed
as in Diodon; jaws without median suture. (yjiXos, lip; fj.uy.yf>, nose.
"Marines non closes au sommet, mais chacune ayant I'appareuce de
deux levres, ou forinee de deux teutacules reuuis a la base.")

1337. C. geometrleus (Bloch & Schn.) Kaup.— RaWit-fisli ; Swell Toad.
Greenish; belly pale; a round, black, ocellated spot above pectorals,

not as large as eye, a larger one behind pectorals, another at base of
dorsal, with a smaller one below it; back and sides with parallel black
stripes of uniform width about as wide as the interspaces, those on the

864 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

back running longitudinally, those on the sides obliquely downward and
backward, those on the front of the head running crosswise; a dark bar
at base of dorsal; other fins plain. Body a little broader than deep at
the gill-openings; interocular space broad, concave; eyes large, lateral,
nearly as long as snout, each with a cirrus above it, longer than the pu-
pil; gill-opening about as wide as eye, opposite upper anterior part of
pectoral. About 9 spines between eye and tail, their height equal to
diameter of pupil; spines on belly much smaller, partly imbedded in skin;
some of the posterior with cirri; spines on caudal peduncle; anterior
root of each spine little if any larger than the others. Pectoral fin
deeper than long, the margin undulate, the upper lobe longest. Head
l' :J : depths. D. 12; A. LO; L. Cinches. Massachusetts to West Indies;
very abundant southward.

(Diodon geomelricua Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 513: Diodon maculoatriatux Mitcbill,
Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 470, 1815; Giinther, viii, 310.)

Subsp. (?) fialigiBiosiiS (Dek.) Goode & Bean.

Dark brownish olive above, with wavy dusky lines; belly black, the
bases of its spines bright orange. Entire body covered with large
three-rooted spines, which are very numerous and close set, especially
on the belly; spines of the belly as large or even larger than those OIL
back; not imbedded. D. 12; A. 10. Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod
southward; not common; probably a young form of the preceding.

(Diodon fuligtnoeus Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. 324.)

FAMILY CXXX.— ORTIIAGORISCID.E.

(The ffead-fitthen.)

Body more or less short and deep, compressed, truncate behind, so
that there is no caudal peduncle. Skin rough, naked, spinous or tes-
sellated. Mouth very small, terminal; teeth completely united in eacli
jaw, forming a bony beak without median suture, as in ]>io<l(»i. Dorsal
and anal fins similar; posterior, more or less perfectly continent around
the tail: no spinons dorsal; no ventral fins; pelvic bone undeveloped;
pectorals present. Belly not inflatable; gill-opening small, in front of
pectorals; an accessory opercular gill; no air-bladder. Fishes of the
open seas, apparently composed of a head to which small tins are at-
tached. Cicnera .'5; species 1. Found in most warm seas.
v, group Mulinn (liiuthrr, viii, :!l?-:'>-JO.)

130. ORTHAGORISCID.E — MOLA. 865

«. Skin thin, armed with stout spines; vertical fins not confluent; body deeper than
long (Molacanthi-nce) MOLACANTHUS, 485.

aa. Skin thick, granular or tessellated; vertical fins falcate, confluent hehind. (Or-

thagoriscince.)
b. Body not twice as long as deep; skin without hexagonal plates MOLA, 486.

4§5 — MOJLACANTHUS Swaiuson.
(Pallasia Nardo: Acanlhosoma Dekay. )

(Swaiuson, Class. Fish. etc. ii, 329, 1839: type Diodon mola P 'alias = Holacantlms pallasi
Sw. = Diodon nummularis Walb.)

Body suborbicular, much compressed, deeper than long, covered by
a thin silvery skin on which are many strong spines. Dorsal and anal
fins high and short, not confluent, the space on the tail between them
occupied by a row of small spines; pectorals moderate. These small
fishes have been generally considered as the young of Mola. The fact
that they are not so was first conclusively shown by Prof. Putnam (Am.
Nat. Dec. 1870). The species inhabit the open seas. (Mola; axdvda,
spine.)

133§. Iff. iiummuiaris (Walb.) Gill.

Olive brown above ; sides and below iridescent silvery. Body verti-
cally oval, higher than long; spines on body scattered, striated on sides.
Head more than half length, which is little more than § depth. D.. 25.
(Dekay.) Atlantic Ocean; rare on our coast. L. about 2 inches.

(Diodon nummnlaris Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 600: Acanthosoma carinatum De-
kay, New York Fauna, Fish. 330: Holacanthus pallasi Putnam, 1. c.)

•

486.— ITIOL.A Cuvier.
(Orthagoriscm Bloch & Schneider.)

(Cuvier, Lecous d'Auat. Comp. 1800 (fide Gill): type Orihagoriscus mola Bloch &
Sclmeider= Mola rotunda Cuvier.)

Body ovate, strongly compressed, covered with a thick, rough, leath-
ery, elastic skin, which is without bony plates. Profile forming a pro-
jecting fleshy nose above the mouth. Dorsal fin beginning not far be-
hind pectorals, short and high, falcate, confluent with the anal around
the tail; no large spines on the body. Clumsy fishes,, found in most
warm seas, reaching a great size. (Latin mola, a millstone.)

1339. ITI. rotunda Cuv.—Sun-fish; Head-fish; Mola.

Dark gray; sides grayish brown, with silvery reflections; belly dusky;
a broad blackish bar running along the bases of the dorsal, caudal, and
Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 16 55

866 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

anal fins. Dorsal and anal fins high in front, rapidly decreased back-
wards; caudal fin low, and with a wavy outline. Depth always more
than half length, and in the young the vertical diameter exceeding the
longitudinal. Form varying much with age, the body becoming more
elongate, the fins comparatively shorter, the eye much smaller, and a
hump being developed above the mouth, topped by an osseous tubercle.
Head 3; depth If . D. 17; A. 16. Pelagic, inhabiting most temperate
and tropical seas, swimming slowly about near the surface; common
northward to Cape Cod and Point Concepcion. It reaches a weight of
about 500 pounds.

(Tetrodon mola Linn. Syst. Nat.: Ortliagoriscus mola Blocb & Schneider, 1801, 510:
Orthagoriscus mola Storer, Fish., Mass. 420: Orthagoriscus analis Ayres, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, 31, f. 54: " Mola rotunda Cuvier, 1800.")

ADDENDA ET COBRIGENDA.

Page 3 (57). BrancSiiostoona lauceoBatum.

To the synonymy of species No. 1, add:

(" Umax lanceolatus Pallas, Spicilegia Zool. x, 19, about 1770.")

Until the Lancelots are more fully compared, neither our Atlantic
nor our Pacific coast form can be distinguished from the European
species.

Page 5. Instead of Bdellostoma read:
3. PwlistotB-ema Gill.

The generic name Heptatrema Dume'ril (Cuvier, Begne Anini.) has
priority over Bdellostoma Miiller. Species 3 may be named —

3. P. stout! (Lockington) J. & G.

The identity of this species, thus far known only from the coast of
California from Santa Barbara northward, with the Chilian H, dombeyi
is doubtful. The description, on page 57, is taken from California speci-
mens. The genus Polistotrema Gill (Proc. TJ. S. Nat, Mus. 1880, 30) is
distinguished by the presence of 11 to 14 gill-openings instead of 6 or 7,
the base of the tongue being between the seventh and eighth (not an-
terior) pair of branchiae.

Page 7. A better generic arrangement of our Lampreys than that
given in the text would be as follows (omitting the character of the
division of the dorsal fin, which is subject to much individual varia-
tion):

a. Maxillary tooth single, crescent-shaped, with a cusp at each end.

6. Lingual teeth pectinate 4. ENTOSPHEXUS* Gill.

&&. Lingual teeth obscurely tricuspidate 5. AMMOCCETES t Dume'ril.

aa. Maxillary tooth of 2 or 3 pointed cusps close together; lingual teeth pectinate.

6. PETROMYZONt L.

* Species E. tridentatm (Gairdn.) Gill.

t Including Lampetra Gray. Species A. plumbeus (Ayres) Bean: A. aureus Bean: A.
niger (Raf.) Jor. : A appendix (Dek.) J. «fc G.

I Including Ichthyomyzon Grd. Species P. argenteus Kirt. : P. castaneus (Grd.) Bean:

P. marinus L. : P. dorsatus Wilder.

8G7

8fi8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Page 7. The genus 4 (a) Entosphenus should probably be admitted,
and its species should be —
4. E. tridciitatus (Gairduer) Gill.

It ranges from Monterey to Vancouver's Island, and Nos. "5" and
"6" are not distinct from it.

On page 8, after Ammoccetes pliinibeus, add:
7 (&). A. aureus Bean.

Plumbeous above, golden yellow below; under side of head and neck
silvery. Maxillary tooth single, bicuspid; mandibulary with 7 cusps,
the outer largest. Head shorter than chest; distance from eye to first
dorsal thrice base of first dorsal; base of second dorsal twice as long
:is that of first, the fin twice as high; interspace between dorsals §
length of head; tail (from vent) 4 in total length. Head 10£ (5£ in
distance to first dorsal). L. 15 inches. Yukon River, Alaska; abun-
dant. (Bean.)

(Ammocoeics anrcus Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881, 159: $ Petromyzon marinus
atmtttchaticus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii, 1811.)

On page 9, after Ammoccetes niger, add:
•§ d>). A. appendix (Dekay) Gill.

Dusky brown, sometimes tinged with bluish; fins pale amber. A
rin£ of irregularly-shaped corneous processes within the mouth, and a
large isolated double tooth of the same texture on the inferior portion
of the mouth. Origin of dorsal in advance of middle of body (behind
middle in A. nigcr). Vent near posterior third of body. Anal papilla
(l- appendix") conspicuous in males in spring. Streams of New York
and Southern New England. (Dekay.) Not lately recognized, but ap-
parently differing from A. nlgcr in the less posterior dorsal.

( Pe.lromyzon appendix Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. l-'42, 381: Ammoccctcs unicolor
J>rk:iy. 1. c. :Ki; larva. Of the remaining species dcscrihcd by Dekay, Aminni nh-s,
Li- Sucnr, 1. c. 383, seems to !><• tin- larva of Pctromi/:i»t iimriium, and 7'. Inmot-
n Le Sueur MSS. 1. c. 38'2, is prohalily I'l-fromi/zon artjaitcitx.)

Page 10. Pctromyzon caxtancus has been lately received from Loui-
siana, It is considered a valid species by Dr. Bean, as is also 0 (6),
y. li'n'H(n, (Grd.) Bean. ]ioth tlicsr s}>ecies have the maxillary tooth
»fi< iis])id, not bicuspid as in ]'. nr<j<')i1<-tis.

Page 11. The mandibulary teeth in Pefronii/:i>ii marinus are usually
7 in number. The plates of the anterior lingual pair are confluent, and
t their serrations as stated in the text.

ADDENDA 6. SCYLLIIDJE SCYLLIOKHJNUS. 869

Page 11. Instead of P. nigricans Le Sueur, read:
12. P. mariims, subsp. dorsatus Wilder, sp. nov.

The " Petromyzon nigricans" of the Atlantic coast streams seems to
be the young of P. marinus. The Cayuga Lake Lamprey described in
the text oil page 11 is apparently a distinct subspecies, differing fro?n
P. marinus in the longer head (snout 1^ in chest; head half longer
than chest; in P. marinus snout If in chest; head one-third longer than
chest) ; mandibulary teeth usually 8 or 9. Males with the bade before
dorsal fin compressed in a long, hard, fleshy ridge. Interspace between
dorsals variable in length, shortest in males, J to -f- base of first.
Tail 3| in length. Coloration of P. marinus, and size not much less.
Abundant in Cayuga Lake, New York; not yet observed elsewhere.
The differences above noted are not very constant.

(Wilder MSS. : Petromyzon nigricans J. & G., page 11 of this work. )

Page 14. Under Echinorhinus the reference
(Blainville, Bull. Sci. Philomath. 1816, 121)
should be supplied.

Page 18 (and 59). Instead of genus 13 (b] Scyllium Cuvier read:
13 (&).— SCYLL,IORHINtJS Blainville.

(Blaiuville, Bull. Sci. Philorn. 1816, 121 : type Seylliorhinus catulns Blainville = Squalus
canicula L.)

The generic diagnosis of u Scyllium^ on page 59, applies to Seyllio-
rhinus, with the exception of the clause "nostrils separated by a broad
isthmus", which is true of part of the species (subgenus Catulus Smith)
only. Species 18 (b) should be "$. ventriosus (Garman) J. & G."

After 18 (6), 8. ventriosus, add:
1§ (c). S. retifer (Garman) J. & G.

Light brownish, crossed at irregular intervals by groups of 2 to 4
narrow black lines, which are joined by other lines, forming a network
of polygonal meshes ; belly uniform yellowish. Body moderately elon-
gate, the vent in front of its middle. Head depressed, its width nearly
equal to its length in front of spiracles; length of snout from mouth
less than distance between outer margins of nostrils; nasal valves
broader than isthmus between them, not reaching mouth, without
free cirrus; length of arch of mouth a little more than half its width;
lower labial fold reaching one-fourth distance to symphysis; teeth
small, each with a central cusp and two small ones on each side. Pec-

870 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

torals short and broad. First dorsal inserted near middle of length of
bodyj caudal not large. (Odrman.) Deep water, off the coast of Vir-
ginia; one specimen known.

(Sryllium retifcrttm Gannan, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xi, 233, 1881.)

Page 18. Instead of GaleorhinidcBj read:

FAMILY VII.— CARCHARIIDJS.

On page 19, instead of Mustelus hiunulus, read:
19. I»I. ranis (Mitch.) Dek.

Add to the synonymy:

("Squaltts cam's Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 486, 1815: Nustelits asterias
Cloquet, Diet. Sci. Nat. xiv, 407, 1820: Muslelua plebejas Bouap. Faima Italica, 1838,
49.")

Page 20, species 20 :

The Jlustclus canis of our Atlantic coast seems to ns to be perfectly
identical with the European species, the American name having prior-
ity of date. Mustelus cnJifornicua Gill, is however a different species.
I r may be thus compared with M. canis, the differential characters of the
latter species being interposed in parenthesis: In Ko. 20, M. i-uHforni-
CHH Gill, the dorsal fin is comparatively small (large), its anterior lobe
obtuse, and when depressed not reaching so Car as (reaching well be-
yond) the posterior lobe; height of anterior lobe less (more) than the
base of the fin, which is little (considerably) longer than snout and less
(more) than one-third the interspace between dorsals; the pectoral is
comparatively short, not reaching to anterior third (reaching nearly to
middle) of dorsal, or about half way to the beginning of the slit be-
tween vent nils (half way to the base of the claspers). The snout in
I/. i-<ii;/<»-ni<-nK is more pointed, the mouth narrower, its anterior angle
more acute (obtuse); breadth between angles of mouth rj (;|) snout.
lifon/ii'i/s reaches a larger si/.e than M. run!*. In Musti-liix
the embryo is attached to the placenta-. It therefore be-
longs to the subgeims " Pleuracromylon" Gill.

1'aue LMI. The genus '•/,'// i tint rindx." introduced on page .">!)., may be
.suppressed, k'7i'. lunl, i'" brin.u a s[)ecies of Trim-i*. as gi\cn on page 20.

Page L'O ((>(>). LM) (/>), « L'hi imtriacis Iccvia" (or, better, Miixtetus Iccvis
Uisso) should probably be suppressed, as tin- evidence of its occurrence
in our waters is insullicieut.

ADDENDA 7. CARCHARIID.E GALEORHINUS.

871

Page 21, After GaleorJiinus add the reference:

(Blainville, Prodrome Faune Frangaise, Poiss. i, 85, 181G.)

It is probable that our species is really distinct from the European.
It may be characterized as —

23. <J. zyopterns* J. & G. sp. riov. — Oil Shark.

Dusky grayish; most of pectoral, tip of caudal, and anterior portion
of both dorsals black. Snout depressed, rather long, but rounded at
tip; nostrils considerably nearer mouth than tip of snout; the anterior
lobe with a small pointed tip; interorbital space a little less than length
of snout; teeth about f |, the four or five teeth nearest the middle of the
jaw much smaller than the others; median tooth of each jaw smallest,
subtriangular, without basal cusps; lateral teeth of both jaws similar,
with their poiuVs strongly directed outwards; a sharp angle near the
middle of the outer margin, below which are 2 to 5 sharp cusps or ser-
rations; labial folds moderate. Eye large, the small spiracles sepa-
rated from it a distance about equal to its diameter. Head with many
mucous pores. Distance between angles of mouth nearly twice length
of mouth, and equal to length of snout from mouth. Pectoral fin mod-
erate, reaching somewhat beyond front of dorsal, its tip somewhat
pointed, its free edge concave. Middle of first dorsal nearly midway
between pectorals and ventrals, its anterior lobe rounded, posterior,
acute; second dorsal scarcely one-fourth as large as first, a trifle larger
than anal, which is inserted slightly farther back.

Measurements of a large example, 63 indies in length, from San Pedro, California,

Length 100.

Greatest depth 14.

Length of head 18.

Length of snout (from mouth) 7. 5

Length of snout (from eye) 8.

Width of mouth 7.

Length of spiracle 0. 7

Length of eye 2.5

Distance from snout to first dor-
sal 3. 3

Length of base of first dorsal 7. 3

Height of first dorsal 7. 5

Distance between dorsals 2.5

Length of second dorsal 4.5

Height of second dorsal 4.

Length of anal 3.5

Length of caudal 21.

Distance from pectorals to ventrals. 25.

Length of pectorals 15.

Length of ventrals . . . 4.5

Coast of Southern California, from San Francisco to Cerros Island,
extremely abundant. Valued for the oil in its liver, and for the fins,
which are much prized by the Chinese, the gelatinous fin-rays making

a fine soup.

(Galeorhinns galeus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 42, and 1881, 18:
typical specimens have be«n distributed by the National Museum as Nos. 26927,

; soup; itrepov, I'm.

872 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

20973, 27190, and 27:'.91. The European species, G. f/aleus, is said to have the middle
t<-eth of the ,ja\vs not reduced, iu. size, the median tooth in each jaw with basal cusps;
the second dorsal half smaller than the first; the fius plain, etc.)

Pages 22, 23, 24, GO. The groups called Carchartnus and Eulamia
should rather be considered as subgeneric sections of a single genus,
which may stand as —

!§.— CARCHARBAS Kafmesque.
(Rafinesque, ludice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 44: type Squalus fjlaucus L.)

The species of Carcharias should stand as follows:

25. C. glacicus (L.) Cuv.

26. C. O&SCUBD'US (Le Sueur) Miiller &. Heiile.

In this species the very long pectorals extend beyond the end of the
dorsal, and their outer margin is four times as long as the inner.

26 (ft). C. pBatyodoii (Poey) J. & G.

Slaty-blue, white below; caudal blackish, other fins with dark tips.
Body stout. Head very short, broad, depressed, and bluntly rounded.
Mouth twice as broad as long, its breadth about half more than length
of snout; inner lobe of nostril very blunt; nostril a little nearer eye
than tip of snout; upper teeth very broad, triangular, erect, coarsely
serrate, not notched; lower teeth narrower, more finely serrate. First
dorsal beginning close behind pectoral, a little higher than long, not
falcate, its base 2.', in interspace between dorsals; second dorsal very
small, its base 5 in interspace; caudal moderate, 2'rJ in body; anal a
little longer than second dorsal, and placed a little farther back; pec-
torals rather small, not falcate, G in total length, reaching a little past
dorsal; width of pectoral nearly two-thirds its length. L. 10 to 1.1 feet.
Cuba to Texas; abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; the specimen here
described being from Galveston.

26 (f). €. pBiiDiibfus (Nardo) J. & G.

Bluish gray, whitish below. First dorsal rounded above, inserted
irmnediateU above the base of the pectoral ; seeond near the middle
of the base of the anal; pectoral one-third longer than broad, its ex-
ternal angle rounded. Month arched, its breadth equal to its distance
from tip of snout ; snout short, rounded, a little longer than in C. Itnuln ,•
eyes small: upper teeth scarcely notched on the outer margin. (Dodcr-
liin.) Mediterranean; ,^;iid to have been once taken at New York.

(X</i<ttlu.i i>litinlK-iin Nardo, Priidr. lehth. Venice, LS'J7, '.»: Cun-linnux (I'rioiiodon) )itil-
bi'i-li Valeneirnnrs MSS. in Miiller A Henle, J'la^. 38, 1--H: Kulitmiu milbcrti Gill,
1'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1-S1, 'JlrJ, in part: ('nn-hariax ii(illj<rti Dodcrlein, Mauuale Ittio-
log. M.-dit.-r. ItWl, 44.)

ADDENDA 7. CARCHARIIDJ3 CARCHARIAS. 873

This species should probably be omitted from our lists, as there is up
good evidence that any of our sharks are identical with the plumbeus or
the milberti of the Mediterranean. Probably C. cceruleits was originally
confounded with it. The Eulamla milberti of recent American writers
is probably the following species, which may be substituted, as —

27. C. ccemleus Dekay.

This species differs from C. platyodon chiefly in the following respects:
Head longer, the snout much less obtuse, its length from mouth equal to
breadth of mouth ; distance between nostrils £ less than length of snout.
Teeth and fins as in C. platyodon. Pectorals rather small, not falcate,
G£ in body; caudal 4, rather narrow. New England to Florida; not
rare.

(CarcJtarias cccruleus Dekay, Now York Fauna, Fishes, 354, 62; Jordan & Gilbert.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18^2: Lamna caudata Dek. 1. c. 354: Eulamia milberti Gill, Proc,
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 262; probably not Carcharias milberti M. & H.)

27 (&;. C. lamia Raf.

To the description on page 23 add the following:

Head broad, depressed; snout short and rounded, nostrils midway
between its tip and the front of the mouth; breadth of mouth greater
than preoral length of snout. First dorsal very large, commencing
close behind the base of the pectoral, its height a little greater than
the length of its base, its anterior margin convex, its upper angle
rounded, its posterior border nearly straight, its lower angle pointed,
its height about equal to greatest depth of body ; second dorsal much
smaller than first; pectorals at least twice as long as broad; upper
lobe of caudal one-fourth the total length, twice the inferior lobe.
Grayish, fins rarely darker at tip. Coasts of Europe, etc. The claim
of this species to a place in our fauna is extremely questionable.

(1 Carcharias lamia Ratinesque, Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 44, no descr. : Carcharias
VHlgaris Cuvier, Regne Auira. ii, 126, 1817: Carcharias lamia Risso, Hist. Nat. Ear. Mer.
jii, 119, 182i) : Squalls carcharias of some early authors, not of Liunajus, whose account
is based chiefly on Carcliarodon. )

27 (c). C. lamiella Jor. & Gilb.

The species described as E. lamia on page GO is probably distinct
from the European species, and has been described by us (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1882) as Carcharias lamiclla. In this description, on page
61, tenth line, for height read size. In the thirteenth line, read "in not
having the first dorsal higher", etc.

874 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Page 24. Instead of Aprionodon punctatus read :
29. A. isodou (Mull. & Henlo) Gill.

It is doubtful whether this species has ever been taken on our coasts.
The name punt-tat us is very doubtfully applied to this spedes, as the
Si/tKil/ix jtiotctatus of Mitchill is as likely to have been C. temcnocce. A.
•isodon should be suppressed from our lists until its alleged occurrence
in our waters is verified.

On page 25, the genus Reniceps is probably unworthy of retention,
and it should be reunited to Spliyrna. The characters to be assigned to
the genus Spliyrna are included under the account of the family. Spe-
cies 31 should be —
S. tiburo (L.) Raf.

The correct reference to the description of SpJiyrna is —
(Ratinesque, ludice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 46.)

On page 27, family X should be Odontaspididce. Its single genus may

stand as —

25.— ODONTASPIS Agassiz.

(Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, iii, 87, 1636: type Squaltta ferox Risso.)

The American species should stand as —
31. O. littoraDis (Mitch-) J. &, G.

The prior name americanm (Mitch.) was the result of an error of
identification.

Page 28. Instead of Isurus glaucus read :

35. I. dckayi (Gill) J. & G.

Dark bluish-gray above, white below, the color abruptly changing on
the tail; upper fins dusky, lower pale. Head 5 in length to tip of cau-
dal; pectoral as long as head, a little longer than upper caudal lobe.
Dorsals and pectorals falcate; first dorsal inserted behind pert oral at a
distance, equal to one-fourth head; base of dorsal 2^ in head, its height
\'{. Middle teeth very long, much longer and narrower than lateral
tei-th. Length 10 feet, (.'ape Cod to VTest Indies. The American spe-
cies seems to differ from the Asiatic J. glaucus in its longer pectorals
and higher dor>al.

(Lniiiim jiiiiii-liitu I>i-k:iv. \i-\v York F:mn:i, Fi>liex, 1SJ-J, :!.VJ (not Siiiinhm fiunctatnH
Mi tcli.) : Imtro/mix ili-kni/i (Jill, Am. Lye. N. Y. 1858, 153: Ituroprie glauou* Tory, .Syuops.
J'isc. Cubfiis, not Oxtjrlnnn ijliiitt-n M. A. //. ?)

Page 29. Instead of /\ ///•?<*• o.ryrlnjHchw read:

36. I. spalfluiixaiiii \: •<

This species should be erased, as there is no evidence of its occurrence

ADDENDA 17. PRISTID^E PRISTIS. 875

iu our waters. "Lamna punctata" Storer is doubtless based on Lamna
cornubica, with which species Kafinesque's description of Isurus ox-
yrliijnclms is identified by Doderlein. This species should probably
stand as J. spallanzanii Eaf. (Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 45, 1810).

Page 30. The reference to the generic description of Carcharodon
should be —

(Smith MSS. ; Bonaparte, Mem. Soc. Neufch. ii, 9, 1839 : type Carchardon smitliii Bon,
= C. carcharias. )

Page 30. Instead of C. rondeletii read:

38. C. carcSiai'ius (L.) J. & G.

To its synonymy add :

(Squahts carcharias L. Syst. Nat. i, 400, excl. syn. pars: Carcharias verus Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss. iii, 91, 1836.)

Page 31. The reference to Cetorhinus should be —

("Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 121.")

No. 39 should be-

39. C. EuaxiiBBUS (Gunner) Blainv.

and to the synonymy should be added :

(Sqtialiis maximiis Guuner, Troiiclj. Selskschr. iii, 33, 1765.;

Page 31. The family BMnodontidcB and its species, Micristodus punc-
tatus, should be omitted, as they do not belong within our fauual limits.

Page 32. Instead of 31, Gyr&pleurodm, read:

31.— HETEKODONTUS Blainville.
(Blaiiivillc?, Nonv. Bull. Scienc. 1816, 121: type Squalus phillipi Lac.)

The characters of the genus are equivalent to those of the family. The
American species should stand as —
41. II. frasicasci (Grd.) Gill.

It is abundant on the coast of California from Point Coucepciou south-
ward.

On page 3-7, instead of Pristis antiquorum, read:
44. P. pecilsiatnis Latham.

And read in the description, "rostral teeth in 25 to 28 pairs" (instead
of 1C to 20, the number found in P. antiquorum ; we find no authentic
record of the occurrence of the latter species in our waters). P. pecti-
natus occurs in the Tropical Seas, north to our South Atlantic coast;
abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; ascending the Lower Mississippi.

(Latham, Trans. Linn. Soc. ii, 298, 1794; Giinther. viii, 437.)

876 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

On page 37. The Rhinolatidcc are all ovoviviparous, a character
which distinguishes them from the oviparous Raiidce.

On page 38. Rlii/wbattis leucorliynclius Giiiither is not identical with
/«'. product UK, and should be erased from the synonymy of the latter
species, which does not extend southward from California. In R. pro-
iliu-tiix the rostral ridges, are armed with small spines above, and are
largely confluent anteriorly, not "separated along their entire length,''
as stated in the text; anterior nasal valve not dilated laterally and not
extending to the inner edge of the nostril; first dorsal well behind
tips of ventrals, not reaching nearly to the second. Females with a
small digitate flap, free behind, above tip of snout. Color grayish,
without pale spots; snout paler, a black blotch beneath it. San Fran-
cisco to San Diego. The description quoted in the text, from Dr.
Streets, was taken from a specimen of R. leucorlnjnchus. R. product us
and K. lentiyuntxux belong to the subgenus Rhinolatus, distinguished
from " Syrrhina" by the long, sharp snout and narrow nasal flaps. Our
two species of "Syrrhimi" have each recently been made the types of
new generic names, viz: ll- Znptrryx" (Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1880, 5.">: type J'latyrlthut c.wtt<j>er<ttfi J. & G.) and "Flntyrltinoidiv" (Gar-
iiian, Proc. U. S. Nat. .Mus. 1SXO, .li'L': type J'lalyrliina triseriata J. & G.).
Platyrhinoidis is u distinguished from Kyrrltina and Tryonorliinn by the
labial told, nasal valves, and marginal series of spines, and from riatyr-
liiiin by the fold, valves, separation of pectorals, and viviparity." Tryyo-
norliin'i dlrcntit Garmaii. I5ull. ^Iiis. Comp. Zool. 1880, 100, is identical
with Iiltinohntiin CMixpenttus.

In R. ejr(ix/i< fain* Hie dorsals are well forward, the origin of first dorsal
being nc;irer hinder part uf root of ventrals than front of second dorsal.
In /.'. t,-i\< rid/us the ori.uin of first dorsal is nearer root of caudal than
the hinder part of root of ventrals. In the latter theros'ral ridges ;ire
strongh ctiinTrgent, in R. r./y/.s-/// TiitHN they are ]»arallcl.

On pa-r 39, add to description of 47, Torpedo califuniicn Axres:

Color \er\ dark brown, \\ithsmall round black spots, which are some-
times obsolete. K\ es small, the spiracles ;it a distance behind them
more than twice diameter ()f e\ e ;ind more t han len-t h of spir;icle: edges
of spiracles not tnn.ued ; breadth of mouth about equal to its distance
from tip of snout. Teeth small, sharp, i:i few series. Tail a little
shorter than disk. First dorsal tin more than twice as large as second;
half of it opposed to the \entrals. Coast of California; thus far seen
only about San Francisco and Santa Cruz.

ADDENDA 20. KAIID.E RAIA. 877

On page 39, after description of Torpedo calif ornica, add:

36 (&).— IVARCIi\E Henle.

(Heule, Ueber Narcine, 31 : type Torpedo brasiliensis Olfers.)

Disk more or less rounded, not emarginate in front; spiracles ex-
tremely close to the eyes, their edges tuberculate or smooth ; mouth
narrow, surrounded by a circular fold of skin, which forms the frenum
of the nasal valve; teeth in quincunx, not occupying the whole of the
jaw, following the edge of the jaw outward, so that most of them are
visible when the mouth is closed. Tail about as long as disk. Second
dorsal larger than first. Tropical Seas, (vd/^ij, numbness, an ancient
name of the Torpedo.)

47 (&). IV. brasilicnsas (Olfers) Henle.

Subsp. corallina Garruan.

Orange; a dark brown band across the head in front of the eyes, inter-
rupted on the forehead; a large triangular space of the light color on
the snout in front of the dark band; rest of body with faint dark mark-
ings and small round spots. Posterior borders of dorsals and caudal
truncate ; otherwise as in N. brasiliensis (Olfers) Henle, of which species
this is thought to be a local variety. (Garman.) N~. brasiliensis has the
disk oval; the first dorsal smaller than the second; the teeth pointed
and the spiracles very close to the eye, surrounded by a ring of small
tubercles. Pensacola, Florida, to Brazil.

(Torpedo brasiliensis Olfers, Torped. 19: Giiiither, viii, 453; Garman, Bull. Mus.
Corap. Zool. xi, 234, 1881.)

On page 42, after Raia granulata, add :
53 (&). K. os'Biata Garman.

Allied to R. eglanteria. Light brownish, freckled with paler, marked
with a few groups of small darker spots; several spots on the tail; one
at base of each dorsal. Disk little broader than long, the anterior mar-
gins convex; tip of snout obtuse; snout not produced; rostral cartilage
obtuse. Width of mouth three-fourths its distance from end of snout.
Teeth in upper jaw in 44 series. A median series of spines on back and
tail; a lateral series on each side of this on back, and two on tail; a
series on each orbital ridge ; a single spine on forehead between eyes .
several above tip of snout; a group on hinder angle of pectoral and on
its anterior extremity ; besides these the entire upper surface is rough
with small asperities; lower surface smooth. Tail a little longer than,
disk. Deep water; off the coasts of South Carolina and Florida. (Gar-

878 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

man.) Perhaps a local variety of R. ackleyi Garman, a species described
from Yucatan Banks.

(Garman, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool. xi, 235, 1881.)

53 (o). K. plialonia Garman.

Brown, the adults purplish, with irregular transverse series of ill-
deli ne<l, often continent brown spots, besides some white spots ; tail with
light and dark bands; dorsals dark; lower surface white. Disk broader
than long, subquadraugular, rounded in front; snout forming a very
blunt angle; tail half longer than disk; rostral cartilage short, not ex-
tending to the tip of the snout. Width of mouth half its distance from
snout. Teeth in 32 series. Eyes large, their length more than inter-
orbital width. Back and tail covered with small, close-set, stellate
spines, the points slender, compressed, directed backwards. A close
series of large spines along the middle line of back and tail; a supra-
orbital row, and a single spine on each side of back of head ; a series
of about five on each side of shoulder-girdle, in front of which are one
or two more; two series on each side of tail. Lower parts smooth.
Deep water; off coast of South Carolina. (Garman.)

(Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xi, 236, 1881.)

On page 42, instead of Raia cooperi, read:
54. R. binocoalnta Grd.

The synonymy given to u R. Mnoculata" on page 44 should be trans-
ferred to this species, the original "binoculata" being the young, and
"cooperi" the adult, of the same species.

On page 43, instead of Eaia binoculata, read:
56. K. inoriiata .Ionian & Gilbert.

For the synonymy given on page 44 substitute the following:
(Raia inornala Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 457 and 1881, 74.)
Var. inn-mi* is also described in loc. cit. 1881, 74.

On p;ige !•"», after KaiasteUulatajSidd:

57 (l>). R. IKJU Kjifoi a Brim.

Olive bro\vn above, with numerous faint light blotches, two of which
are larger than the rest. Disk considerably broader than long; tip of
snout slightly projecting; interorbital width 3i in distance from snout
to eye; tail as long as distance from its root to eye. Teeth in L'T rows.
Snout, supraoccipital region, and whole margin of pectorals and ven-
trals, covered with small prickles, as is also an area on tail; back and

ADDENDA — 22. MYLIOBATIDyE — STOASODON. 879

tail with a median row of 22 to 29 large spines; tail with a marginal
row of large spines ; rest of disk mostly smooth. Lower surface smooth,
except an elliptical area below tip of snout. L. 3 feet. Unalashka,

Alaska. (Bean.)

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 157, 1881.)

On pages 47 and 65, instead of "Dasyatis Eafinesque" or "Dasibath
Walbauin," read :

4O.— TRYGON Adanson.

(Adanson MSS. ; Gooffroy St. Hilaire, Descr. Egypte P,oiss. 1809. 219: type Trygon
lymma St. Hil. = Raia pastinaca L.)

The name Trygon seems to be prior to Dasyatis Eaf. (1810); the
earlier Dasybatus of Walbaum included all the rays, and is therefore
properly a synonym of Raia L. The name Trygon is from rpuyw-^ a
turtle-dove. "Ab alarum expansarum similitudine. Sunt qui columbam
marinam appellant" (Eondelet, de Piscibus, 332, 1554).

The North American species of Trygon should stand as follows:

61. T. centrura (Mitch.) Linsley.
61 (6). T. hastata (Dekay) Storer.

62. T. sayi (Le Sueur) M. & H.

The specimen described on page 48 as "Dasyatis sayi" is the young
of T. sabina.

63. T. diptcrura Jor. & Gilb.

64. T. tuberculata (Lac.) Dum.
6 J. T. sabina Le S.

Page 50. Instead of Aetobatis read:

41.— STOASODON Cantor.

(Aetobatis Miiller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 1841, 179: not of Blniuville, Bull. Soc. Plii-
lora. 181(5, 112 (— Myliobatis') : Stoasodon Cantor, Catalogue Malayan Fishes,
1850, 1416: type Raia naririari Enphr.)

As the type of Aetobatis Blalnv. was Raia aquila L., the use of the
same name for a different genus is not allowable. (<rrwd?, arch; o'^wu?,
tooth.) Our species should stand as —
66. S. narinari (Euphrasen) Cantor.

Stoasodon laticeps (Gill) J. & G. (Aetobatis Jaticeps Gill, Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1865, 137 = Aetobatis latirostris Gunther, Fish. Centr.

880 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Aincr. 1SGO, 401), described from a specimen sent from San Francisco,
should probably not be included in this work. The species is abundant
on the west coast of Mexico, from which region the typical specimen was
most likely obtained.

Page 50. An earlier reference to Nyliobatis is —
(Dum^ril MSS. ; Geoffr. St. Hilaire, Descr. Poiss. Egypte, 1809, 336.)

Page 53. To synonymy of " Mania birosiris" add.:

(Eaio, birostritt Walbaum, Artecli Pise. 1792, 535.)

On page 77, last line, and page 78, forty-fourth line, for Pristipoma-
ij 87, read: SPAEIDJG, 88.

On page 78, seventh line, for Teuthydidce, read: ACANTIIURID^E, 99.
On page 78, thirtieth line, for Trachinidce, read : LATILID^E, 102.

On page 78, nineteenth line, for Centrarclddce, 84, read: ELASSOMA-
, 83 (b}.

On page 79, seventeenth and twenty-ninth lines, for Triglidcc, 108,
read: AGOXIDYE, 108 («).

On page 80, twenty-first line, for TracMnidce, read: TRICHODONTID^E,
102 (b.)

On page 80, thirty-fourth line, for "B," read "A A."

On page 81, after YYY, add:

YYYY. Dorsal fin single, the anterior half spinous, the posterior soft.

BLKNNIIDJE, 112.

I 'age 92. The group here called Litliolcpis is to be considered as a
section of /,r/m/o.s7r//,s rather than as a distinct genus. The name
Ah-artoNti'tiN (Uaf. lelitli. Oh. 1820, 73) should probably be adopted in-
Mea<l of IJlliitli-jtis. Tlic name IJtliol<'/>ix <«l<titi<tnfi»iis was givc-n to a
(hawing by Mr. Audnbon. A copy of this drawing was preserved by
Ualines<|iie in his licld-note book, which we have examined. It is evi-
dently a fancy sketch, like the " Pogostoma? "Aplocenlrux" " Eurysto-
/»//.v,"and oilier i<'hthy<»logical myths, which the humorous artist im-
j;osed on the credulous naturalist. Esox viridin L. was undoubtedly
intended for Lepidonteu-s ossem.

ADDENDA 29. SILURID.E ICTALUEUS. 881

Page 101, Instead of Pilodictis read:

53.— L.EPTOPS Rafinesque.

(Rafiuesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820,64: type Pimelodus viscosus Raf. =Silurus olivaris Raf.
Ac;rr6?, small; &)i}>, eye.)

The species should stand as —

91. L. olivaris (Raf.) J. & G.

u Pilodictis limosus" Eaf. was likewise based on a "drawing by Mr.
Audubon," which drawing, as shown by Rafinesque's copy, is merely a
fancy sketch of an imaginary cat-fish. The name should therefore be

disregarded. Of the remaining synonyms of this type, Leptops stands

next in date.

\

C:i page 105, after Amiurus catiis, add:
98 (//). A. brachyacanthus Cope.

BJackish, yellowish below. Body robust. Head not depressed ; eye
small, 7 in head. 4 in interorbital width. Maxillary barbels reaching
middle of pectoral spine; mental barbels to beyond the brauchioste-
gals; jaws equal. Dorsal and pectoral spines small, acute, not con-
cealed in the skin, equal in length, less than the interorbital width,
and not one-third distance from snout to dorsal; pectoral spine weakly
serrate behind only; caudal not described. Head 3f ; depth 4fl D. I,
6; A. 22; P. I, 6. Medina Kiver, Texas. (Cope.)

(Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xx, 35, 1880.)

On page 105, after Amiurus natalis, add:
1OO (6). A. belli Cope.

Olivaceous, belly and lower barbels pale. Body very slender. Head
flat, one-fifth longer than wide; jaws subequal; base of anal as long as
head. Pectoral spine finely serrate posteriorly, more than half length
of head; dorsal spine long, smooth, a little shorter than pectoral, its
base a little nearer muzzle than adipose fin; longest anal rays half
head; caudal rounded, its upper rays longer than lower. Head 3§;
depth 5|. A. 25. Little Wichita Eiver, Texas. (Cope.) Perhaps a
variety of A. natalis.

(Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat, Mus. xx, 35, 1880.)

Page 106. The genus Ictalurus has been heretofore usually distin-
guished from Amiurus by the connection of the supraoccipital process
with the second interspiual. In all the species with truncate or rounded
caudal fin, there is a considerable interval between these bones. In the
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 56

SS2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

fork-tailed species, commonly referred to Amiiu-HN, the two bones are
more or less close together; in some species apparently joined in the
young. but separated in the adult; in others apparently slightly sepa-
rated at the surface and joined under the skin. In but two species.
fin-calns and punctatus, is there a continuous bridge formed at all ages.
In view of the complete intergradation of this character, we have re-
tained the name Ainhtrux for the species with truncate caudal and the
interspinal and supraoccipital wholly separate, and Ictalurnx for those,
\vitli forked caudal and the two bones in question joined or approxi-
mated. The only other alternative, and a not unreasonable one, is to
refer all these species to one genus,

On page 108, instead of Ictalurus laciiNtris, read:
1O6. I. iiigricaiis (Le S.) Jor.

The "Gatlw lacustris"* (Walb. Artedi, Pise. 1792, 144) can hardly
be identified with any fish.

Page 110. To the description of Ariux fells, the following may be
added:

Bands of palatine teeth large, not prolonged backward over the
pterygoid region ; fontanelle prolonged backward in a narrow groove;
occipital process long, narrow, keeled. Pectoral rays I, 0.

Aria* cquestrix I>. & (>., is not distinct from A.felis, and should be
erased.

Page 111. Instead of Plectoxpomlyli read Order L. EVENTOGNATHI.
Tin- latter name is unobjectionable, and has priority of date.

Page 113. We do not believe that Ictiobus, llubalicltthyx. and Carpi
•iili-x ean be maintained as distinct genera, and think it preferable to
unite the three under the earliest name, Irtiolm*. In its dentition,
frfiolinx is intermediate between (Vrr/mu/r.v and 7,'Wm//rA/A//.v, and in
structure of mouth Bubalichthys stands between the others.

\\V have examined the original manuscript note-book of IJaliuesijiie.
containing the descriptions which were afterwards printed in the Ich
thyologia Ohiensis. In this book is a drawing of his " Iclinhnx /in/ml us."

' II is ilcsrrilinl as tiilliiws :

•• a ti<l UN lurimtrix, Aiiii-ric:iiiis M;il licinc^, An^lis l.ninl <<>il. I 'riiiianl . Arct. Zool.
Jninxl. p. I'.n. Corims i ri|u-il;ilr, auperne sub spadiceam, inlrnir ^riscuin; cirri trcs
in iii;iinliliiil:i iiitrriin-f, i|ii<iniiii nirilius Imi^il iidinc ilnos alios vinrit."

Tin- •• MailiriiK •- in I. .mil i 'mi " ,it" iviiiuint is siiid by Biohardaon to be a oat-fish,

:iiid it may have IHTH /. itiiiricuitx, lint the (It-scription is wholly iusiilliciciit.

ADDENDA — 30. CATOSTOMIDvE CATOSTOMUS. 883

from which it is evident that the species intended was the Catostonnus
bubalus of Kirtland — the Bubaliclitliys altus of this work (p. 110). If
this identification be accepted in our nomenclature, the specific name

•

hubalus should take the place of alt-us, and cyprinella that of bubalu*.
If Bafinesque's species be considered unidentifiable, the same change
should be made, as Kirtland's use of the name bubal ux followed next.
As Bafinesque's J. bubalus was the type of his Ictiobus, in strictness the
name Bnbalichthys should be superseded by Ictiobus as a subgeueric
name, while the group heretofore called Ictiobus \vould be called Sclc-
ronnathus 0. & V.

In this view, the species should stand as follows:

113. I. cypriaiella (C. & V.)Ag. (Sclerognatlitt-s.)
III. I. HB-us (Ag.) J. & G. (Ictiobus.)

115. I. ImbaBiis Raf. (Ictiobus.)

116. I. Ciirpio (Raf.) Nels. C Carpi-odes. )

117. 1. damalis* (Grcl.) J. &. G. (Carpiodes.)
IIS. I. thoiaipsoui (Ag.) Nels. (Carpiodes.)

119. 1. bisoDi (Ag.) Nels. (Carpiodes.}

120. I. cyprintis (Le S.) J. & G. (Carpiodes.)

121. I. c&gflfoi'iilis (Cope) Nels. (Carpiodes.')

Of these species, 117, 118, 119, and 121 are of doubtful validity.

Page 126. The following species of Catostomus may be added:
13O (c). C. nebulafer Garman.

Brownish, clouded and blotched with darker; a blackish lateral
shade; belly pale; lower half of preopercle abruptly silvery. Body
stout, little compressed. Head nearly as broad as eye; eye small,
about half snout; mouth small; lips with considerable free margin.
Dorsal inserted midway between snout and caudal; caudal deeply
notched; anterior rays of dorsal longest. Head 5; depth 5. D. 9;
A. 8; scales 14-90-14. Nazas Eiver, Coahuila. (Garman.) Very close
to C. guzmaniensis, if not the same.

(Catostomus tiebuliferus Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 89, 1881.)

* It is better not to adopt the name tumidus for any species of Carpiodcs, as the
original Carpiodes tumidus is not certainly identified. The description agrees well
with yonug specimens of I. bubalus, a species lately obtained by us in Texas.

884 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Page 145. "Teeth one-rowed (Chondrostomince)" belongs after f,

not tt.

Pap- MS, thirtieth line, instead of Alburn us, read: RlCHARDSOXirs,
108.

Page 156. Hyborhynchus fowipinnis is described by Professor Cope in
Hull. U. S. Xat. Mus. xx, 36, 1881, and H. nigrotccniatus and Cochlog-
iifitlinx hit/lit la tux, on page 37 of the same paper.

Page 157. After H.flumatiUs add:

188 (ft). H. piiuctifcr Garinan.

Brownish, paler below; cheeks silvery; scales pimctulate; a black
spot at base of caudal. Body little compressed, the anterior profile
regularly curved. Head moderately broad; snout rounded, little
longer than eye; mouth small; maxillary reaching half way to eye.
Ventrals short, not reaching vent, inserted a little in advance of dorsal. ,
Pectorals short, reaching little more than half way to ventrals; caudal
deeply notched. Lateral line slightly decurved. Head 4; depth 4.
I). 8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3. "Distinguished from D. couchii Grd. by the
size of the scales and a stouter form." Tributaries of Lago del Muerte,
Coahuila. (Garman.)

(Hy'bognatlniK (Dionda) punctifer Garman, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zool. viii, 89, 1881.)

Page 176. After G. bubalina add:

(&). C. ruhripainia (Garni.) J. & G.

Brownish above, sides rosy or silvery; cheeks silvery; a brownish
band from nape to pectorals; lower fins salmon color; caudal reddish;
dorsal dark brown. Body deep, much compressed, the back arched.
Head small; snout shorter than eye; maxillary not reaching eye. Pee
torals not reaching • vent nils, the latter to anal ; caudal deeply forked.
Scales much deeper than long. Head U; depth Ug. D. 8; A. 11;
scales 7-.">S-.'!. L. 3 inches. Tributaries of Lago del Muerte, Coahuila.

nihri/iii//i<i ( i.-irmaii. Hull. Mils. Coinp. Zuiil. viii, 1H, 1881.)
Taut- L'Oti. lilihilrliflii/x Ag. :

I'roiessor Garman gives in Science Observer (1881, vol. iii, No. 8, p.
57) a detailed account of the genus L'/iinx-lilln/s, in which 15 species

ADDENDA 31. CYPRINID.E KHINICHTHYS. 885

are recognized. These are distinguished by the characters given in
the following analytical key:

«. Mouth inferior, snout produced beyond it.

6. First dorsal ray midway between end of snout and base of caudal.

c. Lateral line 60-64 ; 1. trails. 10 + 1 + 9 nasittii*.

cc. Lateral line 70 cataracts.

66. First dorsal ray midway between anterior nostril and. base of caudal.

d. Lat. 1. 75-80; 1. trans. 10 + 1 + 10 marmoratus.

del. Lat. 1. 70; 1. trans. 10 + 1 + 10 luteus.

666. First dorsal ray midway between front of mouth and base of caudal.

e. Lat. 1. 70 ; 1. trans. 11 + 1 + 10 ; snout narrow ocelln.

ee. Lat. 1.80; 1. trans. 12 + 1 + 12 dulcis.

eee. Lat. 1. 70-72; 1; trans. 12 + 1 + 13 transmontanun.

6666. First dorsal midway between middle of eye and base of caudal.

/. L. trans. 25 maxillosus.

aa. Mouth subiuferior, snout not produced.

g. First dorsal midway between nostril and base of caudal; lat. 1. 80;

1. trans. 14 + 1 + 10 badiiix.

gy. First dorsal midway from eye.

h. Lat. 1.58-60; 1. trans. 9 + 1 +7 sinuix.

hh. Lat. 1. 70; 1. trans. 11 + 1 + 8 oMusus.

hhh. Lat. 1. 63; 1. trans. 12 + 1 + 9 atronasus.

i. Stout, black baud obsolete lunatux.

aaa. Mouth anterior.

fc. First dorsal midway from front of eye.

I. Lat. 1. 69-76 ; 1. trans. 11 + 1 + 10 meleagris.

II. Lat. 1. 64 ; 1. trans. 9 + 1 + 7 an'iiatus.

Most of these species we are unable to recognize. They seem to us
to be merely local varieties, or even individual variations, of the two or
three most widely-distributed types in this genus.

The following may perhaps be inserted:

V
Page 207. After R. transmontanus add:

316 (6). R. dulcis (Grd.) Jor. & Copel.

Eeddish brown, clouded with darker; lateral band very faint; a
dark caudal spot. Snout blunt, projecting beyond mouth, which is
small and inferior. Barbel small, sometimes absent. Ventrals reach-
ing vent. Scales small. Head*tJ. D. 9; A. 8; scales 12-80-12. Platte
Valley. (Garman.)

(Arr/yrcus diilcis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, Sweetwater Eiver; Gar-
man, Science Observer, 1881, 59, Cheyenne: Rltiniclithys ocdla Garman, 1. c. 59, from
N. E. Wyoming and Montana, has the snout narrow, the barbel conspicuous, the
scales 11-70-10: EhinicJitJn/s luteus Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo'l. 1881, 87, and
Science Observer, 1881, 59, from Ogden, Utah, has the snout long, more than twice
eye, the barbel small, and the scales 10-70-10: Bhinichthys marmoratus Ag. ; Garman,
1. c. 58, from Sault Ste. Marie, has the scales 10-78-10, and is possibly distinct from
R. cataractce.)

886 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.
I 'age 208. After Rhinichtltys atroitasux add:

',/'}. 11. hudilis Carman.

Brownish, mottled; .sides and belly silvery. Front of dorsal midway
between nostril and eye. Scales 14-80-10; otherwise as in R. obtusii.s.

Clinch Kiver. (Gar man.)

(Garmaii, Science Observer. 1881, GO.)

318 (c). R. sillliis Gannan.

Clouded brown; a dark lateral stripe, bounded above by a silvery
line. Head depressed above and in front of eyes; snout rather broad,
thin, little projecting. First dorsal midway between eye and base of
caudal. Head 4^. D. 9; A. 8; scales 9-GO-7; teeth 2,4-4, 2. Coa-
huila. Mexico. (German.)

(Garman, Science Observer, 1881, 61.)

318 (rf)- R

Similar to R. o&/»s«.s-, but with the jaws nearly equal. Head broad,
narrowed anteriorly; lips small; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Head 3|. D. 9; A.
7; scales 11-70-8. Western Illinois and Iowa.

(Agassi/., Am. Journ. Sri. Arts, 1K">4. o5? ; Uarman, Bull. Mns. Couip. Zocil. 1881, ~i>,

Illiil Sriclirr ( )liS<TV<T, 1881, G'J. )

318 0). R. arenatus Garinau.

Similar to R. meleagris, but with larger scales, and the teeth 1. 4—4, 1.
Head 4}; depth 5£, D. 8; A. 7; scales 9-(i4-7. Sand Hill Biver, Min-
nesota. (Garman.)

(i Janiiaii, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool. 1881, 87, and Science Observer, 1881,62.)

Page L'.'J."), tenth line, read: "nearly reaeliing rciitrnlx."1

Page I'll. The specimens described in the text as Squalins (itrariitx,
are the young of the species described on page L'K) as XijUttliuN rlto/na
lens. XibotiHt at curia Cope is also identical with the latter species.
Whether Kihonm atcacia (ird. is the same is very doubtful. The follow-
ing are the characters assigned to it, and may be substituted for those
i;iveii ill the text:

3«)7. S. :if rarms (Grd.) .1. A ('..

I'.lackish above, mottled with dark; paler below. P.ody somewhat
elongate, siiltl'iisil'orm; caudal jteduncle stout; head larger than in &.
i/ihboxHx; the tins lower: profile of head gently sloping i'oi'ward, the
snout subconical. jNIouth small, the maxillary not reaching to oppo-
site eye. Eye small, .">.] in head. Dorsal inserted over ventrals, nearer

ADDENDA 38. DOROSMATIDA DOROSMA. 887

base of caudal than snout. Head nearly 4 (with caudal). D. 9; A. 8;
scales 11-7. Teeth 1, 4-5, 2, without grinding surface properly so called.
L. 7 inches. From a spring in Utah, near the desert. (Girard.)

(Siboma atraria Grd. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 208, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv.
x, 297: ? Siboma atraria var. longiceps Cope & Yarrow, Zoiil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Mer. v. 667, 1876, from Nevada ; a small fish with the scales 12-56-5, the head 4, the
depth 4| iii length.)

Page 244. Numerous specimens of Phoximus phlegethontis from Prove
l&ver examined by us are full-grown at a length of barely 2 inches; the
lateral line is almost wholly wanting in all.

Page 244. If the generic name Leucos be considered as preoccupied,
this genus should stand as —

1O4.— mYJLOLEUCUS Cope.

Page 262. Instead of Megalops thrissoides read :
436. UI. atlanticus C. & V.

And erase the synonym " Clupea thrissoides Bloch & Schneider, 1801,
424," inserting instead "Mcgalops atlanticus C. & V. xix, 398."

Clupea thrissoides Bloch & Schneider is based on Broussonet's descrip-
tion of his Clupea cyprinoides, which is the East Indian Megalops cypri-
noides (Brouss.) Bleek. On our Gulf coast, Megalops atlanticus reaches
a length of about C feet, and is known as "Grande Ecaille."

Page 265. After Clupea sagax add :
441 (6). C. pscaadoiiisparaica (Poey) Gthr. — Spanish Sardine.

Plain bluish, silvery or golden below. Body slender, little com-
pressed, the belly scarcely cariuated, its scutes weak; mouth small, the
maxillary extending a little past front of pupil, 2f in head; lower jaw
and tongue with a few feeble teeth; cheeks much longer than deep, the
depth below eye f eye, which is 3£ in head ; opercle without strise. Gill-
rakers long, very slender, 30 to 40 below angle. Caudal as long as head;
ventrals below middle of dorsal; peritoneum pale. Head 4^; depth 5^.
D. 18 ; A. 17 ; Lat. 1. about 45. L. 6 J inches. Cuba to Pensacola, Florida.
Closely allied to the European Sardine (Clupea pilchardus Walbaum),
which is best distinguished by the strongly striate opercle.

(Sardinia pseudoMspanica Poey, Mcmorias Cuba, ii, 311, 1860; Giinthcr, vii, 442.)

Page 271. After D. cepedianum add:
451. E>. mexacataunn (Gthr.) J. & G.

Silvery, a small round dark spot at the shoulder. Maxillary reaching
front of eye; jaws even in front; eye as long as snout, four in head

888 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

I

Insertion of dorsal fin median, immediately behind base of ventrals:
the filament reaching end oi' anal fin. Scales large 5 nine scutes be
hind ventrals. Head 3£; depth 2f. D. 14; A. 25; Lat. 1. 40; L. tr. 13.
Gulf of Mexico; north to Louisiana. (GiintJier.)
Husk-minx (iiiuthcr, vii, 401), 1868.)

Page 273. After Stolepliorus ringens add :
452 (ft). S. nanus (Grd.) J. & G.

Pale, but not translucent; sides with a broad silvery shade, but with-
out distinct stripe. Body slender, moderately compressed, the belly
( ariuate and faintly serrate. Head compressed, conic, the snout rather
pointed, bluntish at tip. Maxillary extending beyond root of mandible.
Eye not very large. Teeth in both jaws. Pectorals and ventrals short.
Head 3£ ; depth 5. A. 22. Southern California ; abundant. Very
likely the young of 8. ringem, from which it seems to be separated by
the more compressed body. The many specimens obtained by us at
San Diego were of the same size, and schools of immature anchovies,
uniform in size, are rarely seen.

(AV//W///.S nanus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 334, 1858.)

Page 273. After Stolephorus hiulcus, which is probably identical with
N. brtncni. read;

454 (I). S. mitcliilli (C. & V.) J. & G.

Very pale, translucent, the silvery lateral stripe very narrow and not
\\cll defined, scarcely wider than pupil; snout and caudal yellowish.
with many dark points; middle line of back with a continuous stripe
formed of dark points; dark points along base of anal and behind it.
Body rather short and deep, compressed, belly slightly serrated; snout
short, not longer than pupil; eye very large; maxillary extending beyond
root of mandible, about to margin of opercle; both jaws with distinct
teeth: elieeks broadly triangular. Anal long and high, its base .Tr in
body; its first ray nearly under middle of dorsal. Pectorals long, 1 \ in
head. Head 3* ; depth t. J). 14 : A. LMi; Lai. 1. about :$7. L. L' A inches.
Atlantic coast; abundant from Cape Cod to Southern Texas.

(Eiitirinilis mitcliilli Cuv. A- V;il. xxi, 50 (not of (iiint lirr) : l-'.iiijninlix rittiiliix Stoivr,
llisl. I'i-li. M:iss. :t-ll, pi. \xvii, t'. ildiol ('lu/nn rillnlil Milch.): .Ionian A CilliiTt.
I 'roc. I". S. N;il. .Mils. I --•_': .' ^ni/niiilm <li«nl<-<int ( 'o|>c, Ti ans. Am. I'liilos. Soc. 1866,
4<>f> (l:ist i:iy of dorsal s:iid to lie in tVcmi nf first of anal).

On i>age i'7(i, after A.lepido8auru8 ferox, add:

i".. \. ;rsriilapiiis Hcan.
Closely related to .l./wo.r, did'ering chiefly in the much shoiler i>ec-

•

ADDENDA 46. SALMONID^E COEEGONUS. 889

torals and ventrals, the latter of 7 rays, the former of 12. Gill rakers
23 (27 in A.ferox}. Eye 5 in head, the maxillary extending to beyond
it. Head 0; depth 11. D. 39; A. 16; vertebrae (as in A.ferox) 50. Una-
lashka, Alaska. (Bean.)
(Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 1882.)

Page 281. After tiynodus lucioceps add :
464 (l>). S. intermedium (Spix) Poey. — Sand-diver.

Grayish, abruptly paler below; back and sides with eight dark cross-
bands, broadest at lateral line; a jet-black blotch on upper part of
shoulder-girdle, hidden by opercle; membrane of maxillary black; dor-
sal and pectorals barred, the former in fine pattern; lower fins and lower
part of head sulphur yellow. Body rather stout; head blunt, large,
the snout broader than long, about equal to eye, which is 4J in head;
frontal bones little striate ; interorbital space concave, 6 in head ; promi-
nent striai behind eye; jaws subequal; maxillary If in head, longer
than pectoral. Scales large, 4 to 6 rows on cheek; 3 series between
adipose fin and lateral line. Dorsal high, as high as long; pectoral 2
in head; ventral 1£. Head 4; depth 8. D. 11; A. 11; scales 4-48-7.
L. 15 inches. West Florida to Brazil.

(Saurus intermedium Spix, Pise. Brazil, 81 : Saurus intermediits Gtiuther, v, 39G: Saurus
analis Cuv. & Val. xxii, 483; Poey, Syu. Pise. Cub. 414.)

On page 288, twelfth line, read: Mouth generally terminal.

On page 290, all the text between the description of Microstoma
grcenlandicum and that of Mallotiis, on page 291, should be cancelled.

On page 300, after Coregonus merki, add :

493 (6) C. Eaui-eHae Bean.

" The height of the body is greater than the length of the head and
equals one-fourth of the total length without the caudal; the distance
of the nape from the front margin of the jaw is contained 2i times in
its distance from the beginning of the dorsal. The diameter of the eye
equals the length of the snout, and is about one-fifth that of the head.
Maxillary reaching nearly to the middle of the eye, its length contained
3£ times in that of the head; the supplemental bone about half as long-
as the maxilla, and its greatest width equals one-third of its length.
The length of the mandible equals three-sevenths of that of the head,
reaching to the hind margin of the orbit. The appendage of the ven-
tral fin is less than half as long as the fin and nearly equal in length to
the 7 scales immediately over it." Eye 5 in head. Scales much smaller

890 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

than usual iu C. art^li. D. 12; A. 11; V. 12; P. 16; Lat. 1. 84 to <J5.
Northern Alaska; Yukon Kiver to Point Barro\v. (Batn.)
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, LSdl, 156.)

Page 300. Instead, of OnGorhynchus chuiticha read:
"499. O. tchawytcha (Walb.) J. & G.

The barbarous appearance of this name scarcely warrants so great a
change in its orthography.

Page MHO. No. 515, Sal eel in HX Iwodii, should be erased. The speci-
mens in the British Museum, described by Dr. Giinther as Salmo hoodi
(vi, 150), belong to Salvelinus namaycush. The remaining types of Kich-
ardson's original description belong to Salveliwus fontinalis.

Page 325. After Chologaster ayaxxi.zi add:
523 (/>)• €. papillifcr Forbes.

The specimen from Southern Illinois, described in the text from the
-MSS. of Professor Forbes, proves to be distinct from C. agasxi.-J. Several
other specimens have been since obtained. It is further distinguished
from the other members of the genus by the presence of tactile papillary
ridges, as in .1 iHhlyvpxis and Ty)i]iH<Jitliys. The character of "no papil-
lary ridges", assigned in the text to Choloyttxter, should therefore be
erased.

(Chologaster papilliferuB Forbes, Aiuer. Nat. Jail. 18^2, 1.)

Page 32!). Cy)))'ino(lon (jtbbonun appears to be identical with C. raric-
t/ritiiN, dill'ering possibly in slightly greater sixes and deeper coloration,
the ante-dorsal region being, in the males, of an intense steel-blue and
the lower parts largely salmon red. Head 3'f to 3f ; depth 2 to 2^. D.
II: A. 10; scales 20-1 3.

For Cyprinodon gibbosus (15. »!<: <!.) substitute —
526. <'. bo vi it us I! A G.

A doubtful species, differing from C. rarirt/dhm in having the head 3
in length, the eye I in head, the ventrals under anterior margin of dor-
sal, and the lin -rays 1). !>, A. S. Leon's Spring, Texas. ,

(I1-. A G. I'm.-. A.Cad. Nat. Sri. Hiila. is.',:;, I!-;), rtr.)

•'»•-><; (b). C. cximiii* (inl.

J)ilfers from C. rar'n'tj<ttnN in having the head .'>.', in length, the eye I
in head: I >. 12, A. 12. ('oloration pale, the male largely golden. L. 2.^
inchrs. ( 'hilmahna h'ivei'.

(GiTOrd, I'rur. Ara.l. Nat. Sri. IMiila. L859, l"..-«.)

ADDENDA 19. CYPRINODONTID.E FUNDULUS. 891

Page 333. Fundulufi similis is very abundant everywhere on the Gulf
coast and north to South Carolina.

Page 333. Instead of Fuudulus zebra read:

536. F. Kebrimis J. & G. nom. sp. uov.

•
The name "zebra" is preoccupied in this genus.

Page 335. Omit from the synonymy of Fundulus adinia, Adinia multi-
J'asciata Grd. which is a very different species = Fundulus xenicus J. & G.

Page 336. After F. nigrofasciatus add:

*

542 (&). F. ocelSaris J. & G.

$ dark olive, golden below; sides with 13 to 15 dark cross-bands,
nearly parallel, the anterior narrower than the interspaces; sides pos-
teriorly finely speckled, with small pearly spots on both bands and in-
terspaces; dorsal and anal margined with orange; both fins with black
and pearly spots. 9 dark olive; sides dusted with dark points; middle
of sides with about 13 very narrow dark half bars; dorsal with an
ocellated black spot posteriorly. Head small and slender, tbe snout
short. Body rather slender. Eye 4 in head, 1| in interorbital width.
Teeth small, the outer series somewhat enlarged. Dorsal high, in
males reaching base of caudal, in females much lower; anal inserted
under second ray of dorsal. Oviduct not adnate to its first ray. Head
3i; depth 4. D. 11; A. 10; V. C; P. 13; scales 35-15. L. 3 inches.
Peusacola Bay, Florida.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 336. After Fundulus keteroclitus add :

543 (6). F. grandis B. & G.

•

Very closely related to F. hcteroclitns, but differing constantly in the
much lower fins, the longest rays of the dorsal even in tbe male not
more than half head, of anal If in head; eye 4 to 4i in head, slightly
more than half interorbital space. Head 3 to 3^; depth 3f to 3%. D.
11; A. 10 or 11; scales 35 to 38-15. L. 3 to 6 inches. Gulf coast; re-
placing F. heteroclitus.

(B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 389, etc.: Fundulus floridoisis Grd. Proc.
* Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1859, 157.)

Page 337. After Fundulus stdlifcr add:

.CJT. Body short arid deep, strongly compressed; gill-membranes restricted above 4o
region below upper edge of pectoral. (Adinia Grd.)

892 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

545 (/>). F. xcaiicus J. & G.

<? dark green; sides with 10 to 14 narrow, pearly bands, slightly ob-
lique, and mostly narrower than the interspaces; a diffuse dusky blotch
below and behind ej'e; lower jaw orange; bellj" yellow; dorsal and anal
blackish, with many round, pale-blue spots, besides orange spots near
base of fin ; caudal barred, with some pale spots; veutrals dusky, tipped
with yellow. $ greenish, with a faint dark lateral shade and some pale
cross-bands ; lower fins largely yellow ; upper mostly dusky. Body
very deep, much compressed, much as in Cyprinodon; the caudal pe-
duncle very deep; the head depressed, rapidly tapering to a sharp, con-
ical snout; the anterior profile somewhat concave. Females and young
with the back less elevated. Teeth very small, in a villiform band, those
of the outer series wide-set and considerably larger. Eye large, 3 in
head, 14- in interorbital space; opercle ad n ate to shoulder-girdle above
base of pectoral (as in Cyprinodon and Jordanella). Dorsal inserted in
advance of anal, its origin midway between caudal and middle of eye,
the longest rays in males reaching base of caudal, If in head; anal
lower; ventrals 1£ in head. Intestinal canal as long as body. Head
3; depth 2 (2f to 2* in 9). D. 9 or 10; A. 11 or 12; V. 6; P. 14; B. 5:
scales 25-10. L. 2 inches. Gulf coast, West Florida to Texas; localh
very abundant in shallow lagoons.

(Adinia muUifasciata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, 117; Jordan & Gil-
bert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, not Hydrargyra muUifasciata Le Sueur, nor Fiuidulit*
adinia Jor. & Gilb. )

Page 340. Zygonectes atrilatus should probably be suppressed. It
appears to be based on females of Gambusia patruellx.

Page 340. Instead of Zygonectes melanops read:

552. 22. iaiui-OBS .1. & G.

•
The known specimens of this species are from Cache River, in South

ern Illinois. For the synonymy in the text substitute —

(Zil!l»iiiTl<-n wr/MHo/w. Jordan, Bull. Illinois L;il>. Nat. Hi.-l. ii, 5lJ, 1878 (not /Iu/>loc!nlu*

('<>]><•): .lor. &, Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils. l.^.-'-J: llaphn-hilux
and /. UK Itninjii I lay arc a pjian-nt ly (liinilnixio patruclm.)

Page'Ml. Zi/ffoncctes brachyjrtcrt'N is described by Professor Cope in
Bull. U. S. Nat. .Mus. xx, 34, 1880.

.".11. A i'ter Zi/tjoncctcs dispar add:

55!5 (/'). Z. craticula Good*- &. Bean.

Olivaceous; sides with about G sharply-defined, jet-black longitudinal

ADDENDA 49. CYPRINODONTID^ — GAMBUSIA. 893

stripes following the rows of scales, the stripes a little narrower than
the interspaces; a large blackish blotch below eye; fins nearly plain,
the upper somewhat dusky; young with faint dark bars. Body com-
paratively long and slender, little compressed. Caudal peduncle long,
rather slender. Head long, broad and depressed above. Eye large,
about equal to snout, § interorbital width, 3| in head. Lower jaw
heavy. Teeth small, the outer scarcely enlarged. Fins all small.
Head 3| ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 40-10. Indian River, Florida.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 1882.)

Page 343. Lucania venusta is generally common along the Gulf coast.
Co1 or nearly plain light olive, the males with the dorsal and caudal
bright yellow, the anal orange, each of these fins margined with black;
dorsal with black spot at base in front, ocellated with yellow. D. 11 or
12; A. 9 or 10; scales 26-8.

Page 343. To the description of Lucania parva add :

Plain olive, edges of scales darker; front of dorsal with a dusky spot.

Body comparatively deep, the back somewhat arched. Dorsal high;

anal small. Head 3^; depth 3J. D. 11; A. 8; scales 26-8. L. 1£

inches. Connecticut to Florida (Bean).

Page 345. No. 562 may be redescribed as follows:

•

562. CJ. patruelas (B. & G.) Grd.

Light olive, each scale edged with darker; a very narrow dark streak
along sides; top of head dusky; an obscure bluish-black bar below
eye; a black blotch on each side of belly, caused by the black perito-
neum showing through the skin; fins dusky; the caudal sometimes
dotted. Body rather slender. Head small, very broad and much de-
pressed; teeth in broad villiform bands; eye small, If in interorbital
width, 3^ to 3£ in head. Intestinal canal as long as body. Dorsal
small, far back; distance from its insertion to caudal half that to snout;
anal larger and higher than dorsal. Head 4; depth 3 to 4. D. 7; A.
8 or 9; scales 30-10. L. 1^ inches. Marshes and lagoons of the South
Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Delaware to Mexico, mostly in brackish or
fresh water; excessively common in Louisiana. Eastern specimens
(var. liolbrooU; Maryland to Florida) have usually the eye larger, about
one-third length of head, 1£ in interorbital width; head 3§ in length.

894 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

The young arc produced in early summer, when about cue-third of an
inch long1.*

(Uiti-niiHlrid jmfriirlix 15. & (J. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu. 1853, 390; Grd. U. S.
Mex. ]5(iuii(l. Surv. Iclith. ?',': (iinnbuxin xpeciasa, yrai-lUn Grd. 1'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
I'hila. l-.V.i. I'Jl : Jlctcrandritt <iffinix 15. &. G. 1. c. 390: Camlinnia Juimilix and tijj'uiis Gthr.
vi. :!:!."), :;:'>('>: Helerandna hulbrookl Ajjassi/ MSS.; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila.
1-.VJ, 61; Giinther, vi, :?34: Ha}il<n-]iilu* im-lanops Cope, Proc. Aiuer. Phil. Soc. Pbila.
1870, 457: Zi/gonectes alrilatiix .lor. & Brayt. Hull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, ,«4, 1S78.)

345, 34G. (lanibtixiK hnniUix and (l«inlinxifi afti)iiv may be sup
pressed as identical with G.

Page 346. After Gambuxia Hobilix add:

566 (6). O. seiiilis Grd.

Brown, sides with dark specks; vertical fins speckled. Veutrals very
small, not reaching vent; anal rather large. Head ."» in total length.
D. 9; A. 10. L. 2^ inches. Chihuahua River.

(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia. 1 *.-,'.». I'-il.)

Page 347. Un&ei Mollienesia

"Eye greater thau snout, 2 in head, 1^ to 2 in interorbital width."

"Caudal-membrane dark orange, with black dots." "D. 14 or 15; A.

8."

Page 347. After MnUi<-n<'xi« In1ii>inn(i add:
561 (fc). XK. lineolnta (Grd.) J. &, G.

Color of M. latipinna, the sides with live dark half-bars. Eye small.
.'!.\ to ."4 in head. Dorsal h'u rather small, its rays 13 (rarely 14) in
number; otherwise essentially as in J/. httijHHnn, of which it may be a
variety. Marshes and lagoons of Louisiana and Texas.

(1'iri-ilii liiii-nliitii (Jrd. U. S. Mrx. I5(iund. Surv. Ichtli. is "in, 7M: Limia pfcciloides Grd.
1. c. 7(U

4- .'>.")!'. Instead of Kw K«lin<»icu* read:

. !•]. II 9ID IH'OSlis Kirt.

The 1-lno.r ritfdfHH ami E. MtlinoHcitx a]»pear, from Ualines<nie's inanu-
sei-ipt notes, to Inive been mythical.

I'.-i-i .';.").".. Instead of MiirtDHt mt'lanotix. which is not yet known to
occur in our waters, substitute:

. .11. B«-lil«-r;i (loodr A lii-.-in MSS.
I'.ody modei'ately stout, somewhat compressed. Teeth of upper jaw

the genera of CyprinodontK, <m\y llm.sc \\liidi liavc tin- anal tin ill tlio male
modified an- l.iioicn to lie vivi]i:irous. The otln-i^ i .<'i/^riin>,/i,ii. I-'nmhilux, Zyyviut-ti *.
etc.) .-ire proliald\ all oviparous.

ADDENDA 52. MUR^ENID^E MUR^NA. 895

in two series, the outer series of a few short, fixed teeth ; the inner
series of about 10 long, compressed teeth, a few of which are depressi-
ble, all more or less directed backward; those ot the middle of the jaw
somewhat larger than those in front. Vomer with 1 or 2 depressible
canines. Teeth of lower jaw similar to those of upper; the large teeth
rather shorter and broader; teeth all entire; mouth not closing com-
pletely. The tubes of anterior and posterior nostrils about equal,
slightly shorter than eye. Cleft of the mouth 2f times in length of
head; eye over middle of cleft, If in snout. Snout 0 in head. Head
2f in trunk. Tail very little longer than rest of body. Dorsal mod-
erate, beginning over the middle of head. Gill-opening small, about
as broad as eye. Color light brown, regularly reticulated with black-
is!1, the reticulations inclosing hexagonal or roundish spots of the
ground color, irregular in size, longer than the eye. Entire fish fur-
ther covered thickly with small whitish spots, smaller than the pupil:
These spots smallest and most numerous anteriorly, nearly obsolete on
the belly, and present on the inside of the mouth. Gill-opening sur-
rounded by a small blackish^blotch not twice as broad as eye. Angle
of the mouth black ; dorsal with about 5 longitudinal blackish lines,
which are obsolete posteriorly. Anal with a blackish longitudinal
stripe. Charleston, South Carolina.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 357. After Murccna oceUata add :
5 SO (/'). M. afra (Bloch) Gthr.

Greenish black; fins with dark lines and without pale edge. Teeth
uniserial in old examples, the vomerine teeth being sometimes biserial;
mandible with about 20 teeth on each side, the four anterior much lon-
ger than the others, and, like the canines, rather elongate. Anterior
nasal tubes half as long as eye. Gill-opening nearly as wide as eye.
Snout narrow, produced, pointed; eye moderate, half length of snout,
somewhat nearer angle of mouth than end of snout. Cleft of the
mouth wide, two-fifths length of head. Tail longer than body. Head
2£ in trunk. Dorsal not elevated. (GiintJier.) Tropical parts of the
Atlantic ; north to Florida.

(? Gymnotliorax afer Bloch, Ausl. Fische. ix, 85: Munnm afra Giinther, viii, 123,
in part.)

•>8O (c). M. moring-a Ctiv. Moray.
Everywhere with innumerable, confluent, irregular, brownish black

CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

separated by a fine network of the white ground color; each pore
of the lower jaw in a round white spot; fins without white margin; in
young examples the black spots are larger and fewer in number than in
adults. Teeth uniserial; canines large; jaws not shutting completely;
mandible with 23 to 28 teeth on each side, of which the 3 anterior are
canines, the third being separated from the preceding by an interspace.
Length of anterior nasal tubes less than vertical diameter of the eye.
Snout produced, narrow. Eye moderate, f length of snout, a little
nearer angle of mouth than tip of the snout. Cleft of mouth very
wide, •§• length of head. Gill-opening a little wider than eye. Tail as
long as, or somewhat longer than, body. Length of head half, or a
little less than half, that of trunk. (Giintlier.) Tropical parts of the
Atlantic, north to Southern Florida.
(Cuvier, R6giie Auim. ; Giinther, viii, 120.)

Page 358. Before Ccecula insert:

168 (ft).— LETHARCIIUS Goode & Bean MSS.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882: type Letlarchua rclifer Goode & Beau.)

This genus differs from Ccecula (Sphagebranchus) in the total absence'
of the anal fin. The dorsal is high and begins on the head; gill-open-
ings subini'erior, nearly longitudinal; pectoral wanting. (lyOofjLo.:, to
forget; «/>£«•:, anal.)

58O (ft). Li. velifer Good.- A Bean MSS.

Uody rather robust, somewhat compressed, its greatest depth a little
more than f the length of head. Head large, abruptly tapering ante-
riorly; snout very slender and pointed, projecting considerably beyond
the lower jaw, its length -fc head, and nearly twice the very small eye;
nasal tubes rudimentary; anterior nostril under tip of snout; cleft of
mouth, from tip of snout, 1 in head; eye nearer tip of snout than angle
of mouth; lower jaw short and weak; tongue short, tree in front; teeth
small, pointed, subequal, in narrow bands on jaws and vomer; head G£
in trunk; head and trunk 1 .1 times length of tail. Dorsal unusually
high, its height at nape equalling cleft, of mouth; its insertion at first

third of head. Fnd of tail sharp. Anal tin wanting. No trace of pec-

•
torals. (Jill-openings large, snbinferior, oblique, Convergent anteriorly,

their length more than three times breadth of isthmus, and equal to
lower jaw. Lateral line very distinct, extending forward in a curve to
below front of dorsal. Four conspicuous pores on each side of lower
jaw, -'! behind each e\e. .'5 at the nape in front of dorsal, 1 on top of the

ADDENDA 53. ANGUILLID^E OPHICHTHYS. 897

bead, and 4 on each side of upper part of snout, besides a few smaller
ones about the lips. Dark brown, slightly mottled with darker, not
paler below; head paler than body; dorsal fin pale, with a broad black-
ish margin. West coast of Florida.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882.)

Page 358. After Gcecula scuticaris add :
581 (&). C. teres (Goode & Bean) J. & G.

Body terete, moderately elongate, about f length of head. Snout
short, moderately pointed, projecting somewhat beyond lower jaw, its
length 6J in head, 2£ times the very small eye. Tube of anterior nos-
tril shorter than eye. Cleft of mouth 4 in head ; front of eye behind mid-
u'e of cleft. Lower jaw rather short and weak ; tongue not free in front.
Head 8| times in trunk. Trunk and tail equal in length. Dorsal (as
in C. scuticaris) beginning in front of middle of head.* Distance from
tip of snout to front of dorsal 2f head. Dorsal of moderate height,
its longest ray nearly equal to snout. End of tail acute. Anal well de-
veloped, lower than dorsal. Pectorals minute, pointed, usually shorter
than eye. Gill-openings vertical (as in C. scuticaris), the length of one
slit slightly more than breadth of isthmus, about equal to length of
snout. Lateral line distinct, the pores well separated. Head without
conspicuous pores. Uniform clear brown, paler below, whitish on the
head; fins all pale. West Florida.

(SphagebrancJivA teres Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 350. No. 582 may perhaps stand as —
582. O. niordax (Poey) J. & G.

The identity of the species found on our coast with Macrodonophis
mordax Poey is certain, but the " Crotalopsis punctifer" of Kaup is
somewhat questionable. The small vomerine teeth are in two series.

On page 359, substitute for the description of 583, Opliiclithys triseri-
alis :

Light olive brown; a dorsal series of large round black spots, be-
sides two alternating lateral series; head with small spots above and
below, those below elongate; dorsal and anal narrowly edged with
black; pectorals with a few spots. Skin of head with longitudinal
wrinkles. Length of head a little more than one-third its distance
from vent. Head subconical, the snout rather long and pointed.

* Subgenus CallecMi/s Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 28 : type Calleclielys guichenoti Kaup.

?, fair; £yxEXv?i eel-)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 57

898 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Mouth large, the gape 2f in head. Eye moderate, 2 in snout, a little
behind the middle of the gape. Teeth pointed, fixed, those in jaws
biserial, those on voiuer in one series. Pectoral 3£ in head; dorsal be-
ginning well in front of its tip. Tail a little longer than body. Pacitic
(and Atlantic :') coast of Tropical America; abundant southward; north
to Southern California (fide Cooper}.

(Miiroenopsis triaerialia Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 12: Herpetoiclitliys calliaoma Abbott, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860,475: Ophisurus calif or nien sis Garrett Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat.
Sci. iii, 66; Giintker, viii, 58.)

Page 359. After Opliiclitliys triserialis add :

583 (6). O. macrurus Poey.

Uniform light olive, the back closely punctate, but not dark ; fins all
pale, the dorsal and pectoral without dark shades. Body not very
slender. Head pointed, the upper jaw projecting. Eye large, more
than half snout, placed above middle of gape. Gape 2f in head.
Teeth subequal, short, slender, and sharp, more or less directed back-
wards; all of them biserial; no canines. Nasal tubes short, inconspic-
uous. Tail twice length of rest of body. Head slightly more than
half trunk, nearly 9 in total. Pectorals long, 2£ in head; dorsal begin-
ning opposite anterior third of pectoral; distance from snout to front
of dorsal 2£ in distance to vent. Gill-openings small, rather near to
ut •! her. L. 15 inches. Cuba to Texas. Closely allied to 0. parilis
(Rich.), with which it is identified by Dr. Giinther; but that species
has very long nasal tubes.

(I'oey, Report. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 25(5: Oxyodontichthys macrurus Poey, Anal. Soc.
Hist. Nat, Esp. 1880, 2">1; Jordan & Gilbert, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 260.)

583 (<•). O. clirysops Poey.

Light olive-green; vertical tins edged with black; tip of pectoral
broadly dusky. Teeth all biserial, none of them very large or canine-
like. Head conical, the snout short but rather sharp. Mouth rather
large, it>s gape about 2f in head; jaws and top of head with numerous
dark colored pores. Dorsal beginning a little before tip of pectoral.
Lateral line of rather coarse pores. Length of head and body about
J ; times in total length. West Florida to Havana, in rather deep
water. The reproductive apparatus in this species in both sexes re-
sembles that of ordinary fishes, the ovaries in the female being very
largo, with the eggs exceedingly numerous.

(? OpMnvnu gometU Castelnan, Anim. Am6r. Sud. Poiss. 18.~>5, 84, Rio Janeiro: T Ophich-
thys gmncaii Giinther, viii, 60: Ophisurus chrysops Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 321; Poey,
S\n. I'isc. Cub. 18O<, 425: Oxyodontichthys chrysopa Poey, Anal. Soc. Hist. Nat. Esp.
1880, 254.)

ADDENDA - 53. ANGUILLID.E— MYROPHIS. 899

Page 359. After Ophichthys ocellatus add :

170 (&).- PISODONTOPHIS Kaup.
(Pisoodonophis Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 15: type Ophisurus cancrivorus Rich.)

Teetb all, or nearly all, more or less rounded or granular. Other-
wise essentially as in Ophichthys. (->.<rnv, pea; o'tfouc, tooth; ctycc, snake.)

5§4 (6). P. longus (Poey) Goode & Bean.

Body extremely elongate, its greatest depth little more than £ length
of head. Snout rather pointed, its length 5f in head and twice diam-
eter of eye. Tubes of anterior nostril nearly as long as eye. Cleft of
mouth 3 in head; the front of eye slightly behind its middle. Teeth
ull blunt and rounded, biserial; those of the front of jaws considerably
larger than the rest. Head 4 in trunk. Head and trunk If in tail.
Dorsal beginning at nape, at a point slightly nearer base of pectoral
than eye, the fin of moderate height, higher than the anal; end of tail
sharp. Pectorals extremely small, rounded, broader than long, the
breadth of their bases equal to depth of gill-opening. Ground color
dark brown, pale below; each side with 2 series of round, whitish
blotches, about 40 spots in each series; spots somewhat largest and
most distinct anteriorly, where their diameter is nearly equal to length
of snout. Head with irregular round whitish spots on each side.
Dorsal brownisb, margined with dusky; other fins pale. Florida to
Cuba.

(? Murcena acuminata Gronow, Syst. Ichth. Ed. Gray, 1854, 21: Ophisurus longut
Poey, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, 1868, 254: Ophichthys acu-minatus Gimtker. viii, 83.)

Page 360. After Myriclithys tigrinus insert:

(&).— raYROPHIS Liitken.

(Lfitken, Vid. Med. Naturh. Foreii. Kjobenh. 1851, 1: type Myrophis punctatus Liitk.)

Body elongate, subcylindrical, scaleless. Vertical fins low, meeting
around the tail, the dorsal beginning far behind the pectoral, which is
small. Mouth moderate, its cleft extending beyond the eye; upper jaw
longest ; teeth moderate, in 1-3 series. Nostrils on the margin of the
upper lip, the anterior tubular. Size small. (M'-Y>«?, Myrus; o^£?, snake.)

585 (6). M. 1 11111 brie us J. & G.

Light olive, everywhere except below finely punctulate; some very
faint roundish yellowish spots ; eyes green ; lower side of head with
steel-blue luster. Body worm-shaped, tapering backwards and scarcely
compressed; diameter of head less than that of body. Head very small,

900 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

slender, arid pointed, the narrow upper jaw much projecting; eye much
nearer angle of mouth than tip of snout, its length 2 in snout. Teeth
rather strong, slender, sharp, apparently uuiserial, the series on voiner
largest. Gape short, 4 in head; nasal tubes very short. Pectorals
minute, rounded, scarcely larger than eye. Dorsal beginning nearer
gill-opening than vent, at a distance behind gill-opening equal to length
of head. Head 10 f in total; head with trunk If in tail; head 4 in
trunk. Height of body 30 in length. Galvestou, Texas.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Pirn. V. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 261: ?? Myrophis punctatua Liitken,
1. c.: ?? Mijropltin longicollis Kaup, Apodes, 30.)

585 («.•). UI. microstigniiiis Poc-.v.

Distinguished from M. htmbricus chiefly by the more posterior inser-
tion of the dorsal, which begins at a point midway between gill-open-
ing and vent. (Poey.) Cuba to Southern Florida.

(Poey, Rcpert. Fis. Nat. ii, 250; Giinther, viii, 51.)

Page 300. In Neoconyer mucroiuitus the anal fin is well developed for
its entire length; not "rudimentary," as stated by Girard.

Page 303. After Conger n'xjcr add:
588 (6). C. caudicula Bean MSS.

Olivaceous. Head a little more than 1£ times in trunk, 0 times in
total length; tail short, its length exceeding that of rest of animal by
length of head without snout. Eye equal to snout, 4i in head: lips
moderate; anterior nostril tubular; lower jaw included; cleft of mouth
reaching hinder margin of pupil ; patch of vomeriue teeth £ length of
eye; 38 close-set teeth in outer series of upper jaw; behind them G con-
ical teeth directed part'.y forward; teeth in both jaws biserial. Dorsal
beginning o\er posterior part of pectoral; pectoral a little more than
J head. Pensacola, Florida, in deep water. (Bean.}

Bean, Proc. I . s. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Pa^e .'-TO. After Notacanthttx clirninit:i add:
595 d>). -\. plias^aiioi-iis Cooil.-.

P.ody nmeli eompres>ed. its greatest width ;il»ont one-third its height.
Head e\rr\ \\heiv eovered \\itli very small seales, its bones very llrxible
Itut protected li\ Ifatlierv skin. Interorbital width more than length
of snout. 1 in head, (\\iec diameter of eye. .Mandible twice length of
: maxillary eon.>ideral>l\ greater. Teeth of ujiperjaw slender, blunt,
ClOSe*8et, liUc eomb-teeth, .'1L.' on each side: teeth of lower jaw shorter,
slenderer, in two rows; palatines with villilomi teeth in about two se-

ADDENDA 57. SCOMBERESOCID.E TYLOSURUS. 901

ries. Distance from snout to dorsal 2| times length of head, its length
nearly twice length of head 5 anal beginning close behind vent, its
length half the body. Pectoral short and rounded, its length (uncertain)
about one- third the head. "Ventrals broad, with peduncle-like bases
thickly covered with scales; closely adjacent, separated by a narrow
groove, Head 7£; depth 9. D. X; A. XIX, 130; P. about 17; V. II,
9; B. 8; scales about 20-400-36. Grand Bank, Newfoundland. (Goode.)
One large specimen known, taken from the stomach of a Somniosus.
(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 535, 1680.)

Page 373. To the account of Tylosurus Mans add:

Body slender, very strongly compressed, nearly twice as deep as
broad. Tail without keel. Caudal deeply and subequally forked j ven-
trals inserted much behind middle of body (not a little before middle,
as stated by C. & V.). Side with a series of faint roundish bluish
blotches; pectoral blackish, pale at base. Head 3£ to 3f in length in
adult examples. D. 24; A. 25.

(t Belone Mans C. & V. xviii, 432, and Giintlier, vi, 248: Belone maculata Poey, Mem.
Cuba, ii, 290.)

Page 373. Instead of Tylosurus latimanus read :
597. T. caribbaeus (Le S.) J. & G.

To the description in the text add :

Body very elongate, subterete, the depth little more than the breadth
of body, and considerably less than length of postorbital part of head.
Tail scarcely depressed, but with a small black dermal keel. Young
and half-grown specimens with the last rays of dorsal elevated, nearly
or quite as high as anterior rays; adults with the posterior rays of dor-
sal low, not longer than the median. Caudal unequally forked. Jaws
rather strong, slenderer in the young. Scales very small. Tip of pec-
toral black. Head 3£ in adults; 3 in young. D. 24; A. 22. L. 4 feet.
West Indies; occasional northward.

(Belone carribcea Le Suenr, Journ. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pliila. ii, 127, 1823: Belone latimana
Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 292, 1860: Belone caribbasa Giinther, vi, 241 : Belone latimanus Giin-
ther, vi, 249.)

Page 374. After Tylosurus exilis add :
6OO (6). T. gladius Bean MSS.

Green; pectorals and dorsal "blackish. Body robust, little com-
pressed, its greatest breadth a little more than f greatest depth ; cau-
dal peduncle slightly depressed, a little broader than deep, with a slight
black dermal keel. Head broad, interorbital space nearly f length of
postorbital part of head, with a broad, shallow, nearly naked median

902 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

groove, which is wider behind and forks at the nape. Supraorbital bones
with radiating stria. Jaws unusually short, stiff, strong, rapidly taper-
ing forwards; large teeth of jaws very strong, knife-shaped. Upper
jaw from eye about If times as long as the rpst of head. Eye large, 7 in
snout, 2j in postorbital part of head, and 1|- in interorbital width. Max-
illary entirely covered by the preorbital. Cheeks densely scaled; oper-
cles mostly naked except along the anterior margin. Scales of body
minute, especially above. Dorsal fin low posteriorly; the height of its
anterior lobe equaling that of anal, or length of postorbital part of
head; its longest ray f the base of the tin; caudal lunate, its lower lobe
nearly half longer than the upper; middle rays about as long as eye.
Ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and middle of eye,
their length a little less than that of pectoral, and equal to postorbital
part of head. Head 3£; depth 13. D. I, 22; A. I, 20; P. 14. Pensa-
cola, Florida; a large species, remarkable for the great strength of its
short jaws.
(Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 374. Instead of Tylosurus longirostris read :
5O9. T. marinus (Bloch & Schn,) J. & G.
To the synonymy add :

(Esox bclone, var. marinus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 391.)

Page 377. After Hemirhamphus rosce add:
I. Ventrals much nearer base of caudal than head.
6O4 (b). H. brasiliensis (L.) Gthr.— Balao.

Greenish above, sides silvery, the lateral silvery stripe very indis-
tinct. Body not very slender, compressed. Lower jaw (from end of
upper jaw) 4| in length from its tip to base of caudal. Head, without
mandible, 5 in length from tip of upper jaw. Pivmaxillaries broader
than long. Eye large, equal to interorbital space, § postorbital part of
head. Ventrals inserted very far back, midway between base of caudal
and tip of pectoral; vertical fins scaly; anal much smaller than dorsal;
last ray of dorsal slightly produced; pert oral :\ length of head; ven-
trals 2.:/ in head; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe longest. Head
(with lower jaw) i';« ; depth «•:-;. 1). 14; A. 12; Lat. 1. 53. Tropical
America; a specimen lately taken on the coast of Virginia by Dr. J.
T. Wilkins.

(Eaox brasilii IINIM 1.. S\M. .\;ii. i. .">!?. in part, the name and lin rays taken from
Maregrave'a account of Ti/losunis timum ; ( iiinllirr, vi, 'J?0: Eaox brasiliensin, Bl. &
Schn. 392: Ihmu-lmwphua maryinatus and balao L<- .Snciir, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila

ADDENDA 57. SCOMBERESOCID^ EXOCCETUS. 903

ii, 135, 136, 1823: Hcmirhamphus Irowni and pleii C. & V. xix, 13, 19: Hemirhamphus
pleii Giinther, vi, 269: Hemirhamphus filamentosus Poey, Mom. Cuba, ii, 297, 1860.)

Page 377. The genus 183 (?>) Euleptorhamphus, should probably be
recognized. After Euleptorliamplius longirostris add:

183 (c).— CHRIODORUS Goode & Beau MSS.

(Goode&Beaii,Proc.U. S.Nat. Mus. 1882: type Chriodonts atherinoides Goode & Bean.)
Body and fins as in Hemirhamphus, but both jaws very short, not at
all produced, each with two series of large, tricuspid, incisor teeth,
which form a continuous cutting edge. Maxillary anchylo.sed to pre-
maxillary. Ventral fins small, median. (/pew, want; Sopoq, lance.)

6O5 (6). C. atlieriiioides Goode & Bean MSS.

Light olive; sides with a narrow, silvery band. Interorbital space
broad, unevenly convex, its width equal to eye, which is 3^ in head, as
long as snout ; premaxillaries much broader than long, their edges con-
cave; maxillary 4 in head; mandible 2£, its tip broadly rounded, not
at all produced. Dorsal opposite anal and entirely similar to it; both
fins elevated in front, but not falcate, their longest rays half head ;
caudal moderate, deeply and subequally forked; ventrals 2£ in head,
their insertion midway between snout and base of caudal ; pectorals 1£
in head; vertical fins with small scales. Scales moderate, deciduous.
Head 4f ; depth 6-J ; breadth of body £ its depth. D. I, 14; A. I, 15;
Y. 6; P. 12; scales 7-46-3. L. Si inches. Key West, Florida,

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1882.)

Page 379. Before Exoccetus californicus insert:
6O7 (Z>). E. hillianus Gosse.

Dark green, silvery below, tinged with pinkish ; dorsal translucent,
with a large black blotch 011 upper anterior half; caudal brick-red; pec-
toral translucent, dusky; ventrals more or less dusky, with a small
black spot at base of outer ray. Body moderately compressed. Head
short, the short snout one-fourth its length; eye 3 in head, equal to the
flat interorbital space. Pectoral reaching middle of anal, its length 1 %
in body; its second ray simple, scarcely shorter than third. Insertion
of ventral slightly nearer root of caudal than tip of snout, its tip ex-
tending slightly past front of anal, its length 1| in head. Dorsal v«>ry
high, its anterior rays reaching anal. Head 4£; depth 5; D. 12; A. 14;
scales 38-5. L. 8 inches. West Indies, north to West Florida nud

South Carolina.

(Gosse, Nat, Sojourn Jamaica, 11: Poey, M«-ui. Cuba, ii, 301: Giiuthn. vi, "-1 >

904 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Page 379. Instead «f Exoccctus noceboracensis read:

609. E. roudeletii C. & V.

The specimen described in the text came from the open sea, south of
Newfoundland. The species is well distinguished from E. novebora-
censis, by the black ventrals, the larger anal and shorter dorsal, the
base of the anal being more than f that of the dorsal ; the head is
blunt and the eye comparatively small ; dorsal beginning slightly be-
fore anal 5 caudal large, its lower lobe half longer than head. D. 11
or 12; A. 11 or 12 (not 9) ; Lat. 1. 42. New England to Mediterranean
Sea.

(Cuv. & Val. xix, 115; Guuthcr, vi, 293.)

Page 379. After Exoccetus rondeletii read :

610. E. aovefooracciisis Mitchill.

Dark bluish; pectorals blackish at tip, with a median whitish shade;
ventrals white. Head rather slender, the snout not blunt; eye very
large, 2f in head ; interorbital space rather narrow. Pectoral shorter
and narrower than in E. rondeletii, barely reaching last ray of dorsal;
first ray of pectoral divided; veutrals extending past anal, their inser-
tion midway between preopercle and base of caudal; dorsal beginning
considerably in advance of anal, the length of its base more than twice
that of anal; lower lobe of caudal not £ longer than head. Head 4§;
depth 5£. D. 14; A. 9; Lat. 1. 45. Atlantic coast; specimens examined
from Wood's Holl and Pensacola.

(Mitchill, AMHT. Monthly Ma<j. ii, 'j:j:i, 1617; Drka.v. N<-\v YurU F:iun:i, Fish. UliO;
C. & V. xix, '.»'.': Isjcocvclux mclunurus L'. A . V. xix, 101.)

Page .".7!». The description in the text of "E. Dulanitritx" is taken
from an adult example of E. cxilicnx, the ;\ cuing of which is described
a> /'. i.i-ilioix on page -".80. E. mdanurus is therefore to be suppressed.
E. c.riln ,i* is coinparativelN slender, the anal iin beginning o]»posite
front of dorsal, its base :* length of l.asc of dorsal; lower caudal lobe
short, shortei- than head. \^. 11; A. 12 (not 9. as erroneously stated in
the text).

1'a.uc 383. Instead of the foot-note add:
614(6). S. alliiio (Othr.)J. & G.

Tin- .specimen from St. John's Kiver. described in the- foot-note on
page :;*;{, belongs to ,V. ajjinr. The body, in the female, is marked by
silvery cross -streaks, which are very distinct in life.

I 'age 384. In N. Innixitnifc the rings arc usually 20+38 in number; the

dorsal rays 32 to .'!.").

ADDENDA — 58. SYNGNATHID^ SIPHOSTOMA. 905

Page 384. After Siphostoma louisiance add :

615 (&). S. floridae J. & G.

Dark green, with paler streaks; tail faintly barred. Body slender;
snout long, one-third longer than rest of head ; nape and opercles with-
out keel; dorsal fin on 1 + 6 or 7 rings. Tail one-fifth longer than trunk ;
rings 18+31. Caudal pouch in male on 18 rings. Head about 6; D.
27 ; L. 8 inches. North Carolina to Western Florida ; abundant at Pen-
sacola and Beaufort.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 384. After Siphostoma californiense add :

616 (&.) S. griseolineatum (Ayres) J. & G.

Very close to S. californiense, but the size smaller, the snout shorter,
and the number of rays and rings different. Dorsal covering 1+9 rings.
Snout in head If times. Dorsal rays 36 to 41 ; rings 18 to 19+39 to 42.
L. 10 inches. San Francisco to Puget Sound.

(Si/ngnatfuis griseoUneatus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1854, 14, etc.)

616 (c). S. bairdiaiium (Durn.) Swain.

Blackish, Avith pale lines; fins mottled. Body unusually stout, with
short head and tail. Snout short, compressed, with a sharp keel above,
in the male just as long as head, probably longer in female. Nape and
opercle without keel. Dorsal tin low. Rings 18 + 31. D. 34, placed
on 1 + 7 rings. Ten rings on tail behind caudal pouch. Head 7f in
length. Santa Barbara, California.

($ Syngnathus bairdicntus Durueril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1870, 574; "Coast of Mexico,
near California" (dorsal said to be inserted on 3 + 6 rings); Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat.
MIIR. 1882.)

Page 384. The species described in the foot-note as Siphostoma dimid-
iatum is a valid species, and should stand as —

617 (&). S. auliscus Swain.*

Syngnatlius dimidlatus Gill was based on short-nosed examples of 8.
leptorhynchu!*.

* Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.

The following analysis of the species of Sipliostoma found in the United States is
given by Mr. Swain (Review of the North American Pipe-fishes, 1. c.):
a. Top of head strongly carinated.

b. Breast-shields not covered by soft skin; lower jaw slightly included; opercle
with a prominent ridge; snout short; belly concave ; dorsal rays 20,
its base covering 1 + 4 rings ; rings 18 + 30 ; body with 12 brown cross-
bands ZATROPIS.

bb. Breast-shields covered by soft skin; lower .jaw included ; dorsal rays 41 ; rings
19 _[. 39 PUNCTIPLNNE.

906 CONTRIBUTIONS TO 'NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Page 385. After Siphostoma punctipinne add:
xx. Top of bead with a strong interrupted median crest. (CorythrUhthys Kaup.)

616 (c). S. y a 1 10 pis J. & G.

Brownish, with ten broad dark cross-bands which encircle the tail
but do not cross the belly anterior to the vent ; snout whitish, with
two narrow dark bauds; lower part of head with white cross-streaks.
Snout as long as postorbital part of head, keeled above. Head small.
Occiput and nape with a strong, compressed crest, on each side of which
is a longitudinal ridge; opercle with a median keel. Ridges of body
very prominent. Tail one-third longer than rest of body. Dorsal on
1 + 4 rings. Dorsal rays 20 ; rings 18 + 30. Head 9. Gulf of Mexico,
north to Pensacola.

(?? Corythrolchthys albirostris Kaup, Lophobranchs, 25: iSyngnathus albirostris Giiu-
ther, viii, 170; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 264; Swain, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 386. The identity of C19 (a) with the European H. lieptagomut
(antiquorum) is questionable. None of the American examples seen by
us are spotted, and their spines are stronger than in European ex-
amples.

aa. Top of head with a slight keel or none; opercle without prominent longitudinal

ridge.

c. Dorsal covering 1 + 9 rings ; snout usually long.

d. Rings 20 to 21 + 45 to 49; dorsal rays 39 to 46; top of head not keeled;
large, reaching a length of 18 inches ................. CALIFORNIENSE.

dd. Rings 18 to 19 + 39 to 42; doVsal rays 36 to 41 ; top of head slightly keeled.

GRISKOLINEATVM.
cc. Dorsal covering 1+7 (rarely 1 +(5) rings.

e. Rings 15 + 38; dorsal rays 29 to 30 ; top of head distinctly keeled; snout
short ..................................................... AULISCUS.

et. Rings 16 to 19 before v.eut.
/. Dorsal fin low, not longer than head.

g. Rings 18 + 31; dorsal rays 34; snout short; body little elongate.

BAIRDIANUM.

gg. Rings 17 to 19 + :H5 to 41; dorsal rays 30 to 32; snout moderate or
rather short ....................................... LEPTORHYNCUUM.

ggg. Rings 17 to 18 + 31 to 32; dorsal rays 27; snout rather long; body
slender.

ff. Dorsal fin very high, longer than head, its rays 28 to 32; rings 16 + 30
to 33; snout rather short; belly in the female with a black carina;
sides of body with narrow vertical silvery streaks in life; doreal
spotted ..................................................... AFFINE.

ooc. Dorsal covering 3 + 5 rings ; rings 20 or 21 + 36 to 38 ; dorsal rays 32 to 37 ;
belly ll.it ui -li-hily concave; snout medium ............. LOUISIANA.

cccc. Dorsal rovt-rin.n I -4- ."> m- ."> -f 4 rings; rings 18 to 20 + 3G to 40 ; dorsal rays
36 to 40 j MM H 1 1 in. •(! in in ............................. ; ....... FUSCUM.

ADDENDA 59. HIPPOCAMPID^E— HIPPOCAMPUS. 907

Page 380. After Hippocampus heptagonus add :
619 (b). II. guttulatus Guich.

Dark brown, marbled with darker, and usually everywhere spotted
with whitish, the spots most numerous posteriorly. Tubercles on body
generally obtuse and blunt; coronet low; snout usually a little longer
than preorbital part of head. Dorsal rays 17. Supraorbital spine ob-
liquely truncate, compressed. Size rather large. Tropical seas, north
to our South Atlantic and Gulf coast.

(f? Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, Regne Aiiim.: Hippocampus guttulatus Giiuther,
v&i, 202: Guichenot, in Ramon cle la Sagra Poiss. Cuba, 174, the West-Indian form,
•which is apparently different from the European species called "guttulatus."^

619 (c). II, hudsonius IVk.

Dusky, without spots, but with pale grayish blotches, which are
sharply edged with paler and blackish ; some of these between eyes and
on neck, the most distinct blotch forming an hour-glass shaped figure,
extending down each side of back; similar blotches on belly and tail.
Dorsal with a submarginal dark band. Depth equal to length of head.
Snout 1£ in rest of head. Spines of head weak, provided with cirri;
spines of body all short and bluntish. Dorsal on 3£ of the 11 body
rings. D. 19. Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod southward. (Described
from No. 19520, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Beaufort, K C.)

(Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1843, 322.)

619 (d). H. stylifer J. & G.

Brownish, with darker bars ; snout blackish. Snout notably longer
than postorbital part of head; supraocular and temporal spines long,
simple; a long median spine in front of coronet; coronet stout, high,
its spines slender, abruptly spreading. Spines of body very long and
slender, each ending in a filament; these enlarged on each alternate
plate of the neck, and about every fourth plate on body and tail; dor-
sal and upper lateral ridge usually armed and sometimes lower lateral
ridge; two strong spines at base of pectoral; body with about 50 devel-
oped spinous processes besides numerous smaller points. D. 16^ cov-
ering about 4 body rings; rings about 12 + 31. Coasts of Florida.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,265.)

619 (e). II. zosterae J. & G.

Olive green ; sides of head mottled with paler ; dorsal marbled with
dusky, its margin (in $ ) broadly red. Snout very short, not more than
half rest of head; supraorbital spines diverging, each with a small
spine before it. Coronet high, two-thirds length of snout; its filaments

908 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

about as long as snout, Spines on body well developed. Dorsal on 2
•f 1 rings; the fin high and very short, D. 12; rings 11 + 26 to 30. L.
2 inches. Pensacola Bay.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1882, 265.)

Page 391. The ventral rays in Aulorliynchus are I, 4, not I, 5 as erro-
neously stated in the text.

Page 403. Mugil mexicanus is certainly specially identical with Mugil
albula, and may, therefore, be suppressed.

Page 405. The types of Atherina Carolina C. & V., examined by us in
the Museum at Paris, show the following additional characters:

A true Atherina. Eye large, 2£ in head. Scales nearly or quite en-
tire. Spinous dorsal wholly in advance of the vent. Ventral reaching
past front of vent and dorsal nearly to it. Head 4£. Lat, 1. 52.

Page 406. In Labidesthes, the premaxillaries, though broadened be-
hind, are much narrower than in Menidia, and but little broader than in
Atlierina.

Page 406. The date of the name Menidia is apparently 1836.

Page 407. Instead of Menidia bosci read:
64O. M. vagraiis subsp. laciiiiata Swain, sp. nov.

Coast of North Carolina, The synonymy given in the text (page
407; belongs to No. 644.

Page 407. In Menidia vagrans the scales are all very firm, with rough
edges. A. I, 15 to I, 18. Silvery band broad; back with Hues of dots
following the rows of scales; pectoral and caudal yellowish in life. Soft
dorsal and anal scaly. Florida to Texas.

Page 408. After Menidia notata add :
642 (b). M. audcns Hay, sp. n<*v.

Color and form of M. notata; edges of scales somewhat dotted; a
dusky streak at base of anal. Head rather broad and Hat above. Mouth
small. Eye .1 in head, equal to snout and to interorbital space. Vent
a longitudinal slit, its length two-thirds diameter of eye. First dor-
sal spine inserted immediately above anterior part of anal slit, slightly
nearer base of caudal than snout. Pectorals extending to beyond bases
of ventrals, their length four -fifths head. Ventrals reaching vent. In-
terspace between dorsals twice diameter of eye. Top of head covered
with large scales. Lateral silvery band on fifth row of scales and edges
of fourth and sixth rows; the extreme parts of fifth row not included
in it. Scales with entire edges, which are nearly straight, so that

ADDENDA 72. XIPHIID^E TETRAPTUKUS. 909

each scale is augulated behind. Soft dorsal naked. Head 4£; depth 6.
D. IV or V-I, 8 or 9; A. 1, 17 or 18 5 scales 45-10. L. 3 inches. Missis-
sippi Eiver; the types from Memphis and Vicksburg. (Hay MSS.)

Page 408. Under M. leryllina read " two half-row of scales," instead
of. "2£."

Page 408. Instead of Menidia braslliemis read :
644. Itt. foosci (Cnv. &. Val.) Swain.

Distinguished from If. notata by the deeper body and stronger teeth.
The soft dorsal and anal, as in other smooth-scaled species, are free from
scales. D. IV-I, 8; A. usually I, 24. South Carolina to Florida,

(Atherina menidia L. Syst. Nat. : A. losci C. & V. X, 465; not A. Irasiliensis Q. & G.)

Page 415. The genus and species " Argyrotcvnia vittata" should be
erased from the system. We have little doubt that they are based on
a specimen of Ammodytes americanus. Our alleged species of Ammo-
dytidce are perhaps all forms of Ammodytes toblanus L. A. personatusj
at least, is not distinguishable from A. americanus.

Page 417. To the synonymy of Eclieneis remora add:

(Echcneis squalipeta Daldorf Nat. Selskab. ii, 157, about 1785; and Giiuther ii, 157.
If the submenus Remora Gill, be adopted as a genus, which may be desirable, this spe-
cies should stand as Remora squalipeta (Dald.) J. & G.)

Page 418. Elacate Canada is known in Florida as " Sergeant- fish," from
its lateral stripes ; also, as "Snooks" and "Ling."

Page 420. Instead of Tetrapturus albidus read:
663. T. indicus C. & V.

Tropical seas, northward to the Grand Banks, on our Atlantic coast.
Instead of the synonymy in the text, substitute the following:*

(C. & V. Hist. Nat, Poiss. viii, 1331,286: Tetrapturus hersclielii Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist,
i, 313, 1838 : Tetrapturus hersclielii Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, 1880, 441 : Histiophorus her-
schelii Gunther, ii, 513 : Tetrapturus albidus Poey, Me"m. Cuba, ii, 237, 1858: ? Tetraptu-
rus ampins Poey, Me"m. Cuba, ii, 243 : Histiophorus brevirostris Gthr. and Playfair. Fish.
Zanzibar, 1866. 53: Tetrapturus geortjii Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend, viii, 36, 1840: Te-
trapturus lessonii Canestrini, Arch. Zool. i, 259, 1861 ; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1881, 418 (detailed review of family) : not Tetrapturus belone Raf.=T. im-perator (Bloch
& Schneider) Goode, a distinct species, known only from the Mediterranean.)

*This synonymy is given in accordance with the views of Dr. Liitken, who recog-
nizes but five species of XipTiiidce. This view is probably correct but, as has been per-
tinently observed by Professor Goode, the identity of the American species called
Tetrapturus albidus and Histiopliorus americanus, with their Old World representatives,
is yet unproveu, and in many respects it is desirable to retain the American names until
this identity is shown. " To unite species from widely distant localities, without ever
having seen them, is very disastrous to a proper understanding of the problems of
geographical distribution." (Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 427.)

010 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Page 422. After Trichiurus leptunis* add:

219 (6).— BENTHODESMUS Goode & Bean.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 379 : type Lepidopus dongatus Clarke. )

Body naked, much compressed, band-like, tapering gradually back-
ward from the vent; caudal peduncle very slender, the caudal fin small,
but well developed; vent much nearer snout than tip of tail. Lateral
liiu- simple, nearly straight, in a deep, wide furrow. Head compressed ;
the snout gibbons near its tip ; top of head very flat, concave between
the eyes, without occipital crest; lower jaw with a stout cutaneous ap-
pendage. Three very long, simple, compressed teeth on each premaxil-
lary in front; outside of these a few minute teeth, and behind them a
row of large sharp teeth; lower jaw with a single row of rather large,
pointed teeth, those in middle of the jaw largest. Palatine teeth
minute. Nostrils horizontal. Dorsal fin nearly uniform, the spines and
soft rays similar; anal extremely low, preceded by a scale-like append-
age. Caudal forked. Ventrals each reduced to a minute, scale-like
spine, inserted below pectorals. Gill-rakers short, spiny, in one series
on first and second arch; obsolete on third and fourth. Deep water.
(/Sevtfw?, deep ; 8sa{j.6s, band.)

666 (6). B. eloiigatus (Clarke) G. & B.

Silvery, with dark traces on head and tail. Length of caudal pedun-
cle half greatest depth of body, its least depth one-third interorbital
width, which is 4 in head. Snout 2£ in head; maxillary not reaching
front of eye, as long as postorbital part of head. Gill-rakers 13 on first
arch. Dorsal fin inserted above middle of opercle; pectoral as long
as maxillary. Head 7£; depth 30. D. 154; A. 100; P. 12; V. I, 1.
(Goode & Bean.) Deep seas ; known originally from Hokitika, New Zea-
land; a specimen lately taken from the stomach of a halibut on the
Grand Banks of Newfoundland.

(Ltpidopu* elvnyatiui F. E. Clarko, Trans. New Zealand lust, xi, "£)4, 1W8, pi. sir;
Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 3?(J.)

Page 424. After Scomber pneumatophorus rejid :
667 (ft)- S. colias Gmolin.— "Span\»h Mtu-keni" of Europe.

Our Atlantic and Pacific representatives (grex Mitch.; dicgo Ayres)
of 8. pneumatophorus seem to bo identical, but both differ in some
respects from the European "Spanish Mackerel." S. colias Gmel.
has the head longer, 3£ to 3$ in length (instead of 4); its spinous

• This species is known as " Sabrc-fah," and "Silrer Eel," on the coast of Texas.

ADDENDA 75. CABANGID^E — TRACHURUS. 911

dorsal is lower, the longest spines not more than half of head; the color
is distinctly different. In 8. pneumatopliorus the dark bauds on the
back are broader than the interspaces, as broad as pupil; these are
usually confluent below with a narrow dark lateral streak, which runs
about on the level of the upper edge of the pectoral ; below this streak
the sides and belly are immaculate. In 8. colias (specimens from
Charleston, S. C., and from Genoa) the dark dorsal bands are much
narrower, not so broad as the interspaces and more wavy ; the lateral
streak is obsolete or represented by a line of dots, and the sides below
are marked by numerous irregular, wavy vertical streaks, spots, and
reticulations, of a dull pearly-gray color, which are usually broader than
the interspaces; longest D. spine more than £ head. The fin rays are
the same in the two species.

(Scomber colias Gmelin, Syst.Nat. i, 1329, 1788; C. & V. viii, 309; Gthr. ii, 361:
Scomber dekayi Storer, Fish. Mass. 52. )

Page 424. In the description of Scomber scombrus read " depth 5,"
not 5£.

Page 425. For Auxis rochei read :
669. A. t hazard (Lac.) J. & G.

And add to its synonymy :

(Scomber lhasard Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 9, 1802: Auxis taso C. & V. viii, 146.)

Page 427, last line, omit the words " P. 10."
Page 430, second Hue, omit the word Baird.

Page 432. The following diagnoses of the species of Tracliurus may be
substituted for those given in the text:

6§O. T. picturatus (Bowdieh) J. & G. — Horse Mackerel.

Body elongate, little compressed, the depth 5 in length ; scutes 50 -f-
46 to 48, the anterior scutes one-third lower than the posterior, their
height 2 £ in diameter of eye ; curve of lateral line scarcely shorter than
straight part; maxillary scarcely reaching beyond front of eye, 2§ in
head; lining of opercle scarcely blackish. Coast of Southern California
to Chili; Mediterranean.

(Seriola picturata Bowdicli, Excursion Madeira, 1825, 123: Trachurus cuvieri Lowe,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ii, 183, 1837: Caranx trachurus 2*me subdiv. C. & V. iii, 18:
Caranx amia Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 74 (not Scomber amia L.): Caranx symmetric™
Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. i, 62, 1855: Trachurus fallax Capello, Cat. Peix. Portu-
gal, 1867: Trachurus rissoi Giglioli, Cat. Anfibi. Pesci. Ital. 1880, 27.)

912 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

6§1. T. s:uii us Kat. •

Body comparatively deep ami coinpressed, the depth 4; scutes 34 to
36+36 to 38, the anterior scutes scarcely lower than the posterior, their
height three-quarters diameter of eye; length of curve of lateral line 1^
to 1| in straight part; maxillary reaching past front of pupil, 2^ to 2.4 in
head; lining of opercle dusky, (.'oasts of Europe; occasional on our
South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.

(Scomber track urns L. Syst. Xat. Cuv. & Val. ix, 11 : Track ur UK Irackurti* Day, 1'isli.
Gt. Brit. 1880, 124: ! '. L'aranjcoiitorus phtmicrianitx Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 84, pi. 11:
Trackurus saurus Bal'. Carattrri. etc. 1810, 20.)

Page 435. Caranx pisquetns is known on the Gulf coast as "Hard-tail'4
or"Jurel"; Decaptentx punctatux as "Cigar-fish". The lateral scutes in
Caranx cibi are about 28 in number, as in C. bcani. which is possibly
the young of the same species.

Page 430. Instead of Caran.v /((Icattix read :
6§9. C. amblyrliyuchu* <'. A Y.

Add to its synonymy :

I'ltraiu- amliliirhf/iifkitx ('. A V. ix, K'd, ].]. -.'I-.

Page i.iT. Caranx fallax can hardly be said to have "canine iceth,"
the teeth being smaller than in C. liippus.

Page 443. Trochynotus goreensis, the "Permit" of the Florida coast,
is probably distinct from T. ovatus, differing in the much more elongate
form. It reaches a large size. Tntchynotus ylaucus, the ••( iaff-top -sail
Pom])ano," rarely grows beyond a foot in length. In the description of
tin- latter the words "Lower California" should be erased.

Page II 1. Instead of Hcriulu UdainU read :
701. S. dorsalis KJill) J. & G.

The identity Of the Califomian " Yellow-tail." with the Xa-iola (dhtndi
of the Atlantic is questionable. For the synonymy of the Aperies snb-
sl it ute:

lf<il,ilnu-t,i* ,/,,/-s,(/,-.v (Jill, I'roc. Ac-. Nat. Sci. I'liila. l-i'.::, 84.

A species apparently tin- true l<il<ui<li, however, occurs on the coast
of Florida and ma\ be added as—
7O1 (6). S. l:il:in«li C. & V.

It agr«-e> in -riirial with the description of No. 701. Init I In- month

'The (li-MTiption (if /'. v//</-/s U'IMMI in thr i,-\l \\as taki-n 1'nnii sprriim-ns from
Venice, hflon^iiiL; !<» a iliird >]i'-.-i.-s <n \ari»'ty ('/cr/iri'.v Jmyns) not yd lonnd in
Anu-rii-a mirth <>f (a|n- San l.neas. lis sciilrs arc usually :'.~ to •!<• I!- to J'J. In
form and ntln-r chaiacl«-i> ii is iiitrnin-iliatr between sniinix and i>iclnrntun.

ADDENDA 75. CARANGID^E SCOMBROIDES. 913

is larger, the maxillary 2f in head, instead of 2f ; and the dorsal rays
are V-I, 32 or 33. Florida to Brazil ; reaching a large size.

(C. & V. is, 208; GUnther, ii, 463: Seriola gigas Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 230.)

Page 445. After Seriola rivoliana add :
7O2 (fe). S. falcata C. & V.—"fiock Salmon" (Pensacola).

Grayish, paler below; fins blackish; pectoral pale; a very faint
olivaceous band from the eye to the nape (corresponding to the black
band in S. rivoliana, bnt scarcely visible). Body deep, compressed ;
head compressed, not conical, a little longer than deep; snout 2f in
head; maxillary reaching front of pupil, 3f in head; occiput somewhat
oarinate; caudal keel little developed. Dorsal falcate, its anterior lobe
If in head, 2J in base of fin. Head 3f; depth 3f. D. VIII-I, 29; A.
II-T, 21. Gulf of Mexico, north to Pensacola.

(Cuv. & Val. ix, 210 : Giinther, ii, 464 : Seriola bonariensis Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. ii, 1879, 129, not of C. & V. ? It is thought by Dr. Liitken that this species
is identical with S. rivoliana, but this identity is not yet proven. S. rivoliana=bona-
riensis=l)osci seems to be slenderer, with a distinct black temporal band.)

Page 445. Instead of Seriola stcarnsi read :
7O3. S. carolimensis Holbr.

This species differs from Seriola dorsalis notably in the larger mouth
(maxillary reaching middle of eye, 2% in head, in S. carolinensis ; barely
reaching front of pupil, 2f in head, in 8. dorsalis). S. carolinensiSj S.
lalandi, and 8. dorsalis have the occipital region broadly rounded in
the adult, while in S. sonata it is sharply compressed or carinated at
all ages. In 8. sonata, the body is much deeper, the head more obtuse,
and the dark bauds in the young fish much blacker.

(Seriola carol inensis and S. zonata Holbrook Ichth. S. Car. 1860, 72; Seriola steansi
Goode & Bean.)

Page 446. According to Dr. Liitken (Spolia Atlantica, 1880, 603) Ela-
gatis pinmdatus Poey (the "Eunner") is identical with Elagatls Mpinnu-
latus (Q. & G.) Benn., a species known from the East Indies and the
Mediterranean. Eeferences for the latter are:

(Seriola lipinnulata Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uran. Zool. i, 363: Elagatis Upinnulatua
Benu. Whaling Voyage, ii, 283 : Serioliclitliys l)ipinnulatus Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Nederl.
Ind. vi, 196 : Serioliclithys lipinnulatus Gunther, ii, 468; the generic name Elagatis be-
ing rejected by Dr. Giiuther on account of the prior Elacate.)

Page 447. In the typical species of Scombroicles the maxillary has a
small supplemental bone, of which no trace exists in the American spe-
cies or " Oligoplites." The latter group probably merits recognition as
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 58

914 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

a distinct genus. In very young specimens of 0. occidentalis the upper
jaw is protractile as usual in Carangidcc.

Page 448. Instead of Pomatomus saltator read:
7O8. P. saDtatrix (L.) Gill.
"Sctltatrir," as used by Linnaeus, was an old proper name.

Page 451. Instead of Stromateus alepidotus read :
71O. S. paru L.

Iii the description (p. 451) read pectoral much longer than head, and
add to the synonymy :

(Stromatciis paru L. S.yst. Nat. ed. ii, 248; based on a figure and description in
Sloanc's "Jamaica"): Seserinus xanthurus Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. 384:
Ithombus xanthurus C. & V. ix, 405; not Stromateus paru Bloch.)

Page 452. The genus " Mupus" Cocco (Su alcuni nuovi Pesci del Mar
di Messina, in Giorn. Scienz. Lett. Arti per la Sicilia, xxvi, Xo. 77) is,
according to Dr. Giglioli (in lit.), probably identical with Lints; Miqiux
imperialis Cocco being thought to be the same as Lirus ovalis. As there
is some uncertainty, it is probably best, however, not to adopt the name
Mupus.

Page 454. Instead of Coryphcena punctulata read:
715. C. equisctis L.— Small Dolphin.

Bluish above, paler below, and yellowish; sides immaculate, or
sprinkled with small, irregular blue spots; larger spots along base of
dorsal; dorsal dark blue, usually marked with wavy lines or rows of
spots; anal without spots. Profile of snout not becoming vertical with
age; ventrals moderate, inserted somewhat behind the pectorals. D.
51 to 5G ; A. 24 to 26. Length 2£ foot. Pelagic; not rare on *mr South
Atlantic and Gulf coast.

(L. Syst. X:it.; fiiinthcr, ii, 407; Liitkrn, Rpolia Atlantica, 1880, 483: Lampurins
punctnlaltiH ('. ct V. ix, 327, Coryphccna jnun litlntn (liinther, ii, 408: Coryphcena inunacu-
lala 1'tn-y, MI-JII. Cuba, ii, '245; Lowe, Fishes Madi'ira, G7.)

I.")."). Instead of Corypliccna suenri read:
716. C. llipixoriis L. — Great Dolphin.

Colors brilliant in lil'o, changing suddenly at doaili ; brownisli-olivo,
above, \\ hito or golden below, with bright blue spots, Ihe largest on tho,
back ami head, forming bands on the snout; dorsal purplish-blue, with
palorobliqne lines; other fins tinged with blue; caudal yellow; inspirits,
pale, with blackish spots on the lower parts. Maxillary reaching middle
of eye; profile of snout becoming nearly vertical with age; front of anal

ADDENDA - 84. CENTRARCHID^E — CILENOBKYTTUS. 915

under middle of body. "Male with the front elevated, forming a crest,
which projects a little beyond the upper jaw; female with blue spots
along each side of the tail, regularly arranged." (Poey.} Head 5 ; depth
5. D. 58-64; A. 20-30. Length 0 feet. In all warm seas ; common in
the Gulf of Mexico.

(L. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, ii, 405; Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 356: Conjphasna guttata
Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 245; Liitken, 1. c. 483: Coryplucna sueuri C. & V. ix. 302.)

Page 455. After Pteraclis carolinus add:

236 (&).— BKAMA Blocli & Schneider.
(Bloch & Schneider, Systema Ichthyol. 1801, 99: type Sparus raji Bloch.)

Body compressed, more or less elevated, covered with rather small
scales. Mouth very oblique, the lower jaw projecting; both jaws with
an outer series of strong teeth ; teeth on vomer and palatines decidu-
ous. Dorsal and anal fins elongate, the former with 3 or 4, the latter
with 2 or 3 spines; caudal deeply forked; ventrals thoracic, I, 5. Oper-
cles entire; branchiostegals 7. No air bladder. Pelagic. (Latin brama,
bream; the species having been called "Brama marina" by Ray.)

(&). B. raji (Bloch) Schn.

Coloration uniform. Eye at the middle of the head; pectorals reach-
ing middle of anal. Greatest depth below middle of body, 3 in total
length. D. 111-31; A. 11-27; scales 13-90-23. Pyloric cceca 5. Ver-
tebrae 16 + 23. Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa, straying to
Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Bean), coast of Washington Territory
(Bean), and Chili.

(Sparus raji Bloch, Ichth. taf. 273; Giinther, ii, 408.)

Page 459. For Holocentrus read Holocentrum. The former is the orig-
inal orthography, but it is not worth while to try to restore it.

Page 461. Under Elassomatidce, the statements "no teeth on vomer"
and "pseudobranchia3 none" are not quite correct. A specimen of Elas-
soma zonatum from Tombigbee Eiver, 1£ inches long, thus much larger
than the original types, shows the following characters:

A few weak teeth on voiner; front teeth of both jaws canine-like,
directed forward ; pseudobranchia3 somewhat glandular, covered by
skin. Scales cycloid ; no lateral line. Dorsal apparently emargiuate.
D. V, 9; A. Ill, 5; Lat. 1. 38. Head speckled with black; fins with
dark spots.

916 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Page 468. Under Clmnobryttus gulosus read: "Head2.J; depth 2^."

Page 482. Under Lcpomis liolbroold read: "Head 3"; and under Le-
pomis notatus read: "D. X, 12."

Page 485. Instead of Nicroptcruf; dolomieu, read M. dolomiei. This
personal name should have the genitive form.

Page 523. Under Perm, tenth line from bottom, add : "Lower limb of
preopercle with strong antrorse teeth."

Page 525, tenth line, under Stizosteclium, add: "Lower limb of pre-
opercle with a few antrorse teeth."

Page 532. After Polyprion oxygenius add:

273 (&).— BRACHYRHINUS Gill.

•
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 236: type Serranus creolus C. & V.)

Body oblong-ovate, compressed; head short, the ^ profile convex, the
snout short and blunt ; jaws and all the bones of the head covered with
imbricated scales. Scales of body very small. Mouth rather small,
oblique, the lower jaw projecting. Xo supplemental maxillary. Teeth
as in Serranus, but the lateral teeth small, not canine-like. Preopercle
evenly serrate. Dorsal spines 9, none of them produced in filaments;
fins all low ; caudal fin forked. Warm seas.

835 (6). B. fnroifcr (C. & V.) Poey.

Red or reddish, with three small violet spots on the side of the back
and one on the tail; sides with oblique streaks; dorsal fiu with a longi-
tudinal blackish streak. Snout short, scarcely longer than the la r ire
: maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; preopercle finely and
evenly serrate. Gill rakers slender. Dorsal spines low, nearly uni-
form, l>ut longer than the soft rays; second anal spine rather longer
than third; pectoral long and pointed, longer than head; caudal deeply
forked. Head ;U ; depth L",. D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 0; scales 10-83-85.
Tropical America, generally abundant both in the .Atlantic and Pacific ;
recorded l>.v Del-. ay I'rom near New York. This record is doubtful, al-
1 hough the occurrence of the species within our limits is very probable.

(Sri-nuius fun in r .-mil ,r,«/i/.x Cu v. A V:il.. ii. -i'> I. '_'<',:.. 1 >•.'-: Hrm-hiirlnnu* WO/MS Gill,
I'I-CK-. Ar.-nl.Nat. Sci. I'hihi. iMi'^, 24i> : BrachyrMnve cnolua Poej, Aim. Lye. N;it Hist.
X. V. 1-71, •!(•.: Curniin lu-,//,!, >-<i Drkay. N. V. F;IHIKI Fish. 1^-rJ, 77: Aiith'ntn furcifcr
• •tin. i, '.'1 : .S<rn//M(s <•/•«»///.>• ami coloim* (illir. i, IW, 101.)

I'a-e ").".:;. AlU r »SVwnn<.s <itr<u'ii(N add:

ADDENDA — 86. SERRANID^ HYPOPLECTRUS. 917

836 (i). S. Msgrescens (Bloch & Scliu.) Goode & Bean.

According to Dr. Holbrook the northern representative (nigrescens) of
Serranus atrarius has the air-bladder simple, and the pectoral as long as
the ventral; while in the southern form (atrarius) the air-bladder is sac-
culated, and the pectoral longer than the ventral. These observations
are confirmed by Dr. Bean, who has also noticed other points of differ-
ence. The northern form (Cape Hatteras northward) may then stand
as $. nigrescens.

( Corypluena nigrescens Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 297 : Centropristis nigricans C. & Y.
iii, 37, and of various authors.)

Page 534. In Serranus trifurcus the filamentous tips to the dorsal
spines are often but little developed. A species, apparently the same,
occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. Head 2f ; .depth 3f. D. X, 12; A. Ill,
7; scales 6-48-13. The section called " Haliperca" should bePrionodes*
Jenyns.

Page 5-35. To the account of Serranus siibligarius add :
A large blotch of cream-color with sharply defined edges in front of
vent, extending upwards as an irregular cross-baud to near middle of
sides; an interrupted black ring around tail at base of caudal; a large
black blotch on front of soft dorsal ; lower parts of head with a very
conspicuous network of bluish streaks; pectorals, anal, and caudal,
sharply barred with black; ventrals tipped with black. Body deep,
compressed; the head very slender, acuminate, the anterior profile
straight or somewhat concave; depth at middle of eye little more than
half-length of head; lower jaw little projecting; maxillary reaching
posterior margin of pupil, 2^ in head; canines small, those on sides of
lower jaw largest; edge of preopercle sharply and subequally serrate;
gill-rakers short. Dorsal little emargiuate, the fourth spine 3 in head;
caudal subtruncate; second anal spine longer than third, 2£ in head;
jaws, and dorsal and anal fins scaleless. Head 2i; depth 3; D. X, 13;
A. Ill, 7; scales 6-42-17.

Pages 536, 537, etc. All the species of Serranus have normally 10

spines in the dorsal.

•
Page 536. Instead of subgenus Plectropoma substitute:

274 (ft).— HYPOPL.ECTRUS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 236: type Pleclropoma pueTla, C. & V.)

This genus differs from Serranus chiefly in the presence of antrorse

* Prionodes Jenyns, Zool. Beagle. Fish. 1842,46: type Prionodes fasciatus Jenyns.

918 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

spines on the lower margin of the preopercle. The species are of small
size; the body short and compressed, (b-w, below; ?rA ^r/x^, spifr.)

Page 537. Instead of Serranus clilorunis read:
813. II. uigricaus (Pocy) Gill.

The species found on the Florida coast has the body and fms all alike
blackish, with violet shades, and is doubtless distinct from IT. chlorurus,
iu which the pectorals and caudal are yellow. Florida to Cuba.

Page 538. Instead of Trisotropis Ininneus read:
844. T. stomias Goode & Bean MSS.

The color in this species, the "Black Grouper" of the Florida coast,
is dark gray, freckled with paler, but without distinct spots; fins all
edged or tipped with black; no yellow nor violet shades anywhere.
Caudal lunate. Mouth very large; the maxillary longer than pectoral.
The identification of this species with T. brunneus Poey is very doubtful.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 539. After Trisotropis microlepis add:
846 (&). T. petrosus Poey.

Light brownish violet, covered with close-set round reddish brown
spots about as large as The pupil, besides large quadrate dark areas on
tin- trunk; no red anywhere. Fins dark brown, except the pectorals,
which are black, with a broad border of bright orange, at least in the
adult. Maxillary extending beyond orbit. Predpercle rounded, finely
serrate. Caudal lunate, the lower angle rounded. Dead 3£ (in total);
depth 4. D. XI, 1C; A. Ill, 11 ; cceca 15 to 20. Cuba to Key West.
(Poey.)

(: sv •ri-dini. s • jirln in a x Tofv, Mi-iimnns, ii, ICG: Triwtropis pctrosus Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat.
in -i. \. v. ix, ::i»i, 1-7"

540. u EII'UK i>li<'lux rtijn-i'oluis" should apparently stand as —
NIT. Ei. :i(I:utli< us I « .1 A <;.

The earlier names, Jlolocriilnix j»nic/«ti<x P.loch (Ichth. tat'. I'll) and
J'IKII iiin<'iiliit<( liloch are both preoccupied in this genus.

Pa -e. "ill. After !•'/>/ i»'i>lnl i/x it!t/rihtt< add :

85O (/')• K. SlrialH*. (I'.lni-h) Cill.— Ifnmht; XHXXUII Cn.nj,,,-.

( 'liestniit-hroNvn, \:\r\, ing to light slate color: lips ;md throat vermil-
lion ; a black st ripe soniet lines pi esent . extending iVom snout to a point
l»et ween eyes, t hen dividing, one branch extending to origin of dorsal,
t he other to opt- re le ; a large quadrate black blotch on tail behind dorsal;

ADDENDA 86. SERKANID^E EPINEPIIELUS. 919

young with transverse dark bars; ventral s dusky. Body rather deep,
somewhat compressed. Mouth large, the maxillary extending beyond
eye, 2 in head; canines rather strong. Preoperclc nearly evenly serrate.
Caudal rounded*; second anal spine rather strong, slightly longer than
third; dorsal spines rather high. Jaws and fins with fine scales. Head
24; depth 2*-. D. XI, 17; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. about 85. West Indies;
north to Key West (Pocy; Stearns)-, very abundant; reaches the length
of 4 or 5 feet.

(Anthlas striatus Bloch, Ichth. ix, 103, 1797: Serranus stnatus Giiutlier, i, 110: Goode,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. v, 57: Poey, Eep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 285.)

Page 541. The group called Bodianus is probably entitled to generic
rank. Its species should stand as follows:

852. B. fJUDictataas (L.) J. & G.

852 (6). B. taensops (C. & V.) J. & G.

Red or dark brown, the head, body, and fins covered with small
round blue, black-edged spots; one or two dark-blue streaks from eye
to snout; fins all more or less edged with deep blue. Maxillary reach-
ing posterior margin of eye; cauiue teeth rather strong, the upper
largest. Caudal rounded behind; no notch between dorsal spines and
soft rays. Second and third anal spines about equal. Head 2£; depth
2f. D. IX, 15; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 100. Tropical Atlantic; Florida Keys
to Senegambia. (Steindachner.)

(Serranus tceniops C. & V. ii, 370: Serranus tccniops Giiutlior, i, 121: Serranus twniops
Steindackner, Beitriige Kermtu. Fische Afrika's, 1881, 4.)

852 (<•). E. g-ulttatats (Gmelin) Goode. — Cabrilla.

Olivaceous; body and head everywhere covered with small bronze
spots, much smaller than the pupil, the spots mostly with darker
centers; besides these are larger obscure pale spots, around which the
ground color forms reticulations; whitish marblings on sides of back;
base of pectoral reticulate; vertical fins obscurely spotted; the soft
dorsal and caudal broadly margined with black; pectorals pale; ven-
trals dusky at tip. Body comparatively elongate. Mouth large, the
maxillary extending past the eye, its length 2£ in head. Eye shorter
than snout, 5£ in head. Depressible teeth in front of jaws long. Fins
of moderate height; caudal truncate; anal spines moderate, the second
about as long as third, 5 in head; pectoral If in head. Head 2£; depth

*The caudal is lunate iu E. morio aud in the species of Trisoiropis. lu our other
species of Epinepheliis it is rounded or truncate.

920 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

3. D. XI, 15] A. I If, S; Lat. 1. about 100. West Indies, north to

Florid;' Keys.

;i,iit,tt,i Ciiirl. Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 1783, 1315: Good.', I'.till. v, U.S. Nat. Mus.
• uliiiinix (iima Ijlndi, taf. 'J'J'.': ^trnniux tijititi (iiinthcr, i, 140: llolocentrua
jni net n /it* i'lliH-h. taf. 'J41 : Luijatmx litnultttiix liloch A. Selmeidcr. ]-iM. :!•.".': S< rrdiiux cutitx,
Itinttliil/i", ni-iirn, and jiixnmjii ('. \ V. ii, 3i>'J. :;?'.i. :',77. :'.-:'>: J:')>in< {ilit'lit* litiinlatitx Poc> .
S\n. Pise. Ciil.nis. lf(F, -2-7: Xirniiitix HJHI.I Steindacher, Ichtli. Noti/. vi, 43, 1--

Page 541. rromicropx should be reunited with Epincphdus. Our
species may stand as:

853. E. Kiiasa (Poey) J. & G.

It is however probable, as suggested by Dr. Gill, that the l^tine-
jihi-his (/itnstt is siai[)ly the vi-ry old form of E. ni<jritns, also known as
'» (.iniiKd" or " Warsaw'1'1 by the Florida fishermen.

Page .">42. Duh-x auriga should be omitted, as it has probably never
been taken on our coast.

Page ")!•.">. Instead of Rhypticus dccoratus read:

856. R. BBJyraE»acBiiBs Gill.
And add to the synonymy :

(Rlii/jit/i-H* Hifiriiihinin (iill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. l>'i>l,"'3: ? I'lomicroptirn*
(}<->-<»-<itit* <'"|"-, I'm.-. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 111).)

This species inhabits the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America.
and \\e dniibt its occurrence on our Atlantic coast. The specimens ob-
tained by Professor Cope at Newport may belong to some different
species.*

Page .~>Ki. Instead of Xailchtliys Gill read:

281.— XENISTIVS Jordan & (Jillx-rt (-..„. n«,v.).

Ill the typical species of -\"< ///<•///// //.s (lill, t lie soft dorsal is much longei
than the spinons dorsal, and compos»'d of IS rays: the anal is also sim-
ilarly clongat.', of 10 to IS rays. In A'.atliJ'ttrnicitxiN. t! ••:>!'( dorsal is
shorter than the spinous dorsal, and composed of 11 o;-lL'rays; the.
anal is alSO Short. The latter .species maybe taken as the t\peo!'a
distinct g<-niis, which may be called .\uiintins. (;c-'< --. peculiar;
sail, for doi v;il tin.)

* I 'rod- .-ui- ( 'iijii- d.-^c rilic's I In- s|irriini-n I'lum \i-\v|»or1 a> I'ullnu 8! " I '. II. '-i! : A. l(i :
scalr>> 11 -'.'- !•'. i-oiinti-d 1'riiin lia-ii- nf si-cnnd dorsal spine. ]>orsai lins cnuncclcd l>y
jiii-inliraiir a- il.-sali-d as Ilial nl'tln- lirst dorsal. I li ad (, Ironi jnrina\illa to end of
spine) niiirr ili:ni 1 linn-sin Im^tli, inrliidiii.^ caudal I'm. I'ccinrals not narrowed.
L yi' '<.'•'•'•'• i inn-> i:i li-n^ili of head. ( >l lierwi.sr, as in /'. nia< iiluhix 1 lollir. Color dark
liiowii, co\ eied \\itli round pa le spot s as I ar^e as the orl.il . each \vii h a In-own cen-
tral split. The;, extend on tin- dorsal and pmxiinal caudal I'mv Second dorsal, anal.
and caudal I'm broadly Idackisli-ed-. -d."

ADDENDA 83. SPARID^E LUTJANUS. 921

Page 548. Instead of Lutjanus melanurus read :

861. £i. clirysurus (Blocli) Vaillant.

Erase from its synonymy uPerca melanura L. Syst. Nat." The latter
is a West Indian species of Diabasis (=Hccmulon dor sale Poey).

Page 548, 549. In all our species of Luijanus the series of scales above
the lateral line extend obliquely upward and backward, being not
throughout parallel with it. In L. clirysurus^ caxis, stearnsi, and black-
fordi, the patch of vorneriue teeth is " anchor-shaped." In many of the
other species of the genus the patch of vomeriue teeth is lunate, and
in some the series of scales above the lateral line are parallel with the
lateral line.

Page 549. After Lutjanus caxis add:
862 (6). L.. cafoallerote (Blocli & Schneider) Poey.

Brown, tinged with violet ; red below ; fins wine color ; eye red ;
young with a blue stripe or line of points under the eye, but without
dark bands. Body rather more elongate than in L. caxis; snout prom-
inent, 3 in head, the profile somewhat concave; mouth rather small;
maxillary not reaching middle of orbit; jaws subequal; teeth very
strong; upper jaw with 2 large and 4 small canines; vomerine teeth pro-
longed backward on the median line ; eye 4£ in head, If in snout ; pre-
opercle notched, but the knob of the interopercle very inconspicuous;-
caudal emarginate; pectorals If in head, scarcely reaching front of
anal; second anal spine strong, scarcely longer than third; fourth
dorsal spine longest. Direction of rows of scales above lateral line
very oblique; nuchal scales in 3 series. Head 2f; depth 3. D. X, 13;
A. Ill, 7 ; scales 9-45-16. West Indies, north to Key West. Beaches
a weight of 12 pounds.

(Anthias caballerote Blocli & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 310 : Mesoprion cynodon
Giiuther, i, 194; Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 187 ; Poey, Synops. Pise. Cub.
1868, 293; Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. x, 75, 1871.)

862 (c). Li. campecliiaBius Poey.

Deep red, paler on the throat; streaks along the rows of scales bluish
above, yellowish on the sides; fins colored like the body; dorsal bor-
dered with orange, and with a narrow blackish edge ; caudal bordered
with blackish; eye red; a blackish blotch near the lateral line below
soft dorsal, as in numerous West Indian species (and in the young of
L. Uackfordi). Body rather deep. Eye large, 4 in head; maxillary
reaching front of eye; preopercle serrate, the concavity slight; inter-
opercle without knob; canines slender; teeth in lower jaw large in

922 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.

front; tongue with two rough plates; soft dorsal as long as the part of
the spinous behind fifth spine; caudal little forked. Temporal band of
scales broad; scales above lateral line forming oblique series not par-
allel with the back. Voiuerine teeth prolonged backward in a long
baud on the median line. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 8; 65 scales in a series
above lateral line, 53 below. Gulf of Mexico; brought to the Havana
markets from the Bay of Campeachy and from Key West. (Pocy.)

(Mesoprion campechanns Poey, Memorias Culta ii, 111), 18'jO, and in Syii«ps. Pise.
Cubeus, "JIM: Uesoprion campccliianua Pocy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. ItiTU, 5.)

Page 549. To the account of Lutjanus stcarusi add : Scales above lat-
eral line forming oblique seriet, whicli are not parallel throughout with
the lateral line. Teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped patch, prolonged
backward on the median line; outer pair of canines above, very large;
teeth of lower jaw moderate; teeth on tongue in a single patch ; max-
illary 2[l m head, reaching front of pupil; posterior nostril ovate; pec-
toral 1£ in head; second and third anal spines subequal.

Page 549. After Lutjanus stcarnsi add:

861 (&). L. syiiagris (L.) Poey.

Olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below; flushed with reddish
above; back and sides with wide, continuous stripes of golden yellow,
usually wider than a series of scales; a black blotch below soft dorsal;
sides of head with yellow stripes usually continuous with those on
sides; two yellow stripes from eye to snout; caudal red; other tins yel-
lowish; dorsal with t\vo reddish longitudinal bands; ventrals margined
with white ; these colors fading in alcohol. Body rather deep and com-
pressed; anterior profile steep and nearly straight ; lower jaw project-
ing} maxillary reaching to below front of eye. Teeth rather small,
subequal, the canines little developed; teeth on vomer in a /j\-shaped
patch, slightly prolonged backward on the median line. Scales small,
smoothish; those above lateral line arranged in series not parallel
with the lateral line. Preopercle with a shallow notch. Dorsal spines
slender; anal spines graduated ; anal fin rather high; caudal moder-
ately forked. Pectorals long, \\ in head, almost reaching anal. ("Jill-
rakers rather long and strong. Head L'1.; ; depth l^. 1). X, 12; A. Ill,
7; scales (\-7>()-\l. L. 1U inches. West Indies; north to Key West,
Florida.

i* L. Syst. N;it.: Spurn* ri'miifitlurix I'.lm-li A-. Schneider, IPfll, 275:
Mi *u/>i-i»ii iniiiioliiliix Cm. A Val. ii, -17!': M<f«>/>ri<>n iniinittiitiin Guuthcr, i, 20'2: Mcso-
I>ri<nt uiiiiiiitdtitx I'm-y, Synopsis 1'isc. Ciilinis, 'J'.ll.)

ADDENDA 88. SPARID^E — DIABASIS. 923

Page 550. Conodon C. & V. should be recognized as a distinct genus.

Page 550. To the account of Conodon nobilis add :

Series of scales above lateral line, forming series parallel with the
lateral line; anterior limb of preopercle with strong spinous teeth di-
rected forwards. In all our species of Pomadasys the scales above the
lateral line form series not parallel with the lateral line.

Page 551. Pomadasys fasciatus is identical with P. fulvomaculatus and
should be suppressed. Instead of " Lat. 1. 75," in the description of the
latter species, read uLat. 1. 57."

Page 551. After &&, etc., add :

c. Body short and deep ; the back arched ; spines strong ; outer teeih enlarged; lips
thick; soft dorsal and anal with small scales. (Anisotremus Gill.)

Page 552. In the description of P. mrginicus add "scales 10-55-16."

Page 552. Pomadasys bilineatus has been lately taken in Florida by
Dr. J. A. Henshall. Scales 6-35-13; about 45 pores in hit. 1. The
specimens from California referred to this species probably belong to
the following:

§71 (6). P. iuftcrruptais (Gill) J. & G.

Adult grayish; each scale on upper anterior part of body with a dis-
tinct blackish spot; fins all more or less dusky. Young (?) (interrupt us)
with the spots obsolete; sides with two parallel jet-black bauds, the
lower from eye backward nearly but not quite reaching a large black
blotch at base of caudal. Back arched ; pectoral a little shorter than
head; second anal spine robust, half length of head, longer than fourth
dorsal spine. Scales very large, especially below spiuous dorsal, where
they are much larger than in P. bilineatus. Head 3; depth 2J. D.
XII, 16; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-34-12; pores about 45. San Diego (!) to
Panama.

(? Genytrcmus interruptus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 256 (young) : Prisllpoma,
filrtlii Steind. Ichth. Beitr. v, 4, 1876: Pomadasys ftirlhi Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat.
MUS. 1881, 385.)

Page 553. After Diabasisformosus add:
§72 (6). D. eleg-ans (C. & V.) J. & G.

Brownish; sides of head and body with seven or eight conspicuous
wavy longitudinal bauds of light blue, edged with dusky. Back some-
what elevated; snout long, compressed; mouth large, the maxillary
reaching to below eye; eye 1£ in snout, 3£ in body. Head 3£ (in total);
depth about the same. D. XII, 16 ; A. II, 0 ; scales 8-50-16. West

924 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

Indies; north to Florida. Resembles D. formosus, but readily distin-
guished by the striped body.

C. & V. v, 287: Hccmulon tlcf/ana Giintbcr, i, 306.)

e .").",",. After DinbdNi* chrysopterus add:

873 (l>). D. chroiiiis (Brouss.) J. & G.

Light olive; each scale with a large dark spot; these forming- very
distinct interrupted stripes along the rows of scale; lower fins dusky;
a dusky blotch at angle of preopercle. Young with 2 or 3 longitudinal
blackish streaks. Back somewhat elevated; maxillary reaching just
past front of eye, 2f in head. Series of scales above lateral line very
oblique (as in all our species of Didbaws), the series from the scapular
scale reaching Gth dorsal spine; preopercle well serrated. Longest
dorsal spine 2i in head ; second anal spine strong, 2£ in head, the fin
high. Pectoral 1J in head. Head 3; depth 2f. D. XII, 18; A. Ill,
7; Lat. 1. 42. West Indies; north to Florida.

(Perm chromix Ilrnnssom-t MSS: Ilcemnlon cliromls C. & V. 242: Hcemulon cliromis
Giinthcr, i, IUH: Ilnmnloti ncrrahtin Poey, Meruorias, ii, 181.)

873 (<•). D. nBbais (C. & V.) .1. A ('..

Color pale uniform plumbeous; no black spot behind angle of preo-
] icicle. Mouth wide, but the maxillary not reaching front of orbit; eve
6 in head, 2rj in snout; preopercle finely and evenly serrate, its poste-
rior limli nearly vertical. Dorsal fin scarcely notched, the spines rather
strong, the fourth longest, 2£ in head; second and third anal spines
nearly equal in length. and strength, rather more than half fourth dorsal
spine. Candid forked. Head .'*».] (in total): depth. 3|. D. XII, 10; A.
111,8; scales 7-."iO-10. West Indies; north to Key West.

C Iln inn!, in itlli/nii Cuv. iV Val. v, 2-1 1: JliiiiinJnn tillmm (iiiiithrr, i, 311: Ilwmulon
1'isc. C'ulx-ns.

1'age ").">.">. To description of IHfi/mxis <'Itri/s<>i>f<'n/x ;idd:

Brownish-olive ;il)d\«-; a narrow bron/e l»and, darkest in young, from
snout, through eve, to base of caudal; above this two or three dark
streaks from eye to above gill-opening; another beginning on top of
snout on each side, passing above eye, and extending parallel with the
lirst-mentioned stripe straight to last ray of dorsal, where it meets its
fellow <•!' the opposite side; a dark streak from tip of snout along me-

ADDENDA 88. SPARID/E CALAMUS. 925

\

dian line to front of anal; very bright specimens show a narrow yellow
stripe following each series of scales on back and sides ; adults often
plain silvery ; a large rounded black blotch at base of the caudal ; fins
all plain; inside of mouth scarlet. Body rather elongate, somewhat
compressed; the back little elevated. Snout rather short, 2f in head;
preorbital moderate, about equaling eye. Maxillary reaching middle
of pupil, 2 in head. Eye 4-£- in head. Dorsal spines rather high, the
longest If to 2^ in head, longer than the second anal spine; second
anal spine strong, longer and stronger than third, 2| to 2f in head,
reaching, when depressed, to base of la.st ray. Pectorals 1£ to 1£ in
head. Head 3; depth 3. D. XIII, 15; A. Ill, 8; scales 7-52-13. Tho
color of the young of D. fremebundus is very similar, but the back in
the latter species is more arched, the mouth much smaller, and the
scales below the lateral line much larger. The adult form of D. freme-
bundus, as yet unknown, is probably more like D. cliromis. To sy-
uonomy of D. chrysopterus add:

(Hcemulon aurolineatum C. & V. v, 237: Hcemulon aurolineatum Gthr. i, 316: Hcemulon
caudimacula Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 379; not of C. & V. : Hcemulon quadrilineatum Hoi-
brook, Iclith. S. C. 1860, 195.)

§14 (&). D. jenig'iiafiBO (Poey) Goode & Bean.

Pale olive, with faint dusky and yellow longitudinal streaks, espec-
ially in the young ; fins all pale, probably yellow in life. Body com-
paratively elongate, compressed, the back little elevated, the profile
regularly curved and not steep. Snout 3 in head; eye 3£. Mouth very
large, the maxillary extending slightly past middle of eye, If in head.
Teeth not very large. Preopercle well serrated. Dorsal deeply notched,
the spines moderate, the longest equal to maxillary; soft dorsal low;
anal rather high, its edge concave, its second spine about as long as
third and much stronger, 2£ in head; caudal well forked, the upper
lobe longest. Pectoral 1£ in head, reaching past ventrals to vent.
Scales above lateral line in very oblique series. Head 3 ; depth 3. D.
XIII, 15; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-50-11. L. 7 inches. Cuba, north to
Garden Key, Florida.

(Hcemulon jeniguano Poey, Memorias Cuba, ii, 183, 1860, and in Syn. Pise. Cub. 319 .
1 Hcemulon schranki Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bras. 131: "$ Hcemulon scltnuiLl Gun t her, i, 310.)

Page 556. Before Sparus insert:

2§5 (6).— CALAMUS Swainson.
(Swaiusou, Nat. Hist. Fish. etc. ii, 221, 1839: type Pagellus calamus C. & V.)

Body broadly ovate, compressed, the back elevated; head deepj
preorbital very deep; eye placed high, preceded by a blimtish pro-

026 ooNTi.'iiu rioxs TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

/

tuberanee; posterior nostril slit-like, much larger than the roundish
anterior nostril; opercles very short and deep; cheeks and opercles
scaly, rest of head naked: month low, horizontal, rather small; both
jaws with a hand of eardifonn teeth in front, the anterior series more
or less enlarged, suniei imes canine-like; sides of each jaw with 1! to 4
series of molars; -ill-rakers small. Scales lari;e. J)orsal continuous,
rather low, its spines slender; a procumbent spine before the dorsal.
concealed by scales in some of the species; caudal deeply forked:
anal spines rather small; pectoral rather narrow, usually very lon.u.
8ec(»ul iitt< rxjniutl Ixnic of the anal cnl<tr</«l, /;r//-.s7m/>r'/, the end of the
air-bladder being1 received into its concave part. "The skidl is ex
tended downwards to the chevron of the vomer, and entire on each
side behind the forehead ; the parasphenoid has a deep but thin infe-
rior crest, which is more or less notched in front of its posterior decur-
rent processes; the forehead comparatively narrow, ill-defined, de-
pressed above the preorbital region, horizontally pitted; the occipi-
tal crest extending far forwards and thickened with vertical osseous
deposits, the inner as well as the outer lateral crests depressed near
the orbits." (Gill, MSS.) Species rather numerous, mostly of small
size, chiefly of tropical America. (Latin calamus, a peri.)

876 (&)• C. inegaccphaHus S\v. —/'/«//«•• _//V< ; ft: <i< • rimmi.

Light olive, with bluish reflections, the young with dark cross-bars;
front of head and preorbital re-ion with hori/ontal anastomosing wavy
lines of steel blue, the interspaces yellowish; ventrals pale. JJody com-
pressed, the back arched, the anterior profile steep, not very convex;
depth of preorbital half head; preoeular prominence not very sharp ;
e\e moderaie, 1 in head, ('left of mouth 05 in head. Anterior teeth
of each jaw moderately enlarged, G to 8 in number; outermost tooth on
each side of upper jaw much larger than the others, forming a x/roitt/
cnniin- iliri'ctrtl out/card <tn<l /'or/r«r<l. A concealed ])roeumbeiit spine
before dorsal; dorsal of moderate height, the soft rays highest : caudal
deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer; anal spines small, gradu-
aled : pectoral reaching front of anal, a little longer than head. Head
.'.I: d.'pth L'.l. 1). XII, 11'; A. Ill, HI: scales <J-.V,-H5. AVest Indies.
nortli to Florida.

( Pagellut <-'il<nnn^ ('. A V. vl, C0r., 1~:',0: <',il,iiinix >ii<;/<i<'t/>li(tliiN Swainsnn. N;ii. Hist.
l'i-li. n. ."-'-'. 1 -:'.'.»: I'll i-i/^iiilu-i/M r<i!nnnix ( i iinl InT. i, 1-7: l'ni'\. Ann. L\c. .\;it. Ills'.
.\. ^. . 178, 1872: .' ' ulnmux /««/«//«/(/ (Jmrhriiut, Krvuc tlc.s I';IL;(]S in .Mem. Sue.

Imp. Bci. Nat. Cherbourg, rlv, n-.1. L868. i
876 (<;)• C. l»:ijoii:i«lo (I'.lu.-li A. Scliin-idri-) I'ocy.
Blaish gray, with brighl relleetions; a blue stripe below eye ; angle

ADDENDA — 88. SPARID^ — CALAMUS. 927

of month orange; fins pale; young with 5 or 6 dark olive bars; caudal
faintly barred. Body deep, the back considerably elevated ; muzzle
prolonged, the profile somewhat arched; eye large, 3$ in head. Canine
teeth rather long and strong, all similar, usually about 8 in each jaw
outside of the cardiform band. Caudal- deeply forked ; anal spines
graduated; pectoral long, somewhat longer than head, reaching past
anal spines. Depth of preorbital 2£ in head. Head .">;'( ; depth 2. D.
XII, 12; A. Ill, 10. Tropical America, north to South Carolina and
Lower California.

(Sparus bajonado Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichtb. 1801, 2<Q4 : Pagellus caninus Poey,
Mem. Cuba, ii, 468, 1861: Calamus bajonado Poey, Aim. Lye. Hist. N. Y. x, 176, 1872:
/Sporws brachysomus Lockingtou Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 283.)

876 (rf). C. mac pops Poey.

Pale olivaceous, somewhat silver}7; sides with obscure olivaceous
bauds, especially in the young: preorbital not striped; ventrals pale.
Body broad-ovate, compressed, the back elevated, the anterior profile
slightly curved, not very steep. Preorbital deeper than long, its depth
nearly half head. A sharp-edged bony prominence before eye. Eye
large, 3 in head, about as long as maxillary. Front teeth slender, little
enlarged, about 12 in the outer series in each jaw; molars rather small,
in 3 rows above and 2 below^ Scales above lateral line, in series par-
allel with the lateral line. Procumbent spine of dorsal concealed. Fins
low; caudal moderately forked. Pectoral long, a little longer than
head, reaching second anal spine, which is little enlarged, little longer
than third. Head 3£ ; depth 2^-. D. XII, 12 5 A. Ill, 11; scales
7-53-17. Cuba, north to Garden Key, Florida.

(Calamus macrops Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. x, 181, 1872.)

876 (<>)• C. arctafrosas Goode & Bean.

Light olive, with bright reflections ; sides with obscure dark cross-
bars; head without distinct markings; fins nearly plain, all pale.
Body oblong-ovate, more elongate than usual in this genus, the ante-
rior profile being very convex. Mouth rather large; maxillary 2^- in
head, reaching front of orbit. Front teeth in both jaws rather strong,
all similar, 'somewhat canine-like, 0 to 8 in each jaw; upper molars in
2 rows anteriorly and 3 posteriorly; lower in 2 rows; a conspicuous
pore with a dermal flap on each side of snout. Preorbital very deep,
its depth 3£ in head. Eye small, 3^ in head, placed very high. Dorsal
spines slender, the longest 3| in head, about equal to longest soft ray.
Anal spines small, graduated, the third 4 in head. Caudal deeply

928 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

forked, tin- upper lobe nearly as long as head. Pectorals as long as
head, reaching slightly past vent. Head ."•): depth 1'.^. ]). XIII, 12;
A. Ill, 11; P. 1G; scales 3-46-14. Southern Florida.

(Goode & r.ran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

11>. Anterior iiTth little larger thaii tho others, not canine-like. (Grainmati'its Pocy.)
§76 (/). C. mcdiiis (Poey) J. & G.

Olivaceous, rather dusky; body and vertical fins with obscure bars
of dark olive, which mostly disappear with age; preorbital with nar-
row, horizontal bluish stripes; ventrals pale. Body rather elongate,
comparatively elliptical; the back less arched than in other species;
the anterior profile moderately curved. Preorbital deep, l';\ in head;
maxillary i'.\ in head. Eye small, placed high, 4 in head. Anterior
teeth small, scarcely enlarged, none of them canine-like: molars mostly
in three series above, two below. Spines low, slender; soft dorsal low;
caudal less deeply forked than usual; anal spines graduated: pectoral
comparatively short, as long as head, reaching a little past vent. Dis-
tance from base of pectoral to base of dorsal less than head. Head 3J;
depth 12 r, J). XII, IL»; A. III. 9; scales 5-46-11, 10 in a series between
dorsal and nape. L. 10 inches. Florida to Cuba.

(Griiiitmttifiix HH'iHiiK 1'ory, Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1.^7:2, !>':?.)

877. C. milaicri (G. & B.) J. & G.

This species belongs to the genus C(il<i>nnx, and is very closely
allied to C. nicilhi*, from which it may be distinguished by the following
characters: Xo blue stripes on preorbital; ventrals blackish. Mack
more arched than in iiu'dhix, the anterior prolile less convex; dis-
tance from axil of pectoral to front of dorsal greater than length of
head. Kye -1 in head (not 5 as in (\ >/mr< />\ (luichcnot a Cuban
species, with which it agrees in other respects). Scales above lateral
line smaller. Scales C-IT-l.'!; about L'6 in a series before dorsal. Head

depth L",

Page .V>i!. SIKSMI*. pngrds L.— flu If /w<,'<. .

The coloration of this species as shown in specimens from Pensacola
is as follows: Light crimson, shaded with golden olive: sides and below
silvery, Hushed \\ith red; many scales of back and sides each with a
small round spot of deep purplish blue, these forming longitudinal
streaks below and broken oblique streaks above lateral line: a few blue
spots on nape and opercle; tins largely orange, shaded with pink. 'We
find no account ,,f the presence of blue spots in the European variety
of this species.

ADDENDA 88. SPARIDJE ARGYROPS. 9 '2 9

Page 557. The groups called Stcnotomus and Lagodon should 1;;>
recognized as genera distinct from Diplodm, and the prior Argyrops*
Sw. (Class'n Fish, etc., 1839, 221; type Sparus spinifer Forsk.) should
probably be used for the former.

Page 557. The species called in the text Sparus chrysops and Sparux
aculcatus are identical. The species belongs to the genus Argyrops,
and should stand as:
8§O. A. cBavysops (L.) J. & G.— Southern Porgcc.

Differing from the common northern scup, A. versicnlor\ (Mitch.) J. &
(T. ( = 8. argyrops Auct. not of Linn.), in the following respects:

Body more elongate and less elevated anteriorly; molar teeth
coarser; size larger. Head 3£j depth 2£. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 11;
scales 7-48-14. L. 18 inches. Cape Cod to Florida. The specimen
described iu the text (25170 U. S. Nat. Mus.) is unusually deep-bodied
for this species. '

Page 557. After Argyrops versicolor add:
881 (ft)- A. caprioius (Bean) J. & G. — Goat's Head Porgce.

Light olive; silvery below; the young with faint very narrow darker
bars. Body subovate, the back anteriorly much more elevated than in

*The cranial characters of Argijrops are very different from those of Dij>lodiis, as
is shown by the following account of the skulls of the two genera, kindly furnished
to us !>y Professor Gill :

In Diplodtts "the skull is extended downwards to the chevron of the vomcr, and is
notched on each side behind the forehead; the parasphenotd has a varying inferior
crest, which is entire near its posterior decurrent processes; forehead broad, well de-
fined, convex transversely above the orbits, abruptly terminated behind by the con-
vergence of the external lateral crests into the occipital, the occipital crest ending
abruptly behind the forehead, and thickened with vertical osseous striae; the inner
as well as outer lateral crests erect and laminar, and converging more or less forwards.

"In Diplodus proper the forehead is moderately broad and the bones contracted
forwards, the parasphcnoid with a superficial inferior crest, convex forwards, arid
little developed posterior decurrent processes.

"In Arcliosargns Gill, the forehead is very broad and the bones wide and almost
even "with the pref rentals in front; the parasphenoid with a deep inferior crest, and
omarginated anteriorly and with enlarged posterior decurrent processes.

"In the genus Slenolomits (Argyrops) the skull is extended forwards to the head of
the vomer and notched on each side behind the forehead; the parasphenoid has the
inferior crest low, and little developed posteriorly-decurrent processes; the forehead is
narrow and ill-defined behind, its surface of compact texture, but with a few foramina;
and two longitudinal grooves on each side; the occipital crest moderate, extending but
little forward of the supraoccipital bone, and not overhanging backward; the crest
strengthened by a longitudinal lateral ridge on each side, terminating backwards iu
mamilliform projections, the inner and outer lateral crests not procurreut on the fore-
head."

t Lalrus versicolor Mitch., Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1815, 1, 404. Sparus argyrop*-
L. is the young of A. chrysops, with 2d and 3d dorsal spines filamentous.

930 coxTinr.i i IONS TO NORTH AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

Profile steep, with a strong depression above eye; the
snout rather pointed; occipital region carinate. Front teeth small, in
a dose set hand, the outer series a little enlarged, compressed and lance-
olate. much as in rcrxicolor. Molars in two rows in each jaw. Gill
raker* very short. A strong procumbent spine before dorsal; first and
second dorsal spines very short ; third dorsal spine more or less fila-
mentous, reaching past middle of soft dorsal; pectoral a little longer
than head, reaching soft rays of anal. Scaly part of cheek as deep as
long (in A. rersicolor considerably longer than deep). Second inter-
spiual of anal quill-shaped as in Calamus. Head :?-|; depth "2. D.
XII, 12; A. Ill, 12; scales about 7-48-14. West coast of Florida, in
rather deep water. Distinguished from A. versicolor by the deeper
cheek and preorbital, the different form of the body, and the difference
in the dorsal spines.
(Stenotomus oaprinua Ucan, Proc. U. S. N;it. Mns. 1882.)

On page 560, after Diplodm nunlunaciila, add :

§§5 (b\ D. cariha-tts (Poey) J. & G.— Sar<i<>.

Steel-brown, with golden-yellow longitudinal stripes, which scarcely
extend on the head, 3 above, 5 or 6 below the lateral line; a black spot
at the shoulder; dorsal yellowish, with a faint dusky median stripe;
ventrals orange in the females, yellowish and punctate in the male>:
anal similarly colored. Hody deep; snout obtuse; maxillary reaching
beyond posterior nostril; molars in two rows; incisors 1: road, entire;
second anal spine much longer and larger than third; pectoral long and
pointed; caudal forked. Head I.1, (in total): depth L"«. 1). XIII. 11:
A. III. 10. West Indies, north to Key West (/W,/ /// lit.).

I tin •./;;> •/•,//•;/•</ /(>• l'.ir\. M elm 11 i:i>. ii. 1-:;n. I1.)?, and in SynopH. Pise. Culx-ns. 309.)

I 'age ."iii.",. Al'ter .\innjnn iniirt -1,-tiniix add:

«NO CO. A. ma<-»Ba8cas ( ]'<><•> i .1. & G.

Uniform bright scarlet ; a round black spot belou second dorsal and
ai, other on side o|- caudal peduncle above median line. ."Maxillary L' in
head, reaching bey ..... I pupil; eye very large, ."> in head; preoperde dis
tmcth serrulate ; pectoral ].\ in head, a little shorter t ha n caudal. Head
L'l ; .lepth'J1,. I). YI-I. 7; A. 11,8; scales UA-lMi-7. I- -5 inches. Wot
Florida to ( 'nba.

' .'••iiii/iriini niiiri-ltitii* \'«'-\. MI-III. Cllli.'l ii. I'j:'.. 1-^CiU: Amin iiin-'iiliiln 1'ncy. Syil. P'lSC.

Cab. 304, 1868; Jor. A Gilb. Proc. I 8. Nat. Mns. i.s-j. -J7H. i

It is doiilitt'ul whether .\/K>!i"i/ tuiii'i-iriinnx has ever been really taken

ADDENDA 91. SCI^ENIIME CORVINA. 931

oil our coast, or indeed what that species may be. The original type, in
bad condition, has been identified by Vaillant & Bocourt with Aporjon
dovii, a Panama species, and their description, copied in the text on
page 563, seems to have been drawn from the latter species.

a. Preopercle entire; scales large. (Apogoniclttliys Bleeker. )

889 (c). A. alutus J. & G.

Busty -red, with silvery luster, body and fins very finely speckled with
dusky; vertical fins somewhat yellow, their tips dusky with dark points.
Mouth very oblique; maxillary 1J in head, reaching- past pupil; preop-
ercle with both ridges entire; eye moderate, 2f in head; second anal
spine half length of longest anal ray, 3£ in head ; ventrals a little longer
than pectorals, not reaching vent. Head 2-J; depth 2f. D. VI-I, 0;
A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 21. L. 2J inches. West Florida.

(W Apogonickthys puncticulatus Poey, Eepert. Fis. Xat. Isl. Cuba, ii, 233 (lat. 1. 30);
.Tor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 279.)

Page 564. Maallus barbalus L.

Specimens of this species have been obtained at Pensacola, Florida,
and at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts. The American form (subsp. auratim
J. & G.) is distinguishable from the typical barbatus in the lower
fins, less blunt snout, shorter mouth, and the presence of two lateral
stripes of yellow. From the European variety xurmuletus (Mullns siir-
muletus L.), subsp. auratus is known by the lower fins and by the re-
placement of the black band on the dorsal fin by a band of yellow.
Head 3f; depth 4. D. VII-I, 8; A. 11,6. Palatine teeth coarse and
granular, forming a large patch.

(Mullus barbatus anratus JOT. &. Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 280.)

Page 569. Instead of Rcicena stellifera read :
895. S. laiaceolata (Holbr.) Gthr.

The identity of our species with S. stellifera (trispinosa) is very
doubtful.

Page 570. To the description of Sclcena argyroleuca (punctata) add
"lowest tooth of preopercle spinous, directed downward."

Page 571. Sciccna oceUata is known as "Bed-fish" on our Gulf coast,
It reaches a weight of 35 to 40 pounds. Old specimens entirely lose
the serratures on the preopercle, the edge of the bone becoming mem-
branaceous and entire as in " Corvina."

932 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

Page ."»7-. Instead of ucc," etc., read:

292 (<•).— CORVINA* Cnvior.

The species of "tfcnrmi" which have the preopercle without bony
Denatures may he referred to Corvina. Genus 296 (b), Eoncador should
probably be retained also.

Page ."»7.">. After ('<>rri,i<i nciiiinnfitci add:

293 (-2).— EQUES Blocb.

(Blo.-h lehthyologia, about 1790: type Eqncs ameriratin* Blocb.)

Body oblong, compressed, the back much elevated anteriorly. Mouth
rather small, the lower jaw included; teeth in villiform bands, the outer
somewhat enlarged above; preopercle serrate, the teeth flexible; pseu-
dobranchia1 ])resent. Scales moderate, extending on the soft fins.
First, dorsal of about 16 spines, the median spines much elevated :
second dorsal extremely long. Anal very small; second anal spine
small. Pyloric coeca few. Air-bladder simple. Vertebrae 10+15.
(Latin, Equus, a horse; the long dorsal spines being compared to a
rider.)
9O1 (>'). E. laiir^olatus (Gniel.) Casteln.

r.re\ ish-yellow, with three broad blackish-brown bands, edged with
whitish ; the first vertical, from the crown, through the eye to the angle
of the mouth ; the second slightly arched, from the nape over the oper-
ele to the base of the ventral; the third curved, from the top of the
first dorsal along the middle of the side of the body to the middle of
the caudal fin. Head small; maxillary 3 in head, reaching pupil.
Height of first dorsal usually much more than depth of body below
it. Head 3»-; depth 3£. D. XVI-I, 53; A. II, 10; Lat. 1.60. West

Indies; lately taken at Pensacola by Silas Stearns.

(Chii'ioilnii /riH/ro/d/HxCmeliri, Syet. Nat. 178H, 12.".-1: /.'</«<•» baJlcntiin C. & V. v, l(i">:
CiintluT, ii, •,'?!»: KtjiH'H itmericanus Bloch. Ichtli. tat'. :?47, ii^. 1.)

Page ."i7.~>. The synonym " Homo j>r inn .ranthitrus Holbr." belongs i<»
Sfiirnn <ir/i>/r<>l<'iicti. not to LioNfniiius .runtlinnix.

Page r>7."». (JniijniH'iHiiN. Several of the characters given in the text
are inapplicable to South American species now referred to (i'<>ii/(»i<'tnux.

*('u\i.'i. !,'« i,'iir Animal, i-d.'J. ii, 17:'., l-_".>: tyjii- Sciinni >iii/ru I'.lm-li -\,-;,;,/r, umbra
L. in |i:iil. the sjii-cirvi liiiviii^ bri-n i nnfuuiiclcil liy L. \\itli Mtrnn umbra (=^rtc/(///</

\. ;i<-. >. The enlargement of tin- scmiiil :in:il spine, used by Cuvier to distinguish Cor-

iiini troin Xi'iiriitt, li:is no tuxunniiiic value. (Corriixi, the Italian and Sjianisli name iur
\ arimis Sei.-fimids, originally fruin Latin <'t>rrun, en>\v, in allusion to the dusky color of

< '.

ADDENDA — 91. SCLENID.E CYNOSCION. 933

Some of these have the mouth subinferior, the barbels conspicuous,
forming a tuft at the chin ; the dorsal spines 10 and the caudal double-
truncate; the gill-rakers short. The diagnosis should be amended
accordingly.

Page 570. Instead of Scicena punctata read:

896. S. clirysura (Lac.) J. & G.
(Dipterodon chrysurus Lac^pede iii, 64, 1802.)

There are two species called Perca punctata in the Systema Naturae,
and the second of these should be suppressed.

Page 577. Instead of the account ofMenticirrus littoralis substitute:

9O8. M. lifforalis (Holbr.) Gill.— Surf Whiting.

Grayish silvery, nearly plain, without traces of bars ; pectorals, ven-
trals, and anal pale, with a few black dots; caudal tipped witb blackish ;
lining of opercle pale. Body rather elongate, the caudal peduncle very
slender; snout bluntish, 3 in head, projecting beyond premaxillary for
about one-sixth its length ; maxillary reaching about to front of eye ;
posterior nostril lanceolate; outer teeth little enlarged, very much
.smaller than in M. alburmis. Gill-rakers small, but developed; lower
lobe of caudal longest. Scales on breast very small, irregular. Head
3% ; depth 4| . D. X-I, 23 ; A. I, 7 ; scales, 6-50-11. South Atlantic
and Gulf coast. M. undulatus is closely related to this species.

M. alburmis is darker in color, usually with traces of dusky bars ;
pectorals blackish ; lining of opercle black. Snout sharp, of in head ;
snout much projecting (one-third its length). Outer teeth of upper jaw
very large; posterior nostril ovate; gill-rakers tubercular, almost obso-
lete ; maxillary about reaching middle of eye. Scales on breast large,
regularly placed. Head 3£; depth 4J. I). X-i, 24; A. I, 7 ; scales 6-
54-11.

Page 578. Menticirrus undulatus has the outer teeth of the upper jaw
not greatly enlarged and should have been placed rather under a instead
of aa. Umbrina elongata Gthr., from, the Pacific coast of tropical America,
is a different species. The latter name should be erased from the synon-
ymy of M. undulatus.

Page 578. The teeth in Larimus are mostly in single series. The
genus " Nonosira" Poey (Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., x, 326, 1881), is
identical with Larimus.

Page 570. The genus Atractoscion should be suppressed. Our species
may stand as 912, Cynoscion nolile (Ayres) J. & G.

934 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Pai;e.~»l. Tlic presence of one or t\vo anal spines in ('iimw'nm has
no importance. Probably a rudiment of the iirst spine will be lound
in all the species. Ci/mtucinn rctjale and Cymwlun nothuiu are distin-
guished from our other species by having the second dorsal and anal
covered with small scales; these fins beiiig naked in the other species.
Otulitlmx ilrinHiHondi Uich. (Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 1830, 70; Giiuther, ii.
.".07), from Xe\v Orleans, is identical with (Jynoscion nn(ci(l«lnm. This
.^pecies has the eaudal unevenly truncate, not "lunate", as stated in the
text.

Page r>s;>. After GVr/rx ]>lumicri add:
919 (b). O. oli*tlio*tom;i Goodo & Beau. — Irish Pompano.

Color silvery olivaceous ; scales with faint silvery streaks but no dark
ones; lins mostly pale or yellowish, the ventrals somewhat dusky.
Body rhomboid, short and deep, the back elevated, the anterior protile
straight and very steep ; mouth rather large; teeth slender, brush-like.
Preorbital entire ; preopercle and iuteropercle serrate. Groove on top
of head, for reception of premaxillaries, broad, rounded behind, with a
median linear depression, its surface completely covered with small
deciduous scales, which extend forward to just behind nostrils. ICyc
moderate. Dorsal spines high and strong, the second, nearly or quite
as long as head. Second anal spine very strong, half or more length oi
head. Caudal lobes long and slender, a little longer than head. Pec-
toral long, nearly as long as head, reaching front of anal. Head 3;
depth :». I). IX, 10; A. Ill, 8; scales 5-37-0. L. 12 inches. West In-
dies, north to Southern Florida.

....... !<• & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. !»-':>, 4'J:5: dcrrrx rlionibtw Poey, Syn. Pis.-.

Cul). 1H;">H, :;•.': Mtijiirnt liioiitlxa Tory, Airil. Soc. Ksp. Mist. N:il. x, ii'JT, 1.--1, II.H
Hiri-i-x i-liiniili, U x C. & V. vi, I.V.I; a sjn-cifs of similar ft.rni, but \vitli two anal spinrs
.uil\. an.l the jiiriiiaxillarv groove nilircly naked. The j^eii'is M»j<irra.\u Po> y's

ii i;ilij;elilelil. is (list ill^ll i.shrd IVulll f/.vrc.s by t he eilt ire Jireorltit al, and I'liuil "/'/</;-
lerux" by the serrated )u < .>|>erele. )

Pa-e .^\. Instead of (icrrcx ttryi'ittritN 1'c-ad:

«»-iO. <;. «n8:i C. A V.

This species is distinguished from the- other American species (ex-
cept <!<ri-ix li<niii>iti/>iiti*) by tlic- prc-seiice of a t ransv erse band of scales
across the anterior part of the gioovr of tlic- premaxillaries on the top
of the head; behind t hese scales the naked part of t he groove appears
as a pit \\hen the jaw is proinided. Third dorsal spine ;; as long as
liead, twice as long as second anal spine. Head 3.J ; depth 1';;. D.
IX, 10; A. 111,7; scales l-t.VO. Tip of dorsal dusky. West Indies,
north to < 'ape Cod.

ADDENDA — 92. GERRID^E — GERRKS. 935

To the synonymy of this species add :

(GcrrcsyiilaC. & V. vi, 464; Giiuther, i, 346, ami iv, 255: Diopter us gulaPoey, Synopsis
Pise. Cubens. 323, is a dilferent species. The types of Eucinostomus aryenteiw }'. «t (i.
from New Jersey, are too young to be certainly identified. Numerous specimens col-
lected by us iu North and South Carolina belong to Gcrres yuhi.)

Page 584. After Gerres homonymus read :
981 (6). G. ciBieu'ews (Walb.) J. &G.

Silvery; back and sides with G to 8 bluish vertical bars, about as
broad as the pupil, these extending to opposite lower part of orbit ;
the bars formed of confluent blotches and rarely obsolete; axil dark;
tins with some dark points. Body rather elongate, the back somewhat

\

elevated and compressed, the belly nearly straight, with an angle at
the breast. Teeth very small; preorbital and preopercle entire; fur-
row on top of head for premaxillary processes broad, scaleless, rounded
behind. Dorsal spines slender, flexible, the longest f head, half longer
than second anal spine. Pectoral slender, rather longer than head.
Caudal deeply forked, a little longer than head. Head 3£; depth 2§.
D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 5-40-10. L. 18 inches. The largest of
our species of the genus. West Indies and both coasts of Mexico;
north to Florida Keys and Gulf of California.

(Mugil cinereus Walbaum, Artedi Piscium 1792, 22^ (after Turdu-s cincrciis
Catesby): Gerres aprion C. & V. vi, 461, 1830 (not of Giiulher): Diapterus aprlon Poey,
Syn. Pise. Cub. 1868, 321: Gerres zebra Mu'ller & Troschel, Schomburgk Hist. Barba-
does, 1848, 668: Gerres zebra Giinther, i, 343 and iv, 254: Gerres squamipinnis Gun the r,
i, 349 and iv, 254.)

The species of Gerres here noticed may be readily separated by the
following analysis :

a. Preopercie serrate; anal rays III, 8; second anal, and third dorsal spines long:

body elevated. (Gcrres.)

b. Preorbital serrate; furrow for premaxillary processes broad, naked; body
striped ....................................................... PI.UMIERI.

ll>. Preorbital entire (Mojarra Poey); furrow for premaxillary processes broad,
scaled; body not striped ................................. OLISTHOSTOMA.

aa. Preopercle entire; anal rays IJI, 7; dorsal and anal spines comparatively low;

body little elevated. (Diapterus Rauzani.)
c. Premaxillary groove scaled in front, with a naked pit behind.

d. Depth about half length; third dorsal spine little longer than second anal.

HOMONYMDS.

dd. Depth about | lengt'j; third dorsal spine about twice length of second
anal ......... .................................................. GULA.

cc. Premaxillary groove entirely naked.

e. Premaxillary groove broad ; back elevated, the depth about J length ;
body with faint bars .................................. .. CIXEREUS.

ee. Premaxillary groove linear; back scarcely elevated, the depth about one-
third length; body not barred ............................. HAKKNGUU-S.

936 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTQ AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

The character of u lower pharyngeals united" has little importance
in this group. In Gerres plunrieri, as in nearly all the species examined
by us. the bones are not at all co-ossified, although very close together.

Page .~»s<i. k> Dltrcma violaceum" Button, from New Zealand, is a Scorn
ln did lish, and not an Emljiotocoid.

Page "•!>(). The genus Holconotus Agassiz should be recognized for
those species of Amphistichus which have the lower lip without freniiin,
and JJniclii/ifitius Gill for those of Micrometrus, which have the frenmn.
No. 930 should stand as —
93O. II. aa-gciitcus (Gibbons) J. & G.

Page GOO. Instead of Tautoya read:

316.— HIATUL.A Lac^pede.

r. Hist. Nat. 1'oiss. ii, ,">^:3, 1800: type Ldbrus Matula ~L,=Hiatula yardeni
Lac.) (Latin, hiatus, a gap.)

Instead of Tautoya onitis read:
942. II. ocaitis (L.) J. & G.

Page (100. Add to the synonymy of H. onitis —

(L<il>riiK liialula L. S.vsi. \:il.: Lnhrii* hlnhihi (Jinclin, Syst. Nat. 1287, 1?.-.-: /Ii,ilnlti

Larepede, Hist. Nat. J'oiss. ii. ,.">•_>:!, 1HMI; tlir ^cntis and species. )>asc(l on ,-i
n| r<nilofj which had in sonic \va\ lost tin- anal tin; this specimen seem-.
bo have lieen sent from Charleston l>y Dr. Garden to Linna-iis. If Mimi/ilt-ntx and
other generic names, based on abnormal or mutilated specimens, be adopted, we must
substitute Ilintulti for TuHtoya.)

I'a-e <i()l>. Instead of acr, etc., read:

31S (H-TROCHOCOPUS Giintber.

< iiiniher. Cat. Fish. JSrit. Mas. iv. Km, IM'.V!: tyjie Trochocopus opercularis Gtbr,')
This group is distinguished from ilnr/it by the smaller scales (Lat. 1.

l."i to (»'»), \vhich .M-areely enen.aeh on the liases of the soft dorsal and
;in;il. In the present elassilie;it ion of ilie Lnhridtf, this group may be
reeogni/ed as a distinct genus, although dill'ering from llnrjn' in no re
spect of importanei'. Sjiecies fe\v. (r/^^r/:, a running; /.w-/n oar.)

^l-"*. '!'. l)C33«-la«-|- ( A\ res) Carman.

I'a-e ('>(»;;. T'or Platyglossus grandisquamis and /'. lunncrdlin read:

1>l7<<>3tt>. E». E»Bvill:aliis l;loelr> cilu.

This species seems to In- \\idely distributed, and varies considerably
with age an 1 se\. Tin-, following is a description of the young (^Jlorc-
«//.s"j. sup posed by us at first to belong to a different species:

< Hi\ e brown; a grecnisli stripe along side of back; a dark-brown
lateral band from gill-opening to middle of caudal, on level of eye; a

ADDENDA 94. L ABRIDGE — PLATYGLOSSUS. 937

dark-bronze stripe from pectoral backward; each scale of sides with a
greenish-blue crescent; sides of head orange; a blue wavy stripe below
eye, turning downward on subopercle; opercle with a(u indigo spot,
bordered by bluish and yellow; tip of opercle yellow, the color bounded
by a blue <-shijped line; lower jaw with bands of orange and whitish;
a small inky spot at base of last ray of soft dorsal; dorsal cherry-red,
with translucent bands; caudal reddish; anal banded with red and
pale; pectorals yellowish; ventrals white. Body slender; snout not
very sharp; posterior canine small. Dorsal spines low, stiff and pun-
gent; caudal short, obliquely truncate. Head 3£; depth 4 (4f in total).
D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales 1^-26-8. L. 3f inches. Pensacola Bay.
Old specimens, (Charleston, S. C.) are deeper-bodied and have the
posterior part of the caudal, especially the angles, black or dark-blue,
the basal part of the fin with concentric, convex, broad streaks of or-
ange, with narrower bluish interspaces; the dorsal is largely orange,
with a median blackish or brown baud, which is otteu obsolete, its base
with crimson spots; anal with a crimson band and some bluish streaks.
Black spot at base of last dorsal ray disappearing with age. Females
with the dark lateral band less distinct, the colors duller, the dark
dorsal band more distinct than in the males. Head 3| ; depth 3, in
adult. jSTorth Carolina to Surinam.

To the synonymy add:

(Lttbnts Uritiatus Bloch, Ichthyol. taf. 284, f. 1; Julis psittaculuis C. & V. xiii, 387;
Giinilier, iv, 164; Steiudachuer, Ichthyol. Notiz. vi, 49, 1867 : Platyylossus florealls Jor.
&, Gilb. Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 287: Platyglossus grandisquamis and humeraUs,
this work, p. <j03.)

948 (ft). P. caudalis (Poey) Gthr.

Olivaceous; a row of sky-blue spots on each side of back; a broad'
area of orange, intermingled with violet spots, extending along sides,
most conspicuous anteriorly ; below this a band of pale violet, becoming
posteriorly spots of deep violet; still lower a deep yellow baud bound-
ing the white of the belly; preorbital and suborbital scarlet, with 3
blue stripes, marked with cherry-red; cheeks below yellowish; oper-
cles bright red, with 3 oblique violet stripes, the upper forming behind
eye an oblique blotch, in the middle of which is a round ink-like spot;
no opercular spot; dorsal orange, the soft part with 3 rows of violet
spots; caudal orange and blue, the former color arranged in 1 longi-
tudinal, 2 marginal, and 2 converging bands, which are joined by re-
ticulations around bluish spots; anal with a basal row of orange spots,
then blue spots, then a yellow baud, then blue, then finally edged with

938 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.

orange: ventrals red; pectorals mostly violet; spots on head and pos-
terior parts bright clear blue, elsewhere duller and violaceous. Body
very slender, the snout pointed; posterior canine large. Dorsal spines
slender, but pungent; caudal convex, its comers slightly produced.
Head ::; : tleptli 4£ (5 in total). D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales l'-i'.V<i.
Pensacola, Florida, to Cuba and Surinam (here described from young-
males).

(fJulis caudalis Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 213; ?Giiuther, iv, 1G6; Jordan & Gilbert,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 286: FJulis plains Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 214: ? I'luti/ylossti*
Ilk-tux Giiiither, iv, ICG: t Platygloa#u8 poeyi Sleiml. Ichth. Noliz. vi, 4U,

I 'age GOO. Instead of Henristoma substitute-

s'^.— SCARUS Forskiil.

(Forskal, Fauna Arabica, 1775, 25: type Scar us psltlacux Forskal.)

Omit from the description of the genus the following clauses: "Lat-
eral line continuous." "Lower jaw included. Scales on the cheek in
more than one series." "Dorsal spines flexible." Our species should
stand as —
954. S. giiacamaia ' & V-

Page 007. After Scarus guacamaia add:
954 (&). S. croiceiisis Bloch. — BuUon.

Bluish silvery, with three red longitudinal bauds; the upper from
the nape to the end of the dorsal; the second through the eye, crossing
the space between the two portions of the lateral line; the third from
the base of the pectoral to the lower half of the caudal fin; head
mostly rosy; snout with bright -colored streaks; tins all yellow. Three
series of scales on the cheek; the middle composed of live scales; the
lower of three, and covering the limb of the preoperele. Caudal sub-
truncate. Teeth small, whitish or rosy; no posterior canine. 1'pper
lip broad, covering more than half of upper jaw. Dorsal s'pines Ilex
ible. Head ;;.] in total length; depth .">:-;. 1). IX, 10; A. II. S: Lat.
1. Ul. L. 7-S inches. (Cuv. & Val.) "West Indies, north to Sonihern
Florida (Urdu).

(I'.lu.-h. Irlilli. IT'.IT, 1-. |.l. I'.'l: S,;,rnx i,,x,il,f-»<i ,,<-l,i -,rn, -is Bl.u-li. A Sclm. 1801,285:

('. A \'. xiv. '.'(ID: 1'nrinliisciiritx xniidn -c;v/r/'s < ,unl IH-V. iv, \

•

lih. Donal spines ]>uu^«Mit ; si-:ilcs ..... -lin-k in < ..... snirs. ( >'/»»M-/'.SUMH/ ' S\\.»

Uosy olive: a black blotch on the upjiei1 half ol' base of pec-
toral; front of head with brownish reticulations; tins rosy; color in

, ii, 'J-J7, 1~:','J: t>jn- Xjmrnit aliHili/niiri'ii Ulocli. ( — ,V
, not of Korskal, wliirli is Ilciiiinlinnd S\v. or 1'Hcndoniaru.i JHccker.)

ADDENDA - 96. POMACENTRID.E - GLYPHIDODON. 939

spirits nearly plain ; faint whitish streaks along the rows of scales on
the sides. Teeth rather distinct; caudal emarginate, the outer angles
produced; cheeks with about three scales. Head 3£; depth 3. West
Indies, north to Garden Key, Florida.
(Poey, Meru. Cuba, ii, 218, I860: Poey, Syii. Pise. Cub. 338.)

954 (d). S. radiaaas C. & V. — Spanish Porgy.

Eeddish olive ; lower parts and anal rose-colored ; dorsal tin and
upper parts marbled with brownish; caudal with irregular dark cross-
bands, including whitish spots, and with a narrow whitish edge; anal
with four oblique dark spots; root of the pectoral blackish; a light
baud across chin. Snout not twice length of eye. Caudal truncate,
the outer rays slightly produced in the adult, rounded in young.
Teeth very distinct; young with pointed teeth directed outward around
the jaw. Four scales on cheek. L. 8 inches. (Giinthcr). Florida to

Brazil.

(Cuv. & Val. xiv, '206; Giiuther iv, 211; Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 32.)

Page (K)8. After Heros cyanoguttatus add:

955 (b). H. pavoEaacetas Garnian.

Dark brown, necked with pale; 4 to G ocellatecl, vertically-expanded
black spots on side below dorsal tin; an ocellated black «pot on base
of tail above lateral line; side with 10 or 12 faint dark cross-bands.
Head i.s deep as long. Eye large, wider than preorbital, its front be-
hind tip of maxillary; 5 rows of scales on cheek. Fifth dorsal spine
highest; soft dorsal and anal reaching caudal; pectorals to vent. Head
2f ; depth 2f. D. XVI, 12; A. V, 8; scales 4-32-12. Monclova, Coa-

huila. (Gannan.)

(Garnian, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1881, 93.)

Page 010. It is probably better to recognize the genus 325 (6), Gly-
phidodoii Lac., distinguished from Pomacentrus by its notched teeth.
Our species may stand as —

95§. G. decSavifa-oaas (Gill) Gthr.

(Eum-ltitslodus decUrifi'ons and E. concolor Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil a. 1862, 37:
u* analogus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 220; Giiuther, iv, 38.)

959. <S. saxatilas (L.) Lac.

Page Oil. Ckromia punctipinnis belongs to the subgenus Fnrcaria
Poey (Memorias Cuba, ii, 105: type Furcaria puncta Poey Ai/resia
Cooper), distinguished from Chromis proper by the more elongate body,
the more deeply forked caudal, and by the presence of 12 dorsal spines.

040 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Page G12. After Chromis insolatus add:

961 (/')• C. eiiehrysurus J. & G.

Dusky bluish; a blue stripe from tip of snout through upper part of
eve to above lateral line; caudal deep yellow; pectorals, most of soft
dorsal, and distal half of anal, light yellow; fins otherwise dusky; a
small black spot iu axil. Body regularly ovate-oblong. Jaws equal.
the maxillary 31- in head, extending a little past eye; preopercle with
blunt serrations. Teeth slender, conical, in a moderate baud. Dorsal
emarginate, the longest spine Ii in head; caudal lunate; second anal
spine 1-j iu head. Head 3;V; depth 2. D. XIII, 12; A. II, 12; scales
3-20-9. Pensacola, Fla.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 286.)

Page G15. After Chcctodon maculocinctus add:
963 (/>)• C. hJsaiariilalus Block. — Four-eyed Fitth; White Angel.

Pearly gray; snout, edge of opercle, base of pectoral, anal, caudal.
and dorsal bright yellow; a black band, edged with yellow, extending
from a point in front of and below first dorsal spine across eye to mar
gin of interopercle; soft dorsal with a large, round, indistinct black
spot at its base, between fifth and twelfth rays, and a small, deep black
spot at its angle; soft dorsal with a narrow marginal line of blade ; soft
anal with a narrow submarginal band of light blue, edged anteriorly
with black; caudal with a terminal band of bluish, the center bright
yellow; base of ventrals blotched with yellow. Snout produced,
longer than eyr; preopercle finely denticulated. Soft dorsal and ana!
angular behind. D. XII, 20; A. Ill, 1(5; scales (J-U4-15.
West Indies, north to Key West (Mcanis).

(Bloch, Iclith. vii, 1797, t:d". 'Jill; Giinthrr, ii, U; I'ory. MCMH-M.-IS, ii, 371,
s,irnilti-<ntn>i liiiniK'iilittus Goodc, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 43.)

9<;:i ' i. < . capistratu* L.

, A black, while-edged, ocular band, much narrower than the eye, ex-
tending over the interopercle, not over the chest ; a round, black, white-
edged spot immediately before the angle made by the dorsal I'm and
1 lie buck of the tail : blackish oblique streaks along the series of scales:
those of the upper hall' of the body descending forwards; ihose of the
lower ::M-endmg forwards: a grayish band, edged \\i!h black, across
the middle of caudal, continued on the soft dorsal and anal lins. where
it runs 'parallel \\ilh the margin and near it ; ventrals whitish. Snout
very slightly produced, nearly as long as eye; preopercle very faintly

ADDENDA — 103. URANOSCOPIDJE ASTROSCOPUS. 941

serrate. Soft dorsal and anal angular behind. D. XIII, 1.9; A. Ill,
17; scales 6-42-17. (Giinther.) West Indies, north to Florida Keys.

(L. Syst. Nat,; Gunther, ii, 12.)

Page 615. After Pomacanthus ciliaris add:
964 (&). P. tricolor (Bloch) J. & G-.— Black Angel.

Head, caudal fin, anterior part of trunk, and margins of soft dorsal
and anal yellow; rest of body black. Preopercular spine grooved,
reaching to posterior margin of opercle. Soft dorsal, aual, and upper
ray of caudal, moderately produced. D. XIV, 19; A. Ill, 18; scales
8-48-25. (Giinther.) West Indies, north to Florida Keys.

(Cliaitodon tricolor Bloch, Icbtli. xii, 1797, taf. 425: Holacanthus tricolor C. & V. vii,
162: HolacantJins tricolor Giinther, ii, 49.)

Page 617. After Acanthurus chirurgus add:
966 (&). A iiig-ricans (L.) Bloch.

Closely related to Acanthurus chirurgus, differing in the longer snout,
which is more convex in its upper portion. Caudal triangular, scarcely
concave behind; vertical bands on the side very narrow, usually dis-
appearing after death; fins without oblique stripes. (Poey.} West In-
dies, occasionally northward (said to have been once taken at New
York).

(Chcftodon nigricans Linn. Syst. Nat.: Acanthurus phlebotomus Cuv. & Val. x, 176,
tab. 287, 1835: Acanthurus pMebotomus Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 1880, 245.)

966 (c). A. tractus Poey.

Distinguished most readily by the length of the caudal lobes, especi-
ally the upper, which is notably longer than the lower, its tip ending
in a whitish thread; anterior profile moderately curved. Dorsal with
faint oblique streaks. Body usually without dark streaks. West In-
dies and both coasts of Me dco, occasional northward.

(Acanthurus chirurgus C. & V. x, 1G8 (uot Chcetodon chirurgus Bloch) ; Poey, Mem.
Cuba, ii, 208, I860; Poey, Aual. Soc, Esp. Hist. Nat. 1880, 246.)

Page 628. Astroscopus y-grcecutn and A. anoplus are very closely re-
lated. The following distinctive characters may be found useful :

In A. anoplus the pale spots are much smaller, less sharply defined,
and occupy a smaller area than in A. y-grcecum; the lower part of head
has two black blotches in both species; the second dorsal, anal, and
ventrals are nearly or quite plain. The naked area behind each eye is,
in A. anoplus, lunate, its length barely twice that of the snout; the bony
V-shaped plate is short and broad, concave on the median line, and
forked for about half its length, the posterior undivided portion broader

942 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMKKK'AN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Jlian long; the bon\ bridge across the occiput but little shorter than tin-
part of the head which precedes it. In A. y-(jy(rctim the naked area is
trapezoidal, longer than broad, and a 1 tout 4 times the length of the snout :
the Y is forked for more than half its length, its undivided part more
than twice as long as broad, and not concave; the occipital plate is not
half as long as the part of the head which precedes it.

I 'a. ire 020. After Axfnwujms anoplux add:

FAMILY GUI (//) — OPISTHOGNATIIID^E.

Hody oblong or elongate, low, moderately compressed, covered with
small, cycloid scales. Lateral line present, usually incomplete, straight,
runuin.tr close to the dorsal fin. Head large, naked, the anterior profile
deciirved. Mouth terminal, horizontal, its cleft usually very wide, the
maxillary extending past the eye, and sometimes considerably beyond
the head; supplemental maxillary present; premaxillaries protractile:
jaws siibequal, with conical or cardiform teeth; vomer usually with a
few teeth; palatines toothless; operdes unarmed: no suborbit-al stay.
I'seudobrauchia- present. Gill-rakers rather long; gills I, a slit behind
the fourth; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus. Hranchio-..
legals (5. Air-bladder present. No pyloric cceca. Dorsal. fin long, con
tiuuous, its anterior half composed of slender, llexible spines; caudal
distinct, rounded or lanceolate; tail diphycercal; anal long, without
distinct spines; ventrals separate, jugular, I, 5, the middle rays long
est; pectorals fan-shaped. Two genera, of about 12 species, inhab-
iting rocky bottoms in tropical seas. Their relationships are apparently
with Trachinoid forms, but they bear considerable resemblance to the
('linoid niennies. (TnicliinidcCj genus Opixthognathux Cliinther, ii, 254-
266.)

n. M:i\ill:M-y n!' ni(nl«-r:itr li-n^Mi. tninratr behind ............. ONATIII r< '!•-. :':>(&).

<HI M.ixill:iry of <jrr.-it length, prolonged in a Ilcxilih- l:iniin:i lidiind.

< U'lSTIKn.NA 1 III >.

(fc)-— GKATIIYPOPS (Jill.
till, I'M". \< . N.M. Si-i. I'liilii. l-r>-,>, ','11: I\|>r OpisthOfflMthlU maxitt08U6 I'IH-V. )

This genus includes those O/>ixtlt<>(/ii<iflii<l«' in which the maxillary is
of medium length and truncate behind. ()-•"> "»-:, j a \\ : -'•', IM-IOW; w<f,

eye,

077 (6). «. maxillosiis , .!'...•>•) Gill.

Color gi-.yish olive, with 7 irregular X-sl|:ll)('(l bars of darker, every
where much marbled and variegated: fins all similarly marked, the

ADDENDA - 103 (ft). OPISTHOGNATHIDJL - OP1STHOGNATHUS. 043

veutrals dusky, the dorsal with a dusky blotch in front. Body moder-
ately compressed; head not very large; maxillary truncate behind, ex-
tending behind eye for a distance about § diameter of eye, its length 1§
in head; eye ':| in head. Teeth conical, curved, well separated, mostly
in a single series. No teeth on vomer. Fins moderate; dorsal con-
tinuous, its spines slender; caudal short, its length § head. Head 3|;
depth 4£. D. VIII, 17; A. II, 13; Lat, 1. 05. Cuba, north to Garden
Key, Florida.

(Opitfhofiiwlliiix iiKH'iUosus Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 286, 1860; Poey, Syu. Pise. Cub. 400.)
33§ (o).— OPISTHOGNATHUS Cuvier.

(Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2, 1829: type Opisthognathus sonncratii Cuv. )

Maxillary prolonged backward in a long, flexible lamina, which some-
times reaches base of pectoral. Characters of the genus otherwise in-
cluded above. (o-tffdr^ behind; yvdOos, jaw.)

9TCV (c). O. scapliiurus Goode & Bean.

Grayish olive, much variegated with whitish and dark olive ; about
0 irregular dusky bands on the body, which extend on the dorsal fin;
whitish markings on body forming roundish spots, surrounded by
reticulations of grayish olive; head marbled, its posterior part, as
well as the sides of the back and pectoral base, with small blackish
dots; membrane lining the inside of the maxillary with 2 curved inky-
black bands on a white ground; angle of mouth with a black spot;
lining of opercle black; fins all variegated like the body. Body mod-
erately elongate, somewhat compressed. Head blunt anteriorly; snout
very short, about as long as pupil; eye large, 4 in head; maxillary
reaching slightly past edge of preopercle, but not to end of head, its
length contained 3f times in length of body. Teeth rather strong, wide-
set, forming 2 distinct series, directed backward, especially in the upper
jaw; lateral teeth of lower jaw largest; a single vomeriue tooth. Gill-
rakers long and slender, nearly 20 below angle. Scales very small.
Dorsal fin low, continuous, the soft rays but little higher than the
spines, which are slender and flexible, the longest 3-V in head. Caudal
short, rounded, its length 5f in body. Anal similar to soft dorsal.
Pectoral half as long as head. Depth 5. D. XI, 1C; A. 18; P. 17;
Lat. 1. 100. Florida Keys.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 417.)

977 (d). O. BoncBjurus J. & <~4.

Olivaceous; margin of upper lip with a narrow black stripe; caudal
with 3 dusky bars ; color of rest of body nearly uniform . Head not very

944 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

large; simiu very short, shorter than pupil; eye .">.\ in head; maxillary
1£ in head, rather narrow; lower jaw included; vomer with ."> rather
large teeth. Longest dorsal spine about as long as head, slightly
higher than soft rays; caudal long, the middle rays scarcely shorter
than head; longest anal rays 1 ' in head; pectoral little more than half
head. Scales moderate. Head ."..',; depth 4f. D. 25; A. lo; Lat. 1.
07. Two specimens known, taken from the stomach of a lied Snapper
at Pensacola, Fla.

(Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 290.)

Page 030. In key, under j/, after the word "series," add '-in lower
jaw."

Page 632. Darmitator Uneatus is apparently identical with J). macu-
littitN, and may be suppressed. The genus Dormitator is best distin-
guished from FAeotris by the numerous long, lamelliform appendages of
the narrow lower pharyugeal bones. In Philypnus, Culiu*, and Eleotrix
the bones are broader, and without appendages.

341 (6).— CULIUS Blecker.

I'.li-ckfv, Bocroo, 411: type Elfotrix niyer Q. & G. = Pceciliafusca Bl. &, Schn.

This genus is distinguished from Elcotris by the presence of a stout
hook-like spine, directed downwards and forwards, near the angle of
the preopercle. Gill-openings extended forwards. Teeth lixed. Spe-
cies rather numerous in brackish and fresh waters of tropical regions.
(Name of Indian origin.)

9*1 (b). €. amblyopsis Cope.

Dull olivaceous; everywhere dusted with dark points; finely barred
with paler; a black streak from eye to upper edge of gill-opening; a
lilackish spot above base of pectoral. Form of Eleotris gyrhnts. Max-
illary reaching middle of eye, 1>:£ in head; teeth of the inner series in
each jaw largest. Scales larger than in other species of the genus.
Mead .'.,: depth .V<. D. VI, 0; A. 8; Lat. 1. 48. South Carolina to
West Florida and Surinam.

, Trims. Am. I'liil-.s. s,>r I'hila. 1870, 47:5.)

I'age li.'ii'. (lohius I'utnliix <lrd. proves to be a true Gobi/is, and is
identical with (iohin* xoimrntur. It should, therefore, be ei'ased. The
upper ra\s ol' the pectoral are silk-like. Mead .'{.',; depth 4,\. J).
VI-10; A. 1, i>; Lat. 1. .').'> to .'5S; 1'J rows between dorsal and aiuil. It
is very abundant about rocks and ballast heaps from Florida to Texas.

ADDENDA 104. GOBlIDvE LEPIDOGOBIUS. 945

Professor Gill informs us that one of the species of Gobius described
by Girard from Texas is, however, undoubtedly a true Evortliodus. As
all of these species, except G. wilrdemanni, have now been accounted
for, the latter species may be provisionally referred to Evortliodus.

Page 633. No. 983, Euctenogobius lyricus is a marine species, found
along the coast of Texas. The genus Euctenogobius intergrades with
Gobius and can hardly be retained.

Page 633. After GoHus lyricus add :

9§3 (&). O. encaeomus J. & G.

$ olivaceous, mottled with darker above; a series of 4 obscure oblong
dark blotches along middle of sides ; a dark spot at base of caudal ;
each side of nape with an intense blue-black spot larger than eye ; an
obscure dusky streak from eye forward to mouth. Both dorsals trans-
lucent, with series of bright reddish-brown spots as large as pupil;
upper lobe of caudal light reddish, the lower blue-black ; anal and ven-
trals dusky-bluish ; pectorals slightly dusky, with a narrow bright
pinkish border behind. Body very elongate ; head compressed ; cheeks
high and vertical; snout very short, vertically rounded. Mouth nearly
horizontal, large, the maxillary nearly half head, reaching about to
posterior margin of orbit; upper jaw with an outer series of strong
curved canines, the inner series and those in lower jaw small. Inter-
orbital width about equaling pupil; eye about \ head; gill-opening 2£
in head; the isthmus wide. Dorsal spines not filamentous; soft dorsal
and anal high, reaching caudal when depressed; caudal lanceolate, the
middle rays produced, 2§ in length. Pectoral rays not silk-like. Body
covered with small ctenoid scales, much reduced anteriorly; head, ante-
dorsal region, and breast naked. ? with' smaller mouth and no red on
fins. Charleston, S. C.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 634. Gobius carolinensis Gill is indistinguishable from Gobius
soporator, and may be suppressed. Gobius mapo Poey (Mem. Cuba, ii,
277), seems to be the same species.

Page 634. Gobius gulosus Grd. is a species of Lepidogobius, and should
be transferred to page 638, after L. newberrii. It may be thus defined :

992 (&), 9§6. L,. gulosus (Grd.) J. & G.

Light olive, with sharply defined markings of dark brown; those 011
the head mostly longitudinal streaks; those on the body forming dark
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 60

94G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

cross-bars and blotches; fins mostly spotted or barred. Body elongate.
Head large, low, not very blunt. Mouth large, very oblique, the man-
dible strongly projecting; the maxillary extending to below middle of
pupil, L' in head. Teeth ill few series, those of the outer row very
l<mg, slender, and curved. Scales small, cycloid, imbedded. Head
and nape scaleless. Dorsal spines slender, the longest somewhat fila-
mentous; caudal long; upper pectoral rays not silk-like; veutrals in-
serted directly below pectorals. Head 3£; depth 5. D. VI-15; A. 10;
Lat. 1. 42. L. 3 inches. Florida to Texas.
(Gobiits (julosus Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 185U, 26.)

Page C35. Before Golius glaucofrcenum iusert-
9§7 (6). G. fooleosoma J. & G.

Pale olivaceous, mottled with darker; male with a black humeral
spot; fins barred, their edges tinged with orange. Form, size, and
coloration of Bolcosoma olmstedi. Head not very blunt. Mouth mod-
erate, horizontal, the lower jaw included; the maxillary reaching nearly
to middle of eye. Teeth small, slender, in narrow bauds, the outer
somewhat larger. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Dorsal spines not fila-
mentous; caudal pointed, slightly longer than head; upper rays of
pectorals not silk-like. Head 4; depth 44. D. VI-12; A. I, 11; Lat.
1. 33. L. 2 inches. Pensacola, Fla.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. MUH. 1882, 295.)

987 ('•)• G. Ktig-maturus Goodo & Bean.

Light olive, sides marbled with whitish; a dusky spot on opercle and
one below tye; sides with 5 dusky blotches along median line, the last
(Hie a round black spot at base of caudal ; vertical fins with wavy black-
ish bars; paired fins plain. F.orm of G. boleoxoma ; head not very blunt ;
miout little- shorter than eye; lower jaw not shorter than upper. Max-
illary extending to below middle of eye, 2'j in head. Teeth strong,
curved, those of the upper jaw in a narrow band, two of the teeth some-
what canine-like; lover teeth large, in a single irregular series. Scales

large, (host the nape reduced, all ctenoid. Dorsal spines slender;

fins not elevated; caudal as long as head ; upper rays of pectoral not,
silk like. Head I; depth li. 1 >. YI-12; A. 12; Lat. 1. 30. L. 2 inches.
West coast of Florida.

1C A Hraii. I'H.r. T. S. Nat. Mu9. 1882,418.)

<>N7 (d). G. nicholsi i:«-an.

Olivaceous; scales edged with dusky; top of spinous dorsal black;
second dorsal and caudal spotted with dark; ventrals black. Bodj

ADDENDA 104. GOBIID.E LEPIDOGOBIUS. 947

stout, compressed. Snout obtuse, about as long as eye; maxillary
reaching front of pupil; lower jaw slightly projecting; teeth slender,
in several series, the outer enlarged. Last rays of soft dorsal nearly
as long as head; caudal convex, nearly as long as head; pectoral as
long as head, none of its rays silk-like. Scales large; head naked.
Head 3f; depth 4£. D. VI-14; A. 12; scales 26-10. L. 4J inches.
Coast of British Columbia. (Bean.)
(Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 469.)

Page 636. After Gobionellus oceanieus add:

9§9 (&). O. stigmaticus Poey.—Esmeralda.

Brown; head with 4 vertical broad black bands; 3 on the cheek, 1
on the opercle; body with 10 narrow vertical yellow bars; pectorals and
caudal with cross-rows of brown spots; ventrals yellow, with black
edgings; a small black shoulder spot. Profile bluntly decurved; max-
illary reaching past middle of orbit. Teeth slender, in bands, the outer
row enlarged. Pectoral as long as head; caudal pointed, half as long
as body. Scales ciliated. Head 4; depth 4£. D. VI-12; A. 13; Lat.
1. 30. (Poey.) Southern Florida (Bean) to Cuba.

(Smaraydus stigmaticus Poey, Memorias Cuba, ii, 281, 1860; Poey, Syix Pise. Cub.
394.)

The scales in Gobionellus oceanieus vary considerably. Lat. 1. 60 to 80.

Page 637. After Lepidogobius gulosus add :
992 (c). It. tSaaSassinus Jor. & Gilb.

Body translucent, very thickly covered with very minute, shining-
green dots, least numerous on tail; three conspicuous translucent bars,
wider than the interspaces, crossing sides immediately behind head ;
two narrow brilliantly-green lines running obliquely across cheeks;
dorsals whitish, with two or three lengthwise series of large reddish-
brown spots; spinous dorsal blackish at base; anal whitish at base,
the anterior rays tipped with brilliant white, the greater portion of im,
as well as lower part of caudal fin, blackish; upper caudal rays marked
with red; veutrals light buff; pectorals translucent. Body elongate,
much compressed; caudal peduncle very narrow and short ; head com-
pressed, much higher than wide, with very short, acute snout; mouth
terminal, wide and oblique; the jaws equal; maxillary reaching vertical
from middle of orbit, half length of head. Teeth apparently in a very
narrow baud, behind an outer series of strong conical teeth (the inner
band cannot be certainly verified in our specimens). Eyes high, sepa-

948 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

rated by a very narrow interorbital space. Dorsal spines slender, the
til tli slightly produced, reaching base of third soft ray when depressed.
Last rays of dorsal and anal reaching slightly past base of caudal.
Caudal lanceolate, the middle rays produced, 2f in body. Upper pec-
toral r.iys not silk-like. Ventral longer than head, reaching beyond
front of anal. Body covered with very small cycloid scales, which are
readily deciduous; head naked. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. VII-16; A.
1."). L. H inches. Charleston Harbor. This species is closely allied
to L. emblematicus Jor. & Gilb., from Panama.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 638. Instead of Gobiosoma alepidotum read :
993. G. bosci (Lac.) J. & G.

To the synonomy add:

(Gobius bosc Laedpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 555, 1800. The name alcpidotus was given
by Schneider in IriOl as a substitute for this personal name.)

Page G38. Gobiosoma molestum is not distinguishable by us from G.
bosci. It may therefore be suppressed.

Page G38. After Gobiosoma bosci add:
993 (b). G. ios Jor. & Gilb.

Light olive ; back, sides, and upper fins speckled with dark olive ;
caudal with 3 or 4 dark olive cross-bars; lower fins pale. Body long
and slender, moderately compressed; head long and low, anteriorly
pointed, its profile scarcely convex; mouth very large, oblique, the
jaws subequal ; maxillary reaching middle of cheek, its length more
than half head ; teeth slender, in moderate bands, the outer somewhat
enlarged. Eye as long as snout, 4J in head. Body entirely naked.
I ins low, the spines slender; caudal short. Head 4£; depth G§. D.
VI-15; A. 12. L. 2 inches. Puget Sound; one specimen known, from
the stomach of a Hexar/rammuN nxpfir.

t.Jor. «V (Jilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18ri2.)

Page G39. After Tyntla*tfx sdfjitla add:

35O (/»).— IOCSLOSSITS Bean.

(llt-an, Proc. U. S. Nat. MM*. I--.', 11!': type fofjlossus cnUiurus Bean.)

P.odv elongate, strongly compressed, of equal depth throughout, cov-
ered with very small, mostly cycloid, scales. Head short, compressed,
not keeled above; mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting;
in narrow bands or single series, some of them canine; no teeth

ADDENDA - 105. CHIRIDJS — HEXAGRAMMUS. 949

on vomer or palatines; tongue very slender, sharp; opercles unarmed.
Gill-openings very wide, the membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus
on the median line. No lateral line. Branchiostegals 5. Dorsals sep-
arate; the first of 6 very slender, flexible spines; the second elongate,
similar to the anal; caudal long and pointed, free from dorsal and anal;
ventrals close together, separate, each of one spine and four rays, their
insertion below or behind pectorals; anal papilla present. (r«?, dart;
fXwffffa, tongue.) A remarkable type, belonging to the Oxymetopontince,
differing widely from our other Gobioid fishes.

996 (&). I. calliurus Bean.

Light blive, without distinct markings (in spirits); tip of first dorsal
dusky; caudal apparently with a median reddish stripe and two bluish
bands. Head not crested, its upper surface gently rounded; maxillary
extending to opposite front of pupil, 2£ in head; upper jaw with about
2 series of teeth, the outer enlarged; 2 curved canines behind the baud;
lower jaw with about 1 row of smaller teeth, besides about 4 canines.
Eye large, twice length of snout, 3| in head. Gill rakers long and
slender. Dorsal fins contiguous, the longest spine filamentous, about
as long as head; caudal lanceolate, half as long as rest of body; ven-
trals inserted very slightly in advance of pectorals, nearly as long as
head. Scales minute, mostly cycloid. Head 5; depth 7^. D. VI-22;
A. I, 21. L. 4 inches. Deep water off Pensacola, Fla.

(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 419; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus.
2, 297.)

Page 642. Hexagrammm ordinatus is a typical Hexagrammus, having
the dorsal fin divided. The genus Pleurogrammus should probably be
adopted for H. monopterygius, which is, in Alaska, one of the most im-
portant food-fishes, according to Dr. Bean.

Page 644. Dr. Bean considers our suggestion, that Hexagrammns
scaber is the young of H. aspcr, as improbable. The following are the
characters assigned to the former species:

999 (&). H. scaber Bean.

Light brown, silvery below; each dorsal with 3 dark blotches, smaller
than eye, not reaching base of fin; pectorals, ventrals, and anal immac-
ulate. Teeth on jaws and vomer; none on palatines. A tentacle above
eye. Six lateral lines on each side; the supplemental one faint, extend-
ing backward from above base of pectoral, disappearing near middle of
body. Scales everywhere very rough. Caudal forked ; dorsal deeply

950 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

notched. Ilrad-l',: depth 4i. D. XX, 24; A. 23; Lat 1.103; 1. tr. 50.

L. ;> inches. Coast of Alaska; known from young specimens only.
(Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mtis. 1W1, 154.)

Page 661. Sebaxtodc* jiroriyir ranges northward to Alaska, where it
to a considerable 'size. In the original descriptions, both of
(-Hiatus" and "Perca rariabiUts," it is, evident that 8. pro-
has been confounded by Tilesius and Pallas with the species for
which we have retained the name of S. ciliatus.

On page 665, after Sebastodes ritber, add :
1O19 (1>). S. umbrosus J. & G.

Light orange, overlaid everywhere with blackish, the latter color
forming on the lower part of the sides reticulations in fine pattern,
the centers of the scales being paler than the edges; sides of head
with dusky shades; sides of back with some large areas of blackish;
upper parts with 5 large rounded blotches of pink washed with orange,
these blotches arranged as in constellates, but larger, less sharply de-
nned, and of a different hue; the second blotch with a smaller one above
it; a rosy spot on opercular flap; fins pale orange, shaded with dusky.
General form of constcllatus. Mouth moderate, oblique, the lower jaw
M-urcely projecting, its tip fitting into the emarginate tip of upper jaw;
maxillary 2 in head, reaching posterior margin of pupil ; both jaws with
small, smoothish scales. Cranial ridges rather sharp, lower than in con-
..'i-Hiitus; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital
spines present; interorbital area concave, with two prominent ridges;
the region much broader than in conntcllatHx, j-J width of eye; supra-
ocular ridge low, its spine smaller than tympanic spine; preocular
prominent; preopercular spines all acute; preorbital narrow, with two
spines. Eye large, 4 in head. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, the
longest about half eye. Scales moderate, with many accessory scales.
Dorsal rather low, deeply emarginate; fourth spine equal to soft rays,
about v; head: soft dorsal longer than high; second anal spine larg»',
2A in head; caudal slightly emarginate; pectoral not reaching \eni,
;;r; in body. Ilea.l 2f; depth 2f. 1). XIII, 12; A. Ill, 6; Lat. 1.40
(tubes). Santa Ilarbara, California.

iinilinixii* .lor. A Cill.. 1'iur. {' . S. Nat. Mns. 1882.)

I'a-e M'7!». The species here called M-m-fta-Ha <1«rti/lt>/>f<'r« proves
to have been correctly identified with the European species. It has
lately been taken in considerable numbers along the Gulf stream; The

ADDENDA 106. SCORPyENID^E — SCORP.ENA. 951

pectorals in this species are subtruncate, the lower rays somewhat
exserted. The group called by Poey "Pontinits" is not of this type,
but allied rather to Scorpccna proper.

Page 681. Scorpcena porcus should probably be erased, its occurrence
in our waters being very doubtful. The following species has been,
perhaps, mistaken for it :

IO3S (6). S. stearnsi Goode & Bean.

Dusky olivaceous, whitish below; head with some dark blotches and
small spots; back and sides with diffuse blackish blotches; body
sparsely covered with round dusky spots, smaller than pupil ; these
spots most numerous and distinct in the axillary region, which is other-
wise whitish; spiuous dorsal marbled, with a median dusky baud; its
base whitish, with black spots; soft dorsal and anal irregularly mar-
bled; caudal with a broad median and a terminal band of blackish; pec-
torals mottled and banded ; ventrals dusky at tip. Body robust, little
compressed, tapering posteriorly. Mouth moderate, oblique, the jaws
equal, the lower with a small symphyseal knob ; maxillary 2 in head,
reaching to below posterior margin of orbit. Preorbital with two di-
verging spines; suborbital without deep pit, its stay low, armed with
t\vo small spines; nasal spines inconspicuous; interorbital space deeply
concave, with 2 longitudinal ridges, its width £ diameter of eye.
Cranial ridges rather low, moderately sharp; the following pairs
present: preocular, supraocular, postocular, coronal, occipital, nuchal,
besides 3 on the temporal region, arranged in a right line behind the
eye. Occipital pit deep, a little broader than long. Preopercular
spines 5, the two lower blunt and short, the upper much the longest,
half as long as the eye; a small spine at its base. Supraocular flap v.ery
small, trilobate, shorter than pupil (much larger in a young example, ap-
parently of the same species, in which its length is about half head).
Small dermal flaps elsewhere on head. Opercular flap scaly; a few ru-
dimentary scales on cheeks and front of opercle. Breast with small
scales. Gill-rakers short and thick. Scales large, smooth, with mem-
branous edges; a series of dermal flaps along the lateral line and at
the dorsal base. Dorsal spines slender, the longest 2i times in head ;
longest soft ray half as long as head; caudal subtruncate, 1£ in head.
Anal spines small, the second and third equal, 2f in head. Longest
soft ray of anal half as long as head. Veutrals 1£ in head. Pectorals
reaching soft rays of anal, the longest ray slightly shorter than head;

952 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

base of the fin a little proem-rent, its length 3 in head. Head 2?-;
depth 2ft I). XI, I, 9; A. Ill, 5; P. 20; Lat. 1. 32 (31 tubes). South
Carolina to Florida.
(Goo.lr A J5cau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 421.)

1O38 (<•). S. calcarata Goode & Bean.

Color essentially as in S. stearnsi; axil of pectoral whitish, with
dusky specks, a black spot at its upper edge; ventrals mostly black.
Body moderately robust; lower jaw slightly projecting, with a small
symphyseal knob; maxillary reaching past pupil, its length half head.
Suborbital without pit, the bony stay moderate, armed with 2 small
spines. Nasal spines small. Interorbital space narrow, with 2 longi-
tudinal ridges, its width f length of eye. Cranial ridges rather low,
with sharp spines, arranged as in S. stearnsi. Occipital cavity almost
obsolete, represented by a slight depression. Preopercular spines 5,
the lowermost stout, directed doicmcaril and forward, the uppermost
rat her long, more than half eye. Opercular and scapular spines mod-
erate. Eye large, nearly 3 in head. Supraocular flaps minute; a few
other small flaps on head. Cheeks with rather large imbricated scales;
opercle, with some scales anteriorly and on its flap; breast scaly : scales
of body large, not ctenoid, with few dermal flaps or none. Pores of
lateral line very conspicuous. Gill-rakers short and small. Dorsal
spines rather slender, the longest 2§ in head; longest soft ray L'i in
head. Anal spines small, the second and third subequal, 3 in head.
Soft anal rays moderate. Ventrals reaching past vent, li? in head.
Pectoral long, 1 J- in head. Depth 3. D. XI, I, 9; A. Ill, 5; P. 19; Lat.
1. L'S (IT) t ubes). West coast of Florida.
(<; ..... ].• A r.ran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H82, 422.)

Page liSS. CottiatcitliiN w/fTo/wis very fully described and well figured

•

by Collet t, Norske Xord-llavs Exp. 1SSO, IS. The eye is here repre-
sented as shorter than snout, and about <» in head, the pectorals reach
past Iron I <>t' anal, and the dorsal rays are VI-13 to VI-15. It is pos-
sible that the Ameiican species is different, but the resemblance of the
two is very great.

<i'.»l. It is thought by Collett (Norske Nord-IIavs Exp. 1880, 34)
that Irclttx hlrnrnis is identical with I<-rhix linnnifiiN. If this supposition
is correct, the species should stand as 101S, /. biconiis (IJeinh.) (Jill.
lcdnx //m-/>r MalmfForh. Skand. Natm r. is<;;{, 410) is identical with
/. hniiHitiis. In life the head of this species is provided with very slen-
der cirri.

ADDENDA 107. COTTID^E — URANIDEA. 953

Page 694. Instead of Uranidea spilota read:
1O54. U. ricci (Nelson) J. & G.

Erase the synonym " Uranidea spilota Cope," etc. U. spilota is prob-
ably a distinct species, allied to- U. coynata.

Page 695. After Uranidea semiscabra add:
1O56 (c). U. rBiothea Rosa Smith.

Dusky, with blackish cross bands above, yellowish and punctulate
below; fins all more or less spotted and barred. Body moderately
elongate. Head broad and flattish; interorbital space broad and little
concave, nearly as broad as eye. Mouth moderate, the maxillary ex-
tending about to middle of pupil; jaws subequal; palatine teeth con-
spicuous; preopercular spine shortish, nearly straight, directed upward
and backward. Skin of head smooth; skin of back and sides rough,
with short, rather coarse prickles, shorter and stifle r than in U. aspera.
Fins moderate; pectoral barely reaching past front of anal. Head 3;
depth 4f. 1). VIII-15; A. 11; V. I, 4. Spokane Falls, Upper Colum-
bia River.

(Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 347.)

»

Page 697. Under Uranidea ricliardsoni add another "variety" — var.
kumlieni (Hoy).

The original type of U. kumlieni Hoy, lately re-examined by us, has
palatiue teeth, and the ventrals I, 4. It represents, in our present
view, a variety of U. ricliardsoni, possibly distinguishable from var.
bairdi by the rather higher spiuous dorsal and rather larger eye and
mouth. The description of u U.franYiini^ on page 699, belongs to U.
Jcumlieni, being taken from Hoy's type.

Page 698. To the account of Uranidea cognata may be added: Mouth
larger than in Uranidea yobio; head 3 iu length without caudal; its
width equal to its length and half more than its height; jaws equal;
vent a little nearer suout than insertion of caudal ; second dorsal twice
as long as first, separated from it by a space less than a line; anal be-
ginning opposite sixth ray of dorsal; caudal 6 iu total length. Under
surface silvery gray, minutely dotted; on the sides the dots are mingled
with crowded irregular blotches of dark brown; back and top of head
nearly uniform dark brown, few pale spots appearing. L. 4 inches.
(Richardson.}

954 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITUYOLOGY — IV.

Page COS. After Vra;\'ulca cognata add:
1O62 (6). U. spilota Copr.

Drown above, yellowish below, everywhere densely punctulate with
darker except on the belly; dorsals, caudal, and pectorals barred; anal
yellowish; dorsal and base of caudal with blackish spots; sides with
large dark spots, forming sometimes seven or fewer cross-bars. Body
rather elongate. Eye 4£ in head, one-third greater than iuterorbital
width. Ilead slightly contracted laterally, not much depressed; one
preopercular spine (hooked upward); pectoral reaching vent and front
of second dorsal, its rays undivided. Spinous dorsal low; anal begin-
ning opposite fourth ray of spiuous dorsal. No trace of palatine teeth.
Lateral line incomplete. Head 3^; depth 5. D. VIII-17; A. 13; V. I,
4; P. lo; B. 6. L. 3 inches. Grand Rapids, Michigan. (Cope.)

(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 82.)

1O62 (c). U. poIlBcaa-is J. & G.

Light olive above, blotched and spotted with black; lower part of
sides and below light, unmarked; dorsals, pectorals, and caudal with
series of spots. Head much depressed; snout broad and flat; profile
straight or slightly concave from nape to tip of snout; mouth small,
anterior; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit; teeth on
vomer, none on palatines. Preopercular spine large and strong, spi-
rally curved upwards and inwards; a single concealed point below
this on margin of preopercle. Spinous dorsal rather low, connected
with the long, low second dorsal by membrane; longest dorsal spine
equalling length of snout; origin of anal under third dorsal ray; last
ray of anal under sixteenth of dorsal; veutrals I, 4, reaching % distance
to vent; pectoral rays all simple; vent midway between tip of snout
and base of caudal. Lateral line continuous to base of caudal. Xo
prickles. Ilead 3?- in length; depth 4;,'; eye 5£ in head. I). VII-10;
A. 13; P. 17. Lake Michigan.

(Jor. &, <iiili. I'roc. U. S. Nat. MILS. 1882.)

Page (»!>!>. Instead of the description of Uranidca franl;Uni, given in
the text, insert the following:
1OGO. 1 . rr:iBikIini (A*;.) Jor.

I'.ody rather short and stout; snout not very obtuse ; maxillary
reaching about to pupil ; eye 4 in head, twice the interorbital space;
preopercular Spine hook-like, very acute; paired tins rather short, the
pectorals not reaching vent; lirst dorsal nearly as high as second;

ADDENDA 108 («). AGONID.E — LEPTAGONUS. 955

dorsals contiguous; anal inserted under fourth ray of second dorsal;
caudal G in length ; lateral line incomplete ; vent nearer base of caudal
than tip of snout. Head 2£; depth 4£. D. ViII-17 j A. 12; V. I, 3.
L. 3 inches. Lake Superior. (Girard.)

Page G99. After Uranidea franldini add :
1O69 (/>)• U» forsniosa (Grd.) Jor.

Body slender and graceful ; head small, depressed above ; eyes mod-
erate ; preopercular spine short, stout, acute, curved upwards ; a small
spine below it ; subopercular spine well developed. Dorsals well sepa-
rated; anal beginning under third ray of soft dorsal; pectorals not
reaching to posterior margin of spinous dorsal; ventrals not nearly to
vent. Head 4^ D. VIII-16; A. 11; V. 1,3. L. 3{ inches. Deep
water in Lake Ontario. (Girard.)

(Coitus formosas Girard, Mon. Cott. 58, 1850.)

Page 703. To the synonymy of Cottus scorplm grccnlandicm add:

(Coitus mUckilli C. & V. iv, 188 : Cotius porosus C. & V. viii, 498 : Acanthocottus ocel-
latus 11. E. Storer, Bost. Jonra. Nat. Hist. 1«50, 253: Cottnsylacialis Eich. Last Arctic
Voyage Belch, ii, 349, 1855: Acanthocottus mucosus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci.
1854, 12.)

Page 712. A minute patch of palatine teeth is sometimes present in
Liocottus hirundo.

Page 726. Instead of Bracliyopsis read :

3§3.— L.EPTAGONUS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1831, 259: type Agonus spinosissimus Kroyer = Agonus
dccagonus Bl. & Schu.)

The species should stand as —

a. Lower jaw projecting. (Brachyopsis Gill.)

1112. JL. restrains (Tiles.) J. & G.

1113. L. veiTMCOSiss (Lock.) J. & G

1114. L.. xyosierims J. & G.

aa. Lower jaw included. (Lcpiagomis.)

1 115. L.. decagonus (Bl. & Schn.) J. & G.

The following description of L. decagonus may be substituted for that
given in the text :

Greyish yellow, with 2 to 4 large transverse brown spots ; tips of pec-
torals and caudal blackish; a black streak through eye across preo-

056 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

pcrcle. Body slender; head rather low; mouth large, subinferior, the
snout projecting beyoud it; gill-membranes free from isthmus (fide Col-
h-tt in lit.) ; live long cirri near the angle of mouth, one of them forked ;
a forked cirrus on lower jaw; snout longer than the large eye; the
longest cirri about as long as snout; a pair of short spines on snout;
a pair of knotty protuberances above eye, and a pair of larger ones on
frontal region ; shields of anterior part of back each with a large keel
ending in a spine; keels elsewhere bluutish ; plates of breast tubercle-
like and striate ; 4 shields between dorsals ; 5 before first dorsal ; 17
before second; 12 between veutrals and anal. Pectorals slightly
longer than head ; ventrals moderate, longest in the males, the vent
close behind them. Head 5 ; depth 8. D. VI-7 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 40, the
number of pores about 24. L. 9 inches. Greenland to Xorway. (Collett.)
(Collett, Norske Nord-Havs Exp. 1880, 44.)

Page 728. Agonm cataphractus.

This species should probably be omitted as not occurring within our
limits, the Greenland references belonging to Leptayonus decagonus.

I 'age 728. The genus Bothrayonus Gill here appears for the first
time, the portion of Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. XI, in which it was to be
characterized having been withdrawn by the author.

Page 733. Trigla cucitlus should doubtless be omitted. It probably
has never been taken on our coasts.

Page 734. Instead of 1123, Prionotus punctatus read:
1123. P. MrittiilBis J. & G.

For I lie synonymy given, substitute —

(I'riniintiix jnnidiiliix Jcr. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1878, 373, not of C. & V.;
Jor. A; Gill.. 1'ioc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882, 22d.)

I'a.ue 7.". 1. After Prionotus scitulu* read:
1 1*. 51 d>). P. |>«iBt<-tatn*» (Bloch) C. & V.

Olivaceous, with some small roundish spots; dorsal with a dark
blotch between fifth and sixth spines; soft dorsal and caudal faintly
barred ; pectoral with two lar-e blackish spots near its middle above,
besides numerous pale bars and spots. Body not very slender ; pec-
torals rather short, not reaching end of soft dorsal, slightly less than
half length of body; free rays of pectoral slender; band of palatine
te.-th short, rather broad; maxillary -\ in head, not reaching e\ •• ;
pivorbital feebly serrated, its edge armed with two rather strong

ADDENDA — 111. GOBIESOCID^E — GOBIESOX. 957

spinous teeth, hooked backwards. Snout wide, the distance between
angles of mouth scarcely less than half head ; grooves between orbits
behind not deep. Head 3; depth 4. D. X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. 57.
West Indies, said to range northward to our coasts, but perhaps con-
founded with palmipes and scitulus ; the specimens here described from
Havana.

(Trigla punctata Bloch, Ausl. Fische, taf. 352; C. & V. iv, 93; Giinther ii, 193.)

Page 738. Instead of Ceplialacantlius spinarella read :
1128. C. volitans (L.) J. & G.

The specimen to which Linna3us gave the name of " Gasterostem
spinarella" was said to have come from India. It is therefore more
likely to have been a young specimen of the one of the East Indian
species (perhaps C. oriental-is C. & V.) than of the Atlantic species
volitans.

Page 740. After Careproctus gelatinosus add :
1I3O (6). C. reinhardi Kroyer.

Eeddish gray. Body semitransparent, covered with viscid skin.
Head short and globular. Eye 5 to 6 in head. Caudal fin very slen-
der, joined to the dorsal and anal ; mouth nearly horizontal ; lower jaw
scarcely projecting. Ventral disk little larger than eye. Pectorals
deeply emargiuate, nearly as long as head, reaching anal ; the lower
rays exserted, appearing as a series of short twisted filaments. Dis-
tance from ventral disk to vent not more than diameter of eye ; head
with conspicuous mucous pores. Head 4£; depth 5£. D. 54 ; A. 45;
C. 12; P. 32. Greenland to Jan Mayen. (Collett.)

(Liparis yclatinosits Reinh. Oversigt, &c. 1844, 77, not of Pallas: Liparis (Care-
proctus) reinhardi Kroyer, Naturh. Tidskr. i, 252, 1862; Collett, Norske Nord-Havs
Exped. lfc«0, 57.)

Page 712. According to Professor Collett, Liparis arctica Gill is a
variety of Liparis lineata, distinguished from the latter by its uniform
coloration only. Other varieties of this species are characterized by
Collett (Forh. Yid. Selsk. i, 44, 1879).

Page 746. The genus

395 (6).— EUMICROT REMUS Gill.

is probably worthy of adoption. Its single species may stand as-
1144. E. spinosus (Miiller) Gill.

958 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Page 740. After Gobiesox strum onus sulcl:
1 147 (/>)• G. Yii'Katiilus J. & G.

Olivaceous, with paler spots and fine black dots; the whole body cov-
ered with wavy, longitudinal lines of a light or?nge color (fading in
spirits); vertical fins dusky, somewhat barred; caudal tipped with
yellowish. Body rather slender; cheeks prominent; mouth reaching
front of orbit; lower jaw somewhat included; teeth above in a narrow
band; four of the outer somewhat enlarged; incisors of lower jaw
entire; ventral disk a little shorter than head. Eyes small, 4 in head,
less than half the broad iuterorbital space. Head 3; its width 3J;
depth G. D. 10; A. 8. L. 1^ inches. Pensacola, Florida.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 293.)

Page 751. No. 1140 (&), Batrachus parclus Goode & Bean, should
probably be considered a distinct species. It is a deep-water form, with
flabby skin.

Page 751. Instead of Porichthys porosissimus read:
115O. P. margaritatus (Rich.) J. & G.

Omit from the synonymy Batraclms porosissimus C. £ Y. (a species
from Surinam, the identity of which with our species is not proven)
and insert (Batraclms margaritatns Richardson,Yoyage Sulphur. Fishes,
07). P. maryaritatus appears to range from Lower California to Van-
couver's Island.

Page 752. After P. margaritatus add:
115O (fc). P. plectrodon J. & G.

Coloration essentially as in P. margaritatus, but rather paler and
more golden; the lines of pores and shining spots very similar. Pala-
tines eaeli with few teeth (4 or 5) ; 1 to 3 of these developed as very
^trmig canines (usually much larger than the canines on vomer), which
are strongly curved forwards and inwards (in P. )ii(ir</<trit(ttux the pala-
tine teeth are more numerous, suln-qual, small, much smaller than ca-
nines on vomer). Head :5:«; depth 5-;. 1). 11-37; A. 34; V. I, 2. L. 8
inches. South < 'arolina to Texas.

Jordan A- Gilbert, I'roe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1832, 201.)

1'>1. After CIutsmodcH qiuKlrifasciatus add:
1 151 (&). C. satturric J. & G.

Male deep olive, with dark cross-shades; numerous pale spots on the
sides which form undulating lines converging backwards; dark stripes

ADDENDA 114. BLENNIID.E — ISESTHES. 959

downward and forward from eye; top of head and upper part of dorsal
fin usually with fine black spots; spinous dorsal with a median orange
longitudinal band; other fins mostly dusky olive. Female with about 8
blackish cross-bands extending on the dorsal fin ; the body everywhere
with pale spots; tins all sharply barred with blackish and olive. Body
deeper than in C. bosquianm; the head shorter, blunter, and the mouth
notably smaller; maxillary not reaching posterior margin of eye, its
length 2£ in head; teeth occupying about half of lower jaw; height
of gill-slit 3f in head, its lower edge opposite third ray of pectoral. A
minute cirrus, shorter than pupil above each eye and each nostril.
Dorsal continuous, with slender rays, the last one joined to the caudal.
First two rays of anal short, thick and fleshy in the males. Head 3f ;
depth 3. D. XII, 17 ; A. II, 18. L. 4 inches. Peusacola Bay, Florida.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mna. 1882, 298.)

Page 757. Instead of 1155, Isesthes gentilis read :
1155. I. gilbert i Jordan.

From the description on page 757, erase the phrases " a blue spot on
the dorsal in front; males with golden stripes on lower parts of head,"
and insert " no sharp markings in either sex." This species is known
from Santa Barbara and San Diego. It may be readily distinguished
from I. gentilis by its stiff spines and multifid orbital tentacles, as well
as by the color.

Instead of the synonomy, on page 758, substitute:

(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 349.)

Page 758. After- Isestlies gilberti add :
1155 (6). I. gentilis (Grd.) J. & G.

Brown; males with the whole body closely mottled and blotched
with darker brown, the light ground color forming reticulations around
darker spots ; dark spots close-set on head ; lower part of side of
head behind mouth with two sharply defined parallel vertical pale bars
(said to be yellow in life); back with about 6 dusky cross-shades; a
bluish spot on spinous dorsal in front. Female with the spots on body
duller, the bands on head obsolete, and the spot on front of spinous
dorsal jet black and conspicuous; fins all mottled. Body rather ro-
bust, the head very bluntly rounded in profile. Orbital tentacle simple,
in the male one-third length of head, in the female much smaller ; gill-
opening not extending downward to lower edge of pectorals. Dorsal
fin continuous, its spines low and flexible. Caudal free from dorsal and

9GO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

anal. Head 3§; depth 4. D. XIII, 17; A. 19; L. 4 inches. Monterey
to Cape San Lucas.

< I'.lriniiiix i/iiililis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi la. 1854, 149: Blennius fjenlilis
(iiintlirr, iii. 'J17: niennius gentilis Steind. Ichth. Bcitr. v, 150, 1876; Jordan, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 350; not Iscsthes gentilis of the present work, page 757, -which is

;/illiirti.)

Page 758. After Isesthcs punctatm add :
1 156 (6). I. hcntzi (Le S.) J. & G.

Light bluish-ash, mixed with rufous, with numerous irregular black
and rufous spots ; dorsal black, with whitish spots ; soft dorsal with 5
dark bands; ventrals blackish, with pale bands; caudal with 3 or 4
dark bands. Body little elongate; snout very short, but not vertically
truncate; eyes above angle of mouth, placed high; gill-slit extending
from level of base of pectoral fins to height of eye ; teeth equal ; dorsal
slightly depressed in the middle ; pectorals large ; a short cirrus above
each eye and a smaller one over each nostril. Depth 3£ (in total). D.
XI, 14; A. 16. Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. (Le Sueur.)

(Blennius hcntz Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 363, 1825.)

1 1 56 (c). I. ionthas J. & G.

Clear olive-green with traces of darker bars, everywhere densely
freckled with small round blackish spots, smaller than the pupil, these
very small on sides of head ; a golden area behind eye, followed by a
blackish crescent; two dark bars separated by a yellowish area below
eye; fins all olive-green. Body rather deep. Head short, but less blunt
than in I. punctatus. Mouth small, the maxillary scarcely reaching
eye; teeth subequal ; orbital cirrus low, scarcely longer than nasal
ein us, which is about as long as pupil. Gill-slit half head, its lower
edge just below middle of pectoral. Dorsal continuous, its spines low
and not very stiff; its soft rays free from caudal, llead 4; depth
3*. D. XII, 1-1; A. 10. JVnsacola Bay.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1682, 299.)

1156 (</). I. scrutator J. &. r,.

Deep olive green, nearly uniform; a golden bloleh behind eye, fol-
lowed by a daik . i.-cml ; two dark bars separated by a yellowish area
below eye; fins plain dusky greenish. Body rather deep, compressed;
head short, very blunt; mouth very small; teeth subequal; orbital
cirri very long, reaching front of dorsal, about half length of head;
gill-slit liA in head, its lower edge just below middle of pectoral.
Dorsal scarcely emarginate, its spines stiff; the soft rays slightly joined

ADDENDA 114. BLENNIID.E BLENNIUS. 961

to caudal; pectoral as long as head. Ilead 3£; depth 3£. D. XII,
14; A. 18. South Carolina to Texas.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 3CO.)

Page 759. After Blenriius fucorum add:
1159 (6)..B. stearnsi J. & G.

Light greenish olive, with irregular dark bars extending on the fins;
skin finely punctate; spinous dorsal and anal dusky. Body compara-
tively elongate, compressed; snout short and blunt; the profile mod-
erately decurved ; mouth large, oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary
reaching slightly beyond middle of orbit, 2% in head; teeth ji^1; both
jaws with strong curved canines posteriorly; eye moderate, equal to
snout, 4^ in head ; supraorbital tentacle forked near the base, as long as
snout and orbit; no nuchal filament; gill-membranes nearly free from
isthmus, forming a broad fold across it. Dorsal high, continuous, its
spines subequal, very slender, the highest half head ; caudal distinct, 1|
in head; ventrals not quite reaching vent. Head3i; depth 4|. D. XI,
18 ; A. II, 21. Pensacola, Florida,

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 300.)

1159 (<•). IS. favostas Goode & Beau.

Brownish, finely reticuJated ; a series of bluish blotches on sides;
front and sides of head and base of pectoral with a very distinct honey-
comb-like net-work of blue lines around hexagonal interspaces; top of
head with small oblong blue spots ; a black ocellated spot between
first and second spines of dorsal ; anal with oblique blue streaks. Body
elongate, compressed; anterior profile moderately decurved. Mouth
large, the maxillary reaching posterior border of orbit; each jaw with
curved posterior canines. Supraocular cirrus very long and slender,
trifid to the base, the main branch nearly as long as head; no nuchal
cirrus. Gill-membranes forming a rather narrow fold across isthmus.
Dorsal low, continuous, the spines very slender and flexible: the last
soft ray slightly joined to candal. Head 3§; depth 4|. D. XII, 18; A.
II, 20. Garden Key, Florida.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 416.)

1159 (d). B. asterias Goode & Bean.

Olivaceous, with about 6 dark cross bars, which extend on the dorsal

fin; anal and posterior half of body with numerous round, whitish,

stellate spots, probably blue in life ; bluish streaks from eye across the

cheeks: fins vaguely marked. Body moderately elongate, compressed,

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C 61

9G2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

the head very blunt ami deep, almost as deep as long; its anterior pro-
ilk' straight and nearly vertical. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reach-
ing past front of rye, 3 in head; lower jaw with 2 short, stoutish, poste-
rior canines; upper jaw without canines. Supraocular cirri small,
fringed, about as long as pupil. Nape with a longitudinal dermal crest
reaching to front of dorsal, provided with a series of about 20 filaments,
tin- longest about as long as the eye. Gill-membranes forming a broad
fold across the isthmus. Dorsal rather low, nearly continuous, begin-
ning on the nape in front of the preopercle; spines all slender and
llrxiblr, the longest £ length of head. Caudal free from dorsal and
anal. Head 4; depth 4. D. XI, 16; A. 19. Garden Key, Florida.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 416.)

Page 703. In Clinus evides, as in Heterostichus rostratus, the inner
edge of the shoulder-girdle is armed with an upturned, spine-like hook,
not found in any other of our species. This character seems to exist
in typical species of CUnus, and in Cristiccps, but not in Labrosomus or
Cremnobates.

Page 7G4. After Cremnobates integripinhis add:

ad. Dorsal fins separate, the. anterior highest.
1 166 CO- C. marnaoratus Steimlachner.

Golden brown, marbled with grayish brown; two faint brown cross-
bands on head; six on body, the latter extruding on dorsal and anal;
lowrrsidrof head, pectorals, ventrals, and caudal with numerous narrow
dark cross-bands; dorsal with two small sky-blue ocellated spots, sur-
rounded by black in the two posterior dark cross-bands. Body com-
paratively deep, compressed, the back -somewhat arched; head pointed ;
mouth large, the maxillary extending to behind the eye, more than
half length of head; operele with a sharp spine; jaws equal; teHli
pointed, in narrow bands, the outer larger; vomerine teeth in one row;
snpraoeular tentacle small, about as large as nuchal tentacle; no nasal
tentacle. 1'ectoral a little shorter than head. Dorsals separate, the
.second spine of first dorsal ~ length of head, higher than second dorsal,
the spines of which arc about half head. Head 4-?-; depth 4?. D.
HI-NX VI, 1; A. 11, LM); Lat. 1. 38. L. 2£ inches. (Mrindackner.)
Florida Keys (lican) to Cuba.

(Strimlarlmrr. Idith. I'.ritr. v, 174, pi. xii, f. 0, 187ft'.)

I 'age 771. No. 11X1 should stand as

*H. €. violations <;nl.. instead of " (Ayrcs; Grd."

ADDENDA 118. OPHIDIID.E — GENYPTERUS. 9G3

Page 793. Alter Opliidium Jwlbroolci (which will probably be found to
be identical 'with O.joseplii) add:
1221 (6). O. gracllsi Poey.

Pale olive (fins without dark edging ?). Head small, not very blunt j
snout 4§ in head; eye 3^; mouth oblique, the maxillary 2 in head, reach-
ing to posterior border of pupil; teeth small, in narrow bauds, few on
vonier and palatines; head naked; suont without spine; gill-rakers
rather long and strong, 4 below angle of arch ; opercle without spine ;
occiput nearly midway between origin of dorsal and front of eye. Air-
bladder long and slender, tapering backwards. Head 4f ; depth 7.
Cuba to West Florida.

(?Poey, Memorias Cuba, ii, 455, 1860; Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 301.)

Page 794. After Opliidium profundorum add :

433 (!>).— GETCYPTERUS Philippi.

(Philippi, Wiegmann's Archiv. 1857, 268: type Genypterus nigricans Philippi = Conger
ckUensin Guiclienot.)

As here understood, this genus differs from Opliidium chiefly in the
presence of a sharp spine on the opeicle; most of the species have some
of the palatine teeth enlarged, (j^y?, chin ; TT-£/>«V, fin.)

a. Palatine teeth small.

1223 (b). G. omostigraia J- & G-

Light olive, mottled with darker; fins with broad black edging; a
large round, intensely black spot at the shoulder, rather larger than
pupil ; upper half of eye black. Body rather short, tapering rapidly
backward from the occiput; snout blunt; month horizontal; lower jaw
included; maxillary not quite reaching posterior border of orbit, 1| in
head; teeth in jaws in broad bands; teeth on vomerand palatines quite
small; eye much longer than snout, 3 in head; opercle ending in a
strong spine ; gill-rakers very small, 4 below angle of arch. Ventrals
half length of head ; scales minute, imbedded, irregularly arranged ; no
evident pseudobranchia3. Air-bladder short, thick, with a large pos-
terior foramen. Head 4£; depth 6. L. 3£ inches. Deep water off Peii-
sacola, Florida.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 301.)

Page 79G. For Halias Ayres read Brosmopliyds Gill. The former
name is said to be preoccupied.

064 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Page 810:

FAMILY 120 (6).—- CHIASMODONTIDJE.

We are indebted to Professor Gill for the following note on the re-
lationships of C1ii(tsmodon:

"The genus Chiasmodon lias no affinity with the Gadida1, but is nearly
related to souie forms included by Dr. Giiuther in the heterogeneous
group designated as the family Trachinidcv. It should apparently be
isolated as the type of a peculiar family, which may be provisionally
defined as follows:

" Acanthopterygians with a short first dorsal of slender spines; a
long second dorsal and anal; ventrals normal (I, 5) and thoracic; mouth
very deeply cleft ; upper jaw not protractile, covered by an integument
in common with the snout anteriorly; the opercular apparatus very ob-
lique and reduced.

"This family is perhaps as nearly allied to the Chwnichthytilce as to
any other." (Gill MSS.)

Page 816. Instead of Citharichthyx ttramaca read:
1256. €. pBCtTuilus (Goode & Bean) J. & G.

Instead of the synonymy in the text read:
(Hemirhombua pOBtulua Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Phila. 1882,414.)

The known specimens are from Peiisacola, Florida.

After Cithariohihys pcetulua add:
1256 (l>). C. occlluloas (Poey) J. & G.

Light brownish; head, body, and fins everywhere finely mottled and
blorehed with whitish and dusky. Body moderately elongate. Mouth
>mall, very oblique, the maxillary extending to opposite middle of eye.
its length L'A in head. Teeth rather small, unequal, some of the upper
almost canine like, in two rows above and one below; eye 4 in head;
interorbital area rather broad, concave, its width - length of eye. Dorsal
rather low, its anterior rays beginning on right (blind) side. Caudal
rounded, its length ,! head; left pectoral filamentous, nearly as long as
head. Ventrals short, the left ventral on abdominal ridge. Lateral
line without curve. Accessory scales greatly developed (as in the
s Platophrys, which this species much resembles). Head .'5;; ; depth
1). SS; A. 70; Lat. 1. about GO (pores of blind side).

1'nry, Mnii. ( 'ul i;i , i i , '.\ 1 t , 1 sen : HinilrlnimliuH oceUatus Pocy.

I'i-c. ('nil. in7:.' Henrirkambu* aramaca (iiintlicr, i

ADDENDA — 127. OSTRACIIDyE — OSTRACIUM. 9G5

Pago 817. After CitharicJithys sorclidtts add:
1257 (6). C. stag-msBtas J. & G.

Olivaceous, the scales darker edged; fins dusky; all the vertical tins
with a small round inky spot near the middle of each seventh to tenth
ray. Body rather deep, strongly compressed; caudal peduncle short
and deep ; mouth moderate, the maxillary 2^ in head, reaching past
front of pupil; teeth very slender, rather long, unisenal, about f£ on
each side. Eyes large, separated by a sharp, scaleless ridge ; gill-rakers
moderate. Fins moderate ; caudal about as long as head ; pectoral 1 1 in
head. Head 3f ; depth 2|. D. 87; A. 68; Lat. 1.54 (pores). Santa*
Barbara, California.

(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1882.)

Page 841. After Monolene sessilicauda add :

463 (6).— B JEOSTOJTIA Bean.
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,413: type Baiostoma brachialis Bean.)

This genus is distinguished from Achirus by the presence of a pecto-
ral fin on the eyed side. From the European genus MonocMr it differs
in having the right ventral connate with the anal, (paws, small; «rr«,a«,
mouth.)

129§ (/')• B. brachiale Bean.

Grayish, with 5 or 6 faint dark vertical lines, and with a few scattered
white spots, the largest nearly as large as eye; blind side whitish.
Pectoral of right side present, of several rays, |- length of head; right
ventral of 5 rays, continuous with anal. Scales of nape, chin, and breast,
much enlarged and spiuulose. luterorbital width half eye. Caudal as
long as head. Head more than 3 ; depth nearly half of total length.
D. 47 ; A. 35. South Florida. (Bean.)

(Byan,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 413.)

Page 845. The type of Pteroplirynoides is Lophius histrio Linn., not
Chironectes bougainvillii as stated in the text.

Page 853. After Ostracium triyonum add :
1316 (&)• O. ta-iquetraim L.

Dusky, closely covered with round dark spots. Body three-angled,
the angles rather sharp. No spines anywhere. Carapace closed be-
hind dorsal. Snout somewhat concave in profile. Supraocular ridges
prominent, the space between them concave. Head 4; depth 2i. I).
10; A. 10; Lat. 1. 9. West Indies, north to Pensacola.

(Ostracion tnqucttr L. Syst. Nat.; Giintber, viii, 256.)

966 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

Page 856. Instead of Monacanthus broccus read:
1322. M. Btnspidus (Linn.) J. & G.
( Batistes hispidua Liuu. Syst. Nat.)

Page 801. After Tetrodon turgidus add:
1322 (l>). T. iicpBacBins Goode & Bean.

Very close to T. turyidus, of which it is the southern representative.
Hark and sides with pale spots, which are often surrounded by dark
reticulations 5 dark bars on sides fainter than in T. titrgidus, the axillary
bar scarcely darker than the others. Spines of upper parts much larger,
farther apart, and more distinctly stellate, than in T. turgidus, ceasing
opposite front of dorsal and vent; less than 40 in a series from eye to
dorsal. Dorsal rather larger than in T. turgidus. D. 8; A. 6. Georgia
to Texas; very abundant. Perhaps a variety of T. turgidus, but thus
far readily distinguishable.

(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat Mas. 1882,412.)

Page 8G3. Instead of Diodon novemmaculatus read :

13.16. E>. latm'OSQlS Shaw.

(Shaw, General Zoology, v, pt. 2, 436, 1804; after Lac6pfede.)

Page 8G4. After Chilomycterus geometricus add :
1337 (c). C. rotaewlatws (L.) Gthr.

liody and fins mostly covered with small round black spots; a large
black blotch before and around dorsal ; another on each side. above gill-
opening and pectoral. Spines short, compressed, the anterior root flat,
much longer than the other roots except anteriorly; supraocular cirrus
well developed. Head i»j- ; depth '2$. I). 12; A. 12. West Indies,
north to Florida Reefs.

i-rlirnlntiiH L. S\st. Xal. ; (iiintln-r, viii,313.)

I 'age 8C5. After Moln rotunda add :

487.— RANS5ANIA Xardo.

i \.-inlo, Ann. Sri. lir^ii. I, milliard. Vrnrf. 105, x, 1840: type Tetrodon irititcaiiis Retz.)

Ilody olilong, the depth about half the height; skin smooth, tes-
sellated. di\ idcd into small hexagonal sculella: otli»-r\\ JKO essentially
ax in Mold. (Dedicated tn A. <'amillo lian/ani.)

155SO. 1C. trcniK-ata (Krt/.in>) Xa

Snout straight, the mouth being on the level of the eye; caudal

ADDENDA 7~. CARCIIARIIDyE CARCH ARIAS. 967

very short, its base straight, slightly oblique. Size much less than
that of Mola rotunda. Pelagic; occasional off our Atlantic coast.

(Tetrodon truncalus Retz. Vet. Ak. Nya Handl. vi, 2, 116: Orihagorlscus oblo-nyus
Bloch & Schn. 1801, 511: Ortliagoriscus truncatus Gunther, viii, 319.)

Page G:

FAMILY BDELLOSTOMATID^E.

The genera Heptatrema and Polistotrema may be recognized as con-
stituting a family (Bdellostomidce Gill) distinct from Myxlnldce.

Page 12. We are indebted to Professor Gill for the following outline
of a proposed subdivision of the Squall.

The existing Squall appear to be naturally divisible into four subor-
ders, which differ, so far at least as the first three are concerned, in
many important respects. They may be briefly diagnosed as follows:

I. OPISTHARTHRI OR CYCLOSPONDYLI.

Squall with the palato-quadrate apparatus articulated or connected with the post-
orbital processes of the skull; the month inferior; branchial apertures in increased
number (0 or 7) ; only one dorsal fin. The Notldanidce alone exhibit these peculiarities
in the existing fauna.

II. PROARTHRI OR ACRODONTA.

Squall with the palato-quadrate apparatus articulated by an extensive surface with
the preorbital region of the skull ; the mouth subterminal and the forehead declivous.
The Heterodontldce are the only living representatives.

III. ANARTHRI OR GALEI.

Squall with the palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; the den-
ti^erous portions moderately developed; the mouth inferior. All the living sharks
except the Sqitatlnidce, Heterodouiidce, and Notldanidce belong to this suborder.

IV. RHIN^E.

Squall with the palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; the den-
ti^erous portion advanced forwards; the mouth terminal; and the pectorals with en-
larged anterior basal lobes which are separated by notch-like spaces from the branchial
region. The family of Sqiiatinidce is the only existing family of this suborder.

Page 22, etc. The following brief "key" will perhaps facilitate the
identification of the species of Carcliarias, which are at present known
from our Atlantic coast:

a. First dorsal far behind pectoral. (Carcharias) GLAUCUS

aa. First dorsal close behind pectoral.

6. Upper teeth oblique, deeply notched on outer margin. (Platypodon Gill.)

OBSCURUS..
Hb. Upper teeth triangular, suberect, scarcely notched on outer margin. (Eulatnia

Gill.)
c. Snout moderate, its length, from mouth, about equal to breadth of mouth.

C'CERULEUS.

cc. Snout very short, its length much less than breadth of mouth PLATYODON.

9G8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

Page 15G. Professor Hay (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882) distinguishes
IlylHHjnathux <ir</yriti# from tlie less common //. iu:c!ia!is by the follow-
ing characters:

«. Eye small, shorter than snout; mouth small, horizontal, (lie lower jaw slur,-; and
included: suhorhitals broad, the anterior suborbital twice as King as wide: intes-
tinal canal 7 to 10 times length of body ................................ NUCHALIS.

oa. E.M- large, longer than snout; mouth small, oblique, the jaws equal; suliorhi ai-
vciv narrow, the anterior thrice as long as broad; iniesiinal canal 44 to 71 limes
length of body ....................................................... AKGYKITIS.

Page 1GO. After Hyborhynehus superciliosm add:

8O (&).— TIRODOJT Hay.

(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880: type Tirodon ainni'/i'mix Hay.)

Pharyngeal teeth 2, 4-4, 2, compressed, not Looked, and with a broad
grinding surface; lower pharnygeal bones broad, sharply curved.
Otherwise as in Hyboyiwi'lius. (rztfui, to wear away; oy«/u?, tooth.)

194 (&). T. auiDtag^eaius Hay.

Yellowish green, silvery below; upper parts dotted with black; these
dots forming posteriorly a dark streak along lateral line, and one along
cadi side of anal; tins pale. Form and appearance of Hyboynutlni*
I'l'tiyrii's. -laws thin, the lower slightly included; mouth small, rather
oblique, the maxillary not reaching front of eye; eye «'i in head, equal to
snout. Lateral line decurved, complete. Dorsal inserted slightly before
ventrals, a little nearer base of caudal than snout; anal small. Head 34;
I). 8; A. 7; scales 5-38-3. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, formed as in llylognnthitx.
Intestinal canal 3J times length of body. L. 1£ inches. Pearl 1 liver,
Mississippi. (Hay.}

(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1882.)

Page 201. Under Elops xn-arns the gular plate is about 3 times as

lo:->l as hrninl.

Page 2!>(i. In II _n>''«!<nirtl>-:<s rlmlyhciitx the intcrorbital width is one-
ionrth the eye, not ik1 limes."

Pa-e 1".I7. ('<>fif/ >,i<'s concxi is identical with Corcgonm* tcillidintioni,
and may be suppressed.

Page .">1.S. XiilrrU.tt'H iniri^i seems to be indistinguishable from Salrc-
iir.iit (njiui)iN<t. It may therefore be erased.

ADDENDA - 70. ECHENEIDIID^E - PIITHIRICHTHYS. 969

Page 356. Gymnotlwrax Blocb & Schneider, is properly a synonym of
Murcena. The oldest tenable name for the subgenus, called in the text
11 Gymnothorax" seems to be 8ide,ra* Kaup.

Page 358 (899). The type of the genus OpMchthys Ahl is, according
to Poey, Murcena annulate Ahl, which is a species of Pisodontopkis.
Genus 170 must therefore stand as Murcvnopsis LeSneur, and 170 (b] as
OpJiichthys Ahl.

Page 302. Instead of Conger read :

174.— L.EPTOCEPBIAL.US Graelin.

The two species may stand as 588, L. conger (L.) J. & G. and 588 (6),
L. caudicula (Beau) J. & G.

Page 406. We are indebted to Mr. Joseph Swain for the following
key to the species of Menidia :

a. Scales more or less laciniate; soft dorsal and anal scaly.

b. Anal rays I, 14 to I, 18; D. V-I, 7; Lat. 1. 48; dark points on scales of back,
forming about 5 distinct streaks ........ ...................... VAGRANS.

66. Anal rays I, 19 to I, 21; D. IV-I, 7 or 8; Lat. 1. 50 ................. LACINIATA.

aa. Scales entire; soft dorsal and anal naked.

c. Anal fin rather short, its rays I, 15 to I, 18 ; depth about 5 in length.
d. "Dorsal rays V-I, 11" ......................................... BERYLLIXA.

dd. Dorsal rays IV-I, 8 or I, 9.

e. Scales rather small; Lat. 1. 47; origin of spinous dorsal midway between
front of eye, and base of caudal above ......................... AUDKNS.

ee. Scales large; Lat. 1. 38; origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of
snout and upper base of caudal ..................... ........ PENINSUL/K

cc. Anal fin rather long, its rays I, 22 to I, 25.

/. Body rather deep, compressed, its depth 5 in length; head 4f ; teeth
rather strong ................................................... Bosci.

ff. Body elongate, its depth 6 in length ; head 5 .................. NOTATA.

Page 413. The species of Polynemus have three anal spines.
Page 416. After Echeneis naucrates add:

2O6 (6).— PH THIRICHTH YS Gill.

(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1832, 239: type Eclieneis lineata Menzies.)

Dorsal laminas only 10; palatines with sharp teeth; otherwise as in
Echeneis proper. (pOelp, a louse; ^^u?, a fish.)

657 (&). P. Mmeatus (Menzies) Gill.

Disk twice as long as broad, its length 4£ in body; lower jaw very
narrow, much projecting. Head 5 in length. Body blackish, with two

*Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 70: type Murcena pfeifferi B!eeker = M wcena plcta Ahl. (Latin
sidus, a star, from the stellate spots in the typical species.)

970 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.

whitish lateral bands; all the fins white-margined. D. X-33; A. 33.
Tropical seas, north to South Carolina.

C Eclinirix HiH'iitu Menzies, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. i, 1^7, 1791: Echeneis tropica En-
phrasen, Xya Haudl. 1791, 317; Echciu-in lineata Guuther, ii, 382: Evhenda apicalis and
xjilii/rifiHtriim 1'oey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 254, 255.)

Page 433. The identification of the species of Caranx may be facili-
tated b}- the following key, which may be substituted for the analysis
given in the text:

a. Rays of soft dorsal I, 23 to I, 27; teeth subeqnal, or the outer a little enlarged.
1. Shoulder-girdle In-low with a fleshy projection, in front of which is a cross-
i'un*ow ; body elongate; depth 3£ in length. {Traclturopa Gill.)

CuUMKXOPin HALM US.

56. Shoulder-girdle without peculiar appendage.

<•. Maxillary broad; dorsal and anal usually more or less elevated anteriorly, «r

falcate ; head large, more than J length.
d. Scutes 40 to 50. (Paratractus Gill.)

e. Pectoral little longer than head; depth 3 in length ............. CHRYSIS.*

ee. Pectoral considerably longer than head; depth 3£ in length.. .CAUALi.rs.
dd. Scutes (developed) about 30. (Carangoides Bleeker.)

/. Length of pectoral equal to depth of body, which is 3 in length ---- CIBI.

ff. Length of pectoral less than depth of body, which is 2J in length.
(Young of ci&i?) ................................................ BKANI.

cc. Maxillary very narrow ; dorsal and anal scarcely elevated in front ; head small,
not one-fourth length of body; lateral line very strongly arched; scutes
about 50. (Carangops Gill) ........................ A.MBLYKIIY \rnrs.

oa. Rays of soft dorsal I, 20 to I, 22; body deep; teeth of the outer row enlarged,

sometimes forming feeble canines; scutes 30 to :!.">. (Car<iiu:i)
g. Breast entirely scaly; opercular spot very small ............. FALLAX.

gg. Breast naked, except a small median area; opercular spot large.

Jlll'POS.

\\\\. No. G99 should be—

699. T. Klaatcais (Bloch) C. & V.
(r!,,i't<Kl<>n glaiicns Bloch, Ichth. vi, 76, pi. 210.)

I 'a!;-c IS!>. After Ammocrypta pdlucida add:
7G2 (ft) A. vivax liny.

IVlhiriil; sides with 10 dusky blotches, most distinct posteriorly; 14
similar blotrlies alon-' back; top of head speckled; lins with a lew-
dots. l-'onn <>!' A. jxllni'idii. Maxillaries rcacliin- front of orbit; teeth
rather weak; eye :i.\ in head, «'(inal to snout; elieeksand operdes scaly.
Body covered with small, strongly ctenoid scales, e\ce])t the regions
immediately l>efore ;m(| hehind bases of ]>aired lins. Spinous and soft

*5com6er ory«o« Mitchill, Drana i.ii. ^ 1'hil. Soc. N. V. I, 1-M, lHir>=C«r«wx

>lli,t ux C. & V.

i = ('(ii-uii<iitx Cirard. The proj)er type of Caranx is Scumlxr riintiif/ux Bloch = Sc0»i-
/«•»• hii>i>OH L. The word ('m-iimc (f'arangne) is a corruption of the Portuguese name

Aaarauna.

ADDENDA 86. SEREANID.E TRISOTROPIS. 971

dorsals about equal, their longest rays half head, about equal to the in.
terspace between them. Anal short and high, half higher than long,
its base not quite half head, its spine weak; pectorals and ventrals
reaching a point midway between base of pectorals and anal. Head 4;
depth 7. D. XI-10 ; A. I, 9 j scales 6-65-10. L. 1§ inches. Pearl Eiver,
Mississippi. (Hay.)

(Hay, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1832.)

Page 490. After loa vitrea add :
764 (6). I. vig-iMs Hay.

Pellucid, with about 10 quadrate dark blotches along the back and
as many along lateral line, the last 4 or 5 of these largest; a small dis-
tinct black spot at base of caudal; head dusky above, its sides plain.
Body slender, the caudal peduncle deep and compressed, twice as long
as deep. Head long, pointed; mouth large, the jaws equal, the maxil-
laries reaching front of pupil ; teeth recurved ; opercular spine well de-
veloped. Head naked ; eye large, 3 in head, longer than snout. F-or-
sal fins similar, longer than high; anal longer than high, somewhat
smaller than second dorsal, its spines slender, half as long as soft rays.
Posterior portion of body densely scaled; anterior portion apparently
with a few scales above lateral line, none below; lateral line not de-
veloped on the last 5 or 6 scales. Head 3% '•; depth 6. D. X — 12; A. II,
10; Lat. 1. about 60. L. 1^ inches. Pearl Eiver, Mississippi. (Hay.)

(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)

Page 494. Vaillcmtia chlorosoma is identical with V. camura.

Page 544. Instead of Priacanthus macrophthalmus read:
§58. P. arenatus C. & V.

(Cuv. & Val. iii, 101, 1829. The original AntMas macrophthalmus Blocb. is a different
species. )

Page 549. Lutjanus llacltforcli, the Eed Snapper, seems to be identi-
cal with L. campechiamis. It ranges southward to Aspinwall.

Pages 534, 553. The Perca formosa of Linn, is the Serranus fascicu-
laris of C. & V., and not the Diabasis formosus of the text. The former
should, therefore, stand as Serranus formosus (L.) J. & G. and the latter
as Diabasis plumieri* (Lac.) J. & G.

Page 538 (918). The description of Trisotropis brunneus, on page 538,
should be canceled, the species not being known from our coast. To

* Labrus plumieri Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poies. iii, 480, 1802.

972 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY - IV.

the description of our species, T. stomiaa G. & B., on page 918, add:
Head 3; depth 4; Lat. 1. about 140. Body rather slender, compressed.
Scales smooth, with many accessory scales.

1 'age ."i.". 7. The second interspinal bone of the anal is enlarged and pen-
shaped in the species of Stendtomits and Calamus. It is normal, and not
pen-shaped, in the typical species of the groups called Paynt/ij t$p<trn*
(Cht'yn<>])hryti)) Pagdlux, as well as in .IHplotlitti, Archosargus, and Layodoii.

I 'age .V>7 (IU'D). Our suggestion, on page 9L>9, that Argyrops Sw.
should be substituted for Stenotonw8,i8 premature. The species called
Argyrops (xpinifcr, ehreribergi, auriga] bear a strong resemblance to
Ncnotomux caprhiiix, and according to Steindachner (Beitr. zur Keuntn.
Fische Afrika's, ii, 3, 4, 1882) their anterior teeth are somewhat com-
pressed. Professor Doderlein has, however, published (Giorii. Scieuz.
Xat. Econ. Palermo, xiv, 1879) photographs of the dentition of Pognin
ehraibcrfji C. & V., from which it appears that these teeth are really
robust canines and not incisors. Dr. H. E. Sauvage, who lias kindly
examined the specimens of "Pagrus spinifer" in the Paris Museum,
lias lately informed us that the dentition of this species is essentially
that of Spur UK pngrux, and different from that of Stcnototnus.

Page 559. The description in the text of Dipl<><lns caudimacu1a was
drawn IVoni young specimens of J>. holbrooki, which may, however, prove
to be scarcely distinct from the true caudimacula of Cuba.

Page 500. Instead of Pimelepterus read:

2S9.-CYPIIOSUS

\.-.n-. Ilisl. Nat. 1'oiss. iii, 115, 1802: type Kyphosus biyibbtts Lac. xv<po?,
gibbons.)

887. <'. l»osqiii (Lac.) J. & G.

Page <;.';<>. Instead of P}tlit/i>n 11* read:

i Lai-i'|ii-ilf, Hist. Nat. I'oiss. ii, f)89, 1800: type Gobiomorus dormitor Ija,c. = Platycepli'

nliis iltiniiitittiir 151. i\. Scliu. IKll ; (iohiiiN ; 6jtOpoGt ail juini
l.ar. is not :i syiuniyin of l.l

Page ss%j. Instead of Pardlwhthys <>/>ltri/«N read:
I2O.>. I». ooollaris (!>«•!<. KI. ^v. <:.

Ca|»e Cod to riorid.a; generally common.

( l'litir»:it nnUiiri* DcUay. Nr\v York Fauna, Finlics, 1842, ^00: PsntdorJiombus occUuris
(iiintli.T. i\, i::il.)

ADDENDA — 86. SERRANID^E PARANTHIAS 973

Page 426. The dorsals in Scomberomorus concolor are contiguous, as
iii 8. maculatus.

Page 438. Under No. 692, for "Akerly" read "Mitchill."

Page 447. Instead of Oligoplites occidentalis read, 707. 0. saurus (Bl.
& Schu.) J. & G. (= Scomber saurus Bl. & Schn. 32). The original Gas-
terosteus occidentalis L. (Syst. Nat. Ed. X) is not this fish, and is uniden-
tifiable.

Page 519. Poeciliclitliys butlerianus is identical with P. barratti.

Page 534. Instead of Serranus trifurcus read, 837. 8. philadelpMcus
(L.) J. & G. (= Perca philadelphica L. Syst. Nat. Ed. X).

Page 539 (9L8). Nos. 847 and 850 (c) should apparently stand as Epi-
nephelus impetiyinosus (Miiller & Troschel) Poey, and as Epineplielm
apua (Bloch) Goode & Bean, respectively. The prior names punctatus,
atlanticus, and yuttatus are of very doubtful application.

Page 553 (924). Instead of Diabasis chrysopterus read, 873. D. aurolin-
eatus (C. & V.) J. & G. The original Perca clirysoptera L. is some other
fish, probably unidentifiable.

Page 603 (936). No. 946 (P. radiatus of the text) should stand as
Platijalossus cyanostigma (C. & V.) Gthr., while No. 947 (bivittatus)
should be P. radiatus (L.) J. & G. The latter species is the original
Sparus radiatus L.

Page 605. Instead of Xyriclitliys vermiculatus read, 951. X. Uneatus
(Gmel.) J. & G. (Co-ryphcsna lineata Grnelin, Syst. Nat. 1195). No. 952.
X. Uneatus C. & V. should be omitted, as not found on our coasts.

Page 6L6. Under Pomacanthus arcuatus read:

D. X, 29; 65 scales between scapula and caudal; 85 to 90 in a series
above lateral line.

Page 690. The "Northern variety" of Icelus notospilotus seems to be
a distinct species — J. fenestralis Jor. & Gilb. It has a small pore behind
fourth gill.

Page 916. The generic name Bracliyrliinus is preoccupied. For it
may be substituted:

273 (6). PARANTHIAS GuicMnot.
(Guichdnot, Aun. Soc. Linii. Maiue-et-Loire, x, 1868: type Serranus furcifer C. & V.)

974 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.

Page 945. To tbe account of Gobius encceonms add:
Head 4; depth 5$. D. VI-llj A. 12; Lat, 1. 37.

Page 104. Instead of Amiurus catus read, 98. A. nebulosus (Le S.) Gill.

»

The Silunts cut us L. is not this fish, and is not identifiable.

Page 358 (899, 9G9). The proper type of the genus Ophiclitlujs Ahl.
(De .~\[i(r(t>na et Opltichtho 1789) is Murcena ophis L. The name Ophichthys
should therefore be used as on page 358, for the species with sharp
teeth. Those with granular teeth (Pisodontophis Kaup) should be
called 0p/m'?fn«s (Lace"pede, ii, 195, 1800: type 0. opliis Lac., nee L.).
Our species suould stand as, 584 (&). Ophisiirus acuminatus (Gronow)
J. &G.

Page 440. The caudal peduncle in "Selene" setipinnis is armed as in
Caranxj but more feebly.

Page 442. Instead of Tracliynotus ovatus read, 697. T. rhomboides
(Bloch) C. & V. (= Chcetodon rhomboides Bloch, Ichthyol. pi. 209.)
The true T. ovatus, from the East Indies, is thought by Liitken to be
specifically different.

Page 532 * No. 835 may stand as Polyprion cernium Val. EpinepK-
elus oxygeneios is said to be a species of Oligorus.

Page 73G. Instead of Prionotus evolans read, 1126. P. sarritor Jor. &
Gilb.; and instead of subsp. lineatus read, 1126 (&). P. strigatus C. & V.
Triyla evolans L. is not identifiable, and Trigla lineata Mitchill was an
erroneous identification of T. lineata Bloch.

* The corrections suggested on this page and the preceding have not been intro-
duced into the table of contents.

INDEX

A.

Abado.jo

abbotti (Osmerus)

(Syngnatbus)

Abeona

Abramis

ncadian (Cottus)

acadianus (Glyptocepbalus)
(Heniitripterus ..
Acantbarobus

Acantbiaa ..

Page.

538

294

384

587

249

685

838

685

468

16

acantbias 16, 17

Acantbocbajtodon 615

Aeantbocottus 700

Acantholebius 641

A cantbonotus 370

Acantbopt oil 397

Acanthopterygii 397

Acaiitbosoma 8G5

Acantbostracium 854

Acantburidoe 616, 880

Acantburus 617, 941

acervuin 4C6

acbigan 485

Acbirus 841

acbirus 842

Acipeaaer 85

Acipenseridse 84

acipenserinus 730,731

acklcyi 878

Acornus 124

acoupa 570

Acrochilua 150

Acronuridas 616

Acronurus 617

Actinocbir 741

aculeatus (Cbrysopbrys) 557

(Clinus) 777

(Gasterosteus) 393,395

(Halieuticbtbys) 851

(Lopbius) 851

(Sparus) 557,929

(Stichffius) 777

acnminata (Murasna) .• 899

(Sciffina) 573

acuminatus (Eques) 573

(Grammistes) 573

(Opbiebtbys) 899

(Opbisurus) 899

(Pareques) 573

acuta (Myliobatis) 51

(Perca) 524

Page.

acutirostris (Acipenser) 86,87

(Anguilla) 301

adauaantinus 92, 880

adarondacus 317

Adinia. 335,891,892

adinia (Pundulus) 335, 891

adspersus 509

ffiglitinus 803

Jiluricbthys no

ffineus (Centrarcbus) 467

(Cottus) 701

(Pimelodus) 102

senigmaticus 620

ajpyptera 10

sesculapius 888

a-sopus 493

ajsuvalis (Ceraticbtbys) 216

(Clupea) 267

(Gobio) 2J6

(Pomolobus) 267

Aetobatis 50, 879

afer (Gymnotborax) 895

affine (Sipbostoma) 383,904, 906

affinis (Atberiuops) 409

(Atberinopsis) 409,410

(Carapus) 791

(Caulolatilus) 6-G

(Clinostomus) 232

(Gambusia) 345,340

(Gila) 229

(lleterandria) 346,894

(Leuciscus) 232

(Lucauia) 343

(Syngnatbus) 383

(Tbynuus) 430

afra (Murasna) 895

agassizi (Acipenser) 87

( Arapbisticbus) 592

(Cbologaster) 325

(Hyperprosopon) 592

(Pimepbales) 159

agilis 807

Agnus ,. 628

Agonidae 722, 880

Agonus 728

Agosia. 208

aggregatus 590

Aguja blanca 420

Aguj.a de casta 420

Aigrette 601

aigula 601

Ailurichthys 110

975

976

IXDEX.

ailurua

Page.
105

nltns f PH.irriTitbiisl

Page.
545

alalon^a

428 4"9 :iliit:ic.-ns

alasranns

415

Alut(*ra

858

alatuir'a

429

alutus . .......

931

albacora ...... ... ......

4°9

Alvarius

514 .V'

alliiramla

417

alvi'ata

870

Albicore

428, 429 430

alvordi

037

al bill 11 in (Mcixnstonia)

141

Alvoidiua

5CO

albidus ( \iniiiriis)

107

auiabilis

1 fl.">

(Gadna)

809

aiuara (Al<roraa)

ICO

(Ictalurus)

107

a mains (Hudsonius)

171

(Labra\)

530

(II vbo<riiatbus) ....

150

I Mi'Hurius)

809

5.:s

i I'iiiirlodua)

107

Araber-lish

444

(Ptvchostoinus)

142

Ambloiloii ...

5ii7

(Tetrapturus)

420, 9'!9

Anibloplitcs......

4(i6

albigutta

823

aniblops

214

albirusti'is (Syngnathna) ....

900

A mblvopiiKC .. .....

("30

:< .irylbriik-btbys) .
Albula

90G

Amblvopsida?

323

258

Aiubl vopsis

:;i'4

albula (Mugil)

403 404 908

aiublyopsis (Culitis)

044

Albulida*

L>;8

aiublvrbyiicbus ............

.. .431 912 P70

albulus (Bryttns)

482

Ameiurus

102

(Lopomis) . .

481

americana (Lucioperca) .

5°5

album (Uoi'Uiulon)

9°4

(Morone)

531

(Moxostoma)

. ]39

(Morrbua)

8C4

AlburiH'llus

185 200

(Perca)....

524 531

Alburiiops . .

185 189

(Raia)

41

Alburnus

251 884

( Scorpsena)

C85

albui'Dus ( M <'iit irirrus)

577 578 933

(Stilbc) . . .

250

albus (Cort''roiiU8)

299

(Taut.)'ra)

eoo

(Diabasis) .

. . . 924

aiuericanus (Abramis)

•_.-, i

( l*t vrbostomus)

139

(Ai'autbias)

17

ab'ct rnliipbiirt (A noplarcbus)

771

(Aniuiodytos)

414,909

Alepidosauridffi

Ab'pi.losaiims

274

275 276 888

(Aiuplii]>i'ioii)

( Apo^on) . ...

5G3 930

alrpidot uni (Gobiosoroa)

638

(Apogonlchthya)

5G4

alcpidotua (Cha'todon)

451

(Carrbarias)

-27

(Gobius)

638

(Cvpi'inus)

250

(St rooiattus) . .

.. 451 914

(Kncbi'l yo]>ua)

799

257

\ IrJuM'rplialuS

257

:;:,•_'

267

(Ilfiiiiti'iptoriis)

C85

Alfiono

596

810

244 'J45

(Ilistiopborus)
(Labrax)

...... 4'J1.'.M!I
551

Al'roiua

155

238

(Lcuciscua)

Alilonehi

428

(Li'lirosiiiuiis)

250

•ill irn

3°1

(liOpbius)

Ml

\lli"atol lisli

730

(laixilus)

J.MI

AJligtttor ( i ar

92

430

(Odnntasjiis)

•> .-; i

•\iriiHiiitb . .....

Ml

(Petromyzon)

11

301

(Pbvcis)

7!l!l

Alop.'i'ias . ...

"7

tl'lar'vms)

•_'.->(.'

27

Alopii.la1 ...... .

26

r.,(|

267

(Si |iialus)

28

250 "tin

alta 'I li'il.u

163

938

... !M ."iii:(

alt 1 1 »i n n IH

195

a in la (I 'a ran \)

911

alti vrlis

i'il -

A in ial ii*t

ill

al 1 11^ I I ill It 'lirli 1 1] \ rt)

ll(i 8Kt Aiiiiula-

!»2

164 Aniitra..

739

INDEX.

977

Page.

Amiurus 102,881

Ammocoetes 9, 867, 868

Ammocrypta 488, 970

Ammodytes 414,909

Ammodytidso 414

amnigenus 968

Amphiodon 260

amphiodon 260

Amphioxus 3

Amphistichna 590, 936

ampins 420,909

ampullaceus 365

Anablepinae 327

Anacanthini 397,783

Anacauthini pleuronectoidei 813

anagallinus 479

anaie (Ditrema) 591

analis ( Ampbistichus) 591

(Centridei-michthys) 717

(Hyperprosopon) 591

(Hypocritichthys) 591

(Oligocottus) 717

(Orthagoriscua) 866

(Saurus) 889

analogus 939

analostana 179

Anarrhiehadidae 754

Anan hichas 781

Anarrhichthys 782

Anarthri 967

anceps 506

Anchisomns- -' 860

Ancbovy 271,272

Ancylopsetta 821,825

Angel-fish 612, 613, 615

Angel Shark 35

angelus 35

Angler 844

anglorum 747

Anguilla 361

anguilla (Muraena) 361

anguillaris (Blennitis) 778, 784

(Encbelyopus) 784

(Lumpeiius) 777

(Stichaeus) 778

(Zoarces) 784

Auguillida3 357

Anisarchus 776

Anisotremus 552, 923

anisurum 136, 141

727

602

464

350

846

626

149

annas

aimularis (Julis) .

(Pomoxys)

annulata (Mclanura)

annulatus (Autennarius) .

anomala ( Dekaya)

anomalum (Campostoma) .

anomalus (Catilolatilus) 625, 626

(llutilus) 148,149

Anoplagonus

Anoplarchus

Anoplopoma

anoplus - 629,941

Antacens 85

Antenuariidao 845

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 62

Page.

Antennarius 845

anticus 246

antillanns 551

antiquorum (Hippocampus) 386, 906

(Pristis) 37,875

antistius (Chaenobry ttua) 467

antoniensis 105

Apeltes 396

apeltes (Gasteroateus) 396

Aphoristia 842

Aphredoderidae 460

Aphredoderus 460

apiatus .< 476

apicalis 970

Aplesion 514

Aplocentrus 880

Aplodinotns 567

Apocope 209

Apodea 354

Apodichtbys 769

Apogon 563,930

Apogonidae 563

Apogonichthys 931

Apomotia 472,473

apos 766

appendiculatus 381

appendix (Ammocoetes) 867, 868

(Labrus) 480

(Petromyzon) 868

(Pomotis) 477,480

Aprion •. 24

aprioii (Diapterus) 935

(Gerres) 935.

Aprionodon 24, 874

apua 920,973:

apus 766,

aquilensia 474, 480>

aquosus 816.

arabatscb 309'

araeopus 127

aramaca 816, 817, 964.

Archoplitea 465

Archosargus 558, 929, 971

arctica (Liparia) 742, 957.

arctifrons (Calamus) 927

(Citharichthys) 818

Arctozenua 278

arcuatum (Ditrema) 592

(Haemulon) 553

(Ejperprosopon) 592

arcuatua (Amphistichus) 591

(Chaetodon) .'. 616

(Poinacanthua) 616

arcturua 319

ardena (Catostomus) 128

(Hypsilepia) 198

(Minnilus) 198

ardesiaca (Gila) 235

ardesiacna (Lepomis) 480

(Squalius) 235

arenatna (Priacanthus) 971

(Ebinichthya) 885,886

arge (Alburnellus) 202.

argentata (Couchia) . . 797

(Motella) 797

978

INDEX.

argentatua (Astyanax)
(Plargy rua)
(Tetragonopterua)

argentea (Hypaiptera)

(Spbyrasna)

argentcum (Ditrrraa)

i II yiiiTproaopon)

argenteus (AmmocGBtes)

(Ampbistichua)

(Eucinostoraua)

(Gerres)

(Holconotua) . . . ,

(Icbtbyomy zon)

(Leuciacua)

(Pagrus)

(Petromy zon) 9, 10

(Sparua)

(Tetragonopterua)

Argentina

argentiasiraua

argentosa

Argy rca -•

argyreiosua

Argyrens

argyreus (Fario)

argyriosus
:vri:yritis

Argyropa ................................

argymps ............................. 557,

argyrosoma (Embiotoca) .................

Arjryni.snimis ...........................

argyros-.iiiiis (Danialichthys) ......... ----

arionimiis

Ariopais

Ariua

A i li IKI

armatii.s 'Aspidophorua)

<( Yntridrrinicbthya)

( Leptocottua)

nrtfili ....

Artodius

arti.sia

arund in:ic ins

AacelirlitliYs

aaper << Ynti idi-nniohthya)

(COt I (IpSIH)

(CothiH)

(Hi-xai;ianmiiii) 641

(1'lmninrrtrn)

aspera ( Linianda)

aapcra M'ranidca)

Aapicnttiis

AapidnjilioroidrH

Aspldopliofiu

a»pn • 1 1. 1

nHprigrnis (I'ci-rilirlitliysi

aspro

Astatic -litliyn

asteriaH (lilcniiius)

(Mnatclua)

Page.
255

187
255
798

439, 440
411
593
592
10
593

584, 935

584, 934

936

30

553

867, 868
556
255
295
253
157
406
223
206
307
439
222

156,968
671

829, 972

558, 929
597
300
597

415, 909
194
110

109, 882
491
345
728
714
713

300, 301
689
516
385
686
695
69.1
695

, 643, 949
835
835
694
710
724
728
490
518

.Ml
961
870

Asternopteryx

aetori

Astronesthea

Astroscopas

Astyanax

Athereathes

Atherina

Atherinichthys ............ .

Atherinidae
Atherinoidea
atherinoidea (C hriodorua)

(Notropis)
Atherinops
Atherinopaia
atkinsii
atlanticus (Elacate) .............

(Epincphelua)

(Mcgalops) ....................

(Sparna) .......................

Atractoperca ............................

Atraetoscion .............................

Atractosteua .............................

atraria (Perca) ...........................

(Siboina) ....................... 241,

atrariua (Centropristis) ..............

(Pimelodus) .....................

(Serranus) ......................

(Squaliua) ......................

atricauda ..........................

atrilatua ...................... .340,

atripea ( Ditrema) ..........

(Ly thrums)
(Minnilus)
atripinnis (Arlina)
(Goodcu)
(Uloccntra) .......

atromacalata (Eatrella)
atromaculatum (Boleo3pma)
:itrciin:icul:itii.s (Cyprinus)
atrouaaua (Rhiiiichtliys)
atropurpurous ................

atrovirrns
att.-nuatus
Aurhi'DOptorus ................

aurlonim

audons

auliacus

Anlorliynrhiis
Aulostonia

aurautiacua (lialistc s)

(Crratacantliusi
(Colt<»i:aslri-)
(Iladrnptriu-)
(llypolioinua) .
aurata (Cliola)

(Moni.ina)
auratus (Carassins)

(Cy]>rinii8) ......

(Gadus)
(Mullus)
anrca (Cliipra)
aiiri'uluni (Moxostoma)
aim-ohm (Catotomua)

Page.

769

8,57

287

628, 941
255
820
405
406
404
406
903
202
409
409
395
419

918, 973
887
540
535

579, 933

92, 880

534

886, 887
534
105

533,916

241,886
842

892,894

197
197
4%
348
495
492
492
221

208,885
771
662
293
764
555

908, !tii!)

903, 906
391

391,908
390
390
858
•^"•S
505
505
505
175
175
25o
253
804
931
270
140
14U

INDEX.

979

Page.

aureolus (Xenotis) 478

anreovittata (Seriola) 444

aureus (Aminocoetes) 867, 868

(Clupanodon) 270

(Eupomotis) 483

(Fundnlus) 340

(Haplochilus) 340

(Spams) 433

auricnlatus 670, 671

auriga 542,920

aurita (Ichthelis) 478

auritus (Labrus) 477, 478

(Lepomis) - 477,478

(Pomotis) 483

aurolineatus 925, 973

aurora ( Abeona) 588

(Catostomus) 127

(Fario) 315

(Salmo) 315

aurornbens 549, 550

anstrale 154

austrinum 135

Auxis 424

avocetta 367

axillaris 706

ay resi (Parophry8) 831

(Petromyzon) H

Ayresia 611,939

B.

bacalans 636

Bachelor 464

badius 885,886

Bseostoma 965

Bagara 578

Baione 316

Baiostoma 965

bairdi ( Alepocephalus) 257

(Cottus) 697

(Macrurus) 812

(Salmo) 320

(Salveliuus) 320

(Uranidea) 697

bairdianum 905,906

Bairdiella 570

bajonado 926,927

Balao 902

balao 902

balias (Chirus) 645

Balistes 854

Balistidse 854

balteatus (Eques) 932

(Richardsonius) 251

Barb 577

barbatnm (Echiostoma) 286, 287

barbatus (Mullus) 565,931

(Siphagouus)

Barboro 617

bardus

Bar-fish 465

barkani 727

Barndoor Skate

Barracuda 41°

ban acuda (Sphyraena) 412

bairatti 519,973

Pago.

Bashaw 102

Basilichthys 406

Basking-shark 30

Bass 484,528

Bastard Halibut 821

Bastard Snapper 540

Bat-fish 51, 738, 849

Bathymaster 022

Bathymasterinas 619

Batrachidao 750

Batrachus 750, 958

Bayou Bass 484

Bay shark G J

Bdellostoma 5,867

Bdellostomatidse 967

beadlei 109

beani ( Ammocrypta) 489

(Caranx) 436, 912, 970

(Limanda) 835

(Pleuronectes) 835

beck withi 176

belizanus 345

bellicus 212

Bellows-fish 388,844

bellus 199

Belone 372^. —

belone (Tetraptnrus) 909~

Belonesos 344

Belonopsis 366

bendirei 696

Benthodesmus 910

berlandieri 403

bernardini

Berycidae 457

beryllina ..408,909,909

biaculeatus 395, 396

bicolor (Algansea) 246

(Ammocoetes) 868

(Leuciscus) 246

(Leucus) 246

(Squalius) 237

(Tigoma) 237

bicornis (Icelus) 693, 952

BielayaEyba

bifrenata 162

Big-eye 544

Big-eyed Herring 260,261

Big-eyed Scad 434

biguttatus (Ceratichthys) 212

(Cochlognathus) 161

(Semotilus) 211,212

bilinearis

bilineata (Lepidopsetta) 834

(Platessa) - 834

bilineatum (Pristipoma)

bilineatns (Pleuronectes) 833, 834

(Pomadasys) 552,923

Bill-fish 91,374,375,420

billingsiana 177

bilobus

bimaculata (Etheostoma) 500

bimaculatns (Chsetodon) 940

(Psendoxiphophorus) 344

(Sarothrodus) 940

(Xiphophorns) 344

980

INDEX.

Page.
binocnlata ................................ 43,878

bipinnulatus ............................ 446,913

birostris ................................. 52,53,880

bison (Aspicottns) ....................... 710,711

(Carpiodes) ........................ 119

(Enophrys) ........................ 710

(Ictiobus) .......................... 883

bispinosus (Gasterostons) ................ 396

(Myliobatis) .................. 51

biaus ..................................... 425

bivittatns (Jlybopsis) .................... 196

(Labrus) ....................... 937

(Minnilus) .................... 195

(Platyglossus) ................. 936, 973

Black An^el .............................. 941

Bass ............................... 484

Black-fin ................................ 301

-fish ................................ 533, 600

blackfordi ............................. 519, 921, 971

I*lack Grouper ........................... 538, 540

Grant ............................. 553

Horse ............................. 120, 121

Black-nosed Dace ........................ 206

Perch .............................. 595

Sea-Bass ........................... 531,533

Blacksmith .............................. 611

Black Sturgeon .......................... 87

Blakea ................................... 763

blanchardi ............................... 761

Blanqnillo ............................. 623, 625, 626

Bleiinicottus ............................. 717, 718

Blenniida) ................................ 753, 880

blenuioides ............................... 497, 502

blennioperca ............................. 497

Blenniops ................................ 765

Blennius ................................ 759, 961

bli'imhm ( Alburuops) ................... . . 189, 193

(Minnilus) ...................... 193

Blennophis ............................... 756

I'.li-miy .................................. 753,759

Kl, jiharichthys

I'.l.-pliariH

438
438

719

102
323
696

r.lin.lCat ................................

Ulin.l tish ................................

111.. I) .....................................

Blower ................................... Mil

I'.ln.' liark ................................ 2(17

• bark Sal mi in ........................ 308

li.n-1. Troiu ....................... 318

lilu.-Cod ............................... I, Hi

Illii. tin .................................. 301

-tisli . .................... 417, 448, 560, 580, (in:t

HI ii.' Mullet .............................. i:;:i

I', i.li .............................. 504, .Vi'.i

I'ikr ................................ :c

Shark ............................... '.'2

•i-rio ......... ....................... 650

Modi. i mm. ........................ ........ Ml, 602

Imdiamm (< 'os.svphiis) .................... W-

!•..>!. i.hthvH .............................. 514, r.l'J

Ixilroidrs ................................. i.'.i'.i

I :nl. Mantua .................. . ............ 491

Imlrosoma (Gobiim) ...................... 946

l.olli.. 881

bombifroas ....... ........................

bonariensis ...............................

bonasus ..................................

Bone-Dog ........... : ....................

Bone-fish .................................

Bonito ...................................

Bonnet-headed Shark ....................

Bony-fish ................................

boops ....................................

borea (Lucioperca) .......................

borealis (Alepidosaurus) .................

( Amiurus) .......................

(Arctozenus) ....................

(Caulopus) .......................

(Laemargus) .....................

(Maurolicus) ....................

(Notorhynchus) .................

(Paralepis) ......................

(Pimelodus) .....................

(Scopelns) .......................

(Sphyrsena) ......................

(Sudis) ..........................

Boreocottus ..............................

Boreogadus ..............................

Borer ....................................

boremn (Stizostedium) ...................

boreus (Esox) ............................

bosci(Atherina) ..........................

(Gobiosoma) .......................

(Gobius) ...........................

(Lenciscus) ........................

(Menidia) ................... 407, 908,

(Pimelepterus) .....................

(Seriola) ...........................

bosqui (Cyphosas) .......................

bosquianus ...............................

bostoniensis (Anjruilla) ..................

(Catostomus) ................

(Muroma) ....................

Bothragonns .............................

Bothrolaamus .............................

Bothns ...................................

boucardi .................................

bouvicri ..................................

bovinim ..................................

I.MU tin ..................................

bowmani .................................

lirachialr. .................................

Biachy i»i ins .......................... 588,

r.l::rli.\..|iMi ................ ^ .............

l'.iarli\ i'1-osopon

li!-ai'li\ | ili -r:i ( I'J'

braohypteroB (Bemoropala)

(Tliynims)
(Xygonectes)

brach\ rhyncliuM

I'.ra. 'hyiliimis

liracliyurus
Braina
Bramidffl
Branch Ilcrring
Branchiostoma

Page.

478, 479

445, 913
116
16
258

427,428
25
209
436
526
276
108
278
276
15
284
34
278
108
284
411
278
706
807
5

526
353
407
948

638,948
250

, 909, 969
561

445, 913
972

756,757
361

127, 130
361

728, 956

441, 442
815
246
315

329,890
04
187
965
881

589, 936

720,955
394
838
417

417

42!»

341,890
86

916,073

9527

72

455, 915

455

267

3, 867

INDEX.

981

Page.

2

408
408
902
902

Branchiostomatidae

brasiliensis ( Atherina)

( Atherinichthys)

(Esox)

(Hemirhamphus)

(Menidia) 408,909

(Mugil) 403

(Narcine) 877

(Torpedo) 877

Bream 250,482,558

brevicauda (Pomoxys) 465

(Salmo) 315

breviceps (Pomotia) 478

(Pty choatomua) 141

brevipinna (Scymnus) 15

(Somniosus) 14,15

brevipiune (Boleoaoma) 492

( Ditrema) 589

brevirostris ( Acipenser) 87

(Carcbarias) 61

(Chasmistes) 132

( Hippocampus) 386

(Histiopborus) 909

(Hypoprion) 61

(Scomberesox) 375

(Syngnathus) 384

(Thynnus) .' 430

brevis 70

Brevoortia 269

Broad-shiners 449

broccus 856, 966

Brook Stickleback 394

Sticker 129

Trout 320

brosme 802,803

Brosmins 802

Brosmopkycis 795, 963

Brotulidie 794

broussoneti 576

bro wni ( Acbirus) 841

(Atherina) 273

(Hemirhampbus) 903

(Solea) 841

(Stolepliorus) 273,888

(Voraer) 440

bruimeus (Amiurua) 103

(Serranus) 538

(Trisotropis) 538,918,971

bryoporus -

Bryttus 472

Bubalickthyinse : 112

Biibalicbthy a - - 115, 881, 882

bubalina 176

bubalis (Cottua) 701

bnbalua (Amblodon) 114

(Bubalichthys) 116

(Catostomua) 116,883

(Ichthyobus) 114

(Ictiobus) 114,882,883

buccata -'04

bucco

Buffalo Cod 646

Buffalo-flail 113,115

bufo 681

Bug-fish 269

Page.

bullaris 222

Bull-head 104,696

Bullon 938

Bull Trout 319

Burbot 801

burgall 599

Burnstickle 395

butlerianus 519, 973

Butter-fish 451,541,766,767

Butterfly Kay 46

By thitea 795

C.

caballa (Cybiutn) 427

(Scomberomorus) 427

caballerote (Lutjanua) 92

caballua 435, 970

Cabezon 714

Cabrilla 535, 536, 539

Csesiosoma 562

Calamus 555, 925, 972

calamus (Chrysophrys) 92G

(Pagellua) 926

calcarata 952

Calico Basa 465

californica (Alausa) 26f

(Mon-hua) 806

(Squatiua) 35

(Torpedo) 39,876,877

californicus (Exocoatus) 379

(Gadus) 806

(Hippoglossua) 821

(Muatelus) .' 20,59,870

(Myliobatia) 51

(Paralichthys) 821

(Pseudorhombus) 821

(Stereolepis) 531

(TJropset ta) 821

califomiense (Siphostoma) 384, 906

californiensis (Atherinichthya) 409

(Atherinopsis) 409,410

(Cy pi inodon) 330

(Ophisurua) 359, 898

(Otolithus) 579

(Scorpis) 562

(Syngnatkus) 384

(Typhlogobius) 639

(Xenicbthy s) 547, 920

(Xenistiua) 920

callarias (Gadus) 804

(Salmo) 320

Callecbelys 897

Calliodon 606

calliodou (Liparis) 743

callipteryx 149

callisema 173

callisoma 898

callistia 181

calliura (Codoma) 178

(Cyprinella) 178

Galliums 467, 484

calliurna (loglossus) 949

callyodon (Cycloptems) 743

Calycilepidotus 714

calva.. 94

982

INDEX.

Camarina ................................

campbelli ................................

Campbellite ..............................

campecbian'ia ............................

camperi ..................................

Campostoma .............................

Campostominaa ...........................

Campy lodon ..............................

camtachaticua ............................

camura (Boleosoma) ......................

(Vaillantia) ......................

caruurua (Xothonotus) ...................

(Poecilichthya) ..................

Canada (Elacate) ..................... 416,

caoadense (Stizostedinm) .................

canadenais (Lncioperca) ..................

(Salmo) .......................

Candle-fish ...............................

canicula ..................................

caninus (Caranx) .........................

(Lachnolaemua) ..................

(Pagellus) .......................

canis (Galeua) ............................

(Mustelus) .........................

(Salmo) ............................

(Squalus) ...........................

Cantherinea ..............................

Capelin ...................................

capeuna ..................................

capillaris .................................

capiatratus ...............................

Capitaine ................................

capreolus ............................ . . 539,

capriscus
caprodea
Carangichthya ...........................

CarangidiB ............................. 430,

Carangoides ..............................

Carangopa ...............................

Carangua ............................. 433,

caraugua (Caranx) .......................

(Scomber) .....................

Caran-x ...................................

Caraaaiua ...............................

riiriiiiliu .............................. ____

car bouaria ( Purcina) .....................

(PiU-cmia) .....................

carboDarins (A<'i]» nsrrj ..................

' ;:i.lu.-i .....................

(Piillui'liiiiH) .................

Carcharias ...................... 22, 27. X72,

iS.|ii:ilnH)

C.in liariiilii-

22,59,

liii
Carclci|ilnis

-imi I I!i :nn
r:llili:i-m I 1 >1 |>lnil us )

r:irilili:r:i llVlour)

c&iibbffiu* (ChlorotcombniB)

(Tyloaurus)

Page.
560
320
464

921, 971

374,375
148
145
370
868
494

494,971
506
507

419,909
526
526
320
292
869
438
601
927
21

20,870
306
870
858
291
554
439
940
601

540, 918
929
855

499,500
433

448, 914

433, 970

433, 970

437, 970
438

438, 970
433, 970

253
541
500
500
87
807
807

873, !)67
875

873,875

27,870

870,872

30,875

705

740,957

3,57

930

930
901

441
901

carinatnm (Acanthosoma)
carinatus (Placopharynx)

(Salmo)
carminatus
caruatus
Carolina ( Atberina) .......................

(Trigla) ................ .........

carolinse .................................

carolinensia (Gobins) .....................

(Otolithus) ..................

(Seriola) .....................

carolinua (Blennius) ......................

(Clinostomus) ..................

(Gasterosteus) .................

(Pholis) ........................

(Prionotns) ....................

(Pteraclia) ......................

(Trachynotna) .................

Carp .....................................

carpio (Carpiodea) .......................

(Catostomns) ................... 118,

(Oyprinodon) ......................

(Cyprinua) ........................

(Ictiobus) .........................

( M oxi ist i ITI i :i ) ......................

Carpiodes ............................. 117,

Carp Sucker ........................... 117,

carringtoni ...............................

caryi ................................... 93,

cassidii ..................................

castanena ............................... 10,

Cataphracti ..............................

cataphractua ( Agonns) ...................

(Cottna)

(Gasterostens) .............

(Gasteracanthus) ...........

(Scapb.irhyncb.ua) ..........

cataractfe (Ceratichthys) .................

(Gobio) ........................

(Rhinichthya) .................

(Leucoaomua) ..................

catenatus ................................

Cat-fiahea .......................... 95,102,

r.itonotua. ...............................

Catoatomida? .............................

Catoatomina) .............................

Catostouiua ........................... 1 24,

i-:itostomua (Cyprinus) ...................

(1'henacobius) ................

Catulus ..................................

catulus (Evorthodus) .....................

(Gohiua) ....................... 632,

(Pimclodua) ......................

(Scylliorhinua) ...................

catua (Aniiurua) ..............

u-anua) .........................

r:niihtftircatus

caudata (Larana)

c:iudicnla

caudimacula (Diplodua)
(Hsemulon)
(Sargus)

Caularchus

Page.
865

142,143
315
812

674,675

405, 908

735

697, 944

634, 945

581

445,913
760
233
442
760
735
455
442

144,254
118

119,140
330
254
883
139

882,883

118, 119

209

593,594
595

897, 868

640, 724

728, 956

728

396

390

88

207

207

207,885
22:'.
337

108,794
512
11-
113

125, 883

124,127

206

869

632,944
C33, 044
104
869
104
920
797
109
937

23,873

900,969

559, 972

925

500

748

INDEX.

983

Caulolatilus

Caulopus

caarinus (C yprinus)

(Leucosomus) —

(Mylochilus)

(Sebastes)

(St'bastodt-s)

cavif'roDs (Ambloplltea) ...

(Hemitripterua)

Page.

625

278

225

225

224

672

672

467

686

caxis 548, 921

cay uga 394

Cebediehth.virtas 754

Cebedichtbys 773,962

Centrarchidae .. 462,880

Centrarehus 463

Centridermichthys 693

Centriscida? 387

Centriscus 388

Centropominaj 527

Centropomus 525, 528

Centrobknuius 778

Ceiitronotus 766

Ccntropristis 533

Centroacyllium 16

Centroscymmis 17

centrura (Dasibatis) 67

( Itaia) 48, 67, 879

(Trvjjon) 67,879

centrums (Dusyatis) 47

cepedianura 271

Cephalaeauthiis - ..- . 737, 957

Cephaloptei ida; 52

Cephaloscyllinm 58, 59

cepbalua (Semotilns) ,

cerasinus

Ceratacantbus 858

Ceratias 847

Ceratichtnys 211

Ccratiidas 847

Ceratocottus 710

Ceratoptera 52

cercostijima

cerdale 790

Cernier 532

cernium 532

Cero 426

cervinum

711

26

62

579

. 30, 31

cervus

Cestraciou

Cestraciontidaj

Cestreus

Cetorhinidffi. ..

Cetorbinus 31, 875

Chsenobryttus 467

Chaenopsetta

Chaetodipterus 6l3

Cbaitodon 614,615,940

chaetodon (Mesogonistius) 471

(Pomotia) . 472

Chaetodontidffi 614

chalcosratnmus

chalybaeus (Minnilus)

chalybeius (Hyphalonedrns) • 206,968

chamaeleonticeps

Channel Bass 571

Page.

Channel Cat 107,108

chant enay 42

Characini 112

Characinidae 254

Charioteer 542

Chair 316

cbarybdis 468

Chasmistes 131

C hasmodes 756, 958

Chatoessina 270

C hatoeasus 27 1

Chauliodontidaa 284

Cbanliodus 284

Cba-unax 846

Cheilichthys 860

chemnitzi 370

Cheonda 230,241

ehesteri 799

Chiasmodon 810,964

Chiasmodontidae 964

Chiasmodua 810

chickasavensia 182

cbilensis 428

chiliticus 191

Cbilomycterna 863,966

Chilonemus 220

Chimasra 54

Chirnseridse 53

cbinensis 390

Chinnook Salmon 306

Chii-idae 640

Chirolophus 765

Chironectea - 845

Chiropsis 641

Chirostoma 406

chirurgua 617,941

Chirus 641

cbirus (Xiphister) 772

Chitonotus 691

cblora 169

chloria 441

chloristia 183

chloiocephalua 190,191

Chloroscombrua 440

chlorosoma 494, 971

cblorostictua 668

chlorurus 537,918

Choerojulis 002

Chogaet 599

Chologaater 325,890

Chondrostei 82

Chondrostominae 145

cbouicha 306,890

Chriodorua 90J

Cbi iomitra 425

Chriope 162

Chroniidea 608

Cbromia 611,939

chromia (Diabasis) 924

(HsBmulon) 924

(Perca) 924

(Pogonias) 568

Chrosonma 153

chrosomua (Minnilus) 191, 192

chryaitia 157

984

INDEX.

ch'ysoci-phalne

Page.
186, 187

ciiTbosus (Trachin ns)

Page.

790

chryeochloris

206

Cirrostomi

9 Q

chrysogaster

208, 209

Cisco

290 301

chrysoleucus

250

CithMricbtbys

filfi ORJ

chrysomelas

675, 676

Cluiu Cracker

A~

Chrysopbrys

555, 972

rlarki (Catostomus)

no

chrysops (Caulolatilus)

626

(Fario)

813

(Labrax)

530

(Salmo)

315

(Latilus)

626

(Ophicbtbys)

898

clavnta

39

(Ophisurus)

898

cl«vvi(rer

711

(Oxyodonticbthys) .

898

Clidodenua

831

(Pi-rca)

530

Cliola

163 169

(Roccus) .

529

717

(Sparus)

556, 829

Cliiiostomus

230 231

chrysopsis (llyodon)

260

Clinus

761 962

chrysoptera ( IVrca)

553, 973

rlodiilus

°60

chrysopti-rum (Haemulon) . . .

553

Clupea

264 887

chrysoptrrua (Diabasis)

.-.53, 924 973

ClupoidsB

262

cbrvsos (Carangus)

438

flupeiformis . . . ...

299 301

i ( ' ;n : in \ )

435

ClupeiiitE

263

(Scomber)

438, 970

clupt* oidos

300

chrysotus

Clvp^ocottus

710

chrysura (Scia;na)

933

542

cbrysurus (Chloroscombrus)

441

Coal-fisb

806

(Diptt- rodon )

933

Cobbler-fisb

438

(Lutjaiius)

921

Cobia

418

(Mesopriou)

548,

- cobitis . .

163 170

(]Vlici'opteryx)

441

787

(Sfouibor)

441

186

(Sparus)

548

Coeblo'Mi'itl'm

161,884

970

Crd li-li

8(13 804

Chub

220 221,235 239 241

Cddlin" ...

798, 799

Sucker

132 133

Codonia

1(»3 164 172

chuss .

799

: ;

cibarius

8

co?lolopis

17

oibi

436 912 970

ccunosus ( Pinu'lodus)

1U5

cic£trico8H8

837

(I'U'iiroiiicbtln s) .

829, 830

Cicbliil i-

607

040

Ci^ar-fish

912

(Cliola)

182

ciliaris (CluiHodon)

tilo

183

615

(EtluM.st.uiri)

1 1 'oiniiciinthus)

C15

(Mclotta)

266

438

1(1!)

Cilinta

796

co3ruleo-aureuH

601

rili:ttu8 (lili'Tinius)

7S4

coerulfiis ( Ac.mt liurus)

650 Tin

M ';irr1i::i'ias)

23, 87::. !i(i7

(I Vt I'oni^ /nil J

8

ii'arcliMi'iiuiH)

873

(Sebfutodes)

656 9r>0

599

(Pbotogenisj

797

(I'd-ciliclillivs)

517

•J 1 1

O'lr»

i.'.o, 950

< M ii " il i

307

RflO

coliiis

li'4,9!0

('iili^cus

158

fflfl

collftpsuB - - -- ••

138

( ol 1 H 1

.M

( 'i ilurr lihali

18

916

18

roloral uiti

390

5

381

,-(',11

129,130

7i."

conuiiiinis (Ctttostomus)

130

linliiiHiis ir.li-nHi.iHi.

719

220

INDEX.

985

communis (Pogonichthy s) . 219, 220

complanata

compressa (Lota)

compressus (Engraulis)

(Stolephorus)

concinnus (Amblodon)

(Gasterosteus) -

concolor ( Ammoccetes)

(Chiiomitra)

(Euschistodus) 611, 939

(Glypbidodon)

(Pomacentrus)

(Scomberomorus) 425, 973

conductor

Coney

confertus

conflnis (Pimelodus)

(Salmo)

confluentus (Fundulus)

(Salmo)

conformis

Conger 362,900,969

couger (Anguilla)

(Leptocephalus)

( Muraena)

Conger Eel 356,362

congestum

Con <rrogadidae

conocephalus

Conodon 550, 923

conorhynchus

conspersus

const ellatus (Chiropsis)

(Chirns)

(Sebastichthys)

(Sebastodes)

consuetus

conus

convt-xifrons

cookianus

cooperi (Cheonda)

(Leuciscus)

(Metoponops)

(Raia) 42,878

(Salmo)

(Squalius)

copei ( Leuciscus)

(Squalius)

Copelaiidia

copelandi

Copper-nosed Bream

corallina

Coregonus 296,299,889,968

coregonus —

coretta

corinus

cornubica 29,30,61,875

cornutus (Chologaster) .-

(Cyprinus) 186,187

(Hypsilepis)

(Lenciscus)

(Luxilus)

(Minnilus) 1.86,187

coroides

corporalis

ige.
.220

Corsair

Page,
666

174

coruscans

278

802

...569 572 579 931 932

274

Corynolophus .... - -

849

274

Coryphaena

454, 914

568

Coryphaenidao

454

394

Coryphaenoides . .

812

10

Coryphopterus

634, 635

426

Corvthrichthys

906

,939

cosmopolita

440,441

611

Coss vphus

601

611

682

,973

Cottogaster . ....

.. . . 497

443

Cottopsis

693 694

541

C ottunculus

687 952

159

Coitus

693 700

104

couclii (Dionda)

157

317

(PoBcilia)

348

334

Couchia

796,797

307

coucbiana (Limiu)

348

237

348

,969

couesi (Apocope)

210

363

297 968

969

(Prosopium) ....

297

362

Couesius

218

362

Cow-fish

854

138

51

790

Cow- Pilot

611

225

Crab-eater ... .....

418

,923

838

258

39

239

464

646

crassicauda .... .. ....

240

646

crassilabre

140, 141

666

503

665

241

309

craticula .»

892

141

Crawl-a-bottom ... ..

130,506

478

Creek Fish

133

461

Cremnobates - . . . . .

764,962

242

crenulare .- ---

282

242

Creolus .

973

817

916

878

Crevalle . .. ...

433,435,437

309

crini^er - .............. ..

718

242

438,439

202

cristagalli (Anoplfirchus)

.... 771

238

(Cebedicuthys) .

774

469

317

498

Croaker

566 567,575,595

479

croicensis .- ...........

938

877

.... 568

968

crossotus . ...

839

139

359

429

Crucian Carp

253

62

crumenopht halnius

434, 970

875

cruorcum (^viphidiuni)

773

325

234

187

Cryptacanthodes

780

187

754

187

cryptosus

452

187

599

187

cubifrons

850

576

854

221

cucnlus . .

,. 733.956

986

INDEX.

Page.

Culms

944

Cultus Cod

646

cumingi

213

Hnnnor

599

ruprroiili'8

105

cupreua

105

I'llIdUlt

404

< milieus

723

curtus

440

Cusk

802

cuspicauda

858

cutisansiTiuus

120

Cut-lips

144, 160

cuvien

395,911

cyanellus ( Apomotia)

473

(Ichtbyobus)

114

(Lepomis)

473

rvaneuB

188

cyanocephalus

196,197

cyanoguttatua

608

cyanonotou :

267

cyanops

626

cyauostigma ( Julis)

603

(Platyglossua)

603,973

Cybiuiu

425

Cvcleptinae

112

Cyclt'ptua

120

Cyclogobiua

637

Cycloptericbthya

745

Cyclopteridas

744

r\i l"pUS

743

CyclosUuiiata

3

Cvdopterus

746

cyclotis

212

Cylindiosti'us

91

Cymatogaster

588,590

cymatograrama

497

Cynkoglosaua

838

Cynocepbalua

22

fviniilun

921

cynoglossus

838

Cy uopt-rca

526

Cynosciou

579, 034

i'Vpln> il'alostollllls)

129

852

GyphoBUB

!>7J

Cypiiin-lla

163,165,176

cyprinrlla

114, f83

C\ piiuidu3

144

C\pri Inn

328, 894

r\ pi illiiilli-H

887

C\ pi in., i|c, ni i.l.i

326,894

cypnuus

119,120,883

• llllUS

380

Cyttidio

450

D.

Dace

180,221,230-

D.-nlilv S. nlpin

702

ilai-t \ Inpd-ra

679,950

Dnct \lnpt ri in a'

732

Dact \lnptrniH

737

l>:irt\loKl-npllS ..

753

Pallia

350

Page.

dalwigkii 801

Damalicbthys 597

damalia 119,883

Dasibatia 65, 879

Daayatia 47, 65, 879

Dasy batus 879

davidaoni (Pomadasya) 551

(Pristiponia)

(Monacanthua) i57

decagonua 727, 055

decagrammua 641,645

Decapterua 432

Decaptus 44<;

declivifrous fl39

declivis 912

decoratus ,. 543. ii.'o

decurrena 829

defensor 438

Dekaya 625

dekayi (Gasteroateua) 393

(Isuropsis) 29, 874

(Isurus) f-74

(Phycia) 799

(Pimelodua) 105

(Scomber) 4L'4

delicatissimus 274

delicioaa 17.">

Delolepia 779

dulpbinua 1J2

Demoiselle 609

dcntata (Pomatopsutta) 820

dcntatus (Hippogloaaoides) b2G

(Paralichtbya) sjj

(Plcuronectca) ^.'i1

(Psi-udorhombus) ^_':i

dentex 294

deprandua .'i.'i.'f

ili-nnatinus :ii".i

Dermatoatethoa 385

drsiiiarr.stia 42

Divil-flsh 02

1 >ia baais 553, 923, 971

Diacope

I )iam(inil- tli Kinder

diapbaiiii (Hydrargyra)

diaphanea (Kaia)

iliaplianus (( 'alii urns)

(Fuudiilus)

I 1 ia | ,1 1 -I in

diceians...

547
Wu
334
41
473
334
. ........... 583

711
41'4
diDonnia ................................. 12C.

<1 ili ctua ..................................

diuiidiatnm .............................. 384,

dinemua 185,

Diodon tachet6

Uiodon 802,

Dionda

Dioplites

dijiliemiua

Diplectrum

Diplcainm.

202
905
TBS

803
9UO
155
484
197
534
496
49C

INDEX.

987

Page.

Diplodns 557,829,930,972

dipterura 48,71,879

Discoboli 738, 745

discobolus 125,883

dispar 341

dissimilis (Ceratichthys) 183, 215, 216

(Couesius) 218

(Leuciscus) 216

(Leucosomus) 218, 219

Ditrema 594,936

Doctor-fish 617

dodecaedrus 723

Dog-fish 15,16,94,350

Dog-salmon 305, 306

DogShark 19

dolichogaster 768

Doliodon 441

Dollardee 479

Dollar-fish 451

Dolly Varden Trout 319

dolomiei 916

dolomieu (Micropterns) .- 485

Dolphin 454

dombeyi 57, 867

domninus 203,204

Doncella 601,602,603

Dormitator 631,944

dormitator 631,972

dormitor , 972

Dorosorua 271,889

Dorosomatidse 270

Dory 456,525

dorsalis 220,221,912,913

dorsatus 867, 868

dorsomacula 560

dovii 930

Drum 567,568

540

934

150

149

415

791

83

443

..'. 106

885

Dules 542,920

drummond-hay i

drummondi (Otolithus) .

dubium (Campostoma) .

(Exoglossum) .

dubius (Ammodytes) ...

(Fierasfer)

Duck-bill Cat

ductor

dugesi

dulcis

dnmerili (Squalus)

dnodecim

duquesni

Dussumieriinse ...
dux . .

35
888
140
263
601

E.

Eagle Ray 49,50

earlli 798

Echeneididae 416

Echeneis 416

Uchinorhinus 14,869

Echiostoma 286

edentula 84

Eels 354

Eel-pout 783,784

effulgens 493

eglanteria

egregia (Tigoma)

(Gila)

egregius (Squalius)

Elacate

Elacatidse

Elagatis

Elasmobranchii

elassodon

Elassoma

Elassomatidse 461,

Electric Kays

elegans (Blakea)

(Boleichthys)

(Cyprinodon)

(Gibbonsia)

(Diabasis)

(Gila)

(Haemulon)

(Leuciscus)

(Myxodes)

(Xanostoma)

Eleotridinse

Eleotris

eleutherus

elliotti

ellipticus

elongata (Clupea)

(Gila)

(Umbrina)

elongatus (Benthodesmus)

' (Catostomus)

(Clinostomus)

(C ycleptus)

(Lepidopus)

(Lepomis)

(Leuciscus)

(Luxilus)

(Ophiodon)

(Osmerus)

(Pleuronectes)

(Pomotis)

(Sclerognathus)

(Sebastes)

(Sebastodes)

(Squalius)

Elopidae

Elops

emarginatns

Embiotoca

Embiot ocidas

Emerald-fish

emiliaa

emorii

encseomus >

Enchelycephali

Enchelyopus

enchrysurus

Engraulididse

Engraulis

Enneacan t hus

Enneacentrns

Ennichthys

Enophrys

ensis

Page.

40,41

236

239

236

418

418

446

12,57

826

461,915

880, 915
38
763
519
329
763
923
227
924
228
763
510
630

631, 944

99

53

271

265

232

578, 932
910

120, 121
232
121
910
475
232
232
646
295
838
475
121
669
669
232
260

261, 968
549
594
585
635
247

229, 230

945, 973
354
796
940
271
272
469
541
590
710
797

988

INDEX.

i-nt<iniflus ................................ 659,660

Entoapbenns ............................. 7, 57, 867

eos (Bol< i< hthys)
(Chrosomus)
(Othonops)
{Petoilkht bys)
I'.pbippidic
K]ihippii8
Epicopua
Kjii^onichthys ........................... 2,57

i<|iiln'\ii<lou ............................... 8, 5

Kpinephelua ..................... 539,918,919,920

episcopus

KpiM-
Eqiu-s
rqufstris ................................. 110,882

rqiiisetis ................................. 454,914

i • n • I icnnus

.riarcbus ................................. 469,470

Ericosma
Eric ymba
Erimyzon

iTinacea

erochrous

Erogala ............................... 163,165,179

Kr\ tbrininze

iTythrogaster (Cbroaomua) ............... 153, 154

(Leuciacus)

(I.tixilus) ................. 153,154

(Serr:iim.s)

ery thrums

escbricbti

esculenttis

eemarki

Esmeralda

Esocula;

Esox

estor (Esox) .............................. 353, 354

i(.ila)
(Squalius)

Estrclla

Etheostoma .............................. 500,512

Etheoatomatinso .......................... 486, 488

Etropus

Etniraeus

I jiralia.

KiirbalaroiltiH ............................ 831,837

KnlaHion ................................ 291.

Kulati.iu ......................... 22,59,60,872,

Knlrptoihaiiiplius

!•'. ii n ii--n_i.ini ii IIIH

(M yxontomn).
(IliulsoniiiB).

.-iiryoruH

Page.
B59, 660

Eutycbelithns

Page.
568

57, 867

evansi

156

521

E ventognathi

111,882

154

503

639

(Clinaa)

763,962

520

(Ericosma)

504

612

cvolans (Exocffitua) .... .....

378

613

(Halocypaelus^ . . .

H77

809

735

2,57

(Trigla)

736

8 57

632,945

919 920

63,64,876

157

exilicanda

152, 153

193

380,904

932

exilia (Boleichthya)

521

110 882

(Belono) . .

374

454 914

(llippoglossoides)

827

105

(Noturus)

100

469 470

(Pcecilichthya)

521

503

(Tylosnrua)

374

204

329,890

132""*

sJ2xoccetu8

378,903,904

40

160

520
165, 179
254

F.
fnber ................. ......

613

153, 154

fabricii (Campylodon) . ... - - - .

370

154

(Centroscyllinm)

16

153, 154

(Cottua)

709

540

(Gadna)

807

140

(Gunnollua)

778

848

742

438

778

786

(Macrurus)

811

635

16

351

falcata (Scriola)

445,913

352

falcatua (Caran^ops) . ..

437

353, 354

436,912

233

(Labrus)

601

232

(LacbuoloBmus)

001

491

(Xrisotropis)

538

500, 512

4I!7, 911.1, '.'70

486, 488

(1'oiiiotia) - . .......

880

911

263

Fall-flsh

'JJ-.'

394

266

831 837

300

Fario

312

633 945

faaciata (S«?riola)

445

637

551

27

841

• njl -MI-I

504

1 §70 9g7

(Hrvttus)

470

177 QO1

774

136

74 fl nV!

767

A79 4H9

(Knoi)

352

505

14fl

485

767

481

578

180

767

RXO

( I'ilih'pltalcH)

158

611

568,569

(PomadaayB)

551,923

INDEX.

989

fasciatus (Scomber)

(Sebastes)

(Seb.istodes)

(Syngnathus)

(Zonichthys)

fascicularis 534

fasciolaris

Fat-back

Fat-head

Father-lasher

favosus

fecundus

felinus

felis (Auarrhichthys)

( A rius)

(Mustelus)

(Siluras)

fenestralis

ferox ( Alepidoaaurus)

( Atractosteus)

(Lepisosteus)

(Squalus)

(Stomias)

ferrugineua

feuille (Polyodon)

Fierasfer

Jiorasferidae

filanientosus (Heniirhamphus)

(Megalopa)

(Phycis)

File-fish

fimbria

fimbriatus

Fishing-frog

Fistularia

Fistulariidae

flabellare

flabellatns

flagellum (Raia)

(Saccopharynx)

llanniK-us

Flannel-mouth Cat

Flasher ,

flavescens (Bodianus)

(Gadus)

(Perca)

flavicauda

flavidus ( Apodichthys)

( Aulorhynclms)

(Sebastodes)

fiavipinnis

flavolineatus

flavulus

flavus (Notnrus)

Flesns

Fliaum

floridte ( Jordanella)

(Siphostoma)

floridaua (Cichla)

floridensis (Bryttus)

(Galliums)

(Fundulus)

floripinnis

Flounder 813,

Flute-mouth

Page.
446

652, 676
652
383
446

, 535, 971
676
269

158, 602
701
961
129
105
783

110, 882
20
110
973
276
92
92
874
286
834
83,84
791
791
903
261
799

856, 858
650
784
844
389

388, 390
513
513
50
365
243
108
555
524
803
524
541
769
391
657

156, 884
561
332
100
831
662
328

905, 906
485
468
468

236, 891
339

822, 835
390

Page.

fluviatilis ( Algoma) 157

(Ammocoetes) 11

(Hudaoniua) • 171

(Hybognathus) 157

(Lampetra) n

(Perca) 524

(Petromyzon) 7

Flying fiah 371,378

Fly-fish 667

Flying Gurnard 737

Robin 738

foetens 280

folium 83,84

fontinalis 320, 890

Fool-fish 856

forbeai 174

formosa ( Algansea) 245

(Cliola) 175

(Limia) 347

(Mollienesia) 347

(Moniana) 175,185

(Perca) 553,971

(Uranidea)

formosulum (Campostoma)

formosum (Hsemulon)

formosus ( Alburnua)

(i'alliurus)

955

150

553

185

473

(Cottus) 699, 955

(Diabasis) 553.

(Girardinua) 349

(Leuciscua) 245

(Leucua) 245

(Serranus) 971

foraterianus 127

Four-eyed fish 940

Fox-ahark 27

francisci 32, 33, 875

franklini (Cottus) 699

(Pleuronectes) 837

(Uranidea) 699,953,954

fraterculus 225

fremebundus 554, 925

fretniuvillei

frenatua

Fresh-water Drum

fretenais

Friar. .

51

589

567

167

405

Frigate Mackerel 424, 425

f rigida 174

Frog-fish 845

frontalis 187

Frost-fiah 806

fucorum (Apodichthya) 770

(Blennius) 759

fulgida 252

fuliginosus (Batistes) 855

(Chilomycterns) 864

(Diodon) 865

fulvomaculatus 551, 923

funduloides 233

Fundulus . 331,891,892,894

furcatum (Ditrema) 596

furcatus ( Amiurus) 109

Farcarla 611, 939

furcatus (Amiurus) 109

990

INDEX.

furcatus ( Anthiaa)

(Cypselurus)

(Exocortu.s)

(Ictalurus) 109, 882

(Phanerodou)

rf'imelodMs)

fnrciftT (Antbias)

(Brachyrhinus)

(Creolus)

( Pimclodus)

(Serranns)

fiin-iycr

forth!

fusi'um (Sipbonostoma) - 383,906

(Sipbostoma)

fQ8CU8 (Bvthitrs)

(Ilemirliombns)

(Syngnathus)

fasiforniin (Phalangistes)

(Boleichthys)

(Boleoaoma)

(Hololopis)

(Poecilichthys)

G.

Gadidae

Gadus

Gaff-top-sail

Gaff-top-sail Pompano

Gaidropsarus

gairdncri 313,

galaot ura 179,

galeatus

GaleorhinidsB ........................... 18,

( ;;,]... i hinus .............................. 21,

galcim ((lalcorhinus) .................... 21,60,

(Sqnalus) ..........................

GnllirblliVH ...............................

CalliiH ...................................

Garobnsia ............................ 344, 893,

garilmiana (Iliatula) .....................

ganlciiii (Sti-rnoptyx) .....................

(Strnmateus) ....................

<Jaril.al.li

Gar I'iki-H .................................

( !arni]ia ........................... 539, 062, 672,

• i,,-t, M|. i-
Canti-msl. MM
i ;.t-li.ppli\siiH

gdatinoana 740,957

gi-liila (AiiiinixTVpta).
H.-liiln- ii . uilu'lilliVM)

geminatni

gcnerosus

Kf-
534
380
381
882

r.oc

109
916
916
973
109
916
952
923
906
383
795
817
383
726
520
520
520
520

794
803
111
912

7'.»r.

314
180
709
21
870
870
21
871
L'l
438
438
894
936
451
451
249
371
610
91
87
076

888
859
90
809
957
489
216
217
759
198

gentilia

Page.
757 758 959 960

(Jrnvoncmns

574 '13°

Genvoroge

547

Genvpterns

963

863 864

ireonrii

909

gcrmo .

G ermon

428

Gerrcs

5H3 934 93o

582

< i liost-linh

780

gibba (Liparis)

741

gibber (Saluio)

Gibbousia

763

gibbosa (Pliola)

174

(Gila)

(Lavinia)

240

(^loniana)

174

(Perca)

483

(Tifoma)

gibbosu8 ( A pi nvil (.(I.- rus)

460 461

(Catostomus)

KU

(C vprinodon)

(Lepomis)

4H"

(Leuoiscus)
(Poinotis)

240
480

i S(|ualius)

289

gibbsi ( linn il.-pidot us)

71 :>

(Salnio)

315

(Linaris)

741

(MiiHiilus) . ..

187

<ri'ra^ ( Kphippus)

613

(Seriola)

913

(Steivolepirt)

561

GUa

1!L'7

gilberti

!lf>;i

gilli (Lcponiis) . ...

468

(Xystroplitcs)

Gillichthys

036

Gin'rlvmodi

K'J

Gin^lymostoma

18,58

17,57

girardi

. . 486

Girardinichthys

Girardinus

:i48

Girella

f.00

GirollinflO

546

Gizzard Shad

27n L'7!

glabiT (C vclopterirhth v»0

TI;.

(PlateHsa)

(PleuronrctcH)

837

glabra (LiopHotta)

^lacialc ( M \'<'t<.plniin)

•_•*;!

955

807

( PlcllI tilli ("t rH) ..

KI7

(S.M.peluH)

283

421

Ul

4L'l

901

(Xiphiaa)

420

Glunioatomi . .

84

INDEX.

991

Page.

Glass-eye 525

glauca (Lamna) 29

(Oxyrkina) 29,874

glaucofnenum 635

glaucus (Carcharias) 872, 967

(Carcharinus) 22, 60

(Cktetodon) 441,970

(Isuropsis) 874

(Isurus) 28,874

(Squalus) 22

(Trackynotus) 443, 912, 970

globiceps (Corypksena) 455

(Oligocottus) 718

gloriosns 470

Glossamia 564

Glut Herring 267

glutinosa 4, 5

Glypbidodon 610

Glyptocepkalus 838

Gnatkanodon 433

Goat-fisk 565

Goafs-head Porgee 9'29

Gobiesocidae 747

Gobiesox 748,957

Gobiidje , 6~:9

gobioides (Cottns) 699

(Hypsicometes) 808

(Uranidea) 699

Gobiomoroides - 631, 972

Gobiomorus 631, 972

Gobionellus 635,947

gobioninum 149

Gobiosoma 638, 948

Gobius 633,944,945,946

Goby... 629,633

Goggle-eye 466, 407

Goggler

Gold-fish

Golet

gomesi

Goniodus

Gonioperca

Goodea

goodei (Eriinyzon) ..

(Lncania)

(Ptilicktkys)

Goody

Goose-fish

Gorbuscha

gorbuscha

434

253

319

898

14

535

,. 348

134

343

369

574

844

305

305

goroensis 442, 912

Goujon 102

Gourd-seed Sucker 121

gracile (Boleosoma) 522

gracilis (Blennius) 779

(Cottus) 699

(Cyprinus) 220

(Gadus) 804

(Gila) 229

(Gobius) 637

(Gambusia) 345, 346, 894

(Hybopsis) -. 213,214

(Lepidogobius) 637

(Leptobleunius) 779

(Leptogunnellus) 778

Page.

gracilis (Leuciscus) 187,220

(Lycodes) 787

(Moniana) 175

(Perca) 524

(Pimelodus) 109

(Platygobio) 219

(PoBcilicbtkys) 521

(Ptychocbeilus) 226

(Squalius) 237

(Tigoma) 237

(Tilesia) 805

(Uranidea) 699

(Xipkopkorus) 346

graciosus 109

graellsi 963

grakami (Gila) 228

(Lenciscus) 229

(Oligocepkalus) 517

Grammatopleurus 641

GrarnmiconotuR 374

Grande ficaille 887

grandipinnis 185

grandis (Fundulus) 336, 89)

(Gila) 226

(Leuciscus) 226

(Ptyckockilus) 226

grandisquamis 603, 936, 937

granulata 42

Graodus 163

Grass Bass 465

Gray Snapper 548

Trout 581

grayi .- 119

Grayling 302

Gray Pike 526

Green Bass 484

Cod. 806

Green-fish 448

Greenland Halibut 819

Green Pike 353

Sturgeon 86

Grenadier 810,811

grex (Scomber) 424

Grimlle 94

grisea (Dionda) 155

(Lucioperca) 526

(Scia;na) 568

griseolincatiim 384, 905, 906

griseuui (Stizostedium) 526

(Carcharias) 28

griseus (Catostomus) 127

(Mesoprion) 549

(Squalus) 6*

grcfinlandicus (Cottus) 702, 703, 955

(Gunnellus) 767

(Himantolopkus) 849

(Hippoglossus) 820

(Microstoma) 290

Gronias 102

gronovii 449

Grouper 539

Grubby 701

grnnniens 667

Grunt 553

Grystes 484

992

INDEX.

-tiua

guar:iin.u;i

Page.
4C3

607,938
411
( i uasa .................................... 542, 920

guasa .................................. 542, 920

i:n:itivi-ri' ... . ........................ 541

gula (DiaptVms) ......................... 935

(Gwree) ............................ 934

(CihK .............................. 236

(Sc|iialins) ........................... 236

gulom-llus ............................... 220

gulosa (Uranidra) ........................ 695

goloaos (CentrnrchoB) ................... 468

(CentridennichthyB) ............. 095

(ChH-iH.liryttu.s) ................. 468,915

(Ccitti.psis) ...................... 695

(Gobius) ....................... 634,9-15

(LepUIogobioa) .................. 945

(Punii.tisi ........................ 467,468

gunelliformis ............. .............. 767, 769

(iiumrllops ............................... 766

(iiinuelliiH ................................ 766

guanelhu (Blennius) .................... 767

guuneri ............................. _____ 31

•Miiinisoiii ................................ J76

Gurnards ............................... 731,733

"iittata (CoryphiMia) ..................... 914

UVr.ai ..................... ..... 537,920

(S< -ni p;.-iia) ...................... 679

gut tat us i Asi nisr..].us) ......... ......... 629

(Bodianna) ...................... 541

(Cbii -npsis) ...................... 645

(Cliirus) ................ .. ..... 645

(KimiMcaiiilius) ................. 471

(Kpiuc-phc-lus) .................. 919,973

<I/mipris) ....................... 453

(IViv.ipsisi ...................... 322

(Poiuc.tis) .................... 470

lSc-li:lsl;ipistt-s) ................. f.XI

<Zc-us) ....................... 453

l/V-onr, t.-s) ................... 341

guttulata (HyiiMi.psctta) .................. 830

gattnlatna (Hippocampus) ................ 907

gii/.iiiaiii.-ii*is ............................. 126, 883

< i VIII li:ir:iii thus ........................... 708

<;\ nun lis ................................ 7s:i

I I\ IllIlnildiitrM .................. ........ 859

<iviiiiintliiii-:i\ ..... ................... ... 356,909

X\ in n lira i I i \ ^MII i ...................... C,i;

c\ in n ii HIM 1 1 iasti'iusii -us; ................ ;;:G

(Kh-uti is) ...................... 631

i. v i»|,l, modus ........................... 32,875

II

II." Mo

Hflcl.li.rli ....

H:uli.i].:<

ll.l lllMl III

H.i-iiiuhiii

II. i iiiulilin. . .

305

803

505

100

554

Hair-tail 421, -4L"J

H.iki- 808

H.ihi-Iurus 68

Page.
LTalutractus .............................. 444

Haleeomorphi ............................ 9^

Half-beak ................................ 376

Halias .................................... 795,963

Halibut ............................... 818, 819, 821

Halichccres ............................... 602

Halieuta;a ................................ 851

JlalkMiticuthys ........................... 831'

Halipcrca ................................ 535, 917

halleri (Urolopbua) ....................... 46

Halocypsel us ................. ........... 377

Haloporpby rus ........................... 800

hamatus (Icelus) ........................ 691,952

Hamlet .................................. 918

Hammer-bead ............................ 130

Hammer-headed Sbark ................... 25, 26

hammondi (Percopsis) .................... 323

(Pimelodus) ................... 109

Hand-saw Fish ......................... 276

Haplochilus ............................. 338

Haploidonotua ............................ 567

Haplomi .................................. 323

Hard-head ............................... 313

Hard-mouth ............................. 150

Hard-tail ................................ 912

Hare-lip Sucker .......................... 143,144

Harengula ............................... 268

harengulua ............................... 584, 935

harengus (Coregonus) .................... 301

(Clupea) ...................... 265

(Lavinia) ..................... 1.'.:;

iSahuo) ........................ 301

harfordi (I't yrhc.chiliis) ................ 'j-jt;

Harpe .................................. 601,936

Har\-e8t-lish ............... .............. 4'.0, 451

hastata (I)awibatis) ...................... 48,70

(Pastinaca) ....................... 48

(Trygon) ........................ 7o,.s7»

bastatus (Gobionellus) ............ ....... 636

Hayko .................................. 805

HcM.l lish .............................. M-.». .-»;;,

heaniii .................................. :r.'ti

lici-riiiaiini ................................ Mi.1

Hrli;i8te8 ................................. (ill

Hrliiiprira ... ........................... 47J

helleri ................................... ::n;

Hclmichtbyidai ..........................

llc-lups ................................. 85

In l\ cnnaciilatiis ........................... (1(17

llrlllillll'i;.!!! .............................. r,.',l

H.'iiiibraiicliii ............................ :;>-~

lie •iiiili-]iidcitii.s... ......................... 711

he mil.'] . idol us ........................... 7 If.

Hnnioplitrs ............................. lii'.i

Heniiihamplius ......................... :i7ii, :M_'

Hi-iiiirlic.inbus ......................... S;I;.;MH

Hrmiatoma ........................... i»'i.

Hi mitre niia ............................. HiJ

HcinitriptiTiiiii) ............ ............... I'l.iif

HriiiitriptcriiH ........................... •:.-.".

Hcmitrygon ............................ 47

hrlilc-i ............................ LMt, 21,59, fifl, S7U

hensbavii (Apocope).
henabawi (Salmo;

210
310

INDEX.

993

Page.

hentzi 758, 960

heptagonus 386, 906

ileptancluis

Heptatrema , 867,967

Heptranchias - -34, 61, 62

Herichthys 608

Heros 608,939

heros 480,481

Herpetoichthys 359,898

Herring 264.265

herschelii 909

Heteiandria 344,345

heteroclitus 336

heterodon 163

Heterodontidse 32, 967

Heterodontus 32, 875

Heterognathus 406

Heterolepidina 640

Heteropygii

Heteroprosopon.

Heterosoruata 813

Heterostichus 763, 962

heterarum 271

hexacanthus 465

hexacornis (Coitus) 705

Hexagrammus 641,949

hexagrammus 644

Hexanchidse 34

Hexanchus 61,62

hians 373,901

Hia.tula 936

hiatula 936

Hickory Shad 266,271

hieroglyphicus 341

hillianus 903

Hirnantolophus 849

Hind 540

hinnulus 19, 20, 59, 870

Hiodon 259

Hippocninpidas 385

Hippocampus 386, 906, 907

hippocampus 386

Hippocephalus 723

Hippoglossina 821

Hippoglossoides 825, 826

hippoglossoides 819, 820

Hippoglossus 818

hippoglossus 819

hippops 149

hippos 435,437,438,970

hippurus 454, 914

hippus 437

hirudo 10, 868

hirundo 712, 955

hispidus 966

Histiocottus 719

Histiophorinae 419

Histiophorns 421

Mstrio 845,846,965

hiulcus 273,888

Hoe 16

Hog-fish 499, $8j, 601

Hog Molly 130,499

Hog Sucker 130

Holacanthus 615

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 63

Pago.

holbolli 847

holbrooki (Diplodua) 559, 930, 972

(Echeneis) . .' 417

(Eupomotis) 482

(Gambusia) 345,893

(Heterandria) 345, 894

(Lepomis) 482, 91 <>

(Ophidium) 793,963

(Pomotis) 482

(Sargus) 559,561)

Holconotns 590, 592, 936

Holia 305

Holocentrmn 459,915

Holocentrus 459,915

Holocephali 53

Hololepis 514

Holostei 88

Homalopomus 809

homonymus 584, 935

Homoprion 570

hoodi 320, 321, 890

Hoopid 307

Hopladelus 102

Hoplostethus 458

Horned Dace 221

Horned Pout 104

Horn-fish 526

Horny-head 211

Horse Crevalle 437

Horse-fish '. 440

Horse-head 439

Horse Mackerel 429,432,911

houghi 109

Hound Sharks -• 19

hoyi (Argyrosomus) 300

(Coregonus) 299

(Uranidea) 700

hubbardi , 832

hudsonia (Cliola) 171

hudsonicus (Salmo) 320

Hudsouius 163, 164

hudsonius (Catostomus) 127

(Hippocampus) 386, 907

humboldti (Scopelus) 284

(Squalius) 234

(Tigoma) 234

humeralis (Chcerojulis) 6U3

(Julis) 603

(Leiostomns) 574

(Oligocephalus) 513

(Platyglossus) 603, 936, 937

hnmilis (Bryttus) 479

(Cottus) 705

(Gambnsia) 345,894

(Lepomis) 479

Humpback Salmon 305

Huro 484

huronensis 91

Huso 85

hyalinus 214

Hybognathus 155,884,968

Hybopsis 163, 164, 165, 211, 213

Hyborhynchus 159

Hydrargyra 331,332.

Hydrolagus 54

994

INDEX.

Page.

llydrophlox 185

hydrophlox

Hylomyzon 124,130

Hyiinis 438

llyodon 259

HydontidaB 259

Hyostoma 496

Ilypeneua 565

Hypentelium 130

llyprriatiua 465

llyiicroartia fi

Ihpt-rotreta 4

1 1 vperproaopon 590, 591

Hyphalonedrua 29U, 968

I ly pleurochilus 7."s

Hypocritichthys 590, 591

Hypohomua 505

Hypomeana 294

Hypoplectrua 5"7, 917

Hypoprion 39, 61

Hypoprionodon 61

Hyporthodus 541

Hypsagonua 722

hypseloptera 184, 185

Ilypsilcpia

! I vpsicometea

liypsinotna

Hypsiptcra

Hypsopsetta

Hypsurua

Hypsypnps

Hyflterocarpinse

Hyaterocarpus

hyatrix

185
808
215
798
830
593
610
586
586
863

I.

Tcelna

Ichthaelurua

Ir.hthulia

Ichtbyobna

Ichthyomyzon 9,

Icichthya

leosteidee

In >st i US

Iri'thirua 106,

irtln-loidea

Irtiobua 113,

illi-crbroauH

. in ii i;i i- ii l:it a (Coryplia-na)

iiiiiiaciihitiiiii (( '> liiiiiin

iiniiiai ulatilM (Salino)

,rn|.i-rator

(Ksox)
(MupilH)
(Si-bant I-M)

• r

IncotiDu
inconatana

.MM

689

HIT

472
114
si,;
021
619

620

881
4('ili
882
193
914
427

320
498

iiii'.i
HT'J
914
(ITU
372

milii us iIIi-jitanriiH)

(Histiophorua)

:iui
:iii 1

J'J]
:i4

Pag-.

indicoa (Notidanua) ..................... 34,03

(Tetrapturaa) ......... ........... 909

iiii-i-inis (Anoplagonua) ................. 725

(Aspidophoroidea) ....... 725

(Raia) .......................... 44

(Sobastodes) ...................... 672

inv'i us iGuncllus) ............... ....... 767

(Hippocampus) ................... 386

iimoniiimtus ............................. ::4:;

inopinatiis .............................. M~t

inornata (Lota) ...................... ..... 802

(Uaia) .......................... 878

iinunatiis lApndichth.va) ................ 770

(Cryptacanthodi's) .......... 781

inacriptnm (Xanoetoma) ...... .......... ."']•_•

insciii tus (Nothonotiis) .................. ."]'j

' I'mnotis) ...................... 47s

(Xenntia) ...................... 47s

insculptus ........................ 396

insigiic (Pinielodus) ................... Kin

insiiiiiis (Catostorous) ........ . ....... ... 130

(Xoturua) ...................... 100

insolatus ................................ 012

insulaj-sanctae-crucis .................... 9o8

inti-i;ri])innis ............................ 764

intermedia (Tigoma) ..................... 23s

intermediua (Gasterosteus) .............. 396

(Pomoxys) .................. 4ii;>

(Saurus) .................... .-,-n

(Squalius) ................... 2:iK

i S\ nodus) ................... 889

interrupt a (Morone) ...................... 530

intorruptua (Ambloplitea) ............... 4fi(i

(An-liopliti-s) ................ 4r.C

(Centrairhus) ................ 165, 466

(Genytremus) ................ 92:i

(Pomadasys) ................ 923

(Koccus) ..... ............... 53(1

innrus ................................... 892

I":i ...................................... 490,971

In-].,SSUS

ios

iriili-us (( 't-nti-avclius)
(Labrus)
(Salmo)

iris (Clioln)

(Ilypsilrpis)
iLcucisc-iis)

Irish r<niip:iiii> ...

Isal.i-lita

isrhyriis ( l,c-|i(iinis)

(Pan

948

960

'.'4s
464
464
::1J
17J
17^
'-"-'I
!':!4
015
LT-d
474
833

I .-,,-si li .-« 757, 959, 960

island ir us 77!i

iscid-.n '-' I. .-74

2::

461

832

832

461

r,i;i;

i aogomphodon

isdlc-pis (Aphredodema)

(Lrpidopaetta)

1 1'arnphrvH) ...

i I'll uniiH rtea) ..

iStornotremia) . .
iHopisthinu.*

INDEX.

995

Page.

Isopsetta 832

Isospondyli 256

Istiophorus 421

Isuropsis 28

Isurus 28, 29, 874

J.

Jack

Jack Salmon

jacksoni

jacobi

jacoboea.

jaculus

jaok

japoneDsia

japonicus

jarrovii (Lepidomeda) .

(Minomus)

jejnnns

jemezanus

jeniguano

Jerker . .

jessiae

Jew-fish 262,

Jobn A. Grindle

Johiiius

Johnny

Johnny Darter. .-

Johnny Verde

John Paw

jonesi

Jordanella

jordani (Hemilepidotus)

(Hippoglossoides)

Joseph!

jugalis

Jugulares

JulidinjB

Jumping Mullet ,

Jump-rocks

June Sucker

Jurel

656
525
595
571
417
202
705
309
723
252
123
194
203
925
212
518

531, 540
94
569
718
492
536
540
347
327
715
827

793, 963
172
783
598
142
142
132
912

kaupi 364

kayko 306

Kelp-fish 603,763,764

kentuckiensis 179, 180

kennerlyi 309

kennicotti (Catonotns) 514

(Coregonns) 298

keta 305,307

Killifishes 331,332,336

King-fish 453, 576, 577, 582

K ing-of-the-Hnrring 617, 618

King-of-the-Mullets 563

King-of-the-Salmon 618

King Salmon 306

kisutch 307, 308

Krasnaya Kyba 308

kumlieni 699, 953

Kyphosus 972

kysutsch 308

L.

Page.

labiatus 127

Labidesthes 406, 908

Labracina3 527

labradoricus ( Acanthocottus) 704

(Coregonus) 299

(Cottus) 704

Labrax 528, 641

Labridae 597

Labrinae 598

Labrosomus 762, 962

labrosus (Ceratichthys) 217

(Zoarces) 784

lacera 143, 144

lacertosus 192

Lachnolaemus 600

lacrymalis 140

laciniata 908, 969

Lactophry s 853

lacustris 108, 882

Lady-fish 258,601

Lsemargus

laetabilis

laetus

Isevicaudatns

laevigatus (A gonus)

- (Antennarius) .

(Chironectes)...

(Lagocephalus) .

(Tetrodon)

lasvis (Acipenser)

14

17-r,

768

386

723

846

846

860

'860

87

(Mustelus) 60,870

(Pleuracromylon) CO

(Raia) 42

(Rhinotriacis) 60,870

La Fayette 451, 574

Lagocephalus 859

lagocephalns (Chirus) 641

(Grammatopleurus) 641

(Labrax) 641

(Oncorhynchus) 306

(Sahno) 306

Lagochila 143

Lagodon -. 558, 929, 971

Lake Herring 301

Lake Sturgeon 87

Lake Trout 314

lalandi 444,912,913

lamia 23,60,873

lamiella 873

Lamna 29

Lamnidae 28

lamotteni 868

Lamper-eel 11

Lampern * 7

Lampetra 7, 8, 57, 867

lampetraeformis 779

Lamprey 6, 867

Lamprididae 453

Lampris 453

Lampugus 454

Lancelot 2,3,867

lanceolata (Sciaena) 570, 931

lanceolatum (Branchiostoma) 57, 867

996

INDEX.

Page.

lanceolatus (Equc-s; ...................... n::j

diobius) ..................... 630

( llninnjirioi]) ................. 570

(Limax) ...................... 3,867

iSt.llif.TiiHi ................. 570

Lancet-fish ........... .................... 'J74, 'JTti

Lant ..................................... 414

I.:ir.u'<--nKintlicil 1'ilai'k lias.s .............. 484

Large-.. i-alrd Sucker ..................... 140

Larimus ................. .- ............... 578, 933

lata ...................................... 67

lateralo (Ditretua) ........................ 594

lutr rails (Abramis) ....................... 251

( Alvarius) ....................... 522

(Artedius) ...................... 690

(Calycilepidotus) ................ 690

(Erabiotoca) ..................... 595

(Ici'lus) ......................... 689

(Mvlocbcilus) ................... 225

(Pcecilicbthys) .................. 522

(Ricbardsonius) ................. 251

(Sc(irpa>nicbthy8) ............... 690

(Tseniolooa) ..................... 595

(Z vjionectes) ............. ....... 341

lalicaudus (Scoliodon) .................... 24

larioeps (Aetobatis) ...................... 879

(Cepbalosoylltuin) ............. ,. 59

(Sc.vlliuin ) ....................... 58, 59

(Stoasodon) ...................... 879

latit':sciatus .............................. 329

Intifrons .................................. 782

I.atilida- .................................. 623,880

latiriinnus ..... .......................... 373,901

latiur. .................................... 299

1 at i |i in n a (Molliriirsia) ................... 347

laii|iiniiis (Catonti)inns) .................. 125

(Zaniolopis) .................... 647

latirostris ................................ 879

laurctta-. ................................. 889

lauta .................................. 453

l.:r, inia .................................. 152

Lawyer .................................. 94,802

Least liaiii-i ............................ 523

l..-:itli.-I .j.irki-t ........................ 446, I

l.'-atln-i M<|i-il Minnow ................... 234

I..-l>ias ................................... :t28, 329

l.i-isoinii-. ............................. 860

1.1-ilM .ittll* .............................. 711

574

...... ............................ 395

l.i- Kni ................................... 305

l.iiiil.n^ ................................. 630

I.i-iniiNi-ali ............... ............... 362

1 rum Neat MX ................... ........... 100

........................... 65

517

.' ................ 174

( I'.cili-ow T,V> ....................... r,17

: ...................... 177

800

637,945,947
811
l.i|>ii|iitiinla ............................. 251

I . jnil"|i.-«i-tt» ........................... 831,833

!.<•]> it lc>l.-[>mi!

Page.
Lrpidorbombus .......................... 815

I.i-pidosteicloe ............................. 89

Lepidosteus .............................. 90, 880

lepidum (Boloosoma) ..................... 517

lepidus (Gobiua) ......................... 637

(Oligocephalus) .................. 517

(Poecilicbthys) ................... r.17

Lcpiopomus ............................. 47ti

Lepisoma ................................ 7t',-j

Lepomis .................................. 472, 484

Irptacanthns (Xoturus) .................. 98

Leptagonus .............................. 726, 955

Leptoblenniua . ........................... 778

Leptocardii .............................. '2

Leptooephalldffi .......................... 362

Leptiict'pbalus ........................... 362,969

loptoccpbalus ............................ 215

Leptoclinus .............................. 776

Leptocottus .............................. 713

Lt'pto^unDellus .......................... 776

Leptopbulium ............................ 793

Leptops .................................. 881

Leptorhyncbus ........................... 366

leptorbynchum .......................... 384, 906

Leptoscopidae ............................ 752

leptosomus .............................. 249

Lcplurus ................................. 422

lepturus (Anarrhicbas) .................. 782

(Trichiurus) .................... 422

lessonii (Tetraptnrus) .................... 909

lesiieurinnum (Exoglossutn) .............. 160

Letharchus .............................. 896

leuchtenbergi ............................ 366

leuciodus ................................. 194,195

I ,i • in- i sr i na • .............................. 146

leuciecua ................................. 230

li >iiri>ps (T'hotogenis) ..................... 201

Icncopns (Photogenis) ........ ........... 180

leucorh yncbus ........................... 38, 876

Leucos ................................... -li

Leucosomus .............................. 220, 222

leucoatictus .............................. 610

Lencns ................................... 244, 887

Leuresthcs ............................... 405

Leurynnia ................................ 784

lewiai ..................... . .............. -'ifi

l.i man. la ................................. 831, 834

liinandnides .............................. s-';

IniilmtiiH ................................. 23,24,01

linii ...................................... :».",' i

I-iinia .................................. 340,3-17

LiniiiiirgiiH .............................. 34'J

liinosa (Mv\ini>) ......................... •'

limoauH (Pilodictia) .................. 101

ll'illlrloMMS) ..................... III-

lincata (Alnsak ........................... 267

(Cor\iiha nai ..................... !»7:(

(Echi-ntis) ........................ 417,970

(Emblotoca) ...................... 59.'.

(Lipari«) .......................... 742, 957

(Novacula) ....................... 605

(Sciaena) .......................... 029, 575

(Tigoma) ........................ 237

(Trigla) ........................... 7W

INDEX.

997

Page.
841

Page.
477

508

168

(Cyclopterus)

. . 742

(Sibonia) ...

241,887

(Dorniitator)

632 944

900

574

lontTimaDus ........ .

482

(Grystes)

646

lon^ipinne (Holoceiitruiu) ......

459

(Labrax) .

529

451

(Liostomus)

575

167

(ilicropogon) ....

575

126

(Muffil) .

403, 404

(Cliola)

167

(Phthirichthys)

969

(Esox.)

374

( Pleuroncctes)

842

377

'Prionotus)

736

(Hemirliiimplius) ...

-877

(Koccus) ... .

529

(Tylosurus)

374,902

(Scnialius)

236

124

(Tricliodon)

627

lon^ispinis ................

480

fXvrifihthvs)

605 973

207

339

Gar

91

168

/ Sucker

127

894

473

428

lon°"us . ..... ...

899

(PcGcilia)

347

439

513

84*

168

844

(Ca-tonotus)

513

lophius

107

168

381

(Zygoncctes)

341

624

T.ino'

646 802 909

Liophopsetta

815

linsleyi

514

lordii

320

711 955

723

825

Lota ...............

801

Liomouacantlius

858

lota (Gadus) ..

802

L*io Discus

85

louisianaB ... ...............

..383,384, 904, 9UO

87

3

831

342

liorus

131 132

213

206

342

573

lucidus (Coregonus)

301

Lipurididas

738

(Luxilus) -

249

liparina .

739

(Xotemigonus)

249

740

(Salmo) ...............

301

742

281

132

Luciopercii ..... .- ....

525

452 914

304

483

353

199

(Ptychochilus)

227

200

ludibunda ...................

177

9° 880

lutrubris .....................

177

2?

899

577 933

776

874

778

28

744

577

746

966

lumpus .. -. .......-----.---

747

8

453

101!

480

40"5

(Zeus)

• 453

279 280

lunatus ............. .- — •

886

554

lunulatus .... —

920

546

107

691

( AnarrMchas)

781

499

(Ictalurus)

107

943

(Pimelodus)

107

66

885

Lou 26 ..

317

lutipinnis

190

998

INDEX.

I. ut i;uiin.t . ...

Page.
540

maculatus (Alvordius)

Pa^e.
502, 503

547 921 '.171

( Apo"on)

930

lutrt'usis

173, 175

(Bmlianusi

537

132

(Botbus)

815

177

(Clinus)

777

I uxilus

185 18(i

(Cr\ ptacantbodes)

780

308 309

(Diodoii)

. . 86:>

783

(Dormitator)

632,944

788

502

785

(Heptranchias)

784

(Holoceiitrus)

640

633 945

(Hypeneus)

56:>

107

(Labms)

581

478

1 I .11 1 llpcll <1 S 1

777

185 196

930

M.

niacarellus

433

( il llllllV llcllrlls)

565

(Mullus)

565

508

(Notorbyncbus)

34, 63

M acbo

403

(Platypfficilus)

348

mackrii/ii

304

(Pleuronectes)

816

MacktTul Scad

432

(Rbypticus)

f4:;

Mackinaw Trout

317

(Scomber)

426

46 47

(Scomberomorus)

420

501

(Seiranus)

540

iiiacroccpluilus (Alvordius)

501

(Stichseus)

777

(Gadus)

804

565

< ' i unnellus)

767

615

221

niaculofasciatus ................

536

128

xuaculosa (Lota) ........

802

475

maculosei'iatus

G4C.

M n i ( Hlnll'iphis

359 897

maculostriatus

864

140

87

140

(Contra rchus) .....

. ... 466

140

(Centriderniicbthys)

718

(Leuciscus)

...,-.

I) ;:ulll > I . -

802

(Po^onichtbvs)

•>•'•; (OH"OCOttU8)

718

inacrophtbalnius

544 971 (Paraliclitliys)

821

927 (Piiuepbales)

159

macropt rnmi (Exoglossum)

570

74'.'

(Labrus)

580

394

mad iiMoina

177 ma jails

8H in:iii»r 1 A i-t inm'hirl - .

741

MI.II 1 « >ui us 1 Alopias)

"7

^f!vrloi>tprns> . .

741

M ae| i i/i »ii 1 its

784 (Liparis)

741

Macruriilic ......

810 1 l't\ clinrbrillis)

'Jl'li

M.KTII Ills

Cl'.l. li'J4

iiiaciui us I Oph irli t h \ s)

898 XI :i 1 n nsl I'lis

1>7

(Ox V oil in it icht li vs)

tCalaaheffanas

inacularius

Till

nril i "< r . .

C7:i, r,7-i

uiac ulata I \ ini.i I

980

luallciiH . .. ............

2i!

i; ."

M il lnt us

291,889

(I'M llcust i i|n:i 1

508

i 1 1 1 init r< in ia i

.,,,, ...,,,

816

K'lll

(Mn o

M •|]||M.

850

,,,, |(

.'in 918

.Mallliitlif ^

ciia)

882

848

IN. icii lat i« t |is

30

ni.iciilal inn I \nliistuai.ii

:,|:i

500

(Cvliiuni)

•T'li Manjuari

92

ll'Vllns. inni .

. 581.934 Mania

51'

INDEX.

999

Page.

man*a 52

mapo (Gobius) 945

niargaritatus 958

margaritus 235

margarotis 471

marginata (Uranidea) G98

marginatum (Ophidium) 792

marginatus (Brosrnius) 790

(Bi osruophy cis) 796

(Dinematichthys) 796

(Halias) 7C6

(Hemirhamphus) 90-2

(Lepomis) 478

(Noturus) 100

(Poniotis) 478

marina (Perca) 652

marinus (.ZElurichthys) Ill

(Esox) 902

(Petromyzou) 10, 11, 8G7, 808, 869

(Sebastes) 651

(Silurus) Ill

(Tylosnrus) 902

marmorata (Pteroplatea) 47

mariiioratus (Amiurus) 104

( Antennarius) 846

• (Cottus) 700

(Crcmnobates) 962

(Hemitripterua) 717

(Pimelodus) 104

(Rhinichthys) :T07, 885

(Scorpasuichthya) 716

Marsipobranchii 3, 57

Mascalongus 353

Muskallunge 353

masoni 313

luassachusettensis . .• 857

Mastacembelidse 368

matamorensis 347

Mathemeg 882

mattowacca 267

matutinus 199

mauritii 449

Maurolicua 283

maxillaris 768

iiiaxillingua 160

inaxillosus (Gnathypops) 942

(Opisthognathus) 943

(Khinichthys) 207, 208, 885

maximus 31, 61, 875

May fish 332

May Sucker 144

Meda 252

Medialuna 562

mediocris 266

mcdirostris 86

raediterranea (Sarda) 427

mediterraueus (Hoplostethua) 458

(Scomber) 428

medius ( Anisarchus) 777

(Calamus) 928

(Clinus) 777

(Grammateus) 928

(Lumpcnua) 777

(Stichaeus) 777

megacephalus (Calamus) 926

megacephalua (Chitonotus)

(Icelus)

Megalocottus

Megalopinae

Mogalops

megalops ( Alburnellus)

(Albunius)

(Ditrema)

(Ennichthys)

(Minnilus)

(Pimelodus)

(Trycherodon) ...

Pago.

60!)

GO.'

701

201

201

19.')

195

592

592

193

109

247

megalotis 177,478,480

melampterus — 309

melanocephalus - 158

melanogaster 823

Melanogrammus 803

melanops (Bryttua) 468

(Galliums) 467,468

(Catostomus) 135, 130

(Dionda) 157

(Glossoplitea) 4G8

(Haplochilus) 340,894

(Hybognathua) 157

(Icthelis) 473

(Lepomis) 473

(Minytrema) 136

(Sebastes) 657, 658

(Sebastodes) 6" 8

(Zygonectes) 340,892

melanopterum 552

melanostictus 828

melanotis (Limamurrena) 356

(Muraena) 355,894

melanotus (Catostomus) 159

melanura (Perca) 548, 921

melanurus (Exocretus) 379, 904

iLulganus) 548, 921

(Ocyurus) 548

melas 104

meleagris 208, 885, 880

Meletta 264,260

Melletea 710

Menidia ....406, 908, 96!>

menidia ( Atherina) 400, 407, 408, 909

(Atherinichchys) 407

Menhaden , 269

menhaden 270

Menomonee White-fish 298

menona 335

Menticirrus 570

meridionalis (Amiurus) 106

(Bubalichthys) 116

(Cottus) : 697

(Ictalurus) 100

(Sclerognathus) 116

(Uranidea) 697

merki 300

Merlangus 807

merlangus (Anoplopoma) 650

Merluccio 809

merluccius (Gadus) 809

Merlucius 808

Merou 539, 656

mertensi.. 700

1000

INDEX.

Page,
uieaceus 492

uieaogaster 377

Meaogoniatius 471

Mesoprion 547

inesotri'iua 401

mi tallica 209

Metopouops 810

Metrogaster 588

mcsicanuni (Dorosouia) 887

mi- \icanus (Chatoi'saus) 888

(Mug;l; 403,908

Michigan Herring 301

Grayling 303

Micriatiua 338, 340

Micriatodus 32, 875

microcephalus (Gasterosteus) 395

(Somnioaua) i 14, 15, 57

Microgadus 805

luicrolepidotus 151, 152

microlepis 538

in ir 1 1 ill •] ih 11 * 482

Micrometrus 588, 930

522

575

212

473

020

570

(Cottunculus) C88.952

473

926

484

440

203

203

Microperca

Micropogon

micropogon

roicrops (Calliurus)

(Caulolatilua) .

(Corvina)

(Urauidea)
M icrnstomuH

> 'illi:-rirht
(Minnilus)

(Lepomis)

(Sparus)

Micropterus

Micropteryx

microptery x

micropua (Clupea)

(GasterostcusJt ::i'l

niicrostigniius 900

Microstoma 2S9, 8t9

loicroatoma (Cliola) , 108

289

C9S

838

817

168

751

inilbi-rti (Aiius) 110

23, 872

H 'an li.n iniiM 22

(Eulaim.n 00,872

uiili-.-i .. .'... l.Vi

Miller's Thumb 093, r.'.n;

milneri (Calainr.H) 928

(X.ir.in,;-, 21.S21K

(Pagi-llusr 550

(SpaniH) 550, 928

iiiilni-riaiiua 2i:<

mineop»H 17:i

ininiatiiin (IN i i>t 'Ml in m) 7!"J

mini. it in I l.i piniiU) 470

(S.-liasti, hlh\«) Mil

itodi -i

iniiiiiiia i All. i.nal

MiiuiiliiH IS"., 2(Mi

Minnow.. 242

Minomus.

inmor

minuta

Miuytrrma

mirabilo (Exoglossuui) .
niirabilis (Clupea)

(Gillichlhys) . .

(Phonacobius)

Mis!>i8si])pi Cat

Missouri Sucker..

niissnni'usis .............................

mitcbilli (Cottus) ........................

(Engraulis) .....................

(Stolephorus) ...................

miurus ...................................

modesta (Cheonda) .......................

modestus (Julia) .........................

(Oxyjulia) ......................

(Pscudojulia) ..................

(Squalius) ......................

Mojarra ..................................

Mola .....................................

mola .....................................

Molacaut bus .............................

mok'Stnm ................................

Molliencsia ...............................

mollia ......... ' ...........................

Molva ....................................

nmlva (Gadus) ...........................

Mulvdla .................................

Mouacantbus ........................... '

mouacbtis ..................... ...........

Mongrel White-fish ......................

Moniaiia ............................. 163

Monk-flsb ................................

Monolcne ................................

Mouopriou ..............................

inonopterygius (Aspidopboioidcs) .......

(Cbirus) ..................

(Cottua) ..................

(Iloxagrammua) ..........

(Labrax) .................

Monosira .................................

montagui ................................

n Mm tan. i (Gila) ...........................

Montana Grayling ............... ........

nidiitanus (CliiKistiiiniis) ..................

(Squalius) ....... ..............

i Thy in a HUH) ...................

M< M m •••>•• .................................

Moray

i! Mm la \ (Atlicrina)

i Ijigraulis)

(OphiHilli.vs).
(Oaincrus)

iiiuringa

iiiiiiin

Movrliua
iniiirhua (Cadus)

Page.
124
781
60S
135
205
265
63(i
206
100
121

168, 16'J

702, 9.V.

273, 888
888
99
242
004
604
604
242

611, 934
8C5
8GC
865
638

346, 894
842
801
801
796

850, 96:.
217
301

it",.'), 17;:
35,844
840
931
724
C42
723
042
042
933
741!
234
303
23 I
234
303

259, 200
180
B5G
293
BSD

272

359, 897
856
897
293
80S

540,919
BBO
S04
804

INDEX.

1001

rnornsi

Mossbuuker

Motella

tnoucharra

Mouse-fish

Moxostoma 132,136

inucosa ( Liparis)

mucosum.(Xiphidion)

mucosus ( Acanthocottus) 703, 955

( Lycodalopis)

(Ly codes)

(Neoliparis)

(Xiphister)

mucrouata ( Perca)

mucronatum (Ophidiutn)

mucrouatus (Neoconger) 360, 900

Mud-cat 101,102

Mud-dab

Mud-fish 94,636

mudtish (Fundulua)

Mud-fishes 92,350

Mud Minnows 349,350

Mud Sun-fish

Muffle-jaw

Mugil

MugilidfB

mugiloides

muikiai

Mullet

Mullets - 401,402

Mullidae

Mullhypeneus

xMullus 564, 931

raultifasciata 334,335,891,892

niultifilis

multilineata (Poscilia)

multilineatus (Labrax)

multimaculatus (Diodon)

Muuimichog

Mupus

Murjena 355, 894, 895

MuraenidaB

engyschistse

Mursenoides

Murtenopsis 359, 969

murinus 475,470

musica

Musquaw Kiver White-fish

Mustelus 19, 59, 870

mutatum

Myctophuin

iny kiss

Myliobat idaj

'Myliobatis 50,879,880

Mylocheilus

Mylochilus

Myloleucus 244,245,887

Mylopharodon

rayops

Myoxocephalus

Myrichthys

Myriolcpis

Myrophis

my stacalis

mystiuus

Page.
362
269
796
010
843
132, 136
744
773
703, 955
788
788
744
772
531
767
360, 900
101, 102
837
94, 636
331
92, 350
349, 350
4G9
696
402
401
632
313
239
401, 402
564
565
564, 931
891, 892
758
347
030
863
336
914
894, 895
355
3C-5
766
359, 969
475, 470
246
299
1, 59, 870
492
281
313
49
879, 880
224
224
245, 887
225
281
706
360
649
899
475
659

Page.
358

4

4

:;

831

N.

230

namaycusli ........................

317,890

NilDOStOIUil . . ....

509

nau us

272,888

Narcine

877

naresi ....

...318 319,968

narinari .

50, 879

Nassau Grouper

918

nasus .. .. ....

370

nasuta (Malthe)

850

nasutuin (Campostoma)

149

nasutus ( Ar^yreus)

207

(Leuciscus)

207

( R-hiuiclithys)

207, 885

na tails

105

Nauclerus

443

naucrateoides .

417

Naucrates

443

naucrates (Echeneis)

. . 416

(Lepteclieneia)

417

Nautichthy s

720

nebrasccnsis . . .

212

883

(Labrax.) ... .....

537

(Paralabrax)

. . 537

(Serranus)

530

nebuliferus (Catostoraus)

883

iiebulosa (Etlieostoma)

500

(Sciaena)

577

(Umbrina)

577

nebulosus ( Acantliolebius) . . . . . . .

044

(Centronotus)

768

(Cliiropsis) . . ....

644

(Chirus)

044

(Clinus)

779

(Gasterosteus)

U94

(Ly codes) . .

787

(Menticirrus) ..........

577,933

(Pimelodus)

105

(Sebastes) - . . .

676

(Sebastodes)

676

(Zeus)

456

Needle-fish

374

568

537

95

365

366

760

360

243

299

744

549

475

(Tetrodon) „.

966

308

"N^ronhis..

382

1002

INDEX.

in visenaia

newbi'rrii (Eucyclogoblua)

il-'.irio)

(Gobius)

Li-lit

Page.

502

038

313

638

037

464 I

497

940

159

(Amraocffitea) 9,807

, A^n.in'stlii'9) 288

( liul.alirbtbya) 116

(Chiasmodon) 810

(Conger) 362,363

(Cottua) 707

(Eaox) 352

iHaM. n.steua) 396

(Gobius) 033

(Malacosteua) 287

(Squalius) 239

NiL.'L.'iT-lisli 541

iJiira ( Astroi irstlirs) 287

(Klacatc) 419

(Etheostoma) 492

(Gila) 239

i -M ia'na) 572

(Tautuga) 599

nigreacens (Corypbana) ''17

(Cycleptna) 120

(Serrauus) 910

(Squalius) 242

(Tigoma) 242

uigricana (Acantlmms) 617,941

lAiniiirua) 108

(Caumi-ina) 560

(Catostouiua) 130

(Centropriatis) 533, 534, 917

(Cbajtodow) 941

(Cir.'lla) 560

(Hiiro) 485

(Hylomy7,on) 131

(Hypnpl.Ttrua) 537,918

rl.taluruH) 882

(Micri.pt' MIS) 485

(Prtn.mw.oii) 11,868,869

(IMimlocluH) 108

(I'll i-tropi una) 537

niniilal.iis 102

(Ai •_'> rusoinua) 301

(l;li\|ilirun) 920

54(t, .-.ll.'.i'jo

077, 07K

:::;:.

506

tea

nlgrofasclatua (Fandalat)

i II:iilni|itiTiis)

IML;IIIIII.II filial. i ......................... 3.">7

nun. 1. 1 in. ii i ........................... 104

ni-i-'la Tiatns (Ciamliis) ................. 104

(lIvl.u-iiallniH) ............ 150,884

Digram (Bolooaoina) ..................... 4'X1

(I'rtl-lllllV/I'll) .................... 9

nilida (L'otuotia)

uitidus (Alburnua)

(Centrarcbus)
(Salvelinus)

nivca

niveatua

iiivi'ivi-ntris

iiobilr ( Atiartosi-ion)
(Cynoacion)

nobilior (Eaox)

nobilis (Conodon)
( Jobnius)
(Gambusia)
(Hetui-aiidria)
(Pure )
(Pomadaaya)

Nocomia

Noun iihf

Nouieus

Page.
478
202
40f>
321
180
541
108
579
933
353
923
579
340
346
.V.I
560
I'll
448
449
norvcgica (Perca) ...................... 651,r..".J

norvegicua (Corypbajnoidcs) .............. 812

(Macrurua) ................... M:;

norvregicua (Sebaates) .................... 052

notabilia .................................. 211

NotacanthidfB ............................. 370

Notacanthus .............................. 370, 900

Notariu-s .................................. 110

notata ( Atberina) ......................... 408

(Atherinichthya) ............ ..... 407

(Bclone) .......... ................. 373

(Cliola) ............................ 177

(Cypriiiella) ....................... 178

(Dorosoma) ........................ 271

(Labrax) .......................... 530

(Maltbc) ........................... 850

(Menidia) ......................... 407,969

iiutatiim (Chiroatoma) .................... 408

uotatus (Ilyliorb vncluis) ................. 159

(Lepomia) ....................... 482

(Minnilus) ....................... 159

(Pomotis) ........................ 482

(Piuu'lodua) ...................... 109

(Porichtbys) ..................... 752

(Semotilu.s) ...................... 340

(Tyloaurua) ...................... :!7:i

(Zygoncctca) ..................... 339

nilida (Motiiaiia)

175

Nothoimtiis .............................. 506

nolbuni ................................ 5Wi, ;,s 1 , '.1:14

N,.ti.laiii.l:i- ............................. 02,!Mi7

Noti.lamis ................................ ::», li'J

Ni.ti.^rainnins ........................... 77ii

Null. I h\ nrlius ........................... ,'14, ('.'_'

. 690, !C::

nottii

07

nn\;c anizlia- .................. "'.'.-

noreboraoenato (BzoecBtna) ........... :t~!i, HIM

(GnstiT..>t. us) ........... 396

i Nancrati'H) .............. 44.'t

in. \i-inlincalns ......................... 757

iiiivi'iiiinariilatiiH ......................... 863, 960

nnliila (Apor.opi1) ................ . ........ 210*

INDEX.

1003

Page.

nubila (Cliolu) 167

uubilus (AlLmruops) 167

(Argyreus) 210

(Centroblennius) 778

(Loptoblennius) 778

(Lumpenus) 778

(Sticbseus) 778

uuchalia 155,156,157,968

uuchipinnis 762

nuecensis 485

Numb-fishes 38, 39

uummifer U8i H9

uummularis 865

Nurse 15

Nurse-Sharks 17,18

nuttalli (Exocoetus) 380,381

Xyctophus

0.

obesa (Algansea) 245

(Tigoma) 237

obesus ( Amiur us) 104

(Bryttus) 470

(Euneacantbus) 470

(Leuciscus) 245

(Leucus) 245

(Pomotis 470

(Squalius) 237

ubliquus 574

oblonga (Choenopsetta) 823

( Platessa) 823

oblonguni (Moxostoma) 134

oblongus (Cyprinus) 132, 134

(Paralichthys) 824

(Pleuronectes) 823, 824

(Pseudornombus) 823

Obolarius 396

obscura (Eulamia) 60

obscurua (Carcharias) 22, 872, 967

(Carcharinus) 22

(Centrarchus) 485

(Lepiopomus) 4?0

(Lepoinis) 480

(Pomotis) 480

(Squalus) 22

obtusirostris 378

obtusa, (Eulamia) 872

(Squalus)

occidentalis (Abramis)

(Amia)

(Catostomus)
(Cborineiaus)
(Conger) . . . .

872

250

94

128

447

363

(Gasterosteus) 393, 447, 973

(Girardinus)

(Heterandria)

(Leucosomus)

(Luxilus)

(Monacanthus)

(Hotemigonus)

Page.

Oceanic Bouito 430

oceanica (Anguilla) 363

occanicus (Conger) 363

(Gobionellus) 636,947

(Gobius) 636

ocella 885

ocellaris (Chaenopsotta) 823

(Fundulus) 891

(Paralichtbys) 972

(Platessa) 822,972

(Pseudorhombus) - - 822, 972

ocellata (Corvina) 571, 57:>

(Gymnotborax) 357

(Mursena) 356

(Perea) 572

(Raia) 40

(Sciaena) 571,931

349

349

250

250

856

250

(Jfoturus) 100, 101

(Oligoplites) 447, 914, 973

(Scombroides) 447

(Torpedo) ?9

ocellatus ( Acanthocottus) .
(Anarrhicbthys) .
(Citharichthys)...
(Hemirbombus) ..
(Herpetoicbthys)
(Hippoglossus) . -

( Miirsenoidcs)

(Murrenopsis)

(Opbicbthys)

(Zeus)

ocellatum (Opbidium)

ocellicauda

octodecimspinosus

octofllis

Octograrumus

octogrammus

octonemus

oculp-tus

oculofasciatus

Ocyurus

Odontaspididae

955

782

964

904

359

964

766

359

359

457

766

94

701

413

641

641

413

479

721

548

874

Odontaspis 27,874

Odontopyxis 729

ogac (Gadus) 804

ObioSbad. 266

Obio Sturgeon

Old-wife 574

olidus ( Hypomesus) 294, 295

oligaspis

Oligocottus 717

Oligocepbalus 514

Oligoplites 447,913,973

olisthostoina 934, 935

olivacea ( Poecilia) 340

olivaceus (Pimelodus) 109

olivaris 102, 881

olmstedi 432

ommatus 824

omocy aneus 632

omostigma 963

Oncocottus A 704

Oncorbynchus 304

Oneirodes 848

Onirodcs 848

onitis 600,936

Onos 796

Opah 453

Ophicbthys 358,969

1004

INDEX.

Page.

Opbidudai 792

upliidium 792,963

Jphidblenniua 750

( )] i hiodon 646

Opbisurina) 357

Opbisurus 358,898

opbryas 822,972

opbtbalmicus 475

Opistbartbri 967

( )pist hogiiathidas 1M2

Opisthognathus 943

Opistbonii .. 368

Opisilidnema 268

Ojiladelus -- 101

Oplopouia 640

Opsopoeodus. 240

oquaasa 318,968

Oquassa Trout 318

orliia 747

Orcynus 428

ordinatua 642, 613, 949

oreas 154

ana

. .1 U-utalis (Anarrbicbas) 782

(Oncorb yncbus) 307

(IVlamys) 428

i Salmo) 307

ornata (Aphoristia) 843

(Cliola) 173

(Codoma) 173

(Embiotoca) 595

i Kaia) 877

omatuin (Campostouia) 149

ornatus (Acbirus) 843

(Cochlognatbus) 161

ox) 352

((Minm-Uus) 768

(Munuuoides) 767

OiMH-bthya 734

Ortbogoriacidffi 864

ni-tbagoriscus 865

Oi-tbdddii 151

()i lliopi Ut is 551

Orthopsetta 816

oscula (Apocope) 211

(Corvina) 568

osrulatii 530

osculua (Ar_:\ II-IIH) 211

oameriuus 15(i

O.-M-IIS 90,91,880

dsti 'orliir 418

iisn-ii.stirta 60

(IslraciidiD *.">2

i >*i i. u -i a 111 853

Osw<'j_rd IJa.ss 484

Othonopa 039

otolitliiiiH!

Otolitbus 580

otaegd 'J'.i'.i

..natal i lii .r>41

ovalis 660,061

ovatua 44'-',!U'J

ovillUS '•'•-'•<

ovia . . 559

Page.
Oxy.julis .................................. C04

Oxylcbius ................................ C48

oxygeneioa ............................... 53-

oxygenius ................................ 532

Oxylabrax ................................ 5HS

Oxymetopontinae ......................... 949

Oxyodontichthys ......................... 898

oxyptera .................................. 91C

Oxyihina ................................. 28

oxy i bynchus (Carcbarias) ................ 23

(Isnrus) ............ 28, 29, 01, 874, 875

(Acipenser) ................. 86

oxyurus .................................. 91

Oyster-fish ...... ....................... 600,750

P.

pachypus (Cottue)
pncificus (Argyreiosus)
(Cynicoglossus)
(Glyptocephalus)
(Lycodes)
(Lycodopsis)
(Orcynus)

702

440

839

(-39

785

785

429

(Salmo) 291,292

(Thaleichthys) 292

(Thynuua) 4'J'J

Paddle-fish 82

pajtulus 904

Pagellus 556, '.'7-J

Pagrua 556, 972

pagrua (Spams) 556, 92s

Paliiiurus -152

Paliiiurichthy s 452

palladus (Labrua) 480

pallasi (Monacanthua) 865

(Octogrammua) 641

(Pleuronectes) 836

Pallaaia 865

pallida (Lcpomia)

pallidus (Eupomotis) 482

(Labrax) 531

(Lepomis) 479

(Leucoaomus) 221

(Platygobio)

(Pomotia) 4>

(Semotilus) 2'.'l

pabnipea • 73-4, T::.".

I'anmifla.s 40J

pampauua

jianil i< ini.s

pandora

]iantlicriiia (Oplopoma). .

]>, ntberiuus (Auarrbichas)

(Ophiodon) ''l(1

I'anldsteUB

papilio

papillifi-r 89"

])apillifcrna W

pa]iillosum 1;'7, i:;>

687

7:1!'

I'aralabrax ^-'

] 'aralrpididso 270

I'aral.-piB 277,278

INDEX.

1005

Paralichthy s

Paranthias

Parascorpsena

parasiliens

Paratractus

pardalis

pardua

Parephippua

Parepinephelus

Pareques

parictalis

parkei

Parma

parmatns

parmifera

Parophrys

parovanua '

parrae

parrii

Parrot-fish

paru (Pomacanthus)

(Strotnateus)

parva (Lueania)

parvipinne (Cynoscion)

parvipinnis (Fundulus)

parvns (Centridermichthys)

(Cottopsis)

(Cyprinodon)

(Sebastes)

pastinaca

patatns

patris

patronus

patruelis 345,

paucidens (Leurynnis)

(Lycodopsis)

(Oncorhynchus)

(Salmo)

paucispinis 652,

pavonacous

paxillus

Peche Pretre

peckiarms (Syngnathus)

pectinatus (Pristis)

pectinifer

pectoralis ( Dallia)

Pediculati

Pegador

Pelamya

pelamys

pellucida ( Ammocrypta)

pellucidum (Etheostoma)

pellucidus (Plenrolepis)

(Thyris)

Pelodichthys

peltastea (Lepomis)

peltatns

peninsula

pennatnla

pensacoto (Harengula)

pentacanthus

pepo (Scarus)

Pcprilus

perarcuatus

Perca . .

Page. | Page.

821 I Percarina 488

973 Percesoces 397,401

678,679 Perch 523,595

363 Perches 486

433,970 Pcrcichthys 48G

858 Percidaj 486

751,958 percifonnis 452,453

613 Percilia 488

537 Percina 499

573 Percinaj 488

158 percobromns 202

320 Percomorphi 397

610 Percopsidas 322

682 Percopsis 322

878 perftsciatus 273,274

831 periscopus 807

246 PeristediinJB 732

553 Peristedion 732

789 Peristedium 732

606 peristethus 731

616 Permit 912

914 Peropus 719

343,893 personatus 415,909

580 perspicabilis 595

333 perspicillum 787

695 perspicuns 159

695 Pesca Vermiglia 668

343 Pescadillo del Key 409

671 Pescadito 235

47,48 Pesce-rey 604

603 Petromyzon 10, 867, 868

708 PetromyzontidsB 6,867

269 petrosus (Mugil) 404

892,893 (Serranns) 918

785 (Trisotropis) 918

785 phalajna 578

309 Phalangistes 728

309 phaleratus 353

656,657 Phanerodon 594,595

939 Pharyngognathi 397

785 phasganorus 900

659 phenax 474

383 Phenacobius 205

72,875 philadelphicus 973

762 Philypnns 630,944,972

351 phlebotomus 941

843 phlegethontis . 244,887

416 phlox :.-- 495

427 Phobetor 708

428,430 Pholis 760

489 Photogenis 163,179

490 photogenic 201

490 Phosinus. 242'

840 phoxocephalus 501

102 Phthirichthys 969

478 Phycis 798

503 Physiculus 800

408,969 physignathus 219

926 Physoclisti 367

268 Physostomi 94

459 Pickerel 352,353

606 Picorellus 352

450 picturatus 911

832 pictus (Channax) 847

523,916 (Chiropsis) 645

1006

INDEX.

Pa

S<?-
045
789
938
048
938
412
412
138
681
352
525
735
499
881
802
298
443
546
972
100
602
158
558
713
819
733
364
471
062
663
OGH
913
382
183
460
844
73
336
969
631
899
912
708
543
920
157
142
843
148
253
278
88]
837
7
250

826

-
88
91
103
706
707
101

platyeephalus (Pimclodiis) %

Page.
104

Plutvglossus

60"

(Julis)

Plat vgobio

. . . 219

platyodon

872, 873, 907
907

Platypodon ..

Platypoccilus . ......

348

Platvrhina

876

876

Pi "-foot

platyrhynchus (Minonius)

122, 124

I'ikc

226,351,

platvri hvnchns (Pantosteus)

123

(Scaphirrhviichops) . .

platystomus (Lepidosteus)

91

Platysomatichth vs

81!)

101

plebeius (Catostomus)

122

(Gasterosteus)

395

Pilot-fish

( Pantosteus)

430,

plebejus (Mnstelus)

870

1'lectoTiathi ...

852

. 560

Plectospondyli

111

plectrodon

u:.,-

601

Plectroporoa.

537, 917

90::

Pin-fish.

Plesioperca-

505

Pleuracromylon ........

59 870

i>leuriticus .. --

314

Pleuro^raroDQiis

. 041 949

pinnatus

Pk'iirolepis --

488

pinni^or (Knncacantlins)

831

i Srbastotles)

Pleuronectidx

813

Ui^tichthys)

itk'uro]»lit Irilnius ( Antennarius)

£46

Pk'Tironicht hys

828

446

713

plumbea. (Chima?ra)

54

(Dionda)

155

Pirate IVrcli •

(Lampetra)

8, 57

piscatorius . ...

iilurnbeolus

192

I*iscc8 --.

plunibeum (Zophendum)

l.V.

pisculcntufl . •*

plumbeus (Aintnoco3te8)

867

899

(Carchavias)

S7.

pisonis

(Coratichthys)

219

Pisoodouophis

(Gobio)

435

(Petromyzon)

. . ..

(Squalus)

872

pituitosos

jiluinn ri (Chaotodon)

OK:

pixan^a

(Conodon)

551

placitiiH

( Diabasis)

971

I '1'H'i ijth'1 1 ' n \

II III 1 I'S)

.583,935,930

]>l;i<ri us, i

i I.alirus)

403

I'l 1"..!,

(Pol vdact \ lus) .

n::

1 I 'ill \ 111 -II 111 Sl

ti::

l'l''i<Fo

(Scia'iia)

.V.I

plum

i Si-omberomoi'us) . .

•rjr,

plann i

iSrni ji.-i'iia)

ONI

1 Mill " ' 1 MM

185

(Trichidiini) ..

413

,.;., ,„.,

|i|;iTf--M ii<lr-i

pi 11 1 nil 11

....

Platiobthys

831

... . 421. '.'in

I 'odot hccus

72!l

547

I1! nil it-lit hys

514

:-J7

(Cottus)

344

poccilioidcs

.... 347,894

iXotnniB) ..

Pcpcilurichthys . .

25.1

INDEX.

1007

pcecil'irnm .-.

poeyi (Pla tyglossus)

Pogonias

Pogonichthys

Pogostoma

polaris (Blennius)

(Boreogadns)

(Cottus)

(Lycodalepis)

(Lycodes)

(Merlangus)

Polistotrema

politus (Seriphus)

(Tet rodon )

Pollachius

Pollack

pollicaris

polyacanthocephalas

polyactocephalus

PolynemidsB

Polynemus

Polyodon

Polyodontidae

Polyprion

poly trema

Pomacanthus

Pomacentridas

Pomacentrns

Pomadasys

Pomatotnidse

Pomatomus

Pomatopsetta

Pomolobus

Pomotis

pomotis

Pomoxy s

Potupano

Pompano (California)

ponderosus

Pontinus 678,

popei

Porbeagle

Porcupine-fish

porcus

Porgee 556, 557,

Porichtby s

Porocottus

Poronotus

porosissimus (Porichthys) 751,

porosus (Cottus)

(Esox)

Potamocottus

Potamotry gon

potsii

powelli

prsecisus

prsestfibilis

pretiosus

Priacanthidae ,

Priacanthus..

princeps...
principis . .
Prionodes .
Prionodon .
Prionotus .

Page. I
141
938
568
223
880
788
807
706
788
788
807

867, 967
582

860, 861
806
806
954
703
765
412

413,969
83
82

532, 916
657
615
609

609, 939

550, 923
447
448
825
265
472
469
464
441
451
108

679, 951

478

28

862

681, 951

597, 613

751, 958
707

450, 451

752, 958
703, 955

352
695
72
517
855

774, 775
268

294, 295
544
544
625
603
917
22

733, 956

Page.

Pristidae 36

Pristigaster 262

Pristipoma 550

Pristipomatidas 545,880

Pristipomatinse 546

Pristis 37, 875

37

967

559

169

809

809

809

pristis

Proarthii

probatocephalus

procne

productus (Merlucius) .

(Gadus)

(Merlangus) .

(Rhinobatns) 38,63,876

prreliaris 522

profundonim 793,794

prolixum 150

promelas 158

Promicrops 541, 920

Promicropterus 543

proriger (Clinostomus) 232

(Gila) 232

(Leuciscus) 232

(Sebastichthys) 662

(Sebastodes) 661,950

proserpina 175

Prosopium 297

prosthemius 219

protacanthus 465

proteus ,- 305

Protoporus 203

proximus 805, 806

pruinosa 806

Psettichthys 825, 828

pseud oh arengus 267

pseudohispanica 887

Pseudojnlis 604

Pseudopleuronectes 831, 837

545

821

606

569

678

344

565

937

601

686

683

683

455

845

Pterophrynoides 845, 965

Pseudopriacanthns . .

Pseudorhombus

Pseudoscarus

Pseudosciaena

Pseudosebastes

Pseudoxiphophorus

Pseudupeneus

psittaculis ( Julis) . . .

psittacus

Psychrolutes

Psychrolutidse

PsychrolutinsB

Pteraclis

Pterophryne

Pteroplatea ...

Ptilichthys

Ptychocheilus.
Ptychostomus .
Ptyonotus.

46

. .« 369

225

136

709

Puffer ... F59, 861

692

395

741

175

238

518

pugettensis

pugetti

pulchella (Liparis)

(Moniana)

(Tigoraa)

pulchellus (Astatichthys) .

1008

INDEX.

Page.

222

273
340
222
222
517
238
340
602
602
602
236
936
602
236
149
104
858
104
245
482
344
560

29, 875
541, 571
932,933
734
281

24, 874
758,775
919
476
432
24

432, 912
541
541

918, 920
108,882
758
476
32,875
900
-'."4
7!'X

734,956
109
24,874
775
931

359, 897
>:-4
358
pmirtipimu- (Sip)nistn]iiii) ............... 385,905

I M i ii i- ti]i in n is (Ayrcsia) ................... 012

(Chromis) ... ............... Oll.toa

(DciiM.it.i-i.-thus) ........... 385

pnnctnlata (Ccir\]>li:i iia) ................. 454,914

i Mil in],, ir. i) ................. r>23

il'r-iniili-ii) ............... 696

|niiii-tiil:iliis (('all iii ru s) .................. 485

(Lani|ni<:ns) ................. 454, 914

iMinniliiH) ................... 198

(Nothouotus) ................. 516

(Piinelodns) ............. .... 102

piilchellus (Cbilonemus) .................

(Kngrauliaj ...................

(Haplocbilus) .................

i I.fiiciscns) ...................

( Lrurnsomua) .................

(Oligocepbalus) ...............

(Squalius) .....................

( Xygonectes) ..................

pulchcr (Labrua) .........................

(Pinielometopon) ................

(Seniicossyphus) .................

(Sqnaliua) .......................

(Trochocopus) ...................

pulchra (Harpe) ..........................

(Tigoma) ........................

pullum (Chondrostoma) ..................

pullus (Amiurua) .........................

(Monacanthua) ....................

(Pimelodus) ......... ..............

pulvenilentus ...........................

Pumpkin-seed ............................

pnnctata (Gambusia) .....................

(Girella) ........................

(Lamna) ........................

(Perca) .........................

(Sciaena) ................. 570,931,

(Trigla) ........................

punctatnm (Myctophnm) ................

pnnctatua (Aprionodon) ..................

fBlrnnine) .....................

(Bodianua) ....................

( Bry 1 1 us) ......................

(Caranx; ......................

(Carcharias) ...................

(Decapterus) ..................

I Enncacentrus) ................

(Epinephelne) .................

(Holocentrus) ................

(Ictaltirus) ....... .............

ilsoatlies) .....................

(Lrpomia) .....................

(Mirristodua) .................

( Myrophis) ....................

(Osmerus) .....................

( IMiycw) .......................

fl'iionotus) ...................

(SiluniH) ......................

(Squalus) .....................

iStirliii-iiH) ....................

puiirfiriil.-itiiM (Apogonichthys) ..........

pnnctifcr

Pajio.

pnnctulatns (Pcecilicbtbya) "ilfi

(Potamoccittua) C!M!

pnngitius 393

puniceus !.")">

]iur|iurascens (Lepomis) 480

pnrpuratus (Salmo) 313,314, :;i:>

pnrpnrea (Tigoma) 238

purpurescens (Anoplarclnis) 771

purpureus (Merlanj;u.s) 807

(Squalius) 238

putnami 498, 837

pyjnnsea (Umbra) 350

pygmams (Gadus) 807

(Gasterosteus) 394

(Leuciscus) 350

Pygostens 393

pyrrhomelas (Cliola) 184

Q-

quadracus ................................

quadratus ..............................

quadricorne (Ostracium) .................

qundricornis (Agonus) ...................

(Aspidophorus) .............

(Cottus) .....................

(Hypsagouus) ...............

(Oncocottus) ................

(Ostracion) .................

quadrifasciatus ...........................

quadrifilis (Cottus) ....................... 707,

quadrilatcralia (Coregonus) ..............

quadrilincatnin (Haemulon) ..............

quadriloba ............................

qoadrimacolatne ........ .................

quadrisi-riat us ...........................

quadritiiberculatus ...................... 829,

quadrncfllatus ................. .......... .->'J4.

quatuordecemlaminatns

Queen-flsh

quiescens

Quill-back

quinnat

iliiinquccinctus

396
613
854
728

723
7(14
722

705
854
757
708

•_".'."
554

663

836
825
143
417

699
120
307
616

R.

Rabbit-fish

Rabbit-mouth Sucker

radians (Scarus) ....

radiata (Raia)

radial us (('Ini-rnjulia)

, I'latyglosaua) 603,

(Spurns) 603,

1.1 tin i squi-i '

Raia 30,877,

Rai»

Raiidaj 39,

Rainbow Darter. 514,

Rainbow Trout

Raja

i-'.ji

ran ula

Ranzania

rapax

Raacacio 67H,

863

144

!i:i«.i

41

no.)

!»7:<
!i:::

878

36

876

517

312

40

915

742

966
226

f 80

INDEX.

1009

Page.

rnscncio 681

Rasciera 663

Hasher 663

ra&trelliger 671,672

Rat-fish 54

Rat-tail 811

raveneli 352

Ray 36,39

Razor-fish 605

Red Bass 571

Red-eye 466,473

Red-eyed Bream 468

Red Fall-fish 189

Rfd-fin :--.. 186

Red-fish 196, 308, 602, 651r931

Red Grouper 540

Red Gurnard 733

Red Horse 136,140,571

Red Minnow 153

Red-mouth 553

Red-mouth Buffalo-fish 114

Red Roncador 572

Red Snapper 549

Red-spotted Trout 319

regale (Cybium) 426

(Cynoscion) 581, 934

regalis ( Enchelyopus) 798

( Johnius) 581

(Otolitluis) 581

(Phycis) - 793

(Scomber) 426

(Scomberomorus) 426

regius (Blennins) 798

(Hyboguathus) 156

(Phycis) 798

Reina 669

reinhardi (Careproctus) 740, 957

(Liparis) 740, 937

reinhardti (Corynolophus) 849

(Himuntolophus) 849

(Motella) 797

(Onos) 797

Reinhardtius 819

Remora 416,417,909

remora 41 7, 909

Remoropsis 417

Renieeps 25, 874

reticulata (Spatularia) 84

reticulatus (Bryttus) 47C

(Chilomycterus) 966

(Esox) 353

(Gobiesox) 749

(Halieutichthys) 851

(Lepadogaster) 744

(Lycodes) 787

(Pseudoxiphophorus) 344

(Try-on) 72

retifer (Seylliorhinus) 869

retifera (Muroena) 894

retiferuni (Scyllium) 870

retropinuis 126

Rhacochilus 596

Rharuphocof tina3 684

Rhamphocottaa 721

Rheocrypta 497

Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 1C 04

rhessodon ...

Rhiua

rhina (Raia) .
Rhime ..

Page.

749

35

43

967

Rhinichthys 206,884

rhinichthyoides 210

Rhiuobatida3 37,876

Rhinobatus 37,63

Rhinodontidae 31,875

Rhinonemus 796, 797

Rhinoptera. 51

Rhinoscion 573

Rhinotriacis 20,59,60,870

rhodochloris 667,668

rhodorus 686

r hodoterua 592

rhomaleus 240,886

rhombeus 934

Rhombochirus 417

rhomboid.es 558

Rhomboplites 549'

Rhombus 450,451,815

rhothea (Uranidea) 953

rhotheus (Semotilus) 222:

rhynchasus 87

Khynchichthys 459

Rhypticinaj 528

Rhy pticus 54 "5

ricei 694,953-

richardi (Caranx) 437

(Hemirhamphus) 376

(Salmo) 300

richardsoni (Coregonus) 299

(Corvina) 508

(Cottus) 697

(Eutychelithus) 568

(Rhamphocottus) 722

(Trachidermus) 695

(Uranidea) 696, 697, 953

Richardsonius 251,884

Ringed Perch 524

ringeus (Engraulis) 272

(Stolephorus) 272

(Sudis) - 277

Rio Grande Trout 314

rissoi (Trachurus) 911

River Chub 212

rivoliana (Seriola) 444

Roach -'44

Robalo

robusta (Gila)

robustus (Clypeocottus) 711

(Ichthselurus) 109

(Leuciscus)

(Mylopharodon) 225

Roccus 528

rochei - 425,911

Rock 529

RockBass • 466, 5o5

Rock-cod 652

Rock-fish 332,499,529,650,652

Rockling 79G

Rock Salmon 444,913

Rock Trout 641,645

Rocky Mountain White-fish 297

1010

INDEX.

Page.

Boncador 572,574,928

roncad'ir (r"nibrina) 576

Kondiil 619. lij:;

rondek-ti (Cau'harodon.) 30, 61, >7."i

(K\i>r<rttl8) 904

rosaccus ((' ymal oi;aster) 590

(Mirroint-tnis) .ris!>

(Srbast i-s) 663, 667

(Srhastodes) 663,666

376

766

766

766

189

189

651

rosso

rusi-us

i< '<-iitrouotiis)
(Gnniu-llops)
(Luxilus)
(Minuilus)

rossi (Lycodcs) ............

iSalvelinus) ..........

(Salnio) .............

rostrata (Anguilla) ........

(Mtinrna) ........

(Platcssa) ........

rostratus ( Agouus) ........

(Alepocephalns).
(Brachyopsis) . . .

321

321

361

361

834

726

%_':.7

726

(II. t.-rostichus) 764,962

(LeptagoniiH) 955

rothrocki 776

rotunda .. ,. 865,866

i-iiTimdatum

Bound-fish

Bound Hen ing

Bound Robin

KotiHsette

rubl'llllS ,

riilii-r

1 'IllliTl i III US

riibicunda (Parma)

rubicundus (Acipcnscr) ..
((ilypliisodon) .

(HypsV]io]>s| .
(Poinao -Ml i ii.-~)
mbriranda ..

289
298
263

4::-J

58

-J(i_'

tii;:,

7i;i;

610
'87
610
610
610
-177

Page.

ruportianus 87

rupestris (Amhloplites) 466

(I'.odiauus) 466,467

811

812

....'. 599

811

773

175

ft 'or\ jiba-noidrs) .
(Labrns) ........ .

(Xiphister)

ruttla.

S.

sabina 49, 68, 879

Sabre-fish 910

958

365

365

466

300

86

265

265

Saccopharviiiiid.'c

Sarc opkaiywx

Sue ramtnto Percli

Saliiicm

Sturgeon

Sadina.

sagax (Clupca)

Ha-itta 639,640

saida so?

Sail-tish 120,421

Sailor's Choice 551

saira 375

Salar.. .. 309,312

salai-

salliui

Salnio

Salmon 288,309,

.salmonca (IViva)

saliiiiini-iini (Stizostt-diiim)

salmoidi'S

salinoni-iis (Esox)

(Scombrocottus)

Salmonida?.

Sal moil -killer

saliiiiiiiiiidrs

Saliiiiin-Ti-out

Salmon-Trout of the Columbia

sail :il or

sail at i ix

sa lu ilana

( Allninu-lliis)
l Albniiiiis)
(Oralirbtli.vn)

(MinniliiM)

(N CM -I II 1 1 IN I

rubripinna it'linla)

(Cyprmrlla)
ruliripmnis I M iiiiiilns) .

rulii-ivmrtus

Knddi r fish

I ilia i I hi! |ii->

rulilim-atiiH

rufus ( Ixidianus)

-s\|ilins)

nifiis (I.alirus)

rugosua

18!l r.ni

Sfllvolinufl

) 203

-jti::
1) 214

Sand !•:.•!
Suiil-tlali .

. 203

-Jill-

S;i in! - tish

"l.'i

203

B38

884

>.-!

609

4 1.-, r, '

601

(Sultnn)

508

00°

602

.",:;!

60''

836

sarda lIMainys)

309
164

309

312, 525
526
525

484,485
868,894
650
288
396
-i-:,
313
314

448,914

448,914

170

310,318
938
414
884

(i'Jti, ti'J7
815

414,415

2,M1, .Vjfi

27

507

770

BOB

ITS
30«
868
287

299
205
427
428

INDEX.

1011

Page.

Sardine 266

Sardinia 887

Sargo 551,930

Sargus 557

S-irothrodus 614

Sarpo 750

satiricus 761

s-aturna 572, 573

Sauger 526

Saurel 431,432

Saurina 279

Satirtis 279

saurus ( Elops) 261, 968

(Oligoplites) 973

(Scomberesox) 375

(Trachurus) 432,912

Saury 374

Saw-fish 36, 37

Saw-kwey 306

saxatilis (Chaetodon) 611

(Glyphidodon) 611,939

(Pcecilichthys) 515

(Pomacentrus) 611

saxicola 837

sayanus 460, 461

sayi 48,69,879

Say ri 8 347

scaber t 644,949

scabriceps 194

Scad 432

Scamp 538

Scapbirli ynclms 88

Scaphirrhvnchops 88

scaphiurus 943

Scarinae 598

Scarus 607,938

Scat op h agus 673

sccpticus 200

Scbilbeodes 98

schcepffi 858

scbranki 925

Scbuylkill Cat 104

sciadicus 342

Sciaena 569,931

ScisenideB 566

Sciaminss 566

Scia'nops 571

scitulus 956

Sclerodcrmi '. - 853

Sclerognathus 117, 883

Scoliodon 24,60

scolopaceus 366

scolopax 388

Scomber 422

scomber 424

Scomberesocidae 371

Scomberesox 374

Scomberomorus 425

ScotubridcB 422

Scombrocottus 649

Scombrokles 446, 913

Scombroidinse 431

scombrus 424. 911

Scopelidfe ...' 275,279

Scopelus 281

Page.

Scophthalmus 815

soopifemm 205

Scot paena 678, 950, 951, 952

Scorpaenichthya 716

Scorpicnidae 650

scorpioides 702

Scorpion 679

Scorpis 562

scorpiua 702

scouleri 304, 305, 308

scripta 859

scrutator (Belone) 374

(Iaestb.es) 960

Sculpin 679,682,702

Scup 557

Scuppaug 557

scutellat us 375

scuticaris 358

scylla 168

Scylliidae 57,58

Seylliorhinus 58, 869

Scyllium 58,869

Scy mnidse 33

Scyris 438

Scytalina 790

Sea Bass 526, 532

Sea-bat 850

Sea Catfish 109,110,111

Devil 52

Horse 386

Poacher 728

Haven 685

Robin 733

Trout 579,580

Snail 738

Sebastapistes 678

Sebastes 651

Sebaatichthys 652, 655, 670

Sebastodes 652, 653, 656. 950

Sebastomus 652, 654, 664

Sebastoplus 652

Sebasl osomus 652, 654, 657

sectatrix 561

secundodorsalis 429

aegaliensis 723

Selache 3l

Selachians

Selachii 12

Schirhostrmi

Selar 433,434

Selene 439

seleue (Carpiodes)

(Luxilus) 188

(Minnilus)

selenops

semicinctus 603, 604

semifasciata (Etheostoma) 500

semifasciatum (Pileoma) 500

semifasciatus (Triacis) 20

seminolis

semhmda (Gila) 230

semimidus (Lycodes) 787

sciiiiseabra 695

Semotilus 220

senilis.. 346,894

1012

INDEX.

Pa,c;o.
Sen orit a .................................... (104

~i niiensa ................................... 8".l

•i" r. 'Iia ...................................... 157

Srrgeaut-iish ............................... 909

•<. liola ................................ 444,912,913

Si-riiiliehthys ............................... 44(i

Seriphus ......... .......................... 582

-> rpentimis ................................ 778, 779

-' rra ....................................... 276

Sfiraiii.hr .................................. 526

Sei Taiiina- .................................. ;VJ7

Serrano ......... ............................ 534

Sen-anus ............................. 532,916,917

serrata ( Fisttilaria) ........................ 390

-. iratiini (IIa?mulon) ..................... 924

M -rratus (Gasterosteus) .................... 396

.-.-i-rii-eps .................................. 076, 077

Seserinns ................................... 914

sessilieauda ................................ 840

-i-tapinnis (Zeus) ........................... 440

Setarrhes ................................... 682

setifer ...................................... 857

M-tipinnis .................................. 440

-exniarnlatus. .............................. 863

ShaJ ....................................... 267

Shad Waiter ............................... 298

Sharks ..................................... 12

Sheepshead ................................ 558, 567

Shiuer ..................... 185, 186, 232, 248, 250, 587

Shovel. In -ail Shark .......................... 25

>hovcl-nose ................................ 27

Shovel-nosed Shark ........................ (\l

Sturgeon ...................... 88

shumardi (Alhuni<>]ts) ..................... 1:1:1

(IIa(li-o)iti>i-iis) .................... 499

(Imostiiina) ...... . ............... 498

(Miiiiiilus) ...................... 192

-•ialis . ...................................... 98

Si lioma .................................... 230, 239

•.irnilllrt .................................... 406

Sid.T.-i ..................................... 969

-id. limn .................................. 154, I',:,

Sierra ...................................... 427

signal us .................................... (;•_«;;

siguit'er ( liry'-tua) .......................... 473

(Coregonus) ....................... * * •

(Sty |.( ..Inn ) .........................

(Thy inalliis) ...................... 302,

Siluridai ...................................

Silns ......................................

Silver (Hi nh ................................

1 ..................................

•Mlvei-.lin ................................. 163,

Silver I'ereh ....................... ........

Sal ..... n

Trniit
Silver.siilcs ...................

n. In 1\ s.
(Ampbiotlchiu)

224

303
90

2H5
•_'•_••_'
910
17(1
.-,7.1
307
316
404
ITii
;ii;:i
'•'.>'.'•

Page.

.1.",!
siniotera ................ 496

simulaus (ICninvie-intlins) ................... 470

(Ili'iniiiplites) .................... 471

iSi-liastnsomiis) ................... 658

sinus (Alliiii'in-llus) ........................ 170

(IMiinicht liys) ...................... 885, 886

Siphagonus ................................ 725

Siplx sstoina ....................... 3H2, 904, 905, 906

siscowet .................................. 317, 318

Skate ....................................... 39, 40

Skim-back .................................. 120

Skip-jack .......................... 266,406,432,443

Skipper .................................... 375

Skittle Dog ................................. 16

Skowitz .................................... 307

Sleeper .................................... 031, 632

Sleeper-shark ............................... 13, 14

Sleepruarken ............................... 5

sloani ..................................... 284,285

Sranll-ninnthed Black Bass .................. 485

Smara gdu.s ................................. 635

Smelt ..................................... 292,293

smiridus ................................... 809

smithii (Carcharodoii) ...................... 875

(C'yprinus) ......................... 260

Smooth Houud ............................ 19

Snapper ................................... 547, 651

Snipe Eel ................................... 365

Snipe-fish ................................... 388

Snooks .................................... 909

Soap-fish ................................... 543

sncins ...................................... 195

Si i It -rayed fishes ............................ 94

sogo ........................................ 459

Soldier-fish ................................. 517

Sole ....................................... 841

Solenostomafi la- ........................... 381

soils ....................................... 477, 478

Somniosns ................................. 14,57

somnolent a ................................. 632

sonorieiiHi.s ................................. 349

soporator .............................. 033, 634, !i44

s.' rd id us .................................... 817

Southern Porgeo ........................... 929

spadicea .................................... 155

spallan/ani .......................... 28, 29, 874, 875

Spanish I'laj; .............................. 669

Ma.-kerel . ........................ 426,910

Sardine ............................ 887

Spnrada ................................... 588, 5!M)

Sparida- ................................... 545,880

Sparina- ................................... 546

Spa I is. Una .................................. !K;s

Spams 555, 92.'., !I72

spatlmla (I'nlyndon) 83,84

lS,|uiilus). 84

spatula (l.episnsteiis) 92

Spa I ula i la 83

Spa u n eater 171

Bpea r-lish 120, 420

speeinsa iliaiiilinsiai 346,894

spi-ei.iMl.- I I '(Hunt is) 480, 482

(SelnoliliiH) 221

INDEX.

1013

specioaus (Trachichthys)..
Speck

Speckled Trout ,„

spectabilis (Pcecilichthys).

(Salmo)

(Salvelinus) ...
spectrum

Page.

458

495

320

518

320

320

294

apectruncula 166, 167

spelaeus 324

spengleri 861

spet 411

Sphagebrinchua 358

Sphyrzena 410

spbyrsena (Esox) 410, 411

Bphyraenarum 970

Sphyrjenidae... 410

Sphyrna 26,874

Sphyrnidaa 25

spillmani 506

spilonotua 857

spilopterus (Citharichthys) 817

(Leuciscus) 179

(Photogenis) 179

spilota 694, 953, 954

spilurua 314

Spinacidce 15

spinarella 738,957

spinicephalum 149

spinosissimua 727

spiiiosus (Calycilepidotus) 715

(Cyclopterus) 746

(Echinorhinus) 14

(Eumicrotremus) 745, 957

(Hemilepidotus) 714

(Squalus) 14

Spiny Eels 3G8

Spiny-rayed fishes 397

Split-tail 1 223

Split-mouth Sucker 144

Spoon-bill Cat 83

Spot 574

Sprat 274

Spratella 264

Spratelloides 263

Squali 12,967

squalidas (Scarus) 938

squalipeta 909

Squalius 230

Squalus 1C

squamatus 241

squaiuiceps 514

squamilentus (Ceratichthys) 218

(Couesiua), 218

(Paralicbthys) 823

Squamipinnes 613, 614

squaniipinnis (Gerres) 935

Squatina 35

squsftina 35

Squatinidas 35, 967

Squeteague 581

Squirrel-fish 457,459,534

Squirrel Hake 799

stagnalis 321

Star-gazers 627

stearnsi (Blenniua) 961

Page.

stearnsi (Corvina) 572

(Lutjanue) 549, 921, 922

(Ronoador) 572

(Scieena) 572

(Scorpasna) 951

(Seriola) 445,913

Steel-head 313,314

stegophthalmus 723

stellaris £8

stellatus (Fario) 315

(Sa)ino) 315

(Platichthys) 836

(Pleuronectes) 835

stelleri (Cyclopterichthys) 745

(Cyclopterus) 745

(Trichodon) 627

stellifer (Bodianus) 5C9

(Fundulus) 337

atellifera (Corviua) 570

(Sciasna) 509,931

( Xenisnia) 337

Stelliferus 569

stellulata 44

Stenodus 304

Stenotomus 557,929,972

Stepbanolepis 856

atephanopbry a 736

Stereolepia 531

Sterletus 85

sterletua 216

Sternoptychidae 283

stevensi 291,292

Stichffius 775

Sticha3ida3 754

Stickleback 392,395,396

stigina 789

stigmasa (Ulocentra) 495

stigmseus (Citharichthys) 965

stigiuaticus (Ceratichthys) 212

(Gobionellus) 947

(Smaragdois) 947

stigmatura (Cliola) 182

(Codoma) 182

stigmaturus (Gobius) •- 946

(Photogenis) 182

Stilbe 248

Stilbius 250

stilbius 201

Stingaree 47

Sting Raya 45,47

Stizostedion 525

Stizostedium 525,916

Stoasodon 879

Stolephorus 272,888

Stomias 286

stomias ( Atheresthes) 820

(Platyaomatichthys) 821

(Salnio) 316

(Trisotropia) 918,972

Stomiatidse 285

Stomodon 809

Stone -basa 532

Stone-cat 97,100

Stone-lugger 130,149

Stone Roller 130,148,149

1014

INDEX.

Page.
St.. in ..f. it. T ............................... 160

stnu-ri ( Li-urisrus) ....................... 221

(Scoiuberesox) .................... 375

stoivriaiia ................................ 170, 171

storniiis .................................. 405

si . niti ..... ............................... 6, 57, 8G7

s'i •iniiii.-a ................................ 167,168

StrawbiTi y IJass ......................... 405

Htiiatus (Antliias) ........................ 919

(Kpim pln-lus) ................... 918

< 1 IOCTUS) ......................... 528

(Si-naniis) ....................... 919

striiratus ............................... 736

Stri]>«-il I'.ass ............................. 529

Mullet ............................ 403

StromatcidiL- ............................. 449

Sti oniHtcus ............................... 450

stromi .................................. 813

struniosus ................................ 749, 957

Siu.l-iisli ................................. :i:;7

St n Mii-<iu ................................. 82, 84

sturio . ................................... 85

st \ lili-r ................................... 907

Stypodon ................................. 223

suavis .................................... 176. 177

775

535, 917
snbti-n'aiifus ............................. 325

sued ta ................................ 132, 133, 1H4

Surkrr ................................ 112,124,578

siu-klii. ................................... 17

Sudis ..................................... 277

,;i. uri .................................... 455,914

auillus .................................... 601

i Salmon .........................

MiMiiiulc-ntu.s ............................

Siin-lisli ...................... 453,402,472,482,

Sunny ....................................

Buperoilioeoa (Aspidopboroa) ............

(Hezagramnma) ...........

(Hyboi-liyijrbus) ............

(Labrax) ..... ............ ..

SurMish .......................... 585, 592, 594,

SiirfSin.-lt ...............................

\V 1 1 i t i nj; ............................. 577,

308
032

865
482
723
644

'Jill
, !i:;:t

<iHi

017

HimillllrtllS ...............................

Siirniiillrt ................................. 5T.-1, :.ii'.

sulor .....................................

swniii ....................................

•I sliark ..............................

Swdl-load ............................... 861,

Su in^li-.lail . .............................

Swor.l li.-h ..............................

t<\ iiiiin-li i<-us (Caranx) .................... 432,

(C.-rati. -litliss) ..............

(l.i-poinis) ..................

(Trarlnii us)

Synimetrtirua

729
60

863

27
420
911

2l:i
47:i

21:1
21::

4:"J
222

synagra

Sy naphobranchidsB

Synaphobranchus

Synentognatbi

Syngnathidao

Syniiiiatbus

Sy nodus 279,280,889

Syrrbina o::, *70

sy rt «-usium 295

Pape.
922
364
364
371
382
382

T.

tatiarraria

ta-iiia (Hlcnnius) ...
(Clinostoraus)
(Mura-noides.

389

7t;fi

234
766
234
552
919
704
594
127
266
860
309

tirniatus

tirniopa

ta-niopliTiis

Tseniotoca

laliocusis

Tailor Tien-ing

Tainbor

tapdisiua

Tarpuin 261,202

tau 750, T.'.l

Taiiridea 094

tauroct'pbnla 1'io

Tautog 600, !i::<i

Tautoga 599,936

tauto^a "''.".I

Tautngolabrus 599

taylori 793

(rliawytrlia 307,890

telescopus 201

Tdi-stes 230

lYlipomis

ti-ininiiK'ki 586,594

Toinnistia 714

Ti-innodou I''

t fin -11 us

ti-nuis i Atlicrinopsis) 405,400

(Uadus) 7!Hl

405

799

203

130

897

130

-j<;:t

897

136

205

200

24,23

f.09

_ 492

492

511

r,u

509

801

(1'liyci.s)

teres(Alosa)

(Catostonilis)

(Cyprilins)
(Klruin.-im)

T. •i.-tiilns
trie lulus

us
li-via- inixa-

il.ita (Ktlicostonia)
Ti-.sM-Mat.-d DaVl.T

ilatiini (I'.olco.stiiiia)
(Nanosloiiiii)
;.ilus illadroplrrus)

(Noilionotua)
trstinlini-iiM
T. laid

255
C14

INDEX.

1015

tetrapturorum
Tetrapturus ...

^- — Tetrodon

Tetrodontidje .

Page.

418

420

860,966

859

Teuthy didns 616, 880

texana ( Anguilla) 361

(Cyprinella) 178

texensis (Dionda) 157

(Cyuoscion) 581

tlialassinnm (Moxostoma) 139

(Nanostoma) 511

tlinlassimiB (Lepidogobius) 947

(Nothonotus) 511

(Otolithns) 581

(Ptychostomus) 139

Thaleichthys 291

tbaleichthys 292

t hazard 911

thompsoni (Cnrpiodes) 119

(Ictiobus) 883

(Triglopsis) 709,710

thoreanianua 221

Thread-flu 412

Thread-fish 438

Thread Herring 268

Thresher Shark 2C, 27

thrissa 268,209

thrissoides 262, 887

Thunder-pumper 567

thunnina 430

Thymallus 302

thy niallus 302

Thynnichthys 429

Thynnns 428, 429

thy nnus 429

Thyris 840

Tiaroga 163

tiburo 25,26,874

Tiger Sharks 21

Tigoma 230,233

tigrinus (Galeocerdo) 21, GO

(Hyrichthy s) 360

Tile-fish 624

Tik-sia 804

tilesii 715

timpanogensis 106

tinmen 902

tinrellns 245

Tiphle 382

Tirodon 968

Toad-fish 750,845

Tobacco-box 40

tobianus 414, 415, 909

Toguo 317

toma 317

Tom-cod 805, 806

torn-cod 806

tomcodus 806

Toothed Herring 260

Top Minnow 338

Tope 21

TorpedinidsB 38

Torpedo 38,39,876,877

torpedo (Eaia) 38

torvus .. 688

Page.

Toter 130

toxotes 596

Trachinidae 623, 624, 627, 628, 880

Trachinocephalus 281

Trachuropa 433, 970

Trachurus 431,911

trachuius (Caranx) 432, 911

(Cottns) 715

(Gasterosteus) 395, 396

(Hemiiepidotus) 715

(Scomber) 432,912

(Trachurus) 432,912

Traehynotus 441

Trachypteridas 617

Trachypterus 618

tractus 941

tranquebar 724

transmonlanus ( Acipenser) 86

(Rhinichthy s 207, 885

traski 587

Tree-fish 676

triacauthus 451

Triacis 20, 870

tribulua 735

Trichidion 413

Trickiuridse 421, 910

Trichiurus 422

trichoeephalus 862

Trichodiodon 862

Trichodon 627

tiichodon 627

Trichodontidje 626, 880

trichroistia 181

tricolor (Chsetodon) 615

(Holacanthus) 941

(Pomacnntbus) 941

(Thymallus) 303

tricuspis 708, 709

tridentatus 7,8,57,867,868

tridigitatus 753

trifureus 534,917,973

Trigger fish 854

Trigla 733,956

Triglidaj 640,651,731,880

Triglops 712

Triglopsis 709

trigonum 853

trigrammus 644

Triloburus . 534

trilobus 720

triqueter 906

triquetrum 965

triserialis 359,897,898

triseriatus 64, 65, 876

Trisotropis 537,918,919,971

trispinosa (Corvina) 570, 931

trispinosns (Odontopyxis) 729

tristfficlms 92

trivittatus 554

Trochocopus 601, 936

tropica (Echeneis) 970

tropicus ( Atractosteus) 92

Trout Perch 322

trowbridgii (Abeona) 588

(Hornalopomus) 809

1016

INDEX.

Pago.

Trumppt-fish 388, 389

tnini'uta (Hi-lone) 374

truucatus (Orthagoriacua) 9C7

(Kaii/ania) 966

(Salmo) 313, 314

i Ti trodon) 967

Trnnk-fish .-.'.2

TiyduTodon 247

Trygoii 47,879

Tryirimida1. 45

Trygniinrliina 876

tsiippitrli 308,315,316

tsrliawytscha 890

tnb.Tculatua 48,49,66,879

liid.-s 320

tuditaua 165,166

Tr.llibw 301

tullibee 301,302

tninidua 118, 119, 883

Tuna 428

tunicata 741,742

Tunniea 428, 4:29

Tunny 429

T urbot 815, 830

tnr^iilus 861,862

tiitm-ri 788

T \ i -i- Salmon 306

Ty 1. psurns 372, 901

639

324

639

1S7

267

301

2G9

270

Tyntlastes

Typblicbtliys

Typhlogobius

typiriis

tyrannus (Aloaa)

i Au^uilla)..
(Hi wool t in i
(Clupea)

TJ.

riorrntra ................................

I'uibla ...................................

I'm lira ...................................

umbra ....................................

u nil ira til is. ...............................

I 'in 1,1 nl:i- .................................

I "mini u a .................................

unibriis.i (i 'liula) .........................

(Cypi im-lla) ....................

(I.< piilnpsi-tta) ..................

limb: ........................

(Platirblliys) ..................

(I'll nr.'lirrtl-s) .................

(SrbasI irbtliys) ................

(Srbastoilrsj ...................

u in -Mia (us ................................

Ill id i rim::lM ..............................

U Ililu la t :i (I' mln ilia) .................... .

iinclulatus (Mciilicirriis) ............. 578,

I M irliipii._:<iin ..................

unirnlni

il'.rylliis)

U Ilii Mill in

unimai iil.il us (A i L'.\ I'i'iosns)
(Cliiius)

494
816
350
609

200

Big

:<i:<

176
L76
B82

3.ri2, S!4

DM
D60

693

576

932,938
576

868
477

876
MO

77.-,
77.-,

Page.

nninotntua 922

Upeneus 565

Upselonphorus 628

Franidt-a 093,953,954,955

uranops (Phenacobius) 206

Uranoscopidaj 627

uranoscopus (Mancalias) 848

iiranosciipus 848

TJrolophus 40

Uronectes '. 789

TTropliycis 798

Uropsetta 821

urns 110

ust us (Calliodon) 600

Utah.. 315

V.

vacca ....................................

vagrans .............................. 407,

valili ....................................

Vaillantia ................................

vani]iyrus ................................

vandnisulns ..............................

variabilis (Acauthocottus) ........ ^ ......

(Perca) ........................

(Sobastcs) ......................

variatum (Kthcostnina) ..................

variatua (Alvordins) .....................

(Pcecilichthys) ..................

varicgatus (Cypriuodon) .................

vela turn ..................................

vdiana ..................................

velifer (Carpiodes) .......................

(Ictiobns) .........................

(Letharchus) ......................

Vl'luX .....................................

vcn 'rails .................................

Yriitririisa (Ajiix'ope) ....................

(Tcmnistia) ...................

vcntricosiis (Db'psias) ....................

(Crral iclitliys) ...............

(i'\i luptcricbtliys) ...........

M'\'cl(i]itcrus) ................

vcntriosus (Sc \lliorli in us) ................

veiiusta (Clinlal ..........................

(C\ priii. -Hal .....................

(Li in la) ..........................

(Lucania) ........................

vcrmiculai is (Spams) ....................

vrriiii'-iilalus (Xyriclithys) ...............

vi-rnalis (Clupi-a) .........................

(( iiibiii) ..........................

(Pomnbibiisi .....................

(Si •umber) .......................

vi'i-i illi ...................................

vi 1 1 iiivisus ( llracbyojisis) ................

\. i-iiriiliir (A brain is)
lAr-\ii.ps)
(Labrus) .
(SI i 'in it i mi us)

vcrticalis

597

908, 989

1

403

53

232

703

659, 950
BS9
603
503
518

329, 890
343
138
40.-,
J20
120
896
186
708
I'll
716
7 If.
213
745
745

L78
178
343

922

no:>, 117::
267
214
2C7
424
788
726
707
955
250

O'.'O
R29

K7J

INDEX.

1017

vespertilio (Holorhinns).

(Mai the)

(Rhiuoptera).

\ otulus (Balistes)

(Parophrys) . .
(Pleuronectes) . .
vexillare (Boleosoma)

Page.

51

850

51

855

832

831

493

vexillaris • G72, 673

vheeleri 697

Vieja Muger 938

vigilax I69

vigilis 971

villosa (Clupea) 291

villosns (Cottus) 686

(Mallotus) 291

vinctipes :~'W

viola 800

violaceuoi (Ditrema) 58(5, 93(3

violaceus (Apodichthys) 774

(Cebedichthys) - 774,962

Viper-fish 284

virens 80G

virescens (Apodichthys) 770

(Pantosteus) 124

virgatnlus 957

virgatus (Delolepis) 779

(Pcecilichthys) 515

virginalis 315

virginicum (Pristipoma) . 552

virginicus (Aniaotremus) . . . 552

(Pomadasys) 552,923

(Sparus) -' 552

virginianus ( Acanthocottus) 701

viride (Ophidium)

viridis (Central-elms) 468

(Centropomus) 52g

(Chaenohryttus) - 468

(Esox) 92,880

(Gymnelis) 789

(Lepidosteus) 92

viridescens (Syngnathus) 383

(Osmerus) 293

viscosa 698

vitrea (loa) 490

(Perca) 525

vitreuin (Stizostedium) 525

vitreus (Po3Cilichthys) 491

vittata (Argyrotsenia) 415,909

(Cliola) 172

(Ulupea) 273

(Codoma) 172, 173

(Hemitremia) 1C2

(Lepidomeda) 252

vittatus ( Ammodytes) 415

(Engraulis) 273, 888

(Esox) 352, 894

Viuva 660

vivax ( Amraocrypt-a) 169, 970

(Cliola) .." 169

viviparns

652

Volador - 378,738

volitans (Cephalacanthus) 957

(Dactylop terns) 738

(Exocoetus) 378

(Trigla) 738

Paige.

volucella i' H

Vomer 439, 440

vomer 439, 440

vomerinus 781

vorax 229

vulgaris ( Acanthias) 17

i Amiurus) 105

(Anguilla) 361

(Auxis) 425

(Belone) 372

(Brosmius) ... 803

(Carcharias) 873

(Carcbariiius) 873

(Conger) 363

(Hippoglossus) 819

(Liparis) 742

(Lota) 802

(Merlucius) 800

(Molva) 801

(Mustelns) 19,20

(Pagrus) 556

(Pimelodus) 105

(Pomotis) 483

(Sphyrsena) 411

(Thynnus) 429

vaLnerata (Apocope) 210

vulneratus (Nothonotus) 508

(Pcecilichthys) 509

vulpes (Albula) 258

(Alopecias) 27

(Alopias) 27

(Esox) - - 258

(Pimelodus) 109

(Sqnalns) ..

vulsiis 730

W.

w:u-bua 805

Wall-eyed Perch 591

Pike 525

\Var-uiouth 467,468

warreni (Boleichthys) 521

(PoecUichthys) . 521

(Salmo) ....'. 309

Warsaw 920

Weak-fish 579, 581

wfbbi (Blennophis) 756

(Embiotoca) 595

(Ophioblenuius) 756

wheatlandi 395

wheeleri ' -• 697

whip])lei (Boleichthys) 516

(Cliola) 178

(Cyprinella) 178

White Angel 940

Whitebait , 265

Whito Bass 529

Cat 107,108

White-fish 269, 296, 625

White Grunt 554

Hake.... 799

Mullet 139,403

Perch 530, 567, 591, 597

Sturgeon 86, 88

Sucker.. l-'O, 140

101*

INDEX.

Po(

Page.

While Trout

580 Yellow Cavulle

440

Whitinji

-'.>'.' >77 \'ello\\ -liniied Itoneadoi

576

« il]i:misoni (Corefjonus)

297,968

Yellow Perch

524

1 i <-t i TOsteUH)

Pike

525

.\ils,, ni

Yellow-tail

269, 444, 446, 570, 625, 657

Hill, 'belli

J14

Yelting

54

Window-pane . .

815

• •urn

628,629.941

Wiuter-Floumler

Winter Salmon

306

Z.

Wolf-rish

781

Wr.isse-fiahes

597

""•h'l-ns

838

Wreck-fish

;•"'

/:""'""i»

217

Wry-mouth

780

/aniolcpis

647

wiirdemanni

034,945

Zaptervx

876

zatropis

905, 906

X.

zebra (Fundulus)

333,335,336,891

xcenocepbalns

192

•res)

935

xa?niira

j84 • (Hydrargyra)

:<:«, :;rtr,

xiini hoccphalus

11, j /ebrimis

891

-\:iutliiirH8 (Eomoprion)

571,932 Zeniil»..

i.'><;

(Liostomus)

574,932 Zenopais..

45«

( It honibna)

qj^ Zoarces

7K4

(Scisena)

574 Z°"""l"'

783

(Seacrinna)

914 /"'1:lll>

510

x:inti

576 zonata (Cliola)

183

Xenicbthyinm

546 Seriohu

.. . 445,913

Xeiiiehthys

546 Q''0 >">iiHtuin (Kl:issom:i i

401, 915

xenicua

891 89° /•oiiatns i A Iliurniis) . .

183

Xeuisraa

331,336 .Epbippus).

614

Xi-nistina

920 "vt

342

Xenotis

472 4~7 ' I*iindiiliiM

342

Xipbins

4^9 (Haploohilus)

... i ,..

Xiphidion

77j 1 1,1-ncisi \if,i

183

XiphidiontidiF

7^ (S<-<inilteri

445

Xiphiidae

341,342

Xipbister

771 Zuiiir.btbvH

146

Xiphiaterinffi

7^4 /oiii t'er

v 649

X ij)hopboruh

346 ZODI.SI.US.

1-

• \ »*ternus

727, 9,>o

154

X\ rirhthvH

iwi5 wphera

ti!»7

Xvstreurys

821, WJR /"^'

DO?

Xvstroplite,

472 4HO /.unnensiii

'-"-9

7 \'u:i-ii!i

-jii

T.

/.VfSiena.

Yellow H:u»f,

530 Zygonectes

338. K'.rj. 8!M

Cut

102,105 /.yopt-erna

H70

: '

'