';ji:;j.;r;3y,u:j;r,ir,:.S.- .-"-;, THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY \ NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY FX PLIU.ICA I lOX FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM '/.ouLOiACAi. si:rils V..I.. II. CiiKA(;<>, r. S. A. I ()0 I A SYNOPSIS OF THE MAiMMALS ' 'I NORTH AMERICA AND THE ADJACENT SEAS l!V Daniel CjIKai d Ei.i.ioi, I'.R.S.M., etc. Curator of Department. ZOOLOGICAL SF.RIES Vnl.. 11. Chicago, I'. S. A. 1901 I' T ' ' f PREFACE. This Synopsis is an attempt to bring together all the forms of North American Mammals that have been described, and which are generally considered as entitled to some kind of recognition. All those inhabiting North America and its adjacent seas between the North Pole and the United States and Mexican Boundary have been included. It is very manifest to many Naturalists that too many forms have been given distinctive rank, and without doubt a considerable num- ber of the so-called species and subspecies contained in this volume will eventually swell the list of synonyms, already sufficiently for- midable. In late years there has been an evident inclination among some Mammalogists to unduly magnify, as it would seem, trivial dis- similarities observed among their specimens and thus greatly increase the number of slightly differentiated individuals elevated to a separate rank, at the risk of reducing the science to one founded on labels and localities, instead of distinctive and prominent characters, and thus a knowledge of the place where an e.\ample was obtained be- comes at times of more importance for its identification than are the differences that may separate it from its allies. The lack of resem- blances often observed among crania is frequently but the individual variations of a type, and taking these for the characters upon which to establish a new species is apt to lead into error, and in not a few instances too much reliance has been placed upon such slight differ- ences. The same ma\' be said of shades of color, and not a few names in this Synopsis have been given to specimens so closely alike, that one author, in speaking of his Key which was intended to be the means for distinguishing the species, has been obliged to say: "It will be necessary to have both skins and skulls in hand, and even then /'/ U'lN b( impossible to identify some of the forms without actual comparison 'iOilh their nearest allies."* The scientific value of such species (?) can only be very questionable at the best, and the elevation to a separate distinctive rank of such intimately related creatures, can not be con- sidered as helpful or beneficial to Mammalogical Science. It can be safely asserted that there is hardly a genus of North .Vmerican Mam- mals that does not contain too many named forms, and that the science would be benefited if a considerable number were relegated •Bailey; Revision of Am. \"ol<^s of the genus Microtus. K. .^m. Fawn., No. i 7^36C4 to their proper place among the synonyms. The present time can not be supposed as opportune for a final and satisfactory revision of the various groups contained in this Synopsis. That must be the work of some future Mammalogist who can bring to the task not only a thoroughly unprejudiced mind, but who may have acquired a more intimate acquaintance with the quadrupeds of those sections of our country, as yet little known, and whose knowledge of geographical distribution of mammals, the extent of the individual variation of crania, the relationships that apparently different forms have for each other, and the changes in color assumed by the pelage throughout the year, and in some cases adopted by the sexes, has been gained from extensive series of specimens, much greater and more complete than those possessed by any naturalist at the present day. Then only can a list of our mammals be made that will be comparatively permanent and satisfactory. This Synopsis, therefore, may only be regarded as a starting point upon which such a final list may be founded, and does not purport to indicate how many Species of mam- mals there are in North America, but merely to show how many forms are given some kind of a distinctive rank at the present time that are more or less recognizable, but whose ultimate scientific standing is subject to future revision and correction, and in this light the author trusts the book may be useful to his fellow workers. An earnest effort has been made to include all described forms that are entitled to a place in this Synopsis, yet in spite of the utmost care some may have been omitted, but it is hoped they are few in number. In the descriptions of the various species and subspecies, it has been attempted to emphasize the salient characters of each form, when existing, and to contrast them with those of the nearest ally, not always, it must be acknowledged, with signal success, as in not a few instances the characters (?) have been so insignificant and obscure as not to permit of an intelligent comparison, but the best has been done that the circumstances would allow. In certain cases where two or more described forms closely resembled each other, the author's name has been quoted and his description given, so that, whatever " claims " for distinctive rank may be shown to exist, they could be presented in the most favorable light. In some instances measurements have been given of the average of a number of examples; but the majority are those of some selected specimen. As there is, of course, considerable variation among individuals of a species, allowance for this must be made, if the size of an example in hand does not entirely agree with the figures in the description of that species. Unless otherwise stated all measurements are given in millimetres. PREFACE. ^u In the arrangements of the Maninialia in this volume the order of succession has been from the lowest to the highest, and naturally commences with the Marsupials. ORDKR I. Maksi'PIALIA— Marsupials. Fain. I. Didelphyidae— Opossums. ORDER II. EiMCNTATA -Edentates. l-'aiu. I. Dasypodidae — .Armadillos. ORDER III. SiRENlA -Sircnians. Earn. i. Hydrodamalidae — Sea Cow. Earn. 2. Manatidae — Manatees. ORDER IV. Cetacea— Cetaceans. Eam. I. lialaenidae -Baleen Whales. Earn. 2. I'hyseteridae- Sperm Whales. Kani. 3. Delphinidae — Dolphins, Porpoises, etc. ORDER v. Lngui.ata — Hoofed Mammals. Eam. I. Dicotylidae — Peccaries. Eam. 2. Cervidae — Deer. Eam. 3. .■\ntilocapridae Prong-horn Antelope. I'am. 4. Bovidae Cattle, Sheep, etc. ORDER \1. Riidkntia Rodents. Eam. I. Sciuridae — Squirrels, Marmots, etc. Earn. 2. Haplodontidae — Sewellels. Eam. 3. Castoridae — Beavers. Eam. 4. Muridae — Rats, Mice, Voles. Fani. 5. Geomyidae — Pouched Rats. Fam. 6. Heteromyidae — Kangaroo Rats, Pocket Mice. Fani. 7. Zapodidac — Jumping Mice. Eam. 8. Erethizontidac Porcupines. Eam. 9. Ochotonidae — Picas — Chief Hares. Eam. 10. Leporidae — Hares and Rabbits. ORDER \I1. Caknivora — Carnivores. Eam. I. Eelidac — Cats. Eam. 2. Canidae — Wolves and Eoxes. P'am. 3. L'rsidae — Bears. Fam. 4. Procyonidae — Raccoons. Eam. 5. Mustelidae — Weasels, Otters, etc. ORDER \III. PiNMiF.DiA — Sea Lions, etc. I' am. I. Otariidae — Eared Seals. P"am. 2. Trichecidae — Walrus. Eam. 3. Phocidae — Seals. ORDER I.\. Insectivora— Insectivores. Eam. I. Soricidae — Shrews. Eam. 2. Talpidae — Moles. ORDER \. Chiroptera— Bats. Eam. I. \'es]iertilionidae— Common Bats. Fam. 2. Phyllostomatidae — \'anipire Bats. Eam. 3. Xoctilionidae Large-eared Bats. viii PREFACE, North America, as understood in this volume, extends from the North Pole to the boundary dividing the United States and Mexico, and it has not been attempted to give the range of any species south of the Mexican line, although some do pass it, but to restrict the description of geographical distribution to the limits mentioned, as well as to the adjacent seas. Certain forms have been described while the volume was passing through the press, too late for them to appear in their proper position in the body of the book. These will be found in the Appendix. And now I have much pleasure in acknowledging the assistance received from various friends while engaged upon this work, and I desire to express my thanks to Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of Vertebrate Zoologj' in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; to Dr. C. H. Merriam, Chief of the Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington; to Dr. F. \V. -True, Curator, and G. S. Miller, Esq., Assistant Curator of Zoology, United States National Museum, Washington, for the loan of skulls not contained in the Field Columbian Museum. To Witmer Stone, Esq., Curator of Zoology in the Academj' of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; and Dr. A. Woodward, Librarian, and I. N. Sniffen, Esq., Assistant Libra- rian in the New York Museum of Natural History, I am much indebted for information conveyed to me from the volumes in the fine libraries of their respective institutions. The half-tones that illustrate the volume exhibit, with but few exceptions, every genus and subgenus of North American Mammal, and the collection to which each cranium belongs, and its catalogue number, is stated in every instance. D. G. E. 3d Jan'y, 1901. CONTENTS. No. Pac'-e Ordkr I. MARSUPIALIA Marsuwals. 1. Dideliihyiciae ' Order II. EDENTATA -Rokntates. 2. 1 )asypodidae — Armadillos 4 Order III. SIRENIA. Sikenians. 3. Hydrodamalidae — Sea Cow 5 4. Manalidae— Manatees Order I\'. CETACEA— Cetaceans. 5. Balaenidae— Baleen Whales 7 6. Physeteridae — Sperm Whales 14 7. I )elphinidae - Dolphins, Porpoises, etc 18 Order V. L'NC.UL.ATA Hoofed Mammals. 8. Dicotylidae — Peccaries 33 q. Cirvidae — Deer 33 10. Antilocapridae — Prong-horn Antelope 43 11. Hovidae— Cattle, Sheep, etc 44 Order VI. RODENTI A— Rodents. 12. .Sciuridae — S<[uirrels, Marmots, etc 5° 13. Haplodontidae— Sevvcllcls n i 14. Castoridae — Beavers "4 15. .Muridae- Rats, Mice, Voles 117 16. Geomyidae — Pouched Rats 215 17. Heteromyidae — Kangaroo Rats, Pocket Mice 231 18. Zapodidae — Jumping Mice 256 ig. Erethiziintidae — Porcupines 264 20. Ochotonidae — Picas, Chief Hares 266 21. Leporidae— Hares, Rabbits. 269 Order \T1. CARNIVORA— Carnivores. 22. Felidae— Cats 293 23. Canidae — Wolves, Foxes 299 24. Ursidae— Bears .309 25. Procyonidae — Raccoons 3'5 26. Mustclidae — Weasels, Otters 3"? Order \TII. PINXIPEDIA-Sea I. ions, Etc. 27. Otariidae — Eared Seals 355 28. Trichecidae "Walrus 357 29. Phocidae — Seals 359 Order IX. IXSECTI\0R.\— Inskctivores. 30. Soricidae — Shrews •• 3''^ 31. Talpidat — .Moles 386 Order X. CHIROPTERA-Hats. 32. X'espertilionidae — Common Bats 39^ 33. Phyllostomatidae A'ampire Bats 418 34. Noctilionidae — Large eared Bats 420 LIST OF PLATES. To Face I'LATE Page I. Cabassims noveiii-cinctus 4 II. Hydrodamalis gigas 5 III. Manatus latirostris 6 I\'. Hyperoodon rostratus 15 W Delphinaptcrus leucas and Phocaena communis 20 \'I. Orcinus sjladiator and Pseudorca crassidens 22 VII. Globiocephalus melas and Grampus griseus 24 X'lII. Lagenorhynchus acutus 25 I.\. Dclphinus delphis and Tursiops tursio 28 X. Lissodelpliis borealis and Prodelphinus euphrosinae 30 XI. Dicotyles tajacu 33 XII. Cervus canadensis 34 XIII. Ranijifer caribou 35 XI\'. Alces americanus 37 XV. Odocoileus americanus 3g X \' I. Antilocapra americana 43 X\'II. XX. Oreamnus montanus 44 XXI. Ovis ceriina 46 X.XII. Ovibos moschatus 48 XXIII. Bison americanus 49 XXI\'. Plrithizon dorsatus 264 .\X\'. Lepus (Limnolagus) telmalemonus 277 XWI. Lepus americanus and Lepus (Silvilagus) tloridanus 280 X.WII. Lepus (Microlagus) cinerascens and Lepus (Microtolagus) mer- riami 287 XW'III. Felis concolor 293 XXI.X. Canis latrans 299 X.X.X. \'ulpes pennsylvanica 303 XX.XI. Urocyon cinereo-argcnteus 307 X X.XII. Ursus (Thalassarctus) maritimus 310 XXX I II. Ursus (Danis) horribilis 312 XXXIV. Ursus (Euarctus) americanus 313 XXXV. Bassariscus astutus 316 XXX\'I. Gulo luscus 333 XXXX'II. Lutra canadensis sonora 352 XX.X\'III. Latax lutris 354 XXXIX. Eunietopias stelleri and Zaiophus californianus 355 XL. Callotaria ursina 357 .XLI. Trichechus rosmarus 358 .XLII. XLI\'. Macrorhinus angustirostris 359 .XL\'. Cystophora cristata 360 XL\'L Halichoerus grypus and Phoca (Erignathusi barbata 361 XL\"II.-.XL\III. Phoca iHistrinphocaj fasciata 362 -XLIX. Phoca vitulina and Phoca (Pagophilai groenlandica 363 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Page. Didelphys virginiana 2 Balaena glacialis 7 Halaenopti-ra acutorostrata 12 Physetir inacmcephalus 15 Mesoplodon densirostris 17 Monodon moiioceras 19 Phocaena dalli 21 Lagenorhynchus albirostris 26 Prodelphiniis plagiodon 31 Sciurus (Parasciurus) niger 51 Sciurus (Neosciurus) carolinensis 54 Sciurus (Hesperosciurus) griseus 56 Sciurus (Otosciurus) aberti ■. . 58 Sciurus (Araeosciurusi arizonensis 59 Sciurus (Taniiasciurusi hudsonius 61 Tamias (Eutatuiasl dorsalis 68 S[)ermopliilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis 82 Sptrninphilus (Ammospermophiius) leucurus 85 Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) gramniurus 87 Spef mophilus (Colobotis) kadiacensis 90 Speniiopliilu!; (Xcrospermophilus) microspilotus 95 Spermophilus ( Ictidomysi i3-lineatus 99 Cynomys ludovicianus 103 Arclf>niys nionax 105 Sciuropterus volans 108 Haplodontia californica 113 Castor canadensis 115 Mus rattus 118 Onychoniys leucogaster 119 Peromyscus aniericanus 124 Sigmodon hispidus 143 Oryzomys aquaticus 146 Reithrodontoniys k-cnntii 149 Neotonia tloridana 155 Nentoma (Teononia) cinerea 163 Phonaconiys nrnphilus 167 Evotomys gappcri 170 Microtus pennsylvanicus 179 Microtus ( Lagurus] curlatus 194 Microlus ( Pedoniys) austerus 196 Microtus ( Fitymys) pinetoruni 198 Microtus (Chiloius) oregoni 199 Microtus (Arvicola) macropus 201 Microtus (Neoliber) alleni 202 xiv ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Fig. Page. 45. Synaptomys cooperi 204 46. Synaptomys (Mictoniysi iiinuitus 205 47. Lemmus trimucronatus 208 48. Dicrostonyx hudsonius nelsoni 210 4Q. Fiber zibethicus 212 50. Geoniys tuza 216 5 1 . Cratogeomys castanops 221 52. Thomomys bottae 222 53. Didpodomys merrianii 232 54. Perodipus agilis 237 55. Microdipodops megacephalus 240 56. Perognathus flavus 242 57. Perognathus (Chaetodipus I femoralis 251 58. Heteromys alleni 256 59. Zapus hudsonius 258 60. Napeozapus insignis 263 61. Ochotona princeps 267 62. Procyon lotor 318 63. Taxidea americana 320 64. Mephitis mephitica 323 65. Spilogale putorius 328 66. Mustela americana 334 67. Putorius (Leuteola) vison 339 68. Putorius (Cynomyonax) nigripes 342 69. Putorius (Arctogale) cicognani 343 70. Sorex montereyensis 367 71. Microsorex hoyi 377 72. Neosorex palustris 378 73. .\tophyrax bendirii 380 74. Blarina brevicauda 382 75. Blarina (Cryptotis) parva 384 76. Xotiosorex crawfordi 386 77. Xeiirotrichus gibbsi 387 78. Scalops aquaticus 389 79. Scapanus townsendi 392 80. Parascalops breweri 394 81. Condylura cristata 395 82. Antrozous pallidus 397 83. Corynorhinus townsendi 399 84. Myotis lucifugus 401 85. Lasionycteris noctivagans 407 86. Pipistrellus hesperus 408 87. Vespertilio fuscus 411 88. Lasiurus borealis 4 ' 2 89. Dasypterus intermedius 414 90. Nycticejus humeralis 415 91. Nyctinomus brasiliensis 416 92. ^lormops blainviliii 419 93. Otopterus mexicanus 420 94. Promops californicus 422 ERRATA. ILLUSTRATIONS. Page 30I, Fig. 43- for Field Columbian Museum Coll., n-ad Ainer. Museum Nat. History, N. Y., Coll. Page 240, Fig. 55. For Field Columbian Museum Coll., read V. S. Nat. Museum Coll. Page 323. For Fig. 46, read Fig. 64. Page 387, Fig. 77. For Neurotrichus gibbsii, read Neiirotrichus gibbsi. TEXT. Page 33- "th line from top for Incisor, read Incisors. Page 4g. 13th line from top for males, read male. Page I)-. 15th line from top for ^. annectans, read e. annectens. Page 305. Toji line for h. macrurits, read *. macruru. Page 310. yth line from bottom for scarsely, read scarcely. Page 382. 4th line from top for Sorieisais, read Soriciscus. CLASS MAMMALIA. Order I. Marsupialia. Fam. I. Didelphyidae. Limbs rather short: feet with five distinct toes; tail prehensile. Pouch sometimes present. Habits arboreal. 1. Didelphys. I- '—' C. l£i; P. p^^; M. ^=50. Didelphys. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 54. Type Z>. marsupialis. Linn. Feet with five distinct toes, all provided with nails except the first toe of the hind foot, which is large, opposed to the others in grasping, and is without a nail. Tail long, prehensile, partly naked. Pouch complete. Long bristle-like hairs mingle with the fur. In- cisors small and pointed, canines large. Premolars with compressed, pointed crowns. I. virginiana. {^Didelphys), Kerr, Linn. Anim. King., 1792, p. 193. Type locality. Virginia. Geogr. Distr. New York on the Atlantic coast to Florida and west to Mississippi and Texas. Genl. Char. Same as those of the genus. Hoary; toes white half way from claws. Color. Under fur white; upper parts covered with black and white hairs, the latter the longer and giving a hoary or whitish appearance; head yellowish white, pure white on cheeks, blackish on top of head and around the eyes; beneath dusky, with white hairs intermixed; legs and feet black; tail black at base, remainder yellow- ish white; ears black with yellow spot on upper edge. Toes of fore feet white halfway from claws; those of hind feet white at base of claws. Measurements. Total length, 736; tail vertebras, 381; hind foot, 75; ear height from crown, 51. a. — pigra. {Didelphys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 172. DIDELPHYS. Type locality. Oak Lodge, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida and coast of Georgia. Genl. Char. Exactly like the typical species. Tail longer? Color. Same as D. virginiana. Measurements. Total length, 762; tail vertebrae, 330; hind foot, 66. Fig. 1. DiDELPHYS VIRGINIANA. No. 465 Field Columbian Museum Coll. rj nat, size. DIDELPHYS. 3 2. californica. yDidelphys), Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc, if<33. p. 40. Type locality. Northwestern Mexico, adjacent to California. Geogr. Distr. California, Texas, Oklahoma Territory. Mexico. Genl. Char. Black; toes reddish, white half way from claws. Color. Upper parts and side black with occasional white hairs mostly on dorsal region; face and forehead whitish around the eyes, line in the center of the crown black; beneath white shaded with dusky; legs and foet black, toes reddish white half way from claws on fore feet, only at base of claws on hind feet. Tail black at base, remainder white. Measurements. Total length. 640; tail vertebrap. 250; hind foot. 59. Order II Edentata. Fam. I. Da$iypodidae. Bod)' covered with a bony carapace, containing seven to nine movable rings in the center and on the sides; head narrow; snout long, narrow, obliquely truncated; pterygoids meeting below nasal passage; ears long, ovate, erect, placed on occiput, contiguous; body elongate, narrow; tail long, tapering, dermal scutes forming distinct rings. Front feet with four toes, hind feet with five, all with strong, curved, pointed nails. 2. Cabassous. M. ^ or ^=? =32 or 28. Cabassous. McMnrtr. Cuv. Anini. King., Am. ed. 1831, i, p. 164. Type Dasy/'us itni-fimiiis, Linn. ? Taiusia. Less. Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 309. One pair of inguinal, and one pair of pectoral mammre; other characters similar to those of the Family. 3. novem=cinctus. {Dasypus), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 54. octo-iinctits, (Linn). Schrieb. Saugt., 11, 1775, p. 222, tab., Ixxiii, Ixxvi. pcba, Desm. Mamm., 1820, p. 368. lo)igicaudiis, Wied, Breit. Naturg. Bras., 1825, 11, p. 531. mexicanus fenestratus, Peters, M-B. Akad. Berl., 1864, p. 180. leptorhyncha. Gray, Handl. Edent., 1873, p. 14, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4. Type locality. "America meridionali." Geogr. Distr. Texas, south through Mexico and Central America to Paraguay. Getil. Char. Tail as long as body without head; shield with eight movable rings in the middle, and nine on the sides. Tail cov ered by twelve rings, and not enveloped in a cone. Molars 32. Color. Skin of face flesh-color with a few yellowish hairs. Head shield pale brown; shield of back black, with the scales on sides yellowish white. Tail brownish black, anterior half of scales yellowish white. Ears brown; toes yellowish, claws white. Measurements. Total length, 237; tail vertebrae. 90: hind foot. 31; ear, 22; length of shell, 318: width of shell, 394. Field Columbian museum. ZOOLOGY, PL. I. Cabassous novem-cinctus. No. 114 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. LIBRARY Ui^lVERSITY OF ILLINOIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM Hydrodamalis GIGAS. No. 22184 U. S. National Museum Coll. > nat. siz Order III. Slreiiia. Fatn. I. Hydrodanialidae. Cervical vertebrae six only; rostrum narrow, formed by union of the premaxilla; in front of the anterior narial aperture; tail rounded; rudimentary nails on fore limbs; no trace of hind limbs externally or internally; fore limbs flattened oval paddles; upper lip cleft in the middle into two lobes independently movable, approaching each other or receding simultaneously. 3. Hydrodainalis. Hydrodamalis. Retizius, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. nya. Handlingar, Stockholm, 1794, p. 292. Type R. gigas, Zimm. Jihy/inds. 111. Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 141. No teeth: head very small, comparatively; pectoral limbs small. truncated; tail with two pointed lobes; skin naked; epidermis thick, bark-like; vertebra', 60-63. Species extinct. 4. gigas. {Afanatiis), Zimm. Geogr. Gesch., 1780, 11, p. 426, fig. 5. Typt- Unality. Bering Island. Genl. Char. Size very large: fore limb covered with short brush- like hairs. Gt\>gr. Dislr. Copper and Bering Islands, Bering Sea. Cohlle>lts. Total length, 35 to 40 feet. 7. Megaptera. Megaptera. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1864, pp. 207, 350. Type Af. longimana, Gray. Kyphobahrna. Eschr. Nord. Wallth., 1845. Megapteron. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 61. Megapteropsis. Van Ben. Nouv. Mem. Acad. Brux., 1861. p. 38. 10 MEGAPTERA. Puescopia. Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864. p. 207. Head moderate; baleen short, broad; skin of throat plicated or folded; pectorals long and narrow, one-fourth of the entire length of animal; dorsal low: vertebrfe, 53; cervical vertebra?, free. 11. nodosa. {Bahrn,i), Bonn. Cetol.. 17S9, p. 5. longimana, Rudolphi, Abh. Ak. Berl., 1S29, pis. 1-5. keporkak, Eschr. K. Dansk. Vid. Selskabs. Afh., 1845, xl, p. 239. t. I, 3, 4. americana. Gray, Zoo). Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 17. Geogr. Distr. Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. Genl. Char. Pectorals very long, their margins scalloped. Dorsal fin hump-like. Body short, thick: mandible projecting beyond upper jaw. Color. Above black; beneath white spotted with gray: pectorals white except the base which is black. Aleasuremenis. Total length of female 45 to 50 feet; male smaller. a. — osphyia. (J/egap/era), Cope. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, pp. 178-180. Tjpe loiality. Coast of Maine forty miles from Petit Menan lighthouse. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean. Genl. Char. Posterior cervical vertebrae with long inferior lat- eral processes; that of the fifth as long as the second; cranium broad, and one-fifth or less of the total length: fins short, one fifth total length. Neural arches and spines of dorsal and lumbar regions greatly elevated, the vertical diameter of the centrum in the 33d vertebra; being 9.75 inches, and the height of the arch and spine 17.87 inches; the position of the zygapophysis measuring half the elevation. Ribs, 14 pairs. Color. Only skeleton preserved. Measurements. Total length, 50 feet. Breadth of cranium from the tips of orbital processes, 6.41 feet; between coronoids of mandi- ble. 5.75 feet: height of scapula, 29.6 inches, breadth, 44.4 inches. 12. versabilis. {Megaptera), Cope. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, P- 15- Type locality. Northwest coast of America. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, California to Alaska. Genl. Char. Pectoral fins between one-third and one-fourth the total length; pectoral and gular folds 26. Color. Above black, and in the most typical form the belly •• is said to be entirely black " (Cope. 1. c. ) ; external face oj the pectorals black. AGAPHELUS BALAENOPTERA. II 8. Agiiplielus. Agaphelus. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. I'hil., iS6.s. p. 223. Type B. gib/'osus, Erxl. " Fingers four, elongate, cervical vertebra', lumbar and anterior caudal vertebra longer than their greatest diameter. Dorsal fin wanting. Gular and pectoral region without folds. Scapula with well-developed acromion and coracoid. Baleen narrow, short." 13. gibbosus. (Ba/cFHii), Erxleb. S\st. Regn. .\nim. Mamm,, 1777, p. 610. rostrata. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S67, p. 147, (Part). Geogr. Distr. North .\tlantic Ocean, south on North American coast to New Jersey. Genl. Char. Mandibular ramus triangular in section with an inferior angulated ridge and a broad slightly concave face. Lamina tliin, each one having two others supplementary to it, bristles of these last longer and finer; ulna slender with a prominent rounded and flattened olecranon prolonged into a thin cartilaginous plate in the plane of the ulna. Color. Above black, beneath white; sides lead color with longi- tudinal shades of blackish. Fins, basal half, white, remainder black. Baleen creamy white, shaded with purple near the center of the base. yfeasuri-nitnts. Young about 43 feet. Sub. Fam. I. Balaenopteriuae. 9. Balaenoptera. Balaenoptera. Lacep. Hist. Nat. C^t., 1SC4, p. .\.\xvi. Type B. gib- bar. Desm. Fliysalus. Lacep. Hist, des C^tac. , 1S26, p. 37. Bettedenia. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 211. Sibbaldus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 222. Sibbaldius. Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 391. Cuvicrius. Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 164. Head small, flat, pointed, body elongate; baleen short, broad; pectoral small, narrow, pointed; dorsal small, falcate: cervical ver- tebra- free; skin of throat wrinkled. 14. acuto-rostrata. (Balienoptera), Lacep. Ann. Hist. Nat. Cetac , xii, V. I, 1803-4, p. 197, pi. 8. rostrata, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, p. 7. minor, Knox. Journ. Inst., 1834, p. 336. mondini, Capell. Mem. Acad. Bologn., 1877, vii, pi. 1-4. BALAENOPTERA. Fig. 3. Tympanic bones of Bal/enoptera acuto rostrata. Inner and outer surface. No. 289 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic, Davis Straits. Genl. Char. Smallest of the species; vertebrae, 48, eleven bearing ribs. Dorsal fin high, far forward on the body. Color. Above grayish black, beneath white including inferior side of flukes; inner sides of pectorals white, and a broad white band on outer side. Baleen yellowish white. Measurements. Total length, 30 feet. 15. davidsoni. {Baleenopiera), Scamni. Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 1872, iv, p. 269. Type locality. Admiralty Inlet, coast of Washington. Geogr. Distr. Mexico to Bering Straits, west coast of North America. Genl. Char. Head pointed, dorsal small, falcate: pectorals small, narrow; baleen pure white. Lamina;-, 270 on each side, not exceeding 10 feet in length. Color. Above dull black, beneath white; pectoral and caudal fins black above, white beneath; a white band across pectorals near their base. Gular folds 70, milky white, interspaces pinkish. Measurements. Total length, 27 feet; pectorals 4 feet i inch wide; height of dorsal 10 inches; width of flukes 7 feet 6 inches. 16. velifera. {Balienoptera), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., i86g. p. 16. Type locality. Shores of Oregon and California. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean; coast of California and Ore- gon, Commander Islands. Genl. Char. Size large, width of flukes one-fourth total length. BALAF.NOPTERA l;j Color. Above black or blackish brown, beneath milky white; baleen light lead color. Mt\xiiircments. Total length, 60 feet. a. — copei. borealis. Cope (nee Auct). in Scammon 303, fig. p. 37. Type locality. Shumagin Islands, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Nortiiern Seas and Aleutian Islands. Genl Char. "Dorsal fin large and high; flukes black in some, white below in others, and in a few, white on external parts of flukes." CoL'r. Black above, milky white beneath. 17. physalus. {Bahena), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 106. hoops, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 106. rorqual, Lacep. C6t., 1804, pp. 37, 126. dugttidi, Heddle, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 187. communis, Van Ben. Bull. Acad. Brux., ser. i, 1S57, i, p. 403. kno.xii. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 212. Gcogr. Disir. Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, Mediterranean Sea. On North American coast from Greenland to New Jerse)'. Genl. Char. Flippers relatively short; baleen short, narrow. N'ertebr*, 62; ribs 16 pairs. Color. Above grayish slate, beneath white. Baleen slate color variegated with yellow and brown. Measitremen/s. Total length, 65 to 70 feet. 18. bore.ilis. Less. Hist. Nat. C(5t., 1828, p. 342. Gei'gr. Dist. Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, Mediterranean Sea. Genl. Char. Size less than B. physalus: flippers very small, one- eleventh of total length. Vertebra;, 55; ribs 14 pairs. Colcr. Above bluish black, with light colored oblong spots; beneath white. Flippers and tail black. .Measurements. Total length, 50 feet. 19. musculus. {Bahena), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 106. physalus. Pall. Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., 1830, p. 290. sihbaldi. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1847, p. 92. tectirostris. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 17. T\pe locality. Coast of Yorkshire, England. Geogr. Distr. Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. Genl. Char. Size very large; flippers one-seventh of the total length of body. Dorsal fin small, placed far back on the body. \'ertebraj, 64; ribs 16 pairs. Color. General hue dark bluish gray, with small white spots on the breast. Baleen black. Measurements. Total length, 80 to 85 feet. 14 BALAENOPTERA. PHYSETER. 20. sulfureus. (Sihhii/ifiiis), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 20. Type locality. Northwest coast of America. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, shores of Cali- fornia northward. Genl. Char. Largest of living animals; body slender; pectorals small, short, ends rounded. Dorsal fin small, placed far back; baleen broad at base. Color. Above light brown or brownish black, sometimes whit ish; beneath yellow or sulphur hue. Baleen black or bluish black. Measurements. Total length, 95 feet; circumference, 39 feet; length of mandible, 21 feet; longest baleen, 4 feet; weight of baleen, 800 pounds; estimated weight of animal, 147 tons (Scammon). 21. stynegeri. {Mesoplodon), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 584, Pl- 25- Type locality. Coast of the Commander Islands. Geogr. Distr. Bering Sea. Genl. Char. Skull: "Brain case little less than half the length of the skull. No basi-rostral groove. Premaxillary foramen pos- terior to the maxillary foramen. Premaxillary bones not grooved in front of the foramen, assuming a nearly vertical position anterior to the middle of the back; not greatly expanded laterally back of the nares. Occipital bone plane above the condyles, concave at the vertex. Exposed portion of vomer less than one-fifth the length of the beak." (True, 1. c). Only the skull known. Fam. II. Physeteridae. Upper jaw without functional teeth; those in mandible various, number often reduced. Pterygoids meeting on the median line, and hollowed on outer side. Transverse processes of the arches of dor- sal vertebrae cease near the end of the series and are replaced at a lower level by processes on the body. Costal cartilages not ossified, cranium elevated into a prominent crest behind the nares. Cranium assymmetrical around narial openings. Sub. Fam. I. Physeterinae. 10. Physeter. -^=^ to -^^=^ =40 to 50. 20 — 20 25 — 25 ' -^ Physeter. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 107. Ty^e P. macrocephalus. Linn. Tursio. Fleming, Phil. Zool., 1822, 11, p. 211. Upper teeth rudimentary; lower jaw with 20 to 25 on each side, short conical, pointed and recurved; posterior and lateral edges of LIBRARY UNIVERSIIV Of ILU FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM- ZOOLOGY, F i Hyperoodon rostratus. No. 42 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nearly ? nat. size. Lower Surface. Upper Surf.\ce. PHYSETER. HYPEROODON. 15 cranium raised into a compressed, semicircular crest. Cranium above concave. Rostrum elongated, its base broad and thence tapering to tip. Mandible long and narrow, the sj-mphysis being more than half the length of the ramus. Vertebrae 50. Zygomatic process of jugular, thick, massive. Fig. 4. Physeter macrocephalus — Lower Jaw. No. 2^6 Field Columbian Museum Coll. 22. macrocephalus. {PhyseUr), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 107. Type locality. North Atlantic. Geogr. Distr. All seas. Genl. Char. Size enormous. Head about one-third the length of body, high, truncated, compressed in front ; blow hole longitu- dinal, placed to the left of the median line on the upper end. Color. Above black, shading gradually on the sides into the gray of the under parts. Occasionall)^ specimens are piebald. Measurements. Total length of adult 55 to 60 feet, female much smaller. 11. nyperoodon. Hyperoodon, Lacep. Hist. Nat. Cdt., 1804, p. xliv. Type /i^. hutskopf Bonn.,=/r. rostratus Miill. Upper part of head anterior to blow hole rising abruptly from above the snout ; upper ends of premaxillae rise and expand laterally and overhang the nares ; nasals concave along median line and ante- riorly their outer edges expand over the front of inner border of the 16 HYPEROODON. ZIPHIUS. maxillae, particularlj' on the right side. At base of rostrum are high longitudinal crests on the maxills approximate in middle line and extending backward nearly to the nares. Cervical vertebree coalesced. Vertebrae 45. 23. rostratus. {Balcend), Mull. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, p. 7. biiientatus, Bonn. C^tol., 1789, p. 25. hutskopf, Bonn. Cetol., 1789, p. 25. anarnacus, Desm. Mamm., 1820, p. 550, No. 780. hunteri, Desm. Mamm., 1820, p. 520, No. 782. latifrons, Graj', Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 27, pi. 4. hyperobdon, Schleg. Zoogd. Nederl., 1870, p. 94, pi. 18. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic, Davis Straits, Hudson Straits. Genl. Char. Contour of head, rounded, high above the beak, and descending abruptly to it anteriorly. In old males the anterior part of the head resembles a flat disc-like surface nearly covering or burying the beak and nearly at right angles to the line of the back. Other characters those of the genus. Color. Old Adult. Yellowish, anterior part of head white, and a white band around the neck; beneath grayish white. Young, black; mature animals, light brown. Measurements. Total length 30 feet, 20 in circumference. 13. Ziphius. 1—1 Ziphius. Cuv. Oss. Foss., 1823, 2d ed., v, p. 352. Type Z. caviros- tris, Cuv. Aliama. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 242. Petrorhynchus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 524. Ziphiorhynchus. Burm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866, p. 94. On either side of the mandible at anterior end is a single conical tooth, directed upwards and forwards. Rostrum triangular, tapering from base to apex; edges of maxillae at base of rostrum raised into roughened tuberosities. " Premaxillae immediately in front of and at the sides of the nares expanded, hollowed and with elevated lateral margins, the posterior ends rising to the vertex and curving forwards, the right being considerably more elevated than the left; the conjoint nasals forming a strongly pronounced symmetrical eminence at the top of the cranium, projecting forwards over the nares, flat above, most prominent and rounded in the middle line in front, and sepa- rated by a notch on each side from the premaxillae. Anteorbital notch not distinct." (Flower.) Vertebrae, 49, the three anterior cer- vicals united. ZIPHIUS. MESOPLOUON. 17 24. cavirostris. {/.iplnus), Cuv. Oss. Foss, 1823, v. 2nd. ec], p. 353. Gio^r. Distr. All seas. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Color. Spec, from Nice. "Steel gray with nnnierous irregular white streaks, beneath white." Measurement. <:. Total length 16 feet. Color. Specimen supposed to be of the same species taken at Warrington, New Zealand, vide Trans. Zool. Soc, 1889, p. 241. Upper parts, dorsal and flippers and upper part of flukes, purple black; sides of head before eye, and upper lip, dark brown shading below into the white of the throat. Lower jaw dark brown; throat anteriorly brownish. Under side of flukes white. Small white area from angles of mouth backward. Three oblique folds each side of the throat. Measurements. Total length. 15 feet 11 111.; dorsal, 8 in.; widths at bases, i.i; flipper on lower borilt-r, 1.7; width, 5.5. l.'i. 31es()i>lo(loii. Mesoplodon. Gerv. .\nn. Scien. Nat., 1850, 3rd. ser. xiv., p. 16. Type D. soiccrbiensis. Blainv. Mandible with a compressed pointed tooth on either side at some distance from anterior extremity directeti upwards, sometimes back- wards and frequently of large size. Rostrum long, narrow; mesoth- moid ossified in old animals, coalescing with adjacent bones. Region about nares like Hyperocidon, the nasals narrower and more sunken. Vertebra', 46 to 48. Fig. 5. Mesoplodon oensirostris. Skull. From Flower and Lydekkcr "Mammals living and extii 18 MESOPLODON. MONODON 25. bidens. [P/irse/c-r), Sowerby, Brit. Miscell., 1804, i, p. r. sowerbyi and so7verbiensis, Blainv. Nouv. Diet., ix. 181 7, p. 177. epidon, Desm. Mamm., 1821, p. 521, No. 786. dalei, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom., 1825, p. 139. micropteriis, Cuv. Regn. .^nim., 1829, i, p. 288. Type locality. Coast of Elginshire, England. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic. Genl. Char. Head higher than broad, forehead swollen; beak flat and rounded at tip. Eyes large; ear openings very small; pec- toral small, ovate; dorsal elevated, falcate; tail triangular bi-lobed; vertebrae, 38. Color. Brownish lead color, belly bluish ash. Measurements. Total length of male, 16 feet, female 15 feet: length of her head, 2. 7 in. , pectoral, 1.6 in. ; dorsal, o. 10 in., height of dorsal, .11 in. Fani. 111. Delpliiiiidae. F. W. True. A Review of the family DelphinidiC, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus. 1889, No. 36, p. 1-191, pts. 1-47. Scammon. The Marine Mammals of Northwest North America, 1874, p. 40. Facial portion of skull produced into a beak; teeth numerous in both jaws; anterior ribs articulated to the transverse process by a tubercle; sternal ribs ossified. Lacrymal not distinct from thejugal; pterygoids short, thin, and form with a process of the palate the outer wall of the post palatine air-sinus. Sub Fam. I. Delphinapterinae. 14. Moiiodoii. Monodon. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 105. Type M. monoceras, Linn. Ceratodon. Briss. Regn. Anim., 1762, i, p. 231. Diodon. Storr. Prodr. Mamm., 1780, p. 42. Narvalus. Lacep. Hist. Nat. C6t., 1804, p. 163. Oryx. Oken. Lehrb. Naturg., 1815, p. 672. Teeth produced in two twisted ivory tusks, generally concealed in the female, and in the male only a single tooth is greatly developed, usually the one on the left side, projecting horizontally, pointed and marked with spiral grooves. Head short, rounded; dorsal rudimen- tary; pectoral short, broad. Pterygoids not meeting, but approxi- mating posteriorly. Vertebra- distinct, 50. MONODON. DELPHINAPTERUS. 26. monoceras. (J/('//('i/('«), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 105. 7'ii/garis, Lacep. Hist. Nat. Cet. , 1804, p. 142. andenoiiii, Lacep. Hist. Nat. C^t., 1804, p. 163, pi. g, fig microcc/'ha/in, Flem. Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1811, t. Type locality. Greenland Sea. Geogr. Diitr. Arctic seas. Getil. Char. Same as those of the genus. Color. Above dark gray, mottled with gray on sides and back; beneath white. Mcasurcmt-nts. Total length, 3915; tip of snout to pectoral, 762; length of pecto- ral, 381; greatest breadth of same, 17. Skull; total length, 54; length of rostrum, 23.7; breadth of same at base, 22; at mid- dle, 13.7: interorbital breadth, 34.4; length of temporal fossa;, 15.2. Developed tooth often reaches a length of seven or eight feet. 15. Delphinapterus. ?^ to ^^^^ = 32 to 40. S— 8 10—10 -■ ^ Oelphinapterus. Lacep. Hist. Nat. Cet., 1804, p. xli. Type D. heluga, Lacep. No dorsal fin, middle of back arched; head globose: pectorals, short, broad, pointed; teeth standing apart, small, coni- cal and pointed, crowns inclined forwards. Skull elongated, depressed, narrow; ros- trum broad at base, narrowing toward tip where it is recurved. Vertebras, 50. 27. leucas. (Z?6-/////«//i), Pall. Raise, Kunl., 1776, III, p. 85, pi. 74. catodon, (Linn.) Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 10. beluga, Lacep. Hist. C(5t., 1804, p. 50. albicans, (Klein). Briss. R. Anim., 17, P- 259- canadensis, Desm 1822, p. 516. Fig. 6. MONODON monoceraS. 2nd Pt., From KloworandLeydekker- Mam- Mamm mals living and e.\tinct. angustata. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1859, p. 25 rhinodon, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 278 20 DELPHINAPTERUS. PHOCAENA, conotta. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 278. declivis. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S65. p. 278. Type loiality. Coast of Siberia. Geogr. Diitr. Arctic and sub-Arctic seas. South to Cape Cod, Mass. Genl. Char. Pterygoids appro,ximating towards their ends, but not meeting: intermaxills broad somewhat convex, sometimes extend- ing to posterior wall of the superior nares. Other characters same as those of the genus. Color. All white. Measurements. Total length 3483; tip of snout to pectoral, 736; length of pectoral, 410; breadth of same, 255. Skull: total length, 53.3: length of rostrum, 26.4: breadth at base, 18.3; at middle, 9.9; interorbital breadth, 27.2: length of temporal fossae, 15.2. 16. Phocaena. 25—25 Phocsena. Cuv. Regn. Anim., 1817, i, p. 279. Type Z>. ///(;<(r//(j, Linn. Rostrum short, broad, tapering towards apex, premaxillas raised into tubercles before the nares: nasals flat: mandibular symphysis short; teeth small, crowns spade-shape, occupying nearly the entire length of rostrum; the neck of each tooth constricted: pterygoids sep- arated on median line: head not beaked: dorsal fin small, blunt spines often seen on the anterior margin: pectoral fins ovate: first to sixth cervical vertebrae coalesced. 28. communis. {Phoaena), Cuv. Regn. .\nim., 1817, p. 279. phocana, {Delphinits), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 77. vomerina, Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 178. brachycium. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scienc. Phil., 1865, p. 279. ? lineata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scienc. Phil., 1876, pp. 134, 135. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic to North Pacific Oceans. United States coasts. Maine to New Jersej-. and Puget Sound to Glacier Bay, Alaska. Genl. Char. Slender: dorsal fin anterior to middle of the length, triangular, posterior margin concave, anterior about straight, with sometimes a row of tubercles. Jaws of equal length. Color. Upper parts slate or blackish, grading on sides into the white of lower parts. Sides somewhat tinged with yellow or pink. Narrow dark line from corner of mouth to anterior base of pectoral, and a broad dark band often extends from lower jaw half way to the pectoral. I IRK UN! PHOCAENA. ORCINUS Measurements. Total length, 1727; length of mouth, 121; end of snout to dorsal, 737; length of pectoral, 178; height of dorsal, I02: width of flukes, 31.7. Skull: total length, 293; length of ros- trum, 137; width of beak at base. 85; at middle, 55: interorbital breadth, 137; length of temporal fossa, 6. 2Q. dalli. {Phoctena), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1885. p. 95, pis. 2-6. J'ype locality. Strait west of Adakh Island, Aleutian group. Geogr. Dislr. North Pacific Ocean, Alaska; Aleutian Islands. Genl. Char. Lower jaw longer than upper. Head sloping, dor- sal fin moderate, falcate, placed anterior to middle of total length, anterior margin with small tubercles. Dorsal and ventral margins of body with prominent ridges, teeth small; vertebrao, 97. Fig. 7. Phoccena dalli. From True. Kev. Delphinida-. Drawinn by \V. H. Dall. Color. Black: belly and lower half of sides from anterior margin of dorsal to behind vent, white streaked with fine dark lines. Dorsal tipped with white. Measurements. Total length, 1S29: tip of snout to dorsal, 698; length of mouth, 88: of pectoral, 203; height of dorsal, 152; breadth of flukes, 47. Skull: total length, 333: length of beak, 140: breadth at base, 95; at middle, 57; interorbital breadth, 165: length of tooth line, 127: depth of temporal fossa, 25. 1 7. Orcimis. ■^^'^ =48. 12—12 ^ Orcinus l-'itzin. VViss-Populaire Naturgesch, Siiugeth., i860, vi., pp. 204, 217. Type O. gladiator, Bonnat. 22 ORCINUS. PSEUDORCA, Orca. Gray Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 33 (nee Wagl, 1830). Teeth very large, stout, occupying nearly the entire length of the rostrum which is broad and elongated, flattened above and rounded anteriorly. Pterygoids separate, premaxillse concave before the nares, narrow in the middle and widening towards end. Head depressed; no beak; dorsal large, prominent, pointed; pectoral fins large, ovate. First and second vertebra?, sometimes the third, coa- lesced. Vertebra^, 52. 30. gladiator. {Delphinus), Bonnat. Cdt., 1789, p. 23. arctiais and europaus, Gerv. & Van Ben. Ost. Cet., 1804, p. 314. schlegelii, Lilljeb. Roy, Soc. , 1866, p. 235. latirosiris, Gerv. Ost. C^t. , i858, p. 543. stenorhyncha, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1870. p. 74. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Geogr. Distr. All seas. Genl. Char. Size large, characters those of the genus. Color. Upper portion of head and body, and all of the fins black; under jaw, throat, breast and belly white; a white trident-shaped area extends back to the vent with one tine, the two others passing obliquely upwards and backward on the sides. A large white patch behind the eyes. Behind dorsal fin is a crescentic purple area. Measurtinents. Total length about 16 feet. 31. rectipinna. {Ona), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 22, figs. 15 and 16. atra. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, pp. 22, 58, fig- 17- Type locality. Pacific coast of United States. Geogr. Distr. Pacific Ocean. California to the Aleutian Islands. Genl. Char. Muzzle slightly acuminate, dorsal fin long, "six feet or more in larger males " placed one-third the length from muzzle. Color. Black; white beneath with white lines on the sides from e}'es to hinder margin of dorsal fin. Meastiri'wents. Total length about 20 feet; height of dorsal fin, 6 feet. 18. Pseudorca. ^: = 40. Pseudorca, Reinh. Overs. Dan. Sezsk. Forh., 1S62, p. 151. Type P. irassidcns, Owen. Rostrum short, broad, rostral portion of intermaxilla- truncated at distal end; pterygoids short, approximated on median line; teeth large, roots cylindrical. Vertebrs, 50; the first to sixth or seventh coa- ck, .ed; i6. !67. rom lod- 287; igth !, p. aiU. :on- ysis con- 60. ind; pi. ; and coa- PSEUDORCA. CLOBIOCEFHALUS j:! lesced. Pectoral fins moderate, pointed; dorsal near middle of back, moderate falcate. Head elevated before blow hole, compressed: snout truncated. 32. crassidens. {P/iocie»a), Oweu, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 1846, p. 516. meiidionalis, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 420. destructor. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scienc. Phil., 1866, p. 293. grayi, Burm. Ann. Mus. Pub. Buen. Aires., 1864-69. i, p. 367. pi. xxi. Type locality. Lincolnshire. England. Geogr. Distr. All seas. Genl. Char. Size large. No beak: head sloping gradually from blow hole to end of snout. Dorsal in center of length narrow, mod- erate; pectoral small. Color. All black. Measurements. Skull: total length. 595; length of rostrum, 287; breadth at base, 208; at middle, 18S; interorbital breadth, 333; length of temporal fossa. 191. 19. Globiocephaliis. ^ to "-- - 32 to 48. S— S 12-12 •> ^ Qlobiocephalus. Less. Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim., Mamm., .1842, p. 200. Type Delphinus deductor. Scoresby. — I), melas. Traill. Teeth, only on anterior half of rostrum and mandible, small con- ical, acute, curved. Rostrum short, broad: mandibular symphysis short: pterygoids in contact; skull broad, depressed: premaxilla> con- cave in front of nares; as wide at middle as at base. Vertebra;, 57-60. First five or six cervical vertebra' coalesced. Fore part of head round: dorsal low, triangular. ii. melas. inelphhius), Traill. Nichols. Jour, if^og, xxiii. pi. 3. glol>ree/>s, Cuv. Ann. Mus., 1S12, p. 14, pi. i, figs, i and 2. deductor, Scoresby, Arct. Reg., 1820, i, t, 13, fig. i. intermedius, Harl. Jour. .\cad. Nat. Scien. Phil.. 1829, p. 51, pi. I, fig. 13. incrassatus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1861, p. 309, fig i. macrorhynchus. Hector, (nee Gray), Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.vii, iS6i, pi. 16, figs. 3, 3a. Type locality. Coast of England. Geogr. Distr. North and South Atlantic Oceans, coast of Massa- chusetts and New York, eastern end of Long Island. Genl. Char. Teeth g to ||; vertebra?, 59-60. Maxillaries and intermaxillaries rugose anteriorly; second and third vertebrii coa- lesced. 24 GLOBIOCEPHALUS. GRAMPUS. Color. Black; a white area beneath. Measurements. Total length about 20 feet. 34. brachypterus. {Globioccphalus). Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1876, p. 129, fig. p. 131. Type locality. East coast of Delaware Bay, at the mouth of Maurice River. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic coast of North America, New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico and West Indies. Gcnl. Char. Pectoral fins one-sixth the total length of body; dorsal placed forward of middle length; teeth, %; vertebrae 57. Skull massive. Rostrum broad, the basal width greater than four-fifths total length; temporal fossae large, oval; intermaxillfe large and flat. Color. Entirely black. Measurements. Total length, 4648; tip of snout to dorsal, 1206; length of pectoral, 762; height of dorsal, 356; width of flukes, 1168. Skull: total length, 662; length of rostrum, 333; breadth at base, 288; at middle, 235; interorbital breadth, 45; length of temporal fossa, 163. 35. scammoni. {Globiocephalus), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 21. Type locality. Coast of Lower California. Geogr. Distr. Coasts of North and South America from Cali- fornia southward; occasionally going into high northern latitudes. Genl. Char. Similar to G. brachypterus; pectoral fins longer. Skull heavy: intermaxillae not projecting over the lateral margins of rostral portion of maxillae. Superior nares broad and bordered by narrow plates of the intermaxillae; pterygoids short, approximate. Color. Entirely black. Measurements. Total length, 4724; tip of snout to dorsal, 1372; length of pectoral, 864; width of flukes, 1007. Skull: total length. 690; length of rostrum, 340; breadth at base, 308; at middle, 252; interorbital breadth, 487; length of temporal fossa, 148. 30. Grampus. 5=5 to -^^^ = 6 to 28. ■\—-\ 14— u Grampus. Gray, Zool. of Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 30. Type D. griscus, Cuv. Rostrum moderate, expanding in front of ma.xillary notches, and tapering to tip; rostral portion of intermaxillarj' broad and rounded. No teeth in uppsr jaw. Pterygoids in contact, no beak: dorsal fin rather large, falcate: pectorals long, narrow, falcate: verte- brae, 68. LIBKARV UNIVER^illf Or Lagenorhynchus acutus. No. 45 Field Columbian Museum Coll. About V, nat. : GRAMPUS. LAGENORHYNCHUS. 25 36. griseus. {^J)(lphinus), Cuv. Ann. Mus. , 1812, p. 14, pi. 1, fig. i. rissoaniis, Desm. Mamm., 1822, p. 519. iiile-rmfiiiits, Harl. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1829, p. 51. ciivicri. Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1846, p. 85. siearnsii. Dall. Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 1873. v, p. 13. Type locality. Brest, coast of France. Geogr. Dislr. North Atlantic to North Pacific Oceans. Coasts of United States, Cape Cod to Atlantic Cit_v, New Jersey; California. Genl. Char. Head globose; beak indicated; lower jaw the short- er; mouth oblique; dorsal fin high, falcate: pectorals falcate, long. Flukes narrow. \'ertebrae, 68. Prenareal area elevated. Color. Head and anterior half of body light gray tinged with yellow; belly grayish white; body marked conspicuously with fine light-colored irregular lines. Back, dorsal fin and flukes, dark gray or blackish tinged with purple. Measurements. Total length, 2305 ; tip of snout to dorsal, 1270 ; length of pectoral, 604; height of dorsal, 407; breadth of flukes, 736. Skull: total length, 530: length of rostrum, 260; breadth at base, 205; at middle, 128; interorbital width, 342; length of temporal fossa, 133. ^1. Lageuorliyiicliiis. ^—— to ii^-i^ = 88 to 90. 22—22 4=^—45 "^ Lagenorhynchus. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 846, p. 34. Type Drlphinus Uiicopleiirus, Rasch. D. aciitus, Gray. Rostrum broad; rostral portion of intermaxillre flat, sometimes convex; pterygoids in contact or separate; teeth variable in size. \'er- tebrac, 73 to 92. Beak short; dorsal and pectorals moderate, falcate; caudal ridges prominent. 37. acutus. {Delphiiitis), Gray, Spicil. Zool., 1828, p. 2. esilirichtii, Schleg. Abh. Geb. Zool., 1841, p. 23. leucopleiiriis, Rasch. Nyt. Mag. for Naturv., 1843, Iv. p. 97, pis. 2, 3. arcticus. Gray, Syn. Cet., 1868, p. 7. perspicillatiis. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1876, p. 136, pi. 4. giibernalor. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1876, p. 136, pi. 4. Type loealily. Faroe Islands, North Sea. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic Ocean; northern coast of United States; Cape Cod, Greenland, Faroe Island, North Sea. Ge>il Char. Stout, forehead sloping ; beak a mere rim ; dorsal high, recurved, attenuated distally; pectorals broad at base, pointed; flukes large; caudal ridges greatly developed. LAGENORHYNCHUS. Color. Sides of head and body gra}-: upper jaw, forehtad, back of fins, black: sides of tail above, dusky yellowish ; below dorsal fin on sides, a white oblong area. From base of flukes to the dorsal fin, a narrow black line, and another from base of pectorals to corner of the mouth; orbital ring black, from which a line goes to the beak; vent black; base of flukes beneath and margin of tail whitish. Mar- gin of lower jaw occasionally black. Measiireinents. Total length, 2515: ends of snout to pectoral, 406; to dorsal, 939; length of pectoral, 330 ; breadth of flukes, 635. Skull: total length, 425; of rostrum, 216: breadth at base, 114: at mid- dle, 76: iaterorbital breadth, 216: length of temporal fossa, 84 ; depth, 43. 38. thicolea. {Lageiiorkync/uis), Gra}', Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 2. Type locality. West coast of North America. Geogr. Distr. West coast of North America. Genl. Char. "Rostrum long, narrow, greatest breadth one- fourth the length: intermaxilla^ flat, narrow; temporal fossa small, rounded; margins of proximal half of rostrum thickened; the superior surface of the maxillae in this part at a different angle from the plane of the distal half of the rostral part of the maxillae, which looks down- ward and forward." Only the skull known. Measurements. Skull: total length, 375; length of beak, 210: breadth at base, 97; at middle, 53; breadth of intermaxillae at same point, I'i; interorbital breadth, 163; length of temporal fossa, 56. 39. albirostris. {Delphinus), Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1846, p. 84. ibsenii, Eschricht. Undersogelser over Hvaldyrene 5te Afh., p. 73. Fig. 8. LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS. I e.v-Liitken. Kgl. Danske.Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter 6th Koekke IV. 1SS7. pi. 21 LAGENORHYNCHUS. DELPHINUS 27 Type locality. Coast of Norfolk, England. Geogr. Dislr. North Atlantic Ocean, Greenland. North and Baltic Seas, Faroe Islands, Davis Straits. Genl. Char. Similar inform to Z. acutiis, forehead more swollen; dorsal more attenuated and reclined: pectorals larger. Teeth, f|Z-|f ; vertebrae, 88-92. Color. Forehead, except base, back and fins, black: sides gray- ish black; beneath, white. Base of forehead, beak and mandible."^, white tinged with graj'. On sides, three irregular areas, one above base of pectoral, one below insertion of anterior margin of dorsal, and one below the insertion of the posterior margin of dorsal, white mottled with black, gray and brown. Behind the blow hole on back and near the insertion of the flukes on the tail are similar light areas. Flukes beneath, graj'ish. Measuraiu'iils. Total length, 1664; end of snout to base of dor- sal, 762; height of dorsal, 152: length of pectoral, 305: breadth of flukes, 381. Skull: total length, 460: length of rostrum, 229; breadth at base, 152 : at middle, 87 : interorbital width, 235 ; length of tem- poral fossa, 79. 40. obliquidens. {Lagfnorliyiiiliits). Gill, Proc. .•Xcad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 177. longidfiis. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1866, p. 295. similis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 147. Type locality. Coast of California. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, Monterey to Puget Sound, coast of United States. Genl. Char. Rather stout; dorsal falcate; skull similar to that of /. aculi/s, but narrower, prema.xillae rounded, outer margins not sinuate: pterygoid not meeting on median line, divergent posteriorly: vomer visible in median line of palate. Teeth, f|J^f; vertebrte, 74. Color. Above, black, or greenish black; broad strips of white, gray and black on the sides; beneath, white. Posterior edge of dor- sal and flukes tipped with grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 2210; breadth of flukes, 610: end of snout to anterior base of dorsal, 914. Skull: total length, 413; length of rostrum, 209; breadth at base, 118: at middle, 81; interorbital breadth, 192: length of temporal fossa, 84; depth of same, 68. 22. Delpliiiiu8. i2=i? to ^^= 160 to 240. 40—40 60—60 ' Delphinus, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 77. Type D. dclphis, Linn. EuJelphinus, Gerv. Ost^og. des C^taces. 1880, p. 600. 28 DELPHINUS. TURSIOPS. Teeth occupj'ing nearh' all the rostrum, numerous in both jaws, conical, acute, curving; rostrum twice the length of brain case; ptery- goids meeting on median line for their entire length; palate grooved deeply laterally; pectoral fin moderate, falcate. 41. delphis. {De/phtiiiis), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 77. fulvo-fasciaiiis, Wagn. Schreb. Saugth., pi. 361, fig. i. novcB-zelandicv, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol., Mam., 1830, p. 149. jaitira, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 41, pi. 23. albritianiis, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mam., 1848, v, iii, p. 33. algeriensis, Loche. Rev. Mag. Zool., i860, p. 474, pi. 22, fig. i. forsteri, Gray, Cat. Cat., 1866, p. 24S. major, moorei &= ivalkeri, Gray, Cat. Cat., 1866, pp. 396, 397. poiiii'cgm, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. , 1866, vi, p. 23, pis. 6, 8. hairilii, Dall. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Scien., 1873, v, p. 12. micro/is, Burm. (nee Gray), Desc. Phys. Argent., 1879, in, p. 534. fiisci/s, sowerhianiis, variegaius, batteaius, moschatiis (La Font). Fisch. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., 1881, v, p. 127, pis. 4, 5, 6. marginal iis^ La Font, (nee Pucher). Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., vi, p. 518. curvirostris, Riggio, Nat. Sicil., 1883, 11, p. 157, pi. 3. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, etc. GcnI. CItar. Body slender, forehead forming an angle to the beak, which is long and slender; dorsal fin in the center of dorsal line, narrow; pectorals three times longer than broad, pointed. Color. Very variable. Upper parts black and blackish gray, beneath white or greenish white; black, gray or greenish band from lower jaw to base of pectoral fin; orbital ring black, from which a black band extends forward to the base of the beak. Margin of lower jaw black. Elongated areas of light festoons of gray on sides trav- ersed by two longitudinal bands of gray or greenish gray. Measuremcnis. Total length, 1382,-2008; length of pectoral, 280,-305; width of flukes, 393,-450: height of dorsal, 177,-203; blow hole to end of nose, 330,-356. 33. Tursiops. ?i=Hto?5=?5 ^ 8 to IOC. 21—21 25 — 25 ^ Tursiops. Gerv. Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1855, 11, p. 323. Type D. tiirsio. Fabric. Tiirsio, Gray, (nee Wagl). Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 254. Rostrum with moderate taper; no groove in palate; mandibular symphysis short, teeth stout; vertebra, C. 7, D. 13, L. 17, C. 27 = 64. Dorsal lin high, falcate. !ly dis- 3ulf of ne has 'urple, . 232; width length idth of 13- South- unded lower ■gin of iion of maxil- length ), 169. I)- 5- s sep- small, I TURSIOPS. LISSODELPHIS. 29 42. tursiu [/)t-//>/ii»us). Fabric. Faun. Groenl., 1780, p. 49. triincatiis, Montagn, Mem. Wern. Soc, 1821, iii, p. 73. compressicaiiJa, Less. Cut., 1828, p. igg. communis, Fitzin. (nee Cuv). Carr. Dalm., 184b, p. 75. metis. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 38, pi. 17. cymodice. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 38, pi. 17. eurynome. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, pi. 38, pi. 18. Type locality. Coast of Greenland. Geogr. Dislr. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Seas — wiiiely dis- tributed. .Atlantic coast of .\tlantic states, Maine to Florida; Gulf of Mexico. Genl. Char. Practicall)' those of the genus. Frontal bone has no backward extension and the parietal is broad inferiorly. Co/or. Upper parts of fins plumbeous gray tinged with purple, grading on sides into the pure white of the underparts. Measurements. Total length skull, 432; length of beak, 232; greatest breadth of beak, 108: length of tooth line, 195; width between interorbitals, igi; length of mandible, 365. Total length of animal, 2907; of mouth, 319; height of dorsal fin, 229; breadth of flukes, 612. 43. gillii. (Tursio/>s), Dall, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 1873, v, p. 13. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean and along shores of South- ern and Lower California. Genl. Char. Optic canal not reaching the level of the rounded antero-internal border of the deeply concave frontal, and the lower part of the parietal is a narrow band between the anterior margin of the squamosal, and the posterior margin of a backward extension of the frontal. Color. " Black all over, lightened a little below." .\feasurements. Length of beak, 298: breadth at base of maxil- lary vertebr.T, 141; at the middle, 88; length of tooth line, 254; length of mandible, 427. 2\. Lissoclelphis. idzi! to 44:^4 ^ 1-6 to 182. 44—44 47—47 Lissodelphis. Glog. Hand-u Hilfsbuch d. Xaturgesch., i84i,p, 169. Type /). peronii Lacepede. Tursio, Wagl. Nouv. Syst. Amph. 1830, p. 34 (nee Fleming). Delphinapterus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 35. Dorsal fin absent. Rostrum long, tapering, flat; pterygoids sep- arate; margins parallel; mandibular symphysis short; teeth small, acute. Beak short, narrow; pectoral fins falcate. 30 LISSODELPHIS. PRODELPHINUS. 44. borealis \Dclphinapterus), Peale U. S. Expl. Exp., Mamm., 1S48, p. 35, pi. viii, fig. 2. Crc-oxr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, San Diego, coast of Cali- fornia to Bering Sea. Genl. Char. Slender; lower jaw longer than upper, decurved at extremity; flukes small, symphysis of mandible not keeled. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, coast of California, Japan. Color. Lozenge-shaped area on a line between the pectorals and flukes, end of lower jaw and lower sides of flukes white or clouded with white, remaining parts black. Measurements. Total length, 2464; end of snout to pectoral, 635; length of pectoral. 305; breadth of flukes, 406. Skull: total length, 437; length of rostrum, 240; breadth of rostrum at base, no; at mid- dle. 56; interorbital breadth, 176; length of temporal fossa, 71. 35. Prodelphimis. ^~- tn •°~"° = 120 to 200. 30—30 •■" fo— 50 Prodelphinus. Gerv. , Ostdog., des C^tac^s. 1880, p. 604. Type P. dubius, Cuv. C/ymene, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864. p. 237 (nee Oken et Savi, 1815-17)- Chrnenia, Gray, Syn. Whales and Dolphins, 186S, p. 6 (nt Munst., 1839). Teeth smaller than those of Tursiops. Rostrum long, narrow; no groove in palate. Vertebrs, 73-78. Symphysis of mandible, short. Beak elongated. Dorsal and pectoral fins falcate. 45. euphrosine. {Delpkinns), Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846. p. 40, pi. 22. Styx, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 39, pi. 2. tethyos, Gerv. Bull. Soc. Agr. Herault, 1853, xl, p. 150. pi. i. marginatus, (Duvern). Pucher. Rev. Zool., 1854, p. 547. doreides. Gray, Cat. Cet., 1866, p. 400. euphrosinoides. Gray, Synops. Whales and Dolphins, 1868, p. 6. nova-zelandiiT. Hector, (nee Gray), Trans. N. Z. Inst., v, p. 159. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean, South Greenland, Mediterranean Sea. Genl. Char. Body stout, beak long; dorsal fin high, falcate; pec- torals small. Color. Above black; sides blackish, beneath white; orbital ring black; black band from eye to vent and one going downward and backward above base of the pectorals; this black band is divided from the dark color above bv a white band which is broadest in the middle LUM8IAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. Vv V ^^^BmL; W^ PrODElPHINUS EUFHROSYN,e (GrAY). LlaSODELPHIS BOREALIS. tie (From Gray, Synopsis of Whales and Dolphins, iS6S, pi. 22.) No. 303 Field Columbian Museum Coll. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINUlb URDANA PRODELPHINUS. :U Broad black band from ej-e to base of pectoral with white area in its center that joins the white throat below the eye. Fins black, mar- gined anteriorly with white. .\ft-asitrt-mc-nts. Total length. 2097; end of beak to base of dor- sal. 932; breadth of flukes. 420; anterior margin of pectoral fin, 305. 46. crotaphiscus. (/)c-//>/iifi//s). Cope, Proc. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865. p. 203. Ty/>r localily. Unknown Type, skull in the museum at Salem. Mass. Geoi^r. Dish-. Unknown. Gen/. Char. Muzzle flat, carina in front of blow holes; small temporal fossa, only a trace of the groove in roof of mouth. Paroc- cipital ala- moderately developed; inner margin of glenoid cavity pro- duced into a lamina; palatines terminating next the orbits, sphinoids in a free keel and with a strong lateral keel. 47. plagiodon. ^Dc/phinus). Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 296. Ty/ie locality. Eastern coast of United States. Gedgr. Distr. Atlantic coast of the United States, Cape Hat- teras to Gulf of Mexico. Genl. Char. Dorsal fin high, recurved; pectoral tins broad at base: beak stout. FiG. 9. PrODELPMINUS PLAGIODON. . Dclphinidae, from photo, of specimcQ taken on I'. S. steaii Color, .\bove purplish gray, shading on the sides into the white of the underparts. Upper parts and fins spotted with white or gray; lower parts spotted with dark gray. Measurements. Total length, 2157: length of mouth, 2S0; of pec- toral fin, 304; end of beak to dorsal, 337: height of dorsal, 241; breadth of flukes, 527. 32 PRODELPHINUS. 48. fraenatus. {Dflphinus), Cuv. Mamm., 1825, pi. 426. frontalis, (Duss). Cuv. Regn. Anim., 1829, i, p. 288. doris. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 39, pi. 20. clymene. Gray, Cat. Cet., 1866, p. 249. normalis. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1866, p. 214. Geogr. Dis/r. Atlantic to Indian Oceans. Genl. Char. Similar to P. plagiodon, but smaller. Vertebrae 70. Color. Above dark, grading on sides into the white of belly; sides and fins spotted. Measurements. Total length 1572; end of beak to dorsal, 858; to pectoral, 390; length of skull, 376; of rostrum, 218; breadth of ros- trum at base, 89; interorbital breadth, 164; length of temporal fossa, 71. LIBRARY b?ilV£K:-,:'V m ir!.||\jO!S DiCOTYLES TAJaCU. No. --.b Field Columbian Museum Coll. '2 uat. ()idic*<>tylidae. Snout elongated, truncated, flat terminal naked surface in which the nostrils are situated. Stomach complex: cifcum present. Sub. Fam. I. Dicotylinae. 2tyles. I. -:zi; C. ~; P. '"'; M. ^^ = 38. 3-3 i-i' 3-3' 3-3 ■' Dicotyles. Cuv. Regn. Anim., i, 1817, p. 237. Incisor rooted; upper canines pointed downwards, with sharp cutting edges. Four toes on fore feet, three on hind feet. Upper outer incisor and anterior premolar of both jaws wanting. Third and fourth metapiodials united at their upper ends. Ears small, erect. Bodv covered with bristly hair. Musky gland in middle of back. 49. tajacu. (.S//J), Linn. Syst. Nat., i, 1766. p. loj. Type locality. Mexico. GfOf;r. Distr. Red River of Arkansas, latitude 34 south through Mexico, Central and South America to the Rio Negro of Patagonia. iienl. Char. A white collar on either side of tlie neck; size small. Color. Hairs bristly, banded with black and white, the tips being always black, making the upper parts and sides appearing a mixed black and white. Black predominates on face, along the mane and the median line of the dorsal region. The throat, underparts, legs. ears and a patch behind ears, nose and hoofs black. Band extend- ing from either side of neck over shoulders and meeting on back whitish; legs dark brown, sometimes the sides of hoofs are horn color. .\fiasiirc-menls. Total length, 865; head, 280; height at shoulder, S13: tail vertebrae, 12. Fam. II. Cerviilae. Antlers solid, always present on the male, sometimes on the female, first molar in upper and lower jaws brachyodont; lach- rymal bone prevented from articulating with the nasals by an exten- sive anteorbital vacuity; lachrymal duct with two orifices at or inside rim of orbit; lateral hoofs nearly always present on all of the feet. Upper canines generally present; no gall bladder. Svib. Fani. I. Cervinae. 27. Cerviis. I. °^; C. '^; P. ■^; M. i=^ = 34. 4-4 0—0 3—3' 3-3 Jt Cervus. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 66. Antlers only present in male, supported by short pedicles, rising at acute angles to the median line of skull; never regularly forked at first division, and furnished with tines; brow tine present; no ridges on frontals; canine teeth large in American species; lateral metacar- pals only represented by the upper ends. 50. canadensis. Erxl. Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 305. s/roi2gyiiH-cros, Schreb. Saugeth., v, p. i, pi. ccxlviii. wapiti. Barton, Am. Phil. Trans., 1869, p. 70. Type locality. Eastern Canada. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico to Brit- ish Columbia, and from the eastern base of the range westward to about i20th meridian. East of the westward borders of the great plains it is practically extinct, although it may still linger in northern Minnesota and possibly in North Dakota. Genl. Char. Size very large; antlers with often more than five tines; curving backwards, flattened in upper portion; fourth tine long- est; brow and bez tines close together and of nearly equal length; crowns sometimes cup-shaped, caudal disk enormous; mane devel- oped, tail short. Tarsal gland absent, metatarsal present. Lachry- mal large, naked. Color. Siimnu-r Pelage. Head, neck and underparts verv dark chestnut brown, sometimes black beneath; sides, back and thighs yellowish gray; a white or straw-colored patch on rump uniting with white between the hind legs, the lower border of this patch being black; legs clove brown. Individuals vary considerably in color. Winter Pelage. Resembles the summer in color, but the hairs are much longer and there is a heavy under coat of fur. Measuremtnts. Height at withers, 1627; total length, 2973; nose to occiput, 558; tail vertebra, 213. The dimensions vary greatly and those of one specimen are hardlj- a criterion for others. Antlers. Length along outside curve from 1448 to 1655; circum- ference about bez tine 183-237; tip to tip, 622-1650; widest inside, 902-1398. a. — orcidenlalis. [Cerrus), Smith, Griff, .\nim. King., 1827, iv, pp. 101-103. roosepelti, Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., [897, p. 271. Tvpe locality. Northwestern America, no definite locality given. FIELD COLUMBIAN Ml :iELO COLUMBIAN MUSEUM, I Cervus canadensis No. 62 Field Columbian Museum Cull. .\bou LlBRm UNimm OF ILLINOIS %"' 4i Rangifer caribou. No. 6i Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nearly J nat. size. CERVUS RANGIFER. SS Geogr. Dish. \'ancouver Island, coast ranges of Washington and Oregon to northwestern California. (i?. /iiroiu/us. Linn. Lateral metacarpals represented only by the lower extremities. Both sexes bearing antlers; brow tines palmated, compressed later- ally, advancing over middle of face and rarely symmetrical; a second or bez tine above the brow tine, also palmated; about midway its length the beams beud forward, and here, posteriorly, is a small tine, and the beam ends in a large palmation with numerous points. Ant- lers of female much smaller, lighter and simpler. Muzzle entirely hairy; ears and tail short: mane on neck. Tarsal gland present, meta- tarsal absent. No upper canines. Hoofs deeply cleft. 51. caribou. {Crmts), Gmel. Syst. Nat., i, 1788, p. 177. Idramhis sy/restris. Rich. Faun. Bor. .\mer. , 1829. p 250. ha.<:/ii/is, .\gass. Sillim. Jour . 1847. p. 436. Tyf't- locality. Boreal eastern North America. Geo,^r. Pistr. Labrador, Lower Canada, south to Nova Scotia, New Brimswick and Maine in the east: west through the districts north of Quebec and Lake Superior to Montana and British Colum- bia, in forest lands. Gen/. Char. Size large: antlers stout, flat, palmation very con- siderable; one brow tine usually simple. Colors dark on body and limbs: no light ring around eye. Color. Summer Pela^^e. Rump, tail, underparts and inside legs p\ire white; outside of legs dark brown: head, neck and remaining p;irts clove brown, sometimes reddish; black patch on cheek and 36 RANGIFER. around eye, and white band above hoofs enclosing lateral hoofs behind. Winter Pehige. Head and neck white, or whitish, rest of coat grayish ash. Measurtimn/s. Total length, 1933; height at withers. 106S: ears, 127. 52. terraenovae. {Ran^i;!/er). Bangs, Boston, Private Pub., 1896, — Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, 1896, p. 233. Type locality. Grand Lake, Newfcflindland (Allen), Codroy, New- foundland (Bangs). Geogr. Distr. Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Antlers massive, points numerous, general shape low, widelv spread and the points directed forward; white ring around eye. Color. .4nti/mii Pelagf. Above grayish brown; neck soiled white; lower part of face, and ring around eye grayish white: rest of head grayish brown, underparts pure white; front of legs brownish grav, feet white; tail drab above, white beneath; ears drab. Measurements. Larger than R. groenlandicus. 53. montanus. {Rangifer), Seton Thompson, Ottawa Natur., i8gg, p. 129. Type loeality. lUacillewaet watershed near Revelstoke, Selkirk Range, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Mountains of British Columbia, north into south- eastern Alaska, east into the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and south into Idaho. Genl. Cliar. Size large, color dark, white mark above hoof nar- row. Antlers not different from the woodland species. Color. Lips, neck, bell}', buttocks and under side of tail gray- ish white; rest of pelage deep umber brown, becoming nearly black over lower part of legs. A light grayish patch over ribs. White mark above hoof, very narrow. Measurements. Total length from end of nose to root of tail, 1930- 2413; tail, 127-177.8; nose to occiput, 502; hind foot, 597-660; ear, 115-120; height at withers, 1081-1397. 54. dawsoni. (Rangifer), Seton Thompson, Ottawa Natur., 1900, p. 260. Type locality. Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands. Geogr. Distr. Queen Charlotte Islands. Genl. Char. Size small, color dark but lighter than R. montanus. Color. General hue mouse color. Measurements. Only those of antlers and part of skull given. , Canada. Coll . V. Shaw Kc-niiudy. Indi AMERICANUS. ■idiial shot Oct Spread ol horns, hi inches. % i RANGIFER ALCES. :tT I'^om burr to tip along outer curve, 283-4 in. (730 mm.); girth above burr. 120; occiput to posterior end of nasals, 166: width across orbits, '53 55. groenlandicus. (Ci-rj'us), Gmel. S)st. Nat., 178S, i, p. 177. Ty/>e locality. Greenland. Gfogr. Distr. Greenland. (.',enl. Chiir. .\utlers long, slender, with but few points; white ring around eye, and white line bordering the hoofs. Color. .Summer Pelage. General character clove brown; around the eye a broadly defined white ring; and the hoofs are bordered by a broad white band. .\feasiirements. Somewhat smaller than R. laribou. 56 arcticus. (Cem/s), Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1829, p. 239. Type localily. Shores of Hudson Bay? Geog. Distr. Barren grounds of Arctic America, north of the tree limit, to the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean. Genl. Char. Size small; antlers of male long, slender with com- paratively few points; brow and bez tines more or less palmated; back tine usually absent. Color. Summer Pelage. General tint clove brown mi.xed with dark reddish and yellowish browns; neck beneath and underparts white. Winter Pelage. Entire coat soiled white. .Measurements. Similar in size to R. caribou. 29. Alces. T. \~J;. C. „~^; P. ;^; M. ^^ = 34- Alces. If. Smith. Griff. Anim. King., v. 1827. p. 303. Type .-//x/«/Vz«?«, var. , Coues & Yarr. Rep. Geog. Surv. West looMerid.. 1875, V, pp. 72, 75. var Couesi. Rothrock, Rep. Geog. Surv. West 100 Merid., 1875, V, pp. 72, 75- ODOCOILEUS. 41 lype locality. Camp Crittenden, Arizona. (Wheeler Geog. and Geol. Surv. ) Gt-nl. Char. Smaller than O. 7'irgi/u'atti/s; boms similar in shape. Gc-i>gr. Distr. Arizona and Mexico, from the Gila River Vallej' on the north, in the woody mountain regions south to the City of Mexico. Color. Summer Pelage. Above pale dull fawn color tinged with ochraceous, dorsal area, mouse gray; sides tawny or reddish brown; throat, underparts and inner side of limbs and around digits white. Tail above reddish brown, fringed with white, beneath pure white. Measurements. Height at withers, 812; at rump, 902: ears, 197. Skull; occipital condyles to apex of intermaxillaries, 210; width across orbits, 96; interzygomatic width, 90; interparoccipital width, 45; length of nasals, 68; occipital condyles to anterior edge of inter- maxillaries, 210. 60. crooki. (Dorcelaphiis^, Mearns, Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus., Wash. 1897, p. 468. Type locality. Dog Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico, limits of range not defined. Genl. Char. Somewhat similar to O. columhianiis, smaller. Color. Summer Pelage. Female. Reddish fawn, darkest on back; neck grayish drab, sides grayish cinnamon. Forehead black; legs cream color; hairs on metatarsal gland sooty at base, tips white; tail, upperside and tip black, beneath in middle white, naked basally. .Measurements. Total length, 1440; tail vertebra-, 195: ear above crown, 220. 61. columbianus. (^Ceriuis), Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1S29, p. 257. leausi, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. Mamm., viii, p. 39, fig. p. 43. richanlsoni, Aud. & Bach. Quad. N. Am., iii, p. 27, pi. cvi. punctulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S50, p. 239, pi. 28. Type locality. Mouth of the Columbia River. Geogr. Distr. British Columbia. V'ancouver Island and west of the Cascade Mountains in Washington, Oregon and California. Genl. Char. Smaller than O. hemionus: ears shorter; metatarsal gland shorter: tail black above. Antlers like those of Mule Deer. Color. Winter Pelage. General color brownish gray mottled with black, darkest on dorsal line forming a streak from occiput to root of tail. Top of head chestnut and black; black stripe over the eyes meeting on forehead, chin white, behind is a black patch; face gray; upper throat, posterior portion of underparts and base of tail white; rest of underparts mottled similarly to the back, chest sooty: legs dark cinnamon; inner side white. Tail above black, shading at base into the color of the back, beneath white. ODOCOILEUS Summer Pelage. General color red or reddish yellow. Measurements. Total length, 1780: tail vertebrse, 152-228: height at withers, 863. a.—sWcensis. {Odocoilens), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., 1898, p. loi. Type locality. Sitka, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Alaska, limits of range not defined. Geril. Char. Similar to O. columbianus; ears shorter. Color. Slimmer Pelage. Fulvous; face grizzled gray; dusky patch from eyes half way to nose; ears mixed gray and dusky; poste- rior part of belly, inner side of thigh and strip on hind part of fore leg white, remainder of underparts pale fulvous; tarsal gland black with fulvous border. Tail above like back at base grading into black, beneath white. Measurements. Female from island near Sitka. Total length, 1297; height at withers. 902; tail vertebr;e, 165. h.—scaphiolui', {Oii)Si/ia/iis, Zimm. Size medium; neck short; muzzle hairy save a naked, triangular space between the nostrils; no face glands; tail rudimentary; hoofs broad, asymmetrical; lateral hoofs large; flesh between hoofs covered with hair. Both sexes horned; largest in male, those of latter in adults, approximating at base, beginning near to the occiput, spread- ing nearly to the eyes, flattened and grooved at base, curving at first outwards and downwards and then upwards at tips. Molars, caprine. Pelage, long, shaggy; uniform coloration. 69. moschatus. (Bos.), Zimm. Geog. Geschichte, 1780, 11, p. 86. pallantis, H. Smith, Griff. Anim. King., iv, 1827, p. 375. pallasi, DeKay, Ann. Lye, New York, 11, 1828, p. 29. caiialiculatus, Fisch. Mem. Acad. Mosc, iii, 1834, p. 287. Type locality. Region about Hudson Bay. Geog?-. Distr. Arctic America from Mackenzie River and north of 60th parallel to the north of Greenland, south to Melville Bay and Sabine Island. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Color. Dark brown, blackish on head and neck and sides of body in adult males; on middle of back a saddle-shaped patch of yel- lowish white. Measurements. Total length, 1878; height at withers, 1250. Horns. Length along outer curve, 546-755; width at base, 222- 318; tip to tip, 502-762. 35. Bison. I. ?z?; C. °=^; P. 3=3. M. 2^' = 32. 4—4' 0-0' 3-3' 3—3 -' Bison. H. Smith, Griff. Anim. King., 1827, v, p. 373. Type Bos bonasus, Linn. Horns cylindrical, thick at base, short, tapering rapidly to a point, directed outward and slightly upward for half their length, then bending abruptly upwards; widely separated from each other and resting on a ridge below the vertex of the skull. Forehead short and wide; eye sockets not far removed from base of horns, and tubular in shape; nasals short and separated by a wide space from the premax- illag. Neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae, and that of the seventh cervical vertebrae very high but descending rapidly in a curve to the lumbars. These support and shape the so-called "hump." Hoofs .ely find 'ive the me- OD ers, ield ^97. reat ;rid- the ^arly end 602; lorn urve the Ovib spac broa with adul ing I outw Pela 69. of 6c Sabi bodj lowi 318; Biso poin then resti wide shap iUaj. cerv luml broad, short; sides rounded, muzzle broad, naked. Tail moderately long, withers high, hind quarters low, weak; head and shoulders and fore legs to knees covered b}' a shaggy mane. 70. americanus. {Bos), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1788, vol. i, p. 204. Type locality. Texas. Geogr. Distr. Practically extinct in the wild state, a few survive in the Yellowstone National Park, and some are said to be in the Pan Handle of Texas. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Color. Head, neck, chest and shoulders blackish brown, some- times black without any brown; remainder of coat paler, grading on rump to cinnamon. Muzzle, horns and hoofs black. Mt-asurements. Males. Total length, 2949; height at withers, 1742; girth at shoulders, 3050. Specimen from Kansas in Field Columbian Museum. Measured in the flesh. a.—athabascae. (Bison), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., Phil., 1897, p. 498. Type locality. Fifty miles southwest of Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake. Geoi;r. Distr. "Wooded uplands of Northwest Territories. For- merly from the east slope of the Rocky Mountains to the 95th merid- ian, and from latitude 63° to latitude 55°; probably south along the Rocky Mountains to the United States." Genl. Char. Larger and darker generally than B. liis,e locality. Carolina. Geoi^r. Distr. Eastern United States from southern New York to northern Florida, and westward south of Pennsylvania to Missouri, Indian Territory and to edge of the plains. Gen/. Char. Medium; colors constant dark yellowish rusty above, white below; pelage soft. Color. Above dark yellowish rusty; hairs of tail yellow at base, then black, and tips white; under parts white; ear yellowish white. Measurements. Total length above, 450; tail vertebra', 212; hind foot, 60.8. a.—leucotis. (.Sciurus), Gapper, Zool. Journ., 1830, v, p. 206. cinereus. Schreb. Siiugth., 1792, iv, p. 766, pi. ccxcii. pennsylvaniius and hiemalis. O'cd, Guth. Geog., 2nd Am. ed., 1815, II, p. 292. niger, Godman, (nee Linn.). .\m. Nat. Hist., 1826, 11, p. 133. vulpinus, DeKay, N. Y. Zool., 1842, i, p. 59, (nee Gmel., nee Schreb). migratorius, Aud. & Bach. Quad. N. Am., 1849, i, p. 265, pi. xxxv. Type locality. Region between New York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. Geogr. Distr. Allef;hanies of Pennsylvania north through New York and New England to southern New Brunswick and southern Canada, west to Minnesota. Gcnl. Char. Size large; tail long, bushy. Fig. 11. SCIURUS (NeOSCIRUS) carolinensis. No. 3qS Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Color. Above silvery gray; under parts white, rusty sometimes on neck or chest; tail hairs yellowish at base, then black broadly tipped with white; ears yellowish white. Melanistic individuals not uncommon. Meastir, mints. Total length. 503; tail vertebra?, 230; hind foot, 71. h.—hypophaeus. (Sciurus), Merr. Scien., 1886, viii, p. 351. Ty/ie locality. Elk River, Minnesota. Geogr. Distr. Minnesota forest belt. Range unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; pelage dark, only small white streak on belly. Color. Upper parts dark iron gray mixed with yellow and rusty, under parts similar to back with a central white streak on belly; some- times the chest and neck beneath are yellowish brown; tail iron gray; ear tufts in winter yellowish white. Meaaurctnents. Total leniith about 496; tail vtrtebra-, 220; hind foot, 07. c.—fitli^inosus. {Sciurus)^ Bachni. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, p. 96. 7\p( locality. New Orleans, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Louisiana. Genl. Char. Size large; under parts never pure white, tail only slightly tipped with white. Color. Upper parts yellow ferruginous varied with black; tail dark, subapical band broad, and white tip narrow: under parts from buffy ferruginous to smoke gray. Measurements. Total length, 467; tail vertebra', 219; hind foot, 67. d.—extimus. (Seiurus), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 158. Ty/>e locality. Miami, Dade County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. South Florida. Genl. Char. Smallest of S. carolinensis series; color light; tail short. Color. Upper part yellowish gray; tail light gray; under parts white; ear tufts white. Measurements. Total length, average, 438.4; tail vertebra", 190; hind foot, 47. 0. Hesperosciuras , Nelsou. Premolars, ^. Skull large, long and broad, especially across parietal region, where the brain case is depressed; zygomatic process of squamosal horizontal, arch obliquely ascending but less than in Neosciiirus. Rostrum deep; nasals long, broad anteriorly and ending on a line with the premaxillaries posteriorly. Molar series very heavy. 74. £;riseu5. {Sciurus), Ord, Guth. Geog., 1815, p. 292. fossor, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mamm. and Birds, 1848, p. 55. hermanni. LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1852, p. 149. leporinus, Hensh. Ann. Rep. Engin., 1876, p. 25. Type locality. Southwestern Washington, western Oregon, Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Northern California. Oregon and Washington. Genl. Char. Size large; tail vertebra; as long as body and head. Upper molars, five. Skull long, broad, rostrum broad, deep. Fig. 12. SciuRus (Hesperosciurus) griseus. No. b6o8 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Color. Above grizzled bluish gray and black; under parts pure white; tuft at base of ear chestnut; tail mixed gray, white and black, with a white border, beneath grizzled grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 565; tail vertebrse, 257; hind foot, 77; ear, 30^^. a. — ni^ripes. [Sfiurus), Bryant, Proc. Cal. Acad. Scien., 1889, p. 25. Tv/e locality. San Mateo County, California, south of San Fran- cisco. Geogr. Distr. Red Wood belt, coast region of California, south of San Francisco. Genl. Char. Feet dark brown or black; back reddish brown. Color. Differs from 5. griseus in having the back and upper parts generally reddish brown; top of head dark gray tinged with reddish brown, and feet blackish. Tail above blackish, with white exterior border, beneath pale gray in center, bordered with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 545 ; tail vertebral', 285; hind foot, 75. b.—anthonyi. {Sciunis), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , 1S97, p. 501. Type locality. Campbell's Ranch, Laguna, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. Interior of Southern and Lower California. Genl. Char. Similar to .S'. i:^riseui, but faintly suffused with brown on back. Color. Above, gray suffused with yellowish brown; orbital ring and under parts white; feet yellowish brown, gray and black mixed, edged with white; ears at base tawny ochraceous. Tail gray above tipped with white, beneath gray bordered with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 540; tail vertebr;i', 270; hind foot, 79; ear from crown, 28. D. Otosciurus, Nelson. Premolars, ^. Skull very broad, rather short; brain case depressed posteriorly, inflated laterally; rostrum compressed; nasals narrowing posteriorly and extending beyond the premaxillaries. Molar series very heavy. 75. aberti. {Sciums), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 220. (lorsalis, Woodh. (nee Gray), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 110. castanonoius, Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 266. Type locality. San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Arizona, New Mexico and mountains of Colorado. Gen/. Char. Above grizzly gray, median stripe chestnut. Co/i'r. Upper parts grizzled bluish gray; broad dorsal stripe chestnut; black lateral stripe, feet and under parts white; ear tufts glossy black tinged with chestnut. Tail above blackish fringed with white: beneath pure white. Measurements. Total length, 521; tail vertebrre, 229; hind foot, 62; ear, 55. o.—concolor. {.Sciurus), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 241. 'Type locality. Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado. Geogr Distr. Northeastern Colorado. Genl. Char. Similar to .S". aberti, but no chestnut on back; tail same on both sides. FiG. 13. SCIURUS (Otosciurus) aberti. No. 2;2g Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Color. Entire upper parts gray; under surface of bod}- and limbs white; upper part of feet gray, toes white; ears gray with length- ened tufts, black mixed with gray, and chestnut. Tail same above and below, gray bordered with black and fringed with white. Mfasurements. Total length, 495; tail vertebra?, 215; ear from occiput, 22; hind foot, 61. E. Araeoscinrns, Nelson. Premolars, i^. Skull broad, flat, not contracted posteriorly; I— I ' ' '^ -' depressed between orbits; nasals long as interorbital width, extend- ing posteriorly to end of premaxillaries. 76. apache. (Sciiiriis), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 29. griseojlavus, Thomas, (nee Gray), Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 372. Type locality. Northern Chihuahua, Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Chihuahua Mountains, Arizona, south into Mex- ico in the Sierra Madre to Durango. Genl. Char. Size large, back yellowish gray; tail long, bushy, vertebrae nearly equal to head and body. Rostral portions of skull short and broad, nasals little narrowed posteriorly. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts, including nose and base of tail, iron gray washed with yellow; crown and back blackish; flanks washed with pale yellowish; sides of head gray mixed with black and fulvous; under parts and feet huffy yellow to orange yellow, sometimes suffused with rusty. Orbital ring varying from buffy white to ful- vous; ears gray tinged with buff; outside of hind legs gray suffused with rusty. Tail above black washed with pale or rusty yellow and fringed with yellowish white, beneath with a median area of ferrugin- ous orange or rusty rufous, bordered with a broad black band and fringed with pale yellowish. Measurements. Average of five adults: Total length, 565.8; tail vertebra', 279; hind foot, 79.2. 77. arizonensis. (Seii/rus). Cones. .\m. Nat.. i V 'T^i^K^WbT ¥ J Fig. 14. SciuRus (Araeosciurus) arizonensis. No. 1705 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. colliaei, Allen, Mon. Rod., 1S77, p. 738, (nee Rich). Type locality. Fort Whipple, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona. Genl. Char. Smaller than .S'. carolinensis; tail as long as head and body; soles naked to heels. Color. Above mixed gray, black, white and tawny; the latter predominating; sides and limbs outside grizzled gray and white. Beneath and inside of limbs pure white. Tail above at base gray and white, remainder black mixed with white and fringed broadly with white; beneath tawny in the center bordered with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 478; tail vertebrae, 240; hind foot, 58; height of ear, 20. n.^huachuca. (Sa't/rus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, P- 349- Type locality. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Huachuca Mountains, Southern Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to S. arizonensis, but nearly uniform gray above, only a trace of a fulvous dorsal stripe. Color. Upper parts gray; dorsal stripe nearly obsolete; sides lighter gray; nape patch pale fulvous; tail above black sprinkled with white, and fringed broadly with white; beneath pale chestnut, bor- dered with black and broadly fringed with white. Under parts of body and limbs pure white. Measurements. Total length, 540; tail vertebrae, 265; hind foot, 70; ear, 34. E. Tamiasciunis, Trouess. 1880. J. A. Allen. Revision 0/ the Chickarees or Xorth American Red Squirrels {Subgenus Tamiasciurus). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 249. Premolars, ^^ or ^— i. Skull short, broad, depressed between 1— I • I— I . orbits, superior outline greatly curved, highest point between post orbital processes of the frontal; rostrum short, deep, broad; nasals broad, not equal to interorbital width; squamosal process of zygoma projecting outward, curving gradually downward. Molar series rather heavy comparatively. 78. hudsonius. (Sciurus), Erxleb. Mamm., 1777, p. 416. Type locality. Hudson Strait. Geogr. Distr. Boreal North America, Labrador, west to Rocky Mountains, and Alaska. Fig. 15. SciuRus (Tamiasciurus) hudsonius. No. X202 Field Columlii.in Museum Coll. N.it. size. Genl. Char. Size small, tail short, narrow; a dorsal stripe in winter, chest not rufous; under parts white vermiculated with black. Color. Winter Pcldi^e. Upper parts and dorsal stripe chestnut rufous; sides olivaceous gray: under parts grayish white. Tail above in center yellowish rufous, with a broad border and sub-terminal bar of black fringed with yellowish rutous; beneath yellowish ^'rav bor- dered and fringed as above. Summer Pelage. No dorsal stripe; upper parts yellowish rufous; conspicuous black lateral line; under parts pure white; no ear tufts; tail as in winter, less full. Measurements. Total length, 296-333; tail vertebr;e, 89-134; hind foot, 43-48. a.—iymnicws. [Sciurus), Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 28. '/ype locality. Greenville, Maine. Gcogr. Distr. Eastern North America south of Labrador to Northern New York, through Canada to Northern Michigan and Northern Minnesota. Genl. Char. Size small: colors dark; beneath gray in winter, tail dark. Color. Winter Pelage. Dorsal band ferruginous; sides and feet above, olivaceous gray; under parts gray and dusky; tail above ferru- ginous, fringed with same and with a subapical black band; beneath tawny fringed and banded as on upper surface. Summer Pelage. Above dull ferruginous, brightest on upper sur- face of arms and feet; olivaceous on sides and face; black lateral stripe; under parts pure white. Measurements. Total length, 300; tail vertebra, 117; hind foot, 47. h. — loquax. {Sciurus), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 161. earolinensis, Ord, (nee Gmel). Guthr. Geog., Am. ed. 1818, 11, p. 292. Type locality. Libert}- Hill, New London, Connecticut. Geogr. Distr. Ontario to North Carolina in the east, and west to Minnesota. Genl. Char. Larger than .S'. liudsonius; tail longer; dorsal stripe in winter bright red; under parts not vermiculated. Color. Winter Pelage. Similar to .S. hudsonius; but dorsal stripe brighter red varying to orange rufous; rest of upper parts more yel- lowish; under parts grayish white. Black on tail narrower; hairs on central part clear red. Summer Pelage. Usually brighter and more red; above reddish yellow; feet ochraceous, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 286-356; tail vertebrs, 92-146; hind foot, 40-52. c—minnesota. (Sciurus), Allen, Am. Nat., 1899, xxxiii, p. 640. Type locality. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Geogr. Distr. Southern Minnesota and Wisconsin, Iowa? east- ward to Northern Indiana. Genl. Char. Sizes largest of the eastern Chickarees; hind foot large, colors light. Color. Above and sides, pale yellow and black, the tips of the hairs being yellow succeeded by a black band which shows among the yellow. A broad light red band from between the ears along the back to end of tail vertebrae; beneath grayish white. Tail light red above, bordered and tipped narrowl}' with black and fringed with pale yellow; beneath pale \ellow, bordered with black and a pale yel- low fringe. Forehead reddish; sides of face light gray. Measurements. Total length, 345-369; tail vertebra, 137-143; hind foot, 47-50. (h—dakotensis. (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, P- 325 Type locality. Black Hills, South Dakota. Giogr. Distr. Black Hills of South Dakota and adjoining parts of Wyoming. Genl. Char. Size larger than .S^. h. loqua.x ; colors paler. Color. Winter Pelage. Dorsal line yellowish rufous; rest of upper parts and outside of limbs and feet, yellowish gray; beneath white; tail above like back with narrow black border and fulvous fringe; beneath pale gray in center shading into pale fulvous, bor- dered and fringed as on upper part. Summer Filage. Above yellow olive gray; no lateral line; out- side shoulders, feet and edge of thighs, yellowish rufous; beneath pure white; tail above yellowish rufous, bordered and fringed as in winter, beneath grizzled, yellowish in center. Measurements. Total length, 338-356; tail vertebra% 143-149; hind foot, 50-52. e.—haileyi. (Seiums), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S9S, p. 261. Type locality. Big Horn Mountains, Wj'oming. Geogr. Distr. Mountain ranges of Central Wyoming and East- ern Montana, north into Alberta, in eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Pale dorsal band, tail narrowly bordered with black, size large. Color. Summer Pelage. Above yellowish olivaceous; fore legs and feet, edge of thighs and hind feet ochraceous orange; black lateral line; beneath white washed with yellow; tail above cherry red to yel- lowish red, grizzled, bordered with black and fringed with yellow; lower surface pale yellowish gray grizzled with black, bordered and fringed like upper part. Measurements. Total length, 313-359; tail vertebra;, 121-145; hind foot, 49-53. f.—ventorum. (.Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 263. Type locality. South Pass City, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wind River Mountains north to Mystic Lake, west to head of Snake River in Idaho, south to Wahsatch Range, northeastern Utah. Genl. Char. Dorsal line and back dark red; apical third of tail black; size large. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts, legs and feet yellowish gray; dorsal line dark rufous; lateral line dusky; beneath white; tail above yellowish rufous bordered with black and fringed with yellow; beneath grizzled gray. Summer Pelage. Above dark olivaceous, sides of shoulders and edge of thighs reddish fulvous; feet above ochraceous; lateral line obscure; tail like winter but reddish, central area not well defined. Measurements. Total length, 300-350; tail vertebrae, 121-145; hind foot, 49-55. g.—richardsoni. (Sciurus), Bachm., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, p. 100. Ty/>e locality. Columbia River, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Western border of northern Montana, central and northern Idaho, northeastern Washington and Oregon, north- ward into British Columbia. Genl. Char. Upper surface of tail mostly black; size large. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts, limbs and feet, brownish gray; dorsalb and chestnut rufous; tail on basal half dark rufous in center grizzled with black, remainder all black fringed with yellowish for two-thirds the length; black lateral line present; beneath, yellow- ish gray in center, rest black; under parts white vermiculated with black; ears tipped with black. Summer Pelage. Above rufous olivaceous; fore arm to shoulder, hind limbs to thighs, and feet ochraceous orange; beneath white; black lateral line conspicuous; tail above deep red for two-thirds the length, rest black with rufous fringe on sides, beneath grizzled gray washed with fulvous. Measurements. Average total length, 333; tail vertebra-, 125; hind foot, 51.7. h.—streatori. {Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1898, p. 267. Type locality. Ducks, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Northern Washington from Columbia River to central British Columbia. Genl. Char. Apical third of tail black; size large. Color. Winter Pelage. Similar to S. h. richardsoni, but tail less black. Dark chestnut dorsal band; beneath grayish white. Tail above four-fifths its length rufous chestnut grizzled with black, with the usual black border and pale yellow fringe; apical portion black; below grizzled gray tinged with pale rufous. Summer Pelage. More olivaceous, less rufous; lateral line broad and black; black on tail much reduced; yellow fringe broadened. Measurements. Total length, 280-355; *^'l vertebra;, 105-144; hind foot, 47-54. i. — Vancouver ensis. (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 165. Type locality. Duncan Station, Vancouver Island. Geogr. Distr. \'ancouver Island north to Sitka, Alaska. Gen/. Char. Apical third of tail black. Size small. Color. IVinler Pelage. Above like .S'. /;. richardsoni; tail has only the apical third black; under parts gray tinged with brown and vermiculated with dusky. Tail like that of .S". /;. streatori. Summer Pelage. Above dark olivaceous, tinged with reddish in some specimens; under parts white tinged with yellow. Measurements. Total length, 290-325; tail vertebra^, 103-132; hind foot, 48-52. 79. douglasi. {Siiurus), Bachm., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, p. 99. helcheri. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, p. 263. suckleyi. Baird, Proc. .^cad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 333. Type locality. "Columbus River," Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Oregon and Washington, from Cape Blanco to Puget Sound. Genl. Char. Tail fringed with yellowish; beneath in summer, orange. Color. Winter Pelage. Dark ferruginous dorsal band; rest of upper parts, limbs and feet, dark gray; under parts ochraceous gray vermiculated with black; lateral line present. Tail above two- thirds its length dark ferruginous and black; black border narrow; subterminal black bar broad; fringe of tail yellowish. Tail beneath grizzled rusty, the black margin apical band and yellow fringe more distinct than above. Summer Pelage. Olivaceous brown tinged with reddish; under parts orange varying in depth; feet orange rufous; lateral line con- spicuously black. Tail as in winter pelage, but thinner. Measurements. Total length, 295-343; '^'' vertebr;f, 1 13-144; hind foot, 47-51. a—moUipilosus. (Sciurus), Aud. & Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 102. orarius, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 281. Type locality. Northern California. Geogr. Distr. Coast of northern California from Sonoma county, into Curry county, Oregon. Genl. Char. White tail fringe; size small. Color. Winter Pelage. Similar to S. douglasi, but dorsal band not so dark, and sides more grayish; under parts buffy gray and black. Tail as in S. douglasi, but fringed with white instead of yellow. .'Summer Pelage. Like .S'. douglasi, but tail fringed with white. Above more olivaceous. Measurements. Total length, 314-347; tail vertebra, 121-148; hind foot, 45-55. h—caxenflennin. {Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1S98, p. 277. Type locality. Mt. Hood, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington, north into British Columbia. Also coast region from Fraser River to Rivers Inlet north of Vancouver Island. Genl. Char. White fringed tail; size larger than 5. ,/. tiiollipilo- sus. Color. SuiiiiHtr Pelage. More olivaceous above and less deeply orange below than either .S'. d. mollipilosus or .S'. donglasi, varying from yellowish buff to buffy ochraceous (Allen 1. c). Measurements. Total length, 270-34S; tail vertebrae. 102-146; hind foot, 48-52. C — albolimhatus. (.Set//ri/s). Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iSgS, P- 453- californicKS, Allen, Bull. .\m. ^lus. Nat. Hist., 1S90, p. 165. (Pre-occupied). Type locality. Sierra Nevada of northern California:-' Geogr. Distr. Sierra Nevada region of northern California and Oregon east of Cascades to the Maury Mountains, and Strawberry Butte. Genl. Char. Tail fringe white; under parts in summer pale buff. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts like 5. d. cascadensis, dorsal band paler chestnut and general color lighter grayish. Outer fringe on tail broader. Under parts grayish white. Summer Pelage. Above like 6'. d. cascadensis: ventral surface pale fulvous: feet, and line on edge of thigh, deep ochraceous. Measurements. Total length, 290-348: tail vertebra^, 1 16-156; hind foot, 47-55. 80. fremonti. {.Saurus). Aud. iV Bach. Quad. N. Am., 1S53. Ill, P- 237. Type locality. South Pass, Rocky Mountains? Geogr. Distr. Mountains of Colorado and Uintah Mountains, Utah, to the southern border of Wyoming. Genl. Char. Dorsal band, pale yellowish rufous. Color. Winter Pelage. Above gray; dorsal band pale yellowish rufous; obscure dusky lateral line; under parts grayish white. Tail yellowish rusty above, bordered with black and fringed with white; beneath pale fulvous gray, bordered and fringed as above. .Summer Pelage. Above yellowish gray; fore arm and upper surface of feet ochraceous; lateral line black: beneath grayish white; tail as in winter, but thinner. Miiisini-mfitls. Total lengtii, 303-345; tail vertebr^r, 102-145; hind foot, 47-52. (/ t)io6i>Uftts.is. (Sciiiriis). Mearns, Bull. Am. Miis. Nat. Hist.. 1887-90, p. 277. J'ype locality. ' Ouaking Asp Settlement, central .\rizona. iiCi'gr. Distr. Higher mountains ami plateaus of central .\ri- 'ona. Giiil. Char. Dorsal hand brighter yellowish rufous than in .V. . »U'll/i. Wiiilii I'liagt'. Like 5. /ri-i/n'/i//,bul the dorsal band is a brighter, iceper tint of yellowish rufous. Suiiinur J'<-lax<'. Like .V. /ri-iiw/iti, but upper parts brighter rufous. Measurfiiunls. Total length, 310 365: tail vertebra-, 126-15^; hind foot, 49-56- /- neonipxicnnitf . (.'^cii/r//.<;), Allen. Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist.. iMy8, p. 291. yV/t' localily. Kayado Canon. Colfax county, New Mexico. G(i'i;r. Dislr. Taos Range, New Mexico. GcnI. Char. Similar to .S. / mogolhnsis, but smaller. Color. IVinltr J't'la^^g. "Similar to S. fremonti, but dorsal band much brighter yellowish rufous, nearly as in S. f. iiiogollensis." Mfasiirements. Total length, 308-330; tail vertebra'. 127-145; hind foot, 45-52 (Allen 1. c). c — ^ruhamensui. (.SV/V//v/j). .Mien. lUill. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1894, P- 350- '/'y/>f loialily. (iraham Mountains, .\rizona. Gioi^r. Dislr. Graham Mountains, southeastern .\rizona. Gtnl. Char. Like .V. /. iiioi^ollensis, but paler. Color. Stimiiier Pelage. More yellow above than .V. /'. mogollen- sis, with tail above ochraceous, and nearly white beneath. Mfasiircnifnls. Total length, 325-340; tail vertebra, 130-140: hind foot. 50-57. :{7. Taiiiias. I. ' ' ; P. ' ", or '"' ; M. ^^- ; = 20 or 22. 1 1 1-1' 11 13 J. .\. .\llen. A rivieiv of some of the Xorth Aiiteritaii i^roiind squirrels. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 45. C. H. Merriam. Xotes on the Chipmunks of the Genus Eutamias. occurring west of the east base of the Cascade Sierra system, ioith descrip- tion of neii' forms. Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash., 1.S97, p. 189. Tamias. 111. Syst. Mamm., 1811, p. 830. Type Sciurus striatus, Linn. Tcnotis, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, i, p. 362. Eutamias, Trouess. Le Nat., 1880, p. 86. Tail short, not bushy, narrow, cheek pouches large ; ears medium without tufts. Skull narrow anteriorly, superior outline convex, postorbital processes slender, directed backward and downward ; anteorbital foramen oval ; zygomata expanded and depressed anterior- ly; upper premolars either two or one. A. Eutamias. Skull with superior outline highest over parietals ; orbital fora- men a narrow, oval, slit-like opening ; rostrum compressed ; nasals short, narrowing only slightlj' posteriorly ; pterygoid fossa long and wider; audital bullae large. Fig. 16. Tamias (Eutamias) dorsalis. No. 83g Field Columbian Museum Coll. Upper tooth kow. Lower tooth row Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times. 81. dorsalis. {Tamias), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 332- qiiadrivitatus pallidus, Coues & Yarr. in Wheeler's Rep. Geogr. Expl. & Surv. West of 100 Merid., 1876, v, p. 118. Type locality. Fort Webster, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Northern Utah to Mexico ; west to Sierra Nevada Mountains ; east to the Mimbres in New Mexico. Genl. Char. Single dorsal stripe alone conspicuous. Color. Upper parts hoaiy mixed with rusty and brown ; flanks and hips dull rusty ; dorsal stripe dark brown ; a faint stripe of gray- ish on flanks. L'nder parts dull grayish white. Tail above mixed black, chestnut anil white ; hairs chestnut at base. Face with usual Tamias stripes. Measiiiemenis. Total length, 237 ; tail vertebra', 105 ; hind foot, 22 ; ear, 20. a. utahensi.". (Eu/amias), Merr.,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 210. jypc Uycality. Ogden, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Northern I'tah and northwestern Nevada through Arizona to New Mexico. Cienl. Char. Similar to, but smaller and paler than T. dorsa/is ; markings less distinct ; tail below fulvous ; not rufous. Color. Winter Pelage. Above hoary butf ; top of head dark : median dorsal stripe noticeable, others nearly obsolete ; sides pale fulvous; post-auricular patch light buff; facial stripes pale. Tail below fulvous, bordered with black fringed with yellowish. Measurements. Average total length, 223.6: tail vertebra^, loa ; hind foot, 32.9. 82. palmeri. {Eulamias), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 208. Type locality. Charleston Peak, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Restricted to type locality. Genl. Char. Resembles T. dorsalis in winter pelage ; dorsal stripes short. Color. Winter Pelage. Above gray : flanks pale fulvous ; light stripes hoary gray, outer ones whitish; dark dorsal stripes pale ferrugi- nous : middle one blackish : facial stripes faint ; feet grayish fulvous. Tail above grayish at base, remainder black, tips of hairs on base and sides yellowish ; beneath rufous bordered witli black, fringed on sides with yellowish. .\feasurements. .Average total length, 219.3 ■ '3'' vertebra', 93.4 ; hind foot, 33.3. 83. townsendi. ( y'aw/ay), Bachm., Jour. .Vcad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 68. cooperi. Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 334. Type locality. Mouth of Columbia River. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, from mouth of Columbia River northward ; east in north- ern Cascades to head of Lake Chelan. Genl. Char. Yellowish brown or olivaceous rufous above ; size large, tail very long, equal to three-fourths the length of head and body, ears large. Color. Post /irciJint^ Pe/ai^i-. General color olivaceous rufous with a 3'ellow tinge ; flanks deeper. Black dorsal stripes five : outer ones shortest : outer pair of light stripes, gray. Facial markings of usual pattern. Ears blackish/ grayish spot behind base of ear. Ven- tral surface grajish white. Tail above black fringed with white : be- neath bright chestnut, bordered with black and fringed with white. Bict'ding Pelage. Tints paler, lightest dorsal stripes, gray. Measurements. Total length, 257: tail vertebrju, 107: hind foot, },^. n. — hindsu. [Tatnias], Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, p. 264. Type locality. Nicasio? California. Geogr. Distr. Coast of California from San Francisco north. Genl. Char. Similar to S. iownscndi. but much darker : lightest dorsal stripes whitish : post-auricular patch conspicuous. Color. Posi-hrceding Pelage. Above cinnamon rufous : median pair of light stripes like ground color, outer pair whitish : \entral sur- face white washed with buff. Breeiling Pelage. Above dark reddish brown, mixed with gray ; brighter red on flanks, darker gray on rump, thighs and shoulders. Dark dorsal stripes five, outer pair usually hardly traceable : median stripe edged with chestnut rufous ; median pair of light stripes mixed rufous and gray : outer pair whitish ; facial stripes strongly contrasted. Ear dusky brown anteriorly, silver}' graj' posteriorly. Post auricular patch small, pale gra}'. Ventral surface white. Tail above blackish, beneath reddish chestnut, bordered with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 264: tail vertebra^ no; hind foot, 34 ; ear, 11. b.—pricp.i. [Tamias), .Mien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 333 Type locality. Portola, San Mateo county, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California from Mountains of San Diego and San Bernardino county north to San Francisco. Gent. Char. Intermediate in size and color between T. liindsii and T. mcrriami. Color. Breeding Pelage. Above grayish brown, varied with hazel. Flanks tawny; dorsal stripes — five hazel and black, four ashy-graj*. Shoulders aud thighs grayish; under parts whitish. Light facial stripes gray; dark ones hazel brown; post-auricular patches small, grayish white. Tail, above mixed clay color, and black and gra3-ish: beneath dark reddish cht-stnut bordered with black and fringed with gray. Measurements. Average total length. 252; tail vertebra.-, 119; hind foot, 35. e-—Ochro^enys. {^Eutamias), Merr. . I 'roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S97, p. 206. J\pe locality. Mendocino, California. Gfoar. Distr. Cazadero, north of- San Francisco Bay, California, to the mouth of Rogue River, Oregon. Gtnl. Char. Size large; colors dark: similar to /'. mtiriami, but darker. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts grizzled olive; sides ful- vous: dark dorsal stripes, black; light ones grayish; sides of face ochraceous. Tail, above black and hoary: below chestnut, bordered with black. Po.<:t-l'ree,li/ig Fela,i;e. Above fulvous, paler on rump: only the median dorsal band clear black, others reddish; inner light stripes tinged with fulvous, outer grayish; under parts washed with fulvous. Measiiremfiits. Total length, 261; tail vertebra-, 113; hind foot, 3S. 84. merriami. (/amias), Allen, Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S90, P- 84. yy/e locality. San Bernardino Mountains, California. Gcogr. Distr. Mountains of Southern California from San Diego county north to Tulare and Monterey counties. Ge/il. Char. Size large; color pale; facial aiul dorsal marking not strongly contrasted; ears high, pointed. Color. Above dull yellowish gray mixed in places with fulvous; dorsal streaks pale yellowish to fulvous brown; the light ones pale gray; sides and rump pale olivaceous. Tail, above blackish fringed with gray: beneath reddish chestnut, bordered with black and fringed with whitish. Post-breeding PeUii^e. Flanks golden rufous; dark dorsal streaks yellowish rufous; light ones silver gray. Tail, below orange chest- nut; above orange yellow. Measurements. Average total length, 2S5; tail vertebra'. 117; hind foot, 34. 85. quadrimaculatus. ( J'amias), Gray, .\nn. >.V Mag. Nat. Hist., i(S67. P- 435- macrorhahiloles. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iSb4, p. 25, fig. p. 26. Type locality. Michigan Bluff, Sacramento \'alle)-, California. Geogr. Distr. Central California, in the Sierra Nevada, Placer county, to Fort Klamath, Oregon, through the vallej- of the Sacra- mento River. Genl. Char. Ears very large, post-auricular patches very large. Color. Post-breeding Pelage. Head and rump gray; rest of body ferruginous, under parts white, sometimes tinged with fulvous. Five dark dorsal stripes black, those on either side next the center one edged with rufous; median light stripes gray, outer ones white. Dark facial streaks rusty brown; light streaks fulvous white: ears blackish edged with rusty and bordered posteriorly with white. Post-auricular patches large, white. Tail, above blackish fringed with white; beneath orange rufous, bordered with black and fringed with white. Autumn Pelage. Like the above except the whole half of the posterior dorsal region is gray; anterior half rufous; flanks deeper rufous, ears more reddish. Afeasurements. Total length, 249; tail vertebrae, 93; hind foot, 305- 86. senex. [Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 83. Type locality. Summit of Donner Pass, Placer county, California. Geogr. Distr. Sierra Cascade Mountains from Farewell Bend on the Des Chutes River in Oregon, south to the head waters of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park. Genl. Char. All upper parts gray; ears small. Color. Breeding Pelage. Above gray; yellowish tinge on sides of neck and shoulders; flanks yellowish brown; dark dorsal stripes black to rusty brown, light stripes pale gray. Ventral surface dull white. Facial stripes rusty brown and grayish white. Tail, above blackish; below pale orange, edged with black, hairs tipped with white. Measurements. Total length, 263; tail to end of hairs, 114; hind feet, 35. 87. speciosus. {Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 86. Type locality. San Bernardino Mountains, California. Geogr. Distr. San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains, Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Size medium or small. Similar to T. inerriami: tip of tail above and below, black. Color. Post-breeding Pelage. Dark dorsal stripes dark brown suffused with ferruginous; outer light stripe pure white; sides ferru- ginous; post-auricular patches very large, white; facial stripes dis- tinct; dark ones dusky, obscured with rusty; light ones white. Tail, bright chestnut above obscured with black, edged with yellowish: beneath chestnut with lateral border and terminal fourth black, fringe yellowish. Breeding Pelage. Above yellowish gray with two broad white stripes. Ferruginous color has nearly disappeared from the dark dorsal stripes and flanks, the latter suffused with pale yellowish brown. Measuremctits. Total length, 234; tail vertebrae, 91; hind foot, 32. 88. callipeplus. yTiimias), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 136. Type locality. Mount Pinos, Ventura county, California. Geogr. Dislr. Mount Pinos and head waters of Yule River, north nearly to the Yosemite Vallej'. Genl. Char. Similar to T. speciosiis, but thighs and rump yellow- ish instead of gray, and inner pair of light dorsal stripes vinaceous drab instead of gray. Color. Winter Pelage. Top of head, nape and inner pair of light dorsal stripes vinaceous drab, shoulders ochraceous, flanks fulvous, thighs and rump yellowish; central dorsal stripe dark umber brown edged with rusty, inner pair dark ferruginous, outer pair ful- vous; post-auricular patches large, white: facial stripes dark; tail orange rufous bordered with black and fringed with yellow; under parts pure white. Afeasiiremenls. Total length, 212; tail vertebra', 91.7; hind foot, 34. a.—inyoensis. {Eutamias), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 208. Type locality. White Mountains, Inyo County, California. Geog. Distr. Summits of White and Inyo Mountains, California. Genl. Char. Similar to T. speciosus, but rump grizzled golden yellow. Color. Top of head grizzled grayish; dark dorsal stripe black and rusty: outer pair light stripes white: sides bright fulvous; back and sides of neck grayish white; rump golden yellow and black; feet fulvous. Tail, above yellow ochraceous and black; below fulvous bordered with black. Measurements. Average total length, 229: tail vertebr;r, 100; hind foot, 33.3. 89. frater. (Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 88. Ty/>e locality. Sierra Nevada Mountains, Placer county, Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Western Nevada to central California and region of Lake Tahoe. Genl. Char. Size large; post-auricular patches large, white; tail deep orange. Color. Breeding Pelage. .\bove pale gray, darker on lower back and thighs: flanks rusty brown; middle dorsal stripes blackish edged with rufous; outer ones light rufous: light stripes, median pair ashy, outer white. Dark facial stripes black or rusty brown: light ones grayish white or white. Tail, above rusty orange mixed with black; beneath orange bordered and tipped with black, and fringed with pale yellow. Measurements. Average total length, 233; tail to end of hairs, 97.5: hind foot, 32. 90. panamintinus. {Tamias). Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, P- 134- Type locality. Johnson Canon, Panamint Mountains, California. Geogr. Distr. West side of Great Basin in California and Nevada. Genl. Char. Similar to T. speciosns of Lower California, but paler: hind foot very short. Color. Winter Pelage. Top of head and rump ash gray; dark dorsal stripes dull fulvous; inner pair of light stripes vinaceous drab, outer pair dull white; sides gray tinged with buffy ochraceous. Facial stripes indistinct. Tail, above orange rufous bordered with black and fringed with yellowish; beneath similar, the orange rufous deeper. Measurements. Tvpe. Total length. 208: tail vertebra:-, 96; hind foot, 31. •91. amoenus. [Tamias), kW&u, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 90. Type loealitv. Fort Klamath, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Fort Klamath, Oregon, to Placer county, Cali- iornia, and western Nevada about Lake Tahoe. Genl. Char. Similar to T. /rater, but smaller, colors paler. Color. .Spring Pelage. Above vinaceous gray ; flanks ochraceous brown ; dark dorsal streaks seal brown edged with rufous ; others chestnut ; light stripes, pale gray ; outermost ones white. Ventral surface white sometimes tinged with yellow. Tail above black and ochraceous ; beneath pale orange yellow, edged and tipped with black, tips of hairs ochraceous yellow. Brreiiing Pelage. Colors much paler : vinaceous of upper parts gone : the stripes are yellowish : flanks pale rufous : tail above pale buff. Measurements. Total length, 207; tail vertebra, 70; hind foot, 30. ■92. caurinus. ('Tamias), Merr.. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,i8g8, P- 352- Tvpe loealitv. Solduck Trail, Olympic Mountains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, Washington, timber line. Genl. Char. Similar to T. amanus, hind feet longer. C\>/i'r. PiHt-l'iecditii^ Pfhi,i;e. As compared with T. amirnus, post- auricular patches obsolete ; back of neck and sliouldcrs grizzled with fulvous, not hoar)' ; dorsal stripes mixed with fulvous ; tail beneath lilack. border broader, and the central portion mixed with black. Mtiisioemcnts. Total length, 210; tail vertebra'. Njihind foot. 34. 93. cinereicollis. ('J'ai>il,i.<:\, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 94. J r/>c locality. San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. Get\i:;r. Distr. San Francisco and Mogollon Mountains, .\rizona. Gcnl. Char. Allied to T. umbriuiis. but neck and shoulder dif- ferently colored from the flanks. Color. Autumn Fflagf. Above gra\- ; flanks yellowish brown ; thighs and rump pale yellowish brown ; dark dorsal stripes black edged with chestnut brown : inner pair of light stripes whitish gray ; outer pair white. Light facial stripes white ; dark ones rusty brown. Under part of bod}' white. Post-auricular patch light gray. Tail above blackish ; beneath orange rufous, bordered with black and fringed with buff. Bri-filing Pi-laxr. Colors much faded : sides faintly washed with pale yellowish brown or pale buff. Upper parts dull j'ellowish gray. .^/(a.uireiHiiits. Average total length, 247 ; tail vertebra-, ici2 ; hind foot, 35. 94. umbrinus. { '/'amias). .Mien. Bull. \m. Mus. Xat. Hist.. i8go, p. 96. Type locality. Uintah Mountains, Itah, south of Fort Bridger. (/',v';v. ni.f locality. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Gfogr. Dislr. Upper Mississippi Valley, west of Great Lakes. Genl. Char. Large, stout; black markings pronounced; other colors subdued. Color. Spring Pelage. Above gray and black; forehead chest- nut; lower back and rump ferruginous. Cheeks, flanks, and thighs pale yellowish; under parts white. , Dorsal stripes black, white one on either side, between two outer black ones. Tail, above ferrugi- nous at base, rest mixed black and white: beneath fulvous bordered with black and fringed with white. .Measurements. Average total length, 261; tail vertebr;e, 103; hind foot, 36.3. c.—ucnustus. {Tauiias), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S96, p. 137. Type locality. Stillwell, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Genl. Char. Size equal to 7". .i,'-;-W(V/.f.- colors bright: dorsal bands short. Color. Upper surface dark gray; limbs chestnut rufous; flanks yellowish gray; under parts yellowish white. Dorsal stripes black, light ones yellowish white; face suffused with chestnut rufous; facial stripes inconspicuous. Tail, above mixed black and white, beneath cinnamon rufous bordered with black and fringed with whitish. .^feasiirements. Total length, 260; tail vertebr;e, 100; hind foot, 37. 88. Sperinophiliis. I. t^; p. IJJ; M. ^:^ = 22. 3permophilus. F. C'uv. Mem. Mus., 1822, vi, p. 293. Type. A/ns citilliis, Linn. Spermatophiliis. Wagl. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 22. Citilliis. Lichten. Darst. neuer odcr wenig bekannt. Siiugeth., 1827-34, pi. xxxi, fig. 2. 82 SPERMOPHILUS. Colohotis. Brandt, Bull. Classe Ph\s — math. Acad. Imp. Scien. St. Petersb., 1844, 11, p. 360. Otospermophilus. Brandt, Bull. Classe Phys-math. Acad. Imp. Scien. St. Petersb., 1884, 11, p. 379. Otocolobus. Brandt, Bull. Classe Phys-math. Acad. Imp. Scien. St. Petersb., 1844, 11, p. 382. Ictidomys. Allen, Mon. Rod., 1877, p. 826. Avwiospermophilus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1892, p. 27. Xerospcrmophilus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1892, p. 27. Callospermophilus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 189 (note). Body rather slender; tail either long, moderate, or short, vary- ing greatly in its length among the different species; ears large to rudimentary, not tufted; cheek pouches large; skull variable, short and broad like Sc turns, or long and narrow; postorbital processes strong with a downward direction; anteorbital foramen circular, with a well developed tubercle on outer lower border. A. OallospermophiluB. Size large. Skull broad; interorbital space broad; nasals broad longer than premaxillaries; first premolar small. Tail less than half the length of head and body. Fig. 17. Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis. No. 2585 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times. SPERMOPHILUS. 83 99. lateralis. (Sc/i/rus), Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1S22, 11, p. 46. T)'/e locality. Arkansas River, Colorado, near Canon City. Geogr. Distr. Colorado, Utah (Uintah Mts.), and Arizona, (White and San Francisco Mts.). Genl. Char. Inner black stripe smaller than outer; back griz- zled brown. Color. Above grizzled yellowish brown, gray and black; top of head chestnut; rump and hind part of thighs chestnut brown, mottled with black and yellow; two black stripes enclosing a white one on each side of body; under parts generally pale brownish gray. Tail below bright chestnut, bordered with black and fringed with yellow, above blackish edged with yellow. Mt-asiiremcnts. Total length, 300; tail vertebra', 93: hind part, 43; ear 29. a.—saturatus. (laz/itas). Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1895, p. 43. T)/>e locality. Lake Kichelos, Kittitas county, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Central Washington, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; tail very long, colors dark. Color. Head, sides of neck and fore legs chestnut shaded with black ; upper parts, flanks and hind legs, grizzled rusty black. Dark stripes on back black, light stripe white ; throat, breast, sides of belly and thighs rusty ; chest and belly grizzled black ; feet pale rusty. Tail above like back on basal third, rest margined with a black band broadening at tip ; tips of hairs rusty, beneath reddish yellow border- ed with black. Measurements. Total length, 317; tail vertebrje. 114: hind foot, 46. 100. cinerascens. {Tamias). Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, i8go, p. 20. Type locality. Helena, Montana. Geogr. Distr. Montana, Idaho and northward into Alberta, British America. Genl. Char. Inner black stripe smaller than outer : general color grizzled ash gray. Color. Above clear ash gray grizzled with black ; head and neck to shoulders chestnut ; black and white stripes both broad and long ; outside of thighs reddish brown ; under parts yellowish white, dusky bases of hairs perceptible. Tail above mixed black and gray fringed with yellowish ; below grayish yellow bordered with black. Measurements. Total length, 322 : tail vertebra-, 108 ; hind foot, 44. St SPERMOPHILU3. loi. castanurus. (Tamias), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, iSgo, p. ig. Type loialily. Park City, Wahaatch Mountains, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Washsatch Mountains, Utah. Genl. Char. Inner black stripe large as outer ; mantle ferruginous chestnut. Color. Head and shoulders ferruginous chestnut, sides of neck lighter ; rump and outer side of leg suffused with reddish brown ; two black and one light stripe on sides; under parts dusky yellowish; feet above whitish. Tail above yellow, black and reddish brown mixed and edged with fulvous ; beneath deep chestnut bordered with black. .\[c'asjireinents. Total length, 284; tail vertebra:, 92; hind foot, 43. 102. chrysodeirus. [Tainias), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. ig. Type locality. Fort Klamath, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, northern California and western Nevada. Gcnl. Char. Inner stripe large as outer ; mantle ochraceous. Color. Top pf head rusty chestnut ; sides of face, neck and shoulders ochraceous ; this color more extensive in some specimens than in others ; back grizzled gray ; rump brownish gray ; two black and one yellowish stripe along top of sides ; flanks pale }'ellow och- raceous ; under parts j'ellowish white, the plumbeous at base of hairs showing through. Tail above black and yellow mixed, fringe yellow- ish ; beneath ferruginous bordered with black and fringed with pale ferruginous. Color of tail beneath varies greatly among individuals. Measurements. Total length, 280 ; tail vertebra, 95 ; hind foot, 41 ; ear, 23. a^ber'nardinu,'!. [Spermophilus), Nelson, Science, 1898, Dec, p. 782. brevicaudus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 134. Type locality. San Bernardino, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Similar to T. chrysodeirus, but tail and hind foot shorter. Color. Head and neck to shoulders dull fulvous ; white stripe and two black ones on sides of back ; back and rump grizzled gray with a brown tinge. Tail above, basal half grizzled gray ; remainder black edged with fulvous ; beneath chestnut bordered with black and fringed with fulvous. Hind feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 242 ; tail vertebrae, 77 ; hind foot, 34 ; ear, 16. 103. wortmani. [Tamias), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- 335- Type locality. Kinnev Ranch, Bitter Creek, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming, limits of range unknown. SPERMOPHILUS. Genl. Char. Inner black lateral band obsolete. Color. Above yellowish gray mixed with black and tinged with vinaceous; a broad yellowish white line and one of black on each side ; top of head vinaceous : sides of neck and shoulders deep och- raceous ; sides straw yellow ; beneath bufly white, dusky base of hairs showing through. Tail above dusky edged with fulvous ; below pale fulvous bordered with black. Measurements. Average total length, 280; tail vertebra', 95; hind- foot, 42. B. Ammospermophilus. Size small. Skull very broad for its length ; interorbital con- striction very slight ; nasals short, rather broad and equal in length to the premaxillaries. First premolar less than half the second in size. Tail one-third the length of head and body. Fig. 18. Spermophilus (Ammospermophilus) leucurus. .No. 21;; Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. si/e. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Upper tooth rov Knlarged 4 tinu'S. 104. harrisii. {Spermophilus), .\ud. >.V Bach. Oiiadr. , 1854. Ill, p. 267, pi. 144. fig. I. Type locality. Not determined. Geogr. Distr. Southern I'tah and Nevada into California, and south into Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. 86 SPERMOPHILUS. Genl. Char. Ears small; tail short, black dorsal stripe wanting ; angle of mandibular ramus much developed. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown tinged with vinaceous pos- teriorly ; narrow white stripes on sides ; Banks tinged with pale chest- nut ; orbital ring and lower part of body yellowish white. Tail flat, above black and white edged with white ; beneath white bordered with black and edged with white. Some specimens exhibit little or no differences between the upper and lower sides of the tail. Measurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebra;, 88; hind foot, 41. a.—saxicolus. {Spermopkiliis), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 444. Type locality. Tinajas Altas, Gila Mountains, Yuma county, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Gila Mountains in southwestern Arizona, into Sonora. Gejil. Char. Colors pallid; tail rather long. Color. Like 5. harrisii, but all hues much paler, and tail longer. Measurements. Total length, 245; tail vertebra^ 93; hind foot, 40. 105. leucurus. {Tamias), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 20. Type locality. San Gorgonio Pass, California. Geogr. Distr. California and Utah to Arizona and New Mexico. Genl. Char. Smaller than T. harrisii, tail shorter, below white. Color. Above grizzled gray, vinaceous on head and rump; out- side of legs salmon; white stripe on side of back; under parts white. Tail, above iron gray with indistinct white border; beneath white, bordered with black. Measurements. Total length, 209; tail vertebrae, 69; hind foot, 38. a. — cinnamomeus. (Taimas), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, pp. 51 and 52. Type locality. Echo Cliffs, Painted Desert, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Desert Region, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. Genl. Char. Ears, tail, and hind feet larger than in T. leucurus. Color. Upper parts uniform pale cinnamon, lined with black; paler on shoulders, legs and rump; rest of coat similar to T. leucurus. Measuretnents. Total length, 220; tail vertebra:-, 76; hind foot, 40. 106. interpres. (Tamias), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 21. Type locality. El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Te.xas, limits of range undeter- mined. Color. Winter Pelage. Above grizzled gray tinged with vinace- ous; shoulder, hips and outer surface of legs ochraceous buff; white SPERMOPHILUS. 87 Stripe on eyelids and on each side of back; under parts white. Tail, above grizzled gray tinged with fulvous; edge whitish; beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 226; tail vertebrse, 80; hind foot, 37. 107. nelsoni. {Spermophilus), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash., 1893, p. 129. Type locality. Tipton, San Joaquin Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Central California. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. Icucurus, but larger; above j^ellowish brown. Color. Above yellowish brown; under parts whitish. Tail, above basal third like back, rest black and white with white border, beneath buffy white bordered with black, edged with white. Measurements. Average total length, 228.6; tail vertebr;e, 68.4; hind foot, 40.4. C. Otosperraophilus. " Skull broad, molars small; edge of outer wall of anteorbital foramen not thickened; coronoid processes of lower jaw long and slender; ears very large, tail long, full, bushy." Fig. 19. Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) grammurus. No. 2132 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. 88 SPERMOPHILUS. 108. grammurus. (.SV/V//7/.f ), Saj-, in Long's Exped. Rock\' Mts., 1823, II, p. 72. couchii. Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 311, pi. 81. Type locality. Purgatory Creek, Colorado, Lat. 37^ 32'; Long. 103° 30'. Geogr. Distr. Parks of central Colorado, south to Mexico. Genl. Char. Tail long, full, bushy; earslarge, body large, stout; soles of feet smooth. Color. Above gray mottled with brownish white and black; washed posteriorly with brown; sides of neck and flanks pure gray; inside of limbs brownish white; under parts pale yellowish white, feet gray. Tail grayish white with three black bands. Measurements. Total length, 530 ; tail vertebrae, 200 ; hind foot, 60. a — beecheyi. (Arctomys), Richard, Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, i, p. 170. californiciis. Less. Mamm. and Ois. Nouv. , 1847, p. 143. Type locality. California. Vicinity of San Francisco or Mon- terey. ? Geogr. Distr. West of Sierra Nevada, northern California. Genl. Char. Size large, ears large, prominent. Tail more than two-thirds length of body. Color. Above mixed black and pale yellowish brown; top of head dark brown; sides of head and neck and patch behind the ear yellowish gray, in some lights nearly white; these patches extend in a more or less slender line on either side above shoulders nearly to middle of body; back indistinctly spotted in buff, arranged in some- what irregular transverse lines. Under parts pale yellowish white, or pale buff. Tail above black sprinkled with yellowish white tipped hairs, and edged with pale yellowish brown, with three black mar- ginal lines, outermost broadest and most distinct, and fringed with yellowish white and tipped with black. Measurements. Total length, 402; tail vertebra, 140; hind foot, 60; ear 34. b.—fisheri. (Spermophilus), Merr.,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 133. Type locality. Kern Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Western border of Nevada, central and southern California. Genl. Char. Like 5. beecheyi, but paler. Color. Similar to .S. beecheyi, but sides of neck and shoulder stripes silvery white ; body spotted on sides with whitish bordered with dusky ; lower part of face whitish ; under parts and feet buffy. Measurements. Total length, 415; tail vertebrae, 175; hind foot, 58. SPERMOPHILUS. 89 C.—douglasi. {Aritomys), Richardson. Faun. Bor. Amer., 1^29, i, p. 172. Type locality. Plains of the Columbia River, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Northern California, Oregon, (Fort Klamath). Genl. Char. Size intermediate : shoulder patches black. Color. Similar to 5. beecheyi. except that the patch on neck and shoulders is black instead of brown. Tail hoary above and beneath, and three dark bands visible. Affasiirements . Total length, 450; tail vertebra', 210: hind foot, 66. d.—buckleyi. {Spermophilus), Slack. Proc. .\cad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S61, p. 314. Txpe locality. Pack-saddle Mountain, Llano County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Central Texas. Genl. Char. Size large : head and shoulders black : ears small ; soles naked. Color. Head, neck and shoulders above black : the extent of this color varies greatly among individuals ; rest of pelage grizzled white and black. Throat, sides of neck and belly dark ochre : mid- dle of bellv gravish white. Tail grizzled brown and black with irregu- lar, ill defined, black bands. .Measurements. Total length. 513-. tail vertebra% 192; hind foot. 55. D. Oolobotis. Skull abruptly narrowed between orbits: zygomata heavy, spread- ing, flattened transversely ; first premolar large ; tail short, narrow ; ears small, almost hidden by fur. 109. empetra. (Mns), Pall. Nov. Spec. Glir., 177S, p. 74, (Part). .anaJeiisis, Erxleb. Syst. Anim., 1777, p. 363, (Part). parryi, Richard. App. Parrys Sec. Voy. , 1S25, p. 316. kennicotii, Ross. Canad. Nat. ct Geol., 1861, p. 434. phceognathus, Richard. Faun. Bor. .Am., 1S29, p. 161. Txpe locality. Mackenzie River. Geogr. Distr. Arctic America from Melville Peninsula to Icy Cape, Bering Sea : southwest along the Yukon River for a considera- ble distance, and in the east to the verge of the Barren Grounds, Lat. 65 . Genl. Char. Body stout and thick ; tail short and bushy : ears low, broad. Color. Above mixed white, black and yellowish brown, with numerous blotches formed by the white : rest of pelage brownish yel- low, except top of head, which is cinnamon mixed with black. Orbi- SPERMOPHILUS. tal ring pale. Tail above gra)', brown and black intermingled, bor- dered with black and edged with jellowish white ; beneath brownish red bordered with black. Measurements. Total length, 433 ; tail vertebra;, 75. Fig. 20. SPERMOPHILUS (COLOBOTIS) KADIACENSIS. No. u Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. a.—kadiacensis. (Spermophilus'), Allen, Proc. Bost. See, 1874, p. 292. Typt locality. Island of Kadiak, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Kadiak Island only. Genl. Char. Equal in size to 5. empetra, but more gray, white blotches more numerous. Tail shorter. Color. Above mixed gray, brown and black profusely spotted with white ; top of head chestnut ; orbital ring yellowish white ; flanks gray faintly spotted with white ; rest of pelage fulvous or buff ; dark colored bases of hairs on under parts showing through. Tail above at base like back, grading into black and edged with fulvous ; beneath reddish, with black subterminal bar, and fringed with yellowish. Measurements. Total length, 398; tail vertebrae, 108; hind foot, 59. SPERMOPHILUS. 91 iio. beringensis. {S/>ermop>ii/us), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., lyoo, p. 20. Type locality. Cape Lisbourne, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. empetra: dorsal vermiculations broken into spots ; tail longer, color deeper. Color. Summer PcUii^e. General color fulvous ; ferruginous on nose and underside of tail ; back spotted with buff)' white ; tail bor- dered with black. Winter Fehn^e. Nose patch bright rusty ; sides of face and neck buffy gray ; back deep fulvous with few white spots ; sides and under parts buffy fulvous. No Measurements given ! 111. osgoodi. (Spermoptiihis), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 18. Type locality. Fort Yukon, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large ; tail very long ; premaxilla' longer than nasals. Color. Summer relai;e. Top of head deep ferruginous ; neck, shoulders and sides grayish ; flanks deep fulvous ; back fulvous spot- ted with whitish; sides of face, legs, feet and under parts ferruginous. Winter Pela<;e. Similar, but clearer gray on neck and shoulders, thighs and flanks deep ferruginous ; vermiculations on back less broken into spots ; under parts with grayish and fulvous areas. Measurements. None given ! 112. barrowensis. [Spermophilus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 19. Type locality. Point Barrow, Alaska. Genl. Char. Largest species known ; premaxilla- not so long as nasals. Color. Top and back of head buffy fulvous ; neck and sides buffy and black ; back buffy fulvous speckled with whitish ; beneath, with legs and feet buff)', darkest on breast and belly. Tail above grizzled buffy and black : beneath buffy fulvous bordered with black and fringed with buff. Measurements. Hind foot, 62. None other given ! 113. columbianus. {Arctomus),Ord,G\iih. Geog. 1815, n, p- 292. erythroglutieus, Richard. Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, p. 161. Type locality. Sources of Elk River, Rocky Mountains, lat. 57°. Geogr. Distr. Western Montana to Washington and north through British Columbia and Alaska to Plover Bay in Siberia. Genl. Char. Smaller than S. empetra, ears and tail longer. Color darker. Oa SPERMOPHILUS. Color. Similar to .S'. cmpetra, but there is an obscure brownish streak on back ; upper part of neck blackish ; side of face mixed black and white ; hind parts of hips and thighs brownish red, as are also the feet. Light markings fulvous. Measuremfitls. Total length, 370; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot, 44. 114. richardsoni. i^Arctomys), Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc, 1822, p. 389, pi. 28. guttatus. Rich. Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, p. 162. (nee Tenim). Type locality. Carlton House, Arctic America. Geogr. Distr. From Aberdeen, South Dakota, to North Dakota and Montana, west to Rocky Mountains and north to the Saskatche- wan River to latitude 55°. Genl. Char. Small, tail one-third length head and body ; ear short. Color. Above grayish buff mixed with black and dotted with buff ; neck, shoulders and under parts light buff, shading gradually into the color of upper parts. Tail above rusty brown and black, edged with yellowish white ; beneath buff. Measurements. Average total length, 311; tail vertebrae, 82; hind foot, 46. 115. townsendii. (Sperinophilus), Bachm. Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 61. Type locality. Plains of Columbia near mouth of Walla Walla River. Geogr. Distr. Nebraska westward to Plains of Columbia River, and from Wyoming and Utah to Montana, Idaho and Oregon. Genl. Char. Small ; ears very small ; tail short ; colors dark. Color. Above gray and black mixed, with a wash of dark reddish brown along back, and all indistinctly mottled. Rump and outside of legs reddish brown ; under parts grayish white tinged with brown- ish yellow. Tail above black, edged with yellowish white ; beneath reddish. Measurements. Total length, 305; tail vertebrae, go; hind foot, 37. 116. mollis. {Spermophilus), Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 158. Type locality. Camp Floyd, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah and Nevada, exact range not determined. Genl. Char. Form stout ; muzzle short, compressed, ears rudi- mentary ; feet large, claws weak, compressed. Color. Above variegated silvery gray, yellowish brown and black; under parts silvery gray washed with creamy yellow. Tail above SPERMOPHILUS. 03 yellowish brown, mixed with black, bordered and tippetl wiili white ; below reddish brown fringed with white. Mt-asuremcnts. Total length, 208 : tail vertebra', 45. a. — stephensi. {.S/c-rmo/'/it/us), Merr. , Proc. Biol, Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 69. Type locality. Queen Station, Owens \'alley, Nevada, 6,000 feet. Gcogr. Distr. Nevada. (/'('///. Char. Similar to 5'. mollis, but head and shoulders pinkish buff. Color. Summer Pclagi'. Head and neck to shoulders pinkish buff ; below yellowish buff ; rest of upper parts vinaceous buff mixed with brown ; under parts buffy. Tail above and below grizzled buff, fringed with buff. Measurements. Total length, 209; tail \ ertebrjc. 49; hind foot, 32. I), -yakimensis. {Spcrmophilus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 70. Type locality. Mabton, Yakima Countv, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Washington. Gcnl. Char. Like S. tiiollis, but grayer anti tail shorter. Nasals long. Color. Above grizzled buffy gray ; cheeks and sides of neck grayish tinged with yellowish : under parts pale buff. Tail grizzled fulvous, like S. mollis. .Measurements. Total length, 215; tail vertebra:, 41S ; hind foot, 34.2. c.^canus. (Spermophilus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., i8g8, p. 70. Type locality. Antelope, Wasco County, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Northern Oregon, range not determined. Geitl. Char. Similar to .*>■. mollis, but smaller ; shorter hind feet and tail. Color. Above grizzled graj- and dusky : cheeks and sides of neck grayish ; thighs dark, suffused with fulvous : under parts grizzled buffy gray. Tail grayer than in »S". mollis. .\feasuremcnls. Total length, igS : tail vertebra', 40 : hind foot, 30.3. 117. armatus. (.Spcrmophilus), Kennicott. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 15S. Type locality. Fort Bridger, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah, Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, precise range not determined. Genl. Char. Stout: ears large; feet large; tail short, bushy; pelage soft. SPERMOPHILUS. Color. Above dark gray and black, washed with dark brown on middle of the back; shoulders, rump and thighs ochraceous brown. Under parts silvery gray tinged with yellowish, dark bases of hairs showing through. Tail, above and below mixed gray and black, sub- terminal black border, and black tip edged with gray. Measurements. Total length, 254; tail vertebrae, 50. 118. elegans. (Speniiophilus), Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 158. richardsoni var. townsendi, Allen, Mon. Roden., 1877, p. 848 (nee. Bach.). Type locality. Fort Bridger, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming and Utah. Range undetermined. Genl. Char. Slender; head narrow, tapering; ears rounded, dis- tinct; tail flat, short; feet moderately large. Color. Above pale dusky gray mottled indistinctly with dark brown and washed with brownish; under parts grayish white tinged with pale yellowish brown; rump and thighs yellowish brown; chin, throat, and inside of limbs white. Tail, above like back, but tinged with yellowish brown, and with a subterminal border and bar of black edged with whitish; beneath yellowish brown with an indis- tinct border and bar of black, edged with whitish. Measurements. Total length, 177-255; tail to end of hairs, 88-114. 119. beldingi. [Spermophilus), Merr. , Ann. Acad. Nat. Scien., 1888, P- 317. fig- Type locality. Donner, California. Geogr. Distr. California. Genl. Char. Size equal to 5. townsendi; claws long, strong, nearly straight; hind feet with posterior third of sole, hairy; tail not bushy; ears large. Color. Dorsal band bright rufous; sides and under parts grizzled yellowish gray; tail chestnut beneath, subterminal band black, better shown beneath than above; upper part rufous bordered with black and yellowish. Top of head rufous, chin and throat whitish. Feet light yellowish gray. Measurements. Total length, 275-300; tail vertebrae, 76-89; hind foot, 45; ear 6. 120. oregonus. {Spermophilus). Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 69. Type locality. Swan Lake Valley, Klamath, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality. SPERMOPHILUS. 05 Gcnl. Char. Similar to A', beldingi, but gray and without red dor- sal area and head patch. Color. Above grizzled buffy gray, inclining to fulvous on back; under parts buff, feet whitish buff. Tail like back at base; remainder black and fulvous, edged with hoary and tip black; below chestnut bordered with black and fringed with hoary. MinsHremeiils. Total length, 265; tail vertebra-, 57; hind foot, 42. E. Xerospennophilus Size small. Skull short, broad, interorbital space broad, con- striction one-third less the widest part; nasals broad, not so long as prema.\illaries. First premolar one-third the second in size. Tail one-thirtl the length of head and bodv. Fig. 21. SPERMOPHILUS (Xerospermophilus) microspilotus. No. 703 Field Columbian .Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. 121. obsoletus. (Spermophilus), Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., Phil., 1863, p. 157. Type locality. Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. Black Hills, South Dakota, into Nebraska, and westward to Utah. Genl. Char. Head narrow, nose long, pointed; tail short, ears small. Color. Above sandy gray grizzled with white, spotted indis- tinctly posteriorly with whitish; stripe under eye, nose, and edge of 90 SPERMOPHILUS. ears light reddish brown; under parts wliitish tinged with sandy brown. Tail, above like back, mixed with black, bordered and tipped with whitish; beneath light reddish brown, indistinct subter- minal black border and tipped with whitish. Measurements. Total length, 205; tail vertebra;, 50. 122. spilosoma. (^Spennophilus), Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1833, p. 40. mexicaniis, And. & Bach. Quad. N. Am., 1853, iii, p. 42, pi. cix. Type locality. California, near Mexican boundary. Geogr. Distr. Southern California to New Mexico (Fort Stan- ton) and El Paso, Texas, south into Mexico. Gent. Char. Size small; ears verv short, tail about half the length of body. Color. Above reddish brown spotted with white, bordered with black posteriori}' in the young; under parts yellowish white. Tail, above like back, with subterminal black bar, tip yellowish brown; beneath brownish yellow, bordered with black and fringed with yel- lowish. McasKreiiu-nts. Total length, 255; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 32. a.~-inicrr)/ii///s), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 3, i8go, P- 55- Tj/c' locality. San Francisco Mountain, northwestern Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Cedar Belt, northeast of San Francisco Moun- tain, Arizona. Genl. Char. Dark form of Spotted Spermophile. Similar to .V. s. pratensis, longer hind feet and tail, and colors darker. Color. Above dull sepia brown; dorsal spots whitish. Measurements. Total length, igo; tail vertebr;e, 65; hind foot, 33. e.—annectans. (.S/>frmop/n7i(s), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 132. Type locality. Padre Island, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Mustang and Padre Islands, Texas; the former island probably the northern limit of the subspecies. Genl. Char. Similar to .S". .f. major, but graj'er. Color. Above grayish brown spotted with buff}', margined pos- teriorlv with dusky; under parts whitish. Tail like back, apical two- thirds bordered with black, tips of hairs buffy ochraceous. .Measiirrmcnts. Total length, 220; tail vertebras 60; hind foot, 36. 123. cryptospilotus. {Spcniiophilus). Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890. p. 57. Type locality. Tenebito Wash, 25 miles east of the Little Colo- rado, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Painted Desert, Arizona. Genl. Char. Color pale, dorsal spots absent in worn pelago. Color. Above buffy clay color, sometimes tinged with vinaceous cinnamon. Tail like back above, yellowish below with indistinct subterminal black band. .\feasurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebra', 60; hind foot, 32. 124. canescens. {.Spcrmophilt/s), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 38. Type locality. Wilcox, Cochise county, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to .S". spilosoma, ground color drab gray, no fulvous; dorsal spots inclining to coalesce laterally. Color. Above drab gray and hoary; head and face hoary; back covered with elongate whitish markings forming transverse bars. 98 SPERMOPHILUS. Eyelids and under parts white. Tail, above grizzled grayish drab, terminal third blackish, bordered with buff: beneath buff with sub- terminal black band. Measuremerits. Total length, 156; tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot, 28. 125. mohavensis. {Spermopliihis), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, P- 15- Type locality. Mojave River, California. Geogr. Distr. Mojave Desert, California. Genl. Char. Size equal to S. tereticaudus: tail about half the length of body; feet large; ears rudimentary. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown; beneath whitish; tail above like back mixed with black, bordered with white; below white, bordered by black. Measurements. Total length, 230; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot. 38. 126. tereticaudus. {Sper/no/'liilus), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, P- 315- Type locality. Fort Yuma, California. Geogr. Distr. Central California to Southern Arizona on Tucson Plain. Genl. Char. Tail as long as four fifths head and body; no spots on body, feet broad, soles hairy. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown; beneath brownish white. Tail like back, brown at end, tip yellowish. Measurements. Total length, 248; tail vertebrae, 112; hind foot, 35. 127. neglectus. (Spermophilus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 17. Type locality. Dolan's Springs, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. /<'/r/;Vtf«ermop/nlus), Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 291. Type locality. Plains of lower Yellowstone River. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming south to Texas and east to Missouri, on the plains and desert regions. Genl. Char. Small; colors pale; light stripes white and wide. Color. Very similar to ^. /. olivaceus, possibly slightly paler; tail, above black and white mixed, narrowly bordered and tipped with whitish; below chestnut; subterminal indistinct black bar, sides fringed with whitish; tip same hue. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 75;hiDd foot, 32. h.—olivaceus. (Spermophilus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 337- Type locality. Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. South Dakota. Genl. Char. Similar to S. t. pallidus, but darker. Color. Above dusky or blackish brown; flanks, stripes and spots pale buff, tinged with olive; beneath buff. Basal half of tail above black and white mixed, narrowly bordered and tipped with whitish; below dark buff, subterminal black bar; sides fringed with whitish, tip same hue. Measurements. Average total length, 252; tail vertebras, 89; hind foot, 34.5. c— parvus. {Spermophilns), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- 337- Type loealitv. Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, northeastern Utah. SPERMOPHILUS. 101 iieogr. Distr. Utah and Wyoming. Gen/. Char. Smaller than S. ij-lineatm, or .V. /. olivaccus. Color. Brc-cding Pelage. Above deep russet and blackish: spots and stripes grajish white tinged with cream color; feet anil under parts white with dark bases of hairs perceptible. Measuremfnts. Average total length, 204: tail vertebra', 80: hind foot, 30.6. d. fil/eni {.Sfiermophi/iis), Merr., Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1S95, p. 71. 7ype loeality. Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming, range not determined. lifnl. Char. Small; colors dark, stripes and spots less reddish than in .V. ij-ltneatiis. Color. Similar to .S". ij-lincatus, but nearly as small as .V. /. par- vus. Above as in species compared; light spots and dorsal rows longer than in .S". rj-lineaius, and tail darker and less reddish. Measvrements. Total length, 211; tail vertebra, 74; hind foot, 32. e. texensh. {Spermophiliis), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc, i8g8, p. 71. Type locality. Gainsville, Cook County, Te.xas. Geogr. Distr. Northern Texas and Oklahoma Territor) . range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. jj-lineatiis, but smaller. Color. Winter Pelage. Above deep ferruginous, grizzled with black; sides of neck, feet and under parts buffy; dorsal stripes and spots buffy white. Tail beneath rusty, mixed and edged with buff, subterminal black bar, tip buff. Above dark buff bordered with black and fringed with buff. Measurements. Total length, 270; tail vertebra', 92; hind foot. 33. f. -hariius. (.Spermophiliis). Bangs, N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. i. Type loeality. Statesbury, Missouri. Geogr. Distr. Missouri, range undetermined. Genl. Char. Larger than 5. /. texensis, colors darker. Color. Winter J'elage. Above chestnut; stripes and spots buff: rest of pelage buff, hairs of under parts plumbeous at base. Tail above chestnut, below ferruginous bordered with black and edged with buff. M,asiire>iients. Total length, 276: tail vertebra", 98.4: hind foot, 35. 130. franklini. (Arctomys), Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc, 1822, p. 587, pi. 27. Type locality. Carlton House, Saskatchewan River, Manitoba. 102 SPERMOPHILUS. CYNOMYS. Geogr. Distr. Valley of Saskatchewan, and through those of the Red River and Mississippi, to the Dakotas and central Kansas. Eastern limit western Indiana. Genl. Char. Size rather large; tail more than half the length of head and body; ear very small. Color. Above yellowish brown spotted obscurely with black; top and sides of head and neck, rump and thighs gray; beneath whitish. Tail grayish white, with three black lines, outermost broad and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 378; tail vertebra^, 139; hind foot, 52. 39. Cyiioniys. I. Iizl; P. izl-^ M. 2=i = 22. Cynomys. Rafin. Month. Mag., 1817, ii, p. 45. Type .irctomys ludovUianus. Ord. .Anisony.x, Rafin. Month. Mag., 1817, II, p. 45. Cheek pouches shallow; ears rudimentary; tail very short, flat; feet with claws on all five toes; pollex large, nail well developed: pelage short; dentition very heavy; molars large with three trans- verse grooves on their crowns; first and second premolars nearly equal in size; outline of molar series curved, divergent anteriorly, approximating posteriorly; postorbital processes strong, well devel- oped, decurved; anteorbital foramen large subtriangular, the tubercle at end large and visible when viewed from above, and projecting be- yond the superior outline of skull; palate greatly contracted pos- teriorly; occipital and saggital crests present. 131. ludovicianus. {Arctomys), Ord., Guth. Geog., 1817, p. 292. socialis, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, II, p. 45. grisea, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, II, p. 45. missouriensis,V^3.iden, Descrip. Etats-Unis, v. 1820, p. 627. latrans, Harlan, Faun. Am., 1825, p. 306. Type locality. Plains of the Upper Missouri. Geogr. Distr. Western Texas to 49th parallel, and western Kan- sas to eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Body stout; tail short; ears very small; claws long. Color. Summer Pelage. Above reddish brown, varied with gray and black hairs; beneath yellowish white. Tail like the back with the apical third black. Winter Pelage. Above pale vinaceous buff, grizzled and mixed with black; below pale buff. Measurements. Total length, 393; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot, 57. Fig. .''3. Cynomys ludovicianus. No. 3745 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. 132. gunnisoni. {Cynomys), Baird, Proc. .Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1-^55. P- 334- Ty/>e locality. Cooachetope Pass. Rocky Mountains. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico and Arizona. Gen/. Char. Smaller than C. ludovicianusy tail one-sixth length of body. Color. Summer Pelage. Above tawny fulvous, mixed with black; 104 CYNOMYS. ARCTOMYS. under parts pale fulvous; tail like back on basal half, rest mixed black and white bordered and tipped with white. Winter Pelage. Above pale buff, mixed with black; under parts pale yellow to fulvous. Measurements. Average total length, 360; tail vertebrae, 69; hind foot, 60. 133. lewisil. {Arctomys), Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. .\m.. Ill, i«53, p. 32, pi. cvii. leucurus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 33. Type locality. Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming, Utah in llncompahgre Indian Reser- vation. Genl. Char. Similar to C'. gunnisoni, but two-thirds of tail white. Color. Above grizzled; grayish buff mixed with black on rump; black patch over eye and a black and buff one below the eye; thighs buff; under parts buffy white. Tail, basal half like back; terminal half white. Measurements. Total length, 335; tail vertebrae, 53; hind foot, 58. 134. arizonensis. Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., i8go, p. 305. Ty/ie locality. Point of Mountain, near Wilcox, southern Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Southern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large; tail nearly twice as long as E. giinni- soni. Color. Summer Pelage. Above vinaceous-cinnanion; below whit- ish; tail with a narrow subterminal bar of broccoli brown. Winter Pelage. Above pale sandy buff; below white tinged with buff. Measurements. Average total length, 376; tail vertebras, 84; hind foot, 61. 40. Arctoniys. I. iz:!; p. ^JZl- M. ^^ - 22. Arctomys. Schreb. Saugeth., 1792, p. 770. Type.-/, marmotta, Linn. Mus. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 601 (Part). Glis. Erxleb. Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 358 (Part). Form stout, heavy, legs short; tail short, stout, hairy; cheek pouches small; fore feet with a rudimentary poUex having a flat nail. Skull heavy; superior outline nearly straight to posterior portion of nasals when it curves downward; interorbital region depressed; post- orbital processes broad at base, stout, decurved, and at right angles to axis of skull; zygomata expanded; molar series with two trans- verse grooves across their crowns, nearly parallel, barely converging I ARCTOMYS. posteriorly. First premolar slightly smaller than the second; palate broad, of nearly equal width throughout its length: bulla' inflated, moderately large. Fig. 24. Arctomys wonax. No. .445 Field Columbiao Museum Coll. ■; nat. size. 135. monax. {.Vus), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 60. /j/f' locality. Maryland. Geof^r. Distr. From New York to Georgia, west to the Dakotas, intergrading in the Alleghanian and Canadian fauna- with next three species. Gt-nl. Char. Bod>' robust, heavy; ears large ami rounded; tail less than half the length of body, bushy. Color verging from almost black to yellowish or whitish gray. Color. Crown and upper parts usually brownish black; nose and chin gray; cheeks and throat yellowish white; under parts brown- ish chestnut; feet black or dark brown. Tail black. .\fciuureni(nts. Total length, 484; tail vertebra,-. 114; hind foot, 80. st. Xat., 1776, i, p. ,S5, (Mus, nee Sciu- rus, p. JSS). 7lera), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. i8g6, p. 166. Type locality. Citronelle, Citrus count)-, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Peninsular Florida to southern Georgia; west to Louisiana? Genl. Char. Similar to .S. volans, more uniform russet, under parts and tail beneath washed with same color. Color. Upper parts russet, grading to yellowish drab, feet and hands above sooty gray; edge of wing membrane black; under parts white tinged with pinkish russet. Tail, above smoky gray tinged with rusty, beneath pinkish buff. .\feasurements. Total length, 237.66: tail vertebra, 102.66; hind foot, 31.33. b.—aliiinus. {Fteromys), Rich. Faun. Bor., 1S29, p. 195, pi. 18. Type locality. Head waters of Elk River, N. W. Alberta. Geogr. Distr. From the Mackenzie River along east side of the Rocky Mountains to United States border. Genl. Char. Head and feet larger than .V. sahrinus: tail longer, elliptical; membrane less full, border straight. Color. Upper parts yellowish brown, tail blackish brown: under parts grayish white, tail beneath pale brown. Measurements. Total length. 280; tail vertebra', 108. 110 SCIUROPTERUS. c. calif ornic US. {Siii/rop/erus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1897, p. 323. Type locality. San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino county, California. Geogr. Distr. Mountain range, southeastern California. Genl. Char. Smaller than .S'. v. alpinus, color pale. Color. Upper parts between drab gray and wood brown. Basal third of tail like back, remainder dark smoke gray. Sides of face and neck pale ash gray, orbital ring mouse gray. Under parts yellowish grav, except throat, inner fore legs and inner margin of thighs, which are white. Tail beneath pale drab. Measurements. Type. Total length, 286; tail vertebrae, 127; hind foot, 38; ear from crown, 16; length of carpal fascia, 24. d. — nre^onensis. [J^teromys), Bachm.]ourn. Ac. Phil., 1S39, viii, p. loi. Type locality. " Pine woods of the Columbia near the sea." Geogr. Distr. Southern Alaska to northern California, at lower elevations of the Pacific slope. Genl. Char. Intermediate in size between .S". v. alpinus and 5. volans; tail long, slender; colors dark. Color. Above Mars brown with a russet shade, tinged with clay color, hairs black tipped; upper parts of feet, shoulders, membrane, ears and tail, seal brown to slate black; under parts isabella color tinged with rusty. Fore legs beneath, spot on chin, and median line from breast to vent, whitish. About mouth and eyes blackish. Measurements. Type. Total length, 302; tail vertebra>, 132; hind foot, 39; ear from crown, 15; carpal fascia, 23.5. e.—olympicus. (Sciuropterus), Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., 1899, i, p. 250, Zoology. Type locality. Happy Lake, Clallam County, Olympic Moun- tains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Northwest Washington, higher parts of the Olympic Mountains. Genl. Char. Similar to S. r. fuliginosus Rhoads, but larger and darker. Color. Upper parts blackish slate, hairs tipped with rust color; membranes jet black on outer half edged with white, inner half like back; tail above grayish fawn, dark smoky gray at tip, beneath buff; under parts bright buff; legs and feet dark reddish brown; ears dark brown; nose, stripe to e3'e and orbital ring, black. Measurements. Type. Total length, 346; tail, 164; hind foot, 38; membrane across shoulder, 200. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; greatest width, 19; nasals, 12; tooth row, 9. SCIUROPTERUS. f. —fuliginosus. {SL-iurofiicrus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1897, p. 314. Type locality. Martin Station, Kittitass county. Cascade Moun- tains, Washington. Gtogr. Distr. Cascade, Coast, and Sierra Nevada Mountains, at high elevations. Genl. Char. Like S. i'. alpiniis in size, but color darker. Color. Upper parts with under fur slaty drab, hairs tipped with broccoli brown, giving a mottled slaty drab appearance. Upper half of tail like back, rest slaty gray, end blackish slate. Upper surface of membrane slaty drab. Tail beneath smoke gray, bordered with blackish. Under parts light drab gray, tinged with brown on throat at base and lower margin of membrane; orbital ring black. Lower margin of membrane white. Mtasurcmcnts. Tj'pe. Total length, 317; tail, 153: hind foot, 40; ear from crown, 18; length of carpal fascia, 25. g.—klaniafhenxis. i^Sciuro/'tfrus), Merr. . Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1897, p. 225. Type locality. Fort Klamath, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, range not determined. Genl. Char. Similar to S. v. fuliginosiis, but smaller; tail paler above. Color. Upper parts drab brown; tinged with fulvous brown; under parts yellowish buff. Tail above like back, beneath deep buff; cheeks pale yellowish gray. Top of head grayish fulvous, ears pale. Measurements. Type. Total length, 329; tail vertebra;, 138; liind foot, 38. 142. Stephens!. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 151. T\pe locality. Sherwood, Mendocino county, California. Genl. Char. Similar to 5. klamathcnsis, but smaller and darker. Color. "In coloraHdn' this subspecies resembles klamathensis much more closely than oregoncnsis, but it is slightly darker than klamathensis and has much smaller ears and audital bullae. Under parts and under side of tail without trace of fulvous suffusion." (Merr. 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 277: tail vertebrif, 131 ; hind foot, 37. Fam. II. Haplodoiitidae. Form stout, heavy; limbs short: head broad, Hat, triangular: no neck apparent; tail short, terete, hairj'; ears moderate; eyes minute; feet plantigrade, five-toed, upper surface hairy, palms and soles naked, claws long, thumb short. Skull massive, depressed, triangu- 11-2 SCIUROPTERUS. HAPLODONTIA. lar, broad posteriorly, no postorbital processes; zygomata widest pos- teriori}'; anteorbital foramen oval, obliquely placed; nasals broad; mandible heavy, strong, descending ramus twisted into the hori- zontal plane; coronoid falcate. 42. *Hai)lodoiitia. I ~i; P- T~' M- i=^; = 22. Aplodontia! Rich. Zool. Jour., iv, 1829, p. 334. Type A. leporina. Rich. = Anisonyx nifa. Rafin. Anisonyx, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, p. 45. (Part.) Molars rootless, prismatic, pattern unique, with a prominent salient angle having a cavity on either side, this angle being external on upper molars, internal on the lower. Molar series nearly parallel; first upper premolar very small; incisors rounded anteriorly; palate broad, of about equal width throughout its length. Auditory bulla; small, with tubular meatus projecting beyond posterior angle of the zygoma. Superior outline of skull flat; base horizontal. 143. rufa. {Anisonyx), Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, u, p. 45. leporina. Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1829, p. 211, pi. 18C. Skull and feet. Type locality. Cascades of Columbia River. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Washington and Oregon. Color. Above chestnut or reddish brown; beneath plumbeous; feet and ears whitish. Tail like back. Measurements. Total length, 305; tail vertebras, 25; hind foot, 54. a.^californica. {Haplodontia), Peters, Monstab. K. P. Akad. Wis- sench. zu Berlin, 1864, p. 179. major. Merr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Scien., 1886, iii, p. 316. Type locality. California. Geogr. Distr. California, range not defined. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown; under fur plumbeous; rump and belly grizzled mouse gray; patch of white on anal region; sooty brown stripe from nose to between eyes. Measurcmi-nts. Length of head and body, 340; hind foot, 53; ear, 10. 6. — raineri. {Aplotlontia.'), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 21. Type locality. Paradise Creek, Mt. Ranier, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Washington. Range not determined. ♦The specific values of the forms of this genus as here given cannot be said to be satisfac- torily determined. More specimens and a better knowledge of their distribution must be obtained. HAPLODONTIA. Fig. 26. HAPLODONTIA californica. \o. 515 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. s Gcnl. Char. Similar to H. r. californica, but paler and grayer. Skull: incisive foramena shorter and slightly more open; basi-occi- pital notch shallower; jugal narrower and more slender. Color. Like H. r. californica, but of a pale and more grayish hue J 14 HAPLODONTIA. throughout, especially on the under parts and region around mouth; whiskers mainly white, instead of black. (Vide Merriam, 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 375; tail vertebrae, 33; hind foot, 62. 144. pacifica. {Aplodontia!), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 19. Type locality. Newport, Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, limits of range undetermined. Genl. Char. Size small; ear long; colors dark. Color. Winter Pelage. Above fulvous brown mixed with black; head and rump bister; cheeks suffused with fulvous; under parts plumbeous, washed with fulvous; legs, feet and tail grizzled grayish dusky. Afeasiireiiients. Total length, 304; tail vertebrte, 22; hind foot, 48. 145. phaea. {Aplodontia.'), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 20. Type locality. Point Reyes, Marin County, California. Geogr. Distr. Unknown. Genl. Char. Size small; ears short. Color. General hue uniform bister brown. Measurements. Total length, 330; tail vertebrae, 30; hind foot, 55. 146. olympica. {Aplodontia.'^, Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 20. Type locality. Queniult Lake, Olympic Mountains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, Washington, range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to ff. rufa but larger and darker. Color. Above rufous mixed with black hairs; rump grayish; under parts gray tinged with rufous. Lips white, and some speci- mens have white spots on the chest and behind ears, but in others these are absent. Base of ear blackish. Skull: " Jugal not obliquely expanded but developing a postorbital ridge or process which forms the only upward projection from the arch — the posterior projection in rufa, formed by the thickened anterior end of the squamosal, being absent." (Merr.) This process in a modified form is present in H. r. californica, and is of varying dimensions in a series of IT. olympica: in some being almost obsolete. Measurements. Total length, 350; tail vertebrae, 35; hind foot, 35. Fam. III. Castoridae. Skull massive, no postorbital processes, superior outline nearly straight; molars single rooted with re-entering of enamel folds, and decrease in size posteriorly; the molar series is not parallel but con- verges anteriorly and the palate is arched, contracted anteriorly. HAPLODONTIA. Lower jaw massive; angle of niandiblo rounded. Incisors large, powerful, the lower much longer than the \ipper, with chisel-like edges, and deep orange-red color exteriorly. ■lli. Castor. Castor, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 78. Type. C. fiber, Linn. Feet four-toed, hind feet large, webbed; upper molars subequal, with one inner and two outer enamel folds; tail broad, flat, scaly. Molars with dentinal pulp persisting to quite late in life. Fig. 27. Castor canadensis. No. 88 Field Columbian Museum Coll. ■< Nat. 147- canadensis. {Castor), Kuhl. Beit. Zool., 1820, p. 64. anieruaniis^ Penn., Arctic Zool., 1784, i, p. 98. F. Cuv. Mam., pi. 274, 1825. Type locality. Hudson Bay. Geogr. Distr. Northeastern North America from northern tree limit to United States, and west to Cascade Mountains. Genl. Char. Size smallest of American species: scaly portion of tail twice as long as wide. Color. Winter Pelage. General color blackish brown, hairs tipped with chestnut; top and sides of head and neck, rump and thighs chestnut. Ears black. Feet, legs and under parts seal brown. Measurements. Total length, 1130; tail vertebra-, 410: hind foot, 176; length of skull, 132, breadth, 93;' length of nasals, 46, breadth. 21.4. a.—caroUnensis. (Castor), Rhoads, Proc. .\m. Philos. Soc, i8g8, p. 420. Ty/e locality. Dan River, near Danbury, Stokes count)', North Carolina. Geogr. Distr. North Carolina west to Louisiaaa. Genl. Char. Size larger than C. canadensis; tail broader. Color. Above hazel; under fur seal brown; lower part of back and rump cinnamon rufous; ears blackish; sides of head hair brown. Under parts, throat to vent broccoli brown; vent burnt umber; feet bister. Measurements. Total length, 1130; scaly part of tail, 279 x 158; hind foot, 184. Length of skull, 148, breadth, 107; length of nasals, 43.5, breadth, 29. h.~fondatnr. (Castor), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897, p. 5. Ty/e locality. San Pedro River, Sonora, Mexico. Near Mexi- can boundary monument No. 98. Geogr. Distr. From Mexico to Wyoming and Montana, inter- grading into the other forms wherever the limits of their dispersions meet. Genl. Char. Size large; scaly portion of tail less than twice as long as wide. Skull massive; rostrum short and wide; nasals tumid. Color. Above russet, chocolate at root of tail; grayish cinna- mon to ferruginous beneath tail; sides wood brown varied with tawny olive; feet burnt sienna. Measurements. Total length, 1070; tail vertebrae, 360: scaly portion of tail, 290x125; hind foot, 185. Length of skull, 133: breadth, 99. c. pacificus. {Castor), Rhoads, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 1898, p. 422. Typi- locality. Lake Kichelos, Kittitass county, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Pacific slope; California to Alaska. Genl. Char. Size largest of species; tail long; scaly portion more than twice as long as wide. Skull with narrow long rostrum; nasal extending beyond premaxillaries. Color. Above reddish chestnut; under fur seal brown; sides of body and legs and top of head walnut brown; under parts broccoli brown, under fur drab gray; hind feet seal brown; fore feet dark wood brown. Ears black. .\feasitrements. Total length, 1143; tail Vfrtebra'. 330; scaly por- tion of tail, 295x122; hind foot, 185. Skull: length, 142: breadth, loi; length of nasals, 53.6, breadth, 24. F'am. IV. ^Iiiridae. Lower incisors compressed: premolars none; molars with or without roots, tuberculate, or with enameled folds; frontals con- tracted; jugal splint-like between zygomatic processes of the maxilla and squamosal; infraorbital vacuity wider above than below. Sub. Fam. L Muriiiae. Molars rooted, tubercular; root of under incisor creating a swell- ing on outer side of mandible between processes of the condyle and coronoid; descending process of mandible below the plane of the molars. Palate nearly Hat. 44. Mus. L '"'; M. 2=-' = 16. !-■ 3-;- Mus. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 79. Type. Mus rattus. Ears large, prominent; tail long, scaly; nose acute; molars with transverse series of tubercles, three in a series, longitudinal. 148. rattus. {Mus\ Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. S3. Type locality. Sweden. Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. Genl. Char. Tail little longer than head antl body. Color. .Above sooty black; beneath plumbeous: feet brown. Measurements. Total length, 368; tail vertebra-, 190. 149. decumanus. {.Mus), Pall. Glir.. 1778, p. gi. Type locality. Kussia. Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. A. Epimys. Trouess. 1881. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Fig. 28. Mus RATTus. No. 4670 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Genl. Char, Tail little shorter than head and body: sparsely haired; annuli about two hundred. Color. Above rusty grayish brown; sides grayer; beneath ashy white. Tail above dusky, beneath paler. Measurements. Total length, 310; tail vertebra", 146; hind foot, 38. 150. alexandrinus. (Mus), Is. Geoff. Descr. Egypt, ii, p. 733,1812, Atlas, pi. V, fig. I. tectorum, Savi. Nov. Giorn. di Lett., 1825. Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. Genl. Char. Smaller than M. decitmanus; tail considerably longer than head and body; annuli about 240. Color. Above yellowish brown tinged with reddish; flanks grayish. Under parts and upper surface of feet, yellowish white. Tail dusky. Measiirenieiits. Total length, 356; tail vertebra-, 198; hind foot, 35. 151. musculus. [Mus), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 83. Type locality. Sweden. Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. Genl. Char. Tail longer than body; soles naked. Size small. Color. Above grayish brown lined with blackish; beneath ashy plumbeous tinged with reddish. Tail dusky; feet ashy brown. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebra, 83; hind foot, 18; ear, 13.5. ONYCHOMYS. Sub. Fain. 11. Cricetinae. 45. Oiiychoiiiys. I. '—' : M. ^^ = i6. i-i 3-3 Onychomys. Baini, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 458. Type //. Uiko- gasier. Max. HypudiBiis, Max. Reise, N. Am., 1841, 11, p. 99. (nee Auct). "Form arvicoline; tail less than half the body in length; claws \ery large, fossorial, the anterior longest. Soles with only four tubercles, the two posterior of the other groups wanting: the pos- terior two-thirds of the soles densely furred. Skull without orbital crest; the upper margin of orbit sharp." ^gyf ,mm i '^1^^^ *^ n}?s ^.x^ 1 Fig. 29. Onychomys leucogaster. No. 1632 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. 152. leucogaster. {.Hypudiens), Wied., Reis. N. Am., 1841.V0I. 11, p. 99. missouriensis, Aud. & Bach. Quad., 11, 1851, p. 327, pi. 100. Type locality. Fort Clark, Dakota. Geogr. Distr. Dakota, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Indian Territory and Texas. Genl. Char. Fore feet very strong, hind ones smaller; tail short, thick at base, tapering rapidly to a point, and covered with short hairs. 120 ONYCHOMYS. Color. Above grayish brown lined with black, passing on the sides into a yellowish red and graduating into a line of fulvous. Under parts, feet and outside of fore leg white. Tail blackish brown for seven-eighths the length; tip and under side white. Measurements. Total length, 160, tail, 44; hind foot, 22.5. ri .—brevir.nuda . {Onyehomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, i8gi, p. 52. Type locality. Blackfoot, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, northwestern New Mexico? Genl. Char. Similar to O. leucogaster, but smaller with shorter tail and longer ears. Color. Upper parts drab gray washed with pale cinnamon tawny, especially over rump and flanks. Under parts and fore legs pure white, the white reaching well up on the sides. Tail whitish with an ill-defined dark stripe on proximal two-thirds of upper sur- face. Measurements. -'Total length, 139; tail vertebrae, 38; hind foot. 19.5; ear from crown, 12." (Merriam, 1. c.) b.—lnn^ipes. (Onyeliomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1889, No. 2, p. i. Type locality. Concho county, Texas. Geogr. Distr. West central Texas. Genl. Char. Size larger than that of the other known repre- sentatives of the genus, with larger and broader ears, and much longer hind feet. Ears less hairy than in O. leucogaster, with the lanuginous tuft at base less apparent; tail longer and more slender. Color. Above mouse gray, sparingly mixed with black tipped hairs, and with a narrow fulvous stripe along each side, between the gray of the black and white of the belly, extending from the forelegs to the root of the tail; under parts white. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail, 48; hind foot, 25; ear from crown, 13. (Dry skin.) (Merriam, 1. c.) C. ^ melanophrys. {Onvchomvs), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 2. Type locality. Kanab, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah, range unknown. Genl. Char. Size of O. leucogaster. Ear a little smaller. Hind feet furred to base of toes. Color. Above rich tawny cinnamon, well mixed with black tipped hairs on the back, and brightest on the sides; a distinct black ring round the eye, broadest above. This ring is considerably broader and more conspicuous than the very narrow ring of O. leucogaster. ONYCHOMYS 121 Miasurements. Total length, 154; tail, 41: hind foot, 2t. Ear from crown, 10. (Merriam, 1. c.) d. — pallescens. {Onycfiomys), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 3, i8go, p. 61. Type locality. Moki Pueblos, Apache county. Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Northeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large, exceeded only by O. longi/>i\< of Concho county, Texas: ears, feet and tail much as in O. melanophrys ; fur full, long and soft; orbital ring absent or inconspicuous: lanuginous tuft at base of ear well developed. Color. Above pale tawny cinnamon, palest anteriorly, and brightest on the flanks and rump, not noticeably mixed with black tipped hairs. Below, white to the roots of hairs. Measurenifnts. Total length, 168; head and body. 125; tail, 45: hind foot, 22; ear from crown, 12: from anterior root, 16.5. (Mer- riam, 1. c. ) '53' arcticeps. {Onychomys)^ Rhoads, Proc. .Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.. 1898, p. 194. Type locality. Clapham. Union county^ New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Northeastern New Mexico. Gcnl. Char. Size of O. leucogaster: tail longer; cranium narrow: rostrum, long, slender. Supraorbital bead wanting. Palate with convex edge posteriorly. Color. Above ochraceous butt, lined with black; darkest on top of head and about eyes. Black spot on outer margin of ears. Sides, rump and thighs ochraceous buff; beneath tawny white. Tail white, on upper proximal third a narrow stripe of blackish buff. .Measurements. Total length, 150: tail vertebras 45: hind foot, 21: ear from crown, 11. 154. longicaudus. (Onychomys), Merr. N. .\m. Faun., No. 2, 1899, p. 2. Type locality. St. George, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah, range undetermined. Genl. Char. Similar to O. leucogaster, but smaller, with longer and slenderer tail. Pelage longer but not so dense. Color. Cinnamon fawn, well mixed with black tipped hairs. Measurements. Total length, 145: tail. 55; hind foot, 20; ear from crown, 10. 155. ramona. {Onychomys), Rhoads, Am. Natur., 1893. p. ^33. Type locality. San Bernardino Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Genl. Char. Larger than O. lorridus, with larger ears. 122 ONYCHOMYS. Ci>/or. Similar to O. hmgicaiufiis. Above grayish vinaceous buff; dorsal part darker; beneath white. Tail bicolor, dark above, lighter below. Measurements. Total length, 147: tail vertebra?, 48; hind foot, iS: ear. 12. 156. torridus. [Onychomys). Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 1S3. Type locality. Camp Grant, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains. Upper Missouri. Red River of the North, Wyoming, Kansas, Ari- zona. Geni. Char. Similar to O. leucogaster, tail longer; ears longer; colors more yellowish. Color. General color more yellowish than O. leucogaster, no dorsal stripe, feet and under parts tawny white. Tail above dusky, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 143; tail vertebra?, 50; hind foot, 20; ear, 18. a —arenieolo. [Onyc/wmys), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xix, 1897, p. 139. Type locality. Rio Grande, near El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to O. torridus, but slightly smaller, with relatively smaller ears and a very much paler coloration. Color. Above drab gray, inclining to fawn color on sides; dor- sals area with very little admixture of black-edged or black-tipped hairs, with a conspicuous tuft of white hairs at anterior base of ears: dark spot on anterior band of ear, drab (not black); whiskers more white than black; under parts, feet and end of tail white; basal two- thirds of upper side of tail drab, some of the hairs with hoary tips. Measurements. Total length, 137; tail vertebrae, 53 (to end of pencil. 57); hind foot, 21. Skull, 25.5 by 13.5. (Mearns, 1. c.) b.— prepallidus. {Onyehomys), Mearns, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xix, 1897, p. 140. Type locality. Colorado River at Monument No. 204, Mexican boundary line. Geogr. Distr. Gila City, across Yuma and Colorado Deserts to Coast Range of mountains. Genl. Char. Larger than O. torridus, with relatively larger ears, longer tail and a much paler coloration. Color. Above drab-gray, becoming more cinereous anteriorly; sides and rump barely tinged with fawn color; dusky line on basal ONYCHOMYS. PEROMYSCUS. 123 three-fourths of tail much obscured by whitish hairs, nearly obsolete: ears less densely clothed than in the remaining forms of O. torridus, and without a well defined dusky spot; whiskers mostly white or colorless: under parts, feet and end of tail, white. Afcasurfrnenls. Total length, 157: tail vertebra', 57: ear from crown, 16: hind foot, 22; skull, 26 by 13.7. (Mearns, 1. c.) 157. fuiiginosus. {Onvc/wmys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 60. Type locality. Tank lava beds, northeast of San Francisco Moun- tain, Arizona. Cifogr. Dis/r. Painted Desert and high mesas, northeastern Arizona. (jtnl. Char. Size rather large: tail and liintl feet short; ears rather large with lanuginous tufts at base scantily developed; pelage coarser than in the O. mt-lanophrxs group. Color. Above blackish slate, darkest along the middle of the back, faintly tinged with fulvous on the sides: under parts white, the hairs of the belly plumbeous at base. Tail dusky above, except the terminal fourth which is whitish like the under side; a ring of dusky surrounds the base of the tail. The color of the upper parts is more extended than in any of the known forms. It completely covers the sides, coming down to the belly, from which it is separated by a very sharp line of demarcation; it also completely covers the posterior and outer aspects of the hind legs to the ankles, where it ends ab- ruptly. Measurements. Total length, 160: tail vertebra-, 47; hind foot, 21.5. Ear from crown, 12.5: ear to anterior root, 16. (Merriam, 1. c. ) 46. *Peroniyscus. I. Illi; M. -^-3 = 16. I— 1 .'—.1 Peromyscus. Gloger, Handb. und Hilfsb. Naturgeschichte, 1842, p. 95- Type. Cricetus myoides, Gapper; = /'. americanus, Kerr. Calomys. Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., 1851, 11, p. 303 (nee. Waterh. P. Z. S., 1837, p. 21.). Vespcrimys. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 178. Baiomys. True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1894, 16, p. 758. Trinodontomys. Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, P- 257- Size moderate, eyes rather prominent: face ratiier long, nose pointed. Ears thin, rather rounded, in some species very large. ' The members o( this genus require a very careful and strict revision, for many of them probablv should more properly grace the list of synonyms than hold a specific or sub-specific rank. 124 PEROMYSCUS. Feet small, digits slender, palms naked. Hind feet long, soles with six tubercles. Tail terete, tapering, slender, hairy, sometimes longer than head and bodj' and occasionally tufted. Pelage soft, frequently glossy. Skull thin, papery; brain case broad, rather flat; superior outline curving both ways from highest point just behind orbits. Zygomata slender, thread-like and dip midway to level of the palate Arch composed mainly of processes of the maxillary and squamosal; orbital foramena just above the level of the alveolus. Interorbital constriction considerable, but wider than nostrum. Nasals and imer- maxillaries project beyond the incisors. Auditory bullae small, thin, and obliquely situated. Lower jaw straight, coronoid very short. Molar series short, narrow, the teeth decreasing in size from front to rear. Upper molars with three roots each, lower with two; the unworn teeth have a double series of conical tubercles, which grad- ually are reduced by abrasion and the pattern varies constantly. Fig. 30. Peromysi-us No. 3644 Field Columbian Musci Lower tooth row Enlarged 6 times. iMERICANUS. m Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth Enlar^-ed 6 tin 158. americanus. {AJiis agraiius), Kerr., Anim. King., i, 1792, p. 231. leucopus. Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1818, vol. iii, p. 446. Type locality. Tennessee, or Kentucky? Geogr. Distr. New Jersey to South Carolina, east to Missis- sippi, north to Minnesota. Genl. Char. Larger than domestic mouse. Tail nearly as long as body; soles hairy. Color. Above and sides pale yellowish brown: dorsal area darker, sometimes nearly black, outer surface of hind legs like back; rest of PEROMYSCUS. 125 pelage white. Tail, above like dorsal stripe, below white. Feet white. Measurements. Total length, i68; tail vertebr;i', 74: hind leg, 21. a.—noveboracensis. {Mus), Fischer, Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 318. myoides. {Cricetus), Gapper, Zool. Journ., 1830, 5, p. 204. mvodes.' {Peroiiiyscus /eueo/e locality. " In Novo Eboraco." Geogr. Distr. From Lake Simcoe, Ontario, and Digb\', Nova Scotia, south through New York, except in the boreal area of that State. Genl. Char. Similar to /'. americanus, dorsal stripe darker, and narrower; and tail more hairy. Color. Like P. americanus, but the colors are brighter and the dorsal stripe is usually narrower and darker, being occasionally quite black. Tail bicolor, above black, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 178; tail vertebra-, 76: hind foot, 20. Specimen from Hastings, New York. b. — deserticolus. {Hesperomys), Mearns, Bull. Aiu. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1890, p. 285. Type locality. Mojave Desert, California. Geogr. Distr. Desert region of Arizona and California. Genl. Char. Ears medium; tail long; pelage short. Color. Above pale cinereous drab, slightly darker on median line, light fulvous on sides and rump; tail narrowly striped above with dark brown. Measurements. Total length, 16S; tail 78.7; hind foot, 20.8. c.sonoriensis. (Hesperc>mys), Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 413. Type locality. Santa Cruz, Sonora; near boundary line of Mexico and United States. Geogr. Distr. Arctic regions to Mexico west of Rocks Moun- tains. Genl. Char. Medium, tail short, colors pale. Color. Above dark cinereous, mixed with brownish gray ; under parts whitish; feet brownish white. Tail, above dark brown, beneath paler. Measurements. Total length, 166; tail vertebra, 69: hind foot, 21.5; ear, 20. d.—ari zonae. (Sitomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894. p. 321. Type locality. Fairbank, .Arizona. 128 PEROMYSCUS. Geogr. Distr. Mountains of Arizona, White, Chiricahua and Graham Ranges. Genl. Char. Similar to P. gain/'eli, but smaller, longer ears and shorter tail. Color. Above dark plumbeous slate; below whitish. Tail bi- color. Measurements. Totallength, 158; tail vertebra;, 67; hind foot, 24. e.—artemesiae. {Si/omys). Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 260. Type locality. Ashcroft, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Southern Idaho, Western Washington and Ore- gon to British Columbia. Genl. Char. Size large. Tail short, hardly equaling body without head. Ears medium. Color, .\bove tawny ash, darkest on median line and inclining to fulvous on sides and rump. Under parts white; tail, above sooty, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 70; hind foot, 20. 159. tornillo. {Peromysius), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 445. Type locality. Rio Grande si.x miles above El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northern Texas, range not known. Genl. Char. " Similar to P. a. arizome, but paler, ears smaller, body stouter. " (Mearns, 1. c.) Color. Above light broccoli brown; feet and under parts pure white; tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 192; tail vertebra;, 90; hind foot, 23; ear, 12. 160. rufinus. [Hesperomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 65, pl- 3- Type locality. San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Arizona to New Mexico, Utah and Colorado. Genl. Char. Similar to P. amcricanus, but with larger ears and shorter tail. Color. Above tawny brown, darkest on dorsal region; flanks brighter brown; remaining parts white. Tail dusky above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 168; tail vertebra?, 69; hind foot, 19. 161. gossypinus. {Hesperomys), Le Conte, Proc. .\cad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 411. PEROMYSCUS. 1-j iognalt4S, Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., ib55, p. 442 megacephalus, Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 254 Type locality. Riceboro, Libertj' county, Georgia. Gcogr. Distr. North Florida to Bertie county, North Carolina west to Alabama and Mississippi. Genl. Char. Tail shorter than head and body: size of body large hind foot large. Color. Above dark brown; much darker on median line; orbital ring black. Beneath smoke gray; feet grayish white. Tail dusky above, grayish white below. Measurements. Average total length. 177.66; tail vertebra-, 70.25; hind foot, 22.35. a.- mississippiensis. {Peromysci/s), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1896, p. 189. Type locality. Samburg, Redfoot Lake, Tennessee. Geogr. Distr. Mississippi bottoms in Tennessee: range un- known. Genl. Char. Similar in size to /'. i^ossypinus: tail longer; hind foot larger; colors paler: dorsal band less marked. Color. Above from cinnamon brown to russet; middle of back darker; under parts grayish white; tail dusky above, white below; feet grayish white. Measurements. Average total length, 1S3; tail vertebra-, 79. 5; hind foot, 24.45. b.—palnuirius. {Peromyscus), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 124. Type locality. Oak Lodge, Brevard county, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Peninsular Florida. Genl. Char. Similar to P. gossypinus : hind foot shorter; colors paler; no defined dorsal band. Color. Above bright russet to wood brown; orbital ring black: under parts grayish white. Tail dusky above; white below. Feet grayish white. Measurements. Average total length, 181; tail vertebra-, 71.88; hind foot, 21.55. c.—ni^riculus. (Peromyscus). Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 124. Type locality. Burbridge, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Bayou region, Louisiana coast. Genl Char. Small: colors very dark. Color. Above vandyke brown to sepia; dorsal band almost black: a black orbital ring; under parts grayish white, base of hairs plumbe- 12S PEROMYSCUS. ous: ears black. Tail black above, grayish white below; feet grayish white. Mfiisur ements. Average total length, 168.33; tail vertebrae, 76.66; hind foot. 22. 162. anastasiae. {Peromyscus), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc, i8g8, p. 195. Typt loiality. Point Romo, Anastasia Island, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Anastasia Island, Florida. Genl. Char. Size small, colors pale. Color. Above brown mixed with buffy; cheeks and lower sides buff; beneath grayish white; tail above at base buff; rest dusky; beneath white; feet white; ears dusk}'. Measurements. Total length. 165; tail vertebrae, 69.5; hind foot. 21 ; ear. 16.5. 163. insulanus. (Peroiiiysius), Bangs. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898. p. 196. Type locality. Cumberland Island. Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Cumberland, and Ossabaw(?) Islands. Georgia. Genl. Char. Size small: tail short; hind foot large. Color. Above drab, or yellowish drab, darkest on dorsal region; beneath white; tail dull gray above, white below. Feet white; ears dusky. Measurements. Total length, 168: tail vertebra;, 68; hind foot, 22: ear from notch, 17. 164. canadensis. (Pitomys), Miller. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, P- 55- gracilis/ Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien, 1855, p. 442. myoides, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 472. Type locality. Peterboro, Madison county, New York. Geogr. Distr. Spruce forest of New Brunswick, south to central New York and western Massachusetts. Genl. Char. Larger than P. americanus : longer, more hairy tail, and less russet coloration. Color. Above wood brown, tinged with yellow; under parts whitish; tail Vandyke brown above; whitish beneath. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebra^, 100; hind foot. 21.4. a. — abietorum. (Peromvscus). Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 49. Type locality. James River, Nova Scotia. Geogr. Distr. Nova Scotia, range not defined. Genl. Char. Similar to P. canadensis, but color uniform. PEROMYSCUS 120 Color. Uniform dark smoke gray above, darker along median line: under parts and feet white; tail black above, white below. .\ftasutfments. Total length, 200; tail, 103; hind foot, 20. b. umbrinui. [Feromysciis), Miller, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 23. 'jypf locality. Peninsula Harbbr, northwestern extremity of Lake Superior, Ontario. Gcogr. Dislr. Not determined. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. caiiadi-nsis, but the proportions similar; skull more slender, rostrum lighter and longer, and thezj'go- mata less flaring. Color. Back and sides light yellowish brown, suffused with black, darkest on median line of back; orbital ring and patch at base of whiskers black; ears nearly black; tail well haired, black above, white beneath; under parts and feet white. Measurements. Average total length, 175; tail vertebr;p, 88.2; hind foot, 19.2; ear, 17.6. c. — rmbiterrne. [Peromyscus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1896, p. 187. Type locality. Roan Mountain, MitchellCounty, North Carolina. Gcogr. Distr. Summits of Southern AUeghanies? Genl. Char. Smaller than P. americanus : tail longer, color darker. Color. Aliove cinnamon, with median black stripe from crown to root of tail. Beneath white, base of hairs soot}-. Ears dusky. Space around eyes sooty. Tail above sooty brown, below white. .\feasiiremcnls. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae', 87; hind foot, 20.5. 165. akeleyi. {^Peromyscus), ^XWoK, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, I, p. 253. Zoology. Type locality. Johnson's Ranch, Elwah River, Clallath County, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Region of Olympic Mountains, Washington. Genl. Char. Boylii group, but of smaller size: ears smaller; tail shorter. Color. Above brownish fulvous; brightest on llanks; dorsal area darker; legs, feet and under parts pure white. Ears nearly naked, purplish brown; indistinct black orbital ring. Tail above dark brown, below white. Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebra, 99; hind foot, 21 : car, 15. 130 PEROMYSCUS. i66. texensis. (/e.xanus.'. Hesperomys), Woodh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 242. Type locality. Rio Grande near El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Indian Ter- ritories. Genl. Char. Small, tail equal to head and body; ears small. Color. Above cinereous mixed with pale brown; lower sides, feet and under parts white. Tail above brown, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 53; hind foot, 44; ear, 9. a.—Jnedius. {Peromyscus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, p. 446. Type locality. Nachoguero Valley, Lower California. Geogr. Distr. Southern and Lower California. Genl. Char. Paler than P. gambeli and smaller; ear larger; tail shorter. Color. Above wood brown, darker on dorsal tract, mixed with black, shading to russet on flanks; feet and under parts pure white; tail above white on sides and beneath. Measurements. Total length, 160; tail vertebrae, 70: hind foot, 21 ; ear, 17. h.— dementis. {Peromyscus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 446. Type locality. San Clemente Island, California. Geogr. Distr. From type locality only. Genl. Char. Much blacker than P. t. medius, and of a more red- dish coloration, save on the head. Color. Top of head drab gray; upper parts drab tinged with burnt umber; ears black; feet and under surface white; tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebra?, 77; hind foot. 21; ear 17. c. — (Sanibeli. {Hesperomys), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857. p. 464. Type locality. Monterey, California. Geogr. Distr. California, Nevada. Oregon and Washington. Genl, Char. Ears large; tail shorter than body. Color. Above yellowish brown; flanks paler; under parts and feet white; tail bicolor; dusky above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 163; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, iS. d .—nebracensis. {Hesperomys), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 287. T\pe locality. Custer County, Montana. PEROMYSCUS. 131 Geogr. Distr. The Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska and Kansas. Genl. Char. Size rather largo; tail short, pelage long. Color. Above grayish fulvous, lined with black; white patcli in front of ear; under parts white. Tail above black, rest white. Measurements. Total length, 159; tail to end of hairs, 56; hind foot, 20. e.^saturatus. {Peroinyseus), Bangs, Am. Nat., 1897, p. 75. Ty/'t locality. Saturna Island, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Saturna Island, British Columbia. Range not determined. Genl. Char. Size as in P. t. gambeli : color darker. Color. Above sepia brown, mixed with sooty black, paler on sides: indistinct lateral cinnamon band; under parts grayish white; orbital ring black, ears black. Tail black above, white below; feet white. Measurements. Average total length, 180.95; tail vertebrae, 76.20; hind foot, 21.25. f.—arcticus. (Hesperomys), Mearns, Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., i88g, p. 285. Type locality. Fort Simpson, Hudson Bay. Geogr. Distr. Hudson Bay to Rocky Mountains, Arctic America. Genl. Char. Tail long, ears medium; pelage long and dense. Color. Above dark grayish brown, mixed with black on median line; feet and under parts white; no white spot at base of ear. Tail, bicolor, black on top, white below. Measurements. Average total length, 160; tail vertebra-, 73.5; hind foot, 20.3. ^.—subarcticus. {Feromyscus), Allen, Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 15. Type locality. Deerlodge County, Montana. Geogr. Distr. From Utah and Colorado, through Wyoming, the Dakotas and Montana to the Saskatchewan \'ailey. Alberta. Color. Above dusky brown, tinged with pale fulvous, blackish on median line; fulvous on flanks; feet and under parts white. Tail, above blackish brown, sides and beneath white. .Measurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebra-, 66; hind foot, ig. 167. maniculatus. {Hesperomys) Wagn. Archiv. Naturg., xi, 1845, p. 148. Bangs, Am. Nat., 1898, p. 496. Type locality. Moravian Settlements in Labrador. 132 PEROMYSCUS. Geogr. Distr. Labrador, limits not determined. Genl. Char. Skull large, broad, brain case flat; rostrum heavy. Color. " Supra fulignoso-bruneus, subtus abrupte albus; auri- culis elongatis; pedibus albentibus; cauda supra nigra, infra abrupte albida." Jfc-tisiiremc/i/s. " Korper 3" 2'"; Schwanz 2" 5"'." "Total length, 166; tail vertebrae, 74; pencil, 5; hind foot, 19. 5." (Bangs.) 168. austerus. [Hes/>t'romys), Baird, Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 336- Type localily. Spokane Plain, Washington. E.xact locality not named. Geogr. Dislr. Pacific Coast, California to Washington. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. americaniis, feet smaller. Color. Sooty brown, tinged with yellowish brown on cheeks and sides; feet and under parts white: tail above blackish, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 151: tail vertebrae, 70; hind foot, 19. 169. mearnsi. (Vesperiinus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 300. Type locality. Brownsville, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas to Arizona. Genl. Char. Ears large, naked. Fawn spot on breast; tail less than head and body. Color. Above dusky grayish brown tinged with fawn; flanks fawn; beneath pure white. A pale fawn spot on the center of the breast. Ears dusky, edged with white. Tail, dusky gray above, lighter beneath. Feet grayish white. Measurements. Average total length, 178.6; tail vertebrae, 80; ear, 13; hind foot, 20.8. 170. canus. [Peromysciis), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 445. Type locality. Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas and Oklahoma Territorj-. Genl. Char. Similar to F. mearnsi, but smaller, tail shorter. Color. Above drab gray, median line blackish; feet and under parts pure white. Tail, blackish above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 175; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 21 ; ear, 1 1.5. 171. boyiii. {Hesperomys), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 355- gilherti, Allen, .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 188. PEROMYSCUS. 133 Type locality. American River, Eldorado County, California. Geogr. Distr. Central and eastern California. Gt-nl. Char. Body stout; ears very large; tail longer than the bod}'. Color. Above mixed glossy brown and pale yellowish brown; feet and lower parts white; white on sides bordered by a line of red- dish buff, which grades into the color of the upper parts. Tail, above dusky, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 22S; tail vertebra-, 97; hind foot, 22. a . penicillatu?. (Ferotnyscus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1896, p. 139. Ty/e locality. Franklin Mountains, near El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Texas. Ge»l. Char. Nasal bones of skull truncate posteriorly, and end- ing in front of the posterior ends of premaxillaries. Color. Above drab gray tinged with ochraceous buff on rump and sides. Feet and under parts pure white. Tail, dusky drab above, white below. Measiirements. Total length, 202; tail vertebr;r, 115; hind foot, 22; ear, 14. 172. keeni. (Sitoi/iys), Rhoads, Proc. .\cad. Scicn. Phil., 1S94, p. 258. TY/ie locality. Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Type locality only, so far as known. Genl Char. Size larger than J', aiistcnis; ears smaller; tail more than head and body in length. Skull: brain case inflated above plane of orbits. Color. Above uniform grizzled blackish brown; feet and lower parts ashy white; orbital ring and ears, sooty black. Tail, above sooty black; below whitish. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebra', HS; hind foot, 24; ear, 10.5. 173. macrorhinus. {Sitomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 259. Type locality. Skeena River, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. British Columbia, south, possibly into northern Washington. Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body; feet large; ears medium; rostrum relatively very long, longer than post-orbital region, /. e., from greatest constriction to frontals. Color. Resembles P. keeni, but grayer and lighter above. Tail more coarsely haired, and with a pencil. 13-t PEROMYSCUS. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 112; hind foot, 20: ear, 15. 174. sitkensis. {Peromysciis), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., 1897, p. 223.. Type locality. Sitka, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Baranof Island, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; ears small; colors dark. Color. Above brown, russet on rump; orbital ring dusky; feet and under parts white. Tail blackish above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 222; tail vertebra, 112; hind foot, 26. 175. oreas. {Pennnysais), Bangs, Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S9S, p. 84. Type laeality. Mt. Baker Range, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Higher mountains of northern Washington and southern British Columbia. Genl. Char. Size medium: tail long; skull with brain case broad and flat, and rostrum long and slender. Color. Above varying from Prout's brown to russet, median line darkest; orbital ring black; feet and under parts white. Tail black above, white below; pencil long. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebra;, loi ; hind foot, 24. 176. auripectus. (Sitomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, P- 75- Type locality. Bluff City, Southeastern Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah, Arizona and New Mexico. Genl. Char. Size of P. sonoriensis, ears larger; tail longer, thickly clothed with hairs; general color paler. Cheek pouches rather large. Color. Above pale yellowish brown, varied with blackish on median line; flanks golden brown; under parts white. Tail pale brown above, white beneath with a 3'ellowish brown pectoral spot. Ears pale brown, edged with white. Indistinct orbital ring. Measurements. Total length, 172; tail vertebrae, 93; hind foot, 22; ear, 16. 177. rowleyi. {Sitomys), Allen, Bull. .Vm. IMus. Nat. Hist., 1893, P- 77- Type locality. Nolan's Ranch, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah to Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to P. auripectus. but larger. No pectoral spot; soles naked. Color. Above pale grayish cinnamon brown, varied with black, and passing into yellowish cinnamon on flanks; beneath white. Tail pale brown above, whitish below. Ears large, naked. PEROMYSCUS. 135 Measurements. Total lengtli, 201: tail vertebra^ 106; hind foot, 23; ear, 15-18. o.—pinnlis. (Si/omys), Miller, Bull. Am. Mas. Nat. Hist., 1893, P- 331- Type locality. Granite Gap, Grant County, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. New Me.xico and Arizona. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. roivleyi : more j-ellowish in color. Color. Above olive buff, darker on sides and grayer on head and face, hairs sepia tipped; indistinct orbital ring; feet and under parts pure white. Tail brown above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 196; tail, 104; hind foot, 23; ear, 20. 178. attwateri. (Peromyscus). .\llen, Bull. Am. Mas. Nat. Hist., ''"'QS, P- 330. Type locality. Turtle Creek, Kerr County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Indian Territory, Texas. Genl. Char. Ears large; tail longer than body and head. Color. Above tawnj' brown, mixed with black on the median line; flanks golden with a pronounced lateral line. Beneath pure white. Feet white. Tail dusky above, grayish below, haired, and tip tufted. Ears naked, dusky, edged with white. Measurements. Total length, 216; tail vertebra?, iio; hind foot, 23; ear, 17. 179. bellus. {Pcromyscus), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, P- '37- J'ype locality. Stilwell, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Size as P. attwateri, but with ilarker and browner colors. Tail hairy and tufted. Color. Above broccoli brown, mixed with black on median line; fawn color on lower sides; feet and under parts white, base of hairs plumbeous. Across neck beneath is a fawn-colorod band. Tail black above, white below. Ears large, dusky. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebra-, 190; hind foot, 24; ear, 17. 180. insolatus. ySitomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S94, p. 256. Type locality. Oro Grande, Mojave Desert, Kern County, Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Mojave Destrt, California, limit of range not determined. Genl. Char. \'ery small; tail shorter than bod\- without head; 138 PEROMYSCUS. feet very short; nasals wide and bluntly edged between the nasal premaxillary processes. Color. Above uniform grayish ochre; under parts and feet white. Tail dusky above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 158; tail vertebra', 76; hind foot, 19.3; ear, 12. 181. fraterculu.c. {Vesperimus), Miller, Amer. Nat., 1892, p. 261. Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California, range not determined. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail longer than head and body, thinly haired; soles naked; ears large. Color. Above yellowish wood brown mixed with black, darkest on median line; flanks fulvous with distinct lateral stripe; feet white; under parts yellowish white with fulvous pectoral spot. Tail, above brownish, paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebrae, 113; hind foot, 20; ear, 18. 182. eremicus. {Besperomys), Baird, Mamm., N. Am., 1857, p. 479. Type locality. Colorado Desert. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico, Arizona and California. Genl. Char. Ears very large; tail longer than the head and body; palms and soles naked. Color. Above pale yellowish gray, mixed with black; pale ful- vous band on cheeks and sides. Tail, obscurely bicolor, above little darker than dorsal region. Feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebra;, 96.5; hind foot, 22; ear, 19. o. — arenariuK. [Feromyscus), Mearns, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. Wash, 1896, p. 138. Type locality. Rio Grande, near El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northern Texas, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to P. eremicus, without dark, dorsai line. Color. Above and sides pale ochraceous drab mixed with black; tail above dusky drab and hoary, below pure white. Head grayish; orbital ring dusky. Measurements. Total length, 198; tail vertebra?, 106; hind foot, 21.5; ear, 15. 183. Stephens!. {Peromyscus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897, p. 72. Type locality. San Diego County, California, near Mexican boundary. PEROMYSCUS. 137 Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Similar to /'. (reiiiiciis. but smaller, tail longer, and colors paler. Color. Above grayish cream buff, sides and rump pale ochrace- ous buff, feet and under parts white. Tail, above dusky, below white. .\[tasuiemcnts. Total length, 193; tail vertebra', loS; liind foot, 19; ear, 18.5. 184. major. (.St/owys), Rhoads, Amer. Natur., 1893, p. 831. Tr/>e locality. Squirrel Inn, San Bernardino County, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California, range not determined. Genl. Char. Size large; tail ecjual in length to head and body; hind feet small; ears large. Color. Above pale gra\'ish buff, brosvnish on rump; sides buffy; beneath graj-ish white, no lateral stripe. Orbital ring black. Measurements. Total length, 193.5; '^'' vertebrae, 98.5: hind foot, 22.5. 185. herroni. (Sitomys), Rhoads, Amer. Natur., 1893, p. 832. yV/(- /in-ality. San Bernardino Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Body short, stout ; tail long, slender; longer than head and body; rather naked. Colt'r. Above uniform buffy gray; cheeks and flanks ochraceous buff; feet and lower parts, white. Face gray. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebra', 155; hind foot, 21. Skull: total length, 24.5; basilar length, 18.5; zygomatic breadth, 12.3; nasals, 9.2; interorbital constriction, 3.5. a.—nigellii,". (.Sitomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scicn. Phi)., 1894. p. 257. Ty/e locality. Cajou Pass, San Bernardino Range, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California in high mountains. Genl. Char. Similar to P. herroni, but colors darker. Color. Like P. herroni, but the buffy gray is deeply lined with black, darkest on posterior portion of body, cheeks and sides deep fawn; under parts pure white. Ears and tail much darker than in the allied species. Measurements. Total length, 197; tail vertebra', 114; hind foot, 22. Skull: basilar length, 19; zygomatic width. 12.7: length of nasals, (^.i; of mandible, 13. i. 186. californicus. (.Ifus), Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1848, p. 78. Ty/>e locality. Monterey, California. 138 PEROMYSCUS. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California. Genl. Char. Size large, tail long; ears large, sparsely haired. Color. Above dark gray mixed with light brown; sides fulvous; under parts grayish buff. Tail, blackish brown above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 265: tail vertebr;p, 142; hind foot, 28; ear, 26. 187. insignis. {Feroiiiyseus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1895, P- 33- Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Genl. Char. Size large; tail very long, exceeding head and body. Color. Above light brownish gray, mingled with black, darkest on back; brownest on rump and thighs; flanks ochraceous; feet and under surface grayish white. Tail above sooty, below grayish white. Afeasurenients. Total length, 233; tail vertebrae, 132; hind foot, 26; ear, 23. 188. dyselius. {Peromyscus), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., i8g8, I, p. 207, Zoology. Type locality. Partola, San Mateo County, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California south of San Francisco. Genl. Char. Similar to P. californicus, but smaller; skull with frontals considerably restricted at orbits and palate narrow. Color. Above black interspersed with buff; head and neck gray- ish buff; flanks pale buff with a lateral line of bright buff; orbital ring black. Under parts white, with a fulvous spot on breast of the majority of specimens. Tail long as head and body, hairy and tufted, dark brown above, yellowish white beneath. Ears large, black. Feet and legs grayish white sometimes tinged with buff. Measurements. Total length, 193; tail vertebra?, loi : hind foot, 26; ear, 23.5. 189. robustus. (Sitoniys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, P- 335- Type locality. Mus. Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. Geogr. Distr. Not known. Genl. Char. Similar in color to P. t. gan/fieli, but very much larger. Ears moderate; tail shorter than head and body. Color. Above dull yellowish brown mixed with black, darkest on median line; feet and under parts white. Tail dusky brown above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 174; tail, 73; hind foot, 21; ear, ig. 190. floridanus. {Hesperomys'), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1889, p. 117. PEROMYSCUS. 139 tnaciopus, Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 53. Type locality. Gainesville, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida Peninsula. Genl. Char. Size large; ears large: tail half as long as head and body. Color. Above buffy ochraceous, dorsal area darker; flanks ful- vous; under parts and feet white; tail bicolor; dusky above, white beneath, sparsely haired. Mcasiiremen/s. Total length, 161-210: tail, S4-96; hind foot, 24- 29; ear. i8-2r. 191. megalotis. [Hc-speromys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 64, pis. 3, 4. Type locality. Black Tank, Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large, ears large, tail long. Color. Above j'ellowish brown, suffused with reddish brown; sides washed with tawny salmon; ears, orbital ring and tail above dusky; under parts of feet white. Salmon suffusion on breast. .\feasuremcnts. Total length, 200; tail vertebra-. loS; hind foot, 24: ear 21. 192. truei. {Hesperomys), Shufeldt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1885, p. 407, pi. 21. Type locality. Fort Wingatc, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Nevada, Utah and New Mexico. Genl Char. Form robust, ears very large; tail thicklj- haired. Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black, darkest on median line: sides fulvous; feet and under parts white. Tail above blackish brown, below white. .\feasiireinents. Total length, 169; tail vertebra-, 82; hind foot, 20: ear, 25. a. nasiitus. (Vesperimus), Allen, Bull. Anier. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 299. Type locality. Estes Park, Larimer County, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Colorado. Genl. Char. Ears large, nearly naked; soles naked: tail much shorter than head and body. Color. Above dusky suffused with pale grayish buff; sides yel- lowish buff, forming a distinct lateral band; under parts and feet white. Orbital ring blackish. Tail blackish above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebr;c, 104.7; hind foot, 22.4; ear, 69. 140 PEROMYSCUS. b.—crinitw. {Hesperomvs), Merr. . N. Amer. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 53. fig- 3- Type locality. Shoshone Falls, Snake River, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Idaho. Genl. Char. Similar to F. eremiciis, but darker; tail longer than head and body, densely haired; soles haired; ears large. Color. Above olive brown, lined with black and suffused with ochraceous buff on the sides. Patch between fore legs and anal region ochraceous buff. Under parts white. Tail dusky above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length. 1S4; tail vertebrae, 97; hind foot, 21. 193. nuttalli. {Arvicohi), Harl., Am. Month. Journ., 1832, p. 446. aureolus. Aud. & Bach., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 302. Type locality. Norfolk, Virginia. Geogr. Distr. Southern Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia. Ge?il. Char. Tail less than head and body; first molar with three indentations on either side; last molar with but one. (Aud. & Bach.) Color. Above bright orange, base of fur plumbeous; beneath white, except belly which is light buff. Tail, dark brown above and below. Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebrae, 78; hind foot, 21. 194. michiganensis. {Mas'), Aud. & Bachm., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 304. Type locality. Erie County, Michigan. Geogr. Distr. Indiana north to Dakota and Minnesota, west and south to Kansas. Genl. Char. Stout; tail more than half as long as head and body; ears naked; color dark. Color. Above mixed light brown and black, darkest on median line, a line of yellowish fawn from cheeks along the sides of the neck; tail light brown, as are also the feet and ears. Measurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebra?, 67; hind foot, ifii.5; ear, 18.5. a.—pnllesneno. {Feromyseus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1896, p. 238. texanusl Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iSg6, p. 64 (nee Waterhouse). Type locality. San Antonio, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas. PEROMYSCUS. 141 Geiil. Char. Similar in color to /'. caniis, but smaller; tail shorter, hind foot smaller. Color. Above grayish brown washed with yellowish, strongest on the sides; dorsal band blackisli; under parts grayish white; feet white. Tail, blackish brown, beneath white. Measnremints. Total length, 127; tail vertebras, 51; hind foot, ^c^. /6 195. anthonyi. {Hespcromys), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1887, P- 5- Type locality. Camp Apache, Grant County, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico and Arizona. Gcnl. Char. Small: tail longer than head and body; ears large; soles naked. Color. Above ash gray, lined with black; sides buffy fulvous; under parts white. Tail, above dark brown; beneath whitish. Measurements. Total length, 144; tail vertebra:, 80; hind foot, 18.5: ear, 12. i(>6. taylori. {Hesperomys), Thos., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1887, p. 66. Type locality. San Diego, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Southern Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to P. inichigancnsis, but much smaller; tail indistinctly bicolor; soles naked; dorsal area not darker than "flanks. Color. Above yellowish brown thickly lined with black; ilanks same, grading into the grayish white of the under parts. Tail brown, slightly paler beneath. .\fcasurcments. Total length, 85; tail vertebra, 32: hind foot, 13; ear, 5. Skull: basal length, 15; greatest breadth, 9.5; nasal length, 6.5: interorbital constriction, 34; interparietal length, 2; breadth, 5. 197. niveiventris. [Hesperomys), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 18S9, p. 117. Type locality. Micco, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida Peninsula, eastern part. Genl. Char. Tail about half the length of the body and head. Size of body moderate: ears small. Color. Above pale tawny gray, darker on median line; face and base of tail tawny; feet and legs, nose, lower half of cheeks and under parts, pure white, the hairs white to the base. Tail, brown above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 155; tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot, 19; ear, 13.5. 142 PEROMYSCUS. 198. phasma. {Peroinyscus), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.^ 1898, p. 199. Type locality. Ponto Romo, Anastasia Island, Florida, Geogr. Distr. Anastasia Island, Florida. Genl. Char. Size of P. niveivcntris, colors paler; nose and face white to eyes. Color. Above pale drab; sides of rump pinkish buff; between ears drab gray; between eye and ear pinkish buff; line over eye, spot at base of ear and nose, white; beneath white to base of hairs, white encroaching high on sides; tail white, nearly hairless, legs and feet white, ears drab gray. Measurements. Total length, 141; tail vertebrae, 54; hind foot, 19; ear from notch, 13.5. 199. subgriseus. (Sitof/iys), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 340. Type locality. Gainesville, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Central Florida. Genl. Char. Small; tail short, hind foot long; color similar to P. niveiventris, but dark, soles naked beneath. Color. Above wood brown and cinnamon, mixed with black on back, forming indistinct dorsal area; feet and under parts white; tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 122; tail vertebrae, 45; hind foot, 10.5; ear, 13. a.~rho(ulsi. (Peromyscus), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 201. Type locality. Anclote River, Hillsboro County, Florida. Geogr. Dist. Southwestern portion of Florida Peninsula. Genl. Char. Yellower than P. subgriseus; hairs of under parts white to the base; tail unicolor. Color. Above fawn color mixed with black on dorsal region j cheeks, rump and lower sides orange buff; under parts pure white. Tail white, feet white, ears yellowish. Measurements. Total length, 124.46; tail vertebra?, 45. 72; hind foot, 16.51. b.—baliolus. (Peromyscus), Bangs, Science, 1898, p. 214. arenarius, Bangs (nee Mearns), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 202. Type locality. Hursman's Lake, near Bascom, Scriven County, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Probably sand hill region of northern Georgia and southern South Carolina, limits not ascertained. Genl. Char. Size of P. subgriseus ; color darker. PEROMYSCUS. SIGMODON. Color. Above varying from hair to Prout's brown, mixed with black; dorsal region darkest: lower sides washed with fawn; orbital ring black; under parts white: tail above black, beneath white; feet white: ears blackish. Measurements. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 16; ear, 18. 47. Siginodon. I. -': M. 33:= 16. Sigmodon. Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1825, p. 352. Skull short and wide: length less than twice the zygomatic width: rostrum short, swollen ; superior outline of skull arched ; pointed process of lamellar plate of maxillary nearly dividing the lower part of the anteorbital foramen from the upper; an azygos median process on palatal arch: prominent bead on the supraorbital border extending obliquely backwards to occiput ; audital bullae small. Upper molars three rooted ; front lower molar four rooted \ second and third lower molars three rooted. Sometimes minute accessory fangs are present. Upper molars with two exterior re- entrant folds; the front one has two similar interior folds, the others only one each. Front lower molar has two exterior and three inte- rior reentrant folds; the last two lower molars have generally but one reentrant lobe on each exterior and interior side. Pelage coarse, bristly ; form stout ; tail generally shorter than the body. Ears large; front feet small: hind feet very long: soles naked. Fig. 31. Sigmodon hispious. .No. 300 Field Columbian Museum Coil. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times. 14+ SIGMODON. 200. hispidus. {S!]i;iiio,/o>!), Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Phil., 1825, P- 352- ferniginei/s, Harlan, Am. Journ. Scien., 1828, p. 285. hortensis, Harlan, Med. & Phys. Res., 1835, p. 49, pi., fig. 5-8. Type locality. River St. John, east Florida. Geogr. Distr. Eastern United States, Carolinas to Florida. Genl. Char. Body stout; ears large; hind feet large and strong; tail nearly as long as head and body; hair coarse. Color. Above pale yellow ochre, mixed with black; lower parts cinereous. Afeasiire/iwnts. Total length, 252; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot, 32. a.^aif oralis. {Sigmodon). Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1889, p. 118. Type locality. Micco, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr Distr. Florida Peninsula, eastern side. Genl. Char. Similar to S. hispidus, but darker. Color. General color mixed black and gray, or pale brownish gray heavily lined with jellowish brown; under parts dusky brownish gray. Tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 274; tail vertebra', 105; hind foot, 31 ; ear, 12. h.—iexcnsis. {texianiis!. Arvicola), Aud. & Bach. N. Amer. Quad., iii, 1853, p. 229, pi. 147, fig. 2. berlandieri, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 333. Type locality. Brazos River, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas and Oklahoma Territory. Genl. Char. Smaller than .S. hispidus; tail shorter than head and body; hind feet rather stout. Color. Upper parts and sides yellowish brown, inclining to reddish on the rump, and lined with black, darkest on top of head and on the back; under parts whitish or buffy white, the plumbeous under fur showing through; feet dusky; tail blackish above, dark gray below. Measurements. Total length, 273; tail vertebras, 120; hind foot, 32. Specimens vary greatly in color, some being much darker than others. c. — irizina. Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 287. Type locality. Fort Verde, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona. SIGMODON 145 Genl. Char. Larger than S. hispidiis; ears larger, tail longer, colors paler. Color. Above light yellowish brown, mixed with ashy and lined with black; under parts white. Tail dusky above, whitish below. Measurements. Average total length, 320; tail vertebra;, 121. il. pnlliihtn. {.Signioiion), Mearns, Proc V. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1897, p. 504. Type locality. Rio Grande, above El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Desert Tract, Upper Rio Grande, Texas. Genl. Char. Smaller than .V. hispidus texensis; ears larger; color paler. Color. Above buffy gray mixed with black; under parts white; feet grayish white. Tail dusky brownish above, grayish white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 242; tail vertebra, 103; hind foot, 30; ear, 14. r.—.Temicus. (.Sigmodon), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1897, p. 504- Type locality. Cienega Well, Colorado River, Sonora. Geogr. Distr. Western Desert Tract, Lower Colorado River. Genl. Char. Nasals spatulate at extremity; coloring yellowish instead of grayish. Color. Yellowish gray, the sides and rump tinged with ochra- ceous. Under surface white. Feet grayish white. Tail inclined to blackish above. .Measurements. Total length, 2.S0; tail vertebra', 12S; hind foot, 34: ear, 15. 201. *spadicipygus. {Sigmodon), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 192. Type locality. Cape Sable, Florida. Geogr. Distr. From Miami on the east and Tampa Bay on the west, to southern point of Florida. Genl. Char. Smaller than S. hispidus; rump more rufous. Color. Above mixed brown and black, the brown more apparent on face and sides; rump cinnamon rufous. Under parts brownish white, tinged with cinnamon; tail black above, dusky gray below; feet dusky; ears dusky. Measurements. Total length, 263.5; tail vertebrae, 98.7; hind foot, 30.4. •Very doulitfuliy separable from 5. h. litloralis. SIGMODON. ORYZOMYS. 202. minimus. {Sigmodon), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1894, p. 130. Type locality. Upper Corner Monument, Mexican boundary line. New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Southern New Mexico into Mexico. Genl. Char. Under fur darker than in ^. h. texensis, or S. h. arizona; ears, feet and tail denseh' haired: tail not distinctly bicolor. Color. Above grayish mixed with blackish and light yellowish brown; under parts clay buff; feet yellowish gray. Tail brownish black, paler below. Measurements. Total length, 223; tail vertebrae, 94; hind foot, 28; ear, 12. 48. Oryzomys. I. I=i; M. t^ = 16. I— i' 3-3 Oryzomys. Baird, N. Am. Mamm. , 1857, p. 458. Type, Mus palus- tris, Harlan. Form rat-like. Ears nearly buried in the fur. Hairs of body coarse. Tail longer than head and body; the hairs longest on the under surface. Hind feet very long. Soles naked, with six tuber- cles, all very small except the posterior, which is very long and narrow. Upper margin of the orbit raised into a compressed crest, as in Sigmodon. (Baird, 1. c.) Fig. 32. Oryzomys aquaticus. No. 2683 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 6 times. Enlarged 6 times. ORYZOMYS. 147 203. palustris. (Mus), Harlan, Amer. Journ. Scien., 1837, p. 385. oryzivora, Aud. & Bachm. N. Am. Quad., iii, 1853, p. 214, pi. 144. fig- 2. Type locality. "Fast Land," Salem, New Jersey. Geogr. Dislr. New Jersey to Georgia. Genl. Char. Body long; tail long; feet small; tail as long as body without head. Color. Above brownish red heavily lined with black ; sides grayish mixed with brown; beneath ashy white, or plumbeous washed with white. Feet white. Tail above dusky brown, beneath ash gray. Measurements. Total length, 251; tail vertebrae, 124; hind foot, 30; ear, 16. a.—nutator. (Oryzomys), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 44. Type locality. Gainesville, Florida. Gtogr. Distr. Florida, west to Texas. Genl. Char. Larger than O. palustris, and darker. Color. Above rufous, heavily lined with black, darkest on median line; sides grayish brown tinged with pale brown ; under parts grayish white; feet brownish white. Tail dark brown. Measurements. Total length, 317; tail vertebra', 153; hind foot, 35; ear, 15. h. — texennis. {Oryzomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 177- Type locality. Rockport, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Texas, possibly north to Kansas? Genl. Char. Similar to O. palustris, but paler. Color. Above pale yellowish gray brown, mixed with blackish on back, forming a dorsal band; sides yellowish gray, varied with black; under parts grayish white. Measurements. Average total length, 264; tail vertebr;r, 132; hind foot, 30. 304. aquaticus. (Oryzomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 289. Type locality. Brownsville, Texas. Geo.i^r. Distr. Southeastern Texas, limits of range not deter- mined. Genl. Char. Large; feet small; molars large, heavy. Color. Above yellowish brown, darker on median line; sides paler; under parts buffy. Tail above grayish. 148 ORYZOMYS. REITHRODONTOMYS Measurements. Average total length, 284 ; tail vertebras 144; hind foot, 31.7; ear, 10. b.—coLoratics. {Oryzomys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i8g8, p. 189. Type locality. Cape Sable, Florida. Geogr. Dhtr. Southern portion of Peninsula of Florida. Genl. Char. Size large; color reddish brown. Color. Above reddish brown, darkest on rump and paler on sides, with a mixture of black on head and back; beneath white, often tinged with cinnamon; hairs at base plumbeous; tail dusky, whitish beneath towards base; feet whitish; ears dusky. Measurements. Total length, 301.6; tail vertebra-, 150; hind foot, 35. 49. Reitlirodontomys. I. LZI; M. ^' = 16. I— • 3—3 J. A. Allen. On the species of the genus Reithrodontomys. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1895, vii., p. 107. Reithrodontomys. Giglioli, Richer, intorn. alia Distrib. Geog. Gen. , Roma, 1873, p. 160. Reithrodon. Le Conte (nee Waterh.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 413. Reithrodon. Baird (nee Waterh.), N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 447. Ochetodon. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 184. Body slender; size very small; tail as long as body without the head; anterior face of upper incisors with a deep longitudinal groove, nearly as broad as the face of the tooth; lower incisors simple; ante- rior upper molar with four roots, three large, one very small. The lower half of the descending ramus is abruptly twisted inwards nearly at a right angle to the lower border of the process. Anteorbital for- amen is situated in the zygomatic portion of the maxillary, and is almost circular above, contracting to a slit below. Palate terminates opposite the posterior border of last molars, as a transverse shelf; bullffi large, widely separated, but approximating anteriorly. 205. lecontei. (Afus), Aud. & Bachm. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 307. ? humulis, Aud. & Bachm. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1841, P- 97- ? carolinensis, Aud. & Bach. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 306. REITHRODONTOMYS. Fig. 3V ReiTriRODONTOMvS LECONTEI. No. <}!(9 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Twice nat. f-\ze. Lower tooth row. I'fper tooth roh Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times. Ty/>e locality. Georgia. Geog. Dislr. Coast district of South Carolina and Georgia, southward into Florida. Gcnl. Char. Tail k'SS than head and body. Color. Above fuscous brown, darker on median line; more ful- vous on sides, with indistinct lateral line; under parts dingy gray, tinged with fulvous ; feet whitish; ears dusky; tail dusky above, grayish wliite below. .\fiauirements. Total length, 120: tail vertebra, 56; hind foot, 15.5; ear, 9.5. n.^impi^er. [Ri-illiro,lo>itom\s), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 167. Type locality. White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. Geogr. Distr. West Virginia. Genl. Char. Smaller tlian R. lecontci; tail shorter; ear smaller; molar teeth larger. Color. Above dark russet brown, darkest on back and rump; sides ochraceous buff; beneath grayish white tinged with fawn; feet grayish white; tail dusky above, grayish white beneath; under fur plumbeous except on chin and under side of head. .Measurements. Total length, 112; tail vertebrae, 51; hind foot, 15; ear, 9. 150 REITHRODONTOMYS. h.—dichinsoni. i^Reithrodontomys), Rhoads, Am. Nat. 1895, xxlx., P- 590- Type locality. Willow Oak, Pasco County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Southern portion of Florida Peninsula. Color. Above sooty gray, darkest along back and rump; sides tinged with brown; under parts and feet grayish; tail above same as back, beneath grayish. Measurements. Spec, from Enterprise, Florida, in Field Colum- bian Museum. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 61 ; hind foot, 16. 206. merriami. {Reithrodontomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. iig. Type locality. Austin Bayou, Alvin, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Coast district of southwestern Louisiana to Bra- zoria County, Te.xas. Genl. Char. Similar to R. lecontfi, but smaller, shorter tail and darker color. Color. Above yellowish gray brown, darker on median line: sides yellowish gray, faint buffy lateral line. Beneath whitish gray washed with buff; tail blackish above, dusky gray beneath. Measurements. Total average length, 112; tail vertebrae, 52; hind foot, 16.2; ear, 8.5. 207. dychei. {Reithrodo>ilomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 120. humilis, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 185 (nee Aud. & Bachm.). Type locality. Lawrence, Kansas. Geogr. Distr. Kansas east to St. Louis, Missouri; south to western Oklahoma Territory; north to Nebraska and southwestern Iowa. Genl. Char. Resembling R. megalotis, but darker, smaller, and with more spotted ears. Color. Above mouse gray lined with black; fulvous on side, with indistinct lateral line ; underneath whitish. Dusky spot on outer surface of ear near base, and one at base internally. Tuft of yellowish brown hairs in front of anterior base of ears. Tail dusky above, grayish white beneath. Feet white. n .—nebracensis. (ReithroJontomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 122. Type locality. Canon City, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Fremont County, Colorado, north to Custer, Montana, east to central and northeastern Nebraska. REITHRODONTOMYS. 151 Genl. Char. Larger than A', liychei, ears larger ; color more fulvous. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black; sides and rump more fulvous. Beneath white. .\fc-a.'ii/rements. Average total length, 141; tail vertebra;, 64; hind foot, 16 3. 208. montanus. {Rfithrodon), Baird, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855. P- 336. Type locality. Rocky Mountains, San Luis Valley, Colorado ? Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Tail less than head and body, ears small. Color. Above brown and pale yellowish gray; outside of ears and flanks pale yellowish brown; beneath whitish. Measurimftits. Total length, 101.8; tail to end of hairs, 50.8; hind foot, 12.7; ear, 7.4. 209. megalotis. [Reilhroilon), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 451. humtlii, Coues (under megalotis), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 185. aztecus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, v, p. 79. deserti, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 127. Type locality. Janos and San Luis Spring, Sonora, near New Mexico boundary. Geogr. Distr. Sonora, through western New Mexico and eastern Arizona to Utah, California and southern Nevada. Genl. Char. Largest of species. Color. "Above mouse gray lined with darker and tinged with rufous; on rump and sides a fulvous wash. Beneath soiled yellowish white." (Baird, 1. c.) Measurements. Average total length, 143; tail vertebra, 66; hind foot, 18.5; ear, 12.5. 210. longicaudus. {Reithri.don). Baird, Mamm. N. Amer., 1857, p. 451. Type locality. Petaluma, California. Geogr. Distr. California, west of the Sierra Nevada, from coast region of Monterey County, north to Mendocino County, and in the interior from San Joaquin Count}- north to Tehama County. Prob- ably further south irregularly in the coast and San Bernardino ranges of mountains (Allen). (.icnl. Char. Small, colors darkish; tail long, more than half the length of head and body. Color. Above yellowish brown and black, darkest on dorsal line; sides more \ellowish and with a fulvous lateral line from cheeks to 152 REITHRODONTOMYS. rump; beneath grayish white tinged often with j-ellow, and frequently with a fulvous spot on the breast. Ears dusky, rusty brown tuft at the anterior base. Feet whitish. Tail dusky above, grayish white below. Measurements. Average total length, 136.5; tail vertebrae, 72; hind foot, 17: ear, 11. 2. II. — pallidubP. (Reithrodontomys), Rhoads, Amer. Nat. 1893, p. 835. Type locality. Santa Isabel, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California and northern Lower Califor- nia, from Monterey Count}' and Merced County southward. Genl. Char. Larger than R. longicaudus and paler. Color. Above buffy gray, darker on dorsal line; face and lateral line ochraceous. Under parts and feet white, spot between fore legs and on breast buff. Tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 137; tail vertebrae, 73; hind foot, 16. 211. chrysotis. {Reithrodontomys"), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, p. 281, Zoology. Type locality. Dougherty, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Similar to R. longicaudus, but larger; tail longer, feet larger, and ears conspicuously colored inside with orange. Color. Above blackish brown mixed with yellow; sides of head and body and upper part of fore legs yellowish brown, almost golden on flanks. Under parts white. Feet grayish white. Tail brownish black above, white beneath. Inside of ears orange. Measurements. Total length, 153; tail vertebrae, 79; hind foot, 20; ear, 15. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 21.5; orbital constriction, 3; length of nasals, g; width at base. 3; mastoid breadth, 10; zygo- matic breadth, 12; length of pterygoid, 4; palate, 4: of Hensel, 16; greatest breadth of molars outside anteriorly, 4.5. 212. klamathensis. yRcitluodontomys), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 16, 1899, p. 93. Type locality. Big Spring, Shasta Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Shasta Valley, California, and Klamath County, Oregon. Genl. Char. Size medium; ears and hind feet large; tail long; paler in color than R. longicaudus. Skull: rostrum broad; audita! bullae small. Color, .'\bove pale grayish brown, washed with buffy on sides; beneath white. Tail above dusky, below whitish. Measurements. Total length, 149; tail vertebra;, 71 ; hind foot, 19. REITHRODONTOMYS. 1&3 213. arizonensis. {Reithrodontomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 320. Type locality. Chiricahua Mountains. Geogr. Dislr. Southeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to R. longiiauilas, but redder and larger. Color. Above brown lined with black and washed with reddish fulvous, median dorsal tract darker; sides golden, forming a lateral line from cheeks to tail; under parts and feet grayish white. Ears blackish. Tail dusky above, gray below. Afeasurements. Total length, 152; tail vertebra', 78; hind foot, 1 8; ear, 13. a.—t.mejcic'inu'-) intermediui'. (Reilluodontomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 136. Type locality. Brownsville, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Southern Texas, from Corpus Christi, southward; Rio Grande Valley to mouth of Pecos, and east to Kerr, Bexar and Bee counties, Texas. South into Mexico. Genl. Char. Smaller than R. mexicanus, and paler. Color. Above grayish brown, washed with pale yellowish, mixed with dark hairs on middle of back, sides lighter; lateral line yellowish. Beneath white. Ears brown, apical third of inner sur- face rufous. Feet whitish. Tail dusky, nearly unicolor. Measurements. Total length, 194; tail vertebra?, 108; hind foot, 21 1 ear, 13. b.—'itcrnn.'ius. {Reithrodontomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- 137- mexicanus, Coues, Rod., 1877, p. 128. Type locality. Lafayette, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Texas from Matagorda County northward and eastward to Houma, La., and north to Beebe. Ar- kansas. Genl. Char. Similar to R. mexicanus, but more golden in hue. Color. Above yellowish brown, median area black; sides orange rufous: beneath white washed with yellowish, and an indistinct ful- vous spot on the breast. Measurements. Total length, 174; tail vertebrae, 95; hind foot, 20; ear, 12. 214. laceyi. {Reithrodontomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1896, p. 235. Type locality. Watson's Ranch, near San .Vntonio, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Texas. 154 REITHRODONTOMYS. NBOTOMA, Genl. Char. Similar to R. m. intermedius, but more fulvous, col- ors stronger. Color. Above yellowish brown, mixed with blackish; indistinct fulvous lateral line. Beneath grayish white; feet soiled white. Tail long, bicolor, upper third brown, rest grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 156; tail vertebrae, 8g; hind foot, 19; ear, 12. Sub. Fam. III. Neotominae. 50. Neotoma. I. l=i; M. t^^ = 16. C. H. Merriam. The Neotomina, with descriptions of a new genus and species and a Synopsis of the known forms. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, pp. 225-252. Neotoma. Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1825, p. 346. Type, M. fioridana, Ord. Teonoma, Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 117. Skull long; zygomatic width equals half the length of skull; edge of maxilla bounding anteorbital foramen, rounded; the foramen broad and open above, compressed into a somewhat narrow slit below; intermaxillaries reaching back to interorbital region; nasals much shorter; palate terminating with a concave border posteriorly between last two molars; audital bulla; small; their axis oblique to that of the skull; occipital plane of skull perpendicular, at right angles to the superior surface; process of jugal extends downward and backward, that of squamosal joining it at almost a right angle. Mandible with long, acute, coronoid process, higher than condyle. Roots of lower incisor causing protuberances on either side of the jaw; upper molar teeth with usually two external and one internal reentrant loops; first and second lower molars with two external and two internal loops, last molar with only one of each. Upper molars three rooted; lower with but two roots. The two sections of the genus are distinguished by those with round somewhat bare tails, and those with densely haired, bushy tails; the latter having the rostrum longer, and the interorbital constriction greater. A. Neotoma. Tail long, bare, round. 215. cumulator. {Neotoma), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1898, p. 503. Type locality. Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California. NF.OTOMA. 153 Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Range not determined. Genl. Char. Size large ; color similar to N. iniermc-tiiii, but paler. Cohir. Above grayish fulvous lined with black; gray on limbs and ochraceous buff on sides. Feet and under parts white. Tail black above, white beneath. Ears mixed gray and black. Measurements . Total length, 406; tail vertebra-, 1H8; hind foot, 37; ear, 30.5. Fig. 34. NEoroMA floridana. No. S9> Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 3 limes. Uppkk tooth row. Enlarged 3 times. 216. micropus. (IVeoti'iiius), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., i«55. P- 333- canescens, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 285. Type locality. Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Geogr. Distr. San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, northward to the Pan Handle of Oklahoma, westward to the Staked Plains, Kio Grande Valley west to El Paso; Pecos Valley to Eddy, New Mexico. Genl. Char. Tail short, hardly two-thirds the length of the body; ears large; feet small; soles naked. Color. Above grayish lead color, lined with dark brown; sides paler; shoulders and flanks occasionally tinged with yellowish brown. Under parts and feet white. Tail above dusky, beneath grayish white. .\feasurements. Total length, 359; tail vertebra?, 185; hind foot, 36; ears, 30. 158 NEOTOMA. n.—siirberi. {A'c(>/<>>/ia), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, i. p. 279, Zoology. Ty/>e locality. Canon three miles west of Alva, Oklahoma Ter- ritory. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Oklahoma. Genl. Char. Similar to N. micropus, but darker, tail longer and almost black above. Color. Upper parts, fore legs and flanks iron gray; hairs tipped with wliiie. Beneath white; hairs of chin, throat, breast and space between hind legs white to the roots, remainder plumbeous at base. Feet white. Tail long; above grayish black on basal third; almost pure black for remainder; beneath white. MeasKrewen/s. Total length, 430; tail vertebr.e, 197; hind foot, 43- 217. campestris. \Xeo/oma), .Mien, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 322. Type locality. Pendennis. Lane County, Kansas. Gfogr. Distr. Kansas and Colorado. Genl. Char. Similar in size and in skull to ^V. micropus, but colors different, .\bove yellowish gray varying to buffy ochraceous and lined with black; feet and under parts white. Tail pale grayish brown above, pure white below. Measurements. Total length, 3S8; tail vertebra^, 155; hind foot, 40.5; car, 25. e locality. Furnace Creek, Death \'^alley, California. Geogr. Distr. Mojave, Colorado and Sonoran Deserts of east- ern California, Nevada, and western Utah, north to east Humboldt \'alley, and Kelton, Utah. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. intermedia, but smaller; ears larger. Colors inclining to ochraceous buffy instead of gray. Color. Above pinkish buff brightest on sides; head grayish lined with black; under parts white washed with salmon on neck; feet white. Tail, pale dusky above, white beneath. .\feasurenients. Total length, 305; tail vertebra, 128; hind foot, 30. a.sola. {Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 126. TyJ7//i7), Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 235- Type locality. Utah. Geogr. Distr. Range not known. Genl. Char. Size small; skull small, delicate; frontal profile flattened; supra orbital edges square, scarcely ridged; palatine fora- men as in N. macrotis; molars small. Color. Above ashy gray, washed with pale fawn; under parts white, hairs on belly gray at base. Tail, thickly haired, brownish fawn above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebra^ 100; hind foot, 27.2; ear, 25. b.—drummondi. {Myoxus), Richards, Zool. Jour., 1828, p. 517. Type locality. Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, N. Lat. 57°. Geogr. Distr. Limits unknown. Eastern British Columbia and western Canada. Genl Char. Tail bushy, longer than the body; ears large, oval; posterior half of soles furred. Color. General color light yellowish brown mixed with black; feet and under parts white. Tail, basal portion above like back, remainder dark lead gra\; beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 393; tail vertebra^ 165; hind foot, 36; ear, 20. c.—oecidentalis. {Neotowa), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855. P- 335- Type locality. Shoalwater Bay, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Pacific coast region of Oregon and Washington, eastward to plains of central Idaho. Genl. Char. Tail longer than the body without head, ears large, scantily haired; posterior part of sole furred. Color. Upper parts dark brown nearly black, lined with yel- lowish brown, sides tinged with yellowish brown, feet and under parts bluish white. Tail above basal part like back, remainder brownish plumbeous. Long black hairs are visible over the bod}-. Measurements. Total length, 412; tail vertebra, 192; hind foot, 33; ear, 26, NEOTOMA. 165 d.—fusca. {N(otoma), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1894, p. 354- Type locality. Fort Umpqua, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, limits of range not determined. Genl. Char. Tail less than half the length of head and body; colors dark. Color. Above blackish, sides and underneath neck tawny gray; outer surface of limbs gray, under parts soiled white; fore feet white, hind feet dusky. Tail, above black, buffy gray below. Mdisun-ments. Total length, 395; tail vertebra^ iSo; hind foot, 44. e. ^Columbiana. (A^eoloma), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1893, I, p. 255; Zoology (note). Type locality. Ducks, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Western British Columbia, range unknown. Gcnl. Char. Colors paler than those of X. occidoitalis, tail less than the length of head and body. Color. Nose and space between eyes light mouse gray; top of head and back dark gray; sides of face and flanks, shoulders and thighs, pale grayish buff, nearly clear buff along the belly. Entire under parts and under sides of limbs white; chest and abdomen tinged with yellow. Feet white. Tail bushy, at base like back, remainder blackish gray, under side white. Ears blackish, naked save hairy fringe on edge. Measurements. Total length, 408; tail to end of hair, 194; hind foot, 37. 227. arizonae. i^Xeotoma), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. no. Type locality. Keam's Canon, Apache County, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Moki region northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and southwestern Colorado. Genl. Char. Similar to N. cinerea, but smaller; ears large; a broad slit-like opening on each side of the presphenoid and anterior third of the basi-sphenoid, as in the round-tailed species. Color. Above ochraceous buff, mixed with black; feet and under parts white. Tail, grayish brown above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 365; hind foot, 35; ear, 34. 228. granger!. {iVeotoma), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 324. Type locality. Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. South Dakota, range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar in size and color to jV. cinerea, but with well developed sphenopalatine vacuities. 168 NEOTOMA. Color. Above gray mixed with dusky, ground hue clay color to pale buffy, lined with black; head gray without tinge of fulvous; feet white; ears blackish; under parts white. Tail above dusky gray, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 393; tail vertebrae, 173; hind foot, 41; ear, 28. Skull: total length, 51; basal length, 49; parietal breadth, 28; least interorbital breadth, 5; nasals, 19; incisive fora- mina, 12; palate, 9. 229. orolestes. [Neotoma), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 128. Type locality. Sagauche Valley, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountains, Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico. Genl. Char. Similar to iV. ««^/r(Z/ size large; tail large; spheno- palatine vacuities open. Color. Above buffy ochraceous, suffused with fulvous and lined with black; top of head grayish; feet and under parts white. Tail above like back at base, remainder dusky; beneath whitish, tinged with fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 413; tail vertebrae, 175; hind foot, 41; ear, 31. 230. rupicola. (Neotoma), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 323. Type locality. Corral Draw, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. Bad Lands, South Dakota. Genl. Char. Similar to N. campestris, but smaller and paler, and with larger ears and bushy tail. Color. Above creamy buff, lined with black, darkest on dorsal region; feet and under parts pure white to the base of hairs. Tail above gray; below white. Ears grayish, edged with white. Measurements. Total length, 330; tail vertebrae, 154; hind foot, 41; ear, 27. 231. cinnamomea. [Neotoma), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., i«95, P- 331- Type locality. Kinney Ranch, Bitter Creek, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming, Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, Utah; New Mexico. Genl. Char. Similar to N. rupicola, but larger, colors deeper. Color. Above buffy ochraceous, tinged with vinaceous, dorsal region lined with black; sides ochraceous buff; feet and under parts white to roots of hairs. Tail gray above, white below; ears brownish. Measurements. Average total length, 364; tail vertebrae, 158; hind foot, 41. PHENACOMYS. 167 Sub. Fam. IV. Microtinae. G. S. Miller, Genera and Subgenera of Voles and Lemmings. N. Am. Faun., No. 12, 1896. Molars imperfectly rooted or rootless (e.xcept Phenacomys and Evolovivs, which have rooted molars in old adults); swelling on inner side of mandible caused by root of lower incisor, between condyle and the descending process, the latter hamular; palate arched; nasals not extending beyond premaxillaries. 51. Phenacomys. G. S. Miller, Synopsis of the Voles of the Genus Phenacomys, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, pp. 73-87. Phenacomys. Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 28. Type, P. intermedins, Merr. Skull and teeth as in Microtus, but the adult has the molars two- rooted, and the root of lower incisor does not reach the level of the dental foramen. Lower molars on inner side have deeper reentrant angles than on the outer. Co\J\ft)WI^>IV^ Bh Fig 36. Phenacomys orophiius. No. 5053 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. 232. intermedius. {Phenacomys), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 2, if P- 32- Type locality. Kamloops, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. 168 PHENACOMYS. Genl. Char. Size small, colors pale; front lower molar with five salient angles on outer side. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown, tinged with yellow, and sprinkled with black ; dorsal region darkest ; under parts grayish white. Tail almost black above, white below. Feet pale brownish. Measurements. Total length, ii8; tail vertebrae, 28; hind foot, 18; ear, 13. 233. orophilus. {Phenacomys'), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 65. truei, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 331. oramoniis, Rhoads, Am. Nat., 1895, p. 941. Type locality. Salmon River Mountains, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Alberta, British Columbia, and western United States to southern central Oregon, central Idaho and southern Wyoming. Genl. Char. Small; color light gray; interorbital region of skull narrow; ascending branches of premaxillae narrow. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown, tinged with yellow, lined with black; under parts soiled white; feet pure white. Tail mixed brown and white above, pure white beneath. Under fur plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 146; tail vertebra:, 38; hind foot, 19. 234. olympicus. {Phcnacomys), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, I, p. 225, Zoology. pumilus, Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, p. 258, Zoology, juv. Type locality. Happy Lake, Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality, and Boulder Lake, Olympic Mountains. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. orophilus, with longer tail and darker pelage. Color. Upper parts dark cinnamon, grizzled with tawny ochra- ceous; flanks paler. Under parts whitish, base of hairs plumbeous; legs and feet white. Tail above like back, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 27; hind foot, 15; ear, 9. 235. preblei. (Phenacomys), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, P- 45- Type locality. Long's Peak, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. PHENACOMVS. 169 Gen!. Char. Similar to P. orophilus, but more ochraceous ; ascending branches of premaxillae more expanded terminally. Color. Above clay color, suffused with ochraceous, sprinkled with black on dorsal region: under parts yellowish white; feet soiled white. Tail brownish above, whitish beneath. Measuretnents. Total length, 130; tail vertebre locality. Muskeeget Island, Massachusetts. Geogr. Distr. Known onlj- from type locality. Genl. Char. Size large; feet broad and stout; soles with six tubercles; brain case longer and wider than that of M. pennsylvanicus ; interparietal longer antero-posteriorly, shorter transversely. Inter- parietal as wide as long. Color. Above grayish yellow brown ; under parts yellowish white. Feet white. Tail above yellowish brown, beneath yellowish white. Afcasurcments. Total length, 162-182; tail vertebrae, 44-54; hind foot, 22. 3-24. 263. nesophilus. {Microtus), Bailey, Science, N. S. 1898, m, p. 782. insularis, Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 85 {nee Lemmus insularis N^ills). Type locality. Great Gull Island, N. Y. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Genl. Char. "Size of M. pennsylvanicus, colors darker; skull shorter and wider, with spreading zygoma and deep prezygomatic notches." Interparietal wider than long. Color. Above dark yellowish bister, below cinnamon. Measurements. Skull: basal length, 26; zygomatic breadth, 16.2; mastoid, 12.3; length of molar series, 6.8 (Skin). Tail, 29; hind foot, 20. 263. montanus. (Arvicola), Peale, Mamm. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1848, p. 46. longiroslris, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 530. Type locality. Head waters of Sacramento River near Mount Shasta, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern Utah, Nevada, northeastern California and eastern Oregon. Genl. Char. Size moderate; ear long as forefoot; tail long, two- fifths the head and body. Last upper molar has three external salient angles; first lower molar has five interior and four exterior. 184 MICROTUS. Color. Above dull yellowish brown mixed with black; sides lighter; beneath whitish ash, base of fur plumbeous; feet brownish white. Tail brown above, soiled white beneath. Mc-asurei/ients. Total length, 122-192; tail vertebrae, 33-54; hind foot, 19 23; ear, 9-11. n.—ariznnenais. (M/crotus), Baile^', Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 88. Ty/>e locality. Springerville, Arizona. Geogr. Disir. Eastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to J/, mon/aniis, but more ferruginous; pal- ate flat, pits shallow; pterygoids thick. Color. Above rusty brown; beneath white; feet dark gravish; tail blackish above, grayish below. Measurements. Total length, 184; tail vertebra?, 55; hind foot, 20. Skull: basal length, 27.3; nasals, 8; zygomatic breadth, 16; mastoid, 12.2; length of upper molar series, 6.5. h.—iivwJari'i. (Microtus). Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iSgS, p. 96. Type locality. St. George, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Only known from the type locality. Genl. Char. Larger and paler than M. montanus. Color. Above dull bister lined with black; sides slighth' paler: beneath whitish; feet grayish; tail blackish above, grayish below. Measurements. Total length, 179; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 23. Skull: basal length, 28.2; nasals, 8.3; zygomatic breadth, 17; mastoid, 13.3; length of upper molar series, 7.3. 264. nanus. {.Arvicola), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 63. pi. II, fig. 5-6. Type locality. Pahsimeroi Mountains, Idaho. Altitude. 9.350 feet. Geogr. Distr. Rocks' Mountains and other ranges from Central Idaho to Nevada and southern Colorado. Genl. Char. Size small; ears small; antitragus large, and large fossa innominata; tail more than one-third the length of head and body. Skull: brain case narrow, high; parietal anteriorly subtrun- cate; middle upper molar without postero-internal loop. Color. Above pale grizzled bister, mixed with black; sides ash gray; beneath grayish white. Tail above dusk}', beneath whitish. Feet dusky. Measurements. Total length, 151: tail vertebrae, 41; hairs, 7.5; hind foot, 18; ear from crown, 4. MICROTUS. 185 fi.—canescens. [.Vicrotits), Baikj-, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 87. Type locality. ConconuUy, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Northern Washington and southern British Co- lumbia. God. Char. Similar to -1/. nanus, but paler. Skull: mastoid breadth greater; audital bulla; larger; molar pattern as in J/, nanus; hip glands conspicuous in adult males. Color. Above dark grayish; sides lighter gray; beneath white; feet dark gray; tail above blackish; grayish beneath. .\fcasuri-nien/s. Total length, 149; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 20. Skull: occipital condyles to anterior base of molars, 17.4; zygo- matic breadth, 15: mastoid, 12.3; length of molar series, 63. 265. canicaudus. [Microtus). Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S97, p. 67. Type locality. McCoy, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Willamette Valley, Oregon, southern Washing- ton on eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains. Gcnl. Char. Size about as M. nanus, but more yellow. The brain case is broader and deeper; audital bulhr flatter and more round. Color. Above and sides umber brow-n mixed with black, darker on head and paler on sides; beneath grayish white tinged with yel- lowish: tail above whitish gray, beneath paler. Base of fur plum- beous. Measurements. Average total length, 135; tail vertebrir, 33.7; hind foot, 20. 266. dutcheri. (.\ficrotus), Bailty, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 85. Type toealily. Big Cottonwood Meadows, near Mt. Whitney, California. Geogr. Distr. Inyo and Tulare counties, eastern California. " Hudsonian zone of the southern Sierra Nevada." Genl. Char. Size small; tail short; ears small; hip glands pres- ent in adult males. Color. Above dark bister, hairs tipped with brown; beneath buffy brown; feet whitish; tail blackish above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 167; tail vertebra', 35; hind foot, 20. 267. nevadensis. (Mierotus). Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. S6. Type locality. Ash Meadows, Nye county, Nevada. 186 MICROTUS. Geogr. Distr. Type locality and Pahranagat Valley, Southern Nevada. Genl. CImr. Size large; tail short; colors dark; hip glands con- spicuous in adult males; first upper molar with five closed triangles; second with four; sometimes there is a small inner lobe at base of posterior triangle; third with anterior crescent, three closed triangles and a posterior loop with two inner lobes. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 55; hind foot, 25.5. Skull: basal length, 32; nasals, 10.2; zygomatic breadth, 19. 3; mastoid, 14.3; length of upper molar series, 8. 268. californicus. {Arvicola), Peale, Mamm. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1S48, p. 46. trowbridgi, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 529. Type locality. Shores of San Francisco Bay, California. Geogr. Distr. "California, west of the Colorado Desert and the Sierra Nevada, and from Santa Isabel, San Diego county, California, to the Rogue River and Umpqua Valleys, Oregon." Genl. Char. Ear five-eighths length of hind foot; tail twice as long as hind foot; posterior upper molar has two exterior and one interior triangle; the posterior crescent sends out a lobe near the bend; first upper molar has four external salient angles, and five internal, besides the anterior loop. Color. Above pale yellowish brown mixed with black; sides lighter; beneath grayish white tinged with yellow; feet brownish gray; tail dark brown above, paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 2o; ear, 12. a—vallicola. {Microtus'), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 89. Type locality. Lone Pine, Inyo county, California. Geogr. Distr. Valley of Eastern California. Genl. Char. Larger and darker than M. californicus ; middle upper molar with lobe at base of fourth triangle often developed into a loop. Color. Above dull sepia, lined with black, slightly suffused with yellowish; beneath smoky plumbeous; feet dusky; tail above black- ish, below grayish. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebrae, 57; hind foot, 23. b.—constrictus. Bailey, N. Am. Faun., igoo. No. 17, p. 36. T\pe locality. Cape Mendocino, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region near Cape Mendocino. Genl. Char. Smaller than M. californicus and grayer. MICROTUS. 187 Color. Above buff\- gray, beneath whitish. Tail, dull grayish, feet gray. Measurements. Total length, average of four adults, 163; tail vertebrs, 55; hind foot, 21.5. 269. edax. (Arrico/a), Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scicn. Phil., 1853, p. 405. Type locality. Vicinity of San Francisco, California. Geogr. Distr. Western and southern California. Genl. Char. Ears large; tail two-fifths the length of head and body; plantar tubercles large; soles haired from heel to first tubercle. Color. Above pale yellowish brown thinlj- mixed with black; sides paler; beneath soiled grayish white. Tail, brown above, dull white beneath. .Miasurrments. Total length, 217; tail vertebrx', 73; hind foot, 25. 270. scirpensis. (Microtis), Bailey, N. Am. Faun., igoo, No. 17, p. 38. Ty/>e locality. Amargosa Rivtr, Inyo Count)', California. Geogr. Distr. Known only from the type localit)-. Genl. Char. Similar to ^f. eda.x ; colors paler; middle upper molar with rounded open or closed posterior loop. Color. Above dark buffy graj'; beneath smoky gray. Tail, brown above, grayish beneath; feet brownish gray. .'^[easuremcnts. Total length, 210; tail vertebra-, 67; hind foot, 25. 271. operarius. {Arvicola), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 139. Type locality. St. Michaels, Norton Sound, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Coast tundras of Bering Sea from Cape Van- couver to Bering Straits, including Nelson, St. Michaels and Stew- art Islands; Alaska eastward to Anderson River. Genl. Char. Size small; tail one-third the length of head and body; color pale. Color. Above pale fulvous or fawn faintly lined with black; sides paler; beneath grayish white. Tail, above dark brown, beneath white. Feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 104.5: tail vertebra-, 25.2; hind foot, 17.9; ear, 9.8. Juv? 272. macfarlani. {.Microtia), Merr., Proc. W^ash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 25. Type locality. Fort Anderson, north of Great Bear Lake, Arctic America. Geogr. Distr. Arctic America east of the Mackenzie River. 188 MICROTUS. Genl. Char. Size medium, tail short. Similar to M. operarius. Color. Above dull fulvous brown and black; beneath whitish tinged with buff; hind foot brown; toes partly whitish. Tail, dusky above, whitish beneath. Measuretnen/s. Skin. Tail, 29; hind foot, 18.5. 273. yakutatensis. {Micro/ iis), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 22. Type locality. Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Glacier Bay to Prince William Sound, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail very short, similar to M. siiken- sis, but with shorter feet. Cranial characters as in J/, sitkensis. Color. Above grayish brown, black, and buffy fulvous; beneath whitish, or buffy white; feet whitish, soles black. Tail, above black- ish, beneath whitish or buff. Measurements. Total length, 172; tail vertebra^, 38; hind foot, 21. 274. kadiacensis. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. 1897, p. 222. Type locality. Kadiak Island, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Kadiak Island, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to M. sitkensis, but smaller and paler. Teeth as in M. sitkensis, but first lower molars with only two closed loops on each side. Color. Above pale grizzled brownish, suffused with pale ful- vous, lined with black; under parts plumbeous washed with white. Tail, dusky above, white beneath. Feet grayish brown. Measurements. Total length: "Average of five adult males, 188; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 21." 275. unalascensis. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 222. Type locality. Unalaska, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Unalaska Island, Alaska. Genl Char. Similar to M. kadiacensis, but darker; audital bullae shorter; first lower molar with two closed and two open internal loops, and two closed external. Color. Above yellowish brown; bent_-ath plumbeous washed with whitish. Tail, black above, white below. Feet grayish. Measurements. Total length, 122; tail vertebrae, 28; hind foot, 19. II. — uniiofrnsif^. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 22. Type locality. Popof Island, Shumagin Group, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar externally to M. unalascensis, but cranium MICROTUS. 189 different. Anterior end of frontal narrow and without a lachrymal tubercle. Color. Above 3'ellowish brown, darkest in middle of back and lined sparsely with black; sides paler yellowish brown; beneath plumbeous washed with wliite, with buff space on breast. Feet and legs dark brownish. Tail, dusky above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length. Type, 188; tail vertebra;, 43; hind foot, 22. "Average of three topotypes, 165, 38, 22.4." 276. sitkensis. {Microtiis), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 221. Type locality. Sitka, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Baranof Island, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size equal to M. unalascensis; tail short; skull long and narrow; brain case rounded; audital bulla large, elongated; incisive foramina narrow, not reaching molars; first lower molar with three internal closed loops, and two external, the anterior loop with one internal salient angle, and no external. Third lower molar has four inner and four outer salient angles, and three closed triangles. Color. Above grizzled brown suffused with reddish brown; brightest on rump, beneath plumbeous washed with ochraceous buff. Tail, above black, below white. Feet dusky. .\[easiirements. Total length, 155; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 23. Skull: basal length, 25; zygomatic breadth, 14; palatal length, 13; interorbital constriction, 4.2. 277. innuitus. [Microtus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 21. Type locality. St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea. Genl. Char. Skull and parts of skeleton alone known; ''cranium large; zygomata heavy, bowed outward, anterior roots standing out- ward and forward when seen from above; jugals slightly expanded; brain case squarely truncate anteriorly; nasals large, cuneate; ros- trum massive, prominent lip at border of anteorbital foramen; audital bullae large; incisors produced and protruding. Hind molar with three closed triangles; first molar with four, two on a side." Measurements. " Tail vertebrae, 43-45; hind foot, 22-24. Skull: basal length, 32.5; zygomatic breadth, 19.5; mastoid breadth, 15.5; nasals, 9; molar series, 7.2." (Merr., 1. c.) 278. abbreviatus. {Microtus), Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, P- 13- Type locality. Hall Island, Bering Sea. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. MICROTUS. Genl. Char. Size rather large; tail shorter than hind foot; plan- tar tubercles six; enamel pattern as in M. nivalis, Europe. Color. Above pale yellowish brown, rufous on top of head and on rump, the plumbeous bases of the under fur giving a darkish tone to the upper parts; side pale buff, grading into the yellowish white of the under parts. Face yellowish rufous, darkest on upper lips; feet whitish. Tail, above like back, beneath buff. Measurements. Total length, i6o; tail vertebras, 26; hind foot, 20. Taken in the flesh from a specimen in the Field Museum, ob- tained by the author on Hall Island, Bering Sea, July 14, 1899. a .—fisheri . {Microius), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 23. Type locality. St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea. Genl. Char. " Similar to M. ahhreviatus, but yellow suffusion even more intense, particularly on belly; nasals and rostrum (above) decidedly longer, zygomata more strongly bowed outward; bullae broader, less pointed anteriorly, and less flattened on outer side." (Merr., 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 178; tail vertebras, 32; hind foot, 24. 279. townsendi. [Arvicola), Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 60. occidentalis. Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mamm., 184S, p. 45. Type locality. Lower Columbia River, Oregon, near mouth of the Willamette. Geogr. Distr. Port Moody, British Columbia, to the Willamette Valley and Taquina Bay, Oregon. Genl. Char. Size very large; ears two-thirds the length of hind foot; tail less than half the length of head and bod\'. Middle upper molar has four triangles; last upper molar has one interior and two exterior closed triangles, and one anterior spherical triangle; anterior lower molar has four salient angles on either side and three exterior and three interior triangles. Color. Above yellowish rusty brown lined with black; sides paler with less black. Under parts soiled ashy white tinged with brownish; feet pale brown. Tail, dark brown above, paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 190-226; tail vertebrffi, 66; hind foot, 25-26; ear, 15. 280. tetramerus. (Arviccld), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 283. Type locality. Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Vancouver Island. Genl. Char. Size medium, tail long; middle upper molar want- ing fifth section. MICROTUS. 101 Co/or. Similar to .U. townsendi. Above grizzled blackish brown; below ash; feet grayish brown: tail above like back, below like under parts. .\f,i.isnr,nunls. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot. 23. 281. longicaudus. {Arvicola), Merr. Amer. Nat., 1888, p. 934. Type- locality. Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. Western South Dakota, Wjoming. Genl. Char. Antitragus closing like meatus; tail verj' long. Color. Above and sides bister, grizzled with rusty on back; sides grayish, beneath buffy gray; feet plumbeous ; tail blackish above, whitish beneath. .Veasurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebra?, 65; hind foot, 21. 282. mordax. (Arvicola), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 61, pi. II, fig. 3-4. vellerosus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 7. cautus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 7. Type locality. Sawtooth or Alturus Lake, east foot of Saw- tooth Mountain, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. " In Rocky Mountains and contiguous ranges from latitude 60 to northern New Mexico, and in the Cascades of Sierra Nevada to Kaweah and Kern rivers, California." Genl. Char. Similar to M. longicaudus, but larger; tail longer, ears smaller; skull with processes and ridges more developed than in allied species. Color. Above pale grayish bister, lined with black; sides clear gray; under parts and feet whitish. Tail dark above, whitish below; feet plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebra-, 77; hind foot, 22; ear, 10. 283. macrourus. {Microtiis), Merr., Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1898, P- 353- Type locality. Lake Cushman, Olympic Mountains, Washington, Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, northwest Washington, and Alaska to Yakutat. Genl. Char. Similar to ^f. monla.v, but larger; tail longer; hind feet larger; color darker. Color. Above brownish bister, grizzled; sides paler; beneath whitish, base of hairs plumbeous; tail dusky above, whitish below; tip sometimes white. Feet plumbeous. A/easurements. Average total length, 204; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 24. Type specimen: Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot, 24.3. 192 MICROTUS. 284. angusticeps. {Microtus), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 86. Type locality. Crescent City, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. Genl. Char. Skull narrow; audital bulla? small; nasals project- ing in front of incisors; enamel pattern of teeth like that of ^[. mordax. Color. Above dark bister lined with black; sides paler; beneath creamy white ; feet plumbeous gray ; tail above blackish, below white. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 56; hind foot, 22. Skull: basal length, 23.4; nasals, 7.6; zygomatic breadth, 13.5; mastoid, 10.8; length of upper molar series, 6. 285. alticola. [Arvieola), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 67, pi. 5 and 6. Type locality. Little Spring, San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Altitude, 8,200 feet. Geogr. Distr. San Francisco Mountain, northwestern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size rather large; ears large; tail long. Color. Above dark bister, tinged with pale reddish brown and lined with black; beneath hoary plumbeous; feet grayish; tail dark brown above, grayish brown below. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrje, 56; hind foot, 20; ear, 8. a .—leurophneu't. (Arvieola), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1894, p. 320. Type locality. Graham Mountains, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Graham Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail less than one-half the length of head and body. Skull: brain-case broad and flat; interorbital region very broad; angle of mandible greatly developed. Color. Above pale reddish brown lined with black and tinged with gray; sides gray with less black ; beneath whitish gray; tail above brown, whitish below. Feet dusky washed with gray. Measurements. Total length, 173; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 22.5; ear, 15. 286. mogollonensis. {Arvieola), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y. , II, 1890, p. 283. T\pe locality. Baker's Butte, MogoUon Mountains, central Ari- zona. Geogr. Distr. Plateau of central Arizona. MICROTUS. 183 Genl. Char. Size medium; tail less than half the length of head and body. Color. Above yellowish brown and gray; sides fulvous; beneath grayish, washed with pale fulvous; feet and tail grayish. Measurements. Total length, 121-1 31 ; tail vertebra',31 ; hind foot, 18. 287. xanthognathus. {Arvicola), Leach (nee Harlan), Zool. Misc., 1814, p. 60, pi. 26. Type locality. Hudson Baj'. Geogr. Distr. "Northwestern Canada from Central Alberta to Arctic coast and west to central Alaska." Genl. Char. Ears large; tail shorter than head; posterior half of soles hairy. Color. Above dark brown and black; sides paler; beneath sil- very bluish gray; two patches anterior to shoulders blackish gray; blackish brown stripe on nose between two reddish brown stripes. Tail beneath whitish. .Mtasurcments. Dry skin. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 27. 288. chrotorrhinus. {Microtus), Miller, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 190. Type locality. Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Geoi^r. Distr. The Catskills. New Hampshire northward into New Brunswick to Trowser's Lake and central Quebec. Genl. Char. Similar in size to J/, pennsylvanicus ; hind feet smaller; posterior upper molar with three nearly closed outer trian- gles; third lower molar with five closed triangles, five inner and five outer salient angles and double-lobed posterior loop. Color. Upper parts and sides, between raw umber and broccoli brown mixed with black; muzzle ochraceous; sides of neck and head tinged with same color; beneath silvery gray; tail above grayish brown, beneath hair brown; feet silvery gray, soles covered with grayish hairs. ^feasurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebra^ 45; hind foot, 19.4; ear, 13.8. a.—riivws. [Microtits), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 188. Type locality. Black Bay, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Genl. Char. Similar to .1/. chrotorrhinus; paler; skull more slen- der and constricted between orbits; rostrum more slender; audital bulla- Hatter; less inflated. Color. Above pale grayish raw umber, mixed with black on back; nose and face pale tawny ochraceous; under parts and feet gray; tail above dusky brown, paler and grayer beneath. 194 MICROTUS. Measurements. "Average total length of four adults, 159-75; tail vertebrae, 46; hind foot, 21.25; ear, 12.5." 389. borealis. {Arvicola), Richards, Zool. Journ., 1828, p. 517. Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., 1894, p. 286. Type locality. Great Bear Lake, Hudson Bay Territory. Geogr. Distr. Arctic America. Limits not known. Genl. Char. Small; tail shorter than head. Middle upper molar without posterior fold. Posterior end of frontals long, slender, strap- shaped; anterior corners of parietals pointed. Color. Above blackish gray; beneath lead gray; tail clove brown above, grayish white beneath; feet clove brown mixed with white; claws whitish. Measurements. Total length, 139; tail vertebrse, 25; hind foot, 15; ear, 6. B. Laguras. Audital bullae very large, projecting backward behind the plane of the occiput. Palate normal; third lower molar with all triangles closed; upper third molar with two closed triangles and posterior loop. Plantar tubercles, 5; mammae, 8; inguinal, 4; pectoral, 4. Fig. 39. MicROTus (Lagurus) curtatus. No. 1519 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Enlarged %. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 6 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 6 times. MICROTUS. 11)5 390. pauperrimus. (Arviio/a), Cooper, Amer. Nat., vol. 11, 1868, P- 535- Ty/>e locality. Plains of the Columbia, near Snake river, Wash- ington. Geogr. Distr. " Eastern Washington and Oregon, central Idaho and north slope of the Uinta Mountains, Utah, in transition zone." Gdil. Char. Small; ears small, nearly hidden in hair; feet hairy; tail very short. Skull: small, flat, broad and depressed anteorbit- ally; nasals short; incisive foramina extend beyond the anterior plane of the first molars. Color. Upper parts gray tinged with buffy, and lined with black; under parts whitish buff. Tail above gray, below whitish buff. Feet whitish. Measuremtnts. Total length, 116; tail vertebr;e, 20; hind foot, 16; ear, 8. 291. curtatus. (ArvUola), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1868, p. 2. Type locality. Pigeon Spring, Mount Magruder, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Eastern California north of Death Valley, western Nevada; limits of range not known. Genl. Char. Size very small; tail and hind feet very short; ears prominent. Anterior lower molar with three internal and two exter- nal triangles, and one posterior triangle. Tail shorter than hind foot. Color, .\bove light grayish brown; beneath white; feet white. Tail above grayish brown, beneath white. ^feasurcments. Total length, 118; tail vertebrae, 19; hind foot, 18; ear, 11. 292. pallidus. {Arvicola), Merriam, Amer. Nat., 1888, p. 703. 7)/c locality. Fort Buford, North Dakota. Geogr. Distr. North Dakota, Montana north to Calgarj', Alberta. Genl Char. Size medium ; tail very short, pencil long ; ears well haired, medium. Color. Above pale buffy gray mixed with black; beneath white, plumbeous base of fur visible. Tail indistinctly bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 121-133; tail vertebr;c, 20-23; foot, 18-18.25; ear from crown, 5-6. C. Pedomys, Palate normal; third lower molar without closed triangles; claws small, those of front feet always shortest; plantaj tubercles, 5; first MICROTUS. lower molar with three closed triangles and eight or nine salient angles; third upper molar with two closed triangles and six salient angles; mamma;, 6; inguinal, 4; pectoral, 2. Soles thickly haired. Hi R V;.^ WM El m ^^J T^!^^ 1 -/ ^^^^'^^B m g 1 ^9 Fig. 40. MiCROTus (Pedomys) austerus No. 216 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 6 times. 293. austerus. {A/ru-o/a), Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 405. ?Hypudceus ochrogaster. Wagn. Suppl. Schreb. Saugt., iii, 1843, p. 592.— Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1898, p. 458. cinnamomea, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 541. Type locality. Wisconsin. Geogr. Distr. Mississippi Valley, southern Wisconsin to south- ern Missouri and Oklahoma; west to eastern Kansas and Nebraska. Genl. Char. Size large; ears short; fore feet more than half as long as the hinder; half of sole hairy; tail short, less than one third head and body. Posterior upper molar with three salient angles on either side; anterior lower molar with five internal and four external salient angles, besides the anterior loop. Color. Winter Pelage. Above grayish cinnamon, lined with black; sides paler; beneath pale cinnamon. Under fur plumbeous; tail blackish brown above, beneath pale cinnamon. Feet grayish cinnamon. Summer Pelage. Darker above, paler fulvous beneath. Measurements. Total length, 125-170; tail vertebrae, 30-40; hind foot, 17.21; ear, 11. MICROTUS. 107 294. ludovicianus. {Mu-rotus), Bailey, N. Am. Fauna, No. 17, 1900, P- 74- Type locality. Iowa, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. Geogr, Dislr. Coast prairie, southwestern Louisiana. Genl. Char. Similar to .1/. austerus; rostrum and nasals more slender; bulla larger. Color. Above dark gray; beneath fulvous ; tail dusky above, buffy beneath; feet dusky. Measurements. Total length, average two adults, 164; tail verte- brje, 33; hind foot, 18.5. 295. haydeni. {Arricola), Baird, N. .\m. Mamm., 1857, p. 543. T\pe locality. Fort Pierre, South Dakota. Gec'xr. Distr. Fort Pierre and the Black Hills, South Dakota, to the North Platte River, western Nebraska; eastern Colorado and Wyoming, and southern Montana. Genl. Char. Larger than M. austerus; tail not twice the length of hind foot; ears short, half as long as hind foot; soles hairy for half the length; last upper molar with two interior and one exterior triangle. Color. Above gray yellowish brown mixed with black ; sides grayer and less black; beneath grayish yellowwhite, tinged with pale yellowish rusty. Feet pale rusty yellowish white. Tail above brown, beneath pale yellowish rusty. ^feasurements. Total length, 153-180; tail vertebrae, 3S-47; hind foot, 20-22. 296. minor. {Arvicola), Merr., Amer. Nat., 1S88, p. 600. Ty/e locality. Bottineau, Turtle Mountain, North Dakota. Geogr. Distr. From Edmonton, Alberta, to northwestern North Dakota, and southeastwardly to Minneapolis, Minn. Genl. Char. Similar to .)/. austerus; smaller. Color. Above grizzled gray, beneath whitish washed w'ith cin- namon. Tail bicolor, dusky above, buffy beneath. Feet gray. Measurements. Totallength, 133; tail vertebra", 36; hind foot, 16.5. D. PitTmys. Palate normal; lower third molar without closed triangles, but with three transverse loops; lower first molar with three closed and two open triangles and nine salient angles; upper third molar with two closed triangles and six salient angles. Mammae, 4 inguinal; plantar tubercles, 5; soles hairy. MICROTUS. Fig. 41. MicROTus (Pitymys) pinetorum. No. 4^4 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. Enlarged 5 times. 297 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. pinetorum. [Psami/iomys), Le Conte, N. Y., Ill, 1829, p. 132, pi. 2. Type locality. Eastern Georgia. Riceboro? Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Florida. Ears short, naked, concealed in the fur; legs short; Two middle triangles of third upper molar some- Geogr. Distr. Genl. Char. tail short, hairj-. times confluent. Color. Above russet brown; flanks paler, beneath plumbeous washed with russet. Feet ash, tinged with flesh color. Measurements. Total length, 1 16-126; tail vertebrae, 21; hind foot, 15-16.5. a. — scalopsoides (Arviiola), Aud. and Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1841, p. 97. apella, Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1853, p. 405. kennicoiti, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 547. Type locality. Long Island, New York. Geogr. Distr. Southern New York grading along the coast into M. pinetorum; westward to Illinois. Genl. Char. Tail short, not as long as the head; fur short, silky, lustrous. Color. Above brownish chestnut, hairs tipped with dusky, sides lighter; beneath light cinerous, fur at base plumbeous. Feet brown- ish gray. Tail, above sooty, beneath grayish. Measurements. Total length, 120-125; tail, 20; hind foot, 14-16. b.—auriculnris. [Microtus), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash., 1898, p. 90. Type locality. Washington, Mississippi. Geogr. Distr. Alleghan\- Mountains to the Mississippi River. Genl. Char. Size small; ears large, above the fur; colors dark; pterygoid fossa U-shaped ; third upper molar with three closed tri- MICROTUS. 199 angles; first lower molar with five pair of reentrant angles meeting behind anterior loop. Color. Above chestnut, hairs tipped with dusky; under parts paler. Tail similar to the back, unicolor. Feet brownish. Measurements. Total length, 120; tail vertebrae, 22; hind foot, i5. Skull: basal length, 22.3; nasals, 7; zygomatic breadth, 15.2; mastoid. 12.3; alveolar length of niolar series, 6. 298. nemoralU. {.Uicrotus), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 8g. Type locality. Stilwell, Boston Mountains, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Indian Territory and Arkansas to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Genl. Char. Size large; ears large; third upper molar with three tightly closed triangles and an irregular posterior loop; first lower molar with opposite reentrant angles meeting behind the an- terior loop. Color. Above dull chestnut lined with black on back and rump; sides paler, beneath cinnamon rufous; under fur plumbeous. Tail, like back above, and like belly beneath. Feet pale buff. Measurements. Average total length, 135; tail vertebrs, 25; hind foot, 18. 1. Skull: basal length, 25.3; nasals, 7.7; zygomatic breadth, 16.5; mastoid, 13.4. E. Ohilotus. Palate normal; lower third molar normally without closed tri- angles; lower first molar w^ith five closed triangles and nine or ten salient angles; upper third molar with two or three closed triangles and si.x salient angles. Mamm;E eight, four pectoral, four inguinal. Plants tubercles, five; soles hairj'. Fig. 42. MicROTus (Chilotos) oregoni. No. 289 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 5 limes. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. 200 MICROTUS. 299. oregoni. [Arvicola], Bachm., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila. , 1839, viii, p. 60. morosus. Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, 1, p. 227, Zool. Type locality. Astoria, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Pacific Coast region from northern California to Puget Sound. Genl. Char. Size small; tail long, ears prominent. Skull: brain case rather flat and narrow; interparietal large, squarely rectangular; zygomata considerably bent outward. Color. Above brownish bister; under parts buffy. Tail, black- ish above, paler below. Measurements. Total length, 140; tail vertebras, 42;hindfoot, 17. 300. serpens. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 75. Type locality. Agassiz, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. " Southern British Columbia and northern Wash- ington, between the Cascade Mountains and Puget Sound." Genl. Char. Tail shorter than that of M. oregoni, color darker. Color. Summer Pelage. Above very dark brown, dusky on lower back and everywhere mixed with black; under parts deep plumbeous, belly washed with buffy. Tail, dusky above, whitish below. Winter Pelage. Paler above; fur thinner, ears projecting. Measurements. Totallength, 130; tail vertebrae, 31; hind foot, 18. 301. bairdi. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 74. Type locality. Glacier Peak, Crater Lake, Oregon. Altitude, 7,800 feet. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. Genl. Char. Size small, ears and tail short; colors pale. Color. Above pale grayish bister, tinged with reddish brown; under parts whitish. Tail, dark above, whitish beneath. Feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 131; tail vertebrae, 33; hind foot, 17.5. F. Arvicola. Palate slightly abnormal; lower third molar with occasional closed triangles; first lower molar normally with three to five closed triangles and seven to nine salient angles; upper third molar nor- mally with two or three closed triangles, and six to eight salient angles. Mammas, eight, four pectoral and four inguinal. Plantar tubercles, five; sole almost naked. Musk glands present on sides of body. (Miller.) 302. richardsoni. {Arvicola), De Kay, N. Y. Zool., 1842, i, p. 91. riparius, Richards, (nee Ord.), Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1829, p. 120. MICROTUS. 201 Type locality. Arctic regions " foot of Rocky Mountains," Rich. Jasper House, Alberta, Canada. Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of Jasper House and of Henry House, Alberta, Canada. Genl. Char. Very large. Tail about as long as head; incisors very large. Color. Above dusky dark brown; sides paler; beneath bluish gray; margin of upper lip, chin and feet white. Tail above dark brown, beneath whitish. Mc-asurfmtnls. Total length, 208-230 ; tail vertebrie, 50-61 ; hind foot, 28. ""mm^ffii ^MMm^ Fig. -13. MicROTUs (Arvicola) macropus. No. 4315 Field Columtiian Museum Coll. Nat. si/e. Lower tooth row. Uiu'br tooth how. Knlarged 4 limes. Enlarged 4 times. a.— macropus. (Arviccla), Mcrr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 60. Type locality. Pahsimeroi Mountains, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountains from the Wasatch to Canada, the Wind River ranjje of Wyoming, the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and intermediate ranges. High elevations. Genl. Char. Size smaller than .)/. richanhcni; tail one-third the length of head and body; hind feet large. Third upper molar with a terminal loop, often recurved. Color. Summer Pelage. .Vbove grayish bister lined with black, sides paler; beneath ash gray, base of hairs plumbeous. Tail dusky above, whitish below. Feet dusky. Winter Pelage. Paler above, white beneath. Measurements. Totallength,22o;tailvertebrae,7i ;hind foot,26;ear,8. 202 MICROTUS. b.— irvlcoloides. {Au/acomys), Rhoads, Amer. Natur. , 1894, xxviii, p. 183. principalis, Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 1895, xxix, p. 940. Type locality. Lake Kichelos, Kittitas county, Washington. Altitude, 8,000 feet. Geogr. Distr. Cascade range, Oregon and Washington. Genl. Char. Size large; tail less than half the length of body and head; premaxillaries extending beyond nasals. Color. Summer Pelage. Above reddish brown lined with black; beneath hoary plumbeous, throat lighter. Tail blackish above, whitish beneath; feet blackish; whiskers black. Winter Pelage. Darker than summer pelage; belly nearly white. Measurements. Total length, 197-253; tail vertebrae, 70-81 ; hind foot, 27-29.3; ear, 10. G. Neofiber . Neofiber. True, Science, 1884, 18, p. 34. Skull and dentition as in Fiber. Feet normal; toes not bent laterally at an angle with the sole; tail round. (True, 1. c.) Plantar tubercles, five; side glands conspicuous. Fig. 44. Microtus (Neofiber) alleni. No. 572 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 3 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 3 times. MICROTUS. SYNAPTOMVS. 203 303. alleni. {Neojiber), True, Science, 1884, iv, p. 347. Id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1884, p. 170. Type locality. Georgiana, Merrill's Island, Brevard counly, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Easlern Florida, from Indian River on the north to Eden on the south, and to Gainesville in the interior. The limits of this species are not exactly known, and they may be beyond the boundaries named. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Size large; hind feet mod- erate, not equaling twice the length of the fore feet; soles naked, smooth, narrow; toes not inclined laterally at an angle with the soles; only slightly webbed; tail round, tapering gradually to the tip. Pal- ate very short. Color. Above rufous lined with black, hairs lead color at base; head darker: base of hairs behind shoulders, while; beneath light rufous, lead color at base of hair; chin, throat, inside of legs, white or tinged with rufous. Tail and feet dark brown. Young, maltese inclining to blackish on the back, pale plumbeous beneath. Meiisurements. Total length, 327; tail vertebra;, 125; hind foot, 39. 54. Synaptoiiiys. I. i=.'; M. ^ = l6. i-i' 3-3 C. H. Merriam, Revision of the genus, Synaptomus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. 1896, pp. 56-64. Synaptomys. Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 558. Type 5. eooperi, Baird. Inferior molars with well defined enamel loops on outer side; superior incisors longitudinally grooved on outer edges; posterior end of palate without median projection. A. Synaptomys. 304. cooperi. (Synaptomiis), Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 558. s!i'>!c-i, Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 1893, p. 53. 'I'ype locality. Unknown. Southern New York or northern New Jersey? Geogr. Distr. Eastern Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Indiana, Iowa. Boreal and Transition Zones. Genl. Char. Similar in appearance to Microtus pennsylvanicus, but tail much shorter. SYNAPTOMYS. Fig. 45. Synaptomys cooperi. No. 350 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. Enlarged 5 times. Color. Above mixed grizzled gray and yellowish brown, lined with black; under parts whitish. Tail brown above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 118; tail vertebrae, 17.5; hind foot, 18. 305. fatuus. [Synaptomys), Bangs, Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1896, p. 47. Type locality. Lake Edward, Prov. Quebec, Canada. Geogr. Disir. Lake Edward to Victoria County, New Bruns- wick, and Godbout, Quebec, and west to Peninsula Harbor, north- eastern Lake Superior, Ontario. Genl. Char. Similar to S. cooperi, but smaller; upper incisors narrower. Color. Above grizzly yellowish brown mixed with black; under parts whitish or slate gray, tinged with buff on the belly; feet drab. Tail slightly paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 124; tail vertebrae, 18; hind foot, 18.7. 306. helaletes. (5i7;a//<7/««.f), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash.,i8g6,p.59. Type locality. Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Geogr. Disir. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Similar to .S. cooperi, larger feet and head, longer tail; rostrum and mandible broader. Color. Above yellowish brown and grizzled gray mingled with black; under parts whitish gray. Tail brownish above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 22; hind foot, 20. a.—gossii. {Synaptomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 60. Type locality. Neosho Falls, Kansas. Geogr. Distr. Kansas, limits of range undetermined. SYNAPTOMYS. 205 Genl. Char. Similar to ^S'. kelaletes, redder; rostrum longer; audi- tal bullae smaller. Color. Type (alcoholic specimens;, color uncertain, probably more reddish brown than -V. coopcri. .Measurements. Total length, 120; tail vertebra?, 20.5; hind foot, 19 (Merr.). B. Mictomys. Mictomys. True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 242. Type J/, innui- tiis, True. Inferior molars without enclosed enamel loops on outer side. Molars rootless; incisors broadly grooved on the bevel; posterior end of palate with strongly marked median projection. Fig. 46 Synaptomys (Mictomys) innuitus. No. 2472g V . S. National Museum Coll. Enlarged '-a Ul'PER TOOTH ROW. Enlarged 4 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. 307. innuitus. (ulfic/omys), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1894, p. 242. Type locality. Fort Chimo, Ungava, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Labrador, limits unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to S. cooperi; tail very short. Color. "Above grayish brown; beneath gray; face pale brown; lips, end of nose and chin white; feet pale brown; tail brown above, white below." (True.) Measurements. Total length, 115; tail vertebrae, 17; hind foot, 17.5. 206 SYNAPTOMYS. 308. sphagnicola. (5v«a/A'OT>.f), Preble, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 43. Type locality. Fabyans, Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Gecgr. Distr. White Mountains, New Hampshire; extent of range unknown. Genl. Char. Larger than 5. innidtus, with longer hind feet and tail; skull larger in all its proportions. Color. Above sepia brown mixed with black; fur blackish slate at base; side glands indicated with white; under parts grayish white; hairs on cheeks and at base of ears light chestnut; tail above sepia brown, beneath grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 132; tail vertebrae, 17; hind foot, 17.5. 309. wrangeli. {Synaptomys), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 63. TyJ>e locality. Wrangel, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern Alaska, limits not known. Genl. Char. Similar to S. inriuitus, but larger; tail and hind foot longer; skull narrower. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown tinged with yellow; under parts whitish plumbeous. Tail brownish above, whitish below, tip darker. Measurements. Total length, 122; tail vertebras, 23; hind foot, 19. 310. dalli. {Synaptomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc, 1896, p. 62. Type locality. Nulato, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Valley of the Yukon, western Alaska. Limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Cranial characters different from S. wrangeli. Cranial Characters. Skull similar to that of 6'. wrangeli, but dif- fering as follows: nasals emarginate; interparietal much narrower antero-posteriorly and acute at both ends; brain case broader; inter- orbital constriction broader; zygomatic expansion slightly larger; audital bullae much larger and more fully inflated, with corresponding reduction in breadth of basi-occipital and basi-sphenoid; mandible conspicuously larger, broader and heavier; upper and lower molars conspicuously larger; middle and last lower molars with reentrant angle on outer side decidedly deeper than in S. wrangeli, and thus resembling S. truei; posterior loop of last upper molar as in S. wrangeli. (Merriam.) Color. Above raw umber mixed with black, beneath bluish white; feet and tail dusky. Measurements. From skeleton. Total length, 115; tail vertebras, 22; hind foot, iq. SYNAPTOMYS. LEMMUS. 207 311. truei. {Svnaplomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S96, p. 62. Type locality. Skagit Valley, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Washington, limits unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to S. wrangf/i, but more reddish. Last lower molar with deep reentrant angle on outer side. Color. Above dull umber brown, grading into plumbeous of the under parts, belly hairs tipped with whitish. Tail, dark above, whitish below. Afeasurements. Total length, 112; tail vertebra^ 22; hind foot, 18. 55. Leinimis. I. i^;M. 2=3 ^ 16. I— I 3—3 Lemmus. Link, Zool. Beitr. Natur., 1795, i, pt. 2, p. 75. Mvodes. Pall., Zoog. Ross. Asiat., 1811, i, p. 173. Form stout, compact; nose blunt, hairy: ears small, hidden in fur; tail short, stout, densely haired, penicillate; fore feet large, claws long, fossorial; thumb nearly obsolete with a long, flat, truncated claw; hind feet short, broad, soles hairy, tubercles naked. Skull massive, broad; rostrum short, broad; anteorbital foramen small, almost beneath anterior root of zygoma; bulla; moderate; palate terminating posteriorly in a shelf with or without azygos projection between the penultimate and last molars; ramus of mandible thin, descending process strong, twisted. Molar series long, teeth large. First upper molar with one anterior, two internal, and two external lateral triangles; middle upper molar with two transverse, one inter- nal and one external lateral triangles. Last upper molar with four transverse triangles. First lower molar with anterior ire/oil, one external and two internal lateral triangles, and a lateral posterior loop; middle lower molar with an internal anterior triangle, rest like first molar; last lower molar with external and one internal lateral triangles, and two posterior transverse triangles. All the external reiatrant triangles of upper series very deep as are also the internal angles of the lower series, and the respective saliencies of both acute. Upper incisors beveled laterally, tube-like; root of lower incisor stops in front of last molar. 312. trimucronatus. {Arvicohi), Rich., App. Parry's 2d Voy., 1825, p. 309. all>oguliiris, Wagl., Suppl. Schreb., 1843, iii, p. 602. alascensis, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., igoo, p. 26. Type locality. Point Lake, Lat. 65°. Geogr. Distr. Arctic regions. North America. LEMMUS. Fig. 47. Lemmus trimucronatus. No. 340 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Genl. Char. Smaller than Hudson Bay Lemming; head flat; ears very short, hidden in fur; eyes small; upper lip deeply cleft, inside of cheeks hairy. Color. Head and fore part of back mi.\ed clove brown and yel- lowish brown, hairs tipped with blackish gray; lower back chestnut brown; sides yellowish brown; belly bluish gray mixed with yellow- ish brown hairs. Tail gray. Measurements. Total length, 120-127. a. — helvolvs. (Arvico/a), Rich., Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, p. 128. T\pe locality. Alpine Swamps 56° North latitude (Drummond, vide Rich). Geogr. Disir. Actic regions of North America. Getil. Char. Limbs short; nose short, blunt; head oval; eyes small; ears broader than high, hairy; tail short, hairy; incisors pale yellowish. Color. Above brownish yellow, or ruddy rust color mixed with black; sides brighter yellow; under parts and limbs pale rust yellow or tawny; margin of lips white; feet fuscous brown. Tail, above dusky, beneath whitish. Measurements. Total length, 121; tail vertebrae, 7; hind foot, 32 (Fort Anderson). h. — yukonentis. (Lemmus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 27. Ty/>e locality. Charlie Creek, Yukon River, Alaska. LEMMUS. DICROSTONYX. 200 Gcnl. Char. Size small: ears and audital bullae large; brain case produced posteriorly. Color. Head and anterior half of upper parts grayish brown mixed with black and yellowish fulvous; posterior half of upper parts rusty fulvous; sides and belly golden fulvous; sides of nose grayish brown; line from nose to beneath ear golden fulvous; feet dusky. Tail, dusky above, buffy below. .}feasitrf>iu-nts. Total length, 130; tail vertebra, 17; hind foot, 19.5. 313. nigripes. {MvoJfs), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1894, p. 242. Tyjic locality. St. George Island, Pribyloff Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Known from tj-pe locality only. Color. Above uniform cinnamon gray; cheeks, neck and sides tawny brown; beneath pale tawny; nose black; fore feet black above, tawny below; hind feet black below. Measurements. Total length, 130; tail vertebra', 13; hind foot, 17.5. 5(J. Dicrostonyx. I. llli; M. 2=-^ =: 16. i-i ' 3-3 Dicrostonyx. Glog. Gem. Hand u. Hilfsb. d. Naturg., 1841, p. 97. Cuniciilus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1220. Misothermus, Hensel. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Casselsch., 1S55, vii, p. 492. (Part.) Nasals short, posterior termination opposite anterior root of zygoma. Orbits with conspicuously pointed processes. Molar series divergent posteriorly. First upper molar with an anterior transverse triangle, three internal lateral angles, two external lateral angles, and a postero-external loop; middle and last upper molars with an anterior transverse loop, two external and two internal lateral triangles on middle molar, and a small postero-external loop and a trefoil on back molar. First lower molar with an anterior trefoil, three external and four internal closed triangles, and posterior loop. Other lower molars with an antero-external angle, two internal lateral, one exter- nal lateral triangle and posterior transverse loop. Incisors as in I.emmus. Skull similar to Lemmus, but less massive. 314. hudsoniu5. {Mus), Pallas, N. Sp. Quad. Glirium, 1778, p. 208. xrunlariiiicus, (Afi/s), Traill, in Scoresby's Greenland, 1823, p. 416. uny^ulatus, Baer & Helmersen, Beitr., 1S41, Iv, p. 283. Type locality. Greenland. DICROSTONYX. Fig. 48. DiCROSTONYx huosonius nelsoni. No. 2go Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Genl. Char. Ears hidden in fur, four claws on front feet, tail and legs very short. Color. Summer Pelage. Above ash gray mixed with reddish and blackish brown; lower parts rufescent; a lateral line from sides of face and neck dividing the colors of upper and under parts, dark brown. Grayish black streak from nose to nape; sides of head gray; whiskers brown or white. Winter Pelage. Pure white. Measurements. Total length, 140; tail vertebrae, 13; hind foot and claw, 20; fore foot and claw, 28; longest claw, 10. a.~unalascensis. {Dicrostonyx^, Merr. , Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 25. Type locality. Unalaska, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size rather large. Skull alone known. This is large and broad with subquadrate brain case, broadly spreading rounded zygomata, broadly sulcate frontal, and prominent peg-like postorbital processes of squamosal. First upper molar with three closed interior triangles and posterior loop; and second upper molar with second interior loop normal, and separated by full interspace from anterior crescent of third upper molar, and posterior loop com- plete. (Merr.) b. — nelsoni. {Dicrostonyx), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., igoo, P- 25- alascensis. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Phil., 1900, p. 37. Type locality. St. Michaels to Point Barrow, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size rather small. Audital bullae very small and narrow; incisive foramina short; molars small and narrow. Upper parts chestnut; feet white. DICROSTONYX. FIBER 211 Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts save rump rich chestnut, base of hairs mottled with white; rump blackish gray mottled with white; dorsal stripe blackish; face gray; ear patches chestnut. Sides and under parts tinged with rusty; breast between fore legs chestnut. Feet white. Pelage in change, central portion of upper parts mixed chestnut and yellowish white, darker posteriorly; remaining pelage yellowish white with fulvous markings, viz. : a patch on either side, one on breast, reaching to neck and ears, and ring around base of tail. Median dorsal stripe dark brown. Winter Pelage. Pure white. Measurements. Total length, 132-165; tail vertebrae, 2i;hind foot, 18-19. Specimen from Point Barrow, Alaska. c.— richardsoni. (Du-rostony.x), Merr. , Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 26. Type locality. Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. Genl. Char. Size large; third nail of fore foot larger than fourth; bulla' broadly rounded and somewhat depressed. Enamel pattern of molars like D. nelsoni. Color. Summer Pelage. Unknown. Winter Pelage. White. Measurements. Total length, 143; tail vertebr;c, 14; hind foot, 20. 57. Fiber. I. i=i; M. 5=5 = 16. i-i 3-3 Fiber. G. Cuvier, Lerons d'Anatomie, i, 1800. T\'pe Castor zibetlii- cus, Linn. Ondatra, Lacep., Less. Man., 1827, p. 286. Size large; hind feet oblique to the leg; tail flattened sideways for nearly its entire length and fringed with stiff hairs; ears very small, deeply buried in fur; muzzle furry except nasal pads, which are naked. Palms and soles naked, fringed with hairs, 5-tubercled ; dentition and skull arvicoline; squamosals much expanded: parietals reduced; interparietal nearly as long as broad, upper incisors almost a circle in shape within and without the jaw, lower incisors enter jaw to root of the condylar process; descending process of condyle hamular and much twisted. Palate terminates opposite middle of last molar and has a median azygos protuberance; pterygoid fossa wide and deep; nasals narrow posteriorly, widening rapidly anteriorly, tumid, and terminating behind the incisors; interorbital constriction excessive. Processes of squamosal and maxilla have their ends in contact; the jugal being merely a splint, not necessary for the continuity of the zygomatic arch. Fig. 49. Fiber zibethicus. No. 132 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Spec. Blindn 1 River. N-. W. T. 315. zibethicus. [Castor), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, p. 79. americana, Tiedem. Zool., I, p. 481. osoyoozensis. Lord, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 95. Type locality. Eastern Canada. Geogr. Distr. From Labrador to the Gulf States (excepting the Dismal Swamp, Virginia, possibly) and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north of the Gulf States and Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large, color dark, characters those of the genus. Tail about equal to body without head. Color. Above from very dark brown, nearly black, to pale brown; sides of head and body chestnut brown, under fur bluish gray. Feet dark brown; tail black. Specimens vary greatly in the hue of the fur. Measurements. Total length, 538; tail vertebra', 250: hind leg, 86. a.—pallidus. {Fiber), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 280. Type locality. Fort Verde, Central Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Probably from Arizona to the central plains of Montana, the lateral limits not determined. Genl. Char. Size small, about two-thirds that of typical form. Skull like that of eastern muskrat, but smaller. Color. Rustj' brown, paler beneath; scattered hairs of tail liver brown. Measurements. Total length, 500; tail vertebra', 203; hind foot, 69. b.—rivalicus. {Filter), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1S95, P- 541- Type locality. Burbridge, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Lower Mississippi region and swampy coasts of Louisiana and Alabama. Genl. Char. Smaller than F. zibethicus, color dull and darker. Color. Above clove brown to black, base of hairs mouse gray; beneath vandyke or clove brown; fur on under side of legs and arms brownish white at base. A spot at middle of sides with under fur white at base. Feet and tail black. Measurements. Total length, 530; tail vertebrae, 222; hind foot, 81. c.—aquAlonius. {Fiber), Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, i, p. III. Type locality. Rigoulette, Hamilton lulet, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Labrador. Genl. Char. Smaller than F. zibethieus ; blacker, hind foot smaller; rostrum long, slender; nasals long, narrow. Color. Above, long hairs tipped with black, those of rump and sides with burnt umber; beneath, throat and lower abdomen grayish; long hairs russet. Tail black; feet dusky. Measurements. Total length, 549; tail vertebra?, 249; hind foot, 73. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 61.4; zygomatic width, 40; basal length, 58.4; mastoid width, 26.6. 3i6. ^spatulus. Osgood, N. Am. Faun., 1900, No. 19, p. 36. Type locality. Lake Marsh, Northwest Territory, Canada. Geogr. Distr. All northwest America. Genl. Char. Similar to F. zibcthiciis, size small, color rather dark; skull small; molar teeth very small, nasals short and much expanded anteriorly. Skull: similar to that of F. zibctkici/s, but smaller; jugals more slender, and but slightly produced dorsally; audital bulla; smaller; molar teeth decidedly smaller; nasals much shortened and widely expanded anteriorly, rapidly becoming com- pressed posteriorly; angular process of mandible short, blunt and upturned; condyle narrow and somewhat rounded. Color. Similar to F. zibcthiciis, but apparently less suffused with fulvous. Measurements. Type (from dry skin). Total length, 495; tail ver- tebrae, 170; hind foot, 73. Skull of type: Basal length, 57; zygo- matic breadth, 38; length of nasals, 21; alveolar length of molar series, 14. (Osgood, 1. c.) 317. obscurus. (Fiber), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 133. Type locajity. Codroy, Newfoundland. Geogr. Distr, Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Smaller than F. zibethicus, colors darker and less ferruginous; skull small, smooth; rostrum relatively large; audital buUfe smaller; interorbital constriction broad. Color. Above Prout's brown shaded with Vandyke brown; top of head almost black; sides dark reddish brown; beneath broccoli brown paling on sides of neck and legs to fawn; lips, and beneath nose white. Under fur slate gray. Feet blackish slate. Measurements. Total length, 476; tail vertebrae, 200; hind foot, 70; ear, 22. 318. macrodon. (7^/^;v), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 143. Txpe locality. Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Geogr. Distr. Only known from Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Genl. Char. Similar to F. zibethicus, but darker; incisors and molars larger. Skull: brain case elongated posteriorly; squamosal root of zygoma more sloping; teeth heavier and larger. Color. Upper parts abdomen and chin blackish brown; rest of pelage whitish, or pale drab tinged with fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 567; tail vertebra;, 244; hind foot, 80. *Tlie specimen, whose skull is shown in Fig. No. 49, came from Blindman River, Northwest Territory, and is apparently properly referable to F. zibethicus, the skin also not differing percepti- bly from other examples of that species; and this would seem to indicate that if F. spatuliis is dis- tinct, both species are found in practically the same locality! Fam. V. tieomyidae. C. H. Merriam, Mono;:,raphic Revision of the Pocket Gophers. N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895. Large fur-lined cheek pouches present, opening outside the mouth; squamosals expanded: jugal extending to lachrymal; palate sloping below level of zygomata which are strong and flaring; molars rootless: lower jaw strong: form arvicoline: fore feet fossorial; eyes and ears minute. 58. Geoiiiys. I. !=!; P. •=!; M. -5=^ = 20. i-i' I— 1' 3-3 Qeomys. Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., 11, No. i, 1817, p. 45. Type G. pine/is, Raf. =Mus tuzaOrd, 1815. Saccophorus. Kuhl, Beitr. , 1820, p. 61. Pseudostoma. Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1823, i, p. 406. Ascoiins. Licht, Abhand. Berl. Acad., 1825, p. 20. Upper incisors grooved along the middle; first and second upper molars with two enamel plates each, posterior one complete: root of inferior incisor slightly protuberant; zygomata widest anteriorly, posteriorly, but little greater than mastoid breadth; parietals ridged; audital bulla elongate, somewhat acute anteriorly, not greatly inflated; basioccipital ver\' broad posteriori}'; pterygoid fossa wide: fore claws immensely developed. Mamma? three pair, two inguinal, one pectoral. 319. tuza. (.V//s), Ord, Guth. Geog., 2 .Amer. ed., 11, 1815, p. 292. pinetis. Rafin, Am. Month. Mag., 1817, p. 45. Type locality. Pine barrens near Augusta, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Pine barrens of Georgia and possibly northern Florida. Genl. Char. Size rather large: tail long, naked: end of nose naked; feet haired. Color. Above cinnamon brown tinged with fulvous; faint dark dorsal stripe; beneath ochraceous buff; hairs on feet whitish. Measurements. Average total length of nine females, 249; tail vertebrae, 82; hind foot, 32. Ten males, total length, 269; tail verte- brae, 89.5; hind foot, 34.4. (Merr., Mon. Geom. ) a.—^jloridanus. (Pseudostoma), Aud. & Bach. N. Am. Quad., in, 1S54, p. 242. Type locality. \"icinity of St. Augustine, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida Peninsula. Fig. 50. Geomys tuza. 14S Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. Genl. Char. Similar to G. tuza, but darker; feet larger; ascend- ing branches of premaxilla broader and blunter; nasals narrower pos- teriorly; jugal broader anteriorly; basioccipital less wedge-shaped, and audital bulke larger. Color. Above sooty plumbeous; sides cinnamon drab; beneath plumbeous tinged with buff; chin and throat white. Measurements. Average total length, 288; tail vertebrae, 94; hind foot, 35.5. h. — mobilensis. [Geomys), Merr., Mon. Geom. N.Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 119. Type locality. Mobile Bay, Alabama. Geogr. Distr. Southern Alabama and adjacent northwest Florida. Genl. Char. Similar to G. tuza, smaller, darker; tail shorter. Skull long and angular; frontal broad and high; sagittal ridge pres- ent; interparietal deeply excavated posteriorly. Color. Above sepia tinged with ochraceous on sides and lined with black: indistinct dorsal band dusky; beneath plumbeous tinged with pale fulvous. Feet whitish. White on throat and on pouches. .\feasurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebra;, 82; hind foot, 33. c.—aiistrinus. {Geomys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1898, p. 179, fig. 177. Type /oca/iiv. Belleair, Hillsboro County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Western part of Florida Peninsula. Genl. Char. Size of G. floriJantis; color paler, more tawny. Color. Above pale cinnamon and tawnj'; lower sides ochraceous buff; beneath pale Isabella or dull white; under chin, inner sides of limbs, belly and lower sides white: feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 303.5: tail vertebra-, 93: hind foot, 36.8. 320. colonus. (^Geomys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1898, p. 178. Type locality. St. Mary's, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Limits not determined. Genl. Char. Size of G. tuza, color darker; palate wide, notch round; nasals short. Color. Above dark seal brown, washed on lower sides with rus- set and cinnamon; under parts cinnamon; vent fawn; feet and wrists whitish. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebrae. 100; hind foot, 36. 321. cumberlandius. (Geomys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 180, fig. Type locality. Stafford Place, Cumberland Island, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Cumberland Island, Georgia. Genl Char. Size large; tail long; zygoma extends far back and joins skull without a decided angle. Color. Above bright cinnamon; dorsal stripe russet: beneath cinnamon; hairs plumbeous at base; feet white; also white beneath chin and about wrists. Measurements. Total length, 318: tail vt-rtebra-. 107: hind foot, 36. 322. bursarius. {Mus), Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc, 1800, v., p. 227, pi. 8. fused iiiid cinerea, Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., 1817, 11, p. 45- saecatus, Mitchell, N. Y. Med. Repos., 1821, vi, N. S., p. 249. canaJensis, Licht. Abh. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1825, p. 20, fig. 2. oregoncnsis, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 160. Type locality. Unknown. Mississippi Valley. Geogr. Distr. Canadian border, longitude 97°, south to eastern Kansas, southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois; east nearly to Lake Michigan and west totheDakotas and Nebraska (ninety-eighth meridian). Genl. Char. Size large, dark; tail rather long. Anterior root of zygoma sloping back at a considerable angle. Skull long and large, angular; rostrum long and narrow. Color. Above chestnut, beneath paler; sometimes whitish; feet white; tail brown basally, white apically. Measurements. Average total length, 270; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 35. 323. lutescens. {Gcomxs), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 127. Type locality. Sand hills of Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County, western Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. Great Plains and southwestern South Dakota, southward to Colorado, Texas, western Nebraska, western Kansas, eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma and western Texas. Genl. Char. Size medium, colors pale, tail moderate. Skull short, sagittal crest low; anterior root of zygoma sloping backward; brain case and rostrum short. Color. Above in winter drab mixed with black on median line, this in summer being dull fulvous without dorsal band; beneath buffy or sometimes white. Measurements. Average total length, 256; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, 32. 324. breviceps. {Geomxs), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 335- Type locality. Prairie Mer Rouge, Morehouse Parish, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coast, in southern Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas, and valley of the Arkansas River; north nearly to southern Kansas and west to near 98th meridian. Genl. Char. Size small, color dark; tail medium. Skull: nasals emarginate posteriorly; ascending branches of premaxillse broad and rounded posteriorly; interparietal small, irregular; jugal longer than basioccipital; pterygoids narrow. Color. Above dark russet brown, darkest on median line; nose and front of face dusky tinged with russet; sides pale fulvous; beneath plumbeous washed with pale fulvous; feet and throat white; base of tail dusky. Measurements. Average total length, 219; tail vertebra?, 64; hind foot, 27. a.—sa^ittalis. (Geomys), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 134. Type locality. Clear Creek, Galveston Bay, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Gulf Coast of Te.xas around Galveston Bay. Gfiil. Char. Similar to G. brivUeps, but smaller. Skull similar to that of G. bririceps, but relatively smaller in its various parts. Ci'h'r. Above russet brown tinged with fulvous; dusky on median line; nose and head almost black tinged with fulvous; interior of pouches, chin, throat and fore legs, white. Measurements. Total length, 225: tail vertebra', 70; hind foot, 27. b.—attwateri. {Gecnivs), Merr. , Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 135. Tvpe localUy. Rockport, Arkansas County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Coast and islands of Texas between Matagorda and Nueces Bay; also in interior, and vicinity of San Antonio. Gcnl. Char. Similar to G. bririceps, but larger and not so dark. Skull: zygomata strongly divergent anteriorly, angular, depressed; nasals narrow posteriorly; premaxilla? broad. Ci>/or. Above russet brown, dusky on head and median dorsal line; beneath ranging from whitish to buffy ochraceous. Sometimes the head from nose to occiput is black. M,;!s:iremen/s. Total length, 250; tail vertebra-, 85; hind foot, 30. 325. texensis. {Geomvs), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Amer. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 137. Type localitv. Mason, Mason County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Central Texas, probably south to the Rio Grande. Genl. Char. Size very small; tail short, apical portion naked. Skull: nasals short, broad posteriorly and sides nearly parallel and truncate posteriorly; nasal branches of premaxilhc reach or pass the plane of orbital fossa, and are pointed; jugal shorter than basioccip- ital; occiput bulging posteriorly. Color. Above liver brown mixed with black. Feet and under parts white; base of hairs beneath are plumbeous in winter, white in summer; throat with a collar of buffy fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 203; tail vertebra, 60; hind foot, 28. 326. arenarius. {Geom\s), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. .\m. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 139. Type localitw El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Valley of upper Rio Grande from El Paso and Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, north to Las Cruces and west to Dem- ing, New Mexico. Gen/. Char. Size medium, tail long, well haired, except tip, colors pale. Skull: no sagittal crest; prominent knob at distal end of squamosal arm of zygoma; interparietal truncate posteriorly on plane of lambdoid suture; occiput moderately bulging. Measurements. Total length, 258; tail vertebra-, 88; hind foot, 33. 220 GEOMYS. CRATOGEOMYS. 327. personatus. (GV(W/v.f),True, Proc. U. S. Mus.Wash.,1889, p. 159. Type locality. Padre Island, Texas. Gcogr. Distr. Padre Island and mainland to Carrizo on the Rio Grande. Gcnl. Char. Size large, colors pale, tail long, basal half haired. Skull: large, heavy; zygomata at right angles to the axis; jugal rounded anteriorly, shorter than basi-occipital; nasals long, narrow; superior profile nearly straight. Color. Above pale drab; nose and above eyes dusky; beneath white. Tail, hairs white. Measurements. Total length, 339; tail vertebrae, 103; hind foot, 37. a.—fallax. (Geoinrs), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 144. Type locality. Nueces Bay, Texas. Geogr. Distr. South shore of Nueces Bay and lower Nueces River, Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to G. personatus, smaller, darker; tail shorter. Skull differs from that of G. personatus in smaller size; shorter ascending arms of premaxilla, more squarely truncate occiput and in much shorter and more swollen audital bullae (Merr., 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 250; tail vertebrse, 80; hind foot, 35. 59. Cratogeomys. I. lUl; p. !=!; M. ^=^ = 20. i-i' i-i' 3-3 Cratogeomys. Merr. Mon. Geom. N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 150. Type Geomys merriami. Thomas. Upper incisor with a single groove, usually open; upper premolar with three enamel plates, posterior absent ; shaft convex forward; upper and lower premolars subequal in length. First and second upper molar with one enamel plate each, posterior absent. Last upper molar with deep sulcus on outer side, none on inner. Skull : a depression extends obliquely across squamosals from root of zygoma to occiput near median line. Breadth of cranium posteriorly less than zygomatic breadth; zygomata broad and heavy. 328. castanops. {Fseudostoma), Baird, Rep. Stansb. Exped. to Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 313. clarkii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 332. Type locality. Prairie Road to Bent's Fort, near the present town of Las Animas, Colorado, Arkansas River. Geogr. Distr. From Arkansas River in Colorado on Great Plains south through eastern New Mexico and Western Texas to Santa Rosalia, Chihuahua, and Jaral, Coahuila. CRATOGEOMYS. THOMOMYS. Fig. 51. Cratogeomys castanops. No. 4 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Gi-n/. Char. Size medium; tail medium. Skull: broad, heavy; basioccipital rectangular, sides parallel; rostrum and brain case long; superior profile convex; end of maxillary root of zygoma greatly expanded, forming a plate. Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black; beneath buffy, base of hairs plumbeous, visible. Fore feet black, hind feet blackish brown. Tail hairs blackish. Af,-tisiirrmrnfs-. Total length, 295; tail vertebras, 77; hind foot, 33. Another specimen from Paladura Canon, Texas, measured in total length, a8o; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 39. Collector's measurement. I. 60. Thomoniys. 1=£; p. !=1; M. ?=-! = Thoitiomys. Max. Nov. Act. Akad. Caes. Leop., 1839, p. 383. Type T. ru/iscins. Prinz Max. Diplostoma, Rich., Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, i, p. 206, (nee Rafin). Oryctomys, Ed. & Gerv. Mag. Zool., 1836, p. 23 (Part). 222 THOMOMYS. Upper incisors without median sulcus, but with a fine marginal groove, not, however, always present. Roots of inferior incisors forming a protuberance on outside of condylar ramus; zygomata wider posteriorly than mastoid diameter of skull. Audital bullae inflated; basioccipital narrower in the middle than bulls at same place. Pterygoid fossa rather short, and wide posteriorly. Upper molars with e-xterior edge of crown acute; lower molars with interior edge acute. Fore claws moderately developed. Lower tooth kow. Enlarged 4 times. Fig. 52. Thomomys bottae. Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. 329. bulbivorus. {Diplostomd), Richards, Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, i, p. 206, pi. 18, B. Type locality. Columbia River. Geogr. Disir. Lower Columbia River, Oregon, to coast of Cali- fornia north of San Francisco. Genl. Char. Size very large; tail short, little more than one-third head and body; claws large, strong; color dark; pterygoids concave internally, hamulars converging at the tips. Color. Above ^'elIowish chestnut, darkest on top of head; lips. THOMOMYS. 223 lower jaw, lining of pouches and anal spot white; spot on either side of mouth liver brown, beneath brownish gray. Measurements. Total length, 357; tail vertebrae, 63. 330. nevadensis. {T/ionwm\s), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 213. Type locality. Austin, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Nevada, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; two color phases, pale buff and plum- beous slate; incisors curving forward; tail more than half the length of body and head. Color. Normal Pelage. Above buffy gray, darkest on nose and mouth; beneath whitish buff, base of fur plumbeous; feet and tail whitish, aural space dusky. Plumbeous Pelage. Above and beneath slate color, patch on throat and inside of pouches, feet and apical portion of tail white. Measurements. Total length, 275; tail vertebra", 90; hind foot, 38. 331. leucodon. [Tliomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 215. Type locality. Grant Pass, Rogue River Valley, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, limits not determined. Genl. Char. Similar to 7'. laticcps, smaller; incisors white; teeth small; brain case broad, temporal ridges parallel; skull similar to that of T. laticcps., but smaller. Color. Above dull fulvous brown; brighter on sides and under parts; nose, sides of mouth and aural patch dusky; feet whitish; tail yellowish buff. Measurements. Total length, 221 ; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot, 29. 332. operarius. {Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 215. Type locality. Keeler, Owens Lake, Inyo County, California. Geogr. Distr. Eastern California. Genl. Char. Size small; color pale; claws long, slender; skull short, broad; rostrum short and broad; interorbital regions broad. Color. Above buff gray; beneath plumbeous washed with white; feet and tail white. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 67; hind foot, 30. 3ii- bottae. (Oryefomvs), Eyd. & Gerv., Mag. Zool., 1836, p. 23, pi. xxl, fig. 4 (teeth). huldivorus, Baird (nee Richards), N. Am. Manim., 1857, p. 389, pi. 50, fig. 1-9. Type locality. Monterey, California. Geogr. Distr. Central and southern California. 224 THOMOMYS. Genl. Cliar. Size medium; tail less than one-half the length of body and head; hands small, claws slender. Color. Above chestnut brown to dark cinnamon, lined with black; beneath pale reddish brown; base of hairs lead color. Black spot behind ear; about the mouth, chin, and inner margin of pouches dusky; inside of pouches white. Feet grayish white. Tail, basal half like back on upper part, rest grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 231 ; tail vertebra;, 72; hind foot, 30; ear, 9.5. a. — pallescens. {Thomomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil. 1895, p. 36. Type locality. Grapelands, San Bernardino Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Size large; claws short, thick; feet medium. Color. Above tawny brown, lightest on rump; head blackish; ear and auricular patch sooty; under parts tawny ash; feet and lower surface of limbs ash. Measurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 89; hind foot, 35.5. 334. iaticeps. {Thomomys), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855. P- 335- Type locality. Humboldt Bay, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern California. Genl. Char. Size small; tail nearly half as long as body and head; skull broad; rostrum short; groove on upper incisors distinct; claws on fore feet slender. Color. Above yellow reddish brown lined with black on back; beneath tinged with reddish; throat, margin of pouches and spot behind ears dusky; chin and inside of pouches white. Tail, above dusky, beneath grayish white, feet grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 197; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 28. 335. townsendi. {Geomys), Richards, Bach. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 105. borealis, Bach, (nee Rich.), Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 103 (Columbia River). Type locality. " Rocky Mountains," Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern Wyoming. Genl. Char. Colors pale, size medium; tail over one-third the length of head and body. Color. Above pale yellowish brown, beneath white; a small patch on breast white to roots, otherwise the bases are plumbeous. Inside of pouches whitish. Measurements. Total length, 148; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 24. THOMOMYS. 225 336. monticola. {T/iotiumiys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 48, pi. I, figs. 3, 4. Type locality. Mt. Talac, Eldorado County, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern California from San Francisco Bay to northwestern Nevada. Genl. Char. Skull long and narrow; outer face of upper incisors with a ridge on inner edge; claws long and slender; tail one-third the length of head and bodj-. Color. Above pale reddish brown tinged with gray; beneath >hy white tinged with buff; around ears black. Feet and tail whitish. Miasurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebra', 55; hind foot, 28; fore foot 20. a .--pinetorum . {T/iomomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 16, 1899, p. 97. Type locality. Sisson, Siskiyou County, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern California, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. "Similar to T. monticola, but smaller; skull shorter and broader; colors paler." Color. " Above pale fulvous; nose dusky; sides of head plum- beous or washed with buffy, or ochraceous." Measurements. " Total length, 210; tail vertebra', 76; hind foot, 28." (Merr., 1. c.) 337. mazama. {Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1897, p. 214. Type locality. Crater Lake, Mt. Mazama, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Mt. Mazama, Oregon, range unknown. Genl. Char. Size small ; color similar to 7'. monticola, but darker. Color. Above fulvous brown ; beneath washed with fulvous; nose, orbital and aural space dusky; feet and tail whitish. Measurements. Total length, 214; tail vertebrrea/is, Rich, (nee Bach.) Rep. Brit. Ass. for 1836, vi, 1837, p. 150- Type locality. Hudson Bay. Geogr. Distr. Saskatchewan region south to Upper Missouri region. Genl. Char. Size rather large; color dark; tail less than half the length of body and head: mamma^ six pairs, two each, inguinal, pec- toral and axillary. Color. Above graj'ish black, sometimes tinged with reddish; chin, throat, patches on breast, feet and tail white; beneath plum- beous. Measurements. Total length, 227; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 32. a.—rufescens. (Thomomys), Wied. Nov. .-\cta. Acad. Caes. Leop., 1839, xix, p. 383. Type locality. "Missouri." Geogr. Distr. Upper Missouri and valley of the Saskatchewan. Genl. Char. Cheek pouches small, furred. Tail nearly half the length of body; feet broad, claws stout. Color. Upper parts and sides grayish yellow brown, darkest on dorsal line Under parts, fore legs, hind feet, tail and inside of cheek pouches yellowish white; Dusky spot behind ear. Measurements. Total length, 168; tail vertebrae, 54; hind foot, 29. 342. melanops. {Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1869, p. 21. Type locality. Solduck Trail, Olympic Mountains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, Washington. Highelevation. Genl. Char. Size small; similar to T. mazama. Color. Above chestnut; nose space around eye and ear patch, slate black; beneath plumbeous washed with fulvous; feet white; tail hairs few and wide apart; above like the back; beneath whitish; tip blackish. .}feasuremcnts. Total length, 206; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 27. 343. fulvus. {Gcomys), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 201. umbrinus, Baird, N. .Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 399. Type locality. San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico and Arizona to central California. 228 THOMOMYS. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail half as long as body and head; claws large, long. Color. Above reddish brown, darkest on dorsal region; sides and under parts yellowish white, tinged with rufous on abdomen; lips and ears dusky; inside of pouches whitish; tail with basal part like back. Measurements. Total length, 239; tail vertebrae, 79; hind foot, 29; ear, 8. a.— nigricans. {Thomomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1895, p. 36. Type locality. Grapelands, San Bernardino Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Size large; claws short, thick; skull massive, angu- lar; dentition weak; interparietal longer than wide. Color. Above tawny brown, rump lighter; head blackish; ears and aural patch sooty; beneath tawny ash; feet and lower surface of limbs ash. Measttrements. Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 89; hind foot, 33.5. Skull: total length, 39; zygomatic breadth, 24.4; basilar length, 35.5; nasals, 11.9; interorbital constriction, 6.9; length of mandible, 25. h. — intermedius. (TAomomys), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1897, xix, p. 719. Ty/e locality. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Mountains connecting Colorado Plateau with that of Mexico. Genl. Char. Smaller than T. ftilvus. Color. General hue Mars brown, dorsal area plumbeous black; feet and tail soiled white. Base of under fur plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 66; hind foot, 24. 344. annularis. {Thomomys), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 214. Type locality. Los Banos, Merced County, California. Geogr. Distr. Western California. Genl. Char. Size medium; skull similar to that of T. fulvus, but more massive; zygomata larger and more spreading; pterygoids larger; larger angular processes of mandible; incisors more promi- aent. Color. Above fulvous mixed with black, most numerous on median line; nose and ears blackish; beneath plumbeous washed with buffy ochraceous; feet and tail whitish. Measurements. Total length, 257; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 32. THOMOMYS. 220 345. alpinus. {'J'/iomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 216. Type locality. Mt. Whitney, California. Geogr. Distr. High Sierra, eastern California. Genl. Char. Size small; dark; similar to T. fiilrus, but paler; skull small; zygomata spreading; nasal short; brain case rounded; temporal ridges not strongly pronounced. Color. Above drab brown suffused with pale fulvous brown; nose and mouth dusky; beneath plumbeous washed with ochraceous buff; feet and tail whitish. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebra, 67; hind foot, 30. 346. clusius. {Thomomys), Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 138. Type locality. Bridger's Pass, Rocky Mountains. Geogr. Distr. Uncompahgre Reservation, Utah, through south- western Wyoming into southern and central Idaho. Genl. Char. Smallest species known; tail less than one-third the length of head and body; colors pale, mammae six pairs; claws weak. Color. Above pale yellowish gray tinged with pale brown; fur plumbeous at base; beneath white to the roots. Feet and tail white, snout blackish. Measurements. Total length, 127; tail vertebra;, 38; hind foot, 18. 347. aureus. {Thomomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 49, pi. I, figs. 6, 7. Type locality. Bluff City, Utah. Geogr. Distr. San Juan region, southeastern Utah. Genl. Char. Size large; claws developed, large; skull similar to that of T. perpallidus, but broader and heavier. Color. Post Breeding Pelage. Above golden, interspersed with dusky tipped hairs on back and crown; beneath white to roots of hairs; around ear blackish; feet white. Tail, basal half yellowish, apical half whitish. Breeding Pelage. Above dull dusky yellowish; beneath grayish white, base of hairs plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 296; tail vertebrae, 66; hind foot, 35. 348. perpallidus. {Thomomys), Merr., Scien., 1886, viii, p. 588. 7\pi- locality. Colorado Desert, southern California. Geogr. Distr. Colorado Desert, southern California and north- eastward to the Painted Desert, Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to T. clusius, tail longer, half the length of head and body. Color pale. 230 THOMOMYS. Color. Above pale brownish yellow, sides yellowish white, beneath white; feet white. Tail, white for two-thirds the length, tip blackish. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot, 52. 349. cervinus. {Thonwinys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 203, fig. I. Type locality. Phoenix, Arizona. Geogr. Dtstr. Southern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large; color pale; rostrum broad, heavy; skull large. Color. Above fawn, obscured on dorsal region with dusky; beneath gray, base of hair plumbeous; blackish area about ears; pouches inside white; feet whitish; tail above grayish fawn, paler beneath. Measiireiiients. Total length, 228;tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 28. 350. altivalis. {Tliomomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.. 1895, p. 34. Type locality. San Bernardino Mountains, California. Geogr. Distr. Mountains of southeastern California. Genl. Char. Size medium, larger than J/. ///('///zVc/a. Skull long and narrow; rostrum long and wide, nasals long; incisors wide and strong, molars massive; coronoid process of mandible erect, acutely pointed. Color. Above dull chestnut brown, darker on dorsal region, median line nearly black; aural patch large, dusky reaching nearly to occiput; beneath plumbeous gray, washed with rusty; feet and legs like under parts; tail grayish. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebras, 74; hind foot, 29. Skull: total length, 39.7; basilar length, 34; zygomatic width, 23.2; interorbital constriction, 7, nasals, 13. 351. fossor. {Thomomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 51. Type locality. Florida, LaPlata County, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Upper San Juan region, Colorado. Genl. Char. "Size large; claws large; interparietal convex anteriorly; nasals terminating posteriorly on a line with the maxil- laries." Color. Above dusky brown tinged with gray ; dorsal region washed with dark chocolate brown; sides graj-er; beneath grayish plumbeous, hairs tipped with pale buff, sometimes with whitish; chin and center of throat white; aural area black; feet whitish; tail basal two-thirds blackish, rest white. Measurements. Total length, 293; tail vertebrae, 64; hind foot, 30. DIPODOMYS. 231 Fam. \I. Heteromyidae. Incisors narrow, molars rootless; mastoids enormously developed, appearing on top of the skull; hind feet long, digits four or five; pel- age soft. Sub. Fam. I. Dipodomyinae. Skull two-thirds as wide as long; occipital plane emarginate; zygomatic plate of maxillary nearly roofing the orbit; anterior molar without lobe to the prism; pit on inner side of jaws near molars. (>1. Dipodoiiiys. I. ■-■; M. ^'=l6. Dipodomys. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 521. (Type Z^. philipsi. ) Macrocolus, Wagn. Archiv. fur Naturg., 1846, i, p. 172. Dipodops, Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1890, No. 4, p. 43. Type D. ordi. Skull, light, depressed, smooth, thin, broad posteriorly, tapering anteriorly; anterior outline emarginate; rostrum extending beyond incisors, acuminate; zygomata delicate, straight, abutting against tympanies, which are greatlj" inflated and possess a nontubular orifice of meatus; mastoids enormous; squamosals reduced; parietal triangle- shaped, interparietal small, situated between forks of occipital; bulla; in contact below the basi-sphenoid; palate terminates posteriorly with a sharp median somewhat lengthened spur; external to this is a fossa with two small anterior foramina, and a large one behind ptery- goids with a hamular termination abutting the bullse; basioccipital narrow, acuminate, reduced; separated by a fissure for its entire length from the bulla; a similar fissure divides the last named bones from the alisphenoid and squamosal. The interorbital foramen, or what passes for one, is placed low down midwaj' on the side of the rostrum; incisive foramina minute slits between incisors and molars. In the rear of the skull the occipital bones appear as a rim to the foramen magnum. Upper incisors sulcate, pointing backwards; molars rootless. Mandible small, thick, with a conspicuous acute lamina twisting obliquely outward and upward. Mental foramen outside, near incisors. Hind legs elongated, tail longer than head and body, penicillate; soles hairy. Hind foot with four toes only. Cheek pouches large; fur of velvet softness. All the species of both genera have facial crescentic lines more or less distinctly marked. DIPODOMYS. and side of mouth white; a white spot over the ej-es and another behind the ear, and a white stripe across the thighs usually reaching the tail. Fig. 53. DipODOMYS merriami. No. 580 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 8 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged S times. 352. merriami. {Dipodomys), Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., i8go, p. 290. Type locality. New River, Arizona. Geogr. Disir. Arizona. Genl. Char. Limbs and tail slender, latter longer than head and body; skull small. Color. Above mouse gray tinged with pinkish buff: sides sandy; nose and sides of face black nearly to eyes; aural spot and under parts white. Tail drab gray, white band on either side, not reaching extremity. Measurements. Total length, 281; tail vertebra?, 149; hind foot, 36. (I .—nevadensis. {Bipodonns), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. III. Type locality. Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Nevada. DIPODOMYS. 238 Gc-nl. Char. Similar to/?, ///(/v/'aw/, tail shorter, hind foot longer; color paler. Color. Above pinkish buff, lined on head and back with black; black marks on face distinct; stripes on thigh and under parts white; stripes on tail above and below meeting at end of tail duskj-. Legs, inside dusky to the heel. Measurenunts. Total length, 240; tail vertebra-, 140: hind foot, 39; ear, 13. b.—nitratiis. {Di/>odom\s), Merr. . Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 112. Type locality. Keeler, Owens Lake, California. Geogr. Distr. Eastern California. Genl. Char. Small; hind feet larger than those of D. mcrriami^ no fascial crescents: no black markings. Color. Above ochraceous without black markings; white spot over eye; beneath white; upper and lower stripes on tail same color as back; stripes on side continuous. Measurements. Total length, 239; tail vertebra;'. 141; hind foot, 37.8. c.—nitratoides. {Di/ioilowvs), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 112. Type locality. Tipton, San Joaquin \'alley, California. Geogr. Distr. South central California. Genl. Char. Similar to D. nitratus. but fascial crescents present. Color. Above fulvous; facial marks dusky; inside of hind legs to heel fulvous; beneath and stripe on thigh white; dorsal tail stripe darker than back, ventral stripe fulvous and extending length of tail; crested portion of tail like back. Mtasurniiints. Total length, 246; tail vertebrs, 148; hind foot, 35. (1. — e.vilis. {Dipodomys'), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894. p. 113. Type locality. Fresno, San Joaquin \'alley, California. Geogr. Distr. South central California. Genl. Char. Smaller than D. iiurriami and darker. Color. Above claj' color heavilj' lined with black; darkest on top of head; sides tinged with ochraceous buff; black lines on face across the nose; superciliary stripe whitish; lower part of legs and ankles black; beneath white; tail stripes sootj* black, meeting about one-third the length from tip, rest of tail white. Mtahircmrnts. Total length. 227; tail vertebra-, 135.5: hind foot, 34. 23-1 DIPODOMYS. e.—rimbiguus. {DipoJomrs), Merr.,N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 42. Ty/>e locality. El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Texas. Genl. Char. Tail one-third longer than head and body; size me- dium; body slender. Color. Above buffy drab; sides tinged with pale buff and lined everywhere with black; beneath white. Upper and lower tail stripes dusky to tip; lateral stripe white, terminating with the vertebra?. Miasiircments. Total length, 233; tail vertebra^, 133; hind foot, 37; ear, 7. f.— parvus. {Dipodomys), Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 1894, p. 70. Type locality. San Bernardino, California. Geogr. Distr. San Bernardino Valley, southern California. Genl. Char. Similar to D. merriami, smaller, tail longer and without black markings on face and nose. Color. Above buffy gray, sides buff; under parts white; usual white eye and ear spot, and stripe on thighs; dark dorsal and ventral tail stripes brownish black, pencil sooty black; lateral stripes white; orbital ring black; under surface of hind foot brownish. Measunmcnts. Total length, 248 ; tail vertebra;, 154; hind foot, 35; ear, 10. ^.—similis. ' {Dipoi/ouns), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 411. T)pe locality. White Water, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Genl. Char. Similar to D. m. simiolus, darker; legs and tail rela- tively shorter. Skull with smaller mastoids, and wider across ante- orbital processes of maxillary than in D. m. simiolus, and the lower premolar wider than long. Color. Above light tawny lined sparingly with blackish, darkest on rump: beneath white. Dorsal and ventral tail stripes blackish to tip; lateral stripes white. Measurements. Total length, 241; tail vertebra^, 143; pencil, 25; hind foot, 38; ear above crown, 10.5. Skull: basilar length, 22; mas- toid breadth, 24.5. interorbital constriction, 14; nasals, 14; coronoid process from angle, 5. h. — simiolus. [Dipodomns), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 410. Type locality. Agua Caliente, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California, north of San Fran- cisco. Genl. Char. Similar to D. deserti, but smaller; pencil not white. DIPODOMYS. 235 Color. Above like D. deserti, inclining to cinnamon on rump; beneath white. Tail, upper fourth dark ashy extending to tip; brownish black on middle third of under side. Feet white, soles slighth' darker. Measurements. Total length, 241; tail vertebra', 149; hind foot, 38; ear from crown, 9; pencil, 35. Skull: basilar length, 21.8; mas- toid breadth, 24; interorbital constriction, 14.5; nasals, 13; mandible to base of incisors, 13.8; coronoid process from angle, 5.6. 353. deserti. {DipoJoniys), Steph., Am. Nat., 1887, p. 42, pi. v. Ty/^e locality. Mojave River, near San Bernardino Mountains, California. Cieox^r. Distr. Mojave and Colorado Deserts, southeastern Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Large; colors pale; tail longer than head and body; mastoids greatly developed. Color. Above pale yellowish brown, hairs plumbeous at base; legs, feet and under parts white; tail white with a pale brown dorsal stripe from near base to white tip, growing darker towards end. White spot over eye and behind ear. White thigh stripe. Measurements. Total length, 133; tail vertebr.T, 204; hind foot, 52. 354. spectabilis. {J)ipo,iomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1893. Type locality. Das Cabejos, Cochize County, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Portions of Texas and Arizona eastward to Sierra Blanca, Texas. Genl. Char. Size large; tail nearly twice the length of head and body; mastoids meet behind parietals; maxillary bridge of orbit broad. Color. Above ochraceous buff lined with black, sides paler; top of head and back darkest; fascial crescent crossing nose black; hip patch ochraceous; hind leg, white above, dusky below. Dorsal stripe of tail dusky for basal half followed by a broad black band, terminating in a long white brush; ventral stripe dusky, the two meeting about two-thirds the length of tail from base, the lateral white stripes disappearing. Measurements. Total length, 355; tail vertebra', 211; pencil, 30; hind foot, 56; ear, 17.5. 355. elator. {DipoJomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 109. jype locality. Henrietta, Clay County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northern Texas, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to D. spectahilis, but smaller; tail more slender, hind feet longer; supraoccipital between bulla' very broad; interparietal broad as long. 236 DIPODOMYS. PERODIPUS. Color. Above claj' color lined with blackish; flanks light och- raceous buff; black line above lips broad; thigh patches large; under parts white. Tail white with an upper and under stripe extending nearly to the pencil, and dorsal stripe blackish on crested part, paler for the basal two-thirds of its length, the ventral stripe pale; the white on sides of tail reaching nearly to the tip. Inner sides of legs dusky. Measurements. Total length, 292; tail vertebrae, 173; hind foot, 47; ear, 14. 356. californicus. {Dipodomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 49. Type locality. Ukiah, Mendocino County, California. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern California. Genl. Char. Size large; color very dark; skull on superior out- line arched, interparietal not twice as long as broad. Color, Above sepia tinged with pale ochraceous; sides paler; beneath white. Thigh patches grading into dusky on back of leg. Dark tail stripes black, meeting in front of white pencil. Measurements. Total length, 302; tail vertebra, 183; hind foot, 43; pencil, 16; ear, 9. 62. Perodipiis. I. i^; M- 2^=16. Perodipus. Fitzin. Sitz. d. K. Akad. d. Wissench. 1. Abth., 1867, p. 70. Skull similar to that of Dipodomys, with greatly developed mas- toids and thread-like zygomata; audital bullae in contact below basi- sphenoid. Hind feet with five claws, the first digit rudimentary, but having a claw and reaching to the end of the metatarsal bones of the other digits. 357- agilis. {Dipodiunys), Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1848, p. 77. hermanni a;' tuagneri, Le Conte. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1848, p. 79. Type locality. California. Geogr. Distr. Middle and southern California. Genl. Char. Size small, color dark; body rather stout. Color. Above ashy brown heavily lined with black, especially on top and sides of head and lower back; sides yellowish brown, spot over eye and behind ear, side of snout, stripe on thighs and under parts white. Fascial crescent, black and broad, and meeting on PERODIPUS. Fig. 54. Perodipus agilis. No. 6554 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times. bridge of nose. Tail blackish, and with a blackish tip; lateral white stripes terminate at base of pencil. Under part of leg and base of foot dusky, rest white. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebra', 170; hind leg, 39.5; ear, 14.5. 358. streatori. {I'eroJif'us), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 113. Type locality. Carbondale, Mariposa County, California. Geogr. Distr. West foot of Sierra Nevada, California. Genl. Char. Similar to P. agilis, but larger; tip of tail normally white. Color. Above Isabella brown, darker on dorsal region and sides of neck, sides suffused with ochraceous buff; the usual fascial cres- cent, and eye and ear spot; beneath white. Dark tail, stripes dusky, meeting and forming a broad subapical band; tip normallx white. Measurements. Total length, 292; tail vertebrae, 179; hind foot, 43. 359. chapmani. {Dipodoiins), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 291. Type locality. Fort Verde, .\rizona. 238 PERODIPUS. Geogr. Distr. Elevated Central Tract, Arizona. Genl. Char. More slender than F. ordi; tail longer and color darker. Skull lighter, smaller. Color. Above mouse gray mixed with black and buff; sides sandy buff; usual white line on side of nose, white ear and eye spots, and thigh stripe; under parts white. Dorsal and ventral stripes drab gray; lateral white stripes extending to near end of vertebrje. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebra;, 148; hind foot, 38. 360. ordi. {Dipodomys), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853. P- 235. Type locality. El Paso, Rio Grande, Texas. Geogr. Distr. From Snake Plains and their northward exten- sions south to New Mexico and Arizona. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail little shorter than head and body. Color. Above ochraceous buff, darkest on back mixed with black on rump; sides paler; side of nose, spot behind the ear, stripe across thigh and under parts white. Tail with dorsal and ventral stripes dusky, base of hairs white. Measurements. Total length, 240; tail vertebra, 134; hind foot, 38; ear 7. a. — colwmbianus. (Ferodipus), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 115. Type locality. Umatilla, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Plains of the Columbia, Oregon. Genl. Char. Similar to F. ordi, but paler; ears blackish. Color. Above clay color mixed with blackish; thigh patches and inner side of leg tinged with ochraceous; interior and upper border of ear blackish; beneath white; dusky stripes on upper and under side of tail; lateral white stripes nearly meeting towards end of tail, tip dusky. Measurements. Total length, 244.5; tail vertebrae, 140.5; hind foot, 39. 361. richardsoni. (Dipodops), Allen, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., i8gi, p. 277. Type locality. Beaver River, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Oklahoma and Indian Territories. Genl. Char. Similar to F. ordi, but larger. Skull: rostrum robust; intermastoid area quadrate, lateral borders slightly concave, anterior border longer than posterior. Color. Above ochraceous huff, lined with black; sides paler; legs outside to heels like sides of body; beneath white, as is also the PERODIPUS. 2S» thigh stripe. Dorsal and ventral tail stripes plumbeous black to tip; lateral white stripes extending bej'ond the vertebrae. Inside of ear ochraceous, mi.xed with black; outside whitish. Mi-asuremeitts. Total length, 289; tail vertebra', 144.8; hind foot, 40.6; ear from crown, 10.7. Skull: total length, 40.6; basal length, 28.2; mastoid breadth, 25.9; intcrmastoid area length, 5.1: anterior border, 3.6; posterior, 3; nasals, 14.7. 362. sennetti. {Dipodops), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 226. Type locality. Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to P. ordi, but darker. Skull: rostrum broad, elongated; mastoid separated by rather broad interparietal, quadrate in shape and with lateral margins inclining inwards; anterior and posterior width about equal. Orbital bridge of maxillary broad. Color. Above yellowish ochraceous buff, mixed with black, darkest on dorsal region; sides lighter; flanks huffy yellow; beneath white. Upper tail stripe dusky brown, lower paler, both reaching end of tail; lateral white stripes continued beyond end of vertebrs. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, no; hind foot, 35; ear, 9. 363. panamintinus. {Dipodops), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iSy4. ].. 114. lype locality. Panamint Mountains, California. Geogr. Distr. Panamint Range, eastern California. Genl. Char. Largest of genus. Color. Above buffy clay, tinged with ochraceous: thigh patches like back; inside of legs dusky; beneath white; dark stripes on tail light dusky; lateral white stripes meeting on distal third; ear pos- teriorly whitish. Measurements. Total length, 301; tail vertebrn\ 183; hind foot, 44; ear from base, 15. 364. longipes. {Dipodops), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, i8go, p. 72. Type locality. Echo Cliffs, Painted Desert, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Utah, Wyoming, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to P. ordi, hind feet longer, tail longer, color pale. Skull: zygomatic breadth of the maxillary rounded be- low; parietals without a long, slender postero-lateral process. Color. Above ochraceous buff finely lined with black; eye and ear spot white; beneath pure white. Tail, upper and under stripes grayish dusky; the latter narrow, both continuing to the end of pen- PERODIPUS. MICRODIPODOPS. cil, the base of hairs of which are white; lateral white stripes broad reaching basal part of pencil. Legs, above white, beneath dusky. Measurements. Total length, 275; tail vertebras, 165; pencil, 25; hind foot, 42; ear from crown, S. 365. compactus. {Dtpoiio/nys), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 188S, p. 160. Type locality. Padre Island, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. Genl. Char. Size medium; hind foot shorter than skull; tail equal in length to the head and body; color pale. Color. Above pale pinkish buff tinged on head and back with sepia; beneath white; thigh stripe white. Sides and distal half of under side of tail white; upper surface, including the pencil, and proximal half of under surface sepia. Measurements. Total length, 215; tail vertebrae, 114; hind foot, 31. 63. Microdipodops. Microdipodops. Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1891, Pt. 5, p. 115. Cranium similar to that of Dipodom\s, but with the tympano-mas- toid much more inflated. Palatal shelf extending posteriorly to fora- men ovale with a deep fossa on each side. Zygomatic process of maxillary not expanded in front of orbit; mandible without post- molar pit, and the angular process truncated. Mastoids meet along median line and project posteriorly, their breadth being greater than basilar length. Molars rootless; upper premolar with anterior prism. ftOoo yocp Fig 55. Microdipodops megacephalus. No. 43193 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged lo times. Enlarged lo times. MICRODIPODOPS. PEROGNATHUS. 241 366. megacephalus. ^MicrodipoJops), Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1S91, Pt. 5, p. 116. Type locality. Halleck, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Central Nevada. Genl. Char. Size small; tail not crested at tip, slightly exceed- ing the length of head and body. Hind feet long, furred; ears cov- ered with fur. Other characters those of the genus. Color. Above yellowish brown, mi.xed with black and tinged with olive; sides from nose and thigh pale ochraceous. Beneath white, fur plumbeous at base, except on throat and breast, which are white to the roots of hairs. Feet buffy white. Tail, basal two-thirds like back, rest blackish; under sides pale buffy ochraceous The usual black crescent on face at base of whiskers and buff patch be- hind the ears. Measurenients. Total length, 150; tail vertebrcX-, 80; hind foot, 24; ear from crown, 6. Sub. Fam. II. Heteromyinae. C. H. Merriam. Revision of the North Anu-rican Poik^t .^fic,-. N. Am. Faun., No. i, i88g, p. i. W. H. Osgood. Revision of the Pocket Mice of the genus J'erog- nothiis. N. Am. Faun., No. 18, igoo. (>4. Perognathus. I- —■' P- 1^; M. ^; = 20. Perognathus. Wied., Nov. Act. Acad. Cars. Leop. Carol., 1839, xix, p. 369. Type F. fascial us, Wied. .■' Cricetodipus. Peale, Rep. Mamm. & Ornith. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1848, p. 53, pi. 13, fig. 2. Type P/ parvus, Peale. Abromxs. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 202. Type P. lordi. Gray. Octognosis. Coues., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 305. Type P. Jlarus, Baird. Chaetodipus. Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, iS8g, p. 5. T)pe P. hispidus? Baird. Skull depressed and flat above, nasals lengthened, projecting be- yond incisors; mastoids less developed than those of the species of Dipi- domx'inae, and in certain species do not project bejond plane of occi- put; zygomata much as in ordinary rodents. Occiput not emarginate; molars rooted; no pit between last lower molar and coronoid proc- ess; tail moderate; soles naked or sparsely haired. PEROGNATHUS. A. Perognathus. Mastoid well developed, extending beyond occipital line; inter- parietal pentagonal; mastoid side of parietal longest; audital bullae nearly contiguous below basisphenoid. Fig. 56. Perognathus flavus. No. 592 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Enlarged j4. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 10 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 10 times. 367. fasciatus. (Ft-rcgnaf/u/s), Wied., Nov. Act. Akad. Cses. Leop. Carol., 1839, p. 369, pi. 34. Type locality. Near junction of Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers, Montana. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Montana and Wyoming and western North and South Dakota. Genl. Char. Small; tail nearly as long as head and body; ears small, no antitragal lobe; posterior half of soles haired. Color. Above blending of olive green and olive gray tinged with pale fulvous and lined with black; lateral stripe pale fulvous; feet and under parts white; two light yellow patches on ears, and one larger behind ears. Tail, slightl)' paler beneath than above and buffy on sides. Measurements. Total length, 135; tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot, 17.5; ear, 4.5. a. — Lnfraluteus. {Perognathus), Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 405. Type locality. Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Colorado; limits of range not known. Type locality only. Genl. Char. Size smaller than F. fasciatus : pelage soft. Soles hairy on posterior half. Color. Above grayish olivaceous; sides, limbs and under parts PEROGNATHUS. 243 (except throat and center of neck and breast, which are white), fulvous; base of fulvous hair slaty gray; tail above yellowish, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 57; hind foot, 16. Skull: basilar length, 17.3; greatest medium length, 21.2; mas- toid breadth, n ; nasal length, 7.7; interorbital breadth, 4.9. 368. flavescens. {F,roi-naf/ius), Merr., N.Am. Faun., No.i, 1889, p.n. copii, Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 404. lype locality. Kennedy, Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, extending pos- siblj' to Texas, west to Rockj' Mountains. Genl. Char. Similar in size to P. fasciatus; colors quite differ- ent. Skull smaller, cranium less arched, interparietal broader; audi- ta! bullae meeting below basisphenoid. Color. Above pale yellowish brown lined with blackish: lateral stripe pale fulvous: beneath white to roots of hairs. Around eyes pale fulvous. Tail above pale grayish, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 136; tail vertebra^, 63; hind foot, 17; ear, 4. 369. merriami. (Perognat/u/s), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S92, p. 45, pi. Ill, fig. 1-6. jiavus, Baird, N. Amer. Mamm., 1857, p. 423. (Part.) Thomas, Proc. Zool. See, 18SS, p. 449. mearnsi, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S96. p. 237. Type locality. Brownsville, Texas. Geogr. Distr. From Washburn, Texas, to Roswell, New Mexico; east to San Antonio, west to Comstock on the Rio Grande. Genl. Char. Size smaller than P. flavescens ; color bright, sides golden; tail about equal to head and body. Color. Autumn Pelage. Above yellow heavily lined with black; sides golden sparsely mixed with black; beneath white; thighs golden, feet white; subauricular spot pure white; tail pale brownish yellow above, becoming blackish at tip; beneath paler. .Measurements. Total length, 1 18; tail vertebra', 55; hind foot. 16; ear, 4. n.—gilvus. Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, p. 22. Type locality. Eddy, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Genl. Char. Similar to P. merriami, paler. Color. " Paler and more yellowish than merriami; back and sides well mixed with black: lateral line wide; postauricular spots rather prominent; tail whitish below, slightly dusky above.'" 244 PEROGNATHUS. Measurements. Total length, ii8; tail vertebrae, 58; hind foot, 16.5. 370. flavus. (Perognathus), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., i855> P- 332- Type locality. El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northeastern Colorado and western Nebraska to Mexico, westward to central Arizona, east to western Texas. Genl. Char. Size very small; ear without antitragal lobe; tail less than head and body, audital bullae meeting below basisphenoid. Color. Above pale fulvous lined with black, no lateral stripe; feet and under parts white; buff patch behind ear and white one on lower margin; orbital ring pale fulvous; tail pale brownish or olive gray, of nearly same hue above and below. Measurements. Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 71; hind foot, 17; ear, 4. a.—bimaciclatus. [Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 12. Tvpe locality. Fort Whipple, Yavapai County, Arizona. Gcogr. Distr. Southeastern Utah to central and northeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Small; tail shorter than head and body; ear large, no antitragal lobe. Skull: mastoids large; lower premolar smaller than last molar. Color. Above mixed buff and black, the latter predominating; lateral stripe buff; large postauricular buff spot; feet and under parts white; tail pale brown on proximal two-thirds; distal third blackish. Mcasurc/iients. Total length, 121; tail vertebrae, 61 ; hind foot, 17.5; ear, 5. b.—fuli^inosus. (Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 74. Type locality. Northeast of San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Altitude 7,000 feet. Geogr. Distr. Lava beds near San Francisco Mountain, north- ern Arizona. Genl. Char. Colors dark, under parts fulvous. Color. Above sooty brown tinged with yellowish brown; spots behind eyes and ears yellowish; lateral stripe fulvous; under parts fulvous; throat and breast white. Measurements. Total length, 116; tail vertebrx', 58; hind foot 18; ear, 4. 371. apache. (Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, i88g, p. 14. flavus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 73. Txpe locality. Keam Canon, Apache County, Arizona. PEROGNATHUS. 245 Gi-ogr. Distr. Eastern Arizona, western New Mexico and south- ern Utah. Genl. Char. Size large; tail as long as head and body; no anti- tragal lobe; soles haired. Color. Above tawny ochraceous, sparingly lined with black; fore legs, feet and under parts white. Tail yellowish above, whitish beneath; white spot on lower margin of ear. Measindtifnts. Total length, 150; tail vertebno, 79; hind foot, 20; ear, 7. 372. callistus. {Pcrognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, igoo, p. 28. 'J\p( locality. Kinney Ranch, Green River basin, near Sweet- water County, Wyoming. Gi-ogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Ginl. Char. Smaller than P. apache; color different. Color. Above grayish olive buff and black; lateral line pale buff; under parts white; ears whitish exteriorly; tail above dusky, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 135; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 18. 373. panamintinus. {Fcro,i;nathtis), Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 265, fig. 4. Ty/>c locality. Perognathus Flat, Panamint Mountains, Cali- fornia. Gcox'r. J)istr. Panamint Mountains, eastern border of California, through southern Nevada to St. George, Utah. Gcfil. Char. Small; tail longer than head and body; color dark; skull long and slender. Color. Above ochraceous, sometimes grayish buff, lined with black; feet and under parts white; tail dusky above, ochraceous beneath. Measurements. Total length, 152 ; tail vertebr^f, 78 ; hind foot, 19.8. a.—ban^si. {Perognathus), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S98, p. 300. Type locality. Palm Spring, Colorado Desert, southern Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Desert valleys of southern and southeastern Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. panamintinus, and paler. Color. Above pale vinaceous buff faintly lined with black; feet, fore legs, and lower parts white. Tail, above dusky, pencil pale brown, beneath white; ears with white spot at base, and one above. 246 PEROGNATHUS. ^feasurements. Total length, 138; tail vertebras, 80; hind foot, 19. Skull: greatest length, 21; greatest breadth, 12. b.—arenicoln. {Pt-ri'gnathits), Stephens, Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1900, p. 153. Type locality. San Felipe Narrows, San Diego County, Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Similar to P. panainintiiius bangsi, but paler and whiter; mastoids greatly swollen and projecting much farther back than the occiput; interparietal very small. Measurements. Total length, 141; tail vertebrae, 82;hindfoot, 19. (Stephens, 1. c.) c. — brevinasus. {Fi-rcgnat/uis). Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 30. Type locality. San Bernardino, California. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern California. Genl. Char. Similar to P. panamintinus, but darker. Skull smaller; interparietal smaller, nasals shorter; lower premolar larger than last molar. Color. Above pinkish buff lined with black; lateral line pinkish buff; ears dusky, orbital ring buffy. Tail, buffy white, faintly dusky above. Measurements. Total length, 124; tail vertebra, 66; hind foot, 17.4. (Osgood, 1. c. ) 374. nevadensis. {Perognathus), Merr. , Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S94, p. 264, fig. 3. Type locality. Halleck, East Humboldt Valley, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Central Nevada to southern Oregon and northern Utah. Genl. Char. Small; similar to P. panamintinus, color of sides and belly alike. Color. Above buffy gray mixed with black; lateral stripe buffy ochraceous spreading over belly. Tail, dark above, buffy ochraceous below. Throat and pectoral region white. Measurements. Total length, 127; tail vertebrs, 72.4; hind foot, 18.7. 375. pacificus. (Perognathus), Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. v., 1S98, p. 299. Type locality. Mouth of Tijuana River, Mexican boundary, San Diego, California. Geogr. Distr. Edge of Pacific Ocean, on a flat at mouth of Tijuana River. Genl. Char. Similar to P. brevinasus, but smaller, tail more PEROGNATHUS. 247 hairy, lower premolar quadrate, mastoids moderate; interparietal wider than long; lower premolar larger than last molar. Color. Above pale ochraceous drab lined with black. Spot at base of whiskers and ears blackish. Orbital area pale buff. Spot behind eye and lateral line on body pale buff. Feet and under parts white. Tail, hoary at base, tip dusky. Measurt-mcnts. Total length, 109; tail vertebnc, 53; hind foot, 15.5; ear from crown, 4.7. 376. amplus. {Ptroi;nathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 32. Type locality. Fort Verde, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. Gcnl. Char. Size large; tail long, hairy; hind sole naked to pos- terior fifth which is hairy; antitragus not lobed; mastoids large. Color. Above pinkish buff lined with black; buff lateral line; under parts white; fore legs buff nearly to wrist. Tail buff, mixed above with black. Mt-as!ir,/ini!/s. Total length, 155; tail vertebra, 80; hind foot, 20. (Osgood, 1. c.) 377. longimembris. {Oc/ognnsis), Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S75, p. 305. parvus. Coues (nee. Peale), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 303. True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 474. inornalus. Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 15. Type locality. Fort Tejon, Kern County, California. Geogr. Distr. San Joaquin Valley, southern California. Genl. Char. Large; ears without antitragal lobe; tail longer than head and body; posterior third of soles haired. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with dusky; lateral line yel- lowish brown; fore legs, feet and under parts white. Tail yellowish, dusky at tip; yellow patch behind ear; ears, buff outside, dusky in- side, white spot at base. Measurements. Total length, 149; tail vertebra, 78; hind foot, 19; ear. 4.5. 378. *parvus. {Crice/odipus), Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 1848, p. 53, pi. 13, fig. 2. juv. • The type of this species appears to be lost, and whether it was a Pocket mouse or a Kanga- roo rat is not likely ever to be definitely determined. Peale's description points to both genera; all the characters and the color indicate, unmistakin^dy. a Kangaroo rat; but the measurements being of such cxceidingly small dimensions apparently point to the Pocket mice. Its identity being therefore impossible to determine at present, it does not seem judicious to assert that Peale's Cricetodipuf- fan us is the same as Perognathus motiticola, Baird. a well-known species, and reduce the latter to a synonym, as Mr. Osgood has done in his revision of Perognafhtts^ page 34, for the two forms agree neither in color nor measurements, but better to let Peale's species stand by itself until happily the time may arrive when its proper status can be satisfactorily ascertained. 248 PEROGNATHUS. parvus. (Ferognaikiis), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 425. Type locality. Oregon. Genl. Char. "Head ovate, the snout elongate, pointed and cov- ered with hair excepting the nostrils, which are small and convolute; lips large, tumid and covered with short hairs; whiskers numerous, white; a tuft of white hairs or bristles on the chin; cheek pouches spacious, opening outside of the mouth and reaching from the upper lip to the throat; the cavity extending backward from the ears and lined with hair; eyes medium size; ears small, round, and fringed with hairs; fore legs small, the feet moderate and margined with bristly hairs; the nails short, curved, excepting that of the thumb, which is orbicular or resembling the human thumb nail; hind legs long, the feet large and strong, five-toed, the middle one slightly longer than the rest; inner toe shortest, reaching only to the end of the metatarsal bones of the others; all the nails short, pointed and slightly curved; tail long, tapering, and clothed with silky hairs." Color. "Above sepia brown, beneath white, a dark line across the cheeks beneath the eyes." Measurements. "Length of head and body i 9-10 inch; head from nose to occiput, 9-10 inch; ears, 3-20 inch; tail, 2 3-10 inches; fore leg from the elbow, 9-20 inch; fore foot, 3-10 inch; tibia, 7-10 inch; hind foot, 3-10 inch; metatarsus, 5-10 inch." (Peale. ) Peale says of this specimen: "The formation of its hind legs leaves but little room to doubt that its habits are similar to the jump- ing mice Mcriones labradorius (Richardson), which are inhabitants of the same region. Its singularly large head which exceeds its BODY IN bulk, its ample cheek pouches, long hind legs, and long tail present a general form which is peculiar and altogether very remarka- ble. * * * * Xhe specimen is a female, and presents the rudi- ments of a fourth molar tooth in each side of the lower jaw, which would eventually have replaced the front ones, already much worn." 379. monticola. (Perognathus), Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. , 1857, p. 422, pi. 51. parvus, Osgood, N. Amer. Faun., No. iS, 1900, p. 34 (nee Peale). Type locality. St. Mary's Mission, Montana, west of Rocky Mountains? (Baird). The Dalles, Oregon? (Osgood). Geogr. Distr. Valley of the Yakima River, Washington, and thence southeast to central and southeastern Oregon. Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body, antitragus lobed; bullae meeting below basisphenoid. Color. Above mixed cinnamon and dusky; beneath white; hairs plumbeous at base; lateral stripe pale cinnamon; outside of fore leg dusky; feet whitish; tail above like back, beneath like belly. PEROGNATHUS. 240 Measurements. Head and body, 76; tail, 7S, tip gone; hind foot, 21. (Baird.) a.—mollipilosus. (^Perognat/ius), Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875. P- 296. monticola, Coues, (nee Baird), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 296. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, p. 177. Type locality. Fort Crook, Shasta County, California. Geogr. Disir. Northeastern California to Klamath Basin, Oregon. Genl. Char. Size small, tail longer than head and body; anti- tragus lobed; soles naked. Color. Above yellowish cinnamon lined with blackish; beneath white; lateral stripe pale fulvous; tail above like back; beneath white. Measurements. Head and body, 64: tail vertebra-, 82; hind foot, 20.5. (From Coues). b.—oHvaceus. (Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1SS9, p. 15. amanus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, iSSg, p. 16. Type locality. Kelton, Utah, Geogr. Distr. Northern Utah and southern Idaho to Owens Valley, California; west to southern Oregon and northeastern Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Size large ; ears with antitragal lobe as high as broad, large; tail longer than head and bod\'; bullae not meeting below basisphenoid. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black and tinged with olive; beneath white; tail above, proximal half like back, distal half sooty brown; beneath white; white spot on ear margin. Measurements. Total length, 1S4; tail vertebra', loi; hind foot, 23; ear. 5. c.^ma^rudensis. {Perognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 38. Type locality. Mount Magruder, Nevada, 8,000 feet altitude. Geogr. Distr. Southern Nevada and adjacent parts of California. Genl. Char. Similar to P. m. oliraceus, but larger. Color. "Same as P. m. olivaceus." Measurements. Total length, 198; tail vertebras, 107; hind foot, 26. 380. alticola. {Perognathus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 412. Type locality. Squirrel Inn, San Bernardino Mountains, Cali- fornia. 250 PEROGNATHUS. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Known from type locality only. Genl. Char. Small; tail about equal in length to head and body; ears white. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with blackish; base of hairs plumbeous; lateral stripe tawny. Legs, feet and under parts white; tail above, proximal half tawny, distal half blackish; beneath white. Ears white within and without. Measurements. Total length, 157; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, 20; ear, 5. 381. lordi. (Afiromys), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 202. Type locality. "British Columbia." Geogr. Distr. Southern British Columbia to plains of the Columbia River, Washington. Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body; antitragus pres- ent, but no anterior projecting lobule. Color. Above slaty buff strongly mixed with black; beneath buff, large pectoral and inguinal patch white. White spot at base of ear. Fore feet buff, hind feet white. Tail, basal half dusky mixed with buff, apical half and tip black; beneath pale gray. Measurements. Head and body, 175; tail vertebra;, 91; hind foot, 23; ear, 6.5. a.—colujnbianus. {Perognatkus), Merr. , Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 263, fig. 2. Type locality. Pasco, Plains of the Columbia, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Southern Washington. Genl. Char. Large; colors pale; tail longer than head and body. Color. Above smoky gray mixed with blackish, tinged with oli- vaceous; faint lateral stripe; tail above, pale on proximal half, darker apically. Measurements. Total length, 187; tail vejtebrae, 96; hind foot, 23; ear from anterior base, 9. 382. formosus. (Pn-ognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 11, 1889, p. 17. Type locality. St. George, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern Utah, southern Nevada and adjacent portion of California. Genl. Char. Large; ears large with antitragal lobe; tail crested longer than head and body; soles naked. Color. Above grizzled yellowish brown mixed with black; below white; tail, proximal third above like back, remainder graduated sooty brown; beneath yellowish white. PEROGNATHUS. 251 Measurements. Total length, 195; tail vertebra*, iii; hind foot, 26; ear, 6. A. Ohaetodipus. " Mastoids moderately developed, not projecting behind plane of occiput; interparietal broadly pentagonal, or strap-shaped; mas- toid side of parietal not longest; audital bulla; separated anteriorly by full width or nearly full width of basisphenoid." Fig. 57. PEROGNATHUS (CHAETODIPUS) FEMORALIS. No. 5065 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 8 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged S times. 383. baileyi. [Poognathits), Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 262, fig. I. Type locality. Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico. Geogr. Disir. Seventy miles southwest of Tucson, Arizona, into Sonora, Mexico and northern Lower California. Genl. Char. Large; tail very much longer than head and body; mastoids considerably developed; bulla nearly meeting below basi- sphenoid; interparietal pentagonal, broadest anteriorly. Color. Above drab brown lined with black; beneath white; pale lateral stripe; tail above dusky; beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebra, 122; hind foot, 27. 384. hispidus. {Perognatlii/s), Baird, Mamm. N. \m., 1857, p. 421. /ascidtt/s, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 420. hispidus, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 421. spilotiis, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 25. Type locality. Charco Escondido, Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Southern and western Texas, north to Oklahoma, south to Mexico. 252 PEROGNATHUS. Genl. Char. Tail slightly shorter than head and body; hind foot broad and short; ears moderate; antitragus lobed; pelage harsh, no bristles. Color. Above brownish black and cinnamon ; lateral stripe bright fulvous, almost orange; under parts, fore legs and feet white Tail black above, beneath whitish, without crest or tuft. Measurements. Total length, 208 ; tail vertebraE", 102 ; hind foot, 24. n.—* paradoxus. {Ferognalhus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, i88g, p. 24, pi. Ill, fig. 18. latirostris, Rhoads, Am. Nat., 1894, xxviii, p. 185. conditi, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1894. p. 318. Type locality. Trego County, Kansas. Geogr. Distr. From the Dakotas to Texas, west to base of Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Large; ears large with antitragal lobe; soles naked. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black; sides fulvous; fore legs fulvous outside; feet and under parts white; tail above fuli- ginous, beneath white tinged with fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 205-242; (Merr., measurements, 1. c. 100 mm., error;) tail vertebra-, 103-iig; hind foot, 26; ears, 5. 385. penicillatus. {Ferognathus), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Phil., 1852, p. 200. Type locality. San Francisco Mountain, Arizona? Little Colo- rado Desert? Geogr. Distr. Bunkerville, Nevada, to Yuma, Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large; tail much longer than head and body, crested; ear large, high antitragal lobe; soles naked. Cranial char- acters those of the subgenus. Color. Above gray suffused with yellowish brown and lined with black; fore legs, feet and under parts white; lateral stripe indistinct pale fulvous; tail above dusky extending over pencil, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 122; hind foot, 23. Taken by collector in flesh. Carriso Creek, California. a.—an^ustirostris. (Ferognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 47. Type locality. Carriso Creek Desert. Colorado, California. Geogr. Distr. "Colorado Desert, south to northern Lower Cali- fornia and east to the Colorado River and southwestern Arizona." ♦Specimens from Oklahoma Territory are much darker above, and the lateral stripe much brighter and deeper than in the typical species, and are intermediate between P. h.taradoxus and P. hispidus. PEROGNATHUS. 253 Gen!. Char. '■'■'EAxnWz.t \.o P. penicillatus, but smaller; color about the same; skull lighter and with longer and more slender rostrum." Color. " As in P. penicillatus.^' Measurements. "Total length, 191; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot, 24.4. (Dry skin)." (Osgood, 1. c.) b.—pricei. (Perognat/ius), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 318. oiscurus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 216. Type locality. Oposura, Sonora, Mexico. Geogr. Distr. South central Arizona into northwestern Mexico, west of the Sierra Madre. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. penicillatus, but similar; no spines on rump. Color. Above vinaceous buff lined with black; sides the same; lateral stripe hardly perceptible; under parts white; ears like back; tail dusky above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 172; tail vertebra-, 90; pencil, 10; hind foot, 23: ear, 7.5. 386. eremicus. {Perognathus), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 300. Type locality. Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Western Texas, south into central Mexico. Genl. Char. Small; color pale; skull rather heav}-. Color. Above whitish drab tinged with fawn and lined with dusky; lateral stripe faint; feet and lower parts white; tail above and tip pale brown; beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 163; tail vertebrae, 83; hind foot, 22. 1 ; ear from base, 9. i . 387. Stephens!. {Perognathus), Merr. , Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 267, fig. 7. Type locality. Northwest Arm of Death \'alley (Mesquite Valley), California. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Small; ears medium, tragus higher than broad. Color. Above buffy drab to pale brown; fore legs, feet and under parts white; tail above, including pencil, slightly darker than back, beneath white. ^^easuremcnts. Total length, 177; tail vertebra-, 96; hind foot, 21. 388. intermedius. (Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. I'aun., No. i, 1889, p. 18, pi. II, fig. 13. obscurus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 20. 254 PEROGNATHUS. Type locality. Mud Spring, Mojave County, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona and New Mexico into Mexico. Exact range unknown. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail much longer than head and body; antitragal lobe large; soles naked. Color. Above drab gray tinged with pale fulvous and lined with black; lateral line pale fulvous; fore legs, feet and under parts white. Tail above sooty brown, beneath whitish. Measurements. Total length, 183; tail vertebrae, 106; pencil, 18; hind foot, 21; ear, 4.5. 389. fallax. {Perognatlius), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1899, p. 19, pi. Ill, fig. 14. Type locality. Reche Canon, southeast of Colton, San Bernar- dino County, California. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern California, into lower California, west of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges. Genl. Char. Medium; tail crested, longer than head and body; antitragal lobe higher than broad; soles naked. Bristles on rump. Color. Above dark grizzled yellowish brown lined with black; lateral line pale fulvous, covering upper surface of fore leg; under parts white. Tail above sooty brown, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebrae, 96; hind foot, 24; ear, 6. 390. femoralis. (Terognathus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 281. Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. San Diego County, southern California, into lower California. Genl. Char. Tail much longer than head and body; size large. Color. Above grayish yellowish brown lined with black; lateral line fulvous; fore legs, feet and under parts white; tail above rusty brown, including tip, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 198-241; tail vertebra;, 1 12-133; hind foot, 25-27. 391. californicus. {Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 26. armatus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 27. Type locality. Berkeley, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California from San Francisco Bay to Bear Valley, San Benito Valley, San Benito County. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. femoralis; ears large, antitragal PEROGNATHUS. HETEROMYS. 255 lobes high; tail lontjer than head and body, crested; soles naked; skull long, narrow; mastoids small. Color. Above grizzled yellowish brown lined with black; lateral stripe pale fulvous; beneath white. Tail above sooty black, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 195: tail vertebra?, loi; hind foot, 24; ear, 6.5. a.—dispar. {Ferognathi/s), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 58. Type locality. Carpentaria, Santa Barbara County, California. Geogr. Distr. " Coast Valleys of California from San Bernar- dino to San Benito County, and north along the foothills of the west slope of the Sierras to Placer County." Genl. Char. Larger than /'. californiciis, and paler. Color. Above bister; lateral line pinkish or ochraceous buff; under parts buffy white. Tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 218; tail vertebra, 120; hind foot, 27. 392. spinatus. {Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 21. Ty/. Xapus. I. "=!■ p. ini; M. ^-=3 = i8. I— i' o-o' 3-3 Zapus. Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., i, 2d ser., No. 5, p. 253, 1875. Type, /). hudsonius. Zinim. Napcozapus. Preble, N. Am. Faun., No. 15, i8yg, p. 33. Type, Z. insignis. Miller. Eozapus. Preble, N. Am. Faun., No. 15, 1899, p. 37. Type, Z. setchuanits, Pousargues. Internal cheek pouches; first digit of hand rudimentary, nail flat, blunt: palms and soles naked, granulate, tuberculate, save heel which is smooth; meatus large, antitragus much developed. Pelage coarse. Skull delicate, papery construction; anteorbital foramen very large and obliquely oval; malar extended until sutured with the lachrymal; zygomatic arch slender, depressed; bullaj short, placed transversely: rostrum attenuate anteriorly; interorbital constriction moderate; no post-orbital process; interparietal large, nearly stjuare; mastoids moderate; pterygoid fossa wide; pterygoid long, straight, ending close to bulhe; palate with posterior rounded arch ending op- posite last molars, and broadest anteriorly. Descending process of mandible twisted diagonally outward and upward; coronoid falcate, acute, higher than condyle. Upper incisors, sulcata, short, stout; upper premolar absent in one sub-genus. A. Zapus, "Premolar present; enamel folds closelj- crowded; tail not tipped with white; ears rather long; lower parts white or ochraceous." 394. hudsonius. {Dipus), Zimm., Geog. Gesch. Mens. u. vierfuss, Thiere., 1780, 11, p. 358. labradoiius, Kerr., Anim. King., 1792, p. 276. canadensis, Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 1798, Iv, p. 167. americanus, Wagl., Nat. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 23. viicroctphalus, Harlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. i. acadictis, Dawson, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., N. S., 1856, in, p. 2. hardyi, Batchelder, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, i, p. 5. Type locality. Hudson Bay. Fig. 59. Zapus hudsonius. No. 10902 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Enlarged 'A- Upper tooth row. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 8 times. Enlarged 8 times. Geogr. Distr. Hudson Bay south to New Jersey, mountains of North Carolina west to Iowa and Missouri and northwest to Alaska. Genl. Char. Medium size; molars and incisive foramina small. Color. Sutnmcr Pelage. Above ochraceous lined with black; dorsal stripe darker; beneath white; tail grayish brown above, whitish beneath; feet white. Fall Pelage. Sides duller, more yellow, dorsal area indistinct. Measurements. Total length, 209; tail vertebrae, 124; hind foot, 20.5. a.—ladas. (Za/ius), Bangs, Proc. New. Eng. Zool. Club, i, 1899, p. 10. Ty/>e locality. Regoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Quebec, north to Hamilton Inlet, Lab- rador. Genl. Char. Larger than Z. hudsonius, hind foot and tail longer; color darker; skull and zygomata longer, brain case higher and longer; rostrum longer; bullae longer. Color. Summer Pelage. Dorsal area mixed with ochraceous; less conspicuous; sides ochraceous buff; beneath white tinged with buff; tail dusky above, whitish beneath. Feet white. Fall Pelage. Above yellowish, dorsal area very indistinct. Measurements. Total length, 238; tail vertebra?, 153; hind foot, 32. b.—alascensis. {Zapus), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 223. Type locality. Yakutat, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Yakutat Bay north to Yukon River; limits un- known. Genl. Char. Larger and darker than typical Z. hudsonius. Color. Dorsal area distinct, dark mixed with brownish; sides dark ochraceous mixed with black; beneath white; tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 218; tail vertebra', 132; hind foot, 31.5. c.—americanus. {Dipus), Barton, Am. Phil. Soc, 1799, Iv, p. 115. Type locality. Philadelphia, Pa. Geogr. Distr. From Raleigh, North Carolina, north to southern Connecticut and valley of lower Hudson. Genl. Char. Similar to and smaller than Z. hudsonius; dorsal area less distinct. Color. Summer Pelage. Above deep ochraceous; dorsal area in- distinct mixed with black; ear nearly black; sides of head paler, feet and under parts white tinged with ochraceous. Fall Pelage. Dorsal area mixed with yellowish; sides dull yel- lowish. Measurements. Total length, 191. 3; tail vertebrEt, 115.4; hind foot, 28.3. d. — campestris. (Zapus), Preble, N. Am. Faun., 1899, No. 15, p. 20. Type locality. Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Great Plains from Manitoba south to Nebraska, west to Colorada and Wyoming. Genl. Char. Larger than Z. hudsonius. and brighter. Skull gen- erally larger in relative proportions. Color. Summer Pelage. Dorsal area distinct, suffused with och- raceous buff; sides ochraceous buff; feet and under parts white; tail dark gray above,, yellowish white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 222 ; tail vertebra', 185 ; hind foot, 30.5. 395. tenellus. {Zapus), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, No. xi, p. 103. Type locality. Kamloops, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Genl. Char. Small; ears large; color dark. Color. Pall Pelage. Similar to Z. hudsonius but darker; dorsal area as in species mentioned; sides olive yellowish, lined with black; tail bicolor; outside of fore leg and thigh dusky; feet and lower parts whitish. Measurements. Total length, 208 ; tail vertebrae, 128 ; hind foot, 30.5. 396. princeps. {Zapi/s), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 71. Type locality. Florida, LaPlata County, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico north to Henry House, Alberta. Genl. Char. Large; skull broad and large. Color. Summer Pelage. Above yellowish brown mixed with black, sides j'ellowish brown sparsely mixed with blackish; lateral stripe clear yellowish brown; hind feet grayish white; tail pale brown above, grayish white beneath. Fall Pelage. Dorsal area blacker; sides yellower. Measurements. Total length, 245 ; tail vertebrae, 147 ; hind foot, 32. a .—minor. {Zapus), Preble, N. Am. Faun., No. 15, 1899, p. 23. Type locality. Wingard, near Carlton House, Saskatchewan. Geogr. Distr. Saskatchewan Plains; range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to Z. princeps, hut smaller, darker; rostrum more deflected, nasals narrow anteriorly; brain case higher; inter- pterygoid fossa shallower. Measurements. Total length, 219; tail vertebrae, 131 ; hind foot, 29.9. b. — ore^onus. (Zapus), Preble, N. Am. Faun., 1899, No. 15, p. 24. Type locality. Elgin, Blue Mountains, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Blue Mountains, Oregon. Genl. Char. Similar to Z. princeps. Color. ^' Early Summer Pelage. Very similar to Z. //■;>;<;v/.f, but slightly lighter on sides, especially anteriorly; dorsal area and head more finely flecked with color of sides, the head especially presenting a grayish appearance; beneath pure white; whitish edging of ears very indistinct." (Preble, 1. c.) Measurements . Total length, 250; tail vertebrae, 154; hind foot, 33. 397. major. {Zapus), Preble, N. Am. Faun., 1899, No. 15, p. 24. Type locality. Warner Mountains, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Type locality only. Genl. Char. Similar to but larger than Z. princeps. Color. Summer Pelage. Above ochraceous buff lined with black, heaviest on dorsal area; sides same color with less black; tail not sharply bicolor; lower parts and feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 255; tail vertebra:', 155: hind foot, 35. 398. nevadensis. {Zapus), Preble, N. Am. Faun., 1899, No. 15, P- 25- Type locality. Ruby Mountains, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Known from tj'pe locality only. Genl. Char. Large, color pale. Color. Dorsal area pale yellowish brown, lined with black; side pale ochraceous buff; cheeks buffy white mixed with black; beneath pure white. Measurements. Total length, 242; tail vertebra', 150; hind foot, 33. 399. trinotatus. (Zapus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 421. imperator, Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, i, p. 228, Zoology. Type locality. Lulu Island, mouth of Fraser River, British Co- lumbia. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of southern British Columbia, Wash- ington, Oregon west of Cascade Mountains, northern California to Humboldt Bay. Genl. Char. Large, color bright. Color. Summer. Above brownish black and buff; sides yellow- ish buff, sparsely streaked with black; inner side of legs, feet and under parts pure white. Tail, dark brown above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 241; tail vertebrae, 141; hind foot, 28. (Spec, from Olympic Mts.) a.—alleni. {Zapus), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1898, i. p. 212, Zoology. Type locality. Pyramid Peak, Lake Tahoe, California. Geogr. Distr. Mount Shasta southward in Sierra Nevada to Monmouth and north fork of Kern River, California. Genl. Char. Similar to Z. trinotatus, color lighter; skull smaller. Tip of tail white. Color. Above brownish black lined with deep fulvous; sides, outside of fore legs, thighs and rump, bright orange yellow sparsely lined with black. Under parts, hind legs and feet pure white. Tail, brown above, white beneath and white at tip. Measurements. Total length, 234; tail, 143; hind foot, 32; ear, 14. b.—montanus. (Zapiis), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 104. Type locality. Crater Lake, Mount Mazama, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Cascade Range in Oregon. Genl. Char. Smaller than Z. trinotatiis, colors duller, skull smaller. Color. Suiiiiinr Pelage. Dorsal area grizzled dusky and yellow; sides ochraceous buff lined with black; outsides of legs dusky to heels; beneath white. Tail, above dark gray, beneath whitish; feet soiled whitish. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebra, 135; hind foot, 31. 400. orarius. (Zapus), Preble, N. Am. Faun., No. 15, 1899, p. 29. Type locality. Point Reyes, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast of California, Point Reyes north to Mad River, Humboldt Bay. Genl. Char. Size medium, lower parts suffused with color of sides. Color. Above dark ochraceous lined with black, sides similarly colored; legs ochraceous; feet yellowish white; beneath strongly suffused with ochraceous. Tail, above grayish, beneath yellowish white. Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebra;, 127; hind foot, 30. 401. pacificus. {Zapus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 104. Type locality. Prospect, Rogue River Valley, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Oregon and northwestern Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Large, tail one-half longer than head and body. Color. Albinistic? " Dorsal area not sharply defined, but so strongly suffused with yellowish that the yellow predominates over the black; sides buffy yellow moderately lined with black hairs; inner sides of legs only slightly darkened, tail sharply bicolor; grayish above, white beneath; fore and hind feet soiled white." (Mer- riam, 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 225; tail vertebrae, 141; hind foot, 31. Skull: basilar length, 17.5; zygomatic breadth, 12; mastoid breadth, 10; interorbital constriction, 4.5. 402. saltator. {Zapus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 3. Type locality. Telegraph Creek, Northwest Territory, Canada. Geogr. Distr. Telegraph Creek south to mouth of Skeena River and Tsimshian Peninsula; limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to Z. tn'notatus, but of smaller size. Color. Fall Pelage. Dorsal area darkest and mixed with yellow- ish; sides yellowish lined with black; under parts and feet white; tail above dusky, beneath gray. ^fcasurements. Total length, 245 ; tail vertebra', 145 ; hind foot, 32. B. Premolar absent; sulcus on inner side of upper molars deeper; first and second molars equal in size; skull rather stout relatively. Fig. 60. Napeozapus insignis. No. 98799 U. S. Nat'l Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 8 times. Enlarged 8 times. 403. insignis. {Zapus), Miller, Am. Nat., 1891, p. 472. labradorius, {Meriottis), Dawson, Edin. New Phil. Jour., N. S., 1856, III, p. 2. (nee Kerr.) Type locality. Restigouche River, New Brunswick. Geogr. Disir. Eastern Canada south to western Maryland. Genl. Char. Large; pale coloration; tail white-tipped. Color. Dorsal stripe black mixed with buffy-yellow; sides buffy- yellow tinged with clay color; cheeks, fore neck and lateral line of body yellow; ears like back on outside, inside buffy-yellow; beneath white; tail above dark brown, tip white. Measurements. Total length, 238; tail vertebrae, 146.7; hind foot, 31. 1. a.—rnanensis. {Za/. c. Type locality. Eastern Canada. Geogr. Distr. Canada west to Saskatchewan Plains, south to central Maine and northern New Hampshire and west of Connecticut Kiver nearly to border of Massachusetts. Formerly it extended along the Alleghanies through Pennsylvania into Virginia and possibly to Kentucky. North it goes to the limit of trees. Genl. Char. Light tips of long hairs of dorsal surface yellowish white; average length of nasals usually equal the interorbital breadth, or about one-third the length of skull. Nasal not extending to orbits, or one-third length of skull. Color. Brownish black varied with yellowish white; (juills white at base with terminal third usually black; a few are sometimes all black or all white; length of quills very variable; beneath brownish black. Measurements. Total length, 900 to 1200: tail vertebra?, 150. 405. epixanthus. {Erithn'zon), Brandt, M(§m. Acad. St. Petersb., 1S35, p. 389, pi. I, 9. pilosus, Peale (ntcRich.), U. S. Expl. Exped. Mamm., 1848, p. 46. Type locality. California and Unalaska. Geogr. Distr. From upper Missouri south in the mountains to New Mexico, west to the Pacific, northward from California to Alaska, probably to the tree limit. Genl. Char. Light tips of long hairs of dorsal surface greenish yellow; average length of nasals exceed interorbital breadth, or over one-third the length of skull. Nasals extending backwards to the orbits, or two-fifths length of skull. Color. Similar to E. dorsatus, except tips of long hairs are greenish yellow instead of yellowish white. Central line of belly sooty brown. Spines yellowish on the back, on the sides whitish tipped with brown. Measurements. Total length, 825; tail vertebra, 165. a. couesi. (Erithrizon), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , 1897, p. 723. 7y/>e locality. Fort Whipple, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona and New Mexico. Genl Char. Smaller than /". us), Hayden, Am. Nat., 1870, iii, p. 115. Ty/e locality. Wind River Mountains. Geogr. Distr. Higher portion of the Rocky Mountains from Great Slave Lake, Arctic America, south to New Mexico. Genl. Char. Winter Pelage. Sometimes hairs almost pure white to the base; generally the base is light plumbeous, of small extent, and the middle band a pale fulvous or salmon. Color. Summer Pelage. Above pale grayish brown mixed with black; black sometimes predominating; under fur whitish; middle brown band nearly obsolete; feet and under parts white; ears black, tinged with whitish, the borders white. Top of head rufous. Winter Pelage. White. Measurements. Total length, 360-460; tail vertebra?, 44; hind foot, 140; ear, 82. e. — ivashingtoni. {Lepus), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 333> Pl- 15- Type locality. Washington, vicinity of Puget Sound. Geogr. Distr. North latitude 55'' south to mouth of Willamette River, Oregon. Gi'til. Char. Small: represents L. a. virginianns on Pacific coast, with a more reddish tint. In the vicinity of Puget Sound this hare does not turn white in winter. Color. Upper parts, throat and sides of head and body and outer surface of limbs reddish brown, lined with black on the back; beneath white; tail above lead color, below rustj- white. Under fur on back plumbeous; ears black at tip and on the posterior margin of the inner surface; rest pale reddish brown. In the northern part of its dispersion this species turns white in winter. Measurements. Total length, 481; hind foot, no; ear, 81. f.—cohtmbiensis. {Lepus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S95, p. 242. Type locality. Vernon, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Arid interior basin of southern British Columbia. Genl. Char. Size equal to L. anuricaniis ; color grayish, with absence of rufous above. Color. Summer Pelage. Above pale tawny gray, blackish on rump; crown cheeks, legs and feet light rusty; under parts white, grading into bluish gray on lower abdomen. Tail above tawny gray, below bluish gray; ears at base rusty; anterior terminal border, black. Measurements. Total length, 465; tail vertebra'. 43; hind foot, 140; ear, 72. ^. — dalli. (Lepus), Merr. , Proc. Wash. .Vcad. Scien., 1900, p. 29. Type locality. Nulato River, .A.laska. Cranial Char. Subspecies onlj' known from skull. Compared with typical L. americanus, "the skull of L. dalli is very much larger; rostrum, nasals and incisive vacuity decidedly longer; jugal longer and more expanded posteriorly; molariform teeth larger." (Merr., I.e.) Measurements. Skull: basal length, 65; zygomatic breadth ante- riorly, 37.5; at middle, 38; postpalatal length, 33.5; frontal breadth across middle of postorbital processes, 21; breadth of nasals poste- riorly, 15; anteriorly, 11. h. — nvacfarlani. {Lepus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 30. Type locality. Fort Anderson, north of Great Bear Lake, Arctic America. Cranial Char. " Skull similar to typical /.. amnicanus. but larger and heavier; nasals broad; brain case less flat; supraoccipital shield narrower and tapering posteriorly ; mandible, molars and lower incisors large." Measurements. Basal length, 67; zygomatic breadth anteriorly. 38.5; at middle, 41; postpalatal length, 34.5; frontal breadth across middle of postorbital processes, 21; breadth of nasals posteriorly, 17.5; anteriorly, 14. (Merr., 1. c.) 419. saliens. Osgood, N. Am. Faun., 1900, No. ig, p. 39. Type locality. Caribou Crossing, between Lake Bennett and Lake Tagish. Gcogr. Distr. Limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to Z. us), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 136. Type- locality. Stilwell, Indian Territory. Gi'ogr. Distr. Missouri south to Indian and Oklahoma Territo- ries, limits of range unknown. Gcnl. Char. Size of L. f. bachiiiani, but darker in color; audital bullae smaller. Color. Above reddish brown, lined with black; nape and upper surface of legs cinnamon rufous; sides and rump wood brown; pec- toral band wood brown; rest of under parts white. Measurements. Total length, 370; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 95; ear, 73. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 67.2; zygomatic breadth, 34- f.--ubericolor. {Lrpus), Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1899, P- 383- Type locality. Beaverton, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Oregon, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Darker and redder than L. f. bachmani. Color. Grizzled brown and black, darkest on the back; nape chestnut; ear blackish, sprinkled with broccoli brown and frosted on the inside and at base. Edge of ear wood brown; chin, upper part of throat and belly cream buff. Feet brown. Tail above brown and black, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebrae, 15; hind foot, 75; ear from crown, 55. g.—chapmani . {Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 12. Type locality. Corpus Christi, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas, common in chaparral region south of Bexar county. Genl. Char. Size small; sides and rump whitish gray. Color. Above yellowish brown and black, becoming grayish on lower part of rump; sides paler and grayer; nape rufous, grading into dark chestnut between shoulders; fore feet fulvous; hind feet whitish above, pale fulvous on sides. Tail above dark gray, hairs tipped with buff, beneath white. Ears yellowish brown, blackish on edge at tip, fringe white. Measurements. Total length, 407; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 92; ear from notch (skin), 55. h.—caniclunis. {L,pu.<), Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1899, p. 388. Type locality. Fort Clark, Texas. Gcogr. Distr. Southwestern Texas, limits of range unknown. Gcnl. Char. Similar to /,. /. chapmani, Allen, but paler through, out; white of bellj- not encroached upon by color of the sides. Color. Like*/./, siibcinctus Miller, from Hacienda El Molino, Nyrete. Michoacan, Mexico. Back grizzled black and buffy white; rump and tail paler, the terminal band of the under fur (5cru drab. Head paler than back; ears pale gray, tinted with buff inside. Bellj' pure white. Mtasiiremtnts. Total length. 395; tail vertebra", 52; hind foot, 87; ear from crown, 72. 427. auduboni. (Lepiis), Baird, Mamm., 1857, p. 608, pi. 13, 58. J'ype locality. San Francisco, California. Gfogr. Distr. Coast of California from San Francisco to San Diego. Gcnl. Char. Size smaller than L. f. malliirus; ears longer than head; tail long. Color. Above pale yellowish brown inixed with black; sides paler with little or no black; nape pale rufous; fore feet, above pale yellowish and rusty; hind feet whitish, sides rusty; pectoral band pale yellowish brown. Under parts white. Ears dark brown, the hairs with pale yellowish tips, so that this hue predominates, grad- ing into black or brownish black at tips. Tail, above like back, beneath black. Measurements. Total length, 457; tail vertebrjK, 38; hind foot, 8g: ear from notch, 70. a.—sanctidieii. (Lepiis), Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1899, p. 389. Type locality. Mexican boundary line, San Diego County, Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Genl. Char. Similar to L. f. auduboni, but paler. Color. Above grizzle of black and light cream buff; sides paler; rump whitish gray; nape ochraceous buff; tail, dark brown above, white beneath. Ears gray, lower half paler than crown of head, which is like the back. Orbital ring whitish; chin and throat white tinged with plumbeous; lower part of throat and chest cream buff. Legs ochraceous buff; fore feet cream buff; hind feet white. White * Proc. .^cad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S99, p. 3S6. of belly reaching to wrists and back of hind feet. Belly white, tinged with plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 385; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 85; ear from crown, 78. 428. holzerni. {Lepus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, P- 554- Type locality. Near the summit of Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona. Geogr. Distr. High altitude of mountains in southern Arizona extendmg into Mexico. Genl. Char. Size large; ears rather short; hind feet long, col- ors darkest of this style. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper sides of head and back vinace- ous cinnamon mixed with gray and black; thighs and rump whitish gray lined with black; beneath white tinged with yellowish; pectoral band clay color; nape tawny; legs tawny, inner side brownish white. Ears reddish brown, gray and black mixed, bordered anteriorly for basal two-thirds with white. Tail, above yellowish brown grizzled, beneath white. Measurements. Totallength, 415.2; tail vertebrae, 64; hind foot, 99.5; ear from crown, 77.8; from notch, 65. 429. nuttalii. [Lepus), Bachm., Joura. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1837, p. 345, pi. 22. artemisia, Bachm., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 94. Type locality. Plains of the Columbia near Walla Walla. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, south through the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains to Texas and northward to the 49th parallel, or from about the Canadian boundary through the Dakotas to Texas, and west through the Sierra Nevada to Oregon. Genl. Char. Size small, colors pale. Color. Above yellowish gray mixed with black and brown; rump light gray and sides of body whitish yellow, nape pale cinnamon; pectoral band light buff; rest of under parts white; fore legs buffy white above; hind legs white. Tail, above like rump, beneath white. Ears pale yellowish brown, edged with white. Measureme?its. Total length, 420; hind foot, 500; ear, 50. 430. baileyi. [Lepus), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 148. Type locality. Spring Creek, east side Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Bighorn Basin in Montana across the Owl Creek Mountains into Wind River Basin, and east into northeastern Wy- oming. The exact limits of its range are not yet determined. Genl. Char. Size large; similar to L. nuttalli, but paler; ears and tail longer. Color. Above pale pinkish buff lined sparsely with black; nape pale fulvous; rump grayish lined with black; under parts white; pectoral collar pale buffy fulvous; legs pale fulvous; feet whitish; ears same color as the back, one-fourth of terminal part bordered with black. Tail, above grayish, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 4ins), Allen, Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 264. Type locality. Hill City, Custer County, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. Mountains of South Dakota, limits of range not known. Gent. Char. Size medium; ears and feet small; colors dark. Color. Above dull vinaceous buff, mixed with black and gray, becoming pure gray on rump; sides yellowish gray; beneath white, pectoral band grayish brown. Ears dusky varied with gray. Mi-asuremt-nts. Total length, 353; tail vertebra;, 53; hind foot, go; ear, 60. h. — pineiis. {Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 348. lype locality. White Mountains, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. White Mountains, southeastern Arizona, limits of range not known. Genl. Char. Similar to L. arizontc, but darker in color. Color. Male in fresh post breeding Pelage. Above black and whitish gray mixed and tinged with pale buff; pectoral band plumb- eous, hairs tipped with fulvous gray; fore feet reddish brown; hind feet paler. Female in breeding Pelage. Above as dark as L. floridaniis; under fur dark plumbeous at the base, the apical third dark russet brown; over hair dusky, subterminally broadly ringed with whitish and tipped with black, the color of the upper parts extending well on the sides of the abdomen. Feet and ears as in L. arizome, but darker and much more heavily clothed. Pectoral band very much darker and the fur of the ventral surface much more plumbeous at the base. (Allen, 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 335; tail vertebrae, 40; hind foot, 100; ear, 69. 432. arizonae. i^Lepus), Allen, Rod., 1877, p. 332. Type locality. Beale's Springs, 50 miles west of Fort Whipple, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Deserts of Arizona and in the Chiricahua and Huachuaca, but not the White Mountains, up to 500 feet. Genl. Char. Smaller than /. iiuttalli, but similar: ears much longer and broader. Color. Above pale yellowish gray mixed sparingly with black; nape yellowish fulvous; sides pale gray mixed sometimes with pale brown; chin white, pectoral band yellowish; rest of under parts white; feet pale yellowish brown; tail above yellow brown, darker than back: beneath white. Ears pale grayish brown, outer edge whitish. Winter specimens are heavily lined with black above and on sides. Measurements. Total length, 340-383; tail vertebrae, 35-54; hind foot, 76-94; ear, 69-78. a.— major. {Lepiis), Mearns, Proc. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 557. Type locality. Calabasas, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Colorado Plateau of Arizona southward along the Mexican boundary from Paso de Luis, Sonora, to the basin of the Mjmbres, Chihuahua. Genl. Char. "Similar to L. arizonie, but larger, more reddish and darker." Color. Above grayish drab tinged with cinnamon, lined with black; sides paler; rump iron gray; nape and outer surface of limbs dull cinnamon; ears pale grayish inside; drab mixed with gray and black on outer side, tips black; pectoral band clay color; rest of under parts white. Measurements. Total length to end of hairs of tail, 430; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 92; ear from notch, 69. b.— minor. {Leptis), Mearns, Proc. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 557. Type locality. El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. "Plains of Colorado southward to the Rio Grande, and westward to the elevated central tract, where it integrades with L. a. major in the pass between the southern end of the Rocky Mountains, and northern extremity of the Sierra Madre. " (Mearns, 1. c.) Genl. Char. Smaller than L. arizonce; ears short, colors pale; rostrum more elongated, mandible stouter and higher, and audital bullae larger. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black; rump grayish white lined with black; sides )'ellowish gray, with a buff lateral line; head gray tinged with yellowish brown on cheeks and crown; nape light cinnamon; fore legs wood brown; hind feet above white; . LIBKARY UNIVtKiillV Uh ILLINUIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XXVII. LEPUS (MiCROLAGUS) CINERASCENS. No. 2<)24 .^m. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Coll. Nat. size. Lepus (Microtolagus) MERRIAMI. No. 8631 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. pectoral band yellowish gray, rest of under parts white: tail above dusky, hairs tipped with 3'ellowish brown and gray, beneath white. Ears grayish white on dorsal surface behind, and gray mixed with yellowish brown and black in front, basal two-thirds of front edge white, tips black. }rfasuiements. Average total length, 345; tail vertebra', 50.2; hind foot, 83.4; ear from notch, 65.8. 0. Brachylagus, Brachylagus. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 157. Skull short and deep; audital bullae large; rostrum small; supraorbital processes shorter than tooth row, their extremities free; posterior prism of second lower premolar and first and second lower molars less than half as large as anterior; ears, legs and tail short, the latter not perfectly formed. (Miller.) 433. idahoensis. {Lepus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, i8gi, p. 75, fig. 4, p. 77. Type locality. Pahsimeroi Valley, Idaho. Gcogr. Distr. Sage Plains on Snake River, Idaho, and the northward extensions of these plains. South into northern Nevada and west into eastern Oregon and Washington. Genl. Char. Size small; ears and hind legs short; tail rudi- mentary. Color. Winter Pelage. Above drab gray mixed with black; thighs same color; nape ochraceous buff; sides drab gray; pectoral band grayish buff; belly white; fore and hind feet ochraceous buff. Ears buffy ochraceous mixed with gray and black, bordered in front with a line of black. Summer Pelage. Drab gray above strongly suffused with buff and mixed with black. Measurements. Total length, 290; tail, 15; hind foot, 71; ear from notch, 42. D. Microlagus. " Ear longer than hind foot, tail short; skull narrow, low and lightly ossified, with postorbital process usually free, scarcely touch- ing cranium behind." (Mearns.) 434. cinerascens. {Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, 1890, p. 159. Type locality. San Fernando, Los Angeles, California. Geogr. Distr. Deserts of southern California. Genl. Char. Similar to L. hachmani, but smaller and paler. Color. Above gray and blackish brown mixed; nape pale rusty; dorsal region pale buffy gray, sides pure gray; beneath white; pec- toral band brownish gray; fore legs yellowish brown; hind feet gray- ish brown. Tail, above dark gray, beneath white; ears brownish gray. Measurements. Total length, 294; tail, 24; hind foot, 63; ear from notch, 58. E. Microtolagas, Interparietal obliterated in adults, skull twice as long as wide; postorbital processes large, arching and united to cranium by a suture, and enclosing a wide and long foramen; nasals lengthened; upper front incisors without distinct lateral groove. Ears very long. 435. alleni. {Lepiis), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, 11, p. 294. Type locality. Rillito Station, Southern Pacific Railroad, Ari- zona. Geogr. Distr. Desert region between Phcenix and Benson, Ari- zona. Genl. Char. Size large; ears large; fulvous gular patch. Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black; nape fulvous; sides, hips, rump and outside of legs white, mixed with black, giving a gray effect; pectoral band fulvous, rest of under parts white; head pale yellowish gray; feet white above. Tail, above gray with a line of plumbeous black extending on to the rump; beneath white. Ears whitish with fringe white. Measurements. Total length, 643; tail vertebrae, 69; hind foot, 138; ear from notch, 156. 436. callotis. {Lcpus), Wagl., Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 35. nigricaudatus, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1833, p. 41. mcxicanus, (Licht.), Richards, 6th Rep. Brit. Ass., 1837, p. 150. flavigularis, Wagl., Supp. Schreib. Saugth., iv, 1844, p. 107. Type locality. Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of the southern boundary of the United States into Mexico. Genl. Char. Size large, similar to L. texcnsis, Waterh., but the black on tips of ears almost obsolete, quite so in some specimens, the tips being pale yellowish or white. Color. Above yellowish brown of greater or less intensity, mixed with black, sides paler; rump and thighs whitish ash lined with black and with a black line in center of rump; nape black in summer: beneath white; pectoral collar and throat pale brownish yellow; outer surface of fore legs ashy gray lined faintly with black; hind feet white; whitish spot on head. Ear brownish yellow, usually darker toward tip. Tail, above black, beneath brownish grav. Ears, at base black, remainder yellowish, with tip whitish; whiskers black. j\/easure»unts. Total length, 560; tail vertebra:, 57; hind foot, 142; ear, height posteriorly, 137. 437. gaillardi. {Lrj>i/s), Mearns, Proc. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1S95, p. 560. Type locality. Plagas Valley, near its west fork. Geogr. Distr. Plain east of the San Luis Mountains, at the head of the Rio Yaqui, and east of that river's watershed. Extent of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to L. callotis, but more yellowish, ears smaller; no black patch on nape. Skull: nasals long and very wide; superorbital processes elevated, massive. Color. Head cream buff and black; whitish area about eye. Nape ochraceous buff. Above paJe ochraceous cinnamon mixed with black: rump and thighs white with a few black hairs; sides and under parts white; limbs white washed with buff on outsides; gular patch buff; gides of neck and front of shoulders ochraceous. Ears yellowish brown mixed with black anteriorly; white posteriorly; tip white; fringe on anterior edge ochraceous buff; of tips and posterior edge white. Tail, above black with many white-tipped hairs; be- neath white. But little difference between summer and winter pelage. Measurements. Total length, 530; tail vertebra;, 77; ear from crown, 146; hind foot, 131. 438. merriami. {Lcpi/s), Mearns, Proc. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 444. texensis, (texianus! Lepus), Aud. & Bach., N. Am. Quad., in, 1853, p. 156, pi. cxxxUl. (nee. Waterhouse.) Type locality. Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. " Lower Gulf coast to mouth of Rio Grande and up that stream to mouth of the Devil's River." Genl. Char. Similar to L. callotis; ears shorter and tipped with black. Color. Above grayish fawn mixed with black; nape black; sides of rump, thighs and legs grayish white lined with black; a black line on middle of rump; gular area clay color; rest of under parts white except a cream buff patch on sides of abdomen, such as are usually seen before the thighs. Tail, above black, beneath white. Ears on anterior surface yellowish brown mixed with black, the border buff succeeded by a narrow black line, inner surface with base and tip black, intermediate space grayish white; inside ears buff with an elongated black patch near outer edge; the border is white at base, then buff, and black at tip. Measurements. Total length, 570; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 123; ear from crown, 142. 439. meianotis. {Lepus), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, II, p. 297. Type locality. Independence, Kansas. Geogr. Distr. Kansas, Indian and Oklahoma Territories, and western Texas. Genl. Char. General color above bright fulvous, no gray nor ashy, head brownish yellow. Size large. Color. Above bright fulvous mixed or blotched with black, lower part of throat and pectoral band dark fulvous; sides of rump and thighs yellowish white, sometimes lined with black. Tail, above black, this color extending in a narrow line a short distance on the rump; ears anteriorly brown and black mixed; a narrow black line inside fringe, which is pale fulvous; posterior border white to the tip, which is black; inner surface white, tip black. Measurements. Total length, 590; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, 130; ear from crown, 142. 440. texensis. (texianusl Lepus), Waterh. (nee Aud. & Bachm.), Nat. Hist. Mamm., 11, 1848, p. 136. Type locality. Texas? actual locality unknown. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Oregon to Mexico, and from Sierra Nevada Mountains to eastern border of plains east of Rocky Moun- tains? Genl. Char. Size large, color fulvous, not grayish or ashy. Color. Head brownish yellow; above bright fulvous mixed with black; sides of rump and thighs white lined with black; shoulders and pectoral band deep fulvous, under parts white; ear fringed an- teriorly with bright fulvous. Tail, above black, beneath grayish; whiskers white. Measurements. Total length, 590 ; tail vertebra, 77 ; hind foot, 130; ear from crown, 142. a. — ereniicus. (/^///x), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 347. Type locality. Fairbank, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. White Mountain region, southeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. "Similar to /,. iexianust (it-xensis), as restricted bj' Dr. Mearns, but much smaller." Color. " No very obvious difference in coloration! " (Allen, 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 565; tail vertebras, 74; hind foot, 123; ear from crown, 128. b.—^riseus. {Le/>us), Mearns, Proc. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 562. Ty/ie locality. Fort Hancock, El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Upper Rio Grande from Maverick and Kinney Counties, Te.xas to Grant County, New Mexico, and south into Mexico. Genl. Char. Size about equal to /. californicus, ear larger. Color. Winter Pelage. Above brownish gray lined with black; rump and thighs gray; sides gray lined sparsely with black and tinged with yellowish brown; nape grayish white. Top of head brownish gray mixed with black; sides of head and neck tinged with yellowish brown; gular patch grayish clay color; rest of under parts white; legs gray tinged with clay color. Tail, above black, this color extending over and dividing the gray on the rump; beneath brownish; ears brownish gray on outside anteriorly, with brownish white fringes; posteriorly white tipped with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 559.2; tail vertebrae, 91.5; hind foot, 127; ear from crown, 152.8. c. — de.ierticolits. {/.e/>us), Mearns, Proc. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 564. Ty/re locality. Western edge of the Colorado Desert, at base of Coast Range Mountains in San Diego County. California. Geogr. Distr. Desert region between the Sonoyta Valley of Ari- zona and Sonora, and the Coast Range Mountains of California, and Lower California. Genl. Char. Size of /,. californicus, with large ears, colors pale. Color. Above clay color mixed with gray and black, sides and gular patch ochraceous; beneath tinged with ochraceous buff; ear pale drab and white as usually seen, tipped with black on underside. Measurements. Total length, 560; tail vertebra-, no; hind foot, 125; ear from crown, 158. 441. californicus. {l.cpus), Bachm., Journ. Acad. Phil., 1839, p. 86. bennettii. Gray, Zool. Sulphur, 1844, p. 36, pi. 14. richardsoni, Bachm., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 88. Type locality. San Diego, California. Geogr. Distr. From northern California along the coast to Cape St. Lucas. Genl. Char. Size large; ears and hind feet longer than the head; hind feet shorter than ears. Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black; sides, rump and thighs tinged with cinnamon; head like back, darkest on the crown; nape smoky gray beneath; white in center of belly and chin; chest pale yellowish brown, as are also the fore legs; hind feet whitish; tail above black, this color extending on to the rump and dividing the gray sides; beneath pale buff; ears dark brown fringed anteriorly with white and with a fulvous white border posteriori}', tips brownish black. Measurements. Total length, 545; tail vertebrae, 107; hind foot, 161; ear from notch, 125. LIBKARY UNlVfcKSllY (l^ (luNuiS -lELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. X) Felis CONCOLOR. No. 20 Field Columbian Museum Coll. H nat. size. Order VII. Camivora. Fam. I. Felidae. D. G. Elliot. Monograph of the Felida, Folio, London, i8j8-8j. St. G. Mivart. The Cat., London, j88r. Claws retractile, long, sharp, curved, compressed; feet digiti- grade, five toes on fore feet, four on hind; soles hairy; pads naked; tongue covered with sharp, horny-like papillie pointing backward; onlj' one true molar on each side above and below, and two inferior premolars; upper carnassial, (posterior premolar), very large, with a tri-lobed blade and a small inner tubercle with separate root; lower carnassial, (true molar), a large, compressed sharp blade with two subecjual lobes, without inner cusp; canines long, curved, acute, edges trenchant. Skull short, broad, facial portion short; zygomata very wide, arched; bulla; large, smooth. Clavicles not articulating with scapulas or sternum. 70. Felis. I. 1=3; C. i=I; P. tJ. M. I^ = 30. 3—3' 1— l' 2-j' I— I J Felis. Linn. Syst., 1766, i, p. 60. Type F. leo. Lynx. Raf. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, i, p. 437. Lynchus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 276. Tail long, exceeding half the length of body without head and neck; anterior premolar small. 442. concolor. {Felis), Linn., Mantiss., 1771, p. 522. discolor, Schreb. Siiugth., 1778, iii, tab. 104 B. puma, Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1830, p. 358, pi. cxxxix. floridana, Corj', Hunt & Fish. Florida, i8g6, p. 109. coryi. Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 15. Type locality. Brazil. Geogr. Dis/r. Canada from 50° north to Gulf of Mexico, and westward to Wyoming, probably to the Pacific coast. Genl. Char. Size. large; body long, legs short; tail more than half the length of body and head; young spotted. Color. Variable, upper parts from yellowish to reddish brown; 293 beneath dirty white; black patch on upper lip bordered by a white space; back of ear black; tip of tail dusky. Measurements. Total length about 2236; tail vertebrae, 815. ?a.—ore$onensis. (J^e/Lr.'), Rafin. Atlantic Journ., 1832, i, No. 2, p. 62. JiippoUstes, {Fells'), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 219. olympus, Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 220. Type locality. Northwest coast, east to Rocky Mountains. Geogr. Distr. Not entirely ascertained. Geril. Char. Size large, skull and teeth large, but probabl}' vary- ing very considerably in size. Color. Upper parts and sides rufous brown, varying in depths and shade, deepest on back and tail; tip of tail black; under parts dull white. Measurements. Total length, about 2100; tail vertebrae, 800; hind foot, 260. Skull: basal length, 160; zygomatic breadth, 130; pala- tal length, 76. A. Leopaidus. Tail long, about length of body. Posterior portion of premaxilla ver}' narrow and lengthened. 443. onca. {Felts), Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, p. 61. mexicana, Hernand. Thes. Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp., p. 498. liernandezi, Gray, P. Z. S., 1857, p. 278, pi. xviii. Type locality. Not determinable. " America meridionali." Geogr. Distr. Red River of Louisiana, southward. Genl. Char. Larger and heavier than puma; tail less than half the length of head and body; body spotted. Color. Variable. Usually above brownish yellow, beneath white spotted with black. Shoulders, neck and head covered with small black spots; which on the body, sometimes confluent, form large rosettes with one or more spots in the center, and ranged in from five to seven rows lengthwise. Black spot at opening of mouth; tail ringed with black; lips, throat, under parts and under side of tail, white. Ear behind, black, buff spot near tip. Measurements. Total length, 1900-2500; tail about 600. 444. pardalis. {Fells), Linn. Syst. Nat., i, 1766, p. 62. Type locality. Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Texas, from Red River, southward to Buenos Ayres, east of the Andes. Genl. Char. Size less than the lynx; tail less than half length of head and body. Color markings very irregular. Color, ^'ery variable. Typical style with upper parts rufous. marked with black lines and spots, some of the latter with rufous centers. Flanks and loins yellowish white, striped with rufous, mar- gined with black; legs spotted with black on light buff: feet buffy white; cheeks covered by two black lines; chin, throat, breast and belly white, the last two spotted with black; tail dark buff, banded and spotted with black, tip blackish. .\[easurements. Total length, about 970; tail vertebra.-, 347. 445- jaguarondi. {Fclis), Fisch. Zoogn., 1814, p. 228. Gfogr. Dislr. Rio Grande, Texas, southward to Paraguay east of Andes. Genl. Char. Body elongated; legs short; tail as long as body without head. Color. General color grizzled brownish graj-, hairs annulated and black tipped. Tail like body. Some specimens black with rufous tinge, tips of hairs white. Mtasurements. Total length, 678: tail vertebra?, 365. 446. eyra. {Fe/is), Fisch. Zoogn., 1814, p. 228. Geogr. Distr. Brownsville, Te.\as, south to Paraguay east of the Andes. Genl. Char. Body long and slender; legs short, tail very long. Color. Rich brownish red; darkest on the back, lightest on belly. Tail same color. yfeasiiremenls. Total length, 670: tail vertebra', 230. *B. Lynx. Tail short, less than half the length of body without head; anterior premolar wanting. 447. canadensis. (Felis), Desm. Manim., 1820, p. 224. Type locality. Canada. Geogr. Dislr. Boreal America, latitude of Maine to 60- north latitude and from .\tlantic to Pacific Oceans, possibly only south of .\laska. Gtitl. Char. Bodj' stout, legs very long; feet very large; fur dense and very long. Color. Light gray, base of hairs rufous, giving a reddish tinge to the coat; top of head and back darkest. Ears behind black with a gray patch, and with tufts of black hairs projecting upwards from the tips; under parts white. Mc-asiinmenls. Total length, 766; tail vertebra, 129. a.—mollipiloxu8. {Lyn.x), Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1900, P; 48- 'Several of the varieties in this subgenus hold a very questionable, distinctive rank. Type locality. Wainwright Inlet, Point Barrow, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern America south to British Columbia. Genl. Char. Similar to F. (Z.) canadensis, but browner and less gray. "Skull narrower, higher and more arched than L. canadensis, and much more constricted across the frontals and between the orbits; the postorbital processes are conspicuously more slender." Color. " Browner and less gray than true (Lynx) canadensis, with a very dense, soft, wooly pelage." Measurements. "'Total length, 1040; tail vertebra:-, 130; hind foot, 260." (Stone 1. c. ) b.—subsolanus. {Lynx), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 49. Type locality. Codroy, Newfoundland. Geogr. Distr. Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Size of F. canadensis, but darker. Color. Upper parts black and hazel mixed; legs and arms dull yellowish hazel faintly spotted with darker; tail dull hazel above, dirty white beneath, tip black; belly wood brown spotted with black, long hairs dirty white. Measurements. Type. Total length, 919; tail vertebrae, 109; hind foot, 219; ear from notch. So. 448. rufa. (Fells), Guldenst. , Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop., 1776, xx, p. 499. Type locality. New York. Geogr. Distr. Central North .\merica from southern Georgia to Maine. Genl. Char. Body moderately stout, tail short, legs long; fur soft, full. Color. Yellowish brown spotted on sides with dark brown. Brown stripe on forehead and one on back and tail. Under parts yellowish white spotted with black. Legs yellowish brown spotted with black on outside, dull white on inner barred with black; chin and throat whitish; breast white barred with black. Two black bars across cheek. Measurements. Total length, 750; tail vertebra, 107. a.—maciolata. (Felis), Vig. & Horsf. Zool. Journ., 1829, iv, p. 381, Pl. 13- Type locality. Mexico? Geogr. Distr. Texas to California. Genl. Char. Fur coarse; distinct spots on back and sides. Color. Above chestnut brown, darkest on back, with rather indistinct spots, also on outer side of legs; under parts white with large black spots. Inside of thighs banded with black and chestnut. Tail beneath white, tip above black. Measurements. Total length, about goo; tail vertebras, 126. b.—fnacintn. {Lynx), Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 11, 181 7, p. 46. 7"i/(- loealitx. Borders of plains and woods of the Columbian River. Geogr. Distr. Oregon and Washington. Genl. Char. Fur very full and soft, color reddish. Color. Rich chestnut brown above, pale on sides and throat; belly white spotted with black. Terminal third of tail black. Measurements. Total length, 890; tail vertebrae, 139; hind foot, 129. (Skin.) c. — pallescens. (Lvn.v), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 16, 1899, p. 104. T)/e locality. Trout Lake, base of Mount Adams, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Region about Shasta Mountain, California, Ore- gon? and Washington. Genl. Char. Similar to F. r. fasciata, but smaller and paler. Color. General color hoary gray, paler than F. r. fasciata, gray ear patch larger. d .—oculeic. {Lynx), Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Soc. , 1899, p. 23. Type locality. Nicasio, Marin County, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California, north of San Fran- cisco Bay. Genl. Char. Back dusky; ferruginous color lacking. Color. Upper parts, hairs ringed with black and grayish brown, often black tipped; back darker without stripes or spots; sides gray, ochraceoiis buff of under fur showing through. Top of head and face grizzled gray lined and spotted with black; arms grayish brown above spotted with brownish black, below white banded with black; legs grayish brown on inside, spotted and banded with black. Tail, rusty brown above barred with black, beneath and at tip white. Under parts white, lower sides pale cinnamon spotted and barred with black; collar of ochraceous buff on under side of neck barred with black. Measurements. "Type. Total length, 778; tail vertebras, 139.7; hind foot, 158.75; ear, 72.8." e.—hnileyi. {Lyn.x), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 79. Type locality. Moccasin Spring, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. .Arizona, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to F. rufa, but paler above and having a shorter tail I Color. Upper parts suffused with a buffy tint, dark markings not extensive. No black on face and forehead, black tip of tail very narrow. Measurements. Total length, 745; tail vertebrae, 132; hind foot, 165. f.—eremica. (Lynx), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897, xx, P- 457- Type locality. Laguna Station, Colorado Desert, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. Eastern and western desert tracts on the Mexican line. Color. Above grizzled pale yellowish brown, spotted and striped with brown and black; legs ochraceous buff mixed with grayish; un- der parts white and with inside of limbs spotted or banded with black. Flanks and outside of limbs spotted with yellowish brown. Tail, reddish brown above, white below, subterminal spot of black, rest barred with black; ears as usual. Measurements. Total length, 925; tail vertebrae, 170; hind foot, 185. g.— calif ornico . {Lvnx), Mearns, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897, xx, p. 458. Type locality. San Diego, California. Geogr. Distr. Pacific coast tract of California, and Lower Cali- fornia. Color. Above reddish brown mixed with gray and black, and two interrupted black lines from shoulder to root of tail. Outer sides of limbs and sides ochraceous buff mixed with gray and spotted with yellowish brown. Inner surface of limbs, under surface of head and body, and under side of tail white, banded or spotted with black. Chest with a rusty gray collar spotted with black. Measurements. Total length, 752; tail vertebrae, 150. h.—texensis. {Lynx), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 188. rufus var. maciilatus, Kerr, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1792, i, pt. i, No. 297 (nee Vig. & Horsf.}. ru/us var. maculatus, Aud. & Bach., N. Am. Quad., 11, 1851, p. 293, pi. xcll (nee Vig. & Horsf.). Type locality. Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas, and New Mexico to southern California. Color. Above chestnut brown, darkest on dorsal region, spotted and sprinkled with black; the spots largest and most distinct on limbs and flanks. Under parts white with large black spots. Inside LIBRARY UNIVERSIIY '.n IILINUIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XXIX. Canis LATRANS. No. 376 Field Columbian Museum Coll. ]4 nat. size. of legs banded with black. Tail, above rusty gray or brown, tip black, beneath white. Ears black with a central gray spot. Measurements. Total length, 824; tail vertebr;i', 115. i.—fl^ridana. {/,yn.x), Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., 11, 1817, p. 46. 7y/>t- locality. Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida to Louisiana, Gulf coast. Genl. Char. Slender, feet small, darker in color than F. rufa, spotted. Color. Above and on sides gray without rufous tinge, spotted and lined on body and head distinctly with black; dorsal surface mixed with black. Tail, with half rings above and tip black, beneath white; under parts white spotted with black. Measurements. Total length, about 890; tail, 175. 449- gigas. {Lynx), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 50. Type locality. Bear River, Nova Scotia. Geogr. Distr. Nova Scotia, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Large, upper parts blackish. Color. Upper parts cinnamon and black, latter color most prominent on back; tail above cinnamon mixed with black, beneath white, tip black; under parts dull white spotted with black; pectoral collar cinnamon; feet beneath black. Measurements. Type. Total length, 1,001; tail vertebrae, 177; hind foot, 200. Fam. II. Caiiidae. St. George Mivart, Monograph of the Canidae, i8go. C. H. Merriam, Review of the Coyotes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 19. Claws not retractile; feet digitigrade: four toes on hind foot, five on fore foot, one rudimentary situated high above the others, some- times absent. Bullae inflated; paroccipital process in contact with bulla?. Sub. Fam. I. Cauinae. 71. Caiiis. I- r^ C. ■=•; P. t=4. M. ?=? = 42. 3-3' 1—1' 4-4' i-i ^ Canis. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 56. Type C. lupus. Nose long, tapering; jaws elongated; postorbital processes of the frontals short; orbit open posteriorly; brain case lengthened, com- pressed anteriorly; claws short, blunt, slightly curved. Upper car- nassial with a strong blade, the middle lobe conical, pointing back- wards, the anterior lobe nearly obsolete; lower carnassial with a bilobed blade, compressed, the hinder lobe the larger, with two cusps and a raised interior border. 450. occidentalis. (Cant's), Rich. Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, p. 60. griseis, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1829, p. 66. alt-r, Rich., Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, p. 115. occidtntalis var. rufus, Aud. & Bach. N. A. Quad., 1851, 11, p. 240, pi. IxxxU. Type locality. Not given. Plains of Saskatchewan ? Geogr. Disir. Western North America to Nebraska and Idaho, south to Mexico, north to Greenland; rare in United States east of the Mississippi. Genl. Char. Size very large, color usually light, white to grizzled gray. Color. The color of this species varies greatly from all white through different degrees of gray to all black; majority gray and white tinged with brown. Doubtfully distinct from C. lupus of the Old World. Measurements. Total length, 1,449; tail vertebrse, 399. 451. nubilus. (Cants), Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1823, i, p. 169. Type locality. Prairie near Council Bluffs, Iowa. Geogr. Distr. Great Slave Lake to longitude of Idaho, south to Nebraska and to California ? Genl. Char. Size large, color sooty or plumbeous brown. Color. Say's description of type. " Dusky color, the hair cin- ereous at the base, then brownish black, then gray, then black; the gray of the hairs combining with the black tip to produce a mottled appearance; the gray predominating on the sides. Ears short, deep brownish-black, with a patch of gray hair within. The under parts dusky ferruginous, grayish with long hairs between the thighs and with a large white spot on the breast, the ferruginous color very much narrowed on the neck, but dilated on the lower part of the cheeks; legs brownish black with a slight admixture of gray hairs, excepting on the anterior edge of the hind thighs; and the lower edgings of the toes, where the gray predominated; the tail was short, fusiform, a little tinged with ferruginous, black above, near the base, and at the tip; the top of the trunk hardly attaining the os calcis; the longer hairs of the back, particularly over the shoulders, resembled a short, sparse mane." The specimen figured by Richardson, Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, p. 69, pi. 3, Mamm. , was killed at Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, Lat. 61. Mfasurements. Total length, about 1.365; tail vertebrae, 273. ^52- latrans. {Cam's), Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., i, 1S23, p. 168. 7'y/>e locality. Council Bluffs, Iowa. Gfogr. Distr. Northern valley of the Mississippi, westwards on northern edge of plains to Rocky Mountains in Alberta Province. Genl. Char. Size large, color pale; premolar and carnassial teeth very large and greatly swollen. Color. Muzzle pale fulvous sprinkled with gray and black; top of head grizzled gray; ears deep fulvous, sprinkled with black; upper parts buffy gray and black; under parts and upper lip whitish; throat hairs tipped with blackish; color grizzled, fore legs and feet dirty white, clay color on outer side; hind legs and feet fulvous on outer side, white on inner and on top of feet; tail tipped with black; under- neath white basally, pale fulvous on distal half, tipped and edged with black. Measureiiunts. Total length, 1,219; tail vertebra-, 394; hind foot, 179. 453. nebracensis. {Ciim's), Merr., Science, 1898, p. 782. pallidits., Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 24 (preoccupied). Type locality. Johnstown, Brown County, Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. Great Plains, eastern Colorado to Canada. Genl. Char. Like C. latrans, but paler; skull and teeth smaller. Color. Muzzle ochraceous buff; top of head grizzled grayish tinged with buff; ears buff; upper parts buffy white, mixed with black; under parts white; no distinct collar; fore and hind legs and feet soiled white tinged with buff on outer side of fore, and pale fulvous on hind, legs; tail pale, under side white basally, then buff and tipped with black. Measurements. Smaller than C. latrans, hind foot, (not in flesh), 77. Basal length of skull, 177; of Hensel, 173: zygomatic breadth, 100; palatal length, 93; mastoid breadth, 63.5; length of crown of upper carnassial tooth, 21. ^54. lestes. {Cants), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 25. Type locality. Togabe Mountains near Cloverdale, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to the plateau of northern Arizona and New Mexico, and to Mexican boundarj-. Genl. Char. Size medium; ears and tail large; color similar to C. latrans; skull and teeth medium. Color. Muzzle pale cinnamon rufous; top of head grizzled gray and ochraceous, crown, nape and ears fulvous; rest of upper parts grayish buffy mixed with black; under parts whitish tinged with buff on belly; ruff tipped with black; fore and hind legs buffy ochraceous on outer side, whitish on inner, and on hind feet; tail broadly tipped with black: white beneath on basal third, ochraceous on remainder, the hairs tipped with black towards the black tip. Measuremetits. Total length, 1116; tail vertebrae, 320; hind foot, 200. 455. frustror. {Canis), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1851, p. 147. Type locality. Port Gibson, Neosho and Arkansas Rivers, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Gulf region of Texas from Nueces Bay north- ward, and possibly through the States into Oklahoma and Indian Territories. Genl. Char. Larger than C. pfiiinsuhe of Lower California, colors paler, ears shorter, rostrum longer. Color. Muzzle cinnamon rufous; top of head, nape and ears pale fulvous; rest of upper parts buffy ochraceous mixed with black; under parts whitish tinged with buff on belly; ruff tipped with black; fore and hind legs and feet fulvous all round; upper surface of fore legs and feet mixed with black, forming a stripe: outer face of thighs sprinkled with black half way to heel; tail above fulvous, white basally, hairs of distal half tipped with black. Measurements. Total length, iigo; tail vertebrae, 330; hind foot, 200. 456. mearnsi. {Canis), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 30. Type locality. Quitobaquita, Pima County, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Southern Arizona into Sonora. Genl. Char. Size small: color bright; skull and teeth small. Color. Forehead grizzled gray and fulvous; top of head, nape and ears light fulvous; muzzle cinnampn rufous; rest of upper parts buffy ochraceous mixed with black; under parts white, bell}' tinged with buffy ochraceous; throat buffy, hairs tipped with black; fore and hind legs and feet bright orange fulvous all round; upper sides of fore legs with black mixture; tail beneath pale fulvous, whitish at base, remainder with black tipped hairs: tip black. Measurements. Total length, iioo; tail vertebrae, 330; hind foot, 180. 457. estor. (Canis), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 31. Type locality. Noland's Ranch, San Juan River, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Deserts of eastern California, Nevada and Utah. Genl. Char. Size small, color pale; carnassial and molar teeth small. LIBRARY U'JIVfHMIV :lh HLIIVUIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XXX. VULPES PENNSYLVANICA. No. 100 Field Columbian Museum Coll. i nat. size. Color. Muzzle pale fulvous, top of head gra}' and bufl; ears and nape ochraceous buff; upper parts huffy mixed with black; under parts whitish; ruff conspicuously black tipped; outer side of fore legs bright buff, pale on inner side, and on fore feet; outer side of hind legs and feet huffy ocliraceous; inner side of hind leg and upper surface of hind foot white; under side of tail ochraceous, white basally, hairs of distal half tipped with black; tip of tail black. Measiirements. Total length, 1052; tail vertebra', 300: hind foot, 179. 458. ochropus. (Canis), Eschsch. Zool., Atlas, iii, 1S29, pp. 1-2, pi. II. Type locality. California. Geogr. Distr. San Joaquin Valley, California. Genl. Char. Similar to C. lairans, but smaller, darker; and more highly colored; ears larger; skull and teeth smaller. Color. Muzzle grizzled cinnamon rufous; top of head grayish fulvous, rest of upper parts buffy ochraceous mixed with black; under parts whitish, belly tinged with huff; grizzled hairs of ruff tipped with black, sometimes going on to breast as in C. estor and C. mcarnsi; fore and hind legs and feet fulvous all round, paler on inner side, and verj' deep on outer side of hind leg; upper side of fore leg strongly marked with black; outer side of thighs with black tipped hairs; tail beneath pale fulvous, white basally, tipped and edged with black; terminal third of under side hairs black tipped; extreme tip often white. Measurements. Total length, 11 10; tail vertebrae, 295; hind foot, 180.* 73. Viilpes. I. |=_3; C. '=^; p. i=-n M. ?^= 42. 3—3' "-1 4-4' 3-3 ^ Vulpes, Briss., Reg. Anim., 1758, p. 239. Ltucocyon, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 521. Body rather short; legs short; tail long, bushy, more than half the length of body, fur soft, hair long; muzzle elongated, tapering; ears moderate, erect; nasals not extending back to maxillaries; postorbital processes above concave; temporal crests nearly in con- tact. A. Vulpes. 459. harrimani. {Vulpes), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 14. Type locality. Kadiak Island, Alaska. * It is difficult to distinguish tlicsu varieties of tiic Coyote hy any descriptioQ, and still more so by the skins or skulls. Genl. Char. Largest of American foxes. Skull large, postorb- ital processes slightly developed. Color. Nose pale fulvous and white; head above from eyes to nape buffy white, grizzled with j-ellowish fulvous; fore part of back yellowish fulvous, lower part buffy white and fulvous; chin, throat, inguinal region and strip on belly grayish buff, rest of under parts yellowish fulvous; ears black; legs and feet pale fulvous, with a black spot on upper surface of feet. Tail, gray and yellowish ful- vous, with indistinct black spot on upper part of dorsal surface; tip buffy white. Afeasuremenis. Total length, 1260; tail vertebra;, 450; tail to end of hairs, 550. Skull: nasal length, 140; zygomatic breadth, 77; palatal length, 74.5; interorbital breadth, 27.5; postorbital constric- tion, 22.5; breadth of rostrum at root of canines, 26.3. 460. pennsylvanica. [Cants), Bodd., Elench., 1784, i, p. 96. ftilva, Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 203. dccussata, Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 203. Type locality. Virginia. Geogr. Distr. Canadian boundary to Georgia, westward to the great plains. Genl. Char. Colors various; hair long, silky, soft; tail large, bushy. Color. Bright yellowish rufous, darkest on back and shoulders; throat, neck, center of breast and abdomen dark gray; chin, sides of throat, insides of thighs near belly white; front side of fore legs and feet and front of lower hind legs and top of hind feet black. Tail darker than the body, hairs terminating in black. Tip usually pale color, but varies among individuals. Ears black. Three styles of coloration exist: The above or typical style; — with a dark cross on the back and shoulders, known as Cross Fox; — and all black with a white-tipped tail, or Black Fox. Measurements. Total length, 920; tail vertebrae, 415; hind foot, 140. a. — arfentata. (Cants), Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1800, p. 325. Type locality. Louisiana! Geogr. Distr. Boreal regions, North America. Genl. Char. Black, many hairs on back and rump tipped with grayish white. Color. Black, back and rump hoary, in some specimens the terminal portion of hairs on head, neck and back are white. Under fur blackish brown. Tail black, tip white. Soles of feet covered thickly with hair. Measurements. Total length, 840; tail vertebrae, 300. b.—macruras. [Vul/'is), Baird, Stansb. Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 309. Type locality. Great Salt Lake. Geogr. Distr. Nebraska to California south to Oklahoma Terri- tory and Arizona. Gcnl. Char. Size large; color pale; tail vertebrae usually 18 inches. Color. Similar to V. penns\lvanica; general color pale ochre yellow, brightest on sides; back tinged with reddish; lower part of back variegated with yellowish white; dark yellowish cross on shoul- ders; top of head grizzled. Under parts generally yellowish white. Base of ear yellow, rest black. Tail dull yellow lighter on sides, hairs tipped with black; end of tail yellowish white. Fore feet black; hind feet with a black line on upper part. Measurements. Total length, 1265; tail vertebrae, 454; to end of hairs, 555; breadth, 224. c.—rubricosa. {Vulpes), Bangs, Science, vii, 1898, p. 271. vafra. Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 53 (nee Leidy). Type locality. Digby, Nova Scotia. Geogr. Distr. Nova Scotia, northern eastern N. Am. ? Genl. Char. Larger than V. pennsylvanica ; bright ferruginous in general color instead of tawny ochraceous. Color. Upper parts and sides deep bright ferruginous, some hairs yellow tipped; abdomen, inner sides of flanks and upper lip white; chin, throat and center of belh' grayish white; tail ferrugin- ous, hairs black tipped, end white; ear black, edged with yellow; fore legs and feet black; hind feet black mixed with ferruginous; narrow black line on flank. Measurements. Type. Total length, 1077; tail vertebra, 401; hind foot, 106. 461. deletrix. {Vulpes), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 36. Type locality. Bay St. George, Newfoundland. Geogr. Distr. Newfoundland. Labrador? Genl. Char. Size small, tail short; hind foot very large; soles hairy, claws long, stout; ears large, round, color variable. Color. Upper parts pale ochre yellow, dark on sides of face, shoulder and inside flanks. Under parts and border of upper lip white. Feet black above to ankle joint, beneath dull brownish yel- low. Tail pale dull yellow, tip white, some hairs black tipped. Measurements. Type. Total length, 959; tail vertebra;, 336; hind foot, 161; ear from notch, 79. Skull: basal length, 123.4; zygomatic breadth, 72; mastoid breadth, 47; least interorbital width, 26. 2; length of mandible, 99.8. ■^62. velox. {Cam's), Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. , i, 1823, p. 487. cinereo-argentatus, Sabine, (nee Erxleb.) Frank Journ., p. 658. microtus, Reich. Reg. Anim., p. 10, figs. 72 and 73. Type locality. Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. Colorado and Nebraska north to the plains of the Saskatchewan, Assiniboia. Genl. Char. Size small, head short, broad; legs short; tail half as long as the body and head. Color. Top of head, ears, upper part of body and tail yellowish gray, darkest on back, hairs tipped with white; sides of neck, flanks and upper portion of legs buffy white, inclining to rufous where it meets the gray of upper parts. A black patch on each side of muzzle, some hairs white tipped. Under part and legs white; under part of tail buff, tip black. Measurements. Total length, 645 ; tail vertebrae, 226 ; hind foot, 95. 463. macrotis. (Vulpes), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1888, iv, P- 135- Type locality. Riverside County, southern California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California south to Mexico. Genl. Char. Size small; ears long, broad; muzzle, legs and tail long and slender; tail longer than body. Soles of feet haired. Color. Upper parts grizzled gray, palest on head, darkest on back; sides, upper surface of legs and pectoral band pale fulvous. Under parts white mixed with pale ochraceous buff. Measurements. Total length, 850; head and body, 510; tail verte- brae, 290; to end of hairs, 340; hind foot, no; height of ear to crown, 68. Skull occipito-nasal length, 103; zygomatic breadth, 58.2; inter- orbital constriction, 19.8; palatal length, 55.7; mandible, 83.8; (Mer- riam 1. c.) 464. lagopus. (Canis), Linn. Syst. Nat., i, 1766, p. 59. Type locality. Lapland? Geogr. Distr. Polar regions of both hemispheres from 50° north latitude to Arctic Sea. Genl. Char. Size small; tail thick, bushy; pelage changing to white in winter. Color. Summer Pelage. Head and upper parts, flanks and out- side of legs, brown; under parts and inside of legs dingy white; tail brownish above, white beneath, tip white. Winter Pelage. Pure white. Measurements. Total length, 787; tail vertebrae, 262; heel to end of claw, 115. LIBRARY UNlVtRSIIY Of ILLIIMUIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. [[zoology, PL. XXXI. Urocyon cinereo-argenteus scotii. No.'.;574 Field Columbian Museum Coll. 5i nat. siz 465. hallensis. {Vu/fes), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, P- 15- Type locality. Hall Island, Bering Sea. Genl. Char. Similar to V. lagopus. Skull broader and shorter; bulla- large. Color. Head sooty mixed with white between eyes and on sides; upper parts and legs sooty brown; sides and under parts buffy; chin and upper part of throat dusky gray; ears dusky edged with buffy white; nose whitish; hind feet dusky grizzled with white. Tail dusky above at base, yellowish buff distally; beneath yellowish white. Mtasuremenls. Total length, 825; tail vertebra;, 290; hind foot, 140. 72. Urocyon. I. t:-^; C. '—; P. i=i; M. ?=? = 42. i~i' i-i' 4—4' 3—3 ^ Urocyon. Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 121. Type Cam's virgin!- anus, Erxleb. "Tail with a concealed mane of stiff hairs, without any soft fur intermixed; muzzle short; temporal crests widely separated. Upper incisors scarcely lobed; postorbital processes bent but little down- wards, the anterior edge turned up; a longitudinal shallow pit at its base. Supplementary tubercle on the lower sectorial. The under jaw with an angular emargination below." (Baird, 1. c.) 466. cincreo-argenteus. {Canis), Mull. Natur. Suppl., 1776, p. 29. I'irginiiiniis, Schreb. Siiugth., 1778, iii, pi. 92 B. grisfus, Bodd. Elench. Anim., 1784, i, p. 37. 7ype locality. Unknown. North America. Geogr. Distr. Eastern North America from Georgia north to New England, west to Mississippi Valley. Genl. Char. Size large; tail more than half the length of head and body, bushy. Color. Entire upper parts silver gray, extending over outer side of fore legs; base of ears, patch at side of neck, collar on throat, interior surface of fore legs, and a broad band along belly cinnamon rufous. Rest of under parts, inside of thighs, and a line down hind legs grayish white. Chin and patch on nose near muzzle' black. Tail above silver gray, central portion and tip black, beneath light chestnut. Measurements. Total length, 930; tail vertebra^ 317; hind foot, 135. a.—floridanus. {L'rocyon), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., Phil., 1895, p. 42. Type locality. Tarpon Springs, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida generally, north into Georgia where it inter- grades with U. cinereo-argenteus. Genl. Char. Size small; hind foot, tail and ears shorter, pelage harsher than in U. cinereo-argenteus. Color. Top of head, upper parts and upper surface of legs and feet silver gray; chin, whisker patch, double line from nose to cheeks, line on upper part and tip of tail, black; sides of neck, band on throat, and under surface of fore leg rusty brown; throat and stripe on cheek white; rest of under parts rusty fulvous. Soles of feet cin- namon. Measurements. Type. Total length, 900; hind foot, 125; tail vertebrae, 260; ear from crown, 60. (Dry skin.) (Rhoads.) b.—scotti. (C/roeyon), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 236. Type locality. Pinal County, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Southern California, Arizona and western New Mexico. Genl. Char. Similar in size and color to U. cinereo-argenteus. Longer ears and tail, muzzle more attenuated, colors paler. Color. Hoary, gray, sometimes a median black line from head to base of tail; sides paler. Lower jaw and sides of muzzle black except white spot near tip; lower sides of cheeks, throat, patch on breast, and one on belly white, sides of neck, hinder surface of legs yellowish fulvous; anterior of fore legs hoary; chest and inner sides of legs fulvous; tail gray with a narrow black stripe above, and beneath yellowish fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 9S5; tail vertebree, 405; hind leg from knee joint, 240. c. — tex^nsis. ([/rocyon), Mearns, Proc. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1897, p. 459. Type locality. San Pedro, Eagle Pass, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to U. cinereo-argenteus, but paler; ears larger; tail longer. Color. Markings of the limbs, sides of neck and base of ears, which are chestnut or cinnamon rufous in the typical form, are och- raceous. (Mearns, I.e.) Measurements. Height of ear above crown, 80; hind foot, 1:28; tail vertebrae, 350. d. — calif ornicus . {Urocyon), Mearns, Proc. Nat. Mus., Wash., 1897, p. 459. Type locality. San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, Cali- fornia. UROCYON. URSUS. 300 Geogr. Distr. California to Washington. Genl. Char. Similar to U. c. texensis, with longer ears and grayer, less fulvous coloring. Color Like U. cinereo-argcntcus, with the color of the back about the same, but the coloration as a whole is paler; and the California animals lack the black down the fore legs. Measurements. Total length, 890; tail vertebra, 330; hind foot, 120. (Mearns, 1. c.) e.—townsendi. (i'rocypn), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 16, 1899, p. 103. Type locality. Baird, Shasta County, California. Geogr. Distr. Transition Zone, Shasta, California. Gfiil. Char. Similar to U. californicus, but ears smaller, fulvous tints darker; rostrum broader, zygomata broader anteriorly; carnas- sials larger and thicker. Color. Above grizzled gra)' and black, fulvous coloring darker than in U. californicus. Sides of neck and lower part of throat rufous; ears dark, grizzled fulvous, chin white. Tail like upper parts. f.—ocythous. [L'rocvon), Bangs, New Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 43. Type locality. Platteville, Wisconsin. Geogr. Distr. Upper Mississippi Valley. Gcnl. Char. Size large, colors deeper than typical style. Color. As compared with U. cinereo-argentcus, back and sides are more yellowish, not so gray; red sides of neck, lower sides, arms and legs more ferruginous; under surface and sides of tail more fer- ruginous, less black and gray; outer surface of ear much more fer- ruginous without so marked a dull grayish, brown tip. (Bangs, 1. c.) Measurements. Type. Total length, 1024; tail vertebra;, 386; hind foot, 136. Fam. III. Ursidae. C. H. Merriam. Preliminary Synopsis of the American Bears. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., i8q6, p. 65. True molars with broad flat tuberculated crowns; fourth upper premolar with no inner root, bullae scarsely inflated; soles naked; feet plantigrade. Sub. Fam. I. Ursinae. 73. Ursus. 1.3-'; c. I^; P. '^■, M. '—'=42. 3-3 i-i' 4-4' 3-3 ^ Ursus, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 47. Type U. arctus, Linn. Thalassarctos. Gray, Ann. of Phil., 1825, p. 62. Danis. Gray, Ann. Philos., 1825, p. Iv. Euarctos. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 692. Size large; bodj' heavy, bulky; three upper and under anterior molars very small with but a single root and frequently deciduous; fourth upper premolar lacks inner tubercle supported by a separate root; fourth premolar larger than those before it, the upper one has three roots, the lower one two; skull elongate, feet broad, toes armed with long, somewhat curved claws; non-retractile; palms and soles naked. Tail exceedingly short; ears erect, rather short, hairy. A. Thalassarctus. Neck elongate; upper tubercular molar elongate; palate broad, suddenly contracted behind last molar; posterior nasal aperture elon- gate, narrow; sides arched, contracted in middle. Soles of feet hairj', with small bald pads. Forehead nearly on line with nose. 467. maritimus. {C'rsus), Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 165. Tj/c- locality. Arctic region. Geogr. Distr. Arctic regions of the world. Genl. Char. Head elongate; molars small and narrow. Color. White at all seasons; sometimes portions of the pelage tinged with \ellow or saffron. Measurements. Total length, 2500-3300. Skull: greatest length, 407; greatest width, 245. Dimensions vary greatly among indi- viduals. B. Ursus. Forehead concave, rounded; brain case swollen; nostrils ovate covered by a lid; nose longer than broad; palate flat; base of toes beneath covered with hair. 468. middendorffi. {Ursiis), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S96, p. 69. pi. Iv, figs. 2 and 3; pi. v, fig. 2; pi. vi, fig. 2; p. 70, fig- 7- Type locality. Kadiak Island, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Kadiak Island, Alaskan Peninsula, Kenai Penin- sula, Prince William Sound, Sushitna and Kuik River regions, and the Alaskan Mountains. Genl. Char. Size large; frontal region in male considerably elevated, arched and rather narrow; postzygomatic part of skull very short. Color. The color varies greatly among individuals, being of various shades and combinations of dark and yellowish browns. Measurements. Skull: Front of premaxillary to end of occipital crest, 440; gnathion to occipital condyles, 392; gnathion to basion, 377; Hensel, 370; zygomatic breadth, 277; occipito-sphenoid length, D COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. Z06lOGY, PL. URSUS (TMALAiSARCTUbl MARITlMUS. No. 34 Field Columbian Museum Coll. 'A oat. size. I05; postpalatal length, 167; basion to plane of front of last upper molar, 238; interorbital breadth, 98; distance between postorbital processes, 132.5; occipito-nasal length, 358; height of brain case above pterj-goid, 160; height of brain case above basisphenoid, 123. (Merriain.) No measurements of the bod}' of this bear have been recorded, but among a number of individuals the size varies greath-, some be- ing comparatively small. 469. dalli. {Ursus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 71, figs. 8, 9, p. 72; pi. V, fig. i; pi. vi, fig. 5. *si(kensis, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 73, pi. \i, fig. i; pi. V, fig. 3. Type locality. Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Coast country between Copper River to and in- cluding Baranof Island, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size slightly less than the Kadiak bear; skull long and massive; frontals rather flat and only slightly elevated above orbits; postorbital processes strongly developed and decurved in old age; par-occipital process very large and heavy, but relatively short. Molariform teeth large and heavy; fourth upper premolar extraordi- narily large and high, nearly as broad as long, quadrituberculate (an accessory cusp on inner side in front of posterointernal cusp), lower first molar much as in the grizzlies, the interspace between anterior and posterior parts of both on inner side fitted by one or more cusp- lets; upper second molar large and broad, with heel elongate and broadly rounded posteriorly in male; shorter and more obliquely truncated in female; fourth lower premolar large and high without distinct heel, the main cusp occupying nearly the whole crown of the tooth; a strongly developed peg-like accessory cusp usually present on inner side of main cusp a little behind the middle. Mt-asurements of Skull of Type. Greatest length of cranium, 424; greatest basal length, 400; basal length, 366; Hensel, 360; zygo- matic breadth, 269; occipito-sphenoid length, 107; postpalatal length, 172; basion to plane of foot of last upper molar, 242; inter- orbital breadth, 92; distance between postorbital processes, 134; occipito-nasal length, 360; height of brain case above pterygoid, 148; height of brain case above basisphenoid, 117. (Merriam.) Color. No description of the color of this bear nor any meas- urements than those above have been given. * I agree with Mr. Lydekker, P. Z. S.. 189;. p. ^16, that the district in which these bears are found is too limited to admit of two species so closely allied, and differences in skulls and cheek teeth among individual mammals of the same genus are easily found. 0. Danis. " Fur shaggy, front claws much longer than the hinder, broadly depressed, whitish; palate narrow and contracted behind; ears small. Hind foot elongate." 470. horribilis. {Crsia), Ord, Guthr. Geog., 2nd Am. ed., 11, 1815, pp. 291, 299, 300. Type locality. Montana. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountains north of Wyoming and Utah; British Columbia to Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large; fore claws very long and straight; whit- ish. Skull: frontal region elevated above orbits highest behind post- orbital processes, concealing sagittal crest. Color. Usually brownish yellow with a blackish dorsal stripe; mane reddish brown, darkest near tips of hairs, which are brownish yellow or brown; legs generally black or blackish brown. Measurements. Skull: total length, 380; end of intermaxillary to end of condyle, 262; greatest width, 235; between orbits, 86. a.—alascensis. (C'rsus), Merr.,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 74. (in text.) Type locality. Norton Sound, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Not determined. Genl. Char. "Compared with Rocky Mountain Grizzly it is somewhat larger, the frontal region is furrowed antero-posteriorly between the orbits, the palate averages longer, and the blade of the coronoid process of the mandible is narrower; the first lower molar is broader posteriorly and is much more abruptly and deeply narrowed on the outer side immediately in front of the posterior cusp. Except in a single skull (an old male from the Shaktolik River, No. 76,470), the combined length of the basioccipital and basisphenoid along the median line is decidedly less than half the length of the palate. In the Rocky Mountain Grizzly the occipito-sphenoid length is decidedly greater than half the length of the palate." (Merriam.) b. —horriaeus. {Ursus), Baird, Rept. Mex. Bound. Surv. Mamm., 11, pp. 24-29, 1859. Type locality. Copper mines, Rio Mimbres, Grant County, south- western New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Colorado and southern Utah, through New Mexico and Arizona to southern California. Genl. Char. Size large, frontal region highest between post- orbital processes; temporal impressions nearly straight and elevated anteriorly, forming crests. COLUMBIAN MUSEUM ZOOLOGY, PL. X) Ursus HORRIBILUS. No. 35 Field Columbian Museum Coll. H nat. siz LIBRARY UNIVtRSIlY Of ILLIi-iUiS URBaNA LIBRAKV UNIVERSIIY OF ILLIIMUIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XXXIV. Ursus (Euarctus) AMERICANUS. No. 36 Field Columbian Museum Coll. % nat. siz Measurements. ''Skull: total length, 14. lo inches; end of inter- maxillary to end of condyle, 13.70; greatest width, 7.20; greatest height above base of cranium, 4.10; distance between orbits, 2.85; distance between orbital processes, 3.80; length of nasal bones, 3.90; width before nasals, 1.30; narrowest part of muzzle behind canines, 3.10; upper incisors from front to molars, 3.18; to hinder margin of palate, 7; width between external edges, 1.80; upper molars, length taken together, 3; least distance between, 1.80; from intermaxillary to end of nasals, 6.27; to commencement of orbit, 5.60: between post- orbital points and occiput, 7.80; from postorbital points to end of nasals, 4.94; end of intermaxillaries, 7.40." (Baird.) 471. richardsoni. {I'rstis), Mayne-Reid, Bruin; The Grand Bear Hunt, London, i860, Am. ed., 1864, p. 260. Type locality. Great Slave Lake, Arctic America. Geogr. Distr. Barren Grounds between Hudson Bay and Mackenzie River; hilly regions east and north of Great Bear Lake; lower Rockies west of the l^Iackenzie, possibly to the upper tribu- taries of the Yukon." Genl. Char. Frontal shield of skull truncated posteriorly by the temporal crests. These begin on the posterior edge of the postorbi- tal processes, and go towards the median line, and form nearly a right angle with the cranial axis. Muzzle short and slightly upturned. Dentition is distinctly of the Grizzh' type. Color. Yellowish brown, sometimes very light, giving a " whit- ish appearance to the animal." Measurements. Total length, 5 ft. 2 in.; tail, .6; height to top of shoulder, 2 ft. g; length of sole of hind foot, .10. (Rich. Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, p. 24. Barren Ground Bear.) D. Enarctus. " Fur uniform throughout, either black or brownish; hair dark- est towards tips; nose brown; feet moderate; fore claws not twice as long as the hinder." 472. americanus. (/'/•.v//.f), Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. xiv, pp. 5-7, 1780. Type locality. Eastern North America. Geogr. Distr. North America where forests exist, except per- haps in Louisiana and Florida. 1 Genl. Char. Size moderate; nails short; frontals usually ele- vated, zygomata width considerable; teeth rather small. Color. Black; nose tan color. Measurements. Average size of four skulls: Length of Hensel, 254; postpalatal length, ii8; basion to plane of front of second upper molar, i68; zygomatic breadth, 184; ratio of zygomatic breadth to basilar length, 75. (Merriam.) a.—sornbor^eri. {Ursiis), Bangs, Am. Nat., 1898, p. 500. Type locality. Okak, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Labrador north to the limit of trees. Genl. Char. Skull compared with one of U. amcricanus from Maine is "smaller, shorter and broader; brain case short and broad; zygoma widely spread; frontal region low, broad and flat, with great width across postorbital processes; nasals short; palate much shorter and broader; molar teeth longer." Color. No skins have been obtained, therefore the color is un- known. Measurements. Basilar length of Hensel, 205; occipito-nasal length, 187.4; zygomatic breadth, 129.6; mastoid breadth, 51.2; pal- atal length, 1 14.6; postpalatal length, gi; greatest length of single half of mandible, 164. (Bangs, 1. c.) 473. luteolus. (^Ursus). Griff. Cam. Anim., 1821, pp. 236, 237. (Col. pi.) Type locality. Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Louisiana to Texas. Exact range unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; skull long and flat; fronto-parietal region depressed; profile of top of skull (including crest) nearly a straight line; sagittal crest long and high, about half the length of upper side of skull in old age. Molars very large. Color. Normally black. A specimen in Phil. Zool. Gardens (Forest and Stream, Dec. 16, 1892, p. 578), was rich reddish brown, almost bay. When worn, the coat became pale yellowish brown, uniform over all the body. Measurements. Skull of type. Gnathion to end of occipital crest, 326; gnathion to basion, 292; basilar length of Hensel, 288; zygo- matic breadth, 187; occipito-sphenoid length, 89; postpalatal length, 134; basion to plane of front of last upper molar, 103; interorbital breadth, 68; distance between postorbital processes, 97; occipito- nasal length, 276. (Merriam.) 474. floridanus. {Ursus), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 81. Type locality. Key Biscayne, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Everglades of Florida. Genl. Char. (Type.) Skull very long, high and narrow; frontal region remarkably elevated, highest immediately behind postorbital processes (more than 100 mm. above hinder part of palate); brain case very long and narrow; interpterygoid fossa very long (71 mm.); basisphenoid and palate deeply excavated, the latter strongly arched both antero-posteriorly and transversely. Color. Black. Mfiisuiements. (Type skull.) Basion to gnathion, 2S2; basion to middle incisor, 277; zygomatic breadth, igo; occipito-sphenoid length, 91; basion to hinder edge of palate, 133; basion to plane of front of last molar, 186; interorbital breadth, 68; distance across postorbital processes, log; occipito-nasal length, 290; greatest length of skull, 330; ratio of zygomatic breadth to basilar length, 68.5. (Merriam, 1. c.) 475. eminonsi. (L'lsui), Dall. Science N. S., No. 30, p. 87, July 26, 1895. Type locality. St. Elias Alps. Yukatat Bay, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. St. Elias range of mountains southeasterly to Juneau; exact range unknown. Genl. Char. Size small, claws short, curved. Color. The general color resembles that of the Silver Fox. The fur is not very long, but remarkably soft and with a rich under fur of a bluish black shade, numbers of the long hairs being white or having the distal half white and the basal part slaty. The dorsal line from the tip of the nose to the rump, the back of the very short ears and the outer faces of the limbs are jet black. Numerous long white hairs issue from the ears; black and silver is the prevalent pelage of the sides, neck and rump; the under surface of the belly and the sinuies behind the limbs are grayish white, or even nearly pure white. I am told, in some cases. The sides of the muzzle and the lower anterior part of the cheek are of a bright tan color, and this character is said to be invariable. There is no tint of brown elsewhere in the pelage. There is no tint visible in the pelts. The claws are small, very much curved, sharp, black above and lighter below. (Dall, 1. c.) Fam. I\'. Procyoiiidao. Head broad behind, tapering rapidly forward to a narrow muzzle; ears moderate; feet plantigrade; soles naked, skin papillose; toes free, capable of being widely spread; claws curved, acute, non-re- tractible; tail moderately long, semi-bushy, generally annulated; body rather stout; legs moderately long. Sub. Fam. I. Procyoninae. American species have the alisphenoid canal wanting in the skull. 316 BASSARISCUS. 74. Bassariscvis. I. 3=3 Q LZI; p. 4=4 M =— = = 40 3—3 I— I 4-4' 2—2 T^ Bassariscus. Coues, Science, 1887, 9, p. 516. Bassaris, (Licht), Wagl., Isis, 1831, p. 512 (nee. Hoebner, Lept., 1816-21). Head short, muzzle pointed; ears large; pads naked; soles hairy; body slender, elongated; tail long as body, annulated. 476. astutus. {Bassans), Licht., Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 513. Type locality. Mexico. Geogr. Disir. California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico. Genl. Char. Body slender, elongate; muzzle pointed, tail long, bushy; claws half retractile; skull long, slender; postorbital process of frontal bone short; upper sectorial with inner cusp much devel- oped; anterior cusp of lower sectorial shortest. Color. Above yellowish brown and gray mixed; below white. Legs and feet like the body. Tail, white with six or eight alternate black rings. Measurements. Total length, about 720; tail to end of hairs, 360. Skull: occiput to incisors, 79; Hensel, 69; zygomatic width, 47; mas- toid width, 35; occipito-sphenoid length, 35; width of orbital con- striction, 21. a.— raptor. {Bassaris), Baird, Rep. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Mamm., 1859, "> P- 19- Type locality. California. Geogr. Distr. California and Oregon. Genl. Char. Similar to B. astutus. Skull more slender, nasals narrower and more pointed; postorbital processes of frontal bone lengthened; sectorials smaller and the inner cusp of upper one not so much developed. Orbital constriction very great. Color. Upper part of the body brownish yellow, darker than B. astutus, and not inclined to gray, many black hairs being inter- spersed among the others. Beneath buffy white. Tail, with black and white rings, much broader than those in the allied species. Measurements. Total length, 717; tail, 365; hind leg, 70; ear, 47. Skull: occiput to incisors, 78; Hensel, 69; zygomatic width, 68; mastoid width, 35; width at orbital constriction, 16. b.—flavus. (Bassariscus), Rhoades, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila. , 1893, p. 417. Type locality. Texas. Genl. Char. Size smaller than B. astutus; tail shorter than body, often entirely encircled by the black rings. Field Columbian museum. Z06lOGY, PL. XXXV Bassariscus astutus raptor. No. 115 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. SHY OF ILLINOIS URBAN A BASSARISCUS. PROCYON. 317 Color. Above blackish tawny, darkest on median line; sides yellowisli; beneath tawny, lightest on throat and neck. Tawny spots above and below eyes, and at ear. Measurements. Total length, 680-800; tail, 304-380; hind foot, 55-60. Skull: total length, 80; greatest breadth, 50; interorbital constriction, ao; tip to tip of postorbital process, 30. c.—ore^oniLS. (Bassariseus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 416. Type locality. Rogue River? Oregon. Color. Above, " dorsal region intense black, quite obscuring the brownish gray ground color. Below it is strongly brownish yel- low, deepest on the throat and chin." (Rhoads, 1. c.) 75. Prooyoii. I.fc^; c. i=i; P. i=i; M. ?=? = 40. i—y I— i' 4—4' 2—2 ^ Procyon. Storr, Prod. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 35. Type Urstis lotor, Linn. Body stout; tail moderately long, semi-bushy, annulated; ears short, hairy; soles naked; muzzle acuminate. 477. lotor. (L^rsus), Linn., Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 48. Tyf-e locality. Atlantic States? Geogr. Distr. Eastern America from Canada to western Georgia, and west to the Rocky Mountains north of Texas. Genl. Char. Feet plantigrade. Tail, moderate in length, cylin- drical, bushy, not tapering; rest of characters same as the generic. Hind feet not exceeding four inches. Color. Grayish white, tips of long hairs black. Black patch on cheek, paler one beneath the jaw, and one behind ear. Muzzle and back of cheek patch white. Tail bluish with black and white rings. Measurements. Total length, about 775; tail, 262; hind leg, 105; ear, 50. Measurements vary greatly among individuals. a-~hernandezi. (Frocron), Wagl., Isis, 1831, p. 5x4. psora, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, i, p. 580. nivca. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, p. 261. Type locality. Mexico? Geogr. Distr. In the United States, from Texas to the Pacific, and north to Puget Sound. Genl. Char. Size large, tail tapering, and the black rings only half as wide as the rusty whitish interspace. Hind feet exceeding four inches, above dark brown. PROCYON. Fig. 62. Procyon lotor. No. 2539 Field Columbian Museum Coll. H Nat. size. Color. Very similar to P. lotor, but recognizable by the narrow black rings on the tail, and the dark brown feet, and in its generally larger size. Measurements. Total length, 533; tail, 143; ear, 35; hind foot, 80; fore foot, 60. b.—pallidus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 151. TyJ>e locality. New River, Colorado Desert, California. Genl. Char. Size medium, colors pale. Color. Pale gray, black markings on head narrow; no j^ellow suffusion anywhere perceptible. PROCYON. TAXIDEA. 310 Measurements. Total length, 855; tail vertebra', 295; hind foot, 128. c.—pacificus. (Pronvri), Merr., N. Am. Faim., No. 16, 1899, p. 107. Ty/e locality. Kechelus Lake, Cascade Mountains, Washington. Gcoi^r. Distr. Puget Sound, and basal slopes of northern Cas- cades. Color. Above dark gray mixed with black; beneath sooty plumbeous sprinkled with white hairs; black rings on tail continu- ous; pale rings obscured above with black. Measurements. Total length, 940; tail vertebra', 310; hind foot, 115. d.—elucus. [Frocyon). Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, x.wiii, p. 219. Type locality. Oak Lodge, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Georgia and Florida. Genl. Char. Size rather larger than /'. lotor. tail usually longer; ears more rounded, skull not so constricted behind postorbital proc- esses, frontal region high and arched. Color. Variable; under fur mouse-gray to yellowish drab gray, long hairs above ringed with dull yellow and black; above shoulders large patch of orange rufous, some hairs black tipped; rest of pelage dull yellow, ochraceous on cheeks, sides of throat, vent antl root of tail; lips and chin dull yellow. Usual black band on cheeks. Tail ringed with ochraceous blackish brown. .Measurements. Type. Total length, 892; tail vertebras, 286; hind foot, 125. Skull: basal length, 109.6; zygomatic breadth, 81.2; mastoid breadth, 64.6; postorbital processes, 24.8; mandible length, 88.4. (Bangs 1. c.) Earn. V. 91u!«teli4lae. A single tubercular molar tooth on either side of both jaws; in upper molar the inner tubercular portion longest in the antero-pos- terior direction; bulla; slightly inflated; palate extending beyond the last molars; feet five-toed, plantigrade, or digitigrade. No Caicum. Sub. Fam. I. Melinae. Large quadrate posterior upper molar; molars in jaws unequal. 76. Taxidea. I. ^; C. ^; P. ]^; M. ;_; = 34- Taxidea. Waterh. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, p. 154. Type .1/. ameri- cana, Bodd. TAXIDEA. Body stout, strong, depressed; tail short; upper carnassial largest in proportion to other teeth; upper molar triangular, the apex turned backward; fore claws very large, strong. Skull wedge-shaped, widest posteriorly. Fig. 63. Taxidea americana. ; Field Columbian Museum Coll. H Nat. size. 478. americana. (A/c/es), Bodd. Elench. Anim., 1787, i, p. 136. labradoria, Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1788, i, p. 102. jeffersoni, Harlan, Faun. Am., 1825, p. 309. Type locality. Hudson Bay. Geogr. Distr. Hudson Bay. north latitude 58° in British North America, and in the United States from Wisconsin south to Okla- homa Territory, west to Rocky Mountains. Formerly as far east as Ohio. Genl. Char. Body stout, depressed; tail short; fore claws long; occipital region of skull very wide, lambdoidal crest greatly devel- oped, sagittal but slightly. Color. Head hoary brown, sometimes grayish; snout and patch behind the ears black. Line from nose to nape white. Cheeks white, legs black. Measurements. Head and body, about 340; tail vertebra>, 140. a.^neglecta [Taxidia], Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1891, p. 250. Type locality. Fort Crook, northern California. Geogr. Distr. California. Genl. Char. Smaller than F. americana. tail longer. Skull nar- rower, more restricted in the interorbital region, bony palate slightly longer, bulla- considerably larger. Color. Dark markings of head more brownish than T. americana, light areas yellowish instead of whitish; feet and lower part of legs dark brown instead of glossy black; hairs of upper surface ochraceous buff banded subbasally with grayish drab, subspirally with black, and broadly tipped with yellowish gray; tail tawny ochraceous, the hair pointed with grayish above except at the tip, which is dark brown; end of chin light brown; under side of head and neck yellowish clay- color; chest and sides of abdomen tawny ochraceous, creamy white in the middle of the abdomen, claws horn color. Measurements. Skull: occipital condyle to front of premaxillae, 118; basilar length of Hensel, 106; occipito-nasal length, loi; inter- zygomatic breadth, 75; intermastoid breadth, 71; across postorbital processes, 31 ; alveolar rim of incisors to postpalatal notch, 59. 5; post- palatal notch to foramen magnum, 46; height of cranium at plane of audital meatus, 40; length of pterygoid fossa, 13. (Mearns.) b.—berlandieri. [Taxidra), Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 205. Type locality. Llano, Estacado, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas, Oklahoma Territory, Arizona, and New Mexico to Mexico. Genl. Char. A conspicuous white stripe from nose along entire body to the tail. Color. Reddish gray; blackish brown on head, and same color on neck and back along the median "white stripe, the hairs tipped with 332 TAXIDEA. MEPHITIS. white, giving this part a grizzled appearance. Cheeks white with a black patch in front of ear. Under parts buff, except throat and chin, which are white. Legs black, tail like the back. Measurements. Total length, 710; tail vertebrae, 120; hindleg, 103. 77. Mephitis. I. 3=;5; c. ■=?; P. ^; M. ^^ = 34. 3-3' i-i' 3-3' 2-2 ■'^ Mephitis. Cuv. Le^. Anatom. Comp., 1800, p. i. Upper posterior molar larger than the carnassial, subquadrate; palate reaching to hinder border of last molar; body elongate; limbs moderate subplantigrade; head small; nose pointed; tail long, bushy; anal glands greatly developed. 479. mephitica. {Viverra), Shaw, Mus. Lever., 1792, p. 171. chinga. Tied. Zool., 1808, i, p. 362. macruia, Aud. & Bach, (nee Licht), Quad. N. Am., iii, pi. 102. varians, Gray (nee Baird), Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, p. 581. Type locality. Unknown. Geogr. Distr. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, south and west to Virginia and Indiana. Genl. Char. Size large, tail penicillated; heel hairy. Color. Black; narrow frontal line, triangular nuchal patch, a line on both sides of back nearly to tail, and end of tail white. Mark- ings vary considerably among individuals. Measurements. Total length, 682; tail vertebrae, 171; hind foot, 83. Skull: basilar length, 71.6; occipito-nasal length, 74.6; zygomatic breadth, 52; mastoid breadth, 43.8; mandible, 52.8. a. — hudsonia. {Mephitis), Rich. Faun. Bor. Am. Mamm., 1829, p. 55. Type locality. Hudson Bay? Geogr. Distr. North of Canada, Hudson Bay westward to plains of the Saskatchewan? Genl. Char. Similar in color and markings to M. mephitica, but larger, palate without median spine. End of tail blunt, bushy. Color. A narrow white mesial line runs from the tip of the nose to the occiput, where it dilates into a broad white mark. It is again narrowed, and continues so until it passes the shoulders, when it forks, the branches running along the sides, and becoming much broader as they recede from each other. They approach posteriorly and unite on the rump, becoming at the same time narrower. In some few specimens the white stripes do not unite behind, but dis- appear on the fianks. The black dorsal space included by the stripes is egg-shaped, the narrow end of which is towards the shoulders. Fig. 46. Mephitis mephitica. No. 107 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. The sides of the head and all the under parts are black. The hair on the body is long. The tail is covered with very long hair and has MEPHITIS. generally two broad longitudinal white stripes above on a black ground. Sometimes the black and white colors of the tail are irregu- larly mixed. Its under surface is black. (Richardsoni, 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 600; tail vertebrae, 255; hind foot, 83. h. — scrutator. {Mephitis), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash., 1896, p. 141. Type locality. Cartville, Acadia Parish, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Mississippi Valley to Indian Territory; from Louisiana eastward across Alleghanies to Virginia, merging north- ward into M. mephitica. Genl. Char. Small; tail medium penicillated; feet small. Skull: palate ending in medium spine. Color. Color and markings as in true M. mephitica, but much more variable. The two lateral white stripes are often so wide as to meet on the back for nearly their whole length, forming the predom- inating color of the upper parts. In other specimens the lateral stripes are reduced to two small points of white projecting backward from the nuchal patch, the rest of the upper parts, except the frontal stripe and nuchal patch being black. Measurements. Total length, 580; tail vertebrae, 208; hind foot, 64. Skull: basilar length, 60; occipito-nasal length, 63.2; zygo- matic breadth, 44; mastoid breadth, 35; length of mandible, 45.6. (Bangs, 1. c.) 480. elongata. {Mephitis'), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 142. Type locality. Micco, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Peninsular Florida, and southern Georgia, west- ern limit unknown. Genl. Char. Size large, tail long, penicillated; feet long and slender, markings variable. Skull, median spine at end of palate. Color. Color and markings as in M. m. scrutator, and with like variations, some being all black save tip of tail and nuchal patch, while another has most of the tail and the back, except the jnediaa line on the rump white. Measurements. Total length, 719; tail vertebrae, 321; hind foot, 76. Basilar length of skull, 66.4; occipito-nasal length, 71; zygo- matic breadth, 49.2; mastoid breadth, 40; mandible greatest length, 50.8. 481. occidentalis. {Mephitis), Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 195 (fig. cran.). Type locality. Petaluma? California. Geogr. Distr. California, Oregon and Washington. MEPHITIS. 325 Genl. Char. Tail vertebr.-c two-thirds the length of head and body. Bony palate with small, narrow emargination in the middle of its posterior edge. Color black, with a white nuchal patch, bifurcating behind and reaching to the tail, which is entirely black. Color. Black, narrow line of white on the forehead between the eyes; a nuchal patch commences behind the ears and extends to the shoulders, then bifurcates into two narrow lines, which ex- tend along the side of the back, diverging most in its middle por- tion, and approximating the base of the tail, opposite which it abruptly ceases, the two an inch or more apart. The exterior of the tail is entirely black; the bases of all the hairs are white, this color reaching nearer to the end of the hairs along the median por- tion. Measurements. Total length, 800; tail vertebra', 312; hind foot, 76; length of skull, 80; width, 51. 483. milleri. {Mrphitis), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 1897, p. 467- Type locality. Fort Lowell, near Tucson, Arizona. Genl. Char. Body slender, longer than head and body; nape with a hood of spreading, elongated hair. Color. Black with white stripe low down on the sides from the ear to the tail. Head with a narrow white stripe above and all around subterminally; tail black, base of hairs white, under side all white, except the terminal black ring; tuft at end white. Feet and under parts black. Measurements. Total length, 790; tail vertebrre, 435; hind foot, 73. 483. mesomelas. {Mephitis), Licht., Darst. N. Saugth., 1S27, pi. 45, fig- 2. Type locality. Louisiana. Gco^^r. Distr. Northern and eastern Texas, Oklahoma and Louisiana. Genl. Char. Size large, tail bushy, truncated, no white at end. Skull long and narrow; dentition heavy. Color. Black, narrow white frontal stripe, not reaching nuchal patch, which is broad, square in front, narrowing posteriorly. Be- hind the shoulders it separates into two broad, white bands, which pass along the flanks to root of tail. Tail has the hairs white for basal half, rest black. Some hairs are all white. Measurements. Total length, 731; tail vertebra^', 229; tail to end of hairs, 299. Skull: occipital condyle to anterior border of pre- maxilla;, 74; basilar length, 66; zygomatic breadth, 46; mastoid 326 MEPHITIS. breadth, 38.5; palatal length, 27.5; ptengoid fossa, 16.5; height of cranium at basisphenoid, 23.5; length of tooth row, 24; length of mandibular ramus, 50. 484. estor. {Mephitis), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 81, pi. X, fig. I. Type locality. San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona. Genl. Char. Size small; tail short; soles naked. Skull: palate not reaching posterior line of the last molar; distinct pit between the bullae and postglenoid process absent. Color. Narrow frontal stripe and nuchal patch white, the latter occupying entire occipital region, and extending narrowly on the shoulders, then expanding over all the lower back and rump (some- times in the center of the back a narrow black stripe appears amid the white), and then continues over the tail, extending beyond the tip. Through this thin white "veil" the black beneath shows through; under parts black with white patches on throat. Measurements. Total length, 640; tail vertebra;, 256; pencil, 140; hind foot, 67. 485. spissigrada. {Mephitis), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, P- 31- Type locality. Sumas, British Columbia. Genl. Char. Size long: tail long, heel densely hairy; palate short, the notch a smooth curve, and not reaching beyond posterior line of last molar. Color. Black; frontal stripe, nuchal stripe, and lateral stripes white, the latter extending from nuchal patch to and down sides of tail, and overhanging the blunt tip. Measurements. Skull: Basal length, 68; occipito-nasal length, 69.6; zygomatic breadth, 49.6; mastoid breadth, 41; single half of mandible, 50. (Bangs, 1. c.) 486. faetulenta. {Mephitis), Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Pub., 1899, I, p. 269, Zool. Type locality. The Lagune near Port Angeles, Washington. Genl. Char. Differs from J/, spissigrada in having the pterygoid fossa longer; basi-occipital narrower and shorter; palatal arch notched in the center; posterior portion of parietals constricted and with an abrupt slope to the squamosal; longer and narrower nasals, and larger bullae. Heels slightly hairy; claws long, white with dark brown tips on fore feet, reddish on hind feet. Color. Black; narrow line between eyes; nuchal patch, stripe to shoulders, and lateral stripes extending to end of tail white. Towards MEPHITIS. SPILOGALB. 327 the terminal portion the white covers the entire width of the tail, ex- tending beyond blunt black tip. Mt-asurements. Total length, nose to end of hairs of tail, 770; tail to end of hairs, 300: hind foot, 70. (Skin.) Skull: Occipito- nasal length, 70; nasals iS; zygomatic width, 47; mastoid breadth, 40; length of pterygoid fossa, 16; basi-occipital, 12. 487. avia. {^Mephitis), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 32. Type locality. San Jose, Illinois. Geogr. Distr. Central prairie region between the range of J/, m. hudsonia on the north, and M. in. soutator on east and south. Gcnl. Char. Size small; tail very short; heel hairy with a nar- row medial naked stripe. Skull highly arched in frontal region, pal- late without median spine; mastoid and paroccipital processes much reduced; bulla- inflated. Sagittal crest high. Color. Black; the usual white frontal stripe, nuchal patch, and two lateral stripes. Tail very short and bushy, black externally, most of the hairs white at base. Measurements. Total length, 675 ; tail vertebra;, 190 ; hind foot, 65. 78. Spilogale. I. 3=3; c. "=•; P. 3z:3 M tn ^ 3—3 I— I 3—3 2—2 ■'^ Spilogale. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 150. "Head conical. Nose short with a distinct central groove; muzzle small, bald, rather notched in front; nostrils lateral. Tail short, cylindrical, bushy, not so long as the body, ending in a long pencil of hair. Hind foot moderate; sole bald, flat, the: front portion divided into four oblong pads, the central one small and triangular, be- fore the others, hinder part narrow; front claws elongate, brown. False grinders, -.;; upper tubercular grinder square, moderate sized." (Gray, 1. c.) 488. putorlus. (Viverra), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 44. Type f. americanus siriatus. Catesby. Type locality. Carolina or Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida? Genl. Char. Size small; tail shorter than head and body; white patch outside the thigh, and none on upper side of foot. Color. Black with the white stripes and spots usually seen on members of this genus, but in addition a patch on thigh and on foot as stated above; sometimes the rump spots and leg stripe are con- tinuous; upper surface of basal portion of tail is white, being covered by the united stripes on the rump. SPILOGALE. Fig. 65. Spilogale putorius. No. 622 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Measurements. Total length, 372; tail vertebrae, 129; hind foot, 39. 489. interrupta. (Mephitis), Rafin. Ann. Nat., 1820, i, p. 3. I'iiolor, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, i, p. 583. quaterlinearis, Winans, Coues Fur-bear. Anim., 1877, p. 239. Type locality. Upper Missouri? Geogr. Disir. Kansas, Oklahoma Territory, Texas. Genl. Char. Tail large, black, slender white tuft at tip. White markings on body limited in extent; postorbital processes small. Color. Black; small spot on forehead and crescent before ears; SPILOGALE. 329 two Stripes from nape, one from each ear to middle of back; one broad lateral stripe from behind each fore leg joining a broad patch on side below the back stripes; two patches on middle of back; inter- rupted rather broad band across rump; and patch on rump either siile of base of tail white. Tail black, tuft at tip extending beyond end of tail white. Measurements. Total length, 538; tail vertebrae, 215; hind foot, 47. 490. ringens. (Spilogale), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 9. Type locality. Greensborough, Hale County, Alabama. Geogr. Distr. Alabama, western Georgia, north to West Vir- ginia, and \'irginia. Genl. Char. Larger than S. putorius, tail vertebr.x shorter than head and body; no white on legs and feet; white of tail over one-third apical portion above, and one-half below. Color. Black. Small frontal spot; crescent in front of ears not continuous, with lateral stripe; four narrow stripes running from behind ears and nape to middle of back; lateral stripe from shoulders curving on to back; two on rump, and one on either side of the root of the tail, and a large one in front of each thigh, sometimes joining by an irregular broken line on the back, and tip of tail white. Measurements. Total length, 460; tail vertebra-, 165; hind foot, 45; pencil, MS. 491. indianola. (Spilogale), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 10. Type locality. Indianola, Matagorda Bay, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas. Genl. Char. White stripes narrow and restricted; terminal third of tail white. Color. Black, minute spot on forehead, narrow crescent in front of ears, two very narrow lines from nape to rump, interrupted on shoulders and middle of the back, two wider but slender lateral stripes from back of ear to lower part of flanks; short stripe from behind shoulder, sometimes connecting with a large spot on lower part of rianks, and extending on to the back, large spot in front of thighs, two long spots on middle of rump and a small round one on each side of rump, and terminal third of tail white. Measurements. From skin possibly a little stretched. Total length, 630; tail to end of hairs, 280; hind foot, 45. 492. leucoparia. {Spilogale), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. II. Type locality. Mason, Mason County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas. 330 8PILOCALE. Gcnl. Char. White markings on back equaling the black area; middle dorsal stripes continuous posteriorly with anterior transverse stripes, which last are confluent with posterior transverse stripes; under jaw straight or nearly so below; bullae large; mastoid capsules inflated. Color. Black, with the usual style of white markings. In addi- tion to the peculiarities mentioned among the general characters, the following are added: Lumbar spots generally confluent with the posterior transverse stripes. The tail spots are sometimes confluent posteriorly, forming a narrow band across the base of the tail. No white on thighs, and only rarely a few white hairs on the upper sur- face of the foot. (Merriam.) Measurements. Total length, 400; hind foot, 45. 493- gracilis. {SpilogaW), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 12. Type loealiiy. Grand Canon of the Colorado, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona. Genl. Char. Size medium. Skull broad and flat; fronto-parietal region depressed. Postorbital constriction very great. Color. Pattern similar to other species of the genus in black and white. External lateral stripe very large and broad, and broadly confluent with the anterior transverse stripe, which in turn is some- times narrowly confluent with the inner dorsal stripe. Exposed white of tail occupies nearly the whole of the terminal half above and the terminal two-thirds below. (Merriam, 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 400; tail vertebrae, 142; pencil, 100; hind foot, 46. 494. saxatilis. ySpilogale'), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 189, p. 12. Type locality. Provo, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah. Genl. Char. Size large; tail longer than head and body; lateral stripe nearly obsolete. Color. Black and white, similar in distribution to the general style of the animals of this genus, with the following differences, as indicated by its describer (1. c). External lateral stripe nearly obso- lete, and barely or not continuous with anterior transverse stripe. In the type none of the markings are confluent, but in another speci- men the anterior transverse stripes and the caudal spots meet indis- tinctly across the base of the tail. All other spots and markings are distinct. Measurements. Total length, 450; tail vertebrae, 176; pencil, 100; hind foot, 49. SPILOGALE. 495. phenax. {Sj>i/oga/t). Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 13. Type locality. Nicasio, Marion County, California. Geogr. Distr. California. Gcnl. Char. Size large. Skull without postorbital constriction; postorbital processes most largely developed of all the species. Color. " Resembles .S". saxati/is, but lateral stripes are broader; lumbar spots inclined to become confluent with posterior transverse stripes, other markings normal. Considerable white in patches about the chin and angles of the mouth. Exposed white portion of tail oc- cupying terminal third above, and terminal half below." Measurements. "Total length, 434; tail vertebrae, 120; hind foot, 51; ear, 29. Skull: interorbital breadth, 29.4; across postorbi- tal processes, 37; molars, 41.6; mastoids, 64; brain case, 49." (Merr., 1. c.) a.--latifrons. {Spilogale). Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 15. yV/t' locality. Roseburg, Douglas County, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon. Genl. Char. " Similar to S. phenax, but much smaller. Skull is broader interorbitally across the postorbital processes, as well as across the brain case, mastoids and palate. Last lower molar smaller than S. phenax." Color. No peculiarities in the markings appear, except the white under the chin, which is much less extensive than in 6'. phenax. Measurements. " Total length, 335; tail vertebrae, 130; pencil, 90; hind foot, 40. Skull: interorbital breadth, 32.4; across post- orbital processes, 38.9; across molars, 43.2; across mastoids, 65.5; brain case, 55.1." (Merriam, 1. c.) b.—arizonne. (Spilogale), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 256. Type locality. Fort \'erde, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Central Arizona. Genl. Char. Smaller than ,$■. phenax, feet longer, fur finer and softer. Skull smaller and relatively broader than in S. phenax, with more spreading and higher zygomatic arches; postorbital constriction marked; postorbital processes but slightly developed. Color. Pattern similar to .S'. phenax ; usually without the white markings on chin, but retaining those at angle of the mouth; white stripes averaging a trifle narrower, and snowy instead of creamy white; rump spots smaller, and those on sides of tail at base only confluent above in one specimen, black areas faded to brownish and grayish black, instead of glossy black, especially below. 332 SPILOGALK. Measurements. Type. Total length, 445; head and body, 305; tail vertebrae, 160; end of hairs, 260; hind foot, 50. (Mearns, 1. c.) 496. olympica. (Spilogalr), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus, 1899, I, p. 270, Zool. Type locality. Lake Sutherland, Olympic Mountains, Wash- ington. Geogr. Distr. Northwest Washington. Genl. Char. Skull long and broad; outline of occipital region greatly curved, and a deep indentation at the posterior termination of the sagittal crest, which barely arises above the plane of the skull. The frontals are longer than in S. latifnms, the nasals shorter; a longer palatal bone and pterygoid fossa. Bullae less inflated. Last molar nearer the palatal notch. Color. Similar to S. latifrons, but differs as follows: White mark on forehead is long, comparatively narrow, diminishing gradually, and ending in a point posteriorly, and reaching nearly to aline drawn across head from base of ears. White stripe behind eyes and along the back is much broader and more extensive in front of ears. A moderately broad line commences just back of shoulder and runs parallel with the lateral line above described and crosses up to the back in front of hips. The corresponding line in .S. latifrons is merely a broad patch from back to front of hips. General color is a clear black, the markings pure white. Measurements. Total length, 320; tail vertebrae, 104; pencil, 60; hind foot, 41. 497. atnbavarlis. {Spilogale), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc, i8g8, p. 222. Mephitis bicolor. Allen, (nee. Gray), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1871, p. 169. Spilogale putorius. Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 7, (nee Linn.). Type locality Oak Lodge, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. East Peninsula. Indian River, Florida. Genl. Char. Size small, hind foot small, tail very short, all the white markings e.xtensive; pelage short and very soft; skull small, narrow and high. Color. All the white stripes and marks large and conspicuous; in addition to usual markings there are white spots on outside of thigh, on upper surface of foot and at base of tail; along white pencil at end of tail. Measurements. Type. Total length, 381; tail vertebrae, 147; hind foot, 39.5. Skull; basal length, 46; zygomatic breadth, 33; mastoid breadth, 27.8; across postorbital processes, 16.8. (Bangs, 1. c.) LIBRARY UNIVERSIIY Oh ILLINUIS UKbrtNA FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XXXVI. GULO LUSCUS. No. 30 Field Columbian Museum Coll. % nat. siz SPILOGALE. GULO. MUSTELA. 333 Sub. Fam. II. Mustelinae. Sectorial of lower jaw followed by a tubercular molar; phalanges bent up, withdrawing claws into sheaths. 79. Gulo. I. 3=l3; C. 5Zli; P. ^^; M. '^ = 38. 3—3' I— l' 4-4' 2-2 -' Qulo. Storr. Prod. Meth. Anim., 1780. Type Wrsns lusciis. Linn. Size large, stout, bear-like; legs short, stout; tail siiort, bushy; soles hairy, naked pads six; claws strong, curved, acute. Skull massive, superior outline arched; occipital sloping rapidly; zygomata powerful, widely divergent, high posteriorly; paroccipitals and mas- toids enlarged; bulla? inflated on interior half, laterally elongated into auditory tubes; orbital constriction slight; palate broad, the sides straight; pterygoids stout at base, but terminating in slender hamular processes; lambdoidal crests strong and flaring; sagittal crest in old individuals high, thin. Rostrum short, stout, truncated anteriorly. Lower sectorial without internal cusp; anterior lower premolar with main cusps subequal in size and elevation. 498. luscus. {Ursiis), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 71. Type locality. Europe. Geogr. Disir. Boreal North America from Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, south to the basin of the Great Salt Lake. Genl. Char. Body stout, legs short, tail short, skull massive; characters those of the genus. Color. Deep purplish brown or blackish brown; bands of chest- nut brown begin at the shoulders, pass along the sides, and meet on rump at base of tail, enclosing a pale dorsal area; on throat and chest are one or more light spots; a hoary patch on front and sides of head; legs, feet and under parts blackish; claws whitish. Mc-asurements. Total length, 865-1080; tail vertebra', 188-235; hind foot, 164-180; ear, 50. 80. Mustelji. L 3il3: c. '='; P. ^; M. i=l = 38. 3—3' ■— I 4—4 2-2 ■' Mustela. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 66. Type M. lutra. Body long and slender; limbs short, digitigrade; tail moderate, bushy; soles furred, pads naked; claws compressed, acute, semi- retractile; lower sectorial usually with small internal cusp; upper car- nassial with one close to anterior edge; orbital constriction considera- ble; superior outline of skull arched; zygomatic arch high posteriorly. MUSTELA. Fig. 66. MusTELA Americana. No. 8231 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. 499. americana. {Mus/ela), Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, p. 60. martcs, Forst. Phil. Trans., 1772, p. 372. vulpina, Rafin. Am. Journ. Sci., 1819, i, p. 82. Upper Mis- souri. MUSTELA. 885 hucopus, Kuhl, Beitr. , 1820, p. 74. huro, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat., 1823, p. 256. zibellina. Pall. Zool. Ross. Asiat. , 1831, i, p. 82. Type locality. Upper Missouri? Geogr. Distr. Boreal North America west to Rocky Mountains, south to New York. Genl. Char. Tail half the length of body, bushy; ears large, broad; soles of feet hidden in hair; body long, legs short. Skull long and slender, anteorbital constriction considerable; auditory bullae large; zygomatic arch non-vertical, highest posteriorly. Last molar small; inner cusp of lower second molar wanting or rudimentary. Color. Head grayish brown, darkest on the nose, which is more of a smoke brown. Throat and spot on breast rich orange. General tint of the body orange brown clouded with black or blackish brown on the back and belly. Legs and feet and upper part of tail black. Under part of tail, save tip, rufous. The color of this species varies greatly, but the above may be regarded as the general style. Claws white. Measuriiiunts. Totallength, 465; tail, 136: hind foot, 66. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 66; Hensel, 64; zygomatic width, 34; mastoid breadth, 30; anteorbital width, 13; length of pterygoid fossa; 10. 500. atrata. {Mustela), Bangs, Am. Nat., 1897, p. 162. Type locality. Baj' St. George, Newfoundland. Geogr. Distr. Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Pelage dark colored. Skull has rostrum narrow; bulla; larger than in .)/. anitricana : dentition weaker. Color. ''Deep chocolate, becoming black on back, head, arms, legs, rump and tail; a few white hairs scattered along the back; chest and under side of neck irregularly blotched with orange; a median line of orange on belly; ears black, narrowly bordered all around with dull white; a patch of yellowish white hairs in front of opening of ear." Measurements. ''Total length, 548; tail vertebrae. 185; hind foot, 89; ear from notch, 43. Skull: basilar length, 69.2; zygomatic breadth, 42; mastoid breadth, 34.2; across roots of canine teeth, 14.2; length of mandible, 49.6." (Bangs, 1. c.) a. — caurina. {Mustila), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 27. Type locality. Gray's Harbor, Chehalis County, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Northwest coast of California to Puget Sound, possibly farther north. Gtnl. Char. Color of pelage similar to .1/. awtruana. Skull is 336 MUSTELA. broader and shorter; audital bullae shorter and less inflated, frontals broader; shelf of palate less produced behind plane of last molar; first upper premolar smaller and more crowded; upper molars larger; upper sectorial larger, with inner lobe larger and longer, projecting anteriorly beyond the plane of the anterior lobe; lower sectorial has inner cusp wanting. All these as compared with M. americana. Other minute variations in size of remaining teeth also exist. Color. Like J/, americana, the chief difference being that the irregular markings of the throat and under surface generally are orange red instead of whitish or 3-ellowish. Afeasuremenis. Skull: basilar length, 78; Hensel, 70.7; zygo- matic breadth, 44.5; across postorbital processes, 22.5; palatal length, 37.6. (Merr. , 1. c.) b.—brumalis. [Mustehi), Bangs, Am. Nat., 1898, p. 502, fig. p. 503. Type locality. Okak, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. North Labrador. Gtnl. Char. Skull large, rostrum very short, broad; frontals highly arched, auditory bullae very large and deep; dentition extremely heavy throughout, the last upper molar in particular being very large; the tooth row a good deal crowded. Color. No skin obtained. Measurements. Skull: basilar length of Hensel, 78.6; zygomatic breadth, 51; mastoid breadth, 38.8; interorbital breadth, ig.6; breadth between postorbital processes, 23.8; across canines, 17.2; greatest length of auditory bulls, 17.2; single half of mandible, 58.4; front of canine to back of last molar (upper jaw alveoli), 30.6. (Bangs, 1. c.) C. — actuosa. Osgood, N. Am. Faun., 1900, No. 19, p. 43. Type locality. Fort Yukon, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to 3f. a. bnimalis, but larger. Skull: audi- tal bullae large and lengthened; dentition weaker; last upper molar smaller. Color. Head, cheeks and throat pale grayish white mixed with brown; ears whitish within, brown without; rest of upper parts pale ochraceous buff; shoulders grayish; under parts similar to the upper, chest darker; buffy white spot on breast; legs and feet dark brown; tail brown, darkest at tip. Measurements. Total length, 665; tail vertebra, 223; hind foot, 109. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 85; zygomatic breadth, 55; across postorbital processes, 24; palatal length, 44; length of audital bullae, 19. 50I, pennantii. {.Vustfhi), Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777. p. 470. canadensis, Schreb. Siiugth., 1778, p. 492, tab. cxxxiv. melanorhyncha. Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, i, p. 88. piscator, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm., 1800, i. p. 414. nigra, Turton, Linn., 1806, p. 60. godmani, Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 217. Type locality. Boreal America. Geogr. Distr. North America north of 35° in forest-covered country, save on the Pacific coast from California north, where it is supplanted by M. p. pacifica. Gcnl. Char. Color dark; feet broad, flat, heavily furred: claws stout, curved acute. Skull large, zygomatic arch low, orbital con- striction considerable, palate emarginate. Color. Variable, but dark. Some specimens are glossy black, including the tail and under parts; others are gray or grayish white on the head and neck, and the base of hairs on the tail dark chest- nut; the majority of examples have more or less white on the chin, chest and abdomen. Measuremoits. Total length, 920; tail vertebrae, 355: hind foot, 94. a.— pacifica. {Musltla), Rhoads, Journ. Am. Philos. Soc, 1898, P- 435- Type locality. Lake Kichelos, Kittitass County, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Pacific slope, California to .\laska. Genl. Char. Skull very large with relatively long nasals. Pos- terior upper molar large, with spreading inner lobe much wider longi- tudinally than outer section of same tooth, the crown suddenly constricted at the middle. Color. Above, from between eyes to middle back, grizzled, gray- ish ochraceous heavily lined with black, becoming hazel black on hind back, and dark black on rump, thighs and tail. Whole head behind eyes clove brown basally, strongly grizzled with dirty white. Snout to eyes blackish seal brown. Chin, throat, breast and belly between dark chestnut and hazel, obscured with black. Legs and feet black, the fore legs showing the Vandyke brown bases of hairs. Basal half of hairs of anterior back are Prout's brown as contrasted with the hair brown of J/, canadensis (J/, pennantii). Measurements. Type relaxed skin. Total length, 1090; tail, 350. Skull: Hinder end of sagittal crest to front of premaxillac, 125; zygomatic width, 73; mastoid width, 54; interorbital constriction, 28.5; postorbital constriction, 20; mesial length of nasals, 27. (Rhoads, 1. c.) 338 PUTORIUS. 81. Putorius. 3—3 I— I 3—3' a— 2 -"^ Putorius. Cuv., Regn. Anim., 1817, i, p. 147. Arctogale. Kaup (nee Peters), Entw.-Gesch. und Naturl. Syst. der Europ. Thierw., 1829, p. 30. Ictis. Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. und Naturl. Syst. der Europ. Thierw., 1829, p. 40. Gale. Wagn., Suppl. Schreb. Saugth., 1841, ii, p. 234. Lutreola. Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1845, i, p. 346. Neogale. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 114. Vison. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 115. Cynomyonax. Coues, Fur. Bear. Anim., 1877, p. 147. Size medium, to smallest carnivorous animal {P. rixosus). Body very slender; legs short; tail long, bushy or close haired, terminat- ing in a pencil; ears large; soles haired; lower sectorial without inner cusp; anteorbital foramen small, opening over last premolar; ros- trum short, vertically truncated; nasals widening from their base an- teriorly; bullae flat; zygomatic arch not usually elevated posteriorly. Females much smaller than the males. A. Lutreola. Skull: superior outline rising gradually from nasals to occiput; audital bulla flattened, the meatus tubular; width of anteorbital con- striction and that of nasals about equal. Cusps of molars and pre- molars well developed, uppersectorial has the antero-internal process developed into a cusp, sometimes having two points. Lower sec- torial has an interior tubercle rather strongly indicated. Body stouter than the weasel; tail bushy, tapering; ears small. 502. vison. {Mustfla), Briss., Regn. Anim., 1756, p. 246. canadensis, Erxl., Syst. Nat., 1777, 1, p. 455. nigresccns, Aud. & Bach., N. Am. Quad., 1853, iii, p. 104, pi. cxxiv. Type locality. Canada. Geogr. Distr. Eastern North America through Canada to On- tario and the Arctic Sea; westward north of Gulf States to the east- ern boundaries of Pacific coast. Genl. Char. Tail about half as long as the body; nearly black; color dark. Color. Body uniform chestnut brown, with a white spot on the chin and sometimes on chest and abdomen. Tail darker than the body, nearly black. PUTORIUS. Fig. 67. Putorius (Lutreola) vison. No. 8i Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. si; Measuremenls. Total length, 584; tail vertebra', 178; hind foot, 64. a .—lutreocephalus. (J/us/r/n). Harlan. Faun Am., 1825, p. 63. Tr/f locality. Maryland. 340 PUTORIUS. Geogr. Disir. Maine to North Carolina, confined to the sea coast in New England. Genl. Char. Long and heavily built; coat long and coarse. Color. Uniform dark chestnut brown, the tail darker. Chin and usually some spots on chest and belly white. Measurements. Total length, 640; tail vertebrae, 214; hind foot, 75. b.—vul^iva^us. {Muste/a), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.. 1895, p. 539. Tyjye locality. Burbridge, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Shores of Gulf of Mexico from Texas to Florida, and probably the Atlantic coast of South Carolina and Georgia. (Bangs.) Genl. Char. Superior outline of skull arched; audital bullae large and somewhat inflated. Dentition heavy, with last molar larger than that of P. vison. Color. Light lustrous brown; end of tail darker. Chin, spot on throat and some hairs on belly white. Measurements. Type. Total length, 567; tail vertebrae, 173; hind foot, 71. (Bangs, 1. c.) c. — ener^umenus. (Musti-la), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1896, p. 5, pL II, fig- 3- Ty/>e locality. Sumas, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Pacific coast from northern California to Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large, color dark. Skull large, broad across mastoids; interorbital region well arched; audital bulla? very deep. Color. Uniform dark sooty brown, becoming black on the tail. Chin white. Measurements. Type. Total length, 600; tail vertebrae, 205; hind foot, 72. (Bangs, 1. c.) d.—in^ens. Osgood, N. Am. Faun., igoo, No. 19, p. 42. Ty/e locality. Fort Yukon, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Yukon region, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large; similar to L. v. eitergumcnus, but paler. Color. Paler hues of L. v. energumenus. Measurements. Total length, 720; tail vertebrae, 180; hind foot, 75. (Osgood, 1. c.) 503. lutensis. {Mus/ela), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, 1898. p. 229. PUTORIUS. 341 Type locality. Matanzas Inlet, Florida. Geogr. Distr. South Atlantic States, South Carolina to Florida. Genl. Char. Size small; hind foot large; skull long and slender with long narrow rostrum and frontals; zj-goma slender, close to the skull and slanting backwards from the rostrum; dentition very heavy and strong. Color. Russet or yellowish clay color, usually some irregular white markings on chin and under parts; tail gradually darkening towards tip to dark reddish brown. Measurements. Type. Total length, 574; tail vertebrit, 197; hind foot, 68. Skull: basal length, 53.6; zygomatic breadth, 31.6; mas- toid breadth, 27.2; interorbital width, 12.8; behind postorbital proc- esses, 11; across postorbital processes, 14; postorbital process to end of nasals, iS. Single half of mandible, 34.8. (Bangs, 1. c.) B. Cynomyonax. Skull: width of interorbital constriction less than that of the nasals: postorbital processes well developed; pter\goids without hamular processes; bullae inflated but with hardly an\ tubular pro- longation. Size of body large; tail one-third length of head and body. 504. nigripes. {Putoriiis), Aud. & Bach. Quadr. N. Am., 11, 1851, p. 297, pi. 93. Type locality. Platte River, Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. Kansas to Montana antl North Dakota east of Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Forehead broad, arched; muzzle short; ear short, broad at base, triangular, closely furred; feet covereil with hair above and beneath. Color. Hairs white at roots, bases of longer hairs with a yellow- ish tinge, the ends broadly reddish brown: under fur white tinged yellow, giving the back a yellowish brown appearance, in some parts approaching rufous; sides and rump lighter, fading to yellowish white. Nose, ears, sides of head, throat and under surface of neck, belly, and under surface of tail, white; chest between fore legs brownish. Broad black patch on forehead, enclosing ej-es and reach- ing near tip of nose; legs to near shoulders and hips brownish black; end of tail black for about two inches. (Aud. & Bach., 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 485; tail vertebrae, 133; hind foot, 60. Skull: basal length, 64; Hensel, 62.5; breadth of zygoma, 43; of PUTORIUS. Fig. 68. Putorius (cynomyonax) nigripes. No. 1203 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size. mastoids, 37; across postorbital processes, 22.5; interorbital width, 18; constriction width, 12.5; palatal length, 33. PUTORIUS. 343 0. Arctogale. Body slender, attenuate; neck long; ears large; tail slender, terete; limbs short; toes separate. Skull: frontal profile arched; motlerate interorbital constriction; postorbital processes slightly developed; pter\goids with or without hamular processes. H^r* ^^B ^K^/jfl V ^^H ^^^^^^^Ki*^^^\2L> ^ ^^^ ^^!2^^H ■^'fv^H riH ^^^XTI ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^\ 1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^r ^^^^^^^> FiG. 69. PuTOR.LJS (Arctogale) cicognani. No. 3533 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Enlarged 'A- 344 PUTORIUS. 505. cicognani. {Mustt-hi), Bon. Iconog. Faun. ItaL, 1838, i, fasc. xxii, p. 4. ru/garis, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. Mamm., 1829, pp. 45-46. (nee Briss.) Type locality. Carlton House? Arctic America. Geogr. Distr. Boreal forest covered parts of North America, from New England and Labrador to coast of southeastern Alaska. (Juneau, Wrangel and Loring), and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado (Silverton). Interior of British Columbia (Sicamous), but in the Puget Sound region is replaced by a smaller and darker form, P. strcatori. In the United States it is common in New England and New York, and in the forest covered parts of Minnesota. Probably occurs also in northern Michigan and Wisconsin. (Merriam.) Genl. Char. Small, tail short. Skull: light, elongated; zygoma narrow, not outward bowed; audital bullae small; squamosals inflated. Color. Itt Summer. Uniform dark brown except upper lips and under parts, which are yellowish white. Tail tipped with black. Winter Pelage. Pure white, rump, tail and under parts tinged with yellow. Tip of tail black. Measurements. Total length, 278; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 36.5. a.—richardsonj . (JJustelii), Bon. in Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xi, p. 31, 1838. Type locality. Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake. Geogr. Distr. Hudson Bay to interior of Alaska and British Co- lumbia. Genl. Char. Size larger than P. cicognani; tail with terminal third black. Skull: frontals narrow, zygoma compressed. Color. Dark chestnut above, the same hue extending over legs and feet between thighs and tail. Rest of body white, tinged with light yellow. Measurements. Total length, 390; tail vertebrae, 95; hindfoot, 45. h.—alascensis. {Putorius), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 11, p. 12, pi. II, fig. 2. Type locality. Juneau, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Alaska; range not known. Genl. Char. White tips to fore and hind feet more extensive. Skull: orbital region broad; constriction great; postorbital processes well developed. Color. Upper parts and legs chocolate brown; fore feet to wrists and hind feet to middle of upper side, upper lip and under parts of body white; terminal third of tail black. PUTORIUS. 345 Winter Pelage. White, except end of tail which is black. Measurements. Total length, 335: tail vertebra', 95: hind foot, 48. 506. streatori. [Putorius), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 11, 1896, p. 13. yV/c Lnality. Mount Vernon, Skagit Valle\-, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Oregon and Washington to Puget Sound. Genl. Char. Like /'. eieognani, but smaller and darker; white on belly restricted. Ci'Ior. Upper parts dark chocolate brown, as are also the upper lip and feet; the head darkest in hue. This color trespasses on under parts leaving a narrow, irregular portion white. Measurements. Totallength, 270; tail vertebra', 83; hind foot, 38. 507. ri.xo^us. [Putorius), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S96, pp. 21, 22. pusillus, Baird, N. Am. Manim., 1857, pp. 159, 161. (Part.) Type locality. Osier, Saskatchewan, Canada. Geogr. Dtstr. Hudson Bay to coast of Alaska; northern Minne- sota to Montana. Genl. Char. Smallest of the Weasels, tail without black tip. Color. Above dark reddish brown, under parts white. Tail like body. Winter Pelage. White. Measurements. Total length, 150; tail vertebra'. 31: hind foot, 22. a.—esklmo. {Putorius), Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., Phil., 1900, p. 44. Ty/e locality. Point Barrow, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Alaska, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Size small, larger than P. rixosus, tail shorter; feet larger. Color. Brown with a reddish tinge; intermediate between Prout's and walnut brown. A/easurements. Totallength, 178-230; tail, 22-31; hind foot, 16- 23. Skull: basal length, 29-35; mastoid breadth, 15. 4-17; breadth of postorbital processes, 9.3-1 1; orbital breadth, 8-9; palatal length, 12.1-14.4. 508. arcticus. (Puto/ius), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 11, 1896, p. 15. 7'y/>e locality. Point Barrow, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Arctic coast and Tundras. Genl. Char. Size large, ear small; terminal half of tail black. Skull broad and massive; postorbital constriction considerable; post- PUTORIUS. glenoid space small and hardly inflated in male, brain case subtri- angular, short. Color. Upper parts and upper lip dark, yellowish brown; chin white; under parts, inner and posterior sides of fore legs, all of fore feet, distal half and inner sides of hind feet, and under side of tail deep ochraceous yellow. Terminal half of tail black. (Merr. ,1. c.) Measurements. Type. Total length, 380; tail vertebrae, 75: pen- cil, 55; hind foot, 48. a.—kadiacensis. {Fi/ tortus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 11, i8g6, p. 16. Type locality. Kadiak Island, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. arctiais; smaller and narrower audital bullae, less spreading zygomata, less divergent tooth rows, and decidedly shorter postmolar production of palate. Color. Summer Pelage. Unknown. Winter Pelage. Pure white, terminal half of the tail black. Measurements. Total length, 318; tail vertebrae, 86; hind foot, 44. 509. noveboracensis. (Putorius), DeKay, Cat. Mamm. N. Y., 1S40, p. 18. Type locality. New York State. Geogr. Distr. Maine to North Carolina, west to Illinois. Genl. Char. Great difference in size of sexes, male large, tail long, terminal third to half, black. Skull: zygoma not bowed out- ward; postorbital processes moderate; audital bullae rather narrow, rounded anteriorly. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts, encroaching on belly, fore and hind feet, and anal region dark chocolate brown; under parts white tinged with yellow. Tail like back, terminal third or more black. Winter Pelage. White, tinged with yellow beneath, end of tail black. Measurements. Male. Total length, 418; tail vertebra-, 150; hind foot, 50. Female. Total length, 298; tail vertebrae, 92: hind foot, 26. a.—notius. (Putorius), Bangs, N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 53. Type locality. Weaverville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. Geogr. Distr. Eastern middle States. Genl. Char. Like P. noveboracensis, but darker above and yellow below. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts dark chocolate brown; under parts maize yellow; apical half of tail black. PUTORIUS. :U7 Measurements. Total length (including pencil), 426; tail to end of hairs, 169; pencil, 30. (Bangs, 1. c.) b.— occisor. {Pulorius), Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1S99. p. 54. Type locality. Bucksport, Maine. Geogr. Distr. New England States, Canada? Limits unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; tail very long, black tip short. Skull and dentition generally heavier than in P. novcboracensis. Color. Sumnitr Pelage. Unknown. Winter Pelage. Pure white, pencil black. Measurements. Total length, 454; tail vertebra;, 175; hind foot 54. (Bangs.) Dimensions vary considerably among individuals. 510. washingtoni. {Put,>rii/s), Merr., N. Am. Faun.. No. 11, 1896, p. 18. Type locality. Trout Lake, Base of Mt. Adams, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Washington, exact range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to /'. novcboracensis, but with longer tail and shorter black tip. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts, including flanks, sides of abdomen, sides and upper parts of fore and hind legs pale chocolate brown; chin white. Under parts and lower portions of fore and hind legs and sides of neck yellow ochre. Tail darker than back, reddish, terminal third black. Fore feet and wrists white. Hind feet dark brown. Winter Pelage. One style has upper parts uniform drab brown; under parts suffused with yellow. Other style all white, tail, rump and belly strongly tinged with yellow. Measurements. Total length, 400; tail vertebrae, 180; hind legs, 41 ; ear, 1 1. 511. peninsulae. (Putorius), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., 1894, pp. 152-155- Type locality. Hudsons, north of Tarpon Springs, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida Peninsula. Genl. Char. Size large; bullaj very large; postorbital processes not prominent. Color. Upper parts dull chocolate brown, head darkest; under parts, fore feet and hind toes yellowish. Lip and chin whitish; brown spot at corners of mouth and tuft of white hairs under ear. Measurements. Total length, 374; tail vertebrae, 127; hind foot, 44.5. 348 PUTORIUS. 512. longicaudus. {Mush-hj), Bon. Charlsw. Mag. Nat. Hist., N. S., 1838, pp. 37, 38. erminea, Rich. Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, pp. 46-47. (Part.) Type locality. Carlton House, North Saskatchewan River, Canada. Geogr. Distr. Great Plains, Kansas, northward. Genl. Char. Size large, tail very long. Skull compared with those of P. noveboracoisis and P. ivashingtojii is broader and shorter, with the zygomatic arch more spreading; postorbital processes longer; postorbital constriction deeper; audital bullae broader and more rect- angular. Color. Upper parts pale yellowish brown, head darker; chin and upper lip white; under parts, upper side of fore feet, inner side of hind feet and toes buff or ochraceous. Terminal part of tail black, under side yellowish. Winter Pelage. White. Measurements. Total length, 450; tail vertebras, 165; hind foot, 51. a.^oribasus. [Putorius), Bangs, N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, i, p, 81. Type locality. Kettle River, British Columbia. Genl. Char. Like P. longicaudus, but darker brown above. Color. Above bister, darkest on head; upper lip and chin white, under parts, inside of legs, both fore and hind, buff yellow; feet above whitish; tail beneath for two-thirds its length buff yellow, tip black. Measurements. Female. Total length, 302; tail vertebras, 150; hind foot, 46. 513. spadix. {Piitoriiis), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, pp. 8,9- Type locality. Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Geogr. Distr. Minnesota, exact limits unknown. Genl. Char. Like P. longicaudus, but darker colored. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts chocolate brown, head darker; chin and upper lip white; under parts, inside of legs, feet and toes white tinged with yellow. Tail like neck, tip black. Winter Pelage. Pure white. Measurements. Total length, 450 ; tail vertebrae, 171 ; hind foot, 54. Female much smaller. 514. saturatus. (Putorius), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 11, i8g6, p. 21. Type locality. Siskiyou, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, Washington and part of British Colum- bia, in Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains. Genl. Char. Similar to P. arizoncnsis, but larger and darker, dis- tinct spots behind corners of the mouth. PUTORIUS. 349' Color. Summer Pchii^c. Upper parts dark raw umber brown, darkest on head; terminal part of tail black; brown spot at corner of mouth; outer side of forearm to wrist, and hind foot to toes like back. Chin white. L'nder parts orange yellow, including fore feet and under side of hind leg to ankle; under side of tail golden chest- nut. Anal region chestnut brown. IVinlvr Pelage. White. Measurements. Total length, 423; tail vertebrae, 164; hind foot, 48. 515. arizonensis. {Putorius), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.. 1S91, pp. 234, 235. Type locality. San Francisco Forest, near Flagstaff, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains into British Columbia, not north of Siskiyou Mountains, in Cascade Range. Genl. Char. Like P. longicaudus, but smaller. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts raw umber brown, darker on head; terminal part of tail black; chin and upper lip white; un- der parts, upper surface of fore feet, inner half of hind feet and the hind toes ochraceous yellow. Measurements. Type. Total length, 302; tail vertebra;, 109; liind limb, knee joint to end of claws, 56. 516. alleni. {Puiorius), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. ii,i8g6, p. 24. Type locality. Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. Black Hills, South Dakota. Genl. Char. Like P. arizonensis: upper parts more yellow, audital bullae flatter. Color. Upper parts golden brown with an olivaceous tinge, head dark brown; upper lip and chin white; under parts, inner sides of legs, fore feet, hind toes, and under side of tail deep buffy yellow. Measurements. Type. Totallength, 372; tail vertebras, 137; hind foot, 14. 517. xanthogenys. {Mustela), Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843. p. 118. Type locality. Southern California, near San Diego. Geogr. Distr. Both sides of Sierra Nevada, southern California. Genl. Char. Size medium, tail long, face with white marks. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts raw umber brown, tinged with golden, head darker; rectangular spot between eyes and broad oblique band between eye and ear whitish; end of tail black; brown spot behind corner of mouth; chin white; under parts, fore feet, inner side, and toes of hind feet ochraceous. Winter Pelade. Drab brown. 350 PUTORIUS. Measurements. Total length, about 402; tail vertebrae, 156; hind foot, 40.5. a.—oregonensis. {Fu/orius), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 11, 1896, P- 25- Type locality. Grant's Pass, Rogue River Valley, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Rogue River Valley, Oregon, limits unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to P. xanthogenys, but longer and darker, face markings restricted. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts pale chocolate brown, slightly darker on head, a small ill-defined patch between eyes, and a narrow vertical bar between eye and ear white; throat white; rest of under parts, including fore feet and inner sides and distal half of hind feet, pale yellowish; terminal one-fifth of tail black, rest like back. Measurements. Type. Total length, 412; tail vertebrae, 155; hind foot, 44. (Merriam, 1. c.) b.—mundits. {Pntorius), Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 56- Type locality. Point Reyes, Marion Count}', California. Geogr. Distr. Northern California. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. .xanihogenys, but similar, tail shorter, colors darker. Color. Winter Pclagf. Upper parts dark tawny rust, dusky on head and nose, brown spot at corner of mouth; facial markings as in P. xanthogcnys, chin and cheeks j-ellowish white, rest of under parts and upper surface of hands, inner sides of legs, and upper surface of toes deep orange buff. Summer Pt'hrgc. Very similar, but colors all slightly darker and duller, and under parts more inclined, especially along middle of belly, to strong buff yellow. Measurements. Type. Total length, 368.3; tail vertebras, 141. 3; hind foot, 42.85. Spec, from Nicasio, Calif. Total length, 384; tail vertebra?, 140; hind foot, 43. (Bangs, 1. c.) 518. frenatus. (Mustela), Licht., Darstell, neuer od. wen. bekann. Siiugeth., 1832, pi. xlii. Type locality. Valley of Mexico, near City of Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Southern Texas into Mexico. Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; head more or less black with white markings. Skull larger and massive; bullae obliquely truncated anteriorly; postorbital constriction marked. Color. Band between eye and ear and patch between ejes white. Top of head from dark chestnut brown to black; rest of PUTORIUS. 351 upper parts rich brown, chin and throat whitish, rest of under parts varying from ochraceous yellow to orange; front feet to above wrists from whitish yellow to orange; inner sides of hind legs, and hind feet and the toes yellow or orange. The color of feet is almost always the same as the under parts. Tail same colors as back all around, with a short black tip. Measurements. Total length, male, 455-505; tail vertebras, 170- 203; hind foot, 4553. a.—neomexicanvis. [Putorius), Bart. & Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S98, p. 188. Type locality. Shore of Armstrong lake, Mesilla Valley, near the Rio Grande, New Mexico. Gcil. Char. Similar to /'. freriatus, but paler; white markings on the head more extensive, occipital condjles more produced be- hind. Cohir. Head brownish black, a quadrangular patch between the eyes, joining broad bands between eyes and ears creamy white. The bands grade into the color of the under parts. Face speckled with whitish. Small whitish mark behind ears. Upper parts and limbs pale yellowish ochre; under parts similar, but lighter; tail tinged with reddish, tip black; feet palish. Measurements. Total length, 500; tail, 205; hind foot, 50. 519. haidarum. {Putorius), Preble, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 169. Type locality. Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Co- lumbia. Geogr. Distr. Known only from Massett. Genl. Char. Similar to P. kadiaccnsis, but smaller, more black on tail; skull smaller. Color. Winter Pelage. White slightly tingetl posteriorly and beneath with saffron yellow. Sixty per cent of terminal portion of tail black. Small spots of summer fur just appearing on face, top of head and back, blackish brown. Measurements. Total length, 275; tail vertebra;, 60; hind foot, 37; pencil of tail, 40. (Preble, 1. c.) Sub. Fam. II. Lutrinae. Body lengthened, supple; tail long, tapering, depressed, sides rounded; feet short, broad, palmated; digits distinct; center one the longest, claws small. Head broad, muzzle long; soles and palms hairy; eyes and ears small. 83. Liitra. I. -1=3 Q 1=1 p 1=4 M. 1=1 = 36. 3—3 I— I 3-3' 2—2 -> Lutra. Erxleb. Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 448. Type Mustcla lutra. Linn. Upper molar large quadrate; posterior upper premolar triangu- lar; skull depressed, superior outline nearly straight; rostrum short; hind portion of skull dilated; nostrils large; palate extending beyond molars; hamular processes to pterygoids. 520. canadensis. (JMusteld), (Schreb), Kerr, Linn. Anim. King., i, 1792, p. 173. hiidsonica, (Lac^p), F. Cuv. Suppl. Buff., i, 1831, p. 194. mollis, Aud. & Bach. Quadr., iii, 1853, p. 976, fig. 122. destructor, Barnst. Canad. Nat., 1863, fig. Type locality. Unknown. Geogr. Distr. Eastern North America, north of North Carolina on Atlantic coast. Genl. Char. Size large; under surface of feet hairy. Color. Dark liver brown above, pale on the under parts. Under fur lighter. Cheeks, lips, chin and throat, whitish brown. Measurements. Size very variable. Total length, 966; tail verte- brae, 315; hind foot, 100. a. — lataxina. {Lutra), F. Cuv. Diet, des Scien. Nat. 1823, p. 242. Type locality. South Carolina. Geogr. Distr. Eastern North America from North Carolina to Alabama and Mississippi. South of Transition zone northward grad- ing into L. canadeusis. Genl. Char. Size small, feet sparsely haired beneath. Skull small, teeth large; postorbital processes weak. Color. Above dark vandyke brown, tipped on head, neck and shoulders with wood brown; beneath breast to end of tail broccoli brown. Neck and fore neck grayish brown. Measurements. Total length, 1016; tail vertebras, 260; hind foot, 115. Skull: occiput to anterior end of maxilla, 100; zygomatic width, 69.5; mastoid width, 65; interorbital constriction, 22.8; postorbital constriction, 20. b,—va^a. {Lutra), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 224, fig- P- 225. Type locality. Mico, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Georgia and Florida. Genl. Char. Size larger than L. canadensis; tail longer; color 0 COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. X» LUTRA CANADENSIS SONORA. No. 1937 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. { nat. siz LIBRARY UNIVERSITY Of ILLiwuiS URBAN A much redder, less blackish; skull larger and broader across mastoids, much more constricted behind postorbital processes. Color. Lustrous chestnut brown, somewhat paler below; cheeks, lips, chin, throat, and sides of neck grizzled yellowish brown. Measurements. Type (not in the flesh). Total length, 1285; tail vertebra^, 487; hind foot, 130. Skull, type: basal length, 106.6; zygomatic breadth, 71; mastoid breadth, 71.2; interorbital constric- tion, 24; greatest constriction, 18.6; across postorbital processes, 35; last upper molar to end of pterygoid process, 29.8; foramen magnum to end of palate, 51.6; single half of mandible length, 74.4. (Bangs, 1. c.) c. — pcicifica. (Lutra), Rhoads, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. U. S., 1898, P- 431. parancnsis and atterima, Thomas, P. Z. S., i88g, p. igg. californica, Baird (nee Gray), N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 187. Type locality. Lake Kichelos, Kittitass County, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Pacific slopes; California to Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large; skull very large, teeth comparatively weak, interorbital width nearly i J^ times postorbital constriction. Audital bullae flattened. Color. Lighter than /. canadensis, and more brownish. Above ruddy seal brown; lower parts lighter; throat, neck and breast pale wood brown. Ventral region very light. Measurements. Total length, 11 15; tail vertebra;, 419; hind foot, 128. Skull: occiput to end of premaxilla, 115. 5; zygomatic width, 72.5; mastoid width, 69; interorbital constriction, 25; postorbital constriction, 20. (L—sonoru. (Lutra), Rhoads, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1898, p. 431. canadensis, Mearns, (nee Kerr), Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, P- 253- Type locality. Montezuma Well, Beaver Creek, Yavapai County, .\rizona. Geogr. Distr. Mexico to Wyoming. Genl. Char. Size large; hind foot long. Postorbital processes of skull attenuated. Color. Above dark brown, changing to pale grayish brown below, being whitish on undersides of head and neck. The hairs on head and neck above tipped with yellowish brown. .\feasurements. Total length, 1300; tail vertebra', 472; ear, 15. 521. degener. {Lutra), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 35. Type locality. Bay St. George, Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Size small, tail short, skull small and weak with very light zygoma and narrow frontal and rostral regions. Audital bullae small. Color. Deep lustrous seal brown to black all over except cheeks, upper lips, chin and under side of neck, which are grizzled brown, palest on cheeks, under fur light grayish brown at base and gradu- ally darkening to deep rich brown at tips. Measurements. Total length, 998; tail vertebrae, 358; hind foot, 126. Type young adult male. 83. Latax. I. £:3 c. i=l; p. 3i:3; M. "=• = 32. 2—2' 1— i' 3—3 s— 2 -' Latax. Gloger, Nov. Act., Ac. Caes. Leop. Carol., 1827, pt. 2, p. 511. Type M. luiris, Linn. jPttjiZjOken, Lehrb. Naturg, 1816, Th. iii,p.986. (necScopoli.) Enhydra, Flem., Phil. Zool., 1822, 11, p. 187. (nee Enhydris, Merrem, Amph., 1820). Only four incisors in lower jaw; molars massive, cusps rounded smooth; upper molar and posterior upper premolar somewhat oval; anterior lower premolar largest of the lower teeth; skull similar to that of Lutra; hind feet larger, flat, fin-like; fifth toe longest, rest diminishing to the first; claws moderate; tail obtuse, one-fourth the length of head and body. 522. lutris. (Mustela), Linn. Syst. Nat., i, 1766, p. 66. marina, Erxleb. Syst. Regn., 1777, p. 445. orientalis, Oken, Lehrb. Natur., 1816, 1 11, p. 986. stelleri. Less. Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 156. gracilis, Fisch. Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 229. Type locality. "America Septentrionali." Geogr. Distr. North Pacific, south to California? Nearly extinct on American shores. Genl. Char. Hind feet very broad, webbed soles furry; fore feet very small, palms naked; tail flattish, smooth, one-fourth length of body. Only four lower incisors. Color. Adult. Black, frosted with white tipped hairs; head and neck grayish white or yellowish white. Measurements. Total length, about 1050; tail vertebrae, 330; hind foot, 150; width, 100. Skull: occipito-nasal length, iii;Hensel, 109; zygomatic width, 98; interorbital constriction, 28; mastoid breadth, 96; palatal length, 56; length of brain case, 62; length of first lower molar, 15; width, 13; length first upper molar, 7; width, 11. LD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. Latax LUTRIS. No. 371 Field Columbiao Museum Coll. ^ nat. size. VERSUS Of iL URBANA Order VIII. Piniiipedia. k J. A. Allen, History of North American Pinnipeds, U. S. Geo/, ami Giog. Siirv., 1880. St. G. Mivart, iVotes on tlu- Pinnipedia, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1883. Fam. I. 4ltariidae. Aquatic carnivora, with the limbs enclosed in the general tegu- ment beyond the knees and elbows. Five digits on each limb, the first and fifth of the hind limbs generally the longest and stoutest, those of the front limbs decreasing in size from first to fifth. Bodj' and neck elongated; fore feet nearly as large as the hind feet; the lat- ter capable of expansion, and with distinct claws on the three middle digits, front feet without claws; tail very short; when walking hind feet are turned forward under the body, sup])orting it; ears external; interorbital constriction of skull great; facial portion short, rather broad; two central pairs of upper incisors with a transverse groove; postorbital processes developed; alisphenoid canal present. Testes external in scrotum. 84. Eumetopias. I. t3; C. i^; P. i=l; M. i=i = 34. 2-2 1 — I 4 — 4' I — I -'' Eumetopias. Gill, Proc. Essex Institute, 1866, v, p. 7. Head rounded, nose narrow pointed; eyes large; ears rather long, narrow, pointed; skin of feet extending beyond the nails, the mar- gin lobed; canines large, curved, acute. Palate ends beyond the pterygoid processes, and is nearly flat, emarginate behind; posterior border of nasals extending beyond zygoma; pterj'goid processes hook- like; upper molar separated by a wide space from premolars. A. Eumetopias. Space between upper molars. 523. stelleri. (O/aria), Less., Dist. Class., Hist. Nat., 1828, xiii, p. 420. jubata, Schreb. (nee Forst), Saugth., iii, 1778, p. 300. leonina, Pall., Zoog. Ross. Asiat. , i, 1831, p. 104. 356 EUMETOPIAS. ZALOPHUS. californianus. Gray (nee Less), Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 50, pis. 21, 22. Type locality. Bay of San Francisco. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific shores, Bering Straits to California and Japan. Genl. Char. Skull: brain case subquadrate, abruptly contracted anteriorly, diameter greatest at posterior end of zygoma and there equals three-fifths of its length; postorbital processes strongly de- veloped and quadrate; muzzle broad, its width at canines about one-fourth the length of skull. Fifth pair of molars placed far behind fourth pair. Adult males have high occipital and sagittal crests. Ears short, pointed. Color. Adult. Bright golden rufous in spring; in the autumn light sepia or vandyke brown, darker on the belly. Limbs dark red- dish brown almost black on outside; whiskers white or brownish white; nails bluish horn color. Specimens varj- in coloration. Fe- males usually lighter. Measurements. Total length, male, 2850; tail vertebras, 100; out- stretched fore limbs, 2362; length of hind foot, 559; ear 37. Female much smaller. 85. Zalophus. No space between upper molars. Zaiophus. Gill, Froc. Essex Inst., 1866, p. 7. Type Artocephalus lobatus, Gray. Neophoca. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866, xviii, p. 231. 524. californianus. (Otaria), Less., Diet. Class, Hist. Nat., 1828, xiii, p. 420. gillespii, M'Bain, Froc. Edinb. Roy. Soc, i, 1858, p. 422. Type locality. California. Geogr. Distr. West coast of United States from Bay of San Francisco southward. Genl. Char. Skull: facial portion elongated, slender; zygomatic breadth more than half the length of skull; postorbital processes long, narrow and directed backwards in old animals. Molars usually closel)' approximate; sagittal and occipital crests highly devoloped. Color. This varies greatly among individuals, and at different seasons from yellow and brownish yellow to reddish and blackish brown. Limbs blackish brown as also the belly. After moulting the pelage is golden brown. Whiskers yellowish white. Measurements. Total length, males, 2160; to outstretched hind flippers, 2542; fore feet, 369; hind foot, 380; tail no; ear, 35; long- est whisker, 225. Female much smaller. LIBRARY UNIVERSIIY OF ILLINOIS u:;:;,.:;.\ FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XL. Callotaria URSINA^ No. 1546 Field Columbian Museum Coll. M na'- s" CALLOTARIA. 867 86. Callotaria. I. 3z_3; C. ti; M. 1=^ or ^= 34 or 36. 2—2' I— i' 5—5 ;— ; •'^ -> Callotaria. Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1892, p. 156. Type Phoca Ursina, Linn. Callorhinus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1839, p. 359. (nee Blanch- ard Entom. nee Girard, Herpet.) Arciocephaliis. Gill (nee F. Cuv.), Proc. Essex Inst., i!S66, pp. 7-11. Facial portion of skull short, convex; nasals short, narrow pos- teriorly; palate narrow, contracted posteriorly, the arch deep, con- cave. Dentition weak. 525. ursina. (Phoca), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 37. kiiichenniniki'wi, Less., Class., 1828, xiii, p. 420. nigra. Pall., Zoog. Rosso-Asiat., 1831, i, p. 107. (juv.) nionteriensis. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1857, p. 360. (Part.) Type locality. Bering Sea Islands. Gcogr. Distr. Pacific shores of the United States from Cali- fornia northward; Pribyloff Islands, Bering Sea; also islands and shores of the Asiatic coast of north Pacific Ocean. Genl. Char. Pelage consists of a dense, fine silky fur, with a covering of long, moderately coarse hair. Skull: facial portion short, broad and elevated; postorbital processes subquadrate to sub-triangu- lar, postorbital constriction very considerable; sagittal and occipital crests well developed. Dentition weak. Ears long, narrow and pointed. Color. This varies from rich chestnut brown to black in the male, sometimes grayish black, but specimens exhibit great variety of hues. Naked skin of limbs, nose and anal region black. Females are much lighter, exhibiting various shades of gray, with rufous on breast and belly. Whiskers are black in the young, white in adult. Measurements. Total length, male, 2360; tail vertebra;, 50; out- stretched hind limbs, 2472; ear, 50; longest whisker, 180. Female, total length, 1170; tail vertebr.x', 50; nose to end of hind limbs, 1750; longest whisker, 140. Fam. II. Triehecidae. External ears wanting. Body large, unwieldy, gross; skull swollen anteriorly; upper canines immenselj- developed descending far below the lower jaw, tusk-like; postorbital processes wanting; alisphenoid canal present. Hind feet employed in walking similarly as do the members of the Olariidae. 358 TRICHECHUS. 87. Trichechus. l.lZl. C. 5=i: P. t^\ M. ?=5=l8. 0 — o' I— i' 3—3' 0—0 Trichechus. Linn., Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 49. Type T. rosmarus. Muzzle broad, short, with a group of stiff, bristle-like whiskers on each side; fore feet with five subequal toes each having a flat small nail; hind feet with the fifth toe longest; skin projecting be- yond the nails; small flat nails on first and fifth toes, long, pointed nails on remaining three. Tail rudimentary. 526. rosmarus. {Trichechus), Linn. Syst. Nat., i, 1766, p. 49. Gcogr. Distr. Coast of Labrador northward into the Arctic Ocean, and along the shores of Greenland, boreal islands and polar areas of eastern hemisphere to western Asia. Genl. Char. Head small, square, longer than broad; muzzle abruptly truncated; lower jaw pointed; body thick, heavy: tusks long; anterior profile from nasals to point oblique; interorbital constriction moderate; zygoma moderatelj' heavy; inferior border of ramus a gradual nearlj' uniform curve from posterior end of symphysis to end of jaw. Color. Yellowish brown; belly and base of flippers reddish brown or chestnut. Bristles yellowish horn color. Measurements. Total length, 2450-3650; manus from carpal joint to end of digits, 355-400; pes, from tarsal joint to end of longest digit, 380-450; transverse diameter of tarsus, 178. Length of tusk about 305 outside lips. 527. obesus. {Trichechus), Illig. Abhandl. d. Berl. Acad. (1804-11), 1815, pp. 68, 70, 75. rosmarus, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i, 1800, p. 234, fig. 68. (Part.) divcrgens, Illig. Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad. (1804-11), 1815, p. 68. cookii, Fremerj', Bijdrag, tot de naturk. Wetensch., vi., 1831, P- 385- arcticus. Pall. Zool. Rosso-Asiat., 1831, p. 269, pis. xxviii, xxix. Geogr. Distr. Northwest coast of America, in Arctic Sea and Bering Straits, and certain islands in Bering Sea, in Kotzebue and Norton Sounds, and Bristol Bay; also on northeastern coast of Asia. Genl. Char. Skull: muzzle narrower than that of T. rosniarus, with the occipital region wider and more massive; tusks longer and thicker, less incurved and more divergent; interorbital constriction very marked; zygoma heavy; interior border of ramus bluntlj' rounded. Color. Yellowish brown, dark beneath. There is very little dif- ■lELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. Z06lOGY, PL. XLI. Trichechus rosmarus. No, 41 Field Columbian Museum Coll. i oat. ifJilifERSlTY OF ILLINOIS URBANA IbKrtKY :'V Of ILLINOIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XLlll. Macrorhinus ANGUSTIROSTRUS. No. 21887 U. S. Nat'l Museum Coll. i nat. size. LI8RARy UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XLIV. Macrorhinus ANGUSTIROSTRUS. No. 21887 U. S. Nat'l Museum Coll. % nat. size. TRICHECHUS. MACRORHINUS. 359 ference in the color of the Atlantic and Pacific Walrus. Bristles "short, stubbed, grayish white." M Macrorhinus. F. Cuv. Mem. du Mus., 1824, xl, p. 200, pi. xiii. Type Phoca Iconina. Linn. Mirounga. Gray, Griff. Anim. King., 1827, v, p. 179. (Part.) Rhinophora. Wagl. Nat. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 27. Moiunga. Gray, List. Ost. Spec. Brit. Mus., 1M47, p. 33. Teeth small, one rooted; hind feet without nails; nose of adult male elongated into a tubular proboscis, capable of dilatation and extension; palate short, emarginate. 528. angustirostris. {Mitcroihiiuis), Gill, Proc. Chicago Acad. Scien., 1866, p. 331. Type locality. St. Bartholomew's Baj', Lower California. Geogr. Distr. Cape Lazaro to Point Reyes, coast of California. Now practically extinct. Genl. Char. Superior outline of skull irregularly arched from the lambdoidal suture to end of the nasals. Snout of male lengthened, narrowed at end, widest behind last molar and equal to three times and a half the total length of skull. Squamosal truncated above the meatus auditorius. Palatines short, the posterior sinus semi-oval, the bottom being about midway between the snout and the line of the jugular foramina. ISIaxillaries deeply incurved, line of molars incurved. Group of bristles over each ej-e. Hind flippers emargin- ate, hairy without nails. Color. Light brown generally, becoming bluish after the hair is shed. Measurements. Total length, Male, 18-20 feet. Female, total 360 MACRORHINUS. CYSTOPHORA. length, 9-10 feet; length of posterior flippers, i. 7-1. 10 inches; fore flippers, 1. 2-1. 5 inches; tail, 2-2^ inches; tip of nose to corner of mouth, "8 inches. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 245; of Hensel, 282; palatal length, 141 ; from anterior edge of intermaxillae to pterygoid hamuli, 205; greatest breadth of zygomata, 223; mastoid breadth, 1S2; length of nasals, 57; least interorbital breadth, 40; greatest width of brain case, 50; length of lower jaw, 239; anterior edge of ramus to last molar, 82. Specimen from San Cristobal Bay, Cali- fornia; No. 21887, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington. 89. Cystophora. I. ?=?; c. i^; P. *^; M. i=i = 30. I— i' I— I 4—4' i-i -^ Cystophora. Nills, Skand. Faun., 1820, i, p. 382. Type C. borealis, Ni/h, = Phoca crisiata, Erxl. Stcmmatopus. F. Guv. M6m. du Mus., 1824, xi, p. ig6. Nails on all the feet; adult male with an inflated skin extending from occiput to end of nose, forming a kind of hood; palate short, emarginate. Molars, except fifth upper pair, and sometimes also the fourth, single rooted. Nasals short; palate broad, posterior edge concave; zygomatic arch much curved; brain case short and broad, occipital crests prominent. Audital bullae swollen, nearly straight in adults. 529. cristata. (Phoca), Erxleb. Syst. Reg. Anim. , 1777, p. 590. cucullata, Bodd, Elench. Anim., 1785, p. 107. mitrate, (Milbert MS.), G. Cuv. Oss. Foss., 3d ed., v, 1825, p. 210, pi. xviii, fig. 3. Iwfcalis, Nills. Skand. Faun., 1820, p. 383. leucopla, Thienem., Reis. Nord. Eur., 1824, p. 102. isidorei. Less, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 256. Type locality. Southern Greenland. Geogr. Distr. Colder portions of North Atlantic; Arctic Sea. Rarely found south of Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Head small, with a movable muscular bag on top, extending from muzzle to behind eyes, nostrils placed in anterior part of hood, muscular sac capable of inflation. No hood on female. Color. Above bluish black; sides and belly lighter, spotted with whitish; head and limbs black. Measurements. Total length, 2190; fore limb, 480; hind limb, 420; tail vertebrae, 165. Skull: occipital condyle to end of premaxil- laries, 285; Hensel, 250; zygomatic width, 224; mastoid width, 182; interorbital constriction, 46. ELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XL Cystophora cristata. No. 95 .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. V. Coll. !. nal. size. LIBRARY Jl- ILLINUIS HALICHOERUS. PHOCA. 301 Sub. Fam. II. Phocinae. 90. Halichoerus. I. 31::'; c. I^; P. *-=^; M. i=i = 34. 2—2' I — i' 4—4 I— I Halichoerus. Nills, Faun. Skand. 1820, i, p. 377. Type Phoca grypus. Fabr. Piisa. Gill, (nee Scopoli. 1777), Johns. New. Univ. Cycl., 1877, III. p. 1226. Molars, excepting occasionally the two hinder in lower jaw, with- out accessory cusps; all one-rooted except last two above and last one below. Muzzle broad; superior outline of skull much arched; facial portion broad, nearly half as long as skull; brain case small; orbital fossae large; sagittal and occipital crests very greatly developed in old males. 530. grypus. [Phoca), Fabr. Skriv. af Nurturh.-Selsk., i, 2, 1791, pi. xiii, fig. 4. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic from Nova Scotia to Greenland. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Color. Silver ash or dusky gray, spotted obscurely with blackish; color varies from uniform silvery to blackish. Bristles, large, stiff. Measurements. Total length adult male, 2440-2745 ; female, 1 980-2 1 35. 91. Phoca. I. i=^\ C. i=J; P. ^; M. '=i = 34- 2-2' I— i' 4-4' I— I -"^ Phoca. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 37. Type P. vitulina. Ptisa. Scop. Intr. Hist. Hat., 1777, p. 490. Calocephalus. F. Cuv. Diet. Scien. Nat. 1826, xxxix, p. 544. Pagophilus. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1844, p. 3. Pagomys. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 2S. Erigtiathus. Gill, Proc. Essex Inst., 1865, p. 5. Haliphilus. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., i866, xvii, p. 446. Histriophoca. Gill, Am. Nat., 1873, vii, p. 179. Incisors simple, conical; molars, excepting the anterior one, two- rooted, and generally trilobed, and with accessory cusps; all feet with five strong compressed slightly curved claws; first and second digits on fore feet subequal. Facial portion of skull narrow, length- ened; interorbital constriction considerable. A. Erignathns. Muzzle broad, cranium at anterior border of frontals very high; palate very broad, arched, outline elliptical; narial fosss deep. Teeth small, weak; molars separate, some deciduous in old adults. 531- barbata. {Phoca), Fabricius, Muller's Zool. Dan. Prod., 1776, viii. /I'porina, Lepech. Act. Ac. Petrop., i, 1777, p. 264, pis. 8, 9 (juv). parsonsi. Less. Diet. Class. 1828, xiii, p. 414. lepechini. Less. Diet. Class., 1828, xiii, p. 415. nautica, Pall. Rosso-Asiat., 1831, p. 108. allngena, Pall. Rosso-Asiat., 1831, p. 109. nauiUa, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871, p. 3. Type locality. Coast of Cornwall, England. Geogr. Distr. Circumpolar, boreal, south in North American seas to Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Body Jong, slender. Skull: orbital fossae small, as are also the auditory bullae; lower jaw small and weak; process on posterior border beneath condyle, transverse to longitudinal axis. Bones of skeleton light and porous. Color. Above gray, darker on middle of back; color, however, varies greatly. Some are gray without spots, others spotted with yellowish. Measurements. Total length about 3050 ; skeleton adult female, 219. B. Histriophoca. Skull imperfect, much broken; molars placed apart, crowns simple directed backward. Superior outline of skull apparently nearly straight, flat; zygomata wide, heavy; bullae large, widely sep- arated, obliquely placed; basioccipital and basisphenoid wide; ptery- goid fossa wide for all its length; palatal arch rounded; palate broad posteriorly, narrowing rapidly anteriorly. 532. fasciata. {^Phoca), Zimm., Geog. Gesch., 1783, iii, p. 277. equistris. Pall. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1831, p. iii. Geogr. Distr. Bering Sea south to the Aleutian Islands, and to the Island of Saghalien on the Asiatic coast. Genl. Char. Same as those of genus. Color. Male. Dark brown; yellowish white band around neck to top of head; another broader around hind part of body, with a branch on each side to shoulder, confluent in center of body beneath; posterior part of abdomen spotted with brown. Female. Grayish yellow or grayish brown, with a narrow obscure whitish band across lower part of back. Measurements. Total length: Male, 1683; female, 1600. Skull: occipital condyles to alveolus of incisors, 200; length of Hensel, 178; LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINUli; UR3ANA FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. XLVni Phoca (Histriophoca) FaSCIATA. No. 22995 I-'. S. Nat'l Mus. Coll. Nearly % n»t. size. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS URBANA zygomatic width, 121; palatal length, 72. — Spec. No. 22995, from Cape Prince of Wales, Bering Strait, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash- ington. C. Phoca, Skull and dentition heavy, body stout ; limbs short. Palate broad, widening anteriorly; zygomata widely spread, curved; bullae moderate; basioccipital and basisphenoid broad. 533. vitulina. [Phocii), Linn. Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 39, 1766, i, p. 56 (part). varirgatti, Nilss. Skand. Faun., i, 1820, p. 359. scopulicoUi, Thienem. Reis. Nord. Eur., 1824, i, p. 59, pi. v. litloria, Thienem Reis. Nord. Eur., 1824, i, p. 59, pi. v. pealsi. Gill, Proc. Essex Inst., 1866, v, pp. 4, 13. factida, Bart. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 402. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Geogr. Distr. Coasts of North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, south to New Jersey and southern California respectively. Genl. Char. Head large, nose broad, limbs short; dentition heavy, molars close together, obliquely set; superior outline of skull convex; mandible short, heavy, thick, no inward curvature of inferior border. First digit of manus of young slightly the longest. Lower premolars and molars with four cusps; upper end of premaxillas only touch nasals. Color. Variable. Above yellowish gray spotted with dark brown or black; beneath yellowish white spotted with dark brown. Measurements. Total length, about 1225; but dimensions vary greatly. 534. largha. Pall. Zoiil. Rosso-Asiat., 1831, i, p. 113. Tyf^e locality. Kamtschatka, east shore. Geogr. Distr. Northern Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea. Genl. Char. Lower premolars and molars with three cusps instead of four; upper end of premaxilhi' continues along sides of nasals for some distance. Color. Grayish or ashy white spotted with black; spots smallest and closest on dorsal surface; feet brownish, claws black. Young yellow, dark gray on back. Measurements. Total length, 1 220-1 730. D, Pusa. Skull slender, nasals pointed, not prolonged posteriorly; teeth small, separated, pointed; upper molars with usually three cusps, except the last, which has two. Sometimes, however, all the upper molars have four cusps. First digit of manus longest. 535. hispida. {F/wco), Schreb. Saugth., iii, 1776, p. 312, pi. Ixxxvi. faetida, Fabricius, Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod., 1776, viii, desc. null. anneleta, Nilss. Skand. Faun., 1820, i, p. 262. discolor, F. Cuv. Mem. du Mus. , 1824, xi, p. 186. schreberi. ct frederici, Less. Diet. Class., d'Hist. Nat., xiii, 1828, pp. 414-416. dimidiatus, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 22. Type locality. Greenland. Geogr. Distr. Circumpolar; south to Labrador on American coast of Atlantic Ocean, and northern shores of Bering Sea on the Pacific coast. Genl. Char. Size moderate. First digit of manus exceeds all the others in length; teeth small, separated by diastema. Facial portion of skull short, narrow, tapering uniformly. Superior outline of skull flat. Color. Above blackish brown, darkest on back; sides lighter, with large oval whitish spots; beneath yellowish white. Ring around eye black; bristles blackish. Pattern and coloring varies among individuals. Measurements. Male. Total length, 1560; female, 1380. Di- mensions vary considerably. E. Pagoptilus. Teeth small, separated; muzzle narrow, lengthened, attenuated; superior outline of skull flat; mandible very slender; rami thin and broad, inferior borders curving inward. 536. groenlandica. {Plioca), Fabricius, Mull. Zool. Dan. Proc, 1776, viii. nigra, Kerr Anim. Kingd. , 1792, p. 125. oceanica, Lepech. At. Acad. Petrop., 1777, i, p. 295, pis. vii, viii. semilunaris, Bodd. Elench. Anim., 1785, p. 170. alhicauda, Desm. Mamm. Suppl., 1822, p. 839. lagura, G. Cuv. Oss. Foss., 1825, v, p. 206 (juv.). mulleri, desmaresii, et pilayi. Less, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., 1828, xiii, pp. 413, 416. dorsata. Pall. Zoog. Rosso-Asiat., 1831, i, p. 112. albini, Alex. Mem. Ac. Torino, 1850, 11, p. 141, pis. 1-lv. annelata, Gaimard (nee Nills), Voy. Isl., Atlas, i85i,pl. xi, fig. 9. Type locality. Greenland. Geogr. Distr. Circumpolar: south to Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean, and in north Pacific Ocean possibly to Sitka? Genl. Char. Size large; color var3-ing greatly according to age, female one-fourth less than male. Color. Mall-. Whitish or yellowish white; nose and head to behind eyes black, chin and throat black spotted. A broad black band from shoulders along the sides to tail, uniting on back between shoulders and on lower portion of back. Hind limbs black spotted. Ftmale. Dull white or yellowish, back tawny, and without black markings, or having them very indistinct; individuals vary greatly in color. Miasurcments. Total length, 1525 — 1600. Order IX. Insecflvora. G. E. Dobson, Monograph of the Insectivora, 1882. G. E. Dobson, Synopsis of ihe Soricidae, i8go. C. H. Merriani, Revision of the American Genera Blarina &> Notio- sorex, and Synopsis of the Atn. Shrews of the Genus Sorex, JV. Am. Faun., No. 10, i8<)5. G. S. Miller, The Long-Tailed Shrews of the Eastern United States, N. Am. Faun., No. 10, i8gj. Fam. I. Soricidae. Skull long, narrow; no zygomata or postorbital process; tym- panic not forming a bulla. Upper molar cusps with pattern like a W. First upper incisor large and hook-like with basal cusp on pos- terior border; no caecum; pubic arch closed; tibia and fibula united. Nose long, overhanging the mouth. Sub. Fam. I. Soriciuae. Summits of teeth colored red. 92. Sorex. 2—2' 0-0' i-i' 3—3 J Sorex. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1755, p. 53. Type, .S. araneus, Linn. Ear conch well developed; tail long; inner side of canines and incisors without secondary cusps; brain case rather broad; mandible fragile; feet without fringe. 537. personatus. {Sorex'), Geoff. St. Hil. Mem. du Museum, Paris, 1827, vol. XV, 122-125. fosteri, Rich. Zool. Journ., 1828, iii, p. 516. cooperi, Bachm. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1837, p. 388, pi. xxiv, fig. 7. Jimbripes, Bachm. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1837, p. 391, pi. xxiv, fig. 8. leseueri, {Amphisorex), Duvern, Mag. Zool. Mamm., 1842, p. 33 Pl- 1- platyrhnchus, Linsley, Sill. Am. Journ., 1S42, p. 346, xliii. 366 Fig. 70. SOREX MONTEREYENSIS. No. 221 Pield Columbian Museum Coll. Skull enlarged 2?-^ times. Tootli rows enlarged 6 ti platyrhinus, [Otisore.x), DeKay, Zool. N. Y., 1842, i, p. 22, pi. v, fig. I haxdeni, Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 29. richardsoiii, Dobson, (nee Bach.), Mon. Insectiv. 1890, i, pt. in, pi. xxiii, fig. 9. idahoensis, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, p. 32. Type locality. Eastern United States. Gtogr. Distr. New England to Alaska and south in high moun- tains to Tennessee and North Carolina. Not found in southern Rocky Mountains or Cascade-Sierra ranges. G(nl. Char. Size small; tail shorter than body; anterior part of rostrum compressed, attenuate; unicuspids decreasing from first to fifth. Color. Above sepia brown nii.xed with dark tipped hairs; be- neath ashy gray; tail above, including tip, dusky, beneath whitish, sometimes there is a chestnut phase of pelage. Measurements. Total length, 93 106.4; '*'' vertebra', 35.3-42.2; hind foot, 1 1-12.8. a.— streatori. (Sore.x), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1S95, p. 62. 7\pe locality. Yakutat, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Limits of range not known. Genl. Char. Larger and darker than S. personatus; tail about equal to body. Color. Above sepia brown and dusky; posterior part of back darkest; beneath ash gray; tail above dusky, beneath whitish. Measurements. Total length, 105-108. i ; tail vejtebras, 45.5-46.9: hind foot, 12. 7-1 3. 4. b.—arcticios. {Si>rex), Merr. , Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 17. Type locality. St. Michael's, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to 5. personatus; tail longer, color paler. Color. Summer Pelage. Above pale drab brown; beneath ashy white. Winter Pelage. Above dusky brown and white; beneath silverj' white washed with very pale buff. Measurements. Total length, 108; tail vertebrae, 39; hind foot, 12. 538. richardsoni. (Sorcx), Bach. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., vol. vii, 1837, p. 383, pi. xxlv, fig. 5. parvus. Rich, (nee Say), Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, p. 8. Type locality. Unknown. Geogr. Distr. Northern Minnesota and Saskatchewan Plains. Genl. Char. Size large; tail short. Skull similar to that of 5. futneiis, but generally larger. Color. Above seal brown; sides ochraceous; beneath plumbeous tinged with chestnut; tail above dusky, beneath brownish. Some specimens have ashy sides, and under parts ash gray. Measurements. Total length, about 113; tail vertebrae, 40; hind foot, 14. 539. tundrensis. {Sorex). Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 16. Type locality. St. Michael's, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large; pelage bicolor in winter, tricolor in summer. Color. Summer Pelage. Top of head and back drab brown; sides paler buffy brown; under parts whitish. Tail above brown, tip dusky, beneath buffy. Measurements. Total length, loS; tail vertebra?, 32; hind foot, 13. 540. sphagnicola. {Sore.x), Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., vol. iii, 1887, p. 650. belli, Dobson, Ms. Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1892, p. 25. Type locality. Vicinity of Fort Laird, British Columbia, lat. 60°. Geogr. Distr. British Columbia and Hudson Bay. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail shorter than body; large, com- pletely haired; unicuspids large, gradually diminishing to fourth; first and second subequal. Color. Above dark seal brown, darkest on rump; grayish brown along the belly; tail dark brown all around. Measurements. Total length, no ; tail vertebrae, 42 ; hind foot, 13.5. 541. fumeus. (Sore.x), Miller, N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, PP- 50-52- p/atyrhinus, Dobson (nee DeKay), Mon. Insect., 1890, Pt. iii, fasc. I, pi. xxiii, fig. 5. Type locality. Peterboro, N. V. Geogr. Distr. Eastern United States, Nova Scotia, New Bruns- wick east to Ontario and the Great Lakes. Genl. Char. Size of .S". richardsoni. Back without distinct dark median area. Color, smoky plumbeous gray. Color. In autumn and winter. Back smoke gray, the hair everj'- where tipped with seal brown, producing a finely grizzled appear- ance; the dark tips slightly more conspicuous over rump and lumbar region, less numerous on the sides and disappearing entirel)' on the belly, where the fur is pale broccoli brown. Everywhere the fur is slate color at base. Tail indistinctly bicolor seal brown dorsallj', yellowish white ventrally; feet yellowish white. In Summer. Dull hair brown throughout, paler on the belly, and very slightly darker on the back. Measurements. Total length, 116; tail vertebrae, 44; hind foot, 12.6. (Miller, 1. c.) 542. macrurus. {Sorex), Batchelder, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1896, X, p. 133. Type locality. Beedes, Essex County, New York. Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; body stout. Color. Upper parts slate or blackish slate; under parts dark smoke or brownish mouse gray; tail above brown, beneath brownish flesh color; hind and fore feet above, fawn color. Measurements. Total length, 130; tail vertebra;, 60; hind foot, 15; ear, 10. 543. setosus. (.V'/va), Elliot, Pub. Field Col. Mus., 1899, ii P- 274, Zoology. Type locality. Happy Lake, Clallam County, Olympic Moun- tains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Larger than either 5. vagrans or S. obseurus. Simi- lar in the color of the back but with brighter sides, and grayish white beneath with a tint of buff. Bristles on sides buff colored. Third unicuspid smaller than fourth. Tail about one-fifth shorter than body and head. Color. Entire upper parts light cassell brown with a grayish sheen upon it, which causes it to vary in depth according to the light in which the specimen is held. Flanks, brownish ochre with a spot denuded of fur in the center, covered by a bunch of buff-colored bristles. Under parts grayish white, almost silvery in certain lights, tinted with buff. Legs and feet flesh color. Tail dark brown above, yellowish white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 120; tail vertebrae, 54; hind foot, 13. 544. vagrans. {Sorex), Baird, Mamm. N. Am. 1857, p. 15, pi. xxvi, fig. 1675. suckleyi, Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 18, pi. xxvii, fig. 1677. Type locality. Shoalwater Bay, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Southern British Columbia, western Washington and Oregon, and northern California to Monterey on coast, and to Fort Crook in the mountains. Genl. Char. Size small; tail as long as body, scantily haired at tip; third unicuspid smaller than fourth. Skull like that of S. obscurus, but upper molars and large premolar are smaller. Color. Above dark brown or russet; beneath ashy; tail above dusky, beneath paler. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebrae, 43.5; hind foot, 12.3. a.—dobsoni. Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, pp. 33-34, pi. Iv, fig. 2. Ty/e locality. Saw Tooth or Alturas Lake, east base of Saw Tooth Mountains, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountains in northern Idaho and western Montana; also Big Snowy and Prior Mountains, Montana; Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, and Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Geril. Char. Size small; pelage short; third unicuspid much smaller than fourth. Similar to 5. vagrans in size and general ap- pearance, but color grayish brown instead of chestnut brown; teeth broader. Color. Above dull sepia brown, not darker on the rump. Un- der parts drab gray slightly tinged with brown. Tail above sepia brown, beneath drab gray. Measurements. Total length. 105; tail vertebrae, 47; pencil, 4.5; hind foot, 12.5. b.—monficola. {Sore-x), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, pp. 43.44. Type- locality. San Francisco Mountains, Arizona (11,500 feet). Geogr. Disir. Arizona. Gcnl. Char. Size small, similar to >S'. vagrans, third unicuspid much smaller than fourth; teeth broad. Color. Upper parts sepia brown, paler on the sides; under parts much lighter. Tail above sepia brown, beneath paler. Measurements. Total length, 107; tail vertebras, 45; hairs, 2; hind foot, 12.5; ear from crown, 3. 545. amoenus. {.Sorc.x), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 6g. Type locality. Mammoth Pass, Owens River, east slope Sierra Nevada, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern California. Genl. Char. Similar to S. vagrans, but larger; tail shorter. Color. Upper parts dark, fuliginous mixed with brownish; sides pale brownish; under parts buffy whitish. Tail blackish above, whitish below. Measurements. Average of two specimens from type locality. Total length, 103; tail vertebra, 37; hind foot, 12.3. 546. vancouverensis. (Sorex), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 70. Type locality. Goldstream, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Vancouver Island. Genl. Char. Similar to S. vagrans, but larger. Color. Above mixed dusky and sepia brown, the former pre- vailing on the back, the latter on the sides, where it forms an indis- tinct band; under parts plumbeous, tipped with ash and washed with rusty. Tail above dark brown, paler below on basal half. Measurements. Total length, 110; tail vertebra?, 43; hind foot, 12. 547. nevadensis. {Sorex), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. lo, 1895, p. 71. Txpe locality. Reese River, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Nevada, Great Basin. Genl. Char. Size small. Similar to S. vagrans, but tail shorter and color different. Color. Above mixed slate black and hoary; sides indistinctly buffy, under parts hoary. Ears brownish. Tail dusky above and whitish below, tip dark. Measurements. Average of four specimens from type locality. Total length, 96.5; tail vertebrae, 39; hind foot, 12.5. 548. obscurus. {Sorex), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, pp. 72- 73, pi. viii, figs. 1, xa. vagrans similis, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, pp. 34-35, pi. iv, fig. 3. (nee Hensel.) Type locality. Timber Creek, Salmon River Mountains, Idaho (8,200 feet). Gi'ogr. Distr. British Columbia, and Mountains of western Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah and Colorado; south in California to Mt. Whitney. Genl. Char. Similar to 6'. vagrans, but slightly larger with the skull and mandible conspicuously larger and heavier. Color. Above sepia brown tinged with pale rufous. Under parts drab gray tinged with buff. Tail above sepia brown, below drab gray. Measurements. Total length, 102-iig; tail vertebras, 39-53.9; hind foot, 12. 5-13. 8. a. — lon^icaicdus, (Sorex), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 74. Ty/>e locality. Wrangel, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. "Coast of southeast Alaska from Wrangel south- ward; also coast of Washington, including Puget Sound and Skagit Valley." Genl. Char. Similar to S. bairdi in color, length of tail and ex- ternal appearance; similar to 5". ohscurus in cranial and dental char- acters. Color. Above dark chestnut brown; beneath buffy ash, suffused with pale chestnut brown on the belly. Tail dark brown above, buffy below. Measurements. Average of 27 specimens from Wrangel, Alaska. Total length, 128.8; tail vertebra:, 58.1; hind foot, 15.5. (Mer- riam, 1. c.) 549. glacialis. {Sorc.x), Merr.,Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 16. Type locality. Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to S. o. longicaudus, but smaller and darker. Color. Above dusky brown; beneath whitish. Tail above and tip brownish dusky, below buffy. Measurements. Total length, 122; tail vertebrae, 52; hind foot, 14. fe. — alascensis. Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 76. Type locality. Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Juneau to Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large; tail medium, about equal to body with- out head; hind foot nearly 15. Color. Above sepia brown mixed with light tipped hairs; be- neath ash gray, the plumbeous showing through. Tail above dark brown, below whitish. Measurements. Total length, 115; tail vertebras 45; hind foot, 14.5. a. — shuma^inensis. (Sorex), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. iH. Ty/e locality. Popof Island, Shumagin Group, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to .S'. g. a/ascensis, but smaller and paler. Color. Above brown and whitish, "pepper and salt" appear- ance; beneath grayish white; indistinct pale fulvous band on flanks. Measurements. Total length, 112; tail vertebra', 42; hind foot, 14. 550. bairdi. {Sore.x), Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1895, p. 77, pi. vii, figs. 3. 3"- Type locality. Astoria, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Coast of Oregon. Genl. Char. Similar to S. o. longicaudus, but skull larger and an- terior unicuspids much more swollen. Color. Above dark chestnut brown mixed with black on back, beneath chestnut brown; tail dark brown above, pale buffy brownish below. Measurements. Average total length, 129; tail vertebraR, 57; hind foot, 15. i. 551. trowbridgei. (Sorex), Baird, Mamm., N. Am., 1857, pp. 13-15. Type locality. Astoria, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Western W^ashington and Oregon, west of Cas- cade Range. Genl. Char. Similar to S. montereyensis, but third lateral incisor smaller than the fourth, anterior upper incisor with a moderate inter- nal lobe. Color. Above sooty brown or black, slightly variegated with hoary, beneath paler; tail blackish above, whitish beneath. Measurements. Average total length, 121; tail vertebrae, 57.7; hind foot, 13.7. 552. montereyensis. {Sorex'), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, P- 79- Type locality. Monterey, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast and Sierra Nevada of California; south on coast to Morro and San Luis Obispo; south in the Sierra to Sequoia National Park and East Fork Kaweah River. Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; skull and teeth similar to S. trowbridgei, but heavier. Color. Above slate black, grading into dull plumbeous brown on the belly. In summer the back is bro\vnish. Tail blackish above, whitish beneath. Measurements. Average total length, 120; tail vertebrae, 52.4; hind foot, 14.8. 553. ornatus. (Sorex), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 79, pi. viii, figs. 3, la. Type locality. San Emigdio Canon, Mount Pinos, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California from head of Ventura River and Mount Pinos easterly to San Bernardino Peak, and south through the San Jacinto range to Santa Isabel. Genl. Char. Similar to S. californiciis, but larger, with much longer tail, larger ears and feet, and dark rump patch. Color. Above ash gray, darker on the rump, forming a patch on posterior half of back; sides and beneath whitish; tail dark above, pale below. Measurements. Total length, 108; tail vertebrae, 43; hind foot, 13. 554. californicus. {Sore.x), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 80, pi. xii, figs. 6, 7. Type locality. Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County, California. Geogr. Distr. California. Genl. Char. Size small; tail shorter than body without head; skull small and flat; third unicuspid barely half the size of the fourth. Color. Above dark ash gray and blackish, sometimes washed with brownish; beneath plumbeous, tipped with whitish. Measurements. Average total length, 93; tail vertebra;, 34.5; hind foot, II. 5. 555. shastensis. {Sorex), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 16, 1899, p. 87. Type locality. Mount Shasta, California. Geogr. Distr. Known only from tj'pe locality. Genl. Char. "Small, tail short, ears small; third unicuspid smaller than fourth. Skull: rostrum small, constriction swollen; unicuspids narrower than in 6". californicus; large premolar, very broad posteriorly." Color. " Head and sides of neck to shoulders dull rufous brown; rest of upper parts dark steel gray; under parts ashy brown; tail sharply bicolor, dusky above, buffy below, becoming dusky toward tip." Measurements. "Total lengths, 90; tail vertebras, 35; hind foot, 12." (Merr., 1. c.) 556. tenellus. {Sore.x), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 81, pi. xii, figs. 8, 9. Type locality. Alabama Hills, near Lone Pine, Owens Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Genl. Char. Similar to S. californicus , but the skull is flatter, smaller and much narrower. Color. Above pale ash gray, beneath white; feet white; tail dark above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 103 ; tail vertebra:, 42 ; hind foot, 12.5. a.— nanus. Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 81, pi. viii, figs. 5. 5"- Type locality. Estes Park, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Colorado, Montana (Fort Custer). Genl. Char. Size small, similar to .S'. tenellus, skull more slender and teeth smaller. Color. Above sepia brown, darkest on the back, under parts and feet grayish ash; tail above sepia brown, beneath whitish, tip dark. Measurements. Total length, 105; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 10. 557. longirostris. [Sore.x), Bachm. Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1837, III, Pt. II, pp. 370-373, pi. x.xiii, fig. 2. Type locality. Swamps of Santee River, South Carolina. Geoi^r. Distr. North and South Carolina, probably Georgia and Florida also. Genl. Char. Size small; third unicuspid smaller than fourth. Color. Above chestnut brown, beneath ashj' tinged with drab; tail above dark brown, beneath paler. Measurements. Average total length, 85.6; tail vertebrae, 31.9; hind foot, 10.7. 558. fisheri. {Sorex), Merr.,N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 86, pi. Iv, fig. 4. 'J'ype locality. Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Geogr. Distr. Virginia and North Carolina. Genl. Char. Similar to .S". longirostris, but larger. Color. Above dull chestnut brown, beneath drab brown; tail above very dark brown, beneath pale brownish, tip dark all around. Measurements. Total length, 108; tail vertebr*, 39; hind foot, 12. 559. pacificus. {.'^••re.x), Baird, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., 1877, III, 3, p. 650. Type locality. Fort Umpqua, mouth of Unipqua River, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Pacific coast from Point Reyes, California, to Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Genl. Char. Size large, skull massive; first and second unicus- pids subequal; fourth larger than third; fifth, variable, orange tipped. Color. Cinnamon rufous in summer; in winter the pelage is darker. Aleasurements. Total length, average, 150; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 17. 560. pribilofensis. {Sorex), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 87, pi. ix, figs. 3, 3a. Type locality. St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands. Genl. Char. Size rather small; tail short, thick and remarkably hairy; unicuspids diminishing from before backwards, as in 5. per- sonatus ; third larger than fourth. Color. Head and band down the back chocolate brown, sides dull, ochraceous buff; under parts dirty white; chin, throat and feet, white; tail brown above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 107 ; tail vertebra, 35 ; hind foot, 13.5. 561. merriami. [Sorex), Dobson, Mon. Insectivora, Part III, fasc. I, 1890, pi. xxiii, fig. 6. Type locality. Fort Custer, Montana. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail not quite so long as body, ears very large. Skull: brain case flat; rostrum and palate short, broad; second unicuspid the largest; fourth smaller than third; middle inci- sor without secondary cusp on inner side. Color. Above ash gray tinged with buffy; sides and beneath, white; feet white; tail above buffy white, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 90; tail vertebrae, 36; hind foot, 11. a. — miscix. {Sorex), Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Soc, i, 1899, p. 15. Type locality. Black Bay, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Labrador. Genl. Char. Large as 5. /. streatori Merr. from Alaska; hind foot larger than in .S. personatus ; colors paler and grayer at all sea- sons, but especially so in winter. Skull much larger, brain case much higher, foramen magnum smaller and narrower. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper part broccoli brown, shading on rump towards sepia, the amount of sepia varying much in different individuals, in some skins spreading well up over the back; under parts pale smoky gray; tail, feet and hands as in S. personatus. Winter Pelage. Upper parts, drab gray; under parts, base of hairs slate gray; tips silvery gray, the basal slate gray showing in places; tail more hairy than in summer and more sharply bicolored. Measuronents. Total length, 104; tail vertebras, 44; hind foot, 14 (Bangs 1. c.) MICROSOREX. 377 93. Microsorex. d' i-i' i-i ■> Microsorex. Baird, in Coues Prec. Notes on Am. Insect. Mamm., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, 1877, iii, No. 3, p. 646. Type Sor,x hoyi, Baird. Inner side of canines, and second and third upper incisors with a distinct secondary cusp; fourth upper incisor very minute and nearly hidden between third incisor and canine: brain case low and narrow; mandible short and heavy: feet never fringed. S^&g?^ iMWP'i^^ Fig. 71. Microsorex hoyi. No. 8005 .Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Skull 2M times nat. size. Tooth rows 6 times nat. size. 562. hoyi. {Sorex), Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, pp. 32-33, pi. xxviii. thompsoni, Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 34. Type locality. Racine, Wisconsin. Geogr. Distr. Labrador to British Columbia, northern Minne- sota and North Dakota. Genl. Char. Verj' small and slender. Ears prominent, feet very small. Tail about as long as the body exclusive of head. Remain- ing characters like those of subgenus. Color. Above chestnut brown, with a little hoariness; sides hair brown; beneath dull rusty white. Tail pale Isabella color, as are also the feet. Measurements. Average total length, S3; tail vertebrae, 32; hind foot, 10.7. NEOSOREX. I. 94. Neosorex. C. 1=^; P. 2=?; M. 5=3 = 32. 0—0' I— i' 3—1 ->^ Neosorex. Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 11. Ty/rc Neoscrex navi. gator, Baird. Inner side of canines and incisors without secondary cusps; fourth upper incisor well developed, brain case broad; mandible slender and lightly built; feet fringed with bristle-like hairs. Fig. 72. Neosorex palustrius. No. 2532 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Skull twice nat. size. Tooth rows enlarged 5 times. 563. palustris. {Sorex), Richardson, Zool. Journ., vol. iii, 1828, P- 571- Type locality. Marshy places between Hudson Bay to Rocky Mountains. Geogr. Distr. Central Minnesota to east base of Rocky Moun- tains. Genl. Char. Same as those of the subgenus. Color. Above seal brown and hoary; fur at base slate gray; belly pale smoke gray, sometimes tinged with cream color; feet sepia; tail above and at tip seal brown, beneath pale smoke gray. Measurements. Total length, 157; tail vertebrre, 68; hind foot, 20. I NEOSOREX. 379 a. — nnid^ator. {^Neosorex), Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, pp. 11-12, pi. xxvi. paluslris, Merr. N. Am. Faun., i8gi, No. 5, p. 35 (nee Richard). Type locality. Stated to be Fort Vancouver, Washington, but probably the type came from northern Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to southern Colorado; Sierra Nevada of California south to Sequoia National Park. GenL Char. Similar to y. palushis, but smaller. Feet large and broad; tail longer than head and body, with a distinct pencil at tip; third lateral tooth smaller than the fourth. Color. Above sooty brown mixed with hoary; beneath grayish white; tail silver white beneath, dusky above. Measurements. Average of 8 specimens from Preyor Mountains, Montana. Total length, 148.4; tail vertebra^ 71.5; hind foot, 20.4; (Merriam). h. — alasknnus. Merr. Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 18. Ty/e locality. Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to N. p. navigator, but smaller. Color. Above slate gray; under parts and feet whitish; tail above and tip dusky; beneath whitish. Measurements. Total length, 145 ; tail vertebra?, 65 ; hind foot, 18.5. 564. albibarbis. {Neosore.x), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, pp. 188-189. Type locality. Profile Lake, Franconia Mountains, New Hamp- shire. Geogr. Distr. Pennsylvania northward to Labrador. Genl. Char. Similar to X. palustris, but dusky beneath. Skull and teeth smaller, the anterior unicuspids narrower, and molars less deeply excavated behind. Color. Above blackish slate mixed with light tipped hairs; beneath dusky; tail blackish above, whitish below on basal two- thirds. Measurements. Total length, 153; tail vertebra, 66.6; hind foot, 19. 565. hydrodomus. {.Sorex), Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th scr.. vol. 4, i88g, pp. 372-374. Type locality. Unalaska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Gen. Char. Third incisor larger than fourth; fore and hind feet fringed on both sides, especially dense on outer margins. Color. "Fur reddish brown above, yellowish brown beneath; NEOSOREX. ATOPHYRAX. chin, throat and chest with grayish tipped hairs; the base of the hairs both above and beneath dark bhiish gray." Measurements. "Length head and bod}', 53; tail, 46; eye from end of muzzle, g-J^; ear length, 6-}4; elbow to end of middle digit without claw, 13; hand, 6; foot, 13; distance between tips of first upper incisor and last premolar, yYi." 95. Atophyrax. I. i=_4; c. i=i; p. 5=?; M. ?== 32. Atophyrax. Merr., Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 1884, p. 217. " Feet large and fimbricate, with third and fourth toes of hind foot webbed at base as in Neosorex. Anterior part of rostrum nar- rowed, much produced and recurved, forming, with the under jaw, a toothed forceps for seizing living prey. Brain case expanded laterally as in Neosorex. Unicuspidate teeth parallel, the fifth with a colored cusp, sometimes bifid. Two first upper molars with two internal cusps, the secondary one diagnostic of the subgenus is separated by a sulcus from the large triangular cusp developed on the cingulum of the posterior half of the inner side of the tooth." Fig. 73. Atophyrax bendirii. No. 2379 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Skull twice nat. sii^. Tooth rows enlarged 5 times ATOPHYRAX. BLARINA. 381 56O. bendirii. (Ato/>/iyrax), Merr. .Trans. Linn. Soc. New York, vol. ii, 1884, pp. 217-225. Type locality. Klamath Basin, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Klamath Basin, Oregon, northward along east side of Cascade Range to Paget Sound, westward to coast of Cali- fornia and south to Sonoma County. Gcnl. Char. Size large; tail long; other characters those of the subgenus. Color. Sooty plumbeous, paler on under parts; tail dusky. Measurements. Total length, 150; tail vertebra:, 68; hind foot, 20. a.—palmeri, {Sorex), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 97, pi. xii, figs. 1-3. Type locality. Astoria, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Coast of Oregon, Willamete Valley. Genl. Char. Similar to S. bendirii, but larger, blacker, skull heavier. Color. Above shining black, grading into sooty plumbeous beneath; tail dusky. Measurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebra^ 73; hind foot, 20. h.—albiventer. (Sorex), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 97. Type locality. Lake Cushman, Olympic Mountains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, Washington. Genl. Char. Similar to S- bendirii, but larger, beneath whitish; tail longer; skull and teeth larger. Color. Above sooty plumbeous; beneath white, tinged with dusky on breast and middle of belly. Tail blackish above, beneath paler at base. Measurements. Total length, 166 ; tail vertebra;, 78 ; hind foot, 20.5. 96. Blarina. I. ii2i or 3=3; c. i=i; P. ?=-'; M. ^^ = 32 or 30. 2—2' 2—2 0—0' I— 1' 3—3 -^ -^ Blarina. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1837, p. 124. Type Sorex talpoides. Gapper = S. brevicaudus. Say. Corsira. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1837, p. 123. Brachysorex. Duvern. Mag. Zool., 2nd Ser. , 1842, p. 37. Blaria. Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, xxi. Talposorex. Pomel (nee Lesson), Archiv. Scien. Pliys. and Nat., Geneve, 1848, ix, p. 248. Galemys. Pomel (nee Kaup), Archiv. Scien. Phys. and Nat., Geneve, 1848, ix, p. 249. (Part.) 382 BLARINA. Cryptotis. Pomel, Archiv. Scien. Phys. and Nat., Geneve, 1848, p. 249. Anotus. Wagn. Supp. Schreb. Saugth., 1855, p. 550. Sorieiscus. Coues, Bull. U. S. Gaol, and Geog. Surv. , 1877, p. 649. Ear conch truncated above; tail short; fourth upper incisor rudi- mentary or absent; first and second unicuspids largest, subequal; middle incisor with elongate basal lobe; brain case highest at lamb, doidal suture. Fig. 74. Blarina brevicauda. No. 3583 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Skull twice nat. size. Tooth rows 4 times nat. size. 567. brevicauda. (Sorex), Say in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. , vol. i, 1823, p. 164. talpoidcs. Gapper, Zool. Jour., 1830, v, p. 202, pi. viii. dekayi, Bach. Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1837, vii, p. 377. micritra, Pomel, Archiv. Scien. Phys. et Nat. Geneve, 1848, p. 249. angusticefs, Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 47. costaricensis, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1891, p. 205 (not from Costa Rica). Type locality. Near Blair, three miles above mouth of Boyer River, Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic coast to Nebraska, and Manitoba. BLARINA. 383 Gent. Char. Skull largest and heaviest of the American Sori- cidae. Color. Above sooty plumbeous, beneath ashy plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, average, 127; tail vertebra;, 26.5; hind foot, 16.5. a. — caroUnensis. (Son-x), Bachm., Jour. Acad. Sci. Phil., vii, Part 11, 1837, pp. 366-370. Type locality. Eastern South Carolina. Gcogr. Distr. Chesapeake Bay to Arkansas. Genl. Char. Intermediate between B. brevicaitda i.i\A B. parva ; hind foot small as in B. parva. Occipital plane of skull more arched than in B. brevicauda, mandible weaker. Color. Above sooty plumbeous; paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 99.5; tail vertebra;, 20.5; hind foot, 12.5. b.—hulopha^a. {Blarina), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mas., 1899, i, p. 287, Zoology. Type locality. Dougherty, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Gent. Char. Similar to B. b. caroUnensis, but lighter in color and differing in the character of the teeth, and with an extremely short tail. Skull: occipital plane flat as in B. brevicauda, only slightly elevated above the frontals; mandible equally massive for the rela- tive size, and the angle well pronounced. Pterygoid fossa as long as that of B. brivicauda, notwithstanding the shorter length of skull. Incisors broad at base and sloping forwards, fifth unicuspid not visi- ble from the outside, first and second unicuspids more than twice the size of the following three, and projecting forward. Middle cusp of first upper molar large and pyramidal in shape. Color. Adult Male. Uniform silvery graj- in most lights, chang- ing to light brown in others; under parts pale hues of same colors and when viewed against the hair becoming buff. Feet flesh color. Tail brown above, brownish white below. Measurements. Total length, 100; tail vertebra;, 18; hind foot, 12. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 20; length of Hensel, 17; greatest mastoid breadth, 9; palatal length, 8; pterygoid, 3. c. — peninmUae. (Blarina), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 14. Type locality. Miami River, Dade County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Peninsula of Florida, south of latitude 28°. Genl. Char. Similar to B. b. caroUnensis, but with larger hind feet and more slaty coloration; molariform teeth larger. Color. Upper parts uniform slate black, darker below; lacks the sepia brown tint of B. h. carolintnsis. Measurements. Total length, 97; tail vertebrae, 20; hind foot, I3-5- 568. telmalestes. (Blarina), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 10, 1895, p. 15, pi. ii, fig. 5. Type locality. Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Geogr. Distr. Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Genl. Char. Similar to B. brevuaicda, skull narrower; anterior nares less thickened. Color. Uniform dark plumbeous or slate gray above and below, slightly darker on the rump and nose; feet and tail blackish. Measurements. Totallength, 118; tail vertebrae, 28; hind foot, 16. I. Oryptotis. FiG. 75. Blarina (Cryptotis) parva. No. 938 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Skull enlarged 2?i times. Tooth rows enlarged 7 times. 569. parva. (Sorcx), Say, in Long's Exped. to Rocky Mts., 1823, vol. I, p. 164. cinereus, Bachm., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1837, vii, p. 373, pi. xxiii, fig. 3. exilipes, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 51. eximius, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 52. BLARINA. NOTIOSOREX. 385 Type locality. Near Blair, Nebraska, west bank of Missouri River. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic coast to eastern Nebraska and Texas. Genl. Char. Smallest of United States species; last upper uni- cuspid usually not visible from outside; upper molars deeply exca- vated posteriorly. Color. Above sepia to dark hair brown; beneath ash gray. Tail above sepia, below ash gray. Measurements. Total length, average, 79; tail, vertebr;c, 16; hind foot, 10.6. 570. floridana. {Blarina), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. lo, 1895, p. 19, pi. i, fig. 7. Type locality. Chester Shoal, 11 miles north of Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Peninsular Florida, south of latitude 29^. Genl. Char. "Similar to B. parva, but larger, with longer skull, whiter teeth, and larger molars, which are less deeply emarginate posteriorly." Color. Winter Pelage. Above iron gray, beneath paler. Summer Pelage. Inclined to sepia. Measurements. Average from two specimens from type locality. Total length, 89; tail vertebra-, 22; hind foot, 12. (Merriam, 1. c.) 9G. Notiosorex. I. y=l-, C. !=i; p. — ; M. t:- = 28. 2—2' 0-0' I— i' 3-3 Notiosorex, Baird, in Coues Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., 1877, p. 646. Type Sorcx crawfordi, Baird. Third unicuspid half the size of second; all narrow at base, inner side without secondary cusplet; anterior teeth orange at tips; molars white, cranium flat, rounded on sides; tail short, not half as long as head and body. 571. crawfordi. {Soriw), Baird, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., 1877, iii, p. 657. Type locality. Fort Bliss, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Texas to southern California. Genl. Char. Size small; ears larj,'e, conspicuous; hind feet and tail short; other characters same as those of the genus. Color. Above olive gray; beneath whitish; tail bicolor agreeing above and below with the hues of the body. NOTIOSOREX. NEUROTRICHUS. Fig. 76. NoTisOREx crawfordi. No. S1395 U. S. Nafl. Museum Coll. Skull Enlarged 2% times. Tooth rows enlarged 6 times. Measure7nents. Total length, 82; tail vertebras, 26; hind foot, 10.5; ear, 6.5. Fam. II. Talpldae. F. W. True. A revision of the American Moles. Free. U. S.Nat. Mus., 1896, p. I. Body stout; neck very short, apparently wanting; eyes minute; ears short, concealed in the fur; nostrils superior or lateral, some- times terminal on the snout; in one instance surrounded by a radiat- ing fringe; limbs short fitted for digging, the anterior the larger; manus broad and with powerful claws; tail short; tibia and fibula united; first and second lower incisors not projected horizontally forwards. Sub. Fam. I. Myogalinae. Clavicles and humerus moderately elongated; manus without fal- ciforme bone. 97. Neiirotrichus. I. ^^; c. i=i; P. ^3 M. 3=3 = 36. i-i' i-i' 4-4' 3-3 ■' Neiirotrichus. Gunth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1880, p. 441. Type, U. gibbsi, Baird. Anterior upper incisors broad; internal basal cusp of second NEUROTRICHUS. upper molar bilobed; bullae incomplete; snout and tail elongate; nos- trils lateral in terminal naked pad of snout; fore feet broad; claws lonK, acute, compressed. Fig. 77. NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSII. No. 872 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull twice nat. size. Tooth rows cnlartLred 4 tii 572. gibbsi. {Urotrichus), Baird, N. km. Mamm., 1857, p. 76. Type locality. White River Pass, Cascade Mountains, Wash- ington. Geogr. Distr. Fraser River, British Columbia, west of Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains to Shasta County, and thence along the coast of San Francisco Bay, California. Genl. Char. Muzzle prolonged into a cylindrical tube, con- tinued some distance beyond the incisors, terminating in a simple naked bulb. Nostrils cylindrical, opening in the side; eyes and ears concealed. Tail long and hairy; fore foot moderately large, shorter than the hind feet. Upper and under surface of both covered with small plates. Color. " Dark sooty brown almost inappreciably lighter beneath, the color almost uniform from the roots; a little more bluish perhaps in the covered portions. Some of the hairs are more lustrous than others, and reflect light so as to impart a hoary appearance. The fur is long and not very compact, longest hair twentieth of an inch." (Baird, 1. c.) a.— major. {Neurotrichus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i6, 1899, p. 88. Ty/>e locality. Carberry Ranch, Shasta County, California. Gfogr. Distr. Canadian zone, Shasta County, California. 388 NEUROTRICHUS. SCALOPS. Genl. Char. '■'■ 'Sixm.Wz.x \.q N. gibbsi, but larger; tail longer, feet larger; under parts darker; upper large premolar smaller, with an- terior cusp to the cingulum; lower large premolar larger than in N. gibbsi. Color. Similar to IS! . gibbsi. Measurements. Average total length, 120; tail vertebrae, 40; hind foot, 17. b.—hyacinthinus. {^Ne'iiroirichus), Bangs, Am. Natur., 1897, xxxi, p. 240. Type locality. Nicasio, Marin County, California. Genl. Char. Larger than N. gibbsi; skull broader relatively. Color. Black with green and purple reflections. Measurements. Total length, average, 123.8; tail vertebras, 39.7; hind foot, 17. Sub. Fam. II. Talpinae. Clavicle and humerus very short and broad; manus with a large falciforme bone. 98. Scalops. I. 3r_3; C. ^; P. ^; M. 3=3 ^ o, 3-3 i-i' 3-3 3-3 ^ Functional dentition. I. g; C. ~; P. ^; M. ^ = 36. Scalops. Cuv. Lee. Anat. Comp., 1800-1, (Desc. null.) Type none. Talposcrex. Less, (nee Schinz), Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 124. Palate extending behind last molars; bullae complete; first upper incisor large, next two minute; molars with narrow, anterior internal basal ledge; nostrils superior; sacral vertebra^ and ischium connected by two bony bridges. Fore and hind toes webbed. Hand with an OS falciforme. 573. aquaticus. {Sorex), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 53. europaea flavescens, Erxl. Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 118. europaea flava, Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1788, p. no. Jiava, Kerr, Anim. King., 1792, p. 201. fusca, Kerr, Anim. King., 1792, p. 202. cupreata, Rafin. Free, decouv. trav. somiol. Palerme, 181 4, p. 14. canadensis, Desm. Mamm., 1820, p. 155. pennsylvanica, Harl. Faun. Amer., 1825, p. 33. virginiana, De Blainv. Osteog. Atl., 1839-64, i, p. 4, pis. v, ix. pennantii, Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 327. Type locality. Eastern United States. Geogr. Distr. Massachusetts to Florida, westward to Mississippi. Genl. Char. Eyes and ears minute, not covered by membrane. SCALOPS. Fig. 78. ScALOPS aquaticus. No. 8525 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull enlarged 'A nat. size. Tooth rows enlarged 4 times. Fore feet yevy large, broader than long (exclusive of claws); toes webbed; palms naked. Tail short, slender, scantily covered with hair. Fur fine, velvety. Coronoid process of mandible heavy, with a tubercle on posterior margin. Color. Uniform lead color tinged with brown, in some lights appearing dark, in others silvery gray. Feet and tail white. Measurements. Total length, 100-150; tail, 20-28; hind foot, 20. a.—jnnchrinus. {Talpa), Rafin., Atlantic Journ., 1832, p. 61. serieeti, Rafin., Atl. Journ., 1832, p. 61. argentatus, Aud. & Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 292. Ty/e locality. Near Lexington, Kentucky. Geogr. Distr. Wisconsin and Minnesota, to Tennessee and Missouri; west to eastern Kansas, Nebraska and southwestern South Dakota. Genl. Char. Largest of the genus. Nose elongate, depressed, naked and tuberculate; tail, one-si.\th of whole length, white, squared, naked; feet white. Coronoid process of mandible large, triangular, posterior margin straight. Color. Brown with grayish shades. Measurements. Total length, 154.9; tail vertebra;, 33.8. b.— inter medius. {Sen lops), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, I, p. 280, Zoology. Type locality. Alva, Oklahoma Territory. Geogr. Distr. Oklahoma and Indian Territories. Genl. Char. Similar in color to .S. a. textnsis, Allen, but much larger, being nearly of the same size as average specimens of 5. a. machrinus. Color. Entire under parts silvery brown, somewhat lighter than S. a. iexensis, but in some lights this is replaced by a beautiful light purple sheen. Cheeks, chin and upper part of throat brownish green occasionally suffused with rust or orange color. Forehead with a small spot outside of nose pale pink, in some specimens orange. Breast, near the feet on front legs, and center of abdomen pale chestnut, rest of under parts plumbeous, with a silvery sheen in most lights. Feet and tail flesh color. Measurements. Total length, 167; tail, 33; hind foot, 22; width of fore foot, 18. C— parvus. (Scalops), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, P- 157. australis. Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. v, 1893, p. 339. Type locality. Gainesville, Florida. Geogr. Distr. East Florida south to Lake Worth. Genl. Char. Size small, hind foot long, coronoid process with- out a secondary process on the posterior margin. Color. Uniform silvery grayish brown; upper surface of fore and hind feet very scantily covered with short whitish hairs; tail with a few long grayish hairs. Rusty spots often observable on nose and wrists. Measurements. Total length, 148; hind foot, 17; tail, 22. d.—tcxensis. (Sealops), J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, iii, p. 221. Type locality. Presidio County (Aransas County?), Texas. Geogr. Distr. Coast of Texas. Genl. Char. Size very small, skull massive; frontal sinuses en- larged; mandible with broad coronoid process and straight posterior margin. Color. Above pale chestnut brown with a greenish tinge; below darker, with rufous patches on breast, bellj' and towards end of nose. Measurements. Head and body, 145; tail, 24; hind foot, 17; fore foot, length, 18; breadth, 14.5. 574. aereus. (Sealops), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1896, X, p. 138. SCALOPS. SCAPANUS. 391 Type localitx. Stilhvell, Indian Territory. Genl. Char. Size larger than typical S. a. lexensis; hind foot larger. Color. " Rich coppery chestnut all over, without golden or orange suffusions; slightly duller below than above, and grayer on chin and throat." Miasuremcnti. Total length, 154; tail vertebrae, 24; hind foot, 19. (Bangs, 1. c.) 575. anastasiae. {Scalops), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 212. T\pt localitw Anastasia Island, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Confined to Anastasia Island. G; P. i=i; M, 3—3 I—' 4—4 Condylura. Illig. Prodr. Syst. Mamm cristaius, Linn. Rhinaster, Wagl. Nat. Syst. Amphib. , 1830, p. 14. Astromyctcs, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, pp. xxi, 76. (nomen nuiluiii.) Astromxiles, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Mus., 1863, p. 87. Skull lengthened; second upper and third lower incisors minute; premolars tricuspidate; molars with broad tridentate internal basal 3=3 = 44. 3—3 ^^ i8n, p. 125. Type Sorex CONDVLURA. ledge; anterior nares directed obliquely upward; bulla- incomplete; palate abbreviated posteriorly; tail long, scaly; fore fett broad, pos- sessing an OS falciforme: hind feet elontjate; nostrils encompassed by large radiating; tactile processes. ^^ i 1 Uu ■ ^T* 1 L4 ^—2^^ Fig. 81. CONDYLURA CRISTATA. No. 377 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull enlarged ^ nat, size. Tooth rows cnlarf^ed = times. 583. cristata. {Sorex), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 53. !on,i;iCititJit, Erxl. Syst. Nat., 1797, p. 18. canadensis, De la Faille, Naturg. Maulw., 1778, p. 3, t. i. radiata, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm., 1800, i, p. 523. tnacroura, Harl. Faun. Amer., 1825, p. 36. prasinata, Harris, Bost. Journ. Phil. & Arts, 1825, p. 582. Type locality. Pennsylvania. Geogr. Distr. Hudson Bay to Manitoba, south to Minnesota on the west, and on the .Atlantic coast to South Carolina in the Alle- ghanies. Genl. Char. "Size moderate; nasal cutaneous processes 22 in number, 18 marginal, and 2 pairs on nasal disk. Feet scaly; tail scaly, three-fourths as long as body, covered with scattered hairs, enlarged in winter, with a constricted base." Color. Above dusky brown or blackish, beneath paler and grayer on sides of throat and on chin. Feet dusky. Tail blackish, slightly paler beneath. Measurements. Average total length of 21 specimens, 170; tail vertebrae, 71.8; hind foot and claw, 27.1. Order X. Ghiroptera. H. Allen. A Monograph of the Bats of North America, 1864, 2nd ed., iSgj; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. IVash., No. 43. G. E. Dobson. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the British Museum, 1878. G. S. Miller. Revision of North American Bats of the Family Ves- pertilionidcB. North American Fauna, i8<)j. No. ij. Fam. I. Yespertilionidae. " Bats with turbinal bones folded, bony palate defective ante- riorly, owing to the absence of palatal processes to the premaxillae; molars with promiscuous W-shaped cusps; tail included nearly to tip in large interfemoral membrane; muzzle and nostrils variable, but former never provided with a distinct noseleaf." (Miller.) Sub. Fam. I. Antrozoiuae. 103. Antrozoiis. I. }=1- C. 5=1; P. i=i; M. 1=^=28. 2—2' I— l' 2—2' 3—3 Antrozous. H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 247. Type A. pallidus (LeConte). Muzzle truncate; nostrils surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped ridge; lower lip free in front, mammae 2. 584. pallidus. {Vespertilio), LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855. P- 437- Type locality. El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Desert region of eastern California, Nevada, Ari- zona, New Mexico and western Texas. Genl. Char. Size large; ears large, when laid forward going be- yond tip of nose; tragus straight and slender, posterior margin faintly crenulate; feet half as long as tibia; wing membranes attached at base of toes; interfemoral membrane at base of terminal caudal vertebrae. Skull: brain case, rostrum and palate broad; teeth large, strong. Color. Above pale drab gray or fawn, tips of hairs dusky; face dark brown; beneath grayish white; sides tinged with drab. ANTROZOU9. Fig 82. Antrozous pallidus. No. 1S09 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull twice nat. size. Incisors enlarged 5 times. Measurements. Total length, 105-115; tail vertebra", 44.6-46; tibia, 20-21; foot, lo; forearm, 49-57; thumb, 8. 3-9; longest finger, 85-92; ear from tragus, 28-30; width of ear, 18.4-20; tragus, 11. 6-14. a.— pacificus. {Anirozous), Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash., 1897, xi, p. 180. Type locality. Old Fort Tejon, Canada de las Uvas, California. Grogr. Distr. West of Rockj* Mountains south to Lower Cali- fornia. Gcnl. Char. Similar to A. pallidus, but slightly larger. Skull: brain case, rostrum and bony palate narrower; supraoccipital more pointed and overhanging: teeth larger. Color. Above yellowish drab ("ochraceous buff, washed with dusky," type), hair tipped with dusky; beneath yellowish drab brown. Measurements. Total length, 114-118; tail vertebra^ 46.7-47.8; tibia, 20-22.6; foot, 10. 8-12; thumb, 9-10; longest finger, 91-96. 398 EUDERMA. CORYNORHINUS. Sub. Fam. II. Plecotinae. 103. Euderma. 3—3' I— I 2-2 3—3 •' *Euderma. H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1891, p. 467. Type Hisiiottis maculatus, J. A. Allen. Hisiioius, J. A. Allen, (nee Gerv.) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 195. Ears very large, joined across forehead; posterior base of tragus united with external basal lobe. No glandular swellings on face. 585. maculata. {Histiotus), J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 195. Type locality. Near Piru, Ventura County, California, mouth of Castac Creek. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. Genl. Char. Size large; ears about three-fourths as long as forearm. Skull: thin and papery; facial portion narrow and pointed; brain case quadrate, above flat, frontal border elevated; forehead depressed; bullae very large, equalling one-third length of skull; teeth small and weak. Color. Above, the hairs black to base; patch on shoulders and rump white; posterior base of ears, throat and sides of fore neck white, hairs dusky at base; ventral surface white, black bases of hair showing through; ears and membranes light brown. Measurements. Total length, no; tail vertebrae, 50; tibia, 21; foot, 9; forearm, 50; thumb, 6.8; longest finger, gi; width of ear, 22; tragus, 13; greatest width of tragus, 5. 104. Coryiiorliiniis. I. ?=£• c. i='; P. ?=?; M. fc^= 36. 3-3' i-i' 3-3' 3-3 -' Corynorhinus. H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 173. Plecoius, LeConte, (nee Geoff.) McMurt. Cuv. Anim. King., 1831, I, App., p. 431. Synotus, H. Allen, (nee Keyserl. & Blas.)Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1864, p. 62. Ears large, joined across forehead, tragus free from external lobe; thick ridge ending in club shaped enlargement between the eye and nostril. Skull slender, arched; rostrum, small, weak. *Skull having been lost, I regret I am unable to give a figure to illustrate this genus. CORYNORHINUS. Fig. 83. CORYNORHINUS TOWNSENDI, No. 7632 .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist. Cull. Skull enlarged 2% times. Incisors enlarged S times. 586. macrotis. {P/ecotus), LeConte, McMurtr. Am. t-d. Cuv. Anim. King., 1S31, I, App., p. 431. lecontii, {Pltcottis), Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., 1837, iv, p. 72. Type locality. Probably LeConte's plantation, near Riceboro, Georgia. Giogr. Dislr. South Atlantic States to Louisiana. Gi-nl. Char. Size large, ears very large; tragus simple, basal lobe large, free from auricle. Color. Above yellowish brown, fur sepia at base, tips pale; throat and chest tinged with yellowish; beneath grayish white; ears and membranes light brown. Measurements. Total length, 105-106; tail vertebra', 48.5-52; tibia, 21.6-22; foot, 9.4-10; forearm, 41-43.4; thumb, 7-7.5; longest finger, 73-77; ear from meatus, 32; width of ear, 23; tragus, 14. a.—pallescens. Miller, N. Am. Faun., No. 13, 1897, p. 52. to7o>iseiiiii, {.Synotiis), H. Allen, (nee Cooper), Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1893, p. 58. Type locality. Keam Canon, Navajo County, .Arizona. Geogr. Distr. California, Colorado and western Texas, to south- ern Mexico. 400 CORYNORHINUS. MYOTIS. Genl. Char. Similar to C. macrctis, but paler. Color. Back yellowish drab gray, head paler, base of hairs light plumbeous; beneath paler than back; ears and membranes light brown. Measurements. Total length, go-105; tail vertebrae, 45-49; tibia, 19-21 ; foot, 9-9.6; forearm, 41.9-44; thumb, 5-7; longest finger, 71-77; ear from meatus, 33-33.9; width of ear, 20-23.7; tragus, 12. 7-14. 6. h. — lownsendi. (Plecotus), Cooper, (nee Allen), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., iv, p. 73. macrotis, Dobs. Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., 1878, p. 180, (nee Le- Conte). Type locality. Columbia River, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Humid coast district of Oregon, Washington and southern British Columbia. Genl. Char. Similar to typical C. macrotis but much darker, fur nowhere distinctly bicolor. Color. Above dark brown, hairs at base light plumbeous, tips pale yellowish; beneath dark brown; ears and membrane blackish. Measurements. Total length, 100-105; tail vertebra, 48-51 ; tibia, 21.4-22; foot, 9.4-10; forearm, 42-44; thumb, 6.6-7; longest finger, 76-80; ear from meatus, 33-34; width of ear, 21-24; tragus, 14-15. Sub. Fam. HI. Vespertilioninae. 105. Myotis. I. ?i:^ ■ C. i=i ; P. ?=^ ; M. t^ = 38. Myotis. Kaup, Skizzirte Entw. Gesch. u. Naturl. Syst. d. Europ. Thierw., 1829, i, p. 106. Type V. murinus, Schreb. (nee Linn.). Mystactes, Kaup, Skizzirte Entw. Gesch. u. Naturl. Syst. d. Europ. Thierw., 1829, i, p. 108. Vespertilio, Keyserl. & Bias, (nee Linn.), Wiegm. Archiv. Naturg., 1839, I, p. 306. Selysius, Bonp. Icon. Faun. Ital., 1841, Introd., p. 3. Brachyotus, Kolenati, Allgem. Deutsch. Naturh. Zeitg., Dresden, Neue Folge, 1S56, 11, pp. 131, 174. Isotus, Kolenati, Allgem. Deutsch. Naturh. Zeitg., Dresden, Neue Folge, 1856, pp. 131, 144. Acorestes, Fitzing. Sitzung. Math. — Nat. CI. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 1870 Ixii, abth., i, p. 427. Comastes, Fitzing. Sitzung., Math. Nat. CI. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 1878, abth. i, p. 565. Form slender; tail long, face hairy, ears narrow; tragus, taper- ing, straight or recurved; dental formula characteristic. Fig. 84, MyOTIS LUCIFUGUS. No. 216 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull enlarged 3 times. Incisors enlar^'ed 10 times. 587. velifer. { K-s/>er W/w), ]. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus., 1890, p. 177. inciiutus, J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus., i8g6, p. 239. Type locality. Santa Cruz del Valle near Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Geoi^r. Distr. From Missouri and Indian Territory, south to Hidalgo, northern Michoacan, and the city of Mexico. Genl. Char. Largest species of Myotis known in the United States. Calcar slender, lobe not well developed. Wings from meta- tarsus. Free border of uropatagium naked. Ears short, reaching tip of nose. Skull. Strong and heavily built, but not larger than M. thysan- cdes. Greatest length, 16-16.4; zygomatic breadth, 10 11; interor- bital constriction, 4-4.2; width of rostrum at anterior root of first upper molar, 6-6.2; length of mandible, 12-13. Color. Fur dull sepia throughout, paler on the belly, dusky •late at base. Belly usually dull broccoli brown, sometimes tinged with yellow, and then is nearly isabella color. Measurements. Total length, 99; tail, 44.8; tibia, 18.5; foot, 9.5; forearm, 40-47; thumb, 7.2; longest finger, 73.4; ear from meatus, 16; width of ear, 10.6; tragus, 9. 588. lucifugus. (rd-i-/f;V;7/('), Le Conte, McMurtr. Cuv. Anim. King., 1831, I, App., p. 431. subulatus, Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1854-55, P- 435- affinis, J. H. Allen, Mon. N. Am. Bats, p. 53. carolii, Dobson, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus. , p. 325. atistroiiparius, Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1897, p. 227. Type locality. South portion of Liberty County, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Calcar slender; in length equal to free border of uropatagium, which is naked; upper incisors bilobate; nose sub- bilobate; face with a naked prominence on either side; ears short, pointed; tragus sublinear, anterior border straight; tail projecting a little beyond membrane; wings attached at the base of toes. Skull, nasals and palate broad; forehead sloping; brain case broad poste- riorly, contracted anteriorly, outline slightly wedge-shaped. Color. Upper parts dull brown, beneath pale wood brown tinged with gray or yellowish. The shades of brown vary considerably. Measurements. Total length, 83.5-89.5; tail vertebrae, 37.6-40; tibia, 15.5-16.1; foot, 7.3-9.1; forearm, 36.1-38.9; thumb, 6.6-6.7; longest finger, 60.2-63.7; ear from meatus, 12. 2-13. 7; width of ear, g. 1-9.7; tragus, 7.1-8. a. — alascensis. (Afyotis), Miller, N. Am. Faun., No. 13, 1897, p. 63. Ty/e locality. Sitka, Alaska. ? Geogr. Distr. Coast district of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia. Genl. Char. Similar to M. lucifugits, but darker; ears longer. Color. Specimens being all in alcohol, the exact color could not be determined, but they were evidently darker than M. luclfugus. Ears and membrane blackish. (Miller.) Measurements. Total length, 80-91; tail vertebrae, 35-39; tibia, 15-16; foot, 8-9; forearm, 34.6-38; thumb, 6-2; longest finger, 57.6- 60; ear from meatus, 14.8-16; width of ear, 8.9-10.6; tragus, 7-7.6. b.—lon^icrus. (Vespertilio), True, Science, 1886, viii, p. 588. albescens, H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am., 1893, p. 92. Type locality. Puget Sound. Geogr. Distr. Puget Sound east to Wyoming, south to southern California and Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to M. lucifugits, but larger. Color. No appreciable difference in the color of this form and M. lucifugus. Measuiimtnts. Total length, 93.5-102; tail vertebrae, 41-46; tibia, 17.3-19.6; foot, 17. 4-18. 4; forearm, 38-40; thumb, 5.5-7; longest finger, 65-71; ear from meatus, 12-13. 5; width of ear, 9-10; tragus, 7-S.2. 589. yumanensi*. {Visft-rli/io), H. Allen, Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1864, p. 58. macropus, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 288. nilidits, H. Allen, Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1S93, p. 87. Type locality. Old Fort Yuma, California. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern United States into Mexico. Genl. Char. Size small; calcar distinct, considerably longer than free border of interfemoral membrane, terminating in a well- marked lobule; free border of uropatagium naked; ears moderate; wings from base of toes, but on account of e.\tent of web between toes apparently from side of metatarsus; feet very large and strong as compared with other small American species. (Miller.) Color. Above pale wood brown, beneath dirty whitish; fur light plumbeous at base, ears and membrane light brown, those of the wings and uropatagium with white edges. Measurements. Total length, 70. 2-83.7; tail vertebrae, 34.9-36.7; tibia, 14.1-15.7; foot, 7.9-8.8; forearm, 33.9-34.4; thumb, 5.2-6.5; longest finger, 55-5-57-8; ear from meatus, 14-14. 4; width of ear, 8.2-9.1; tragus, 7-7.6. a.—saturatms. {.Vyotis), Miller, N. .\m. Fauna., No. 13, 1897, p. 68. Type locality. Hamilton. Washington. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Genl. Char. Similar to J/, yumanensis, but darker. Color. Back dark yellowish brown; chin, throat and sides darker than belly; ear and membranes blackish; beneath isabella. Measurements. Total length, 77-82.3; tail vertebrae, 30-36.5; tibia, 14-15; foot, 8.3-8.6; forearm, 33-35.3; thumb, 5-6; longest finger, 57-59.3; ear from meatus, 14.3; width of ear, S.g; tragus, 7. 590. californicus. (Vcspcrtitio'), Aud. & Bach. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S42, p. 20. nitidus, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 247. (nee 1893 Mon. Bats.) oregonensis, H. Allen, Mon. N. .\m. Bats, 1864, p. 61. obscurus, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 281. volans, H. .\llen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 282. exilis, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 283. itnuidorsa/is, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 283. yumanensis, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 283. (nee H. Allen, 1864.) melanorhinus, Merriam, N. Am. Faun, No. 3, i8go, p. 46. henshawi, H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am., 1893, p. 103. nigricans, H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am., 1893, p. 97 (note), (nee Max.) Type locality. California. Geogr. Distr. Western United States and Lower California, east to Wyoming and Texas. Genl. Char. Size very small, calcar very slender, lobule at tips equal to free border of uropatagium which is naked: ears reaching beyond end of nose; wings from base of toes. Skull: superior out- line sloping gradually anteriorly to nasals; teeth feeble. Color. Above yellowish brown, beneath paler: fur plumbeous at base. Afeasurements. Total length, 77.8-82; tail vertebrae, 38.8-39; tibia, 13. 9-14.4; foot, 5.4-6; forearm, 31-32; thumb, 4-4.2; longest finger, 55.4-58; ear from meatus, 1 2.9-14. 2; width of ear, 9.9-10; tragus, 7.5-8.3. a.—cau,rinus. (Myolis), Miller, N. Am. Fauna, 13, 1897, p. 72. Type localitw Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Co- lumbia. Geogr. Distr. Humid coast districts of British Columbia, Wash- ington and Oregon, possibly northern California. Genl. Char. Similar to typical M. californicus, but very much darker in color. Color. Above blackish sepia, beneath slightly yellowish; the fur everywhere blackish plumbeous at base. Measurements. Total length, l^-JT, tail vertebrae, 34; tibia, 13.8- 14; foot, 6.1-7; forearm, 32; thumb, 4.3-5; longest finger, 54; ear from meatus, 12. 8-13. 2; width of ear, 8-9.5; tragus, 7. b. — eiliolabrum. {Myotis), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1886, iv, p. I. Type locality. Trego County, Kansas. Geogr. Distr. Kansas and central southern Dakota, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to J/, californicus, but paler. Color. General hue pale yellowish white; ears, muzzle and chin dark brown, membranes light brown, edges paler. Measurements. Total length, 75-80.2; tail vertebrae, 34-36.7; tibia, 14. 6-15; foot, 6.8-7; forearm, 32.8-33; thumb, 5.4-6; longest finger, 57-59; ear from meatus, 14-14. 6; width of ear, 9-10: tragus, 8.5-8.8. d.—pallidus. Stephens, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 153. Ty/>t locality. Vallecito, San Diego County, California. Genl. Char. " Size small: wings short, wing membrane thin and light; ears small; general appearance delicate. Color. Lij^ht ochraceous buff or brownish cream buff; below duU white; basal part of pelage above and below blackish." Measurements. "Total length, 80; expanse, 208; tail vertebrae, 42; ear, 11; thumb, 4; forearm, 30; tibia, 15." (Stephens. 1. c.) 591. subulatus. {Vespertilio), Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1823, II, p. 65. gryphus, var. Ik, H. Allen, Men. Bats N. Am. 1897, p. 131. gryphiis, var. septentrionalis, Trouess. Cat. Mamm. t.\'iv. q. Foss. , 1897, p. 131. Type locality. Arkansas River, near Lajunta, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. North America east of Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Size medium; calcar slender, a little longer than the border of uropatagium, with a lobule at the end; ears long, reaching beyond tip of nose. Wings from base of toes. Teeth and skull like M. erotis. Color. Apparently not distinguishable from .1/. lucifugus in its general coloration, the difference being that this form has a "nar- rower skull, lonf^er ears, and a more shapely pointed tragus." Measurements. Total length, 80-85.6; tail vertebrse, 36.8-38.8; tibia, 16. 4-17. 2; foot, 7.5-8; forearm, 33.S-35.7; thumb, 6.2-6.5; longest finger, 58-61; ear from meatus, 15. 6-16. 7; width of ear, 9.8- 10.7; tragus, 9-9.7. a.—heenii. {Vespertilio), Merr., Am. Nat., 1895, xxix, p. 860. Type locality. Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Co- lumbia. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. Genl. Char. Size of J/, subulatus, but with longer ears and tail, and darker in color. Color. Apparently darker than M. subulatus, but as all known specimens have been preserved in alcohol the exact color is impossi- ble to be ascertained. Measurements. Total length, 84. 3 86; tail vertebrae, 40-41; tibia, 16.4; foot, 8.3 8.8; forearm, 35.3-36; thumb, 6; longest finger, 58-60; ear from meatus, 17. 4-17. 8; width of ear, 10.8-11; tragus, 9.6-9.8. 406 MYOTIS. LASIONYCTERIS. 592. evotls. {Vespertilw). H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Amer., 1864, p. 48. albescens cvotis, Dobson, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., 1878, p. 324. chrysonotis, J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, 1896, p. 240. Type locality. Not given, possibly Monterey, California. Geogr. Distr. Pacific coast to eastern edge of Rocky Mountains, south to Vera Cruz. Genl. Char. Size large, calcar longer than free border of uro- patagium, and a lobule at tip; ears reaching beyond tip of nose. Wing membrane from base of foot. Color. Light yellowish brown, hairs dusky slate at base; ventral surface paler. Color among individuals varies considerably. Measurements. Total length, 85-92; tail vertebrae, 41-43; tibia, 17.6-20; foot, 7-9; thumb, 6-8; longest finger, 62-67; ear from meatus, ig.4-23; width of ear, 11. 8-14. 6; tragus, 10.8-13. 6. — thy xnno firs. (J/yotis), Miller, N. Am. Faun., No. 13, 1897, p. 80. albescens evotis and albescens velifer {Vespertilio), H. Allen, Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1893, pp. 90 and 93. Type locality. Old Fort Tejon, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern border of western United States to San Luis Potosi and Michoacan. Genl. Char. Size large, calcar distinct, usually terminating in a well marked pointed projection. Free border of uropatagium thick- ened and densely haired. Ears moderately long; laid forward they reach 3-5 mm. beyond nostril. Wings from point between ankle and base of toes, but nearer latter. Color. Everywhere light dull yellowish brown, distinctly paler ventrally, the hairs everywhere dusky slate at base. The palest specimens are yellowish wood brown, inclining to clay color; the darkest specimens dull raw umber. The belly varies from clear gray scarcely tinged with yellow to a strong yellowish gray, and in other specimens to dull brownish gray. Measurements. Average from 11 specimens from Old Fort Tejon give total length, 85-95; tail vertebrae, 36-37; tibia, 16. 4-18; foot, 8-8.9; forearm, 40-46; thumb, 6-6.7; longest finger, 69-73.6; ear from meatus, 16-18. 5; width of ear, 11. 8-12; tragus, 10.5-11. (Mil- ler, 1. c.) 106. Lasionycteris. I. ?=^; C. ^; P. -^; M. 5=^ = 36. 3-3' i-i' 3-3' 3-3 ^ Lasionycteris. Peters, Monat. K. Akad. Wissench., Berlin, 1865, p. 68. Type Vespertilio noctivigans, LeConte. Scotophilus, H. Allen, (nee Leach), Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1864, p. 27. LASIONYCTERIS. Cnephaiophilus, Fitzin. Sitzung. K. Akad. Wissench. Wien., 1870, Ixii, abth. i, p. 8. Vesperides, Coues, Coues & Yarrow, Zool. Wheeler Exp., 1S75, p. 83. Vfsperugo, Dobson, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. 1878, p. 183 (Part). Superior outline of skull almost straight; occiput angular; no sagittal crest; rostrum very broad, concave behind nasal opening; orbital constriction considerable; ear short, not so broad as long; basal lobe large; tragus short and straight, rounded at tip. Basal half of interfemoral membrane on the hack furred. Ill § Fig. 85. LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS. No. 6618 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull enlarged jK times. Incisors enlarfied 9 times. .S93. noctivagans. {Vespertilio), LeConte, McMurtr. Cuv. Anim. King., Am. ed., 1831, p. 31. audtiboni, Harlan, Am. Month. Journ. Geol. lv: Nat. Hist., 1831, p. 31. pulrerulentiis, Temm. Monogr. Mamm., 11, 1835, p. 325. Type locality. Eastern United States. Gcogr. Distr. North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Genl. Char. Same as those of the genus. Color. Blackish chocolate brown, hairs tipped with silvery LASIONYCTERIS. PIPISTRELLUS. white on the back, belly and fur of interfemoral membrane; largest amount of white on middle of back. Measurements. "Total length, 95-105.8; tail vertebrae, 38-44; tibia, 15-17; foot, 7-8; forearm, 39-43; thumb, 4.3-6.2; longest finger, 68-75; ear from meatus, 15. 4-16; width of ear, 11-14.1; tra- gus, 5.6-6.7." (Miller.) I. 107. Pipistrellus. =; C. ^—■, P. "="; M. fc^ = 3 I— I 2—2' 3—3 34- Pipistrellus. Kaup. Skizzirte Entwick-Gesch. u. Naturh. Syst. d. Europ. Thierw., 1829, Th. i, p. 98. Type. VcspertiHo pipistrellus, Schreb. Vesperiigo, Keyserl. & Bias. Wiegm. Archiv. f. Naturg. , 5 ter Jahrg., 1S39, Bd. i, p. 312 (Part). Nannugo, Kolenati, AUgem. Deutsch. Naturhist. Zeitg. , Dresden, Neue Folge, 1S56, 11, pp. 131, 169. Hypsugo, Kolenati, Allgem. Deutsch. Naturhist. Zeitg. , Dresden, Neue Folge, 1856, 11, pp. 131, 169. Scotophilus, H. Allen (nee Leach), Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1864, p. 27. Skull light, brain-case inflated; rostrum broad; ears longer than broad, tapering, tip rounded; tragus straight; interfemoral mem- brane behind with hair on basal third; mammae two. Fig. 86. Pipistrellus hesperus. No. 5080 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull enlarged 3 times. Incisors enlarged lo times. PIPISTRELLUS. 409 594. hesperus. {Scotophi/us), H. Allen, Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1861, p. 43. merriami, Dobson, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. 1878, p. 228. Type locality. Fort Turner, California. Geogr. Distr. Western Texas and the Pacific coast. Genl. Char. Size small, ear reaching to nostril, short and rounded at tip; tragus curved forward at tip; end of tail free of membrane. Color. Light yellowish gray, hairs plumbeous at base; border of wing membrane between fourth and fifth finger whitish; ears, face, muzzle and membrane black. Measiiiemi-nts. Total length, 72.8-79; tail vertebra, 28-34.5; tibia, 11-12.8; foot, 5-6; forearm, 28-32.5; thumb, 4; longest finger, 48-55.5: ear from meatus, 10-12.4; width of ear, 8.6-9.6; tragus, 4.6-5.4. 595. subflavus. {Vespcrtilio), F. Cuv. Nouv. Ann. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1832, p. 17. erythrodactylus, Temm. Mon. Mamm., 1835-41, 11, p. 238. carolinensis (nee Geoff.), Ann. Mus., 1806, viii, p. 193. Type locality. Eastern United States, possibly Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic coast west to Iowa, south to eastern and southern Te.xas. Genl. Char. Size small; thumb long; ear reaching beyond nos- trils; tragus straight, tip rounded; end of tail free of membrane, fur tri-color. Color. Above dark yellowish brown; beneath paler; fur plumb- eous at base. Wide variation of color among individuals. Measitrements. Total length, 84.6-85; tail vertebrae, 37.8-40.7; tibia, 15.2-16; foot, 7.8-8.1; forearm, 33.7-34.6; thumb, 6.8; longest finger, 60-62.8; ear from meatus, 13. 9-14.2; width of ear, 9.5-9.8; tragus, 6.4-6.6. a.—ohscurws. {.Myi'tis), Miller, N. Am. Fauna, No. 13, 1897, p. 93. Type locality. Lake George, Warren County, N. Y. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Equal to M. subflavus in size; color duller and less yellow, tips of hairs on back less conspicuous. Color. Above pale wood brown; beneath isabella color; base of fur everywhere blackish slate. Measurements. Total length, 84.8; tail vertebra, 38.9; tibia, 15.2; foot, 2.8; forearm, 36; thumb, 6.8; longest finger, 60.6; ear from meatus. 14; width of ear, 10; tragus, 6.8. VESPERTILIO. 108. Vespertilio. , ,; C. "="; P. 5=^; M. t3 = 32 3—3 I— I 2—2' 3—3 -> J 2—2 Vespertilio. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 31. Type. Vespertilia inurhius, Linn, (nee Schreb.) EpUsiciis, Rafin. Ann. Nat., 1820, p. 2. Cnephaeus, Kaup, Skizzirte. Entw.-Gesch. u. Naturl. Syst. Eur. Thier., 1829, i, p. 103. Vesperugo, Keyserl. & Bias. Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. , 1839, Bd. I, p. 312 (Part.) Vesperus, Keyserl. & Bias. Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg., 1839, Bd. i, P- 313- Noctiila, Bonp. Iconog. Faun. Ital., 1841, i, fasc, xxi. Cateoriis, Kolenati, AUgem. Deutsch. Naturh. Zeitg., Dresden, Neue Folge, 1856, 11, pp. 121, 162. Meteorus, Kolenati; Allgem. Deutsch. Naturh. Zeitg., Dresden, Neue Folge, 1856, 11, pp. 131, 167. Adelonycteris, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1891, p. 466. Skull large, superior outline nearly straight, occiput angular, sagittal crest present; rostrum broad, slightly concave back of nasal opening; ear short, narrower than long, with basal lobe; tragus straight, directed forward, pointed. Only few hairs on back of inter- femoral membrane. 596. fuscus. {Vespertilio), Beauvois, Cat. Peale's Mus., 1796, p. 14. carolinensis, Geoff. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1806, p. 193. phaiops, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1818, iii, p. 445. melanops, Rafin. Ann. Nat., 1820, p. 2. arqtiatus, Say, in Long's E.xp. Rocky Mts., 1823, i, p. 167 (note). ursinus, Temm. Mon. Mamm., 1835, 11, p. 235. greenii, Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 30. serotinus, var. V. fuscus, Dobson, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., 1878, p. 192. Type locality. Philadelphia, Pa. Geogr. Distr. Austral, Transition and (lower edge of) Boreal zones throughout the United States and adjoining British provinces. (Miller.) Genl. Char. Size large; ears short; membrane, heavy, thick; foot half as long as tibia; wing membranes attached beyond base of toes, naked save a few hairs on under side of interfemoral mem- brane and wings, near humerus and forearm. Color. Above bister or sepia; paler beneath. VESPERTILIO. LASIURUS. Fig. 87. VESPERTILIO FUSCUS. No. 1131 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull twice nat. size. Incisors enlarged 7 times. .\[iasur,mtnls. Total length, iO(S.5-ii6; tail vert<_bra% 42-47.5; tibia, 19. 1-19.7; foot, g. 2-10.4; forearm, 44-8-47; thumb, 6-7; longest finger, 79.4-82; ear from meatus, 17-19.5; width of ear, 12-13. 3; tra- gus, 7.8-8.3. 109. Lasiiiriis. I=i; C. '— ; P. — '; M. 3:^'= 32. Lasiurus. Gray, Zool. Misc., 1831, No. i, p. 3S. Alalapha. Peters, Monat. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1870, p. 907. (nee Rafin.) Small premolar at base of upper incisor on inner side, incisor in contact with canine; ear broad, rounded at tip, hair)'; back of inter- femoral membrane thickly furred; skull broad. 597. borealis. {Vcspeitilio), Mull. Natursgst., Suppl., 1776, p. 21. noveboracensis, Erxleb.. Sj-st. Regn. Anim., 1777, i, p. 155. lasiurus, Schreb., Saugth. Abth., 1781, i, Taf. Ixii B. noveboracus, Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1785, i, p. 71. LASIURUS. Fig. 88. Lasiurus borealiS. No. 6620 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Skull twice nat. size. Incisors enlarged 7 times. rubellus^ Beauvois, Cat. Peale's Mus., 1796, p. 204. rubra, Ord, Guthr. Geog., 2d Am. ed. 1815, 11, p. 291. tesselatus, Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., 1818, iii, p. 445. monachus, Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., 1818, iii, p. 445. rufus. Warden, Desc. Etats Unis Am., Sept. 1820, v, p. 606. funebris, Fitzin., Sitzun. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, Ixii, p. 46. Type locality. New York State. Geogr. Distr. Eastern North America from Canada to Florida, Colorado, Indian Territory and Texas. Genl. Char. Size small, ears reaching half way between angle of mouth and nostril; tragus triangular; wing membranes attached to base of toes; no fur tuft at proximal end of forearm. Skull: rostrum broad; zygomata spreading; teeth large. Color. Variable, ranging from yellowish red and fawn to yel- lowish gray; in front of shoulders is a whitish space. Measurements. Total length, 103-110; tail vertebras, 47.55-52.7; tibia, 18. 6-19. 6; foot, 7.4-7.9; forearm, 38.5-40.6; thumb, 6.3-7.3; longest finger, 79.3-82.8; ear from meatus, lo-ii.g; width of ear, g. 8-1 1.4; tragus, 6.5-7. LASIURUS. 413 a.—seminolus. (Lasiurus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1895, p. 32. Type locality. Tarpon Springs, Florida. Geogr. Distr. South Carolina to southern Texas. Gcnl. Char. Size equal to L. borealis, foot larger. Color. Body above cinnamon or mahogany brown, hairs tipped with ash; forehead, cheeks, chin and abdomen yellowish brown; throat and chest whitish; rest of under parts and hairy lower sur- face of wings cinnamon grading to orange brown at base of meta- carpals; hairs at base sooty. Measurements. Total length, 95-115; tail vertebr52i, p. 299. No distinct cutaneous foliaceous appendages surrounding the nostrils which open by a simple valvular aperture at the projecting extremity of the muzzle, which is truncated; ears large, often united; tragi short, expanded above; middle finger with two phlanges; tail partially free, extending beyond the posterior margin of interfemoral membrane, or perforating it and appearing on upper surface. Upper incisors large and separated from the canines. Molars with W- shaped cusps. Sub. Fam. I. Molossiuae. Tail extending far behind interfemoral membrane; legs short, strong. 1 15. l*r«)ino|>.s. I. tz!; c. ^'; P. ?=?; M. 5::-^ = 30. 2—2' I— i' 2—2' 3—3 •' Promops. Gerv. (nee Spix), Exp. du Comte de Castelnau, Zool. Mamm., 1855, p. 59, pi. xii, figs. 3, 3a. (teeth). Ears close together or united at base of their inner margins; muzzle broad, obtuse or obliquely truncated; lips smooth; tragus short; first and fifth toes thickest, backs of all with long curved hairs. Upper incisors with their cusps close together in front. 606. californicus. Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 31. Type locality. Alhambra, Los Angeles County, California. Genl. Char. Similar to AI. glaiicinus. Ears very large, their bases united in front and projecting beyond muzzle, which is obliquely truncated. No wrinkles on lips, and a glandular swelling in front of each eye. Antitragus twice as long as high. Wings from juncture of middle and distal third of tibia. Posterior border of auricle emarginated; tubercle on interauricular membrane: first upper pre- molar central in space between canine and second premolar. Giogr. Distr. Southern California. Exact range unknown. Fig. 94. Promops californicus. No. 15751 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Skull enlarged 14. Incisors enlarged 4 times. Color. Sooty brown, palest beneath; bases of hairs everywhere pale drab gray. Measurements Head and body, 102; tail vertebrae, 60; free part of tail, 13; height of ear, 24; length of ear, 39; tragus, 4; humerus, 41, forearm, 73; longest finger, 136; thumb, g; tibia, 22.5; foot, 17. APPENDIX. THE FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS AND EMENDATIONS, SAVE SE\EN, WERE PUBLISHED AFTER THE PAGES IN THE BODY OF THE BOOK ON WHICH THEY WOULD PROPERLY FIND A PLACE HAD PASSED THROUGH THE PRESS; THE EXCEPTIONS WERE NOT KNOWN TO ME IN TIME TO BE INCLUDED IN THEIR PROPER POSITIONS. Order I Marsuplalja. Fam. I. I>id('l|)liyidae. 1. Didelphys. I. Didelphys virginiana. After the sheet containing this species had passed through the press, Dr. J. A. Allen published a paper in the Bulletin of the Am. Mus. Nat. History, October 12, 1900, entitled, a "Note on the Gen- eric Names Dihei.phis and Phil.^nder," in which he endeavors to show b\- elimination, etc., that the proper name for the Virginia Opossum should be marsupialis, Linn., and not virglniana, Kerr. On this point also consult J. A. G. Rehn, American Naturalist, igoo, .\xiv, pp. 575-578, and Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., i, p. 196 (foot note), where exactly the opposite decision has been reached. Order \ . Ungulata. Fam. W. Bovidae. 3;{. Ovis. 69. Ovis fannini. Hornaday, 5th Ann. Rep. N. Y. Zool. Soc, 1901, .\pp. I, p. 2. Type locality. " Rocky Mountains," east side of the Yukon about seventy-five miles east of Dawson, Yukon, N. W. Ter. Geogr. Distr. In the mountains above named, but the extent of its range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to O. dalli; shoulders, back, fore legs to knee and hind legs to hock outside, gray. Color. General hue white, with the parts mentioned above gray, "giving the appearance of a white animal covered by a gray blanket." From knee to hoof of fore leg in front is a brown stripe, and a simi- lar one extends on front of thigh also to the hoof. Tail similar to back, but darker. Rump patch white. Measurements. Nose to tail, 1,525; height at shoulder, 865. Horns. Similar to O. dalli. Circumference at base, 344: length on outer curve, 103; greatest spread (at rear), 546; distance between points, 509. (ex Hornaday, 1. c.) 425 Order VI. Rodentla. Fam. I. Scinridae. 36. Sciurvis. 72. a. Sciurus ludovieianus neglecius (Gray), Nelson Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 170. Macroxus negUcius, Gray, Am. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867, 3d Ser. XX, p. 425. Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus. Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 150. Type locality. Wilmington, Delaware (Thomas, vide Nelson 1. c.) Mr. Nelson in his article cited above has shown that Gray's name of neglectus was bestowed upon the eastern Fox Squirrel, after- wards called vicinus by Bangs, and the latter name will therefore become a synonym. 78. a. Sciurus hudsonius petulans, Osgood, N. Am. Faun., 1900, p. 27. Type locality. Glacier, White Pass, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Western Alaska, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to .S. h. vaticouvercnsis, but paler. Color. Summer Pelage. Above raw umber and Prout's brown; top of head darker than back; legs and feet russet; under parts washed with rufous; tail, above hazel for three-fourths its length, margin and terminal portion black, edged with ochraceous; beneath paler. Mcasureiiienis. Total length, 299; tail vertebrae, 119; hind foot, 48. Ex. Spec, White Pass, Alaska. 37. Tainias. 95. ec. Tamias {Eutamias), caniceps. Osgood, N.Am. Faun., 1900, No. 19, p. 28. Type locality. Lake Lebarge, Northwest Territory, Canada. Geogr. Distr. Headwaters of the Yukon to Fort Selkirk, Long. 137° N. Lat. 62° W. Genl. Char. Similar to T. q. /wrealis, but grayer; beneath white. Color. Summer Pelage. Five black stripes on back; outer light stripes white, inner bluish white; dark facial stripes rufous black, light stripes nearly pure white. Sides bright ochraceous; arms gray. TAMIAS. SPERMOPHILUS. ARCTOMVS. 427 IVinttr Pelage. Above olive gray, with black and whitt- stripes; feet grayish white; tail, above black grizzled with white; beneath clay color margined with black and edged with white. Measurtments. Total length, 223; tail vertebnc, 103; hind foot, 32. 38. Spennophilus. 109. b. Spermophilus empetra plesiup, Osgood, N. Am. Faun., igoo. No. 19, p. 29. Ij/e loealily. Bennett City, Lake Bennett, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. South side of White Pass to Fort Selkirk, .Vlaska. Genl. Char. Similar to .S. empetra, but smaller; less fulvous; molar teeth larger. Color. Posthrecding Pelage. Above mixed black, yellowish gray and white; top of head chestnut, nose and forehead hazel; sides of body, legs and under parts cinnamon rufuous; chin white; tail, above black and yellowish, margined and broadly tipped with black and edged with white; beneath cinnamon rufous margined with yel- lowish white. Spring Pelage. Above yellowish gray, nose, forehead and top of head cinnamon rufous; neck and shoulders hoary; sides and under parts grayish white washed with yellowish; feet buffy ocliraceous; tail paler than in postbreeding pelage. Measurements. Total length, 345; tail vertebr;t, 93; hind foot, 50. (ex Osgood, 1. c.) 4<). Arotoinys. 137. a. Arctomy s /Idviventer nvarus. Bangs, Proc. N. Kng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 68. Type locality. Okanagan, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. British Columbia, range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to A. flaviventer, colors paler. Color. Like A. flaviventer : "on the back and shoulders the black central bands of the hairs are much sliorter and the yellowish and grayish tips much longer, giving to these parts a lighter and more hoary appearance; yellow of under parts, feet and hands paler." Measurements. Type, youngish, total length, 457; tail verte- bra', 140; hind foot, 70. (Bangs, 1. c.) i28 SCIUROPTERUS. MUS. Sub. Fam. II. Pteromyinae. 51. Sciuropterus. 141. a. Sciuropterus yukonensis. Osgood, N. Am, Faun., 1900, No. 19, p. 25. Ty/e locality. Camp Davidson, Yukon River, near Alaska-Canada boundarj'. Geogr. Distr. Possibh" from Chilkoot Inlet, Alaska, north to Canada boundary. Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; color dark, base of face bluish black. Color. Above pale cinnamon, beneath whitish suffused with cinnamon fawn; sides of head ashy and cinnamon; orbital ring black; tail, above fawn mixed with black. Feet, above dusky, beneath buffy white. Measurftnents. Total length, 365; tail vertebrae, 180; hind foot, 41. 141. hb. Sciuropterus alpiniis (volans)lascivus. Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Soc, 1899, p. 6g. TyJ>e locality. Tallac, El Dorado County, California. Genl. Char. Similar to S. v. taliforniciis, but darker; nasals longer, audital bullae larger. Color. Above cinnamon rust; beneath buffy white. Tail like back, darkest at tip. Cheeks smoke gray. Measurements. " Total length, 300-320; tail vertebrae, 135-150; hind foot, 37-43; ear, 25.5-27." (Bangs, 1. c.) Fam. I\'. ^Iiiridae. Sub. Fam. I. Murinae. 44. Mus. 149. Mus norwegicus. Erxleb. Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 38 1. Rehn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 167. Mus (lecumantis. Pall. Glir., 1778, p. 91. Mr. Rehn (1. c.) has shown that Erxleben gave the name of norwegicus to this rat one year before it was called decumanus by Pallas, and therefore the latter appellation will become a synonym. PEROMVSCUS. NEOTOMA. 429 Sub. Fani. II. Cricetinae. 4(>. Peroiiiyscus. 192. bb. Peromyscus ( truei) scitulus. Bangs, Proc. N. I-3ng. Zool. Club, 1S99, p. 67. Tr/>e locality. Gardnerville, Douglas County, Nevada. Genl. Char. Similar to /'. /. crinitus, but paler, tail shorter. Color. Above drab wood brown slightly lined with dusky: cheeks and lower sides washed with ochraceous buff; under parts white; anal region and sometimes a pectoral patch, buff; tail short, grayish above, white beneath. Measurements. "Total length, 160-174; '^'' vertebra', 80-92; hind foot, ao-22; ear, 18-21." (Bangs, 1. c.) Sub. Fam. III. Neotominae. 50. Neotoiiia. 225. a. Neotoma bella. Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 66. Type locality. Palm Springs, Riverside County, California. Genl. Char. Color pale, tail well haired. Color. Above pale buff-yellow lined with brownish-black; cheeks, sides and upper surfaces of legs and arms pale orange buff; beneath white; hairs on lower sides at base pale gray. Tail yellowish white above, white beneath. Feet and hands white. Ears large, nearly naked, pale grayish. .\feasurcments. Total length, 317; tail vertebra, 155; hind foot (skin), 31.5. (ex Bangs, 1. c.) 226. a. Neotoma cinera lepida. Thom. A. M. N. H., 1893, p. 235. Mr. Bangs, in a foot note on page 66, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, states that Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., of the U. S. Nat. Museum, has examined the type of Mr. Thomas' species and is of the opinion that it is the same as iV. descrtorum, Merr. This being so, the name given by Dr. Merriam will become a synonym of N. c. lepida. Thos. 227. aa. Neotoma saxamans. Osgood, N. Am. Faun., 1900, No. 19, P- 33- Type locality. Bennett City, Lake Bennett, British Columbia. Geogr. Disir. White Pass to the Semenow Hills, Alaska. 430 NEOTOMA. PHENACOMYS. SYNAPTOMYS. Genl. Char. Similar to N. c. drummondi, but darker; beneath pure white. Skull: sphenopalatine vacuities open; ventral surface of occipital with a high trenchant median ridge; front of incisors pale; nasals long, narrow. Color. Above grayish fawn and black, brighter on sides; under parts and feet pure white; around eyes sooty; cheeks ashy; tail slate above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 452; tail vertebrae, 192; hind foot, 46. Sub. Fam. IV. Microtinae. 51. Phenacomys. 236. a. Phenacomys celatus crassus. Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1900, p. 39. Tyfe locality. Rigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. Genl. Char. " Like true P. celatus, except very much larger, with a similar, but bigger, skull." Color. "Upper parts rich cinnamon brown, much mixed along back and on head with dark brown hairs; sides and usually region behind ear paler — approaching wood brown; rump and flanks rather more russet; snout, back and base of whiskers and eye clear cinna- mon to cinnamon rufous; under parts grayish virhite; under fur slate color; feet and hands grayish white; tail bicolor — whitish below, brown above." Measurements. " Total length, 160; tail vertebrae, 37; hind foot, 20; ear, 15." (Bangs 1. c.) 54. Synaptoinys. 307. a. Synaptomys innuitus, medioxinus. Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1900, p. 40. Type locality. Lance au Loup, Labrador. Genl. Char. "Larger than true .S. innuitus; skull larger in every way except that it is proportionally flatter; rostrum less deflected; visible portion of posterior end of frontals much larger; edge of the maxillary portion of zygoma bounding the anteorbital foramen, much more convex, so that the anteorbital foramen, viewed from the side, is more rounded and larger; incisor teeth and molar teeth heavier and the molar series longer." SYNAPTOMYS. DIPODOMYS ERETHIZON. 131 Color. " Upper parts rich brown, back and head dull russet, very thickly set with black tipped hairs, rump and flanks shading decidedly toward hazel and with fewer black tipped hairs; long hair on ears, and in front of and behind ears hazel; patches at base of whiskers, meeting across nose, dull hazel. Under parts dull smoke gray; under fur slate color; feet and hands dusky; tail dusky above, grayish below." Measurements. "Total length, 120; tail vertebra;, 22; hind foot, 21." (Bangs 1. c.) Fam. VI. Heteromyidae. Sub. Fam. I. Dipodomyinae. () 1 . Dipodomys. 355. Dipodomys montanus. Baird, Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 334. (I'ort Massachusetts, N. M.) Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 167. Dipodomys ordi var montanus. Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, pp. 410, 411. (nee Waterhouse.) Dipodomys elator. Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 109. Dr. Mearns has stated (1. c.) that a comparison made between Baird's types of D. montanus in the National Museum with that of Merriam's D. elator proves them to be identical, which fact reduces the latter to the rank of a synonym. Baird's name must be employed for the species. 356. a. Dipodomys cali/ornieus pallidulus. Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 65. Type locality. Sites, Colusa County, California. Genl. C/iar. Like D. californiius^ but paler; thigh patches not dusky, black markings at base of whiskers and over nose nearly wanting. Color. Above wood brown, shading to cinnamon on sides; patch behind ear and over eye white. Tail above sepia, beneath white. Under parts of body white. Measurements. " Total length, 290; tail vertebra , i.">i ; hind foot, 42; ear, 15." (Bang, 1. c.) Fam. VII. Eretliixontidae. Sub. Fam. I. Erethizontinae. 07. Erethizoii. 404. a. Erethizon dorsatiis picinus. Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1900, II, p. 37. Type locality. Lance au Loup, Labrador. 432 ERETHIZON. VULPES. Genl. Char. "Rather larger than true E. dorsatus; tail averag- ing a little shorter; skull rather longer, rostral portions stouter; incisor teeth broader and stronger, and usually dull yellow; molari- form teeth smaller." Color. " Hair jet black, or dull brownish or rusty black; a few of the stiff quill-like hairs on sides of tail and rump, tipped with yel- lowish; quills on head and fore part of body white basally and rusty brown at ends; quills on rump and tail white with brownish black ends." Measurements. "Total length, 790; tail vertebrs, 166; hind foot, 124; ear, 36." (ex Bangs 1. c.) Order VII. Camivora. Fam. II. Canidae. 72. Vulpes. 459. a. Vulpes kenaiensis. Merr., Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 670. Type locality. Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Kenai Peninsula. Genl. Char. Skull only known. " Similar in general to /'. //(J'rr/- mani, but rostrum decidedly longer, less swollen over canines, lateral constriction absent, and nose less upturned; zjgomata more spread- ing posteriorly; frontal broader interorbitally; premolars more spaced; upper carnassial and first upper molar huge; upper carnassial with antero-internal cusp weaker and set more anteriorly (not projecting so far into palate); first upper molar larger; second lower molar larger and more bellied on inner side; last lower molar often absent." Measurements. Basal length, 148; basilar length, 145; palatal length, 79; postpalatal length, 6S; zygomatic breadth, 82.5; interorbi- tal breadth, 30.5; least breadth of rostrum on plane of second molar (constriction absent), 27; length of crown of pm^ on outer side, 15.5; length of m' on outer side, 1 1 ; length of heel (transversely) from notch on outer side, 13." (Merriam 1. c.) 459. aa. Vulpes regalis. Merr., Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 672. Type locality. Elk River, Sherburn County, Minnesota. Geogr. Distr. Northern Plains from Dakota to Alberta; east to Manitoba and Minnesota; limits unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; ears large and broad, tail long. Sexes differing in size. Color. Face, top of head and base of ears straw yellow; upper parts golden yellow, or pale yellowish fulvous, buffy white posteriorly and grizzled on hind back: fore and hind legs red: black on fore feet reaching half way between wrist and elbow; black on hind feet end- ing at ankle. Tail like back at base, rest buffy, tip white, black hairs intermixed. Measurements. -'Type. Total length in flesh, i.i 17: tail verte- brae (skin), 420; hind foot (skin), 170; ear from anterior base (skin), gS." (Merriam 1. c.) 460. aa. Vulpes necator. Merr., Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 664. Tyfe loia/ity. Whitney Meadows near Mt. Whitney, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern or High Sierra. California. Genl. Char. Like V. pennsylvanUa, but nose darker: black on legs restricted; back redder and duller: ground color of tail buffy. Skull: rostrum more slender; molars larger and heavier. Color. Face dull fulvous grizzled with whitish; sides of nose dusky grizzled with buffj- ; upper parts rustj- fulvous, sides paler; black on fore feet reaching to elbow; black on hind feet to tarsal joint; tail fulvous at base, then buffy whitish mixed with black hairs; black spot at base, tip white. Measurements. Type. Total length, 930; tail vertebra^, 345: hind foot. 150. (ex Merriam 1. c.) 460. aaa. Vulpes cascadensi5. Merr.. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 665. Type locality. Trout Lake, base of Mt. .\dams. Cascade Range. Washington. Geogr. Distr. Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington and northern Sierra Nevada in California. Genl. Char. Size small, tail short. What should be the red pelage is yellow. Color. General color of head and upper parts straw yellow, nose to eyes yellowish fulvous, top of head and base of ears pale straw yellow: back golden yellowish fulvous: tail pale; black on ears and feet restricted and mixed with pale fulvous on latter. Black-Cross Phase. "Top of nose grizzled brownish; sides of nose and imperfect ring around eye dusky or blackish grizzled with whitish; top of head yellowish white, the black under fur showing through; dorsal cross (back and shoulders) blackish, overlaid and nearly concealed by yellowish white or buffy; sides of neck, flanks and post-scapular region golden yellow ; distal two-thirds of ear black: fore feet black, grizzled above elbow with whitish and yellow- ish; hind feet and legs grizzled dusky and buffy, becoming nearly black on top of feet; chin, throat and band down middle of bell}- black or blackish; inner sides of thighs washed with dusky. Tail black mixed with buffy and tipped with white." Mi-asurements. " Average of three males from Mt. Adams, Wash- ington: total length, 1,070; tail vertebrae; 412; hind foot, 178." (ex Merriam 1. c.) 460. cc. Vulpes pentisylvanica bangsi. (Merr. ) Wash. Acad. Scien. , igoo, p. 667. Ty/>e locality. Lance au Loup, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Labrador. Genl. Char. Similar to V. pennsylvanica, but ears smaller, black of ears and feet more restricted. Color. Above as in ]\ pennsylvanica, differences from that species italicised above. Afeasuretnenls. Immature. Total length, 964 ; tail vertebrae, 378; hind foot, 168; ear from notch, 88. (ex Merriam 1. c.) 460. ccc. Vulpes alascensis. Merr., Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 668. Type locality. Andreafski, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Northern Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to rubricosa and bangsi; tail long, ears small. Color. Upper parts similar to F. pennsylvanica, but deeper on neck and dorsal line; rump and hind back grizzled; black of feet restricted. Tail long, bushy fulvous mixed with black, (ex Mer- riam 1. c.) Vulpes alascensis abietorum. Merr., Wash. Acad. Scien., igoo, p. 66g. Type locality. Stuart Lake, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Interior of British Columbia and probablj' south- eastern Alaska. Genl. Char. Skull alone known. Like alascensis, but "lighter, longer and more slender.''^ (Merr.) 507. aa. Putorius muricus. Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 71. Type locality. Echo, El Dorado County, California. Genl. Char. Size very small. Tail short, tip black. Color. Upper parts and tail, except black tip, drab brown tinged with reddish or chocolate; under parts, hands, toes and upper lip white. Skull has largely inflated squamosals. Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 60: hind foot, 31. (ex Bangs, 1. c.) SCAPANUS. 435 Order IX Insectivora. Fam. II. Tal|>ida('. Sub. Fam. II. Talpinae. 99. Scapanus. 578. (/. Scapanus californicus niinusculus. Banijs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Soc. , 1899, p. 70. Type locality, Fj'ffe, El Dorado County, California. Genl. Char. Smaller than 5. californinis, color paler. Color. Above lustrous drab gray, beneath shining cinereous. Measurements. Total length, 160; tail vertebra', 31; hind foot, 21; (Bangs, 1. c.) I INDEX Pa<;u. abbreviatus. (Microtus) 189, iqo aberti. (Sciurus) 57, 58 abietorum. (Peromyscus c.) 128 abietorum. (Vulpes a.) 434 abietorum. (Zapus i.) 264 Abromys 241 acadicus. (Microtus p.) 180 acadicus. iZapus^ 257 Acorestes ... 400 acrobates. (Sciuropterus) 107 actuosa. (Mustela a.) 336 acuto-rostrata. (Halacnoptera) 11 acutus. (Uelphinus) 25 acutus. (Lagenorhynchus) 25, 27 .Adelonycteris 410 aeneus. (Scapanus) 391 aereus. (Scalops) 390 affinis. (Myotis) 402 affinis. (Neotoma f.) 160 at^nis. (Tamias q.) 77 Agaphelus II Agaphelus gibbosus 11 Agaphelus rostratus 11 agilis. (Perodipus) 236, 237 Agricola 178 akeleyi. (Peromyscus) 129 alacer. (Lepus f.) 2S2 alascensis. (Dicrostonyx h.) 210 alascensis. (Evotomys) 177 alascensis. (Lenuiius) 207 alascensis. (Myotis 1.) 402 alascensis. (Putorius c.) 344 alascensis. (Sorex g.) 372, 373 alascensis. (L'rsus h.) 312 alascensis. (\'ulpes) 434 alascensis. (Zapus h.) 259 alaskanus. (Neosorex p.) 379 albescens. (Myotis) 402 albescens evotis. (Myotis) 406 albescens velifer. (Myotis) 406 albibarbis. (Neosorex) 379 albicans. (Delphinapterus) 19 I' AGE. albicauda. (Phoca) 364 albigena. (Phoca) 362 albigula. (Neotoma c.) 162 albini. (Phoca) 364 albirostris. (Lagenorhynchus) 26 albiventer. (.A.tophyrax b.) 381 albogularis. (Lemnius) 207 albolimbatus. (Sciurus d.) 66 albo-rufescens. (Microtus) 179 albrinanus. (Delphinus) 28 Alecs 37 Alces americanus 38 Alces gigas 38 Alces lobatus 38 Alces machlis 37, 38 Alces muswa 38 Alces palmatus 38 aleoutiensis. (Balaena) 8 alexandrinus. (Mus) 118 algeriensis. (Delphinus) 28 Aliama 16 alleni. (Heteromys) 256 alleni. (Lepus) 288 alleni. (Microtus) 202, 203 alleni. (Putorius) 349 alleni. (Spermophilus t.) 101 alleni. (Zapus t.) 261 alpinus. (Scapanus) 393 alpinus. (Sciuropterus v. 1 . 101, 1 10, iii alpinus. (Tamias ni. 1 79 alpinus. (Thomomys) 229 alticola. (Microtus) 192 alticola. (Perognathus) 249 altivalis. (Thomomys) 230 ambavarlis. (Spilogale) 332 ambiguus. (Uipodomys m.) 234 americana. (Antilocapra) 43 americana. (Antilope) 43 americana. (Fiber) 212 americana. (Megaptera) 10 americana. (.Mustela). 319, 334,335 336 americana. (Taxidea) 320, 321 aniericanus. ( Alces) americanus. (Bison) americanus. (Castor) americanus. (Cervus) americanus. (Lepus) 273, 274,275, 276, americanus. (Manatus) americanus. (Odocoileus) americanus. (Parascalops) americanus. ( Peromyscus) 123, 124, 128, 129, americanus. (Tamias) americanus. (L'rsus) americanus. (Zapus) 257, Ammonivs ammon. (Ovisi Ammospermophilus , . .82, amoenus. (Perognathus) amoenus. (Sorex) amoenus. (Tamias) amplus. (Perognathus) anarnacus. (Hyperoodon) anastasiae. I Peromyscus) anastasiae. ( Scalops) andersoni. (Monodon) angularis. (Thomomys) angustata. (Delphinapterus) angusticeps. (Blarinai angusticeps. ( Microtus) angusticeps. ■ (Neotoma c.) angustirostris. (Macrorhinus) .... angustirostris. (Perognathus p.) . . . Anisonyx 102, Anisonyx rufa annectens. (Neotoma f.) annectens. (Spermophilus s.) anneleta. (Phoca) Anotus antarctica. (Balaena) 8, anthonyi. (Peromyscus) anthonyi. (Scapanus) anthonyi. (Sciurus g.) Antilocapra Antilocapra americana Autilocapridae Antilope americana Antrozous Antrozous pallidus 396, Antrozous p. pacificus apache. (Perognathus) 244, apache. (Sciurus) 38 49 116 38 277 6 39 394 313 259 178 46 85 249 37« 74 247 16 128 39« 19 228 192 162 359 252 1 12 112 160 97 364 382 9 141 393 57 43 43 43 43 396 397 397 245 58 Page. apclla. (Microtus) 198 aquaticus. (Lepus) 277, 278 aquaticus. (Oryzomys) 146, 147 aquaticus. (Scalops) 388, 389 -aquilonius. (Fiber z.) 213 Araeosciurus 50, 59 araneus (Sorex 1 366 arcticeps. (Onychomys) 121 arcticus. (Lagenorhynchus) 25 arcticus. (Lepus) 270 arcticus. (Orcinus) 22 arcticus. (Peromyscus t.) 131 arcticus. (Putorius) 345. 346 arcticus. (Rangifer) 37 arcticus. (Trichechus) 358 Arctocephalus 357 Arctocephalus lobatus 356 Arctogale 338, 343 Arctomys 104 Arctomys caligatus 106 Arctomys dacota 106 Arctomys tlaviventer 106, 427 Arctomys f. avarus 427 Arctomys ludovicianus 102 Arctomys marmotta 104 Arctomys melanopus 106 Arctomys monax 105 Arctomys m. canadensis 106 Arctomys m. ignavus 105 Arctomys olympus 107 Arctomys pruinosus 106, 107 arctus. ( Ursus) 309 arenarius. (Geomys) 219 arenaruis. (Peromyscus e.) 136 arenarius. (Peromyscus s.). 142 arenicola. (Onychomys t.> 122 arenicola. (Perognathus p.) 246 argentata. (Vulpes p.) 304 arizonae. (Lepus) 280,285, 286 arizonae. (Neotoma) 165 arizonae. (Peromyscus a. 1 125 arizonae. (Sigmodon h.) 144, 146 arizonae. (Spilogale p.) 331 arizonensis. (Cynomys) 104 arizonensis. (Microtus m.) 184 arizonensis. (Putorius) 348, 349 arizonensis. (Reithrodontomysi... . 153 arizonensis. (Sciurus) 59, 60 armalus. (Perognathus) 254 armatus. (Spermophilus) 93 arquatus. (\'espertilio) 410 irtemisia. (I.epus) irtrmisiae. (Peroniysciis a.) irviilis. (Microtus) \rvicola 178, irvicoloides (Microtus r. ) \sconiys \stromyctes \sironiycles istiitus. (Bassariscus) Atalajjha iter. iCanis) atliabascae. ( Bison a.) Atophyrax. Atophyrax biiulirii 380, Atophyrax b. pahiieri Atophyrax b. albiventir atra. (Orcinus) atrata. (Mustela) atlwateri. (Geomys b.) attwatcri. (I^epus f .) attwatcri. (Neotoma f.) att wateri. (Peromyscus 1 auduboiii. (I.asionycteris) auduboni. (Lepus f.) 281, ludubnni. (Sciurus) Aiilacomys .lurantius. (Rcithrodontoniys a.) .. aureus. (Thoniomys) auriciilaris. ( Microtus p.) auripcctus. (Peromyscus) auritus. (Odocoileusi austerus. (Microtus) '96, austerus. (Peromyscus) 132, australis. (Balaena) 8, australis. iManatusi australis. (Scalops a.) 390, austrinus. (Geomys t.) austroriparius. (Myotis) a\ arus. (Arctoiiiys {.) avia. (Mephitis) a/eticus. (Xyctinomus) a/tecus. (Microtus) aztecus. (Reithrodontomvs) ^84 125 190 200 202 215 394 394 316 411 300 49 380 381 381 38" 335 219 278 •57 •35 407 283 52 179 '53 229 iqS ■34 42 197 •33 Q 6 39' 217 402 427 327 417 182 151 bachmani. (Lepus f.) 281,282, 287 badius. (Spermophilus t.i loi baileyi. (Felisr.i 297 baileyi. ( Lepus) 284 baileyi. (Neotoinac.i 156 l)ai!eyi. (Perognatlius) 251 baileyi. (Sciurus h.j 63 Page. Baiomys 1 23 Baiosciurus 50 bairdi. (Delphinus) 28 bairdi. (Lepus a.) 274, 276 bairdi. (.Microtus) 200 bairdi. (Sorex) 372, 373 Balaena 72 Balaena aleoutiensis 8 Balaena antarctica 8, q Balaena australis 8, q Balaena biscayensis 8 Balaena brittanicus 8 Balaena callamak 9 Balaena cisarctica 8 Balaena gibbar 11 Balaena glacialis 7, 8 Balaena groenlandica 8 Balaena kuzira 9 Balaena niysticctus 7, 8 Balaena pittekajensis 8 Balaena sieboldii 8 Balaenidae 7 B;daenoptera II Balaenoptera acuto-rostrata ■ 1 , 12 Balaenoptera boops 13 Balaenoptera borealls 13 Balaenoptera communis 13 Balaenoptera davidsoni 12 Balaenoptera duguidi 13 Balaenoptera knoxi 13 Balaenoptera minor II Balaenoptera mondini 1 1 Balaenoptera niusculus 13 Balaenoptera physalus 13 Balaenoptera rorqual 13 Balaenoptera rostrata 11 Balaenoptera sibbaldi 13 Balaenoptera stynegeri 14 Balaenoiitera sulfureus 14 Balaenoptera tectirostris 13 Balaenoptera vilifera 12 Balaenoptera v. copei 13 Balaenopterinae 11 baliolus. (Peromyscus s.) 142 bangsi. (Lepus a.) 270, 271 bangsi. (Perognathus p.) 245, 246 bangsi. (Vulpes p.) 434 barbata. (Phoca) 362 barrowensis. (Spermophilus) 91 Bassariscus 316 Bassariscus astutus 316 f\ Page. Bassariscus a. flavus 316 Bassariscus a. oregonus 317 Bassariscus a. raptor 316 batteatus. (Delphinus) 28 beecheyi. (Spermophilus g.) 88 belcheri. (Sciurus) 65 beldingi. (Spermophilus) 94 bella. (Neotomaj 429 bellus. (Peromyscus) I3S beluga. (Delphinapterus) ig bendirii. (Atophyrax) 380, 381 Benedenia 11 beringensis. (Spermophilusi 91 berlandieri. (Taxidea a.) 321 bernardinus. (Spermophilus c.)-- • • 84 bicolor. (Mephitis) 332 bicolor. (Spilogale) 328 bidens. (Mesoplodon) 18 bidentatus. (Hyperoodon) 16 bimaculatus. (Perognathus f.) 244 biscayensis. (Balaena) 8 bishopi. (Lepus) 276 Bison 48 Bison americanus 49 Bison a. athabascae 49 blainvillii. iMormops) 419 Blaria 381 Blarina 381 Blarina angusticeps 382 Blarina brevicauda ..382,383, 384 Blarina b. carolinensis 383, 384 Blarina b. peninsulae 383 Blarina cinerea 384 Blarina costaricensis 382 Blarina dekayi 382 Blarina exilipes 384 Blarina eximius 384 Blarina tloridana 385 Blarina huiophaga 383 Blarina micrura 382 Blarina parva 383, 384 , 385 Blarina talpoides 382 Blarina telmalestes 384 bonasus. (Bos) 48 boops. (Balaenoptera) 13 borealis. borealis. borealis. borealis. borealis. borealis. P.4GE. 426 227 223 425 "32 ( Balaenoptera 1 13 (Cystophora) 360 (Lasiurus) 411,412, 413 (Lepus) 273 (Lissodelphis) 3* (Microtus) 194 borealis. (Tamias q.) 77, borealis. (Thomomys) 224, Bos bonasus Bos moschatus bottae. (Thomomys) Bovidae 44, boylii. (Peromyscus) brachycium. (Phocaena) 20 Brachylagus 287 Brachyotus 400 brachypterus. (Globiocephalus). . . . 24 Brachysorex 381 brasiliensis. (Nyctinomus) ....416, 417 brevicauda. (Blarina) ... .382, 383, 384 brevicauda. (Onychomys 1.) 120 brevicaudus. (Evotomys) 174 brevicaudus. (Spermophilus) 84 breviceps. (Geomys) 217, 210 brevinasus. (Perognathus p.) 246 breweri. (Microtus) 183 breweri. (Parascalops) 394 breweri. (Scalops) 393 britannicus. (Balaena) 8 . brumalis. (Mustela a.) 336 buckleyi. (Spermophilus g.) 89 bulbivorus. (Thomomys) 222, 223 bullata. (Neotoma m.) 158 bursarius. (Geomys) 217 butskopf. (Hyperoodon) 15, 16 Cabassous 4 Cabassous leptorhyncha 4 Cabassous longicaudus 4 Cabassous fenestratus mexicanus . 4 Cabassous novem-cinctus 4 Cabassous octo-cinctus 4 Cabassous peba 4 californianus. (Eumetopias) 356 californianus. (Ovis) 46 californianus. (Zalophus) 356 californica. (Didelphys) 3 californica. (Felis r.) 298 californica. (Haplodontia r.)... . 1 12, 113 californica. (Neotoma) 161 californicus. (Dipodomys) 235, 431 californicus. (Evotomys) 176 californicus. (Lepus) 291 californicus. (Microtus) 186 californicus. (Myotis) 403, 404 californicus. (Odocoileus h. ) 43 californicus. (Otopterus) 420 Page. > alifcirnicus. (Perognathiisi. . .254, 235 I alifornicus. (Peromyscus).. . . 137, 138 I alifornicus. (Promops) 421, 422 1 aliforniciis. (Scapanus). . . 3Q2, 393, 435 californicus. (Sciuropterus v.). . 1 10, 428 califiirnicus. (Sciurus d.) 66 californicus. (Sorex) 374. 375 californicus. (Sperniophihis) 88 californicus. I'Urocyon c.i 308, yx) caligatus. i.'Xrctomys) 106 callamak. (Balaenai 9 callipeplus. iTamias) 73 cnllistus. ( Perognathusi 245 Callorhinus 337 Callospermophilus 82 Callotaria 357 Callotaria krachenninikowi 357 Callotaria monteriensis 357 Callotaria nigra 357 Callotaria ursina 357 callotis. (Lepusi 288, 289 Calocephalus 361 Calomys 123 campestris. ( Lepusi 273, 277 canipestris. iNeotoniai 156, 166 campestris. (Zapus h.) 259 Campicola 1 78 canadensis. ( Arcloniys m.i 106 canadensis. (Castori 115, 116 canadensis. iCervus) 34 canadensis. (Condylura) 395 canadensis. (Delphinapterus) 19 canadensis. (Felis) 295, 296 canadensis. (Geomys) 217 canadensis. (Lutra) 352, 353 canadensis. (Mustelai 337 canadensis. (Ovis) 46 canadensis. (Peromyscusi 128, 129 canadensis. (Putorius) 338 canadensis. (Scalops) 388 canadensis. (Scapanus) 391 canadensis. (SpermophiUisi 89 canadensis. (Zapus) 257 canaliculatus. (O vibost 48 canescens. (Microlus n.) 185 canescens. (Neotoma) 155 canescens. (Spermophilusi 97 canicaudus. (Microtus) 185 caniceps. (Taiiiiasi 426 caniclunis. (Lepusf.) 283 Canidae 299 EX. 441 Page. Caninae 299 Canis 299 Canis ater 300 Canis estor 302, 303 Canis frustror 302 Canis griseis 300 Canis latrans .301, 303 Canis lestes 301 Canis lupus 298, 299, 300 Canis mearnsi 302, 303 Canis nebracensis 301 Canis nubilus 300 Canis occidentalis 300 Canis ochropus 303 Canis pallidus 301 Canis peninsulae 302 Canis rufus 300 Canis virginianus 307 canus. (Peromyscus) 13* canus. (Spermophilus m.) 93 capistratus. (SciurusI 5 ' caribou. (Rangifer) 35 Carnivora 293 carolii. (Myotis) 402 carolinensis. (Blarina b.) 383, 384 carolinensis. (Castor c.) 116 carolinensis. (Evotomys) i74 carolinensis. (Pipistrellus) 409 carolinensis. (Reithrodontomys).. . 148 carolinensis. (Sciurus) 53> 62 carolinensis. (Vespertilio) 4'0 cascadensis. (Sciurus d.) 66 cascadcnsis. (Vuljies) 433 castaiionotus. (Scmrus) 57 castanops. (Cratogeomys) .. . .220, 221 castanurus. (Spermophilus) 84 Castor "5 Castor americanus 116 Castor canadensis 115, 116 Castor c. carolinensis 1 16 Castor c. fondator 116 Castor c. pacificus 117 Castor fiber 115 Castor zibethicus 211 Castoridae 114 Cateorus 410 catodon. (Delphinapterus) 19 caurina. (.Mustelaa.) 335 caurinus. (Evotomys) 171 caurinus. (Myotis c.) 404 caurinus. (Tamias) 74 442 Page. cautus. (Microtus) 191 cavirostris. (Ziphius) 16, 17 celatus. (Phenacomys) 169, 430 Ceratodon 18 Cervidae 33 cervina. (Ovis) 46 Cervinae 34 cervinus. (Thomomys) 230 Cervus 34 Cervus americanus 38 Cervus canadensis 34 Cervus c. occidentalis 34 Cervus roosevelti 34 Cervus strongy loceros 34 Cervus wapiti 34 Cetacea 7 Chaetodipus 241, 251 chapmani. (Lepusf.) 282, 283 chapmani. (Perodipus) 237 Chilotus 178, 199 chinga. (Mephitis) 322 Chiroptera 396 chrotorrhinus. (Microtus) 193 chrysodeirus. (Spermophilus) 84 chrysonotis. (Myotis) 406 chrysotis. (Reithrodontomys) 152 cicognani. (Putorius) 343j 344. 345 ciliolabrum. (Myotis c.) 404 cinerascens. (Lepus) 287 cinerascens. (Spermophilus) 83 cinerea. (Blarina) 384 cinerea. (Geomys) 217 cinerea. (Neotoma) 163,164, 166 cinereicollis. (Tamias) 75 cinereo-argentatus. (\'ulpesj 306 cinereo-argenteus. (Urocyon) 307. 3081 309 cinereus. (Lasiurusi 413 cinereus. (Sciurus) 5', 52, 53 cinnamomea. (Microtus) 196 cinnaniomea. (Neotoma) 166 cinnamomeus. (Spermophilus 1.) . . 86 cisarctica. ( Balaena) 8 Citillus 81 clarkii. (Geomys) 220 dementis. (Peromyscus t.) 130 clusius. (Thomomys) 229 Clymene 30 clymene (Prodelphinus) 32 Clymenia 30 Cnephaeus 410 Page. Cnephaiuphilus 407 cognatus. (Peromyscus) 127 collaris. (Ochotona) 268 colliaei. (Sciurus) 60 Colobotis 82, 89 colonus. (Geomys) 217 coloratus. (Oryzomys a.) 148 Columbiana. (Neotoma a.) 165 columbianus. lOdocoileus) 41 columbianus. (Perodipus o.) 238 columbianus. (Perognathus 1.) 250 columbianus. (Spermophilus) 91 columbiensis. (Lepus a.) 275, 276 Comastes 400 communis. (Balaenopterai 13 communis. (Phocaena) 20 communis. (Tursiops) 29 compactus. (Perodipus) 240 compressicauda. (Tursiops) 29 concolor. (Felis) 293 concolor. (Sciurus a.) 57 concreta. (Delphinapterus) 20 conditi. (Perognathus) 252 Condylura 394 Condylura canadensis 395 Condylura cristata 395 Condylura longicauda 395 Condylura macroura 395 Condylura prasinata 355 Condylura radiata 395 consobrinus. (Tamias m.) 78 constablei. (Phenacomys) 169 constrictus. (Microtus c.) 186 cookii. (Trichechus) 358 cooperi. (Sorex) 366 cooperi. (Synaptomys). . .203, 204, 205 cooperi. (Tamias t.) 69 copei. (Balaenoptera V.) 13 copei. (Perognathus) 243 Corsira 381 coryi. ( Felis ) 293 Corynorhinus 398 Corynorhinus lecontii 390 Corynorhinus macrotis 399, 400 Corynorhinus m. pallcscens 399 Corynorhinus m. townsendi 399, 400 costaricensis. (Blarina) 382 couchii. (Spermophilus) 88 couesi. (Erethizon e.) 265 couesi. (Odocoileusa.). 40 crassidens. (Phocaenni 24 ' ! 1- Ions. (Pseudorca) 22, . I i~<\is. (Phenacomys c.) Cratogeomys Cratogeomys castanops 220, crawfordi. (Notiosorexi 385, crawfordi. (Sorex) crejiuscularis. (Nycticejus) Cricetinae Cricetodipus Cricetus myoidcs 123, crinitus. ( Pcromyscus t.i 140, cristata. (Condylurai cristata. (Cystophoral cristata. ( Phoca ) cristatus. (Sorex) crooki. (Odocoileus) crotaphiscus. iProdelphiniisi cryptospilotus. (Spermophiliisi Cryptotis 382, cucullata. (Cystophora) cumberlandius. (Geomys) cumulator. (Neotomai Cuniculus cuppes. (Ochotona) cupreata. (Scalopsi curtatus. ( Microtusi 194, curvirostris. (Uelphinus) I uvieri. (Grampus) I iivierius L\modicc. (Tursiopsi cynocephalus. (Nyctinomus) Cynomyonax 338, Cynomys Cynomys arizonensis Cynomys griscus Cynomys gunnisoni 103, Cynomys latrans Cynomys leucurus Cynomys lewisi Cynomys ludovicianus 102, Cynomys missouriensis Cynom vs socialis Cystophora Cystophora boreal is Cystophora cristata Cystophora cucullata Cystophora isidorei Cystophora leucopla Cystophora mitrate Cystophorinae 23 43^ 220 221 386 385 4'5 119 241 124 429 395 360 360 394 41 31 97 384 360 217 •54 209 268 388 •95 28 25 1 1 29 417 341 ■ 02 ■ 04 102 104 102 104 104 ■03 360 360 360 360 360 360 360 359 iX 443 Page. dacota. (.Arctomysi 106 dakotensis. (Sciurus h.) 62 dalei. fMesoplodon) 18 dalli. (Lepusa.) 275 dalli. (Ovis) 47, 425 dalli. (Phocaenai 21 dalli. (Synaptoniys) 206 dalli. (Ursusi 311 Danis 309 Dasypodidae 4 Dasypterus 414 Dasypterus intermedins 414 Dasypus iini-cinctus 4 davidsoni. ( Balaenoptera) 12 dawsoni. (Evotomys) 172 dawsoni. (RangiferJ 36 dcclivis. ( Delphinaptcrus) 20 decumanus. (Musi 117,118, 428 decussata. (Vulpesi 304 deductor. (Delphinusi 23 deductor. (Globiocephalusi 23 degener. ( Lutra | 353- dekayi. (Blarina) 382 dekayi. (Microtus) 180 deletrix. (Vulpesi 305 Delphinapterinae 18 Delphinapterus 19. 29 Delphinapterus albicans 19 Delphinapterus angustata 19 Delphinapterus beluga 19 Delphinaptcrus canadensis 19 Delphinapterus catodon 19 Delphinapterus concreta 20 Delphinapterus declivis 20 Delphinapterus leucas 19 Delphinapterus peronii 29 Delphinapterus rhiiiodon 19 Delphiniilae 18 Delphinus 27 Dtlphinus acutus 25 Delphinus albrinanus 28 Delphinus algeriensis 28 Delphinus bairdi 28 Delphinus batteatus 28 Delphinus curvirostris 28 Delphinus deductor 23 Delphinus delphis 27, 28 Del phinus U irsteri 28 Delphinus fulvo-fasciatus 28 Delphinus fuscus 28 Delphinus griseus 24 'I Delphinus janira Delphinus major Delphinus marginatus Delphinus microps Delphinus moorei Delphinus moscbatus Delphinus novae-zelandiae Delphinus phocaena Delphinus pomeegra Delphinus sowerbianus Delphinus tursio Delphinus variegatus Delphinus walkeri delphis. (Delphinus) 27, Delphis phocaena densirostris. (Mesoplodon) deserti. (Dipodomys) 234, desert!. (Reithrodontomys m.) deserticolus. (Lepus t.) deserticolus. (Peromyscus a. I desertorum. (Neotomai i6l, desmaresti. 1 Phoca 1 destruLtor. (Lutrai destructor. (Pseudorca) dickinsoni. (Reithrodontomys 1.).. Dicotyles Dicotyles tajacu Dicoty lidae Dicotylinae Dicrostony,\ Dicrostonyx groenlandicus Dicrostonyx hudsonius Dicrostonyx h. alascensis Dicrostonyx h. nelsoni 210, Dicrostonyx h. richardsoni Dicrostonyx h. unalascensis Dicrostonyx ungulatus Didelphyidae I, Didelphys Didelphys californica Didelphys marsupialis i, Didelphys virginiana 1, 2, Didelphys v. pigra dimidiatus. (Phoca) Dinops Diodon Diplostoma Dipodomyinae 231, Dipodomys 231, 235, 240, Dipodomys californicus 235, Dipodomys c. palhdulus 28 20 28 28 28 28 28 28 20 17 235 151 291 125 429 364 352 23 150 33 33 33 33 209 209 209 210 211 211 210 209 425 3 425 425 I 364 4>6 18 241 431 431 43' Dipodomys deserti 234. Dipodomys elator 234, Dipodomys merriami 232, 233, Dipodomys m. ambiguus Dipodomys m. exilis Dipodomys m. nevadensis 232, Dipodomys m. nitratoides Dipodomys m. nitratus Dipodomys m. parvus Dipodomys m. similis Dipodomys montanus Dipodomys o. montanus Dipodomys philipsi Dipodomys spectabilis Dipodops discolor. (Felis) discolor. ( Phoca) dispar. (Neotoma f.) dispar. (Perognathus c.) divergens. (Trichechus) dobsoni. (Sorex v.) doreides. ( Prodelphinus) doris. (Prodelphinus) dorsalis. (Sciurus) dorsalis. (Tamias) dorsata. ( Phoca ) dorsatus. (Erethizon) 264, 265, douglasi. (Sciurus) douglasi. (Spermophilus g.) douglasi. (Thomomys) 226, drummondi. (Microtus) drummondi. (Neotoma c.) 164, dubius. (Prodelphinus) duguidi. (Balaenoptera) dutcheri. (Microtus) dychei. ( Reithrodontomys) dyselius. ( Peromyscus) Dysopes Page. 235 431 I 234 234 233 233 233 233 234 234 431 431 231 234 231 293 364 160 255 358 370 30 32 57 68 364 432 65 89 229 ■ 81 429 30 13 185 •50 138 416 Echinoprocta 264 Echinosciurus 50 edax. (Microtus) 187 Edentata 4 elator. (Dipodomys) 234, 431 elegans. (Spermophilus) 94 elongator. (Mephitis) 324 elucus. ( Procyon 1.) 319 emmonsi. (Ursus) 315 empetra. (Spermophilus) .... ..89, 427 energumenus. (Putorius v.) 340 Enhydra 354 Enhydris 354 enixus. (Microtus) 182 Eozapus , 257 epidon. (Mesoplodon) 18 Epimys 118 epixanthus. (Erethi/oni 265, 266 Eptesicus 410 equestris. (Phoca) 362 ereinica. ( Fclis r.) 298 eremicus. (Lepust.) 291 eremicus. (Perognathus) 253 eremicus. (Peromyscus) . . 136, 137, 140 eremicus.- (Sit^modon h.) 145 Eremiomys 178 Erethizon 264, 429 Erethizun dorsaUis 264, 265, 432 Erethizon d. picinus 431 Erethizon epixanthus 265, 266 Erethizon e. couesi 265 Erethizon e. myops 266 Erethizon hudsonius 265 Erethizon pilosus 264, 265 Erothizontidae. . 264, 431 Erethizontinae 264, 431 Erignathus 361 erminea. /Putorius) 348 erythrodactylus. I Pijiistrellus) 401) erythroglutaeus. (.Spermophilus). . . 91 I'schrichti. (Lagenorhynchus) 25 iskimo. (Putoriusr.) 345 >^lor. (Canis) 302, 303 f^tor. iMephitis) 326 I uarctos 30() I iiarctus 313 I'.ubalaena 7 lludelphinus 27 Kuderma 398 Kudernia maculata 398 1 umelopias 355 I umetopias californianus 356 I' umetopias jubata 355 I" umetopias leonina 355 I ^umetopias stellcri 355 t uphrosine. 1 Prodclphinus/ 30 cuphrosinoides. (Prodclphinus).... 30 europaeus. (Orcinus) 22 eurynome. (Tursiops) 29 I '. iitamias 68 t\ Otis. (Myotis) 406 ICvotorays 170 Evotomys alascensis 177 I'AC.E. Evotomys brevicaudus 174 Evotomys californicus 176 Evotomys carolinensis 174 Evotomys caurinus 171 Evotomys dawsoni 172 Evotomys fuscodorsalis 172 Evotomys gapperi.170, 172, 173, 174, 175 Evotomys g. galei 173 Evotomys g. loringi 173, 174 Evotomys g. ochraceus 172 Evotomys g. rhoadsi 173 Evotomys g. saturatus 174 Evotomys idahoensis 175. Evotomys mazama 175, 176 Evotomys nivarius 177 Evotomys obscurus 176 Evotomys occidentalis 176, 177 Evotomys orca 172 Evotomys protcus 177 Evotomys pygmaeus j 76 Evotomys rutikis 170, 177 Evotomys ungava 175 Evotomys wrangcli 171 exilipes. (Blarina) 384 exilis. (Dipodomys m.) 233 exilis. (Myotis) 403 eximius. (Blarina) 384 extimus. (Sciurus c.) 55 eyra. (Felis) 295 faetida. (Phoca) 362, 364 faetulenta. (Mephitis) 326 fallax. (Geoiiiys p.) 220 fallax. (Neotoma) 161 fallax. (Perognathus) 254 fannini. (Ovis) 425 fasciata (Kclis r.) 297 fasciata. (Phoca) 362 fasciatus. (Perognathus) 241,242, 243, 251 fatuus. (Synaptomys) 204 Felidae 29J Felis 293 Fclis canadensis 295, 296 Felis c. niollipilosus 295 Felis c. oregonensis 294 Felis c. subsolanus 296 Felis concolor 293 Felis coryi 293 Felis discolor 293 Fclis eyra 295 Page. Felis floridana 293 Felis gigas 299 Felis hernandezi 294 Felis hippolestes 294 Felis jaguarondi 295 Felis leo 293 Felis mexicana 294 Felis olympus 294 Felis onca 294 Felis pardalis 294 Felis puma 293 Felis rufa 296, 297, 299 Felis r. baileyi 297 Felis r. californica 298 Felis r. eremica 298 Felis r. fasciata 297 Felis r. floridana 2gg Felis r. maculata 296, 298 Felis r. oculeus 297 Felis r. pallescens 297 Felis r. texensis 2g8 felix. (Tamias q.) 76 femoralis. (Perognathus) 251, 254 femorosaccus. (Nyctinomus} 417 ferrugineus. (Sigmodon) 144 Fiber 211 Fiber aniericana 212 fiber. (Castor) 115 Fiber macrodon 214 Fiber obscurus : 214 Fiber osoyooensis 212 Fiber spatulus 214 Fiber zibethicus 212, 213, 214 Fiber 2. aquilonius 213 Fiber z. pallidas 213 Fiber z. rivalicus 213 fimbripes. ( Sorex i 366 fisheri. (Microtus a.) igo fisheri. (Sorex) 375 fisheri. (Spermophilus g.) 88 flavescens. (Perognathus) 243 flavescens. (Scalops e.i 388 flavigularis. (Lepus) 288 flaviventer. (Arctomys) 106, 427 flavus. (Bassariscus a.) 316 flavus. (Perognathus) 241, 242, 243, 244 flavus. (Scalops e.) 388 floridana. (Blarina) 385 floridana. (Felis) 293 floridana. (Felis r.) 293, 299 floridana. (Neotomaj 155, 156. floridanus. (Geomys t.) 215, floridanus. (Lepus) 280,281, floridanus. iMus) floridanus. (Peromyscus) floridanus. (Urocyon e.) floridanus. (Ursus) .'. . fluviatilis. ( Manatus) fondator. (Castor c.) fontigenus. (Microtus p.) formosus. (Perognathus) forsteri. ( Delphinus) fossor. (Sciurus) fossor. (Thomomys) fosteri. ( Sorex) fraenatus. (Prodelphinus) franklini. (Spermophilus) frater. (Tamias) frederici. ( Phoca) fremonti. (Sciurus) f renatus. ( Putorius) 350, frontalis. ( Prodelphinus) frustror. (Canis) f uliginosus. ( Nyctinomus I fuliginosus. (Onychomys) fuliginosus. (Perognathus f.) fuliginosus. (Sciuropterus v.).. no, fuliginosus. (Sciurus c.) fulva. (Vulpes) fulvo-fasciatus. (Delphinus) fulvus. (Microtus) f ul vus. (Thomomys 1 227, 228, fumeus. (Sorex) 368, funebris. (Lasiurus) f usca. (Geomys) fusca. I Neotoma c.) fuscipes. (Xeotoma) 158, 159, fuscodorsalis. (Evotomys) fuscus. (Delphinus) fuscus. (Scalops) fuscus. (Thomomys d.) fuscus. (Vespertilio) 410, Page. , 157 > 217 , 285 154 «38 307 314 6 116 181 250 28 55 230 366 32 101 73 364 66 351 32 302 417 123 244 III 55 304 28 180 229 369 412 217 165 160 172 28 388 226 411 gaillardi. ( Lepus) 289 Gale 338 galei. (Evotomys g.) 173 Galemys 381 gambeli. (Peromyscus t.).. 130, 131, 138 gapperi. (Evotomys) 170. 172, 173- 174, 175 Geomyidae 215 Geomys Geomys arenarius Geomys breviceps 217, Geomys bursarius Geomys b altvvateri Geomys b. sai^ittalis 217, Geomys canadensis Geomys cinerea Geomys clarkii Geomys coloiius Geomys cumberlandius Geomys f usca Geomys lutescens Geomys oregonensis Geomys personatus Geomys p. fallax Geomys pinetis Geomys saccatus Geomys texcnsis Geomys tuza 215, 216, Geomys t. austrinus Geomys t. rtoridanus 215, Geomys t. mobilensis ■ihbar. (Balaena) bbosus. (Agaphelus) ibbsi. (Neiirotrichus) 387, J ;bbsi. (Urotrichusi -i.cas. (AlCfS) gigas. ( Kelis) gigas. (Hydrodamalis) J) gas. (Rhytinasi illespii. (Zalophus) ,illi. (Tursiops) -Tilva. (Neotoma i.i 1,'ilvus. (Ferognathus m.i lacialis. (Balaenai 7, _ lacialis. (Lepus) ^lacialis. (Sorex) _ ;.idiator. lOrciniis) ^ laucinus. 1 Molossus) ul.iucus. (Rachianectes) ('.lis < ".lobiocophalus C.iobioccphalus brachypterus ( -lobiocepbalus deductor ( '.lobiocephalus globiceps (ilobioccphalus incrassatus Globiocephahis intermedius Globiocepliahis macrorhynchus . . . . Globiocephalus melas Globiocephalus scammoni 215 globiceps. (Globiocephalus) 23 219 godmani. (Mustela) 337 2IQ gossi. (Synaptomys h.) 204 217 gossypinus. (Peromyscus) I25, 127 2IQ gracilis. (Latax) 354 218 gracilis. (Peromyscus) 128 217 gracilis. (Spilogaio) 330 217 gracilis. (Tamiasi^.) 76 220 graliamcnsis. (Sciurus f.) 67 217 grammiirus. (Spermophilus) . . .87, 88 217 i Grampus 34 217 Grampus cuvieri 25 217 I Grampus griseus 25 217 ' Grampus intermedius 25 220 j Grampus rissoanus 25 220 Grampus stcarnsii 25 215 ' grangeri. (Lepus) 285 217 grangeri. (Neotoma) 165 219 grayi. (Pseudorca) 23 217 greenii. (X'espertilio) 410 217 griseis. iCanisi 300 217 griseus. (Cynomys) 102 216 griseus. (Delphinus) 24 II griseus. (Grampus) 25 II griseus. (Lepus t.) 291 388 griseus. (Sciurus) 55.56, 57 386 griseus. (Tamias) 81 38 griseus. (L'rocyon) 307 299 griseoflavus. (Sciurus) 58 5 groenlandica. (Balaena) 8 5 groenlandica. (Phoca) 364 356 groenlandicus. (Dicrostonyx) 209 29 groenlandicus. (Lepus) 271 162 groenlandicus. (Rangifer) 37 243 gryphus. (Myotis) 405 8 grypus. (Phoca) 361 270 gubernator. (Lagenorhynchus) 25 372 Guerlinguetus 50 22 Gull 333 421 Gido luscus 333 9 gunnisoni. (Cynomys) 103, 104 104 guttatus. (Spermophilus) 92 23 gymnicus. (Sciurus h.) 61 23 haidarum. (Putorius) 351 23 Halichoerus 361 23 Haliphilus 361 23 hallensis. (\ulpesi 307 23 Haploccrus 44 23 Haplodontia ill, 112 24 Haplodontia Icporinn 112 Page. Haplodontia major 1 12 Haplodontia olympica 114 Haplodontia pacifica 114 Haplodontia phaea 114 Haplodontia rufa 112 Haplodontia r. californica 112, 113 Haplodontia r. raineri 112 hardyi. (Zapus) 257 harnmani. (Vulpes) 303, 432 harrisii. (Spermophilusi 85 hastalis. (Rangifer) '. 35 haydeni. (Microtus) 197 haydeni. iSorex) 367 helaletes. (Synaptomys) 204, 205 helvolus. (Lemmus t.) 308 hemionus. (Odocoileusi 42 Hemiotomys 178 henshawi. ( Myotis 1 404 hermanni. (Perodipus) 236 hermanni. (Sciurus) 55 hernandezi. (Felis) 294 hernandezi. (Procyon 1.).. .317, 318, 319 Herpetomys 179 herroni. ( Peromyscusi 137 Hesperosciurus 50 hesperus. (Pipistrellus) 40S, 409 Heteromyidae 23'. 43' Heteromyinae 241 Heteromys 255 Heteromys alleni ' 256 hiemalis. (Sciurus) 53 hindsii. (Taniias t.) 70 hippolestes. (Felis) 294 hirsutus. (Microtusi 179 hispida. (Phoca) 364 hispidus. (Perognathus I. .241,251, 252 hispidus. iSigmodon) 143,144, 145 Histiotus maculatus 398 Histriophoca 361, 362 holzerni. (Lepus) 284 hoodi. (Spermophilus) 100 horriaeus. (Ursus h.) 312 horribilis. (Ursus) 3'2 hortensis. (Sigmodon) 144 hoyi. (Microsorex) 377 hoyi. (Sorex) 377 huachuca. (Sciurus a.) 60 hudsonia. (Lutra) 352 hudsonia. (Mephitis m.) 322 hudsonius. (Dicrostonyx) 209 hudsonius. (Erethizon) 265 P.\(,E. hudsonius. (Lepus) 273 hudsonius. (Sciuropterus) 107 hudsonius. (Sciurus) 60, 61 hudsonius. (Zapus) 257,258, 259 hulophaga. (Blarina) 383 humeralis. (Nycticejus) 415 humulis. (Reithrodontomys)l48, 149, 150 hunteri. (Hyperoodon) 16 Hunterius 7 huro. (Mustelai 335 hyacinthinus. (Xeiirotrichus g.) ... 388 Hydrodamalidae 5 Hydrodamalis 5 Hydrodamalis gigas 5 hydrodomus. (Neosorex) 379 Hydrolagus 269, 277 Hyperoodon 15 Hyperoodon anarnacus 16 Hyperoodon bidentatus 16 Hyperoodon butskopf 13, 16 Hyperoodon hunteri 16 Hyperoodon latifrons 16 Hyperoodon rostratus 15, 16 hypophaeus. (Sciurus c.) 54 Hypsugo 408 Hypudaeus 119 Hypudaeus ochrogaster 196 ibseni. (I.agenorhynchusi 26 Ictidomys 82, 99 Ictis 338 idahoensis. lEvotomysi 175 idahoensis. (Lepusi 287 idahoensis. ( Sorex i 367 ignavus. (Arctomys m.) 105 imperator. (Zapus) 261 impiger. (Reithrodontomys 1.) 149 incautus. (Myotis) 401 incrassatus. (Globiocephalusi 23 indianola. (Spilogale) 329 infrahiteus. 1 Perognathus f.) 242 ingens. (Putorius v.) 340 innuitus. (Microtus) 189 innuitus. (Synaptomys) . .205, 206, 430 inornatus. (Perognathus) 247 Insectivora 366, 435 insignis. (Peromyscus) 138 insignis. (Zapus) 257,263, 264 insolatus. (Peromyscus) 135 insperatus. (Microtus) 180 insulanus. (Peromyscus) 128 intermedia, interiiifdius. internicdius. intermedius. intermedius. intermedius. intermedius. mexicanus intermedins. Page. (N'eotom;ii.. . . 155, i6l, 162 iDasyptenisi 414 (Globiocephalusi 23 (Grampusi 25 (Peroirnathus) 253 (Phenacomysi 167 I R e i t h r o d o n t o m y s 1 153. 154 (Scalops a 1 390 intermedius. (Thomomys f.) 228 interpres. (Spennophilusi 86 interrupta. (Spilogale) 328 inyocnsis. (Tamias c.) 73 isidorei. iCystopliora) 360 Isotus 400 jaguarondi. (Kelis) 395 janira. (Dclphinusi 28 ieffersoni. (Taxidea) 320 jubata. (Eunictopias) 355 kadiaccnsis. (Microtusi 188 | kadiacensis. (Putorius a.) 346, 351 | kadiacensis. (Spermophilus e.) 90 keeni. (Myotiss.l 405 keeni. (Peromyscusi i33 kenaiensis. (X'ulpes) 432 kenncdyi. (Oreamnusi 44 kennicotti. (Microtusi Ig8 kennicotti. (Spermophilus) 89 kcporkak. (.Megapteral 10 klamaihensis. (Lepus) 276 klanuuhensis. ( Reitlirodontomysi. . 152 klamathensis. (Sciuropterus v.).. . . Ili knoxi. (Balaenoptera) 13 krachenninikowi. (Callotaria) 357 kuzira. (Balaenal 9 Kyphobalaena 9 lal)radoria. (Taxideai 320 lahr.idi)rius. (I.epusi 271 labracjorius. (Microtusp.i 181 labradorius. (Zapusi 257, 263 laceyi. ( Reithrodontomys) 153 ladas. lZa|)Usli.) 258 I.agenorhynchus 25 Lagenorhynchus ac\itus 25, 27 Lagcnorhynchus all)irostris 26 Laijenorhynchus arcticus 25 Lagenorhynchus eschrichti 25 Lagenorhynchus gubernator 25 Lagenorhynchus ibscni Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus Lagonorhynclius longidens Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Lagenorhynchus perspicillatus Lagenorhynchus simihs Lagenorhynchus thicolea Lagomys lagopus. ( \'ulpes 1 306, lagura. (Phocai Lagurus 1 78, largha. (Phoca) lascivus. (Sciuropterus v.) Lasionycteris Lasionycteris auduboni Lasionycteris noctivigans Lasionycteris pulverulentus Lasiurus Lasiurus boreal is 411,412, Lasiurus b. seniinolus Lasiurus b. teliotis Lasiurus cinereus Lasiurus funebris Lasiurus lasiurus lasiurus. (Lasiurus) Lasiurus monachus Lasiurus noveboracensis Lasiurus noveboracus Lasiurus pruinosus Lasiurus rubellus Lasiurus rubra Lasiurus rufus Lasiurus tesselatus Latax Latax gracilis Latax lutris Latax marina Latax orientalis . Latax stelleri lataxina. ( Lutra c. 1 lateralis. (.Spermophiiusi 82, laticeps. (Thomomysi 223, latifrons. ( Hyperoodon) latifrons. (Spilogale p.) 331, latimanus. (Phenacomysi latimanus. I Scapanus) latirostris. (Manatus) latirostris. (Orcinus) latirostris. (Perognathusi latrans. (Canisi 301, latrans. (Cynomysi 27 27 -5 27 26 266 307 364 194 363 42S 406 407 407 407 4»« 413 413 413 4«3 412 411 411 412 411 411 413 412 412 412 412 354 354 354 354 354 354 352 83 224 16 332 169 39' 6 252 303 102 450 IN Page. lecontii. (Corynorhinus) 399 lecontii. (Reithrodontomys).. . 148, 149 Leiobalaena , 7 Lemmus 207 Lemnius alascensis 207 Lemmus albogularis 207 Lemmus nigripes 209 Lemmus trimucronatus 207, 208 Lemmus t. helvolus 208 Lemmus t. yukonensis 208 leo. (Felis) 293 leonina. (Eumetopias) 355 leonina. (Phoca) 359 Leopardus 294 lepechini. (Phoca) 362 lepida. (Neotoma c.) 164, 429 Leporidae 269 leporina. (Haplodontial 112 leporina. (Phoca) 362 leporinus. (Sciurus) 55 leptorhyncha. (Cabassous) 4 Lepus 269 Lepus alleni 288 Lepus americanus.273, 274, 275, 276, 277 Lepus a. bairdi 274, 276 Lepus a. bangsi 270, 271 Lepus a. columbiensis 275, 276 Lepus a. dalli 275 Lepus a. macfarlani. 275 Lepus a. major 286 Lepus a. minor 286 Lepus a. phaeonotus 273 Lepus a. struthopus 274 Lepus a. virginianus 273, 274, 275 Lepus a. Washington! 274 Lepus aquaticus 277, 278 Lepus arcticus 270 Lepus arizonae 280, 285, 286 Lepus artemisia 284 Lepus baileyi 284 Lepus bishopi 276 Lepus borealis 273 Lepus californicus 291 Lepus callotis 288, 289 Lepus campestris 273, 277 Lepus cinerascens 287 Lepus flavigularis 288 Lepus floridanus 280, 281, 285 Lepus f. alacer 282 Lepus f. attwateri 278 Lepus f. auduboni 281, 283 Page. Lepus f. bachmani 281, 282, 287 Lepus f. caniclunis 283 Lepus f . chapmani 282, 283 Lepus f. mallurus 279, 280, 283 Lepus f. niearnsi 280 Lepus f. sanctidiegi 283 Lepus f . subcinctus 283 Lepus f. transitionalis 281 Lepus f. ubericolor 282 Lepus gaillardi 289 Lepus glacialis 270 Lepus grangeri 285 Lepus groenlandicus 271 Lepus g. pinetis 285 Lepus holzerni 284 Lepus hudsonius 273 Lepus idahoensis 287 Lepus klamathensis 276 Lepus labradorius 271 Lepus melanotis 290 Lepus merriami 289 Lepus mexicanus 288 Lepus nanus 273 Lepus nigricaudatus 288 Lepus nuttalli 284, 286 Lepus othus 272 Lepus palustris 279 Lepus p. paludicola 279 Lepus poadromus 272 Lepus saliens 276 Lepus telmalemonus 278 Lepus texensis 288, 289, 290 Lepus t. deserticolus 291 Lepus t. eremicus 291 Lepus t. griseus 2qi Lepus timidus 269, 271 Lepus trowbridgii 281 Lepus tschukschorum 271, 272 lestes. (Canis) 301 lesueri. (Sorex) 366 leucas. (Delphinapterus) 19 Leucocyon 303 leucodon. (Thomomys) 223 leucogaster. (Onychomys) 119, 120,121, 122 leucoparia. (Spilogale) 329 leucophaeus. (Microtus a.) 192 leucopla. (Cystophora) 360 leucopleurus. (Lagenorhynchus). . . 25 leucopus. (Mustela) 335 leucopus. (Peromyscus) 124, 125 451 eucotis. (Sciurus c.i eucurus. (Cynomys; eucurus. (Odocoileiis) eucurus. (Sperinophilusi 85, ewisi. (Cynoniys) ewisi. (Odocoileus) iardensis. (Ovis) imitis. (Sciurus 1.) Liiiiniilagus 26<), ineata. ( Phocaena) Lissodelphis Lissodelphis borealis ittoralis. (Sigmodon h.) 144, ittoria. ( Phoca ) obatus. (Alces) obatus. lArctocephalus) ongicauda. (Condylura) ongicaudus. (Cabassous) ongicaudus. (Microtus) ongicaudus. (Onychomys).. . .121, ongicaudus. (Phenacomys) ongicaudus. (Putorius) 348, ongicaudus. (Reithrodontoniys). . . «5i. 152, ongicaudus. (Sorex o.) 372, ongicrus. (Myotis 1.) ongidens. (Lagenorhynchus) onginiana. (Megaptera) 9, ongimembris. (Perognathus) ongipes. (Onychomys 1.) 120, ongipes. (Perodipus) ongipilis. (Microtus) ongirostris. ( Microtus) ongirostris. (Sorex) oquax. (Sciurus h.) ordi. (Perognathus) 241, oringi. (Evotomys g.) 173, otor. (Procyon) otor. (I'rsus) ucifugus. (Myotis).. .401, 402, 403, udovicianus. (Arclomys) udovicianus. (Cynoinys) 102, udovicianus. (Microtus) udovicianus. (Sciurus) upus. (Canis) 2C)8, 299, uscus. (Gulo) uscus. (Ursus) uteiventris. (Tamias q.) utensis. (Putorius) uteolus. (Ursus) utescens. (Geomys) 53 104 39 86 104 41 47 53 277 20 29 30 ■45 363 38 356 395 349 153 I 373 402 27 10 I 247 121 239 180 183 375 62 250 '74 317 317 405 102 '03 197 52 300 333 333 76 340 314 217 I'AGE. Lutra 352 Lutra canadensis 352, 35 ^ Lutra c. lataxina 352 Lutra c. pacifica 353 Lutra c. sonora 353 Lutra c. vaga 352 Lutra degener 353 Lutra destructor 352 Lutra hudsonia 352 Lutra mollis 352 lutra. (.Mustela) 3:5^, 352 lutrcocephalus. (Putorius v.) 339 Lutreola 338 lutris. (Latax) 354 lutris. (Mustela) 354 Lynchus 293 Lynx 293, 295 lystt-ri. (Tamias) 80 niacfarlani. (Lcpus a.) 275 macfarlani. (Microtus) 187 niacliiis. (Alces) 37, 38 niachrinus. (Scalops a.) 389, 390 Macleayius 8 macrocephalus. (Pliyseter) 14, 15 .Macrocolus 231 niacrodon. (Fiber) 214 niacropus. (Microtus r.) 201 niacropus. (Myotis) 403 niacrorhabdotes. (Tamias) 71 .Macrorhinus 359 Macrorhinus angustirostris 359 macrorhinus. (Peroniyscusi 133 macrorhynchus. (Globioccphaius). 23 macrotis. (Corynorhinus) 399, 400 macrotis. (Neotoma f.) 159, 160 macrotis nevadensis. (Xyctinomus) 417 macrotis. (Odocoileus) 42 macrotis. (Sciuropterus v.) 108 macrotis. (V'ulpes) 306 Macrotus 419 Macrotus waterhousii 419 macroura. (Condylura) 395 macroura. (Sciurus) 52 niacrourus. (Microtus) 191 macrourus. (Odocoileus v.) 39 Macroxus 50 Macroxus ncglectus 426 macrura. (Mephitis) 322 niacrura. (\'ulpes p.) 305 macrurus. (Sorex) 369 Page. maculata. (Euderma) 398 maculata. (Felis r.) 296, 297 maculatus. (Histiotus) 398 magnicaudatus. (Sciurusi 52 magrudensis. (Perognathus m.) , . . 249 major. (Delphinus) 28 major. (Haplodontia) 112 major. (Lepus a.) 286 major. (Neiirotrichus g.) 387 major. (Peromyscus) 137 major. (Spermophilus s.) 96, 97 major. (Zapus) 260 mallurus. (Lepus f.) 279,280, 283 Manatidae 5 Manatus 5 Manatus americanus 6 Manatus australis 6 Manatus fluviatilis 6 Manatus latirostris 6 manatus. (Trichecus) 6 maniculatus. (Peromyscus) 131 margmatus. (Delphinus) 28 marginatus. (Prodelphinus) 30 marina.- (Latax) 354 niaritimus. (Ursus) 310 marmotta. (Arctomys) 104 Marsupialia 425 marsupialis. (Didelphysi i, 425 martes. (Mustelal 334 niazama. (Evotomys) 175, 176 mazama. (Thomomysl . . .225, 226, 227 mearnsi. (Canis) 302, 303 mearnsi. (Lepus f.) 280 mearnsi. (Perognathus) 243 mearnsi. (Peromyscusi 132 niedioxinus. iSynaptomys i.i 430 medius. (Peromyscus t.i 130 megacephalus. (Microdipodops)240, 241 megacephalus. (Peromyscus) 127 megalophylla. (Mormopsl 4>8 megalotis. (Peromyscusi 139 megalotis. (Reithrodontomysl . 150, 151 Megaptera 9 Megaptera americana 10 Megaptera keporkak 10 Megaptera longimana 9, 10 Megaptera nodosa 10 Megaptera osphyia 10 Megaptera versabilis 10 Megapteron 9 Megapteropsis 9 melanophrys. (Onychomys 1.) 120, 121, melanops. (Thomoinys) melanops. (^\'espertilioi melanopus. (Arctomysi melanorhinus. (Myotis) melanorhyncha. (Mustelai melanotis. (Lepus) melanurus. (Tamias m.) melas. (Globiocephalus) Melinae mephitica. (Mephitis). ... 322, 323, Mephitis Mephitis avia Mephitis bicolor Mephitis chinga Mephitis elongator Mephitis estor Mephitis faetulenta Mephitis macrura Mephitis mephitica 322, 323, Mephitis mesomelas Mephitis m. hudsonia Mephitis m. scrutator 324, Mephitis milleri Mephitis occidentalis Mephitis spissigrada Mephitis varians meridionalis. (Pseudorca) merriami. (Dipodomys). .232, 233, merriami. (Lepus) merriami. (Perognathus) merriami. (Pipistrellus) merriami. (Reithrodontomys) merriami. (Sorex) merriami. (Tamias) mesomelas. (Mephitis^ Mesoplodon Mesoplodon bidens Mesoplodon dale! Mesoplodon densirostris Mesoplodon epidon Mesoplodon micropterus Mesoplodon sowerbiensis 17, Mesoplodon sowerbyi metallescens. (Scapanus) Meteorus metis. (Tursiops) mexicana . (Felis) mexicana. (Neotoma) 158^ mexicanus fenestratus. (Cabassous) 123 227 410 106 404 337 290 79 23 319 324 322 327 332 322 324 326 326 322 324 325 327 325 324 326 322 23 234 289 243 400 '50 376 7« 325 "7 18 18 17 18 18 391 410 29 294 162 453 tnexicanus. (Lepus) iTiexicanus. (Nyctinomus) mexicanus. (Odocoileus) mexicanus. (Otopterus) mexicanus. (Speriiiophiliis) ...98, michiganensis. (Peromysciis). 140, microcephalus. (Microtus) microcephalus. (Monodon) microcephalus. (Zapus) Microdipodops Microdipodops megacephalus. .240, Microlagus 269, microps. (Delphinus) micpipterus. (Mesoplodoni micropus. (Xeotoma) 155, Microsciurus Microsorex Microsorex hoyi microspilotus. (Spermophilus) .95, Microtolagus 269, Microtus 167, 178, Microtus abbreviatus 189, Microtus a. tisheri Microtus a. leucophaeus Microtus albo-rufescens Microtus alleni 202, Microtus alticoUis Microtus angusticeps Microtus apella Microtus arvalis Microtus austerus 196, M icrotus aztecus Microtus bairdi Microtus l>orealis Microtus brcweri Microtus californicus M icrotus c. constrictus Microtus c. vallicola Microtus canicaudus Microtus cautus Microtus chrotorrhinus Microtus c. ravus Microtus cinnamomea Microtus curtatus 194, Microtus dekayi M icrotus drummondi Microtus dutcheri Microtus edax Microtus enixus Microtus fulvus 288 Microtus 417 Microtus 40 Microtus 420 Microtus 99 Microtus 141 Microtus 181 Microtus •9 Microtus 2S7 Microtus 240 Microtus 241 Microtus 287 Microtus 28 Microtus 18 Microtus 156 Microtus ■io Microtus 377 Microtus 377 Microtus 96 Microtus 288 Microtus 179 Microtus 190 Microtus 190 Microtus 192 Microtus 179 Microtus 203 Microtus 192 Microtus 192 Microtus 19S Microtus 190 Microtus 197 Microtus 182 Microtus 200 Microtus •94 Microtus 183 Microtus 186 186 Microtus 186 Microtus 185 Microtus 191 Microtus •93 Microtus 19^ Microtus 196 Microtus 195 Microtus 180 Microtus 181 Microtus ■85 Microtus 187 Microtus 182 Microtus 180 Microtus Page. baydeni 197 birsutus 1 79 innuitus 189 iiisperatus 180 kadiacensis 188 kennicotli 198 longicaudus 191 longipilis 180 longirostris 183 ludovicianus 197 macfarlani 187 macrourus 191 microcephalus 181 minor 197 mogoUonensis 192 montanus 183, 184 m. arizonensis 184 m. rivularis 184 niordax 191, 192 nanus 184, 185 n. canescens 185 nasutus 180 nemoralis 199 nesophilis 183 nevadensis 185 noveboracensis 1 79 occidentalis 190 oneida 180 operarius 187, 188 oregoni 199, 200 o. iiiorosus 200 paliidus 195 pahistris 179 pauperrinuis 195 pennsylvanicus I79t 180, 181, 1S2, 1S3, 193, 203 p. acadicus 180 p. fontigenus 181 p. labradorius 181 p. modestus 180 p. nigrans 180 pinetoruni 198 p.auricularis 198 p. scalopsoides 198 pratcnsis 179 principalis 202 richardsoni 200, 201 r. arvicoloides 202 r. macropus 201 riparius 179 Page. Microtus rufescens i8o Microtus rufidorsum l8o Microtus scirpensis 187 Microtus serpens 200 Microtus sitkensis 18S, 189 Microtus stonei I Si Microtus terraenovae 182 Microtus tetramerus 190 Microtus townsendi 190 Microtus trowbridgei 186 Microtus unalascensis 188, 189 Microtus u. popofensis 188 Microtus vellerosus 191 microtus. (Vulpes) 306 Microtus xanthognathus 193 Microtus yakutatensis 188 micrura. (Blarina) 382 Mictomys 205 middendorffi. (Ursus) 310 migratorius. (Sciurus) 54 milleri. (Mephitis) 325 minimus. (Ochotona) 268, 269 minimus. (Sigmodon) 146 minimus. (Tamias) 78 minnesota. (Sciurus h.) 62 minor. (Balaenoptera) 11 minor. (Lepus a.) 286 minor. (Microtus) 197 minor. (Zapus p.) 260 minusculus. (Scapanus c.) 435 Mirounga 359 miscix. (Sorex m.) 376 Misothermus 209 mississippiensis. iPerorayscus g.). 127 missouriensis. (Cynomys) 102 missouriensis. (Onychomys) 119 mitrate. (Cystophora) 360 mobilensis. (Geomyst.) 216 modestus. (Microtus p.) 180 mogollensis. (Sciurus f) 67 mogollonensis. (Microtus) 192 mohavensis. (Nyctinomus) 418 mohavensis. (Spermophilus) 98 moUipilosus. (Felis c.) 295 mollipilosus. (Perognathus m.) 249 mollipilosus. (Sciurus d.) 65 mollis. (Lutra) 352 mollis. (Spermophilus) 92, 93 Molossus glaucinus 421 monachus. (Lasiurus) 412 monax. (Arctomys) 105 Page. mondini. (Balaenoptera) 11 monoceras. (Monodon) 18, 19 monochrura. (Neotoma) 158 Monodon 18 Monodon andersoni 19 Monodon microcephalus 19 Monodon monoceras iS, 19 Monodon vulgaris 19 montanus. (Dipodomys) 431 montanus. (Dipodomys o.) 431 montanus. (Microtus) 183, 184 montanus. (Oreamnusi 44 montanus. (Ovis) 44, 46 montanus. (Rangifer) 36 montanus. (Reithrodontomys) 151 montanus. (Zapus t.) 262 montereyensis. (Sorex) 367, 373 monteriensis. (Callotaria) 357 monticola. (Perognathus). 247, 248, 249 monticola. (Sorex v.) 371 monticola. (Thomomys) 225, 230 moorei. (Delphinus) 2S mordax. (Microtus) 191, 192 Mormops 418 Mormops blainvillii 410 Mormops megalophylla 418 morosus. (Microtus o.) 200 Morunga 359 moschatus. (Bos) 48 moschatus. (Delphinus) 28 moschatus. (Ovibos) 48 muUeri. (Phoca) 364 mundus. (Putorius x.) 350 muricus. (Putorius) 432 Muridae 117, 427 Murinae 117 murinus. (Xyctinomus) 417 murinus. (\'espertilio) 400, 410 Mus 104, 117, 42S Mus alexandrmus 118 Mus decumanus 117, 118, 428 Mus floridanus 154 Mus musculus 118 Mus norwegicus 428 Mus palustris 146 Mus rattus 117, 118 Mus rutilus 170 Mus tectorum iiS musculus. (Balaenoptera) 13 musculus. (Mus) 118 Mustela 333 Mustela aniericana . . .3I'), 334. .i.v=>i 336 Miistela atrata 335 Mustela a. actuosa 336 Musttla a. brumal is 336 Mustela a. caurina 335 Mustela canadensis 337 Mustela godmani 337 " I ustela liuro 335 i ustela leucopus 335 Mustela lutra 333, 352 Mustela lutris 354 Mustela niartes 334 Mustela melanorhyncha 337 Mustela nigra 337 Mustela pennanti 337 Mustela p pacifica 337 Mustela piscator 337 Mustela vulpina 334 Mustela zibellina 335 Mustelidae 319 muswa. (Alces) 38 Mynomes 178 Myodes 207 myodes. (Peromyscus 1.) 125 myoides. (Cricetus) 123, 124 niyoides. (Peromyscus) 128 myops. (Erethizon e.) 266 Myotis 400 Myotis affinis 402 M yotis albescens 402 Myotis albescens evotis 406 Myotis albescens velifer 406 Myotis austroriparius 402 Myotis californicus 4t>3. 404 Myotis c. caurinus 404 Myotis c. ciliolabrum 404 Myotis c. pallidus 405 Myotis carolii 402 Myotis chrysonotis 406 Myotis evotis 406 Myotis exilis 403 Myotis e. thysanodes 401, 406 Myotis gryphus 405 Myotis g. septentrionalis 405 Myotis lienshawi 404 Myotis incautus 401 Myotis lucifugus 401, 402, 403, 405 Myotis 1. alascensis 402 Myotis 1. longicrus 402 Myotis macropus 403 Myotis melanorhinus 404 Page. Myotis nigricans 404 Myotis nitidus 403 Myotis obscurus 403 Myotis oregonensis 403 Myotis saturatus 403 Myotis subulatus 402, 405 Myotis s. keeni 405 Myotis tenuidorsalis 404 Myotis velifer 40' Myotis volans 403 Myotis yumanensis 403, 404 Mystactes 400 mysticetus. (Balaena) 7 Nannugo 408 nanus. (Lepus) 273 nanus. (Microlus) 184, 185 nanus. (Sorex t.) 375 Napeozapus 257, 263 Narvalus 18 nasicus. (Thomoniys) 226 naso. (Nyctinomus) 417 nasutus. (Microtus) 180 nasutus. (Nyctinomus) 417 nasutus. (Peromyscus t.) 13c) natator. (Oryzomys p.) 147 naurica. (Phoca) 362 iiautica. (Phoca) 362 navigator. (Neosorex p.) 378, 379 nebracensis. (Canis) 301 nebracensis. (Peromyscus t.i 130 nebracensis. (Reithrodontomysd.). 150 necator. (Vulpes) 433 neglecta. (Taxidea a.) 321 neglectus. (Macroxus) 426 neglectus. (Sciurus 1.) 426 neglectus. (Spermnphilus) 98 neglectus. (Tamias q.) 78 nelsoni. (Dicrostonyx h.) 210, 211 nelsoni. (Ovis c.) 46 nelsoni. (Spermophilus) 87 nemoralis. (Microtus) 199 Neodon 178 Neofiber 202 Neogale 338 neomexicanus. (Putorius f.) 351 neomexicanus. (Sciurus f.) 67 Neophoca 356 Neosciurus 50 Neosorex 378 Neosorex albibarbis 379 Page. Neosorex hydrodomus 379 Neosorex palustris 378, 379 Neosorex p. alaskanus 379 Neosorex p. navigator 378, 379 Neotoma 154, 429 Neotoma arizonae 165 Neotoma a. Columbiana 165 Neotoma a. occidentalis 164, 165 Neotoma bella 429 Neotoma californica 161 Neotoma campestris 156, 166 Neotoma canescens 155 Neotoma c. baileyi 156 Neotoma cinerea 163, 164, 166 Neotoma c. albigula 162 Neotoma c. angusticeps 162 Neotoma c. drummondi 164, 429 Neotoma c. fusca 165 Neotoma c. lepida 164, 429 Neotoma c. rubida 156 Neotoma c. venusta 162 Neotoma cinnamomea 166 Neotoma cumulator 154 Neotoma desertorum 161, 429 Neotoma d. sola 161 Neotoma fallax 161 Neotoma tloridana 155, 156, 157 Neotoma fuscipes 158, 159, 160 Neotoma f. affinis 160 Neotoma f. annectens 160 Neotoma f. attwateri 157 Neotoma f. dispar 160 Neotoma f . macrotis 1 59, 1 60 Neotoma f. simplex 159 Neotoma f. streatori 159 Neotoma granger! 165 Neotoma intermedia 155, 161, 162 Neotoma i. gilva 162 Neotoma mexicana 158, 162 Neotoma micropus '55> 156 Neotoma m. bullata 158 Neotoma m. surberi 156 Neotoma monochrura 158 Neotoma orolestes 166 Neotoma pennsylvanica 157 Neotoma pinetorum 158 Neotoma rupicola 166 Neotoma saxamans 429 Neotoma splendens 158 nesophilus. (Microtus) 183 Neiirotrichus 386 Page. Neiirotrichus gibbsi 387, 388 Neiirotrichus g. hyacinthinus 388 Neiirotrichus g. major 387 nevadensis. (Dipodomys m.).. .232, 233 nevadensis. (Microtus) 185 nevadensis. (Nyctinomus mexican- us) 417 nevadensis. (Perognathus) 246 nevadensis. (Sorex) 371 nevadensis. (Thomomys) 223 nevadensis. (Zapus) 261 nigellus. (Peromyscus h.) 137 niger. (Sciurus) 51, 53 nigra. (Callotaria) 357 nigra. (Didelphys v.) i nigra. (Mustela) 337 nigra. (Phoca) 364 nigrans. (Microtus p.) 180 nigrescens. (Putorius) 338 nigricans. (Myotis) 404 nigricans. (Thomomys f.) 228 nigricaudatus. (Lepus) 288 nigriculus. (Peromyscus g.) 127 nigripes. (Lemmus) 209 nigripes. (Putorius) 341, 342 nigripes. (Sciurus g.) 56 nitidus. (Myotis) 403 nitratoides. (Dipodomys m.) 233 nitratus. (Dipodomys m.) 233 nivarius. (Evotomys) 177 nivea. (Procyon) 317 niveiventris. (Peromyscus).. . .141, 142 Noctilionidae 421 noctivigans. (Lasionycteris) 407 noctivigans. (Vespertilio) 407 Noctula 410 nodosa. (Megaptera) 10 normalis. (Prodelphinus) 32 norwegicus. (Mus) 428 Notiosorex 385 Notiosorex crawfordi 385, 386 notius. (Putorius n.) 346 novae-zelandiae. (Delphinus) 28 novae-zelandiae. (Prodelphinus) . . 30 noveboracensis. (Lasiurus) 411 noveboracensis. (Microtus) 179 noveboracensis. (Peromyscus a.). . 125 noveboracensis. (Putorius) 346,347. 348 noveboracus. (Lasiurus) 411 457 I'agl. novem-cinctus. (Cabassous) 4 nubilus. (Canis) 300 nubiterrae. (Peromyscus c.i I2q nuttalli. (Lepusi 284, 286 nuttalli. (Peromyscus) 140 Nycticejus 415 Nycticejus crepusciilaris 415 Nycticejus humeralis 415 Nycliuomiis 416 Nyctinonius azeticus 417 Nyctinomus brasiliensis 416, 417 Nyctinonius cynocephalus 417 Nyctinomus femorosaccus 417 Nyctinomus fuliginosus 417 \vctiiiomus macrotis nevadensis.. . 417 Nyctinonius mcxicanus 417 Nyctinomus mohavensis 418 Nyctinomus murinus 417 Nyctinomus naso 417 Nyctinomus nasutus 417 iihesus. (Trichechus) 358 iibliquidens. (Lagenorhynchus). . . . 27 obscurus. (Evotomys) 176 obscurus. (Fiber) 214 obscurus. (Myotis) 403 obscurus. (Perognathus) 253 obscurus. (Pipistrellus s.) 40g obscurus. (Sorex) 369.371, 372 obsidianus. (Spermophilus s.) 97 obsoletus. (Spermophilus) 95 occidentalis. (Canis) 300 occidentalis. (Cervus ci 34 occidentalis. (Evotomys) 176, 177 occidentalis. (Mephitis) 324 occidentalis. (Microtus) 190 occidentalis. (Neotoma a.) 164, 165 occidentalis. 'Sciurusi 52 occisor. (Putorius n.) 347 oceanica. (Phocai 364 Ochotomys 178 Ochotona 266 Ochotona collaris 268 Ochotona cuppes 268 Ochotona minimus 2(^8, 269 Ochotona princeps 267, 269 Ochotona saxatilis 268 Ochotona schisticeps 267 Ochdtonidae 266 ochraceous. (Evotomys g.) 172 ochrogaster. (Hypuilaeus) I96 I'ACE. ochroirenys. (Tamias t.) 71 ochropus. (Canis) 303 octo-cinctus. (Cabassous) 4 Octognosis 241 oculeus. (Felis r.) 297 ocythous. (Urocyon c.) 309 Odocoileus 38 , Odocoileus americanus 39 I Odocoileus a. couesi 40 Odocoileus a. macrourus 39 Odocoileus a. osceola 40 Odocoileus a. texensis 40 Odocoileus auritus 42 Odocoileus columhianus 41 Odocoileus c. scaphiotus 42 Odocoileus c. sitkensis 42 Odocoileus crooki 41 Odocoileus hemionus 42 Odocoileus h. californicus 43 Odocoileus leucurus 39 Odocoileus Ifwisi 41 Odocoileus macrotis 42 Odocoileus mexicanus 40 Odocoileus ])unctuhitus 41 Odocoileus richardsoni 41 Odocoileus speleus 38 Odocoileus virginianus 39 Ogotoma 266 olivaceus. (Perognathus m.) 249 olivaceus. (Spermophilus t.). .. ico, loi olympica. (Haplodontia) 114 olympica. (Spilogalc) 332 olympicus. (Phcnacomys) 168 olynipicus. (Sciuropterus v.) 110 olympus. (Arctomys) 107 olympus. (Felis) 294 onca. (Felis) 294 Ondatra 211 oneida. (Microtus) 180 Onychomys 119 Onychomys arcticeps 121 Onychomys fuliginosus >23 Onychomys leucogaster 119, 120,121, 122 Onychomys I. longipes 120, 121 Onychomys 1. melanophrys.120, 121, 123 Onychomys 1. pallescens 121 Onychomys longicaudus 121, 122 Onychomys 1. brc\ icauda 120 Onychomys missouriensis 1 19 Onychomys ramoiia 121 Onychomys torridus 121, 122, Onychomys t. arenicola Onychomys t. prepallidus operarius. (Microtus) 187, operarius. (Thomomys) orarius. (Scapanus) orarius. (Sciurus d.) orarius. (Zapus) Orca orca. ( Evotomys) Orcinus Orcinus arcticus Orcinus atra Orcinus europaeus Orcinus gladiator Orcinus latirostris Orcinus rectipinna Orcinus schlegeli Orcinus stenorhynchus ordi. (Perodipus) 238, Oreamnus Oreamnus kennedyi Oreamnus monlanus oreas. (Peromyscus) oregonensis. (Felis c.) oregonensis. (Geomys) oregonensis. (Myotis) oregonensis. (Putorius x.) oregonensis. (Sciuropterus v.) . 1 1 o, oregoni. ( Microtus) 199, oregonus. (Bassariscus a.) oregonus. (Spermophilus) oregonus. (Zapus p.) oreocetes. (Tamias) oribasus. (Putorius 1.) orientalis. (Latax) ornatus. (Sorexl orolestes. ( Neotonia) orophilus. (Phenacomys)..l67, 168, Orthriomys Oryctomys Oryx oryzivora. (Oryzoniys) Oryzomys Oryzomys aquaticus 146, Oryzomys a. coloratus Oryzomys oryzivora Oryzomys palustris Oryzomys p. natator Oryzomys p. texensis osceola. (Odocoileus a ) 'AGE. 123 122 122 188 223 3Q2 65 262 22 172 239 44 44 44 •34 294 217 403 iS'^ 1 1 1 200 317 94 260 80 348 354 374 166 169 179 221 18 "47 ■ 46 '47 148 147 «47 147 147 40 osgoodi. (Spermophilus) 91 osoyooensis. (Fiber) 212 osphyia. (Megaptera) 10 Otariidae 355, 357 othus. (Lepus) 272 Otocolobus 82 Otopterus 419 Otopterus californicus 420 Otopterus mexicanus 420 Otopterus waterhousii 420 Otosciurus 53, 57 Otospermophilus 82, 87 Ovibos 48 Ovibos canaliculatus. 48 Ovibos moschatus 48 Ovibos pallantis 48 Ovibos pallasi 48 Ovis 46, 425 Ovis amnion 46 Ovis californianus 46 Ovis canadensis 46 Ovis cervina 46 Ovis c. nelsoni 46 Ovisdalli 47, 425 Ovis fannini 425 Ovis liardensis 47 Ovis montanus 44, 46 Ovis pygarga 46 Ovis stonei 47 pacihca. (Haplodontia) 114 pacifica. (Lutra c.) 353 pacifica. (Mustela p.) ;}^y pacificus. ( Antrozous p.) 397 pacificus. (Castor c.) 117 pacificus. (Perognathus) 246 pacificus. (Procyon 1.) 319 pacificus. (Sorex) 375 pacificus. (Zapusi 262 Paescopia 10 Pagomys 361 Pagophilus 361, 364 pallantis. (Ovibos) 48 pallasi. (Ovibos) 4S pallescens. (Corynorhinus m.) 399 pallescens. (Felis r.) 297 pallescens. (Onychomys 1.) 121 pallescens. (Peromyscus m.) 140 pallescens. (Thomomys o.) 224 pallidulus. (Dipodomys c.) 431 pallidus. (Antrozous) 39^, 307 Page. pallidus. (Caiiis) 301 railidus. (Fiber z.) 213 : allidus. (Microtiis) 195 ; illidus. (Myotis c.) 405 pallidus. iProcyonl.) 318 pallidus. iReithrodontomys 1.) . . . . 152 pallidus. (Siginodon h.) 145 pallidus. (Sperniophilus t.) 100 pallidus. (Tamias 138 Peromyscus canadensis 128, 129 Peromyscus c. abietorum 128 Peromyscus c. nubiterrae 129 Peromyscus c. umbrinus 129 Peromyscus canus 132 Peromyscus cognatus 127 Peromyscus dyselius 138 Peromyscus eremicus 136, 137, 140 Peromyscus e. arenarius 1 36 Peromyscus floridanus 138 Peromyscus gossypinus 126, 127 Peromyscus g. mississippiensis 127 Peromyscus g. nigriculus 127 Peromyscus g. palmarius 127 Peromyscus gracilis 128 Peromyscus herroni 137 Peromyscus h. nigellus 137 Peromyscus insignis 138 Peromyscus insolatus 135 Peromyscus insulanus 128 Peromyscus keeni 133 Peromyscus leucopus 124, 125 Peromyscus 1. myodes 125 Peromyscus macrorhinus 133 Peromyscus major 137 Peromyscus maniculatus 131 Peromyscus mearnsi 132 Peromyscus megacephalus 127 Peromyscus megalotis 139 Peromyscus michiganensis 140, 141 Peromyscus m. pallescens 140 Peromyscus myoides 128 Peromyscus niveiventris 141. 142 Peromyscus nuttalli 140 Peromyscus oreas 134 Peromyscus phasma 142 Peromyscus robustus 138 Peromyscus rovvleyi 134, 135 Peromyscus r. pinalis 135 Peromyscus rufinus 126 Peromyscus sitkensis 134 Peromyscus Stephens! 136 Peromyscus subgriseus 142 Peromyscus s. baliolus 142 Peromyscus s. arenarius 142 Peromyscus s. rhoadsi 142 Peromyscus tay lori 141 Peromyscus texensis 130 Peromyscus t. arcticus 131 Peromyscus t. dementis 130 Peromyscus t. gambeli 130, i 31, 138 Peromyscus t. medius 130 Peromyscus t. nebracensis 130 Peromyscus t. saturatus 131 Peromyscus t. subarcticus 131 Peromyscus tornillo 125 Peromyscus truei 139 Peromyscus t. crinitus 1 40, 429 Peromyscus t. nasutus 139 Peromvscus t. scitulus 430 peronii. (Delphinapterus) 29 perpallidus. (Thomomysi 229 personatus. (Geomys) 220 personatus. (Sorex) 366,368, 376 perspicillatus. (Lagenorhynchus).. 25 Petrorhynchus 16 petulans. (Sciurus h.) 426 Page. [ihaea. (Haplodontia) 114 l>liaeognathus. (Spermophilus). . . . 89 I laeonotus. (Lepus a.) 273 laiops. (V'espirtilii)) 410 phasiua. (Peromyscus) 142 I'henacomys 167, 430 riienacomys cclatus 169, 430 Phenaconiys constablei 169 Phenacoiiiys c. crassus 430 Phenaconiys interniedius 167 Phenaconiys latinianus l6c) Phenaconiys longicaudus i6q Phenacomysolynipicus 168 Phenacomys orophilus 167, 168, 169 Phenaconiys preblei 168, 169 Plienacomys puniilus 168 Phenacomys ungava 169 phenax. (Spilogale) 331 Philander 425 philips!. (Dipodomys) 231 Phoca 361, 362 Phoca albicauda 364 Phoca albigena 362 Phoca albiiii 364 Phoca anneleta 364 Phoca barbata 362 Phoca cristata 360 Phoca desniaresti 364 Phoca dimidiatus 364 Phoca discolor 364 Phoca dorsata 364 I'hoca eqiiestris 362 1 'hoca faetida 362, 364 I 'hoca fasciata 362 I'hoca frederici 364 Phoca groenlandica 364 Phoca grypus 361 Phoca hispida 364 Phoca lagura 364 Phoca largha 363 Phoca leonina 359 Phoca lepechini 362 Phoca leporina 362 Phoca littoria 363 Phoca niulleri 364 Phoca naurica 362 Phoca nautica 362 Phoca nigra 364 Phoca oceanica 364 Phoca parsons! 362 Phoca peals! 363 Page. Phoca pilayi 364 Phoca schreberi 364 Phoca scopulicola 363 Phoca semilunaris 364 Phoca ursina 357 Phoca variegata 363 Phoca vitulina 361, 363 Phocaena 20 Phocaena brachyciuni 20 Phocaena communis 20 Phocaena crassidens 24 Phocaena dall! 21 phocaena. (Delphinus) 20 phocaena. (Del phis) 20 Phocaena lincata 20 Phocaena vomerina 20 Phocidae 359 Phyllostomatidae 418 Physalus 11 physalus. (Balaenoptera) 13 Phy seter 14 Physeter niacrocephalus 14, 15 Physeteridae 14 Physeterinae 14 picinus. (Erethizon d.) 431 pictus. (Tamias m.) 78 pigra. (Didelpliys V.) 1 pilayi. (Phoca) 364 pdosus. (Erethizon) 264, 265 pinalis. (Peromyscus r.) 135 Pinemys 1 78 pinetis. (Geoniys) 215 pinetis. (Lepus g.) 285 pinetorum. (Microtus) 198 pinetorum. (Neotoma) 158 pinetorum. (Thomomysm) 225 Pinnipedia 355 Pipistrellus 408 Pipistrellus carolinensis 409 Pipistrellus erythrodactylus 409 Pipistrellus hesperus 408, 409 Pipistrellus merriam! 409 Pipistrellus subflavus 409 Pipistrellus s. obscurus 409 pipistrellus. (Wspertilio) 408 piscator. (Mustela) 337 pittekajensis. (Halaena) 8 Pitymys 1 7S, 197 plagiodoii. (Prodelphinus) 31, 32 platyrhinus. (Sorex) 367 platyrhynchus. (Sorex) 366 Plecotus 3q8 plesius. (Spermophilus e.) 427 poadromus. (Lepus) 272 pomeegra. (Delphinus) 28 popofensis. (Microtus u.) 188 prasinata. (Condylura) 3g5 pratensis. (Microtus) I7g pratensis. (Spermophilus s.). .. .96, 97 Praticola 178 preblei. (Phenacomys) 168, 169 prepallidus. (Onychomys t.) 122 pribilofensis. (Sorex) 376 pricei. (Perognathus p.) 253 pricei. (Tamias t.) 70 princeps. (Ochotona) 267, 269 princeps. (Zapus) 260 principalis. (Microtus) 202 Procyon 317 Procyon lotor 317 Procyon 1. elucus 319 Procyon 1. hernandezi 317,318, 319 Procyon 1. pncificus 319 Procyon 1. pallidas 318 Procyon nivea 317 Procyon psora 317 Procyonidae 315 Procyoninae 315 Prodelphinus 30 Prodelphinus clymene 32 Prodelphinus crotophiscus 31 Prodelphinus doreides 30 Prodelphinus doris 32 Prodelphinus dubius 30 Prodelphinus euphrosine 30 Prodelphinus euphrosnoides 30 Prodelphinus fraenatus .-. . . 32 Prodelphinus frontalis 32 Prodelphinus marginatus 30 Prodelphinus normalis 32 Prodelphinus novae-zelandiae 30 Prodelphinus plagiodon 31, 32 Prodelphinus styx 30 Prodelphinus tethyos 30 Promops 421 Promops californicus 421, 422 proteus. (Evotomys) 177 pruinosus. (Arctomys) 106, 107 pruinosus. (Lasiurus) 413 Psammomy s 1 78 Pseudorca 22 Pseudorca crassidens 22, 23 us. (Phenacomys).. ulatus. (Odocoileus) ■ ■.^54,361 Pseudorca destructor Pseudorca grayi Pseudorca meridionalis Pseudostoma psora. (Procyon) Pteromyinae pulverulentus. (Lasionycteris;. puma. (Felis) pum punc Pusa Puto: Putor: Putor Putori Putor Putor Putori Putori Putor Putor Putor Putor Putor Putori Putor Putor Putor Putor Putori Puto Putori Puto Putori Putor Putor: Putor Putor Putor putor: Putor Putor Putor Putori Putor Putor Putor Putori Putor: Putori Putor us alleni us a. striatus us arcticus 345> us arizonensis 348, us a. kadiacensis 346, us canadensis us cicognani 343, 344, us c. alascensis us c. richardsoni us erniinea us f renatus 3SO, us f. neomexicanus us haidarum us longicaudus 348, us 1. oribasus us lutensis us muricus us nigrescens us nigripes 341, us noveboracensis 346, 347, us n. notius us n. occisor us peninsulae us rixosus us r. eskimo us saturatus us spadix us. (Spilogale).327, 328, 329, us streatori us vison 338, us V. energunienus us V. ingens us V. lutreocephalus us V. vulgivagus us vulgaris us washingtoni 347. us xanthogenys 349i us X. mundus us X. oregonensis Page. • 23 23 • 23 • 215 • 317 • 107 ■ 407 • 293 . 168 41 363 338 349 327 346 349 351 338 345 344 344 348 35' 351 351 349 348 340 434 338 342 348 346 347 347 345 345 348 348 333 345 339 340 • 340 339 340 344 348 350 350 350 pygarga. (Ovis) 46 pygmaeus. (Evotomys) 176 quadratus. (Thonioniysi 225 quadrimaculatus. (Tamiasi 71 quadrivittatus. (Tamias) 75 quaterlinearis. (Spilogale) 328 querceti. (Sciuropterus v.) icx? Kachianectes 9 Rachianectes glaucus 9 radiata. (Condylura) 395 raineri. (Haplodontia r.) 112 ramona. (Onychomys) 121 Raiigifer 35 Rangifer arcticus 37 Rangifer caribou 35 Rangifer dawsoni 36 Ratigifir groenlandicus 37 Rangi-fer hastalis 35 Rangifer montanus 36 Rangifer tarandus 35 Rangifer t. sylvestris 35 Rangifer terraenovae 36 raptor. (Bassariscusa.i 316 rattus. (Mus) 117, iiS ravus. (Microtus c.) 11)3 rcctipinna. (Orcinus) 22 rcgalis. (X'ulpes) 432 Reithrodontomys 148 Reithrodontoinys arizonensis 153 Reithrodontomys a. aurantius 153 Reithrodontomys aztecus 151 Reithrodontomys carolinensis 148 Reitluodontomys chrysotis 152 Reitlirodontoiiiys deserti 151 Reithrodontomys dychei 150 RcitlirodontOMiys d. ncl)racensis ... 150 Reithrodontomys humulis. . 148, i4g, 150 Reithrodontomys klaniatheiisis 152 Reithrodontomys laceyi 153 Reithrodontomys lecontii 148, 149 Reithrodontomys 1. dickinsoni 150 Reithrodontomys 1. impiger 149 Reithrodontomys loiigicaiidus 'SI. 152, 153 Reithrodontomys 1. pallidas 152 Reithrodontomys megalotis 150, 151 Reithrodontomys nicrriami 150 Reithrodontomys mexicanus inter medius 153, 154 Reithrodontomys montanus Reithrosciurus Rhinaster rhinodon. (Delphinapterus) Rhinophora Rhmosciurus rhoadsi. (Evotomys g.) rhoadsi. ( Peromyscus s.) Rhytinas gigas richardsoni. (Dicrostonyx h.) richardsoni. (Microtus) 200, richardsoni. (Odocoileus) richardsoni. I Perodipus) richardsoni. ( Putorius c.) richardsoni. (Sciurus h.) richardsoni. (Sorexj 367, 368, richardsoni. (Sperniophilus) richardsoni. (Ursus) ringens. (Spilogale) riparius. (Microtnsl rissoanus. iGrampusi rivalicus. (Fiber z.) rivularis. (Microtus m.) rixosus. (Putorius) roanensis. (Zapus i.) robustiis. ( Peromyscus) Rodentia 50, roosevelti. (Cervus) ro'n|ual. (Balaenopterai rosniarus. (Trichechus) rostrata. (Balaenopterai rostratus. (Agaphelusi rostratus. (Hyperoodon) 15, rowleyi. (Peron)yscus) 134, rubellus. ( Lasiurus) rubida. (Neotoma c.) rubra. (Lasiurus) rubricaudatus. (Sciunisi rubricosa. i\"ulpes p.i 305, rufa. ( .Anisonyx 1 rufa. ( Felis) 296, 297, rufa. (Haplodontia) rufescens. (Microtusi rufescens. (Thomomys) rufescens. (Thomomys t.) rufidorsum. I Microtus) rufinus. (Peromyscusj ., rutiventer. (Sciurus) rufus. (Canis) rufus. (Lasiurus) rupicola. (Neotoma) "51 50 394 19 359 50 173 142 S 211 201 41 238 344 64 369 92 313 329 179 25 213 184 345 263 138 426 34 '3 358 16 135 412 156 412 52 434 1 12 299 112 180 221 227 180 126 52 300 412 166 FaiiK. ? 44 ScapsTtn? xaeaiaia ' -fi. I~- 5 - - ~^- - j^. i^ r~c >ca.pmi;c> iijj SCa.phkir..< : JS C- AT . oj, 10&. toe sdiisticeps. ^v'c: ?f7 . ar sch'wet-Bi «rv- - - ;: - r:S sc ■ : '■- *7« sc: ..^^ ,i; a«a >c 9». iJSf a; >c >»• r^4 Sc3aii.f»uriJi. !f~. -:f K>5 Soui^aaa us agjciiMes :u Sc L ^ - _ 1:3- 54* ^v^ ...M7,«aS. Jao S3 iv- Ill 4»« ^v ia&i««, no »«»^ 5>r --.. -rs. TTJ i»» >c --' 4J« i \ — I ' j£cS!3VS^ Sciar-.is iiy-^ ^ ?«airsx ^c^s^^s -roi. ScMoptiliss scrodans. (,Ves^ — scrutiror. Mepfer. ?■ Se;>~snis semilnaiTis^ Pbocs . . - 55 ^oe«x .-«mj».— 4IDf Seed .~- jrf Scnex . 413 i Serex Page. Sorex g. alascensis 372, 373 Sorex g. shumaginensis 373 Sorex haydeni 367 Sorex hoyi 377 Sorex idahoensis 367 Sorex leseuri 366 Sorex longirostris 375 Sorex niacrurus 369 Sorex merriami 376 Sorex m. miscix 376 Sorex montereyensis 367, 373 Sorex nevadensis 371 Sorex obscurus 369, 371, 372 Sorex o. longicaudus 372 Sorex ornatus 374 Sorex pacificus 375 Sorex parvus 368 Sorex personatus 366, 368, 376 Sorex p. streatori 367, 376 Sorex platyrhinus 367 Sorex platyrhynchus 366 Sorex pribilofensis 376 Sorex richardsoni 367, 368, 369 Sorex setosus 369 Sorex shastensis 374 Sorex sphagnicola 368 Sorex suckleyi 370 Sorex talpoides 381 Sorex tenellus 374. 375 Sorex t. nanus 375 Sorex trowbridgei 373 Sorex tundrensis 368 Sorex vagrans 369, 370, 371, 372 Sorex V. dobsoni 370 Sorex V. monticola 371 Sorex V. similis 372 Sorex vancouverensis 371 Soricidae 366 Soriciscus 382 sornborgeri. iL'rsus a.) 314 sowerbianus. (Delphinusi 28 sowerbiensis. (Mesoplodoni . . . . 17, 18 sowerbyi. (Mesoplodon) , 18 spadicipygus. (Sigmodoni 145 spadix. (Putorius) 348 spatulus. (Fiber) 214 speciosus. (Tamias) 72 spectabilis. (Dipodomys) 234 speleus. (Odocoileus) 38 Spermatophilus 81 Spermophilus 81, 427 Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus armatus 93 barrowensis 91 beldingi 94 beringensis 91 brevicaudus 84 californicus 88 canadensis 89 canescens 97 castanurus 84 chrysodeirus 84 c. bernardinus S4 cinerascens 83 columbianus 91 couchii 88 cryptospilotus 97 elegans 94 empetra 89, 427 e. kadiacensis 90 e. plesius 427 erythroglutaeus qI franklini lOi grammurus 87, 88 g. beecheyi 88 g. buckleyi 89 g. douglasi 89 g. fisheri 88 guttatus 92 harrisii 85 h. saxicolus 86 hoodi 100 interpres 86 kennicotti 89 lateralis 82, 83 1. cinnamomeus 85 1. saturatus 83 leucurus 85, 86 mexicanus 98, 99 m. parvidens 99 microspilotus 95, 96 roohavensis 98 mollis 92, 93 m. canus 93 m. stephensi 93 m. yakimensis 93 neglectus 98 nelsoni.. 87 obsoletus 95 oregonus 94 osgoodi 9< parryi 89 phaeognathus 89 Page. Sperinophilus richardsoni 92 Sperniophilus r. townsendi 94 Spermophilus spilosoma 96, 97 Sperniophilus s. antiectens 07 Spermophilus s. major 96, 97 Spermophilus s. obsidianus 97 Spermophilus s. pratensis 0, 97 Spermophilus tereticaudus 98 Sperniophilus townsendi 92, 94 Spermophilus tridecemlineatus .... (/;, 100, lOI Spermophilus t. alleiii 101 SpermophiUis t. badius loi Spermoiihilus t. olivaceus 100, 101 Spermophilus t. pallidus 100 Spermophilus t. ])arvus 100, 101 Spermophilus t. texensis io[ Spermophilus wortmani 84 s|>hagnicola. (Sorex) 368 sphagnicola. (Synaptoniys) 206 Spilogale 327 Spilogale anihavarlis 332 Spilogale bicolor 328 Spilogale gracilis 330 Spilogale indianola 329 Spilogale interrupta 328 Spilogale leucoparia 329 Spilogale olympica 332 Spilogale phenax 33^ Spilogale puiorius 327. 3=8, 3-9i 333 Spilogale p. arizonae 331 Spilogale p. latifrons 331, 332 Spilogale quaterlinearis 328 S|iilogale ringens 329 Spilogale saxatilis 330 spilosoma. (Spermophilus) 96, 97 spilotus. (Perognathus) 251 ^pinatus. ( Perognathus 1 255 spissigrada. (Mephitis) 326 splendens. (Nentmnai 158 stearnsii. Kirampus) 25 stelleri. (Eumetopiasi 355 stelleri. (Latax) 354 Stemmatopus 360 -lenorhynchus. (Orcmus) 22 Stephens!. (Perognathus) 253 Ntephensi. (Peromyscusi 136 stipheiisi. (Sciuropterusi iii >tephensi. (Spermophilus m.) 93 stoiiei. (Microtusi 181 stonei. (Ovis^ 47 Pa.;e. stonei. (Synaptomys) 203 streatori. (Xeotoma f.) 159 strcatori. (Perodipus) 237 streatori. (Putoriusi 345 streatori. (Sciurus h.) (>i streatori. (Sorex p.) 367, 376 striatus. (Putorius a.) 327 striatus. (Taniias) 80 strongyloceros. (Cervus) 34 struthopus. (Lepus a.) 274 styiiegeri. (Balaenoptera) 14 Styx. (Prodelphinus) 30 subarcticus. ( I'eromyscus t.) 131 subauratus. (Sciurus) 52 subcinctus. (Lepus f.) 2S3 subflavus. (Pipistrellus) 409 subgriseus. (Peromyscus) 142 subsolanus. (Felis c ) 206 subulatus. (Myotis) 402, 405 suckleyi. (Sciurus) 65 suckleyi. (Sorex) 370 sulfureus. (Balaenoptera) 14 surberi. (N'eotoma ni.) 156 sylvestris. ( Raugifer t.) 35 Sylvicola 178 .Synaptomys 203, 430 .Synaptomys cooperi 203,204, 205 Synaptomys dalli 206 Synaptomys fatuus 204 Synaptomys helaletes 204, 205 Synaptoniys h. gossi 204 Synaptoniys innuitus 205, 206, 430 Synaptomys i. niedioxinus 430 .Synaptomys sphagnicola 206 .Synaptomys stonei 203 Synaptoniys true! 206, 207 Synaptoniys wrangeli 206, 207 .Synotus 398 taeniata. (Scapanus) 301 tajacu. (Dicotyles) 33 Talpidae 386, 435 talpoides. (Blarina) 382 talpoides. (Sorex) 381 tal]ioides. (Thomoinys) 237 Talposorex 381, 388 Taniias 67, 68, 426 Tamias americanus 80 Taniias amoenus 74 Tamias callipeplus 73 Tamias c. inyoensis 73 408 INI Page. Tamias caniceps 426 Tamias caurinus 74 Tamias cinereicollis 75 Tamias dorsalis 68 Tamias d. utahensis '. . . 69 Tamias frater 73 Tamias griseus 81 Tamias lysteri 80 Tamias macrorhabdotes 71 Tamias merriami 71 Tamias minimus 78 Tamias m. alpinus 79 Tamias m. consobrinus 7S Tamias m. melanurus 70 Tamias m. pictus 79 Tamias oreocetes 80 Tamias palmeri 69 Tamias panamintinus 74 Tamias quadrimaculatus 71 Tamias quadrivittatus 75 Tamias q. affinis 77 Tamias q. borealis 77, 427 Tamias q. felix 76 Tamias q. gracilis 76 Tamias q. luteiventris 76 Tamias q. neglectus 78 Tamias q. pallidus 68 Tamias senex 72 Tamias speciosus 72 Tamias striatus 80 Tamias s. venustus 81 Tamias townsendi 69 Tamias t. cooperi 69 Tamias t. hindsii 70 Tamias t. ochrogenys 71 Tamias t. pricei 70 Tamias umbrinus 75 Tamiasciurus 60 tarandus. (Rangifer) 35 Tatusia 4 Taxidea 3«9 Taxidea americana 320, 321 Taxidea a. neglecta 321 Taxidea a. berlandieri 321 Taxidea jeffersoni 320 Taxidea labradoria 320 taylori. (Peromyscusj 141 tectirostris. (Ralaenoptera) 13 tectorum. (Mus) 118 teliotis. (Lasiurus b.) 413 telmalemonus. (Lepus) 278 telmalestes. (Blarina) 384 tenellus. (Sorex) 374. 375 tenellus. (Zapus) 259 Tenotis 68 tenuidorsalis. (Myotisi 404 Teonoma 154, 163 tereticaudus. (Spermophiliis) 98 terraenovae. (Microtus) 182 terraenovae. (Rangifer) 36 Terricola 178 tesselatus. (Lasiurus) 412 tethyos. I Prodelphinus) 30 Tetramerodon 1 79 tetramerus. (Microtus) 190 texensis. (Felis r.) 298 texensis. (Geomys) 219 texensis. ( LepusJ 288, 289, 290 texensis. (Odocoileus a.) 40 texensis. (Oryzomys p.) 147 texensis. (Peromyscus) 130 texensis. (Scalops a.) 390, 391 texensis. (Sigmodon h.) . . . 144, 145, 146 texensis. (Spermopbilus t.) loi texensis. (Urocyon o 308, 309 Thalassarctos 309 Thalassarctus 310 thicolea. (Lagenorhynchus) 26 Thomomys 221 Thomomys alpinus 229 Thomomys altivalis 230 Thomomys angularis 228 Thomomys aureus 229 Thomomys borealis 224, 227 Thomomys bottae 222, 223 Thomomys bulbi vorus 222, 223 Thomomys cervinus 230 Thomomys clusius 229 Thomomys douglasi 226, 229 Thomomys d. fuscus 226 Thomomys d. yelmensis 226 Thomomys fossor 230 Thomomys f ul vus 227, 228, 229 Thomomys f. intermedius 228 Thomomys f. nigricans 228 Thomomys laticeps 223, 324 Thomomys leucodon 223 Thomomys ma/ama 225, 226, 227 Thomomys melanops 227 Thomomys monticola 225, 230 Thomomys m. pinetoruni 225 Thomomvs nasicus 226 Paue. 224 239 'riiimiomys nevadensis Thomoniys operarius rhomoinys o. pallescens rhoniomys perpalliilus rhommiiys quadratus Thomomys rufesccns 221 Tliomomys talpoides 227 Thomomys t. rufescens 227 Thomomys townsendi 224 Thonioinys umbrinus 227 thysanodes. (Myotise.i 401, 406 timidus. (Lepus) 2f)9, 2/1 tornillo. (Peromyscus) 125 torridus. (Onychomys). . . . 121, 122, 123 townsendi. (Corynorhinus m.) ..399, 400 townsendi. (Microtus) 190 townsendi. (Scapanus) 39ii 392 townsendi. (Spermophilus) . . . .92, 94 townsendi. (Spermopliilus r.) 94 townsendi. (Tamias) 69 townsendi. (Thomomys) 224 townsendi. lUrocyonc.) 309 transitionalis. (Lcpus f.) 281 Iricheclius 358 Trichechus arcticus 358 Triclieihus cookii 358 Trichechus diveri;ens 358 Trichechus manatus 6 Trichechus obesus 358 Trichechus rosmarus 358 Trichecidae 357 trideccndineatus. (Spcrmophihis) . 99, 100, lOI trimucronatus. iLemmus) 207, 208 Trinodontomys 123 trinotatus. (Zapus) 261,262, 263 trowbridgei. (Lepus) 281 trowbridj;ei. (Microtust 186 trowbridgei. (.Sorex) 373 trUL-i. (Peromyscus) 139 Iruei. (Scapanus) 393 truei. (.Synaptomys) 206, 207 truncatus. (Tursiopst 29 tschukschorum. (Lopus) 271, 272 tundrensis. (Sorcx) 368 Tursio • 4. 28, 29 tursio. (Delphinus) 28 tursio. (Tursiops) 29 Tursiops 28 Tursiops communis 29 Tursiops compressicauda 29 Tursiops cymodice 29 Tursiops eurynonic 29 Tursiops gilli 29 Tursiops metis 2<) Tursiops" truncatus 29 Tursiops tursio 29 tuza. (Geomys) 215,216, 217 ubericolor. (Lepus f.) umbrinus. 1 Peromyscus c.) umbrinus. (Tamias) umbrinus. (Thomomys) unalascensis. (Dicrostonyx h.i .... unalascensis. (Microtus 1 188, ungava. (Evotomys) ungava. (Phenaconiys) Ungulata 33, ungulatus. ( Uicrostonyx I uni-cinctus. (Dasypusi Urocyon Urocyon cinereo-argenteus.307, 308, Urocyon c. californicus 308, Urocyon c. tloridanus Urocyon c. ocytlious Urocyon c. scotti Urocyon c. texensis 308, Urocyon c. townsendi Urocyon griseus Urocyon virginianus Urotrichus gibbsi Ursidae ursina. (Callotaria) ursina. (Phoca) Ursinae ursinus. (\"espertilio) Ursus Ursus americanus Ursus a. sornborgeri Ursus arctus Ursus dalli Ursus emmonsi .... Ursus tloridanus Ursus horribilis Ursus h. alascensis Ursus h. liorriaeus Ursus lotor Ursus luscus Ursus luteolus L'rsus maritimus Ursus miildendorlili Ursus ricliardsoni 129 75 189 "75 169 425 209 4 307 309 309 307 309 308 309 309 307 307 386 309 357 357 309 410 309 313 3'4 309 3«i 315 314 312 3'2 312 317 333 314 310 3to 313 470 INI Page. I'rsus sitkensis 311 utahensis. (Tamiasd.l 69 vafra. (Vulpes) vaga. (Lutra c.) vagrans. (Sorex) 369, 370, 371, vallicola. (Microtus c.) vancouverensis. (Sciurus h.) 64, vancouverensis. (Sorex) varians. (Mephitis) variegata. ( Plioca) ■. variegatus. (Dclphimis) velifer. (Mvotis) velifera. ( Balaenoptera) vellerosus. ( Microtus) velox. (Vulpes) ventorum. ( Sciurus h.) venusta. (Neotoma c.) venustus. (Tamias s.) versabilis. (Megaptera) Vesperides Vesperimys Vespertilio 400, Vespertilio arquatus \'espertilio carolinensis Vespertilio fuscus 4'°. Vespertilio greenii Vespertilio melanops Vespertilio murinus 400, Vespertilio noctivigans Vespertilio phaiops Vespertilio pipistrellus Vespertilio serotinus Vespertilio ursinus Vespertilionidae Vesperugo 407i 4oS, Vesperus vicinus. (Sciurus 1.) 5^1 virginiana. (Didelphys) 1, 2, (Canis) (Lepus a.) 273, 274, (Odocoileus) (Scalops) (Urocyon) virginianus. virginianus. virginianus. virginianus. virginianus. Vison vison. (Putorius) 33^^ vitulina. (Phoca) 361, volans. (Myotis) volans. (Sciuropterus) 108, 109, volans. (Sciurus) volucella. (Sciuropterus) 305 352 372 186 426 37' 322 363 28 401 12 191 306 63 162 407 ■23 410 410 410 411 410 410 410 407 410 408 410 410 396 410 410 426 425 307 275 39 388 307 338 33Q 363 403 no 107 109 vomcrina. (Phocaena) 20 vulgaris. (Monodon) 19 vulgaris. (Putorius) 344 vulgaris. (.Sciurus) 50 vulgivagus. (Putorius V.) 340 Vulpes 303 Vulpes alascensis 434 Vulpes a. abietorum 434 \'ulpes cascadensis 433 \'ulpes cinereo-argefitatiis 306 ^'ulpes decussata 304 A'ulpes dek-trix 305 \"ulpL'S fulva 304 \'ulpes hallensis 307 \'ulpes harrimani 303. 432 Vulpes kenaiensis 432 Vulpes lagopus 306, 307 \'ulpes macrotis 306 \'ulpes microtus 306 Vulpes necator 433 \'ulpes pennsylvanica 304,305, 434 N'ulpes p. argentata 304 \'ulpes p. bangsi 434 \'ulpes p. macrura 305 \'ulpes p. rubricosa 305, 434 X'ulpes regalis 432 \'ulpes vafra 305 \ulpes velox 306 vulpina. (Mustcia) 334 vulpinus. (Sciurus) 51; 52 53 wagncri. (Perodipus) 236 walkeri. (Delphinus) 28 wapiti. (Cervus) 34 Washington!. (Lepus a.) 274 washingtoni. (Putorius) 347i 348 waterhousii. (Macrotus) 4"i waterhousii. (Otopterus) 420 wortmani. (Spermopliilus) 84 wrangeli. (Evotomys) 17' wrangeli. (Synaptoniys) 206, 207 xanthogenys. (Putorius) 349i 35° xanthognathus. (Microtus) 193 Xerospermophilus 82, 95 yakimensis. (Spermophilus m.) ... 93 yelmensis. (Thomomys d.) 226 yukatatensis. (Microtus) 188 vukonensis. (Lemmus t.) 208 171 yukonensis. (Sciuropterus) 428 yuiiianensis. (Myntis) 403, 104 Xalophus 35O Zalophtis californianus 356 Zaiophus >;illespii 356 Zapodidae 256 Zapodinae 257 Zapus 257 Zapus acadiciis ■. 257 Zapus americaiius 257, 259 Zapus canadensis 257. Zapus hardyi 257 Zapus hudsonius 257, 258, 259 Zapus li. alasccnsis 259 Zapus h. campestris 259 Zapus h. ladas 258 Zapus iniperator 261 Zapus insignis 257, 263, 264 Zapus i. abietorum 264 Zapus i. roanensis 263 Fa<;k. Zapus labradorius 257, 263 Zapuf major 260 Zapus microciphalus 257 Zapus nevailensis 261 Zapus orarius 262 Zapus paciticus 262 Zapus princeps 260 Zapus p. minor 2O0 Zapus p. oregonus 260 Zapus saltator 262 Zapus setchuanus 257 Zapus tenellus 259 Zapus irinotatus 261, 262, 263 Zapus t. alien! 261 Zapus t. niontanus 262 zibellina. (Muslelat 335 zibethicus. (Castor) 211 zibethicus. (Fiber) 212,213, 214 Ziphiorhynchus 16 Ziphius 16 Ziphius cavirostris 16, 17 ■+vJ ur iLLinuis-UHBSNfl 3 0112 027923728