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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE, eo

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MARINE INVERTEBRATA

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GRAND MANAN:
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OR THE REGION ABOUT THE MOUTH OF THE BAY OF FUNDY, NEW BRUNSWICK.

BY

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WILLIAM STIMPSON.

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OF THE

MARINE INVERTEBRATA

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GRAND MANAN:
OR THE REGION ABOUT THE MoUTH OF THE BAY OF FUNDY, NEW BRUNSWICK.

BY

WILLIAM STIMPSON.

189LF 3s,
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[ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION JANUARY,

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COMMISSION
TO WHICH THIS PAPER HAS BEEN REFERRED.

A. A. Goutp, M. D.
Pror. J. D. Dana.
Josuru Innny,
Secretary S. L.

INTRODUCTION

POLYPI.

ALCYONIDE
ACTINIAD.E
LUCERNARIADE

ACALEPH.

PROLES POLYPOIDEX
PROLES MEDUSINE

BEROID MEDUSAR

ECHINODERMATA.
CRINOIDEE
EURYALEA
OpHiuriDz&
ASTERIAD
Ecurnip
Honoruurtap&

BRYOZOA

ACEPHALA.

TUNICATA
BRACHIOPODA
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA

GASTEROPODA.

PROSOBRANCHIATA
TECTIBRANCHIATA
NUDIBRANCHIATA

CEPHALOPODA.

CON DENTS.

PAGE

lv

CONTENTS.

DENDROCCILA.

PLANARIDA
NEMERTIDA

GEPHYREA

ANNULATA.

TUBICOLA
Maricona

CRUSTACEA.
PYCNOGONIDES
Epizoa
CIRRIPEDIA
ENTOMOSTRACA
BRANCHIOPODA
TsopopA
ANISOPODA
AMPHIPODA
STOMAPODA
DrEcAPoDA

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES

PAGE

bo
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38

39

39

58

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

Tue Island of Grand Manan, the natural history of which this paper is intended
to illustrate, is perhaps but little known, geographically, to many who may be
readers of this account. It may not be out of place, therefore, to make some
remarks on its position. It is more properly an archipelago than an island. The
smaller members of the group lie to the east of the largest, which is twenty miles
in length, with a general trend north-east and south-west, having an average
breadth of nine or ten miles. It lies at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, about
ten miles from the western shore at Campo-bello and Eastport, and thirty
from the Nova Scotia shore. It is surrounded on all sides by deep water (a
hundred fathoms or more), as might be judged from the character of the shores,
which are rocky and precipitous, especially on the western side, where cliffs of a
basaltic structure rise perpendicularly to a height of several hundred feet. On
the south-eastern side, where there are numerous islands, the shores are low and
shelving, composed of Mica-slate having a dip of about 70°. The passages
between these islands, worn out by the tides which rush with great velocity
through them, are generally very shallow, while a short distance seaward the
water becomes as deep as on the western side.

The following paper is intended as a compend of observations made on the
marine fauna of this region, during three months’ residence in the summer of
1852; and also as a catalogue, which it is hoped will prove nearly complete, of
the marine invertebrates found on its shores and in the adjacent waters.

In preparing local faunas, it is desirable that the area included should be as
narrowly circumscribed as the inclusion of the requisite variety of station will
allow. It is only by the comparison of the results of such examinations, made
at a series of points along a coast, that an accurate knowledge can be obtained of
the distribution of marine animals, and of the effect of external circumstances on
their growth, habits, and economy. We can thus ascertain whether a species may
inhabit two distant localities without occurring in the intermediate space; and if
so, what are the causes of this? Has it been there extirpated by geological
changes not affecting the other points? If not, how was its transportation effected ?
Or, was it originally created in both the distant points? These, and many other
questions of the same nature, may be answered in respect to species whose distri-
bution is thus perfectly known. Such investigations will also throw much light
on the distinctions of species, which cannot now be derived from their geographical
distribution, on account of the loose and general manner in which it is usually
recorded. And every practical naturalist knows how much he is aided in defining
species, by seeing them in the beauty of life, in their natural condition and asso-
ciations. So extended a series of observations will, however, require a great

9

6 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

number of workers. But these it is hoped will be furnished by the increasing taste
for pursuits of this kind in our country. The records of depths and stations may
seem trivial in the eyes of some, but upon their accumulation depends the decision
of several important questions.

It will be observed that the number of new species described in this paper is
quite large. This naturally results from the fact that so few families of our
marine invertebrates have yet been investigated. Thus, with the exception of
the shells, nearly every species required special study to determine its genus, and
whether it was, or was not, identical with some European or Arctic species.

Pelagic animals are particularly abundant at Grand Manan, on account of the
proximity of deep water, and by far the greater part of the species were obtained by
the use of the dredge. Dredging in this region is attended with dangers, to guard
against which some little foresight is necessary. The boat should always be provided
with a compass, even in going short distances from land, as the fogs are very thick
in summer, and are suddenly formed. The dredger must also keep an eye to wind-
ward, as the approach of a fog bank may be generally seen at least some minutes
beforehand, so that a course may be taken for home; unless, indeed, he be some-
thing of a pilot himself, or have one with him, when he may often continue his
operations notwithstanding the obscurity. A “horn,” consisting of a Strombus
gigas with the apex knocked off, should also be provided, to be used when lost in
a fog, for, when blown, it will be answered according to the humane custom of this
region, by any who may hear it, whether on shore or in boats. In many places,
there are patches of rock on the sea-bottom, where the dredge is very liable to be
caught. Usually, it may be disengaged by heaving in a portion of the dredge-
warp, but this is often not sufficient. The only means then remaining of recover-
ing it is to slack out all the line, while the boat is brought round and run in a
direction opposite to the former course. It may even then occur that the dredge
remains fixed, so that, on an excursion to these islands, two or three should always
be provided.

I must here express my grateful acknowledgements to Professor Agassiz, for the
use of his valuable collection of European books and specimens, which he most
liberally allowed me, while as his pupil I had the pleasure of his society and the
advantages of his instruction. To the officers of the Smithsonian Institution I am
also greatly indebted, for affording me every possible assistance in the use of rooms,
instruments, books, etc., while this paper was in preparation. Jam also indebted
to Professor Dana, for his kindness in giving me tracings of the details of many of
his new genera of Crustacea, which have materially aided me in the determination
of those herein described.

Suites of the original specimens, from which the new species in this paper were
described, are deposited in the Museum of the Institution, and in the cabinet of
Professor Agassiz, at Cambridge.

Outline figures are given in the plates of some of the most interesting species,
especially such as form new genera.

WILLIAM STIMPSON.

SMITHSONIAN InstiTuTIoN, February, 1853.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. cf

POLYPI:

ALCYONIDA.

Atcyonium piciratum, Lin. All the specimens obtained were very small, the
largest scarcely an inch in length, and not divided into lobes. Found attached to

small pebbles on shelly bottoms in 10-30 fathoms.

AC TEN TAD AL:

ActintA MARGINATA, Le Sueur, J. A. N.S., i. 172. On rocks at low-water mark,
of a very large size.

A. CARNEOLA, St., n. s., Fig. 1. Very small, about four-tenths of an inch in
diameter; mouth protruding far upwards on the broad disk, on the edge of which
are the tentacula, alternating in two approximated rows, there being eighteen in
each row. On the disk, above the base of each of the larger upper tentacula, are
two prominent white spots, one above the other; while the lower tentacula have
one spot only at their inner bases. This species is of a light flesh or salmon color.
It was dredged in 35 fathoms on the Hake Ground, off the north-east shore of
Grand Manan. The specimens were attached to dead valves of Pecten, and some-
times to the test of Ascidia callosa, or to small pebbles.

A. oBTRUNCATA, St., n.s. Body short, with a broad flat disk, on which, between
the small mouth and the margin, are placed the tentacula; which are short, very
blunt at their extremities, as if cut off, usually equidistant, not very numerous, and
arranged alternately in four or five very indistinct rows. Sides smooth and clean,
with few porous warts, which can seldom be perceived. Color dark purplish,
lighter on the disk, with broad streaks of erimson which meander among the bases
of the tentacula. It is found not unfrequently at low-water mark, attached to
stones in clear water, but is most abundant in the laminarian zone. It approaches
A. crassicornis, especially in the arrangement of the tentacula, which are, however,
not pointed. It wants also the prominent rim of that species.

A. cortaceA,(?) Johnst., Brit. Zooph. A few specimens of an Actinia were pre-
sented to me by H. R. Storer, Esq. (which he took at low water among the outer
islands), of a species which I did not myself find. It is conical, with the sides
covered with small shells and pebbles, which are secured by the strong wart-like
suckers. The tentacula are rather long, and not very numerous. Having never
seen it alive, I am by no means certain of the accuracy of the above identification.

A. piAntTHUS,(?) Johnst., Brit. Zooph. A fine specimen, belonging probably to this
beautiful species, was dredged in 50 fathoms on the “oravelly bottom,” a fishing-
ground situated about eight miles off Whitehead. It was unfortunately lost, owing
to the roughness of the weather at the time, so that it is not yet accurately determined.

A. sIPUNCULOIDES, St., n. s., Fig. 2. Body greatly elongated, covered with a thin
brownish epidermis, with eight narrow longitudinal white lines, dividing the body
at the anterior extremity into eight equal lobes when contracted. Tentacula

8 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

twenty, short, curved, and with blunt extremities. It was found at low-water
mark, adhering by its very small base to a large stone, from which it was easily
detached. In confinement, it attached itself to the bottom of the glass, but fre-
quently changed its place. Only one specimen was found, from which circumstance
the necessary anatomical investigations which would undoubtedly result in the
establishment of a new genus for this animal, could not be made.

LUCERNARIADZ.

LucerNARIA Quapricornis, Miill. L. fascicularis, Johnston, Brit. Zooph., pl. xlv.,
f. 3-6. The specimen obtained was nearly three inches in length. It was dredged
on a bottom of nullipores and sea-collanders (Agarwm) in four fathoms. It is the
first of this interesting genus yet noticed as occurring on our coast.

ACALEPH&.

PROLES POLY POIDESA,.

CAMPANULARIA SyRINGA, Lam. Johnst.,1.¢.,110. On Sertularia polyzonias, in 25
fathoms, off Duck Island.

LAOMEDEA GELATINOSA, Lamour. Johnst., l.c., pl. xxi.,f.3. This I took from the
bottom of the hooker used in my dredging operations. It had reached the height
of an inch in less than a month after the bottom of the vessel had been scraped
clean.

PLUMULARIA TENERRIMA, St., n. s. Polypidom pinnated, the stem thick, the pin-
ne very slender, alternate, with the pyriform cells arranged loosely in a row on
their upper surface, pointing alternately to opposite sides. It is common in 25
fathoms, shelly bottom, off the northern point of Duck Island.

P. ratcaTA, Lam., An. sans vert., ii. 160. Taken often in 35 fathoms on the
Hake Ground.

SERTULARIA ARGENTEA, Ellis. Johnst., 1. ¢., 79. Common in 4-6 fathoms,
attached to stones.

S. riticuLa, Ellis. Johnst., 1. c., 76. Dredged in 20 fathoms, on shelly bottoms.

S. LATIUSCULA, St.,n.s. Pinns broad, compressed, attached by a slender base
to the main stem; cells crowded, nearly opposite, shaped as in S. argentea; vesicles
elongated, ovate, with a single strong spine on one side at the extremity. Color
brownish. Breadth of pinna, 0.03 inch. Dredged in the laminarian zone.

S. propucta, St., n.s. Cells opposite, elongated, curving outward, with ovate
apertures. Vesicles slender, elongated, subtruncate, and covered with spines at
their extremities. It is of a bright silvery color. It differs from S. margareta,
Hassal, in having more numerous spines at the top of the vesicle, and none on its
sides.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 9

S. FALLAX, Johnst., 1. ¢., 73. A few specimens, probably of this species, were
taken in deep water.

S. ruGosa, Lin. Johnst. This species is common in deep water here, and on
most parts of our coast, from Massachusetts Bay to the Grand Bank.

S. potyzontas, Johnst., l.c.,61. Many forms occurred at Grand Manan, in from 10
to 40 fathoms, all of which may be referred to this species, as described by Johnston
in the second edition of his work. But my own observations upon many specimens,
and the consideration of the genera and species of naked-eyed medusx, the polype
forms of which are not yet known, convince me that this species, so called, is in
reality a genus, and its varieties true species. The difficulty of identifying our
species by the descriptions of European writers in the absence of specimens for
comparison, prevents me from naming and describing the forms I have determined.

GRAMMARZEA, St. n. ¢.

Polypidom rectilinear, elongated, cylindrical, composed of aggregated tubes, gene-
rally without branches, which, when they occur, are of the same character as that
from which they spring. Cells arranged on all sides, in more or less regular and
equidistant longitudinal rows, giving a section of the stem a star-like appearance.

G. ropusTA, St., n. s., Fig. 3. Cells large, cylindrical, curving outward, equal-
ling in length the diameter of the stem, annulated with one or two lines of growth
near their apertures. They are arranged in four or five very regular rows, being
alternate in contiguous, and opposite to each other in opposite rows. Color light
brown, cells paler and translucent. Dredged not unfrequently in the laminarian
zone.

G. GRACILIS, St., n. s. Polypidom slender, with a polished appearance; cells
small, elongated, projecting, but curving inward at their extremities, and distant
from each other in the very irregular rows. Color dark brown, sometimes black.
One specimen only was taken, which occurred in the laminarian zone.

EUDENDRIUM CINGULATUM, St., n. 8. Polypidom small, very irregularly branched,
somewhat as in E. rameum, but not so thickly; branchlets strongly ringed, some-
times throughout their length, always near their origins; polypes small, with long
tentacles and broad blunt proboscis. It differs from /. ramewm in the more nume-
rous rings on the branchlets, and from 2. ramosum in the mode of branching.
Dredged in 20 f., on a shelly bottom off Duck Island.

TUBULARIA INDIVISA, (?) Lin. Johnst., 1. ¢.,48. Found chiefly in the lamina-
rian zone.

T. LARYNX, Ellis. Corall., pl. xvi., fb. Dredged in 25 f., on the Hake Ground.

CorYMORPHA NuTANS, Sars, Beskrivelser og Jagttagelser, ete., 7, pl.i., f. 3. This
singular animal has been hitherto found only on the coast of Norway, and among
the Orkney Isles. The announcement of its occurrence on our coasts cannot but
prove interesting to our marine zoologists, especially as it may be taken in the
greatest abundance in some localities here, while it seems a rare animal in Europe.
It lives on a sandy bottom, in from 4 to 15 fathoms. Off West Quoddy Head, a

10 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

hundred or more were taken at a single haul of the dredge. It also occurs in
Welch Pool, and near Low Duck Island. I have nothing to add to the description
of Forbes and Goodsir, whose observations I have mostly repeated.

ACAULIS, St. n. g.

A. primarius, St., n. s., Fig. 4. The remarkable polype for which this name is
proposed, which is probably the largest hydroid known, was observed at Grand
Manan in two successive stages of development. It was first taken early in August,
when it was of a sub-cylindrical form, tapering suddenly to a point at each ex-
tremity. At the upper extremity was the mouth, very small, a little below which
the tentacula commenced, scattered at first, but gradually increasing in number,
and somewhat in size. These tentacula were minute, very short, equalling in
length about one-sixth the thickness of the body, with large globular tips. They
occupied about two-thirds of the surface of the body; on the remainder below,
their places were supplied by the medusa buds, which were crowded, and much
larger than the tentacula, although as yet but little developed. The inferior ex-
tremity of the body terminated in a short, pointed, fleshy spike, free from append-
ages, from which exuded a tenacious mucus, by which it adhered to the subaque-
ous surfaces to which it might be applied. Around the base of this spike, and
immediately under the buds, were regularly arranged eight long gracefully-curved
cirriform processes, each equalling in length about half that of the body. These
appeared from their motions to be in this—the first or free stage of the animal's
existence—the locomotive organs.

Ata subsequent time, I met with several of these animals which presented a differ-
ent appearance. The tentacula were larger, especially in the region of the mouth,
at the now blunt extremity of the body; and the medusa buds were in an advanced
state of development, soon to become free swimming individuals. The inferior
appendages had disappeared, and the body was firmly attached by a broad base,
and bore much resemblance to one of the ordinary Corynide deprived of its stalk.
In strong contractions, it assumed a shape approaching that of an hourglass. The
length of the animal, in this latter stage, was half an inch, the breadth two-tenths.
In the earlier stage, the dimensions were one-half these.

It was dredged in the laminarian zone, from 5 to 15 f., attached to various
Rhodosperms, as Piilota, Chondrus, and Rhodymenia, Circumstances did not permit
me to ascertain the medusoid form of this polype, although I have my conjecture.

I would here offer, for the judgment of zoologists, the following generalizations to
which I have been led by the consideration of two facts exhibited in the characters
of the animal above described. First, the basal cirri of the first stage are homo-
logous to the lower or exterior tentacula of Tubularia, which I think is evident on
comparison of parts. Secondly, these cirri, or tentacula, are deciduous with the
growth of the animal, and do not appear in the second stage. Hence we should
consider the Tubulariade, in which they are persistent, as lower in the scale. It

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 11

might also be considered, as bearing on this question, that the meduse of Tubularia
never become free, as in the Corynide.

It follows, also, from the above, that the species just described, having basal tenta-
cula, is inferior to Coryne and its allies, in which they never appear, so that it is
correctly classed between that genus and Zubularia ; and if, as is probable, the single
circle of tentacula in the Sertulariad@ is homologous with the basal tentacula of
Acaulis and Tubularia, it would follow that that family should stand lowest in the
scale. Thus, as will be seen in the arrangement of the hydroids in this paper, it
is a reversal only of the series followed in Johnston’s work which is proposed,
without derangement of the grouping of the families.

HypRACTINIA ECHINATA, Johnst. Aleyonium echinatum, Auct., Gould, Inv. Mass.

CLAVA MULTICORNIS, Johnst. Coryne squamata, Miill., ete.

Under these two names are probably included the polype forms of several species
of our North Atlantic naked-eyed meduse.

PROLES MEDUSIN &.

Among the very numerous species of medusz observed in this region, the
following only were identified. The notices I prepared of new species, owing to
the circumstances under which they were observed, are too short for publication.

SARSIA MIRABILIS, Agass., Mem. Am. Acad., 2d ser. i. 224, pl. iv.

TippocRENE SUPERCILIARIS, Agass., 1. ¢., 250, pl. i.

STAUROPHORA LACINIATA, Agass., l. c., 500, pl. vil.

AURELIA AuRITA, Miill., Gould, Inv. Mass.

Cyanrea Postensi, Gould., Inv. Mass. <A Strobila of large size, probably the
polype form of this Cyanea, was taken in various stages of development, in 30
fathoms, on the Hake Ground. It was of a light salmon color, with very long
superior tentacula, which it used in walking inverted on the bottom of the sea.

BEROID MEDUS%.

PLEUROBRACHIA RHODODACTYLA, Agass., l. ¢., 313, Part i1., pl. i.
Boutna ALATA, Agass., l. c., 349, Part ii., pl. vi.

12 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

ECHINODERMATA.

CRINOLDE A

Atecro Escuricutm, Miill. et Trosch. The first specimen of the genus Alecto
or Comatula, so interesting to palzontologists, yet taken on our coast, occurred to
me in twenty-five fathoms on a shelly ground near Duck Island. It seemed to be
a young individual, although nearly four inches in diameter. It was of a dark
green color, dotted with white; the disk grayish, and the dorsal-jointed append-
ages white. I have compared it with specimens of A. Hschrichtii from Greenland,
in the collection of Prof. Agassiz, and find differences which may be those of age,
since these latter specimens were all ten inches or more in diameter. Under these
circumstances, I have hesitated to describe it as new, though it may hereafter be
proved so, when more extended comparison shall be possible.

EURYALZA.

Asrropuyton AGassizi, St., Huryale scutatum, Gould, Inv. Mass. (non Blainv.).
Until within a few years, all the northern species of this singular genus were con-
founded by zoologists in one. They have now been separated by Miiller and
Troschel, and the Scandinavian naturalists; four species in northern Europe being
known, and one in Greenland, with which I have had opportunities of comparing
our species, and find constant differences. The disk of A. Agassizii is rather large;
the arms divide in two, just beyond their emersion from the disk, and then con-
tinue to branch dichotomously till at their extremities the rays are slender rough-
ened twigs, which in preserved specimens are tangled and interlaced in every
direction, but in life are usually stretched out to their utmost extension. My
largest specimens were thus a foot and a half in diameter when alive, while in a
dried state they measure scarce a foot. The disk is quite regularly pentagonal.
On its upper surface the ten radiating ribs are narrow, prominent, and provided with
numerous small, sharp, small-based warts, which are very irregularly scattered, and
which exist also on the marginal ridge which surrounds the disk, except on the
concave, which forms a sort of socket for the upper base of the arm. Between the
radiating ribs, the disk is soft and membranous, with few scattered granules most
numerous in a flat space in the centre. The disk, as well as the arms, is smooth
and glabrous below; the mouth comparatively large, with small spines at the entrance,
and larger ones within. The arms are flat beneath, with steep sides and convex
upper surface. They are covered above with crowded minute granules, like fine
oolite, which are arranged in numerous, somewhat irregular transverse rows, and
decrease in number on the sides, the lower parts of which are smooth. On the flat
under surface the joints are indicated by the pores, which are arranged on each side,
in pairs; there being also, just outside of each pore, a row of four small blunt spines.
The first pair of pores, however, next the disk, is unprovided with spines. There
is also in the angle of each of the bifurcations a single pore without spines.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 13

The characters particularly mentioned in this description are those in which
our species most differs from that of Greenland. The arms and prominent parts
of the disk are bright yellow, and the depressed or membranous parts of the disk
dark brownish.

This species is not uncommon at Grand Manan. It is found in the coralline
zone, especially among forests of Boltenic.

GOPHIURID 2.

OpntoLeris TeNuIS, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 133. Frequent among nullipores
below low-water mark.

O. rosustA, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 134. A small graceful species, with flat disk
and long slender arms tapering to mere threads. It is always highly colored,
usually variegated with red, but sometimes jet black. It varies very much in its
proportions, some disks having arms doubling in length those of other disks of the
same diameter. It is abundant in the laminarian zone, and sometimes also at low-
water mark, on rocky and nullipore bottoms.

O. crr1ATA, Miill. et Trosch., Syst. der Asteriden, 91. O. acufera, Ag., Proc. Am.
Acad., 1851. This species is much larger than the preceding, of a bluish-gray color
above, and white below. It is also very different in station, being found only on
muddy bottoms and in deep water. I have taken it at a depth of 60 fathoms.

OPHIOPHOLIS ScoLorpENDRICA, M. et T., 1. ¢., 96. Ophiura aculeata, Gould, Inv.
Mass. Excessively common in the laminarian zone, and also under stones at low
water. In this latter station I have found, in August, my largest specimens.

OPHIACANTHA SPINULOSA, M. et T.,1.c., 107. A fine purplish-brown species, with
long rough spines on the arms, and minute crowded ones on the dorsal surface of the
disk. It varies considerably, and has often the aspect of an Ophiothrix. It is
found sparingly on shelly bottoms in the coralline zone.

Our northern species of Ophiuride seem yet far from being well determined.
One who is so fortunate as to possess very few specimens, soon becomes perfectly
satisfied in his own mind as to the specific distinctions, and finds little difficulty in
separating them; while one who has some hundreds, can make but slow progress,
the perplexity seeming to increase with the number of specimens. I have, I trust,
properly defined the limits of our New England species, by the examination of very
numerous individuals from many localities, in which determination I have been
most aided by the consideration of their habits, and especially of their association.
The great difficulty now remaining is their identification with those of Northern
Europe. So much discrepancy exists in the views of transatlantic naturalists, that
a very general reliance only can be placed on their figures and descriptions ; and
the few specimens which have yet reached this country from Scandinavia and
Greenland are still insufficient. So that, although I have mentioned 0. tenuis and
O. robusta under the names given them by an American author, I am yet confident
that they can be referred to European species when these latter shall be better
digested.

3

14 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

ASTERIADSE.

ASTERACANTHION RUBENS, M. et T., 1. c., 17. Specimens a foot or more in diameter
are very common just below low-water mark.

A. yiotaceus, M. et T., 1. ¢.,16. A purple species about four inches in diameter.
The rays are rather narrow, and taper toa point. It is not common in this region.

A. LITTORALIS, St.,n. s. Body tumid, rays very broad. Ambulacral spines in
two rows, slender, blunt, or even clavate at their tips. Spines on the sides larger
than those on the back, but both short, blunt, and showing great uniformity in size
and distribution. Its color is always a dark green above, and it never exceeds an
inch and a half in diameter. It is very common among the fuci in the middle
region of the littoral zone, or even near high-water mark—elsewhere I have never
found it.

A. Muttert, Sars., Wiegm. Archiv., x. 169. This remarkable species occurred
to me in 30 f., off the northern point of Duck Island. It is of a bright red color
above when alive, and may be readily distinguished from all others by the crown
surrounding the bases of the spines, which are arranged in distinct rows on the
sides of the rays. I have compared our specimens with some sent from Norway
by Sars himself.

A. ALBULUS, St., n. s., Fig. 5. Small, depressed, of a uniform cream-color; rays
very slender, each with a prominent rounded tuft of spines at its extremity. Am-
bulacra very broad, with about five rows of slender spines on each side. Back and
sides having a remarkably smooth appearance, which is found to result from their
being covered with closely set subquadrate tufts of short blunt spines. These
tufts are arranged very regularly in rows, which can be traced both longitudinally
and transversely. Those of the middle row are more closely set than the others,
thus giving each ray the appearance of having a median line.

The number of rays is almost invariably six, one specimen only, out of fifty
taken, having five. And what is still more remarkable, four out of five of these
had three of the rays much shorter than the others. Some specimens had seven
rays. Were it not for the great numbers which I found every day, I should cer-
tainly have considered them as the distorted young of some other species. They
cccurred most frequently among branching nullipores, in 4 or 5 fathoms, on the
east side of the islands.

This species is very distinct from any yet described. It may probably form
another genus, when the four rows of suckers shall become a family character
instead of a generic one.

Link1A ocuLATA, Forbes, Wern. Mem. Cribella oculata, Forbes, Brit. Starf.
Asterias spongiosa, Gould, Desor. Abundant on the rocks about low-water mark.

L. pertusa. Asterias pertusa, Miill. Echinaster Eschrichtii, M. et T. (?) Much
larger than the preceding, and with elongated rays, which narrow towards their
extremities. The color is also a paler red. Dredged in 30 fathoms, and found also
occasionally at low-water mark.

SOLASTER ENDECA, Forbes, |. c. This species is abundant on the rocks at low-water

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 15

mark in the summer, at some localities, but these are always small, and never more
than half grown. The large individuals, some of which are a foot in diameter, are
found only in deep water, chiefly in the laminarian zone.

S. papposa, Forbes, l. c. This species is rare in this region, and small specimens
only are found. They usually occur on shelly bottoms in the coralline zone.

Preraster miuiraris, M. et T., 1. c., 128. This is perhaps the most remarkable of the
Asteriade, presenting, as it does, the singular phenomenon of a web among these
lower animals. A soft flexible membrane connects the ambulacral spines, the in-
ner rows transversely, the outer longitudinally; also the spines surrounding the
mouth, and those surrounding the large anal pore. In one of my specimens, where
this anal pore is widely open, the cavity is distinctly seen to divide into five large
channels, corresponding to the five interspaces between the rays. These channels
pass underneath, and parallel to, the skin, and, from their action in life, I am in-
clined to consider their function, at least in part, respiratory. It is perhaps super-
fluous to say this, when we know that this function is performed by the whole
surface of the skin; the webs seeming especially qualified for the office. When,
however, we place a living Pteraster and a Holothuria in the same jar, and see the
same action of inhalation and expulsion of water going on at the anal aperture in
each, it is difficult to refrain from considering its object the same in both, especially
when they are so closely related zoologically.

This starfish has hitherto been observed only in Northern Europe, and in Green-
land, where it would seem to be rarely found. At Grand Manan, I took three
specimens, all of which occurred in the Hake Bay, in 35 fathoms, shelly bottom.

GONIASTER PHRYGIANA. Asterias phrygiana, Parel. Goniaster equestris, Agass.
Astrogonium phrygianum, M. et T., 1. ¢.,52. A large specimen was taken off Duck T.,
in the coralline zone. It was bright red above, and bright yellow below, being by
far the most elegant of our starfishes. The minute vesicles which protrude from
the dorsal pores, are short and tipped with black. The eyes are very dark red in
color, and the suckers near them are very long and slender, especially a single one
just above each eye.

Crenopiscus crispatus, Dub. et Kor., Skand. Echin., 253. This fine starfish is
by no means rare in “New England, although not yet noticed by our naturalists.
At Grand Manan, it occurred on muddy bottoms in fifty and sixty fathoms.

ECHINIDZ.

Ecnrnvs GRANULATUS, Say, Gould., Inv. Mass. The rocky shores of the islands
in this region are covered with a zone of Echini, extending from the ordinary low-
water mark, to a depth of half a fathom. In this zone, these animals are so crowded
together that it is impossible in most places to thrust an oar to the bottom without
striking some of them. Among them are found several varieties, perhaps species,
which an extended investigation only can elucidate. The most common form is of
a dark green color, with short blunt spines, the same, in fact, as that found in
Mass. Bay, but much larger (three inches in diameter). Among the younger
specimens, are found some with very long spines, as in ZF. virens, Dub. et Kor.,

16 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

which it resembles. There are also sometimes found specimens of a bright reddish
or purplish color, depressed, and about two inches in diameter; these resemble EF.
neglectus, Forbes, D. et K.

Ecninaracunius ATLANTICUS, Gray. Very common on sandy shores at low water.

HOLOTHURIADA.

CuvieriA Fasricu, Dub. et Kor. Holothuria squamata, Gould, Inv. Mass. Small
specimens were dredged abundantly among nullipores in five fathoms, and a number
of very large ones were found attached to the under surface of large shelving rocks
in the fourth subregion of the littoral zone. The largest was four inches in length,
while its tentacles had a spread of nearly five inches, and presented a beautiful
area of bright red waving plumes.

PSoLus PHANTAPUS, Jeger. P. levigatus, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 25. Common in
forty fathoms, attached to small stones; and occasionally found at low-water mark.
These were all small specimens. The large ones seem to live buried among
pebbles; thus, at Eastport, one was dug from a depth of six inches in gravel. This
measured three inches in length.

Ocnus AYRES, St.,n.s. Completely encased in calcareous matter in the form of
polygonal plates somewhat variable in size, but usually equalling in area one-half
that of the disk of the sucker. These plates have regular and equal perforations
in quincunx, smaller in width than their interspaces. The suckers are stout, and
are distributed distantly in five rows, in the three ventral of which they are much
larger than in the two dorsal. There are about seven suckers in each row, which
are encased in the calcareous plates on their sides. The tentacula are short, and
have few blunt branches. The color is white, or pale fawn. Length usually two-
tenths of an inch; breadth 0.15 inch. Dredged on shelly bottoms in twenty-five
fathoms.

Duben and Koren include the genus Ocnus of Forbes in Cucumaria (Pentacta),
and seem to consider the small number of feet or suckers as resulting from the
immaturity of the specimens yet examined. But having seen a large number of
specimens of the species now proposed as new, none of which exceeded three-tenths
of an inch in length, I am led to consider the fewness and large comparative size
of the feet as constant; adding to it a character not in Forbes’s diagnosis ;—the
crowded perforated plates, which will always serve to distinguish the species of
this genus from young Pentacte, and by which it forms a connecting link between
this latter genus and Psolus.

PrNTACTA FRONDOSA, Jeger. Cucumaria frondosa, Forbes, Dub. et Kor. Botryo-
dactyla grandis, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 52. B. affinis, Ayres, id. 145. Nothing
can exceed the profusion in which this species exists in some parts of the islands.
It is found just below the ordinary low-water mark on rocky shores, and is, there-
fore, exposed at spring tides. I have seen areas of several square rods entirely
occupied by them. The largest observed was nine inches in length and three wide.
They are usually black or dark purple above, and pale brown or yellowish below.
Some specimens are of a uniform bright yellow. They always adhere by one side—

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN,. al7/

that on which the suckers are most developed. They never bury themselves, but
are found on the surface of the rocks, and sometimes in chinks or among large
pebbles. :

THYONIDIUM PRODUCTUM, St. Orcula punctata, Agass., Proc. Am. Acad., 1851,
(no descr.) Duasmodactyla producta, Ayres, |. c., 244. This species is found in
deep water, but occurs most frequently under stones, or buried to a slight depth in
gravel near low-water mark.

Duben and Koren give in their generic diagnosis of Thyonidium, “tentacula 10,
quibus interjacent totidem paria tentaculorum triplo breviorum,” which character
is well marked in this species. In fact, if distinct, it is at least very closely allied
to their 7. pellucidum.

Curropora Lavis, St. Holothuria levis, O. Fabr., F. G., 353. Synapta coriacea
Agass., Proc. Am. Acad., 1851, ii. 269. Trochinus pallidus, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv.
245. This species is fully and well described by Otho Fabricius, and his account
of its habits applies precisely to those of our species, as I have often observed at
Grand Manan. It lives in the stony mud of the shores of these islands, buried to
a depth of a few inches, usually in a horizontal position. It is found at low water,
but is most abundant at a depth of four or five fathoms.

The genus Trochinus of Ayres is synonymous with Chirodota of Eschscholtz
(see Esch., Zoologischer Atlas; also Middendorff, Sibirischer Reise, in which latter
work full anatomical figures are given); the Chirodota of Forbes (Brit. Starf., 239)
being a Synapta (see Duben and Koren, Ofvers. af Skand. Echinodermer, 323).
Our Chirodota arenata must, therefore, form the type of a new genus, for which I
would propose the name Caudina. It is well described by Mr. Ayres, in Bost.
Proc., iv. 143. Caudina arenata does not occur in the Bay of Fundy, notwith-
standing its abundance on every sandy shore in Massachusetts Bay.

Huxley, in Dr. Sutherland’s Journal of Penny’s Voyage to Wellington Channel,
describes a Chirodota which must be closely allied to C. levis; but, if his descrip-
tion be exact, it differs in the number of spokes in the calcareous wheels of the
skin.

BRYOZOA.

TUBULIPORA PATINA, Johnst., Brit. Zooph. The species which I consider iden-
tical with 7. patina, notwithstanding some differences, is very common on our
whole coast. It is mostly found on seaweeds in shallow water.

T. orATES, St., n.s. Polypidom generally of large size, suborbicular, sometimes
irregularly lobed at the circumference. Cells very slender, curving upward, show-
ing a disposition to linear arrangement, and often rising in circles around cup-
shaped depressions, where the tallest (immature) ones have very minute or no
apertures. Color white. There is no distinct margin. Diameter often three-
fourths of an inch. Found encrusting Zerebratule in deep water.

18 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. -

T. prvisa, St., n.s., Fig. 6. This species resembles 7. flabellaris, Johnst., but
differs in being much more deeply divided into broad lobes or branches; also in its
more erect and elongated cells, which.are without transverse wrinkles. Color
waxen white; length about three-tenths of an inch. Found on a valve of Pecten,
taken in the coralline zone to the eastward of the islands.

IpMONEA PRUINOSA, St., n. s., Fig. 7. Polypidom erect at base, the upper
branches curving over, so as to be nearly horizontal, with the cell-bearing surface
upward. Cells arranged in transverse rows of four or five, closely packed, which
rows are arranged along each side of the face of the branch, either alternate or
nearly opposite. It is a rather thick and solid species, of a white color, bright and
shining. It grows often to a height of one or two inches, and is very distinct from
the European species, /. atlantica. It was found in considerable numbers in deep
water, especially on shelly bottoms.

CRISIA CRIBRARIA, St., n. 8., Fig. 8. Polypidom thickly branched, with the cells
so crowded as to form often two or three longitudinal rows, in which they are
usually opposite. The back of the polypidom is flat, or but slightly convex, pre-
senting an irregularly striate appearance. Color white. Taken in twenty f., east
of Duck Island.

C. penTIcULATA, Johnst., Brit. Zooph. On a sponge, taken in ten f., off Cheney’s
Head.

HiprorHoa RUGOSA, St., n. s., Fig. 9. This appears nearest allied to HZ. catenu-
laria, from which it differs in its numerous transverse strie, or rugosities, and by
its somewhat smaller apertures, in each of which a rectangular foramen is obsery-
able. It was found widely branched on small pebbles dredged in twenty-five
fathoms on shelly bottoms.

LEPRALIA ANNULATA, Johnst. Cellepora annulata, O. Fabr., F.G. This differs
somewhat from the descriptions, but is probably one of the numerous varieties of
the species named. Dredged in deep water, encrusting shells, ete.

L. CANDIDA, St., n. s., Fig. 10. Cells robust, oval, white, coarsely punctate, with
small apertures, which are without spines, but have two blunt projections result-
ing from a sinus, at the top. Dredged on stones in thirty-five f., in the Hake Bay.

L. cRASSISPINA, St., n. s. Cells sub-globular, distinct, crowded, standing ob-
liquely, or sometimes almost erect; with very minute punctures. Aperture large,
trumpet-shaped (from a slightly contracted neck), with thickened margin, one
stout pointed spine in the middle above, and a long blunt spine at each extremity
of the distal margin, which spines are often rough with minute points. Length
of each cell one-fortieth of an inch. Color in life pale greenish. Found in small
radiating patches on stones and shells from deep water.

L. LABIATA, St., n.s. Ovigerous cells only of this species were observed; and
in them the ovarian capsules appeared in the form of a conical chimney on the top
of the aperture. The cells were sculptured with irregular distant radiating ridges,
commencing at the top of the chimney, and spreading out over the back of the
cell. The aperture is sub-oval, truncate behind, and with the distal margin ex-

panded over the cell immediately in front, in the form of a broad lip. Found on
small pebbles from deep water.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 19

L. RUBENS, St., n.s., Fig. 11. The cells of this species, as will be seen from the
figure, resemble those of Flustra more than Lepralia, being in straight parallel
series, elongated, with small truncate apertures. Color bright vermilion. It is a
common species, found in radiated patches encrusting nullipores, etc., in four or
five fathoms.

CELLULARIA TERNATA (2), Johnst., Brit. Zooph. Found in twenty f., shelly bot-
tom, in the Hake Bay.

GEMELLARIA DUMOSA, St., n. s. Polypidom white, thick, and bushy, with the
branches but slightly diverging. Cells opposite, in pairs, joining each other by the
broad dorsal surface, flattened, elongated, broadest at the aperture, which is ovate
or sub-panduriform, narrowest behind, and without spines. Each pinna has a
chainlike appearance from the constriction at the base of each pair of cells, where
it joins the top of the preceding pair. Some of the bunches taken were four inches
high. They were all more or less obscured by extraneous substances. It was
dredged in ten f., off Cheney’s Head, on a coarse, sandy, and somewhat weedy
bottom. &

FLustrA TRUNCATA, Lin. Common in four f., on nullipore bottoms, among the
smaller islands.

F. souipa, St., n.s., Fig. 12. Polypidom broad, very thick and solid, of a bright
yellowish or cream color. Cells very long and narrow, with broadly truncated
apertures. It grows to a height of three or four inches, with the branches three-
eighths of an inch broad. Dredged in twenty-five f., off the northern point of

Duck Island.

ACEPHALA.

TUNTOAT A.

Of the compound ascidians only two were observed, and these, for want of proper
opportunity, were not sufficiently investigated for specific designation. One was
in the form of small glistening pellucid masses, variously lobed, with the aspect of
an Aplidium. This was common among the nullipores in shallow water. The
other was met with in only one instance, in deep water, near Duck Island. It was
a mass about two inches in length, encrusting a tuft of Wlustra, of a bright green
color, and very beautiful. It approximated in character the genus Botrylloides.

The simple ascidians were numerous and interesting. In addition to those cata-
logued below, I should mention that in one instance I met with what appeared to
be a Clavellina, but so mangled by rough usage in the dredge as to be further un-
distinguishable. .

ASOIDIA CALLOSA, St., Bost. Proc., iv. 228. Very abundant on shelly bottoms,
affording attachment to many species of zoophytes.

20 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

A. TENELLA, St., 1. c., 228. In thirty-five f., off Gr. Duck Island.

A. GEOMETRICA, St., 1. c., 229. In forty f., off Long Island.

GLANDULA FIBROSA, St., 1. ¢., 230. Dredged in considerable numbers on muddy
bottoms in the coralline zone. They appear like hard balls of mud, about the size
of an ounce bullet.

G. MOLLIS, St., 1. ¢., 230. In ten f. sand, off Cheney’s Head.

CynTHIA PyrRiFoRMIS, Rathke. This species I have identified by European ex-
amples sent me by M. Sars. They are perfectly the same. It is one of the most
beautiful marine productions found in this region, having, in its hard velvety sur-
face, and bright pink blush, precisely the aspect of a blood-peach. In fact, it is
called sea-peach by the inhabitants. Some of my specimens are three inches in
length. It lives in clear water on rocky bottoms among nullipores, sometimes at
low-water mark, but usually in four or five fathoms.

C. ecoinatA, St. On rocky bottoms.

Bo.TENIA RUBRA, St., 1. ¢., 232. One specimen only of this species was found, on
weedy rocks, in four fathonis.

B. RENrORMIS (?), Macleay. This species is very distinct from the preceding,
being uniformly of a fine yellowish-white color, with a smooth velvety surface. It
inhabits rocks in deep water, never occurring in less than fourteen fathoms. I am
far from certain that it can be referred to B. reniformis, but approaches that species
more than any of the others mentioned by Macleay in his memoir.

BRACHIOP ODA.
TEREBRATULA SEPTENTRIONALIS, Couth. Common.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

ANomIA EPHIPPIUM, L. Roots of Laminarie ; very small.

A. ACULEATA, Gm. Rather common in deep water.

Prcren MAGELLANIcuS, Lam. This species was once taken abundantly in this
locality, and used by the inhabitants as food, but seems now rapidly decreasing in
numbers. It is now rarely seen alive, though beds of dead shells are often met
with at depths of 20 and 50 fathoms, which afford excellent shelter to many marine
animals. A few small living specimens were dredged in 10 f. sand, near Duck
Island outer ledge.

P. Istanpicus, Miill. Distorted specimens are occasionally found under stones
at low water, but it usually occurs on shelly bottoms, in 25 to 40 f.

Nucuna proxia, Say. In 4 f. sand, off Duck Island weir.

N. tenuis, Turt. In from 4 to 40 f. mud..

N. peLpHinoponta, Migh. 25 f. mud, on the Hake Ground.

Lepa THRACL#FoRMIS, St., N. E. Test. Moll., 9. In 25 f. mud, off Duck Island.

L. saporina, St.. 10 f., Welch Pool.

L. myAuis, St. 20 f. mud, off Duck Island.

L. LIMATULA, St. 6 f. mud.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN, 21

L. TENUISULCATA, St. Common on muddy bottoms.

Mytitus pecussatus, Mont. Found at low-water mark, attached to the under
side of stones by a byssus. Also in 40 f. gravel.

M. corruGatus, St. 385 f. gravel, on the Hake Ground.

M. piscors, Lin. Found in nests formed of various marine substances, under
stones at low water, and to a depth of 40 f.

M. Levicatus, St. Dead in 35 f. gravel.

M. piscrerANs, Mont. Common at various depths; sometimes growing very
large—one occurred 1 in. in length.

M. moprotus, L. This species here inhabits the shores, being seldom found in
deep water.

M. epuuis, L. Very abundant at low-water mark, but usually small.

Tuyasrra Goutpu, St. In 4 f. sand, off Duck Island weir; large specimens in
25 f. mud.

CarDITA BOREALIS, Con. Duck Island, at low water under stones, attached by
a minute byssus. In deep water it is large and very common.

ASTARTE SULCATA, Flem. Common in deep water on muddy bottoms.

A. QUADRANS, Gould. Occurs very rarely here.

Cyprina IstanpicA, Lam. Rarely found.

Carprum Isnanpicum, Linn. Full-grown specimens, dead, are common on nulli-
pore bottoms, in 3 to 6 f.; the young, alive, are dredged in 20 to 40 f. mud.

C. PINNULATUM, Con. In 4 f., coarse sand.

Macrra ponprerosa, Phil. Common in sand at low water, buried at a depth of 4
inches.

M. soripissm™mA, Chemn. Found sparingly accompanying JZ. ponderosa.

TeLuinA FuscA, Phil. Inhabits the higher levels of the littoral zone.

T. proxiwA, Brown. Among nullipores on sandy ground, at low water, and in 4 f.

Sonen Ensis, L. At low water, in sand; rare.

Turacta TRuNcATA, Migh. In 10 f. coarse sand, off Cheney’s Head.

T. wyopsis, Beck, in Méller’s Index Molluscorum Greenlandiz. Comparison with
specimens of this species from Greenland has convinced me of its identity with my
T. Couthouyi. was misled by the inaccuracy of Miller’s description, especially in
giving “ossiculum nullum.” I have observed the ossiculum in several specimens.

T. Conrapr, Couth. Rare.

LyonstA HYALINA, Con. In 10 f. sand, off Cheney’s Head.

PANDORA TRILINEATA, Say. In 5 f. mud.

NERA PELLUCIDA, St., n. s., Fig. 13. Shell small, thin, pale white, subovate,
ventricose anteriorly, and contracted posteriorly into a short but distinct rostrum.
Beaks small, tumid, and placed a little before the middle. Surface nearly smooth
about the beaks, with irregular, distant strie of growth near the margin, which
become sharp and well-marked on the rostrum. Within, smooth and glossy;
teeth very minute. Epidermis white, sometimes pale greenish on the beaks, and
brownish on the rostrum. Length, .19 inch; height, .12 inch; width, .11 inch.

It is the first of this genus taken on our coast, and resembles the young of NV.

a

22 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

cuspidata, F. et H. (Th. brevirostris, Brown), more than any other European species.
It was taken in 40 f., on a muddy bottom, off Long Island.

Panop#aA Norvecica, Lovén. Taken (dead) in forty f., on the Hake Ground.
This is the first instance of its occurrence on the N. E. coast.

Mya truncata, Linn. Found in considerable numbers under stones near low-
water mark, at Duck Island.

M. ArenARIA, L. Common in the coves.

SAxicAvA RUGOSA, Lam. Large and common at low water, but small when
found in deep water.

S. ArcTicA, Desh. Occurs occasionally in deep water.

PHOLAS CRISPATA, L. Occurs very rarely.

GASTEROPODA.

PROSOBRANCHIATA.,

DENTALIUM STRIOLATUM, St. Very common on muddy bottoms in the coralline
zone.

Cuiton AtBus, L. Found among nullipores in 4 f., and occasionally at low water.
Those taken in the coralline zone are nearly black.

C. ruBER, Linn. ;

C. mARMoREUS, O. Fabr. These two species are excessively abundant just
below low-water mark, on rocky bottoms, especially on the various species of
Nullipora. To take a hundred or more in one dredgeful from this ground is by no
means uncommon. ‘They are easily distinguished from each other by their mar-
gins, that of C. marmoreus being smooth and leathery, while that of C. ruber is
granulated. The marmoreus also grows much larger than the ruber ; specimens of
the former are commonly more than an inch in length.

C. menpicarius, Migh. <A few fine specimens of this rare species were dredged
(alive) in 55 f., in the Hake Bay. Besides Dr. Mighels’s specimen, they are the
only ones now known.

Piniptum cacum. Patella ceca, Miill. P. candida, Couth. Pilidiwm candidum,
St., N. E. Test. Moll. I have been able to identify our species with the European
by specimens sent me by Sars. It is not unfrequent at Grand Manan, in the coral-
line zone.

TECTURA TESTUDINALIS, Gray. Common in the third and fourth subregions of
the littoral zone, of a very large size.

CALYPTRMHA STRIATA, Say. Specimens more than an inch in diameter are not
uncommon in deep water. Iam quite confident that it will prove a new species,
but have no southern examples of the type for comparison.

Drapora Noacuina, Gray. During a low spring tide, in August, I obtained a

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 23
large number of this species from the under surfaces of large stones, near low-water
mark. It has been hitherto found, both here and in Europe, only in deep water.

Trocuus occrpentauis, Migh. In 25 to 40 f., in the Hake Bay. The specimens
were very large and beautiful, especially when alive. The animal has four lateral
cirri, thus differing from other Zrochi, which have three; and from Margarita,
which has five.

MARGARITA CINEREA, Gould. Inhabits shelly and pebbly bottoms in deep water.

M. osscura, Gould. On sandy bottoms in the laminarian zone, as off Ross’s
Island.

M. unputata, Sow. On weedy, rocky, and nullipore bottoms, in shallow water.

M. arcentaTa, Gould. Taken alive in 4 f., coarse sand, off Duck Island boat
moorings.

M. neticixA, Méll. Common on the marine plants which cover the rocks above
low-water mark. It is particularly abundant on the Long Island shore.

M. acuminata, Sow., Migh. In 40 f., on a soft muddy bottom, off the Swallow’s
Tail.

ADEORBIS COSTULATA, St. Dead specimens were taken in 4 f., coarse sand, off
Nantucket Island.

Lirrormna RuDIS, Gould. Everywhere above low-water mark, on rocks and sea-
weeds.

L. yirrorauis, F. et H. Found with the last, and even more common. Dark
varieties only occur; the banded and finely-colored specimens, so commonly found
in Massachusetts Bay, are very rare here.

Lacuna vincra, Turt. The variety common here is strong, broad, pale brown,
with one white band just under the suture.

RissOA EBURNEA, St. In 25 f., shelly bottom.

R. acutevs, St. In the littoral zone; rare.

R. Mieuetsn, St. In 25 f., off the northern point of Duck Island.

R. peLAGica, St. Rather common in the coralline zone.

TURRITELLA COSTULATA, Migh. In deep water; rare.

T. rrosA, Couth. Dredged in 40 f., muddy bottom, in the Hake Bay.

T. actouLa, St. Dredged in 4 f., sand, off Point Franklin, and also found alive,
at low-water mark, under stones. ;

AporRHAIS occipENTALIS, Beck. This fine species was dredged alive, for the
first time, on a gravelly bottom in 35 f., to the north-east of the Island. Among
the living specimens were both young and adult, the animals of which I have
figured and described in my notes. They confirm the conjectures with regard to
the proper genus to which it belongs, which have been founded on the shell alone ;
for the animal agrees in all important particulars with that of A. pespelicani of
Europe.

ScALARIA GRONLANDICA, Gould. On pebbly and shelly bottoms, in from 10 to 60
fathoms.

Menestuo ALBuLA, Moll. Dredged frequently alive on sandy bottoms, in the
laminarian and coralline zones.

CHEMNITZIA NIVEA, St. Frequent in 35 fathoms, in the Hake Bay.

24 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

Natica FLAVA, Gould. Taken in 50 fathoms, mud, some miles off the Swallow’s
Tail.

N. Eros, Say. In sheltered muddy bays, about low-water mark ; rarely found.
The specimens were all of the northern, short-spired type, and of a very thin
structure, with well-developed epidermis.

N. rrisertATA, Say. At Fisher’s Cove, in the littoral zone, and in 10 fathoms,
off Cheney’s Head.

N. Gronuanpica, Beck. Inhabits very deep water in this region.

N. ummacuLata, Tott. Rather common on the sands of Fisher’s Cove at low
water, and more rarely occurring at various depths, to 25 fathoms.

N. ciausa, Brod. et Sow. Taken in 25 fathoms, gravel, off the northern point of
Duck Island.

VELUTINA HALIOTOIDES, Moll.

V. zonavTA, Gould. Very large specimens of this and the preceding species are
taken in the laminarian zone, this inhabiting, however, deeper water than the for-
mer, which occasionally occurs at low water.

LAMELLARIA PERSPICUA, Lovén. Inhabits rocks in the coralline zone. It is
rarely taken by the dredge, however, from its preferring the crevices of the ledges
to their upper surfaces.

ADMETE VIRIDULA, St. - Common on shelly bottoms, in the coralline zone.

TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS, Brod. et Sow. Rarely taken alive, though dead shells are
not uncommon in the coralline zoue.

Purpura LAPILLUS, Lam. A large, thick, dark chocolate-colored variety is common.

Nassa TrivitTaTa, Say. This species must be exceedingly rare here, notwith-
standing its abundance further south, as only one specimen was found.

Buccryum unpatum, Linn. This species is exceedingly abundant here in the
lower levels of the littoral zone. It is seldom found in deep water, though a
beautifully sculptured specimen sometimes occurs in the coralline zone.

Tritonium Istanpicum, Loven. Found at all depths from low-water mark to 40
fathoms.

T. pyema&um, St. Found on muddy and sandy bottoms, at various depths.

T. pecemcosratuM, Midd. Common at low-water mark, and at various depths
to 40 fathoms.

T. cLATHRATUM, Miill. On a patch of shelly bottom, about two miles north of
Duck Island, this rare species is common as dead shells, but living specimens
occurred in only two instances.

FASCIOLARIA LIGATA, Migh. Several of this fine species were taken in 25 fathoms,
in the Hake Bay.

COLOMBELLA ROSACEA, St. Living specimens are by no means rare in deep water.

C. pissmmiLis, St. This species occurred only once, but then in great numbers,
at a haul of the dredge on a sandy spot in 8 fathoms, about two miles north-east of
Cheney’s Head.

MANGELIA TURRICULA, F. et H. In twenty-five f., in the Hake Bay.

M. pyRAMIDALIS, St. The specimens from this region are mostly shorter and
broader than usual. Taken occasionally at low water.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 25

M. cancetLata, St. Dredged alive in twenty-five f., shelly, off Duck Island.
M. pEcuUSSATA, St. Specimens here are very small and variable.

PECTIBRANGHIAT A:

BuLia HIEMALIS, Couth. In forty f., mud, off Long Island.

B. rritickA, Couth. Common.

B. pertenuts, Migh. In ten f., sand, off Cheney’s Head.

B. vesiiis, Gould. Taken alive in six f., coarse sand, off Duck Island boat moor-
ings.

PHILINE LINEOLATA, St. Common in the shallows among the lower islands.

Besides the species above catalogued, a few probably new species of univalves
occurred, which have not yet been determined for want of opportunity of compa-
rison with European examples of the same genera.

NUDIBRANCHLA TA.

CAntTHopsIS HARVARDIENSIS, Agass., Bost. Proc., iv. 191 (no deser.). A good
colored drawing of this remarkable mollusk is in Professor Agassiz’s possession. It
is very common in sheltered muddy bays in this region, feeding on filamentous
chlorosperms about low-water mark.

Eons rarinacea, Gould, MSS. This fine species approaches /. angulata, A.
et H., Brit. Nudib., Pl. 25, but is much larger, being sometimes an inch and a
half in length. Its color is also different, being made up of numerous flake-white
blotches and dots on a dark fawn ground. The papille are short and very nume-
rous, so closely arranged that their grouping into rows can scarce be distinguished.
It is very numerous, spawning on the rocks above low-water mark in August.

EOLIs STELLATA, St., n. s. Body small, slender, elongated, pale white, pellucid ;
head with a flake-white patch above in front of the oral tentacles. Dorsal tentacles
long, but shorter than the orals, slender, wrinkled transversely, especially in con-
traction. They arise very near together, and bear the prominent black eyes at
their bases behind. Oral tentacles very long and slender, smooth, and gracefully
curved. Papille or branchiz rather few in number, long and slender, arranged in
about five clusters on each side; those in the second and third clusters being
longest. Foot narrow, pointed behind, and strongly auricled in front. Colors:
papille bright crimson, tipped with a ring of opaque white; tentacles pale pink
near their bases, with their anterior halves white. Length, two-fifths of an inch.
This species resembles somewhat FE. rufibranchialis, Johnst., but its foot is not so
long, nor its dorsal tentacles so tapering ; and its papilla are fewer and longer. It
is found under stones at low-water mark, and when disturbed rolls itself up so
that its branchiz project in all directions like the rays of a star.

E. purpurea, St.,n.s. Body large, full, robust; tentacles rather short, thick,
smooth; the dorsal ones with the eyes far behind their,bases. Papille large, flat-
tened, crowded, arranged in five or six clusters on each side, leaving the middle

26 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

third of the body bare. Foot broad, with short auricles in front. Mouth-disk
large, triangular. Colors: body pale whitish, dark in the middle line from the
viscera showing through; papillze dark purplish, with the tips covered with intense
white specks. Length one inch. Found at Duck Island, under stones, at low
water.

E. piversa, Couth., Bost. Journ., ii. 187. The examples described by Couthouy
were undoubtedly mutilated, and I have heard it suggested that the species should
be exploded. At Grand Manan, however, I found specimens agreeing with his
description in the tentacles, color, etc., and prefer to catalogue them for the present
under this name. They occurred in 4 f. on Laminarie.

E. MAnanensis, St., n. s. Body pale white; tentacles rather thick ;—the dorsal
ones brownish with pale tips, looking as if hollow, wrinkled ;—the oral blunt, curved,
with a row of opaque-white specks along the outer edge; papillze slender, irregular,
and variable in length, arranged in clusters along the sides of the back, of a bright
vermilion color, with a ring of opaque-white at the tips. Foot auricled, not very
broad. Length one inch and a half. It is narrower than E. salmonacea, has
fewer papille, and the dorsal tentacles are wrinkled instead of serrated. It was
taken in 35 f., on a gravelly bottom in the Hake Bay.

Doro coronata, Lovén., Arch. Skand. Nat., 151. A pale brown variety, with
the papille dotted with white, was dredged on rocks in 15 f., near Duck Island.

DENDRONOTUS ARBORESCENS, A. et H., I. pl. i. Fine large specimens are taken
at low water, and in all parts of the laminarian zone, on rocky bottoms. The most
common variety is white or colorless. The ova were deposited in August.

ANCULA SULPHUREA, St.,n.s. This species approaches so near to A. cristata,
Loven, that perhaps the best mode of describing it will be to point out the differ-
ences. It is much larger in size, being often an inch and a quarter in length ; and
proportionally broader. The mouth tentacles are longer; and the processes from
the dorsals arise at their bases, rather from the body than the tentacles. The
laminz also in the dorsal tentacles are more numerous. The number of branchial
tentaculiform appendages varies from eight to twelve; they are of a light sulphur
color. The ova are deposited in a gelatinous belt, often three inches long, attached
by one edge in a serpentine manner to the rocks. It is very common under stones
at low water, and in the laminarian zone.

Doris PLANULATA, St., n. s., Fig. 14. Body broad, depressed; mantle expanded
widely beyond the foot, covered above with minute tubercles, and white with a row
of irregular bright yellow spots down each side just without the margin of the foot.
Dorsal tentacles elongated, slender; branchiz very small, consisting of about ten
delicate pinnated plumes. Foot narrow, truncated anteriorly, and extending pos-
teriorly to the edge of the mantle. Mouth very small, with a flat triangular lobe
on each side, Length 0.6 inch; breadth 0.45 inch. It differs but slightly from D.
repanda, A. et H.

Doris pALLIDA, Ag., Bost. Proc., iii. 191 (no deser.). This species is remarkable
for the large size of the tubercles of the cloak. It is perhaps D. fusca, O. Fabr.,
BF. G. 344 (non Miill.), and resembles much D. diaphana, A. et H. It was taken
in 25 f. gravel, off the northern point of Duck Island.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 27

Besides the above nudibranches, a specimen of a remarkable and probably new
form, was taken, but it is not here systematically characterized, as only a few
rough notes of it remain, it having fallen a sacrifice to the voracious jaws of certain
Dendronoti shortly after its discovery. Some idea of its form may be derived from
Fig. 15. It approached Eolis in the characters of the head and tentacula, while
sts branchix were in the form of numerous scalloped transverse ridges, or raised
membranes. It was of a dark reddish-brown color, dotted with black ; except the
foot, which was white.

CEPHALOPODA.

Louico Bartramu, (2) Les., J. A. N.S., ii. 92. A species of Loligo is common
here during some seasons, and is used by the fishermen for bait. I did not meet
with it myself, but from their accounts I am inclined to refer it to the above
name.

DENDROCCLA.

For the elucidation of this part of my subject, I am indebted to my friend, Mr.
Charles Girard, who has for some time devoted himself to the subject, and to whom
I referred my notes and specimens.

PLANARIDA.

Proceropes WHEATLANDH, Grd., Bost. Proc., iv. 251. Under stones near high-
water mark.

TypHLoLerTA AcuTA, Grd., n. s. Body depressed, ovoid, elongated, posteriorly
rounded ; anterior extremity terminating in an acute point; mouth underneath,
and situated at about the middle of the body. Length about a sixteenth of an
inch. Ground color pale, with reddish confluent blotches above. Found in con-
siderable numbers creeping over the surface of Chirodota levis.

LEPTOPLANA ELLIPSoES, Grd., n. s., Fig. 16. Greatest length one inch, width
about five-eighths of an inch. Color light yellowish-brown above, gray beneath.
Two anterior elongated and narrow gray patches, and two posterior ones, rounded
and black, situated immediately behind, and farther apart. These patches, at first,
appear as if two simple pairs of visual organs; but on close examination with a
magnifying-glass, they are resolved into an agglomeration of minute and black
specks. This species swims by rapid undulations, somewhat as in Aplysia. One

28 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

was observed by Mr. Stimpson thus supporting itself in the water for nearly two
minutes before it took ground again. Found at low water, under stones, in four
f., nullipores, and in thirty f., shelly bottom.

NEMERTID &.

Posrrpon AFFINIS, Grd., n. s.. Body very slender, nearly filiform, about two
inches in length when extended and in activity. Color clear reddish above, white
below. Two elongated clusters of eyes at the anterior extremity. Mouth under-
neath, situated behind the visual clusters. In the laminarian zone.

NAREDA, Grd., n. g.

Body elongated, sub-cylindrical. Head obtusely triangular in front; neck slightly
contracted ; one pair of rounded ocelli.

N. supersa, Grd.,n.s., Fig. 17. Length from one to two inches; body poste-
riorly attenuated; head forming an equilateral triangle; the base of which is at
the contracted neck. Color above uniform soft red; head margined by a narrow
band of white. The neck is also marked by a transverse band of white, on which
the eyes are situated, far apart. Below white. Dredged in thirty-five f, in the
Hake Bay.

TETRASTEMMA SERPENTINA, Grd., Kell. et Tied., Nordam. Monatsb., ii. 4. Under
stones, in the higher levels of the littoral zone. _

OMATOPLEA Stimpsonu, Grd., n. s., Fig. 18. Length usually about six inches,
often ten or more. Width in extension one-eighth of an inch; in contraction often
one-half inch. Body sub-compressed, rounded above, and flat below. Head
pointed, separated from the body by a slightly contracted neck. Posterior ex-
tremity tapering. Eyes six or more, minute, situated in an oblique, simple row,
on either side of the head anteriorly. Mouth terminal. Color brown above, with
a white margin to the head; a narrow band of white, convex forward, across the
middle of the head; and a sub-triangular, somewhat elongated patch of white on
each side, on the posterior part of the head and neck. It is common at low-
water mark under stones.

Porta opscurRA, St. Nemertes obscura, Desor., Bost. Journ., vi. 2. Polia gracilis,
Grd., KX. et T., Nord. Monatsb., ii. 4. Common in the Ist subr., littoral zone.

GEPHYREA.

Srpuncutus BernuArpus, Forbes. Phascolosoma Bernhardus, Pourtales, Proc.
Am. Assoc. 1851. Common in the coralline zone, in shells of Dentaliwm espe-
cially.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 29

SrERNASPIS FossoR, St., n. s., Fig. 19. Body subglobular in contraction, narrowed
anteriorly, and annulate with fifteen or more slightly elevated rings. These rings
are narrow, and dotted with minute papille toward the posterior or plate-bearing
extremity, except on the smooth ventral surface ; while they are broader and bet-
ter marked toward the involute anterior terminal opening or mouth. At the pos-
terior extremity below are placed two hard, black, corneous, subquadrate plates,
nearly joining each other at their anterior interior corners, but separated by the
median line, which is continued for a short distance beyond them on the ventral
surface of the animal. Each of these plates is indistinctly marked with lines of
growth, and bears a prominent diagonal line separating it into two unequal areas,
the posterior of which is the largest. From beneath the posterior and the lateral
edges of the plates project strong bristles, those from the lateral edges being much
the longest. The anterior extremity of the animal, when the mouth is evolved, is
bipapillate ; each knob having two or three concentric semicircles of strong short
bristles. The general color is cinereous, and the greatest length about one inch.
It lives on muddy bottoms in the coralline zone, and when in confinement is very
active, boring into the mud with great celerity, in a manner resembling that of
the foot of Solen, or perhaps that of the proboscis of Arenicola.

ANNULATA.

TUBICOT Au:

Sprrorpis sprriztum, Lam. Gould, Inv. Mass., 8. On seaweeds at low water,
very common.

S. nauriLowEs, Lam., An. sans vert., v. 359. On shells, ete.

S. virreA, St. Serpula vitrea, O. Fabr., F. G., p. 882. A specimen was taken on
a Pecten in 20 f., which agrees perfectly with the description of Fabricius.

S. porrecta. Serpula porrecta, Miill., O. Fabr., F. G., p. 378. Found chiefly on
Sertularie and other corallines.

S. QUADRANGULARIS, St., n. s. Tubes large, thick, and strong, white, somewhat
rugose with lines of growth; under-side flat, upper surface with two strong carine,
one on each side; so that a transverse section of the tube is a square. Aperture
rounded within and turned upwards. Diameter one-eighth of an inch. Taken in
10 f. on shells.

S. GRanubaTA. Serpula granulata, Miill., Prodr., 2857. Common on stones,
shells, and the carapaces of crabs in 20 to 50 f.

VERMILIA SERRULA, St., n. s. Tubes thick, very small; the largest having a
length of one inch, a breadth of one-fortieth of an inch, and a height somewhat
greater than the breadth. It is generally straight or slightly undulated, with the
base somewhat expanded, the dorsal carina very prominent, sharp, and furnished

5

30 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.
with large teeth. It is frequent on the test of Ascidia callosa, and sometimes on
Pectens from deep water.

ProtuLA MEDIA, St., n. s. ~ubes large, cylindrical, rather thick and strong,
marked with indistinct lines of growth, irregularly and variably contorted, and
adhering throughout their length. Animal pale yellowish; disk broad, mem-
branous, very thin and delicate, with a scalloped margin, and extending much
beyond the extremities of bristles of the seven segments it occupies. On the
succeeding 40 to 50 segments there are no long bristles, while those of the last 20 +
segments are very long and hair-like. Branchial plumes moderately large, of a
very pale yellowish tint. The tentacula of each are about 36 in number, arranged
in a spiral of one turn and a quarter, with a thin raised membrane encircling their
bases within. These plumes usually drop off in specimens preserved in alcohol,
and disclose two black dots corresponding to the two plume-bases which look very
much like eyes. The tubes are often six inches or more in length, with a diame-
ter at the aperture of one-fifth of an inch. It is dredged on muddy and gravelly
bottoms in the coralline zone, attached almost invariably to dead valves of Pecten
Magellanicus. It was very abundant at a spot directly under the 45th parallel of
Jatitude, half way between the equator and the pole, from which circumstance I
have derived its name, for want of a better.

SABELLA PAVONINA, Sav., Grube, Fam. der Ann., 88. Tubularia penicillus, O.
Fabr., F. G., p. 458 (in part). This species as found here is rather short and
broad, of a pale white color, with the tentacles (which are about 24 in number)
white below and brownish towards their extremities. The tube is long, erect,
leathery, and evenly coated with sand on the outside. It inhabits deep water.

S. ZONALIS, St. Tubularia penicillus, O. Fabr. (in part). Of a dark-brownish
color, with about 20 tentacula, which are colored with brown and white arranged
alternately in narrow zones. It is a more elongated species than the former.
Found in 4 f. among nullipores; the specimens taken having their tubes thickly
coated with mud.

PECTINARIA GROENLANDICA,(?) Grube. P. Belgica, curved var., Gould, Inv. Mass.,
pl. i. f. i. Very common on sandy and muddy bottoms in deep water, and at low-
water mark on the sand-flats of Fisher's Cove.

LUMARA, St., n. .

This genus is nearest allied to Zerebella, from which it differs in the following
characters. The body is elongated, and not suddenly thickened anteriorly, but
tapers regularly to the posterior blunt extremity. The sete, of both kinds, exist
on all the segments of the body (42 +) instead of the anterior ones only; the aciculx,
commencing at the second segment, being very lone; and the uncinate sete, com-
mencing at the fourth segment, being bidentate in front, with a strong, sharp pro-
jection at the dorsal apex, and having no projections corresponding to the lateral
ones in Zerebella. (See Fig. 20.) The ventral shields are oblong, nearly touching
the lateral pinnz, and extend entire to about the 17th segment; where a median

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. | 31

depressed line commences, running on the remaining length of the body. The
branchix are on the first two segments. The neck is provided with a ring of eye-
spots, numerous and variable in size, under the labia of the tentaculiferous disk.
On the 22d segment, at the right side, just above and behind the superior pinna,
arise two long tube-like cirri, which in one of my specimens are filled with eggs (?).
It inhabits a tube of a thin leathery structure.

I at first considered the animals above described as immature, on account of the
presence of eyes at the neck; as Prof. Agassiz states such to be the case in young
specimens of his Zerebella fulgida. (See Bost. Proe., ii. 191.) But having, among
many specimens, observed none larger or further developed, and considering most
of the remaining characters above mentioned as important, I have been led to
propose a new genus for the reception of the species.

LuMARA FLAVA, St.,n.s. Of a bright-yellow color; branchize: with 6-8 rami, and
a few short processes on the sides of their rings. Length one and a half inch;
breadth, 0.11 inch. Tubes thin, of a light-yellowish color, usually with pebbles
attached to the outer surface. Dredged in 35 f. in the Hake Bay.

TEREBELLA BRUNNEA, St., n. s. This species is large, of a uniform, dark, reddish-
brown color; segments about 56; acicule of the anterior feet rather short; the
ventral shields on the first eight segments oblong, transverse, and rather narrow.
Tentacula large and very numerous, brownish ; branchiz in three pairs, with 7-12
rami to each, those of the first pair being most numerous. Length about five
inches; greatest breadth three-tenths of an inch. It inhabits thick-walled tubes,
formed of mud and sand, which are found in great numbers on the under surfaces
of large stones, near low-water mark.

The uncinate sete in this species are very variable in shape. They are of the
same type as those of 7. parvula, Leuckart, as figured in Wiegm. Archiv, 1849,
Taf. iii. f. 6, but are much more elongated and projecting above.

T. crrrata, Cuy. Leuck., 1. ce. This species differs from the preceding in its
smaller number of rami in the branchiz, in the rhomboidal shape of the last ventral
shields, and in the bright-yellow color of the anterior ventral surface. The unci-
nate sete conform generally to the same type as those of 7. brunnea, and though
they have sometimes slight denticles besides the upper frontal tooth, 1 have never
met with any precisely like those of 7. cirrata figured by Leuckart (1. ¢., fig. 5).
The acicule are longer than those of the preceding species, and widened near their
extremities, which taper to fine hair-like lashes. My specimens are about three
inches in length, with nearly seventy segments. They were all found in deep
water, chiefly on shelly bottoms, in 20-40 fathoms.

CLYMENE LUMBRICALIS, St. (non Aud. et Edw.) Sabella lwmbricalis, O. Fabr., F.
G., p. 374. Tubes adherent to stones, shells, etc., in deep water.

‘

MARICOL A.
ARENICOLA PISCATORUM, Cuv., Regne Anim., ete. Common on sandy shores above
low-water mark, especially where there are scattered boulders.
SrpHonostomuM ASPERUM, St., n. s. Body slender, thickest anteriorly behind

32 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

the head, and covered with dark-colored granulate papille, which are largest and
most prominent above. There are four rows of bristles extending the whole length
of the body, of which the dorsal are longest. These bristles become very long on
the anterior five rings, where they are directed forwards, and extend beyond the
thick green tentacula, but do not form adense brush. The segments are about
sixty in number, and the animal is two inches in length. It was dredged in the
Hake Bay, on a shelly bottom, in 25 fathoms.

TECTURELLA, St., n. g.

This name I propose to apply as a generic appellation to a singular worm, of
which I obtained a few specimens, and which must be very closely allied, if not
identical with the Siphonostomum vaginiferum of Rathke, described at length by R.
Leuckart, in Wiegman’s Archiv for 1849, i. p. 164. A full description is there-
fore unnecessary here. ‘The sheath formed by the closely arranged anterior bris-
tles, the very numerous filiform cirri, arranged in two clusters, and the character of
the lateral bristles, or rather hooks, seem good generic characters. The name was
suggested by the mantle-like exterior envelop, which adheres very loosely to the
interior coat.

TECTURELLA FLACCIDA, St., n.s., Fig. 21. This species presents, when alive, the
appearance of a loose, flabby, elongated sac, covered with sordes, with a transverse
slit at one extremity, which discloses when its labia are laid back, the broad green
tentacula, and the filiform cirri. It will adhere and hang loosely by its hooked
bristles (see figure), which are arranged, one to each segment, along each side of
the body. The number of segments is about forty. The largest specimen obtained
was two inches in length and two-fifths of an inch in breadth. It was taken among
nullipores and shells in 3-15 fathoms.

BRABDA, St., n. g.

Body short, cylindrical, composed of few segments. Bristles very short, equal
in length in all parts of the body; the upper ones lancet-shaped (Fig. 22), the
lower ones minute and imperceptible without the aid of the microscope. Oral
cirri few (6) in number, green, nearly equal in size with the two tentacula. This
genus I have separated from Siphonostomum, from having found two species, agree-
ing with each other except in trivial characters, and both differing from that genus
in the want of the anterior brush of forward-directed bristles.

BrADA GRANOSA, St.,n. s. Body covered with granulate papilla, which are
smaller on one side than on the other. Length, 0.7 inches; breadth, 0.16 inches.
Color, dark brown. On sandy bottoms in 4—6 fathoms.

B. susnavis, St.,n.s. Body nearly smooth, of a light reddish-brown color, from
the thin coating of mud which always invests it. Length, 1 inch; breadth, .2 inch.
Dredged on nullipore and muddy bottoms in the Laminarian zone.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 33

OPHELIA GLABRA, St., n.s. Body robust, smooth and shining, tapering at both
extremities, flat or even concave below. Posterior extremity with two large infe-
rior papilla, and eight small superior ones. Lateral cirri short and thick; about
twenty pairs, on the middle and toward the posterior part of the body. At their
bases are two approximated bundles of capillary sete, which extend anteriorly as
far as the mouth—where they are very minute on the broad smooth rings—and to
the anus posteriorly. Color, light fawn, with iridescence. Length, 1.5 inch;
breadth, 0.25 inch. Dredged on muddy bottoms in deep water.

AriciA Quapricuspis, (?) Grube. — Scoloplos quadricuspida, Oersd., Gronl. Ann.
Dors., pl. viii. f. 110. The small specimen taken was too much injured for cer-
tainty of reference.

GLycerA CAPITATA, Oersd., Gronl. Ann. Dors., 44, pl. vii. f. 88. Of a pale flesh
color. Found at low-water mark under stones on sandy shores.

G. VIRIDESCENS, St., n.s. This species is much smaller than the preceding, being
only one and a half inches in length. Its color is light green. Its setae are longer
than those of G. capilata, but not so long as those of G. setosa,

PuyLLopocE GR@NLANDICA, Oersd., 1. c., pl. ii, f. 19, 21, 22, 29-32. A large
bright-green species. It is not uncommon in 25 f., shelly, back of Duck Island.

Neputuys ciniata, Miill. N. borealis, Oersd., Maricole, 32. The specimens
found were mostly jet black. Dredged in 25 f. mud, near Duck Island, and in 40
f. mud, off Long Island.

N. 1nGEns, St.,n.s. Resembles N. cca, Oersd., Gronl. Ann. Dors., 41, pl. vi.
73, ete., but is somewhat more slender, and differs in the form of the head, which
is rounded anteriorly, truncate behind, and has very short tentacula close together
in front. The proboscis has about twenty fleshy teeth at its extremity, and the
same number of longitudinal rows of short processes on its sides anteriorly.
Length, 7.5 inch, breadth, 0.42 inch. One specimen only was taken, which was
dredged by Mr. Wm. Bridges, in deep water. -

NEREIS ABYSSICOLA, St., n.s. Smaller than N. pelagica, Linn., broadest in front,
tapering gradually posteriorly. Color reddish, cupreous, darkest anteriorly. Pinnee
with four short subequal lobes; dorsal cirri and sete long, especially on the pos-
terior rings. Eyes four, conspicuous; those on each side being close to each othier,
while those in each pair are remote from each other. Proboscis with a denticulated
basal ring, as in N. denticulata, herein described, except that the papille above
have a circle of denticles instead of being covered with them. The seta are longer
than those of N. pelagica, the tentacular cirri smaller, and the body more tapering.
The eyes of the anterior pair also are more distant from each other than the
posterior ones. Length, 1.5 inch, breadth, 0.14 inch. In 40 f. mud, off Long Island.

N. mis, St., n.s. Small; body slender, translucent, bluish, with shades of light-
copper color on the back. Neck rather long, palpi large, tentacular cirri long and
slender. Differs from N. abyssicola in the want of the long superior cirri on the
pinn, and is also much more slender. Length, 1.6 inch. It was found in a thin
leathery tube, encased without with small pebbles. In 20 f., north of Duck Island.

N. pDENTICULATA, St., n.s., Fig. 23. Body subcylindrical, tapering rather sud-
denly posteriorly. Color light reddish-brown, pearly above, nearly white below.

4 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

(3)

Pinne small; ventrals with the sete longest and most numerous; dorsal and
ventral cirri on the whole leneth of the animal. Head with short tapering ten-
tacula; eyes small but conspicuous, posterior ones nearest each other. Proboscis
with a ring of minute denticles almost encircling its base, but interrupted above
by a smooth space, on which there are two prominent denticulated papille; also
with four radiating ridges of denticles and an inferior denticulated patch, at its
extremity. Maxillz slender, much curved. Length, 6 inches; breadth, 0.25 inch.
Found at low-water mark. Described from a Massachusetts Bay specimen, those
from Grand Manan being lost. In Fig. 23, a represents a pinna of the twentieth
ring; 6, one of the posterior pinne.

N. GrAnpIs, St., n.s., Fig. 24. Large, broad, thick anteriorly, and somewhat
flattened posteriorly. Body dark brown, cupreous above, with the pinne lighter
colored. Rings about 180 in number. Head small; eyes four, inconspicuous ;
tentacula very small, equalling in length only that of the very thick palpi; tenta-
cular cirri tapering to slender threads, the longest equalling in length the first
three segments of the body. Maxillez broad and strong, dentated. Dorsal pinnze
with large subcordate lamellx, which have short cirri above in the first forty seg-
ments. Length, 17 inches; breadth, 0.5 inch. At low water, under large stones.
It is, perhaps, N. grandifolia of Leuckart (1. c. 207), but cannot be that of Rathke,
who states his species to be LHeteronereis arctica of Oersted, Gronl. A. D., pl. iv.
f. 51, which is very different from our species.

In Fig. 24, a represents one of the anterior pinne ; 6, one behind the middle of
the body.

ENONELLA, 5t., n. g.

Body elongated, much compressed, tapering posteriorly. Head small, subovate,
terminating anteriorly in two short tentacles placed transversely, one on each side.
Neck somewhat contracted. Pinna with a strong, short, simple dorsal cirrus,
above which is a hard, arcuated knob or mamilla, concave towards the cirrus.
These mamillz in their succession form something like two keels to the body.
Strong muscular fibres proceed from them, and they are probably of use to the
animal in working through the sand, which it does with great celerity. Sete
falcigerous, long and numerous, in one bundle to each pinna. This genus wants
the folded cirrus (branchia) of GZnone, and differs also in possessing tentacles and
superior lateral cirri. See the figures.

ENONELLA BICARINATA, St., n. s., Fig. 25. Body very much elongated, subulate.
Eyes small, scarcely perceptible from the thickness of the skin over them. Color
uniform pale-greenish yellow when alive, but in preserved specimens dark-brown.
Length, 1.5 inch; breadth, 0.09 inch. Found in fine sand at low-water mark, at
High Duck Island.

Figure 25. a, head above; b, the same below, showing the mouth; ¢, pinne,
ete., from above; d, side view of a pinna.

Eunice Orrsrepn, St., n. s. Depressed, but narrow; head small, with the three

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 39

middle tentacula, between the eyes, very long and curved; the lateral ones are
shorter. Tentacular cirri small. Branchixs commencing on the fourth segment
from the neck, in the form of a slender process from the cirrus of the superior pinna,
which process forks on a succeeding segment, and becomes gradually more compli-
cated till the 13th segment. On this segment, and on those succeeding it to the
30th, the branchiz are in the form of a beautiful comb of five slender processes,
reaching nearly to the middle of the back. At the 51st, they begin to decrease in
size and number of filaments, and leave only the dorsal cirrus at the 40th. Above
the base of this cirrus, on each segment, there is a black pigment spot under the
skin. The superior sete of the setiferous pinna are long and slender, the inferior
ones are short, and form a thick tuft. Inferior cirrus thick and short, but tapering.
Color light fawn or reddish with iridescence. Length, one inch + (the specimens
wanting the posterior rings); breadth, 0.1 inch. In its principal characters it
resembles 2. Harassii, Aud. et M. Edw. Dredged in 20 f., on a shelly bottom, off
the northern point of Duck Island.

Eunice vivipa, St., n. s., Fig. 26. A large strong species. Body broad and
rather thick, rounded above, somewhat flattened below. Head with the middle
tentacle longest, reaching the sixth ring of the body from the neck; the outer ones
scarcely reaching the first ring. Tentacular cirri thick at base, pointed, reaching
as far as the eyes. Branchize commencing at the first ring and ending at the 45th;
increasing and decreasing in complication as in the last species. The branchial
comb, where thickest, has nearly 20 closely arranged filamentary teeth. Pinnx
small, with very minute sete; dorsal cirri tapering to a fine point; ventral cirri
short, on thick globular bases. Color above cupreous. Length, 6 inches; breadth,
0.26 inch. This species I at first thought to be the adult of &. Oerstedii, but the
proportionally smaller pinnee and sete seem to forbid. It is very active, and
almost as uneasy as a snake, in confinement, gyrating so rapidly and in such
curious circumvolutions as to threaten with destruction such unlucky invertebrates
as might be caught with it.

Onvupuis Escuricutu, Oersd., Gronl. Ann. Dors., 20, pl. iii., f. 53-41, 45. Our
specimens are much smaller and more compressed than those of Oersted. It is finely
colored with red annulations on a bluish ground. The tube is broad, flat, and
composed of large angular fragments of shells and chips of slaty stones. Taken on
shelly bottoms in the coralline zone.

CRYPTONOTA, St.,n. ¢.

Body broad, oval; segments very narrow; head minute, papilliform, placed at
about the anterior fourth of the length of the animal; single median tentacle short,
much narrower than the head; eyes two at the base of the tentacle. Back entirely
covered by the crowded dorsal sets, leaving only a median line of separation, which
terminates anteriorly at the head, and posteriorly not far from the margin. The
dorsal pinne are thus transverse in the middle, and longitudinal at the extremities
of the body—as if radiated from the two points forming the extremities of the

6 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

oo

dorsal line. The ventral pinnz are short and provided with strong hooked sete.
They completely surround the ventral surface of the animal. The mouth is at
about the anterior sixth of the length of the animal below, and from it the anterior
feet radiate, as from the head above. The branchiz probably resemble those of
Euphrosyne, to which genus this has, perhaps, the nearest relations. These organs,
however, and some other details, could not be made out from the single specimen
obtained.

CRYPTONOTA CITRINA, St., n.s., Fig. 27. Of a beautiful lemon-yellow color, re-
sembling very much that of some sponges which occurred with it. Head, flake-
white; back, beneath the sete, dark brown. Segments about thirty in number.
Length, 0.45 inch; breadth, 0.25 inch. Dredged on a gravelly and somewhat
muddy bottom, in thirty-five fathoms in the Hake Bay.

EUPHROSYNE BOREALIS, Oersd., Gronl. Ann. Dors., 18, pl. 1. f. 23-27. This spe-
cies is not uncommon in deep water, and often occurs of a size double that given
by Oersted. It frequents muddy bottoms.

PHOLOE TECTA, St.,n. s. Back entirely covered by the elytra, those of the oppo-
site sides overlapping as well as the consecutives. Segments about thirty-six in
number, on which are about twenty-two pairs of elytra, there being anteriorly one
to each alternate segment, while posteriorly every ring has one. These elytra or
seales are broad, sinuated broadly in front, and remotely ciliated behind. Superior
pinna arched, dotted with black along the summit at the base of the row of long
curved capillary sete. Inferior pinna with a plume of few long falcigerous sete.
Head ovate, with two very large oval eyes, and terminating anteriorly in a short
pointed tentacle. Tentacular cirri rather short. Color, brownish and black, varie-
gated, darkest anteriorly. Length, 0.28 inch; breadth, 0.035 inch. Dredged in
4 f., on a bottom of coarse sand and nullipores.

Oersted gives “ branchiarum squamiformium paria maximam dorsi partem nudam
reliquentium” as a generic character of Pholoé. But as this species agrees with that
genus in its remaining characters, the size of the dorsal scales would seem to be of
little importance in the Aphroditacee. As another instance of this, | would men-
tion the large Acoétes (A. lupina, St.) of South Carolina, which has scales so small
as to leave the back nearly bare, and yet agrees in all other important particulars
with A Pleei, Aud. et M. Edw., which has remarkably large scales.

LEPIDONOTE CIRRATA, Oersd. Aphrodita cirrata, Miill., O. Fabr., F. G., p. 308.
Of a bright pink or violet color; taken about low-water mark.

L. puncrata, Oersd. Polynoe squamata, Gould, Inv. Mass. Very common under
stones at low water, and some ways above it. Sometimes also in the Laminarian
zone.

L. scaBra, Oersd., Gronl. Ann. Dors., 12, pl. i. f. 2, 7, 10, 12, 18, 17, 18. Aphro-
dita scabra, O. Fabr. Taken occasionally of a very large size, on gravelly bottoms
in the coralline zone. One specimen occurred at low-water mark.

APHRODITA ACULEATA, Baster. Gould, Inv. Mass., 343. <A fine large species, often
four inches in length, which is taken occasionally in deep water. It is identical
with the above species, at least as far as can be judged from figures. The numerous

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. ot

small Aphrodites which are found on muddy bottoms in the laminarian and coral-
line zones, are perhaps varieties of the young of this species, but require farther
investigation.

CRUSTACEA.
PYON OG ONDDEH S:

PycNoGonon PELAGICUM, St., n.s. The legs are much shorter and stouter than
in P. littorale, and are also without the projections at the joints which are seen in
the figures of that species. The surface is generally smooth and clean, without
prominent hairs, and it is of a uniform yellowish-brown color. Its diameter, or
the distance between the extremities of opposite legs, is three-fourths of an inch.
It was taken in 30 f., on a gravelly bottom, off Head Harbor.

PHOXICHILIDIUM MAXILLARE, St., n. s. Body slender, with a sharp conical papilla
on the back, just behind the origin of the mandibles; caudal projection short, but
very stout. Jaw-feet or mandibles comparatively large and strong, scarcely extend-
ing beyond the end of the blunt proboscis, and with the finger and thumb curving
so as to touch each other only towards their extremities. Ovigerous feet slender,
except at the basal joint, which is very thick. They are long and slender, curving
in genuflexions as in Nymphon, and arise from the lateral projections supporting
the first pair of legs. The legs are long, smooth, without spines or hairs, and have
small subcheliform hands at their extremities, the fingers of which are very sharp
and slender. The color in life is blackish or sepia. Length of body, 0.13 in.; of
a leg of the first pair, 0.53 in. Taken in tangled groups of a dozen or more,
attached to the under sides of stones at low water.

ZETES SPINOSA, St.,n. s. One specimen only of this species was taken, which
occurred in the laminarian zone. It was hispid with minute hairs, especially on
the legs, and so covered with marine sordes that the parts were made out only with
creat difficulty. The diameter of this specimen is one-half an inch. The body is
short, and terminates posteriorly in a long, slender, subclavate anal tube, which
projects obliquely upwards. The clavate proboscis is large, broad, and not so much
constricted at the base as in the species figured in Voy. en Skandinavie, Laponie, ete.
The ovigerous feet are long, pellucid, and flexible; the joints being with difficulty
distinguished. Of the appendages between them and the proboscis only two pair
were made out with certainty, of which those above the proboscis were very short,
and those between it and the ovigerous legs almost filiform, and exceeding it a little
in length. On each of the first two joints of the legs above is a short acute spine.
The general color of the animal, as nearly as could be ascertained, is ight brown ;
the proboscis being straw-colored or yellowish.

PALLENE WISPIDA, St., n. s. Body short and broad, seeming wider than it really

6

38 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

is, and almost orbicular, from the close approximation of the basal joints of the
legs. The legs are very thick at their bases, but taper gradually to slender ex-
tremities, where they are provided with elongated, subcheliform hands. The first
two joints of each are provided on their outer edges with a semicircle of sharp
spines, which projects over the succeeding joint in an imbricated manner. This
arrangement gives the body the appearance of being surrounded by two concentric
spinous ridges. The legs are also very hispid, the hairs being short, compressed,
spine-like, and arranged in three or four longitudinal rows; the interspaces being
smooth. The ovigerous feet equal in length about three-fourths that of the true
legs, and in my specimens had two rounded masses of eggs attached to their basal
joints. The proboscis is very short, and tapers nearly to a point at its extremity.
The mandibles are large and strong, extending much beyond the extremity of the
proboscis, and curving downwards. The finger and thumb are small, and tipped
with a hard, glossy, mahogany-colored enamel. The oculiferous knob is prominent,
with a black summit divided by a cross into four minute eye spots. Finally, the
caudal process is small, but prominent, smooth, and glossy, and projects nearly
perpendicularly upwards. The color of the body and legs, beneath the dark brown
spines and hispidities, is light yellowish. The length of the body’ is 0.14 in.; of
one of the legs, 0.87 in. It was taken among Ascidice callosce, in deep water.

NyMPHon GROSSIPES, Kroyer. ‘This large and fine species is by no means uncom-
mon here in the coralline zone. It is generally found creeping among the polypi-
doms of JTubularie and other hydroids, upon the polypes of which it probably
feeds. In life, it is of a pale wine-yellow color externally, the stomach being often
of a light rose tint, varying in depth so as to give the legs a distantly annulated
appearance. Specimens in egg occurred during the first week in September. The
figure given by Kroyer in Voy. en Skand., Lap., ete., does not apply to our speci-
mens in every particular, but there can be no doubt of the identity of our species
with the Pycnogonum grossipes of Otho Fabricius, Fauna Gronl., p. 229. The
curious six-legged young of this animal, so different from the adult, occurred in
August in considerable numbers parasitic on Goniaster phrygiana. 'These were a
quarter of an inch in diameter.

EPs ZiOrA.-

LerN®A BRANCHIALIS, (?) Lin. A few specimens were found fixed in the flesh
of the neck, in young cod-fishes.

Cauicus piscinus, Gould, Inv. Mass., 340; Latr., Hist. Nat. des Crust. (?)
Found in great abundance on the surface of the Halibut.

Ci RiP EoD LA.

BALANUS GENICULATUS, Conrad, J. A. N.S., vi. 265. Gould, Inv. Mass., 14, pl.
i. f. 9. This species is identical with one of those of Northern Europe, as I have

1 The length of the body in this species and the others herein described, is taken from the base of the
proboscis to the extremity of the caudal process.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN, 39

ascertained by comparison of specimens; but the synonymy of this European
species is unknown to me, as I have not yet seen the work on Cirripedes by Darwin,
in which it is fully elaborated. It occurs abundantly on dead valves of Lecten,
and on stones, in the coralline zone, and it varies greatly in form.

B. pALANowweEs. Lepas balanoides, Lin. Balanus ovularis, Lam., An. sans vert.,
vy. 660. Gould, Inv. Mass., 17. “pl. i. £ 7. B. rugosus, Mont., Gould, bierrles pk
i. f. 10. Found abundantly, and generally of large size, on the rocks in the littoral
zone. Several fine specimens were found attached to living examples of Littorina

littoralis.

EN TOMOSTR ACA.

CypripInaA EXCISA, St., n. s., Fig. 28. This fine entomostracan occurred in con-
siderable numbers among nullipores in four or five fathoms. It is about one-tenth
of an inch in length, and in shape regularly oval with a deep emargination below
anteriorly. Such details as can be observed of the parts protruding from the shell
when the animal is in motion are given in the figure. The color is pale yellowish,
and sometimes bright pink on the back, from the large round eggs showing through.

BRANCH LOPOD A.

CUMA BISPINOSA, St.,n.s. This species is distinguished from all those of Northern
Europe, described by Kroyer in his Tidsskrift, by the short spine-like projec-
tions on the carapax, of which there is one on each side, not far behind the large
triangular rostrum. In other particulars, it differs but little from the ordinary
forms. The tail terminates in a slender stylet, set on the extremity of a thicker
one of equal length, from the base of which proceed the long lateral stylets with
bifid extremities. The color of the body is brownish; that of the tail paler or
nearly white. Length, 0.45 inch. Dredged in 35 f., gravel, in the Hake Bay.

[SOP O DA.

Iporua Tourtsn, St.,n. s. This species resembles I. ceca, Say, J. A. N.S. 1.
424, more than any other species, but it differs in the following particulars. It is
smaller, being but four-tenths of an inch in length. The eyes are easily seen, and
of an opaque-white color in life. The internal antenne are blunt at their tips, and
equal in length one-third that of the external ones. The tail is greatly elongated,
and regularly sublanceolate. It is of a pale fawn color, with crowded dark brown
dots or punctations. It was dredged on a sandy bottom in 10 fathoms, off Cheney's
Head.

I have dedicated this species to Mr. Samuel Tufts, of Lynn, Mass., one of our
most active marine zoologists, to whom I have been often indebted for new and
curious forms of deep sea animals from Massachusetts Bay.

L mrorata, M. Edw., Suites & Buffon, Crust. Stenosoma wrrorata, Say, J. A. N.
S., i. 423. Gould, Inv. Mass., 338. This species is found on marine plants about

40 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

low-water mark. It rarely occurs here, although so common on the southwestern
portions of the coast of Maine.

Ipor#A monTOSA, St., n. s. Body elongated ovate, abruptly narrowing at the
commencement of the abdomen. The back seems divided longitudinally into three
unequal lobes, of which the middle one is by far the largest. This results from the
prominent, well-defined, rounded lobes into which the segments expand at each
extremity of their width. The lateral incisions, separating these segments, reach,
in depth, the margin of the middle lobe of the back. The abdomen in length
equals six-tenths that of the thorax, and has its segments soldered together, except
that slight transverse depressed lines indicate two short! anterior segments, which
bear a large rounded knob in their middle; and one scutiform posterior segment,
which also bulges up strongly in the middle; this latter protuberance being separated
from the former by a deep depression. The antenne are very small; the internal or
superior ones much the longest, reaching the second thoracic segment; the external
ones about half the length of the internals, and without an articulated flagellum.
The feet are identical in character throughout, each terminating in a delicate,
elongated, subcheliform hand, with a very slender, almost acicular finger or nail.
The first pair is shortest ; they then increase in length to the fifth, which is longest,
and then decrease very slightly to the seventh and last pair. ‘The opercular abdo-
minal appendages are margined with a sharp elevated ridge, and have very minute
articulated pieces at their posterior extremities, and elongated subsidiary pieces for
about half their length anteriorly and interiorly. ‘The color is dark grayish.
Length, 0.4 in. ; greatest breadth, at the fourth segment, 0.19 in.; length of a foot of
the fifth pair, 0.2 in. ‘Taken in deep water on sandy and muddy bottoms. The
characters of the antennz would, strictly, exclude this species from Jdotea. lt
belongs to a group of which I have three or four species from the New England
coast, and which will probably be found to constitute a new genus.

J MRA COPIOSA, St.,n. s., Fig. 29. Body suboblong, narrowing slightly at each ex-
tremity, and a little convex above. Head rather large, with the small but very obvi-
ous black eyes near its posterior corners; thoracic segments not widely separated at
their hairy external edges, but far apart along the middle; abdomen with three
segments, of which the anterior two are very small and narrow, and the posterior
one broad, with its caudal appendages very minute and close together in a niche at
its posterior extremity. The thick-based internal antennz are about one-third the
length of the rather stout external ones, which reach the third segment of the body.
Feet weak and slender, all of the same character, terminating in a sharp nail.
Branchial lamina or operculum, considerably smaller than the abdominal cavity.
Color above grayish, punctate; those with eggs are bright green below. Length,
0.2 in.; greatest breadth, at the third segment, 0.1 in. Found in great numbers on
our whole New England coast north of Cape Cod, living on the under surfaces of
stones in the first (upper) subregion of the littoral zone. At Grand Manan, it was
most frequent in sheltered situations.

* By the length of a segment, is meant its extent longitudinal with the body, so that its width in Isopods
is almost always much greater than its length.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 41

ASELLODES, St., n. ¢.

Body loosely articulated as in Asellus. Abdomen uniarticulate, with two long
bifid caudal styles. External pair of natatory feet having each two laminew like
the others, but broader and hardened so as to perform the oflice of an operculum.
External antenne longer than the body, and terminating in very long multiarticu-
late flagella. Internal antenne minute, with flagella of few articulations, each of
which bears a very long hair-like appendage. Legs nearly as long as the body, with
the terminal article in each bearing two or more minute unguiform spines at its
extremity. In the first pair, the last two articles form a large subcheliform hand.

The very long external antennz and legs call to mind the genus Munna of
Kroyer, in which, however, the caudal appendages are rudimentary.

A. aura, St., n. s., Fig. 30. Body suboblong; head with its anterior angles
produced, and with a prominent sharp rostrum, which is almost erect and curves
forward at its summit; internal antenne very short and slender, with long hairs,
which are numerous at the extremities; externals with an articulated scale or spine
on its second segment exteriorly ; outer edges of the dorsal segments produced at
their anterior angles, and each having one or two deep emarginations laterally.
Abdominal segment subquadrangular, a little broader anteriorly, minutely ser-
rated on its lateral margins, and undulated at its posterior margin. Color pale
whitish, with numerous black pigment spots somewhat regularly arranged above.
Antenne and feet white. Eyes large, black. Length, 0.27 in.; breadth, 0.1 in.
Dredged in soft mud in 40 f., off Long Island, G. M.

ZRGA PoLitA, St.,n.s. Elongated, very convex, so that the sides of the back
are perpendicular, and a little incurved below; head subtrapezoidal, broadest before ;
at its anterior corners are the rather small but prominent black eyes, which are
elongate-trapezoidal in shape, narrowest anteriorly. Antennae small but rather
stout at base, placed transversely, curving backward, the superior ones being three-
fifths as long as the inferior ones, which reach the middle of the first thoracic seg-
ment at its lower edge. Feet long, compressed, hairy on their edges, with their
second and third articles produced at the outer angles. The epimera in the first
thoracic segment are indicated by a slight depressed line only ; while in the second,
third, and fourth they are better separated ; and in the fifth, sixth, and seventh they
are articulated, elongate-triangular, and produced into acute angles posteriorly, the
last pair thus reaching the fifth abdominal segment. The first five abdominal seg-
ments occupy three-sevenths the length of the abdomen ; the first one being scarcely
distinct from the last thoracic, the next three equal, the next a little longer than
the preceding ones. The terminal segment is scutiform, narrower than the others,
and with caudal styles resembling the natatory feet in character, but thicker, harder,
and narrower; the inner stylet being three times as broad as the outer, and elongate-
subrhomboidal in shape. ‘The color is light opaque yellowish, with patches of black
punctz on the front of the head, on the posterior two-thirds of all the dorsal seg-
ments except the terminal one, which is almost entirely covered with them, on the

42 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN,

middle of the caudal styles, and on the exterior or first pair of natatory feet. There
are also a few black dots on the legs. The length of the largest specimen is 0.62
inch. The proportions of the other parts to the length are as follows: breadth, .24;
length of longest (5th) thoracic segment, .11; of the abdomen, .34; of the terminal
abdominal plate, .20; of the longest leg (of 6th segment), .41. Found on the fine
sands at low-water mark on High Duck Island. A species from Charleston, S. C.,
Harbor (4. concharum, St., n. s.), resembles this very closely, but the superior
antenne are shorter, the eyes larger and triangular, the last epimer reaching only the
third abdominal segment, the inner lamina of the caudal styles thinner and broader,
and the legs proportionately broader. ‘The color is nearly the same. The length
is 0.9 inch; of which the proportions corresponding to those above are, .23, .15,
29, .16, and .33.

ANI SOP ODA.

PRANIZA CERINA, St., n.s., Fig. 31. This curious little Isopod resembles P.
cerulata, of the coast of Great Britain, in its proportions, but is very distinct from
that species in its details. The two reduced neck segments are very small and
narrow, but nevertheless distinct; and the rings are not difficult to make out, even
on the ventricose middle portion of the body. The rudimentary legs of the first
two thoracic segments reach forward nearly to the extremities of the mandibles.
They are pressed against, and seem to constitute a portion of the mouth parts,
and one pair is provided with strong hooked nails. The remaining five pairs of
well-developed feet are long, but almost filiform, and somewhat hairy; the last pair
but one being shortest. The superior antennz are shorter than the inferior ones,
of which a flagellum of about seven articulations constitutes nearly one-half the
length. The eyes are prominent, bulging out from the sides of the head. The
natatory feet are of large size, with very long plumes of hairs ; the fifth pair being
much smaller than the rest. Caudal styles hairy on their edges, the inner one of
each pair broadest and with pointed extremity, extending considerably beyond the
end of the triangular caudal segment. Its color a pale yellowish or waxen.
Length of body, 0.22 inch; of which the proportions of the other parts are : length
of head and first four segments, .27; of the abdomen, .52; of the longest leg (that
of 5th thoracic segment), .32; width of body at the third segment, .11; at the
sixth, .37; at the abdomen, .07. Many specimens were dredged on gravelly and
coralline bottoms in 20-30 fathoms in the Hake Bay.

With the above, and in about equal numbers, was taken another form, which,
with some doubt, I am at present inclined to consider the female of the same species.
In color and details it differed from P. cerina but slightly, but the proportions were
very different; as the very ventricose middle portion of the body, which in every
case was filled with eggs, constituted nearly the whole of the animal; the head and
abdomen being very short, and projecting but little beyond it.

ANCEUS AMERICANUS, St.,n. s. Body very regularly rectangular, abruptly nar-
rowed at the commencement of the abdomen, which has the appearance of another
very small rectangle set into the first, and of only one-third its width. It is of a

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 43
e

dark brownish color above; the back with transverse ridges at the articulations,
very rugose and covered with marine sordes. Below, white. Last thoracic seg-
ment deeply emarginate behind for the reception of the abdomen. Maxilla very
strong, crossing each other toward their extremities, and curving upward beyond
the anterior margin of the head. Eyes minute. Antenne two on each side,
close together, one above the other, at the corners of the head; the inferior
ones being a little the longest. Legs slender, with hard curved nails at their
extremities. Abdominal segments well defined, the anterior one narrowest, and the
terminal one becoming very narrow and tapering after the juncture of the caudal
appendages, which are highly developed, subequal, and extending considerably
beyond the extremity of the caudal segment. Length, 0.2 in.; breadth of thorax,
0.08 in.; length of abdomen, 0.085 in. Dredged on a sandy bottom in ten fathoms,
off Cheney’s Head. It is very sluggish in its motions, which are ambulatory only.
It is more elongated than A. mawillaris of Europe, the head and jaws not so large,
and the caudal appendages much larger.

ANTHURA BRACHIATA, St.,n. s. Body very slender, subcylindrical, tapering at
the head, broadest at the fifth thoracic segment, and greatly constricted at the
articulations of the second thoracic segment, which is narrower than any of the
others. The first three thoracic segments are sharply convex below ; the next three
concave along the middle, with a deep indentation on the back of each anteriorly ;
the last one very short, equalling in length a little more than one-third that of the
penultimate one. The antennz are very minute, about equal in length, and all
arising close together at the anterior extremity of the head. The first three pairs
of legs are placed anteriorly on their respective segments; the last four on the
middle. Those of the first pair are a little shorter than the others, but very thick
throughout their length, the large ovate hand being set by the middle of its lower
side on the third and fourth articles, which are only rudimentary, while the first
and second are greatly developed. The finger or nail of this hand is very small.
The legs of the second and third pairs are shorter and not so slender as those of
the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh, but all terminate in small subcheliform hands.
The segments of the abdomen are with difficulty distinguished above. The caudal
appendages (last pair of abdominal feet), are much expanded, especially the exterior
lamin, which curve over above so as to inclose the terminal segment in a kind of
trumpet-shaped cavity. The outer lamine of the first or exterior pair of natatory
feet are hardened, and serve as opercula to the others, while the inner lamine of
this pair are minute, and articulated at about half the length of the outer ones on
their inner surfaces. The color is a uniform light brown when the animal is clean,
but it is usually covered with a reddish-brown muddy slime, owing to its sluggish
habits. Its length is 0.69 inch, of which the proportions of the other parts are:
length of the abdomen, .13; of the longest leg, .20; of the antenna, .10; and the
ereatest breadth, .125. It was dredged on a shelly and somewhat muddy bottom,
in twenty fathoms, off the northern point of Duck Island.

TANAIS FILUM, St.,n. s. Very minute, slender, rounded on the back, white,
looking very much like a short piece of thread. Tlead small, and rather narrowed
in front; first thoracic segment of great length; the second half as long as the third,

44 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

which is about equal in length with the fourth, fifth, and sixth; the seventh being
a little shorter than the sixth. The segments of the abdomen are well defined, the
first five equalling each other in length, and the terminal one longer than the fifth,
but narrower, and rounded behind. Antenne short and thick, without flagellz,
with blunt tips crowned with few hairs, as are also their articulations. The inner
ones are directed forward, and much the stoutest, especially toward their bases;
while the outer ones are more slender and curve outward and backward. — First
pair of legs exceedingly thickened, with very large ovate hands and strong curved
fingers. They are generally closely applied against the breast. The remaining
thoracic feet are very slender, termimating in sharp slender fingers, which in the
second pair are very long and nearly straight, and in the other pairs short. The
legs of the posterior pair are a little the longest and thickest. The ambulatory
feet in five pairs are of great length and resemble those of Amphipods. The caudal
stylets are in length about four-fifths that of the abdomen, and consist of four or
five articles, with few hairs, each article becoming narrower, the last one with a tuft
of few hairs at its extremity. Length, .15 inch; breadth, .02. Dredged among
Ascidie callose, in 20 fathoms, in the Hake Bay.

A.M.P. ELT P.O. D Ax,

CAPRELLA LOBATA, Kroyer. Squilla lobata, Miill., O. Fabr., F. G., p. 248. This
species is more slender than any of the others, of a bright crimson color, and an
inch or more in length. The first two segments are especially elongated, the second
bearing the arms nearly at its posterior extremity; and the inferior antennx are
searce half the length of the superior ones. It is found, not commonly, however,
among nullipores, in 4—6 fathoms.

C. SANGUINEA, Gould, Inv. Mass., 356. A very common species in the higher
levels of the laminarian zone. It may be distinguished from the others by its very
slender antennz and proportionally large hands. Color bright crimson. Length
three-fourths of an inch.

C. LONGIMANUS, St.,n.s. Body with a few spines along the back of each segment.
Superior antenne rather stout and twice as long as the inferior ones, which are very
slender. Hands very long and rather broad, with two or three teeth along the
inner edge; the arms to which they belong are placed on the thickened posterior
part of the second segment. Color light-yellowish brown. Eyes red. Length
about three-fourths of an inch.

C. RoBuSTA, St.,n.s. This is a very large, thick, and robust species, of an oliva-
eecous or often a light brown color. There are numerous short spines on the
back, very variable in size and number in different specimens. The antenne are
not large, the upper ones being about half the length of the body, and the lower
ones nearly as long and very hairy. Arms placed at about the middle of the second
segment, with the hands having strong teeth on the lower edge, and short thick
nails. Length (excluding antenne), 1.25 inch; breadth, 0.1 inch. Dredged on a
rocky bottom, in 12 fathoms, back of Duck Island ledge.

ANGINA SPINOSISSIMA, St., n.s. Body slender, much thickened at the origins of

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 45

the appendages, covered everywhere on the back and sides with sharp broad-based
spines, some of which are very long. These sometimes show a tendency to arrange-
ment in transverse rows. ‘There is one very strong spine just above each branchial
lamina. The head is large, with prominent eyes; the inferior antenng very much
more slender than the superior ones, and the mouth parts well developed, the tri-
articulate palpi of the mandibles being small but obvious. The arms are placed at
the thickening near the anterior extremity of the second segment, and have two
spines on the first article in each, also two spines on the hand, one at its extremity
and the other on the inner edge, just reached by the long curved finger when closed.
The posterior thoracic legs are highly developed with their subcheliform hands pro-
vided with a spine in the middle. Abdomen very short, with a pair of posterior
appendages which nearly equal it in length. The ground color is either purplish
or brownish, upon which are numerous spots and patches of sulphur-white irregu-
larly distributed. Length of the body (excluding antenni), one inch; of which
the proportions of the other parts are: greatest breadth, .09; length of superior
antenne, .8; of inferior antenna, .3; of the third and fourth segments conjointly,
34; of the arms to tip of finger, .47; of one of the last pair of legs, .85; of the
abdomen, .035. This beautiful species was dredged in great numbers adhering to
Gemellaria dumosa in ten fathoms, off Cheney’s Head.

UNcIoLA tRRoRATA, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., i. 3889. This large and
finely-colored species is found here in considerable numbers, as well as on our whole
New England coast. It inhabits invariably sandy bottoms, usually in the lamina-
rian zone, but is occasionally found at low-water mark. The color of my specimens
is bright red or vermilion, mottled with flake white.

Popocerus NitipuS, St.,n.s. Small, slender, subcompressed, smooth and shining
above, and of a pale wine-yellow color. Head rather elongated, eyes oval, black,
placed obliquely at the bases of the superior antenne, a little below. Antenne
slender, the superior ones most so, very hairy, about equal in length; the superior
ones having the longest flagellum. Thoracic legs of the first pair elongated, with
numerous long hairs on their edges, with the hand smaller and narrower than the
antepenultimate article, and a strong finger equalling the hand in length. Those
of the second pair large, with a short spine on the second article in front; hand
large, oval, with a small curved finger of about half its length. The legs of the
third and fourth pairs are very small; those of the sixth and seventh long, and
with their terminal unguiform articles strong and sharp. Caudal styles of the
first pair much the longest, reaching to the extremities of those of the second;
those of the third pair small, biramous, with blunt tips. Length,’ 0.3 in.; of which
the proportions of the other parts are: greatest breadth, .25; height at the middle
of the fourth thoracic segment, .25; length of the superior antenna, .6; of a leg
of the second pair, .37; of a lee of the longest (seventh) pair, .5. This species was
dredged in thirty fathoms on a shelly bottom in the Hake Bay,

* The length of an Amphipod, as herein given, is taken from the bases of the antenna to the extremities
of the posterior caudal stylets.
7

46 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN,

LEPTOTHOE, St., n. g.

Body linear, segments well separated, epimera very small; superior antenne
longest, with a long accessory flagellum; inferior ones subpediform; legs of the first
two pairs with subcheliform hands, those of the second pair being largest, with uniar-
ticulate fingers. Caudal stylets of the last pair very long, with equal lanceolate rami
on short peduncles. This genus differs from Podocerus, Leach, in possessing accessory
flagella to the superior antennx; and from Cratophiwm, Dana, in its long nonuncinate
terminal stylets, and in having the superior antennz longest.

LeptoTHor Dan am, St., n. s., Fig. 32. Body somewhat compressed, but rounded
above, glabrous, and of a uniform bright flesh color; head three times as long as
the first thoracic segment, but not as broad, and bearing the small subreniform eyes.
Superior antennze with long terminal flagellum, and an accessory one of nearly one-
third its length, set on the very short penultimate article; inferior antenne with
the penultimate article as long as the terminal one; both pairs very hairy Legs
of the first two pairs compressed, those of the first pair very small, but similar in
character to those of the second, which have very large hands -obliquely truncate
at their extremities for the reception of the short finger when closed. The remain-
ing thoracic legs are slender, those of the posterior pairs having elongated basal
articles. Natatory feet much elongated. The first three abdominal segments together
nearly equal in length that of the last four thoracic segments conjointly, and the
last of the three is considerably expanded below and produced backwards. The
caudal stylets of the first pair project beyond those of the second, and those of the
third pair are very long, their peduncles constituting only about one-fifth of their
length. The tail terminates in a short, lamellar, bifid process. The thoracic seg-
ments in this species are each marked with an indistinct vertical line down the
middle on each side. Length, 0.9 inch; of which the proportions of the other parts
are: greatest breadth, .1; height at the middle of the fourth thoracic segment, .12; at
the seventh, .15; length of the superior antenne, .42; of the inferior antenne, .25;
of a leg of the second pair, .28; of a leg of the longest (seventh) pair, .37; of the
caudal stylets of the first pair, .19; of the terminal stylets,.2. This species inhabits
the laminarian zone, and seems to prefer for its residence patches of sandy bottom,
on which there are numerous weedy rocks. I have frequently taken what appeared
to be the young, in the coralline zone. It is more slugyish in its motions than is
usual with Amphipods.

CERAPUS RUBRICORNIS, St., n. s., Fig. 33. Male much broader than high, tapering
at both extremities, the head being about half the width of the second thoracic
segment; the black eyes at the anterior corners of the head, on the oblique or
almost horizontal line connecting the bases of the upper and lower antenne. The
second thoracic segment is the point of the greatest breadth, from its bulging out to
accommodate the very large second pair of legs. Epimera very small, but increas-
ing in size from the first to the fifth thoracie segment, in which latter they are
comparatively large, while those of the sixth and seventh are scarcely perceptible.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 47

Antenne strongly subpediform, curving downwards and very hairy; the inferior
ones, which arise beneath the head and behind the eyes, being a little the longer.
Legs of the first pair small, with a small subcheliform hand ; those of the second
pair long, with the basal article curved, and the hand of great size, bearing a long
spine or thumb below, and a large bi-articulate finger, the penultimate article of
which is very thick, and seems rather part of the hand. The whole hand, when
closed, is of an elongated oval or suboblong form. The legs of the third and fourth
pairs are small, but with broad, flat, basal articles ; those of the fifth pair shortest of
all; those of the sixth and seventh slender, with sharp nails at their extremities.
Caudal stylets of the first two pairs with long peduncles; those of the first pair
projecting a little beyond the others; those of the last pair very short, simple, and
subuneinate at their extremities. Color on the back dark mottled gray; epimera
blackish; terminal articles of the four antenne bright red; hands yellowish.
Female generally larger than the male; superior antennz as long as the inferior
ones; legs of the second pair not large, with a small, short, and broad hand, which
has a short uniarticulate finger, and a thumb consisting of a sharp projection from
the base of the antepenultimate article. In other words, the penultimate article is
here expanded into a hand, instead of the antepenultimate as in the male, which
latter article, however, bears the thumb in both. The colors are the same as in the
male, except that the under side of the thorax is bright yellow, from the contained
eggs. The dimensions of a large female are as follows: length, 0.5 inch; of which
the proportions of other parts are: greatest breadth, at the 4th segment, .21; height
at 4th segment, .1; length of superior antenna, .42; the Ist pair of caudal stylets,
‘15; of a leg of 2d pair, .35; of a leg of the longest (7th) pair, .36. The largest
male was 0.41 inch in length, the proportion of the breadth at 4th segment being
.2; of the length of the second pair of legs, .61. The figures represent views of
the posterior caudal stylets. This species was dredged abundantly on stems of
Boltenie in 20 f., rocks, off Moose Inlet, towards the Seal Islands. It afterwards
occurred sparingly in 10 f., off Cheney’s Head, and in 25 f., off Duck Island.
Specimens occurred on the tenth of August, with eggs, which were hatched on the
twenty-fifth of the same month.

The Cerapus rubricornis inhabits flexible tubes, of sizes corresponding to that of
the individuals, composed of fine mud and some animal cement by which it is
agelutinated. These tubes are generally adherent for about one-half their length,
and closed below. They are usually found in large groups, attached to submarine
objects, and to each other. The animals are very active, protruding and retracting
the anterior portion of their bodies, while their antennz are in continual motion,
lashing about in search of some object which might serve for food. It is very amus-
ing to watch a colony of these animals, with their comical gestures in their disputes
with each other, and their awkward celerity in regaining their respective tubes
after having left them on temporary excursions. I have in no instance met with an
individual transporting a free tube, as is said by Mr. Say to be the case with his
C. tubularis. (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.,i. 51; Pl. iv., f. 7-11.) There can be no doubt
that the tube is fabricated by the animal, and this is not without precedent in the
Crustacea, for I have often met with examples of Pugurus, which had enlarged their

’

48 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

borrowed shells by additions to its aperture. From what I have seen in such species
of Corophide as have fallen under my observation, | am inclined to think that
most of the members of that family form more or Jess permanent tubes under cer-
tain circumstances. The Unciola, when kept in captivity, will frequently retire to
some corner and collect the sand around it by some glutinous substance, so as to
form a cavity, in which it will often remain for some time; but it may easily be
made to leave it, and will make another if it be destroyed. On the other hand,
some of the other individuals in the same jar will make no tubes ; and often at low
water it may be seen swimming about perfectly free. The same is true of some of
the other species of the family here mentioned, and of many species whose habits
I had opportunities of observing in the Harbor of Charleston, 8. C., in the winter
of 1851-2.

It will be seen from this and the succeeding descriptions, that the female of
Cerapus has uniarticulate fingers on the second pair of legs, and Kroyer mentions
an instance of a male Podocerus having bi-articulate fingers. It might be concluded
from this that the genera should be united. But there are Podoceri in which both
males and females have uniarticulate fingers; to these the genus should perhaps
be restricted, while Kroyer’s species will come under Cerapus. Dana gives, in a
diagnosis of Cerapus, “Styli caudales 5tii biramei, ramis subequis, longiusculis”
(Amer. Journ. Sci., 2d ser., xiv. 309). In the Cerapi herein described, however, the
posterior pair of these caudal appendages consists of two thick simple stylets, at
the extremities of which are articulated one or two short spines, curved upward.

CERAPUS FUCICOLA, St., n. s., Fig. 34. Mule, slender, smooth above, with the
breadth and height about equal. Epimera, small but conspicuous, proportionally
larger than in C. rubricornis. Inferior antennz stout, strongly subpediform, with
their terminal articles constituting about one-fourth theirlength. Superior antennee
of about two-thirds the length of the inferior ones. First pair of legs very small,
subchelate. Second pair with long curved basal articles; the fourth or antepenulti-
mate short; the penultimate elongated, very thick, curved, thickly hirsute along the
inner edge with short pinnate hairs, and with a stout curved finger of less than half
its length. Third and fourth pairs with long narrow basal articles; last three pairs
with broad ones. Caudal stylets of the last pair short, the peduncle constituting
nearly their whole length, with two very short curved processes at the extremity of
each. Female, differing from the male in having its superior antennz of nearly
the same length with the inferior ones, and in its small, slender, simply subchelate
feet of the second pair, which have no pinnate hairs. The color varies from light
olive or greenish, to bright crimson. Eyes usually white. The articles of the
antenn are sometimes alternately red and white. Length of a large male, 0.36
inch. Proportions: breadth, .22; length of inferior antennx, .61; of a leg of the
2d pair, .59; of a leg of the 6th pair, .46. The figure represents the caudal stylets.
It inhabits slender tubes, which are found in considerable numbers on large algee
in the laminarian zone. In this species, the hand is formed of the penultimate
article of the second pair of legs, the preceding article being very short; so that it
cannot strictly remain in the genus. But it is so closely allied in general appear-

ance, habit, and details to the preceding species, that it cannot with propriety be
separated.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 49

CrERAPUS FASCIATUS, St., n.s., Fig. 55. Female, elongated, head narrow, thorax
very broad in the middle, where the height equals scarcely one-third of the breadth ;
abdomen very slender throughout its length, being about one-half the width of the
thorax. Antenne very slender, with long flagella, the inferior arising much behind,
and somewhat longer than the superior ones, which are greatly thickened at their
bases. Legs of the first two pairs with small subcheliform hands, those of the
second pair largest. The remaining thoracic legs are slender, the third and fourth
pairs with oval basal articles, and the last pair longer than the others. Natatory
feet of great length. Caudal stylets very long and slender, those of the first pair
projecting beyond the others, those of the last pair short and rather thick, each
terminating in two short curved processes. Ground color wine-yellow, with narrow
transverse bands of dark-reddish brown, one to each segment, on the back. The
small epimera of the last three thoracic segments are also dark brown. Eyes rather
large, rounded, black. Length, 0.32 inch; proportions of other parts: greatest
breadth, .23; length of superior antenna, .5; of the last pair of legs, .44; of the
abdomen, .43; of the first pair of caudal stylets, .19. The figure represents the
caudal stylets, seen from above. It was dredged in thirty-five fathoms, on a gravelly
bottom, in the Hake Bay. » The degree of elongation and flexibility of the terminal
articles of the antennx seems a character of insufficient importance to separate this
species from Cerapus.

ORCHESTIA GRYLLUS, Gould, Inv. Mass., 334. Talitrus gryllus, Bosc, Hist. Nat.
des Crust., 1. 104 (?). Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., i. 386. This species is found
plentifully among the half-dried /uct, which line some of the shores just above
high-water mark in large quantities. It is of a dark-yellowish color, very glossy,
with three dark olive longitudinal bands along the back. It is very active, leaping
to considerable distances. I have never found it immersed, although some moisture
is, of course, necessary to its existence. The species found in similar positions in
Massachusetts Bay is undoubtedly the same, but there are doubts whether it is
identical with that described by Bose, from the salt marshes of South Carolina.

ALLORCHESTES LITTORALIS, St., n.s., Fig. 56. Small, robust, rounded above, smooth
and shining; eyes very large, black, rounded, not far removed from each other;
superior antennz about two-thirds as long as the inferior ones, which are rather
stout, and equal in length about one-fourth that of the body; second pair of legs
with short, but stout hands, much larger than those of the first pair; posterior legs
long, with each article projecting a little at the insertion of the succeeding one. Caudal
stylets short, but very thick, spinous; those of the first pair much the longest; the
simple ones of the posterior pair very short but thick at base. Tail terminating in
an arched lamella. Color varying from bright green, through the various shades of
olive, to brown. Length, 0.3 inch. Taken abundantly on stones in the second
subregion of the littoral zone, especially where the Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus
flourish. It occurs on our whole coast from Massachusetts Bay to Grand Manan.

LYSIANASSA SPINIFERA, St., n. s. Body smooth and shining, slightly compressed,
but rounded above, broadest anteriorly, tumid at the head, and much compressed
at the abdomen, which constitutes nearly one-half the length of the body. Epimera
not very large. Head rounded, with a prominent down-curving rostrum, and rather

+o

50 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

large red eyes. Superior antenne two-thirds as long as the inferior ones, thick at
their bases, but tapering suddenly after the juncture of the long accessory flagellum,
which is nearly one-half the length of the principal one. Inferior antenne with
very thick basal articles, and equalling in length two-thirds that of the body, their
flagella constituting more than one-half their length. Legs hairy, all terminating
in short hooked fingers ; those of the first two pairs slender, longer than the rest,
with the antepenultimate article in each a little expanded, but scarce sufficiently
to form a hand. Posterior legs much shorter than usual, and provided along their
edges with short spine-like hairs. First three segments of the abdomen serrated
above on their posterior edges ; last three compressed above into sharp spine-like
projections, of which the middle one is the longest. Caudal stylets of the first pair
very long and slender, projecting beyond the sharp extremities of the second pair,
which are short, while those of the third pair are long, with long lanceolate rami
projecting beyond the others. The tail terminates in two long spines. Color wine-
yellow ; inferior antenne annulate with reddish. Length, 0.32 inch. Dredged in
forty fathoms on a soft muddy bottom off Long Island, G. M.

ANONYX NOBILIS, St., n.s. This species most resembles A. appendiculosus, Kroyer,
Gronlands Amfipoder, Tab. 1. f. 2, from which it differs in the following particulars.
The black eyes are oblong or oval, and sometimes nearly round, instead of clavate.
The basal joints of the superior antenne are cylindrical rather than conical. The
epimerals are much larger, especially those of the fifth segment; and there are no
deep serrations on the edges of the femora in the last two pairs of legs. The rami
of the last pair of caudal stylets are much larger. Color white. Antenne light
fawn. Length three-fourths of an inch. It was taken in considerable numbers on
the sandy flats of Fisher's Cove, Nantucket Island, etc., at low-water mark.

The curious appendicula on the segments of the flagella of the antennz appear
like little flasks attached by their constricted necks. The legs of the second pair
terminate in small, compressed, circular articles, provided with hairs, but without
any indication of a finger or nail.

A. pouitus, St.,n.s. Elongated, broad and rounded above, but with less height
than is usual in Anonyax; head small, tumid, with the eyes subrectangular, but
broadest below, and of a bright red color. Superior antenne very short and thick,
regularly tapering to a point, with a short accessory flagellum, and in length one-
fourth that of the inferior ones, which equal in length about one-half that of the
body, and have very long and slender flagella. Legs of the first pair with small
but well-formed subcheliform hands; those of the second pair very long, but usually
bent up beneath the epimera, and terminating in a small, flat, rounded, hirsute
article, without a nail. Abdomen with a deep sinus between the segments bearing
the natatory feet, and those bearing the caudal stylets; all of which latter append-
ages terminate in long, smooth, pointed rami. The tail terminates in two pointed
spines, about two thirds the length of the last pair of caudal stylets. Color light-
yellow. Length, 0.4 inch. Dredged in forty fathoms, on a soft muddy bottom off
Long Island, G. M.

A. PALLIDUS, St., n. s. Body short, slightly compressed, rounded above, with a
sinus at the abdomen as in A. politus. Head with large, black, subclavate eyes,

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 51

broadest below, as in A. appendiculosus, Kr. Antenne hairy, very short, the superior
ones very thick and tapering, equalling the inferior ones in length, that is, reaching
the second thoracie segment. Legs slender, very hairy, in structure like those of
the above species. Caudal stylets of the first two pairs long and pointed, slightly
serrated above, those of the last pair short, thick, and spinous. Color pale-whitish,
the brownish viscera showing through along the middle. Length, 0.35. Taken in
four fathoms, in sand, off Duck Island moorings; in ten fathoms off Cheney’s Head ;
and in twenty fathoms, mud and shells, off the northern point of Duck Island.

A. Ex1GuUS, St., n. s; Minute, compressed, but rounded on the back; last three
thoracic segments nearly equalling the first four in extent. Epimera of the first
four pairs equalling in height that of the segments which bear them. Abdomen
with its third segment tumid posteriorly, and curving downwards to the fourth,
thus forming a sinus, which appears deeper from a blunt projection on the middle
of ‘the fifth segment. Head small, with the eyes bright red or vermilion in color
Superior antennz short and thick, about half the length of the very slender inferior
ones, which reach the fourth thoracic segment. Legs slender, in structure nearly
the same as in the above species. The posterior five pairs terminate in long slender
fingers. Basal joints of the posterior three pairs very broadly expanded, and deeply
serrated along their posterior edges. Caudal stylets as in A. politus. Color yellow-
ish. Length, 0.2 inch. Dredged on sandy bottoms in 8-15 fathoms, east of the
Passage, and off Cheney’s Head.

STENOTHOE CLYPEATA, St.,n. s. Body compressed ; epimera very large, especially
those of the fourth pair, which constitute great shields extending for a length equal
to that of three thoracic segments. Superior antennz short, curved, with long
flagella; inferior antennz long and slender, with very short flagella. External
maxillipeds very long, reaching up to the bases of the antenne. First pair of legs
slender, with small hands; those of the second pair with very large hands, each of
which has two strong teeth on the lower edge, the basal one longest, and a stout,
curved finger. Legs of the fifth pair wanting the expansions of the basal joints.
Caudal stylets of the first two pairs biramous, subulate ; those of the third pair
simple, terminating in athick sharp spine. Tail terminating in a minute elongated
scale. Natatory feet terminating in long slender lashes. Color, bright yellow; in
the young, pale bluish. Eyes conspicuous, red. Length, 0.5 inch. Dredged in
thirty fathoms, on a shelly bottom in the Hake Bay.

LEUCOTHOE GRANDIMANUS, St., n. s., Fig. 37. Large, robust, thick; epimera very
small; head depressed below the first thoracic segment, subquadrate, with a slight
rostrum in front, between the superior antennse. Eyes large, on the sides of the head.
Mandibles with minute, triarticulate palpi. Maxillipeds slender, freely projecting.
Superior antenne with very thick and elongated basal articles, and short flagella ;
inferior ones arising some distance below, and much more slender, but about as
long as the superior ones, which are in length about one-fourth that of the body.
In the first pair of legs the third joint is very minute, the antepenult subquadrate,
compressed, and with its inferior apex produced into a slender process, or thumb,
of equal length with the penult joint, which is very much elongated, slender, and

By MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

bears a slightly curved finger, or terminal unguiform joint, which overlaps the thumb
for nearly half its length. In the second pair of legs, the antepenult joint projects
into a curved thumb of about half the length of the penult article, which forms a
thick ovate hand of great size, equalling in length more than that of the first three
thoracic segments together. Its finger is strong, and curved. The remaining legs
are rather long, but very slender, with short terminal joints. Caudal stylets long,
slender, nearly smooth, and pointed. Color, in life, pale yellowish. Length, 0.44
inch; height at the fourth segment, 0.14 inch; breadth, 0.12 inch. Dredged in
thirty fathoms, on a shelly bottom off Low Duck Island.

ACANTHONOTUS SERRATUS, St. Oniscus serratus, O. Fabr., Fauna Grinl., No.
237. Amphithoe serra, Kroyer, Grénlands Amfipoder, t. 2, f. 8. This species is very
beautiful in coloration, which consists of deep pink annulations, one to each seg-
ment of the body, on a yellowish-white ground. The anterior half of each ring is
thus pink, and the posterior half white. The last pair of epimerals is also con-
spicuously colored. The anterior halves of the antenne are also red. This species
occurred in thirty-five fathoms on a gravelly bottom, north-east of Nantucket Island.

AMPHITHONOTUS! CATAPHRACTUS, St., nis. Body robust, carapax very stout, with
seven carine extending for greater or less distances on the back and sides, viz.:
one strong median dorsal carina commencing on the first thoracic segment, becom-
ing strongly dentate on the last thoracic segments, and ceasing on the second
abdominal; the next two carine (proceeding outwards) are developed in the form
of strong teeth on the last two thoracic, and all the abdominal segments, being
spine-like on the second, and almost lamelliform on the last four abdominals; the
next carine are sharp ridges, extending along the bases of the epimera, and slightly
continued on the first two abdominal segments; and the last, or outer caring, are
very short, extending only along the bases of the last three pairs of legs. Epimera
large, angular. Head with very large, rounded, convex eyes, and a rostrum of
ereat size, which is elongate-triangular, pointed, curving downwards, concave above,
and with a sharp median ridge below. Antennz slender, about equal in length,
and one-fourth the leneth of the body. Legs of the first two pairs with large ovate
hands, dentate below, with curved fingers of about two-thirds their length ; ante-
penult joints with slight thumbs. The remaining legs are slender; femora of pos-
terior pairs but slightly expanded. Caudal stylets all biramous; external rami of
the last two pairs shorter than the inner ones. Tail terminating in a subquadrate
lamella. Color very variable, generally dark reddish or brown, variegated and
mottled with white. Some specimens were of a uniform deep purple, others pure
white. Eyes yellowish or vermilion colored, with a black dot in the middle.
Length, half an inch. This is one of the most curious, and by far the finest species

1 Amphithonotus, Costa, in Catalogo Crustacei Italiani, per Fr. Gugl. Hope, Napoli, 1851. “‘Tilis ex
Amphithois sp. constitutum est hoe genus, que dorsum vel omnino carinatum et spinosum, vel saltem
quibusdam abdominis articulis si non et thoracis postice in spinam vel dentem productis habent; ex quo
peculiarem habitum preebent, Amph. marionis, Edw., A. panopla, Kroyer, A. cartnatus, ejusd. et que
sequntur ad hune genus pertinent.”’ This genus is synonymous with Acanthosoma, Owen ; which name,
however, is preoccupied in insects. It may include those species of Amphithoe which have dorsal carine,
and small epimera of the fifth pair.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN,. 53

taken. It occurred only once, but then in considerable numbers, in ten fathoms,
on a sandy bottom, inside of Duck Island ledge. It resembles Acanthosoma hystrix,
Owen, which, however, has no rostrum.» Certain northern Acanthonoti also ap-
proach it in external appearance; but the characters of the legs of the first two
pairs separate it from that genus. In its very hard carapax and large strong
epimera, it possesses great security; and, when disturbed, it rolls itself up and
remains quiescent, as if feigning death, as is the manner of some spiders. Most
other Amphipods will, on the contrary, endeavor to escape when molested. When
in motion, this animal preserves an erect posture, like the Isopods, with its tail -
bent up underneath. It seldom swims, but makes powerful leaps by means of its
well-developed caudal stylets.

AMPHITHOE' VIRESCENS, St., n.s. Slender, of a softer structure than is usual,
smooth and rounded above. Epimera small, rounded below. Head of moderate
size, with very small red eyes.*? Antenne about equal in length, more than half
as long as the body; the superior ones with flagella constituting nearly two-thirds
of their length ; the inferior ones thick-based, and slightly subpediform. Mandibles
large, with their curved apices long and projecting. Legs covered with long
simple hairs; the first two pairs with hands of moderate size, equal; posterior three
pairs with strong, hooked, terminal articles. Caudal stylets of the first two pairs
spinous above ; those of the last pair with short, thick rami, the outer ones having
two hooks at their extremities above, the inner ones simply hairy. Natatory feet
of great length. Color, pale-greenish, with minute black puncte distantly and
regularly arranged, most numerous on the epimera. Length, 0.45 inch; height at
the fourth segment, 0.1 inch; breadth, 0.08 inch. Dredged in four fathoms, on a
nullipore bottom, off Duck Island boat-moorings.

A. MACULATA, St.,n.s. Body rather broad, smooth and well rounded above;
epimera of moderate size, those of the fifth pair largest ; antennz rather stout, sub-
equal; inferior ones subpediform, with very short terminal articles; hands of the
second pair of legs larger than those of the first pair; posterior five pairs with
small, sharp, curved nails; fifth pair very short; caudal stylets short and thick.
Color greenish or grayish, with very numerous minute punctations, and a white
spot on each of the segments along the middle of the back. Length, 0.65 inch;
breadth, 0.14 inch; height at the fourth segment, 0.15 inch; length of antenna,
0.22 inch; of the second pair of legs, 0.2 inch; of the head and first five segments
together, 0.54 inch; of the abdomen, 0.28 inch. Taken on rocky bottoms in the
laminarian zone, and occasionally at low water. It differs from the last species in
being more robust and of a much harder structure ; also totally in coloration.

IpHIMEDIA VULGARIS, St.,n.s. Smooth, subcompressed, abdomen with segments
slightly projecting at the articulations, but not dentated; head large, with very
large reniform eyes, which are colorless in preserved specimens. Antenna sub-

* The genus is here taken as restricted by Dana; to those species which have large epimera of the fifth
pair, and uncinate external rami to the posterior caudal stylets.
* The color of the eyes is quite characteristic of the species in the Amphipoda. It is, however, only to
be observed in living individuals; as the eyes invariably become either black or colorless after death.
8 t

©

54 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN,

equal, with very long, slender, filiform flagella, and in length about equalling that
of the body; the superior ones thick-based, and a little the largest. Mandibles
with sharp curved apices, and large palpi consisting of three articles, the basal one
of which is very short, the second broad, and the terminal one very slender.
Maxillipeds slender, pointed, with large internal lamelle. Hands very small,
those of the first pair largest. Posterior five pairs very slender, terminating in
curved fingers. Natatory feet well developed. Caudal stylets of the first two
pairs almost acicular, with small spines above; those of the third pair with broad
lancet-shaped rami. ‘Tail terminating in two lamelliform spines. Color variable,
generally dark-mottled purplish. Length, 0.4 inch, generally much smaller. It
differs from Amph. inermis, Kr., Grénl. Amfip., t. iti. f. 11, im its larger eyes and
epimera, and much longer caudal stylets. This species may always be found in the
greatest abundance in the little pools left by the tide among the rocks near low-
water mark. They are very active, swimming about in all directions, and seldom
resting long in one place.

MONOCULODES, St, n.¢.

Body tumid anteriorly; head rostrate, with the eyes so close together as to
appear one. Superior antennz without accessory flagellum; inferior ones sub-
pediform. Legs of the first two pairs with large subcheliform hands, formed of the
last two articles of each; the antepenult joints having their inferior apices pro-
duced into slender thumbs. Legs of the posterior five pairs unguiculate, those of
the last pair being exceedingly long. Caudal stylets all biramous; the rami being
equal. Maxillipeds large, elongated, with unguiform terminal articles, and internal
lamelle of about one-half their length. Mandibles palpigerous.

This genus resembles Zusirus in the structure of the hands, and Gidicerus in its
long posterior feet.

M. pemissus, St.,n.s. Body smooth and shining, broad and thick anteriorly,
and slender posteriorly; the abdomen constituting more than three-sevenths of the
total length. Epimera of the first five pairs of considerable size; the rest very
small. Head tumid, terminating anteriorly in a large, subtriangular rostrum,
curving downward; at the base of which above are the large vermilion-colored
eyes, which are so near together as to appear one, even when viewed from above.
Antenne thick-based and about equal in length, reaching the fourth thoracic seg-
ment; the superior ones with a much longer flagellum than the subpediform inferior
ones. Legs of the first two pairs with large oval hands, strong fingers, and thumbs
formed from prolongations from the antepenult joints, which are largest in the
second pair. The remaining legs are simply unguiculate, the fifth and sixth pairs
being very short, and the seventh of great length. Caudal stylets nearly smooth, of
considerable length, tapering to fine points; the first pair reaching the extremities
of the third. Color wine yellow. Length, 0.35 inch. Dredged in four fathoms,
on a coarse sand and nullipore bottom, off Duck Island boat-moorings.

Gammarus Sasinut, Leach, Sabine’s Appendix, t. i. f. 8-11; Kroyer, Gronland’s

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN,. 55

Amfipoder, t. i. f. 3; Tidsskr., ii. 257. The specimens obtained differ from the
figures and descriptions of the above species, in possessing the same appendicula
to the flagella which are seen in Anonyx appendiculosus and nobilis. This is per-
haps a sexual character; if so, the specimens figured by Kroyer, in his Grénland’s
Amfipoder, are females. The hands, also, are there represented smaller than is
the case with our specimens.

G. MACROPTHALMUS, St., n.s. Very closely allied to the preceding species in color
and general appearance. The back, however, is carinated only at the abdomen,
which readily distinguishes it. The appendicular branches of the superior antenne
are minute, and scarcely perceptible. Eyes very large, subreniform, near each
other. Epimera small. Caudal stylets of the first pair as long as those of the
second; both with their outer rami shorter and narrower than the inner ones; last
pair with broad, lancet-shaped rami, shorter than in G. Sabinii. Color sometimes
bright crimson, but usually mottled red and flake-white; very variable. Length,
0.5 inch; of the inferior anteunz, which are longest, 0.2. Dredged on rocky bot-
toms in the laminarian zone, and occasionally taken at low-water mark.

G. PULEX. Cancer pulex, Lin. Oniscus pulex, Mull.; O. Fabr., F. G., 254. Gam-
marus locusta, Mont., Lin., Trans., ix., pl. iv. f. 1; Kroyer, Grénl. Amf., 27; Tidsskr.
ii. 258; Gould. Inv. Mass., 334. This species is very abundant under stones in all
parts of the littoral zone. It is usually of a dark-green color, but often lighter,
never, however, variegated. The length of some specimens is more than an inch.
Notwithstanding its abundance on the shores, only one specimen occurred below
low-water mark, which probably got there accidentally; showing that the littoral
zone is its proper habitat.

G. purruRATUS, St.,n.s. Large, compressed, but rounded on the back, with
slight spinous prominences on the posterior abdominal segments; as in G. pulex.
Eyes small, black, oval. Superior antenne slender, two-thirds as long as the body,
with very slender accessory flagella; inferior ones five-sevenths as long as the supe-
riors. Hands of the second pair much the largest; femora of the posterior pairs of
legs very large, and suboblong. Caudal stylets of the posterior pair with the internal
rami minute, and the external ones long, thick, and sword-shaped, equalling in length
one-fifth that of the body. The color never varies, being a uniform dark purple in
all the specimens which have come under my notice. Length one and one-tenth
inch. Taken on a sandy bottom, in twelve fathoms, off Cheney's Head. It also
oceurs in deep water in Massachusetts Bay. Except in color, this species has almost
precisely the external appearance of G. pulex; but the remarkable character of the
posterior pair of caudal stylets at once distinguishes it. They are also entirely dif-
ferent in station.

PTILOCHEIRUS, St., n. g.

Body broad, as in the Corophide; epimera large and strong, much higher than
broad. Mandibles with greatly elongated palpi; maxillipeds with their internal
lamelle of half their own length. Superior antenne appendiculate, inferior ones

56 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

subpediform. Legs of the first pair subchelate, very thick and strong throughout
their length, in the male; those of the second pair plumose, without hands, but
minutely unguiculate; those of the third and fourth pairs small, slender, and
tapering, with the last three articles forming a kind of hooked finger, but with no
dilated hand; posterior three pairs strongly unguiculate; those of the last pair
much the longest. Caudal stylets all biramous, those of the first two pairs with a
strong spine projecting from the inferior apex of the peduncle, along with the rami.

This genus resembles in most characters Leptochirus, Zaddach, and may perhaps
prove the same; that name, however, is preoccupied in insects. It has relations
with the Pontoporine in its plumose hairs, and somewhat in the structure of the
legs of the third and fourth pairs; while it also approaches those genera of the
Gammarine which recall the Corophide.

P. pineuis, St., n.s. Male, robust, very broad anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly ;
head large, equalling in length that of the first thoracic segment, and bearing the
reniform black eyes at the anterior angles, between the bases of the superior and
those of the inferior antennxe. First thoracic segment equalling in length that of
the second and third together; third abdominal segment also very large, nearly
equalling the first and second together. Epimera very strong; the first large, sub-
rhomboidal; the second much the largest, projecting downward, and furrowed along
the middle; the fifth very small. Superior antenna in length about half that of
the body, terminating in long filiform flagella, with a minute appendicular branch;
inferior ones as long as the superior, and strongly subpediform. Legs of the first
pair very thick throughout their length, with a very short, subquadrate hand, and
curved finger. Those of the second pair elongated, covered with long plumose
hairs, and terminating in an exceedingly minute, slender, unguiform article. Legs
of the posterior pairs with well-expanded femora. Caudal stylets very spiny above,
those of the last pair short. Female, with the superior antenne longer than the
inferior ones; the head equalling in length that of the first two segments, which
equal each other, together. Epimera of the first pair very small, subtriangular; those
of the second pair without groove, and not projecting beyond the others, though
still the largest. This results from the smaller size of the legs of the first pair,
which are much more slender, and those of the second pair proportionally more
elongated, than in the male.

The color is dark grayish, on all the segments, epimera, and femora, except at
their margins. Antenne and legs white. The dimensions of a large male are:
Length, 0.64 inch; breadth, 0.18 in.; height at the third thoracic segment (epi-
mera included), 0.2 in.; length of a leg of the first pair, 0.21 in.; one of the seventh
pair, 0.37 in.; distance between the centres of the eyes, 0.06. This species is
abundant on the whole coast of New England, as well as at Grand Manan. It is
most abundant on sandy bottoms in the laminarian zone; although sometimes
occurring at low-water mark, as at Fisher's Cove; or in the coralline zone, as in
twenty-five fathoms, off Duck Island.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. oT

PSEUDOPTHALMUS, St., n. ¢.

Body greatly compressed, with large epimera. Head with an irregular deposi-
tion of blackish or reddish pigment anteriorly, in which are one or two orbicular
clear spots on each side, without facets. Maxillipeds with five articles, of which
the terminal one is oval; internal lamelle with combs of spines at their apices.
Mandibles palpigerous. Antenne very slender, the superior ones with their basal
articles much thickened, and without accessory flagella; inferior ones arising much
behind the bases of the superior ones. Legs of the first and second pairs sometimes
with small subcheliform hands, shorter than the antepenult segment, but often
simply unguiculate; those of the third and fourth pairs elongated, tapering, with
their second joints very small, the third expanded into a hand; posterior pairs
short; last pair with very broad basal joints. Caudal stylets all biramous. Tail
terminating in a thin lamella. Epimera and third and fourth pairs of legs with
plumose seta along their edges.

P. pELAgicus, St., n.s. Compressed, very smooth and shining; head with dark-
red pigment, with two clear spots on each side, one above the other, at the bases of
the superior antennz. Inferior antennz very slender, as long as the body; supe-
rior ones two-fifths as long as the inferior ones. Legs slender, posterior ones with
few stout spine-like hairs. Caudal stylets of the first and third pairs projecting
-beyond those ‘of the second. Abdomen sinuated above on the last three segments.
Color pale wine-yellow. Length, 0.4 inch. Taken on a soft muddy bottom in
35-50 fathoms, off Long Island, G. M., and in 30 f., sand, in the Hake Bay.

Another species (P. limicola, St., n. s.) is taken at low water in Charleston Har-
bor, S. C., living in holes in the soft mud, which is larger than the preceding, and
has but one clear eye-spot on each side of the head. The first two pairs of legs are
simply unguiculate, and in the third and fourth pairs the third joint forms a slender
hand, and the last three joints a finger, of which the terminal unguiform article
is exceedingly long and slender. The last pair of caudal stylets terminate in
very broad, flat, lanceolate rami. This notice of a southern species is added to
illustrate the genus.

Puoxus Fusirormis, St.,n.s. Body tapering at both extremities. Head small,
with white eyes. Rostrum subtriangular, scarce distinct from the head, broadly
projecting over the bases of the antenna, which are short, in structure like those
of Anonyx, except that the bases of the inferior ones are broad, compressed, and
very hairy on their edges. The superior and inferior ones are about equal in
length, and would reach the second thoracic segment. The accessory flagella of
the superior ones are nearly as long as their terminal articles. Legs of the first
two pairs subequal, with broad, oval, subcheliform hands, which have a slight
offset on the lower edge, just reached by the finger when closed. Third and fourth
pairs with the antepenult article but slightly expanded, and three or more ungui-
form spines set on the extremity of the terminal article. Sixth pair with long,

58 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.,

straight, spine-like terminal articles. Antenne, epimera, and legs all hirsute with
plumose sete. Caudal stylets all biramous; those of the third pair with the
internal rami much shorter and more slender than the outer ones. Tail terminat-
ing in two short lamellz, in length one-half that of the last caudal stylets. Color
white. Length, 0.2 inch. Dredged on coarse sandy bottoms, in the laminarian
and coralline zones. It has more nails on the third and fourth legs than P. plwmo-
sus, Kr.

P. Kroyert, St., n. s. Larger, and thicker than the preceding, glabrous above,
and of a pale-red color, with the eyes white. The antennz, legs, and epimera are
all very hairy, but the hairs are simple instead of plumose. Superior antennz
shorter and more slender than the inferior ones. Mandibles with palpi almost as
long as the superior antennse. Legs of the first pair with more elongated hands
than in the preceding species; those of the sixth pair not so long in proportion.
Third and fourth pairs with simple terminal nails. Tail terminating in two sharp
spines. Length, 0.3 inch. Taken at low-water mark, on a sandy shore, at High
Duck Island. It resembles most P. Holbollii, Kr.

STOMAPODA.

Mysis ocuLaTAa, (?) Kr. A species of Mysis is very abundant in the waters at the
mouth of the Bay of Fundy, swimming near the surface in swarms, and generally
far from land. They form almost the only food of the herring, whose stomachs
may always be found distended with this kind of food. It is particularly numerous
in what are called the “ Ripplings,” which take place on the flood-tide at a line of
shoals several miles east of Grand Manan; which form the chief fishing-ground of
the herring-catchers.

DECAPODA.

PANDALUS LEVIGATUS, St.,n.s. This large species differs from P. borealis, Kroyer,
in the want of dorsal spines on the third and fourth abdominal rings, and in hav-
ing only eleven superior spines or serrations on the rostrum, which are situated
only on the posterior two-thirds of its length. Its color is usually a very pale
yellow, with narrow blue lines on the back. Dredged on rocky bottoms in the
laminarian zone.

HIppoLlyTE ACULEATA, Gould, Inv. Mass., 332. Very common in the laminarian
zone. It is beautifully mottled with bright red, with some white or bluish spots.

CRANGON VULGARIS, Fabr., M. Edw., Gould, Inv. Mass., 331. Taken, not com-
monly, at low water, in sheltered, sandy coves.

C. BorEAS, Phipps. This fine species was dredged in four fathoms, on a nullipore
bottom, near the Passage, and in twenty fathoms, shelly, off Duck Island ledge.

Homarus Ammricanus, M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 334. The lobster is
said by the inhabitants to occur in great numbers in May, at Grand Harbor, living

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 59

in holes in the sand just below low-water mark. They are easily taken with boat-
hooks.

BErRNHARDUS STREBLONYX, Dana. Pagurus Bernhardus, Fabr., M. Edw., Gould,
Inv. Mass., 329. Not so common here as the succeeding species. I have had oppor-
tunities of comparing this with European specimens, and find them precisely the
same.

B. pusescens, St. Pagurus pubescens, Kroyer, Tidsskrift, ii. 251. Taken in
considerable numbers, but not abundantly, in the laminarian zone, especially on
nullipore bottoms. It inhabits chiefly shells of Buccinum wndatum. It is easily
distinguished from B. streblonya, by its hairy, carinated hands.

Hyas coarcrata, Leach; M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., i. 312. Not uncommon
in the laminarian zone.

CANCER IRRORATUS, Say; Gould, Inv. Mass., 322. Platycarcinus irroratus, M.
Edw., De Kay. Found, very rarely, however, in cavities among the rocks at low
water.

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[The synonyms, or names of genera and species to which incidental reference only is made, are in Roman. }

ACALEPH®, 8.

ACANTHONOTUS, 53.
SERRATUS, 52.

Acanthosoma, 52.
HYSTRIX, 53.

Acautts, 10.

PRIMARIUS, 10.

ACEPHALA, 19.

Aceetes, 36.
lupina, 36.

Pleci, 36.

ACTINIA CARNEOLA, 7.
CORTACEA, 7.
crassicornis, 7.
DIANTHUS, 7.
MARGINATA, 7.
OBTRUNCATA, 7
SIPUNCULOIDES, 7.

ACTINIADA, 7.

ADEORBIS COSTULATA, 23.

ADMETE VIRIDULA, 24.

UGA concharum, 42.
pouira, 41.

JEGINA SPINOSSISSIMA, 44.

Agarum, 8.

ALCYONIDA, 7.

ALCYONIUM DIGITATUM, 7.
echinatum, 11.

Axecto Escuricati, 12.

ALLORCHESTES LITTORALIS, 49.

Ampurpopa, 44, 53.

AMPHITHOR, 52.
carinata, 52.
inermis, 54.
MACULATA, 53.
marionis, 52.
panopla, 52.
serra, 52.
VIRESCENS, 53.

9

INDEX.

AMPHITHONOTUS, 52.
ANCEUS AMERICANUS, 42.
maxillaris, 43.
ANCULA cristata, 26.
SULPHUREA, 26.
ANtsopopa, 42.
ANNULATA, 29.
ANOMIA ACULEATA, 20.
EPHIPPIUM, 20.
AnonyYx, 50, 57.

appendiculosus, 50, 51, 55.

Exiauus, 51.
NOBILIS, 50, 55.
PALLIDUS, 50.
pouirus, 50, 56.
ANTHURA BRACHIATA, 43.
APHRODITACER, 36.
APHRODITA ACULEATA, 36.
cirrata, 36.
seabra, 36.
Apripium, 19.
Aplysia, 27.

APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS, 23.
pespelicani, 23.
ARENICOLA PISCATORUM, 31.
ARICIA QUADRICUSPIS, 33.

ASCIDIA CALLOSA, 7, 19.
GEOMETRICA, 20.
TENELLA, 20.
ASELLODES, 41.
ALTA, 41.
ASTARTE QUADRANS, 21.
SULCATA, 21.

ASTERACANTHION ALBULUS, 14.

Motrert, 14.
LITTORALIS, 14.
RUBENS, 14.
VIOLACEUS, 14.
AsTERIAD®, 14.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

Asrertas pertusa, 14. Chirodota, 17.

phrygiana, 15. arenata, 17.

spongiosa, 14. LAVIS, 17, 27.
Astrogonium phrygianum, 15. CHITON ALBUS, 22.
ATROPHYTON AGASSIZII, 12. MARMOREUS, 22.
AURELIA AURITA, 11. MENDICARIUS, 22.
BALANUS GENICULATUS, 38. RUBER, 22.

BALANOIDES, 39. Chondrus, 10.

ovularis, 39. CreRIPEDIA, 38.

rugosus, 39. CLAVA MULTICORNIS, 11.
BERNHARDUS PUBESCENS, 59. CLAVELLINA, 19.

STREBLONYX, 99. CLYMENE LUMBRICALIS, 31.
Berow Menus”, 11. CoLOMBELLA DISSIMILIs, 24.
Bona ALATA, 11. ROSACEA, 24.
Bourenta, 13, 47. Comatula, 12.

RENIFORMIS, 20. Corophidee, 48, 56.

RUBRA, 20. CoRYMORPHA NUTANS, 9.
Borryiorwes, 19. Coryne, 11.

Botryodactyla affinis, 16. squamata, 11.

grandis, 16. Corynidze, 10, 11.

BraDA, 32. CRANGON VULGARIS, 58.

GRANOSA, 82. Cratophium, 46.

SUBLAVIS, 20.32 Cribella oculata, 14.
BRACHTOPODA, 82. CrINOIDEs, 12.
BRANCHIOPODA, 39. CrIsIA CRIBRARIA, 18.
Bryozoa, 17. DENTICULATA, 18,
Buccinum unpatum, 24. CRUSTACEA, 37.

BuLLA DEBILIS, 25. CRYPTONOTA, 35.

HIEMALIS, 20. CITRINA, 36.

PERTENUIS, 25. CTENODISCUS CRISPATUS, 15.

TRITICEA, 25. Cucumaria, 16.

CALIGUS PISCINUS, 38. frondosa, 16.
CAMPANULARIA SYRINGA, 8. CUMA BISPINOSA, 39.
CANCER pulex, 55. CuviertA Fasrici, 16.

IRRORATUS, 59. CyanEA Posretst, 11.
Cantuopsis HARVARDIENSIS, 25. CYNTHIA ECHINATA, 20.
CAPRELLA LOBATA, 44. PYRIFORMIS, 20.

LONGIMANUS, 44. CYPRIDINA EXCISA, 39.

ROBUSTA, 44. Cyprina Istanpica, 21.

SANGUINEA, 44. Decapopa, 58.

CARDITA BOREALIS, 21. DENDROCa@LA, 2
Carpium Isuanpicum, 21. DENDRONOTUS ARBORESCENS, 26.

PINNULATUM, 21. DENTALIUM STRIOLATUM, 22.
Caudina, 17. Drapora Noacuina, 22.

arenata, 17. Dorts diaphana, 26.
Cellepora annulata, 18. fusca, 26.
CELLULARIA TERNATA, 19. PALLIDA, 26.
CEPHALOPODA, 27. , PLANULATA, 26.
CERAPUS FASCIATUS, 49. repanda, 26.

FUCICOLA, 48. Doro coronata, 26.

RUBRICORNIS, 46, 47. Duasmodactyla producta, 17.

tubularis, 47. EcHINARACHNIUS ATLANTICUS, 16.

CHEMNITZIA NIVEA, 23. Echinaster Eschrichtii, 14.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN,

Ecwinipa, 15.

EcuioprermMara, 12.

Ecuinus GRANULATUS, 15.
neglectus, 16.
virens, 15.

Eos angulata, 25.
DIVERSA, 26.
FARINACEA, 25.
MANANENSIS, 26.
PURPUREA, 25.
rufibranchialis, 25.
salmonacea, 26.
STELLATA, 25.

JINONELLA, 34.
/BICARINATA, 34.

ENToMosTRACA, 39.

Epizoa, 38.

EUDENDRIUM CINGULATUM, 9.
rameum, 9.
ramosum, 9.

Eunice Orrsrepu, 384.
Harassii, 35.
VIVIDA, 35.

EUPHROSYNE BOREALIS, 36.

Eusirus, 54.

EvryYAtg, 12.
scutatum, 12.

FASCIOLARIA LIGATA, 24.

Fuiusrra, 19.

TRUNCATA, 19.
soLipa, 19.

Fucus nodosus, 49.
vesiculosus, 49.

GAMMARIN2, 56.

GAMMARUS locusta, 55.
MACROPTHALMUS, 5).
PULEX, 55.
PURPURATUS, 59.
Saprni, 55.

GASTEROPODA, 22.

GEMELLARIA DUMOSA, 19, 45.

GEPHYREA, 28.

GLANDULA FIBROSA, 20.
MOLLIS, 20.

GLYCERA CAPITATA, 33.
setosa, 33.
VIRIDESCENS, 33.

GONIASTER equestris, 15.
PHRYGIANA, 15, 38.

GRAMMARIA, 9.

GRACILIS, 9.

GRAMARIA ROBUSTA, 9).

Heteroneis arctica, 34.

HippocRENE SUPERCILIARIS, 11.

THirpponyrE ACULEATA, 58.
Hippornoa, catenularia, 18.
RuGOSA, 18.

Holothuria, 15.
levis, 17.
squamata, 16.
Horornurraps, 16.
Homarus Americans, 17.
Hyas coarcrara, 59.
HYDRACTINIA ECHINATA, 11.
Ipmonra Atlantica, 18.
PRUINOSA, 18.
TIdoteea, 40.
ceca, 39.
TRRORATA, 39.
MONTOSA, 40.
Turrstt, 39.
IPHIMEDIA VULGARIS, 53.
Isopopa, 39.
J@RA coprosa, 40.
LACUNA VINCTA, 23.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, 20.
LAMELLARIA PERSPICUA, 24.
LAOMEDEA GELATINOSA, 8.
LEDA LIMATULA, 20.
MYALIS, 20.
SAPOTILLA, 20.
TENUISULCATA, 21.
THRACLEFORMIS, 20.
Lepas balanoides, 39.
LEPIDONOTE CIRRATA, 36.
PUNCTATA, 36.
SCABRA, 36.
LEPRALIA ANNULATA, 18.
CANDIDA, 18.
CRASSISPINA, 18.
LABIATA, 18.
RUBENS, 19.
Leptochirus, 56.
LEPTOPLANA ELLIPSOIDES, 27.
Leproruor, 46.
Dana, 46.
LERNZA BRANCHIALIS, 38.
LEUCOTHOE GRANDIMANUS, 51.
Linki ocunata, 14.
pertusa, 14.
LitToRINA LITTORALIS, 23.
RUDIS, 23.
Loriao BARTRAMH, 27.
LUCERNARIADA, 8.
Lucernarta fascicularis, 8.
QUADRICORNIS, 8.

63

64

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

Lumara, 30.

FLAVA, 31.
LyonsIA HYALINA, 21.
LysIANASSA SPINIFERA, 49.
Macrra PONDEROSA, 21,

SOLIDISSIMA, 21].
MANGELIA CANCELLATA, 25.

DECUSSATA, 20.

PYRAMIDALIS, 24.

TURRICULA, 24.

MARGARITA ACUMINATA, 23.

ARGENTATA, 23.
CINEREA, 23.
HELICINA, 23.
OBSCURA, 23.
UNDULATA, 23.
Maricoa, 31.
MENESTHO ALBULA, 23.
Monocuxopes, 54.

DEMISSUS, 54.
MYA ARENARIA, 22.

TRUNCATA, 22.
Mysis ocunata, 58.
Myrinus corrueatus, 21.

DECUSSATUS, 21.

piscors, 21.

DISCREPANS, 21.

EDULIS, 21.

LEVIGATUS, 21.

MODIOLUS, 21.
Munna, 41.

Narepa, 28.

SUPERBA, 28.
NASSA TRIVITTATA, 24.
NaTica cLAUSA, 24.

FLAVA, 24.

GRONLANDICA, 24.

HEROS, 24.

IMMACULATA, 24.

TRISERIATA, 24.
NERA cuspidata, 22.

PELLUCIDA, 21.
Nemertes obscura, 28.
NEMERTIDA, 28.
Neputiys borealis, 33.

crea, 33.

CILIATA, 33.

INGENS, 39.
NEREIS ABYSSICOLA, 39.
NEREIS DENTICULATA, 33.

grandifolia, 34.

GRANDIS, 34.

IRIS, 39.

Nereis pelagica, 33.
NucuLA DELPHINODONTA, 20.

PROXIMA, 20.

TENUIS, 20.
NupIBRANCHIATA, 25.
Nullipora, 22.

NYMPHON GROSSIPES, 38.
Ocnus Ayresit, 16.
(Edicerus, 54.

(none, 34.

OMMATOPLEA STIMPSONHT, 28.
Oniseus pulex, 55.

serratus, 52.

Onvuruts Escuricutit, 35.
OPHELIA GLABRA, 33.
OPHIACANTHA SPINULOSA, 18.
OPHIOLEPIS acufera, 15.

cILrATa, 13.

RoBusSTA, 13.

TENUIS, 13.

OPHIOPHOLIS SCOLOPENDRICA, 13.

Ophiothrix, 15.
Ophiura aculeata, 13.
OpHiIuRIDs, 13.
ORCHESTIA GRYLLUS, 49.
Orcula punctata, 17.
Pagurus, 47.

Bernhardus, 59.

pubescens, 59.
PALLENE HISPIDA, 37.
Panvawus borealis, 58.

LEVIGATUS, 08.
PANDORA TRILINIATA, 21.
Panop#a NorveEcica, 22.
Patella candida, 22.

ceca, 22.
Precren Isianpicus, 20.

MAGELLANIcUs, 20.
PrcrrnartA Belgica, 30.

GRONLANDIOA, 30.
PENTACTA FRONDOSA, 16.
Phascolosoma Bernhardus, 28.
PUILINE LINEOLATA, 26.
PHOLOE TECTA, 36.
PHOLAS CRISPATA, 22.

PHOXICHILIDIUM MAXILLARE, 37.

PHOXUS FUSIFORMIS, 57.
Holbollii, 58.
Kroyer, 58.
plumosus, 58.

PHYLLODOCE GRONLANDICA, 33.

PinipiuM eandidum, 22.
CCUM, 22.

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN.

PLaNanipx, 27. SERTULARTA PRODUCTA, 8.
Platycarcinus irroratus, 59. RUGOSA, 9.
PLEUROBRACHIA RHODODACTYLA, 11. SIPHONOSTOMUM ASPERUM, 31.
PLUMULARIA FALCATA, 8. vaginiferum, 32.

TENERRIMA, 8. Srpuncutus Bernuarpus, 28.
Popocerus Niripus, 45. SoLASTER ENDECA, 14.
Pontoporinze, 56. papposa, 15.

PoutA gracilis, 28. Soten EnsIs, 21.

OBSCURA, 28, SPIRORBIS GRANULATA, 29.
POLYNOE SQUAMATA, 36. NAUTILOIDES, 29.
Pouyrt, 7. PORRECTA, 29.
PosEWon AFFINIS, 28. QUADRANGULARIS, 29.
PRANIZA CERINA, 42. SPIRILLUM, 29.

exrulata, 43. VITREA, 29.

PROLES MEDUSIN”, 11. Squilla lobata, 44.

PrRoiEs PotyporwEs, 8. STAUROPHORA LACINIATA, 11.
PROSOBRANCHIATA, 22. Stenosoma irrorata, 39.
PROTULA MEDIA, 30. STENOTHOE CLYPEATA, 57.
Psouus levigatus, 16. SLERNASPIS FOSSOR, 29.

PHANTAPUS, 16. Srropia, 11.
PsEUDOPTHALMUS, 57. Sromapropa, 58.

LIMICOLUS, 57. Synapta, 17.

PELAGICUS, 57. coriacea, 17.
PTERASTER MILITARIS, 15. Talitrus gryllus, 49.
Prrocneirus, 55. TANAIS FILUM, 43.

PINGUIS, 56. TECTIBRANCHIATA, 25.
Ptilota, 10. TECTURA TESTUDINALIS, 22.
PuRPURA LAPILLUS, 24. TECTURELLA, 32.
Pycnoconwes, 37. FLACCIDA, 32.
PYCNOGONON grossipes, 38. TELLINA FUSCA, 21.

littorale, 37. PROXIMA, 21.

PELAGICUM, 37. TEREBELLA BRUNNEA, 31.
Rissoa Acungus, 238. CIRRATA, 31.

EBURNEA, 23. fulgida, 31.

Micuersn, 238. parvula, 31.

PELAGICA, 23. TEREBRATULA SEPTENTRIONALIS, 20.
SABELLA lumbricalis, 51. TETRASTEMMA SERPENTINA, 28.

PAVONINA, 30. Turacia brevirostris, 22.

ZONALIS, 30. Conran, 21.

SARSIA MIRABILIS, 11. Cournovyt, 21.
SAXICAVA ARCTICA, 22. Myopsis, 21.

RUGOSA, 22. TRUNCATA, 21.
SCALARTA GRONLANDICA, 23. TaHyasira Gounpi, 21.
Scoloplos quadricuspis, 33. THYONIDIUM PRODUCTUM, 17.
Serpula granulata, 29. pellucidum, 17.

porrecta, 29. TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS, 24.

vitrea, 29. TRITONIUM CLATHRATUM, 24.
SERTULARIA ARGENTEA, 8. DECEMCOSTATUM, 24.

FALLAX, 9. IsLANpICcUM, 24.

FILICULA, 8. PYGM.EUM, 24.

LATIUSCULA, 8. Trochinus, 17.

Margareta, 8. TROCHUS OCCIDENTALIS, 23.

POLYZONIAS, 8, 9. TuBICOL®, 29.

66

MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN,

TupuLartaDs, 10. TURRITELLA ACICULA, 23.
TUBULARIA INDIVISA, 9. COSTULATA, 28.
LARYNX, 9. EROSA, 23.
penicillus, 30. TYPHLOLEPTA ACUTA, 27.
TUBULIPORA CRATES, 17. UNcIOLA IRRORATA, 45.
pivisa, 18. VELUTINA HALIOTOIDES, 24.
flabellaris, 18. ZONATA, 24.
PATINA, 17. VERMILIA SERRULA, 29.

TunicaTa, 19. ZETES SPINOSA, 37.

REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES.

1. AcTINIA CARNEOLA.

17.

SIPUNCULOIDES.

. GRAMMARIA ROBUSTA.

ACAULIS PRIMARIUS.

. ASTERACANTHION ALBULUS.
. TUBULIPORA DIVISA.

. IDMONEA PRUINOSA.

. CRISIA CRIBRARIA.

HippoTHoa RUGOSA.

. LEPRALIA CANDIDA.

RUBENS.
FLustRA SOLIDA.

. NERA PELLUCIDA.
. Doris PLANULATA.

See page 27.
LEPTOPLANA ELLIPSOIDES.
NAREDA SUPERBA.

. OMMATOPLEA STIMPSONII.

STERNASPIS FOSSOR.

ODAAKH

. LUMARA FLAVA.
. TECTURELLA FLACCIDA.
22. BRADA, n. g.

NEREIS DENTICULATA.
GRANDIS.

. ENONELLA BICARINATA.
. EUNICE VIVIDA.

. CRYPTONOTA CITRINA.

. CYPRIDINA EXCISA.

. JRA COPIOSA.

. ASELLODES ALTA.

. PRANIZA CERINA.

LeprorHor DAN.

. CERAPUS RUBRICORNIS.

FUCICOLA.
FASCIATUS.

. ALLORCHESTES LITTORALIS.
. LrucOrHOE GRANDIMANUS.

PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

WASHINGTON, D.

MARCH, 1853.

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