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MANOR BTREEE, t% Be het ptr t no ’ e See aed vu) ” — J 5 €: f 4 & THE CRETACEOUS GROUP — THE UNITED STATES. & . « Ne ‘ \ ILLUSTRATED BY NINETEEN PLATES, ' ¢ TO WHICH IS ADDED AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING A TABULAR VIEW OF THE TERTIARY FOSSILS HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN NORTH AMERICA. SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON, M.D. _ MEMBER ae E AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF FILADELPHIA; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF. THE ‘NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY; OF = __ THE ALBANY INSTITUTE, &c. ‘e $ _ ‘ ’ I : od $n -F “Je regarde Ios caractéres pay de EDR ok tirés de Pahalogie des corps organises, comme de premiére valeur en Geognosie, et comme devant l’emporter sur somes les autres differences quelque grandes qu’elles paraissent.” * Av. BRonGNIART. i” } o# ; " Bi PHILADELPHIA: . KEY & BIDDLE, MINOR STREET. * oe 5 W. P. Gibbons, Printer. of Gs Vas | - at , x A er 2 4 pi SS? re ae. e - 7 es ’ = fri Pe af r TO : - ; bs 3 : ; ‘ = é ba GIDEON MANTELL, Esa. : F.R.S., LS. G. 8. &e. &e. ; t OF BRIGHTON, ENGLAND, ~ ” b sd : : er’ fe =a’ 2. ae DISCOVERER OF THE IGUANODON AND HYLOSAURUS, at: re / THIS WORK ~ aae ae wf o 5 aps y ba a: - . So te “ ran pny : oat phe’ 18 MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED . ; a ; x, 7 “ 8 hs . + eee P Mle Po ‘ oe be at 4 » BY Ae : — { - - A ‘ - . 7 mia... a 2 am te . a. > J : - San HIS VERY OBLIGED AND VERY GRATEFUL FRIEND, THE AUTHOR. a PREFACE. In Mr. Maclure’s « Geology of the United States,’’ the formation we are about to examine is called alluvial, without’ any specific reference to the _ contained fossils, which at the time that work was published, were almost | unknown: several of them were subsequently described by Mr. Say, who, however, took little notice of their geological relations. Dr. Harlan has written several papers on the Marl of New Jersey, with _ particular-reference to fossil osteology ; and Dr. Dekay has more recently pursued the same interesting investigation. | Mr. Vanuxem’s memoir on the Secondary, Tertiary and Alluvial forma- tions of the United States, embraces brief, but important views of the are- naceous deposit of this Synopsis, which he was the first to identify with the Chalk series of 7 i cet. Al he does not refer it to-any particular division of the Chalk! | With these and other aids, all of which will be. more “Peete ac- knowledged hereafter, I applied myself to the study of what 1s been termed the “ Marl region” of this country ; and my object was greatly pro- moted by the extensive excavations at the Chesapeake and Delaware canal. I have also had access to nearly all the public and private collections of which marl fossils form a part; and in this respect owe much to the kind- ness of my friends Dr. Blanding, Mr. J. P. Wetherill, Mr. Nuttall, Prof. Hitchcock, Mr. Cooper, Dr. Dekay, Dr. Z. Pitcher and Mr. T. A. Conrad. The last named gentleman, although he has not written on this portion of American geology, has contributed as much as any one to its elucidation ; and to him also belongs the honour of first identifying and making known the Calcaire grossier, or Eocene, of Alabama. The first edition of this Synopsis was read before the Academy of Natu- ral Sciences of Philadelphia, in the autumn of 1829, and published in — .* vi PREFACE. the American Journal of Science and Arts, in January of the succeeding year.* In consequence of the facilities afforded. me for this inquiry, several genera of organic remains are now noticed for the first time as occurring on this continent ; and it will be observed that two new genera and many new species of Testacea have been added to this edition. I may add, that up to the present time eight only of the fossil shells and zoophytes noticed in this work have been described, and but four of them figured by other naturalists. | I have endeavoured, in this edition, to correct the inaccuracies of my for- mer papers, and good artists have been employed to furnish the accompany- ing illustrations, consisting of nineteen plates, and one hundred and sixty figures, which almost without exception, possess the merit of great accu- racy. The care bestowed on these illustrations, precludes the necessity of those minute specific details in the text, which would have been otherwise indispensable. Philadelphia, January 1st, 1834. * Vols. XVII and XVIII; plates in the latter volume: my other papers, also illustrated by plates, will be found in Vols. XXII, XXIII and XXIV; and in Journ. Acad. of Nat. Science, Vol. VI, from 1827 to 1830, _ CRETACEOUS GROUP OF THE UNITED STATES. EQUIVALENTS IN EUROPE. Ferruginous Sand. Mr. Vanuxem was the first to de- tect the analogy between this deposit and the chalk for- mation of Europe; although, as mentioned in the preface, he did not refer it to any particular division of the chalk. My first essay,* published simultaneously with Mr. Va- nuxem’s, suggests its analogy to the lower mass of the cre- _ taceous group, called by the French Ja craie inferieure ou ancienne, which in England is designated as the Green Sand Formation, or Ferruginous Sand Series. My subsequent researches during seven years, have fully confirmed the preceding opinion. Calcareous Strata. These were first noticed by my- self in the year 1829. A careful examination of a great number of organic remains has induced me to consider *Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, Vol. VE. p. 97. 1827). tConeybeare and Phillips describe the F erruginous sand of England as com- posed of these four subdivisions, counting from below :—1, Iron sand; 2, Weald clay; 3, Green sand; 4, Chalk Marl. (Geol. pp. 60, 120 &c.) The whole series, embracing the White Chalk, is now very generally called the Cretaceous Group. 8 CRETACEOUS GROUP these beds as of the same age as the white chalk of Europe: but as the American strata contain, as will be shown here- after, some Tertiary shells, a positive decision must be deferred, until sanctioned by further observation. | pe MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERS. 1. Ferruginous Sand. ‘The mineralogical characters of this deposit are extremely variable, consisting however, for the most part, of minute grains collected into friable masses of a dull bluish, or greenish colour, often with a shade of gray. A hundred grains of the green variety gave Mr. Seybert the following constituents :— Silex, 49.83 Alumine, 6.00 Magnesia, Sit SB Potash, : 10.12 Water, Bogie 9.80 Protox. of iron, © 21.53 Loss, 89 100.00 In a less cautious analysis by Mr. J. P. Wetherill and myself, of an apparently similar marl from another locali- ty, we obtained silex 49.00, protoxide of iron 30.00, alumine 5.50, and lime 4.70. Hence it appears that the predominant constituents of these marls are silex and iron. They often contain beds of dark blue, tenacious clay, which is sometimes mixed with the marl, forming the marly clay of Mr. Peirce: in other instances the two are disposed in alternate layers. ‘ . OF THE UNITED STATES. ) Again, these earths are of a yellowish brown color, fria- ble or compact, and filled with green specks of silicate of iron. Some of the greenish varieties are extremely indu- rated, rendering it difficult to separate the contained fos- _ ~sils. The friable blue marls sometimes embrace a large proportion of mica in minute scales, similar to the beds described by Mr. Manteil, (South Downs, p. 77,) as oc- curring in the green sand of Sussex, England. Other localities present beds of siliceous gravel, (tur- tia? of the French,):the pebbles varying in size from coarse sand to an inch in diameter: these are either in- sulated or cemented by green phosphate and brown oxide of iron, and contain a profusion of fossils. | At the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, I observed a fine siliceous sand of a green color, answering to the glauconie sableuse of Brongniart: also, a white sand with abundance of lignite, which, however, appears to be much more recent than the cretaceous formations. The friable blue marls seldom contain more than five per cent. of lime, and often no trace of it, as in the ana- lysis of Mr. Seybert; but Mr. Vanuxem remarks that the proportion of this earth increases in the southern States. | The diversified appearances above mentioned, pass by insensible degrees into each other, producing an almost endless variety of mineralogical characters. The mineral substances found in these marls, are tron pyrites in profusion ; succinite, lignite, and spheroidal masses of a dark green color,:and compact, sandy struc- - ture, probably analogous to those found in the green sand ee tae =e “t Ou } aa ues Vie, Te ee pbs ok 15 ’ Z is . ry "| hd a oe ee 10 CRETACEOUS GROUP of France.* They are one or two inches in diameter 5 and although their structure 'is not organic, they. often have a shark’s tooth or a shell, fora neucleus. Can they be Coprolites ? Larger spheroidal. bodies also occur, with fissures radiating from the centre, like those of the clay iron-stone so common in England.. ceneteaai Lignite is extremely abundant: it is found in the lower strata of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, in almost every variety, from charred wood to well characterized jet. Even the limbs and trunks of trees have been there found many feet in length, and perforated by the teredo.t 2. Calcareous strata. These: consist of several va- rieties of carbonate of-lime, of which the following-are the most remarkable : An extremely friable mass, containing at least thirty- seven per cent. of lime, with a considerable proportion of iron, silex &c. It appears to be almost entirely composed of disintegrated zoophytes. A yellowish or straw colored limestone, as hard as the carboniferous varieties; it contains numerous organic re- mains. A granular or subcrystalline limestone, termediate in structure between the former two, and embracing similar fossils. *Cuv. and Brong. Desc. Geol. des env. de Paris, p. 16. + Although I am satisfied that our cretaceous strata contain lignite, yet Lby no means refer all our lignites to those strata. ‘The deposits of this kind last. men tioned, lie between the deep cut of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal and its 6 western extremity, and probably belong to a much more recent period than the ~— chalk series. This subject is now in the able hands of my friend Henry D, Ro- # . gers, Esq. OF THE UNITED STATES. il A white, soft limestone, not harder than some coarse ehalks, which it much resembles: replete with fossils. All these varieties are occasionally infiltrated by sili- ceous matter, and considerable masses of chert are 0cCa- ” sionally observed in them: they also present some ap- pearances of the green grains so- characteristic of the Ae Mors” y marls adjacent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, ORGANIC CHARACTERS &c. When my attention was first called to this subject, eight years ago, I. could not trace the ferruginous sand beyond the peninsula of New Jersey, and a small part of Delaware: subsequently, however, it has been discovered in nearly all the southern states, and I now believe it to be one of the most extensive formations on this continent. From the observations of Professor Hitchcock I have no doubt that it forms the substratum of the islands of Nan- tucket and Martha’s Vineyard, on the coast of Massachu- setts. Long Island will doubtless prove a link in the same series. But this formation is first unequivocally recog- nized in New Jersey, whence it may be locally traced through Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Lou- isiana, Arkansas and Missouri. These various deposits, though seemingly insulated, are. doubtless continuous, or nearly so, forming an irregu- lar crescent nearly three thousand miles in extent; and ‘what is very remarkable, there is not only a generic ac- cordance between the fossil shells. scattered through this vast tract, but in by far the greater number of compari- - KA CRETACEQUS GROUP sons | have hitherto been able to make, the same species of fossils are found throughout: thus the Ammonites pla- centa, Baculites ovatus, Gryphxa vomer, Gryphxa muta- bilis, Ostrea falcata §c., are found without a shadow of difference, from New J ersey to Louisiana: although some species have been found in the latter state that have not been noticed in the former, and vice versa. Again, the calcareous strata appear to be much less extensively distributed than the friable marls, and present considerable difference in their organic characters, as will be noticed in detail hereafter. Again, they appear to form, in all instances, the superior or overlying beds of this formation. | | In my first paper on this subject I mentioned some geological resemblance between the marl of New J ersey and the strata of the celebrated plateau of Maestricht, on the Rhine.* My friend Mr. Mantell, however, to whom I have sent specimens, points out a yet stronger analogy between our calcareous strata and the Maestricht beds. ‘“‘ The latter,”’ he observes, ‘‘ appear to form, as it were, a connecting link between the chalk and the tertiary, for although, in England, France and elsewhere, there is a marked separation between the so called secondary and 0: ae tertiary formations, I believe it will ultimately be found — that this is not the natural order, but the exception ; and that the transition from one to the other was gradual. In’ the Maestricht beds we have the Ammonites, Baculites, Echini &c., so characteristic of the chalk, associated with Volutes, Turritelle, and other Tertiary genera.” * Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philad. Vol. VI. p. 94 hd + A OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 By reference to the following synopsis, it will be re- marked that there isa striking analogy between the Ame- rican calcareous strata and the upper chalk of Europe. The opinion is held by some geologists, that a transi- tion group exists between the Secondary and Tertiary deposits of some parts of Europe: thus at Gosau,* in the eastern Alps, Zrigonia alzformis, Pecten quinque- costatus, and a few other well known secondary fossils, are said to: be associated with a variety of tertiary re- mains. M. Dufresnoy also observed among two hundred fossils of the Pyrenean chalk, fifty species possessing tertiary characters. I am aware that M. Deshayes doubts the accuracy of the observations in reference to Gosau, but Mr. Conrad has verified the geological fact of the mixed nature of some formations, during his late re- searches in Alabama, of which notice will be taken in another place. The following diagram will serve to convey an idea of the cretaceous group, in reference to the other formations in this country: no known section, however, exhibits all these strata in conjunction. | —— Erratic group a ae) Quarternary, or Newer Pliocene Upper Marine, or Older Pliocene Tertiary. Modern. London clay, or Eocene Calcareous strata Ferruginovs sand Secondary. ~Ss | ~~ ‘dnois) snosoryaig * Trans. Geol. Soc. of London, vol. iii. (N. 8.) p. 360. 14 CRETACEOUS GROUP With respect to the basis on which the ferruginous sand rests, I know nothing with certainty; for although the strata have been penetrated nearly one hundred feet at the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, they afford no an- swer to this question. But I am disposed to believe that in the northern states this formation rests on primitive rocks, and in the southern states, especially i in Alabama, on the old secondary limestone. The latter opinion has recently been much corroborated by the researches of Mr. Conrad. If hereafter it should be proved. that the northern section of our cretaceous group rests upon primitive rocks, as just suggested, it will be similarly circumstanced to the same formation in Sweden, where, according to Mr. Nilsson, the chalk is generally incumbent on gneiss. Again, in the Carpathean mountains, the chalk and gra- nite are in immediate contact.* NEW JERSEY. Ferruginous Sand. In New Jersey, the tract which has long been known by the name of the “ marl district,” may be located as follows :—Draw two lines, one from Amboy to Trenton, the other from Deal to Salem ; let the Atlantic ocean connect the eastern, and the Delaware river the western points of these lines: this irregular ob- Jong tract incloses nearly the whole marl deposit of New Jersey; so far, at least, as it has hitherto been ex- plored. ‘There is reason, however, to suppose that it occupies a much larger proportion of the peninsula, espe- * De la Beche, Geol. Man. pp. 256. OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 cially in some places overlaid by deep deposits of clay and sand, as at. Bordentown, White Hill &c. . In other localities, the older Pliocene (Upper marine) overlies the secondary, ds is the ease a few miles from Salem. Above all these deposits is mostly found a uniform covering of gray sand, referred by Mr. Vanuxem to alluvial ori- gin 5. yet we often observe the marl, with its peculiar fossils, immediately beneath the soil. These fossils, as will hereafter be shown, are of a very striking character, occasionally grouped in vast: numbers, . and_in other instances almost wholly absent. ‘The genera — Gryphea, Exogyra and Belemnites, are found abun- dantly throughout. Near Egypt, on the margin of Cross- wick’s creek, and at Ralph’s mill, near Hornerstown, Terebratule occur in prodigious numbers, but under different appearances: at-Egypt, for instance, is a series of thin strata, some filled exclusively by Terebratule, others by Gryphza, so disintegrated as mostly to fall to pieces on removing them from the marl. Near Horners- town, on. the contrary, the Terebratule. are found in a very indurated matrix in the bottom of a rivulet, and in . perfect preservation. Near Walnford, Exogyre and Belemnites predominate: at Arneytown, these genera are associated with Ammonites, Baculites &c. The marls of the whole of Monmouth county are similarly characterized, especially those. near Middletown, the Nutt swamp &c. | Mullica hill, in Gloucester, presents a naked elevation of forty or fifty feet, composed of sand and small quartz 16 CRETACEOUS GROUP pebbles, in fact a siliceous gravel, cemented by green phosphate and brown oxide of iron, and embracing a vast quantity of the usual marl fossils, especially Gry- phea, Exogyra and Belemnites: the former. two, how- ever, are usually so charged with iron as greatly to im- pair their characters, and the Belemnites are either more or less decomposed, or replaced by crystallized phos- phate of iron. The gravel is not superficial, but may be observed to a depth of many feet. As this gravel forms an exception to ordinary appear- ances, it at first occurred to me that it might have been derived from a partial mixture on the surface of diluvial debris.* An instance of this kind occurs on Mr. For- syth’s land, near Pemberton, where the diluvial gravel has torn up the marl, and the two are mingled together ; and among the characteristic constituents of the former, were found several masses of anthracite coal, of which there is no locality short of an hundred miles. Calcareous Strata. ‘The calcareous beds have been traced as far south as Salem, and north to Vincentown, a tract nearly sixty miles in length, in a direction nearly parallel to the Delaware river, and from seven to ten miles east of it. These beds are marked throughout by the several varieties of calcareous rock already described, (p- 10,) and characterized by abundance of Zoophytes, Echini, and a few species of shells. ‘These fossils, with * Should the gravel be hereafter found to form an integral part of these beds, it will be no anomaly in this formation, for the same phenomenon occurs in the lower green sand strata in England.—Coneyb. and Phil. Geol. p. 137. OF THE UNITED STATES. 1? a few exceptions, have also been found in the arenaceous bed; but many of the organic remains of the latter are not observed in the limestone strata, which have not yielded any multilocular univalves, unless the doubtful fossil, Be- lemnites ? ambiguus, be of this character: neither do they contain Terebratule or Kxogyre. . ee DELAWARE. , Ferruginous Sand. In this state, the blue and gray friable marls extend in the line of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, from St. Georges almost to the’western lock. nm St. Georges and its. vicinity afford Gryphza and» Exogyra in great numbers, with Ostrea falcata and some Belemnites.. The deep cut of the canal abounds in Am- monites, Baculites, and Scaphites, without any of the fossils previously mentioned. This locality consists of a series of pyritous sands and clays, in which the shells have decomposed, leaving only the casts. The excavation here ‘has been deeper than in any other locality, and a register kept of its mineralogical and other features. Iam in- debted to Mr. A. A. Dexter, one of the Engineers, for two vertical sections of the strata, one taken at the summit level, the other about a quarter of a mile west of that point. It will be observed that these sections are transverse with respect to the canal, which runs nearly east and west. Section, No. 1. Pl. 14, upper figure. Deepest sec- tion of the deep cut. Vertical depth, 824 feet. 1. A series of white. yellow and brown sands and gravel, J + 18 CRETACEOUS GROUP traversed by iron crusts, and containing large masses of primitive rocks. Depth 35: feet. 2. Argillo-micaceous sand, of a dark blue color. Or- ganic remains few and indeterminate. Depth 283 feet. 3 | 3. Argillo-ferruginous sand, of ‘a. greenish color, abounding in Ammonites, Baculites, Pholadomyz, Lignite, Sugcinite &c. Depth, 4 feet. 4, Coarse. gray sand, with similar organic products as No. 3. Depth 7 feet. This stratum forms the bottom of the canal, but the excavation was made six feet deeper for experimental purposes. 5. Argillaceous sand, of a dull green color, which it imparts to water: Organic remains same as in the last beds. Depth 3 feet. 6. Coarse gray sand, which was penetrated about three feet, but no fossils were observed. Section, No. 2. Pl. 14, lower figure. Taken 484 yards west of section No. 1. Vertical depth 623 feet. 1. Ferruginous gravel and sand. Diluvial. Depth 9 feet. 2. Black tenaceous clay. Depth 7 feet. 3. Ferruginous brown sand and clay, containing a pro- fusion of Ammonites and Baculites, with Scaphites, Lignite, Succinite, and casts of various simple uni- valve and bivalve shells. Depth 23 feet. 4, Blue micaceous sand and clay, with similar fossils to No. 3. 5. Ferruginous sand and clay, of a dull green color, OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 abounding in multilocular and other shells. Depth + 62 feet. ha 6. A white siliceous sand, which, about two hundred yards further west, rises twelve or fifteen feet above its level at this point, and contains Lignite in vast quantity; sometimes even the trunks of trees twenty or thirty feet long, and a foot in diameter. No other organic remains were observed in it. The calcareous strata have not yet been detected in Delaware. MARYLAND. I am informed that the Ferruginous sand occurs below Annapolis, in this state, at which place it is chiefly char- acterized by Alcyonia. Mr. Conrad obtained at Fort Washington, on the Potomac, a solitary valve of Exogyra, indicating the presence of this formation. VIRGINIA. A writer, in the American Journal of Science, speaks of the occurrence of Belemnites and Gryphza on James river, but gives no locality. | NORTH CAROLINA. Ferruginous sand. This is well developed at Ashwood, on Cape Fear river, where, according to the late Mr. William Bartram,* there are several beds of dark co- lored marl, containing Belemnites, sharks’ teeth, pyri- * Travels, p. 477, 475. 20 CRETACEOUS GROUP tous Lignite &c. &c. ‘These strata are surmounted by the usual diluvial mass to a depth of ten or twelve feet. Mr. Conrad, during his geological journey through the ' Southern states, made some interesting discoveries near the town of Wilmington, N. ©. which I shall give in his own words: ‘At this place, I found the Upper Marine formation, resting immediately on secondary limestone, precisely like that you have described as occurring in New Jersey 3 it is in thin layers, and reposes directly on a hard rock which is the equivalent of the Ferruginous sand, as it abounds in Hzogyra costata and other charac- teristic fossils. The cretaceous strata are said by intelli- gent persons here to extend sixty miles up Cape Fear river, and from its mouth coastwise as far north as Cape Hatteras.”’ | . _ It seems, therefore, that the calcareous and arenaceous strata of the American Cretaceous group, wherever they have been examined, preserve the same relative position as the white chalk and Ferruginous sand of Europe. SOUTH CAROLINA. Ferruginous Sand.—My friend Dr. Blanding, has discovered this formation near Effingham’s mill, on Lynch’s creek. The fossils he has brought me are chiefly Exogyra costata. Mar’s bluff, on Pedee river, and Nelson’s ferry, on Santee river, afford the Belem- nites Americanus. Calcareous Strata.—The Calcareous strata form an extensive basin to the west of the city of Charleston : this limestone, which is of the newest Cretaceous formation wei OF THE UNITED STATES. 2r is mostly yellowish white, considerably friable, and re- plete with fossils, although the number of species hitherto discovered is inconsiderable. Among these, the Ostrea cretacea and O. panda occur also in the older cretaceous. Qs z deposits of Alabama. _ GEORGIA. The. Ferruginous sand appears to abound near Sanders- ville in ‘this state, whence I have received a number of ‘specimens of the Belemnites Americanus. _ ALABAMA. This state presents a vast deposit .of both strata, for a knowledge of which I am wholly indebted to Mr. Conrad, who informs me that the counties of Pickens, Bibb, Greene, Perry, Dallas, Marengo; Wilcox, Lownes, Mont- gomery, and parts of. Clarke, Monroe and Conecuth, are chiefly composed of the older Cretaceous strata. In Clarke county the newer Cretaceous rock predominates. One of the most prolific fossil localities is Prairie bluff, in Wilcox county, as will be seen in the course of this sy- nopsis. The following diagram will convey an idea of its strata : Feet. 2\Loam &c. g|Ferruginous sand, generally indurated with Exogyra, Gryphea &c. © 70 Same deposit, in a friable state, with abundance of Ostrea falcata. ° The older Cretaceous rock constittites the long and per- pendicular bluff at Demopolis, where it has been ascertained ae ee be ow Fe yy fF Ae , ree? a + ¥ . 22 . CRETACEOUS GROUP by boring to be at least 500 feet thick. The more ele- vated bluff at Erie is chiefly composed of the same rock, which is here very friable and well characterized by fine ‘specimens of Pecten quinguecostatus, as well as abun- dance of Hxogyra costata.. A short distance north of Erie, the Cretaceous rocks terminate, following the course of the Black Warrior; and: at Tuscaloosa the old Red sandstone with bituminous coal form the bed of that river. The Tombeckbe and most of its tributaries runs entirely through a region, the substratum of which is the Creta- ceous group, although it is probable that their sources originate in the Carboniferous limestone, which may ex- tend into the north-east section of Mississippi. We learn from travellers, that the Cretaceous rocks chiefly compose the countries of the Chickasaws and Choctaws, and it is highly probable that nearly the whole state of Mississippi is of the same formation. It is worthy of re- mark, that all the prairies of Alabama and Mississippi have a substratum of the older Cretaceous rock. The newer Cretaceous strata prevail only in the southern por- tion of Alabama, are never covered with a prairie soil, and have not been observed north of the central parts of Clarke and Monroe counties. Nummulite Limestone.—For the following account of this highly interesting deposit, I am indebted wholly to Mr. Conrad, who examined it personally : ‘¢ After crossing the Alabama river at Claiborne, I tra- versed a level alluvial country for two or three miles, when the surface becomes broken into gravelly hills co- vered by a pine forest. Near Suggsville the hills are OF THE UNITED STATES. 93 formed of the nummulite limestone, masses of which are scattered in every direction: it is porous, or contains ‘spheroidal cavities, formed no doubt by the decomposi- tion of organic remains, which. leave loose casts that are easily washed out by the rains.’ -The most characteristic fossil at this place is Ostrea panda. | <¢ These limestone hills occur at intervals to the vicinity of Jackson, on the Tombeckbe: on Basset’s creek one of these hills rises probably to a height of 300 feet above the water level. I crossed the river at Jackson, which is on a high sloping bluff, entirely diluvial, and proceeded over a succession of pine covered hills until within a mile of St. Stephens, where the limestone again appears. St. Stephens is on a high bluff of this rock, which, wherever it occurs, forms a very broken or undulating surface. A short distance above the village, the bluff rises’ nearly perpendicular from the river, and is about 100 feet high. Every where in the vicinity this limestone crops out on the summits of the hills, and myriads of Nummulites Mantelli are scattered over the surface of the decom- posing rock. The Gryphza vomer is occasionally found among them, and the Ostrea panda is abundant, but no other fossils occur excepting what are peculiar to the limestone in question. On the hills I observed the Pee- ten Poulsont in abundance. Near low water mark in the bluff is a stratum of shells consisting of Ostrea panda and Plagiostoma dumosum, both equally abundant. The surface of this rock is in many places very hard, and ofa bluish color, compact, and glittering when fractured, and is convertible into excellent lime. Again it is often 24 CRETACEOUS GROUP white and friable, and so much resembles chalk that. it is not surprising that it should have been mistaken for the real chalk of commerce, from which it differs in possess- ing a coarser and more granulated structure, and in con- taining a considerable proportion of argillaceous earth.” MISSISSIPPI. This state has an extensive marl tract in'the Chickasaw fields, near the borders of Tennessee. The charac- . teristic fossils have been sent to me by my friend Mr. Brewster. In the Choctaw country similar fossils are also very abundant. TENNESSEE, The south western portion of Tennessee represents a continuation of the tract-just mentioned, which takes a westerly direction across the Mississippi river at the Chickasaw Bluffs. ‘ LOUISIANA. Dr. Pitcher, in a recent letter, describes an extensive - deposit of Ferruginous sand between Alexandria and Na- chitoches. Judge Bry has also noticed it near the town- ship of Wachita, on the Wachitta river, where it is re- cognized by Belemnites, Ammonites and Gryphea. ARKANSAS. “Mr. Nuttall long ago found fossils of this formation on the calcareous platform of Red river, above and below the OF THE UNITED STATES. Q5 ' Junction of the Kiameska ; and Dr. Pitcher, of the United States”army, now at Fort Gibson, has politely obtained specimens for my use, among which I readily identify the Gryphxa vomer, Exogyra costata &c. MISSOURI. Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, Mr. Nuttall and Col. Long, found Baculites, Gryphza and other marl fossils at the Great Bend of the Missouri river, (lat: 43° 40’ N., long. 72° W. from Washington,) intimating the existence of the Ferruginous sand in that remote region of our conti- nent, as mentioned ona former occasion. In fact, a great — part of the level country between the Rocky mountains and the Mississippi is occupied by this formation; and I have also seen some fossils from thence, which bear a strong affinity to those of the Lias of Europe. he na és me be ba FTE SYNOPSIS &c. >> OGQa— ANIMALIA VERTEBRATA. REPTILIA. SAURIA. Mosasaurus. Coneybeare. Pl. XI. fig. 9. : Dr. Harlan, in Journ. Acad. vol. iv. pl. xiv. fig. 2, 3, 4. Tus Saurian, so well known by the name of Monitor, Maestricht animal &c., was once among the inhabitants of the shores of the American continent, as is proved by teeth and vertebre found in Monmouth, Burlington and Gloucester counties, in New Jersey, and at St. Georges in Delaware. | | The tooth represented on the annexed plate, was first described and figured by Dr. Harlan ; since which time numerous others have been found. Mr. Mantell, to whom I sent a cast of one of them, assures me that he can perceive no difference between it and the teeth from Maestricht ; and that in fact they are as much alike as if they belonged to the same species. Q8 CRETACEOUS GROUP GEOSAURUS. Pl. xi. fig. 10. In a memoir lately published,* Dr. Dekay announces the discovery, in New Jersey, of some remains of the Geosaurus, a subgenus of Mosasaurus. I have annexed. an accurate representation of two teeth, with a portion of the jaw, which have been kindly lent me for that purpose by Dr. Dekay. PLESIOSAURUS.? Dr. Harlan, (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iv.) describes some remains which he supposes to have be- longed to this animal. ‘They consist chiefly of vertebra, - and are preserved in the collections of the Academy. I believe the remains of Plesiosauri have not hitherto been found in Europe in any beds more.recent than the Oolites. A recent inspection of these remains, causes me to en- tertain doubts of their belonging to any animal of the Saurian order. CROCODILE. 1. Pl. x1. fig. 12, represents a tooth, found with seve- ral others, together with a considerable portion of the jaw bone, near White Hill, N.J.in blue marl. (Vide Dr. Fiarlan’s paper, in Journ. Acad. vol. iv. pl. 1.) This tooth is longitudinally striated, like those in ‘ Tilgate Forest,” pl. v. fig. 2.9. I found a vertebra of a croco- dile in the marl of St. Georges, Delaware. * Ann, N. York Lyceum, Vol. iii. OF THE UNITED STATES. BOs: 2. Pl. xi. fig. 13. Another tooth, from the calcareous” strata at Timber creek, in Gloucester county, N.J. It differs from the precediag one in the absence of strie. Considerable portions of the jaw, embracing several teeth, were obtained in the same beds, and are now contained in | the collections of the Academy: the greater part of the skeleton yet remains; but owing to the hardness of the limestone, and the extent of the superincumbent mass, the attempts to remove it have proved fruitless. 3. Lieut. Mathers obtained from the marl near Shrews- bury, N. J., maxillary portions of a third species, which, from its elongated snout, appears to have been a Gavial. Vertebral bones are not unfrequent. Sauropon. ays. S. Leanus. Hays. (Amer. Phil. Trans. vol. iii. N. S Pl. xvi.) ! | | Portions of. the j jaws of an extinct animal have been described by Dr. Hays under this name. These remains appear to be congeneric with the Saurocephalus of Dr. Harlan, (J ourn. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iv.) brought from Missouri by Messrs. Louis and Clark. The Saurodon was found in the marl near Woodbury, New Jersey. | Several vertebral bones have recently been described by Mr. Rogers, in the Journal of the Academy, which he regards as indicating an extinct Saurian of far larger di- mensions than any hitherto discovered. The specimens are two vertebre from the marl near Timber creek, Jer- sey, and a single vertebral bone from the lower limestone 30 CRETACEOUS GROUP of Alabama. ‘They approach very nearly, he conceives, to some large vertebral bones from Honfleur, figured by Cuvier, (Ossemens Fosgiles.) See Journ. of Acad. of Nat. Sc.-vol. vile, 7°. In the Academy of Natural Sciences, and in private collections in this city, are some interesting remains which appear to have belonged to Saurian animals. I pos- sess some singular specimens figured on pl. xviii., figs. 1 and 2. At first I supposed them to be dermal bones, allied to those of the Hylosaurus, as figured by Mr. Mantell 5 but as they possess a distinct enamel, and as some speci- mens are worn by attrition on the apex, they may have been the palate bones 6f some marine animal. TESTUDO. There are, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, seve- ral bones which appear to belong to a large species of Testudo. - 7 PISCES. -SquaLus. Bones and teeth of various species of shark are abun- dant in this formation. They are mostly in fine preser- vation; and I am indebted to my friend J. P. Wetherill, Esq. for the use of several beautiful specimens in his pos- session. Notwithstanding the admirable perfection of these remains, I am not sufliciently acquainted with them, (excepting perhaps in two or three instances) to identify them with known species, either recent or fossil. *% 7 OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 oe ae Pl. xi. fig. 1. With an entire edge, and an appen- | dage at each basil margin. Arenaceous beds of New Jersey. ; : Byes oO PL xh. fem Lanceolate, curved, longitudinally striated. New Jersey and Alabama. Soteicds Bi 1, fig. 3. Lanceolate, curved, smooth, with late- ~ ral basal aPrsnlagye New Jersey and South Caro- lina. 7 Te naa. Pl. xi. fig. 4. With serrated edges. aS Pl. xi. fig. 5. With entire edges, and basal appen- _ dages. . New Jersey. Probably allied to S. 2ygand. S. Cuvieri? Pl. xi. fig. 6. See Mantell’s Geology of the South 7 : Kast of England, p. 132. A similar tooth is re- ferred to 8. mustilus, by Parkinson, Org. Rem. vol. iil. pl. xix. fig. 3. S...... + Pl. xi. fig. 11. . Curved, with a basal Pasar New Jersey. Bike oie’ e'y Eb By Ge. 2 Compare with Parkinson, Gx Rem.’pl. xix. fig. 11. Found in both the arena- *. ceous and calcareous strata. ee .. Pl. xii. fig. 3. Lanceolate, with coarsely ser- _ rated edges, and obscure basal appendages. New ~ Jersey. ieee amag ara Pl. xii. fig. 4. Curved, with coarse marginal serrations, and large, auricular basal appendages. New Jersey. 3 Ae Ta oe Pl. xii. fig. 5. With serrated edges. New Jer- sey. | , ) Vertebral bones and teeth cf the shark are also’represented, Pl. 15, fig. 14, and pl. 19, fig. 11 and 13: | 32 CRETACEOUS GROUP SPHYRENA. Pil. xii, fig. 1. | - Some remains of this remarkable genus of fishes, have been found in the blue marl of Monmouth county, New Jersey. Part of a jaw, with several teeth, is in the pos- session of William Cooper, Esq. ; and the annexed draw- ing of a large tooth, is from a specimen in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Impressions and scales of fishes’ have been repeatedly observed 3 but the friability of the matrix in which they occur, has prevented their being: carefully: examined. Masses which appeag to be Coprolites are not unfre- quent. A solitary tibia of a bird belonging to the genus Scolo- pax, was found in friable green marl near Arneytown, New Jersey. It is preserved in the Academy of Natu- ral Sciences... ANIMALIA MOLLUSCA. _ OEPHALOPODA. SEPIA. -T possess several remains which correspond very nearly with the figures given by M. de Blainville of the Ruyn- COLITES, supposed to be the fossil beaks of Sepiz. es Aes x } OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 NAUTILUS. 1. N. Dekayi, (S. G. M.) pl. viii. fig. 4, and pl. xiii, fig. 4. Speeific character.—Shell very ventricose, with numerous undulated, transverse strie; aperture laterally and profoundly expanded. From the marls of Monmouth and Burlington counties, New Jersey. This is the only species hitherto found in our marls. It has been sometimes compared to N. ez- pansus, (Sowerby,) but is much larger: it has also been confounded with the British N. tmperialis, to which, however, it bears no other resemblance than all the spe- cies of this genus bear to each other. I have much plea- sure in dedicating this fossil to my friend Dr. Dekay, one of the most zealous and intelligent of American natu- ralists. Mr. Read has found fragments near Long-branch, N. J., which when entire could have been little short of eight inches in diameter. The casts so abundant at Prairie Bluff, Alabama, (pl. xiii. fig. 4,) are rounder and less expanded at the mouth, than those from New Jersey, and may possibly be distinct; if.so, I propose for it the name of N. perlatus. 2. N. Alabamensis, (S.G. M.) Pl. 18, fig. 3. Specific character—Shell suboval, compressed ; sept pro- foundly sinuous; siphuncle very large. Length 10 inches; height 9 inches; greatest diameter 44 inches. From the newer cretaceous rock, near Claiborne, Ala- bama. E —- ‘34 - CRETACEOUS GROUP 1. B. Americanus. (S.G. M.) PI. 1. fig. 1, 2, 3, 3a. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. vol. vi, pl. viii. fig. 1, 2,3; Amer. Journal of Science, vol. xviii, pl. i. fig. 1, 2,3; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. vi. pl. v. fig. 7; Mitchell, Amer. ed. of Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth. | Specific character. Sub-cylindrical, with a slight contraction towards the base, which gently expands: base marked by nu- merous deep, ramose furrows, at first directed obliquely up- wards, but becoming longitudinal as they approach the apex, -giving the surface a coarsely granulated appearance. - In the base is a fissure extending about one-fourth of the length of the shell, and communicating with a conical, subcentral chamber, marked with concentric circles. On the back is a distinctly elevated plane surface, narrow towards the base, and expand- ing gradually towards the apex, where it becomes indistinct. Color, clove brown; translucent. | Var. A. Subfusiform, Pl. i, fig. 3. anys: Var. B. Chamber small, body flattened, apex obtuse. Pl. i, fig. 8a. | - Var. C, Slender, tapering, pointed.. Pl. xvii. fig. 2. Whether these varieties of form. are specific or acci- dental, I will not at present attempt to decide; but when it is recollected that M. de Blainville has described nearly fifty species of European Belemnites, we may rea- sonably suspect that our own are not limited to a single species. This species has an analogue in B. mucronatus of Eu- rope, (Blainville, Mem. sur les Belemnites, pl. 1. fig. 12 5 Sowerby, pl. 600. fig 1,2, 4,6 and 7.) Abundant in the arenaceous marls of New Jersey, Delaware, North Carolina and Georgia. In some of its localities it is pro- ge es OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 bable that hundreds of individuals might be collected in the compass of a few cubic feet. In a paper published in the Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, several years ago, I referred the American Belemnites to’ Lamarck’s species, B. subconicus, chiefly from an unwil- lingness to multiply specific names. In a later number of that work I have examined these remains with more scrutiny, and with the results here stated. Mr. Man- tell, to whom I have sent spécimens, agrees with me in considering the American Belemnite a new species. 2. B.? ambiguus, (S.G. M.) pl. i. fig. 4, 5. Specific character. Straight, elongated, quadrangular, striated longitudinally ; front convex; back flat; sides slightly depressed by a longitudinal groove; apex obtuse, obscurely stellated; color yellowish white, opaque; substance, radiated carbonate of lime. : Length 2 inches; breadth 1-6th of an inch. The specimens present some variety in the proportions of their sides, but the preceding characters will apply to most of them. | I always suspected this singular fossil to bea Belemnite, and especially after referring to the ‘‘ Memoire sur les Belemnites” of M. de Blainville. The B. cylindricus of that author appears to be the analogue of the Ameri- can species; the latter differing chiefly in the distinct- ness of its lateral grooves. It is observed of the B. cylin- dricus, that it has rarely been observed with any trace of either a chamber or terminal extremity. _ My specimen shows the latter, but not the former; and the numerous individuals in the collections of the Academy are desti- tute of both. > 36 CRETACEOUS GROUP . Nevertheless I am by no means certain that this fossil is a Belemnite, and Mr. Mantell has examined it without coming to a decision. From the calcareous strata of in Jersey, especially . on Timber creek, Gloucester county. | -M. de Blainville makes the following remarks on the Geological position of Belemnites : *Jusqu “ici, leur presence est presque characteristique des terrains secondaires, ou des formations qui se trouvent entre les terrains intermediaires, et les terrains tertiaires superieurs a la Craie. Je ne connais, en effet, presque aucun auteur qui indique les Belemnites veritables dans les differens strates du terrain de transition, non plus que dans les terrains de sediment superieurs a la craie.’’* The author then states, on the authority of Mr. Under- wood, that Belemnites have never been found in the Lon- don clay, as some have asserted. none and Phillips make a similar observation. AMMONITES. 1. A. placenta, (Dekay,) pl. ii. fig. 1, 2. Ann. N. York Lyc. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. pl. v. fig. 2; Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, vol. vi. pp. 88, 112, 195; Am. Journ. Science, vol. xviii. pl. u. fig. 1, 2, 3. . Specific character. VDiscoidal, with three or four broad, compressed whorls, tapering towards each edge; one half the whorl being embraced and concealed by the contiguous one ; inner whorls. having slight transverse elevations, tuberculated at their inner margins; septe on the surface, numerous, multi- lobed, sigmoid. * Memoire sur les Belemnites, p, 48. OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 This species (the largest hitherto observed in America) was described by Dr. Dekay from a fragment, in the *se- cond volume of the “* Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.”” By some unaccountable mistake the description there given refers to the wrong figure in the accompanying plate: thus, fig 2 of plate v. is the A. placenta, whereas the text refers to fig. 5, which is in reality the A. hippocrepis: this unfortunate error led me into the mistake of calling the former species by the lat- ter name; as will be seen in my papers in the Journal of the Academy, vol. vi. pp. 88 and 113, and pl. v. fig. 4. My description and drawing in that work, therefore, re- fer to A. placenta. “ages pied Great numbers of this fossil were found in excavating the deep cut of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal. A fine specimen, about fifteen inches in diameter, has been deposited in the collections of the Academy, by Mr. Hugh Lee: and the same gentleman has presented an- other to the American Philosophical Society, eighteen inches in diameter. It has also been found in many parts of New Jersey ; sometimes with portions of the shell re- maining. Tornatella? bullata, - Trigonia thoracica, - 4 Teredo tibialis, : . Terebratula Harlani, fragilis, - - Sayi, - - lacryma, - floridana, - - Turbinolia inauris, - - 32 32 46 47 47 48 65 68 70 70 71 72 72 81 Tennessee, Cretaceous formation of 24 Testudo, = . S Z Tellina, 2 P : Vv -Vermetus rotula, - : ~ Venilia Conradi, - - Virginia, marl of en. 30 82 h. mo . a s ee : At A. syrals, page 40, for “ pl. xiv, ii iv. read ps ei ge, | Be Sale J ‘ hs rs. S. as ‘ ee re On Ee - ey Re ge sf . : TN Type SY | thitas blnmanwLilt’ OA. Lawson. ded. Ce. ae. es as Lith Lhtdls & Icicare OA. 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