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SYNOPSIS

PpeEGCIES -OF STARFISA

BRITISH MUSEUM.

(WITH FIGURES OF SOME OF THE NEW SPECIES.)

BY
JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Pu.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., ere.

erate ve wits

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLXYVI.

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INTRODUCTION.

In the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for November and December 1840 (vol. vi. pp. 165 &
275) I published a “ Synopsis of the Genera and Species of the Class Hypostoma (Asferias, Linn.) ;”’ and in
the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for May 25, 1847 (see part xv., and Ann. & Mag..N. H. xx. p. 193),
I described some new genera and species of Asteriade.

The former paper was prepared as a prodromus to a work which I intend to prepare, contaiming figures of
all the genera and of most of the species of this class.

The Plates now published were then prepared; but I deferred the continuation of the work at the urgent
request of Professor Agassiz, who wished me to unite with him, and bring out the work under our joint
names, forming part of the series of his ‘ Monograph of Radiated Animals.’

He appears to have had too many occupations to allow him to proceed even with the Part of the
work which was to have appeared first; and my own occupations have since prevented me from resuming
the work ; so the plates have been laid aside.

As I see no hopes of the work being now proceeded with by either Prof. Agassiz or myself, and as several of
the Plates represent species figures of which have not hitherto been published, I am forced to let them appear
as illustrations of the descriptions of certain species, and hope that they may be useful in that humble form.

I may state that I have twice sent copies of the Plates to the late Professor John Miiller, the author of a
work on the species of Asteriade, requesting him to inform me whether he had described any of the species,
and, if he had, to send me the names which he applied to them; but though he replied to other portions
communication, he made no observation on the Plates, further than to express his admiration of them; so I
suppose that most, if not all, of them were new to him.

‘The article in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. vi. p. 165, contains a history of the different
arrangements of the family and the genera into which the species have been divided, with the names which
have been given to the group, arranged according to the dates of their publication; and in the introduction
to the second paper I gave a review of Professor J. Miiller and D. Troschel’s paper in the Berlin Academy
Reports, and their work on the Starfishes published in 1842.

lv

The specimens described in this Synopsis (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1540) were either in the collection of
the British Museum or in that of the Zoological Society, which includes the specimens discovered by Mr.
Cuming during his residence in South America, and presented by him to the Society.

Those described in the paper in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1847, which is reprinted
in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for the same year, are all contained in the collection of the
British Museum. Unfortunately, when the Zoological Society distributed its Museum, several of the species
of Starfish which had been brought home by Mr. Cuming and described in my first paper could not be found ;
and as the time when and how the specimens disappeared could not be discovered, there was no means of
tracing the type specimens and procuring them, like other type specimens of that collection, for the British
Museum.

The hard parts of these animals, whether they are in the form of ¢esser@, as in the Aehidna, or of ossicula,
as in the Hypostomata, or in that of spines, as in either, are evidently the hardening of certain parts of the
cellular substance or skin, and these hard parts retain their organization and vitality during the life of the
animal; consequently they are not inorganic secretions, like the shells of mollusca, as they have generally
been considered, but have far more relation to bones and coral, and like them form a peculiar kind of body,
intermediate between shells and the skeletons of vertebrata. ‘These pieces,” as I have observed in the
‘Synopsis of the British Museum,’ “are formed by the earthy particles bemg deposited round certain definite
spots in the skin; and as they are developed they assume a definite arrangement into certain distinct shapes
peculiar to the different kinds. Although these are strongly united together by the skin, and have a kind of
organization during the life of the animal, they may easily be separated from each other after death, and then
appear like separate bones. ‘This structure allows the animal to increase both the size and the number of the
pieces that compose its protecting case as the body grows, and also to repair, by the deposition of fresh calca-
reous particles on the skin of the healed part, any injury which the animal may have received from external
accidents during its life.”

This structure is not so easily demonstrated in the internal ossicula of the Starfishes as it is in the external
tesserae of the Sea-eggs and in the spines of both these kinds of animals, as they are often to be found broken
and repaired during their growth; and this repair does not take place by any secretion applied to their surface,
but by a healing of the part, which leaves a scar on the surface. Nevertheless the entire similarity which
exists between the external spines and the internal tubercles at once shows that they are of the same structure ;
and this is further proved by the examination of the tubercles of those kinds which are in great part exposed
on the surface, as is the case with the different kinds of Pentaceros, where the development of these hard
parts can often be observed during the process of reproducing an arm that has been accidently injured or

destroyed.

SYNOPSIS

OF THE

oS Pee eo Ok ~~ Sb AR FPS Eh.

Order 1. ASTEROIDA.

_ Body free, star-shaped, with distinct small ambulacra
(or walks) of double pores on the oral surface, from the
mouth to the ends of the rays; dorsal wart distinct.
These animals have the faculty of reproducing the arms
or such parts as may be accidentally broken off; and if an
entire arm be separated, provided part of the body be at-
tached to it, other arms are reproduced, and a fresh perfect
animal formed. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 178.

Secr.1. The ambulacra with four rows of feet; dorsal wart
simple.

Family Il. ASTERIAD A, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 62; Ann.
NV. H. 1840, p.178. Asteracanthion, Mill. & Trosch.
Ast, 14, 1842.

A. Back with spines.

J. Asrertas. Skeleton netted, with a single mobile spine
at each anastomosis of the ossicula; body covered with
more or less prominent elongated mobile spmes. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 178.

a. Rays 12 or 13, slender, tapering, with small elongated
spines.

1. Asterias aster. Rays three times as long as the
diameter of the body; back with seven series of spines ;
the labial spine at the angles of the arms very long. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 178; Mill. & Trosch. Ast.18. Inhab.
(Brit. Mus.).

b. Rays 6 or 8, cylindrical.

2. Asterias calamaria. Arms four times as long as the
diameter of the body, with seven ridges of spines; the
five dorsal ridges equidistant. Gray, Ann. N.H.1840,p.179;
Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 19. Inhab. Isle of France, New
Holland (Brit. Mus.).

ce. Rays 5-8, elongated, subcylindrical, with five or seven
series of spines, the two lower series close toyether and
near the ambulacra.

3. Asterias tenuispina. Rays four or five times as long

as the diameter of the body; spines acute. Var. 1. 8-
rayed; var. 2. shorter-rayed: Madeira. Asterias glacialis,
Grube, 21; Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p.179. Ast. spinosa,
Pennant. Asterias tenuispina, Lamk. 11. 561. A. sava-
resit, Chiaje. Asteracanthion tenuispinum, Mull. & Trosch.
Ast.11. Inhab. English Coast, Mediterranean.

4. Asterias rustica. Rays 6, flat, broad; spines short,
thick, truncated. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 179. Aste-
rias gelatinosa, Meyer, Reise, i. 222? Asteracanthion
gelatinosum, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 19. _Inhab. Valparaiso,
in sandy mud, H. Cuming, Esq.

This species has a series of small triangular plates,
pierced with a central triangular hole, within the marginal
ambulacral spines.

5. Asterias echinata. Rays 8, twice as long as the width
of the body, five-sided ; central ridge of spies interrupted.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 179; Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 19.
Valparaiso, on mud, about 4 to 6 fathoms, H. Cuming, Esq.

d. Rays 5, elongate, angular.

Asterias glacialis, Miller, Prodr. 234; Gmelin, 3162 ;
Lamk. 1.561. Asterias angulosa, Miller, Zool. Dam. t. 41 ;
E.M.t.119.f1. Stellonia glacialis, Nardo. S. angulosa,
Agassiz. Asteracanthion glaciale, Mill. & Trosch. 14;
Linck, t. 38, 39. Inhab. North Sea.

e. Rays 5, tapering; the ambulacral series of spines
crowded, as if two- or three-rowed; back netted with
a ridge of two or three rows of spines neat the ambu-
lacral series, and then a single series of spines. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 179.

6. Asterias Holsatica. Rays tapering, nearly three times as
long as the width of the body. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 179; Retz. Ast. 22 & 26. Asteriasviolacea, Muller, Z.D.
i. t. 46. A. glacialis, John. Asteracanthion violaceum,
Miill.& Trosch. Ast. 16. Inhab. Northern Europe. Colour

very variable.

7. Asterias rubens. Rays broad, more than twice as
long as the width of the body, with scattered blunt spines,
spinulose at the tip. Gray, dnn. N. H. 1841, p. 179.
Asterias rubens, Retz. Vet. Akad. Hand. iv. 236; Gmelin,

B

Asteracanthion rubens,

Is

8161. Stellonia rubens, Nardo.
Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 17,126. Ynhab. European ocean.
not this only the female with eggs of the former ?

8. Asterias Katherine. Rays 6 or rarely 5, nearly three
times as long as the width of the body ; back with scattered
and crowded blunt, rough-tipped spines. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 179; Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 19. _Inhab. North
America, mouth of the Columbia river, Lady Katherine
Douglas.

9. Asterias Wilkinsonii. Rays 5, nearly three times as
long as the width of the body; back with about seven
irregular interrupted series of rather blunt rough spines.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 179; Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 19.
Inhab. Northern Africa, Sir J. G. Wilkinson.

See a. Asteracanthion africanum, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 15;
Cape of Good Hope. 6. Ast. polare, Mill. & Trosch. Ast.
16; Greenland (B.M.). c. Asterias rosea, Miiller, Z. D.
t.67; HE. M.t. 116. f. 2,3; Asteracanthion roseum, Miill &
Trosch. Ast. 17; North Sea. d. Ast. Bootis, Mill. &
Trosch. Ast. 17 (Mus. Paris). e. Ast. striatum, Lamk. 1.
564; Miill. § Trosch. Ast. 18. f. Ast. Groenlandicus,
Steenstr.; Greenland (B.M.). g. Ast. problema, Steenstr. ;
Greenland (B.M.). A. Ast. Miilleri, Sars; Greenland
(B.M.)

f. Body discoidal, divided at the edge into numerous short
tapering rays; the series of spines near the ambulacral
series rather crowded, large, and elongated. Hewiastrr,
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 179.

10. Asterias helianthus. Arms 33 or 34, about a quarter
the length of the width of the body, with three equidistant
series of short blunt spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 180;
Lam. 20; E. Méth. t. 108, 109. Stellonia helianthus,

Agassiz. Asteracanthion helianthus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast.
18. Inhab. Guasco, Chili, Say; Valparaiso, H. Cuming,
Esq.

11. Asterias Cumingii. Arms 30 or 31, very short, not
one-tenth as long as the diameter of the body, conical, with
blunt spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 180. Inhab.
Hood’s Island, on rocks at spring tide, H. Cuming, Esq.

12. Asterias multiradiata. Arms 22 or 24, cylindrical,
elongated, tapering at the ends, one-third longer than the
diameter of the body; the dorsal series of spines rather
longer and more compressed. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 180. Inhab. Hood’s Island, H. Cuming, Esq.

II. Untornora. Body rather depressed; rays broad,
blunt; skeleton formed of transverse oblong ossicula,
each bearing a large unequal-sized subglobular articulated
spine, placed in longitudinal series. The ambulacra
with two or three series of equal equidistant filiform blunt
spines on each side. Dorsal wart convex, complicated.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 288; Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 21.

1. Uniophora globifera. Rays short, broad, rounded, with
elobular tubercles, Gray,l.c. p.288. Inhab. Van Diemen’s
Land, Ronald Gunn, Esq.

~

B. Back with mobile tubercles.

IIT. Marearasrer. Skeleton largely reticulated, with
smooth conicles between the reticulations, which are sharp-
edged and studded with rounded granules; ambulacra
bordered with a series of short small spines.

1. M. graniferus. Asterias granifera, Birek, ii. 560.
Asteracanthion graniferum, Miill. & Trosch. 20, t. 1. f. 2?
Asterias serrulata, 2. M.t.104? Ast. janthina, Brandt.
Inhab. Pacific Ocean.

IV. Tonra. Skeleton netted, with a series of crowded
small blunt mobile spines on the sides of each ossiculum ;
ambulacra bordered with a crowded series of subulate
spines, and without any triangular pierced pieces within
them. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 180.

1. Tonia atlantica. Rays 5, more than twice as long as
the width of the body ; back with nine series of cross bands.
Gray, Ann..N. H.1840, p. 180. Asterias aurantia, Meyer,
Reise,i. 222. Stichaster striatus, Miill. § Trosch. Monatsb.
Berlin, 1840. Asteracanthion aurantiacum, Miill.& Trosch.
Ast. 21, t. 1. f. 3, 1842. Inhab. Valparaiso, on rocks at
low water, H. Cuming, Esq.

See also a. Asterias ochracea, Brandt, 69. 6. Astera-
canthion margatiferum, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 20.

V. Mirnropra. The rays cylindrical, elongate, spinulose;
the skeleton netted, with scattered small rugose spmes, and
series of large clavate spinulose spines regularly articulated
to a broad expanded base on the sides of the arms ; ambu-
lacra with very fine long hair-like spines placed in rounded
groups, with a series of large spmes near them. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 287.

1. Mithrodia spinulosa. Arms five times as long as the
width of the body, with a series of large spines on each
side. The series of spines next to those on the edge of
the ambulacra are sometimes hatchet-shaped. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 288. Asterias clavigera, Lam. n. 29?
Pentadactylosaster reticulatus, Linck, t. 6. and 10. f. 16?
Asterias reticulata, Blainv. Man.? not Linn. nor Lam,
Asteracanthion Lincku, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 18.

Srcr. 2. The ambulacra with only two rows of feet.

Family Il. ASTROPECTINID A.

Back flattish, netted, with numerous tubercles, crowned
with radiating spines at the tip, called paxilli; vent dis-
tinct. Astropectinide, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 180.

A. The margin of the rays ciliated, with a series of simple
elongated spines, the paxilli or crowned tubercles regu-
larly radiating. Astropecten, Linck, <Asterias, Agas-
siz. Stellaria, Nardo.

a. The rays edged with a series of large regular tubercles,
which increase in number as the animal grows.

I. Navricia. The ambulacral spines broad and ciliated ;
two series of tesserze between the angles of the arms and

the mouth beneath.
Asiatic.

Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 180.

1. Nauricia pulchella, Rays 5, half as long as the width
of the body, gradually tapering ; lower series of marginal
tubercles with a series of broad flat spines on the upper
margin of each. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 180; Seba, i.
t. 8. f. 7, a, 6 (not good). Inhab. China? Japan?

The Stellaster sulcatus, Mobius, |. c. t. 4. f. 1, 2, appears
to be from a specimen which has lost its marginal spines.

II. Asrrorecren. Ambulacral spines simple, linear,
without any tesserze between the marginal tubercles near
the mouth and angles of the arms. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 180.

1. Body pentagonal; rays short. Gray, 1.c. 1840. Cteno-
discus, Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 76.

1, Astropecten polaris, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 180.
Asterias polaris, Sabine, Append. Parry’s Voy. 223, t. 1.
f. 2,3. Ctenodiscus polaris, Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 76, t.5.
f.5,129. Ctenodiscus crispatus, Lutken (B.M.). <Aste-
rias crispata, Retz. Diss. 17. Inhab. North Sea.

Astropecten corniculatus, Linck, t. 27 & t. 36. f. 63;
perhaps a variety of the former; and Ctenodiscus pyg-
meus, Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 76, p. 129, is the young.

2. Body 5-rayed; arms depressed; the upper series of
marginal tubercles broad, rounded or shelving towards
the edge.

a. The dorsal tubercles between the angles of the arms on
the centre of the back and on the lines down the centre
of the arms the largest. Gray, 1.c. 1840. Archaster,
Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 1842.

2. Astropecten stellaris, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 181.
Archaster typicus, Mull. & Trosch. Monatsb. Berl. 1840 ;
Ast. 65, t. 5. f. 2 (B.M.). Inhab.

See a. Archaster hesperus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast.66. 6.
Archaster angulatus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 66.

b. The dorsal tubercles subequal, with fasciculated spines.
Gray, l.c. 1840. Astropecten, Miill. & Trosch. 1841.

+ The oral series of marginal tubercles produced beyond
the dorsal ones.

* The upper marginal tubercles with a single series of spines
at the angle of the base of the rays, and with another
series at the end of the rays, which together make a
double series near the base of the rays.

3. Astropecten duplicatus. Rays three times as long as
the diameter of the body, slender; marginal spines elon-
gated, depressed, lmear. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 181.
A. Brasiliensis, Miill. § Trosch. Ast.68? Inhab. St. Vin-
cent’s, Rev. L. Guilding.

4, Astropecten aurantiacus. Rays three times as long as

the diameter of the body, slender; marginal spines subu-
late, elongated. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 181; Miill.
& Trosch. Ast. 67. Asterias aurantiaca, Linn. ; Philippi,
Wiegm. Arch. 1837, p. 193; Linck, t. 3. f.6,t.6.f.6; H#. M1.
t.110.f. 23. Inhab. Mediterranean.

5. Astropecten stellatus. Rays more than twice as long as
the width of the body. The central area of the arms is
about as wide as one series of the marginal tubercles.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p.181? <Astropecten Valencienn,
Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 68. Inhab. Coast of South America ?

See a. Astropecten Tiedemanni, Mill. §& Trosch. Ast. 69
(Mus. Vienna).

*k The upper series of marginal tubercles with a continued
single series of spines on the angle of the arms.

6. Astropecten armatus. Rays elongate, regularly taper-
ing; upper marginal tubercles narrow, with a continued
series of erect, elongated, subulate spines.

Var. pulcher. The under series of marginal tubercles
not produced, and the spimes more slender. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p.181. Inhab. Puerto Portrero, South Ame-
rica, on sandy bottoms, 9 fathoms, H. Cuming, Esq.
(var.).

7. Astropecten echinatus. Rays rather more than twice
as long as the width of the body; upper series of spmes
large; lower series depressed, acute. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 181; Linck, 29, t. 8. f. 12, 12.

See a. Astropecten bispinosus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 64.
6. Asterias bispmosa, Otto, Nov. Acta Leop. xi. p. 285, t. 39.

*** The upper series of marginal tubercles spineless, the
lower series much produced.

8. Astropecten marginatus. Rays nearly three times as
long as the width of the body; lower marginal tubercles
linear, depressed. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 181.

Astropecten fimbriatus, Linck, is probably this species
with the marginal spines lost.

9. Astropecten regalis. Rays one-fourth longer than
the diameter of the body, broad, tapering; spines broad,
blunt, depressed. Gray, Ann. N. H.1840,p.181. Inhab.
St. Blas, H. Cuming, Esq.

Like A. marginatus, but the arms are shorter and broader.

***k* The upper series of marginal tubercles with two se-
ries of spines at the base and one alony the edge of the
arms.

10. Astropecten erinaceus. Arms gradually tapering,
twice as long as the width of the body; upper marginal
tubercles rather narrow, with a series of small short spines,
and a series of six or eight larger ones. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 182. “St. Elena, sandy mud, 6 fathoms,” H.
Cuming, Esq.

+t The under or oral series of marginal tubercles rounded,
and not produced beyond the dorsal ones.

* The upper series of marginal tubercles with a series of
short spines.

ll. Astropecten Mauritianus. Rays broad ; lower spines
5)
2

broad, strap-shaped. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 182.
Archaster angulatus, Mii/l. § Trosch. Ast. 66. Inhab. Isle
of France.

** Upper series of marginal tubercles spineless.

12. Astropecten mesodiscus. Rays elongate, slender, ta-
pering; upper marginal tubercles narrow, with two series
of short small tubercles like granules, one on each of the
margins ; lower spines broad, elongate. Gray, Ann. N.
lek 1840, p- 182; Linck, 29, t. 4. f. 16. Inhab.

13. Astropecten gracilis. Rays elongate, slender, gra-
dually tapering ; upper mar, ginal plates rather broad, | gran-
ular, with fine spines on the suture between the om; lower
spines small, blunt, depressed. Gray, Ann. N. i 18-10,
p- 282. Inhab. Like the former, but arms nar-
rower.

14. Astropecten irregularis. Rays rather broad, taper-
ing; the upper tubercles rather broad, with a series of one
or two scattered tubercular spines near the tip; lower
spines depressed, acute. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 182;
Linck, 27, t. 6. f.13. Ast. aurantiaca, Miller, Z. D.t. 83.
Ast. Johnstonii, Chiaje? Inhab. Pembrokeshire, Linck.

Rays broad, tapering; upper
granular, spineless (?) ;

Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,

15. Astropecten dubius.
marginal tubercles rather broad,
lower spines broad, depressed.
p- 182. Inhab. West Indies.

*** Upper and lower margin spineless, serrated (?).

16. Astropecten regularis, Gray, Ann. N.H. 1840, p. 182;
Linck, 26, t.8.f.11. Asterias petalodea, Retz. Aster. 16.
n.14? Inhab. I have never seen this species.

3. Body 5-rayed, the arms high, narrow ; upper marginal
tubercles very narrow and erect; the line of dorsal
tubercles down the centre of the arms the largest.
Astropus, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 182.

17. Astropecten longipes. Rays long and narrow; the
upper marginal tubercles minutely granular, and one or
two of them often furnished with a short broad conical
spine; lower with a broad depressed blunt erect adpressed
spine. Monstrosity 4-rayed. Gray, Ann.N. H. 1840, p.182.
Inhab. “Isle of France,” Leach.

See a. Astropecten polyacanthus, Mill. & Trosch. 69,
t.5.f.3; RedSea. 6. Asterias platyacanthus, Phil. Wiegm.
Arch. 1837, p. 193; Astropecten platyacanthus, Mill. &
Trosch. Ast. 70; Mediterranean. c. Astropecten hystrix,
Miill. & Trosch. Ast.70; Ceylon. d. Astropecten armatus,
Miill. & Trosch. Ast.71; Japan. e. Astropecten scoparius,
Miill. & Trosch. Ast.71 (Mus. Paris). jf. Astropecten Hem-
prichii, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 71 ; nda Sea. g. Asterias
articulatus, Say, Journ. eee Phil. i, 141. Astropecten
articulatus, Miill. & Trosch.72; Florida. h. Asterias John-
stoni, Chiaje, Mem. t.18.f.4; Philippi; Astropecten John-
stoni, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 72; Mediterranean. 7. As-
pees serratus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 72; Mediterrne an.
j. Asterias spinulosa, Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. ps L9s
Astropecten spinulosus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 72. oe: Astro-
pecten Japonicus, Mill. § Trosch. Ast.73; Japan. J. As-

tropecten hispidus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 73 (Mus. Leyden).
m. Astropecten longispinus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 73. n.
Asterias platyacantha, Chiaje, Mem. t. 18. f.1,3; A. aran-
ciaca, Johnst. Mag. N. H. ix. 289, f. 43; Astropecten
platyacanthus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 74. 0. Asterias sub-
inermis, Phillipi, Wiegm. Arch. iii. 193. p. Astropecten
subinermis, Miill. & Trosch. Ast.74; Sicily. g. Astropecten
marginatus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 75 (Mus. Paris). 7. As-
tropecten Scheenleinii, Mill. & Trosch. Ast.78; Goré. s.
Astropecten granulatus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 75 (Mus.
Leyden).

b. The rays without any large tubercles on the margin.

II. Lurpia. Margin of the 5 flat rays erect ; the dorsal
surface crowded with regular paxilli. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 183.

1. Luidia fragilissima, Forbes in Wern. Trans. 1839,
14; Wern. Mem. vin. 128; Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 77;
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1810, p. 183. Asterias rubens, Johnston
in Mag. N. H. 144,720. Inhab. North Sea.

2. Lnidia Savignii, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 183;
Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 77. Asterias Savignii, Audouim in
Savigny, Egypt, Echinod. t. 3. Inhab. Red Sea.

3. Luidia cilaris, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p.183: <As-
terias ciliaris, Philippi in Wiegm. Arch. 1837, p. 19. In-
hab. Sicily.

See a. Luidia maculata, Miill. § Trosch. Ast. 77; Japan.
6. Asterias Senegalensis, Lamk. 11. 567; H. M. t. 121;
Luidia Senegalensis, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 78, t. 5. f. 4;
Senegal, Brazils? c. Luidia clathrata, Say; West Indies
(B.M.). d. Luidia tessellata, Luiken; West coast, Central
America (B.M.).

IV. Perataster. Margin of the rays shelving; the
dorsal surface with equal paxilli placed in longitudinal and
cross series. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 183. Cheetaster,
Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 27, 1842.

1. Petalaster Hardwickii. Rays elongated, rather slender,
tapering at the end; the dorsal tubercles with small trun-
cated spines, and a distinct series of rudimentary spines.

Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 183. Inhab. Indian Ocean.

2. Petalaster Columbia. Rays elongated, slender, gra-

dually tapering; tubercles short, with crowded groups of

rather large acute spines, and a fringe of very fine radiating
ones. Gr ay, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 183. Inhab. St. Blas,
1. Cuming, Esq.

See a. Asterias longipes, Retz. Dis. 20; Asterias subu-
lata, Lamk. ii. 568; Chiaje, Mem. t. 21. f.5,6; Cheetaster
subulatus; Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 27, t. 2. f. 1, 127; Medi-
terranean. 6. Chetaster Hermanni, Mill. § Trosch. Ast.
27. c. Chetaster Troschelii, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 28.

B. The margin of the rays not edged with large tubercles,
simple, or ciliated, with short broad spines bearing
tubercles ; vent none. Allied to Cribellina, p. 12.

V. Sorasrer. The rays many, with two series of broad
spines bearing tubercles near the ambulacra. Gray, Ann.

N. H. 1840, p. 183; Forbes, Wern. Trans. viii. 121; Miill.
& Trosch, Ast. 26; Crossaster, Mill. § Trosch.

a. Body 8- or 9-rayed, closely reticulated, rays rounded,
ventricose below, tapering at the tip, with a second row
of compressed tubercles on the underside of the arms
near the ambulacral series. Endeca, Gray.

1. Solaster endeca, Forbes, Wern. Trans. vill. 121 ;
Gray, Aun. N. H. 1840, p. 183; Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 26;
Asterias endeca, Linn. Ast. aspersa, Miller. Inhab.
European Seas.

b. Body 10- or 12-rayed, loosely reticulated ; the rays de-
pressed, with a series of large compressed tubercles
crowned with a bunch of spines edging the oral ridge.
Polyaster, Gray.

2. Solaster papposus, Forbes, Wern. Trans. vil. t. 121 ;
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 183; Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 26.
Asterias papposa, Linn. Ast. stellata, Retz. Inhab. Euro-
pean Seas.

VI. Heneicra. The rays 5, rounded, tapering, with
rounded tubercles near the ambulacra; the dorsal wart
obscure, few-rayed, often hidden with small spines. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 184. Linckia, Forbes not Nardo.
Echinaster, sp., Mill. & Trosch.

1. Henricia oculata. Rays 5, closely reticulated with
small spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 184. Aste-
rias oculata, Penn. Asterias seposita, Retz. Dis. 21.
Echinaster oculatus, Mill. §& Trosch. Ast. 24; Linck, t. 36.
f. 62. Linckia oculata, Forbes, Wern. Trans. vii. 120,
(Ty hats toy

See a. Echinaster Eschrichtius, Wiill. & Trosch. Asi. 25 ;
Greenland.

Family IJ. PENTACEROTIDA.

The body supported by roundish or elongated pieces,
covered with a smooth or granular skin, pierced with
minute pores between the tubercles; vent none. Gray,
Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840; Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 275.

A. Pentacerotina. Body pentagonal or suborbicular ; rays
short; dorsal wart single; the ambulacra edged with a
series of small spines divided into rounded groups.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 275.

a. The ambulacra with a single series of larye spines near
the edge.

* Body suborbicular, convex above and below ; covered above
and below with granules, and scattered conical tubercles.

J. Cuncrra. This genus chiefly differs from Randasia
and Pentaceros i having no upper series of marginal ossi-

eula. It agrees with Randasia in the back being nearly
flat. Gray, P. Z. 8.1847, p.74; Agassiz, Prodr. 25; Miill.

& Trosch. Ast. 37.

1. Culcita Schmideliana. Body subcircular, flat above
when dry (very convex subglobose when alive). The back

coriaceous, without any apparent reticulations, covered
with scattered, small, conical spines. The oral surface
rather convex (when dry), closely and minutely granular,
and with larger conical tubercles; those near the am-
bulacra and oral angles much the largest and ovate.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 276; P. Z. S. 1847, p. 74.
A. Schmideliana, Retz. Dis.; Schmidel’s Naturf. xvi. t 1
good). <A.disecoidea, Lam. <A. placenta, Lamk. Culcita
discoidea, Agassiz, Miiil. & Trosch. Ast. 37. Inhab. Lord
Hood’s Island, on reeis, H. Cuming, Esq. Bright orange
when alive, when in the water very convex.

There are distinct indications of the lower marginal
ossicula in this species, but they and the ossicula of the
oral surface are not sufficiently large and close to force the
dry specimen to assume the pentangular form of the
following species.

2. Culcita pentangularis (T.2.f.2). Body pentangular;
back flat when dry, convex beneath, minutely and closely
granulated, with obscure reticulations, the reticulations
armed with small conical tubercles; the interspaces
closely and minntely porous. The oral surface protected
by distmet well-defined ossicula, defining the lower edge
of the margin, covered with close and minute granules and
larger round-topped. tubercles, those near the ambulacra
and the oral angles bemg largest and highest. Gray,
P. Z.S. 1847, p. 74. Inhab. Reef of Gomaga.

This species is very distinct from the former, and forms
the passage to the genus Randasia; but there isa series of
concave, minutely porous spaces in place of the upper mar-
ginal plates.

See a. Culcita coriacea, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 38; E. M.

t. 97. f.3. 6. Cuicita Novee-Guinee, Mill. & Trosch. Ast.
38. c. Culcita crex, Mil. & Trosch. Ast. 34.

If. Asrzropiscus. Body pentagonal, coriaceous, de-
pressed, covered with numerous close, flat-topped, unequal,
small tubercles ; back convex ; dorsal wart roundish, sub-
central; arms short, rounded, with a pair of large convex
ludney-shaped ossicula on each side of the tip above.
Margin simple, rounded, beneath concave; ambulacra with
a series of short linear spines, placed in groups of four or
five, each group on a separate ossiculum, and with two series
of larger, blunt, club-shaped spines on the outside of the
ambulacral spmes. The young specimens have indistinct
inferior marginal ossicula. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 78.

1. Asterodiscus elegans (T. 12. f. 1, 2). Pale brown when
dry ; tubercles of the back unequal, the larger ones trun-
eated, those nearest the mouth on the underside larger,
club-shaped, rather crowded. Gray, P. Z. 8.1847, p. 78;
Ann. N. H.1847,p.196. Inhab. (Brit. Mus.).

** Body pentagonal, formed of variously shaped, regularly
arranged, externally granular ossicula. Gray, 1. ¢.
1840. Oreaster, Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 44.

III. Pentacrros. Body convex above, margin with two
rows of large spine-bearmg tessere. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 276.

a. Back formed of irregular elongated ossicula, apparently
reticulated ; the spines with enlarged bases, interspaces
closely punctured.

1. Pentaceros grandis. Arms very broad, as wide as long
at the base, only half as long as the width of the body.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 276; Seba, t. 8. f. 1. -Diam.
17". TInhab.

2. Pentaceros reticulatus. Arms rather broad, nearly as
long as the width of the body; back convex. Monstrosity
4-lobed. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 276; Rumph. Mus.
t. 15. f. D. Asterias reticulata, Linn. Orcaster reticu-
latus, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 45,t.3.f.2. Inhab. West Indies,
Barbadoes, Ralph Green, Esq.

Arms rather shorter than the
Gray, Ann. N. H,
In-

3. Pentaceros gibbus.
width of the body; back depressed.
1840, p. 276; Linck, t. 23. f. 36; Seba, iii. t. 7. f. 1.
hab. West Indies and St. Vincent’s, Rev. L. Guilding.

See a. Pentaceros lentiginosus, Linck, 25. t. 41, 42.
f£.72. 6. Ast. pentacyphus, Retz., with smaller spines and
a nearly spineless margin. c. Pentaceros horridus, Linck,
t. 25. f. 40.

4. Pentaceros Cumingii. The arms rather narrow, nearly
as long as the diameter of the body ; marginal spines few,
small; back rather depressed, with conical protuberances
bearing small spines. Diam. 12”. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p.276. Inhab. Punto Santa Elena. Rocky ground
12 or 18 fathoms, H. Cuming, Esq.

Perhaps the young of a much larger species.

5. Pentaceros nodosus. Arms rather narrow, nearly as
long as the width of the body, with a single series of
blunt tubercles; back rather depressed, with a large
tubercle on each angle of the centre. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 276; Linck, t. 26.f. 41. Ast. nodosa a, Lamk.;
Mill. §& Trosch. Ast. 48. Inhab. Isle of France, Dr. W.
E, Leach.

In Linck’s figure the spines are rather larger than in our
specimens of nearly the same size.

6. Pentaceros Chinensis. Rays elongated, nearly as long
as the width of the body, with small blunt marginal tu-
bercles ; back high, with four or five small central tubercles,
and a very large blunt tubercle at each angle. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 276. Inhab. China, J. Reeves, Esq.

The central dorsal series of tesserze are not armed with
spines ; are they so in larger specimens ?

7. Pentaceros Franklinii (T. 10). Rays elongate, as long
as the width of the body, with a dorsal series of broad
blunt tubercles; back high, with very large spines at each
angle; margin not armed. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 277.

Var. 1. With one or two conical tubercles on each side
of the tubercles, near the one at the angle of the central
dorsal disk. Inhab. Coast of New Holland, G. Bennett,
Esq.

See a. Pentaceros turritus, Linck, t. 22, 23. f. 3. Like
the former, but the back is more spinous, and the spines
are not so large.

8. Pentaceros muricatus. Arms elongated, nearly as long
as the width of the body, with a dorsal series of large, and

with two or three large conical spines near the tips; back
rather high, spinous. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 277;
Linck, t. 7. f. 8. Ast. Linekii, Blainv. A. nodosa, Lam.
Seba, ui. t. 7. f.3. Oreaster turritus, Mill. § Trosch, Ast.
47. Inhab. ——. (Brit. Mus.)

9. Pentaceros granulosus (T.6.f.3). Five-rayed ; rays as
long as the diameter of the disk, rounded at the tip; back
rather convex ; ossicula convex, rounded, all covered with
close rounded granules, the two or three central ones on
the top of each ossiculum being larger, those on the middle
of the back largest and subtubercular; the marginal
ossicula convex, rounded. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 75.
Inhab. Western Australia.

Young? Arms more slender, and the lower marginal
ossicula near the tips of the arms each with a group of two
or three spines, the one nearest the tip largest. The
dorsal surface of this species is furnished with abundance
of pedicellaria, one arising from each hole between the
ossicula.

10. Pentaceros modestus (T. 9). Arms rather depressed,
broad, not quite as long as the diameter of the body, with
six or seyen large convex tubercles along the middle of
the upper surface; the hinder tubercle with a smaller
tubercle on each side of it, forming an irregular ring of
tubercles exterior to the dorsal ones; back with a circular

series of five large ovate blunt spies. Inhab. ?
See a. Oreaster affinis, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 46. 6. Ore-
aster Chinensis, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 46. c. Oreaster

tuberculatus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 46. d. Asterias mammil-
lata, Aud. Descr. Egypt, Echin. 209, t. 5; Oreaster mam-
millatus, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 48. e. Oreaster verrucosus,
Miill. & Trosch. Ast.49. f. Asterias stellata, Mus. Tessin.
114, t.9.f. 2; Oreaster clavatus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 49 ;
Seba, t.6.f. 1,2, t.5.f7,8. g. Oreaster carimatus, Miill.
& Trosch. Ast. 49. h. Asterias obtusata, Lamk. E. M.
t. 103 ; Oreaster obturatus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast.56. i. As-
terias obtusangula, Lamk. ii. 556; Oreaster obtusangula,
Mill. & Trosch, Ast. 51. 7. Oreaster regulus, Mill. &
Trosch. Ast. 51. k. Oreaster orientalis, Mill. & Trosch.
Ast. 827; China. J. Oreaster gigas, Lutken; West Indies
(B.M.).

b. Back formed of irregular flat-topped ossicula, placed in
rows so as to appear nearly tessellated ; arms elongated,
rather narrow.

11. Pentaceros nodosus. Arms with a double series of
hemispherical tubercles ; back rather depressed ; marginal
ossicula unequal, lower ones with small blunt conical spies.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 172. Asterias nodosa, Gmelin
(part.), Seda, iii. t. 8. f. 11, 12 (t. 5. f.11, 12, without spines
on the margin 7). Oreaster nodosus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast.
52. Inhab. Isle of France, W. E. Leach, M.D.

ec. Back formed of regular rounded oagicula, placed in rows,
rather low.

12. Pentaceros aculeatus. With three ridges of small
spine-bearing tubercles ; back rather depressed, with three
small spines at the angles; marginal ossicula rounded, with

conical tubercles. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 277; Seba,
iii. t. 5. f. 5, 6. Oreaster acuieatus, Miill. '§ Din asch. Ast.
50. Var.? or younger? Spine-bearing ossicula further
apart, with the skin and granulations worn off and bleached,
Seba, i. t. 7. f. 1. Tnhab, West Indies, St. Vincent’s,
Rev. J. Guilding.

See also Pentaceros spinosus. Ast. nodosa (part.), Gmel.
Seba, iii. t. 5. 7,8, and var., Seda, iii. t.7.f.1,2. Ossicula
oblong, with two or three small conical tubercles.

d. Back regularly convex, formed of flat granular ossicula,
with a blunt mobile spine on the centre of each ossiculum
below; arms short, broad. Nidorellia, Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 277.

13. Pentaceros armatus (T. 14). Arms short, broad, the
lower marginal and the last three upper marginal plates at
the top with short blunt spines ; back convex, with central
and lateral groups and a series of spines down each arm.
Young more convex; spines shorter, blunter, and fewer.
Younger not so convex, without any marginal spines, and
only indications of them on the back. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 277. Oreaster armatus, Mill. & Tr Hale Ast. 52
Gonodiscus conifer, Mébius, Abhandl. iv.10,t.3.f. 5,6, 1860.
Tnhab. Punto Santa Elena. Rock ground, 12 to a fathoms,
H. Cuming, Esq.

TV. Sreruaster. Body depressed, covered with large,
flat, regular, six-sided plates; margin with two rows of large
tesseree ; the lower rows witha series of compressed mobile
spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 277; Miill. & Trosch.
Ast. 62, 1842.

1. Stellaster Childreni (T. 7. f. 2). Back convex, with
one or two blunt tubercles on the angles of the centre;
arms three-quarters the length of the width of the body,
narrow, attenuated to a blunt recurved tip. Young, Sees
without any tubercles. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 278
Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 62, 128, t. 4. f. 3, t. 6. f. 5. Teiba
China or Japan ?

Seea. Asterias equestris, Retz. Descr.12; Stellastereques-
tris, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 62; Ocean (Mus. Lund). 6.
Stellaster gracilis, Mobius, Abhandl. iv. 1860, ii. t. 11.
f. 3, 4, which is very nearly allied, if not the same in a
rather different state. This state has also been described
by Dujardin under the name of Astrozonium Souleyetii.

2. Stellaster Belcheri (TV. 7. f. 1). Back convex, with two
or three large conical tubercles on the line extending to
the centre of the arms. Arms slender, tapering, rather
longer than the diameter of the disk. Gr dy, BP. Zo. S. 1847,
p. 76. Inhab. Amboma or New Guinea.

This species is intermediate between S. Childreni and
S. Incei, having the white colour and the slender arms of
the former, and the convex back and tubercles of the latter ;
but the tubercles are larger and fewer, and the arms are
more slender, haying only a single series of plates between
the marginal ones. ‘There are two specimens in spirits,
and one dry, in the British Museum collection.

3. Stellaster Incei (T. 5. f. 1). Purplish, minutely gra-
nular ; back with scattered, conical, convex tubercles, those

down the centres of the arms largest. The lower marginal
plates are flattish. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 76. Inhab.
North Australia.

This species is very like Stel/aster Childreni, Gray, Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 278; Miller, Aster. 62, 128,
t. 4. f.3; Asterias equestris, Retzius, Diss. 12; but it is pur-
plish when dry; the back is tubercular; the whole surface
is minutely granular; while the Japanese species is always
white, the back smooth, and the granules of the surface
are so minute and thin that they are very easily eroded,
and the lower marginal plates are more convex and the
central ones much larger than the others.

V. Dortcona. Body depressed, 5-rayed, smooth; the
dorsal and oral disk covered with many smooth, flat, poly-
gonal squares ; the marginal ossicules without any mobile
spine,

1. Dorigona Reevesii (T.7. f.3). Inhab. China or Japan ;
common in boxes of insects brought from China and Japan.

See a. Dorigona longimana= Astrogonium longimanum,
Mobius, Abhandl. iv. (1869) 7, t. 1. f. 5, 6.

VI. Compronta. Body depressed, spinous (?); dorsal and
oral disk covered with very small flat plates; marginal
ossicula large, without any mobile spines. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 278.

1. Comptonia elegans. The fossil genus Celaster, Agassiz,
from Maestricht, appears to be most nearly allied to this
genus ; but the ‘plates of the oral disk (which alone are
known) appear to be linear longitudinal. Gray, Ann.

N. H. 1840, p. 278. Fossil. Black Down.

VII. Catiiperma. Body flat, five-sided; rays rather
elongated ; attenuated end only formed of the marginal
plates. Ossicula all minutely granulated; the dorsal
ossicula flat-tipped, six-sided, some with a larger, globular
central tubercle-like granule. The marginal ossicula
broad, gradually becoming smaller near the tip, short-edged,
minutely granular, those of the upper and lower series
alternating ; the upper ones with some indistinct spines
on the margin, the lower ones with scattered mobile spines
on the oral surface. The ossicula of the oral surface
three-, four-, or six-sided, granular, with one (rarely two)
central, compressed, acute, mobile spine. The ambulacral
spines very small, close, fourteen or sixteen on each ossi-
culum, forming a rounder group, with two or three series
of large, scattered, mobile, acute spines on the outer side.
Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 76.

This genus resembles Séellaster, but differs from it in
the oral surface being furnished with scattered spines.
There is a fossil species, very like the one here described,
found in the chalk, and figured in Mr. Dixon’s work on
the fossils of W orthing, which I propose to call Calliderma
Dixonii. There are probably several other fossil species
from the same locality ; they have been referred to the
to the genus Josia, but the ossicula are granular and the
oral surface spinous.

1. Calliderma Emma (T. 15). Flat, pentangular, the sides
concave, the arms elongated, produced, tapering to a fine

point, about two-thirds the length of the diameter of the
disk. The dorsal ossicula six-sided, regular, fiat-topped,
covered with minute roundish granules ; the central gra-
nules of the central ossicula and those down the centre of
the arms larger, globular, tubercle-like. The margins
sharp-edged, concave in the centre; the ossicula of the
upper and lower series alternating, minutely granular, with
one or two larger subspinose granules on the middle of
the upper margin. Marginal ossicula about fifty on each
surface on each side, the lower series with scattered, acute,
compressed spines on their oral side. The ossicula of the
oral side four- or six-sided, rather irregular, minutely gra-
nular, each armed with a central, compressed, acute; mobile
spme. Gray. P. Z. S. 1847, p. 77; Ann. N. H. 1847,
p- 198. Inhab. ?

This species most nearly resembles a fossil found in the
chalk, which has hitherto been referred to the genus Tosia,
and figured in Mr. Dixon’s work on the fossils of Worthing.
I have named this fine species in compliment to my
daughter Mrs. J. P. G. Smith, who before her marriage
commenced a series of plates to illustrate a monograph of
this genus.

«kk Body pentagonal, formed of variously shaped, rather
rougi: ossicula sunk into a naked skin, with a single
series of spine-bearing tubercles. Gray, 1. c. 1840.
Asteropsis, Mill. & Trosch. 62, 1842.

VIII. Gymnasterta, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 278.

1. Gymunasteria spinosa. Rays triangular, tapering, about
one quarter longer than the width of the body, with a
dorsal series of conical cylindrical tubercles. Young with
a few spines on the margins and back of the arms. Athed
to Porania. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 278. Asterius
carinifera, Lamk. ii. 556. Asteropsis carinifera Mill.
& Trosch. 68, t. 3. f.4. Inhab. Panama, fine sand, 16
fathoms, H. Cuming, Esq.

2. Gymnasteria inermis. Rays rapidly tapering, convex
above, without any spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 278.
Tnhab. Panama, in fine sand, 10 fathoms.. Half the size of
the young spined specimens of the former species.

See a. Asteropsis ctenacantha, Miill. § Trosch. Ast. 64.

b. The ambulacra with two series of larger spines near the
edge; body depressed ; back flat.

* The ossicula granulated, sunk in the skin, often spine-
bearing. Gray, l.c.1840. Goniodiscus, Mull. & Trosch.
Ast. 57, 1842.

IX. Pavia, Gray. Body 5-rayed, formed of flat granu-
lated spine-bearing irregular ossicula on the disk and
margin, without any two-lipped pores. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 278.

1. Paulia horrida. Chestnut-brown ; spines acute.

Var. Smaller; arms as long as the width of the body,
rather tapering; spines smaller, blunt, rounded at the tip ;
back more closely granulated. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p-278 ; Mill.& Trosch. Ast.61. Tnhab. Punto Santa Elena.
Rocky ground, 12 to 18 fathoms, H. Cuming, Esq.

X. Ranpasta. Body pentagonal, with a tubercular skin
above, and large granular plates beneath and on the mar-
gin, without any two-lipped slits, but with one or two
small pores near the oral angles beneath, where the tuber-
cles are rubbed off. Allied to Culcita. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 278.

Body pentagonal, depressed, minutely granular; back
nearly flat, minutely granular, reticulated; reticulations
rather tubercular; imterspaces sunken (when dry) and
covered with very minute close perforations. Dorsal
tubercles roundish, single, subcentral. Margins fur-
nished with an upper and lower series of oblong ossicula ;
the upper ones narrower internally, with a central series
of tubercles ;. the lower ones oblong, close together, and
convex. The oral surface protected by close, regular,
squarish, convex ossicula, covered with short erowded
granules. The ambulacral spines in rounded groups; the
series of tubercles nearest the ambulacra larger, crowded,
and placed in groups of three or five, and those in the oral
angles largest and flat-topped. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 74.

This genus differs from Pentaceros in the back bemg
flat, elevated, and not angular; it is in several respects
intermediate between Culcita and Pentaceros.

1. Randasia granulata (T. 2. f. 1). Body five-sided ;
back minutely granular, with roundish convex subconical
tubercules in the reticulations ; the marginal plates four-
teen on each side, the upper ones with a central series of
tubercles. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p.75; Ann. N .H. 1847,
p. 196. Inhab. Reefs of Attagor, Torres Straits.

There are two specimens of this species in the British
Museum, one in a very bad state.

2. Randasia spinulosa (T. 12. f. 3). Body five-sided ;
back and upper marginal plates covered with numerous
small, conical, acute spmes, without any larger tubercles ;
the upper marginal plates indistinct. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847,
p.75. Inhab. ?

This species is very like the former in shape, size, and
appearance, but is very easily known from it by the nu-
merous mobile acute spies with which the back and
upper part of the margin are coyered, appearing to take
the places of the small granulations, and by the absence
of the tubercles on the elevated ribs of the back.

3. Randasia Luzonica. Thick, brown; the tubercles of
the underside unequal, the larger ones flat-topped; sides
straight. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 278. Inhab. Island
of Lucon, in the Port of Sual, H. Cuming, Esq.

XI. Anruenea. Body five-rayed, chaffy, with immersed
elongated tubercle-bearimg ossicula; margin with regular
rows of large tesserz ; both surfaces (especially the under)
scattered with large two-lipped pores. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p.279; P. Z. S. 1847, p. 77.

+ A very large two-lipped pore on each ossiculus of the oral
surface; the back netted and chaffy.

1. Anthenea Chinensis. Back obscurely netted, rather
chaffy, with scattered truncated tubercles in rather diver-
ging lines; marginal plates not tubercled; rays broad,
half the length of the width of the body. Gray, Ann. N.

H.1840, p. 279. Asterias chinensis, Gray, Brit. Mus.
- Asterias pentagonula, Lamk. 11.554. Goniodiscus penta-
gonula, Miill. § Trosch. Ast. 57, t. 4. f.2. Goniaster arti-
culatus, Agass. Mus. Paris! Jnhab. China, Japan, J.
Reeves, Esq.

See a. Seba, iii. t. 6. f. 5, 6 (Ast. tesseliata, var. A, Lam.).
Similar, but the dorsal tubercles are larger and angular.
6. Goniodiscus scaber, Mébius, Abhandl. iv. 1860, t. 3. f. 3,
4, appears to be a nearly allied species.

2. Anthenea tuberculosa (T. 4. f.1). Back obscurely net-
ted, rather chaffy, with scattered, long, flat-backed tuber-
cles. Marginal ossicula with some moderate granules,
the upper ossicula with one or more large fiat-topped tu-
bereles on their upper part. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 77;
Ann. N. H. 1847, p.198. Inhab. Port Essington.

This species is very like Anthenea Chinensis, Gray (Aste-
rias pentagonula, Lam. ?), but differs from it in bemg more
convex and netted and more distinctly tubercular, and in
the upper marginal tesserze being armed with tubercles.
Like the Chinese species, all the ossicula, both marginal
and discal, of the oral surface, are furnished with large,
elongated, two-lipped pores.

+t One or more small two-lipped pores on some of the
ossicula of the oral surface; the back subtuberculur,
and the ossicula all covered with large roundish gra-
nules.

3. Anthenea granulifera (T.5. f.2). Both surfaces covered
with small roundish granules, the back with rather convex
ossicula; the arms as long as the diameter of the body ;
hack with one or two scattered tubercles.

Var. Back with a blunt tubercle on the centre of each
of the ossicula of the middle of the back. Gray, P. Z.S.
1847, p.77; Ann. N. H. 1847, p. 198.. Inhab. ?

This species is easily known from the former by the
smaller granules on the surface, the length of the arms,
and the small size of the two-lipped pores; those of the
dorsal surface are very minute.

XII. Hosza. Body depressed, flat, 5-rayed, formed of

distinct, hexangular, nearly equal, slightly tubercular ossi-

enla; back with small and beneath with larger two-lipped

slits. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 278.

1. Hosea flavescens. Arms two-thirds the iength of the
width of the body. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 278. Tn-
hab. ——. Perhaps young.

See a. Asterias granularis, Retz. in Miiller, Zool. Dan.
t. 92. f. 1, 4; from the North Sea. Gmelin referred
Dinck, t. 13. f. 22, t. 23. f. 37 ?, t. 24. f. 39, and t. 27. £.45
(all Goniaster tessellatus) to this species, as he also has
done to Ast. equestris.

2. Hosea spinulosa ('T. 4. f.2). Body flat, pentagonal ;
sides concave ; arms not half the length of the diameter of
the body; ossicula large, subequal, six-sided, very mi-
nutely granular. Marginal ossiculat®on each side, convex,
deeply separated from each other, with a series of two or
three small, acute, spine-like tubercles in the centre of
each. The ossicula of the oral surface flat, minutely gra-

Gray, P. Z. 8.1847,

Inhab. Indian Ocean ;

nular, with small two-lipped pores.
p- 78; Ann. N. H. 1847, p. 199.
Philippines.

This species nearly resembles in shape Tosia austra-
lis, but is at once known from that species by the granular
ossicula, the spines on the margin, and the two-lipped
pores beneath ; it differs from Hosea flavescens in its being
five-sided instead of five-armed, and in having no spines on
the middle of the back.

See a. Goniodiscus Seba, Miill. & Trosch. Ast.58; Astero-
ceras altera, Seba, ii. t. 6.f.7,8. 6. Goniodiscus placenta,
Miill. § Trosch. Ast.59. c. Goniodiscus regularis, Miill.
& Trosch. Ast.59; Pentagonaster regularis, Linck, t. 13;
LE. M.t.96; Seba, ni.t.8.f.4. d. Asterias pleyadella,
Lamk. ii. 553; Seba, iii. t. 6. f. 5, 6. Goniodiscus pley-
adella, Miill. § Trosch. Ast. 54. e. Asterias cuspidatus,
Lamk. ii, 553. Goniodiscus cuspidatus, Miill. & Trosch.
Ast. 60. jf. Goniodiscus mammillatus, Mill. & Trosch.
Ast.61. g. Goniodiscus capella, Miill. § Trosch. Ast. 61.

** The ossicula of the upper and lower surfaces and the
margin smooth, with a single continued series of uni-
form granules round each of their edges. Gray, Ann.
N. H.1840, p.278. Astrogonium, Mull. & Trosch. Ast.
52, 1842.

XIII. Hirrasrerra. Body four- or five-sided, formed of
roundish ossicula, with a large truncated central tubercle ;
upper and lower surface with two-lipped pores. Gray,
Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840; Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 279.

1. Hippasteria Europea. Rays 5, broad, nearly half as
long as the width of the body; marginal ossicula with
three blunt tubercles placed in a central cross series.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 279. Asterias equestris, Penn.
B. Z. iv. p. 1380; Sow. Brit. Mis. f.3. Asterias phry-
giana, Parelius, O. F. Miiller, Gmelin. Goniaster phry-
gianus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast.52. Inhab. European Ocean.

2. Hippasteria Johnstoni. Rays 4, elongated, slightly
tapering; back spimulose, with short truncated spines ;
margin with three or four series of elongated tapering
spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 279. Asterias John-
stoni, Gray, Johnst. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1836, vi. f. 21, not
Chigje. Inhab. North of England.

3. Hippasteria plana. Pentaceros planus, Linck, 21, t. 12.
f. 21, cop. E. M. t. 101 (Ast. equestris, Gmelin § Lamk.,

which chiefly differs in the arms appearing longer).

4. Hippasteria cornuta. Pent. longiorum cornuum, Linck,
43,t.33.f.53; E. M.t. 102: with the arms still longer and
more slender at the end.

All four are perhaps varieties of one. Gmelin refers to
this species Linck, t.5.f. 13 (an Astropecten), t. 13. f. 22,
t. 23. f. 87, t. 24. f. 39, and t. 27. f. 45 (all Gontaster tessel-
latus) .

XIV. Carrrasrer. Body 5-rayed, with flat immersed
ossicula armed with flat-based deciduous conical spines,
and without any two-lipped slits on either surface. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 280.

c

1. Calliaster Childreni (1.18), Grey. Back slightly con-
vex, with a centre, a ring, and five radiating lines of small
spines ; rays slender, t apering, as long as the width of the
body ; each of the marginal pieces with a central series of
three distant spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 280.
Inhab. Japan.

XV. Asrroconium. Body pentangular, flat above and
below. Back and oral surface protected by triangular
ossicula, each covered with numerous erect, cylindrical,
truncated tubercles or granules, those of the oral surface
longest. Margin strengthened with regular, oblong, four-
sided ossicula, covered with small regular granules, ex-
cept on the most convex part of their centres; those of
the upper and lower series opposite each other. Dorsal
wart single. Ambulacra with cylindrical truncated spines,
in groups of four on each ossiculum, of equal size, not form-
ing a rounded group, and with a series of similar, rather
larger spines on their sides, and a series of small ossicula
with terminal granules on their outer sides. Bilabiate
slits on either surface. Gray, P. Z.S.1847, p.78. Astro-
gonium, sp., Mill. § Trosch. Ast.

A. Body flat, five-sided; granules short;
topped, not tubercled.

ossicula flat-

1. Astrogonium granulare ('T.1.f.4). Pentagonal; sides
rather concave. Back bright crimson ; oral surface yellow-
ish; marginal ossicula oblong, +4 on each side, rather con-
vex, covered, except at the most convex part of the upper
and lower surface, with very minute granules. Dorsal ossi-
cula hexagonal, flat- topped, with short flat-topped gra-
nules ; ossicula ‘of oral surface similar, but granules longer.
Gray, P. Z. 8.1847, p.79. Asterias granularis, Retz. Dis.
10; Miller, Zool. Dan. t.92.f.1; Mill. & Trosch, Ast. 57.
Inhab. North Sea (British Museum).

This species is very like 7osia australis, but is at once
known from it by the granules covermg the greater part
of the surface of the marginal ossicula.

2. Astrogonium miliare (T.1.f.3). Flat, dark red, pen-
tangular; rays rounded at the end, about one-third the
length of the diameter of the disk. Margin rounded, ossi-
cula $9 or 33 on each side, covered with uniform, close
granules. Dorsal ossicula rather convex, covered with
uniform granules. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 80. Inhab.
New Zealand.

Like A. granulare in form, but the margin is round,
and the marginal plates are more numerous.

3. Astrogonium inequale. Pentagonal; sides rather con-
eave. Arms acute. Dorsal ossicula rather convex, co-
vered with small roundish granules. Marginal ossicula
$ on each side, the two central ones small, narrow; four
others large, convex ; the two at the tip verysmall. Gray,
P.Z. 8.1847, p.79. Inhab. New Guinea? or Amboima?
Capt. Sir E. Belcher.

B. Back rather convex; the marginal and dorsal ossicula
with a small central convexity or rounded tubercle ; the
granules of the oral surface rather elongate, rounded.

4, Astrogonium tuberculatum (T. 1. f. 2). Body pentan-

ey

10

gular; sides concave; arms rather produced, acute, taper-
ing; the ossicula of the dorsal surface, of the upper and
lower marginal series, each furnished with a small, central,
rounded tubercle. Marginal ossicula $2 on each side ; the
dorsal tubercles on the middle of the back and down the
centre of each arm rather larger. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847,
p- 79. Inhab. Port Natal.

C. Body flat; ossicula of the dorsal, marginal, and oral
surface entirely covered with rather elongated uniform
granules; marginal ossicula small, erect, rounded
above.

5. Astrogonium pavillosum (T. 1. f.1). Blackish (perhaps
discoloured). Pentagonal, flat. Arm nearly as long as
diameter of disk, rounded at the end. All the ossicula of
the back, edge, and oral surface covered with regular, uni-
form, rather long, erect granules, forming a level surface ;
granules of the oral surface longest. The marginal ossi-
cula narrow, erect, rounded above. Ambulacral spines
elongate. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p.79. Inhab. Port Es-
sington.

This species, from the length of the granules, passes
towards the Astropectines, the elongated tubercles having
much the appearance of those which are called pawilli in
that genus.

ce. Ambulacra with three or four series of equal close larger
spines near the edge; body depressed, flat ; marginal
ossicula large, smooth, twa-rowed, with only a single
series of granules on each of their edges. Gray, |. ¢.
1840. Astrogonium, sp., Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 1842.

XVI. Gonraster. Ossicula flat; the dorsal ossicula
granulated and armed with deciduous flat-based spines ;
both surfaces destitute of any two-lipped slits. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 280.

In the younger specimens only the middle of the back
and the central dorsal lines of the rays are spine-bearing ;
but as the animal enlarges the other tesserze on the sides
become covered, and at length they are separated into
groups by the grooves extending from the centre to the
angles of the margin between the rays. The tubercles
easily fall off in the dry specimens, leaving a smooth dis-
tinct flat scar.

1. Goniaster cuspidatus. Body pentangular; sides cur-
ved; arms broad, triangular, rather more than half as long
as the width of the body. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 280.
Astrogonium tessellatum, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 56. Aste-
rias tessellata? Blainv. Actinol. t. 23. f. 4. Pentagonaster
semilunatus cuspidatus, Linck, 21, t. 23. f. 37 (perfect),
t. 22. f. 39 (imperfect) ; and Seda, ii. t. 6. f. 9 (perfect).
Ast. tessellatus, D. and C., Lam. Inhab.

2. Goniaster Sebe, Gray, Ann. N.H. 1840, p. 280. Seba,
iii. t. 8. f.2, differs in the sides of the rays being angularly
inflexed.

3. Goniaster regularis, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 280;
Seba, iii. t. 8. f. 4, copied for Pentagonaster regularis, Linck,
20, t. 13. f. 22. Body with five nearly straight sides.

XVII. Penraconaster. Body formed of convex, smooth,
and spineless ossicula; the ossicula of the underside with
a central sunk line with a central perforation and a small
pit at each end. The marginal ossicula near the tips of
the rays very large and swollen. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p. 280.

1. Pentagonaster pulchellus ('T. 8. f. 3). Body with five
deeply concave sides, with four oval convex tubercles on each
side,and a small one interposed between the anglesof each of
them. Gray, Ann. N. H.1840, p.280. Astrogonium pul-
chellum, Mill. & Trosch.55. Asterias Miilleri, Agassiz,
MS. (Mus. Paris). Stephanaster elegans, Ayres, Proc.
Boston Soc. N. H. <Asterias pulchella, Gray, Encycl. Me-
Gite ONG Inhab. China.

When the large apical tubercles have been injured, they
become divided into small unequal ones.

2. Pentagonaster abnormalis (T. 8. f. 1, 2). Body penta-
gonal; sides deeply concave, with eight narrow oblong
ossicula on each side; the apical ossicula about twice the
size of the others. Inhab. :

8. Pentagonaster Diibeni ('T. 3. f.2). Body flat, 5-rayed ;
rays two-thirds the length of the diameter of the disk,
rounded at the end; ossicula all convex, rounded. Mar-
ginal ossicula 19, large, round, those near the end of the
arms largest and most convex. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p.91.
Inhab. Western Australia.

This species differs from P. pulchellus in the marginal
ossicula bemg more equal, and in the arms being much
longer and more slender. The ossicula of the dorsal disk
are unequal in size and rather irregularly formed ; those
near the margin on the middle of the sides are oblong and
narrow; those of the oral surface are more regular and not
so convex, those near the angles of the mouth being the
largest and subtriangular. I have named this beautiful
species in memory (I regret to say) of M. W. von Diiben,
who recently published a very admirable paper on the
northern species of this family.

See a. Astrogonium crassissimum, Mobius, Abhandl. iv.
1860, p. 81, t. 2. f. 1, 2, is the same or an alliedspecies. 6.
Astrogonium magnificum, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 53, t. 4.
f.1. ¢c. Astrogonium astrologorum, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 54.
d. Astrogonium geometricum, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 54.

XVIII. Tosta. The body formed of smooth and spine-
less ossicula, rather convex ; the dorsal and ventral ossicula
entire, without any impressed line, subequal; the marginal
ossicula two-rowed, with a small intermediate one near each
tip; dorsal wart triangular. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p. 281.

The granules between the ossicula are deficient in the
dead and washed specimens. It has been thought that the
fossil species found in the chalk belonged to this genus ;
but the surface of the ossicula of most of the specimens I
have seen show, from the scars with which their surface is
covered, that they were covered with granules ; therefore
they rather belong to the restricted genus Astrogoniwn.
Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 80.

11

* The ossicula of the oral disk are more or less entirely
covered with crowded, flat-topped granules.

1. Tosia grandis ('T. 3. f. 1). Dorsal ossicula very un-
equal, flat-topped. Marginal ossicula 14 or 14 on each
side, rather convex; the ossicual of the oral surface are
furnished with two or three rows of crowded granules, and
those near the ambulacra are most covered. Gray, P. Z.S.
1847, p. 80. Inhab. Western Australia.

Linck, under the name of P. regularis, t. 18. f. 22, 23,
copied (H. M. t. 96, and Seda, iii. t. 8. f. 4) a species some-
what like the above, but it has only ten marginal plates.
Miller, who thought he examined Linck’s specimen at
Leipsic, describes it as having seven upper and five under
marginal plates. Goniodiscus stella, Mobius, Abhandl. iv.
1860, p. 9, t. 3. f. 1, 2, is a very nearly allied species.

2. Tosia aurata (T. 16. f. 2). Golden yellow. Dorsal
ossicula flat-topped, the five in the centre, between the cen-
tral lines of the arms, largest and round; the marginal ossi-
cula 4% or +4, rather convex and nearly equal (that nearest
the top not being longer than the others); the ossicula of the
oral disk, all except a few in the middle of each area,
entirely covered with flat-topped granules. Gray, P. Z. 8.
1847, p. 80. Inhab. Australia (Brit. Mus. three spec.).

** The ossicula of the oral surface are only edged with a
single series of granules, like those of the back.

3. Tosia tubercularis (T.16.f. 4). Yellow, edges reddish.
The dorsal ossicula convex, subtubercular, those of the
centre of the arms highest, those between the arms in the
centre largest, nearly flat. The marginal ossicula & or 8
on each side, convex, subtubercular ; the one near the top
of the arm largest and oblong, longitudinal, convex. The
ossicula of the oral surface small, each surrounded with
a single series of granules. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 91.

Var.? or young? ‘The ossicula of the oral surface near
the edges covered with granules. Inhab. Swan River.

There is a specimen in the British Museum with six
marginal ossicula very like the above, but differing from
it in the dorsal ossicules only being convex and rounded ;
it has the same convex and large marginal plate. Gray,
P. Z. 8.1847, p. 80.

4. Tosia rubra (T. 16.f.3). Red brown. Dorsal ossicula
rather convex, rounded. Marginal ossicula +9 on each si
rather convex, equal, that at the tip of each arm smaller,
narrow ; the ossicula of the oral surface flat-topped, with
a single series of marginal granules. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847,
p. 81. Inhab. Australia.

5. Tosia australis (T. 16. f. 1). Yellowish or reddish.
Dorsal ossicula rather convex, rounded. Marginal ossi-
cula & on each side, rather convex, equal; the ossicula of
the oral surface flat-topped, with a single series of marginal
granules. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 281; P. Z. 8. 1847,
p- 81. Astrogonium australe, Mill. §& Trosch. Ast. 55.
Inhab. Western Australia, Swan River.

See a. Astrogonium ornatum, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 55.
6. Astrogonium Lamarcku, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 56.

c2

i

B. Echinasterina. The body discoidal, many-rayed ; skeleton
netted with numerous elongated doubly mobile articu-
lated spines on mammillary tubercles ; dorsal warts nu-
merous.

XIX. Ecurnasrer. Body star-like, granulated, de-
pressed; back rather convex, with a circle of 10-15 conical
dorsal warts! Ambulacral spines small, placed in groups
with a single continuous row of large slender spines near
them. The spines are very long and covered with a gra-
nular skin, and have generally a second articulation about
one-third the length from the base. Gray, Syn. Brit.
Mus. 62; Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 281. HE. sp., Mill. &
Trosch. Ast. 25.

1. Echinaster Ellisii. Dorsal warts 15; rays 11 or 12;
spines large, thick. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p.281. As-
terias echinus, Solander and Ellis, t. 60,61, 62. | Echi-
naster solaris, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 25. Asterias echinites,
Lam. Inhab. South America, H. Cuming, Esq.

2. Echinaster solaris. Rays 21; spines small; dorsal
warts 10. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 281. Asterias so-
laris, Naturforscher, xxviii. t. 1, 2. Inhab. :

C. Cribellina. The body divided into cylindrical, elongated
rays ; dorsal wart single.

a. Ambulacra with a single series of crowded filiform spines,
sometimes united by a membrane at their base.

+ Smooth, the rays netted, with mobile spines, with im-
pressed dots between the network; dorsal wart con-
vew, flat-topped, with a few radiating grooves.

* Spine single, large, on the junction of the ossicula, which
are placed in equidistant series.

XX. Orn. Skin smooth, polished; ambulacra with
two very close series of filiform spines. Gray. Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 281. Echinaster, sp., Miill. § Trosch. Ast. 22.

1. Othilia spinosa. Rays rather more than twice the
length of the width of the body. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 281. Asterias spinosa, Retz. Pentadactylosaster spi-
nosus, Linck, t. 4. f. 17. Asterias echinophora, Lam. n.
25, not Chiaje. Stellaria spmosa, Nardo, Agassiz. chi-
naster spinosus, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 72. Inhab. North
America, Virginia.

2. Othilia aculeata. Rays cylindrical, more than three
or four times as long as the breadth of the body, with
seven rows of acute spines. Young (or var.) arms with
only five series of similar spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 282. Inhab. Guacomayo, Central America, fine sand,
13 fathoms, H. Cuming, Esq.

3. Othilia multispina. Rays short, depressed, broad,
rather more than twice as long as the width of the body,
blunt at the end, with eleven rows of acute distant spines.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 282; Seba, t.7.f.4. Echinaster
brasiliensis, Mull. § Trosch. Ast. 72. Inhab. Brazils.

4. Othilia purpurea. Purplish; rays cylindrical, nearly
three times as long as the width of the body, with nume-
rous short, rather blunt spines; underside with cross
wrinkles and two or three series of pores parallel to the
ambulacra. Monstrosity 4-rayed. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p. 282. Echinaster fallax, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 23; Savig.
Descr. Egypt, Echin. t. 4. £.3. Inhab. “Isle of France,”
W, E. Leach, M.D.

5. Othilia Luzonica. Reddish brown ; rays 5 or 6, elon-
gate, four times as long as the width of the body, with
many blunt spmes. Gray, Ann. N. H.1840, p. 282. In-
hab. Isle of Luzon, H. Cuming, Esq.

See a. Echinaster crassus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 23
(Mus. Paris). 6. Echinaster gracilis, Miill. § Trosch. Ast.
23 (Mus. Paris). c. Echinaster eradanella, Miill. § Trosch.
Ast. 24; New Zealand. d. Echinaster serpentarius, Miill.
& Trosch. Ast. 24; Vera Cruz.

XXI. Merropina. Slightly granular; rays slender, with
large single pores and small scattered spines on the back ;
smooth, and formed of regular flat ossicula on the sides.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 282.

1. Metrodira subulata. Yellow brown; rays elongated,
slender, tapering. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 282. Scy-
taster subulatus, Mill. §Trosch. Ast. 36. Inhab. Migupou,
H. Cuming, Esq.

** Spines small, crowded, scattered on the sides and at
the junctions of the slender ossicula.

XXII. Ruoria. Ambulacral spines long, with several
series of larger spines near them. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 282. Stellomia (part.), Agassiz.

1. Rhopia seposita, Gray, Aun. N. H. 1840, p. 282.
Echinaster sepositus, Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 23,126. Aste-
rias sanguinolenta and A. sagena, Retz. Diss. 21,22. Echi-
naster sanguinolentus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 127. Asterias
seposita, Retz. Nov. Ac. 1783, p. 229; Gmel. 3182; Lam.
n. 30; Seba, ii. t. 7. f. 5. Pentadactylosaster reticulatus,
Linck, t. 4. f. 5. Stellonia seposita, Nardo, Agassiz.

2. Rhopia Mediterranea. Yellow ; rays 6, tapering, nearly
three times as long as the width of the body; spines short,
cylindrical. :

Var.? Rays 7, unequal; spines shorter.
N. H. 1840, p. 282. Inhab. Marseilles.

Gray, Ann.

+t Granulated, the rays above largely tubercular, not spi-
nous, wilh minute dots between the tubercles, beneath
uniform ; dorsal wart triangular, irregularly punctate
and contorted.

XXII. Ferpina. Body flat; rays broad, convex and
warty above, flat and uniform beneath; ambulacral spines
short, united at the base. Gray, Ann. N. H.1840, p. 282.

1. Ferdina flavescens. Yellow, brown varied; rays nearly
half as long again as the width of the body, uniformly tu-
bercular, blunt. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 282. Inhab.
Isle of France, W. E. Leach, M. D.

2. Ferdina Cumingii. Yellow or brown; rays rather
‘longer than the width of the body, with a central and a
marginal row of larger rounded tubercles and some scat-
tered smaller ones; the larger tubercles on the sides are
red when the granules are rubbed off, which they often are.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 283. Inhab. West coast of
Columbia, H. Cuming, Esq.

b. The ambulacra with a series of very small short filiform
spines (placed in pairs) with a parallel series of spines
near them; the rays formed of longitudinal series of
tubercles united by transverse ossicula; dorsal wart
intricate.

* Spines near the ambulacra larger than the ambulacral
ones.

XXIV. Dacrytosaster. Rays cylindrical, nearly smooth,
formed of regular oblong ossicula, each furnished with a
central group of unequal short mobile tubercles; dorsal
wart 1. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 283; Miill. § Trosch.
Ast. 33.

1. Daciylosaster cylindricus. Reddish, brown marbled ;
rays elongated, cylindrical, blunt, with eight rows of groups
‘of spinous tubercles, three times as long as the width of
the body. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 283. <Asterias cy-
lindrica, Lam.; Gray, Ency. Metrop.t. .f. ; Miill. &
Trosch. Ast. 33. Inhab. “Isle of France,’ W. E. Leach,
M.D.

2. Dactylosaster gracilis. Reddish, brown marbled ; rays
slender, four times as long as the width of the body, with
seven rows of groups of small spmes. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 283; Mill. § Trosch. Ast.33. Inhab. West coast
of Columbia, H. Cuming, Esq.

XXV. Tamarta. Rays cylindrical, formed of seven series
of granular convex roundish ossicula, each of the upper
ones with three or four unequal and the lower ones with a
central short blunt spine. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 283 ;
Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 33.

1. Tamaria fusca. Brown; rays rather tapering.
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 283; Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 33.
Migupou, H. Cuming, Esq.

Gray,
Inhab.

XXVI.Crsvrna. Rays cylindrical, nearly smooth, formed
of rows of three-lobed flat ossicula, each furnished with a
central mobile spine; dorsal warts (one or two) oblong.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 283; Miill. § Trosch: Ast. 34.

1. Cistina Columbie. Yellow; arms rather more than four
times as long as the width of the body, with seven rows of
spines. Gray, Ann.N. H. 1840, p. 283; Miill. & Trosch. Ast.
34. Inhab. West coast of Columbia, H. Cuming, Esq.

The larger specimen has two very distinct dorsal warts ;
but I can only see one very obscure one in the smaller
specimen. It may be a monstrosity in the large specimen.

XXVIJI. Ornipiastrr. Rays cylindrical, elongate, uni-
formly granular all over, without any spines; back with a

13

small central group of larger tubercles; dorsal wart concave,
with radiating or twisting grooves. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 883; Agassiz. Ophidiaster §*, Miill. § Trosch. Ast 27.

+ Rays cylindrical, blunt.

1. Ophidiaster aurantius. Orange; rays with seven rows
of rounded tubercles, about four times as long as the width
of the body; spines near the ambulacra short, ovate, club-
shaped. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 284. ? Asterias ophi-
diana, Lamk. ii. 567. Ophidiaster ophidianus?, Agassiz ;
Miill. & Trosch. Ast.28. Inhab. Madeira, rocks on Porto
Santo Laurencgo, Rev. R. T. Lowe.

2. Ophidiaster Leachii. Rays elongate (smooth?) with
eight or nine irregular rows of unequal tubercles. The
spines near the ambulacra club-shaped, rather dilated and
more compressed at the tip. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 284. Asterias cylindricus?, Lamk. 1.567. Ophidiaster
eylindricus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 29. Inhab. “Isle of
France,’ Dr. W. E. Leach.

8. Ophidiaster Guildingit, Gray. Pale brown (dry); rays
cylindrical, four times as long as the width of the body,
with seven series of moderate tubercles ; the spines near
the ambulacra compressed, thin, ovate.

Var. 1. female? Rays thick; spaces between the tuber-
cles large, with numerous dots.

Var. 2. male? Rays thin; spaces between the tubercles
small, with four or six dots. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 284.

See a. Oph. Hemprichii, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 29; Ked
Sea.

tt Rays round, tapering, acute. Hacelia.

4. Ophidiaster attenuatus. Rays rounded, elongate, nearly
four times as long as the width of the depressed body,
broad at the base and tapering, with nine rows of triangular
tubercles ; spines near the ambulacra large, ovate, blunt.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 284, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 29;
A. coriacea, Grube, 22. Inhab. (Brit. Mus.)

ttt Rays triangular, tapering, with three interrupted bands
of pores on each side. Pharia.

5. Ophidiaster pyramidatus. Rays subangular, elongate,
nearly four times as long as the width of the pyramidical
body, with seven rows of tubercles; the central dorsal
series much the largest ; spines near the ambulacra ovate,
subacute. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 284; Miill. & Trosch.
Ast. 33. Inhab. Bay of Caraccas, West Columbia, on the
rocks, H. Cuming, Esq.

** Series of spines near the ambulacra nearly of the sare
size as the ambulacral ones.

XXVIII. Lincxta. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 284 (not
Micheli). Linckia, Nardo & Agassiz, not Persoon nor Cav.
Ophidiaster, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 30, 1843.

+ Rays 5, cylindrical, with the groups of pores scattered on
the whole surface.

1. Linckia typus. Pale yellow (dry); rays cylindrical,

elongate, rather tapering at the end, nearly seven times as
long as the width of the body ; back and sides with equal-
sized tubercles, and moderate-sized dotted interspaces on
the sides; apical tubercles moderate. Nardo ; Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 284. Ophidiaster miliaris, Miill. & Trosch.
Ast. 30. Pentadacty losaster miliaris, Linck, t. 28. f. 47.
Ast. levigata, Linn., Lam. 39. Distorted. Asterias cometa,
Blainville. Tnhab. Mediterranean, Linn. Egypt, Sir J.
G. Wilkinson.

See a. Linckia franciscus, Nardo.

2. Linckia crassa. Rays elongate, thick, cylindrical, blunt
at the ends, nearly three times as long as the width of the
body ; apical tubercle indistinct. Gray, dnn. N. H. 1840,
p- 285. Inhab. ?

3. Linckia Brownii. Rays elongate, cylindrical, rather
tapering at the end, four times as long as the width of the
body; back of the arms with three or four rows of small
tubercles; sides with four rows of large pierced spots ;
apical tubercle moderate. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 285;
Rumph. Amb. t. 13. f. E? Seba, Mus. ui. t. 6. f.13, 14; Grew,
Mus. t.8.f.1,2. Inhab. New Holland, Rod. Brown, Esq.

4, Linckia Leachii. Rays elongate, slender, cylindrical,
rather tapermg; sides w ith three or four rows of rather
convex tubercles; apical tubercle indistinct. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 285. Inhab. “Isle of France,” Dr. W. E
Leach.

Very like Z. typus. Our specimens, which are almost
all young of the Comet variety, are only to be distinguished
from that species by the arms being slenderer. The adult
may differ more.

Linckia Guildingii. Brown, olive varied ; rays slender,
ieee cylindrical, nearly equal, largely granular ; ; back
and sides with groups of three or four holes between the
interspacesof thetubercles; apicaltubercleslargeand convex.
Monstrosity 6-rayed. Gray, Ann.N. H.1840, p.285; Miill. &
Trosch. Ast. 33. Inhab. St. Vincent’s, Rev. L. Guilding.

Differs from L. typus principally in being much smaller
and slenderer.

6. Linckia pacifica. Rays elongate, cylindrical, rather
tapering at the end, six times as long as the width of the
body, with close oblong convex ossicula; apical tubercle
indistinct ; the series of spines near the ambulacra crowd-
ed together with them. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 285.
Inhab. Tahiti, on the reefs, H. Cuming, Esq.

7. Linckia Columbia. Rays elongate, cylindrical, rather
taper ing at the end, covered with large coarse granulations ;
series of spines very close to the ambulacral spines, oblong
and truncated. Monstrosity with one of the rays long, me
rest small, reproduced. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 285.
Inhab. West coast of Columbia, H. Cuming, Esq.

tt Rays 5, rather trigonal, with one or two continued
bands of pores, without any intervening tubercles on
each side. Phataria.

back

8. Linckia unifascialis. Rays trigonal, tapering ;

14

with three rows of flat ossicula; sides with a single broad
band of pores; rather more than three times as long as
broad. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p.285. Ophidiaster sutu-
ralis?, Mill. & Vrosch. Ast. 30. Inhab. Bay of Caraccas,
West Columbia, on the rocks at low water, H. Cuming, Esq.

9. Linckia bifascialis. Rays trigonal; back with four
or five rows of irregular convex ossicula at the base, and
many at the end of the ray; sides of the ray with two
broad bands of pores at the base and one at theend. Gray,
Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 285.

ttt Rays depressed, with a single pore between each dor-
sal ossiculum, and a narrow band of a few pores along
each side of the arm. Acalia.

10. Linckia pulchella. Brown; rays flat, nearly three
times as long as the width of the body; the spines near
the ambulacra oblong, compressed, truncated. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 226; Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 37. TInhab,—.

11. Linckia intermedia. Rays elongate, cylindrical,
rather tapering at the end, formed of oblong convex ossi-
cula; pore on the back single, on the sides in two rows of
groups of three or four; the series of spines on the side of
the ambulacra separate from it and from one another.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 286; Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 37.
Inhab.

12. Linckia erythrea. Rays elongate, cylindrical; the
row of small spmes near the ambulacra double in some
part of its length. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 286; Miill.
& Trosch. Ast. 37. Inhab. Red Sea, James Burton, Esq.

See a. Ophidiaster diplax, Mi/l. & Trosch. Ast. (Mus.
Berlin). 6. Ophid. ornithopus, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 31;
Vera Cruz. c¢. Asterias multiforas, Lamk. ii. 565; Ophid.
multiforus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 31. d. Ophid. Ehren-
bergi, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 31 (Berl. Mus.). e. Ophid.
tuberculatus, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 32 (Berl. Mus.).
f. Ophid. echinulatus, Mill. &§ Trosch. Ast. 32 (Mus.
Leyden).

ce. Ambulacra with a series of short filamentous spines,
placed in groups of four or five (one group on each
ossiculum) ; rays formed of series of tubercles, with (one
or two) small holes between them, and covered with
granules.

* Rays with only one (or two) series of small spines on the
side of the ambulacral spines.

XXIX. Fromia. Rays 5-8, flat, triangular, formed of
flat-topped granular tubercles. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 286.

1. Fromia milleporella, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 286.
Scytaster posterius, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 35. Asterias
Sebe, Blainy., Seba, Thesaur. t. 8. f.a, d.

Var. 1. Rays 6, rather slender. Var. 2.

Rays 7, slen-
derer. Var. 3. Larger, 5- or 6-rayed.

Inhab. Isle of

15

_France, Dr. W. HE. Leach; Indian Ocean, Gen. Hard-
wicke; Red Sea, James Burton, Esq.

See a. Scytaster semiregularis, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 36.
b. Scytaster Keenii, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 38.

XXX. Gomornta. Rays elongate, cylindrical, tapering,
with a terminal tubercle; back with large rounded tuber-
cles; back of the rays with series of large conical convex
tubercular spines; the spines near the ambulacra small,
crowded. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 286.

1. Gomophia Egyptiaca. Rays tapering, acute, four
times as long as the width of the body, with five irregular
rows of conical acute tubercles. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 286. Inhab. Egypt, Sir J. G. Wilkinson.

** Rays with the series of spines on the sides of the ambu-
lacra gradually passing into the granulations which
crowd on them.

XXXI. Narpoa. Rays cylindrical, spineless, formed of
large granular convex ossicula. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p. 286. Scytaster, sp., Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 34.

1. Nardoa variolata, Gray, Aun. N. H. 1840, p. 286.
Scytaster variolatus, Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 34. Asterias
variolutus, Retz. Diss. 19; Lamk. 36; Oudart, t. . f.
Pentadactylosaster variolatus, Linck, t. 1. f. 1, t. 8. f. 10,
t. 14. f. 24. Linckia variolata, Nardo. Inhab. Medi-
terranean Sea.

2. Nardoa Agassizii. Rays cylindrical; tubercles sub-
equal.
ai 1, 4-rayed, Linck, t.1.f.1. Var. 2. 6-rayed.
Monstrosity 1. 7-rayed. Monstrosity 2. 3-rayed, with
two short rays on the opposite side. Monstrosity 3. with
one ray bifid, Linck, t. 14. f. 2,4. Gray, Ann. N. H.1840,
p- 287. Inhab. Isle of France, Dr. W. E. Leach.

3. Nardoa tuberculata. Rays cylindrical, with scattered
hemispherical larger tubercles. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p. 287. Inhab. Island of Luzon, Port of Sual, H. Cu-
ming, Esq.

See a. Asterias milleporella, Lamk. ii. 564; Scytaster
milleporellus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 35; Red Sea. 6. Scy-
taster zodiacalis, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 35.

XXXII. Narcrssia. Body pyramidical, thin, coriaceous,
uniformly granular; rays tapering, elongate, triangular
on the base, formed of thin flattened ossicula. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 287.

1. Narcissia Teneriffe. Rays tapering, elongate, acute,
more than four times as long as the width of the body.
Inhab. Teneriffe (Brit. Mus.).

XXXITI. Nucrria. Body rather pyramidical, coriaceous,
scattered with truncated warts, granular at the top; rays
roundish, produced, edged with two series of flat granular
warts on each side ; beneath largely granular. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 287.

1. Nectria ocellifera, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 287.
Asterias oculifera, Lamk. n.5; Oudart, t. . f. Gonio-
discus ocelliferus?, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 60. Inhab.
(Brit. Mus.).

XXXIV. Nepanrura. Body small, flat; rays very long,
cylindrical, tapering, not margined, formed, above and
below, of many regular longitudinal and transverse series
of flat-topped tubercles, furnished at the top with a series
of elongate spine-like granulations. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 287.

Intermediate between Astropectinid@ and Cribelline; but
the rays are not margined, and the spines at the top of the
tubercles are not regularly radiately disposed.

1. Nepanthia tessellata. Brown; rays elongate, slender,
tapering, with series of square warts. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 287; Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 28. Inhab.
(Brit. Mus.).

2. Nepanthia maculata. Grey, with black spots; rays
rather depressed, blunt ; middle of the back with oblong
transverse, and the sides with squarish, warts. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 287; Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 28. Inhab.
Migupou, H. Cuming, Esq.

Family IV. ASTERINIDA.

Body discoidal or pyramidical, sharp-edged; skeleton
formed of flattish imbricate plates; dorsal wart single,
rarely double. Gray, Syn. Mus. 62; Ann. N. H. 1840,
p. 288. Asteriscus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 39.

A. Ambulacral spines separate.

I. Patmrees. Body flat, thin, nearly membranaceous ;
margin radiately striated ; the dorsal ossicula with a radi-
ating tuft, and the oral ones with a transverse line of many
thin mobile spines; ambulacral spines in oblique rounded
groups. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 288; Agassiz, Prod. 25.

1. Palmipes membranaceus. Rays 5, broad. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p.288; Linck, t.1. f. 2,3. Asteriscus pal-
mipes, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 39. Ast. membranacea, Retz.
& Lamk. Ast. placenta, Pennant. Ast. cartilaginea,
Fleming. Ast. rosacea, Lamk. (a broken specimen). In-
hab. British Channel, Plymouth Sound; Mediterranean ?

2. Palmipes Stokesti. Rays 15, acute. Gray, Ann. N.
H. 1840, p. 288. Asterias rosacea, var., Lamk. ii. 558.
Asteriscus rosaceus, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 40 (Mus. Mr.
Stokes). Inhab. Japan.

See a. Asteriscus pectinifer, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 40.

II. Poranta. Body pyramidical, thick, 5-rayed; skin
above and below varnished, spineless ; dorsal ossicula irre-
gular; the margin with two series of large ossicula; the
lower ones produced, sharp-edged, and each furnished on
the edge with a series of mobile spines; the ambulacra
with two series of mobile spines, each pair on a separate
ossiculum ; the upper marginal ossicula trigonal, imbricate ;

the dorsal ones unequal, irregular; the central of the lower
marginal ossicula with four and the apical ones with a pair
of spines. Allied to Gymnasteria. Gray, Ann. N. H.
1840, p. 288. Asteropsis, sp., Miiller.

1. Porania gibbosa, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 288. As-
terius pulvillus, O. Miller, Zool. Dan. t. 19. —_Asteropsis
pulvillus, Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 64, t. 8. f.2, 128. Asterias
gibbosus, Leach, Brit. Mus. 1817. Ast. equestris ?, Thomp-
son, Mag. Nat. Hist.ix. 237. Goniaster Templetoni, Forbes,
Wern. Trans. 1839, p. 6, t.4. f.1,2. Inhab. Isle of Arran
and Plymouth Sound, Dr. WW. H. Leach, 1817. Isle of
Man, Douglas Bay, J. R. Wallace, Esq.

See a. Asterias vernicina, Lamk. Hist. ii. 554. As-
teropsis vernicina, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 66; Panama.

III. Asrertna. Body rather pyramidical, 5-rayed; the
back convex; the oral surface flat; the ossicula of each
surface furnished with one or more mobile tapering spines ;
the margin sharp-edged; each of the ossicula with a mar-
ginal series of spines; ambulacral spines placed in groups

of four or five. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p. 289; Nardo.

1. Asterina gibbosa. Each of the ossicula of the oral
surface with a central pair of mobile tapering spines. Each
of the marginal ossicula of the dorsal surface with a pair
of spines, of the discal one with many crowded pairs ;_ back
with series of distinct pores. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840,
p- 289; Forbes. Asterias gibbosa, Pennant, B. Z. iv. 121.
n.6; Flem. B. A. 486. Pentaceros plicatus et concavus,
Linck, 25, t.3. f. 20. Asteriscus exigua, Pet. Gaz. t. 16.
f.8. Ast. minuta, Linn.? Ast. stellata obtusa ciliata,
Linn. F. Suec. 2112. Asterina minuta, Agassiz? Asterias
pulchella, Blainv.?, Faun. Frang.t. ; Man. Malac. t. 22.
f.8. Asterias vermiculata, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 41. In-
hab. Plymouth Sound, Dr. WV. £. Leach; Ireland, Linck ;
Marseilles, Dr. W. E. Leach; Sicily, W. Swainson, Esq. ;
Madeira, Rev. — Bulwer.

2. Asterina Burtonii. Rays elongate, convex, blunt at
the end; each of the ossicula of the oral surface with a
central group of three crowded mobile tapering spines ; of
the dorsal surface with a crowded group of short tubercles.
Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p.289. Inhab. Red Sea, James
Burton, Esq.

3. Asterina minuta. Each of the ossicula of the oral
surface with a single spine or a central group of three
crowded mobile spines; of the dorsal surface granular,
with a few very small spicula on the upper edge; and of
the margin with a spreading tuft of spines. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 289. Asteriscus minutus, Miill. & Trosch.
Ast. 41. Asterias minuta, Linn.; Gmelin? Asterias ex-
igua, Lamk.n.43; Seba, ii. t.5. f. 15.

Var. 1. Larger; each of the ossicula of the oral surface
with three spimes. Var. 2. Smaller; each of the ossicula
with one, rarely with two spines. Monstrosity 1. Rays 4;
and 2, rays 6. Inhab. America, Linn. West Indies, St.
Vincent’s, Rev. L. Guilding.

The specimens of the two varieties exactly resemble
each other except in the characters mentioned, and they
appear to have been taken at the same time.

16

4, Asterina Krausii. Olive-green; the central ossicula
of the oral surface spineless, those near the margin with
a single central triangular spine; the dorsal ossicula with
a series of minute, very short blunt spines. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. 289. Asteriscus Krausii, Mill. § Trosch.
Ast. 42; E. M.t.100.f.4,5. Inhab. Cape of Good
Hope, Dr. Kraus.

5. Asterina Gunnii. The central ossicula of the oral
surface with one and the marginal ones with a pair of
cylindrical blunt spines; the dorsal ossicula with radiating
groups of short cylindrical spinulose spines; body with
six slightly concave sides. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840, p.
Asteriscus australis, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 43.

Var. Body five-sided. Var. or Monstrosity with two
ge warts. Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land, Ronald Gunn,

Sq.

6. Asterina calcar. All the ossicula of the lower surface
with a single central cylindrical blunt spine; the dorsal
ones with numerous short tapering spinulose spines ; body
convex, with 8 rather elongate blunt rays. Gray, Ann.
N. H. 1840, p. . Asterias calear, Lamk. 17; Oudart,
t. .f. . Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land, Dr. Lhotsky and
Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

See a. Asteriscus Cepheus, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 41. 6.
Asteriscus pentagonus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 42 ; Seba, t.5.
f.13; EH. M.t. 100. f.3. c. Asterias penicillaris, Lamk.
li. 555; Asteriscus penicillaris, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 42.
d. Asteriscus Diesingi, Mill. § Trosch. Ast. 43.

IV. Perricta. Body convex, 5-rayed. Skin above and
below varnished and spmeless. Back strengthened with
numerous, sunken, moderate-sized ossicula; the margin
with two series of larger oblong ossicula, but spineless ;
the oral surface with rather regularly disposed smaller
ossicula. Ambulacral spines subulate, placed in pairs,
with a second series of similar but rather larger spies on
the outer side of them. Gray, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 80.

This genus is very like Porania, but the back does not
appear to be angular, the margin is edged with spines, and
the ambulacral spines are in pairs, and not single as in
that genus. The ossicula of the back and oral surface are
punctured ; and one of them, situated near the edge of the
back, in the middle space between the arms, is furnished
with a linear pore edged with convex lips.

t
1. Petricia punctata (T. 6. f. 1). Orange when dry.
Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 80; Ann. N. H. 1847, p. 202.
Inhab. the Reef of Attagor, J. B. Jukes, Esq.
There is a single specimen of this species in the British
Museum collection.

V. Partirta. The body pyramidical, coriaceous, with
5 rays:-the ossicula of the oral surface with uniform ra-
diating groups of small spines ; of the dorsal surface of two
kinds—the one crescent-shaped with series of small bundles
of spines, the others bearing irregular round bundles of
spines between them. The upperside, between the angles
of the arms, is covered with small, roundish groups of

spines. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1840; P. ZS. 1847, p. 82.

1. Body pentagonal; the dorsal ossicula lunate, narrow ;
the edge of the arms acute.

1. Patiria coccinea. Scarlet, the body 5-rayed, sides
concave, the end of the rays rather slender, blunt. Gray,
Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1840; P. Z. 8S. 1847, p.82. Asteriscus
coccineus, Miill. & Trosch. 43.

The roundish group of spines between the lunate ossi-
cula are very abundant. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

2. Body 5-rayed; rays thick, rounded; dorsal ossicula
lunate, subtriangular ; arms convex above and rounded
on the sides.

2. Patiria granifera. Brown. Back rather convex.
The arms broad, rounded at the end, nearly as long as the
diameter of the disk, rounded above, flat beneath; the
lunate dorsal ossicula covered with short, crowded spines,
and with only a few small tufts of spines between them ;
the ossicula of the oral surface each with a transverse line
of six or eight spines. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 82. Aste-
rias granifera?, Lam. u. 24?; var. a petits grains, Oudart, t.
Inhab. ?

Variety. The arms more slender, about one-third longer
than the diameter of the disk. Inhab. ? (Brit. Mus.).

The variety may bea distinct species; but the specimen
is not in sufficiently good preservation to determine this
point with certainty.

3. The body 5-rayed, rays thick, rounded; the dorsal ossi-
cula, especially those at the end of the arms, broad,
rounded; the back covered with two or three beaked
pedicellaria nearly hiding the tubercles.

8. Patiria ocellifera. Body 5-rayed; arms thick, rounded,
as long as the diameter of the disk, bluntish at the end ;
the dorsal ossicula broad, oblong or roundish, reddish,
covered with short, crowded spines; the oral surface with
transverse rows of three to five mobile spmes. Gray,
P.Z.8.1847,p.82. ?? Goniodiscus ocelliferus, Mill. & Trosch.
Ast.60. Asterias ocellifera, Lam. 45; Oudart,t. . fig. .
Inhab. ?

This species much more nearly resembles Oudart’s figure
than the species I have described under the name of Nec-
tria oculifera.

4. Patiria obtusa. Brown, depressed, 5- to 6-rayed; rays
depressed, rounded at the end; dorsal surface with lunate
ossicula crowded with short spines; oral surface with
circular groups of crowded spines in the middle of each
ossiculum. Gray, P. Z. S.1847, p. 82. Inhab. Panama.
Sandy mud, 6 to 10 fathoms.

3. Patiria? crassa. Pale yellow (dry), 5-rayed; rays
thick, rather tapering, about half as long again as the
diameter of the disk. Dorsal surface formed of convex,

17

subhemispherical ossicula, covered with crowded minute
spines. ‘The oral surface with roundish groups of short,
crowded spines, like pavilli. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 83.
Inhab. Western Australia (Mr. Goul7).

See a. Asteriscus setaceus, Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 43. 6
Asterias trochiscus, Retz. Diss. 10; Asteriscus trochiscus,
Miill. & Trosch. Ast. 43. c. Asterias miliaris, Miiller, Zool.
Dan. t. 131 (not text) ; Asteriscus miharis, Mill. § Trosch.
Ast. 42; North Sea.

B. Ambulacral spines radiating, webbed together.

Ambulacra edged with a series of
Pteraster, Mull. & Trosch. Ast.

VI. Preraster.
radiating, webbed spines.
App. 127, 1843.

1. Pteraster miliaris, Mill. & Trosch. Ast. 128, t. 6. f. 1.
Asterias miliaris, O. F. Miiller, Zool. Dan. t. 131 (not
text). Asteriscus miliaris, Mull. & Trosch. Ast. 44. Inhab
North Sea.

2. Pteraster Capensis. Body subpentagonal, swollen, edge
very thick, rounded ; back convex, reticulated, with rounded
groups of very small ossicula at the junction of the reti-
culations. Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 82. Inhab. Cape of
Good Hope.

The spines of the ambulacra are like those of Pteraster
miliaris, but they are longer, and the series of webbed
spines on their outer margins are scarcely longer than those
of the ambulacra, while in the northern species they are
much longer and thicker, and there is no appearance of
the two long glassy spines at the angle of the mouth so
distinct and peculiar in that species.

VII. Ganeria. Body flat, 5-rayed. Back coriaceous,
strengthened with numerous small, linear and curved series
of very short cylindrical spmes. Margin perpendicular, with
two series of narrow ossicula, each armed with a central,
erect linear series of short cylindrical spies. Oral surface
covered with diverging spines, one being placed on each
ossiculum. Ambulacra linear, with two series acles,
and edged with sujmlate spines, t¥Ojon eac ‘Os ]
with a series of diverging spines*at the anfles near

mouth. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 83.

1. Ganeria Falklandica. Body 5-rayed; rays as long as
the diameter of the disk, rather blunt at the tip. Gray,
P. ZS. 1847, p.83. Inhab. Falkland Islands (Captain Sir
James Ross).

VIII. Socomia. The body depressed; rays elongate
formed of imbricate plates; the margins broad, the upper
and lower series of ossicula being separated by a groove.

Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1840.

1. Socomia paradoxa. Yellow. Inhab. ——? Gray,

Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1840.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Tab. 1. fig. 1. Astrogonium paxillosum, p. 10. ~ Tab. 7. fig. 2. Stellaster Childrent, p. 7.
fig. 2. —— tuberculatum, p. 10. fig. 3. Doxgona Reevesii, p. 7. .
fig. 3. —— miliare, p. 10. i Tab. 8. figs. 1, 2. Pentagonaster abnormalis, p. 11.
fig. 4. granulare, p. 10. fig. 3. —— pulchellus, p. 11.
Tab. 2. fig. 1. Randasia granulata, p. 8. - Tab. 9. Pentaceros modestus, p. 6. + -
fig. 2. Culcita pentangularis, p. 5. — Tab. 10. Pentaceros Franklinii, p. 6. 5
Tab. 3. fig. 1. Tosia grandis, p. 11. = Tab. 11. Culcita Schmidelinna ?, p. 5. ~
fig. 2. Pentagonaster Diibeni, p. 11. Tab. 12. figs. 1, 2. Asterodiscus elegans, p. 5. -
Tab. 4. fig. 1. Anthenea tuberculosa, p. 9. ~ fig. 3. Randasia spinulosa, p.8. =
fig. 2. Hosea spinulosa, p. 9. = Tab. 13. Calliaster Childreni, p. 10. =
Tab. 5. fig. 1. Sted/aster Incei, p. 7. = Tab. 14. Pentaceros (Nidorella) armatus, p. 7. =
fig. 2. Anthenea granulifera, p.9. ~ Tab. 15. Calliderma Emma, p. 7. -
Tab. 6. fig. 1. Petricia punctata, p. 16. Fy Tab. 16. fig. 1. Tosia australis, p. 11. ~
fig. 2. Pentaceros granulosus, Junior, p. 6. fig. 2. aurata, p. 11. :
fig. 38. Pentaceros granulosus, p. 6. . - fig. 3. rubra, p. 11. =
Tab. 7. fig. 1. Stellaster Belcheri, p.7. = fig. 4. tubercularis, p. 11. —

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= F = 4/2 E = Nv" b
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5 ee i = > B ioe e = ieee oS
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