^..•V- -

I,

LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS

UNIVERSITY SERIES

No. 4

Synopsis

of the

True Crabs (Brachyura)

of Monterey Bay

California

BY

FRANK WALTER WEYMOUTH

WITH PLATES I-XIV

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY

1910

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction 5

Scope and purpose of paper 5

New species 7

Species not previously reported from Monterey Bay .... 7

List of species treated 8

Key to the suborders of the order Decapoda 1 1

Key to the tribes of the suborder Reptantia 1 1

Key to the families of the tribe Brachyura 12

Brachyura of Monterey Bay 14

Subtribe Dromiacea 14

Superfamily Dromiidea 14

Family Dromiidae 14

Subtribe Oxystomata 18

Family Dorippidae 18

Family Leucosiidae 18

Family Calappidae 19

Subtribe Brachygnatha 21

Superfamily Oxyrhyncha 21

Family Parthenopidae 21

Family Inachidae 21

Superfamily Brachyrhyncha 35

Family Cancridae 35

Family Portunidae 49

Family Pilumnidae 50

Family Pinnotheridae 53

Family Grapsidae 61

Bibliography 64

Explanation of plates 65

SYNOPSIS OF THE TRUE CRABS (BRACHYURA)
OF MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA

In this paper are included all of the Brachyura or true crabs known
from Monterey Bay or from points near enough to make their occurrence
there probable, and it is hoped that the keys and figures here given will
render easy their identification. It is intended that this shall be one of a
series of papers of similar scope dealing with the fauna of Monterey Bay,
with a view toward placing at the disposal of workers at the Marine Bio-
logical Laboratory an easy means of becoming acquainted with the inver-
tebrates of that region. Preliminary work has been done in several
groups, and in the case of the Anomura and the Macrura, the writer hopes
to present reports in the near future.

Monterey Bay occupies an open semicircular indentation of the coast
line, a little over one hundred miles south of San Francisco, measuring
about twenty-five miles from Santa Cruz on the north to Point Pinos on
the south, and perhaps ten miles from a line drawn between these two
points to the mouth of the Salinas River on the east. The northern and
eastern shores of the bay are low and sandy, but from a point near the
town of Monterey to Point Pinos and thence south nearly to the town of
Carmel, some ten miles, the coast is, with the exception of a few small
sandy beaches, extremely rugged, furnishing innumerable rocky tide-pools
that form an unusually rich collecting ground, not only for Crustacea but
for all kinds of invertebrates.

The Stanford Marine Biological Laboratory is located at Pacific
Grove, about midway of the southern shore of the bay, and as this has
been the central point for shore collecting, the greater part of the work
has been confined to four or five miles of the coast, reaching from near
Monterey to some distance south of Point Pinos, though a few trips
have been made to points north or south of these limits.

Considerable dredging has been done at moderate depths, thirty
fathoms and under, from a small launch. Off the eastern shore the bottom
is sandy ; this has been little worked, but has yielded some valuable speci-
mens. Off the town of Monterey in the southeastern corner of the bay
there is a large area of hard blue clay, rich in burrowing mollusks, which
has proved a good field for Crustacea, and here most of the dredging has
been done. Near Point Pinos the bottom is rocky, and would undoubted-

6 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

ly yield much to a more thorough use of the tangle than has yet been
attempted.

The present work was begun at the Marine Laboratory during the
summer session of 1906, when J. N. Procter and the writer, working
under the direction of Dr. G. C. Price, made and indentified a consider-
able collection of Crustacea. It has been finished at Stanford University
under the guidance of Dr. H. Heath and Dr. W. K. Fisher, to whom as
well as to Dr. G. C. Price, the writer is greatly indebted. The material
upon which the work is based has been collected for the greater part by
the writer during the three summers of 1906, 1907 and 1908, but includes
as well the results of the collecting of numerous students at the Marine
Laboratory, among whom the manuscript of the keys has been in use
during the session of 1908, and all specimens in the University collection
known to have come from Monterey Bay.

The writer wishes to express his obligations to W. F. Allen of Pacific
Grove for material, and especially to Miss M. J. Rathbun of the United
States National Museum for much kind assistance in determining speci-
mens and for the loan of material.

There has been much excellent work done on the west American
Crustacea, and the writer is particularly indebted to the papers of S. J.
Holmes and Miss M. J. Rathbun. No attempt has been made to dupli-
cate the full descriptions of Holmes, attention being confined to the noting
of variations or other points of interest except in the case of a few species,
whose descriptions are incomplete or not easily accessible, and which have
been treated at some length.

The writer has followed Borradaile (Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, Seventh series, vol. 19, p. 457) in the use of the sub-
orders Natantia and Reptantia instead of Macrura and Brachyura (or
Macrura, Anomura and Brachyura) and in the inclusion of the Dromiidac
with the Brachyura instead of with the Anomura. The keys to suborders
and tribes are taken from his paper with some modifications. In the
arrangement of families, though not of species, Miss Rathbun (Decapod
Crustaceans of the Northwest Coast of North America, Harriman Alaska
Expedition, vol. 10) has been followed.

Fifty-two species are here treated. Of these, the occurence of forty-
three is well established, six rest on doubtful records and three more are
included because found in adjacent regions or for completeness. Of the
forty-three species thirty-six are represented in the collection at hand.
One new species is here described. The following lists set forth these
facts more clearly.

INTRODUCTION

New species:

Dromidia segnipes.

Species not previously reported from Monterey Bay
Randallia bulligera
Podochela hemphillii
Dasygyius tuberculatus
Rhodia parvifrons
Cycloxanthops novemdentatus
Lophopanopeus diegensis
? Pinnixa occidentalis

TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

LIST OF SPECIES TREATED IN THE PRESENT PAPER

Order Decapoda.
Suborder Reptantia.
Tribe Brachyura.
Subtribe Dromiacea.
Superfamily Dromiidea.
Family Dromiidae.

1. Genus Dromidia COLLECTED REPORTED

1 . D. segnipes n. sp x

Subtribe Oxystomata.

Family Dorippidae.

2. Genus Clythrocerus.

2. C. planus ( Rathbun ) ?

Family Leucosiidse.

3. Genus Randallia.

3. R. ornata ( Randall ) x x

4. R. bulligera Rathbun x

Family Calappidae.

4. Genus Mursia.

5. M. gaudichaudii (Milne Edwards) x x

Subtribe Brachygnatha.

Superfamily Oxyrhyncha.
Family Parthenopidae.

5. Genus Heterocrypta.

6. H. occidentalis (Dana) x x

Family Inachidae.

6. Genus Podochela.

7. P. hemphillii (Lockington) x

7. Genus Erileptus.

8. E. spinosus Rathbun ?

8. Genus Anasimus.

9. A. rostratus Rathbun ?

9. Genus Dasygyius.

10. D. tuberculatus (Lockington) . . .x

10. Genus Epialtus.

IT. E. bituberculatus Milne Edwards ?

12. E. productus Randall x x

LIST OF SPECIES 9

1 1 . Genus Pugettia.

13. P. gracilis Dana x

14. P. richii Dana x x

12. Genus Mimulus.

15. M. foliatus Stimpson x x

13. Genus Loxorhynchus.

1 6. L. grandis Stimpson x x

17. L. crispatus Stimpson x x

14. Genus Chorilia.

18. C. longipes Dana x

15. Genus Scyra.

19. S. acutif rons Dana x x

1 6. Genus Rhodia.

20. R. parvifrons (Randall) x

17. Genus Chionoecetes.

21. C. tanneri Rathbun x x

Superfamily Brachyrhyncha.

Family Cancridse.

1 8. Genus Cancer.

22. C. productus Randall x x

23. C. magister Dana x x

24. C. gracilis Dana x x

25. C. gibbosulus (de Haan) x x

26. C. jordani Rathbun x x

27. (C. amphioetus Rathbun)

28. C. antennarius Stimpson x ,. x

29. (C. anthonyi Rathbun)

30. C. oregonensis (Dana) x

Family Portunidae.

19. Genus Portunus.

31. (P. xantusii (Stimpson) ) ?

Family Pilumnidae.

20. Genus Cycloxanthops.

32. C. novemdentatus (Lock.) x

21. Genus Lophopanopeus.

33. L. bellus (Stimpson) x x

34. L. heathii Rathbun x x

35. L. leucomanus (Lock.) x

36. L. diegensis Rathbun x

22. Genus Xanthias.

37. X. taylori (Stimpson) x x

10 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Family Pinnotheridae.

23. Genus Pinnotheres.

38. P. nudus Holmes x x

24. Genus Raphonotus.

39. R. subquadratus (Dana) x x

25. Genus Pinnixa.

40. P. occidentalis Rathbun ?

41. P. calif orniensis Rathbun x x

42. P. tubicola Holmes x x

43. P. littoralis Holmes x

44. P. longipes ( Lock. ) x x

45. P. faba ( Dana) x x

26. Genus Scleroplax.

46. S. granulata Rathbun x

27. Genus Cryptophrys.

47. C. concharum Rathbun x

28. Genus Opisthopus.

48. O. transversus Rathbun x x

Family Grapsidse.

29. Genus Pachygrapsus.

49. P. crassipes Randall x x

30. Genus Hemigrapsus.

50. H. nudus ( Dana) x x

51. H. oregonsis (Dana) x x

31. Genus Planus.

52. (P. minutus (Linnaeus) ) ?

KEY TO ORDER DECAPODA I I

KEY TO THE SUBORDERS OF THE ORDER DECAPODA.

a. Rostrum seldom reduced or absent, if well developed almost invariably
compressed. Body always compressed. First abdominal seg-
ment not much smaller than the rest. First antenna generally
bears a scale at base; second antennal scale generally large.
Legs slender (except sometimes a stout chelate limb or pair of
limbs which may be any one of first three) with basipodite and
ischiopodite never fused, only one fixed point in the carpo-pro-
podal articulation. Abdominal limbs 1-5 always present in fulj
number, well developed, and used for swimming. Natantia

aa. Rostrum often reduced or absent, depressed if present. Body not
compressed, generally depressed. First abdominal segment dis-
tinctly smaller than the rest. No scale on first antenna ; that on
second antenna never large, generally small or absent. Legs
stout, the first usually, the others never, stouter than their fel-
lows ; basipodite and ischiopodite almost always fused in the
first pair, generally in others, two fixed points in the carpo-pro-
podal articulation. Abdominal limbs 1-5 often reduced or
absent, not used for swimming. Reptantia

KEY TO THE TRIBES OF THE SUBORDER REPTANTIA.

o. Carapace not fused with epistome ; last thoracic sternum free, its legs
reduced, often chelate, always differing from the third pair.
Abdomen large and extended or reduced and loosely folded
under carapace, generally (except in Lithodidae) with biramous
appendages on the sixth segment. Antennae (second) well de-
veloped, situated external to eye, with long flagella and often a
movable scale. Anomura

aa. Carapace fused with epistome at sides and nearly always also in
middle ; last thoracic sternum fused with others, its legs never
chelate, seldom markedly different from the others. Abdomen
much reduced, symmetrical, closely folded beneath thorax, never
with biramous appendages on sixth segment (only in Dromidae
is the sixth pair present even in a rudimentary condition).
Antennae (second) situated internal to eye, seldom with long
flagella, never with movable scale. Brachyura

12 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE TRIBE BRACHYURA.

a. Second antennae long (flagellum equal to more than half the width of
the carapace) ; first antennae without special fossettes, first ab-
dominal legs of female present, uropods rudimentary or absent,
female openings in coxae of legs, gills numerous.

Subtribe DROMIACEA, Fam. Dromiidac

aa. Second antennae short (never equal to half the width of the carapace)
first antennae usually lodged in special fossettes, first abdominal
legs of female wanting, uropods never present, female openings
in sternum (rarely in coxae), gills few.

b. Buccal frame triangular, narrowed forward; efferent branchial
channels opening at middle of endostome.

Subtribe OXYSTOMATA

c. Last I or 2 pairs of legs reduced in size and articulated higher
than preceding pairs, so as to lie on dorsal surface of
body. Fam. Dorippidae

cc. Legs normal in size and position.

d. Maxillipeds closing the buccal cavern; the palp hidden

by the triangular merus. Fam. Leucosiidae

dd. Maxillipeds not completely closing the buccal cavern $

the palp always exposed. Fam. Calappidae

bb. Buccal frame quadrate ; efferent branchial channels opening at

sides of endostome. Subtribe BRACHYGNATHA

c. Carapace usually triangular, with pointed or spined rostrum ;

the branchial region inflated, the hepatic region small ;

orbits usually incomplete. Superfam. Oxyrhyncha

d. Basal antennal joint very small and short, not reaching

farther forward than posterior margin of orbit;

hard basal joint of antennule reaching orbit and

forming part of inferior margin. Chelipeds much

longer and more massive than other legs.

Fam. Parthenopidae

dd. Basal antennal joint well developed, reaching at least to
anterior margin of orbit, of the lower margin of
which it forms the greater part; basal antennular
joint usually soft and concealed in fossette, never
reaching orbit. Chelipeds not markedly longer
or more massive than other legs. Fam. Inachidae

KEY TO FAMILIES OF BRACK YURA 13

cc. Carapace without rostrum, usually broad, never with the
hepatic region greatly reduced ; orbits generally well
enclosed. Superfam. Brachyrhyncha

d. Carapace generally broader than long, wide and regu-
larly arcuated in front; lateral margins markedly
convergent behind. Frontal region not markedly
broad, generally produced horizontally in lobes or
teeth.

e. Antennules folded longitudinally, front with several
teeth one of which is median; outer maxilli-
peds overlapping the endostome.

Fam. Cancridae

ee. Antennules folded transversely or obliquely trans-
versely, front with or without median tooth ;
outer maxillipeds not overlapping endostome.
/. Last pair of legs usually modified for swim-
ming, with the last two joints very broad and
paddle-like. Anterolateral border sharply
marked off from postero-lateral. Front with
or without median tooth. Fam. Portunidae
ff. Last pair of legs not modified for swimming.
Antero-lateral border of carapace not sharply
marked off from postero-lateral. Front gen-
erally divided by a median notch.

Fam. Pilumnidae

dd. Carapace usually quadrilateral; lateral margins nearly
parallel. Frontal region usually broad, bent down-
wards and without teeth or sharp lobes.
e. Carapace often more or less membranaceous ; front,
orbits and eye-stalks usually very small;
buccal frame arcuate in front. Species small,
generally commensal. Fam. Pinnotheridae
ee. Carapace hard and firm ; front, orbits and eye-stalks
not markedly small ; buccal frame quadrate in
front.

f. Front usually markedly broad; eye-stalks of
moderate size. Fam. Grapsidae

ff. Front of moderate width or very narrow ; eye-
stalks often greatly elongated.

Fam. Ocypodidae

14 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Tribe BRACHYURA.
Subtribe DROMIACEA.
Superfamily DROMIIDEA.
Family DROMIID^E.

No representative of this family has been recorded, as far as I am
aware, from the west coast of North America north of the Mexican
boundary. Hypochoncha panamensis is recorded by Faxon* from the
west coast of Panama, but beyond this I do not know that any of the
Dromiidae have been reported from Mexico or Central America. It is
therefore no inconsiderable addition to our western crustacean fauna to
record a new Dromid from Monterey Bay. Two specimens were ob-
tained in the summer of 1906 while dredging in shallow water, and
although special effort was made during the two following summers to
obtain more material these remain the only examples. The species proves
to be a very close relative of Dromidia antillensis Stimpson, and further
knowledge of its distribution may show it to be one of the numerous pairs
of species found on opposite sides of the isthmus.

Genus DROMIDIA Stimpson.

Dromidia Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 63, 1858 (Type — Dromidia
hirsutissima (Lamark)).

Stimpson in defining this genus says,t "In the sternum of the female
the copulatory sulci are produced, and approximated at their extremities
in a more or less tuberculiform projection situated between the bases of
the chelipeds." According to Miss Rathbun this description should be
modified, as the sulci do not always end in a single tubercle. In the speci-
men here described the sulci end in distinct tubercles, and it is interesting
to observe that in the most closely related form, D. antillensis, the single

* Faxon, Memoirs Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool., xviii, 237.

t Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 225. — Report on the Crustacea
collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections, No. 1717, 170.

DROMUD^E 15

tubercle there present shows, according to Henderson,* "a slight trace of
bifurcation in front."

Dromidia segnipes sp. nov.
Plate I, figs. 1-2.

Carapace pubescent, markedly convex, and about as long as wide.
Stimpson describes Dromidia antillensis, the most closely related form, as
"somewhat longer than broad" and gives the following measurements :
"length of carapax, 1.30; breadth, 1.28 inch." The specimen at hand is
considerably smaller and is broader than long, measuring 15 by 15.7 mm.,
but these relative proportions may be found to vary with age, as Hender-
son * gives the measurements of an immature D. antillensis 13.5 long by
13.8 mm. wide. Front tridentate, the inner angles of the orbits more
prominent than the rostral point, so that the front seems divided by a deep
rounded notch when seen from above. In D. antillensis these teeth are
stated to be subequal. Supraorbital teeth considerably smaller and more
acute than those of front. External angle of orbit prominent and bounded
by a marked fissure, as in D. antillensis.

The antero-lateral margin of the carapace is four-toothed as in
D. antillensis but the teeth are obscured to superficial examination by the
pubescence. The most posterior, located just behind the cervical groove,
is acute and directed forward ; the next anterior to this is the most promi-
nent and forms the greatest width of the carapace, it is also acute ; the
next is smaller but still acute ; these alone are visible from above. The
most anterior is very low and rounded, resembling more the tubercle at
the angle of the buccal cavern than the preceding teeth. In D. antillensis
the three anterior teeth are said by Stimpson to be "sttbspiniform," and
by Benedict f to be "little more than enlarged granules." The tooth pos-
terior to the cervical groove is also stated to be less acute than the others,
which is not the case in the specimen at hand.

The pubescence of the carapace is somewhat longer and more dense
in the frontal region and sparser in the branchial regions. On removing
the pubescence the carapace is seen to be glabrous and definitely, though
not deeply areolated. The cervical groove, the most prominent of the
markings, runs from a point just anterior to the last antero-lateral tooth
nearly to the middle of the posterior margin of the carapace, where it be-

* Henderson, Challenger Anomura, Part Ixix, 12.

t Benedict, U. S. Fish Commission Bull, for 1900, ii, 132.

l6 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

comes indistinct. The lateral margins of the cardiac region anterior to
the cervical groove are marked by distinct sulci, external to which are low
elevations, the anterior border is marked by a much less definite sulcus
concave in front. In the type (male) which was carrying what was ap-
parently a sand-encrusted ascidian, nearly all of the carapace lateral and
posterior to the cervical groove, with the exception of the intestinal region,
is membranaceous ; while in the second specimen, a female, only the sub-
branchial region is uncalcified.

Antennae prominent, the basal portion four-jointed, the basal joint
wider than long, the green gland opening at its inner margin between two
acute inwardly projecting tubercles, the second joint the longest, project-
ing far enough to be slightly visible from above, the last two joints small,
subequal, inserted in a deep rounded notch in the antero-internal angle of
the preceding joint, the flagellum sparingly ciliated, more than half the
length of the carapace. Lower orbital margin ending in a prominent ob-
tuse tooth next the basal portion of the antennae. Basal joint of the anten-
nule large, reaching about to insertion of last two joints of the antenna,
last two joints subequal ; the last with two unequal brushes of hairs at the
tip; in the normal position the last two joints are almost entirely concealed.

Endostome with a low ridge on either side bounding the efferent
branchial channels. External maxillipeds stout, the ischium slightly wider
at the distal end and armed on the inner margin with a row of 7 or 8
conical, corneous-tipped spines, the merus rectangular, slightly shorter
than the ischium, distally truncated, very slightly rounded, both corners
square. Palp articulated to inner side of merus near tip, entirely visible
when in normal position ; exognath nearly reaching tip of merus, tapering
but little.

Chelipeds hairy except tips of fingers, stout, ischium small without
prominent armature, merus trigonal, all the angles denticulated, a wide
transverse sulcus above paralleling the distal margin, carpus short and
stout, denticulated at anterior angles, hand without any conspicuous spines
or tubercles. In these characters it does not differ widely from Stimpson's
description of D. antillensis. The tips of the fingers are calcareous, of a
light flesh color, markedly excavated at the tip and armed with large tri-
angular teeth which interlock at the tip but gape pronouncedly at the base.

Ambulatory legs hairy, less stout than chelipeds but hardly "slender"
as in D. antillensis. The last pair are unfortunately missing in both spec-
imens ; of those remaining the first and second are the largest and differ
little in size, they are unarmed with the exception of the dactyls which
terminate in strong, curved, corneous spines and are further armed with
three or four straight corneous spines on the lower margin. The third

DROMIID.E 17

ambulatory leg is much smaller, reaching scarcely to the tip of the carpus
of the preceding pair, the dactyl is more sharply curved and lacks the
secondary spines, the inferior distal angle of the propodus is provided
with a nearly straight spine which may be opposed to the dactyl, thus
making the appendage subcheliform. The last pair were apparently en-
tirely dorsal in position.

Abdomen of male seven-jointed, much constricted between the first
and second segments and widest at distal end of second, from which it
tapers evenly to the seventh, which is obtusely triangular. First segment
the shortest, second, third, fourth, and fifth subequal, sixth and seventh
increasingly longer. The penultimate joint is said to be long and slender
in D. antillensis. The rudimentary uropods are present in a slight notch
between the sixth and seventh segments, barely visible from the outside.

Abdomen of the female seven- jointed, much constricted between the
first and second segments, and widest at the third, from which it tapers
gradually to the seventh, which is evenly rounded. The median portion
is raised, forming a rounded ridge, the whole evenly pubescent. The
uropods are present as in the male. The sternal sulci extend from the
base of the third pair of legs to the center of the sternum of the chelipeds,
where they end in closely approximated but distinct low tubercles. Ab-
dominal appendages present on all the segments.

Color in alcohol, yellowish tan, tips of chelipeds flesh color ; color in
life similar.

MEASUREMENTS MALE (TYPE) FEMALE

Length of carapace 15.0 mm. 15.7 mm.

Width of carapace 15.7 16.3

Length of antennal flagellum n.o 10.0

Type No. 478, cotype No. 479, Invertebrate Series, Leland Stanford
Junior University Zoological Museum.

l8 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Subtribe OXYSTOMATA.

Family DORIPPID^E.

Genus CLYTHROCERUS A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier.

Clythrocerus A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, v, 387, 1899
(Type — Clythrocerus nitida A. Milne Edwards).

Clythrocerus planus (Rathbun).

Cychdorippe plana Rathbun, Amer. Nat., xxxiv, 519, 1900.
Clythrocerus planus Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 168, 1904.

"Catalina and possibly Monterey. . . .under 50 fathoms " (Rathbun).
In the American Naturalist the footnote giving the type locality is erron-
eously attached to C. nitida A. Milne Edwards, an Atlantic form. I have
seen no specimen of this species.

Family LEUCOSIIDJE.
Genus RANDALLIA Stimpson.

Randallia Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 85, 1857 ; Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vi, 471, 1857 (Type — Randallia ornata (Stimpson)).

Key to species.

a. Carapace of adult nearly smooth, young with unequal smooth tubercles,
size large. R. ornata

aa. Carapace of adult covered with nearly equal minutely spinous tuber-
cles, size small. R. bulligera

Randallia ornata (Randall).
Plate I, fig. 3.

Ilia ornata Randall, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 129, 1839.
Randallia ornata Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 100, 1900, and
synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 170, 1904.

Represented in the collection by a few adults brought in by Chinese

fisherman, and several immature specimens about 10 mm. long.

CALAPPID^E 19

Randallia bulligera Rathbun.

Randallia bulligera Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 614, pi. xliv, fig. 6, 1898.
— Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 101, 1900. — Rathbun, II. A. I •'...
x, 170, 1904.

I have placed in this species two small specimens dredged from ten
fathoms, measuring 8x9 mm. and 6.2x7.2 mm. respectively, which, though
they do not tally in all points with the descriptions given by Holmes and
Rathbun, agree in certain features and seem to be fairly distinct from
specimens of R. ornata of the same size. The most marked difference is
in the tubercles, which in these specimens are set close together and are
fairly uniform in size, though with a few smaller ones interspersed, and
present when dried and examined by a lens a thick coat of minute spines.
When wet these spines are not noticeable and tend to give the tubercle a
"pearly" appearance, so that they might easily be called "smooth" as in
Holmes's description. In the young of ornata the tubercles are more
scattered and of unequal sizes and show no spines. The pollex of the
cheliped in ornata is about equal to the length of the palm, while in these
specimens it is shorter. I can see no other prominent differences and as
the specimens fail to show the prominent trilobing of the margin of the
efferent branchial channels and the relative position of the posterior prom-
inences mentioned by Rathbun and Holmes, I have felt some hesitation in
calling them bulligera.

Randallia bulligera has been reported from Magdalena Bay and from
off San Diego, but not previously from Monterey Bay.

Family CALAPPHXE.
Genus MURSIA Desmarest.

Mursia Desmarest, Consid. sur les Crust., 108, footnote, 1825.— Milne Edwards, Hist.

Nat. Crust., ii, 109, 1837.
Thcalia Lucas, Ann. Soc. entom. France, ser. 1, viii, 577, 1839 (Type — Mursia crist-

amana de Haan).

Mursia gaudichaudii (Milne Edwards).

Platymera gaudichaudii Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., t. ii, 180, 1837.— Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 99, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A.
E., x, 170, 1904.

2O TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

I have had the opportunity of examining two specimens, both males,
in the possession of W. F. Allen, who said that they were obtained in con-
siderable numbers by fishermen seining in moderately deep water on a
muddy bottom off the mouth of the Salinas River. These agree well with
Holmes's description, but possess a pair of very prominent tubercles on the
sternum of the segment bearing the chelipeds, not mentioned by him.

I have followed Miss Rathbun* in uniting Platymera with Mursia.

U. S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1903, 888.

INACHHXE 21

Subtribe BRACHYGNATHA.
Superfamily OXYRHYNCHA.
Family PARTHENOPID^.
Genus HETEROCRYPTA Stimpson.

Heterocrypta Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 102, 1871 (Type — Hctcro-
crypta granulata (Gibbes)).

Heterocrypta occidentalis (Dana).
Plate II, figs. 4-5.

Cryptopodia occidentalis Dana, Am. Journ. Sci. (2), xviii, 430, 1854. — Rathbun, Am.

Nat, xxxiv, 516, 1900.
Heterocrypta occidentalis Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 44, 1900, and

synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 170, 1904.

Represented in the collection by a considerable number of specimens,
all dredged from moderate depths — ten to fifteen fathoms.

The rostrum in the younger specimens is rather more acute than in the
adult and there is also considerable pubesence along the angles of the
chelipeds and especially in the branchial and frontal regions, sometimes
covering the greater part of the carapace, while the carapace of the adult
is commonly smooth. As shown in the figures, the middle of the posterior
margin of the carapace is more prominently rounded in the female than in
the male.

Color in life: tips of tubercles white, ridges bearing tubercles light
purplish, remainder of carapace mottled with numerous minute spots of
white and purplish, giving a pink effect which often closely approaches
white. Ambulatory legs usually a light yellow. Color in alcohol not
markedly different.

Family INACHID^.

Specimens of all the species of Inachidae here treated, n in number,
have been available for examination, and considerable pains has been

22 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

taken in the construction of keys, as this family usually proves trouble-
some to the novice, chiefly, it would seem, because of the characters
made use of in keys, which are commonly, and almost necessarily, in-
accessible or indefinite. The degree of completeness of the orbit, though
undoubtedly one of the most obvious of certain modifications involving
the greater part of the head region, is generally used in a comparative
manner as "more" or "less complete," which except to the person familiar
with the forms is little better than useless. When present the orbit seems
to be formed by the development of the pre- and post-ocular spines and
by the expansion of the basal antennal joint. Of these the
post-ocular spine is the most important; absent or distant from the
eye in forms like Podochela and Erileptus, it becomes, in Chionoecetes
and allied species, cup-shaped, and into this cavity the eye is retracted.
I have attempted to make use of this character in the generic key, which
follows in part that of Miss Rathbun on this group.* A second key
based on more obvious and accessible characters and including the species
is given as an additional aid.

Some interesting correlations were noted in the series, which though
probably not unknown, I have not seen pointed out before. The length
of the rostrum is correlated, not only, as might be expected, with the
length of the carapace, but also with the length of the antennae. The
flagellum is usually somewhat shorter than the rostrum and corresponds
quite closely to it in length ; this is especially noticeable in comparing a
form with a long slender rostrum as Chorilia with one having a short
rostrum, as Chionoecetes. In a few cases (Mimulus) the antennae exceed
the rostrum. As follows from the length, the antennae correspond
in stoutness with the rostrum ; but in addition, those species hav-
ing markedly flattened rostrums are found to have flattened antennae
(Scyra, Pugettia) while those with long cylindrical horns forming the
rostrum have cylindrical antennae (Chorilia).

I have followed Miss Rathbun in ignoring, as in the report on the
Decapods of the Harriman Expedition, the subfamilies of this group,
which seem, at least on this coast, to be of little service and incapable of
sharp distinction.

*Am. Nat., xxxiv, 503-520, 1900.

KEY TO GENERA OF INACHIDJE 23

KEY TO GENERA OF INACHUXE FOUND IN MONTEREY BAY.

a. Length of basal antennal joint (measured from raised margin of
endostome to insertion of free joints) greater than, or equal to,
the combined width of the same joints and that portion of the
epistome or antennular fossettes lying between them, measured
from bases of eye-stalks (middle of lower orbital margin).
b. Post-ocular spine inconspicuous and distant from eye.

c. Chelipeds fairly short and stout (dactyl about equal to palm),

no supraocular spine. Podochela

cc. Chelipeds long and slender (dactyl equal to about one-third

palm), a prominent supra-ocular spine. Erileptus

bb. Post-ocular spine prominent and close to eye.

c. A prominent, acute supra-ocular spine. Anasimus

cc. Upper margin of orbit prominent, but without a spine.

Dasygyius
aa. Length of basal antennal joint less than distance between lower

orbital margins (usually in the proportion of 2 to 3).
b. Post-ocular spine, if present, with anterior face convex or flattened
so that cornea of retracted eye is always visible from above ;
exognath of outer maxilliped widest in distal half, taper-
ing abruptly.

c. Lateral margins of carapace not markedly flattened or pro-
duced.

d. Surface of carapace smooth or undulated. Epialtus

dd. Surface of carapace with spines or tubercules. Pugettia
cc. Lateral margins of carapace markedly flattened and pro-
duced. Mimulus
bb. Post-ocular spine cupped or with dense growth of hair on an-
terior face so that cornea of retracted eye is partially con-
cealed from above; exognath of outer maxilliped widest in
basal half, tapering gradually.

c. Post-ocular spine flattened and densely hairy on anterior face.

Loxorhynchus

cc. Post-occular spine deeply cupped on anterior face and with-
out hairs.
d. A supra-ocular spine present.

24 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

e. Rostrum composed of two long, slender, cylindrical
horns. Chorilia

ee. Rostrum composed of two short, flattened horns.
/. Outer margin of basal antennal joint flattened
and produced, not spiny. Scyra

ff. Outer margin of basal antennal joint not pro-
duced, spiny. Rhodia
dd. No supra-ocular spine. Chionoecetes

KEY TO SPECIES OF INACHIDJE FOUND IN MONTEREY BAY.

a. Rostrum simple.

b. Rostrum slender; ambulatory legs slender, long (equal to at least

twice the width of carapace).

c. Chelipeds long, slender; dactyl about one-fourth total length

of hand. Erileptus spinosus

cc. Chelipeds moderately short and stout; dactyl about one-half

total length of hand.

d. Carapace much elongated in front, depressed, not spiny,

rostrum long. Podochela hemphillii

dd. Carapace not elongated in front, not depressed, rostrum

short.

e. Acute supra-ocular spine, low tubercle on first ab-
dominal joint. Anasimus restrains
ee. No acute supra-ocular spine, prominent spine on
first abdominal joint.

Dasygyius tuberculatus

bb. Rostrum stout, blunt; ambulatory legs short (less than twice the
width of carapace). No spines on carapace.

Epialtus bituberculatus
aa. Rostrum bifid.

b. Rostral horns short or moderate (never exceeding one-fourth the

total length of carapace), stout, more or less flattened.
c. Surface of carapace more or less undulated, smooth.

d. Margin of carapace not markedly thin and produced.

Epialtus productus

dd. Entire margin of carapace thin and produced in a leaf-
like expansion. Mimulus foliatus

KEY TO SPECIES OF INACHID^L 2$

cc. Surface of carapace markedly tubercular or spiny.

d. Carapace sub-pyriform or lyrate, rostrum moderate or
long (one-fourth to one-sixth total length of car-
apace).

e. Rostral horns extremely flattened and leaf-like, not
markedly divergent in adult.

Scyra acutifrons
ee. Rostral horns never greatly flattened, more or less

divergent.

/. Carapace undulated, with few moderate tubercles.

g. Post-ocular spine and first antero-lateral

tooth united by a leaf-like expansion of

the carapace. Pugettia gracilis

gg. Post-ocular spine and first antero-lateral

tooth acute and distinct. Pugettia richii

ff. Carapace with numerous or very prominent

tubercles.

g. Tubercles small and numerous, carapace
markedly convex. Loxorhynchus grandis
gg. Tubercles comparatively few, large and
prominent, carapace not convex.

Loxorhynchus crisp at us
dd. Carapace sub-orbicular, rostrum very short (one-ninth

or one-tenth of total length of carapace).
e. Ambulatory legs long (equal to twice the width of
carapace), no supra-ocular spine.

Chionoecetes tanneri

ee. Ambulatory legs moderate (about equal to once
and a half the width of carapace), an acute
supra-ocular spine. Rhodia parvifrons

bb. Rostral horns long (about one-third the total length of carapace),
slender, cylindrical. Chorilia longipes

26 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Genus PODOCHELA Stimpson.

Podochela Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 194, 1860.

Coryrhynchus Kingsley, Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 384, 1879 (Type— Podochela
grossipes Stimpson).

Podochela hemphillii ( Lockington ) .
Plate II, fig. 6.

Microrhynchus hemphillii Lockington, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 30, 1877.
Podochela hemphillii Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 17, 1900, and
synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., 171, 1904.

A single specimen of this genus was dredged in the summer of 1906,
and though special effort was made to obtain more, none were found dur-
ing either of the following summers. The specimen at hand differs in
no essential respect from Holmes's rather full description of P. hemphillii
except in the length of the rostrum. This feature is not very definitely
stated by Holmes, who says that the rostrum "varies considerably in
length, being sometimes broadly and sometimes narrowly triangular."
In the figure given by Miss Rathbun the length of the rostrum (meas-
ured from the tip to the supra-ocular spine) is about one-fourth of the
total length of the carapace, while in the Monterey specimen the rostrum
equals about two-fifths of the total length. Miss Rathbun, who has
examined the specimen, thought that it might prove a new species, but T
hesitate to separate it on the single character of the length of the rostrum
without a considerable series for comparison, especially since a speci-
men from Catalina Island (the only other Podochela at hand) shows a
rostrum in some degree intermediate. Further material may prove it
distinct, but for the present it seems best to list it as P. hemphillii, a record
which materially increases its range, which as given by Miss Rathbun is
"from San Luis Obispo, Cal., to Gulf of California."

Genus ERILEPTUS Rathbun.

Erileptus Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xvi, 227, 1893 (Type — Erileptus
spinosus Rathbun).

INACHHXE 27

Erileptus spinosus Rathbun.
Plate III, fig. 7.

Erileptus spinosus Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 277, 1893. — Holmes, Occas.
Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 21, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 171, pi. x, fig. i,
1904.

This and the following species are included on the range given by
Miss Rathbun from specimens collected by W. H. Dall in "southern Cal-
ifornia (either at Catalina Harbor or Monterey)." I have examined a
specimen kindly loaned by Miss Rathbun and one obtained at Catalina by
S. S. Berry. Though I have seen no specimens from Monterey, it is not
at all improbable that it may occur there, in view of the number of spider
crabs previously recorded only from the south (Podochela, Rhodia parvi-
frons, Dasygyius tuberculatus) which have been obtained during a com-
paratively small amount of collecting.

Genus ANASIMUS A. Milne Edwards.

Anasimus A. Milne Edwards, Crnst. Reg. Mex., 350, 1880 (Type — Anasimus fugax
A. Milne Edwards).

Anasimus rostratus Rathbun.

Anasimus rostratus Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 277, 1893. — Rathbun, H. A.
E., x, 171, pi. x, fig. 4, 1904.

As before stated, this species is included on Miss Rathbun's author-
ity. I have examined a specimen from the southern part of the state
which she kindly loaned.

Genus DASYGYIUS Rathbun.

Microrhynchus Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 88, 1835 (Preoccupied).
Neorhynchus A. Milne Edwards, Crust. Reg. Mex., 350, 1880 (Preoccupied).
Dasygyius Rathbun, Proc. Bio. Soc. Wash., xi, 164, 1897 (Type — Dasygyius gibbosus
(Bell)).

Dasygyius tuberculatus (Lockington).
Plate III, fig. 8.

Inachus tuberculatus Lockington, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 30, 1877.
Dasygyius tuberculatus Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 27, 1900, and
synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., 172, pi. x, fig. 3, 3a, 1904.

TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

A single male specimen was dredged from 45 fathoms. As this
species was previously reported from San Diego and Alamitos Bay, this
is a material increase of range.

Genus EPIALTUS Milne Edwards.

Epialtus Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., i, 344, 1834 (Type — Epialtus bituber-
culatus Milne Edwards).

Key to species.

a. Rostrum entire, no post-ocular spine. E. bituberculatus

aa. Rostrum bifid, a post-ocular spine. £. productus

Epialtus bituberculatus Milne Edwards.

Epialtus bituberculatus Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., i, 345, pi. 15, fig. n, 1834.
— Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 173, 1904, and synonymy.

"Southern California (either Catalina Harbor or Monterey)" Rath-
bun. Its occurrence seems very doubtful ; if found it should be easily
distinguished by its small size, as compared with E. productus, and its
entire rostrum.

Epialtus productus Randall.
Plate III, fig. 9.

Epialtus productus Randall, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, no, 1839. — Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 22, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A.
E., x, 173, 1904-

This species, next to Cancer antennarius and Cancer productus which
probably exceed it in weight, is the largest of the common shore crabs of
Monterey Bay and is one of the few on the coast which aspire to the
dignity of a common name, being called the "kelp crab" because, accord-
ing to Holmes it is usually found on kelp which it closely resembles in
color. The young are common along shore chiefly among the seaweed,
but most of the adults obtained have come from the piles of the Mon-
terey wharves, though it is found on floating kelp and on buoys. It is
often affected with a sacculina, and seems to be the only species commonly
so parasitized, as I have examined many specimens of other species and
have never found a sacculina.

INACHID.E 29

Color in life varies from dark brown to tan, the lighter shades being
found in young and apparently in recently moulted individuals in which
also the dark spots mentioned by Holmes are inconspicuous or absent.
Underparts reddish, often a bright brick red, sometimes with light mark-
ings on the coxae of the ambulatory legs and on the external maxillipeds.

The following are the measurements of a large male and female.

MALE FEMALE

Length, tip of rostrum to back of carapace 170 mm. 92 mm.

Width of carapace at first antero-lateral tooth .... 84 78

Width of " " second " " 93 82

Length of chelipeds 195 90

Length of first ambulatory leg 163 118

(Epialtus nuttallii Randall — distinguished from E. productus by
much less prominent lateral teeth and the absence of the postocular tooth
— occurs at San Diego and Santa Barbara and may be found to extend
as far north as Monterey.)

Genus PUGETTIA Dana.

Pugettia Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, ser. 2, vol. xi, 268, 1851 ; U. S. Explor.
Expd., Crust., xiii, 84, 1852 (Type — Pugettia gracilis Dana).

Key to species.
a. Post-ocular spine and first antero-lateral tooth united by a leaf-like

expansion of the carapace. P. gracilis

aa. Post-ocular spine and first antero-lateral tooth acute and distinct.

P. richii

Pugettia gracilis Dana.
Plate IV, fig. 10.

Pugettia gracilis Dana, Am. Journ. Sci. (2), xi, 268, 1851.— Holmes, Occas. Papers
Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 25, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 173, 1904.

Aleutian Is. to southern California; Rathbun, Holmes. It seems
rather surprising that among the large series of Pugettia examined this
species should not appear though reported from both north and south of
the Bay. I have examined specimens from Alaska.

3O TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Pugettia richii Dana.
Plate IV, fig. ii.

Pugettia richii Dana, Am. Journ. Sci. (2), xi, 268, 1851. — Holmes, Occas. Papers
Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 24, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 173, 1904.

A series of about 50, though showing considerable variation, cor-
responds well with Holmes's description. The females differ from the
males in possessing a more tumid carapace and less prominent lateral
teeth though there is considerable variation among the males in these
respects, and the young males often closely resemble the females. The
abdomen in young females is much narrower than in the adult form.

This species, the most common spider crab of Monterey Bay, is found
abundantly between tides, usually where there is a growth of algae or
coralline in company with young Epialtus productus which it resembles
in habit, being slow of motion and clinging tenaciously to the seaweed
when disturbed. The young, together with those of numerous other
species, are found among the roots of the eel-grass often in the burrows nt"
the pistol-crab (Crangon) which abound in these situations. Specimens
were also obtained by dredging in shallow water — 5 to 15 fathoms. It
is frequently much overgrown with hydroids and coralline.

Color in life red, varying from bright to dark and often closely match-
ing certain of the encrusting corallines. In alcohol the color fades to a
dull tan.

The largest specimen in the collection is a male measuring 40 mm.
from tip of rostrum to back of carapace and 30 mm. in width between the
tips of the posterior teeth (25 mm. between their bases).

Egg-bearing females were obtained in June, July and in the early
part of January.

Genus MIMULUS Stimpson.

Mimulus Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., vii, 200, 1860 (Type — Mimulus folia-
tus Stimpson).

Mimulus foliatus Stimpson.
Plate IV, figs. 12-13.

Mimulus foliatus Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., vii, 200, pi. iii, fig. i, 1860. —
Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 23, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun,
H. A. E., x, 173, 1904.

Represented in the collection by numerous specimens, mostly young,

INACIIIDyE 3T

dredged from moderate depths — 5 to 12 fathoms. It is found along-
shore with P. richii, but is less numerous.

There seems to be considerable variation in the shape of the two
lateral teeth and in the relative widths at these two points.

"Color a dull purplish, the legs crossed by light bands," Holmes.
The young and even mature (egg-bearing) individuals show consider-
able variation in color, being in general tan or light reddish with the
lateral expansions and marks on the cardiac region lighter, in some cases
almost white. One specimen had the entire surface of the carapace — ex-
cept the rostrum — the abdomen and the chelipeds clear white, while the
remainder of the legs and the rostrum were bright red. The legs in the
majority show a more or less distinct banding. The adults are often
partially covered by a growth of bryozoa or sponge.

Genus LOXORHYNCHUS Stimpson.

Loxorhynchus Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 84, 1857, Journ. Bos. Soc.
Nat. Hist., vi, 451, 1857 (Type — Loxorhynchus grandis Stimpson).

Key to species.

a. Carapace with numerous nearly equal tubercles, sparingly hairy or
smooth in adult. L. grandis

aa. Carapace with 9 to 12 very prominent tubercles; covered with a
short thick felt-like coat of hair. L. crispatus

Loxoryhnchus grandus Stimpson.
Plate V, fig. 14.

Loxorynchus grandus Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 85, 1857. — Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 29, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A.
E., x, 175, 1904.

Represented in the collection by two large males brought in by
Monterey fishermen from "deep water." The fingers of the cheliped
gape at the base, and there is a large blunt tooth on the dactyl which pro-
jects into this space. The measurements of the specimen figured are as
follows :

Total length of carapace 165 mm.

Total width of carapace 123 "

Length of cheliped (approximately) 232 "

Length of first ambulatory leg (approximately) 268 "

32 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Loxorhynchus crispatus Stimpson.
Plate V, fig. 15.

Loxorhynchus crispatus Stimpson, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 453, pi. xxii,
figs. 2, 3 and 4, 1857. — Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 74, 1894. — Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 30, 1900.— Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 175, 1904.

A series of 30 specimens (9 young) correspond well with Holmes's
description, to which, however, the following points may be added. The
anterior branchial tubercle is double, due to a smaller tubercle arising
from the anterior internal flank. About midway between the posterior
branchial tubercle and the cardiac-intestinal ridge, and lying nearly par-
allel to the latter, is a short slightly curved ridge or elongated tubercle.
The tubercles of the carapace and of the legs, appearing, according to
Miss Rathbun, "hemispherical with small shining points emerging," are
in young or perfect specimens topped by a bunch of long clavate setae,
stouter and longer than those of the rostrum and uncurved. Similar
setae are found along the angles of the somewhat prismatic legs, along
the posterior margin of the carapace, about the coxae of the legs, and
along the edge of the abdomen in the female.

The chelipeds of the male, as stated by Miss Rathbun, gape at the
base and the dactyl is provided with a blunt tooth which projects into
this space, while those of the female meet throughout their length.

The young (13 to 22 mm.) differ considerably from the adults, the
inner layer of plush-like hair being less marked, while more long hairs
are scattered over the surface; the preorbital spine is more flattened at
the base and directed more nearly horizontal, while the distance between
their tips and the length of the rostrum in proportion to the length of the
carapace is much greater than in the adult. Width between tips of pre-
orbital spines is to length of the carapace as I is to 3 in young and as I
is to 5 in an old male. The tubercles in the young are less pointed and
prominent than in the adult. Intermediate stages, however, connect all
these characters. The horns of the rostrum are more divergent in the
female than in the male.

The color of specimens in alcohol ranges from reddish brown to tan ;
the carapace after removal of the hair often shows red markings, espec-
ially about the tubercles.

INACHIDvE 33

Measurements of largest male in collection (the specimen figured) :

Total length of carapace 115 mm.

Total width of carapace 84 "

Length of cheliped (approximately) 233 "

Length of first ambulatory leg (approximately) 161 "

This species is found from between tides to a depth of 50 ft. It is
commonly known as the "moss crab" from the fact that it is generally
completely covered with algae, hydroids, bryozoa, ascidians, and the like
so as to be "scarcely recognizable as a crab at all." It is, as might be ex-
pected, very sluggish in all its movements.

Genus CHORILIA Dana.

Chorilia Dana, Am. Journ. Sci., (2), xi, 269, 1851; Crust. U. S. Expl. Expd., part i,
91, 1852 (Type — Chorilia longipes Dana).

Chorilia longipes Dana.
Plate VI, fig. 16.

Chorilia longipes Dana, Am. Journ. Sci., (2), xi, 269, 1851.

Hyastenus (Chorilia) longipes Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 33, 1900.

Chorilia longipes Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 174, 1904.

No specimens of this species from a point nearer than San Diego are
in the collection, although it is in all probabliity found in the bay.

Genus SCYRA Dana.

Scyra Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, ser. 2, xi, 269, 1851 ; Crust. U. S. Expl.
Expd., xiii (i), 80, 1852 (Type — Scyra acutifrons Dana).

Scyra acutifrons Dana.
Plate VI, fig. 17.

Scyra acutifrons Dana, Am. Journ. Sci., (2), xi, 269, 1861.— Rathbun, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., xvi, 88, 1893.— Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 41,
1900.— Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 175, 1904.

This species (a series of about 30) shows, as stated by Holmes and
Rathbun, great variation in the tuberculation of the carapace and in the
form of the rostrum, as the following comparison of two large males of
approximately the same size will show.

34

TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Total length

Width at posterior bran-
chial tubercle

Width between margins of

carapace

Rostrum, notch to tip. ...

tip to base of

preocular spine

greatest width . .

Branchial tubercles. .

Anterior median tubercle. .
Cardiac tubercle. .

37 mm 39 mm.

27

27-5
4

7
7

Posterior prominent,
anterior a tubercu-
lated knob.

Almost obsolete.
A smooth elevation

27

26
6

10.5
9

United in a heavy ridge
overhanging poster-
iorly the edge of car-
apace.

Sharp and prominent.

A hemispherical, tuber-
culated knob.

The young males are smoother than the adults and have narrower
and more divergent horns to the rostrum, while the females have at times
carapaces which are little more than undulated. The anterior external
angle of the basal antennal joint is somewhat produced but seems hardly
to form a spine as stated by Holmes. The "two spines or teeth on the
outer margin" behind this are seldom prominent, the anterior being little
more than an undulation of the margin.

This species is found from between tides to 20 fathoms, and like
most of the spider crabs is generally so overgrown with sponges and
other forms as to conceal the color.

All of the egg-bearing females are dated June.

Genus RHODIA Bell.

Rhodia Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 169, 1835 J Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. ii, 43,
1841 (Type — Rhodia pyriformis Bell).

Rhodia parvifrons (Randall).
Plate VII, fig. 18.

Herbstia parvifrons Randall, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 170, 1839. — Holmes,

Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 38, 1900.

Herbstia (Herbsticlla) campacantha Holmes, op. cit. 37, and synonymy.
Rhodia parvifrons Rathbun, H. A. E., 175, 1904, and synonymy.

Five specimens of this species have been obtained by the writer
during 1908, all from a large tide-pool just south of the Point Pinos
lighthouse. These agree well with Holmes's description except that the

INACHKMB 35

median tubercles are apparently less prominent, and that part of the tuber-
cles, especially those in the posterior region, are tipped with setae. All
were much covered with sponges of various kinds and the like. The
color of the carapace is a light tan mottled with dark brown ; the ambula-
tory legs are barred with reddish brown, and the chelipeds, with the
exception of the light tips of the fingers, are a still more pronounced red.
This species has not been before recorded north of San Pedro.

Genus CHIONOECETES Kroyer.

Chionoecetes Kroyer, Naturh. Tidskrift, (i), 2, 249, 1838 (Type — Chionoccetes
opillio (Fabricius)).

Chionoecetes tanneri Rathbun.
Plate VII, fig. 19.

Chionoecetes tanneri Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 76, pi. iv, figs. 1-4, 1893.
— Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 40, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E.,
x, 174, 1904.

Though there are no specimens in the University collection which
are known definitely to have come from Monterey Bay, this species was
obtained, according to Dr. Fisher, in large numbers by the "Albatross"
while dredging at Monterey.

Superfamily BRACHYRHYNCHA

Family CANCRID^E.
Genus CANCER Linnaeus.
Cancer Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, 625, 1758.

The genus Cancer appears to reach its highest development in the
north Pacific, and on the west coast of the United States is represented,
according to Miss Rathbun, by nine species. One of these — C. magister —
is the common market crab of the whole coast, and with the exception of
one or two other species of Cancer — C. productus, C. antennarius — is the
only crab used as an article of food, so that the genus assumes consider-
able economic importance. Seven species have been reported from Mon-
terey Bay: productus, magister, gracilis, gibbosulus, jordani, antennar-
ius and oregonensis. I have obtained all these with the exception of
oregonensis.

36 TRUE CRAF.S OF MONTEREY BAY

As considerable interesting material was available in this genus I
have included as far as possible all the species found on this coast in the
keys: specimens of all of which with the exception of amphioetus have
been examined. For six species — productus, jordani, gracilis, gibbosulus,
antennarius, and anthonyi — sufficient young material was at hand to
render possible the identification of immature specimens down to a size,
in most cases, of 5 mm. in width. A key is given for those measuring
20 mm. and less in width, as the key to adults will not hold in many cases
for the young and it is often very desirable to be able to place immature
specimens, some of which are very liable to confusion with the adults of
smaller species. Satisfactory identification of small forms will not be
possible in all cases without material for comparison ; in fact the young of
several species could be placed only through a complete growth series, a
study of which disclosed some very interesting facts.

Although gracilis and gibbosulus differ so widely in the adult or even
in specimens measuring 20 mm., at a size of 5 mm. they are almost in-
distinguishable, the young of gracilis showing the alternately large and
small antero-lateral teeth and a well developed tenth tooth, both of which
characters are absent in the adult of this species but present in the adult —
and young — of gibbosulus. The case of anthonyi and jordani is similar,
here the young of anthonyi exhibit many of the characters of the adult
jordani.

It is of course unsafe to rely too much upon the recapitulatory
nature of these ontogenetic resemblances, but if even the slightest value
is allowed them some very interesting light is thrown on the relationships
of this group, promising much to a more extended study. The young of
the six species mentioned, with the exception of productus, show many
characters in common ; they are pubescent, the antero-lateral teeth are
alternately large and small and have spiny tips, the antennae are large,
stout and hairy, the chelipeds are more or less spiny, the carapace is long
in proportion to its width,and the front is proportionally very wide. Some
of these characters, such as the greater length of the carapace and the
prominence of the front, are undoubtedly connected with the metamor-
phosis from the larval form, but others, for instance the alternately large
and small teeth, which at least in gracilis appear immediately on molting
from the megalops stage, seem hardly to be in any way connected with
the metamorphosis or other ontogenetic changes. Of these five species
only two — jordani and gibbosulus — retain the above mentioned characters
in the adult, but here they are well marked. (See figures of these species.)
Now gibbosulus was the type of the genus Trichocarcinus, and these

CANCRHXE 37

characters, as pointed out by Miers (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, p. 34)
in speaking of that genus, indicate an undoubted relationship with Tel-
messus and Erimacrus, so that the placing of these troublesome genera in
the Cancridae, as is done by Miss Rathbun, is distinctly supported by the
facts at hand. That gibbosulus is a Cancer there can be no doubt, in fact
on the basis of youthful characters it might easily be considered the most
typical of all the Pacific Coast species.*

It is unfortunate that no young specimens of oregonensis were avail-
able, as light might have been thrown on the relationship of this interest-
ing form which differs so widely from other Cancers. As before men-
tioned, the young of productus, even in the smallest specimens at hand —
6 mm. wide — show no pubescence and no spiny tips or alternate arrange-
ment of the antero-lateral teeth. The antennae, though proportionally
larger than in the adult, are not so large as in the other species and are
not bushy; the front moreover retains its characteristic appearance and
does not resemble that of any other species examined. Its relation to
the other west coast Cancers would, therefore, appear to be rather distant.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CANCER FOUND ON WEST COAST.

a. Antero-lateral and postero-lateral margins meeting at a distinct angle;
carapace widest at 9th (sometimes 8th) tooth. 9, 10 or n teeth.
b. Front markedly produced, formed of 5 subequal teeth.

C. productus

bb. Front not markedly produced, formed of 5 unequal teeth ; outer
teeth larger and more widely separated from the 3 median
teeth than these from each other.

c. Antero-lateral teeth low (projecting less than 1-3 the length
of base) or irregular, not spiny-pointed; fingers of
chelipeds not dark-tipped; merus of outer maxilliped
elongated, rounded anteriorly. (These characters, ex-
cept those of the fingers of chelipeds, do not hold in
very small specimens.)

* As this paper is going to press I find an article by J. T. Cunningham in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1898, p. 204) in which he figures
an early stage of the common European Cancer (C. pagurus) and points out the
close relationship to the young of Atelecydus which he considers should be included
in the Family Cancridae. The figure of the youngest shows the alternation of large
and small antero-lateral teeth mentioned above as characteristic of most species.
This seems to furnish an additional proof of the wisdom of extending the genus
Cancer.

38 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

d. Carpus of cheliped with a single spine above at distal
end ; dactyls of ambulatory legs, especially those of
last pair, much flattened. C. magister

dd. Carpus of cheliped with 2 spines, one above at distal
end and a second below this on inner angle; dac-
tyls of ambulatory legs slender, not flattened.

C. gracilis

cc. Antero-lateral teeth not low (projecting more than 1-3 the
length of base), often spiny pointed; fingers of cheliped
dark-tipped; merus of outer maxilliped not elongated,
truncated anteriorly.

d. Carpus of cheliped with 2 spines, one above at distal end
and a second below this on inner angle; hand
roughened and armed above with 2 or more spines
( sometimes inconspicuous ) .

e. Antero-lateral teeth acute, strongly produced, alter-
nately large and small; carapace pubescent.
/. Tenth antero-lateral tooth conspicuous, nth
present; dactyl of cheliped spiny.

C. gibbosulus

ff. Tenth antero-lateral tooth inconspicuous, nth
not present; dactyl of cheliped not spiny.

C. jordani

ee, Antero-lateral teeth broadly triangular, not strong-
ly produced, subequal ; carapace not pubescent.

C. amphioetus
dd. Carpus of cheliped with a single spine above at distal

end ; hand smooth or granulated, without spines.

e. Carapace widest at 8th antero-lateral tooth, nth

distinct; dark color on dactyls of cheliped

reaching more than l/2 the length of outer

margins ; under parts spotted or blotched

with reddish. C. anteiinarius

ee. Carapace widest at 9th antero-lateral tooth, loth

inconspicuous ; dark color on dactyls of cheli-

peds reaching less than y2 the length of outer

margins ; under parts of uniform light color.

C. anthonyi

aa. Antero-lateral and postero-lateral margins not meeting at a distinct
angle; carapace widest at 7th or 8th tooth; 12 or 13 teeth.

C. oregonensis

CANCRIOE 39

KEY TO SPECIES OF THE GENUS CANCER EXAMINED.
(Young of 20 mm. and less in width.)

a. Front markedly produced, formed of 5 subequal teeth, of which the
median is the most advanced; antero-lateral teeth never spiny
pointed; carapace never pubescent. C. productus

aa. Front not markedly produced, formed of 5 unequal teeth, the outer
teeth larger and more widely separated from the three median
teeth than these from each other; antero-lateral teeth spiny-
pointed; carapace generally pubescent.
b. Tenth antero-lateral tooth (counting that next the eye as one)

prominent, usually spiny pointed.

c. Carpus of cheliped with 2 prominent spines (not counting that
at hinge) one above at distal end, and the second be-
low it at inner angle.

d. Tenth antero-lateral tooth projecting laterally beyond
carapace as seen from above; carapace compara-
tively smooth. C. gracilis
dd. Tenth antero-lateral tooth projecting dorsally, not
reaching beyond outline of carapace as seen from
above; carapace markedly areolated.

C. gibbosulus

cc. Carpus of cheliped with a prominent spine above at
distal end; below this at inner angle an in-
conspicuous spine sometimes present. Under
parts usually with red markings.

C. antennarius

bb. Tenth antero-lateral tooth absent or represented by a rudiment.
c. Carapace finely pubescent, antero-lateral teeth alternately
large and small; carpus of cheliped with 2 spines, one
above at distal end and a second less conspicuous spine
below this at inner angle. C. jordani

cc. Carapace smooth or sparsely and coarsely pubescent, antero-
lateral teeth alternately large and small only in very
young specimens (5 mm. or less) ; carpus of cheliped
with a spine above at distal end and only in very young
a second minute spine below this at inner angle.

C. anthonyi

4<D TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Cancer productus Randall.
Plate VIII, figs. 20-24.

Cancer productus Randall, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 116, 1839. — Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 47, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 175, 1904.

This species is represented by numerous specimens, as it is one of the
most common of the large shore crabs of Monterey Bay. Age differences,
as noted by various writers, are conspicuous. The most noteworthy are
in the relative length and width of the carapace and the width of the front,
and as the age differences in this species are in general similar to those
of the genus and show of how little value are such specific characters as
the proportion of the front to the total width of the carapace, a consider-
able series of measurements is given. The frontal and antero-lateral
teeth in the adult are more sharply defined and have more acute tips than
in the young, and on the other hand the crests on the hand of the young
are more acute than those of the adult. Another age difference which I
have not seen mentioned is that of the length of the external maxillipeds.
In the adult they overlap the endostome to a marked degree, and this has
been used as a family character. In the young, however, the maxillipeds
are shorter and reach only to the endostome, as is the case with many of
the Pilumnidae — Xanthias, Cycloxanthops, and others.

The adult color of a "dark red above, below, a dirty white" or
"yellowish white" is not invariable, though there are no striking differ-
ences ; some adults show a light red above due to minute red spots, not so
numerous as in the case of the darker color, on a yellowish ground. The
longitudinal colored lines of the immature specimens as described by
Holmes is not the invariable youthful coloration ; various mottled patterns
are also found and occasionally the red of the adult.

The chief sexual difference seemed to be the greater convexity of the
female carapace, which is quite marked in large specimens.

All specimens listed in the following table, except as otherwise stated,
are from Pacific Grove.

The breadth of the carapace was measured at the eighth antero-
lateral tooth, the inter-orbital width was measured between the inner
supra-orbital fissures ; the convexity was the height of the center of the
carapace above the tips of the eighth antero-lateral teeth, and this per
cent is calculated on the basis of total width=ioo; all other per cents have
the total length as 100 ; owing to the difficulty of measurement, the con-
vexity is less reliable than the other measurements.

TAIILK OF MEASUREMENTS OF CANCER PRODUCTUS.

Sex

Carapace

Interorbital
width

Width of
second
abdominal
segment

Convexity

Remarks

Length

Breadth

mm.

mm.

%

mm.

%

mm.

%

mm.

%

immature

4.0

4-3

1 08

2.4

60

.0

25

color whitish

« i

4.0

4-4

no

2.4

60

.0

25

. .

« < < <

i <

4-3

4-5

105

2-5

58

.0

24

. .

. .

C ( II

11

* 5.0

5-8

115

2.8

55

•3

25

. .

reddish

« t

5-3

6.5

123

3-o

57

•3

25

brown

"

*5-5

6-3

114

2.8

5i

•3

23

whitish

< <

5-6

6.7

120

3-i

55

.6

29

slate

< <

*6.5

8.0

124

3-3

5°

•5

24

reddish

< «

6.6

8-3

126

3-5

53

•7

26

light

"

6-7

8.4

125

3-7

55

•9

28

longitudinal

i <

7-9

IO.O

126

4.0

5i

2.O

25

light

< <

9.0

12. 0

133

4.4

49

2-3

26

. .

i <

"

9.0

12.3

137

4.4

49

2-3

26

< <

"

9.1

12.6

139

4-4

48

2-5

28

. .

white

female

17.0

24-5

144

7-5

44

3-5

21

2.O

8

light-striped

< «

23.0

34-o

148

9.0

39

5-o

22

4.0

12

slate

t <

24.0

36.5

152

9-5

40

5-5

23

4.0

II

light

' '

25.0

37-o

148

IO.O

40

6.0

24

3-5

9

large red spot

' *

25.0

37-o

148

IO.O

40

6.0

24

4.0

II

slate

1 1

33-o

50.0

152

12. 0

36

8-5

26

4-5

9

red mottled

' '

37-o

56.0

154

J3-5

36

9' 5

26

5-5

10

reddish

•*

40.0

62.0

T55

14.0

35

IO.O

25

6.0

IO

tan

i <

41-5

65.0

157

H-5

35

II. 0

27

5-o

12

faintly striped

< <

54-5

86.5

159

18.0

33

14.0

26

dark red

i

66.5

105-5

158

20. o

30

19.0

29

7-5

7

< < < c

1 4

78-5

127.0

162

23-5

30

24-5

31

15-5

20

< < < «

male

20.0

28.5

*43

8.0

40

4.0

2O

2.O

IO

tan

a

22.5

34-2

J53

9.1

40

6.6

29

. .

. .

slate with stripe

< «

25.0

38.0

'52

IO.O

40

6.0

25

4.0

n

faintly striped

1 '

25.0

38.5

!54

9-5

38

5-o

20

4.0

IO

< < «

* '

26.5

40-5

153

10.5

40

6.0

23

3-5

9

mottled

' *

27.5

41.0

150

II. 0

40

6.0

22

3-o

7

faintly striped

' '

29.0

44.0

152

II. O

38

6-5

25

3-0

7

striped

' '

29.0

44.0

152

II. 0

38

6.5

25

3-5

8

mottled, dark

* *

33-0

52.0

158

12.5

38

7-5

23

6.0

12

< <

37-5

58.0

I55

14.0

37

9.0

24

5-5

9

dark red

' (

37-5

59-o

157

14.0

37

9.0

24

striped, light

< <

66.0

108.0

164

21. 0

32

16.0

24

dark red

• <

73-5 121.5

165

22.0

30

18.0

25

9-5

8

< < < *

< t

82.0 136.0

166

25.0

3i

20. o

24

10.5

8

« < <

< <

103.0 171.0

1 66

30.0

29

25.0

24

20. o

12

« «

( <

103.0 173.5

168

31.0

30

27.0

26

12.0

7

« «

* These three specimens are from Puget Sound.

42 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Cancer magister Dana.
Plate IX, fig. 25.

Cancer magister Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 78, 1852. — Holmes, Occas.
Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 50, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x,
177, 1904.

This species is common in the Monterey markets, but has not been
obtained in any of the dredging done by the laboratory.

Cancer gracilis Dana.
Plate IX, figs. 26-28.

Cancer gracilis Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 73, 1852. — Holmes, Occas.
Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 52, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x,
177, 1904.

Cancer gracilis is represented by a considerable number of speci-
mens, both young and adult, all obtained by dredging, though in Puget
Sound it is an abundant shore crab. On several occasions the young of
this species has been found in considerable numbers clinging to the sub-
umbrella of various medusae. These have all been of small size — 5 to 10
mm. — but it was not until the summer of 1908 that younger stages were
found. On one occasion a number of medusae were collected and in exam-
ining these many very young crabs were obtained and a smaller number
of megalops. Some of these were kept alive until the molt to the young
crab stage took place, so that there can be little doubt that the specimens
were really the megalops of gracilis. Later megalops were obtained from
other species of medusae, and crabs of a slightly larger size than those
found on the jelly-fish were dredged in considerable numbers; it would
appear, therefore, that in the case of gracilis, at least a considerable num-
ber of individuals pass that portion of their life history from the end of
the free-swimming stage, probably early megalops, until reaching a size
of 15 to 20 mm. clinging to medusae, after which they drop to the bottom
and live in the manner of the adult. I have found no other species than
gracilis on medusae though Miss Rathbun reports one specimen of jordani
from the same situation. It would be interesting to know if this form of
life history were universal with gracilis and if it were common in any
other species.

Color in life olive overlaid with minute reddish brown spots, which
are more numerous on the teeth of the antero-lateral margin and on the

CANCRHXE 43

front and give to the whole a brownish tinge ; edges of teeth, under parts
and greater portion of legs, yellowish. There is little variation in color
among individuals and but small difference between fresh and alcoholic
specimens.

Cancer gibbosulus (de Haan).
Plate X, fig. 29.

Corystcs (Trichoccra) gibbosula de Haan, Fauna Japon., 45, pi. ii, fig. 4, pi. xiii,

fig. 3, 1835-

Tricocarcinus gibbosulus Miers, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 34, 1879.
Cancer gibbosulus Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 581, 1898. — Rathbun, H. A.

E., x, 176, 1904.

This species is represented in the collection by several specimens, the
largest measuring 35.5 by 25.5 mm., all obtained by dredging at moderate
depths — 10 to 20 fathoms.

As no figures or detailed descriptions are easily available, the large
male whose measurements are given above is figured and the following
description given.

Carapace markedly areolated, the most conspicuous depressions run-
ning back from the outer angle of the eye nearly to the posterior margin
of the carapace and enclosing between them the gastric, cardiac, and
intestinal regions. Gastric region divided by a groove beginning at the
median tooth of front, passing back and dividing like an inverted Y, the
arms of which form the anterior boundary of the cardiac region. The
lateral margins of the cardiac region converge posteriorly; from the
anterior end where they meet the arms of the Y, a pair of rather shallow
grooves run to the antero-lateral margin of the carapace, ending between
the fifth and sixth teeth. Carapace sparsely pubescent, hairs rather con-
spicuous and harsh. Antero-lateral margin, including outer angle of
orbit, with 9 strongly produced and forward curving teeth, all except first
two tipped with spines. Behind these on postero-lateral margin a well
marked tenth tooth directed upward and not laterally and a distinct spine
representing the eleventh. A conspicuous raised ridge along the postero-
lateral border and another across the posterior margin. Front with 5
acute teeth — not counting the supra-orbital — the three median of which
are the smaller and are separated from the tooth at inner angle of eye by
a distance rather greater than that occupied by the three. Supra-orbital
tooth acute, margin of orbit prominent, eyes and stalks normal. Antennae
large, stout, and conspicuously hairy, about equaling width of front ; outer

44 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

angle of basal joint produced, acute and plainly visible? from above,
reaching about as far forward as median tooth of front.

Merus of maxillipeds abruptly truncated, inner angle slightly pro-
duced, inner margin with a conspicuous tooth below the articulation of
palp. Exognath stout, reaching to end of merus.

Chelipeds hairy, carpus with a conspicuous spine near hinge, another
inside of this terminating a slight ridge and reaching well forward, and a
third below this on the inner side. This latter tooth is more conspicuous
than in any other species with the possible exception of gracilis. Upper
surface of carpus with a few reddish spines, upper surface of hand with
two rows of three to five spines, outer surface with 5 costae marked with
hair and small spines, upper margin of dactyl spiny. Fingers meeting
along most of their length, armed with conspicuous teeth. Ambulatory
legs hairy, dactyls slightly longer than the propodi, straight, tipped with
nearly straight corneus spines.

Abdomen of 7 joints, regularly tapering from the third to the tip;
terminal joint long and slender, reaching nearly to the anterior border of
the coxae of the chelipeds.

Color whitish marked with irregular but symmetrically disposed
reddish blotches, tips of fingers of chelipeds black, ambulatory legs light
banded with red.

Since writing the above description another and still larger specimen
of this species, also dredged from about 10 fathoms in Monterey Bay, has
come into my hands. As it differs somewhat from the preceding it seemed
well to add the following points. Although the proportion of width to
length in the carapace is almost exactly that of the one described (46 by
32.5 mm.), it appears wider, as the lateral teeth are much shorter. The
areolation is distinct but rather less deep than in the former case, the
pubescence is similar though a trifle more dense, and there is a tendency
towards tufts of setae and granules on the prominences of the carapace
which is barely indicated in the other. The antero-lateral teeth are similar
but less acute and projecting and with more pronounced secondary denti-
culations. The teeth of the front are less acute and prominent, especially
llic supra-orbital. Chelipeds similar but even more markedly spiny.
General color reddish, due to light red marblings on a whitish ground.

As pointed out before, the young of this species closely resemble the
young of C. gracilis. The large specimen at hand shows an almost equally
striking resemblance to the hairy form of C. antennarius noted under that
species, lending some color to the supposition that that form may repre-

CANCRHXE 45

sent a hybrid. The specimen at hand and the hairy extreme of antennar-
ius figured in plate XI, fig. 32, resemble each other very closely in the
areolation and pubescence of the carapace and in the appearance of the
antero-lateral teeth, differing in the two former characters markedly from
the typical antennarius. The frontal regions are similar. The greatest dif-
ferences lie in the chelipeds and in the dactyls of the ambulatory legs. Al-
though the hand and carpus of this specimen of antennarius is much more
spiny than in the typical form, and thus approaches gibbosulus,yet it is less
spiny than in the specimen of gibbosulus at hand, particularly in the case
of the two at the inner angle of the carpus, which are much less promi-
nent and acute. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs in the specimen of
antennarius are of the typical form for that species, and are shorter,
stouter and more curved than are those of gibbosulus. In the specimen of
antennarius the dark color of the dactyl of the cheliped is less extensive
than in gibbosulus. The characteristic red spotting of the under surface
of antennarius is also absent in the specimen of gibbosulus.

Cancer jordani Rathbun.
Plate X, fig. 30.

Cancer jordani Rathbun, American Nat., xxxiv, 133, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x,
176, 1904.

This species is represented by over 25 specimens, mostly collected
along shore, though a few were dredged. They range in size from 5 to
25 mm. in length, and as the largest specimen recorded by Miss Rathbun
is 20 mm. in length, a figure is given of the largest individual and a de-
scription partly in the words of Miss Rathbun (H. A. E., x, 176). The
series includes two egg-bearing females, the only ones which I have seen ;
their size, as seen from the table of measurements, is below that of many
of the other specimens, both male and female.

Carapace more than one and one-fourth times as wide as long. The
proportion in the large male here described is 1.33 to I, but this varies
with age: see table of measurements. (The statement "Length of cara-
pace one and a fourth times width" is obviously a misprint, as the length
is later given as 15.5 and the width as 19.5 mm.) "Surface hairy and
"covered with small crowded scabrous granules. Regions indicated by
"narrow and shallow depressions. Teeth of front and lateral border not
"thickened as in antennarius; inner orbital tooth very slightly produced;

40 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

"margin of upper orbital tooth almost transverse, scarcely dentiform.
"Lateral teeth separated to their bases, tips spiniform and curved for-
"ward ; second, fourth, sixth, and eighth smaller than the others (the
"outer orbital tooth reckoned as the first) ; ninth tooth scarcely more
"prominent than eighth. No postero-lateral tooth." The alternation in
size of the antero-lateral teeth varies with age, being very noticeable in the
small specimens and hardly evident in this the largest of the series. It also
appears, as stated elsewhere, in the young of other species. The tenth
(postero-lateral) tooth is indicated in the present specimen, and less con-
spicuously in other younger ones, by a slight gap in the small spines
marking the raised postero-lateral margin. "Basal antennal tooth and
that of adjoining margin acute," but less produced than in gibbosulus.
"Movable part of antennae [nearly] half as long as carapace." In many
of the other specimens the antennae fall considerably short of this length.
"The outer maxillipeds overlap considerably the basal joint of the anten-
nae; merus longer than wide;" obliquely truncated, the inner angle the
more advanced, corners rounded. "The palms of the chelipeds have two
superior and five external carinae fringed with hair." The superior cariiuc
are marked with several small spines besides the hairs. "On the pre-
hensile edges of the fingers the dark color runs from the proximal end
of the fingers nearly to the tips, but on the outer edges the dark color
begins near the middle of the fingers." In the key given by Miss Rathbun
in the American Naturalist, jordani falls under the division, "Color on
the fingers extending from the tip not more than half the length of the
fingers." In the specimen before me and in most of the collection the
color extends from the tip of the dactyl distinctly more than half way to
its base on the outer edge.

The measurements of this the largest of the collection and of a series
of smaller specimens are here given :

SEX

male
»

»
>»

female

LENGTH

WIDTH

INTER-ORBITAL ANTENNAL
WIDTH LENGTH

25.4 mm.

33.4mm.

10.3 mm.

22. 0

28.5

9.0

19.0

24.6

8.0

14.0

17.0

6.0

18.5

23-7

8.0

16.0

20.0

7-3

II. 2

14-3

5-o

10.2

12.5

5-0

10.5

12-5

5-o

13.0 mm.
8.0
8.0

6-5
8.0

7-5

5.0 (carrying eggs)

5-o

5.0 (carrying eggs)

CANCRID^: 47

(Cancer amphioetus Rathbun.)

Trichocarcmus dcntatus Miers, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 34, 1879.
Cancer amphioetus Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 582, 1898.— Rathbun, H. A.
E., x, 175, 1904, and synonymy.

No specimens of this species are in the University collection. Its
range on the Pacific coast — Magdalena Bay to San Diego Bay — and its
occurrence in Japan, make it at least possible that it will be found farther
north, as has proved the case with gibbosulus, and I have included it in
the keys for completeness.

Cancer antennarius Stimpson.
Plate X, fig. 31. Plate XI, fig. 32.

Cancer antennarius Stimpson, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., I, 88, 1856. — Holmes, Occas.
Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 49, 1900, and synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x,
176, 1904.

This is one of the largest and most common crabs along shore at
Pacific Grove and is represented by numerous specimens ranging in width
from less than 10 mm. to 120 mm.

There is considerable variation in this species and apparently a
tendency toward two types, the extremes of which might readily be taken
as separate species. By far the greater number — which I would consider
typical antennarius — have a smooth carapace devoid of hair except in the
very young — 15 mm. and less in width — where there are a few coarse
hairs. A small number show a tendency toward hairiness and roughness
of the hand, the extreme type of which, represented by a young female
measuring 46 by 50 mm., is shown in figure 32, PI. XI. In this the whole
carapace is densely pubescent (typical specimens of half the size show a
perfectly bare carapace) and on the summits of the areolations, which are
more marked than in the typical form, there are bunches of larger and
stouter hairs. The granulations on these elevations are coarser than on
the rest of the carapace and in some cases pass into small spines. The
antero-lateral teeth do not differ markedly from the typical form except
in being more thickened and in having the teeth spiny pointed. The
frontal teeth are more acute and thicker than is common in antennarius,
especially those lying on either side of the median tooth. The tips of
the basal joint and of the adjoining tooth on the lower orbital margin are
more acute than in typical antennarius of the same size.

48 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

The chelipeds and ambulatory legs are pubescent, as is the case with
the carapace. The carpus of the chelipeds is marked with several costse
bearing low spines and rows of hairs ; these costae are generally indicated
in the typical form by a line of slightly coarser granulations. There is
an acute tubercle above the hinge, a strong spine at the inner angle and a
well marked spine below this. These spines are present in some typical
antennarius of the same size, but the lower spine is more generally lacking
and never of as great size. The hand is marked with two superior and
five external carinae, all formed of rows of hairs and spines, the spines in
the upper carinae being much longer and more pronounced. In typical
antennarius of the same size these carinae are more or less well marked
by rows of granulations.

This specimen is, as I have said, the extreme of divergence from the
typical form ; other smaller individuals show the same pubescence, some
have the same extreme type of areolation, notably a larger female from
San Diego, the only one not from Monterey Bay here considered, many
young show roughness of the hand, but no other specimen combines as
many of these characters.

The total of these variations from the typical form of antennarius
might merit specific distinction were it not for certain other facts. AH
specimens in which I have noticed these characters in any marked degree
are immature females. Though they differ from typical forms of the same
size, and therefore presumably of similar age, yet certain of the characters,
chiefly the roughness of the hand and the pubescence of the carapace,
vary with age in the typical form, being more apparent in the young, so
that these differences though apparently much greater than those due to
age, cannot be said to be of a dissimilar kind. Again, in the typical adult,
the female has a more convex and deeply areolated carapace than the
male, which gives rise to a suspicion that the difference in this character
may be, in part, sexual.

Miss Rathbun has informed me that she has examined very hairy
specimens of about the size described — 40 and 50 mm. — from La Jolla and
San Diego which she considered as a variety of antennarius. Sufficient
material may establish this variety, but the collection at hand does not
seem to warrant it.

The color of live specimens is fairly uniform and undergoes little
change in alcohol. The general shade is a dark red usually more or less
mottled with a lighter, more yellowish tinge; the under parts are yellowish
white spotted with red, a coloration not found in any other species of
Cancer examined.

PORTUNID,E 49

( Cancer anthonyi Rathbun. )
Plate XI, fig. 33.

Cancer anthonyi Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xi, in, 1897.— Rathbun, Am. Nat.
xxxiv, 134, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 176, 1904.

I have examined a series of four specimens from San Diego. The
species is not recorded north of Long Beach, Cal., and I have included it
merely for completeness.

Cancer oregonensis (Dana).
Plate XI, fig. 34.

Trichocera oregonensis Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 86, 1852. — Dana, Crus.

U. S. Exp. Exped., i, 299, 1852.

Trichocarcinus oregonensis Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 54, 1900.
Trichocarcinus walkeri Holmes, op. cit. 53.
Cancer oregonensis Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 178, 1904, and synonymy.

"Aleutian Islands to Lower California" Holmes. I have examined
specimens of this species, but none which I know to have come from
Monterey Bay.

Family PORTUNID^.
Genus PORTUNUS Fabricius.

Portunus Fabricius, Entom. Sys. Suppl., 325, 1798.

Lupa Leach, Edin. Encyc., vii, 390, 1814.

Lupania Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., iii, 272, Aug. 1818.

Neptunus de Haan, Fauna Japon., 3 and 7, 1833 (Type — Portunus pelagic us (Linn.)).

Portunus xantusii (Stimpson).
Plate XII, fig. 35-

Achelous xantusii Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. His., vii, 222, 1860.
Portunus xantusii Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 71, 1900 and
synonymy. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 179, 1904.

"Except for a single specimen taken by the Albatross in Puget
Sound, this species is not known north of San Pedro, California " (Rath-
bun). I have seen no specimen from Monterey Bay.

5O TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Family PILUMNIDJE.
KEY TO GENERA OF THE FAMILY PILUMNID;E.

a. General shape of carapace transversely oval, division between antero-
lateral and postero-lateral margins not sharp, latter curved ;
front not markedly deflexed. Cycloxanthops

aa. General shape of carapace not oval, antero-lateral and postero-lateral
margins meeting at an angle, latter nearly straight ; front much
deflexed.

b. Front divided by a closed fissure. Lophopanopeus

bb. Front divided by an open rounded notch. Xanthias

Genus CYCLOXANTHOPS Rathbun.

Cycloxanthus A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), xx, 278, 1863.
Cycloxanthops Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xi, 164, 1897 (Type — Cyclox-
anthops sexdecimdentatus (Edwards & Lucas)).

Cycloxanthops novemdentatus (Lockington).
Plate XII, fig. 36.

Xanthodesf novem-dentatus Lockington, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 32, 1877.
Cycloxanthops novem-dentatus Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 56, 1900.
Cycloxanthops novemdentatus Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 180, 1904.

Represented in the collection by several specimens one of which was
obtained by W. F. Allen. The general color in life is a dull reddish
brown showing traces of purple at the posterior part of the carapace and
still more strongly on the ambulatory legs and below, thus somewhat
resembling Xanthias taylori; fingers of chelipeds black with teeth along
inner margins white. One young specimen shows the tendency to white
markings so common in the young of Lophopanopeus heathii.

This species has not previously been reported north of San Pedro.

Genus LOPHOPANOPEUS Rathbun.

Lophopanopeus Rathbun, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, 272, 1898 (Type—
Lophopanopeus bellus (Stimpson)).

PILUMNHXE 51

The following key to the species of this genus is taken from Miss
Rathbun — Am. Nat. xxxiv, 136.

Key to species.

a. Hands smooth, without lobes or teeth on upper margin. L. bellus

aa. Hands with one or more lobes or teeth on upper margin.

b. Carpus of chelipeds smooth or nearly so. L. heathii

bb. Carpus of chelipeds very rough.

c. Carpus of chelipeds covered with reticulating ridges enclosing

pits of irregular shape. L. leucomanus

cc. Carpus of chelipeds covered with tubercles. L. diegensis

Lophopanopeus bellus (Stimpson).
Plate XII, fig. 37-

Xantho bclla Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. His. N. Y., vii, 204, pi. v, fig. 2, 1860.
Lophoxanthops bellus Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 60, 1900, and

synonymy.
Lophopanopeus bellus Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 180, 1904, and synonymy.

Lophopanopeus bellus is recorded from Monterey Bay, but it is with
some hesitation that I place here some of the specimens which I have
examined. In size, proportions of carapace and ornamentation of hand
they correspond very closely with Miss Rathbun's description, but the
carpus is exactly that given for L. lockingtoni; the granulated ridge at
the distal margin and the sulcus behind this being the most obvious differ-
ence between these specimens and the more numerous L. heathii.

The color in life of this, as of Lophopanopeus heathii, is very vari-
able, more so than any other crab found in the bay. Some specimens are
almost pure white, while others show various irregular patterns of bluish
and dark red or are wholly of the latter color.

Lophopanopeus heathii (Rathbun).

Plate XII, fig. 38.
Lophopanopeus heathii Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 182, 1904, and synonymy.

This is by far the most common species of this genus in Monterey
Bay, and is represented in the collection by numerous specimens, all of
which agree in having a smooth carpus. The color as before stated is
very variable.

52 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Lophopanopeus leucomanus (Lockington).

Lophopanopeus leucomanus Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 182, 1904, and synonymy.

Though recorded from the bay, I am unable to find among a large
number of specimens of this genus any corresponding to the description
of leucomanus. A specimen from San Diego has been examined.

Lophopanopeus diegensis Rathbun.
Plate XII, fig. 39.

Lophopanopeus diegensis Rathbun, Am. Nat., xxxiv, 137, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E.,
x, 184, 1904.

There are 15 specimens of this species in the collection all dredged
from moderate depths, 10 to 15 fathoms. Many of the series, including
some of the smallest, are egg-bearing females, indicating that the adult
size is much less than that of L. heathii. All agree well with Miss Rath-
bun's description and figure though the carpal crests of the ambulatory
legs are in some cases longer and more acute than represented. Color in
life, dull brown or blackish occasionally tinged with red, but never con-
spicuously marked as in L. heathii.

This species has not been previously reported from north of San
Diego and off Pt. Conception.

Genus XANTHIAS Rathbun.

Xanthodes Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 75, 1852 (Name preoccupied).
Xanthias Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xi, 165, 1897 (Type — Xanthias
granoso-manus (Dana)).

Xanthias taylori (Stimpson).
Plate XIII, fig. 40.

Xanthodes taylori Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 208, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1859.
Xanthias taylori Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 65, 1900, and synonymy.
— Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 185, 1904.

Quite common and represented in the collection by numerous speci-
mens. Color in life a uniform dark red, lighter below, fingers black. In
all the specimens there is a tendency towards fusion of the tubercles on
the carpus of the cheliped so that a ridge is formed along the distal end
of the joint, while in some specimens from San Diego these tubercles
are distinct and more prominent.

PINNOTHERHXfc 53

Family PINNOTHERID^.

The material in this family is not so extensive or satisfactory as that
in the case of the other families here treated, and for that reason no ex-
tended treatment is attempted. The following key to genera is in part
adapted from Miss Rathbun (Am. Nat., vol. xxxiv, p. 588). No specimens
of either Scleroplax or Cryptophrys were available for comparison ; the
key moreover is not intended to apply to other than coast forms.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF PINNOTHERNXE FOUND IN MONTEREY BAY.

a. Ischium of outer maxilliped rudimentary.

b. Palp of outer maxilliped with three joints.

c. Carapace with longitudinal sulci behind the orbits enclosing
the median area (legs slender, dactyls of similar length).

Raphonotus
cc. Carapace without longitudinal sulci.

d. Legs subequal, dactyls of last pair markedly longer than
those of preceding pair; carapace suborbicular.

Pinnotheres

dd. Legs subequal or markedly unequal, dactyls of last
pair always shorter than those of preceding pair;
carapace markedly wider than long.
e. Third ambulatory leg markedly longer than others.

Pinnixa

ce. Third ambulatory leg not markedly longer than
others. Scleroplax

bb. Palp of outer maxilliped with two joints. Cryptophrys

aa. Ischium and merus of outer maxilliped separate or incompletely fused.

(Carapace suborbicular, convex, hard; legs stout.) Opisthopus

Genus PINNOTHERES Latreille.
Pinnotheres Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust., iii, 25, 1802.

Pinnotheres nudus Holmes.

Pinnotheres nudus Holmes, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d ser. iv, 563, pi- xx, fig- i-5,
1895. — Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 86, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A.
E., x, 185, 1904.

54 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

A single female is in the University collection probably from Monte-
rey Bay, from which locality this species is alone recorded.

Fig. i. — Pinnotheres nudus Holmes. 9, x4, Monterey Bay, Cal.

Genus RAPHONOTUS Rathbun.

Fabia Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 253, 1851.

Raphonotus Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xi, 166, 1897 (Type — Raphono-
tus subquadratus (Dana)).

Fig. 2. — Raphonotus subquadratus (Dana). 9 , x.3lA, Monterey Bay, Cal.

PINNOTHERHXE 55

Raphonotus subquadratus (Dana).

Fabia subquadratus Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 253, 1851.— Holmes, Occas.

Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 87, 1900, and synonymy (part).
Raphonotus subquadratus Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 186, 1904.

Numerous specimens of Raphonotus from Monterey Bay agree with
Miss Rathbun's description of the portion retained as typical subquad-
ratus, in distinction to R. lowei, in having a distally widened hand with
two rows of hair on the lower margin although they do not all show
pubescence of the frontal region. The females are very common in the
mantle cavity of the mussel (Mytilus edulis) — Miss Rathbun reports it
also from folds of Lucapina crenulata — but I have seen no males.

Genus PINNIXA White.

Pmnixa White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xviii, 177, 1846 (Type — Pinnixa cylindrica
Say).

The genus Pinnixa is well represented on the Pacific Coast but the
material at hand is scanty. The following key to the species — taken in
part from Miss Rathbun and Holmes — is not intended to apply to extra-
limital forms. I have examined all of the six species.

KEY TO SPECIES OF PINNIXA FOUND IN MONTEREY BAY.

a. Dactyl of third pair of ambulatory legs straight.

b. Carapace about il/2 times as wide as long. P. faba

bb. Carapace twice or more than twice as wide as long.

c. Propodus of third pair of ambulatory legs largest at distal
end, markedly wider than base of dactyl; pollux of
cheliped not markedly shorter than dactyl and not bent
downward. P. tubicola

cc. Propodus of third pair of ambulatory legs largest near the
proximal end, tapering to base of dactyl; pollux of
cheliped shorter than dactyl and bent downward at an
angle to the palm.

d. Carapace about twice as wide as long, areolations well
marked. P. occidentalis

dd. Carapace rather more than twice as wide as long, areo-
lations less prominent. P. californiensis

50 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

aa. Dactyl of third pair of ambulatory legs distinctly curved.

b. Carapace considerably more than twice as wide as long; third
ambulatory leg enormously developed, the distal end of the
merus not being reached by dactyl of fourth. P. longipes
bb. Carapace twice or less than twice as wide as long ; third ambula-
tory leg not enormously developed, the distal end of the
merus being much over-reached by dactyl of fourth.

P. littoralis

(Pinnixa occidentalis Rathbun.)

Pinnixa occidentalis Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 248, 1893. — Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 89, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 187, 1904.

Fig- 3- — Pinnixa occidentalis Rathbun. $ , x 5, Monterey Bay, Cal.

There is in the University collection a bottle containing several
specimens of this together with two females of the following species,
apparently from Monterey Bay, but as the southern limit of this species
as given by Holmes is Humboldt County, I feel some hesitation in adding
it to the present list.

Pinnixa calif orniensis Rathbun.

Pinnixa calif orniensis Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 249, 1893. — Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 90, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 187, 1904.

PINNOTHERHXE 57

There is beside the two females referred to above, one young female
found free on the beach at Pacific Grove which 1 take to belong to this
species as they differ from the preceding in having a smoother and
slightly wider carapace. Its range is given as from off Pt. Ano Nuevo to
Lower California.

Pinnixa tubicola Holmes.

Pinnixa tubicola Holmes,Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., iv, 569, pi. xx, figs. 17-18,
1895; Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 91, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 187,
1904.

Fig. 4. — Pinnixa tubicola Holmes. $ , x 6, Puget Sound.

A single female dredged from shallow water — 10 to 15 fathoms — is
in the collection.

Fig. 5.-— Pinnixa littoralis Holmes. $ , x 7, Puget Sound.

TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Pinnixa littoralis Holmes.

Pinnixa littoralis Holmes, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., iv, 571, pi. xx, figs. 14-16,
1895; Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 91, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x,
187, 1904
"Bodega Bay to San Diego" (Rathbun). I have seen no specimen of

this species from Monterey though examples are in the collection from

Puget Sound.

Pinnixa longipes (Lockington).

Tubicola longipes Lockington, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 55, 1877.
Pinnixa longipes Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 92, 1900, and syn-
onymy.—Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 187, 1904.

Fig. 6. — Pinnixa longipes (Lock.). From Holmes.

"Tomales Bay to San Pedro" (Rathbun). Two young specimens of
this species are in the collection.

Fig. 7.— Pinnixa faba (Dana). $, x 12, Monterey Bay, Cal.

PINNOTHERHXE 59

Pinnixa faba (Dana).

Pinnotheres faba Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 248, 1851.
Pinnixa faba Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 93, 1900, and synonymy. —
Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 188, 1904.

There is one male of this species in the collection obtained free in
shallow water — 5 fathoms — in Monterey Bay.

Genus SCLEROPLAX Rathbun.

Scleroplax Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 250, 1893 (Type — Scleroplax gran-
ulata Rathbun).

Scleroplax granulata Rathbun.

Scleroplax granulata Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 251, 1893.

Pinnixa (Scleroplax) granulata Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 94,

1900.
Scleroplax granulata Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 188, 1904.

Fig. 8. — Scleroplax granulata Rathbun. 9 , x 5, Puget Sound.

"From Bodega Bay, Cal. to Ensenada, Lower Cal." (Rathbun). I
have seen no .specimens of this species from Monterey, although several
are in the collection from Puget Sound.

Genus CRYPTOPHRYS Rathbun.

Cryptophrys Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 250, 1893. (Type— Cryptophrys
concharum Rathbun).

6o

TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

Cryptophrys concharum Rathbun.

Cryptophrys concharum Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 250, 1893. — Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 96, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 188, 1904.

"From Puget Sound to San Diego, Cal." (Rathbun). I have a single
somewhat damaged specimen which I would place here were it not for
the undoubted presence of three joints in the palp of the maxilliped. It
is possibly new but on account of its condition I am unwilling to describe
it.

Genus OPISTHOPUS Rathbun.

Opisthopus Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 251, 1893. (Type — Opisthopus
transversus Rathbun).

Fig. 9.— Opisthopus transversus Rathbun. $ , x 6, Monterey Bay, Cal.

GRAPSIM 6l

Opisthopus transversus Rathbun.

Opisthopus transversus Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 252, 1893. — Holmes,
Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 97, 1900. — Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 188, 1904.

There are numerous specimens of this species in the collection in part
from Stichopus calif ornicus, a common Holothurian, and Lucapina cren-
ulata,tht large key-hole limpet. The distinctness of the suture between
the ischium and merus of the outer maxilliped varies considerably. All
have a more or less clearly defined patch of pubesence along a portion of
the antero-lateral margin. The abdomen in the females at hand varies
from a width greater than that of the carapace to a size no greater than
that of the male. This does not seem wholly due to immaturity as some
of the females with narrow adbomens are carrying eggs. A tendency in
the hand to approach in shape that of the male accompanies the narrow
abdomen.

Family GRAPSIME.
Key to genera,
a. Carapace considerably broader than long.

b. Carapace transversely striated, external maxillipeds with a wide

rhomboidal gape between them. Pachygrapsus

bb. Carapace smooth, external maxillipeds closely approximated

along inner edge. Hemigrapsus

aa. Carapace as long or longer than broad. Planes

Genus PACHYGRAPSUS Randall.

Pachygrapsus Randall, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 127, 1839 (Type — Pachy-
grapsus crassipes Randall).

Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall.
Plate XIII, fig. 41.

Pachygrapsus .crassipes Randall, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 126, 1839.—
Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 79, 1900, and synonymy. — Rath-
bun, H. A. E., x, 189, 1904.

62 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

This is perhaps the most common crab on the southern part of the
bay where the shores are rocky. It is never found on sandy beaches, but
seems to prefer the rocks where it may be found running actively about
between or above tides and feeding on cast up fish or other refuse.

General color in life a very dark red with a variable amount of
whitish, which is sometimes almost entirely absent and again gives to the
whole a light shade. A line of the light color is usually present in front
of each of the striae of the carapace, and spots in the intestinal and cardiac
regions. The ambulatory legs are similar in color to the carapace; the
chelipeds are generally tan colored veined with red. The thin cuticle at
the joints is a livid green.

In the series examined no marked variation was noted.

Genus HEMIGRAPSUS (Dana).

Hemigrapsus Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 247 and 250, 1851. — Dana, Am.
Journ. Sci., (2) xii, 283, 1851 (Type — Hemigrapsus crassimanus Dana).

Key to species.
a. Ambulatory legs smooth, hands with red spots, front sinuous.

H. nudus
aa. Ambulatory legs hairy, hands without spots, front lobed.

H. oregonensis

Hemigrapsus nudus (Dana).
Plate XIV, fig. 42.

Pseudograpsus nudus Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 249, 1851.
Brachynotus nudus Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 81, 1900.
Hemigrapsus nudus Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 189, 1904.

A very common crab found on rocky shores with Pachygrapsus
crassipes. Color in life a very dark purple marked with more or less
white or creamish. The chief of these markings occur in the H-shaped
depression in the center of the carapace and in the pits lying anterior to
it. Ambulatory legs similar to carapace; chelipeds lighter, marked with
numerous small spots of darker red. Under parts whitish. Color in
alcohol similar, fading only after a considerable time. The color of
adults is very uniform, young somewhat more variable.

63

Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana).
Plate XIV, fig. 43-

Pseudograpsus oregonensis Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 248, 1851.
Brachynotus oregonensis Holmes, Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., vii, 82, 1900.
Hemigrapsus oregonensis Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 189, 1904, and synonymy.

This species is scarce on the southern side of Monterey Bay seeming,
as noted by Holmes, to prefer mud flats, where, as in San Francisco
Bay, they exist in almost incredible numbers. It is considerably smaller
than nudus.

Color in life a light grey marked with minute blackish or dark blue
spots which are more numerous in some regions than in others. Legs
lighter, marked with similar spots ; hands of chelipeds whitish, without
spots.

Genus PLANES Bowdich.

Planes Bowdich, Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo, pp. xi and 15, pi. xii,
figs. 20, 2b, 1825.

( Planes minutus ( Linnaeus ) . )
Plate XIV, fig. 44.

Cancer minutes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1048, 1766.
Nautilograpsus minutus Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 202, 1880.
Planes minutes Rathbun, H. A. E., x, 189, 1904.

This widely distributed pelagic species has been reported from off the
coast of California, and though I know of no record from Monterey Bay,
it has been included for completeness.

64 TRUE CRABS OF MONTEREY BAY

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

No extensive citation of literature has seemed necessary in view of
the small number of papers appearing since the full bibliography given by
Holmes. For this reason the synonymy of each species has been limited
usually to the original description, a citation of Holmes and reference to
such subsequent papers of importance as have been met with.

BENEDICT, JAMES E. — The Anomuran Collections made by the "Fish
Hawk" Expedition to Porto Rico: Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission
for 1900, vol. xx, part 2, p. 129, 1902.

BORRADAILE, L. A. — On the Classification of the Decapod Crustaceans:
Annals and Magazine of Nat. His., 7th series, vol. 19, p. 457, 1907.

GERST^ECKER, A. AND ORTMANN, A. E. — Crustacea : Klassen und Ordnun-
gen des Thier-Reichs, vol. 5, parts I and 2, 1866-1901.

HOLMES, S. J. — Synopsis of California Stalk- Eyed Crustacea : Occasional
Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 7, 1900. Full
bibliography.

RATHBUN, MARY J. — Synopses of North-American Invertebrates, vii, The
Cyclometopous or Cancroid Crabs of North America : Am. Nat., vol.
xxxiv, p. 131, 1900; x, The Oxyrhynchous and Oxystomatous Crabs
of North America, loc. cit., p. 503, 1900; xi, The Catometopous or
Grapsoid Crabs of North America, loc. cit., p. 583, 1900.

The Brachyura and Macrura of Porto Rico: Bulletin U. S. Fish

Commission for 1900, vol. xx, part 2, p. 1, 1902.

Decapod Crustaceans of the Northwest Coast of North America :

Harriman Alaska Expedition, vol. x, 1904.

The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian Islands : Bulletin

U. S. Fish Commission for 1903, part 3, p. 827, 1906.

STIMPSON, WILLIAM — Report on the Crustacea (Brachyura and Ano-
mura) Collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 1853-
1856: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. xliv, 1907.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

All of the plates are from photographs taken by the author of speci-
mens in the Leland Stanford Junior University invertebrate museum.
As far as possible the figures are natural size and from specimens
obtained in Monterey Bay; the legend of the individual plates will serve
to distinguish exceptions to this general statement.

PLATE I.

Fig. i. Dromidia segnipes new species.

$ , cotype ventral view, x 2. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 2. Dromidia segnipes new species.

Same specimen, dorsal view. The pubesence has been removed

from the right half of the carapace to show the lateral teeth.
Fig. 3. Randallia ornata (Randall).

3 , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE II.

Fig. 4. Heterocrypta occidentalis (Dana).

9 , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 5. Heterocrypta occidentalis (Dana).

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 6. Podochela hemphilUi (Lockington).

$ , x 2. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE III.

Fig. 7. Erileptus spinosus Rathbun.

$ , x 3. Catalina Island, Cal.
Fig. 8. Dasygyius tuber culatus (Lockington)

$ , x 2. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 9. Epialtus productus Randall.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE IV.

Fig. 10. Pugettia gracilis Dana.

$ , nat. size. Sitka, Alaska.
Fig. ii. Pugettia richii Dana.

$ , nat. size. "West coast North America

(U. S. Nat. Museum specimen).
Fig. 12. Mimulus foliatus Stimpson.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 13. Mimulus foliatus Stimpson.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE V.

Fig. 14. Loxorhynchus grandis Stimpson.

$ , x y^ . Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 15. Loxorhynchus crisp atus Stimpson.

$ , x l/2. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1 6. Chorilia longipes Dana.

$ , nat. size. Albatross station No. 4351,

Cal. coast off Point Loma.
Fig. 17. Scyra acutifrons Dana.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE VII.

Fig. 1 8. Rhodia parvifrons (Randall).

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 19. Chionoecetes tanneri Rathbun.

$ , nat. size. Seattle, Wash.

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 20. Cancer productus Randall.

Immature, nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

Fig. 21. Cancer productus Randall.

Immature, nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

Fig. 22. Cancer productus Randall.

Immature, nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

Fig. 23. Cancer productus Randall.

Immature $ , nat. size, showing the strip-
ing of the carapace often present in young
individuals. Monterey Bay, Cal.

Fig. 25. Cancer productus Randall.

Adult $ , x l/2. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE IX.

Fig. 25. Cancer magister Dana.

Egg-bearing $ , x y2. San Francisco, CaL
Fig. 26. Cancer gracilis Dana.

Immature, nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 27. Cancer gracilis Dana.

Immature, nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 28. Cancer gracilis Dana.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE X.

Fig. 29. Cancer gibbosulus (de Haan).

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 30. Cancer jordani Rathbun.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 31. Cancer antennarius Stimpson.

Adult $ , x YZ* Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE XL

Fig. 32. Cancer antennarius Stimpson.

9 , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal. The extreme

pubesence here shown is not typical of the

species.
Fig- 33- Cancer anthonyi Rathbun.

$, x}^. San Diego, Cal.
Fig. 34. Cancer oregonensis (Dana).

$ , nat. size. Orca, Prince William Sound,

Alaska.

PLATE XII.

Fig- 35- Portunus xantusii (Stimpson).

$ , nat. size. San Diego, Cal.
Fig. 36. Cycloxanthops novemdentatus (Lockington)

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 37. Lophopanopeus bellus (Stimpson).

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 38. Lophopanopeus heathii Rathbun.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 39. Lophopanopeus diegcnsis Rathbun.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE XIII.

Fig. 40. Xanthias taylori (Stimpson).

? , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 41. Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall.

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.

PLATE XIV.

Fig. 42. Hemigrapsus nudus (Dana).

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 43. Hemigrapsus orcgonensis (Dana).

$ , nat. size. Monterey Bay, Cal.
Fig. 44. Planes minutus (Linnaeus).

Egg-bearing $ , nat. size. From floating sea

turtle near the Galapagos Islands.

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