Sere - ile Se TELS : , * Z - . - ‘ : : S : . an ‘ , oS oe se Been — 7 Pye <2 = REN ta SI > See Sh Sess Peles Saye ne Rs yee : Pe ce i SIS i LI ‘. ¢ — Rr Re elk es Se ee SS i aoe ~S Vin ona SSeS ee eee ee ee Seton tw a eee ERA OER Te es be On Re aed —-'~ 2. s . » > YY 1) » NJ s < <5 s NS ; s < « = ¢ « s —] s 4 « be . s > 4 : a $ q q 4 ‘ ee o Bie 6 €2)@.42:4,8°8.8 e218 6. ate: = ————————————— 4. ata... .@ a oe . Ff G- f Lt A > ) rh Ci 5 E 1 Kats = RW ae DM se E AS = =< Tima, * De Ud | Caen — Za Z vv re acre fe Wares PTR ————— bene, “eTfiyy * Seat 9) Se Ne = Qe J or) r4 ° 7, > - > s ee ) (6~ r Y 2 BO a ‘aad > 5 15} . J hs fal ¢ fe - Ge nine a ts e.: f= SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA 7 i OF VASCULAR PLANTS fs v¢ IN THE VICINITY OF SAN FRANCISCO, = re ¢ a¢ . ITE AN ATTEMPT TO ARRANGE THEM ACCORD- laa f - * ING TO EVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES. : LIBRARY BREW YORE BOTA™ (i At ; BY H. H. BEHR, M. D vy SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. PAYOT, UPHAM & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1884. JAN 191926 PREFACE. My object in writing this book was two-fold: Firstly, to enable the student to identify the generic types of the Flora surrounding our metropolis ; secondly, to develop in his mind the idea of a classification founded on the phases of vegetable evolution. The territory to which this book applies, extends from Sonoma to Santa Clara, and from Niles to the Pacific Ocean. The great advantage of a local Flora, is that it permits the author to so simplify and condense the diagnoses, that even the inexperienced is enabled to surmount the ditficulties and identify with com- parative ease the accessible plants. By the exercise of his powers he gains not only confidence in his own ability, but strength and ex- perience for the task of identifying the types of a more extended area. In preparing the synopsis, I have chiefly consult- ed Endlicher’s Genera Plantarum, and Dr. Asa Gray’s Flora Californiensis. The botanical treas- ures of the California Academy of Sciences were generously placed at my disposal, and active as- sistance rendered me by our veteran Californian 4 PREFACE. botanist Dr. Kellogg, Rev. E. L. Greene, Mrs. - Curran, and other members of the Academy, to all of whom I hereby present my best thanks. A new system of classification appeared desira- ble for many reasons. In this I do not claim the merit of originality ; the idea has been developed to a greater or less extent in the writings of End- licher, Griésebach, Baron von Mueller, A. Braun, and Hanstein. The system of De Candolle, still preferred, has many serious disadvantages. Its logic is at pres- ent nearly as much at variance with the leading idea of modern classification, as that of the Linnean system. Itis true it is less artificial than that, but it is also more complicated and arbitrary, and less perspicuous, and lacks the stern, persistent princi- ple which so well adapts the Linnean system for use as a key. There will perhaps be a time when the demon- stration of evolutionary affinities will form the grammar of botany ; and old Linné will come into service again, as a lexicon is used in the study of languages. INTRODUCTION. Tn looking from any stand-point, at the variety of organic forms, the theory of evolution will be the most successful in explaining the resemblances and differences of organized life. Our theories about the creative power or the first impulse, may differ in all other points, but in one all scientists have instinctively agreed, and that is the method of explaining variations by comparing one form of organic life with another, and deriving one from, or out of the other. In the same meas- ure in which our knowledge of living organisms increased and the remains of extinct ones were dis- covered, the idea of evolutionary progress took more and more hold of the scientific mind and be- came clearer’ and better defined. Evolution from a given point may take place in different lines, and has done so from the very be- ginning ; the first divergence being the formation of the vegetable and animal kingdoms. We can easily account for this first and fundamental split, by the fact that the animal absorbs exactly the sub- stance secreted by living vegetation, and vice versa. Any aquarium will furnish the proof of this, as the water must be constantly renewed if either animals or plants are kept exclusively, but if they are kept 6 INTRODUCTION. together the water will remain fresh, by each ab- sorbing the exhalations of the other. The many divergencies or ramifications which, after the primary, took place in each of these lines of development, cannot now, and probably never will be, accounted for. These divergencies and their ramifications may be compared to the branches of a pedigree. They represent, in fact, ancestral conditions, and are the true history of nature. It is evident that divergencies cannot be arrang- ed in a straight line. Our ancestors have striven without success to accomplish this feat, and have given it up in despair. Modern science is content to investigate the dif- ferent lines in which organic life exhibits itself, and to study the characters common to the mem- bers of a given line, as well as those by which they differ, from other lines. This process is called ‘* Classification.” . By another process of reasoning, science endeav- ors to find the point from which several lines di- verged. Thisstarting pointis called ‘‘the connect- ing link,” and the process of arranging the differ- ent lines of types around their respective starting points, is called ‘‘ Systematizing.’’ In some rare cases the ‘‘connecting link,” or better, the starting point, of two lines of evolution still exists, retaining enough of its original characteristics to coincide with the ideal of the connecting link, if it were evolved by a process of reasoning. INTRODUCTION. 7 An instance of this kind in the animal kingdom is the sea otter, connecting the seal with the weasel family, and representing by a living animal, the starting point of these two lines of evolution. In the vegetable kingdom, one of the most striking instances of a living link is the Cycas family, the most ancient type of the Gymnosperms. This cu- rious type connects the line of Gymnosperms with that of the vascular Cryptogams, and even partakes in a certain measure of some of the peculiarities of the Monocotyledons, in characters which are per- haps more than mere analogy, so that it really forms a connection between fern, fir and palm. In most instances the connecting link is extinct ; in this case two possibilities present themselves. First, the type may be preserved in a fossil state, as the Hippotherium connecting the horse and camel, and among plants the singular fossil Lepi- dodendron, a paradoxical type which combines the characters of Lycopodium with those of the Coni- fers—classes which to-day are widely separated. Second, the extinct type may have been entirely lost, not even existing in a fossil state, so that it can only be theoretically reconstructed by combin- ing the characters common to both lines of evolu- tion, and separating them from those peculiar to each. Such an instance is the connecting link be- tween biras and reptiles, types now separated by a wide interval which is approached but not bridged over by types found in a fossil state. There still yawns a chasm between the most reptile-like bird 8 INTRODUCTION. (Archeopteryx) and the most bird-like reptile (Compsognathus). In the vegetable kingdom, no connecting link has been found between the two classes of Vascu- lar Cryptogams; Equisetacexe and Ferns. The longer a type is in existence the more it will cleviate from the ancestral form ; variations become Species ; species develop generic differences, till finally the originally homogeneous type splits into several series of forms, so differentiated by pecu- liarities developed in the course of ages that they must be considered families and orders. This pro- cess takes place by the individuals adapting them- selves to external conditions, brought on by grad-_ ual geological changes, and it is astonishing what a variety of differences can grow out of the same old stock. All the immense variety of organic life must be ascribed to the repetition, or rather the continuation of this process. The original type exists after a time, only in modifications caused by adaptation to new circum- stances, which modifications from the same cause will also divide, and so indefinitely, because in this world changes are constantly going on. There is neither pause nor return. The Creator never re- peats himself. The ancestral types, the skeletons and other traces of which are known only in the fossil state, are said to be extinct, and in some cases they really are so. They succumbed in the battle for exist- ence, and were destroyed. This has often taken INTRODUCTION. 9 place in the animal kingdom, but only exception- ally in the vegetable, where they generally survive in their modifications, and the fiora of our own age is much more parallel to the fossil flora than the present is to the fossil fauna. At least the fossil flora exhibits comparatively few types, which are without representation to-day, and rarely startles us with those monstrous forms, which con- stitute to such a great extent the fauna of bygone ages. The gradual disappearance of the connecting links, explains the reason why fossil types which have survived to our day, never form continuous lines of variations, like those found in modern types, but exhibit a number of well defined forms isolated by the extinction of the intermediate and transitional ones. An example of this state of things is to be found in the class of Vascular Cryp- togams ; the chief types of which are separated by wide gaps, only partially filled in by the fossil re- mains of extinct connecting forms. The whole class has a fragmentary look, and in fact represents only the fragments of a class, once dominant, but now decimated, partly by the in- roads of other lines of evolution, partly by deser- tion, its own members forming for themselves new lines of evolution. Quite the reverse is the case with the types pre- dominating at present and not represented in palzozoic ages. Such groups abound in forms in their earliest development; in types connected 1a 10 INTRODUCTION. amongst each other in different directions, like the meshes of a net work; in species which run into each other, and in varieties which aspire to the dig- nity of species. Examples of this kind are the Com- posite, the Umbelliferee, the Cruciferze, the Leg-. uminose, the Grasses, ete., which form the delight of the monographist, the despair of the universal botanist. So we find that the fragmentary condi- tion of a type, that is, the small number of species, the well defined character of the genera, and the absence of intermediate forms, isa peculiarity of ancestral types but little changed from the forms preserved in a fossil state.. Such a type, discon- nected as it is, will show certain general affinities with classes which in their living representatives differ widely from them in the most essential parts of their organization. For instance the Cycada- ceze, easily to be separated from their nearest rela- tives the Conifers, exhibit analogies with the ferns, among the Vascular Cryptogams, and the palms among Monocotyledons ; classes now entirely dif- ferent but evidently in times of which we possess no fossil records, more nearly connected, and of common parentage. The peculiarities of the modern types are the direct opposite, for instance in Composite, Um. belliferee, Cruciferse, etc., whose sharply defined characters distinguish them clearly, leaving no room for doubt or uncertainty to even. the inexpe- | rienced observer. The greatest difficulty is found in distinguishing the species and genera, which seem to run into each other in all directions. LHTRODUC TION, 11 Another peculiarity inherent in modern types, is the fact that they are all surrounded by subordin- ate types, which partake in different degrees of the family character, but are anomalous in other points, and may be likened to islands round a con- tinent. Such subordinate types are Campanula- ceze, and Lobeliacez, which must be considered dependencies of the Composite ; Cornacez, and Araliacez, tributary to Umbelliferee ; Papavera- cere, Fumariacez, and Capparidaceze, which group themselves round Crucifere. These groups are fragments of an ancestral con- © dition, through which at some remote period the respective types have passed, when their characters were not yet so firmly established, and when their variability was comprised within wider limits. They represent forms not entirely ancestral, but more ancient than the bulk of the type, and as ‘such partake to a certain extent of the peculiari- ties of ancestral types ; that is, their species are easily distinguishable, but the types themselves frequently show a tendency to connect with lines of evolution at present distant from their own. For instance, Cornacez, and Araliaceze, dependen- cies of the Umbelliferze, approach in Cornus. Vi- burnum of the Caprifoliacexw, a dependency of the Rubiaceze, and by the Araliaceze they connect with Saxifragaceee. The Papaveracez, a depen- dency of Cruciferz, connects especially in some of our Californian forms with Loasacez, and Reseda- ce, which belong to the Viola-Passiflora series, 12 INTEODUCTIOCR£. In most of the lines of evolutions it is easy to point out the most developed type of family, for it exhibits a sum of well defined, constant character-. istics; but it is very different in regard to the low- est or most ancestral types of a series, for the very reason that it bears the germ of many variations, and even partakes of characters which still connect it with different branches of its own ancestral line, but which have been obliterated in the more speci- fied characters of its modern descendants. As such ancestral lines usually branch repeated- ly, each branch the prototype of a line of evolu- tions, the difficulty of finding the ancestral start- ing point of modern well-defined families, may be imagined. Our own Californian Calycanthus may serve as an example of such an ancestral type or starting point. It is intermediate between Rosaceze and Myrtaceze, so that with equal plausibility it may be considered the first step to each of these evolu- tions. At the same time it partakes of the charac- ters of the Monimiaceze, which are themselves an ancestral type of equal ambiguity, leading on one side through Myristica to the Lauracez, on the other through Anona to Dilleniacez, and to Ra- nunculacez, combining by these different relation- ships the two primary divisions of Dicotyledons; Calyciflorse with the Aphanocyclice. Here we have one of the centres from which modern types have radiated, and there is but little doubt that several such centres sprang from a prev- INTRODUCTION. 3 ious common centre; but here even the fossil ma- terial fails or becomes so scanty, unreliable and ambiguous, that all systematic theorizing is un- safe. Nevertheless we have to construct in im- agination the pedigree of the vegetable families, as branching off from a common centre ; even where practically the undefined character of the more an- cestral types renders it, so to say, very difficult to trace the root of their pedigree. At the same time we easily recognize the more modernized types, or as we may call them, the higher evolutions, because their characters are sharply defined and well established. The philosophical plan of classification would be to begin with the ancestral types and follow them through all their ramifications to the most modern. It is a charming idea if it could only be done, but it is about as feasible as,to unwind a ball of yarn from the centre. The following are a few of the rules by which an evolutionary system of botanical classification may be constructed. 1. The beginning of all organic life is in the water. This axiom holds good equally in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. The lowest or ancestral types of nearly all the evolutionary lines of plants which exist at present, are aquatic. It is, however, difficult to use them in classification, partly on ac- count of their present fragmentary condition, many of the connecting links being extinct; partly by 14 TIN TRO DUCTION. the great resemblance among them, the natural affinity of the ancestral types being augmented by characters produced by their being subjected to the samé surrounding medium. LEven the other- . wise well defined: divisions of Monocotyledons, and Dicotyledons, which both still exhibit fragmentary proofs of their origin in the water, inosculate by their aquatic members. Of the Gymnosperms, the most ancient of Phanerogams, no aquatic forms are known. ‘They probably existed, but so long ago as to have left no trace. Among the Monocotyledons, Lemna leads through Pistia to the Aroidez and the Palms. Its relative Naias connects through Alisma, with Commelyna, and the Glumacee, as well as the Cor- onariz; and by Stratiotes with the epigynous chain of Monsctyledons. Besides this the resemblance of Alisma to the Ranunculaceous chain, with its many aquatics, is more than a mere analogy, and furnishes us with a link connecting the aquatic Monocotyledons, and Dicotyledons. Podostemonex, Ceratophyllex, Galliteiacge are ancestral forms of Aphanocyclice, and Tetra- cyclicee, Hippuride undeniable Perigyne, lead- ing through Halorrhagidee to Onagrarie, and Myrtaceze. So we find that the water has preserv- ed a circle of ancestral forms from which have ra- diated each of the great divisions of Angiosperms. 2. An established numeric law indicates a higher evolution than an indefinite number. For instance, Pentandria and its multiples among Dic- INTRODUCFPION. 15 otyledons, and Triandria and its multiples among Monocotyledons, as compared to the indefinite number of parts occurring in related members of the same classes. 3. A well established and persistent reduction of number in parts, indicates a progress as com- pared to their correspondence ; for the correspon- dence must have existed before the exception could establish itself as a rule. For instance Amygdalez with one ovary developed into a drupe, as compar- ed with the nearly related Spirzeeze, with several, usually five, ovaries. 4, A well established morphological law is a progress ; 2. e. a well-defined difference of calyx, corolla, stamens and seed leaves, is a progress as compared to the spiral development, with its tran- sitional forms intermediate between sepals and pe- tals—petals and stamens, as they are found in Nympheaceze, Magnoliacee, Ranunculacee, etc. Even where the circles are well defined but similar in structure, they indicate a lower stage of evolu- tion than when the structure differs. For instance, the calyx of the Ranunculacex, compared to the well defined calyx of the Caryophyllacez, or the entirely differentiated and transformed one (Pap- pus) of the Composite. 5. eee 141 Brizopyrum... os aes- 139 Brodiza..... ee 129 TEOVOMGS «Us eee . 141 WSPUTICUUE oe a ee Be 52 - Bulbostylis. oc s.33 504s 38 Boerriellia. 3. 04., ices Calitiviehe:. >. «.' 5.000778) Calamagrostis......... 135 Og lsMOTIAIG ss oi ns Sas 77 Calochortus......i05.: 131 Calycanthus......... >: nx 112 Casa... 55-3 ets 129 Campanuls,.....<-- . 42 Cappella ios. ices casts 94 CAPAAMING . 3 5 ce vy s oe 97 GPOR iis. cos as Soe 144 PAGE Cazthamniis. 5. ...2ebe 39 Cardi... .o.~0.cmaene 70 Castanopsis........... 119 Oastilleia. .. sos anne 55 CAGCAUS. 5.30. «soe aee 67 Caulanthus.. ..%5¢. 004 96 Geanothus’. i..4.. 4228 89 Centaurés...) 4. 2i9nene 39 Cephalanthus......... 46 Gerastium.. .. <<... .<2e8 76 Ceratophyllum........ 125 Cereigus .. seas week ee 116 Cercocarpus.....c. ere. 111 Chenactis. .. .c0scen 34 CHétlanthus. << siete 154 Chetranthus. .c.% «ues 96 Chenopodium......... 79 Chlorogalum.......... 128 Chorizanthe,.: 21. <.ce8 122 Chrysanthemum...... 36 Chitysopsis.. .....t.0re 23 Cieendia® .35 <3 +senaeee 48 Clete: .tooskw.ce eee 69 Clatkia:: . 2.44. Sedewee 107 Claytonia. ...¢0. << 77 Clematis. «5 ..neuueee 103 CHatonia... Soc.c oop ae 143 Figreolin. 2. ...25 0. Sonn 110 Hosackia. ...... nS gi 114 Hydrocotyle. ...1...... 71 Hydrophyllum........ 61 Hypericum ......s0..s 90 Hypocheris. ......-.+ 40 PAGE Tris, sos shea eee 127 Isolepia:'s .. S2-2 eae 144 ING... sos ne oi ee 28 SAUMER. .. ... 2... eee 33 dugiais. ....°.. - cea 86 JOGRCHE. -.. 33.25 eee 132 Juniperus. 3... 24 <<< 151 SUESIGA:... 126 as cee 105 Koel@Pia.. :. .. + eee 139 Lagophylla............ 32 Lastarriga. ..). 2 see 123 Lasthenia :. . 2. .cceeee 34 Leth yrs. ci. lcceeee 115 Tstyis . 22 532) se ee 32 Lavaters. .<:> i... i. oes 94 Leptosyne.... <<<. 50. one 30 Leptirus. ... 05-5 tsesene 141 Lessingta 2%) .225 eae 23 Libocedrus 2:5 . 2202 eree 57 Tannin 2. 145 eee 84 lappa... 5>. Soca 53 Louaitt. . 4.02 50086 ee 142 Loomer... 5. Sse 155 Lonicera...3'..-. 2 sae 44 Lophanthus........... 51 Lophochlena......... ee a eae re SeteEOTUI. 2... 6 pees Maiathemum .... Malacothrix..... eee LS Matricaria...... ...... MESCOHOPSIS............ TS Megarrhiza..... ...... SES ened a Gein 7 ea) a 6 0 be ye Menyanthes.......... Moentzelin.:i..... ..-. Mesembryanthemum... SS ae Micromeria ..... fig hee? MWECPODUG.6 0-55. - 5 oa ae MIcrOSCrIS............ Monolopis.. .........: See ot ee INDEX. 163 PAGE WISI Sak oe ee Sd oe 88 MBS. eee 109 Naemophila: .. 0b... % 61 Nivotiana. 3.5 5.000% 58 Nothochlena.......... 154 Naphaet. s/s: 05.3222. 103 Mathallia,..: os 23.2223". 108 inanthe: ss. 222. TOR 68 (Mnothers.:. 22 e052 106 Oreodaphne. ....... 2.5. +: 100 Orthocarpus. .. 2.3.0 Je- 5d Osthorthiza’. ; .... 0.272% 69 prmeeee* ara tlh eae os 84 Pwatligiewss. oi... tee 101 mee ns 2 ars see 71 Pause. <0 5 eS ee 133 Pectocarya..........6: 59 Pedseulatis:;. 2. 3 Se 55 Pout oso ake ee 154 Pentacwna... 55... as 77 Pentacheeta..... ...... 22 Pentastemon.......... 56 Peucedanum.......... 68 PHaeelias ss 5 ess Rew 2S PRAMS ke 134 Pa SS sons 133 Phoradendron......... 117 Pama Ss oe 112 Phragmites......J..... 138 Pisketingia.. 5°. O52 113 Pimpinella-: 2s. 5.5 2 5% 69 |g) a ele Mg OE 150 Pinsitao.. 2.00 a2kas oe 53 Pinta ng. di 25. ts eane se 121 Platystemon........... 97 164 INDEX. PAGE Platystigma.. ... 50.8: 98 Pisciribis 3. O44. Sek 44 Which en. oa ees 25 OAs Sed ox 140 Pogogyne..... Stash Polemonium.......... 62 iy eels. 5... a a tidded’ 87 Polegmam 9.) S555 3. se: 122 Polypedinm:... . .363 2) 154 PMV POPON. . 0). diate. 135 Papas... awe 90 Potamogeton. ........ 147 Potentilla 2. . os. iy..22 110 Martolaca 2: 22 ic (i 77 Prosartes)’. 0.2 so ser 128 Pamela. 222) vic edule 52 PPO UTARE, «2 pass nn. 2 noaeenaile 108 Pseudotsuga.......... 150 Psilocarphus.. .... .-: 26 Psoralea. .....-. a hat D 114 ee cance) Bate 85 BPGGTIS sind ssh eee 154 PLCTORHSPIA: .... ands ciniacd aie 123 Eu pliepappus...... aaa ee 51 Mambicws.< «i. deseeee 45 BANOS 5 oii 64 Ganiduls. .. 4s. caeeee 71 SeUITe C6. s:. = ce 72 Scirpus .,.,...<44).6ee 144 Scoliopys.......<: -khsoee 131 Scropbularia. .:.... a« 57 Scutellarias «onic cseonee 51 SIGUE, 5:5. non oe 74 Selaginella..... ones SZ Sclipgm .........<.5 see 68 Soenebieka..... a4 52 nacebe 94 Senecio .... ..-..)s.-.. cee 38 Requols...... see 15] PGR wc oes phn 83 Sanalees. ... ..s». 1cecmen 82 PHlene, .. . 205-0 spe 75 BuyDeM.... <<» see 39 SAsymbrium., .. . 2 even 95 Misyrinchtum, . Jacek 127 Bolanum. .. .s:--stewed 58 Bolidaco ...:: <> sane 24 RIGID VE. os wine soci ween 37 INDEX. PAGE Sparganium.......... 145 NS 3s ie amy 2 tse 136 Boeenlaria............. 42 ere 76 Spergularia. .......... 17 Sere eee 50 Sphemralcea. .......... 82 0 EE ee eee 109 Mperanthes .... ...... 125 Stachys....... PASS cies 52 OSS ee ee 64 eer ae 76 Stephanomeria........ 40 Stipa ..... Pe OR er ee 136 Streptanthus ....... 96 Peeseeline............. 26 MAIR sinc = sie 5's of0's 79 Symphoricarpus ...... 45 Tanacetum......... . 36 DEPOSAMECTIMA, .s.0.004 5 os 41 are 73 mmanoiram.... 253... 102 PHOLMOPsis.... >... 2+ 113 Thysanocarpus....... 94 OS eae 151 OUI 2 as ewe ne we 73 MME 0 ho sau ied 0 ae 74 I ee ee 149 2 92 Trichostemana........ 52 ol 64 165 PAGE. Trigivehin ici} Fiae 147 Prien too eee 128 TSA Ss 65.5. eek 137 Jee i 130 Tritseum, ... 2 ss Sas ee _Tropidocarpum.. ..... 95 TOMO 5. Sie ade 4] 2 eee eee cone 150 PMNS cn coins ee ees 146 Umbellularia. ........ 100 ML otise's «nos enek 121 WRORIRIGIN. oo acc 66 Vancouveria........... 100 Werbemei ics .i assed 53 WePQGNGR: < o.35 5..5t0n wen 55 Siti. ocan st ho bes eee 115 MM ents eta aes 89 MOE Sd is iin 8 ere Us Whipplea..... 74 Woodwardia.......... 155 WyOGBM. oo. Peis kee 29 Santa: 2.35. sgt 29 Xerophyllum.......... 132 Zannichellia........... 147 ZausehReria. . . 0052s «: 105 POMS 5, 5a oo 148 PROROGUGS. 0 5's os Ses 131 de pot o gin ont meek wmlleaen bck ted tings teen Cater oion — , yi ne ey me esate Ny JME MD ES SS Ane See es ey a a lappa athe ior aae : att: crn inne a nea we de see mea Secale, Ahn wd ef: 0a) aly se Sate te [oS Re ete dean. Miao! cas eee BA Se meyer" ee Es ‘abe ase pattie one zs vi LS; S & x Cet y LEN ET ee ma a ivgaatnhty is Penge ee kp hee Beings ai esnes