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SYNOPSIS
OF THE GENERA
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VASCULAR PLANTS
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ITE AN ATTEMPT TO ARRANGE THEM ACCORD-
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- * ING TO EVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES.
: LIBRARY
BREW YORE
BOTA™
(i At
; BY
H. H. BEHR, M. D
vy
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
PAYOT, UPHAM & CO., PUBLISHERS.
1884.
JAN 191926
PREFACE.
My object in writing this book was two-fold:
Firstly, to enable the student to identify the generic
types of the Flora surrounding our metropolis ;
secondly, to develop in his mind the idea of a
classification founded on the phases of vegetable
evolution.
The territory to which this book applies, extends
from Sonoma to Santa Clara, and from Niles to the
Pacific Ocean.
The great advantage of a local Flora, is that it
permits the author to so simplify and condense the
diagnoses, that even the inexperienced is enabled
to surmount the ditficulties and identify with com-
parative ease the accessible plants.
By the exercise of his powers he gains not only
confidence in his own ability, but strength and ex-
perience for the task of identifying the types of a
more extended area.
In preparing the synopsis, I have chiefly consult-
ed Endlicher’s Genera Plantarum, and Dr. Asa
Gray’s Flora Californiensis. The botanical treas-
ures of the California Academy of Sciences were
generously placed at my disposal, and active as-
sistance rendered me by our veteran Californian
4 PREFACE.
botanist Dr. Kellogg, Rev. E. L. Greene, Mrs. -
Curran, and other members of the Academy, to all
of whom I hereby present my best thanks.
A new system of classification appeared desira-
ble for many reasons. In this I do not claim the
merit of originality ; the idea has been developed
to a greater or less extent in the writings of End-
licher, Griésebach, Baron von Mueller, A. Braun,
and Hanstein.
The system of De Candolle, still preferred, has
many serious disadvantages. Its logic is at pres-
ent nearly as much at variance with the leading
idea of modern classification, as that of the Linnean
system. Itis true it is less artificial than that, but
it is also more complicated and arbitrary, and less
perspicuous, and lacks the stern, persistent princi-
ple which so well adapts the Linnean system for
use as a key.
There will perhaps be a time when the demon-
stration of evolutionary affinities will form the
grammar of botany ; and old Linné will come into
service again, as a lexicon is used in the study of
languages.
INTRODUCTION.
Tn looking from any stand-point, at the variety of
organic forms, the theory of evolution will be the
most successful in explaining the resemblances and
differences of organized life.
Our theories about the creative power or the first
impulse, may differ in all other points, but in one
all scientists have instinctively agreed, and that is
the method of explaining variations by comparing
one form of organic life with another, and deriving
one from, or out of the other. In the same meas-
ure in which our knowledge of living organisms
increased and the remains of extinct ones were dis-
covered, the idea of evolutionary progress took
more and more hold of the scientific mind and be-
came clearer’ and better defined.
Evolution from a given point may take place in
different lines, and has done so from the very be-
ginning ; the first divergence being the formation
of the vegetable and animal kingdoms. We can
easily account for this first and fundamental split,
by the fact that the animal absorbs exactly the sub-
stance secreted by living vegetation, and vice versa.
Any aquarium will furnish the proof of this, as the
water must be constantly renewed if either animals
or plants are kept exclusively, but if they are kept
6 INTRODUCTION.
together the water will remain fresh, by each ab-
sorbing the exhalations of the other.
The many divergencies or ramifications which,
after the primary, took place in each of these lines
of development, cannot now, and probably never
will be, accounted for.
These divergencies and their ramifications may
be compared to the branches of a pedigree. They
represent, in fact, ancestral conditions, and are the
true history of nature.
It is evident that divergencies cannot be arrang-
ed in a straight line. Our ancestors have striven
without success to accomplish this feat, and have
given it up in despair.
Modern science is content to investigate the dif-
ferent lines in which organic life exhibits itself,
and to study the characters common to the mem-
bers of a given line, as well as those by which they
differ, from other lines. This process is called
‘* Classification.” .
By another process of reasoning, science endeav-
ors to find the point from which several lines di-
verged. Thisstarting pointis called ‘‘the connect-
ing link,” and the process of arranging the differ-
ent lines of types around their respective starting
points, is called ‘‘ Systematizing.’’ In some rare
cases the ‘‘connecting link,” or better, the starting
point, of two lines of evolution still exists, retaining
enough of its original characteristics to coincide
with the ideal of the connecting link, if it were
evolved by a process of reasoning.
INTRODUCTION. 7
An instance of this kind in the animal kingdom
is the sea otter, connecting the seal with the weasel
family, and representing by a living animal, the
starting point of these two lines of evolution. In
the vegetable kingdom, one of the most striking
instances of a living link is the Cycas family, the
most ancient type of the Gymnosperms. This cu-
rious type connects the line of Gymnosperms with
that of the vascular Cryptogams, and even partakes
in a certain measure of some of the peculiarities of
the Monocotyledons, in characters which are per-
haps more than mere analogy, so that it really
forms a connection between fern, fir and palm.
In most instances the connecting link is extinct ;
in this case two possibilities present themselves.
First, the type may be preserved in a fossil state,
as the Hippotherium connecting the horse and
camel, and among plants the singular fossil Lepi-
dodendron, a paradoxical type which combines the
characters of Lycopodium with those of the Coni-
fers—classes which to-day are widely separated.
Second, the extinct type may have been entirely
lost, not even existing in a fossil state, so that it
can only be theoretically reconstructed by combin-
ing the characters common to both lines of evolu-
tion, and separating them from those peculiar to
each. Such an instance is the connecting link be-
tween biras and reptiles, types now separated by a
wide interval which is approached but not bridged
over by types found in a fossil state. There still
yawns a chasm between the most reptile-like bird
8 INTRODUCTION.
(Archeopteryx) and the most bird-like reptile
(Compsognathus).
In the vegetable kingdom, no connecting link
has been found between the two classes of Vascu-
lar Cryptogams; Equisetacexe and Ferns.
The longer a type is in existence the more it will
cleviate from the ancestral form ; variations become
Species ; species develop generic differences, till
finally the originally homogeneous type splits into
several series of forms, so differentiated by pecu-
liarities developed in the course of ages that they
must be considered families and orders. This pro-
cess takes place by the individuals adapting them-
selves to external conditions, brought on by grad-_
ual geological changes, and it is astonishing what
a variety of differences can grow out of the same
old stock. All the immense variety of organic life
must be ascribed to the repetition, or rather the
continuation of this process.
The original type exists after a time, only in
modifications caused by adaptation to new circum-
stances, which modifications from the same cause
will also divide, and so indefinitely, because in this
world changes are constantly going on. There is
neither pause nor return. The Creator never re-
peats himself.
The ancestral types, the skeletons and other
traces of which are known only in the fossil state,
are said to be extinct, and in some cases they really
are so. They succumbed in the battle for exist-
ence, and were destroyed. This has often taken
INTRODUCTION. 9
place in the animal kingdom, but only exception-
ally in the vegetable, where they generally survive
in their modifications, and the fiora of our own
age is much more parallel to the fossil flora than
the present is to the fossil fauna. At least the
fossil flora exhibits comparatively few types, which
are without representation to-day, and rarely
startles us with those monstrous forms, which con-
stitute to such a great extent the fauna of bygone
ages.
The gradual disappearance of the connecting
links, explains the reason why fossil types which
have survived to our day, never form continuous
lines of variations, like those found in modern
types, but exhibit a number of well defined forms
isolated by the extinction of the intermediate and
transitional ones. An example of this state of
things is to be found in the class of Vascular Cryp-
togams ; the chief types of which are separated by
wide gaps, only partially filled in by the fossil re-
mains of extinct connecting forms.
The whole class has a fragmentary look, and in
fact represents only the fragments of a class, once
dominant, but now decimated, partly by the in-
roads of other lines of evolution, partly by deser-
tion, its own members forming for themselves
new lines of evolution.
Quite the reverse is the case with the types pre-
dominating at present and not represented in
palzozoic ages. Such groups abound in forms in
their earliest development; in types connected
1a
10 INTRODUCTION.
amongst each other in different directions, like the
meshes of a net work; in species which run into
each other, and in varieties which aspire to the dig-
nity of species. Examples of this kind are the Com-
posite, the Umbelliferee, the Cruciferze, the Leg-.
uminose, the Grasses, ete., which form the delight
of the monographist, the despair of the universal
botanist. So we find that the fragmentary condi-
tion of a type, that is, the small number of species,
the well defined character of the genera, and the
absence of intermediate forms, isa peculiarity of
ancestral types but little changed from the forms
preserved in a fossil state.. Such a type, discon-
nected as it is, will show certain general affinities
with classes which in their living representatives
differ widely from them in the most essential parts
of their organization. For instance the Cycada-
ceze, easily to be separated from their nearest rela-
tives the Conifers, exhibit analogies with the ferns,
among the Vascular Cryptogams, and the palms
among Monocotyledons ; classes now entirely dif-
ferent but evidently in times of which we possess
no fossil records, more nearly connected, and of
common parentage.
The peculiarities of the modern types are the
direct opposite, for instance in Composite, Um.
belliferee, Cruciferse, etc., whose sharply defined
characters distinguish them clearly, leaving no
room for doubt or uncertainty to even. the inexpe- |
rienced observer. The greatest difficulty is found
in distinguishing the species and genera, which
seem to run into each other in all directions.
LHTRODUC TION, 11
Another peculiarity inherent in modern types, is
the fact that they are all surrounded by subordin-
ate types, which partake in different degrees of
the family character, but are anomalous in other
points, and may be likened to islands round a con-
tinent. Such subordinate types are Campanula-
ceze, and Lobeliacez, which must be considered
dependencies of the Composite ; Cornacez, and
Araliacez, tributary to Umbelliferee ; Papavera-
cere, Fumariacez, and Capparidaceze, which group
themselves round Crucifere.
These groups are fragments of an ancestral con- ©
dition, through which at some remote period the
respective types have passed, when their characters
were not yet so firmly established, and when their
variability was comprised within wider limits.
They represent forms not entirely ancestral, but
more ancient than the bulk of the type, and as
‘such partake to a certain extent of the peculiari-
ties of ancestral types ; that is, their species are
easily distinguishable, but the types themselves
frequently show a tendency to connect with lines
of evolution at present distant from their own.
For instance, Cornacez, and Araliaceze, dependen-
cies of the Umbelliferze, approach in Cornus. Vi-
burnum of the Caprifoliacexw, a dependency of the
Rubiaceze, and by the Araliaceze they connect
with Saxifragaceee. The Papaveracez, a depen-
dency of Cruciferz, connects especially in some of
our Californian forms with Loasacez, and Reseda-
ce, which belong to the Viola-Passiflora series,
12 INTEODUCTIOCR£.
In most of the lines of evolutions it is easy to
point out the most developed type of family, for it
exhibits a sum of well defined, constant character-.
istics; but it is very different in regard to the low-
est or most ancestral types of a series, for the very
reason that it bears the germ of many variations,
and even partakes of characters which still connect
it with different branches of its own ancestral line,
but which have been obliterated in the more speci-
fied characters of its modern descendants.
As such ancestral lines usually branch repeated-
ly, each branch the prototype of a line of evolu-
tions, the difficulty of finding the ancestral start-
ing point of modern well-defined families, may be
imagined.
Our own Californian Calycanthus may serve as
an example of such an ancestral type or starting
point. It is intermediate between Rosaceze and
Myrtaceze, so that with equal plausibility it may be
considered the first step to each of these evolu-
tions. At the same time it partakes of the charac-
ters of the Monimiaceze, which are themselves an
ancestral type of equal ambiguity, leading on one
side through Myristica to the Lauracez, on the
other through Anona to Dilleniacez, and to Ra-
nunculacez, combining by these different relation-
ships the two primary divisions of Dicotyledons;
Calyciflorse with the Aphanocyclice.
Here we have one of the centres from which
modern types have radiated, and there is but little
doubt that several such centres sprang from a prev-
INTRODUCTION. 3
ious common centre; but here even the fossil ma-
terial fails or becomes so scanty, unreliable and
ambiguous, that all systematic theorizing is un-
safe. Nevertheless we have to construct in im-
agination the pedigree of the vegetable families, as
branching off from a common centre ; even where
practically the undefined character of the more an-
cestral types renders it, so to say, very difficult to
trace the root of their pedigree.
At the same time we easily recognize the more
modernized types, or as we may call them, the
higher evolutions, because their characters are
sharply defined and well established.
The philosophical plan of classification would be
to begin with the ancestral types and follow them
through all their ramifications to the most modern.
It is a charming idea if it could only be done, but
it is about as feasible as,to unwind a ball of yarn
from the centre.
The following are a few of the rules by which
an evolutionary system of botanical classification
may be constructed.
1. The beginning of all organic life is in the
water.
This axiom holds good equally in the animal
and vegetable kingdoms. The lowest or ancestral
types of nearly all the evolutionary lines of plants
which exist at present, are aquatic. It is, however,
difficult to use them in classification, partly on ac-
count of their present fragmentary condition, many
of the connecting links being extinct; partly by
14 TIN TRO DUCTION.
the great resemblance among them, the natural
affinity of the ancestral types being augmented by
characters produced by their being subjected to
the samé surrounding medium. LEven the other- .
wise well defined: divisions of Monocotyledons, and
Dicotyledons, which both still exhibit fragmentary
proofs of their origin in the water, inosculate by
their aquatic members. Of the Gymnosperms, the
most ancient of Phanerogams, no aquatic forms
are known. ‘They probably existed, but so long
ago as to have left no trace.
Among the Monocotyledons, Lemna leads
through Pistia to the Aroidez and the Palms. Its
relative Naias connects through Alisma, with
Commelyna, and the Glumacee, as well as the Cor-
onariz; and by Stratiotes with the epigynous chain
of Monsctyledons. Besides this the resemblance
of Alisma to the Ranunculaceous chain, with its
many aquatics, is more than a mere analogy, and
furnishes us with a link connecting the aquatic
Monocotyledons, and Dicotyledons.
Podostemonex, Ceratophyllex, Galliteiacge
are ancestral forms of Aphanocyclice, and Tetra-
cyclicee, Hippuride undeniable Perigyne, lead-
ing through Halorrhagidee to Onagrarie, and
Myrtaceze. So we find that the water has preserv-
ed a circle of ancestral forms from which have ra-
diated each of the great divisions of Angiosperms.
2. An established numeric law indicates a
higher evolution than an indefinite number. For
instance, Pentandria and its multiples among Dic-
INTRODUCFPION. 15
otyledons, and Triandria and its multiples among
Monocotyledons, as compared to the indefinite
number of parts occurring in related members of
the same classes.
3. A well established and persistent reduction
of number in parts, indicates a progress as com-
pared to their correspondence ; for the correspon-
dence must have existed before the exception could
establish itself as a rule. For instance Amygdalez
with one ovary developed into a drupe, as compar-
ed with the nearly related Spirzeeze, with several,
usually five, ovaries.
4, A well established morphological law is a
progress ; 2. e. a well-defined difference of calyx,
corolla, stamens and seed leaves, is a progress as
compared to the spiral development, with its tran-
sitional forms intermediate between sepals and pe-
tals—petals and stamens, as they are found in
Nympheaceze, Magnoliacee, Ranunculacee, etc.
Even where the circles are well defined but similar
in structure, they indicate a lower stage of evolu-
tion than when the structure differs. For instance,
the calyx of the Ranunculacex, compared to the
well defined calyx of the Caryophyllacez, or the
entirely differentiated and transformed one (Pap-
pus) of the Composite.
5. a2
: VASCULAR PLANTS. 71
E19. Sanicula, Tournef.
~ Umbels not regularly compound. Lobes of
calyx: limb foliaceous. Flowers polygamous.
- Cremocarp, sub-globose, aculeate; ribs 0; vit-
2% ©. 2;
— Umbels not regularly compound. Lobes of
the calyx-limb rigid. Cremocarp tuberculate;
Betibs 0; vitte 0.
©.” 2f. spinous.
2k. Bowlesia, Ruiz & Pavon.
_ Umbels simple. Cremocarp ovate, much
_ contracted at the commissure, plane on the dor-
sum; vitte 0. Q.
_ 22. Hydrocotyle, Tournef.
A Umbels simple. Cremocarp laterally com-
_ pressed, ¢arinate; vitte 0.
= 2f. aquatic.
4 Famity XXIX. Araliacex.
Fruit a berry or drupe. Leaves alternate.
1. Panax, L. (Fatsia.)
__ Polygamous. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Ovary
_ 2-locular; styles 2. Fruit a 2-locular berry.
ee
12 VASCULAR PLANTS.
2. Aralia, L.
Ovary 5-locular; styles 5. Fruit a drupe with
5) pyrene. Zt Soe
Famity XXX. Cornacex.
Stamens 4. Leaves opposite.
1. Cornus, L.
Flowers %. Petals 4. Ovary 2-locular; style
1. Fruit a drupe with 2 pyrene. Le
2. Garrya, Dougl.
Dicecious. Flowers amentaceous, ternate,
between decussate bracts. Petals 0. Ovary
1 locular; styles 2, persistent; ovules 2. Fruit
a berry. h.
ORDER XI. CORNICULATZ,
Calyx gamosepalous. Stamens equaling or
double the number of the petals; always corres-
pondent. Ovaries compound of several seed
leaves, each o-ovulate.
Famity XXXI. Saxifragacez.
Number of seed leaves less than the petals.
1. Saxifraga, L.
Stamens 10. Pistils 2. Ovary 2-locular.
Fruit a loculicidous capsule. 2h
VASCULAR PLANTS. 73
2. Boykinia, Nutt.
Stamens 5. Pistils 2. Ovary 2-locular.
Fruit a 2-locular capsule. 2.
3. Tellima, R. Brown.
Stamens 10. Pistils 2—3. Petals lobed.
Ovary l-locular; styles short; stigmas capitate.
Capsule valvularly dehiscent near the apex.
2¢. flowers white, pink.
4. Tiarella, L.
Stamens 10. Pistils 2. Petals entire. Ovary
1-locular; styles long; stigmas simple. Capsule
valyularly dehiscent to the base; valves unequal;
placentze parietal.
2¢. flowers white.
5. Heuchera, L.
Stamens 5. Pistils 2. Petals entire. Ovary
2-locular; styles long. Capsule valvularly de-
hiscent; valves equal.
2¢.. flowers greenish white, rosy.
Famity XXXII. Ribesiacez.
Stamens 5. Pistils 2. Fruit a berry. Leaves
alternate.
1. Ribes, L.
Ovary inferior, 1-locular, with 2 parietal,
w-ovulate placentz. b,
4
74 VASCULAR PLANTS.
Famity XXXIII. Philadelphez.
Ovary inferior or half inferior. Number of
carpidia disposed te correspond with calyx-
lobes. Fruit a capsule. Leaves opposite.
i Whipplea, Torr.
Stamens 5. Pistils 3—5. Ovary 3—d-locu-
lar; loculi 1l-ovulate. Fruit a septicidal capsule.
b. flowers white.
FamiLty XXXIV. Grassulacez.
Calyx, corolla and stamens alternating; if the
stamens form 2 circles, the inner opposite to
the petals. Ovaries opposite the petals. Fruit
follicles, centrally dehiscent.
i. Cotyledon, L. (Echeveria, DC.)
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, coherent by their
claws. Stamens 10.
bh. fleshy, flowers yellow, red.
2. Sedum, L.
Petals 5, entirely free. Stamens 10.
2¢. fleshy.
3. Tillaea, L.
Stamens as many as the petals. ©.
FAMILY XXXV. Ficoidee, (Of doubtful affinity.)
Calyx inferior. Petals o. Stamens o,
VASCULAR PLANTS. 75
w-seriate, inserted with the petals. Ovary
4—20-locular, o-ovulate. Fruit a capsule
w-seeded. Stipules 0.
1. Mesembryanthemum, L.
Characters of the order. ey AP.
ORDER XII. CARYOPHYLLALES.
Flowers regular. Calyx inferior. Sepals as
many as the petals. Stamens as many or twice
asmany. Ovary 1-locular; placentz central.
Famity. XXXVI. Silene.
Calyx gamosepalous. Petals and stamens
inserted into a carpophore. Stamens if equal-
ing the petals, alternate with them. Ovary
@ovulate; styles several. Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite; stipules 0.
1. Silene, L.
Calyx 5-dentate without scales at the base.
Petals unguiculate. Stamens 10. Styles 3.
Capsule dehiscent by teeth; seed reniform.
©. 2.
Famity XXXVII. Alsines.
Sepals distinct to the base. Carpophore 0.
Stamens, if equaling the petals, alternate with
them. Ovary o-ovulate; styles several. Fruit
a capsule. Leaves opposite; stipules 0.
76 VASCULAR PLANTS.
1. Cerastium, L.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, emarginate. Stamens 10.
Stigmas 5. Capsule cylindrical, dehiscent by
10 teeth. |
©. 2¢. flowers white.
2. Stellaria, L.
Petals 2-lobed. Stamens 10. Stigmas 3—2.
Capsule globose, dehiscent by 6—4 valves.
©. 2¢. flowers white.
3. Alsine, Wahl.
Sepals unchanged in fruit. Petals entire.
Stamens 10—5. Stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid,
dehiscent by three valves.
©. 2¢. flowers white.
4. Sagina, L.
Sepals 5—4. Petals 5—4. Stamens 5—10.
Stigmas 5—4, alternate with the sepals. Cap-
sule dehiscent in 5—5, valves opposite to the
sepals. ©.
Famity XXXVIII. Paronychiez.
Like Alsinew, but the parts frequently defec-
tive or reduced in numbers, and with scariouS
stipules.
1. Spergula, L.
Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary o-ovulate; styles 5,
alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved;
valves opposite to the sepals. ©.
VASCULAR PLANTS. v4
2. Spergularia, Pers.
Ovary o-ovulate; style 3 or 5-cleft. Capsule
3 or 5-valved.
©. 2¢. flowers white, rosy.
3. Pentacena, Bart.
Divisions of the calyx unequal, persistent in
fruit; the 3 external with cucullate apex, ending
in a spine; 2 internal mucronate. Petals 5, mi-
nute. Stamens 5 ors. Ovary l-ovulate; style
2-cleft. Fruit a utricle. ©.
Famity XXXIX. Portulacacee.
Flowers regular, but parts not correspondent
in numbers.
1. Portulaca, Tournef.
Calyx tube connate with ovary; limb 2-part-
ed, free and circumscissile. Petals 4 or 6.
Stamens 8 or w. Capsule circumscissile.
©. 2.
2. Calandrinia, HBK.
Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5 or m, equal.
Stamens opposite to the petals, variable in
number. Ovary -ovulate; style 3-cleft. Cap-
sule 3-valved, m-seeded.
©. 2f. flowers rosy, pink, purple.
3. Claytonia, L.
Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, equal. Sta-
78 VASCU-LAEY PLAN Ts:
mens 5, opposite to the petals. Ovary 3 or
6-ovulate; style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved,
3-seeded.
©. 2¢. flowers white, rosy.
4. Montia, Michel.
Sepals 2, persistent. External petals 3; in-
ternal 2, connate. . Stamens 3 or 5. Ovary.
d-ovulate; style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved,
3 seeded.
©. flowers white.
ORDER XIII. CHENOPODIALES.
Corolla 0. Perigonium inferior. Stamens
opposite to the sepals. Ovary 1-locular, cen-
trospermous. Stipules 0.
Famity XL. Amarantacez.
Perigonium without a tube, 3-bracteate;
anterior bract longer than the 2 lateral ones.
Style simple.
1. Amarantus, L.
Polygamous. Moncecious. Stamens dis-
tinct. Style short; stigmas 2 or 3. Fruita
circumscissile utricle. ©.
Famity XL. Chenopodee.
Perigonium without a tube, not more than
1-bracteate.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 79
1. Chenopodium, L-
Bracts 0. Perigonium 5-cleft; lobes dorsal-
ly circinate. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-locular, 1-
ovulate; stigmas 2. Fruit a depressed utricle
enclosed in the persistent perigonium. ©. 2f
2. Atriplex, L.
Bracts 0. Flowers polygamous. 4 and % per-
igonium 3 or 5-parted. 2-parted. Stigmas
2. Fruit a compound utricle. Cy 20.
3. Salicornia, Tournef.
Bracts 0. Flowers in threes, immersed in a
rhachis, decussately arranged, and forming a
spike. Perigonium gamophyllous, utriculate-
peltate. Stamens 1 or 2. Stigmas 2. Fruit
a compound utricle.
2. b. fleshy, articulate, aphyllous, saline
plants.
4. Suseda, Forsk.
Flowers axillary, with minute, scale-like
bracts. Perigonium urceolate, 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 5. Fruit autricle enclosed in the inflexed
perigonium.
©. 2¢. leaves terete, fleshy.
Fami.y XLI. Nyctaginez.
Flowers involucrate. Perigonium gamophy]l-
lous corolla-like, its persistent tube enclosing
the akene.
80 VASCULAR “PLANTS.
1. Abronia, Juss.
Involucre five-leaved, « -flowered, persistent.
Perigonium salver-shaped. Stamens 5, included.
Stigma clavate.
©. 2¢. leaves opposite.
SECTION IV. EUCYCLICA.
Floral parts distinct in well-defined circles.
ORDER XIV. TRICOCCA.
Flowers diclinous. Ovary superior. Ovules
1—2, collateral, pendulous from the summit of
loculi, which separate at last from a central
axis.
Famity XLII. Kuphorbiacee.
Loculi 1-ovulate.
1. Kremocarpus, Benth.
Moncecious. Flowers cymose. 4 : perigo-
nium 5-parted; stamens 7, central, inflexed in
eestivation. @: perigonium 0; ovary with 5
glands at the base, 1-locular, l-ovulate; style
simple; capsule 2-valved. ©.
2. Hendecandra, Esch. (Croton.)
Dicecious. ¢ : flowers in racemes; perigo-
nium 5-cleft, with 5 glands opposite to the lobes;
stamens more than 5. % : flowers, solitary;
VASCULAR PLANTS. 81
perigonium 3-cleft; glands 0; ovary 3-locular;
styles 3, each 4-parted; capsule 3-coccous, each
2-valved. . er.
3. Euphorbia, L.
Moneecious. Androgynous. Flowers umbel-
late. Involucre campanulate. ¢ flowers, per-
igonium 0; monandrous, stipitate, bracteate. 2
flower a single one, central in the umbel; per-
igonium dentate or 0; ovary 3-locular; styles 3,
each 2-cleft. Gi 20-3:
Famity XLIII. Callitrichacese, (Of doubtful affinity.)
Flowers axillary, 2-bracteolate. Perigonium
0. Monandrous. Ovary 4-locular; loculi l-ovu-
late; ovule pendulous from the summit of the
’ loculus; styles 2, central. Fruit 4-lobed, 4-loc-
ular, 4-seeded. Capsule dehiscent. Leaves op-
posite; stipules 0.
1. Callitriche, L.
2¢. aquatic herbs. Only genus.
ORDER XIV. MALVALES.
Flowers regular. Calyx free, 5-parted, val-
vate in wstivation. Corolla 5-parted, contorted
in wstivation., Stamens often monadelphous.
Carpidia several, free, or connate with the cen-
tral axis intoan o-locular ovary. Leaves alter-
nate, stipulate.
82 VASCULAR PLANTS.
Famity XLV. Malvaces.
Claws of the petals united with each other,
and with the column of o , monadelphous sta-
mens. Anthers reniform, 1-locular.
1. Lavatera, L.
Involucre 3—6-cleft. Ovaries o, verticil-—
late; l-ovulate; style 1, springing from the re-
ceptacle; stigmas o, filiform. Fruit a schizo-
carp. Seed ascending. 2 Be
2. Malva, L.
Involucre 3-leaved. Ovary » -locular; loculi
l-ovulate; styles as many as loculi, united at
base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit a depressed cap-
sule. Seed ascending. @)eaie
3 Sidaleea, Gray.
Involucre 0. Ovary o-locular; loculi 1-ovu-
late; styles as many as loculi, united at base.
Fruit ©, corneous schizocarps. Seed ascend-
ing.
©. 2¢. flowers purple.
4. Spheeralcea, St. Hil.
Ovary o -locular; loculi l-ovulate; styles as
many as loculi, united at base; stigmas capi-
tate. Fruit a loculicidous capsule, at length
also septicidous. 26
VASCULAR PLANTS.
5. Sida, Kunth.
Ovary o-locular; loculi l-ovulate; styles as
many as loculi, united at base; stigmas capitate.
Fruit an «-seeded capsule. Seeds pendulous
from the apex. |
2f. flowers yellow or whitish.
ORDER XV. GERANIALES.
Calyx free, imbricated in xstivation. Petals
5, contorted or convyolute in estivation. Sta-
mens hypogynous, definite. Ovary the com-
pound of a definite number of carpidia.
Famity XLVI. Geraniacez.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, alternate
with the sepals. Stamens10. Carpidia 5, ver-
ticillate round a columnar axis, (gynophore).
Styles distinct at base, connate towards their
apex. Carpidia 5, 2-ovulate, l-seeded, ven-
trally dehiscent. Leaves stipulate.
1. Geranium, L.
Stamens 10, monadelphous, allfertile. Styles
persistent. Gi Of. be
2. Erodium, L’Her.
Stamens 10, monadelphous, the alternate ones
sterile and depauperate. Styles persistent.
>). 2a
84 VASCULAR PLANTS.
Famity XLVII. Oxalidee.
Sepals 5. Petalshypogynous. Ovary 5-car-—
pidia opposite the petals, attached to the axis
by their central angle, 2— o-seeded; ovules
vertically arranged; styles 5, persistent. Leaves
alternate; stipules 0.
1. Oxalis, L.
Petals 5. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the 5
opposite the petals shorter. Capsule oblong.
22
Famity XLVIII. Lines.
Calyx persistent. Petals hypogynous, unguic-
ulate. Perfect stamens 5, sometimes 4. Ovary 5,
sometimes 4, 3 or 2-locular; loculi 2-ovulate;
ovules collateral, more or less separated by a
spurious septum; styles equalling the loculi in
number. Capsule globose.
1. Linum, L.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Oe
FamiLty XLIX. Limnanthee.
Calyx persistent, valvate in estivation. Pet-
als alternating with calyx lobes, inserted into a
perigynous disk. Stamens twice as many as
petals. Carpidia verticillate, free, l-ovulate;
style central on the apex, 5, sometimes 3-cleft.
. Fruit 5, sometimes 3 akenes. Stipules 0.
FASCULAR PLAN PS. 85
1. Limnanthes, BR. Br.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, cuneiform. Ovaries
5. Fruit 5, rugose akenes.
©. flowers yellow, white, rose.
ORDER XVI. TEREBINTHINALES.
Flowers regular. Calyx free. Petals 5, im-
bricate or valvate in estivation, not contorted,
nor truly convolute, inserted into a disk. Sta-
mens 5, or a multiple. Ovary 1—5 carpidia,
Syncarpous, or apocarpous; carpidia 1—-2-ovu-
late.
Famity L. Rutacee.
Stamens inserted on the external margin of
the disk. Carpidia more than l-ovulate. Stip-
ules 0.
l. Ptelea, L,
Polygamous. Calyx 4 or5-parted. Petals 4
or 5. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the petals.
Ovary ona convex disk, 2 locular; loculi 2-ovu-
late; style 1. Fruit a 2-seeded samara.
bh. flowers white.
Famity LI. Terebinthacee.
Stamens inserted on the inner margin of the
disk. Ovary 1, orif more, only 1 fertile; l-ovu-
late. Fruit indehiscent.
86 VASCULAR PLANTS.
1. Rhus, L.
Polygamous. Calyx 5-parted, persistent.
Stamens 5. Ovary 1, 1-locular, 1-ovulate;
styles 3. Fruit, a dry drupe. h.
Fami-y LII. Juglandex., (Of doubtful affinity.)
Flowers diclinous. 4 : amentaceous; perigo-
nium adnate to the bract, and imbricate; petals
3, or its multiple. 2 : aggregate or racemose;
perianth connate with the imperfectly 2—4-loce-
ular, l-ovulate ovary. Fruit a pyrenous drupe.
Leaves imparipinnate; stipules 0.
1. Juglans, L.
é:stamens more than 6. 2 : few, terminal;
calyx 4-parted; petals 4; styles 2. b.
ORDER XVII. SAPINDALES.
Parts of the andrcecium not symmetrical. Ca-
lyx free, imbricate in estivation. Petals insert-
ed into a hypogynous disk. Stamens as many
as the petals, or their multiple. Carpidia 3,
sometimes 2, connate into an ovary. Ovules
of definite number.
Famity LIII. Polygalacee.
Flowers irregular, often imitating Papilion-
ace. Sepals 5, the two lateral petaloid (wings).
Petals 5, sometimes 3, connate with the stami-
neal tube; anterior petal concave (carina).
VASCULAR PLANTS. 87
Stamens 8, sometimes 4 or less, usually mona-
delphous. Ovary 2-locular; style 1. Stipules 0.
1. Polygala, L.
Calyx persistent. Stamens 8, ascending;
filaments united at the base into an anteriorly
cleft tube. Ovary 2-locular; loculi 1-ovulate.
Capsule loculicidal. O76 See
Famity LIV. Sapindacee.
Sepals 5, often irregular and more or less
connate. Disk fleshy. Petals alternate with
sepals and appendiculate at their claws, some-
times one or all of them wanting. Stamens
twice as many as sepals, l-seriate, sometimes
reduced in number. Ovary 3-locular; loculi
1—2-ovulate.
1. #Esculus, L.
Polygamous. Calyx irregular, gamosepalous.
Petals unguiculate, 5, or by abortion of the an-
terior one, 4. Stamens 6—8; filaments ascend-
ing. Loculi of ovary 2-ovulate. Fruit a locu-
licidous capsule, generally by abortion, 1-loc-
ular, 1-seeded.
bh. leaves palmate, deciduous.
2. Acer, Moench.
Polygamous. Petals as many as sepals, in-
serted into the margin of the lobate, hypogy-
nous disk. Stamens 8, inserted with the petals.
88 VASCULAR PLANTS.
Ovary 2-locular, 2-lobed; loculi 2-ovulate.
Fruit a 2-seeded samara.
b. leaves opposite, palmately lobed, decid-
uous.
3. Negundo, Mench.
Polygamous. Petals 0. ¢ : stamens 4, some-
times 5, opposite to the calyx teeth. 2 : ovary
2-locular, 2-lobed; loculi 2-ovulate. Fruit a
2-seeded samara.
bh. leaves opposite, imparipinnate, decidu-
ous.
ORDER XVIII. CELASTRALES.
Parts of the flower correspondent in number.
Disk tumid, adnate to the base of the calyx.
Stamens inserted with the petals on the margin
of the disk. Ovules definite.
Famity LV. Rhamnacez.
Calyx conspicuous, gamosepalous, valvate in
estivation. Stamens inserted with the petals,
and alternate with the calyx-lobes. Ovary
3—2-locular; loculi 1-ovulate; styles 3—2, more
or less connate.
1. Rhamnus, Juss.
Calyx-tube urceolate, margin 5—4-cleft. Pet-
als emarginate, or wanting. Ovary free. Fruit
a 3—2-pyrenous drupe.
b. leaves alternate, stipulate.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 89
2. Ceanothus, L.
Calyx-tube hemispherical, concave; margin
petaloid. Petals unguiculate; margin cucullate.
Ovary half immersed into the disk; style 3-cleft.
Fruit a 3-seeded capsule with base embraced
by the calyx tube, dehiscent at the inner angle.
bh. leaves simple, flowers blue, purple, white.
Famity LVI. Ampelipidee.
Calyx inconspicuous. Stamens inserted with
the petals, opposite and of equal number.
Ovary 3-locular; loculi 2-ovulate; ovules col-
lateral. Fruit a berry. Lower leaves opposite;
upper by the transformation of one of the pair
into a tendril, apparently alternate.
1. Vitis, Tournef.
Petals coherent at their apex, caducous.
b. leaves simple, palmately-nerved.
ORDER XIX. GUTTIFERZ,
Flowers regular, calyx free, sepals 5—4, im-
bricate in zstivation. Petals convolute in esti-
vation, sometimes 0. Stamens o, polyadel-
mS ig
phous, sometimes reduced in number. Carpidia
several, connate into an ovary.
Famity LVII. Hypericinee.
Sepals 2-seriate. Petals as many and alter-
4a
90 VASCULAR PLANTS.
nate with them. Stamens ™. Carpidia 3 or 5;
ovules o, 2-seriate in each; styles 3 or 5, more
or less united. Fruit a septicidous capsule. -
Leaves opposite. Stipules 0.
1. Hypericum, L. ;
Stamens polyadelphous. Stigmas capitate.
2¢. flowers yellow.
Famity LVIII. Salicinez.
Dicecious, amentaceous. 4: perigonium 0;
stamens central. ¢: perigonium 0; ovary 2
carpidia, connate into a capsule; ovules o;
styles 2. Capsule 1-locular, 2-valved, o-seed-
ed; seeds with hairy arillus. Leaves decidu-
ous, alternate, stipulate.
1. Salix, Tournet.
Bracts entire. Be
ra Populus, Tournef.
Bracts fimbriate, lacimate. b,
ORDER XX. PARIETALES.
Ovary 1-locular; placentation parietal ;
ovules o.
Famity LIX. Cistines.
Calyx 2-seriate; 2 external sepals smaller than
the 3 internal, contorted to the left in wstiva-
VASCULAR PLANTS. 91
tion, sometimes 0. Petals 5, caducous, contor-
ted to the right in estivation. Stamens o.
Ovary free, formed by several connate carpidia;
style 1. Fruit a capsule; placentation some-
times apparently axillary, by placentiferous
septa protruding toward the centre.
1. Helianthemum, Tournef.
Ovary 3-valved. Placentz in the middle of
the valves, each valve more than 2-seeded.
©. 2f. b. flowers yellow.
Famity LX. Loasacee.
Calyx-tube more or less connate with the
ovary, costate; margin 5—4 parted. Petals 5—4,
and their multiples. Stamens numerous, some
of the outer occasionally petaloid. Ovary in-
ferior, l-locular; ovules @; styles 1. Fruita
capsule immersed into the calyx-tube.
1. Mentzelia, L.
Calyx limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals not
cucullate. Stamens o, inserted into the throat
of the calyx below the petals. Style 3-cleft.
Capsule dehiscent near the apex.
©. ©O©. flowers yellow, orange.
Famity LXI. Datiscex.
Calyx-tube connate with ovary. Petals 0.
Ovary l-locular; placentz on the middle nerve
of the carpidia; ovules ; styles on the margins
92 VASCULAR PLANTS.
of the carpidia, 2 for each placenta, sometimes
united with the contiguous style. Fruit a cap-
sule crowned by the calyx margin and styles.
1. Tricerastes, Presl
Flowers %. Calyx-tube 3-angled; margin
d-dentate. Stamens 3, alternate with the lobes
of the calyx; anthers extrorse. Ovary with 3
placentie; styles 3, 2-parted, opposite the calyx-
teeth. File
Famity LXII. Frankeniacez.
Flowers regular. Calyx gamophyllous, free,
tubular, costate, persistent. Petals alternate
with lobes of the calyx, unguiculate. Stamens
not correspondent in number to petals; anthers
extrorse. Ovary free, regular; style 1. Fruit
a capsule l-locular, 5—4-valved, included in
the persistent calyx-tube.
1. Frankenia, L.
Characters of the order.
2f. leaves opposite; stipules 0.
Famity LXIII. Violaces.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate.
Stamens inserted into a hypogynous disk: fila-
ments flat; anthers short, introrse, pressed
against “oN ovary, the connective elongated be-
yond the anthers. Ovary free, 1-locular, form-
ed by 3 carpidia; ovules o, bi-seriate; style 1,
VASCULAR PLANTS. 93
persistent. Fruit a 1-locular 3-valved capsule.
Valves bearing seeds on the middle nerve.
Leaves stipulate.
1. Viola, L.
Sepals unequal appendiculate at the base.
Petals unequal, the inferior longest and calcar-
ate. Stamens 5; anthers cohering into a tube,
the 2 inferior ones appendiculate at the base.
©. 2.
SERIES II. APHANOCYCLICEZ.
Floral parts showing a tendency to spiral ar-
rangement, and generally distinct. Parts of
the gyneceum only, occasionally connate. Calyx
and corolla often of similar structure. Numer-
ical law not yet established. Stamens generally
more numerous than sepals or petals.
ORDER XXI. CRUCIFLORZ.
Calyx and corolla formed from 2 and its
multiple. Circles of stamens more than 1. Car-
pidia 2, and its multiple.
Famity LXIV. Crucifere.
Sepals 2 pairs. Petals 4. Stamens tetrady-
namous. Ovary free, compound of 2 lateral
carpidia; placentz parietal, on the margin of
94 VASCULAR PLANTS.
the carpidia; style 1. Fruit a siliqua, silicula
cr lomentum. Leaves alternate, without stip-
ules.
i Raphanus, Tournel.
Indehiscent siliqua (lomentum) irregularly
moniliform, several seeded.
©. ©©. flowers purple, white, yellow.
2. Thysanocarpus, Hook.
Indehiscent silicula (samara) orbicular,
winged, 1-seeded.
©. vernal; flowers white, rose.
3. Senebiera, Poir.
Indehiscent silicula (schizocarp) 2-seeded.
Seeds globose, rugose.
©. ©@. flowers minute, white.
4. Lepidium, RB. Br.
Silicula dorsally compressed, ovate, with car-
inate valves, and narrow replum. Seeds soli-
tary in each locule, penulous from the apex of
the replum.
©. ©O©. 2. flowers minute, white, yellow.
5. Capsella, Vent.
Silicula dorsally compressed, with carinate,
l-nerved, valves, and narrow replum. Seeds
oO.
©. flowers white.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 95
6. Tropidocarpum, Hook.
Siliqua dorsally compressed, linear, with 1-
nervyed, carinate valves, and very narrow replum.
Seeds o.
©. flowers yellow.
7. Nasturtium, R. Br.
Siliqua linear, with concave valves, and only
rudimentary nerve. Seeds w, 2-seriate in each
valve.
©. OO. 2. aquatic; flowers white, yellow.
8. Sisymbrium, L.
Siliqua linear, with concave, 3-nerved valves.
Seeds oo , 1-seriate in each valve.
©. Oo. 2. flowers yellow, white.
9. Barbarea, R. Br.
Siliqua linear, 4-angular with concave, 1-
nervyed valves. Seeds o, compressed, l-seriate
in each valve.
©O©. 2. flowers yellow.
10. Brassica, L.
Siliqua linear, with concave, more than 1-
nerved valves. Seeds o, globose, 1-seriate in
each valve.
©. ©O©. 2. flowers yellow.
ll. Erysimum, L.
Siliqua linear, 4-angular, with carinate, 1-
96 VASCULAR PLANTS.
nerved valves. Seeds 2, globose, 1-seriate in
each valve.
©@®. 2. flowers yellow.
12. Caulanthus , Watson.
Sepals equally saccate. Petals undulate.
Siliqua elongated, terete, sessile; valves 1-
nerved. Seeds o, oblong, 1-seriate in each
valve. |
© ©. flowers purple, whitish.
13. Cheiranthus, L.
Lateral sepals saccate. Petals unguiculate.
Siliqua laterally compressed; replum broad;
valves l-nerved. Seeds compressed, 1-seriate
in each valve.
©. ©©. flowers yellow, orange, purple.
14. Streptanthus, Nutt.
Sepals colored, and equal. Petals undulate.
Siliqua laterally conipressed; valves flattened,
l-nerved. Seeds o, 1-seriate, marginate, com-
pressed.
©. ©@. flowers purplish, or yellowish.
15. Arapis, L.
Petals not undulate. Siliqua laterally com-
pressed, linear; valves flattened, with promi-
nent nerve. Seeds o, 1-seriate, compressed,
marginate.
©. ©@. 2. flowers purple, white.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 97
16. Cardamine, L.
Siliqua laterally compressed, linear; valves
flat, without nerve. Seeds o, 1-seriate; funicle
filiform.
©@®. 2f« flowers purplish, white.
17. Alyssum, L.
Silicula laterally compressed, orbicular;
valves concave; replum broad. Seeds 1—2 in
each valve.
©. ©O©. 2. flowers white, yellow.
Famiry LXV. Fumariacee.
Sepals 1 pair. Corolla irregular. Petals
more or less connate. Stamens 6, diadelphous.
1. Dicentra, Borkh.
Sepals small; 2 lateral petals flat, anterior
and posterior ones calcarate. Ovary 1-locular,
with 2 parietal placentze; »-ovulate. Fruit a
2-valved capsule.
2. flowers white, red, yellow.
Famity LXVI. Papaveracez.
Sepals 2—3 caducous. Corolla regular; pe-
tals 2 pairs, sometimes 3. Stamens not connate.
Ovary free.
1. Platystemon, Benth.
Sepals 3, very caducous. Petals 6, imbricate.
Stamens o; filaments flattened their whole
5
98 VASCULAR PLANTS:
length. Carpidia several, o-seeded, at first
syncarpous; stigmas free, sessile, linear. Fruit
apocarpous, of several distinct, o-seeded, in-
dehiscent carpidia.
©. villous, flowers cream color.
2. Platystigma, Benth.
Sepals 3, very caducous. Petals 4—6 imbri-
cate. Stamens o; filaments flattened only at
the base. Ovary 3-angular, 1 locular; placentz
3; stigmas 3. Fruit a capsule, 3-angular,
3-valved, o-seeded.
©. external petals yellow, internal paler.
3. Dendromecon, Benth.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens o. Ovary
terete, linear with 2 placenta; ovules ». Stig-
ma sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule 1-locular,
2-valved; seeds on the margins of the valves.
b. flowers yellow; leaves rigid entire.
4. Eschscholtzia, Cham.
Calyx and corolla inserted into a turbinate
thalamus. Calyx gamosepalous, soon circum-
cissile at the base. Petals 4. Stamens o,
adhering to the base of the petals; filaments
very short; anthers extrorse. Ovary free, ter-
ete, l-locular, with 2 placentz; ovules ; stig-
mas 4, unequal. Fruit a capsule, terete,
VASCULAR PLANTS. 99
10-nerved, 1-locular, 2-valved; seeds on the
margins of the valves.
©. 2¢. flowers orange, yellow.
5 Meconopsis, Viguier.
Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens o;
anthers laterally dehiscent. Ovary obovate,
1-locular, with more than 2 placentie; style
short, persistent; stigmas several, radiating.
Fruit a 1l-locular capsule, dehiscing by several
valves near the apex.
©. 2f. flowers red, orange.
6. Argemone, Tournef.
Sepals 2—3. Petals 4—-6. Stamens ; an-
thers extrorse. Ovary‘ovate, 1l-locular with
more than 2 placentze; stigmas nearly sessile,
radiating. Fruit a capsule dehiscing by several
valves near the apex.
' ©. prickly, flowers large, white, yellow.
ORDER XXII. POLYCARPICA.
Floral parts with a tendency to arrange them-
selves spirally, and gradually merge into each
other.
Famity LXVII. [Laurinex.
Perigonium 6-parted; lobes 2-seriate, imbri-
cate in wstivation. Disk adnate to the’ base of
100 VASCULAR PLANTS.
the perigonium. Stamens inserted on the mar-
ein of the disk, 6 or its multiple; anthers dehi-
scent by valves. Ovary 1-locular, compound
of 8 carpidia but only one ovule developed; |
style 1. Fruit baccate or drupaceous. Leaves
alternate; stipules 0.
1. Oreodaphne, Nees.
Margin of the perigonium deciduous, Sta-
mens 9—12, in 8 rows; anthers of the 2 exter-
nal rows introrse, of the 5d extrorse and in-
trorse, inner row sterile. Fruit a drupe resting
on the enlarged thalamus. bo
Famity LXVIII. Berberidacez.
Sepals, petals and stamens 2—3-seriate, op-
posite each other. Anthers extrorse, dehiscing
by uplifted valves. Ovary 1-locular with ven-
tral placenta, 8-ovulate. Fruit baccate capsu-
lar or follicular, 1—several-seeded. Leaves al-
ternate; stipules 0.
1. Vancouveria, Decaisne.
Sepals 2X3. Petals 2X3. Stamens 6. Fruit
a follicle, several-seeded.
2¢. flowers white.
2. Berberis, L.
Sepals 23, protected by bracts. Petals 2X3.
Stamens 6. Fruit baccate, few-seeded.
bh. flowers yellow.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 101
Petals alternate with sepals, and imbricate in
estivation. Stamens ow; anthers extrorse (lat-
eral), longitudinally Bui aeseh + Ovatinds see:
eral, sometimes reduced to 1, syncarpous and
baceate; styles distinct. Fruit akene, follicle,
berry. Stipules 0. |
1. Peonia, Tournef.
Sepals 5,unequal, persistent. Petals 5—(25),
equal. Stamens » ; anthers introrse. Ovaries
; few, seated on a flezhy disk, distinct, «-ovulate;
_ stigmas sessile. Fruit of few follicles, -seed-
ed, coriaceous.
2f. b. flowers red, white.
2. Actea, L
Sepals 4, equal, caducous. Petals 4. Anthers
introrse. Ovary 1, 1-locular with ventral pla-
- centa; ovules 2-seriate; stigma sessile. Fruit
_ baccate, «-seeded.
2¢. flowers white.
4 3. Delphinium, Tournef.
Sepals 5, petaloid; upper one calcarate. Co- —
_ rolla irregular; upper petal wanting; 2 lateral
_ petals projecting by their appendices into the
_ ¢alyx-spur. Ovaries not more than 5, with ven-
tral placente, o-ovulate. Fruit ered dis-
4 tinct follicles.
©. 2. flowers white, blue, purple, red.
102 VASCULAR PLAN TS:
4, Aquilegia, Tournef.
Sepals 5, petaloid, equal. Petals 5, bilabia‘e,
prolonged backward into a spur. Fruit 5 folli-
cles.
2f. flowers red, blue, yellow.
5. Ranunculus, L.
Sepals 5. Petals 5 or a multiple, with a scale
at the base. Ovaries o, l-ovulate. Fruit
akenes.
©. 4. flowers yellow, white.
6. Myosurus , Dillen.
Sepals 5, calcarate. Petals 5, on filiform
claws. Fruit o akenes, crowded on an elonga-
ted, spike-like receptacle.
©. dwarf plants with radical leaves.
7. Thalictrum, Tournef.
Involucre 0. Sepals 5—4, very caducous-
Petals 0. Ovaries », l-ovulate. Fruit capi-
" tate, akenes.
2¢. leaves ternately compound.
8. Anemone, Hall.
Involucre 3-foliate. Sepals petaloid, 5 or a
multiple. Petals 0. Ovaries o, 1-ovulate.
Fruit akenes, capitate. pie
VASCULAR PLANTS. 103
9. Clematis, L.
Sepals 4 ,petaloid, not imbricate in estivation.
Petals 0. Ovaries l-ovulate. Fruit » akenes,
caudate by the persistent style. y Tae
ORDER XXIII. RANALES.
Floral parts having a tendency to merge
gradually into each other.
Famity LXX. Nympheacez.
Sepals and petals inserted into a fleshy, cup-
shaped thalamus. Stamens o, o-seriate, in-
serted with the petals; filaments flat, petaloid;
anthers introrse, adnate. Carpidia several, im-
mersed in the thalamus, and forming an o-loc-
ular ovary; ovules o, inserted on the partitions;
styles united, and forming a radiate, peltate
stigma, projecting beyond the thalamus and
persistent.
1. Nuphar, Smith.
Sepals 5, petaloid. Petals », in several se-
ries, at length recurving, persistent. Stigma
stipitate. Fruit baccate.
2f. aquatic. flowers yellow.
SERIES III. PERIGYNZ.
Thalamus cup-shaped, bearing sepals, petals,
and stamens; and enveloping and including the
carpidia.
104 VASCULAR PLIANTS:
SECTION I. CALYCIFLOREA.
Petals present and distinct, 5—4. Stamens
equaling them or a multiple.
ORDER XXIV. MYRTALES.
Calyx-lobes valvate in estivation. Petals as
many. Stamens as many, or a multiple, some-
times a divisor. Carpidia united into a single
ovary.
Famity LXXI. Halorrhagidee.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb 4-part-
ed. Petals alternate with calyx-lobes. Stamens
not more than twice as many as petals; if equal,
opposite to them. Placentze central, 1-ovulate.
Styles as many as locules.
1. Hippuris, L.
Flowers % or sometimes polygamous. Stam-
en 1; filament subulate. Ovary 1-locular,
l-ovulate; style filiform. Fruit nut-like.
af. aquatic; leaves verticilate; flowers mi-
nute, solitary in the axils.
2. Myriophyllum, L.
Moneecious. ¢@: petals very caducous; sta-
mens 8. .¢%: calyx-limb, and petals minute;
stigma villous; ovary 4-locular, 4-ovulate.
2f. aquatic.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 105
Famity LXXII. Qnagracez.,
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. Petals al-
ternate with them, not valvate in estivation.
Stamens inserted with petals, as many or a mul-
tiple; anthers introrse. Placente central,
w-ovulate. Style 1. Stipules 0.
1. Jussiza, L.
Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary,
but forming an epigynous disk; lobes 4—6 per-
sistent. Petals as many. Stamens twice as
many. Loculi of the ovary as many as the ca-
lyx-lobes; stigma capitate. Fruit a septicidal
capsule.
2f. aquatic; flowers yellow; leaves alternate.
2. Zauschneria, Presl.
Calyx-tube prolonged considerably above the
ovary, funnel-shaped, colored, with 4-lobed, de-
ciduous limb. Petals not exceeding the calyx-
lobes, 2-cleft, erect. Stamens 8, included. Ovary
4-locular, 4-valyed. Seeds with a hairy crown.
Fruit a capsule, linear. 1-locular, -seeded.
2¢. flowers scarlet; upper leaves alternate.
3. Epilobium, L.
Calyx-tube prolonged but little beyond the
ovary; limb 4-parted s90n deciduous. Petals
as many, obovate, or obcordate, inserted into
an annular disk on the summit of the calyx-tube.
106 VASCULAR PLATS
Stamens 8. Ovary 4-locular. Fruit a 4-angu-
lar, 4-locular, loculicidal capsule. Seeds with
a crown of long hair.
©. 2¢. flowers red or pale.
4. Gayophytum, Juss.
Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary
lhmb, 4-parted, reflexed, deciduous. Petals as
many. Stamens 8, versatile; those opposite the
petals smaller and usually sterile. Ovary 2-loc-
ular; style short; stigma capitate or clavate.
Fruit a capsule, 2-locular, unequally 4-valved.
Seeds smooth.
©. slender; flowers red or pale.
5. (nothera, L.
Calyx-tube more or less prolonged above the
ovary; lobes reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8,
versatile. Ovary 4-locular; ovules o; style fil-
iform. Fruit a 4-locular capsule, loculicidal.
Seeds o , smooth.
©. 2¢. leaves alternate; flowers yellow, white.
6. Godetia, Spach.
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, fun-
nel-form, the lobes reflexed. Petals 4. Sta-
mens 8, unequal; anthers basifixed. Capsule
ovate to linear. Seeds smooth o.
©. flowers purple to white, often spotted.
, i a i.
> a
+
:
i. ——s a. re Se
VASCULAR PLANTS. 107
7. Clarkia, Pursh.
Calyx-tube prolonged above the ovary, ob-
conical, deciduous, the lobes reflexed. Petals
4, unguiculate. Stamens 8, alternate ones de-
pauperate; anthers basifixed. Capsule linear.
Seeds «©, smooth. ©.
8. Eucharidium, Fisch. & Mey.
Calyx-tube linear-elongated above the ovary;
its lobes reflexed, deciduous. Petals 4, ungui-
culate. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals; an-
thers basifixed. Seeds ©, smooth.
©. flowers red.
9. Boisduvalia, Spach.
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, fun-
nel-form, deciduous; the lobes erect. Petals 4,
sessile, 2-lobed. Stamens 8, those opposite
the petals shorter; anthers basifixed. Capsule
4-locular. Seeds om, smooth.
©. flowers purple.
Famity LXXUI. Lythrarie.
Calyx-tube not adnate to the ovary. Sta-
mens inserted with the petals, and of definite
number; anthers introrse. Ovary free, with
central placente, compound of carpidia; ovules
co ; style 1.
1. Lythrum, L.
Calyx tubular, 8—12-costate; limb 8—12-den-
108 VASCULAR PLANTS.
tate; dentations alternating in size. Petals
4—6, opposite the smaller dentations: of the
calyx; Stamens 8—12. Ovary 2-locular. Cap-
sule 2-locular, covered by the persistent calyx.
©. 2¢. flowers purple.
ORDER XXV. ROSIFLORZ.
Calyx-lobes imbricate in zstivation, as many
as the perigynous petals. Ovaries several, in
different degrees of consolidation, in rare
instances reduced to a single one; the excen-
tric position of which indicates the abortion of
its fellows.
FamiLty LXXIV. Amyedalacee. ;
Calyx free, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, con-
volute in wstivation. Ovaries generally reduced |
to 1, 1-locular, 2-ovulate. Fruit a drupe, by
abortion generally l-seeded. Leaves alternate,
stipulate; stipules caducous.
1. Prunus, L.
Drupe fleshy; endocarp not rugose. 5.
2. Nuttallia, Torrey & Gray.
Flowers polygamous. Ovaries 5. Fruit sey-
eral 1-seeded drupes.
b. flowers white.
\
VASCULAR PLANTS. 109
Famity LXXV. §pireex.
Ovaries verticillate, rarely reduced to 1.
Fruit follicular. |
1. Spirea, L.
Seeds small, exalbuminous, with membrana-
ceous testa.
2¢. b. flowers white, rose.
2. Neillia, Don.
Seeds albuminous, with a shining crustaceous
testa.
6. flowers white.
Famity LXXVI. Dryadacez.
Ovaries collected around a convex receptacle,
rarely reduced to one, l-ovulate. Fruit inde-
_ hiscent, frequently drupaceous.
1. Rubus, L.
Calyx persistent, concave or flattened; limb
5-parted. Stamens o. Ovaries on a convex
receptacle. Fruit drupes o, on a conical re-
ceptacle.
2¢. b. flowers white.
2. Fragaria, L.
_ Calyx concave or flattened, persistent, 5-lobed,
augmented by 5 bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens
110 VASCULAR PLANTS.
a multiple of 5. Ovaries a, on a convex re-
ceptacle; styles lateral. Fruit 0 -akenes on an
enlarged fleshy receptacle.
2¢. flowers white.
*. Potentilla, L.
Calyx concave or flattened, 5-lobed, aug-
mented by 5 bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens a
multiple of 5. Ovaries « ona slightly conical
receptacle. Styles lateral. Fruit ©, akenes.
2f. b. flowers yellow.
4, Horkelia, Cham. & Schlect.
Calyx campanulate; limb 5-parted, augment-
ed by 5 bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens a mul-
tiple. Ovaries inserted on a conical receptacle;
styles. sub-terminal. Fruit akenes.
2¢. flowers yellowish, pink, white.
Famiry LXXVII. Sanguisorbacez.
Calyx-tube contracted near its apex, includ-
ing the ovaries. Petals often wanting. Stamens
and ovaries often reduced in number. Ovaries
1-ovulate.
1. Adenostoma, Hook & Arn.
Calyx funnel-shaped; tube. 10-costate ; limb
d5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens a multiple. Ovary
1, with truncate, pubescent apex. Fruit an
akene, included in the peristent calyx-tube.
b. flowers white.
.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 111
2. Alchemilla, Tournef.
Calyx-tube urceolate, peristent, hmb 4-part-
ed, with as many minute deciduous bractlets.
Petals 0. Stamens reduced, 1 to 4. Ovaries
1—4; styles basilar Fruit 1—4 akenes. 2.
3. Aczena, Vahl.
Calyx-tube contracted at the throat, oblong,
angular, the angles armed with glochidiate
prickles; limb persistent. Petals 0. Stamens
reduced, 1—5. Ovaries 1—2; styles terminal;
stigmas penicillate. Fruit anakene inclosed in
the persistent calyx. 2.
4. Cercocarpus, HBK
Calyx-tube cylindrical, persistent; limb tur-
binate, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 0. Stamens
multiples of 5. Ovary 1; style terminal, long
exserted. Fruit an akene linear, terete, cau-
date by the elongated, plumose, twisted style.
Le
Famity LXXVIII. Rosacez.
Carpidia «, l-ovulate, indehiscent, included
in the fleshy tube of the calyx. Stamens ao.
1. Rosa, Tournef.
Calyx-tube urceolate, constricted at the
throat; limb 5-parted. Petals 5. Styles lat-
eral, exserted. Fruit o-akenes, included in
the fleshy calyx-tube. ie
112 VASCULAR PLANTS.
Famity LXXIX. Calycanthee.
Calyx fleshy; tube obconical; limb divided
into o-seriate lobes. Petals 0. Stamens m ;
anthers extrorse. Ovaries ©, l-ovulate, in-
serted on the whole inner surface of the calyx-
tube; styles ©, terminal, exserted Fruit
co akenes, enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube.
Leaves opposite; stipules 0.
1. Calycanthus, Lind.
Inner lobes of the w-seriate calyx-limb
smaller than the°external. Outer series of
stamens fertile; inner, sterile.
bh. flowers purple or brownish.
Famity LXXX. Pomaces.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb 5-part-
ed. Carpidia 2—5, 2-ovulate. Styles 2—6.
Fruit baccate.
1. Photinia, Lind.
Carpidia 2, imperfectly united and only half
immersed in the calyx-tube; styles 2. Calyx-
limb growing fleshy in fruit and covering the
upper half of the carpidia, which are 1-seeded
by abortion.
bh. flowers in corymbose panicles.
2. Amelanchier, Medik.
Ovules of the carpidion separated by an in-
VASCULAR PLANTS. 113
complete septum; 1 ovule becoming abortive in
the ripe fruit.
2¢. flowers in racemes.
ORDER XXVI. LEGUMINOSA.
Ovary 1, l-locular. Fruita legume. Leaves
alternate, stipulate.
Famity LXXXI. Papilionacee.
Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10.
1, Pickeringia, Nutt.
Petals of the carina not connate. Stamens
not diadelphous. Legume linear, compressed.
bh. flowers purple; leaves palmately trifolio-
late, evergreen; stipules evanescent.
2. Thermopsis, R. Brown.
Petals of the carina partly connate. Stamens
not diadelphous. Legumes linear, compressed.
2¢. flowers yellow; leaves palmately 3-folio-
late; stipules persistent, foliaceous.
3. Lupinus, L.
Stamens monadelphous; anthers alternately
oblong and reniform.
©. ©©. 2. b. leaves palmate; stipules ad-
nate. |
BA
114 VASCULAR: PLANTS.
4. Medicago, L.
Diadelphous. Legume faleate or spirally
coiled.
©. 2f. b. leaves pinnately trifoliolate; stip-
ules adnate.
5. Melilotus, Tournef.
Diadelphous. Petals free from the column
of stamens and deciduous. Legume globose.
©. ©. flowers racemose: leaves pinnately
trifoliolate; stipules adnate.
6. Trifolium, Tournef.
Diadelphous. Petals persistent, and adnate
to the stamineal tube. Legumes utriculate,
irregularly dehiscent.
©. 2¢. leaves palmately compound; stipules
adnate.
7. Hosackia, Doug.
Diadelphous. Petals unguiculate. Legumes
cylindrical, sessile. Flowers umbellate.
©. 2f. leaves impari (2—several)-pinnate;
stipules often minute.
8. Psoralea, L.
Diadelphous. Wings united to the carina.
Ovary sessile, 1-ovulate. Legume included in
the calyx, indehiscent.
2. wb. glandular; leaves imparipinnate,
3—5-foliolate; stipules not adnate.
« VASCULAR PLANTS. 115
i 9. Amorpha, L.
~ Monadelphous. Vexillum unguiculate. Wings
and carina 0. Ovary sessile, 2-ovulate. Le-
-gumes dehiscent very late.
4. glandular; leaves imparipinnate.
10. Qlycyrrhiza, L. |
_ Diadelphous. Calyx ebracteolate. Vexillum
- wings and carina straight. Anthers confluent.
_ Legumes ovate, compressed, few-seeded, echi-
nate.
2. glandular; leaves imparipinnate.
: ‘11. Astragalus, L.
Diadelphous. Carina blunt. Legume usually
- more or less divided by the intrusion of the
- dorsal suture. Seeds reniform.
©. 2. leaves imparipinnate.
12. Vicia, L.
_ Diadelphous. Style filiform; apex pilose.
©. ©©. 2. leaves paripinnate, terminating
in branched tendrils.
a 13. Lathyrus, L.
Style dorsally flattened towards the apex,
- concaye, pilose along the inner side.
_ 2f. leaves paripinnate, ending in branched
tendrils.
116 VASCULAR PLANTS.
14. Cercis, L.
Stamens not diadelphous; anterior longer
than the posterior ones; anthers versatile. Pet-
als unguiculate, those forming the carina, sep-
arate, and larger than the rest. Legume flat,
stipitate, oo-seeded; ventral suture winged.
b. flowers purple in axillary fascicles; leaves
simple, appearing after the flowers.
ORDER XXVIII. DAPHNALES.
Petals 0. Perigonium and stamens inserted
on a perigynous disk. Stamens 2 or its multi-
ple. Carpidion 1; ovules never basilar. Sti-
pules 0.
Famity LXXXII. Thymeleacez.
Ovary 1-locular, 1-ovular; ovule lateral, at-
tached near the apex; style lateral.
1. Direa, L.
Flowers &. Perigonium corolline, campan-
ulate; limb obliquely truncate. Stamens 8 ex-
serted, the alternate ones shorter. Hypogynous
scales 0. Style filiform, sub-terminal. Fruit
a drupe. ye
Famity LXXXIII. Loranthacese. (Of doubtful uffinity.)
Evergreen, dichotomous, parasitic perennials,
Branches articulate. Leaves opposite; stipules
VASCULAR PLANTS. 117
0. Flowers epigynous. Stamens inserted on
the perigonium, opposite its lobes, and of the
same number. Ovary 1-locular, l-ovular. Fruit
baccate. Seed often containing several em-
bryos.
1. Phoradendron, Nutt.
Flowers diclinous; 4 and 2, on separate
spikes. Anthers 2-locular. Stigma sessile.
Fruit crowned by the persistent perigonium.
2f. on oaks, conifers, mimose, etc.
2. Arceuthobium, Bieb.
Dicecious. ¢ flowers sessile. Lobes of the
perigonium ovate, spreading. Anthers sessile;
inserted on the middle of the perigonium lobes,
l-locular, transversely dehiscent. 2 flowers
shortly pedicellate, compressed, with 2-dentate
limb. Stigma sessile. Berry transversely de-
hiscent at the base.
2f. on conifers.
SERIES IV. MONOCHLAMYDEZ.
Flowers incomplete. Number of seed leaves
correspondent to floral parts.
ORDER XXVIII. SERPENTARIZ.
Leafy plants containing chlorophyll, as dis-
118 VASCULAR PLANTS:
tinguished from the other Asaral group, the
Schizanthex, which are destitute of leaves and -
chlorophyll.
Famity LXXXIV. Aristolochies.
Perigonium gamosepalous. Stamens 6, or a
multiple. Ovary 6-locular.
1. Asarum, Tournef.
Stamens 12, free. Perigonium entirely epi-
eynous; limb regular.
2. rhizome dichotomous.
2. Aristolochia, Tournef.
Stamens 6, gynandrous. Limb of perigoni-
um oblique, irregularly cleft.
2¢. b. twining.
SERIES V. JULIFLORZ.
Inflorescence dense; flowers apetalous. Leaves
never compound.
ORDER XXIX. AMENTACEZ.,
Flowers diclinous: ¢ flowers amentaceous.
Fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent. Stipules decidu-
OUus.
Famity LXXXV. Cupulifere.
Epigynous. Style 1; stigmas several. Fruit
VASCULAR PLANTS. 119
a nut (akene), the base of which is surrounded
by a cupula (persistent involucre).
1. Quercus, L.
__* Moneecious. Aments slender. ¢ perigo-
nium 4—8-parted: 2 6-dentate. Style short;
stigmas 3. Ovary 3-locuiar, 6-ovulate, sur-
rounded by a scaly, bud-like involucre, which
in fruit enlarges into a cup surrounding the
base of the nut. ae
2. Castanopsis, Spach.
Moneecious. Aments slender, panicled on
the young shoots. ¢ perigonium 5-lobed;
stamens 10. 2 flowers 1—3, in a scaly invol-
ucre, sessile at the base of the ament; perigo-
nium 6-lobed, 2-seriate; fruit 1—3 nuts entirely
enclosed in a prickly, irregularly rupturing in-
volucre. bh,
3. Corylus. Tournef.
Moneecious. Aments slender. Scales (bracts)
imbricated. 4 flowers, besides the scales, 2-
bracteolate. Stamens 8; anthers 1-locular. 2
flowers immersed into a bud; uppermost
scales containing flowers, the rest empty. Ovary
2-bracteolate, crowned by a minute perigonium,
2-locular; stigmas 2. Fruit a nut surrounded by
a large incised involucre, formed by the growth
of the 2-bractlets. oy
120 VASCULAR PLANTS.
Famity LXXXVI Betulacese.
Hypogynous. ¢ ament: bracts shield-shaped,
each enclosing 3 flowers with minute perigoni-
um and 4 stamens. ¢? aments: bracts 3-lobed,
each enclosing 3 naked flowers. Ovary 2-locu-
lar; loculi l-ovulate; style 0; stigmas 2. Fruit
an akene (nutlet) affixed to the lignescent bract,
and collected into a strobilaceous inflorescence.
1. Alnus, Tournef.
Fruit ignescent; nutlets attached to lignes-
cent bracts, on a lignescent axis. bs
Famity LXXXV1I. Myriceze, (Of uncertain affinities. )
Fiowers diclinous, amentaceous, each bract
containing a single, naked, sessile flower.
é aments fiiform; ovate. Ovary connate
with some hypogynous scales, 1-locular, 1-ovu-
late; style very short; stigmas 2. Fruit a nutlet;
drupaceous by the incrassate, hypogynous
bracts.
1. Myrica, L.
Only genus. Characters of the order. bh.
ORDER XXX. URTICALES.
flowers diclinous. Stamens opposite to the
lobes of the perigonium. Ovary superior.
Fruit l-seeded. Leaves stipulate.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 121
Famity LXXXVIII. Platanex.
Moneecious. Flowers naked, capitulate on
globose receptacles. 46 head: stamens o,
irregularly mingled with the scales. ¢ head:
ovaries oo, placed irregularly among scales.
Fruit a coriaceous nutlet. Leaves alternate,
palmately lobed.
1. Platanus, L.
Only genus. Characters of the order.
Famity LXXXIX. Urticacee.
é perigonium d-lobed. Stamens 5; filaments
inflexed in xstivation; anthers introrse, 2-locu-
lar. Ovary rudimentary. 2 perigonium
2—5-lobed. Ovary 1-locular, l-ovulate. Fruit
an akene, sometimes baccate by the persistent
and succulent perigonium. Stipules generally
persistent.
1. Urtica, Tournef.
é perigonium regular and_ spreading.
? perigonium 2-parted, with sessile, penicillate
stigma. |
©. 2¢. covered with stinging hairs.
2. Hesperocnide, Torrey.
2 perigonium gamophyllous, urceolate,
compressed, minutely dentate.
©. weak and’slender.
6
122 VASCULAR PLANTS.
Famity XC. Polygonacez. (Of uncertain affinity.)
Perigonium imbricate in estivation. Stamens
definite, inserted on the base of the perigonium.
Ovary superior, originally compound of 2-3
carpidia; by abortion, 1-loculate, l-ovulate; but
showing the 2-3 styles of the original carpidia;
ovule basilar. Fruit indehiscent. Stems ar-
ticulate. Leaves alternate, sheathing.
1. Rumex, L.
Perigonium 6-phyllous, 2-seriate; 3 inner seg-
ments larger and more petaloid. Stamens 6,
in pairs opposite the outer sepals. Styles 3
_ with penicillate stigmas. Fruit a 3-cornered
akene enclosed in the 3 inner sepals, forming a
spurious capsule. ©
©. 2¢. flowers racemose.
2. Polygonum, L.
Perigonium 5, sometimes 4-phyllous. Sta-
mens 3—8, single or in pairs opposite to the
sepals. Styles 3, sometimes 2; stigmas capitu-
late. Fruit a 3-cornered or lenticular akene en-
closed in the persistent perigonium.
©. 2f. b. flowers often colored.
3. Eriogonum, Michx.
Involucre « -flowered, campanulate, slightly
angulate, 6-dentate. Flowers % pedicillate,
exserted, seated on a receptacle with scarious
VASCULAR PLANTS. 1233
bracts. Perigonium 6-parted, 2-seriate. Sta-
mens 9, in pairs opposite to the external lobes;
singly to the internal ones. Styles 3; stigmas
capitate. Fruit a 3-angled, rarely a lenticular,
akene.
©. 2f. b. peduncles 2—3-chotomous.
4. Chorizanthe, BR. Br.
Involucre 1—3-flowered, tubular, 3-angular,
6-dentate, mucronate or aristate. Flowers % ,
scarcely exserted. Perigonium 6-parted, 2-ser-
late. Stamens typically 9, in pairs opposite to
the external lobes; singly to the internal ones,
occasionally by abortion 6 or 3. Styles 3;
stigmas capitate. Fruit a 3-angular akene.
©. 2¢. peduncles dichotomous.
5. Lastarriea, Remy.
Involucre 0. Perigonium coriaceous, tubu-
lar, 6-dentate; the dentations uncinately aris-
tate. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat. Fruit
a d-angled akene.
©. diffusely branched.
6. Pterostegia, Fisch. & Mey.
Involucre a single 2-lobed bract, sub-tending
a single § flower, Perigonium 6-parted, per-
sistent. Stamens 6, (rarely fewer). Fruit a
d-angular akene, loosely enveloped by the en-
larged involucre. '
124 VASCULAR PLANTS.
©. prostrate, diffusely dichotomous; leaves
opposite.
ORDER XXXI. PIPERALES.
Flowers sessile, in dense spikes or racemes,
bracteate, without perigonium. Stem articu-
late.
Famity XCI. Saurure.
Ovary central, compound of several follicular
carpidia; stigmas several.
1. Anemopsis, Nutt.
Flowers in a dense, conical spadix; with a
several-leaved, persistent, colored involucre;
each flower subtended by a colored bract. Sta-
mens adnate to the base of the ovary. Ovary
immersed into the rhachis, 1-locular, with par-
ietal placentw. Fruit a capsule dehiscent from
the apex.
2f. leaves mostly radical.
Famity XCII. Ceratophyllez. (Of doubtful affinity.)
Moncecious. Involucre 12-cleft; lobes linear,
truncate. ¢ flowers: anthers w, sessile. ¢%
flowers: ovary 1-locular, 1-ovulate; style termi-
nal. Fruit a nutlet, with persistent style and
involucre.
of. submersed aquatics; stems articulate ;
leaves verticillate, sessile, dichotomous.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 125
1. Ceratophyllum, L.
Only genus. Characters of the order.
DIVISION II. MONOCOTYLEDONEZ.
SERIES I. COROLLIFLORZ.
Perigonium 2X3 parted. Ovary 3 carpidia,
syncarpous in different degrees.
ORDER XXXII. GYNANDRZ.
Famity XCIII. OQrchidee.
Placentz parietal.
a, Epipactis, Haller.
Anther 1, persistent, not connate with the
column; pollinia 2, attached to the common
eland. Perigonium spreading; labellum genic-
ulate, inferior part concave. Ovary contorted
only at the base; column short, terete.
2f. caulescent; flowers in a loose few-flowered
raceme.
2. Spiranthes, Richard.
Anther 1, persistent, not connate with the
column; pollinia 2, attached to the common
gland. Perigonium oblique; labellum enclos-
ed, canaliculate, embracing with its base the
short column.
2f. flowers forming a spiral spike.
126 VASCULAR PLANTS.
3. Habenaria, ‘Willd.
Anther 1, persistent, entirely connate with
the column; pollinia 2, divergent at the lower
end. Perigonium ringent, galeate; labellum
elongate, spreading, calearate. Column short.
2f. caulescent.
4. Corallorhiza, Haller.
Anther 1, terminal, caducous, not adnate to
the column; pollinia 4, globose. Perigonium
ringent. Labellum adnate to the column, ser-
rate at base, 3-lobed; lateral lobes very small.
Column semi-terete.
2¢. aphyllous and without chlorophyll; flow-
ers in spikes.
ORDER XXXIII. EPIGYNZ.
Stamens free, 3, or its multiple. Ovary in-
ferior.
Famity XCIV. Jridaces.
Stamens 3, opposite to the external segments
of the perigonium; anthers extrorse.
1. Sisyrinchium, L.
Divisions of the perigonium equal. Stamens
monadelphous. Style short; stigmas 3, filiform,
involute, alternate with the stamens. Fruita
capsule, obovate.
» ee =~
VASCULAR PLANTS. 127
2¢. flowers developing from spathes; leaves
distichous, sheathing; stems winged.
2. Tris, L.
Perigonium tubular at the base; segments
equal, but differing in shape; the 3 external re-
flexed; 3 internal everted. Stigma 3-parted,
petaloid.
2f. flowers from spathes.
ORDER XXXIV. CORONARIZ.
Perigonium 6-parted in different degrees.
Stamens 3 or a multiple. Ovary superior.
Famity XCV. Smilaces.,
Anthers not extrorse. Ovary 3-locular, with
central placente. Fruita berry. Testa of the
seed not crustaceous.
°
1. Smilacina, Desf.
Divisions of the perigonium equal. Stamens
inserted at the base of the segments. Loculi
of the ovary 2-ovulate. Loculi of the fruit
1-seeded.
2f. leaves sessile and amplexicaul.
2. Maianthemum, Mench.
Perigonium 4-parted. Stamens 4.
2f. leaves petiolate.
128 VASCULAR PLANTS.
3. Prosartes, Don.
Perigonium 6-phyllous, campanulate; seg-
ments saccate at the base. Stamens 6, attached
at the base of the segments, and deciduous
with them. Anthers adnate, dehiscing laterally,
Ovary 3-locular; loculi 2-ovulate; style decidu-
ous. Loculi of the berry 1—2-seeded.
2f. leaves alternate, sessile, amplexicaul.
4. Trillium, L.
Perigonium 6-phyllous; 5-external segments
herbaceous, persistent; 3 internal petaloid,
marcescent. Stamens 6; anthers linear, later-
al; connective broad. Ovary 3-locular, -ovu-
late; styles 3. Berry o -seeded.
2. leaves 8, verticillate, reticulate.
Famity XCV¥I. Liliacese.
Anthers introrse. Ovary 3-locular. Testa
of the seed crustaceous.
1. Clintonia, Raf.
Perigonium 6-phyllous, campanulate, decid-
uous. Stamens.6, inserted on the base of the
segments; anthers versatile. Style slender, de-
ciduous. Fruit a berry.
2¢. flowers on a scape.
2. Chlorogalum, Kunth.
Perigonium 6-phyllous; segments linear, per-
VASCULAR PLANTS. 129
sistent, marcescent. Stamens 6, adnate to the
base of the segments; anthers versatile. Loculi
of the ovary 2-ovular; style filiform, deciduous.
Fruit a membranaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal
capsule.
2. bulbous; inflorescence racemose-panicu-
late.
3. Allium, L °
Perigonium persistent. Stamens 6, adnate
to the base of the segments; filaments naked with
dilated base; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-lobed;
loculi 2-ovular; style filiform, persistent; stigma
simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
2¢. bulbous; scapigerous; inflorescence um-
bellate.
4, Cyanotris, Raf. (Camassia Lindl.)
Perigonium 6-phyllous, persistent; 5 superior
segments ascending; inferior one deflexed.
Filaments filiform, ascending; anthers versatile.
Ovary ovate, 3-locular; loculi »-ovulate; style
filiform, declinate; stigma slightly 3-cleft.
Fruit a loculicidal, 3-angled capsule; loculi
o-seeded.
2¢. bulbous; scapigerous; flowers in a simple
raceme.
5. Brodizea, Smith.
Perigonium funnel-form, angulate, persistent.
Stamens 3, alternating with as many stamino-
130 VASCULAR PLANTS.
diz. Hypogynous disk 3-lobed. Ovules o. —
Style persistent; stigma 3-lobed, Capsule loc-
ulicidal.
2f. scapigerous; umbellate.
6. Triteleia, Hook.
Perigonium salver-shaped, persistent. Fer-
tile stamens 6; filaments short, 3 inserted on
the throat, and 3 half-way down the tube.
Ovary stipitate; ovules «. Capsule loculicidal.
2f. scapigerous; umbellate; capitate.
7. Muilla, Watson.
Perigonium subrotate, persistent. Stamens
6, inserted near the base; anthers versatile.
Ovary sessile, o-ovulate; style persistent, clay-
ate, at length splitting. Capsule globose, loc-
ulicidal.
2f. scapigerous; umbellate.
8. Lilium, L.
Perigonium 6-phyllous; segments equal,
spreading, with a nectariferous groove near the
base, deciduous. Ovary o-ovulate; style un-
divided; stigma 3-angular.
2f. bulbous; pedicels ebracteate.
9. Fritillaria, L.
Perigonium 6-phyllous, campanulate, with a
smooth nectariferous pit near the base, decidu-
ous. Ovary w-ovulate. Style 3-parted.
2f. bulbous; flowers bracteate.
¥
VASCULAR PLANTS. 131
10. Calochortus, Pursh.
Perigonium 6-phyllous, deciduous; 3 exter-
nal segments smaller and lanceolate; 3 internal,
broad, with a conspicuous nectariferous gland
near the base. Ovary o-ovulate; style 0; stig-
mas 3, reflexed, persistent.
2f. bulbous.
_ Fawmy XCVII. Melanthacee.
Anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-locular; styles 3,
Capsule septicidous. Testa of the seed not
-erustaceous.
‘is Scoliopus, Torr.
Perigonium 6-phyllous, spreading, deciduous;
3 external segments lanceolate; 3 internal linear.
Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the external
segments; anthers 2-locular, attached above the
base. Ovary 3-quetrous, l-locular, with 3 par-
ietal placentz; ovules 2-seriate on each; styles 3,
_ linear, persistent, recurved, canaliculate. Cap-
- sule irregularly dehiscent.
_ 2f£. leaves 2; peduncles long, 1-flowered, ar-
ranged in an umbel.
2. Zygadenus, Michx.
Perigonium 6-phyllous; segments unguiculate,
2-clandular at the base, persistent. Stamens
6, inserted on the claw; anthers reniform.
Ovary 3-locular, o-ovulate; styles 3, divergent.
Capsule septicidal.
132 VASCULAR PLANTS.
2r. bulbous; leaves lanceolate; inflorescence,
_ racemose.
3. Xerophyllum, Rich.
Perigonium 6-phyllous; segments sessile,
persistent; 8 internal ones smaller. Stamens
inserted on the base of the segments; anthers
laterally dehiscent. Ovary 38-locular; loculi
few-ovulate; styles 38, recurved, persistent.
Capsule septicidal.
2. rhizomatous; leaves linear, elongate; in-
florescence racemose.
Famity XCVIII. Junecacex.
Perigonium glumaceous. Anthers introrse.
1. Juncus, L.
Perigonium 6-phyllous; 3 external segments
carinate. Ovary 3-locular; locules o-ovulate.
Capsule 3-valved, with central placentae, o-
seeded.
©. 2. aquatic.
2. Luzula, D C.
Perigonium 6-phyllous; all the segments flat.
Ovary 1-locular, 3-ovulate. Capsule 3-valved,
3-seeded.
2¢. terrestrial.
vue
VASCULAR PLANTS. 133
SERIES Il. MICRANTHA.
Flowers inconspicuous. Inflorescence o-
flowered.
ORDER XXXV. GLUMACEZ.
Flowers in the axils of bracts, and arranged
in spikelets. Spathes 0. Perigonium depau-
perate. Ovary 4-locular; l-seeded. Fruit a
caryopsis, with endosperm.
Famity XCIX. Graminez,
Stem articulate. Leaves distichous, altenate,
sheathing, with ligule (stipule) at the base.
Flowers protected by an anterior and a poste-
rior bractlet, (palet). Spikelet generally pro-
tected by 1—2 bracts, (glumes). Stamens usu-
ally 3. Pistils 2.
1. Panicum, L.
Spikelets 2-flowered; upper one %, with two
unequal, navicular glumes, without ariste; em-
braced by the incomplete lower one.
©. 2¢. leaves flattened.
2. Phleum, L.
Spikelets 1-flowered, 4. Glumes 2; aristate;
>
the upper palet sometimes bearing at its base
the rudiment of a second flower.
©. 2. leaves flattened; panicles_spike-like.
134 VASCULAR PLANTS.
3. Alopecurus, L.
Spikelet 1-flowered, 3. Glumes 2, navicu-
lar, connate at their base; lower palet carinate;
upper wanting.
¢. leaves flattened; panicles spike like.
4. Beckmannia, Host.
Spikelets 1—2-flowered; flowers 8, sessile.
Glumes 2, navicular; lower eal ovate, 3d-nerved,
embracing the upper 2-cleft, 2-nerv ed, one.
2f. leaves flattened; spike sessile; spikelets
alternate, sessile, 1-sided, 2-seriate.
-5. Phalaris, L
Spikelets 3-flowered, upper & ; 2 lower neu-
tral, depauperate. Glumes 2, carinate. Palets
2, navicular; the lower larger and embracing
the upper.
2f. spikelets pedicillate; leaves flattened.
6. Hierochloa, Gmelin.
Spikelets 3-flowered: flowers sessile. Glumes
equal; carinate. Upper flower % : lower palet
carinate; upper l-nerved. 2-lower flowers 2:
lower palet carinate; upper 2-carinate.
2f. spikelets pedicillate; leaves flattened.
7. Anthoxanthum, L.
Spikelets 3-flowered. Glumes 2, carinate:
lower glume shorter, 1-nerved; upper 3-nerved.
——— a ee
‘
VASCULAR PLANTS. 135
Upper flower 8%, with 2 navicular palets with-
out aristee; lower palet wrapped round the up-
per. Stamens 2. Lower 2 flowers, neutral
with 1, aristate, canaliculate palet.
2¢. leaves flattened; panicle contracted.
8. Polypogon, Desf.
Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, carinate,
aristate, much longer than the flower. Palets
2; upper 2-carinate, lower truncate at the apex.
©. leaves flattened.
9. Agrostis, L.
Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, carinate,
awnless, larger than the flowers. Palets 2:
lower sometimes aristate; upper 2-carinate,
sometimes wanting.
©. 2¢. tufted; leaves sometimes involute;
panicles generally diffuse with verticillate
branches.
10. Gastridium, Pal.
Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, ventricose
at the base, much larger than the flower and
-elosed. Palets 2; the inferior sometimes aris-
tate, embracing the superior, 2-carinate one.
©. leaves flattened; panicles contracted,
spike-lke.
11. Deyeuxia, Clar. (Calamagrostis.)
Spikelets 1-flowered; flowers sessile with a
136 VASCULAR PLANTS.
bearded base, and the rudiment of a superior
flower reduced to a plumose pedicel. Glumes
2, canaliculate, awnless. Palets 2: inferior
aristate; superior 2-carinate.
2f. leaves flattened; panicles branched.
12. Stipa, L.
Spikelets 1-flowered; flowers stipitate. Glumes
2, membranaceous, larger than the flower. Pa-
lets 2, involute; superior shorter, 2-nerved;
inferior aristate with a simple, twisted awn.
Ovary stipitate; caryopsis terete, and closely
wrapped in the palets.
2¢. spikelets pedicillate, paniculate.
13. Spartina, Schreb.
Spikelets 1-sided, sessile, 1-flowered: flowers
naked, sessile. Glumes 2, carinate, awnless;
the upper embracing the lower which is much
smaller. Palets 2, awnless; the lower compress-
ed; the upper larger, navicular. Ovary sessile.
2¢. with creeping rhizome, rigid, and with in-
volute leaves. Salt marshes.
14. Cynodon, Rich.
Spikelets 1-sided, sessile, 1-flowered, often
with rudiment of a superior flower. Glumes 2,
carinate, awnless, the upper embracing the low-
er. Palets 2; the lower carinate, acute. Ovary
sessile.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 137
2¢. rhizome creeping; leaves flattened; spikes
in our species digitate.
15. Danthonia, DC.
Spikelets 2—o-flowered; rhachis hairy.
Flowers distichous, the uppermost depauperate.
Glumes 2, awnless, somewhat longer than the
flower. Palets 2: upper 2-carinate; lower con-
cave, oo-nerved, 2-cleft, aristate. Ovary stipi-
tate; caryopsis compressed, free.
2¢. turfy; leaves flattened; spikelets pedicel-
late, paniculate.
16. Avena, L.
Spikelets 3-flowered, the uppermost depau-
perate. Glumes 2, awnless. Palets 2: lower
2-cleft aristate; upper 2-carinate awnless.
Ovary sessile, hirsute at the apex; caryopsis
terete, adherent to the upper palet. ©.
17. Trisetum, Kunth.
Spikelets 2—4-flowered, the uppermost de-
pauperate. Glumes 2, carinate, awnless, short-
er than the flower. Palets 2; lower 2-dentate,
aristate. Ovary sessile; caryopsis compressed,
free.
2f. leaves flattened.
18. ira, L.
Spikelets 2-flowered, often with the rudiment
6a
138 VASCULAR PLANTS.
of a superior one; flowers sessile. Glumes 2,
carinate, awnless, larger than the flower. Pa-
lets 2; the lower 2-cleft, dorsally aristate.
Ovary sessile; caryopsis free.
‘Saw
19. Arrhenatherum, Beauv.
Spikelets 3-flowered: loweré; middle.% ;
upper neutral. Glumes 2, concave, awnless;
the upper larger than the lower. Palets of 4
flower 2: lower dorsally aristate near the base;
upper 2-carinate, awnless. Palets of § flower
- 2: lower dorsally aristate near the apex; upper
adnate to the caryopsis.
af. leaves flattened; panicles with verticillate
branches; spikelets pedicillate.
20. Holcus, L.
Spikelets 2-flowered; flowers pedicillate; low-
er%;upper 2. Glumes 2, navicular. Palets
of the & flower 2; lower navicular awnless; up-
per 2-carinate. Ovary sessile, pyriform; cary-
opsis free. Palets of the 4 flower 2; upper
2-carinate; lower aristate near the apex.
©. 2¢. leaves flattened; panicles branched;
spikelets pedicillate.
21. Phragmites, Trin.
Spikelets 83—6-flowered; flowers distichous,
somewhat remote; the lower one 2, the rest §.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 139
Glumes 2, carinate, acute; the upper larger.
Palets 2; lower elongate, subulate ; upper
2-carinate. Ovary sessile; caryopsis free.
2¢. aquatic; leaves broad, flattened; panicles
diffused.
22. Dactylis, L.
Spikelets 1-sided, 2—7-flowered. Glumes 2,
carinate, mucronately aristate. Palets 2; upper
2-carinate; lower 5-nerved, mucronately aristate;
carina ciliate. Ovary sessile; caryopsis free.
2¢. leaves carinate; panicles glomerate,
1-sided.
23. Keeleria, Pers.
Spikelets 2—7-flowered; flowers distichous.
Glumes 2; carinate, awnless, unequal. Palets
2; lower enlarged; upper 2-carinate, 2-cleft.
Caryopsis terete free.
©. leaves flattened ; panicles contracted,
spike-like; spikelets pedicillate.
24. Melica, L.
Spikelets 83—5-flowered; 2 inferior flowers 3,
the rest depauperate. Glumes 2, concave, awn-
less, unequal. Palets 2, sessile, smooth. Ca-
ryopsis terete free.
2f. leaves flattened; spikelets pedicillate.
25. Brizopyrum, Link.
Dicecious. Spikelets compressed, o-flower-
140 VASCULAR PLANTS.
ed. Glumes 2, narrow, carinate. Palets 2;
lower coriaceous, o-nerved, not carinate; up-
per carinate with involute margins. Ovary
stipitate; caryopsis obovoid, free.
2f. creeping; leaves rigid, distichous, spread-
ing; panicle spicate-racemose.
26. Lophochlena, Nees.
Spikelets w -flowered: flowers %. MRhachis
articulate, deciduous. Glumes 2, shorter than
the flowers; upper 3-nerved; lower smaller,
l-nerved. Palets 2: lower chartaceous o-
nerved, membranaceous at the apex, 2-lobed,
aristate from the cleft; upper complicate, char-
taceous, margin and apex membranaceous, 2-
nerved, 2-carinate, margin dentate; apex emar-
einate. Caryopsis compressed, 2-horned.
©. leaves short; panicle secund, simply
racemose.
27. Glyceria, R. Br.
Spikelets o-flowered. Glumes 2, obtuse;
the lower shorter, Palets 2; upper 2-carinate;
lower concave, ovate, rotund, 7-nerved. Cary-
opsis free.
2f. aquatic; leaves flattened; branches of the
panicle semi-verticillate.
28. Poa, L.
Spikelets 2—oo -flowered. Glumes 2, blunt.
VASCULAR PLANTS. 141
Palets 2; lower carinate; upper 2-carinate,
Ovary sessile.
©. 2£. leaves flattened; spikelets pendicillate.
paniculate.
29. Briza, L.
Spikelets « -flowered; flowers umbricate, dis-
tichous. Glumes 2, concave, rounded, ventri-
cose. Palets 2: lower rotund, concave, with
cordate base; upper much smaller, 2-carinate.
Caryopsis compressed.
2¢. leaves flattened; spikelets pedicillate,
paniculate.
30. Festuca, L,
Spikelets 2— «-flowered; flowers distichous.
Glumes 2, carinate, unequal. Palets 2; lower
not carinate, mucronate, sometimes aristate;
upper 2-carinate. Ovary sessile, smooth.
3 a!
31. Bromus, L.
Spikelets 3— eee 141
Brizopyrum... os aes- 139
Brodiza..... ee 129
TEOVOMGS «Us eee . 141
WSPUTICUUE oe a ee Be 52
- Bulbostylis. oc s.33 504s 38
Boerriellia. 3. 04., ices
Calitiviehe:. >. «.' 5.000778)
Calamagrostis......... 135
Og lsMOTIAIG ss oi ns Sas 77
Calochortus......i05.: 131
Calycanthus......... >: nx 112
Casa... 55-3 ets 129
Campanuls,.....<-- . 42
Cappella ios. ices casts 94
CAPAAMING . 3 5 ce vy s oe 97
GPOR iis. cos as Soe 144
PAGE
Cazthamniis. 5. ...2ebe 39
Cardi... .o.~0.cmaene 70
Castanopsis........... 119
Oastilleia. .. sos anne 55
CAGCAUS. 5.30. «soe aee 67
Caulanthus.. ..%5¢. 004 96
Geanothus’. i..4.. 4228 89
Centaurés...) 4. 2i9nene 39
Cephalanthus......... 46
Gerastium.. .. <<... .<2e8 76
Ceratophyllum........ 125
Cereigus .. seas week ee 116
Cercocarpus.....c. ere. 111
Chenactis. .. .c0scen 34
CHétlanthus. << siete 154
Chetranthus. .c.% «ues 96
Chenopodium......... 79
Chlorogalum.......... 128
Chorizanthe,.: 21. <.ce8 122
Chrysanthemum...... 36
Chitysopsis.. .....t.0re 23
Cieendia® .35 <3 +senaeee 48
Clete: .tooskw.ce eee 69
Clatkia:: . 2.44. Sedewee 107
Claytonia. ...¢0. << 77
Clematis. «5 ..neuueee 103
CHatonia... Soc.c oop ae 143
Figreolin. 2. ...25 0. Sonn 110
Hosackia. ...... nS gi 114
Hydrocotyle. ...1...... 71
Hydrophyllum........ 61
Hypericum ......s0..s 90
Hypocheris. ......-.+ 40
PAGE
Tris, sos shea eee 127
Isolepia:'s .. S2-2 eae 144
ING... sos ne oi ee 28
SAUMER. .. ... 2... eee 33
dugiais. ....°.. - cea 86
JOGRCHE. -.. 33.25 eee 132
Juniperus. 3... 24 <<< 151
SUESIGA:... 126 as cee 105
Koel@Pia.. :. .. + eee 139
Lagophylla............ 32
Lastarriga. ..). 2 see 123
Lasthenia :. . 2. .cceeee 34
Leth yrs. ci. lcceeee 115
Tstyis . 22 532) se ee 32
Lavaters. .<:> i... i. oes 94
Leptosyne.... <<<. 50. one 30
Leptirus. ... 05-5 tsesene 141
Lessingta 2%) .225 eae 23
Libocedrus 2:5 . 2202 eree 57
Tannin 2. 145 eee 84
lappa... 5>. Soca 53
Louaitt. . 4.02 50086 ee 142
Loomer... 5. Sse 155
Lonicera...3'..-. 2 sae 44
Lophanthus........... 51
Lophochlena.........
ee
a eae
re
SeteEOTUI. 2... 6 pees
Maiathemum ....
Malacothrix.....
eee
LS
Matricaria...... ......
MESCOHOPSIS............
TS
Megarrhiza..... ......
SES ened a
Gein 7 ea) a 6 0 be ye
Menyanthes..........
Moentzelin.:i..... ..-.
Mesembryanthemum...
SS ae
Micromeria ..... fig hee?
MWECPODUG.6 0-55. - 5 oa ae
MIcrOSCrIS............
Monolopis.. .........:
See
ot
ee
INDEX.
163
PAGE
WISI Sak oe ee Sd oe 88
MBS. eee 109
Naemophila: .. 0b... % 61
Nivotiana. 3.5 5.000% 58
Nothochlena.......... 154
Naphaet. s/s: 05.3222. 103
Mathallia,..: os 23.2223". 108
inanthe: ss. 222. TOR 68
(Mnothers.:. 22 e052 106
Oreodaphne. ....... 2.5. +: 100
Orthocarpus. .. 2.3.0 Je- 5d
Osthorthiza’. ; .... 0.272% 69
prmeeee* ara tlh eae os 84
Pwatligiewss. oi... tee 101
mee ns 2 ars see 71
Pause. <0 5 eS ee 133
Pectocarya..........6: 59
Pedseulatis:;. 2. 3 Se 55
Pout oso ake ee 154
Pentacwna... 55... as 77
Pentacheeta..... ...... 22
Pentastemon.......... 56
Peucedanum.......... 68
PHaeelias ss 5 ess Rew 2S
PRAMS ke 134
Pa SS sons 133
Phoradendron......... 117
Pama Ss oe 112
Phragmites......J..... 138
Pisketingia.. 5°. O52 113
Pimpinella-: 2s. 5.5 2 5% 69
|g) a ele Mg OE 150
Pinsitao.. 2.00 a2kas oe 53
Pinta ng. di 25. ts eane se 121
Platystemon........... 97
164 INDEX.
PAGE
Platystigma.. ... 50.8: 98
Pisciribis 3. O44. Sek 44
Which en. oa ees 25
OAs Sed ox 140
Pogogyne..... Stash
Polemonium.......... 62
iy eels. 5... a a tidded’ 87
Polegmam 9.) S555 3. se: 122
Polypedinm:... . .363 2) 154
PMV POPON. . 0). diate. 135
Papas... awe 90
Potamogeton. ........ 147
Potentilla 2. . os. iy..22 110
Martolaca 2: 22 ic (i 77
Prosartes)’. 0.2 so ser 128
Pamela. 222) vic edule 52
PPO UTARE, «2 pass nn. 2 noaeenaile 108
Pseudotsuga.......... 150
Psilocarphus.. .... .-: 26
Psoralea. .....-. a hat D 114
ee cance) Bate 85
BPGGTIS sind ssh eee 154
PLCTORHSPIA: .... ands ciniacd aie 123
Eu pliepappus...... aaa ee 51
Mambicws.< «i. deseeee 45
BANOS 5 oii 64
Ganiduls. .. 4s. caeeee 71
SeUITe C6. s:. = ce 72
Scirpus .,.,...<44).6ee 144
Scoliopys.......<: -khsoee 131
Scropbularia. .:.... a« 57
Scutellarias «onic cseonee 51
SIGUE, 5:5. non oe 74
Selaginella..... ones SZ
Sclipgm .........<.5 see 68
Soenebieka..... a4 52 nacebe 94
Senecio .... ..-..)s.-.. cee 38
Requols...... see 15]
PGR wc oes phn 83
Sanalees. ... ..s». 1cecmen 82
PHlene, .. . 205-0 spe 75
BuyDeM.... <<» see 39
SAsymbrium., .. . 2 even 95
Misyrinchtum, . Jacek 127
Bolanum. .. .s:--stewed 58
Bolidaco ...:: <> sane 24
RIGID VE. os wine soci ween 37
INDEX.
PAGE
Sparganium.......... 145
NS 3s ie amy 2 tse 136
Boeenlaria............. 42
ere 76
Spergularia. .......... 17
Sere eee 50
Sphemralcea. .......... 82
0 EE ee eee 109
Mperanthes .... ...... 125
Stachys....... PASS cies 52
OSS ee ee 64
eer ae 76
Stephanomeria........ 40
Stipa ..... Pe OR er ee 136
Streptanthus ....... 96
Peeseeline............. 26
MAIR sinc = sie 5's of0's 79
Symphoricarpus ...... 45
Tanacetum......... . 36
DEPOSAMECTIMA, .s.0.004 5 os 41
are 73
mmanoiram.... 253... 102
PHOLMOPsis.... >... 2+ 113
Thysanocarpus....... 94
OS eae 151
OUI 2 as ewe ne we 73
MME 0 ho sau ied 0 ae 74
I ee ee 149
2 92
Trichostemana........ 52
ol 64
165
PAGE.
Trigivehin ici} Fiae 147
Prien too eee 128
TSA Ss 65.5. eek 137
Jee i 130
Tritseum, ... 2 ss Sas ee
_Tropidocarpum.. ..... 95
TOMO 5. Sie ade 4]
2 eee eee cone 150
PMNS cn coins ee ees 146
Umbellularia. ........ 100
ML otise's «nos enek 121
WRORIRIGIN. oo acc 66
Vancouveria........... 100
Werbemei ics .i assed 53
WePQGNGR: < o.35 5..5t0n wen 55
Siti. ocan st ho bes eee 115
MM ents eta aes 89
MOE Sd is iin 8 ere Us
Whipplea..... 74
Woodwardia.......... 155
WyOGBM. oo. Peis kee 29
Santa: 2.35. sgt 29
Xerophyllum.......... 132
Zannichellia........... 147
ZausehReria. . . 0052s «: 105
POMS 5, 5a oo 148
PROROGUGS. 0 5's os Ses 131
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