~ “t Maren an Te Bperinwrnes Nanya tt ibe vil er oe Se ate epee a tery ns a arta Ak dari teeta eth ee epee de deb hue vanrtery ta eer Be vmnom on os9 i Hetty tah ; roy een puleanarhney teieete ae Hien “4 ee YT eae ~~ het ys heeet i oy yoeoweny reel r ee A Lak ” . age = ket Peal Lawes ony em teh ewnel ne 210? peaey: Da ahha stu tine Ban aetheosh toon « en bape gee won! Seepueeapry ange ons NM yeas a hep sto Aneire pe (eae aan wahege young Myint 5-4) C1 a teal) eater he ae bed oon paherne 5 a® ert 9 pete re “an - rs ar Tei eh aaiey fy) 4A peo miy ans oe on 31 dove prc omer at ABS Wg? 1 eRe y rae eed Kore 1:40 RE Pernt pone ombarps: fotrocti ket ayn ae aren Ao eh NHAC AE AMNE NEN BONE 1d Gein . 1 Lee wh helo er og nat gctytnnigtd pies PHT, Shee Mab ih aririaripy Bivsign tp iy tb Orvvet roc teee) deeds ae aed ee chkeveny Satie none soe per co 4 HEL 8 haa, ape a ed ¢ “ aye oh, piteieosets2 i magi ov pepoyee vere i enemy ibe “t 08 ie wren Pe) aha 14 ae (4 Ay) phe Weak OL DF we ee pope * if Lows degapads rhs pe es V Aten pogo v9 iar ate rd pears vf : suuapernse ee he petri heh tae TA alee < . ieee ste aye eetior ren pete ene 7 ‘v rete et: scone ts FS 3e asthe tyhsisis y roy Arms yes hed pap eae rig MAM pn oh re ree My Ss OS os tite meey ee vy SS ) eyirt Sen eee ee ey pier) ts ery fret ad hee 1 Cant 4 ytion Dement y OCA GAR T Fpe tee ee pegs von Eoibed ny ive > he Hey Oe & 18 geen evel « Kaiya awe nag aah Ph) ie ee bine is i684 J. | aryrurbeo tigen «8 tones —— ~ 0 $V SC SYNOPTICAL FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA: Vou. I.— Part I. Fascicrtes I anv II. PoLyPETALE FROM THE RANUNCULACE& TO THE POLYGALACE. — (THALAMIFLOR& ET DISCIFLOR#&.) g 6 Th \ fie ; «f we CC CCE, 1 j \ at C. J of t, C : li J J ( a : ~ ¥ By ASA GRAY, bi Se ei fs ¥ LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN sinvaaol UNIVERSITY, c a y Bd 2 © fi, ec AND OTHERS. ‘ io oe - 7 ra EDITED BY BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Pux.D., CURATOR OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 1895-1897. an t NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, AND CHICAGO: AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. CAMBRIDGE, MASS.: CAMBRIDGE BOTANICAL SUPPLY COMPANY. LONDON: WM. WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND. LEIPSIC: OSWALD WEIGEL. Fascicie I. Oe Ee ae TO FRANKENIACE (pages i-ix, and 1-208). xs We bE Att re “4 Issued October 10, 1895. 1g sit MWATOG i ~ % WS babar ree is Ey Mere = FY Copyright, 1895, : : By THE IDENT AND FreLLows or Harvarp COLLEGE. , 4 bees ate , : A t ~ f epee a oe vin 3 | ‘ ad ‘ n 2 Matar y tess X Fascrcie II. Ls ee 5 ) ; . 3 _ -CARYOPHYLLACEE TO PoLYGALACE& (pages x-xv, and 208-506). ~ : Issued June 10, 1897. Copyright, 1897, By tur PRESIDENT AND FrLLows oF HAarvARD COLLEGE. Aniversity ress : Jonun Witson Anp Son, CAMBRIDGE, U.S. A. — SyNoPTICAL Fora oF NortH America ISSUED FROM THE HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. A concise and critical treatment-of the Flowering Plants of North. America, with clear descriptions, syn- onymy, bibliography, and geographic range of the species and varieties, growing without cultivation on this con- tinent, north of Mexico; also ordinal, generic, and specific keys to facilitate the identification of the plants included. Of this extended treatise Proressor AsA Gray published, in 1878 and 1884, two parts including all the Gamopetalous Orders. These parts, reissued_in 1886 by the Smithsonian Insti- tution, and amounting to nearly 1,000 pages, imperial octavo, may be had for $2.50 from the CamsripGe BotanicaL SuppeLy Company. For some time before his death Professor Gray, con- tinuing the. work, was engaged in monographing the earlier Polypetalous Orders. After the death of Professor Gray the preparation of the }Synoptical Flora. was carried on by Dr. SERENO Watson, and.then by his successor, Dr. B. L. Rosrnson. Following the original plan of the Flora, the treatment of the Polypetalous Orders will form, when completed, Volume I, Part 1. Of this portion of the work, THE? SECOND FASCICLE, ‘including the Orders Caryophyllacee, Ficoidec, Portulucacee, Tamariscinece, Elatinacee, Hypericacew, Ternstreemiacee, Chei- ranthodendrece, Malvacee, Sterculiacece, Tiliacew, Linacew, Mal- pighiacee, Zygophyliacee, Geraniacew, Rutacew, Simarubacee, Burseracece, Anacardiacece, Meliacee, Aquifoliacee, Cyrillacee, Olacinacee, Celastraceew, Rhamnacew, Vitacee, Sapindacee, and Polygalacee, IS NOW READY. (OVER.) se Pe Ce oe e TS ene on pe ee ee re i ei K eee = FS Se Fee ee : : 3 »- ; This Fascicle, comprising more than 275 pages, imperial octavo, has been printed from the manuscript of Professor Gray, continued and edited by Dr. Robinson, with the collaboration of Proressor Witi1AM TRELEASE, Director of the Missouri Botan- ical Garden, Proressor J. M. Courter, of the University of Chicago, and Proressor ‘L. H. Barrey, of Cornell University. It may be obtained postpaid on receipt of price, from the Her- barium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., or of any of the following authorized agents : — AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, | g NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, AND CHICAGO. é CAMBRIDGE, MASS. AWILLIAM WESLEY & SON, # 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON: s OSWALD WEIGEL, = “ LEIPSIC. Price; $2.60 —II shi—li M. —13 fr. 50c. THE... FIRS#. FASCICLE, including the Orders Ranuwnculacee, Magneliacece, Anonacee, Menispermacee, Berberidaceew, Nympheacee,. Sarraceniacec,-" Papaveracee, Fumariacee, Crucifere, Cappuridacee, ,Resedacee, Cistacee, Violacew, .Canellacew, | Bixacece, and Frankeniacee, was issued October 10, 1895. pees. a3 Prices 489.60 Jl ch, -- 1. Mo fe S0e: gut With Fascicle II is issued a title-page and complete generic, specific, and synonymic index, for, Fascicles I and II, which should be bound together. A THIRD FASCICLE, to include the Leguminose, is now in‘preparation by Dr. B. L. Rogrnson, Curator of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, Mass. eg ee eer eee -_ oe at COlUnth Ce, PREFACE. Or the SynopricaAL FLorA or Nort America Dr. Gray published, in 1878, Volume IJ. Part 1, comprising the gamopetalous orders after the Composite, and following rather closely, in the sequence and limita- tion of orders, Bentham & Hooker’s GENERA PLANTARUM. The object in thus beginning with the second portion of the work was to monograph first such orders as had not been treated in Torrey & Gray’s FLorA OF Norta America. This earlier work, published between 1838 and 1843, included the polypetalous orders of North America and the Gamopetale through the Composite. In planning the Synoptical Flora, Dr. Gray left the orders thus treated to form the subject matter of Volume I. In 1884, he published Part 2 of this first volume, including the Gamopetale from the Caprifoliacee through the Composite. In 1886, the two por- tions, thus published, were revised and amplified by Dr. Gray, and reissued by the Smithsonian Institution. In his last years Dr.Gray was engaged in monographing the earlier polypetalous orders for Volume I. Part 1. In this work he had finished at the time of his death most of the orders to, but not including, the Leguminose. The treatment of several large groups, however, such as the Cruciferae, Caryophyllacee, Hypericacee, Rhamnacee, &c., had for various reasons been deferred. After Dr. Gray’s death the work was continued by Dr. Sereno Watson, who prepared eleven genera of the Crucifere, including several of the largest and most difficult of the order. After the death of Dr. Watson, in 1892, the work was intrusted to the present editor. The time which has necessarily elapsed since the inception of the work by Dr. Gray and the very considerable botanical activity throughout our may te lv PREFACE. country have made it necessary to annotate and to some extent to revise the portions written by Drs. Gray and Watsqn. Every effort, however, has been made to indicate the place and extent of such alterations, and, wherever consistent with the brevity necessary in the work, to show the nature of the original manuscript and reason for change. Both Dr. Gray and Dr. Watson, in the course of their preparation of the present work, issued from time to time preliminary papers, such as their revisions of the genera Ranwneulus, Delphinium, Asimina, Viola, Lesquerella, Draba, &c., so that their views upon these groups are already to a considerable extent known to science. The editor has therefore felt somewhat greater liberty in revising the manuscript of such groups in the light of later literature and recent collections. All species of which the names or descriptions have been altered in any way, as well as recent species which have been inserted by the editor, are marked with the asterisk (*). The authorship of the different groups is indicated at the beginning of each order. For additional clearness in the Crucifere@, the authorship is also given in each genus. In the citation of authorities and of literature, as well as in the matter of nomenclature, the present issue has been made as far as possible to conform to the portions of the work already published. Well known generic names have in some cases heen conserved on the ground of usage, notwithstanding technical lack of priority. ‘This is especially the case with names which have received the recent indorsement of the botanists of Kew and Berlin. In the matter of specific names, the aim has been to follow the so-called Kew Rule, except where it leads to indefiniteness. The recent efforts to place botanical nomenclature upon a different basis have led to the hasty restoration in American botany of a considerable number of names, such as Neckeria, Capnorchis, Beurera, &c., which have been again as quickly abandoned. The detailed citation of these names, and the numerous combinations to which they have led, forms no part of Dr. Gray’s original plan, shown by the following words from his first Preface: “ Compactness being essential, only the leading synomymy and most important references are given, and these briefly.” An effort has been made, however, to cite as synonyms such names as are at present indorsed by the Rochester and Madison Rules, and are included in the PREFACE. Vv recently issued ‘List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing with- out cultivation in Northeastern North America,’ that is, if such names do not coincide with those in the text. A second fascicle of the Flora will be issued at an early date, includ- ing the remaining polypetalous orders to the Leguminose. To complete Dr, Gray’s manuscript of this second portion of the work the following specialists have most kindly consented to co-operate with the editor: President J. M. Coulter (Hypericacee), Professor Wm. Trelease (Linacee, Llicinee, Geraniacee, Rhamnacew, and Celastracee), and Professor L. H. Bailey (Vitacew). For temporary convenience a generic index is appended to the present issue, but the second fascicle will contain a full specific and synonymic index, as well as title page for both parts, which may be conveniently bound together. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the cordial support and friendly assistance of the botanists throughout the country, who, by contributing valuable specimens and notes, have added greatly to the fulness and accuracy of the present work. The names of such contributors are frequently mentioned in the text, and to all heartfelt thanks are here- with tendered. For permission to make free use of the rich collections and libraries of Columbia College, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the Department of Agriculture, and the National Museum, the editor is especially indebted to Professor N. L. Britton of New York City, the late John H. Redfield, Esq., Messrs. Thomas Meehan and Stewardson Brown, of Philadelphia, and Mr. F. V. Coville, of Washing- ton, respectively. Specimens of various difficult groups have also been lent by Professor John Macoun, Government Naturalist of Canada, and Mr. J. M. Macoun, Curator of the Government Herbarium at Ottawa, by Professor L. H. Pammel, of the Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa, Professor W. W. Bailey and Mr. J. F. Collins, of Brown University, as well as from the extensive private collections of Messrs. J. Donnell Smith, W. M. Canby, Mr. and Mrs. T. 8. Brandegee, Messrs. Walter Deane, E. L. Rand, and Theodor Holm, to all of whom grateful acknowl- edgment is made. The labor of preparing for press the manuscript of the present issue has been greatly lightened by the very efficient and painstaking clerical and bibliographical work of Miss Mary A. Day, Fike Doras Garden and Herbarium of Heya Laban > . : A bal Caer * ak re | Seer sri ee eee Nee ee i Rg See re if SYNOPTICAL FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME.2. Drviston I. POLYPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. PErRIANTH of both calyx and corolla, the latter of separate petals. (Exceptions numerous, especially by the absence of the petals, rarely by their union.) GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. * THALAMIFLOR&. Stamens free from the calyx and ovary, hypogynous (epigynous in some Nympheacee ; perigynous in some Resedacea, and in the genus Hschscholtzia) : ovary superior: receptacle usually small, rarely developed into a discoid expansion (Peonia, and some Cupparidacee), or glandular (Resedacee), occasionally elongated and columnar or (in Wym- pheacee) much enlarged, cup-like, and enclosing the carpels. + Stamens free, usually indefinite, when definite opposite the inner divisions of the perianth. Carpels solitary or distinct (cohering in the Magnoliacee, and embedded in the fleshy receptacle or sometimes connate in the Nym- pheacee). 1, RANUNCULACEZ. Sepals 3 to 5 (rarely more numerous or indefinite), often petaloid. Petals as many, alternating with the sepals, or wanting. Stamens usually numerous; anthers innate. Carpels distinct, often numerous, sometimes solitary, in fruit achenial, follicular, or rarely baccate. Ovules 1 to several, anat- ropous. Seeds not arillate; albumen tough or horhy; embryo minute. Herbs or shrubby climbers. 2. MAGNOLIACEZ. Leaves simple, alternate, pinnately veined, Flowers usually large. Sepals and petals imbricated in 3 or more series, usually indefinite and passing into each other. Stamens with rare exceptions indefinite. Carpels coher- ing in a conical dry or somewhat fleshy fruit. Embryo small, Trees and shrubs, rarely climbing. Vill GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. 3. ANONACEZ. Leaves simple, alternate, pinnately veined, exstipulate, Sepals 3, valvate, often coriaceous. Petals 6 in 2 dissimilar series. Stamens indefinite ; anthers extrorse. Carpels free or more or less coalescent at maturity. Ovules 1 to several, anatropous. Seeds large, usually transverse in the pulpy fruit. _ Small trees or shrubs. MENISPERMACEZ. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, usually palmately veined or lobed. Flowers small, dicecious, 3-4-merous. Floral envelopes imbricated in bud. Sepals, petals, and stamens commonly biseriate, 6 (or more) of each. Carpels 3 to 6, distinct, uniovulate, berry-like but drupaceous in fruit. Putamen with a curved cavity. Seeds with scanty albumen and elongated crescent-shaped or annular embryo. Woody climbers. BERBERIDACE. Leaves alternate, stipulate or with a stipule-like dilation at the base of the petioles. Floral envelopes imbricated in bud. Sepals, petals, and stamens commonly 6, in two series each, the petals opposite the sepals and stamens (sepals uniseriate in Jeffersonia). Anthers dehiscing by uplifted valves (except in Podophyllum). ~Carpel single; ovules anatropous. Seeds with albumen; embryo straight or nearly so. Shrubs or herbs, . NYMPHZ, ACE. Leaves cordate or peltate, involute in vernation. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedunculate or scapose. Sepals 3 to4or 6. Petals when definite of the same number, but usually indefinite and numerous, imbricated in several spiral series, often intergrading with the sepals or stamens, Stamens except in the Cabombee indefinite and numerous. Carpels 3 to many, indehiscent, free or immersed in a fleshy receptacle or more or less coalescent into a fleshy fruit. Ovules solitary and pendulous or covering the walls of the cell, not springing from the ventral suture. Seeds arillate or not, with or without albumen. Em- bryo with thickish cotyledons, short radicle, and well developed plumule. Aquatic herbs. + + Carpels 2 to many, more or less completely united (distinct at maturity in Platystemon) ; ovary unilocular with parietal placents or divided by a false partition or more rarely completely several-celled with axial pla- centz (Sarraceniacee, and sometimes in Papaveracee, Capparidacee, and Bixacee). i+ Stamens free, numerous (sometimes subdefinite in Platystigma): sepals 2 to 5, imbricated: petals equal in number or more numerous, alike, rarely wanting: seeds exalbuminous with minute embryo near the hilum: flowers regular: leaves alternate or radical. . SARRACENIACEZ. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals (in ours) 5. Anthers versa- tile. Style (in ours) dilated at the summit and pentagonal or 5-fid. Ovary (in ours) 5-locular. Bog plants with tubular trumpet-shaped or ewer-formed leaves (phylodia). . PAPAVERACEZ. Sepals 2 to 4, caducous. Petals usually more numerous. Anthers innate. Ovary unilocular or rarely many-celled by the intrusion of the placentze-bearing sutures. ++ ++ Stamens definite, usually 6, diadelphous or tetradynamous: carpels 2 : herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants with alternate leaves. GENERAL KEY TO THE, POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. 1X 9. FUMARIACEZ. Flowers dimerous, or unsymmetrical. Sepals 2. Petals 4, (in ours) erect and connivent in two dissimilar pairs. Stamens (in ours) 6, in two groups of 38 each. Ovary 1-celled. 10. CRUCIFERZ. Flowers regular (except sometimes in Streptanthus). Sepals 4. Petals 4,rarely wanting. Stamens 6 (rarely 4, or only 2), tetradynamous. Ovary with few exceptions 2-celled by a false partition. Seeds with embryo usually folded. ++ ++ ++ Stamens indefinitely numerous or subdefinite but not diadelphous nor tetradynamous: seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with curved embryo ; cotyledons incumbent: leaves alternate, often palmate or dissected. 11. CAPPARIDACEZ. Floral envelopes 4-merous, usually regular. Stamens 6 to many. Ovary l-celled (2-celled in Wislizenia and Ozystylis), often stipitate, with 2 or rarely more parietal placente. Leaves entire or more commonly palmately compound. 12. RESEDACEZ. Flowers small, irregular. Sepals herbaceous, 4 to 7 (or 8), more or less unequal. Petals 2 to 6, commonly cleft or toothed. Stamens 3 to many, unsymmetrical, or declined, somewhat perigynous or borne upon an oblique discoid expansion of the tdrus. Capsules 3-6-lobed, 1-celled; placentz 38 to 6. Introduced herbs, with entire dentate or laciniate leaves. ++ ++ ++ ++ Stamens indefinitely numerous or definite (Violacee): seeds albuminous and with rather large embryo (except in Canellacec). Fruit when dehiscent splitting between the placentz: leaves undivided or rarely palmately lobed, opposite or alternate: stipules often present. 138. CISTACE. Flowers regular, 3-5-merous. Stamens usually numerous, free ; anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly septate ; placentz parietal, 3 to 5. Ovules orthotropous. Leaves entire. Usually low shrubby plants. 14. VIOLACE®. Floral envelopes 5-merous, irregular. Stamens 5; filaments short or none; the subsessile anthers connivent or connate by the union of their prolonged connectives. Carpels 3. Style and stigma simple; ovary unicellular with 3 placenta ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Ours all herbs. 15. CANELLACE. Flowers regular. Sepals (in ours) 3 and petals 5. Stamens monadelphous; anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled; carpels 2 to 4; fruit baccate. Seeds campylotropous or anatropous. Trees with entire punctate aromatic leaves. 16. BIXACE. Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual. Sepals 2 to 6, in ours 5. Petals as many, rarely more numerous or none, in ours 5. Stamens indefinite (in certain foreign genera definite). Carpels 2 to many. Ovary 1-celled, or in ours 3-celled; ovules amphitropous or anatropous. Trees, shrubs (tropical) or ours low herbs or scarcely shrubby, with alternate sometimes palmatifid leaves. 17. FRANKENIACEZ. Floral envelopes regular, perfect, 4-5(-6)-merous. Calyx tubular, persistent. Petals unguiculate. Stamens 5 to many, free or slightly connate at the base. Ovary 1-celled; placente 2 to 4; ovules anatropous. Saline herbs or low shrubs with opposite leaves and small flowers. + + + Carpels 2 to many (very rarely solitary), united; ovary unicellular or partially septate at the base or in most Micoidee completely several- celled ; placentz axial or basal (in Mouguieria parietal but so strongly in- x GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. truded as to appear axial in a septate ovary, in Mesembryanthemum becoming parietal through secondary changes in the ovary): stamens mostly definite, less frequently oc; filaments free or slightly united at the base, hypogynous or in many Ficotdee and the genus Fouquieria distinctly perigynous. ++ Embryo (with rare exceptions) peripheral and curved about more or less copious albumen: herbs or rarely shrubs. 18. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Flowers perfect or through abortion polygamo-dic- cious, commonly dichlamydeous ; floral envelopes regular, 4—5-merous. Calyx either gamosepalous (Tribe J.) or of distinct sepals. Petals as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes (rarely fewer or none), either unguiculate and often coronate (Tribe I.) or sessile and unappendaged, either entire or more or less deeply bifid or laciniate. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or rarely of some irregular num- ber but never more numerous. Carpels 2 to 5; styles distinct or (Tribe III.) united below; ovary free, completely unilocular or partially septate from the base ; embryo curved about the albumen (straight in Dianthus and Tunica). Leaves opposite or verticillate, entire or nearly so. Scarious stipules sometimes present. 19. FICOIDEZ. Calyx regular, persistent (in N. American species), 4—5-lobed or -divided, free or more or less adnate to the ovary. Petals (modified stamens) in Mesembryanthemum numerous, narrow, in other N. American genera wanting. Stamens either hypogynous or perigynous, few or many, when as many as the calyx-divisions alternate with them, when numerous often slightly united near the base into phalanges. Cells of the ovary (except in Cypselea and sometimes in Trianthema) 2 or more, with as many styles or free stigmas; placentz axial or basal, but in most species of Mesembryanthemum soon appearing parietal through a strong secondary radial or at length cupulate development of the base of the ovary. Fruit capsular or (in Tetragonia) indehiscent. Leaves opposite (when often unequal), pseudoverticillate, or (in Tetragonia) alternate. Scarious stipules sometimes present. 20. PORTULACACEZ. Flowers regular or nearly so, perfect. Sepals (except in some species of Lewisia) 2, free or more or less adnate to the ovary, mostly ovate or orbicular. Petals mostly 5, sometimes fewer or none, very rarely more numer- ous, free or sometimes (in Montia, Calyptridium, and Calandrinia) more or less con- nate at the base, often deliquescent or fugacious. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them or sometimes more numerous and indefinite, but rarely fewer. Ovary superior or (in Portulaca) half inferior, 1-celled; stigmas (2 to) 3; ovules (1 to) 3 to %, on central placente. Fruit a cireumscissile or (2—-)3-valved capsule. Leaves entire, opposite (rarely whorled) or alternate, often fleshy. Stipules when present scarious, often laciniate. ++ ++ Seeds hairy or wing-appendaged, with straight embryo aud little or no albumen. 21. TAMARISCINEZ. Flowers regular, perfect (rarely in foreign species dice- cious). Sepals 4 or 5, distinct or nearly so, imbricated. Petals as many, free or (in Fouquieria) united into a 4-5-lobed tube. Stamens (4 to) 5 or 10 orc, inserted beneath and outside of a hypogynous or nearly hypogynous disk. Ovary free, uni- locular, but in Fouquieria almost divided by the strongly intruded placente ; styles and valves of the capsule 3 to 5. GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. Xl + + + + Carpels 2 to 7; cells of the ovary as many and with placente at the inner angles of the cells (i. e. axial ; false dissepiments never present) or in the Hypericacee the ovary sometimes 1-celled with parietal placenta. ++ Stamens free, definite, either as many or twice as many as the petals: ovary 2—5-celled, with as many introrsely stigmatose styles or sessile stigmas: stipules present. 22. ELATINACEZ. Flowers regular, small, axillary, perfect. Sepals 2 to 5. Petals as many. Stamens hypogynous. Disk none. Ovules several to many in each cell, borne at the inner angle. Capsules septicidal. Small often aquatic or riparian herbs (rarely undershrubs) with opposite or verticillate dotless leaves. ++ ++ Stamens cc (very rarely subdefinite but not of the same number as the petals), free or more commonly connate or gathered into 3 or 5 phalanges; anthers 2-celled, versatile: ovary 1—d-celled; stigmas capitate: stipules none. 23. HYPERICACEZ. Flowers regular, perfect, cymose or cymose-paniculate (very rarely racemose); floral envelopes 4-5-merous. Stamens commonly in 8 or 5 bundles. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placents or completely 3-7-celled with axile placentz. Fruit (in ours) capsular and septicidal; seeds without albumen. Herbs or shrubs with thin opposite or verticillate pellucid-punctate mostly sessile entire or serrulate leaves. 24. TERNSTRGEMIACE. Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals mostly 5, some- times more or less unequal, the inner being larger. Petals as many as the sepals, free or somewhat connate at the base. Stamens distinct or partially united into bundles, hypogynous or adnate to the bases of the petals. Disk none. Ovary (in N. American genera) 3-6-celled. ‘Trees or shrubs, ours with simple alternate im- punctate leaves. . ++ ++ ++ Stamens definite, as many as the persistent sepals and alternate with them ; filaments connate into a tube; anthers 2-celled: ovary (4—)5-celled ; style single ; stigma undivided: petals none: stipules small, caducous. 25. CHEIRANTHODENDREZ. Flowers regular, perfect, apetalous, normally 5- merous. Sepals colored, persisting. Bractlets 3, deciduous. Fruit a loculicidal 5-valved capsule. Trees or shrubs with rusty stellate pubescence and alternate palmately lobed leaves. ++ + + + Carpels (1-)3-x, united; ovary with as many cells; pla- cent at inner angle of each cell: sepals valvate: stamens (except in Sfer- culiacee) mostly c. ++ Anthers 1-celled. 26. MALVACEZ. Flowers regular, usually perfect ; floral envelopes both present and 5-merous. Persistent calyx often subtended by an involucel. Petals slightly connate at the very base and there adnate to the stamineal tube. Stamens «; filaments connate. Carpels 3-oc (rarely in foreign genera 1 or 2); cells of the ovary as numerous, l-c-ovuled; style simple at the base and (with few excep- tions) divided above into more or less elongated filiform or clavellate branches. Leaves alternate, stipulate, commonly palmately nerved. Pubescence often stellate. X11 GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. ++ ++ Anthers 2(-3)-celled. 97, STERCULIACEZ. Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Petals sometimes want- ing. Fertile stamens in N. American genera only as many as and alternate with the sepals or calyx-lobes, in foreign genera often o. Ovary (in ours) 5- or rarely 1-locular; ovules ascending or horizontal. Leaves alternate. 28. TILIACEZ. Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Stamens o, quite free or slightly united at the base into 5 phalanges; anthers 2-celled. Ovules mostly pendulous and with rhaphe ventral. Sepals deciduous. Leaves (in ours) alternate, simple, serrate, dentate, or palmately lobed. x « DiscirLor&. Stamens free from the calyx and ovary, variously inserted upon a more or less expanded or developed torus, mostly definite, being of the same number as the petals, or twice as many, or less frequently (through partial suppression of one or both cycles) of some other number ; filaments free or slightly monadelphous at the base or rarely (as in Meliacee) united into a tube: torus commonly more or less developed into a disk-formed, cup-shaped, annular, crenate, angled, or lobed fleshy or often glandular ex- pansion or pulvinus, but not rarely obscure or undeveloped (Linacee, Llex, many species of Polygala, &c.): carpels 2 to 5 or rarely more numerous, more or less united; ovary 1—d(-oc)-celled, superior, surrounded by the disk, or rarely half inferior ; ovules anatropous or nearly so: sepals or calyx- lobes mostly imbricated, rarely valvate in bud, mostly 4 or 5: petals usu- ally of the same number, inserted at the base of the calyx or upon the disk. (N. B. Expanded disks or their glandular equivalents occur also in a few Thalamiflore, notably in Tamariscinee, Resedacea, Peonia, and some Capparidace@.) + GERANIALES. Ovules 1 to 2 (rarely o) in each cell, with few exceptions horizontal or pendulous (in Rhus pendulous from the recurved apex of an erect basilar funiculus) and with the rhaphe ventral, i. e. turned downward and toward the axis of the ovary : disk mostly small (in Linacee represented only by the glands of the receptacle, in Geraniacee often inconspicuous), annular or lobed. ++ Filaments free nearly or quite to the base. — Herbs with simple mostly alternate entire impunctate leaves: calyx (some- times with marginal but) without dorsal glands. 29. LINACEZ. Flowers regular, perfect, dichlamydeous ; envelopes (4-) 5-merous. Fertile stamens in ours 5, slightly monadelphous at the base and with as many minute interposed rudiments. Glands of the receptacle small, opposite the sepals. Carpels and styles 2 to 5; cells of the ovary as many or by the intrusion of false septa twice as many. Fruit in ours capsular; seeds oily, with scanty albumen, straightish embryo, and flat cotyledons. = = Woody-stemmed: calyx-lobes or sepals (except in Galphimia) bearing one or two dorsal glands: leaves (in ours) opposite, simple, entire, impunctate. 30. MALPIGHTIACE. Flowers regular, 5-merous, 5-10-androus, in ours perfect GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. Xlll (sometimes dimorphous and in part cleistogamous) dichlamydeous. Ovules soli- tary in the cells of the mostly 3-locular ovary. Seeds exalbuminous with mostly curved or coiled embryo. = = = Herbaceous or woody: calyx eglandular: filaments commonly squamiferous: leaves pinnate or (1—)2-foliolate or (in Peganum) deeply pinnatifid, not pellucid-punctate (although sometimes superficially resinous- dotted). 31. ZYGOPHYLLACEZ. Flowers solitary, 4—6-merous, perfect, dichlamydeous (or petals very rarely wanting), diplo(rarely triplo)-stemonous, borne on peduncles which often spring from the axils of the stipules. Ovules 1 to several in the cells of the 4-10-locular ovary. Fruit capsular or splitting into indehiscent cocci which may or may not leave a persistent styliferous axis. Embryo large, straight, or nearly so; albumen mostly scanty and tough. = = = = Herbs (a little suffrutescent in some species of Oxalis): calyx eglandular (sepals often with colored callosities in Oxalis): leaves palmately or pinnately lobed or divided, rarely gnly crenate, not pellucid-punctate. 32. GERANIACEZ. Flowers perfect, 3-6- but mostly 5-merous, regular or strongly zygomorphic (then saccate-spurred), mostly showy. Carpels and glands of the re- ceptacle as many and stamens mostly twice as many as the sepals. Fruit usually an elongated beaked capsule with elastic dehiscence or with indehiscent carpels at maturity usually separating from the axis and hygroscopically coiling ; seeds ex- albuminous except in Ozalis (where provided with horny albumen and special arilliform elastically dehiscent integument). = = = = = Trees, shrubs, or (in Zhamnosma and some foreign genera) herbs: leaves mostly alternate and often compound: calyx (punctate in Rutacee but) without solitary or geminate glands: filaments unappendaged or nearly so. a. Leaves dotted or punctate with mostly pellucid glands imbedded in their substance. 33. RUTACEZ. Leaves exstipulate (or with stipular spines), commonly aromatic or graveolent. Flowers 4-5-merous, in ours regular, symmetrical but often diplo- stemonous. Disk present and usually conspicuous. Ovules 2 or more in each cell of a 4-5-locular often (especially in foreign genera) deeply parted or almost apocar- pous ovary. Fruit various, capsular, samaroid, drupaceous, or in the Aurantice tough-rinded and baccate. b. Leaves without glands in their substance. 34. SIMARUBACEX. Bitter-barked trees and shrubs (sometimes thorny) with technical characters of Rutacee but foliage devoid of glandular dots. Our species (except the cultivated and introduced Ailanthus) confined to Florida and the Arizono-Texan region. 35. BURSERACEZ. Resiniferous trees and shrubs with alternate exstipulate odd-pinnate leaves and small polygamo-dicecious 3-5-merous flowers. Fruit a drupe, commonly with fleshy or leathery epicarp at length deciduous as 2 or 8 thickish valves; cotyledons thin and contortuplicate. Our species (confined to S. Florida and S. Arizona) with 3-celled ovary and 2 pendulous ovules in each cell, XIV GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. 36. ANACARDIACEZ. Resiniferous trees or shrubs with alternate impunctate ex- stipulate leaves and small regular chiefly 5-merous flowers. Our only indigenous genus (Rhus) with unilocular ovary, a single ovule pendulous from the summit of an erect basilar funiculus, and drupaceous fruit. ++ ++ Filaments (in ours) completely united into a toothed cup or tube which bears the sessile or nearly sessile anthers upon the inner surface. 37. MELIACEZ. Trees with dense hard wood and alternate pinnate impunctate leaves. Ours southern. + + OxacaLes. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell of the entire sometimes incom- pletely septate 2—5(or rarely «)-celled ovary, pendulous but with rhaphe dorsal, i. e. turned away from the axis of the ovary: flowers small: petals often connate at the base: trees and shrubs with simple alternate or crowded leaves : disk cup-shaped or annular (in the Aguifoliacee wanting). ++ Petals imbricated or contorted: ovary completely 2—d-celled. 38. AQUIFOLIACE®. Flowers through abortion dicecious, solitary or in few- flowered axillary cymes. Disk none. Ovary 4-8-celled. 39. CYRILLACEZ. Flowers perfect, borne in many-flowered racemes. Disk con- fluent with the base of the 2-5-celled ovary. ++ ++ Petals or lobes of a more or less gamopetalous corolla valvate: ovary partially 3-5-locular, the septa not reaching the apex. 40. OLACINACEZ. Flowers regular, dichlamydeous. Stamens (in ours) as many or twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, and when of the same number opposite them. Ovary 1-5-celled, but fruit a 1-seeded drupe. + + + CELASTRALES. Ovary superior, sessile on or more or less surrounded by a somewhat fleshy pulvinary disk, 2—5-locular (in Glossopetalon unilocu- lar), commonly entire; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, erect or nearly so and with rhaphe ventral, i. e. turned toward the axis of the ovary: stamens as many as the sepals (fewer in Hippocratea, twice as many in Glossopetalon). ++ Stamens alternate with the petals, i. e. opposite the sepals. 41. CELASTRACEZ. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers with simple unlobed leaves. Flowers small, regular, 4-5-merous, dichlamydeous. Petals spreading, imbricated in estivation, white or green. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, a drupe, or rarely dry and indehiscent ; seeds usually arillate or carunculate. ++ ++ Stamens as many as and alternate with the sepals, i. e. opposite the petals when these are present. = Calyx-lobes valvate: petals when present narrow but imbricated: fruit capsular or drupaceous: leaves simple, not lobed, impunctate, stipulate. 42, RHAMNACEZ. Trees or shrubs, often thorny, rarely climbing. Flowers small, regular, either perfect, polygamo-dicecious, or dicecious. Small often cucul- late petals inserted on the throat of the calyx, sessile or unguiculate. Versatile anthers dehiscent by longitudinal sometimes confluent slits. Ovary free or sur- rounded by and adnate to the disk, 3 (2-4)-celled. Seeds solitary in the cells of the fruit. GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. XV = = Calyx small: petals valvate: fruit baccate: leaves (with rare exceptions) palmately lobed or palmately or pinnately compound, alternate. 43. VITACEZ. Mostly woody vines climbing by prehensile or gland-bearing ten- drils. Flowers small, regular, dichlamydeous. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes free, sometimes coherent, often caducous, Ovary (in ours) 2-celled; ovules geminate in the cells. + + + + SAPINDALES. Ovary superior, often strongly lobed or divided; ovules 1 or 2 (very rarely «) in each cell, mostly ascending or horizontal : stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them or twice as many or much more often of some irregular number. 44. SAPINDACEZ. Trees, shrubs, or woody (rarely herbaceous) tendriliferous climbers, ours with compound or palmately lobed leaves and commonly polygamo- dicecious often irregular flowers. Disk annular or more or less deeply lobed, often unsymmetrical, rarely obsolete. Fruit various, most frequently samaroid, or a bladdery or coriaceous capsule. . -— + + + + POLYGALINE&. Ovules pendulous, solitary (rarely and only in foreign genera 2 to 4) in the cells of the 2(—5)-locular ovary ; rhaphe ventral; disk glandular or none: stamens mostly 8 and monadelphous, more or less adnate to the petals: seeds mostly carunculate. 45. POLYGALACE. Ours low herbs, undershrubs, or erect rarely thorny shrubs. Pubescence of simple hairs or none. Leaves entire, alternate, opposite, or whorled. Flowers pseudo-papilionaceous, dichlamydeous, rarely solitary, mostly in terminal racemose, spicate, or capitate inflorescences ; these sometimes corymbosely arranged. Calyx with sepals very unequal, three usually sepaloid and two larger showy and petaloid. Filaments short ; anthers dehiscent by terminal pores or oblique introrse slits. RANUNCULACES. 1 OrpER I. RANUNCULACE. By A. Gray. [Descriptions of species and varieties of recent publication, which have been inserted, as well as those modified by the editor, in the light of literature and collections subsequent to the preparation of the original manuscript, are marked by asterisks (*).] Herbs, or some woody plants, with acrid colorless juice. All the parts of the flower distinct and free (hypogynous, except Peoniee), with carpels not uncom- monly and stamens mostly indefinitely numerous, even the sepals or petals some- times more than the normal four or five, the former very often petaloid, the latter in a large majority of the genera either wanting or rudimentary or con- verted into nectaries. Anthers continuous with the filament. Ovules solitary or several, anatropous. No disk nor arillus except in the last tribe. Seeds con- taining a hard albumen, with a minute or small embryo at its base: cotyle- dons usually very short. Base of petiole commonly dilated and thin, often stipule-like. Trise I. CLEMATIDEZE. Sepals (normally 4) valvate in the bud, the margins often induplicate. Petals none or small, transitional into stamens. Stamens numerous, with adnate anthers. Carpels numerous in a head, long-styled, in fruit akenes. Seed suspended: rhaphe dorsal. Herbs, or when climbing often woody, with leaves all opposite ! 1. CLEMATIS. Essentially the only genus. Tribe Il. ANEMONEZ. Sepals few or numerous (3 or 4 to 20), imbricated in the bud, petaloid, or at least not green. Stamens for the most part indefinitely numerous. Carpels numerous, or occasionally few, capitate or spicate, one-ovuled, in fruit akenes or utricles. Herbs, with alternate leaves, or with uppermost opposite or whorled, never climbing. (Anemonew and Ranunculee of authors.) * Petals none, rarely some petaloid sterile stamens (staminodes) : ovule and seed suspended : rhaphe dorsal. ° +— Cauline or involucral leaves opposite or whorled: peduncles solitary or umbellate, one- flowered : sepals petaloid: fruit of true akenes. 2. ANEMONE. Stigma introrse-unilateral from the summit of the subulate or filiform style. Leaves compound or dissected; cauline ones or involucre distant from the flower. 3. HEPATICA. Stigma introrse-unilateral on the short subulate style. Involucre close to the flower and simulating a trisepalous calyx . true leaves only radical and simply lobed. 4. ANEMONELLA. Stigma strictly terminal, broad and depressed, at flowering time subsessile. Akenes terete, angulate-costate, 4 to 15, on a small receptacle. Radical leaves and involucre compound, the latter subtending an umbel of flowers. +— + All the leaves alternate, none involucral : inflorescence paniculate, cymose, or racemose : flowers more commonly unisexual: akenes sometimes utricular. 5. THALICTRUM. Sepals comnletely or incompletely petaloid. Akenes not very nu- merous, sometimes few: receptacle small. Stigma unilateral on the style or sessile and elongated. * * Petals none: sepals petaloid, caducous: ovule and seed ascending from near base of the cell: rhaphe ventral: akenes utricular: leaves all alternate. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Sepals 3 to 5, broad, concave, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous: filaments clavate: anthers didymous, pointless. Utricular akenes 20 or more, 1 Z RANUNCULACES. capitate on the short receptacle, dolabriform-quadrangular and with a strong nerve or rib at each angle, abruptly tipped by the short introrsely stigmatose and recurved or revolute style. Seed not filling the cell. Embryo one third the length of the firm fleshy albumen. * * * Petals conspicuous and deciduous, or sometimes deformed or reduced to nectaries, or occasionally wanting: sepals 3 to 8, from herbaceous to petaloid: carpels numerous, capitate or spicate, in fruit akenes or sometimes utricles. + Ovule and seed suspended: rhaphe dorsal. 7. ADONIS. Sepals and (5 to 16) petals plane, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Akenes capitate or short-spicate. 8. MYOSURUS. Sepals 5, produced dorsally into a spur or appendage at base. Petals as many, small and narrow, raised on a tubular-nectariferous filiform claw, sometimes merely staminodial or wholly wanting. Stamens 5 to 20. Akenes very numerous, spicate on a filiform receptacle, to which they are ventrally affixed, somewhat utricular, but the back thickened and firm. +— + Ovule and seed ascending from the inner angle of the cell at or a little above the base: rhaphe ventral. 9. RANUNCULUS. Sepals and petals plane, normally 5; the latter with a nectariferous spot or pit within, on or above the claw, rarely reduced and glandular. Stamens numerous or occasionally few. Carpels numerous in a head, rarely few, in fruit coriaceous akenes, or in some utricular. Calyx and corolla usually deciduous. Tribe II. HELLEBOREZ. Sepals few or several, imbricated in the bud, petaloid, mostly deciduous or caducous. Petals variously shaped and nectariferous, or reduced to staminodes, or wanting. Carpels several, few, or solitary, bearing from one to many pairs of horizontal ovules on the ventral suture, becoming follicles or in two genera berries in fruit. Herbs (with one exception), with alternate leaves. (Helleboreew and Cimicifugew of authors.) * Ovules more than a single pair. + Sepals only tardily deciduous, regular: petals inconspicuous nectaries, or slender, or none: stigma introrse: flowers not racemose. 10. CALTHA. Sepals 4 to 10, broad, widely spreading. Petals none. Follicles 5 to 15 (rarely fewer, or still more numerous). QOvules and seeds indefinitely numerous, in two rows : rhaphe becoming almost wing-like. Leaves simple, cordate-rounded. 11. TROLLIUS. Sepals 5 to 20, broad, ascending and incurved or in ours spreading. Petals 5 to 20, fleshy, ligulate or linear-spatulate, with a nectariferous pit on the inner face above the short claw. Follicles 5 to 20, sessile. Ovules and seeds rather numerous in two rows. Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. 12. ISOPYRUM. Sepals 5 or 6, broad, widely spreading Tetals 5, small and nectariferous, but wanting in American species. Follicles 2 to 20, sessile, rarely short-stipitate. Ovules and seeds several or numerous, or in one species reduced to 3. Leaves 1-3-ternately compound, 13. COPTIS. Sepals 5 to 7, broad or narrow, widely spreading. Petals 5 or 6, unguiculate and cucullate or caudate. Follicles 3 to 10, slender-stipitate, 4-10 seeded. Leaves all radical and compound, and scapes one- or umbellately few-flowered. 13a. ERANTHIS. Sepals 5 to 8, narrow, deciduous. Petals small bilabiate nectaries. Follicles few, stipitate, several-seeded. Radical palmately multifid leaf and simple scape from a globular tuber; the flower surrounded by an involucre consisting of a sessile multifid leaf. Only adventive. 13b. HELLEBORUS. Sepals 5, broad and spreading, persistent. Petals small bilabiate nectaries. TFollicles several, sessile or nearly so, many-seeded. Leaves palmate or pedate. Only adventive. + + Sepals and large spur-shaped nectariferous petals regular, each 5: stigma introrse. 14. AQUILEGIA. Sepals oval or oblong. Petals with small limb, produced backward into a large hollow spur. Stamens indefinite, some inner ones sterile with dilated filaments, RANUNCULACE, 5 or reduced scarious scales. Carpels usually 5, sessile, with numerous ovules in two rows: styles filiform, above introrse-stigmatose. Seed-coat crustaceous, usually smooth and shining. + + + Sepals (5) and petals (2 or 4) irregular; upper one of the former spurred or helmet-shaped ; stamens numerous: stigma introrse : follicles 1 to 5, several-many-seeded, sessile, styliferous. 15. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal extended posteriorly from the base into a spur. Petals 4 in two pairs, or the lateral pair wanting; these with a small spreading lamina on a claw of about equal length; upper produced backward into nectariferous spurs within the calyx- spur, in the annual species the two united into one body. Follicles 1 to 5, 16. ACONITUM. Upper sepal ample, helmet-shaped or prolonged-saccate; the others plane, lateral larger than the lower pair. Petals only 2 (the lateral and lower either wanting or minute rudiments), reduced to very long-unguiculate hood-shaped or hammer-shaped nectaries covered by the upper sepal. Follicles 3 to 5, rarely more. + + + + Sepals 3 to 5, regular, caducous: petals much smaller, plane, unguiculate, or reduced to staminodes, less showy than the white numerous stamens, or none: stigma terminal or nearly so: flowers racemose: leaves decompound. (Cimicifugee.) 17. CIMICIFUGA. Carpels few or solitary, in fruit thin-walled follicles. Petals or stami- nodes when present notched or 2-cleft at top. Flowers in elongated often paniculately disposed racemes. 18. ACT ZA. Carpel solitary, sessile, crowned with a broad and obscurely 2-lobed depressed stigma, in fruit a berry filled with depressed horizontal seeds. Petals plane, entire. Flow- ers in a short raceme. * * Ovules a single pair: flowers regular: roots and rootstocks yellow, bitter, charged with berberine. (Xanthorrhizec.) 19. HYDRASTIS. Sepals 3, ‘petaloid, very caducous. Petals none. Stamens very numerous, white, like those of Actea. Carpels 15 to 20, sessile and capitate: style short : stigma terminal, 2-lipped. Ovules ascending, at first collateral, borne on the middle of the placenta. Fruit baccate, the pulpy red 1-2-seeded carpels compacted in a globular head on an oblong receptacle. Herb, with few palmately lobed leaves and single flower. 20. XANTHORRHIZA. Sepals 5, petaloid, tardily deciduous. Petals 5, small and gland- like, consisting of a rounded and 2-lobed fleshy lamina on a short claw. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals and not surpassing them, or sometimes more. Carpels 5 to 10, sessile, 2-ovuled about the middle, tapering into a subulate style with introrse stigma, in fruit one- seeded oblong follicles of gibbous growth, the persistent style becoming dorsal and the seed pendulous from the apparent apex. Low shrub, with pinnate leaves and racemose-panicu- late flowers. Trise IV (and indeed suborder), PHZONIEZ. A perigynous fleshy disk adnate to the base of the strongly imbricated persistent calyx or concave receptacle, bearing the large plane petals and numerous stamens. Carpels few, becoming coriaceous many-seeded follicles. Style short or none. Sepals and petals regular, mostly 5, or the latter often more numerous. Embryo comparatively large in firm fleshy albumen. Perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate leaves, and no acridity. 21. PZZONIA. Stigma introrse, crest-like and revolute, bilamellar. Stamens very nu- merous: anthers entire at base. Seeds anatropous, oval or oblong, naked at base or the yery short fleshy funiculus cupulate, the coat disposed to be externally fleshy. Embryo straight or slightly arcuate. Herbs with tuberous roots or shrubby, with ternately compound or divided leaves. 22. CROSSOSOMA. Stigma terminal, depressed-capitate, emarginate. Stamens 12 to 30: anthers deeply emarginate at base. Follicles 1 to 6 (to 9), when solitary stipitate, otherwise more or less elevated ona common stipe. Ovules amphitropous. Seeds campylo- tropous and reniform, crustaceous, furnished with a fimbriate-multifid fleshy arillus of their own length. Embryo semiannular, little shorter than the firm fleshy albumen : cotyledons linear, thrice the length of the radicle. Entire-leaved shrubs. 4 RANUNCULACEZ. Clematis. 1. CLEMATIS, L. (Name in Dioscorides, from «djpa, a twig, early applied to this genus.) — Perennial herbs or more or less woody climbers (climb- ing by incurvation and grasping of leafstalks), of wide distribution, the large- flowered species hermaphrodite. Sepals in native plants almost always 4. Styles elongated, either feathery or naked in fruit. The cultivated species largely hy- bridized.— Gen. no. 460; DC. Syst.i. 131. Clematis & Atragene, L. Gen. ed.5. § 1. FrAmmura, DC., partly. Flowers comparatively small and commonly cymose-paniculate, white or whitish: sepals petaloid and thin, widely spreading: no petals: persistent styles in fruit forming long plumose tails: anthers blunt, mostly short. * Virein’s Bower. Half-woody climbers; the flowering shoots from naked buds, dice- cious; sterile flowers more showy, having bright white stamens; fertile with a series of sterile subulate or filiform filaments bearing rudimentary or non-polliniferous anthers. — All the American species and more are referred to C. dioica, L., by Kuntze, Verh. Bot. Brandenburg, 1885, 102. +— Panicles floribund, and peduncles short : leaves once or twice ternate or quinate : leaflets ovate or subcordate, acute or acuminate, mostly incisely few-lobed or toothed: sepals about a third inch and mature fruit-tails an inch and a half long. C. Virginiana, L. (Virein’s Bower.) Almost glabrous: leaves simply 3-foliolate (very rarely pinnately 5-foliolate) ; leaflets thin, ovate and subcordate (2 or 3 inches long), incisely few-toothed or somewhat lobed. — Ameen. Acad. iv. 275, & Spec. ed. 2, ii. 766; P. W. Wats. Dendr. t. 74; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 61, t. 12. C. Virginica, Pursh, FI. ii. 384. C. cordifolia, Moench, Meth. Suppl. 104. C. cordata, Pursh, 1. ¢., unusual state with some 5-foliolate leaves. — Low grounds, Nova Scotia to Upper Georgia, west to Minnesota and Winnipeg ; fl. summer. C. Catesbyana, Pursu. Pubescent or glabrate: leaves twice ternately divided, and leaflets (inch or two long) commonly 3-lobed, otherwise entire or very few-toothed, occasionally a leaf only quinate by the confluence of lateral leaflets ; only uppermost simply 3-foliolate. — FI. ii. 736; DC. Syst. i. 142. C-. holosericea, Pursh, FI. ii. 384, founded on an upper leaf of three leaflets and a head of fruit taken from herb. Walter, most probably of this species. — Dry ground along and near the coast, S. Carolina to Florida and Mississippi; 1! fl. late summer, in cult. northward not before October. C. PLuxeneéti, DC. Syst. i. 153, which has been referred here, founded on a specimen from Catesby, is obscure, and probably not of United States. C.* ligusticifélia, Nutr. Pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate, or sometimes lowest pair of leaflets again trisected : leaflets of firmer texture than in the pre- ceding, from cordate-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, from 3-lobed and incised to few-toothed or nearly entire, also very variable in size: carpels numerous, densely silky-pubescent with long straight hairs: fruiting heads an inch and a half or two inches in diameter including the tails. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 3.— Saskatchewan to New Mexico,” to Brit. Columbia and S. California. Runs into many forms: vars. brevi- folia, Nutt., bracteata, Torr., Californica, Wats., &c., which are not distinctly definable.? C.* Suksdorfii, Roriyson, n. sp. Habit and foliage of the preceding: leaves quinate, glabrous ; leaflets an inch to an inch and a half long: sepals widely spreading or reflexed in anthesis, velvety pubescent upon the outer surface: heads of fruit much smaller and fewer- 1 Doubtful specimens from 8. Missouri, Bush, make the distinctions between this and the preced- ing obscure. 2 Eastward to Greene Co., Missouri, Bush. 8 A form with perfect flowers is reported by M. E. Jones, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 125, and another with exceptionally copious production of axillary shoots in the inflorescence has been characterized as var. perulata, by Freyn, Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. viii. 75. Dr. Gray’s description of C. ligustict- folia has been slightly amplified to exclude more clearly the next species. Clematis. RANUNCULACEX. 5 carpelled, not over an inch in diameter at full maturity including the curling tails: pubes- cence of the young akenes woolly or felt-like, the hairs crinkly, not straight nor silky as in the last; the mature akenes with broadly ovate nearly orbicular body and filiform sparsely pubescent tails. — Klikitat River, Washington, collected and first recognized as distinct by W. N. Suksdorf, 15 July, 1881, in flower, and 11 September of same year in fruit, no. 1. + + Sparsely flowered, small leaved, and with very long-tailed carpels. C. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly pinnately 5-7-folio- late and the leaflets (half inch to inch long) all or most of them divergently 3-cleft or some- times parted; principal lobes oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or incisely 1-3-toothed ; uppermost leaves simple and 3-cleft : peduncles sometimes simple and with a pair of leafy bracts next the base, commonly trichotomous and with higher bracts on the lateral pedicels: sepals sericeous externally, half inch long: narrow and copious sterile filaments of the fertile flowers as long, inane-antheriferous: tails of the carpels becoming 3 or 4 inches long and very slender. — Fl. i. 9. C. nervata, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 5. C. dioica, var. sericea, sub-var. Drummondii, &c., Kuntze, 1. ec. 103.— Dry ground, Texas to Arizona, first coll. by Berlandier and Drummond. (Mex.) * * Woody or half-woody climbers (of California), producing flowering shoots of the season from scaly buds, polygamo-dicecious, the filiform filaments of the fertile flowers mostly bearing well-formed and sometimes polliniferous anthers: peduncles solitary and bibracteolate below or in threes: leaves 3-7-foliolate: leaflets roundish, rarely cuneate, not acuminate, mostly obtusely 3-lobed or incised or few-toothed. C. paucifidra, Nurr. Minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaves pinnately or some- what biternately 5—9-foliolate, mostly quinate, but some trifoliolate: leaflets half inch long, thickish, somewhat lucid: sepals tomentulose outside, half inch long: ovary and akene glabrous. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 9 (by error parviflora) ; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 3.—S. California, near San Diego and southward; first coll. by Nuttall. A form of it (male only) near San Bernardino, W. G. Wright. C. lasiantha, Nurt.1.c. Tomentulose-pubescent: leaves simply 3-foliolate ; leaflets an inch or two long, more veiny: sepals two thirds or three fourths inch long, tomentulose both sides, or glabrate above: ovary and akene more or less pubescent: peduncles 3 or 4 inches long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 29, t.1; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.— Common throughout the western part of California. § 2. Viorna. The Leathery-flowered species. Flowers large, hermaphrodite, solitary and mostly nodding on rather long peduncles: sepals thick or thickish, from blue to red or dull purplish, erect and connivent at base or throughout: neither petals nor staminodes: anthers long and linear, pointed: filaments hirsute or pubescent. — Viorna, and part of Viticella, Spach. .* Calyx ovate in anthesis, connivent throughout or at length recurved at apex only, very thick, of cellular and when dried leathery texture, destitute or nearly so of inflexed and at length explanate thin margins even at the apex: styles wholly persistent, forming densely plumose carpel-tails: herbaceous or slightly woody climbers, glabrous or almost so: shoots from naked buds: leaves pinnately 3-9-foliolate with broad and entire or 2-3-lobed leaflets, or occasionally all the secondary petioles 3-foliolate, the flowering shoots or peduncles bearing one to several pairs of simple and entire leaves or bracts, C. Viorna, L. (Learner-rLower.) Leaves not glaucous nor coriaceous ; leaflets from sub- cordate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often acute, inconspicuously reticulated, those of the peduncle or inflorescence ovate or cordate: calyx barely inch long, glabrous or minutely furfuraceous-canescent outside, dull reddish or purplish. — Spec. i. 543 (Dill. Elth. 144, t. 118); Michx. Fl. i. 318; Jacq. f. Eicl. i. t. 32; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9 (excl. syn. Bot. Mag ; Gray, Bot. Mag under t. 6594; Lavallée, Clem. 57, t. 17. Viorna urnigera, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 270. — Moist ground, 8. Pennsylvania and Missouri to Alabama, C.* Addisoénii, Brirron. More bushy and less spreading: leaves deep green above, pale and very glaucous beneath ; the lower simple, sessile or nearly so, broadly oval, entire or with one or two rounded lateral lobes; the upper leaves pinnately divided ; leaflets elliptic-oval. 6 RANUNCULACE. Clematis. obtuse or rounded at each end: flower and fruit essentially as in the preceding.— Mem. Torr. Club, ii. 28, t. 3. C. ovata, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 8, not Pursh, fide Britton, 1. c. — Vir- ginia to Florida, Notwithstanding the striking differences of foliage nearly related to the preceding, intermediate forms occasionally occurring. One of these forms is regarded as a hybrid by Dr. Britton. C. coccinea, Encetm. Leaves glaucous or pale, subcoriaceous; leaflets roundish or broadly ovate, obtuse or retuse; veinlets at length conspicuously reticulated : calyx bright carmine or scarlet, glabrous, otherwise as the preceding. — Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 7 (where the char. is indicated) ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6594; Gray, Bot. Mag. under t. 6594. C. Viorna, var. coccinea, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 7. C. Texensis, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 448, & 1870, 135; Lavallée, 1. c. 63, t. 19. C. Pitcher’, Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1878, 10, with figure, not Torr. & Gray.— Rocky and shaded banks, Texas; first coll. by Wright, next by Lindheimer+ C. reticulata, Warr. Leaves coriaceous and exceedingly reticulated; leaflets ovate to oblong; simple leaves or bracts of the peduncle oblong: sepals dull colored, externally canescent.— Car. 156; Michx. Fl. i. 318; Torr. & Gray, Fl i. 10; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6574; Lavallée, 1. c. 55,t.16. C. Viorna, var. reticulata, Kuntze, 1. ¢. 188. — Dry thickets, 8. Carolina to Alabama and Florida, and perhaps Texas. * * Calyx ovate or campanulate in anthesis, the upper part of the sepals soon recurved- spreading and thin margined, the externally tomentose-canescent margins inflexed in the bud, explanate in the flower, at least near the tip: herbaceous or nearly so. + Freely climbing, and with the compound leaves of the preceding division, thin or thinnish, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets from ovate or roundish, or rarely subcordate to oblong, reticulated (more coarsely and less conspicuously than in C. reticulata): usually a pair of simple ovate sessile leaves on the peduncle or subtending three peduncles: calyx two thirds to full inch long, dull purplish or violet, somewhat canescent or puberulent outside; the inflexed margins of the sepals narrow and tardily explanate near the apex: persistent styles either naked or very short-vlumose (in the original), the lower part and the akene pubes- cent. — Fl. i. 10; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 4, & Bot. Mag. under t. 6594; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 8317; Lavallée, Clem. 52, t. 15, var. Coloradoensis, a large flowered form. C. reticulata, Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 3, & Pl. Wright. ii. 7, not Walt. C. Sargenti, Lavallée, 1. c. 60, t. 18, asmall-flowered form. ©. Coloradoensis, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 448.2— S. Indiana to Missouri, and thence to Texas. (Mex.) Var. leidstylis, Gray, Bot. Mag. under t. 6594. Styles completely glabrous from the first, except their very base. Var. lasidstylis, Gray, lc. Styles villous or even short-plumose. Var.* Bigelovii, Rorrysoy, n. var.2 Leaves more compound; leaflets glabrous, pale and sometimes glaucous, scarcely or not at all reticulated, generally smaller and more cleft ; segments obtusish or rounded : sepals lanceolate, usually more spreading than in the typical form: tails of akenes plumose. — C. Bigelovii, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 61. C. Palmeri, Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 118.—New Mexico, Bigelow, Palmer, Greene, Mathews ; Arizona, Palmer. Var.* filifera, Roprnson, n. var. Leaves considerably divided and leaflets rather small and obtuse, as in the last, but more reticulated and more or less densely pubescent or tomentose beneath: tails of the akenes very slender, nearly nakgd.— C. filifera, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 285. C. jfilifera, var. incisa, Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-Am. Bot. i. 2,a form with leaflets more or less trifid. (C. reticulata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 267, in part, not Walt.-— Near the 1 Also reported on Lookout Mt., Tenn., by J. F. James, Bull. Torr, Club, x. 82. Doubtful specimens collected by Heller, distributed as ‘‘C. Texana, Buckley,” and mentioned in Contrib. Frankl. & Marsh. Coll. Herb. i. 37, are apparently only a form of the same species. 2 Add. syn. C. Viorna, var. Pitcheri, J. F. James, Clem. 5. C. Simszi, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, y. 158, and others, not Sweet, which, being the S. cordata, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1816, was acc. to Gray, Bot. Mag. under t. 6594, a form of S. crispa. 3 (©. Bigelovii, Torr. was included in C. Pitcheri, var. lasiostylis, by Dr. Gray. In the light of later material it should have at least varietal distinction. Clematis. RANUNCULACEZ. ve Mexican border, Chenati Mts., W. Texas, Havard, and Santa Rita del Cobra, Bigelow. (Mex: Coulter, Hartweg, Parry § Palmer.) C. crispa, L. Glabrous or nearly so, climbing freely, but often flowering when only a foot or a yard high: leaflets from ovate or even cordate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, membranaceous, little reticulated: peduncle naked, between a pair of compound or rarely simple leaves: calyx rose-colored varying to violet: sepals from an inch to almost 2 inches long, recurved or spreading from near the middle, the spreading portion with broad undulate margins: styles canescent to villous in flower, in fruit either almost glabrate (and the upper part falling away in age) or villous with erect hairs. — Spee. i. 543 (founded wholly on C. flore-crispo, Dill. Hlth. 86, t. 73); Willd. Spec. ii. 1289; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1892; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 60; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.10; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 16, t. 2, & Bot. Mag. 1. c.; Lavallée, Clem. 49, t. 14, not DC. (which is European near or a var. of C. viticella). C. Viorna, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 71, not L. C. cylindrica, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1160; Torr. & Gray, 1l.c.; Lavallée, 1. c. 43, t.13. C. divaricata, Jacq. f. Ecl. i. 51, t. 33. C. cordata, Sims, Bot. Mag, t. 1816, not Pursh. C. distorta, Lavallée, 1. c. 87, t. 11. C. Simsii, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1; Kuntze, Verh. Bot. Brandenburg, 1885, 134, in part. Viti- cella crispa (partly) & Viorna cylindrica, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 267, 269. (Perhaps the C. Viorna, Andr., C. cylindrica, Sims, & C. divaricata, Jacq. f., originated in a cross with C. viticella.) — Low ground, 8. Virginia to Florida and Texas.! Var. Walteri, Gray. Flowering when low: leaflets from lanceolate (3 or 4 lines wide) to almost linear. — Bot. Mag. under t. 6594. C. Walter’, Pursh, FI. ii. 8384. C. eylin- drica, var. Walteri, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 10. C. lineariloba, DC. Syst. i. 155, & Deless. Ie. Sel. t. 3, a most attenuate form, with sepals artificially outspread. —§. Carolina to Texas, passing freely to broader-leaved form. +— + Low and erect herbs, simple or simply branched: flowers solitary and terminal. ++ Leaves narrow, at least the lower simple and sessile, with narrow base, thinnish, not reticulated. C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent, glabrate:.stems slender, simple or branched from near the base, few-leaved, terminating in a long strict peduncle: leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear and entire, or upper ones 3—5-cleft or parted into lanceolate or linear divisions, these more or less petioled: flower nearly of C. crispa: carpel-tails much elongated (3 inches long), filiform, conspicuously plumose throughout. — Fl. i. 8; Chapm. Fl. 3. — Open pine woods, Florida; first coll. by Baldwin. ++ ++ Leaves broadiy ovate (2 to 5 inches long), sessile or subsessile by a broad base, all undivided, exceedingly reticulated : flower dull colored; sepals with narrow explanate margins only at tip, C. ochroletica, Arr. Densely sericeous-pubescent, glabrate in age: leaves about the length of the internodes, pale, chartaceous in age, quite entire or upper occasionally 3-cleft or incised : peduncle equalling or surpassing the uppermost pair of leaves: calyx externally sericeous-canescent, greenish yellow or purplish, the tips within dull yellowish: akenes pubescent, the styles (about inch long) very plumose.— Kew. ii. 260; Lodd. Bot. Cab. PRGGle orc GiayepHlyindelorn MlwNe 4. 1.16, td. C. sencea, Michx. KIt i. 319. C. ovata, Pursh, FI. ii. 736, a very glabrate form!? C. integrifolia, var. tomentosa, &c., Kuntze, 1. c. 176. — Dry ground, Long Island, New York, to Upper Georgia. C. Fremontii, Watson. Loosely villous-pubescent, soon glabrate: leaves longer than the internodes, coriaceous in age, entire, or some with few or several coarse teeth; uppermost exceeding the short peduncle: calyx purplish, nearly glabrous except the tomentose edges of the sepals: carpels in fruit forming a very dense head, villous; the styles sometimes villous below and naked or even glabrous above, sometimes villous-plumose throughout. — Proe. Am. Acad. x. 339, & Bot. Gaz. ii. 123.3 C. integrifolia, var. Fremonti’, Kuntze, 1. ¢. 177, in part. — Plains of Kansas and Missouri, Fremont, Dr. L. Watson, Letterman. 4+ +++ ++ Leaves twice pinnately or in part ternately compound, and with narrow divisions: divisions of the upper petioles not rarely tortuous ; flower dull colored. 1 Butler Co., Missouri, Hggert, 1892. 2 A species recently reinstated by Prof. Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, ii. 30, but apparently upon insufficient grounds. ” 8 Add Gard. and For. iii. 380, f. 49, and syn. C. cehroleuca, var. Fremontii, J. F. James, Clem. 4. 8 RANUNCULACE. Clematis. C. Douglasii, Hoox. A foot or two high, villous-pubescent when young, glabrate, leafy : stem and petioles angled and striate: divisions and lobes of the leayes linear or lanceolate (from half line to 3 or 4 lines broad): peduncles sometimes slightly sometimes very much surpassing the uppermost leaves: calyx an inch to inch and a half long, villous outside, more or less glabrate in age, purple within: akenes pubescent: persistent styles slender, inch long, very plumose.— Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 1, t. 1; Torr. & Gray, lc 8. C. Wyethii, Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii. 6; Torr. & Gray, 1. ec. — Rocky Mountains from Montana, Idaho, and north of the British boundary to Colorado and New Mexico, and west to Oregon and Washington ; first coll. by Douglas. Varies greatly in foliage, in the degree and coarse- ness or fineness of the dissection ; a southern form (8. Colorado and N. New Mexico) with very narrow leaflets most distinctly showing tortuous petioles, as if disposed to climb. The broad-leaved extreme is Var. Scottii, Covurrer. Leaves large, pinnate with some or all the divisions 3-5- parted or 3-5-foliolate ; lobes or leaflets oblong- or ovate-lanceolate (4 or 5 lines wide by an inch in length) ; some upper leaves with distinctly tortuous partial petioles. — Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 3. C. Scottii, Porter in Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 1.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado ;1 first coll. by John Scott, and by Porter. Also Beaver Cafion, Idaho, Watson. § 3. Arr&GeNE, DC. Flowers large, hermaphrodite, solitary on naked peduncles: sepals much exceeding the stamens and pistils, spreading from the base, thin, petaloid, marginless : anthers short on long pubescent filaments: outer- most stamens with more or less dilated filaments bearing inane anthers or none, or some converted into “ petals,” rather petaloid staminodes: styles wholly per- sistent, becoming long plumose carpel-tails: half-woody climbers (but ours low), the shoots of the season from scaly buds, early flowering: leaves ternately com- pound. — Atragene, L. (The verticillate appearance of the foliage on the flow- ering shoots, which gives an inappropriate name to one of the species, comes from the pair of leaves from the opposite axils arising close to the main axis.) C. verticillaris, DC. Leaves simply 3-foliolate, slender-petioled ; leaflets slender-petiolulate, ovate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparingly dentate: sepals violet, inch or two long, oblong, more or less acute: staminodes little longer than the fertile stamens, sometimes all linear and more or less antheriferous, often outermost petaloid and spatulate. — Syst.i. 166 ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 2; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 10. Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEX. ae xii. 4; not DC., nor Hook., nor Gray. &. Marilandicus, Poir. Dict. vi. 126, fide Gray, ms. 1887. &. repens, var. Marilandicus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 21; Torr. Fl. N. Y.i.15. RB. fuscicu- laris, Britton, Pl. N. J. 4, fide Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xii. 83. — Common in woods, throughout the Middle States and extending from Canada to Georgia, Arkansas, and probably Texas ; fl. early spring, April, May; in the South, February. R.* septentrionalis, Porr. Similar to the preceding, but stouter, taller, more erect, often stoloniferous, from very coarsely and copiously hirsute to almost or quite glabrous: leaves nearly all pedately and pinnately 3-foliolate: leaflets 3-parted and sharply incised: flowers large, often more than an inch broad: fruiting heads ovoid; carpels strongly compressed, ovate, short-ohlong, or obovate, rather gradually contracted into a long flat beak. — Dict. vi. 125. R. tomentosus, Poir. 1. ¢.127. ?R. lucidus, Poir. 1. c. 113. L&R. repens of Amer. authors in great part. &. fascicularis, Schlecht. Animad. Ranunc. ii. 30, t.2, not Muhl. RR. Schlechten- dalii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 21, as to type, but see also synonyms of R. occidentalis. R. Bel- visti, DC. Syst. i. 291. 2 R. Philonotis, Pursh, FI. ii. 393. — New Brunswick, Fowler, to New Jersey, Kentucky, and northward to Winnipeg, Bourgeau; common in moist places; fl. May, June. R.* palmatus, Ex. A similar but smaller plant, weak, decumbent, sending out runners: leaves small, thin, an inch broad, the lowest subentire or usually more or less deeply 3-parted or divided; segments or leaflets ovate, obtusely few-toothed: flowers but half inch in diam- eter: achenes broadly and sharply margined, few in number, tipped with a strong flat straightish beak.—Sk. 11.61; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 658; Chapm. Fl. 8; Wats. Bibl. Index, 21; Britton,l.c.6. &..septentrionalis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 376, in part, not Poir. — Swampy grounds in pine barrens, South Carolina to Tennessee and Florida; fl. April, May. R. fascicularis, Muu. A span or two high, tufted, soon spreading, but no sarmentose stems: fascicled roots tuberous-thickened or fusiform: pubescence almost all closely ap- pressed : earliest radical leaves ovate or oblong and almost entire or rounded and 3-lobed or parted; later and principal ones of oblong outline, and disposed to be pinnately quinate, some with divisions or leaflets again 3-7-parted; lobes from linear-spatulate to oblong, obtuse: petals obovate-oblong, from quarter to half inch long: akenes lenticular, less mar- gined than in the foregoing and with more slender style and beak.— Cat. 54; Bigel. FI. Bost. 137 (1814); Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 20, t. 8, f.1; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 30, t. 9,1 not of Schlecht. and some Amer. authors. — Moist or dry hills, Canada and E. New England and Texas, northwest to L. Winnipeg; fl. early. O O Petals 7 to 16; no creeping nor procumbent basal stems: plants of Mexican type. R. macranthus, Scurere. Hirsute: stems erect and a foot or two high, or 2 to 3 feet long and declining, commonly robust: leaves nearly as of R. septentrionalis, but many qui- nate: petals from a third to nearly full inch long, from obovate to oblong: akenes mostly numerous in a large head, ovate or orbicular, conspicuously thin-margined, at length with a rather short broadly flat-subulate beak, the slender upper portion of the long straight style falling away. — Linnea, xxi. 585; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 29; Rothrock in Wheeler, Rep. vi. 58; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 377. R. repens, var. macranthus, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 141, & Pl. Wright. ii. 8. — Moist ground, S. & W. Texas, first coll. by Lindheimer, to S. W. Arizona, Rothrock, Pringle, Lemmon. R. orthorhynchus, Hook. From sparsely hirsute (with spreading hairs) to nearly gla- brous: stems erect, a foot or so high from a fascicled root of thick fibres: leaves mostly of oblong general outline and pinnate division into 5 to 7 leaflets or segments (lower commonly short-petiolulate, upper confluent), these again usually cleft or incised: petals a third to half inch long, obovate (sometimes purple underneath), much surpassing the reflexed soon deciduous calyx: akenes usually not numerous in the head, ovate, nearly two lines long, strongly margined, bearing a slender subulate rigid and straight beak of nearly equal length which consists of the wholly persistent style. —Gray, Proc. Am, Acad, xxi. 377. Varies extemely in foliage: the typical form, steNOPHYLLUS, with all the leaves somewhat bipinnately dissected into segments of a line or less in width (as in the figure), or some radical ones simply divided into broad cuneate or obovate 2-3-lobed or toothed segments or 1 Add Meehan’s Monthly, ii. 1, t. 1. 38 RANUNCULACEZ. Ranunculus. leaflets. — R. orthorhynchus, Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 21, t. 9; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 24; Walp. Rep. i. 43 (misprinted ornithorhynchus) ; Gray, 1. c. viii. 373. But not R. dichotomus, Mog. & Sesse, of Mexico, as supposed by Schlecht. Linnea, vi. 579.— Wet ground, W. Oregon to Brit. Columbia ; first coll. by Douglas. Passes into the very marked Var. platyphyllus, Gray,1l.c. Robust, 1 to 3 (according to Kellogg even over 5) feet high: leaves with limb 2 to 4 inches long, and leaflets or segments 1 to 3 inches long, from oblong or rhomboidal to ovate, laciniately cleft and incised: petals varying from a quarter to three fourths inch long: beak of akenes sometimes 2 lines long. — R. macranthus, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 9; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 8, not Scheele. . maximus, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 118.— Wet soil, Wasatch Mountains, N. Utah, Watson, Jones, and N. Nevada, near Pyramid Lake, Lemmon, to Marin and Mendocino Co., Calif., Kellogg, Bolander,! in the largest forms.2. Smaller and moderately broad-leaved, N. California, Greene, Mrs. Austin; Klikitat Co., Washington, Suksdorf; mountains of Idaho, Watson2 6. Annuals or biennials, all but one introduced from the Old World. 1. Akenes smooth and even, or at length with some scattered and very small papille: flowers moderately large and showy. R. pArvu us, L. A span to a foot high (variable in size in the manner of annuals), hirsute, especially the lower part of the erect or ascending stems and petioles: radical leaves, some 3-parted, but most 3-foliolate, with at least middle leaflet petiolulate, all of roundish or obovate and cuneate outline, and mostly cleft and incised or dentate in the way of R. repens: petals much surpassing the reflexed calyx: akenes (a line long) orbicular, flat, with a thin sharp margin, tipped with a very short triangular-subulate beak, consisting of the whole introrsely stigmatose style. — Mant. 79; Smith, Fl. Brit. 593. &. Sardous, Crantz, Stirp. Austr. ii. 84 (ed. 2, 1.111). A. hirsutus, Curt. Fl. Lond. ii. t. 40; Ait. Kew. ii. 268; Eng. Bot. t. 1504; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 23. R. philonotis, Ehrh. Beitr. ii. 145; Retz. Obs. vi. 31; Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1459; probably not of Pursh.— Low ground, Savannah, Georgia, Canby ; the akenes all smooth. Near Philadelphia, but only in ballast grounds, Martindale. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 2. Akenes hispidulous with hooked hairs and papillose-scabrous: flowers minute. R. hebecarpus, Hoox. & Arn. Slender, sometimes exiguous, a span to a foot high, pa- niculately branched, lax-hirsute: leaves of rounded outline, small, ternately or pedately parted, or some divided into petiolulate simple or laciniately cleft leaflets: peduncles short : petals a line or less long, pale yellow, not surpassing the sepals: akenes few in the loose heads, obliquely orbicular, flat, a line or less long, tipped with a short subulate curved beak. — Bot. Beech. 316; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 62; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 8, with var. pusil- lus, mere depauperate plants. &. parviflorus, var., Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 25, 659.— Open ground, throughout W. California to Washington. (Lower Calif.) 3. Akenes muriculate or echinate. R. parvirLorvs, L. Villous or hirsute, slender and low, diffuse: radical leaves orbicular in outline, 3-5-parted or divided and the cuneate segments laciniate-lobed: inflorescence and flowers nearly of the preceding: akenes rougher papillose-scabrous, not hairy, tipped with very short beak. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 780; Eng. Bot. t. 120; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 22; Torr. & Gray, l.¢., excl. var. R. trachyspermus, Ell. Sk. ii. 65. — Waste grounds near towns, &e., Maryland to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas. (Nat. from Eu.) R. muricdtus, L. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent, rather stout and succulent, span to a foot or so high: leaves mostly round-cordate or reniform, 3-5-cleft and coarsely crenate-dentate : petals deep yellow, a quarter inch long, surpassing the calyx: akenes quarter inch long besides the stout subulate curved beak, which is confluent with the strong and salient mar- gins, the flat faces conspicuously tuberculate or echinate.— Spee. i. 555; Michx. FI. i. 321; Lam. Ill. t. 498; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 24.— Wet soil near towns, Virginia to 8. Carolina, Louisiana, and California near San Francisco to 8. Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.) R. arvensis, L. of Europe, with linear-lobed leaves and coarse echinate akenes, has been detected in ballast grounds.+4 . 1 Sonoma Co., Calif., Congdon. 2 Similar robust forms have been recently collected in Humboldt Co., Calif., Blankinship. 3 Andin§. Brit. Columbia, Macoun. 4 This species, according to Britton (Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 219), is spreading in New Jersey. Caltha. RANUNCULACE£. 39 Recently published species of uncertain affinities. R.* Atistines, Greene. “Perennial by a fascicle of coarse and long fleshy-fibrous roots: stem and leaves glabrous, weak and rather succulent, the former 6 to 10 inches high; radical leaves few, of round-obovate outline, abruptly tapering to the very long and slender petiole or nearly truncate at base, and with mostly about five rather shallow terminal lobes, some with three large and rather deeper lobes; cauline leaves cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed, sessile: flowers solitary, on very long and slender peduncles, these few and terminal or sub- terminal: petals white: stamens yellow, rather few: carpels puberulent, rounded, neither compressed nor margined, tipped with a long and-slender straight or nearly straight beak, and arranged in an ovoid or more elongated head.” — Erythea, iii. 44. — Crevices of lava rock east of Willow Creek Valley, N. Calif., Mrs. Austin. Description quoted from original characterization. R.* alceus, Greens. “Less than a foot high, rather slender, freely branching, soft-hirsute and villous but not canescent: leaves only about 1 inch long, on slender petioles, of ovate general outline and in 3 divisions, the middle one stalked, all cuneiform and doubly cleft : flowers very small, the round-obovate petals 5 only, barely a line long: akenes rather numerous, obliquely obovoid, smooth, or with a faint venation, tipped with a stout recurved beak, and forming a globose head.” — Erythea, iii. 69.— Elk Mountain, Mendocino Co., Calif., Jepson. Description quoted from the original characterization. 10. CALTHA, L. Marsa Maricorp. (Ancient Latin name of a strong-scented plant, probably the true Marigold, Calendula. The common derivation, originated by Linneus, is a mere conjecture.) — Perennial herbs, of temperate and frigid regions, glabrous; with a fascicle of strong fibrous roots, simple leaves more or less rounded and cordate at base, and pedunculate showy flowers, either solitary or several and cymosely clustered. — Gen. no. 463; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 6.7 * Leafy-stemmed: follicles sessile: flowering in early spring. C. palustris, L. (Mars Maricorp, vulgarly called Cowslips.) Stem erect, commonly robust, few-leaved, usually several-flowered : leaves from orbicular-cordate to reniform, from dentate or crenate to entire: sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7, oval, half inch or more long, golden yellow: anthers elongated-oblong. — Spee. i. 558; Gray, Gen. Ll. i. 32, t. 10. C. palustris, ficarioides, & flabellifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 389, 390, the last (t. 17) a weak form in cold mountain springs, with thinner open-reniform leaves and smaller flowers, approaching the following var.— In wet ground, Atlantic U.S. east of the Mississippi, from the mountains of Carolina and Tennessee northward to Newfoundland, thence west to Minnesota and Saskatchewan; and in some forms to Alaska and the arctic coast but mainly as var. (Eu., Asia.) Var. radicans, Gray, n. var. Stems becoming decumbent or procumbent and com- monly rooting at the nodes, 1-few-flowered : flowers either similar or smaller: leaves equally various, oftener dilated-reniform, sometimes nearly truncate at base. — C. radicans, Forst. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 324, t. 17. C. asarifolia, DC. Syst. i. 309. C. arctica, R. Br. in Parry, Ist Voy. Suppl. to App. 265, said to have linear anthers, but hardly so. C. palustris, var. Sibirica, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxiv. pt. 2, 53, in part. —Subarctic and arctic America, Melville Island to Alaska. (Scotland to Kamtsch., Japan, &c.) C. natans, Part. Stems prostrate or floating, rooting freely, with solitary or a few scattered flowers: leaves round-reniform, crenulate or entire: sepals oval, 2 or 3 lines long, white or tinged with rose: stamens few: anthers short-oval: follicles not over 2 lines long, blunt or mucronulate, forming a close globular head. — Reise, iii. 284 (Gmel. FI. Sibir. iv. 192, t. 82) ; DC. 1. ¢. 311; R. Br. 1. c. 265; Lawson, Rev. Canad. Ranunc. 68. — Wet sphagnous bogs and flowing water, Brit. America, Athabasca Plains? and northward. (N. Asia, Kamtsch.) 1 Recent literature: G. Beck, K. K. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Verhandl. (Vienna), xxxvi. 347, 353. E. Huth, Monogr. in Helios, ix. 69-74, t. 1. 2 Since collected at Tower, Minnesota, E. J. Hill, and in Vermillion Lake, Sandberg. 40 RANUNCULACEZ. : Caltha. * * Scapose or barely one-leaved, 1-2-flowered, erect: sepals white, sometimes bluish: follicles more or less stipitate, pointed with short style. C. biflora, DC. Scape slender: leaves round-reniform, crenate or repand: sepals 6 to 9, oval, becoming oblong: follicles at maturity distinctly stipitate. — Syst. i.310; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 22; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 27; Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 427. C. leptosepala, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 373; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 9, mainly. — Damp ground, Alaska to mountains of California, first coll. by Menzies. C. leptosépala, DC.1.c. Stouter: leaves from round-oval or round-obovate to ovate with small and narrow (cordiform or sagittiform) sinus, crenate or repand, the nerves at base nearly parallel: sepals 7 to 10, oblong, becoming narrower: follicles obscurely stipitate. — Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 22, t.10; Torr. & Gray, l. ¢. 27; Garden, xxx. 340, t. 565.1 C. sagittata, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 164, not Cav.— Alaska and Washington, and higher Rocky Mountains from Brit. Columbia to N. Nevada, Utah, and §. Colorado; first coll. by Menzies. 11. TROLLIUS, L. Guiose-rrowrer. (Name, a Latinization by Gesner of Troll, from the German vernacular name Trollblume, of which the origin is doubtful.) — Perennial herbs, of the northern temperate zone, glabrous; with palmately cleft and incised or dissected leaves, and large usually solitary flowers terminating simple stems ; fl. in spring and early summer. — Gen. ed. 5, no. 620; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 33, t. 11. T. Evroraus, L., the true GLoBE-FLOWER, which answers to the name in the globular form of the golden yellow calyx, is cultivated in gardens. T. laxus, Sauiss. At length a foot or two high: leaves 5-7-parted: sepals 5 or 6, spread- ing, ochroleucous or dull white: petals 15 to 25, inconspicuous, being shorter than the stamens. — Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 303; Pursh, Fl. ii. 391; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 18, t. 3; Gray, l.c. & Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 241 (var. albiflorus) ; Lawson, 1. c. 70. TY. Americanus, Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1791, 172, & Cat. 54; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1988; DC. Syst. i. 313, a much earlier published name, but without character. Gaissenca verna, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 351, & in Desy. Jour. Bot. ii. 168 (1809). — Bogs, New Hampshire to Michigan and south to Delaware, also Rocky Mountains from Brit. America to Colorado and Utah, and to the Cascades in Brit. Columbia. 12. ISOPYRUM, L. (Ioérvpov, ancient name of a Fumaria, transferred to the present genus.) — Low perennials (or a foreign one annual), of the northern temperate zone, glabrous, mostly white-flowered, with ternately com- pound leaves; the primary divisions long-petiolulate in the way of Thalictrum: ours (§ Hnemion) apetalous and with white filaments clavellate ; fl. spring and early summer. — Gen. ed. 2, no. 533; DC. Syst. i. 323; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 8; Maxim. Diag. Pl. Asiat. v. 623. Hnemion, Raf. Jour. Phys. xci. 70, apetalous species. * Flowers scattered, solitary and terminal or opposite the leaves: stems slender, a span to a foot high; mostly with filiform rootstocks. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Root of copious slender fibres, some here and there moniliform-thickened: leaflets ¢uneate-obovate or roundish, commonly 3-lobed: carpels 3 to 6, commonly 4, sessile, about 3-ovuled and 2-3-seeded, ovate, divaricate at maturity, subulate-pointed with long persistent style; seeds smooth, with prominent rhaphe. — FI. i. 660; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 36, t. 12. J. thalictroides (which it much resembles), Short, Cat. Pl. Kentucky, 8; Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 187. Enemion biternatum, Raf. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 29. —Shady and moist grounds, Ohio? to Wisconsin and south to Texas. I. occidentale, Hoox. & Arn. Root of thickened fascicled fibres: leaflets cuneate, 2-3- lobed: follicles 5 to 7, elongated-oblong, sessile, barely spreading, mucronate with short 1 Vars. rotundifolia & Howellii, Huth, 1. c. 68, appear to have only formal value. 2 Collected at London, Ontario, Dearness, acc. to J. M. Macoun, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 285. Coptis. RANUNCULACES. Al style, thinnish, transversely veiny, 8-9-seeded: seeds granulate. — Bot. Beech. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 660; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 9; Maxim. 1. ¢. 641. — Shaded ground, from near San Francisco to Plumas Co.,! first coll. by Douglas. Sepals sometimes purple, or roseate.? I. stipitatum, Gray. Root of the preceding: slender stems only a span high: peduncles not surpassing the leaves: leaflets or divisions oblong-linear or cuneate-lanceolate : stamens about 10: follicles 8 to 10, elongated-oblong, apiculate with short style, hardly veiny, abruptly short-stipitate, 3-4-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 54; Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 427. I. Clarkei, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. vii. 131. — N. California, Siskiyou and Mendocino Co., Greene, J. H. Clarke. * * Flowers umbellate-cymose: stems stouter, a foot or two high. I. Hallii, Gray. Leaflets or divisions an inch or two long, obovate-cuneate, acutely incised : stamens very numerous, fully as long as the obovate sepals, as broad as the roundish anther : follicles 3-5, turgid-ovate, subulate with short style, spreading at maturity, 2-4-seeded: seeds rugulose. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374; Maxim. 1. c. 640.— Valley of the Columbia, Oregon, EL. Hall, Brandegee. 13. COPTIS, Salisb. Gorp-tnrEAp. (Kézrrw, to cut, from the cut foli- age.) — Low and glabrous perennials (of the cooler parts of the northern hemi- sphere), acaulescent: with creeping mostly filiform and yellow bitter rootstocks, long-petioled ternately compound leaves, lasting over winter; and naked one- few-flowered scapes; the sepals white or greenish ; seed-coat smooth and shining ; fl. spring. — Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 305; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 87, t. 138.2 Chryza, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352, & in Desv. Jour. Bot. 1. 170 (1809). § 1. CuryYza, or True Coptis. Sepals oval: petals shorter than the stamens, clavate, with enlarged and thickened hollowed and nectariferous summit: leaf- lets 3, rarely 5, subsessile and undivided: scape 1-flowered. — Gray, 1. c. 38. C. trifolia, Sauisp. lc. (Goip-rHREAD.) A span high: rootstocks very long and filiform, deep yellow: leaflets 3, rounded obovate with mostly cuneate base, obscurely 3-lobed and conspicuously crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate: sepals white with yellowish base, soon deciduous: follicles ovate-oblong, longer than the style, equalled by the stipe; seeds black. — Fl. Dan. t. 1519; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 173; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 60, t.5; Raf. Med. Bot. i. t. 27; Gray,1. c. 38, t. 13; Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. i. 188, t.13. Helleborus trifolius, L. Spee. i. 558. Chryza borealis, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352.4 — Bogs and low woods, New- foundland and Labrador to mountains of Maryland, Iowa, and Minnesota, northwest through Brit. America to Alaska, and north to the Arctic Circle. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia to Kamtsch. & Japan.) § 2. Curysocéptis. Sepals linear or ligulate and attenuate, greenish or yellowish white: petals filiform or ligulate beyond the nectariferous portion : scape 2—-3-flowered. — Gray, 1. ce. 38. Chrysocoptis § Pterophyllum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 9, t. 1. C. occidentalis, Torr. & Gray. Leaves simply trifoliolate: leaflets long-petiolulate, of roundish outline (2 or 3 inches long at maturity), 3-lobed about to the middle ; lobes obtuse, slightly 3-lobed or incised and obtusely dentate: petals shorter than sepals, and apparently subulate from a subsessile ovate and concave base (but not sufficiently known): mature car- pels longer than the stipe; seeds oblong. — FI. i. 28; Hook, Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 67. Chryso- coptis occidentalis, Nutt. 1. e. 8, with poor figure of flowers, these and scape undeveloped, the latter at length as long as petioles. — Mountain woods, Idaho, Wyeth, Geyer, Lyall, Watson. 1 Fresno Co., Calif., A. A. Eaton; and reported from Tulare Co., by T. S. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 198. 2 The formal variety coloratum, Greene, Erythea, i. 125, collected in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Cushman. 3 Recent literature: E. Huth in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 299-305. 4 Add syn. Isopyrum trifolium, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 265. 42 RANUNCULACE. Coptis. C. laciniata, Gray. Leaves trifoliolate; terminal leaflet very long- lateral comparatively short-petiolulate ; all ovate in outline, nearly 3-parted, and divisions 3-7-cleft or incised and dentate, mostly acute: sepals linear-attenuate (barely half line wide at base, 4 or 5 lines long: petals nearly of the following species: mature carpels longer than stipe; seeds oval. — Bot. Gaz. xii. 297. C. asplenifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 375 (coll. Hall); Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 427; Lloyd Bros. 1. c. i. 196, f. 51-53.1— Woods of Oregon, Hall, Cusick, Henderson, and of N.W. California, G'. R. Vasey, Rattan. C. aspleniifolia, Saviss. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate ; leaflets all rather long-petiolulate, mostly ovate-oblong in outline and pinnately 5-parted or divided; lowest pair of pinne com- monly petiolulate and upper confluent, all 3-5-cleft and incised (about half inch long): — sepals and petals filiform-attenuate, nearly equal; the latter with a thickened concave nec- tary much below the middle: mature carpels shorter than the stipe. — Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 306; Pursh, FI. ii. 391; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 23, t. 11. Chrysocoptis (Pterophyllum) asplenifolia, Nutt. 1. c. 9.— Woods, Brit. Columbia and Alaska; first coll. by Menzies. Var.* biternata, E. Huru. Leaflets ternate; lateral divisions sessile by a broad base; the terminal petiolulate.— Huth in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 304.— Alaska, Sitka, Krause Bros. A variety not seen; description translated from the original. 13a. ErAntuis HYEMALiIs, Salisb. (Helleborus hyemalis, L.), the WINTER AconiTE of Europe, a very dwarf perennial, has been found growing spon- taneously near Philadelphia, a relict of former cultivation; fl. earliest spring. 13b. HeLiEsorus viripis, L., GREEN HELLEBORE of Europe, has in former years been found wild near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island, but is probably now extinct. More recently it has been sent from W. Virginia. It is a low species, with palmately parted leaves having lanceolate very sharply serrate divisions, and green sepals. H. raéripus, L., the Fetrp Hertiesore of Europe, taller, and green-flowered, is in Muhl. Cat., as at Philadelphia, but only as of gardens. H. nicer, L., the Curistmas Rosn, or Buack HELLEBORE of Europe, —low, with ever- green and shining coriaceous pedate leaves and large white flower produced on a short scape in earliest spring, the sepals enlarging and turning green in age, —has been said to grow wild in the State of New York, but it is not quite hardy, and can only temporarily occur. 14. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Cotumpine. (Aguilegus, water-drawer. The derivation from aquila, eagle, is an invention.) — Perennial herbs (of the northern hemisphere), commonly glaucous; mostly with paniculate branches ter- minated by showy flowers, and 1-3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets roundish and obtusely lobed; flowering usually in spring or early summer. — Inst. 428, t. 242; L. Gen. no. 450.2—In cultivation the most diverse species hybridize directly. Thus the plant figured as A.. formosa, in Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6552, is a hybrid of a red-flowered species, probably A. truncata, with A. chrysantha. * Old World type, with hooked or curved spurs; these ascending, the flower being pendulous in anthesis (position in A. ecalcarata, uncertain). + More or less leafy-stemmed, 1-several-flowered. A. vutedris, L. (European Cotumpine.) Flowers from blue or purple to white, pretty large: lamina of the petals as long as the spur, shorter than the acute sepals; styles as long as the ovary. — Spec. i. 533.— Escaped from cultivation (where often and variously double-flowered) and established in some places, notably in Nova Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.) 1 Add syn. C. occidentalis, var. Howellii, Huth, 1. c. 303. 2 Recent literature: M. E. Jones, Rev. Am. Spec. Aquilegia, Zoe, iv. 254-260. Aquilegia. RANUNCULACE. 43 A.* brevistyla, Hook.! A foot or more high, pubescent and somewhat glandular-pubescent above: flower small: lamina of yellowish petals little shorter than the (half inch) obtuse sepals and longer than the blue spur: styles (2 lines long) much shorter than the forming pubescent-follicles. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 24; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 30. A. vulgaris, Richards. in Frankl. 1st Jour. ed. 1, App. 740 (reprint, p. 12).— Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, Bourgeau, Macoun, northward to Bear Lake, where first collected by Dr. Richardson, and southward according to Rydberg to the Black Hills of S. Dakota, L. Anderson. A.* saximontana, P. A. Rypsere. Much lower, scarcely a span high: stems slender, several from a scaly rootstock, quite glabrous: leaves small, twice ternate, even the upper slender-petioled, smooth: flowers much as in the preceding, but carpels glabrous. — Rydberg in ms. A. vulgaris, var. brevistyla, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 242; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col.4. A. brevistyla, Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 10; Jones, Zoe, iv. 258, — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, first collected by Parry. A. flavéscens, Watson. A foot or two high, branching freely: flower lemon-yellow, green- ish yellow, or ochroleucous, the sepals sometimes scarlet-tinted outside: lamina of the petals obovate, shorter than the oblong or ovate acute sepals, equalling or shorter than the spur: styles 3 to 6 lines long, much longer than the pubescent ovary, half the length of the full- grown follicle. — Bot. King Exp. 10; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, iii. 149 ;. Baker, Gard. Chron. 1878, pt. 2, 20. A. Canadensis, var. hybrida, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 24. A. Cana- densis, var, aurea, Regel, Gartenfl. xxi. t. 734. A. cwrulea, var. flavescens, Lawson, Rev. Canad. Ranunc. 76.— Moist ground and along streams, in the mountains. Pembina to Brit. Columbia, and south to Oregon and Utah.? A.* micrantha, A. Easrwoop. Slender, perennial (?), densely glandular-pubescent and viscid above: leaflets small, cuneate, 3-cleft, with 2-3-lobed segments; petiolules of the lateral leaflets short: flowers about 10 lines in diameter, ochroleucous: sepals 5 lines long, 2 lines broad: petals truncate or nearly so, with a short straight or curved spur.— Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 559, t. 19.— Abundant in cafions of the San Juan River, S. E. Utah, A. Wetherill. Description here condensed from the-original characterization. A very similar if not identical plant was collected in imperfect specimens in Southern Utah by Siler in 1883. A.* ecalcaradta, A. Easrwoop. A slender branched perennial, 14 to 2 feet high with foliage and habit nearly as in the preceding: root long, woody: stems several, sparingly glandular-puberulent above: leaflets obovate, cuneate, cleft as in the last; the lateral as well as the terminal on slender more or less elongated petiolules: flowers white or roseate, fragrant: petals and sepals subsimilar, 6 to 8 lines long; the former merely saccate at base : styles rather long. — Zoe, ii. 226, iv. 3, & Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 560, t. 18; Jones, Zoe, iv. 259. — Shaded cliffs, S. W. Colorado, A. Wetherill, Miss Eastwood. As yet too little known and appearing rather near the preceding, of which it may well prove a nearly spurless form. +— + Scape naked, one-flowered. A. Jonésii, Parry. Densely cespitose, soft-pubescent : tufted radical leaves an inch or two high ; leaflets only 2 or 3 lines long, much congested, the partial petioles very short: scape little surpassing the leaves (2 or 3 inches long in fruit): flower blue: lamina of petals half the length of the oblong obtuse sepals and of its own spur: follicles proportionally large (almost an inch long), twice the length of their styles. — Am. Nat. viii. 211; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 10. —N.W. Wyoming, alpine region, Mount Phlox, Parry; Maria Pass in Montana, at 8,200 feet, Canby.3 * * American type, with spur straight, or the callous knob at tip merely oblique. 1 The description of this species has been modified to exclude the following, which appears wholly distinct. 2 The alpine smaller-flowered form mentioned by Dr. Watson (Bot. King Exp. 10) is regarded as distinct by Prof. M. E. Jones. It appears to approach the following species too closely to be charac- terized as a separate species without more copious material of both. 8 Since collected on subalpine limestones, E. Bowlder River, Park Co., Montana, Tweedy; see Rose, Bot. Gaz. xv. 63. 44 RANUNCULACEZ. Aquilegia. 4— Flower pendulous in anthesis, the spurs therefore erect or ascending, and not over an inch in length. Four species distinct in nature and habitat, viz. A. Skinneri of Mexico and the following. A. Canadénsis, L. Erect, early flowering, usually a foot high: flower red with some yellow, rarely all yellow: spurs 3 or 4 times the length of their roundish yellow lamina, and this not much shorter than the barely spreading sepals. — Spec. i. 533; Curtis, Bot.. Mag. t. 246; Schk. Handb. t. 146; Bart. Fl. N. A. i. 130, t. 36; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 888; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 40, t. 14; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, i. t. 1. A. variegata, Meench, Meth. 311. no. 267. $1. True Berperis. Leaves of primary axes transformed into persistent and simple or triple spines; those of the foliage in fascicles from the axils, in 68 BERBERIDACE®, Berberis. ours deciduous, seemingly simple, but really unifoliolate and nearly sessile, the petiole being extremely short and articulated with tapering base or petiole of the leaflet: racemes drooping: filaments toothless: berries red and acid, edible. B. vuredris, L. (EuropEAN Barperry.) Shrub 3 to 9 feet high, with recurving branches : leaves obovate-oblong, closely and strongly ciliate throughout with setiform-spinulose teeth : racemes elongated, many-flowered: berries oval or oblong. —Spec. i. 330. 8. Canadensis, Raf. Med. FI. i. 82, t. 15, Loud. Arboret. i. 303, f. 48, and in some earlier books. B. vulgaris, var. Canadensis, Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 336. . macracantha, laxiflora, & mitis, Schlecht. Linnea, xii. 366-371. — Thickets and waste land, abundantly naturalized near the coast of New England, New Brunswick, &c.;- sparingly escaped from gardens elsewhere. (Nat. from Eu.) B. Canadénsis, Pursu. Low: leaves pale or glaucescent, spatulate-oblong, sparsely repand-denticulate and short-spinulose or some nearly entire: racemes short and few- flowered, and almost corymbiform: flowers smaller than in the foregoing: petals retuse or emarginate: berries short-oval to globular. — Fl]. i. 219; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1.50; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 80, t. 31, & Man. ed. 5, 53.1 % B. vulgaris, Walt. Car. 120; Michx. Fl. i. 205. B. vul- garis, var. Canadensis, Ait. Kew. i. 479. B.emarginata, Willd. Enum. 395, which seems not to be Siberian? J&B. crenulata (excl. syn. Bigel.) & B. emarginata? Schlecht. 1. c. 362, 372. — Common in the Alleghanies, along streams, Virginia to border of Georgia.2 (Not Canadian !) B. Féndleri, Gray. Low: vernicose purplish branchlets and leaves lucid: otherwise like preceding, but flowers larger and petals entire. — Pl. Fendl. 5; Rothrock in Wheeler, Rep. vi. 60. — New Mexico, near Santa Fé and eastward, Fendler, Bigelow, Rothrock ; also on the Rio Grande in 8. Colorado, Brandegee. § 2. Manonta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves evergreen, all evolute (none reduced to spines) and 35-several-foliolate, the petiole or rhachis articulated at the inser- tion of the leaflets. — Mahonia, Nutt. Gen. i. 211. Odostemon, Raf. “ Florula Missurica,” Am. Month. Mag. 1818, 265, & Med. FI. ii. 247. * Leaves palmately 3-foliolate and no articulation of petiole below: bud-scales short and small, somewhat persistent on the axillary spurs, which bear fascicles rather than racemes : filaments toothless: berries red, acidulous, edible. — § T’rilicina, Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 80. B. trifoliolata, Moricanp. (AuGeriras or Currants of Texans.) Shrub 2 to 8 feet high, rigid: leaflets rigid and coriaceous, sessile on the apex of the petiole, oblong or lanceolate, 3-7-lobed or toothed, the teeth and tip spinescent: flowers saffron-scented : berries globose, the size of peas. — Pl. Nouv. Am. 113, t. 69; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 142; Lindl. & Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. 68, f. 168. Perhaps B. trifoliata, Hartw. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. Misc. 149, & xxxi. t. 10; Fl. Serres, i.t.56. B. ilicifolia & B. Rameriana, Scheele, Linnea, xxi. 591, & xxii. 352. Common in Texas, from the coast to the upper country, first coll. by Berlandier ; fl. February, March. (Adj. Mex.) ‘There is a palmately trifoliolate species much like this, but with generally broader leaflets, and with bidentate filaments and blue berries. It is no. 14 of coll. Palmer, south of Saltillo, referred by Watson to B. Shiedeana, Schlecht. (Mahonia trifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.): to this 6. trifoliata, Hartw., raised from seeds gathered between Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi, and figured as above, may belong ; but char. of filaments and fruit not determined. * * Leaves pinnately 3-17-foliolate, when reduced to 3 leaflets, always having an articula- tion where a missing pair of leaflets would be: bud-scales ovate or roundish, deciduous: flowers in erect and commonly fascicled racemes: filaments with a pair of divergent or recurved teeth near the apex: berries blue or rather black with a glaucous bloom + Fruit becoming dry at maturity and inflated, globose: inflorescence loose. 1 Not of Mill. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2, fide Hook. f. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. i. 292. 2 Also Shannon Co., Missouri, Bush ; not common. Berberis. BERBERIDACEZ. 69 B.* Fremontii, Torr. Shrub 5 to 12 feet high: leaflets 3 to 7, rigidly coriaceous, ovate to oblong, not over inch long, repandly or sinuately 1-4-toothed on each margin, strongly spinescent; lowest pair or ‘an articulation close to base of petiole: racemes loosely 3-7- flowered : pedicels slender; bractlets small or minute, lanceolate, acuminate, brown and more or less scarious: berries at first blue, becoming dry and inflated to half inch in diameter, 6-8-seeded. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 30 (char. fil enaonts inappendiculate incorrect) ; Gray, Bot. Ives Rep. 5; Wat. Bot. King Exp. 416.1— Arid region, W. Texas to 8. Utah and Arizona, first coll. by /’rémont. (Adj. Mex. in Sonora, and Lower Calif.) +— + Fruit white or nearly so, large, juicy. B.* Swazéyi, Bucki. Shrub with evergreen leaves much as in preceding but with leaflets more elliptical, less stoutly spiny and with veins more closely reticulated and prominent upon both surfaces: bractlets small but foliaceous, ovate or suborbicular: fruit white, trans- lucent with a pale reddish tinge, nearly half inch in diameter, of pleasant acid taste. — Southern Horticulturist, ii. 14 (as B. Swazeyii) ; Rural Alabamian, i. 479; Young, Fl. Tex. 152; Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. ii. 10; Plank, Gard. & For. vi. 332.— Limestone hills, near the Perdales River, Hays Co., W. Teens ueileys and again in Hays Co., Plank. +— + + Fruit unknown: leaflets small and few: inflorescence loose. B. Nevinii, Gray, n.sp. Leaflets 3 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, rather evenly and numerously spinulose-serrulate, half to full inch long, obscurely reticulated ; lowest pair toward base of petiole : raceme loosely 5-7-flowered, equalling or surpassing the leaves: pedicels slender. — S. California, near Los Angeles, Nevin. Shrub 7 or 8 feet high, on a sandy plain. ++ + + Berries juicy, ovoid, black or blue with a copious white bloom, called by Californian Mexicans Lena Amarilla, and northward Oregon Grape: leaflets ovate to oblong, usually 2 or 3 inches long : racemes commonly fascicled at summit of stem or in axils, subsessile, dense and numerously flowered ; pedicels rather short. B. pinnata, Lac. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, very leafy: leaflets 5 to 9 or sometimes 11 to 17, lucid above, scarcely paler beneath, repand-dentate and the teeth aristately spinescent ; lowest pair close to base of petiole. —“ Elench. Hort. Madr. (1803) 6,” Nov. Gen. & Spec. (1816) 14; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 51; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 296; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 15; per- haps also Don, Bot. Reg. t. 702, not HBK. of Mexico. Mahonia fascicularis, DC. Syst. ii. 19, as to plant from Monterey, & Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 3. — Common through W. Califor- nia from San Francisco Bay to Monterey (where first coll. by Nee), and southward. B.* dictyséta, Jerson. Leaflets 5 to 7, thicker, paler, and less crowded than in the last, dull or scarcely lucid above, much paler and glaucous beneath, rather prominently reticulated ; spinose teeth stout, mostly less numerous: flowers in dense panicle. — Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 319. — Marysville Buttes, Calif., Jepson, Blankinship ; San Diego, Palmer, Cleveland. The fruit of the California plants is still unknown. B. Wilcoxii, Britton & Kearney (Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. xiv. 29), from the Huachuca Mts., Arizona, so closely resembles this species in foliage and flowers that it can scarcely be maintained without further distinctions, which may appear as both plants are better known. The Arizona plant has blue-black berries with a copious bloom. It differs from the California specimens from Marysville Buttes only in haying slightly thinner and more finely reticulated leaves and more acute bracts. The specimens from San Diego are in some respects intermediate. B. Aquifélium, Pursn. Shrub 1 to 5 feet high: leaflets 5 to 11, commonly thin-coriaceous and elongated-oblong (2 to 4 inches long), numerously spinulose-dentate, bright green and lucid ; lowest pair at some distance from base of petiole. — Fl]. i. 219, in part, & t.4, mainly ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am, i. 29, partly; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1425; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 50, partly. B. pinnata, Lag. 1. c. as to Nutka pl.; Don, Bot. Reg. t. 702% Hook. 1. c. 28. Mahonia Aquifolium, DC. Syst. ii. 20, mainly, — Coast of Oregon to Brit. Columbia, and eastward to near the sources of the Columbia, in hilly woods. B. répens, Liypi2 Dwarf, depressed or prostrate, rarely rising over a foot high: leaflets 3 to 7, oval to oblong, mostly with obtuse or rounded apex, pale or glaucous, not lucid, 1 And in Gard. & For. i. 496, f.77. Dr. Gray’s description of this species has been slightly ampli- fied to exclude more clearly the following evidently distinct species. 2 The form of the Pacific Slope attributed to this species has somewhat thicker duller leaves. It has been characterized by Prof. Greene (Pittonia, ii. 161) as B. pUmILA, and is said not to be 70 BERBERIDACEZ, Berberis. numerously but rather weakly spinulose-dentate ; lowest pair distant from base of petiole. — Bot. Reg. t. 1176, & Journ. Hort. Soc. vy. 17; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1847; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 14. B. nervosa, Pursh, FI. t. 5, as to flowers only. 8. pinnata, Muhl. Cat. 36. B. Aquifolium, Pursh, 1. c. 219, mainly as to deser.; also Hook. 1. c. 29; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. as to glaucous form; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 5, &. B. Aquifolium, var. repens, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 63, &e.1 Mahonia Aquifolium, Nutt. Gen. i. 212, & Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 11. — Rocky Mountains and Brit. Columbia from lat. 55° to northern part of Sierra Nevada of California and to New Mexico, eastward to Wyoming.” * * * Leaves pinnately 13-17-foliolate: bud-scales large, coriaceo-glumaceous and persist- ent: racemes few from the bud or solitary, erect, elongated: filaments toothless: berries black or dark purple with a copious bloom. B. nervosa, Pursu. Simple stems rising only a few inches above ground: leaves elongated, often a foot or more long, with conspicuously nodose articulations: leaflets glaucescent, thick-coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, somewhat nervose-veiny, spinulose-dentate ; lowest pair above base of petiole: scales of the strong terminal bud about inch long, lanceolate from a broad base and cuspidate-attenuate, striolate: pedicels shorter than the globose juicy berries. — FI. i. 219, t. 5, excl. flowering portion; Hook. 1. c.; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t.171; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 51; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3949. 5. glumacea, Spreng. Syst. ii. 120; Lindl. 1. c. t. 1426; Lodd. 1. ¢.t.1701. IZahonia nervosa (Nutt. Gen. i. 212), & M. glumacea, DC. Syst. ii. 20, 21. — In woods, Oregon, Washington, and Brit. Columbia; fl. early spring, fr. May, June. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Brus Conosn. (Kav\ds, stem, piAdor, leaf, the stem seeming like a stalk to the large compound leaf.) — Fl. i. 204, t. 21; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 43, — Single species. C. thalictroides, Micux. 1. c. 205. Glaucescent herb, with simple stems a foot or two high from a thickened knotty rootstock, naked below, bearing toward the top a sessile 3-ternate leaf, the primary petiolules of which are as thick as the continuation of the stem and en- larged at the common insertion; above commonly a second and smaller 2-ternate, and even” a third small and less compound leaf; leaflets cuneate-obovate or oblong, very veiny, ter- minal 3-lobed at summit and the lateral 2-lobed, and sometimes incised: flowers in small and loose terminal and axillary cymose clusters or panicles, yellowish green and lurid purplish, small: ovary bursting and falling away as the seeds form; the latter as large as peas, berry-like, blue with a bloom.— Pursh, Fl. i. 218; Raf. Med. Fl. i. 97, f.19; Gray, Man. ed. 5,53. Leontice thaiictroides, L. Spec. i. 812; R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 145, t. 7; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1473; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 52; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 82, t. 32.3 Actwa brachy- petala, var. cerulea, DC, Syst. i. 885. — Woods in rich soil, New Brunswick and Canada as far as the Great Lakes,‘ south to Missouri, Kentucky, and mountains of Carolina; fl. spring, fr. autumn. (Japan & Amur.) 3. ACHLYS, DC. (Aydvs, the goddess of obscurity, says DC.) — Syst. ii. 35; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 30, t. 12; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 376; Baill. Hist. Pl. iii. 60, 75.— Consists of the following species and one in Japan very like it. A. triphylla, DC.1.¢. Herb with filiform creeping rootstocks, terminated by a strong and scaly winter bud, whence proceed in spring one or two long petioles bearing on the apex 3 ample flabelliform and sinuate-dentate leaflets ; also a leafless scape terminated by a slender at all sarmentose. The material of this form in eastern collections is unfortunately limited and fragmentary. 1 Add syn. B. Nutkana, Kearney, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xiv. 29. One of Lewis’s original speci- mens from the Columbia River and now in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. has certainly the lucid acute leaflets of B. Aquifolivm as ordinarily interpreted. 2 A round-leaved form from Bellemont, Nebraska, has been collected by Webber, 8 Foerste, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 139, where some formal variations are indicated; Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. ii. 141-162. 4 Westward to Cass Co., Nebraska, acc. to Swezey, Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 94. Jeffersonia. BERBERIDACEZ. 71 densely flowered naked spike; the white filaments and small ovary making up the whole flower; nut-like fruit barely 3 lines long.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 53; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 16. Leontice triphylla, Smith in Rees, Cycl. xx. no. 1.—— Woods, Brit. Columbia to northern part of California, near the coast ; fl. spring. 4. VANCOUVERIA, Morr. & Decsne. (Capt. George Vancouver, commander of the Discovery in the voyage to our northwest coast in 1791-95, of which Menzies was surgeon and botanist.) — Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 351; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.52; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 44; Gray, l. c. 875; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 15.— Three species of the Pacific Slope. [Revised by B. L. Rosginson. | * Leaves thin, membranaceous, soon perishing after the maturing of the fruit, their edges flat or nearly so, not indurated. V.* hexandra, Morr. & Decsne, l.c. About a foot high, from slender and lignescent creeping rootstocks, glabrous or sparsely pilose: leaves all or mostly radical, 3-ternate and with slender common and partial petioles: leaflets rounded and cordate or subcordate, mostly angulately 3-lobed or repand and margin obscurely undulate-crenulate or entire: scape naked, or sometimes one-leaved at base of the simple or branched loose panicle; pedicels filiform, recurving: flowers white or cream-colored. — Garden, xxx. 263, fig. ? V. plani- petala, S. Calloni, Malpighia, i. 266. Epimedium hexandrum, Hook. F1. Bor.-Am. i. 30, t. 13, dissections not very good. — In coniferous woods near the coast, Brit. Columbia (Vancouver _ Island) to Northern and Central California, first coll. by Menzies ; fl. spring. * * Leaves much thicker, somewhat coriaceous, narrowly cartilaginous-margined, often crenulate or crisped at the edges, persisting. V.* chrysantha, Greene. Stems rusty villous-pubescent, firmer than in the preceding: thickish leaflets sub-3-lobed, glabrous and reticulated above, whitened and pubescent beneath, margins only slightly crisped, revolute in places: inflorescence sub-racemose, 5-18-flowered, covered with dense dark glandular pubescence: flowers a little larger than in the last, golden yellow: sepals 3 or 4 lines long: ovules 7 or 8.— Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.i.66. V.herandra, var. chrysantha, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 100. V. aurea, Greene (ubi?) acc. to Rattan, Anal. Key, 17. V. hexandra, var. aurea, Rattan, 1. c.; Wats., fide Howell, Cat. Pl. Oreg. 1.— Oregon, at Waldo, Rattan, and Coast Mts., Curry Co., T. Howell. A well marked species readily distinguished from the preceding by its thicker foliage and larger more deeply colored corolla, from the following by its very different flowers as well as pubescence. V.* parviflora, Greene. Rootstock much-branched: stems numerous in groups: foliage much as in the preceding; leaflets more or less 3-lobed or suborbicular, more distinctly crenulate-crisped : inflorescence more paniculately branched with flowers commonly much more numerous (25 to 35 or more), scarcely half as large: ovules but 2 or 3.— Pittonia, ii. 100. V. hexandra, Brew. & Wats. 1. ¢., in part.— Abundant upon hillsides, Central Cali- fornia, Bigelow, Anderson, Bolander, G'reene, &c. 5. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twiy-Lear. (Thomas Jefferson, author of Notes on Virginia, originator of the first expedition across the Rocky Moun- tains to the Pacific.) —Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. iii. 342, and plate; Michx. FI. i. 236; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 85, t. 84. — Single Atlantic-American species, but J. dubia, Plagiorhegma dubium, Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 34, t.2, of N. E. Asia, is almost certainly another. J.* binata, Barron, 1.c.1 Glaucescent and glabrous, tufted from short matted rootstocks, producing below innumerable fibrous roots, sending up simple one-flowered naked scapes (4 or in fruit 8 to 10 inches high), these at length overtopped by the long radical petioles, which bear a pair of sessile semi-cordate (either sinuate-lobulate, repand or entire) veiny 1 Name altered from J. diphylla, acc. to Dr. Gray’s statement in ms. that Barton’s name should have been retained, and in accordance with the recently published Index Kewensis. 72 BERBERIDACEZ. Diphylleia. leaflets: flower white: fruit obovate or rather urn-shaped, thick-walled and at maturity coriaceous, transversely dehiscent about two thirds way round above the middle, the persist- ent top forming a lid. —J. diphylla, Pers. Syn. i. 418; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1513; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1036; Gray, l.c. 86, t. 34. J. Bartonis, Michx. Fl. i. 237; Raf. Med. Fl. ii. 11, f. 55, with J. odorata & J. lobata, the latter (also Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 99) with outer margin of leaflets sinuate-lobed. Podophyllum diphyllum, L. Spec. i. 505.— Rich and moist soil in woods, N. New York to Illinois! and adjacent Canada, south to Virginia and Ten- nessee, mainly along the mountains; fl. early spring, Also called RusuMATIsM-Roor. 6. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. (As, double, and ¥AXor, leaf.) — Fl. i. 203, t. 19, 20; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 83, t. 33.— Single species; for the D. Grayi, F. Schmidt, of Sachalin and Japan, seems to be no more than a variety, with some pubescence on the leaves. D. cymésa, Micux. 1. ce. Rootstock horizontal and with large contiguous scars on upper side left by annual growths: stout flowering stem a foot or two high, above bearing two alternate approximate petiolate leaves and terminated by a small corymbiform cyme of white flowers: leaves thin, very veiny, accrescent, at first 5 or 6 inches, at length a foot or two wide, with acutely denticulate margins; cauline with shallow basal and deep central sinus, very excentrically peltate ; large radical centrally peltate and more equally 9-13-lobed : berries as big as peas, blue or black-purple with a bloom. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1666; Pursh, Fl. i. 218; DC. Syst. ii. 30; Gray, |. c. 84, t. 33, & Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 23.2— Springy ground in woods, higher mountains of Virginia, Carolina, and E. Tennessee; fl. spring. (N. E. Asia.) 7. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-arretr, Manprake. (IIovs, foot, and vdXov, leaf, probably in reference to the very large footstock of the radical leaves.) — Robust perennial herbs (Atlantic N. Amer. and Asiatic, in 3 or 4 species), with strong running rootstocks, sending up in spring single centrally peltate leaves from an undeveloped stem, also mostly 2-leaved one-flowered stems with their leaves very eccentrically peltate: flower large, mostly white: woody bundles in stem scattered. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 426; Gray, Gen. IIL. i. 87, t. 85, 36. Anapodophyllum, Tourn. Inst. 239, t. 122. P. peltatum, L. Radical leaf of sterile shoots with petiole a foot or more high, about equally 7—9-parted into oblong-cuneate and emarginate divisions; leaves of flowering stem a pair at summit, with a short-peduncled flower between them: stamens 12 to 18: pulpy fruit ovoid, nearly 2 inches long: sometimes flowering stem leafless, a naked scape; some- times 3 alternate leaves or 2 unequal ones, the smaller 2-3-lobed, sometimes 2 or 3 addi- tional carpels !— Spec. i. 505; Michx. Fl. i. 309; Lam. Il. t. 449; Bigel. Med. Bot. ii. 34, t. 23; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1819; Gray, 1. c. 88, t. 35, 36; Porter, Bot. Gaz. ii. 117, with figures of variations. P. montanum & P. callicarpum, Rat. Med. FI. 11. 59, 60. Anapodo- phyllum peltatum, Mcench, Meth. 277.— Low and alluvial ground, borders of Canada to Minnesota, Missouri, E. Texas, and Florida. (Japan ?) OrpEerR VI. NYMPHAACE. By A. Gray; the genus Nuphar by B. L. Ropryson. Aquatic perennial herbs; with naked and one-flowered scapes or peduncles, commonly peltate leaves which are involute in the bud; hermaphrodite flowers, with the floral envelopes commonly in threes or fours, or indefinitely numerous, 1 Wisconsin, Lapham. 2 Add Lloyd Bros. Am, Drugs & Med. ii. 120, 121. % Also Foerste, Bull. Torr. Club, xi. 62. NYMPH HACE, 73 and imbricated; carpels either apocarpous or syncarpous; ovules anatropous and when more than one not borne on the ventral suture; embryo small and enclosed in a close sac at the base of the fleshy albumen, or the latter wanting in the anomalous Nelumbium. Rootstocks apparently endogenous rather than exogenous in structure. The Warer-LiLies are of three suborders, of which the first is most simple. Susorper I. CABOMBEZX. Sepals and petals each 3 (occasionally 4) and _per- sistent : stamens 3 to 18, and carpels 2 to 18, all free and distinct; no evident disk. Carpels in fruit indehiscent, somewhat nut-like, 2-ovuled and 2-seeded on the sides or on the dorsal suture, or when 3-seeded one usually on or near the ventral suture. Flowers small. .CABOMBA. Petals bi-auriculate at base above a very short claw. Stamens as many as petals and sepals, and opposite them: anthers short, adnate, extrorse. Carpels 2 or 3. Stigma small and terminal on a short style, depressed or globular. Submersed leaves capillary-multifid and opposite or verticellate. . BRASENTIA. Petals narrow and plane. Stamens 3 or 4 times as many: anthers linear- oblong, innate. Carpels 4 to 18, generally capitate-crowded. Stigma sessile and large, oblong, unilateral. Leaves alternate and entire. SuporpErR I]. NELUMBONE. Sepals and petals indefinitely numerous and pass- 3. ing the one into the other, regularly imbricated, hypogynous, inner successively larger and more colored, promptly deciduous. Stamens indefinitely numerous, hypogynous: anthers linear, slightly extrorse, the connective prolonged into an incurved appendage. Carpels several (15 to 30) immersed separately in an obconical enlargement of the receptacle; ovary globular, with very short style and depressed umbilicate terminal stigma; ovule solitary (rarely a pair) suspended. Fruit an acorn-like nut. Seed exalbuminous, filled by the highly developed embryo; cotyledons thick and farinaceous-fleshy, united by the obsolete caulicle, enclosing a plumule of two or three developing leaves, from the first node of which in germination proceed the earliest roots. NELUMBO. The only genus. Suporper II]. NYMPHHACEZ erorer. Sepals 4 to 6. Petals numerous, some- 5. times reduced to or resembling staminodes or innermost passing gradually into stamens, mostly marcescent or decaying away. Stamens very numerous: anthers adnate, introrse. Carpels several, more or less united into several-celled compound ovary, which bears indefinitely numerous ovules upon the ovarian walls. Stigmas sessile and radiate. Fruit coriaceous-baccate, many-seeded. Seed and embryo as in character of the order. Acaulescent from stout rootstocks, commonly slightly lactescent. Stipules intrafoliaceous and united, sometimes adnate to base of petiole. NYMPHAZA. Sepals and petals 4-merous in numerous ranks, and stamens indefinitely numerous passing into each other successively. Sepals 4, plane, hypogynous, herbaceous on the outer and somewhat petaloid on the inner face. Petals plane, those of the outermost row often greenish outside, all oblong or lanceolate, imbricated over and their bases adnate to the surface of the 7-35-celled ovary; innermost staminodes or imperfect stamens with petaloid filaments. True stamens with narrow filaments and linear-oblong anthers, inserted around the broad summit of the ovary. This concave and umbonate, lineate with as many radiate stigmatic lines as there are carpels, the tips of the latter produced into as many incurved short processes. Surface of the spongy-baccate fruit bearing the bases of decaying sepals or their scars. Seeds enclosed in cellular membranaceous arillus. NUPHAR. Sepals 5 to 12, concave, roundish, mostly yellow and petaloid except greenish base or outside, coriaceous, persistent. Petals 10 to 20, hypogynous, small and thick, the 74 NYMPH ACES. — Cabomba. innermost or sometimes all of them like staminodes. Stamens hypogynous, numerous and densely imbricated over the receptacle and around the ovary, at length recurving, rigid and persistent: filaments very short; anthers linear; apex covered by the glandular truncate tip of the connective. Stigmas radiate upon the truncate summit of the 10-25-celled ovary. Fruit corticate-baccate, naked. Seeds not arillate. 1. CABOMBA, Aublet. (An aboriginal or unmeaning name.) — Slender, mainly submersed, with capillary-dissected mostly opposite leaves, a few simple peltate floating leaves and emersed flowers from their axils. — Hist. Guian. 1. 321, t. 124; Rich. Analyse du Fruit, 46, 60, & Ann. Mus. xvii. 230, t.5; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 54; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 93, t. 38; Casp. Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 2, 138, t. 37. Nectris, Schreb. Gen. no. 610.— The following with three similar S. Ameri- can species. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves oblong-linear, obovate-linear, or elongated-oblong, often with a basal notch: flowers white, a pair of yellow spots on base of each petal : stamens 6; anthers oval: seeds costate and the ribs muriculate.— Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 47; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gardner in Hook. Ie. vii. 642; Gray, 1. c¢. 94, t. 38. C. Aubletii, Michx. FI. i. 206, as to N. Am. Pl. C. aquatica, DC. Syst. ii. 36, in part. Nectris peltata, Pursh, Fl. i. 239. N. aquatica, Nutt. Gen. i. 230; Ell. Sk. i. 416.— Stagnant waters, N. Carolina in the low country and §. Dlinois! to Florida and Texas. (Cuba ?} 2. BRASENIA, Schreb. Warer-suteip. (Unexplained, perhaps named for some obscure botanist.) — Gen. no. 938; Nutt. Gen. ii. 23; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 95, t. 389. Hydropeltis, Michx. Fl. i. 823, t. 29; Rich. Ann. Mus. xvii. 230; DC. Syst. ii. 87. — Single species, of wonderful distribution. B.* Schréberi, Gmet. Leaves alternate, submersed (if any) unknown; floating ones oval, centrally peltate, entire (1 to 4 inches long): flowers dull and dark purple: stems, peduncles, &e. coated with a transparent jelly. — Syst. Veg. i. 853; Hook. f. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. i. 333. B. peltata, Pursh, FI. ii. 389; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.55; Gray,1. c. 96, t. 39, and in ms. of present work. The change to Gmelin’s earlier name, evidently overlooked by Dr. Gray, is in entire accord with his own practice. 6. Hydropeltis, Muhl. Cat. 55; Raf. Med. FI. i. 90, f.17. B.nymphoides, Baill. Hist. Pl. iii. 82.2 Menyanthes peltata, Thunb. Nov. Act. Ups. vii. 142, t. 4. MM. nymphoides, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 82. Hydropeltis purpurea, Michx. 1. c. 324; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1147; DC.1.¢. 38. H. pulla, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 74. Villarsia peltata, Rem. & Schult. Syst.iv.178. Limnanthemum peltatum, Griseb. Gent. 348, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 141. Cabomba peltata, F. Muell. Pl. Vict. 15.— In still water, Nova Scotia and Canada, along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and south to Texas; also Brit. Columbia to California ; fl. summer. (Mex. & Cuba, Japan to Khasia, E. Australia, W. Trop. Africa.) 3. NELUMBO, Tourn., Adans. (Ceylonese name of the E. Indian species, the Sacrep Bran.) — Perennial by slender creeping rootstocks, some internodes of which enlarge into a farinaceous propagating tuber with only a terminal bud, sending up very large orbicular and centrally peltate entire leaves on long and stout petioles, the upper face concave, and a scape bearing a very large flower: seed and tubers edible. — Tourn. Inst. i. 261; Adans. Fam. ii. 76; Gertn. Fruct. i. 73, t. 19; Casp.in Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 242, & Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 2, 134. Melumbium, Juss. Gen. 68; Turp. Ann. Mus. Par. vii. 210, t. 11; Rich. ibid. xvii. 249, t. 5; DC., Endl., Benth. & Hook. (all freely adopting Negundo). Cyamus, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 75. — Two species, the Asiatic M. nu- cifera, Gertn., with white or rose-colored flowers and 1 Dunklin Co., Missouri, Bush. 2 Add syn. B. purpurea, Casp. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii, Ab. 2, 6. Nymphea. NYMPH HACE. 75 N. litea, Pers. (Water Cuinquapin, WankaPin.) Petals pale or dingy yellow, obtuse : anther-tip linear-clavate: peduncles minutely or obscurely muriculate and petioles little more so: leaves usually raised high out of water, a foot or two in diameter, on petiole 2 to 6 feet long. — Syn. ii. 92; Casp. 1. ¢. 134; Baill. Hist. Pl. iii. 79, f£. 79-81. Melumbium luteum, Willd. Spec. ii. 1259; Michx. Fl. i. 317; DC. Syst. ii. 46; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 56; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3753; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 98, t. 40,41. NV. Pennie DC. Syst. ii. 47. N. speciosum, Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 332, in part. N. pentapetalum, Willd. 1 CDC. lacy Aars N. codophyllum, Rat. Fl. Lud. 22; DC. 1. ¢. Nymphaea Nelumbo, var., L. Spee. rey tall N. Nelumbo & N. pentapetala, Walt. Car. 155, and even also N. reniformis, as to the fruit, therefore Nelumbium reniforme, Willd. and Cyamus reniformis, Pursh. Cyamus flavicomus, Salisb. 1. ¢.; Pursh, FI. ii. 398, with C. pentapetalus. Cyamus luteus, Barton, F]. Philad. ii. 26, & Fl. N. Am. ii. 77, t. 63.— In shallow or rather deep water, 8. Connecticut? (prob- bably of Indian introduction), New Jersey, Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and Michigan to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas; fl. summer. (W. Ind., E. 8. Am.) ? 4. NYMPH ACA, Tourn. Warer-Lity. (The classical name, dedicated to the water nymphs.) — Thick prostrate and creeping or tuberous rootstocks, sending up long petioles and scapes; the rounded leaves with deep sinus at base. Flowers showy, mostly fragrant, and opening at or before dawn day after day, closing toward evening, commonly produced all summer; the fruit maturing under water. —Inst. 260, t. 187, 138; L. Gen. no. 421; Smith, Prodr. FI. Gree. i. 860, &e. Castalia, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 14, & Ann. Bot. ii. 71.4 § 1. Carpels uncombined, except dorsally with the common parietes of the compound pistil, and ventrally with the axis. — § Lytopleura, Casp. N. ampla, DC. Rootstocks short and tuberiferous: leaves of orbicular or round oval out- line, acutely dentate, thickish, very prominently costate and reticulate-veiny underneath: petals white, lanceolate-oblong, 2 or 3 inches long: connective of anthers prolonged into a linear tip: fruit much depressed; seeds very small, subglobose (half line long). — Syst. ti. 54 (mainly); Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4469; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 7; Casp. 1. c. 156, t. 28-30. — Southern borders of Texas, Wright. (Adj. Mex. and W. Ind. to Brasil.) § 2. Carpels combined throughout into a many-celled compound ovary. — § Sym- phytopleura, Casp. * Flowers tinged with blue or violet: connective of the outer anthers produced into an oblong appendage. N. élegans, Hook. Petioles and scapes slender, from a short rootstock: leaves entire or barely repand (3 to 6 inches long) of broadly oval or roundish outline with very narrow sagittiform sinus and basal terminations slightly or not at all pointed: petals ovate-lanceo- late, hardly inch and a half long: stamens apparently in phalanges ( Hook.) : stigmatic rays about 15, the radiate appendages very short. —.Bot. Mag. t. 4604, not Hemsl. Biol. Cent.- Am. Bot. for the plant of Bourgeau must be N. Mexicana, Zuce. N. Mexicana? Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 7, not Zuee.6— W. Texas, in a pond near the head of the Leona, Wright. (Monterey, Mex., Berlandier ?) 1 Also Gray, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 228. 2 Since reported from Osterville, Mass., W. G. Farlow, Bull. Torr. Club, xii. 40. 8 The oriental N. nuciFERA, Gaertn., with white or pink flowers, has not infrequently been planted for ornament, and is established in certain localities in New Jersey. See Sturtevant, Gard. & For. ii. 172, 173. 4 For full generic synonymy according to strict priority see Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 257, xv. 84, and Britten, Jour. Bot. xxvi. 6. The names here retained, however, are those established by long usage, confirmed by recent publications by the Kew botanists and by Prof. Caspary in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 1-10. 5 Add syn. Castalia ampla, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 73. 6 Add syn. Castalia elegans, Greene, 1. c, 85. 7 Rediscovered near Waco, Texas, by Misses Trimble & Wright, 1888; see Sterns, Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 18; also collected in same year near Brownsville by C. G. Pringle. 76 NYMPH Z ACER. Nympheea, * * Flowers white varying sometimes to rose-color; the centre commonly pale yellow: anthers inappendiculate ; pollen minutely echinulate : prostrate rootstocks elongated and cylindrical: no stolons: leaves entire, obscurely if at all peltate, generally orbicular with narrow or more open sinus. N.* tetragona, Grorei. Rootstock short, vertical or nearly so, woolly with dark hairs: leaves oval, with deep but rather open sinus, acutish lobes, and entire margin, usually small, 11 to 8 (rarely 6 to 8) inches long, two thirds as broad; flowers 14 to 24 inches in diameter : sepals green outside, oblong lanceolate, often acutish, 1 inch long: petals 8 or 10, white, or faintly marked with purple, a little shorter than the sepals: stamens 3-4-seriate: carpels about 7; the free tips of the stigmas short and blunt. — Reise Russ. Reiche, i. 220. N. pygmea, Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 293; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1525. Castalia tetragona, Law son, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canad. vi. Sec. 4, 112; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 154% C. Leibergi (N. Leibergi), Morong, Bot. Gaz. xiii. 124, t. 7,as to flower only, the leaves being evidently those of a Nuphar.— Ponds, Kootenai Co., N. Idaho, Leiberg; also (acc. to Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. ix. 6) in Severn Riv., Keewatin, Canada, J. MZ. Macoun, and Misinaibi Riv., Ontario, R. Bell. (Siberia to India.) N. odorata, Air.t Rootstock with sparing and persistent branches: leaves floating, com- monly reddish beneath, rarely over 6 or 8 inches in diameter: flowers deliciously fragrant : sepals dull green tinged with purple: petals pure white with sulphur-yellow centre, or not rarely tinged with rose, rarely bright rose-color, oval to oblong-lanceolate, 14 to 24 inches long: seeds oblong, 1 to 14 lines long, stipitate in the arillus. — Kew. ii. 227; 2 Willd. Hort. Berol t. 39; Andr. Bot. Rep. v. t. 297; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 819; Gray, Gen. IIL. i. 102, t. 42, 43; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 161, t. 88. N. alba, Walt. Car. 155; Michx. FI. i. 311. Castalia pudica, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 14, & Ann. Bot. ii. 72. —In still water, New- foundland to Winnipeg, and south to Florida and Texas. (Cuba.) Var. minor, Sms. Leaves only 2 or 3 inches in diameter and often crimson beneath; petioles and peduncles either glabrous or villous: sepals and petals an inch or two long, varying from pure white to light rose or even bright pink. — Bot. Mag. t. 1652; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 57. N. odorata, var. rosea, Pursh, Fl. ii. 369; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6708. N. rosea, Raf. Med. FI. ii. 45. — Shallow water, same range as the larger-flowered, passing freely into it, also from pure white to pale yellow or deep pink-rose. N. reniformis, DC. Propagating by easily detached oblong tuber-like branches of the rootstock: leaves in shallow water emersed and ascending or erect, rarely purplish beneath, more prominently and copiously ribbed and veiny, the larger a foot or more in diameter: flowers odorless or slightly scented: sepals green outside, rather dull white within, never rose-tinged: petals elongated-oblong, 2 or 3 inches long: fruit more depressed: seeds globu- lar-ovoid, 14 lines in diameter, not stipitate in the arillus.—Syst. ii. 55; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 5, not Walt. N. tuberosa, Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida, 132; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 56; Garden, xxi. 130, t. 325. N. alba, Nutt. Gen. ii. 13; Graham, Edin. New Phil. Journ. i. 386, var. Canadensis ?3 — Still and slow-flowing waters, New York and Canada‘* along the Great . Lakes, to Minnesota, Ilinois, and probably in the S. Atlantic States. * * * Flowers yellow: anthers inappendiculate or nearly so; pollen smooth: rootstocks short, roughened with salient pulvini of fallen leaves, sending off from apex along with leaves and blossoms elongated naked stolons. N. flava, Lerner. Leaves of broadly oval outline and with narrow or closed sinus, 3 to 8 inches long, commonly crimson-purple beneath; margin somewhat undulate or repand and 1 A noteworthy form of this plant, or perhaps distinct species, has recently been discovered at Eustis, Florida, by G. V. Nash. The leaves are a foot or two in diameter with strongly upturned margins; flowers white, said to be odorless. This form has been confidently identified with NV. rent- formis, Walt., by the collector, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 147, a disposition in no sense warranted by the brief and wholly dubious characterization of Walter’s species. 2 Exel. Siberian plant of Gmelin, which is N. tetragona, Georgi. Add syn. Castalia odorata, Woodv. & Wood in Rees, Cyel. vi. no. 1. 8 Add syn. Castalia tuberosa, Greene, l. c. 84. 4 Also at Ferrisburgh, Vermont, Brainerd; and reported from near Trenton, N. J., Abbott, and Meadville, Penn. (see Gard. & For. i. 368, f. 58, 59, & vi. 415, f. 62); also near Little Rock, Arkansas, Coville. Nuphar. NYMPH HACER. ie basal lobes not pointed: petals bright light yellow, lanceolate, 14 to 2 inches long. — Leitner in Audubon, Birds Am. t. 411, with some wrong foliage; Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 604; Hook. £. Bot. Mag. t. 6917.1— Creeks and rivers of E. Florida, first coll. by Leitner, rediscovered by Palmer, Mrs. Treat, Dr. Gurber. Perhaps also Cedar Bayou, Harris Co., Texas, in brackish water. Dr. Joor, with “pale straw-color” blossom, but specimen insufficient.2 (Perhaps also N. tussilagifolia, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1853, 10, & Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, i. 326, coll. in Mexico by Andrieux, &c.) 5. NUPHAR, Smith. Sparrer-pock, YELLow Ponp-Lity. (Said to be of Arabic origin and mentioned by Dioscorides under Nymphea.) — Perennials of northern hemisphere and extra-tropical, with cylindrical creeping rootstocks of the White Water-Lilies, subterrestrial and aquatic: calyx more showy than corolla, at least the upper face of the sepals being bright yellow ; fl. summer. — Prodr. Fl. Gree. i. 361; DC. Syst. ii. 59. Mymphea, Boerh. Hist. Pl. Lugd.- Bat. 363; Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 71. Mymphosanthus, Rich. Analyse du Fruit, 68, & Ann. Mus. Par. xvii. 230, t. 5. Ropalon, Raf. New Fl. Am. ii. 17. [By B. L. Ropinson. | * Leaves oval; sinus fully one fourth to nearly half the length of the blade. + Anther-cells usually nearly or quite as long as the filaments or exceeding them: stig- matic disk 4 or 5 lines to nearly an inch in diameter, undulate margined, 12-22-rayed. N. polysépalum, Enceim. Very robust: petioles stout; thin submersed leaves none or at least not seen; floating leaves large, 8 to 12 inches long, 6 to 9 inches broad, with narrow or closed sinus and very broad rounded basal lobes: the subglobose cup-shaped calyx 3 inches in diameter, when fully expanded even 4 or 5 inches broad; sepals 9 to 12, yellow or with a reddish tinge in age: petals 12 to 18, obovate, cuneate, truncate, half inch long, two thirds as broad: stamens very numerous, red, recurved in age; pollen yellow: fruit subglobose, 14 inches in diameter, with short stout definitely constricted neck and convex umbonate 15-24-rayed stigmatic disk. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 282, & Bot. Works, 472; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 220; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 5. N.advena, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 296; Newberry, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 67, not Ait. f. Mymphea polysepala, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 84. % N. advena, Greene, FI. Francis. 288. — Colorado to Central Cali- fornia and northwestward to Alaska, especially in alpine ponds of mountain valleys. The farinaceous seeds are an important source of food to certain Indian tribes. Here appears to belong the N. W. American JN. luteum of authors (Bong. Veg. Sitch. 124; Ledeb. FI. Ress. i. 84; Rothr. Fl. Alask. 442; &c.), not Smith. Var. pforum, Engelm. 1. ¢., ig a form with more highly colored flowers, having sepals margined with reddish brown and petals deep red with yellow tips and bases. — Colorado, Parry, and probably elsewhere with the duller more yellow-flowered form. A form with smaller flowers (2 to 3 inches in diameter), in habit approaching the following, but with the characteristic dark red anthers of the western species, has been collected in Lake County, Calif., Blankinship. N. advena, Arr. f. Stout but smaller in all parts than the preceding: rhizome horizontal, thick: petioles usually 4 to 4 inch in diameter: thin submersed leaves present in seedlings, but in the mature plant rare or none; floating leaves broadly oval, often pubescent below ; sinus usually open; basal lobes very obtuse, sometimes rounded but usually more or less triangular in outline: subglobose flowers 1} inches in diameter, when fully expanded 2 to 3 inches broad: outer sepals greenish; the inner commonly dull yellow: petals oblanceolate- oblong, truncate, gradually narrowed toward the base: stamens in 5 or 6 series, recurved with age, yellow: disk pale red, yellow, or green, subentire or undulate-margined; stig- 1 Add syn. Castalia flava, Greene, 1. c. 85. 2 Specimens subsequently collected by Nealley at Rio Grande City, Texas, and by Pringle near Brownsville, no. 1956, as well as specimens of Bourgeau and of Pringle from Mexico, agreeing well with the Florida plant, may be referred to this species, as by Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. i. 30. Also Castalia Mexicana, Coulter, |. ¢. ii. 12, apparently not Nymphea Mexicana of Zuccarini, which should have white flowers. 78 NYMPH ACER. Nuphar. matic rays 12 to 22, usually not attaining the edge of the disk; fruit ovate, with thick more or less costate scarcely constricted neck. — Kew. ed. 2, iii. 295; Pursh, Fl. ii. 369; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 104, t. 44; Meehan’s Monthly, i. 17,18, t.2. . lutea, Pursh, 1. c.; DC. Syst. ii. 60, as to Amer, plant; * Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 82; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 57, excl. var. and (?) Alaskan plant. NN. Americanum, Provancher, Fl. Canad. i. 28. Nymphea lutea, Walt. Car. 154. N. advena, Ait. Kew. ii. 226; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 38; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 684. N. arifolia, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 71.— Labrador to Florida, Texas, Wyoming, and doubtfully to California; common throughout the Eastern and Middle States, much rarer if present upon the Pacific Slope. (Cuba.) Var. variecAtrum, Engelm. (in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 57) is a frequent form with sepals a brighter yellow toward the edges, and some at least red-purple or maroon toward the base within; the sinus of the leaf commonly narrow or closed.-— Growing with the duller flowered type, but in some places the com- moner or only form. - Var. minus, Moronec. Similar in general aspect: leaves and flowers smaller; petioles and peduncles more flaccid; a few thin submersed leaves commonly present: stigmatic disk smaller, bright red (occasionally green or yellow), 9-12-rayed, rather deeply crenate, only 3 to 4 lines in diameter; ovary and fruit somewhat smaller and with a strongly constricted neck. — The var. (7?) minor, Morong (Bot. Gaz. xi. 167), as taken by Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 56, to include N. rubrodiscum, Morong, 1. c., which cannot be satisfac- torily distinguished from Dr. Morong’s type of his var. minor. N. luteum, Gray, Man. 24, excl. var.,and not of Smith. NV. advena X Kalmiana, Casp. in Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. 32. N. Fletcheri, Lawson, 1. ¢. 119. NMymphea rubrodisca, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 84. — An exact intermediate between N. advena and the following species, and, with little doubt, of hybrid origin, frequently associated with the parent plants in Lower Canada, Ontario, and the Northern States, westward at least to Minnesota, growing in shallower water than N. advena, and often showing imperfect pollen as though only partially fertile; in other localities, however, as in Lake Champlain, appearing (acc. to Dr. Morong) thoroughly inde- pendent and fertile; so that it may be best regarded as a perpetuated or established hybrid. Intergradation (probably rehybridization) with the parent stocks, especially toward JN. ad- vena, makes specific distinction undesirable. Frequent and very similar hybrids between N. minimum and WN. luteum have been repeatedly noticed in Europe by Caspary and others. + + Anther-cells (at maturity) only a third as long as the filaments: stigmatic disk small, 2 to 3 lines in diameter, about 8-rayed. N. minimum, Smirn. Rootstock horizontal, slender, enveloped at the end by the sheath- ing membranous expanded bases of the slender flaccid petioles: floating leaves 14-3 (-4) inches long, usually pubescent beneath; the sinus reaching almost to the middle of the leaf; submersed leaves freely produced, suborbicular, very delicate, membranaceous and trans- lucent; sinus more open: sepals about 5, suborbicular, 6 to 8 lines in diameter, yellow: petals obovate-cuneate, 2 lines long, half as broad: stigmatic disk distinctly lobed, deep red or (at least in the European form) green; stigmatic rays yellow; fruit ovoid, 6 to 8 lines in diameter, with short slender neck.— Eng. Bot. xxxii., description of t. 2292; Hook. f. & Jacks. Ind. Kew. ii. 320. N. pumilum, DC. Syst. ii. 61; Smith, 1. c. on plate; Casp. in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 256; Wats. Bibl. Index, 37. NN. Kalmiana, Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 295; Pursh, Fl. ii. 369. NV. lutea, var. Kalmiana, Torr. & Gray, F]. i. 58. NV. luteum, var. pumilum, Gray, Man. ed. 5,57. Nymphcea microphylla, Pers. Syn. ii. 63. N. Kalmiana, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1243. — Ponds from Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan, southward to Pennsyl- vania. (EKu.) * * Leaves elongated-oblong, sagittate; the blade 6 to 10 times as long as the sinus: flowers small, an inch to inch and a third in diameter when open: southern Atlantic species. N. sagittzefélium, Pursn. Rhizome apparently horizontal, or oblique, sending off stout roots: petioles long and rather slender: leaves thin and relatively much narrower than in any of the other American species; the floating ones narrowly elliptic-oblong, 7 to 12 inches in length, 14 to 24 inches broad; the submersed considerably larger, delicately membrana- ceous: sepals about 6 or 7; the outer green; the inner petaloid at least near the edges: petals spatulate, truncate, thickish (said sometimes to be completely transformed into stamens) : stamens in 4 to 6 rows; anthers fully as long as the flat filaments: disk 4 to 6 lines in Sarracenia. SARRACENIACEA. 79 diameter; margin repand; stigmatic rays 11 to 14: fruit depressed-ovate, 7 or 8 lines in diameter, costate and moderately constricted beneath the disk; seeds pale yellowish brown, 1} lines in diameter. — Fl. ii. 370; DC. Syst. ii. 62; Ell. Sk. ii. 8. N. sagitt:follum, Morong, Bot. Gaz. xi. 169. N. longifolia, Smith in Rees, Cyel. no. 5. Nymphea sagittifolia, Walt. Car. 155. WN. sagittata, Pers. Syn. ii. 63. N. longifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 312. —In stagnant pools of the low lands, North Carolina to Georgia and (acc, to Morong) Florida; also in S. Indiana and Illinois, Schneck ( fide Watson & Coulter). 3 OrpDER VII. SARRACENIACE 4. By A. Gray. Acaulescent perennial bog-plants, with colorless inert juice, and leaves trans- formed into more or less colored secretive pitchers or tubes (in which insects are collected); the flowers hermaphrodite, hypogynous, polyandrous; sepals and petals each 5 and imbricated in the bud; anthers fixed by the middle and introrse; pistil compound, 3—5-celled, with many-ovuled placente in the axis; fruit a loculicidal capsule; seed-anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of fleshy albumen. Flowers comparatively large, nodding. ‘rue affinity of the order undetermined. Consists of a monotypic apetalous and tricarpellary genus found on a single mountain in Eastern S. America, and of the following. 1. SARRACENIA. Bractlets 3 under the calyx. Sepals coriaceous, persistent. Petals panduriform, at first connivent-incurved and imbricated over the stamens and pistil, in age becoming deciduous. Ovary globular and 5-lobed, the lobes alternate with the petals: style bearing 5-angled 5-rayed umbrella, the tips of the slender rays projecting from the notched angles, recurved and introrsely stigmatose. Capsule densely verrucose, loculicidal, but the five valves cohering by the partitions with the axis. Seeds with a close and firm reticulate coat and broad rhaphe. 2. DARLINGTONIA. Sepals membranaceous and somewhat herbaceous, lax, marcescent. Petals shorter, somewhat convergent, oblong-ovate, with a contraction above the middle and the apical portion concave, marcescent. Stamens 12 to 20, short. Ovary somewhat turbinate with depressed or umbilicate broad summit, the cells opposite the petals: style short, 5-cleft; its short and thick branches radiate-spreading: stigma broad and terminal Capsule oblong, smooth, 5-valved, the valves septiferous: base of the columella naked Seeds clavate or turbinate, densely beset with short stiff bristles. Scape bracteate. 1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. Pircner-Piant, SIDE-sADDLE FLOWER, Trumeets. (Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who about the year 1730 sent our northern species and an account of it to Tournefort.)— Scape naked and one- flowered with the cluster of radical leaves from a short horizontal rootstock; the pitchers trumpet-shaped with a ventral wing or salient margin and an arching hood (the lamina) at apex, some earlier leaves phyllodia-like, destitute of pitcher, all yellowish green or purplish, or purple-veined. Petals purple or yellow. FI. early summer or southward in spring. Species all strictly Atlantic N. American. — Inst. 657, t. 476, & L. Gen. ed. 1-5, as Sarracena; L. Spec. i. 510, & Gen. ed. 6, no. 652; Mill. Ic. t. 241; Croom, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. 98; A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 3. Coilophyllum, Morison, Pl. Oxon. iii. 533. For account of the relation of the pitchers to insects and references to the literature, see Goodale, Physiol. Bot. 347-353. Sweet alluring secretion at some time more or less manifest at 80) SARRACENIACE. Sarracenia. the orifice of the pitcher in all the species. — Hybrids and varieties of cultivation unnoticed. ws S. S. s. of * Petals brown-red or maroon (rarely varying to greenish yellow), little accrescent after anthesis. + Leaves short, with ventral wing broad, commonly semi-obovate, in some later-grown leaves even wider than the pitcher: sepals coriaceous and mostly dark colored. purptrea, L. (Srpe-sappLteE FLower, Huntsman’s Cup, &c.) Leaves ascending ; pitcher gibbous-obovate, with open orifice; hood erect, round-cordate, concave, the inner face strongly retrorse-hispid and reticulated with broad purple veins: petals 2 inches long. — Spec. i. 510 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 70); Lam. Il. t. 452; Michx. Fl. i.310; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 849; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 8308; Croom, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. 98; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 59.1~ S. heterophylla, Eaton, Man. ed. 4, 445 (S. purpurea, var. heterophylla, Torr. Compend. 217, & Fl. N. Y. i. 41, t. 6), an occasional form with greener foliage and yellowish green flower. Var. alata, Wood, Bot. & FI. 30, refers to the phyflodial wing, which in certain leaves of most plants is wider than the diminished pitcher. — Sphagnous bogs, Newfoundland and S. Labrador to Bear Lake and south to Florida and Alabama, but southward mainly east of the Alleghanies. A remarkable range in latitude and climate. A monstrosity coll. by I. Sprague has the umbrella of the style deeply 5-parted into linear divisions! psittacina, Micux. Leaves reclined in a rosulate tuft; pitcher narrow, of clavate out- line, 2 to 5 inches long, densely and retrorsely long-hirsute within; hood strongly incurved - over the contracted orifiee, globose-inflated, dorsally white-variegated and commonly pur- plish-tinged: petals inch and a half long. — Fl. i. 311; Pursh, FI. ii. 368; Croom, 1. c. 101; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Masters, Gard. Chron. 1866, 1218, fig., & 1881, pt. 1, 817, fig.; A. DC. 1. ce. 4.2 S. calceolata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, iv. 49, t. 1. S. pulchella, Croom, Am. Jour. Sci. xxv. 75, & xxviii. 167. — Pine-barren swamps, from near Augusta, Georgia, to Apalachicola, Florida, and S. Alabama. + + Leaves erect with long and narrow or trumpet-shaped open-mouthed tube and soon ascending or erect hood; the wing a narrow margin or in the phyllodial leaves (with reduced abortive tube) linear-lanceolate. rubra, Watt. Leaves slender, the larger a foot or more long, wholly green with reddish veins above; hood ovate, varying from obtuse to acuminate, usually inflexed when young, at letigth erect and merely concave, reddish or red-veined and variegated ; retrorse pubes. cence of inner face minute: petals inch or so long.— Car. 152; Ell. Sk. ii. 10; Croom, Ann. Lye. N.Y. iv. 99; Hook. Exot. Fl. i. t. 13 (excl. syn.), & Bot. Mag. t. 3515; Lodd, Bot. Cab. t. 1163; Torr. & Gray, 1.c.; Planchon, Fl. Serres, x. t. 1074.3 S. minor, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 138, with only earlier small leaves. S. rubra & S. Sweetii, A. DC. 1. ¢. 5. S. Gronovii, var. rubra, Wood, Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 222.— Swamps, N. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama, in the middle country and toward the mountains.* Drummondii, Croom. Leaves ampler (from less than a foot to a yard high), with orifice an inch or two in diameter; hood roundish with contracted base, soon erect and flattish or with recurved margins, retrorsely hispid on the inner face, and with the whole summit of the pitcher highly variegated with red-purple reticulation on a white semitrans- parent ground; the wing extremely narrow: plane phyllodial leaves sometimes 2 feet long : petals 2 inches long. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 100, t.1; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; Planchon, FI. Serres, x. 239, t. 1071, 1072.5 S. Drummondii & S. undulata, Decsne, Rev. Hort. ser. 4, i. (1852) 126, & FI. Serres, vii. 267, 268; A. DC.1.c¢., the latter a mere form or stage with erect and undulate hood, well marked in leaves of original specimens. (S. leucophylla, Raf. Fl. Lud. is essentially fictitious.) S. Gronovit, var. Drummondii, Wood, 1. ¢. — Pine-barren 1 Meehan’s Monthly, i. 86, t. 6. 2 Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 2, i, 21, t. 5. 8 Meehan, 1. c. 37, t. 9. 4 Natural hybrids apparently of S. rubra and S. purpurea have been noted, very similar to those cultivation. 5 Meehan, 1. c. 5, t. 1. Darlingtonia. SARRACENIACEZ. 81 swamps, S. W. Georgia and adjacent Florida, at Apalachicola, &c., first made known from foliage coll. by Drummond and flowers by Chapman. * * Petals and whole flower yellow: leaves with elongated pitchers or tubes, in S. States called TRUMPETS Or TRUMPET-LEAF, and the flowers Warcuss! S. variolaris, Micux. Leaves 3 to 14 (rarely 20) inches high; the tube narrowly or rather broadly winged, dorsally reticulate-variegated at and below the summit with green and purplish veining on a yellowish white translucent ground; the ovate fornicate hood inflexed over the wide open orifice, puberulent and purple-veiny within; mouth of the tube and edge of the wing for a time bedewed with a sweet alluring secretion: phyllodial leaves seemingly hardly any: petals an inch or more long, little accrescent after anthesis. — Fl. i. 310; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1710; Ell. Sk. ii. 11; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 803; Croom, 1. c. 102; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Mellichamp, Nature, x. 253; A. DC.1.¢. 6.1 %S. minor, Walt. Car. 153. S. adunca, Smith, Exot. Bot. i, 103, t. 53; Macbride, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 48. — Low pine-barrens, N. Carolina to Florida in the low country.” S. flava, L. Narrowly trumpet-shaped leaves about 2 feet long; pitcher bordered with very narrow wing, yellowish green, unspotted; hood ovate and soon erect, with (often reddish) base contracted or recurved at sides, hispidulous-puberulent within, commonly with purple reticulated veinlets; autumnal phyllodial leaves oblong or lanceolate and falcate, a span or two long; petals at first inch and a half long, becoming pendulous, elongating to 24 or 3 inches. — Spec. i. 510; Walt. Car. 153; Michx. 1. c.; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 381; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 780; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1957; Ell. Sk. ii, 10; Croom, 1. c. 103; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; Planchon, 1. c. t. 1068; A. DC.1.c.2 S. Catesbwi, Ell. Sk.ii. 11, greener form. S. Gronovit, Wood, l. c.— Wet meadows and swamps, North Carolina to Florida; fl. spring and early summer. 2. DARLINGTONIA, Torr. (Dr. Wm. Darlington of Pennsylvania, author of Flora Cestrica, &c.) — Smiths. Contrib. vi. 4, t. 12, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 221, & Bull. Torr. Club, ii. 14; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi. 425, xxxv. 186; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 48; Planchon, FI. Serres, xiv. 125, t. 1440; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5920; A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 2; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 17. — Single species. D. Californica, Torr. ll.ce. Rootstock elongated and creeping, rough-scaly : leaves (a span to 2 feet long) greenish yellow, of nervose tubes gradually enlarging upward and with dilated and inflated-saccate externally white-variegated incurved summit, so that the con- tracted orifice looks downward, its proper apex bearing a conspicuous divergently bifid pendulous appendage resembling a fish-tail aud generally reddish or yellowish; the whole leaf twisted half round, the orifice becoming averse from the scape. ventral wing a narrow border: scape bearing several greenish and membranaceous alternate bracts, nodding at apex, greenish, at length 2 inches long: petals greenish yellow and reddish brown or purple. — Mountain bogs of the Sierra Nevada, California, at 1,000 to 6,000 feet, from Truckee Pass to Shasta Co. (where first coll. without flowers, by Pickering and Brackenridge) ; also within the borders of Oregon, Waldo Co., Howell ; fl. spring. Areolation of the inflated hooded summit of the leaf translucent: appendage within beset with retrorse bristly hairs, and along its margins producing a sweet alluring secretion, which sometimes extends downward on the edge of the wing, as discovered by Mrs. R. M. Austin. For details of mode of capturing insects, see Canby, Proc. Am. Ass. Sci. 1874, pt. 2, 64, and abstract in Brew, & Wats. 1. c. 18. 1 Meehan’s Monthly, iv. 1, t. 1. 2 Some striking variations are noted by Miss Mary F. Peirce, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 229. 83 Meehan’s Monthly, ii. 118, t. 8. 82 PAPAVERACEZ. OrpEr VIII. PAPAVERACE. By A. Gray; the genus Arctomecon by B. L. Roprnson. Mostly colored-juiced herbs, with mostly alternate leaves, no stipules, and narcotic or acid qualities; flowers hermaphrodite, hypogynous, polyandrous, dimerous or sometimes trimerous i. e. sepals 2, rarely 3, and caducous, petals double to quadruple (or even sextuple) that number and commonly very decidu- ous; the ranks imbricated in the bud; pistil of 2 to many carpels combined to form a one-celled ovary with parietal placenta, Filaments filiform, or rarely dilated, distinct: anthers innate. Ovules anatropous, numerous. Fruit capsular. Seeds with small or minute embryo at base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Several genera have more or less colorless juice. Dendromecon is shrubby. Platystemon has carpels in flower partly and in fruit becoming wholly distinct. Glaueium has a falsely 2-celled ovary, and the placente in Poppy, &c., may meet in the axis. Eschscholtzia, besides its calyptrate calyx, has a cupulate-dilated seem- ingly perigynous disk. Platystemon and yet more Canbya and Arctomecon retain their petals until fruiting. Platystigma and Canbya may have very few stamens. Bucconia is apetalous. And the leaves are usually opposite or verticillate and entire in the first tribe. So, although one of the most distinct of orders, it teems with exceptions. TrisE I. PLATYSTEMONEZ. Leaves mainly opposite or whorled and entire. Flowers usually 3-merous, i. e. sepals 3 and obovate petals 6 in two series. Ovary mostly lobed or angled: stigmas distinct, one terminating each carpel, alternate with the placente, which never separate from the valves. No dilated torus under the flower. Flower-buds usually drooping on the peduncle: anthesis for more | than one day. Juice watery or yellowish. 1. PLATYSTEMON. Stamens numerous: filaments petaloid, obovate or spatulate. Stigmas subulate-filiform. Carpels 9 to 18, each several-ovuled, at first all united in a circle into a deeply plurisuleate compound ovary by as many parietal placentz, in fruit separating and closing into as many torose narrow follicles, which when mature are disposed to break up transversely into a few one-seeded joints! Petals tardily deciduous! 2. PLATYSTIGMA. Flowers occasionally 2-merous, i. e. with 2 sepals and 4 petals. Stamens 6 to 12, rarely 4: filaments from lanceolate-subulate to filiform. Carpels 3, rarely 4, wholly combined into a somewhat 3-lobed or angled or nearly terete ovary, having as many pluri-ovulate strictly parietal placentz; in fruit a thin-walled completely 3-valved capsule, dehiscent through the placentz. Stigmas ovate to subulate. Petals deciduous. Trier II. PAPAVEREZ. Leaves alternate or mainly so. Flowers rarely 3-merous. Ovary of 2 to 20 completely combined carpels; even the stigmas more or less confluent or else radiate from a common centre, never more numerous than the placentz: these when the capsule dehisces persisting as a frame alternate with and freed from the valves, while held in place by attachment to receptacle below and combined stigmas above. * Petals 4 or 6, usually scarious-marcescent and persistent till the fruit is grown! appar- ently not crumpled in the bud: this drooping before anthesis: capsule ovoid, strictly one-celled, 8-6-valved from above; valves alternating with as many nerviform placente. 38. CANBYA. Sepals3. Petals 6, obovate, after anthesis closing over the capsule. Stamens 6 cr 9: filaments shorter than the oblong-linear anthers. Ovary and membranaceous cap- ’ i i * PAPAVERACEX. 83 sule ovoid-globose: style none: stigmas 3, oblong-linear, opposite the three nerviform placentze and recurved-appressed to them, Seeds obovate-oblong, smooth, neither crested nor carunculate. Exiguous annuals. . ARCTOMECON. Sepals 2. Petals 4, rotund-obovate, in age thin-scarious and persist- ing around the base of the capsule. Stamens indefinitely numerous, short: filaments longer than the oblong-linear anthers. Ovary and subcoriaceous capsule ovoid or obovoid, 3-6(com- monly. 4)-valved: style shorter than the globular and lobulate mass of 3 to 6 erect and somewhat united stigmas; each stigma cordate-bilobed and over a valve, i. e. alternate with the nerviform placentz. Seeds rather few, oblong, with sinuous-lineolate coat and a narrow crested rhaphe, which is carunculate-dilated at hilum. Herbs. * * Petals 8 to 12, not at all crumpled in the bud (which is never drooping), of rather firm texture, deciduous after anthesis of a few days: stigmas (2) alternate with the nerviform placentz, i. e. over the valves: acaulescent herb. . SANGUINARIA. Sepals 2. Petals obovate to oblong-spatulate. Stamens about 24. Ovary oblong, with short and stout style: stigmas 2, thickish, erect and partly united, being confluent at their bases. Capsule fusiform, nearly membranaceous. Seeds with crusta- ceous coat and a loose-cellular crest to the rhaphe. * * * Petals 4 to 6, usually qumpled in the bud, thin and broad, deciduous after anthesis of one or more days. +— Truly shrubby, 2-carpellary: stigmas over the valves, i. e. alternate with the nerviform placentz : flowers lasting two or three days. DENDROMECON. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens very many. Ovary narrow, tipped with short style and broadish stigmas. Capsule linear, strictly one-celled, elastically 2-valved from the base upward: valves firm-coriaceous, striate-costate, tardily and often incompletely detached from the exiguous placentz. Seeds oval, fleshy-carunculate at the hilum. +— + Shrubby-based, pluricarpellary: stigmas over the septiform placents#: flowers not drooping in the bud, lasting for a few days. . ROMNEYA. Sepals 3 (rarely with a dorsal wing), externally strigose. Petals 6. Stamens very many. Style none: stigmas 7 to 12, oblong, firm-fleshy and thick, partly cohering in a ring around and incurved over a globular epigynous disk. Ovary and coria- ceous capsule ovate or oblong, strigose-hispid, with 7 to 12 lamelliform at length coriaceous placentz, some or most of which meet in the axis and so form partitions: valves 7 to 12, opening from the summit downward and so denudating the solid placental framework. Seeds slightly incurved, with scrobiculate or rugulose and dull coat, naked at rhaphe and hilum. + + + Herbaceous (except one Aryemone): stigmas over the placente: sepals 2, or by variation 3 and then petals 6. ++ Capsule 4-20 -carpellary, dehiscent only at top or to near the middle. . ARGEMONE. Flowers erect in the bud and _ short-peduncled or sessile. Herbage prickly. Sepals often 3 and petals 6. Stamens many. Ovary strictly 1-celled, with 4 to 6 nerviform placent: stigmas oval, somewhat radiate and united on the summit of very short or obsolete style. Capsule 4-6-valved at summit. Seeds scrobiculate, naked, but with salient rhaphe. Juice orange. . PAPAVER. Flower-bud generally drooping on the peduncle until anthesis. Stamens very many. Ovary and capsule globose to oblong, capped by the closely sessile circular flat or somewhat conical disk of the combined radiate stigmas, and dehiscent only under the edge of it by as many dentiform short lids: placentz 4 to 20, septiform, mostly projecting far into the cell. Seeds scrobiculate, naked. Juice mostly white. 10. MECONOPSIS. Flower-bud drooping before anthesis. Stamens many. Ovary and capsule tipped with a style, and with globular mass of stigmas, one-celled, and with 4 to 8 more or less intruded placente, dehiscent only by as many short teeth or valves at the sum- mit. Juice orange. ++ ++ Capsule 2-4-carpellary, dehiscent for the whole length, the valves completely sep- arating from the 2 to 4 nerviform placenti: juice orange or yellow. 84 PAPAVERACEZ. Platystemon. 11. STYLOPHORUM. Stamens 20 or more. Ovary in the genuine species with 3 or 4 nerviform placentx from which the valves of the capsule separate from apex to base. Style comparatively long: stigmas 3, short and depressed, confluent. Seeds scrobiculate-reticu- lated: rhaphe prominent and crested. 12. CHELIDONIUM. Stamens rather few. Ovary and capsule linear, strictly one-celled with 2 nerviform placente, and a short style bearing two small simple stigmas: valves membranaceous at maturity, dehiscent mostly from base upward. Seeds smooth: rhaphe crested. 13. GLAUCIUM. Like Chelidonium, but mitre-shaped stigmas with divergent or deflexed base on each side, and coriaceous capsule 2-celled by a spongy false partition between the placentz, in which the scrobiculate seeds are partly embedded. : Tre IIT. HUNNEMANNIZ. Leaves alternate, ternately decompound. Flowers dimerous, i. e. sepals and placentz 2, and (deciduous) petals 4. Torus more or less dilated and excavated under or around base of the pistil: flower thus as if perigynous. Stamens numerous. Stigmas twice or thrice as many as placente: ovary strictly one-celled. Capsule elongated and siliquiform, terete, striate- costate, many-seeded, elastically 2-valved usually from the base to apex; valves ~ coriaceous, the nerviform placente remaining attached to their margins, or im- perfectly separating. Seeds globular, inappendiculate. Juice of herbage mainly watery and not acrid, of the root yellow. Flowers erect in the bud, in anthesis usually more than one day, normally yellow. Consists of the adjacent Mexican genus Hunnemannia, with calyx of distinct sepals and 4 roundish depressed stigmas, the nerviform placentz partly separating from the valves, and 14. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Torus under the flower dilated and hollowed, cyathiform. Calyx calyptrate, the two sepals completely combined into an extinguisher-shaped body, which is detached at base and pushed off at the expansion of the 4 petals. Style short and stout or hardly any: stigmas 4 to 6, subulate or setaceous, unequal. Cotyledons said to be 2-parted. Chiefly annuals. 1. PLATYSTEMON, Benth. Cream-curs. (Maris, wide, orjpor, stamen.) — Trans. Hort. Soe. ser. 2,1. 405; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 51. — Single species, remarkable in the order on many acccunts, among them for anthesis con- tinued for several days, and marcescent petals at length loosely closing over the forming fruit. P. Califérnicus, Bentn. 1. c. Low and slender annual, hispid with long spreading hairs, or glabrate: leaves mainly opposite, closely sessile, ligulate-linear, obtuse, nervose : peduncles a span or more long, sometimes scapose: petals half inch or less long, from light yellow to cream color or white (rarely roseate): mature and separated carpels linear, moniliform, sometimes sparsely hispid, commonly glabrous. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1679; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 394; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 8579; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 65, with vars.; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 19, with var. lesocarpus. P. levcarpus, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 47 (1835); Hook. Bot Mag. t. 3750, a mere state.1— Open ground, through- out California (except in the mountains), also S. Utah and Arizona; type coll. by Douglas. 2. PLATYSTIGMA, Benth. (I)aris, broad, otypa, stigma.) — Pacific N. American low annuals, with linear mostly opposite leaves and light yellow or almost white flowers; in spring. — Trans. Hort. Soc. ser. 2, 1. 406; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Platystigma & Meconella (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, FI. 1. 64; Go. § 1. Subscapose: capsule obovoid or clavate-ovoid, of rather firm texture, crowned.with the three broad and obtuse spreading introrsely stigmatose tips or stigmas. 1 Add syn. ?P. crinitus, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 13 (P. Californicus, var, crinitus, Greene, Fl. Francis. 282), apparently only a weak and more pubescent form of the inland. Arctomecon. PAPAVERACEX. 85 P. lineare, Benru. 1. c. 407. A span or two high, branching only at base, sparsely barbate- hispid in the manner of Platystemon, which it resembles: leaves all sessile, linear, mostly 2 inches long: petals half inch long: stamens numerous; anthers oblong-linear. — Hook. Ie. t. 38, & Bot. Mag. t. 3575; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1954; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 65; Brew. & Wats. lL. c. 20.1— W. California, from Los Angeles, to Oregon; type coll. by Douglas. § 2. Stems leafy and paniculately branching, filiform: capsule linear, with thin or membranaceous valves, commonly twisting in age: stigmas subulate. — Meconella, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 64. P.* Oreganum, Benru. & Hoox.? Glabrous, an inch (in depauperate plants) to a span or two high, with spreading branches or peduncles: leaves a quarter to at most an inch long; lowest spatulate or obovate and contracted into petiole; upper linear-oblong or linear, sessile: petals 4 to 6, from 1 to 2 lines in length: stamens (4 or) 6, equal or nearly so and in single row; anthers oval, very much shorter than the filaments. — Benth. & Hook. ace. to Brew. & Wats. 1. c.; Wats. Bibl. Index, 43. Meconella Oregana, Nutt. 1. c.; Hook. Ie. t. 360.4 — Moist or dry ground in spring, Brit. Columbia to Oregon; first made known by Nuttall. P.* Califo6rnicum, Bentu. & Hoox. Flowers usually larger: petals 2 to 5 lines long: stamens 6 to 12, unequal and biseriate: other characters closely as in the preceding (of which Dr. Gray regarded it a form).—Gen.i. 51; Brew. & Wats. 1.c. Meconella Cali- fornica, Torr. & Frém. in Frém. Rep. 312; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 31. Platystemon Torreyi, Greene, Fl. Francis. 283. P. Oreganus, M. K. Curran, 1. c., in part. —Low hills, &c., Central and Southern California. P. denticulatum, Greene. Very similar, more diffuse: weak stems a span to a foot long: leaves from linear to spatulate, sometimes callous-denticulate: petals a line or two long, apparently white: anthers (6) linear, equalling or double the length of the filaments. — Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 218. Meconella denticulata, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 59.5— S. California, between San Bernardino and San Diego, and on the adjacent islands, Cleve- land, Parish, Greene. 3. CANBYA, Parry. (William Marriott Canby, of Delaware, excellent botanist and friend.) — Singular genus of two minute acaulescent annuals, vernal productions of the interior desert, glabrous; with a tiny root, a close tuft of exceedingly short and densely leafy stems or branches, sending up filiform one- flowered scapes of less than an inch in length; the leaves crowded but mainly alternate, fleshy, oblong to linear, entire, the lowermost a line and upper quarter inch long: petals not over 2 lines long. — Parry in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. St. be C. candida, Parry,l.c. Petals bright white: foliage green. — Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 429. — 58. E. California, on the upper part of the Mohave River, Palmer, 1876; Cajou Pass, Parish, 1882. C. atrea, Warson. Petals bright yellow, deciduous in age: scapes capillary: foliage glaucescent.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 445.—On the sage plains of S. E. Oregon, June, in flower, Howell. 4, ARCTOMECON, Torr. & Frém. ("Apxros, a bear, pjxov, poppy, from the hirsuteness.) — Frém. Rep. (1845), 312, t. 2; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 52; Parry, Am. Nat. ix. 139, 268; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 52, t. 2; Coville, 1 Add syn. Platystemon linearis, M. K. Curran, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 242. 2 A dubious specimen from Ft. Mohave, Cooper. 3 Description modified to exclude the apparently distinct P. Californicum. 4 Add syn. Platystemon Oreganus, M. K. Curran, 1. c., so far as the northern plant is concerned. 5 Add syn. Platystemon denticulatus, Greene, Fl. Francis. 283. 86 PAPAVERACEZ. Arctomecon. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 66, 67, & Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 58, 59.1 [By B. L. Roginson. | * Capsule obovoid. A. humilis, Covitte. Low, 4 to 7 inches in height, erect leaves oblanceolate, usually 2-3-dentate toward the apex, hirsute-ciliate and sparsely villous: scapes naked and one- flowered or more frequently stems bearing a pair of subopposite leaves and 2-3-flowered : petals 4, suborbicular, white, three fourths inch in diameter: filaments flattened and slightly dilated: capsule 4 lines or more in length, two thirds as broad, splitting about to the middle: style short but present. — Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 67, & Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iy. 58. A, Californicum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 53 (so far as Dr. Parry’s plant is concerned), t. 2, not Torr. & Frém. — Desert of S. W. Utah, on the Rio Virgen, Parry, no 6. A. Califérnica, Torr. & Frém. 1. c. Taller and much more densely clothed with long gray barbellate hair: leaves crowded at the base of the plant, oblanceolate in outline or flabelliform-cuneate and several toothed at the apex: stem about a foot high bearing about two alternate distant reduced leaves and an umbelliform cluster of several to many slender- peduncled successively opening flowers: filaments slender: stigma sessile. — Coville, Con- trib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 58. —S. Nevada, first collected by /’rémont, rediscovered in the same locality near Vegas Ranch, Lincoln Co., by Dr. Merriam & V. Bailey. * * Capsule linear-oblong. A. Merridmi, Covitits. Foliage and pubescence much as in the last, but flowers usually solitary: sepals 3, villous, caducous: petals 6, white, obcordate, more than an inch in diameter: filaments slender but slightly dilated upward: capsule narrow, an inch and a half or more in length. — Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 66, & Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 59. — Near the same locality as the preceding, Dr. Merriam & V. Bailey, May, 1891, no. 1890. 5. SANGUINARIA, Dill. Brooproor. (Named from the blood-red. juice.) — Hort. Elth. ii, 334, t. 252; L. Gen, no. 425, — Single species, vernal. S. Canadénsis, L. Rootstock horizontal, fleshy and tuberous, crimson-red, surcharged as also the glabrous partly glaucous herbage with orange-red acrid juice, sending up in early spring, from terminal 2-3-valved buds a long-petioled leaf and a 1-flowered scape: leaves reniform, palmately and obtusely 5—-9-lobed, reticulated: lobes repand-dentate or 3-lobed: scape a span high, naked (has been found with a pair of opposite bracts and 3 flowers 2) : petals inch or less long, white, sometimes tinged with rose: capsule 2 inches long, — Spec. 1.505; Lam. Ill. t. 449; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 162; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 75, t.7; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1840; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 62; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 116, t.49; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 141, t. 33. S. acaulis, Moench, Meth. 227. S. vernalis, Salisb. Prodr. 376. S. grandiflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 147.-—- Woods in rich soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, and south to Arkansas and Florida. 6. DENDROMECON, Benth. (AéSpor, tree, pjxwv, poppy.) — Trans. Hort. Soc. ser. 2, i. 407; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 54; Hook. Ic. t. 37, & Bot. Mag. t. 5154; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 382, t. 3. — Single species, polymorphous in foliage, yellow-flowered, in spring. D.* rigida, Benra. 1. c.2 Glabrous and rigid shrub; leaves pale or glaucescent, coriaceous, lanceolate and cuspidate-acuminate, varying to oblong and obtuse with rigid mucro, entire or ciliolate-denticulate on callous margins (those of seedlings slightly lobed), very reticulate- veiny and venulose and with strong midrib, short-petioled, in age falling by an articulation: flowers naked-pedunculate at apex of branchlets: sepals orbicular: petals very broad, about inch long, golden yellow: capsule commonly arcuate at maturity. — Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 64; 1 In the light of Mr. Coville’s recent discoveries, and more copious material secured on the Death Valley Exploring Expedition, it has been necessary to rewrite the treatment of this genus. 2 A second interesting anomalous form is described by A. Foerste (Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 74, t. 67), in which but two flowers are present and these alternate. 3 Description slightly modified to exclude the following species, 4 Ss Argemone. PAPAVERACE. 87 Fl. Serres, xiv. t. 1411; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 22.— Dry hills, California, from San Diego, San Bernardino, &c., to Butte Co, D.* Harfordii, Kettoce. Low or arborescent shrub; leaves oval, or broadly oblong, usually very obtuse, and mucronate at apex (rarely ovate-lanceolate and acute), thick but somewhat less harsh than in the preceding; margins entire or inconspicuously crenulate, ‘never so scabrous-ciliolate as often in the last: axillary buds at certain stage in their development rigid and almost thorn-like.— Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. v. 102. D. flevilis, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 216. D. rigida, var. Harfordii, K. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 83. — Islands off coast of S. California. Dr. Kellogg’s species as originally collected on Santa Rosa Isl. is said to be a low shrub, but the foliage shows no constant or satisfactory differences from the arborescent D. flevilis, Greene, of Santa Cruz Isl. Essentially the same plant has been collected upon Santa Catalina Isl., Brandegee. All these insular forms are unsatisfactorily separable from each other and none too definitely distinguished from broad-leaved forms of the mainland, such as Hartweg’s 1641. (See T. 8S. Brandegee, Zoe, i. 46.) 7. ROMNEYA, Harv. (The astronomer, 7. Romney Robinson, friend of Dr. Coulter, the discoverer of the plant.) — Lond. Jour. Bot. iv. 74, t. 3 (stigmas not well given); Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 31. — Single species, large- and white- flowered, with colorless bitter juice. R. Cotlteri, Harv. 1.c. 75. Herbaceous stems 3 to 8 feet high from a soft woody base, branching, leafy to the top, glabrous, glaucescent: leaves of firm texture, pinnately parted or divided, petioled; divisions or leaflets 3 to 9, cuneate-oblong to lanceolate, sparingly dentate, terminal 3-cleft, margins and rhachis often sparsely ciliate-spinulose: flowers short- peduncled, terminating the branches, delicately fragrant, a few days in anthesis: petals bright white, 2 inches long: capsule inch and a half long. — Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 20; W. Robinson, Garden, xxvi. 400, t. 465.1— Plains and ravines, S. California, Ventura Co.? to San Bernardino, San Diego Co. (and Lower Calif.) ; first coll. by Th. Coulter; fl. all summer. 8. ARGEMONE, Tourn. Prickry Porry. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some herb, transferred to this American genus by the herbalists.) — Setose and spinulose-dentate herbs, chiefly annuals, but in hot countries becoming indurated and lignescent below, leafy-stemmed and branching, with orange-yellow and acrid juice, the leaves sinuate or pinnatifid, commonly varie- gated with white. Sepals with cornute tip or appendage below the apex. — Inst. 239, t. 151; L. Gen. no. 422.3— Consists of the following species or forms, which cannot be very definitely characterized. A. rruTicosa, Thurber, fide Gray, Pl. Thurb. 306; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 318, of Coahuila, Mexico, Thurber, Palmer, is very glaucous, with small and fleshy rigid leaves and sessile sulphur-yellow flowers, and has the branches so completely ligneous-indurated, that it can hardly be joined with A. Mexicana. A. GRANDIFLORA, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 226; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1264; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3073, of Mexico, said to be perennial, has white petals of 14 to 2 inches in length, glabrous and unarmed stems, sepals, and capsule, yet the latter occasionally bears a few spiniform sete. A. MexicAna, L. Stems, as well as foliage, also sepals and capsule more or less setose- prickly: petals dull or pale yellow or ochroleucous, an inch or less long, nearly sessile or subtended by small leaves. — Spec. i. 508; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 112, t. 47. — Waste places, com- mon southward and near coast, less so northward. (Nat. from Mex.) 1 W. Am. Scientist, viii. 5, with plate ; Gartenflora, xl. t. 1359. 2 Since collected on the Santa Maria River, Mrs. Blochman. 8 Recent important literature: Prain, An account of the Genus Argemone, Jour. Bot. xxxili. 129-135, 176-178. - 88 PAPAVERACEX. Argemone. A.* Alba, Lestrs. Flowers white, somewhat pedunculate: capsule armed, but valves thin- nish. — Bot. Belg. ed. 2, iii. pt. 2, 133, as interpreted by Prain, l.c. A. albiflora, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 439 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2342. A, Georgiana, Croom, Am. Jour. Sci. xxv. 75.— Nebraska to Texas and 8S. Atlantic States. A. platyceras, Link & Orro. Setose-hispid all over (but stem sometimes sparsely so) : petals pure white, 14 to 2 inches long: capsule strongly armed, its spines sometimes simple, sometimes herbaceous below and again prickly down their sides. — Ic. Pl. Rar. Hort. Berol. i. 85, t.43; Wats. l.c. A. hispida, Gray,) Pl. Fendl. 5. A. munita, Durand & Hilg. Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 37, & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 5, t. 1.2 A. Mexicana, var. hispida, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 31; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 13.— Open plains and banks of streams, Rocky Mountains of Colorado to California, Texas, &c. (Mex., and nat. in S. Am., &c.) Var.* r6sEA, Coulter. Flowers rose-color or purplish. — Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. i. 30, ii. 12. —S. Texas near coast, Corpus Christi, Nealley. (Coahuila, Palmer.) A. corymbosa, Grernr. Habit of the foregoing, equally prickly, very leafy up to the crowded corymbose cyme of flowers, glabrous: leaves obovate and nearly orbicular, spar- ingly repand, the faces as prickly as the edges: petals white, apparently only half inch long: capsule 4-5-valved, rather narrow and pointed, only an inch long, jong-prickly. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 59. — Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Mrs. Curran. 9. PAPAVER, Tourn. Poppy. (Latin name of Poppy, of obscure deri- vation.) — Annual or perennial herbs; with narcotic juice milky, rarely turning yellow, mostly pinnately lobed or dissected leaves, showy flowers solitary on long peduncle, drooping in bud except in the large-flowered perennial species. — Inst. 237, t. 119, 120; L. Gen. no. 423. x Annuals of the Old World, sparingly and locally adventive, not enough so to count as constituents of our flora. P. somnireruM, L. (GARDEN or Opium Poppy.) Glaucous, glabrous, or peduncles hispid: leaves clasping, oblong, undulate, dentate or incised: corolla large, purple to white: capsule globular, with numerous septiform placenta. — Escaped from gardens in some places at the Kast. P. Rudzas, L. (Corn Poppy of Eu.) Sparsely hispid: leaves deeply pinnatifid and lobes incisely dentate or again pinnatifid: corolla 2 to 4 inches in diameter, scarlet, often with dark centre: capsule globular, glabrous: stigmatic rays and placentz 8 to 12. — Rare in ballast grounds: found occasionally in grain-fields. P. ptsium, L. Smaller and leaves more cut into narrower lobes than in the last: bristles on peduncles appressed: corolla paler red: capsule oblong, narrowed at base, glabrous: stigmatic rays 6 to 12.— Cult. fields, S. Penn. to N. Carolina, local. P. ArGemonE, L. Leaves twice pinnately parted into narrow lobes: flowers smaller, red- purple: filaments dilated upward: capsule clavate, usually hispid: stigmatic rays 4 to 6.— Commons at Philadelphia, Diffenbaugh. * * Annual, indigenous. P.* Californicum, Gray. Very much like P. dubium, but hairs scanty, much finer: petals saffron or more red, with lemon-colored or greenish eye toward the base: capsule (about half inch long) clavate-turbinate, 6-11-merous; dehiscing by dentiform subquadrate valves a line long and wide, disclosing the placenta. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 313; Bran- degee, Zoe, ii. 121; Greene, Fl. Francis. 280. % P. Lemmoni, Greene, Pittonia, i. 168, a very 1 In the light of Miss Eastwood’s notes (Zoe, iv. 4), A. HfsprmDA, Gray, differs strikingly in the field from the typical A. platyceras, the former being much more densely setose, with generally much finer spines or bristles, more sessile heads, paler foliage, and less deeply pitted seeds. It is doubted, however, whether these differences are more than varietal, as apparent intermediates occur. 2 Add Greene, Fl. Francis. 281. 8 The description of this species, not having been prepared for the Flora by Dr. Gray, has been translated from his original publication with slight alterations, and the literature and synonymy added. Chelidonium. PAPAVERACE®. 89 nearly related if not confluent species. — Santa Inez Mts., S. Calif., Spence, Brandegee, north- ward to San Luis Obispo Co. (P. Lemmoni), acc. to Greene, 1. e., and south at least to Los Angeles Co., ace. to McClatchie. Especially abundant on burns. * * * Arctic-alpine, acaulescent, perennial. P. nudicatile, L. Dwarf, hirsute-hispid: leaves all in a radical tuft, oblong-spatulate or obovate in outline, pinnatifid or below pinnately divided; divisions spatulate to lanceolate, entire or 2-3-cleft: petals half inch to inch long, rarely orange or whitish: capsule from short-obovate to turbinate-oblong, mostly hispid: stigmatic rays and placentz 4 to 7, usually 6 or 7.—Spec. i. 507, & ed. 2, i. 725 (Dill. Elth. t, 224); Fl. Dan. t. 41; DC. Syst. ii. 70; Elkan, Monog. Pap. 16. _— Whether or not the species should inclnde ES alpinum, L. of European Alps, ours is all Var. arcticum, Etxay, l.c. with dark hairy scapes rarely over a span high, and divis- ions of leaves entire or sparingly cleft: capsule short and thick, or even obovate-globose (as in P. microcarpum, DC, Syst. ii. 71, & P. nudicaule, Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. t. 742). — P. alpinum, Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 284, 313; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxili. 407. — Through Arctic Coast and Islands to Hudson Bay, Unalaska, and alpine Rocky Te Creatas to S. Colorado. (Greenland E. to Kamtschatka.) 10. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. (Myjxov, poppy, dys, resemblance.) — Poppy-like herbs, with yellow juice, W. European and Himalayan perennials, with the following outlying species. — Hist. des Pav. 11, 48; DC. Fl. Fr. Suppl. 586, & Syst. ii. 86; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 52. M. heterophylla, Benru. Glabrous annual, a foot or two high, simple or branching ; leaves somewhat succulent, pinnately parted or divided, mostly petioled ; divisions variable, from oyal to linear, entire or incised, or some pinnatifid: peduncles slender: petals half inch to inch long, pale scarlet or orange-red: capsule turbinate to obovate, with style shorter than the width of the truncate summit, dehiscent by about 8 operculate lids rather than valves at summit. — Trans. Hort. Soc. ser. 2, i. 408; Hook. Ic. t. 732; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 64; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 22. M. heterophylla & M. crassifolia, Benth. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 6141— Dry ground, throughout W. California; type coll. by Douglas ; fl. summer. (Lower Calif.) 11. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. (Formed of oridos, style, and dépw, to bear, the style conspicuous.) — Perennial herbs with orange-yellow juice, of an anomalous Japanese, another Himalayan, and the following original species. — Gen: 11.7; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 113, t. 48. S. diphyllum, Nourr.1.c. (CeLranpine Poppy.) Minutely pubescent or glabrate: stems a foot or two high, two-leaved at summit and sometimes one-leaved below: leaves petioled, pinnately parted, the radical into 7, cauline mostly into 5 to 7 oblong or oval sinuate-dentate divisions, upper ones more broadly confluent: peduncles 3 to 5 in an umbelliform cluster between the subopposite leaves, slightly drooping in bud: petals golden yellow, orbicular, inch or less long, early deciduous: style abrupt, rather shorter than the ovary: capsule drooping, oval, about an inch long, beset with soft spreading bristles: placente 3 or 4; seeds reticulated, the rhaphe strongly crested.— Gray, Man. 27, & Gen. Ill. i. 114, t. 48; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4867. S. diphyllum & S. petiolatum, Nutt. 1.¢.7,8. S. Ohiense, Spreng. Syst. 11.570. Chelidonium diphyllum, Michx. FI. i. 309. Meconopsis diphylla & M. petiolata, DC. Syst. ii. 87, 88. M. diphylla, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 61. — Moist woods, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and Termessee : fl. spring and early summer. 12. CHELIDONIUM, Tourn. Crranpine, SwaLtow-worrt. (An- cient Greek name, from ye.d0v, the swallow. ) — Inst. 231, t. 116; L. Gen. no. 424. — Now of single species. C. mAsus, L. Perennial or biennial, with brittle branching stems (2 to 4 feet high) and copious orange and acrid juice, glaucous, more or less pubescent: leaves petioled, pinnately 1 Add syn. Papaver heterophylium, Greene, Fl. Francis. 281; P. crassifolium, Greene, Man. Bay- Reg. 9. 90 PAPAVERACES. Glaucium. divided or parted ; divisions oval, obtusely sinuate-pinnatifid, incised or dentate, upper ones confluent ; peduncles terminal and axillary, umbellately several-flowered ; flowers nodding in the bud: petals yellow, half inch or less long: linear capsules inch or two long. — Spee. i. 505.— Waste and moist ground near dwellings; fl. summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 13. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. Hornep Porry. (PAavKuov, the ancient Greek name, from the glaucous foliage.) — Annuals, biennials or subperennials, of the Old World, one sparingly naturalized. — Inst. 254, t. 180; Hall. Enum. Helv. i. 304. G. Ltrevm, Seop, )), or finally (in certain foreign genera) spirally coiled. — A large order, represented in almost every part of the earth, but preferring tem- perate and subarctic regions. Plants of considerable constancy of floral character but with much variability in fruit, economically important as furnishing a number of vegetables (cabbage, turnip, cauliflower, Brussels-sprouts, radish, &c.), salad plants (water-cress, garden-cress), and condiments (mustard, horse-radish). TripeE I. ALYSSINEZ. Fruit short, orbicular, elliptical, or short-oblong, rarely more elongated, lanceolate or linear (some species of Draba), always more or less compressed parallel to the partition, 2-celled, dehiscent, 2-many-seeded, or rarely (in Athysanus and certain species of Draba) indehiscent or nearly so, or through the obliteration of the partition 1-celled, l-seeded (Athysanus). Valves flat or moder- ately convex. Cotyledons accumbent, very rarely (in Draba) incumbent. Pubes- cence altogether or in great part branched, only in the genus Thysanocarpus quite simple. * Fruit oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, rarely linear, 2-celled, dehiscent (sometimes very tardily so), 2-several-seeded: stamens unappendaged. 1. DRABA. Sepals short and broad, obtuse, equal at the base. Petals commonly obovate, entire or rather deeply bifid. Style short or slender and somewhat elongated ; stigma simple or very slightly lobed. Septum thin, membranaceous. Seeds biseriate, neither margined nor winged. Cotyledons accumbent or rarely incumbent. Pubescence branched. * * Fruit orbicular, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 2. ATHYSANUS. Flowers minute. Sepals ovate, rounded, equal at the base, spreading. Petals minute, linear, or wanting. Stamens 6, subequal; filaments slender; anthers short Stigma small, sessile. Ovules 3 or 4, only one maturing. Fruit wingless. Pubescence branched; the hairs on the fruit usually uncinate. 100 CRUCIFERZ. 3. THYSANOCARPUS. Flowers small. Sepals ovate, rounded, spreading. Petals spat- ulate. Stamens asin the last. Style slender, short or rarely absent; stigma simple. Ovule solitary. Fruit winged. Pubescence simple or none. %* * * Fruit orbicular or nearly so, 2-celled, dehiscent, 2-several-seeded: filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged near the base. 4. BERTEROA. Sepals oblong, ronnded at the apex. Petals obovate, bifid, cuneate below. Stamens 6; filaments somewhat appendaged upon the inner surface near the base. Style slender, rather long. Stigma essentially simple. Pods flat, often tomentose. Seeds several in each cell, winged or margined. Pubescence stellate, not appressed. 5. LOBULARIA. Sepals short, ovate, spreading in anthesis. Petals obovate, cuneate, entire. Stamens 6; filaments slender, rarely dilated below, not toothed. Silicel small; valves flat or slightly convex. Style slender; stigma subsimple. Cells few-seeded. Hairs 2-parted and appressed. . 6. ALYSSUM. Sepals short, ovate or oblong, more or less spreading. Petals obovate, cuneate to spatulate or linear, entire or slightly retuse at the summit. Stamens 6; fila- ments commonly more or less dilated at the base and toothed. Capsule with valves convex. Pubescence densely stellate. Trise II]. PHYSARIEZ. Fruit a silicel, 2-celled, completely dehiscent, either very turgid with broad partition and almost hemispherical valves, or didymous, or strongly obcompressed with narrow partition and conduplicate. Cotyledons accumbent. Pubescence stellate. * Silicel subglobose; partition broad, suborbicular. LESQUERELLA. Sepals oblong or elliptical, rather short, equal at base, erect or spreading, usually pubescent. Petals longer, spatulate to oblong-obovate, entire. Stamens 6; anthers linear, sagittate ; filaments rarely dilated or winged at the base. Style slender; stigma entire or nearly so. Pods mostly very turgid; cells 2-16-seeded; septum nerved from the top to the middle. Seeds rarely margined. = % ¥* Silicel didymous or obcompressed ; partition narrow, elliptical, oblong or linear. + Seeds several to many. 8. PHYSARIA. Floral envelopes and andreecium of the preceding. Style slender. Fruit more or less strongly didymous and inflated or sometimes rather strongly obcompressed, but the cells at least somewhat turgid at maturity. 9. SYNTHLIPSIS. Sepals oblong, spreading in anthesis. Petals longer; blade flat, obo- vate; claw rather short. Stamens 6, unappendaged. Style slender; stigma simple. Capsule elliptic-oblong, very strongly obcompressed ; valves sharply carinate, not auriculate or wing-appendaged. Seeds about 10 in each cell, neither margined nor winged. 10. LYROCARPA. Sepals linear or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, erect, equal at base. Petals long, linear to obovate, sometimes twisted. Stamens six, free, unappendaged. Style short or none; stigma rather large, entire or somewhat lobed; the lobes lying over the valves. Capsule very strongly obcompressed, oblong and biauriculate at the apex, or short, broad and obcordate. Septum narrow, linear. + + Seeds solitary in each cell. 11. DITHYREA. Sepals ovate or oblong, erect or spreading, pubescent. Petals conspicu- ous, broadly spatulate, with spreading blades and slender claws. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged ; anthers linear, sagittate. Pods very strongly obcompressed and didymous ; cells suborbicular; septum very narrow and shorter than the cells. Style almost none ; stigma rather large, somewhat ovate, simple. Tripe II]. LEPIDINEZ. Fruit a 2-celled silicel, strongly obcompressed (except in the aquatic genus Subularia). Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. Pubescence wholly simple or none. * Fruit strongly obcompressed, dehiscent; cells 2-several-seeded; cotyledons accumbent : terrestrial and glabrous. - shal» CRUCIFERZ. 101 12. THLASPI. Sepals short, oval, obtuse, thin-margined, erect or slightly spreading. Petals obovate or oblanceolate, entire. Stamens free, unappendaged; anthers short, oval. Style slender or sometimes none; stigma small, entire or slightly emarginate. Capsule orbicular, elliptic-oblong, or oblanceolate; the valves very strongly and usually sharply keeled, often winged especially toward the apex. * * Fruit strongly obcompressed or didymous; cells usually 1-seeded; cotyledons incum- bent (except in Lepidium Virginicum) : terrestrial. 13. LEPIDIUM. Sepals short, ovate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, equal at base, more or less spreading. Petals obovate or oblanceolate-spatulate, entire, rounded at the apex, sometimes abortive or none. Stamens free, unappendaged, all six present or by abortion the smaller ones absent, or through further simplification only two stamens present, each representing one of the longer pairs. Style slender and more or less elongated or stigma sessile. Capsule orbicular, ovate, or elliptic-oblong, often notched at the apex, regularly dehiscent ; valves very strongly compressed and sharply keeled, often wing-appendaged especially toward the apex, not thickened nor sculptured. Ovules pendulous from near the apex of the cells. 14. SENEBIERA. Sepals oval, equal at base, spreading, often fugacious. Petals obovate, or more or less abortive, short, linear, or subulate. Stamens free and unappendaged, all 6 present or only 4 or 2 as in the preceding; anthers short, somewhat didymous. Stigma sessile, nearly or quite simple. Fruit more or less distinctly didymous; the valves thickish, often sculptured or tuberculated, falling off as 1-seeded closed or nearly closed nutlets. Embryo folded morphologically above the base of the cotyledons. * * * Fruit turgid, subglobose, pyriform or short fusiform, dehiscent, several-seeded ; cotyledons incumbent: aquatic with subulate leaves. 15. SUBULARIA. Sepals ovate, equal, obtuse, spreading. Petals oblong or spatulate, entire, without sharp distinction of blade and claw. Stamens 6, scarcely unequal, free and unappendaged; anthers oval. Stigma sessile, slightly 2-lobed. Seeds few, 2-rowed in the cells. Embryo folded morphologically above the radicle, the curvature being in the cotyle- dons, not between them and the radicle nor in the latter. TripE IV. CAMELINEZ. Fruit short, scarcely longer than broad, turgid or obcompressed, orbicular-obovate or elliptic-oblong in outline. Cotyledons incum- bent. Hairs some or all branched (absent in Capsella procumbens). 16.CAPSELLA. Sepals ovate or oblong, obtuse, thin-margined, spreading slightly or con- siderably or even reflexed in anthesis, not saccate at base. Petals small, spatulate, equalling or little exceeding the calyx. Stamens free and unappendaged. Style almost none. Fruit capsular, 2-valved, many-seeded, more or less strongly obcompressed; septum linear to elliptic-oblong, thin and nerveless or nearly so; valves carinate. 17. CAMELINA. Sepals short-oblong, obtuse, thin-margined, subequal at base, more or less colored, often villous. Petals spatulate or obovate, unguiculate. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Style slender; stigma simple. Capsule obovoid, 2-celled, many-seeded, with a broad thin obovate persistent septum and somewhat firm strongly convex valves. Seeds biseriate in the cells, wingless. 18. NESLIA. Sepals, petals, and stamens of the preceding. Style slender; stigma simple or emarginate. Fruit globose or subglobose, indehiscent, 2-celled or more commonly, through the obliteration of the fugacious septum, I-celled. Seeds 2, or more frequently by abortion 1, neither winged nor margined. Tripe V. CAKILINEZX. Fruit transversely 2-jointed; cells unequal, both 1-seeded (in North American species) and indehiscent. The ovule in the upper cell erect, in the lower pendulous. 19. CAKILE. Sepals short, erect or slightly spreading, oblong, obscurely saccate at base, somewhat fleshy. Petals exserted. Stamens 6; filaments free and unappendaged. Style none; stigma simple. Seeds oblong, turgid; cotyledons accumbent. Trise VI. BRASSICEZ. Fruit elongated, terete or somewhat prismatic, often torose, usually partially or wholly dehiscent by two valves, 2-celled with a longi- 102 CRUCIFERZ. tudinal membranous or spongy dissepiment, less frequently unicellular or divided transversely by spongy false partitions, thus becoming multicellular and indehis- cent (Raphanus). Seeds uniseriate or biseriate ; cotyledons conduplicate. Petals well developed. Pubescence, when present, usually hirsute. Hairs simple. * Fruit stout, indehiscent, commonly more or less moniliform, unicellular or transversely divided by several false partitions. 20. RAPHANUS. Sepals erect; the lateral somewhat saccate. Petals large, unguiculate, white or pale yellow, less commonly purplish. Stamens 6, unappendaged. Fruit attenuate to a slender or rather stout beak. Seeds globular, pendulous. * * Fruit more slender, longitudinally 2-celled, and more or less completely dehiscent. 21. BRASSICA. Sepals erect or spreading, glabrous, equal at the base or one pair some- what saccate. Petals large, unguiculate, light yellow or white, often with purple markings. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pod terete or nearly so, tipped with a slender conical or somewhat flattened empty or 1-seeded often indehiscent beak. Seeds globose, uniseriate or rarely and indistinctly biseriate in the cells. : 22. DIPLOTAXIS. Sepals erect or spreading, often pilose. Petals and stamens of the preceding. Capsules slender, subterete or angled, borne upon slender spreading pedicels ; valves rather flat, l-nerved; beak conical, sometimes very short. Seeds ovoid or oblong, distinctly biseriate in the cells. TrisE VII. SISYMBRIEZ. Stigma when lobed elongated over the placentz (ex- cept in Greggia). Fruit longitudinally 2-celled (very rarely 1-celled), from elliptic- or lance-oblong to linear, always considerably longer than broad. Seeds numerous ; cotyledons incumbent (very oblique or accumbent in some species of Erysimum). A tribe of difficult limitation. * Hairs of stem simple, stellately branched or none, not regularly bifid. + Stigma entire, or with short lobes spreading over the placentz. ++ Capsule 2-valved, terete, prismatic, or compressed parallel to the perfect or broad and fenestrate septum. = Leaves elliptical, sessile and clasping by a cordate base: pods long, of firm texture, angled: stout glabrous annual with habit of a Brassica: introduced. 23. CONRINGIA. Sepals and petals rather long and narrow. Valves of the capsule 1-3-nerved. Style short; stigma quite simple or more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Seeds l-rowed in the cells, oblong, thick, not margined. Leaves entire. = = Leaves suborbicular or reniform, broadly cordate, petiolate, toothed: pubescence simple or none: pods elongated, angled: introduced biennial with foliage of a Cardamine and fruit suggesting that of Barbarea. 24. ALLIARIA. Sepals oval, obtuse, caducous. Petals obovate. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pod many-seeded, often torulose; valves keeled, more or less distinctly 3-nerved. Style short or none; stigma simple. = = = Leaves various, not cordate, except in one or two species of Sisymbrium. a. Septum of the capsule usually narrowly or broadly nerved, when nerveless having its cells elongated longitudinally and usually rather thin-walled. 25. EUTREMA. Sepals short, ovate, rounded at apex, equal at base. Petals exserted, entire, obovate, short-clawed. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged; anthers short, ovate. Style short or almost none; stigma small, simple. Fruit oblong-lanceolate to linear, some- what flattened parallel to the septum, narrowed at each end; valves 1-nerved and somewhat keeled. Septum entire or very incomplete or almost wanting. Pubescence simple or none. Leaves entire or nearly so. 26. SMELOWSKIA. Sepals oblong, subequal, somewhat spreading. Petals entire, obo- vate or spatulate, exserted. Stamens 6, unappendaged ; anthers oblong, slightly sagittate at base. Pods lanceolate to lance-oblong, more or less obcompressed ; valves sharply keeled. Stigma sessile. Leaves deeply pinnatifid. Hairs in part or all branched. CRUCIFER2. 103 27. SISYMBRIUM. Flowers usually small, and mostly yellow or yellowish. Sepals oblong to linear, usually spreading in anthesis, equalling or exceeding the claws of the obovate or spatulate petals. Stamens 6, free, unappendaged. Style short or none; stigma simple or slightly bifid. Pods linear, short or long, nearly terete. Leaves from entire to bipin- natifid or multifid. Pubescence hirsute with simple hairs, or stellate, or glandular, or none. 6. Septum nerveless or nearly so; its cells smaller, thicker-walled, elongated transversely : boreal and arctic plants with hairs branched, and leaves (in American species) entire or merely dentate. 28. BRAYA. Calyx, corolla, and andrecium of Hutrema. Style present but short; stigma more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Fruit oblong to linear-oblong; valves flattish or convex, faintly 1-nerved, not keeled. ++ ++ Capsule strongly obcompressed, at least the upper part, or anomalous and 4-valved ! 29. TROPIDOCARPUM. Sepals ovate-oblong, spreading. Petals obovate, cuneate. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Style slender, sometimes short; stigma circular and entire or slightly emarginate. Silique partially or completely 2-celled, with a very narrow partition, or l-celled. Seeds 2-4-seriate. Pubescence chiefly simple, a few branched hairs being mixed with the others. +— + Stigma (anomalous in tribe) bifid with short lobes over the valves. 30. GREGGIA. Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals obovate, entire, cuneate. Stamens 6, free, unappendaged ; anthers oblong, cordate at base. Stigma somewhat ovate or conical ; the stigmatic surface elongated above the valves of the capsule not over the placentz. Style slender. Seeds nearly uniseriate. Pubescence densely stellate. + + + Stigma subconical, with short lobes erect and approximate or connate. 31. HESPERIS. Flowers showy, mostly purplish. Sepals erect, oblong; the lateral saccate at base. Petals with long and slender exserted claws and broad obovate or nearly orbicular blades. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pods very long, spreading, torulose, beaked ; valves 3-nerved. Leaves mostly undivided. Pubescence in part branched. * %* Cauline hairs bifid and closely appressed. 32. ERYSIMUM. Sepals oblong to linear-oblong, erect, equal at the base or the lateral somewhat saccate. Petals commonly large, with broad obovate blades and slender elongated claws. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pods strongly compressed, broadly linear with flat l-nerved valves, or narrow and quadrangular with convex and more or less distinctly keeled valves. Seeds numerous, oblong and turgid or suborbicular and flattened or winged. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent or the radicle not infrequently very oblique. Tripe VIII. ARABIDEZ. Stigma when lobed prolonged over the placentee. Fruit 2-celled, sometimes incompletely so, regularly dehiscent, short or long, flattened parallel to a broad partition, terete or prismatic. Cotyledons accumbent (in some species of Leavenworthia the embryo straight or nearly so). Pubescence simple, branched, or absent. * Pods globose, terete, or prismatic, at least not compressed parallel to the partition. + Flowers (in North American species) white: pods subglobose to short-oblong, often somewhat obcompressed : leaves entire, angulate, or shallowly toothed, not pinnatifid. 33. COCHLEARIA. Sepals short and broad, rounded at apex. Petals obovate, cuneate, or very shortly unguiculate. Stamens straight, free. Style slender, sometimes very short; stigma simple or nearly so. Capsule (in North American species) very turgid; valves dis- tinctly I-nerved. Seeds 2-several, biseriate in the cells. + + Flowers yellow, rarely white: pods short-oblong to linear: some or all of the leaves usually pinnatifid. 34. NASTURTIUM. Flowers small. Sepals ovate to elliptic-oblong, spreading in anthesis, often colored. Petals obovate or spatulate, cuneiform at base; scarcely clawed, sometimes minute or wanting. Pods terete or nearly so; valves thin, nearly or quite nerve- 104 CRUCIFER. less. Seeds very small, turgid and wingless, usually numerous, in two rows in each cell (scarcely so in NV. sylvestre), minutely tuberculate or in a few species reticulate-pitted. 35. BARBAREA. Flowers somewhat larger than in the preceding. Sepals oblong, often colored; lateral pair often saccate at base and slightly cornute on the back near apex. Petals spatulate or with obovate blades and slender claws. Stamens 6, free and unappen- daged, distinctly tetradynamous. Style short; stigma bifid. Capsule linear, elongated, somewhat tetragonal. Seeds uniseriate in the cells. + + + Flowers purple: pods linear, elongated. 36. IODANTHUS. Sepals oblong, shorter than the claws of the petals, somewhat spread- ing in anthesis; the lateral pair narrower and more or less distinctly horned or appendaged upon the back near apex. Petals broadly spatulate. Stamens 6, strongly tetradynamous. * ¥* Pods more or less strongly compressed parallel to the partition. + Petals toothed or lobed: fruit narrowly linear, elongated. 37. DRYOPETALON. Sepals elliptic, purplish; the lateral gibbous at base. Petals exserted; the blade toothed or lobed. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged ; anthers ovate- oblong. Stigma nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Seeds many, small, somewhat 2-rowed; cotyledons nearly accumbent. Valves of capsule 1-nerved and veined. + + Petals entire or retuse, not lobed. ++ Pods suborbicular: seeds broadly winged: pubescence simple. 38. PLATYSPERMUM. Flowers minute, solitary, borne on naked scapes. Sepals broad, erect, equalling the white linear-spatulate petals. Seeds in two rows, reticulated; cotyle- dons longer than the radicle. Leaves lyrate, few-lobed or subentire. ++ ++ Pods broad, lanceolate to elliptic or oblong: seeds mostly biseriate. 389. SELENIA. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, in a leafy bracteate raceme. Sepals erect, ovate-lanceolate, acutish, somewhat saccate at base. Petals spatulate. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged; anthers oblong. Pods oblong to broadly elliptic, upon short broad stipes, and beaked by slender styles. Stigma capitate. Glands 10. Seeds in two rows, minutely pitted and margined with a thin cartilaginous wing. Cotyledons longer than the radicle. 40. PARRYA. Flowers showy, purple or rose-colored. Sepals oblong, erect; the lateral gibbous at base, nearly equalling the claws of the broad-bladed petals. Anthers included, oblong, subsagittate at base. Pod with flat 1-nerved reticulated valves. Stigma 2-lobed ; lobes approximate. Seeds orbicular, winged or wingless. ++ ++ ++ Pods narrower, linear-oblong to linear. = Pubescence simple or none. 41. LEAVENWORTHIA. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, whitish, or purplish. Sepals linear-oblong, equal at base, usually spreading in anthesis, considerably exceeded by the obovate or oblanceolate cuneate petals. Stamens 6, strongly tetradynamous, free and unappendaged; anthers oblong. Pod oblong or linear, beaked by a rather slender style, sometimes torulose. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Seeds in one row, minutely pitted, margined with a firm thick wing. Cotyledons orbicular; radicle short and straight or more or less oblique. 42. DENTARIA. Sepals equal at base, erect or nearly so. Petals much longer, with slender claws and ovate spreading blades. Pods linear, straight with stout replum, firm nerveless flat valves, and nerveless partition ; stigma short, capitate or rarely 2-lobed. Seeds in one row, wingless. Cotyledons often thick, more or less unequal and somewhat oblique, petiolate. Funiculus often thickened in fruit. 43. CARDAMINE. Sepals equal at base, erect or more or less spreading. Petals obovate to narrowly spatulate. Pods of the preceding. Seeds in one row, wingless; cotyledons flattened, strictly accumbent or one slightly overlapping the radicle, more or less petiolate, Funiculus very slender. == = Pubescence in part or wholly branched. 44. ARABIS. Sepals erect or nearly so, green or less frequently colored ; the lateral pair usually gibbous at base. Petals obovate or spatulate, usually unguiculate, commonly con- Draba. CRUCIFERZ. 105 siderably exceeding the calyx and with a flat patulous entire or emarginate blade. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pods with nearly flat more or less l-nerved valves; replum not thickened. Seeds flattened, orbicular or elliptic, more or less winged. The section Sisym- brina with oblong wingless seeds and more or less oblique cotyledons. TripE IX. STANLEY. Stigma circular in outline or elongated or produced into two lobes lying (except in two or three species of Thelypodium) transverse to the partition of the ovary, i. e. over the valves of the capsule. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, dehiscent, elongated, terete or prismatic or (in Streptanthus) compressed parallel to partition or more rarely obcompressed (Stanfordia). Cotyledons incum- bent or accumbent. Pubescence simple or none (branched in two species of Thelypodium). * Cotyledons accumbent; ovary sessile upon the receptacle ; capsule compressed. 45. STREPTANTHUS. Sepals ovate or oblong, colored, usually purplish, quite equal at base, or one pair saccate, rarely both. Calyx commonly closed, ovoid, less frequently sub- cylindric, or by the spreading of the tips becoming somewhat flask-shaped. Petals usually narrow, linear or with a well developed blade and channelled claw. Stamens 6; the longer pairs often connate below; anthers more or less elongated, sagittate at the base. Capsule oblong to narrowly linear. Seeds flat, margined or winged. Receptacle enlarged. * * Cotyledons incumbent, 3-parted; ovary sessile or nearly so; capsule obcompressed. 46. STANFORDIA. Calyx ovoid; sepals large, ovate, colored. Petals exserted, with broad oblong or lance-oblong claw and narrower crisped blade. Stamens 6, free and unappen- daged ; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate, straight or moderately curved. Style short; stigma at first elliptic, entire, later conspicuously 2-lobed. Capsule linear-oblong, subchartaceous ; valves keeled. Seeds many, biseriate in the cells, wingless. * * * Cotyledons incumbent: ovary sessile or raised upon a short thick gynophore: cap- sule terete, tetragonal, or slightly flattened parallel to the partition. 47. CAULANTHUS. Calyx of Streptanthus. Petals undulate-crisped with a broad claw and small or obsolete blade. Stamens 6; anthers linear, sagittate. Stigma well developed and commonly distinctly 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule somewhat flattened and narrowly linear or subterete ; valves 1-nerved, and often reticulate-veined. 48. THELYPODIUM. Sepals oblong to linear, rather short ; calyx at first cylindric, but often more or less spreading in anthesis. Petals flat, long and narrow or with a well developed blade, white or purplish, rarely yellow. Stamens 6, exserted ; filaments long and slender ; anthers narrowly linear, sagittate at base, curved or coiled. Stigma usually small, often circular in outline, or very slightly 2-lobed. Pods slender, terete, or quadrangular, often torulose, usually spreading. * * * * Cotyledons incumbent: ovary raised upon a slender elongated gynophore. 49. STANLEYA. Calyx long, cylindric or clavate in bud, spreading in anthesis; sepals linear or spatulate. Petals long and narrow, spatulate,slender-clawed. Stamens 6; anthers linear, curved or spirally coiled; filaments elongated, spreading. Stigma sessile, small, simple. Pods terete or subterete ; valves l-nerved. Seeds oblong, uniseriate. Flowers in more or less elongated racemes. 50. WAREA. Calyx short-clavate in bud, spreading in anthesis; sepals short-linear or spatulate. Petals relatively large with broad spreading laminas and slender claws. Stamens 6, exserted, spreading; filaments slender; anthers very small, curved. Stigma simple. Pods terete, slender, widely spreading. Flowers in very short subcorymbose racemes. 1. DRABA, Dill. (ApdéBy, a name of uncertain meaning, applied by Dios- corides to some cruciferous plant.) — Petals entire or emarginate except in § Hrophila. Seeds smooth or faintly tuberculate, rarely hispidulous. Pubes- cence usually stellate. A large and widely distributed genus, the larger number of the species arctic or alpine. Many are very variable and the number of species has consequently been greatly multiplied, especially as in the reduced forms of 106 7 CRUCIFER. Draba. higher regions the characters become obscured and limits of species ill defined. Some South American species are suffruticose and have showy violet-colored flowers. — Cat. Pl. Giss. App. 122; LL. Gen. no. 585; Gray, Gen. IIl. i. 159, t. 68, 69; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 74; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 255. [By S. Watson. ] § 1. Erépuita, Koch. Petals bitid: flowers white : pods many-seeded, round- oval to oblong: stellate-pubescent scapose winter-annuals with coarsely toothed or entire leaves. — Syn. 65,7 D. verna, L. (Wauirtow-crass.) Leaves rosulate, oblong-obovate to oblanceolate: scapes very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 2 to 6 inches high: pods glabrous, round-oval to oblong, 2 to 4 lines long, shorter than the spreading pedicels; stigma nearly sessile. — Spec. ii. 642; Barton, Fl. N. A. iii. 49, t. 88, f.2; Gray, lc. t. 69. D. verna, var. Americana, Pers. Syn. ii. 190. Erophila Americana, DC. Syst. ii. 356. HE. vulgaris, DC. 1. c.; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i, 56.— Quebec to Georgia, Chapman, and west to Minnesota and Missouri; Washington and Vancouver Isl.; fl. early.2 (Nat. from Eu.) § 2, Hrreroprasa, Watson. Pedicels reflexed, secund: seeds 6 to 10, his- pidulous : branching short-caulescent winter-annual, stellate-pubescent ; the leaves coarsely toothed or entire: flowers white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 256. Hetero- draba, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 71. D. unilateralis, M. E. Jones. Branching from the base; branches spreading, elongated, lax, leafy below: leaves cuneate-obovate to oblanceolate, an inch long or less: racemes usually nearly sessile: flowers very small: siliques round-oval, somewhat twisted, pubescent, distant, 2 or 3 lines long, on pedicels a line long or less, 12-seeded ; stigma sessile. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 124. Heterodraba unilateralis, Greene, 1. c. 72. — Valleys of California from Colusa County to All Saints Bay, Lower Calif. § 3. DrapeLtta, DC. Short-caulescent and more or less leafy winter- annuals (rarely biennial in D. crassifolia ; scapose in D. asprella and D. eras- sifolia) : pubescence stellate or more or less villous: pedicels not reflexed: petals entire or emarginate: seeds smooth. — Syst. ii. 332, 351. * Early spring species of valleys and hillsides; southern. + Leaves entire: flowers white: pedicels clustered or approximate. D. Carolinidna, Warr. Very slender, usually branched; branches often decumbent: leaves obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, loosely stellate-pubescent, 6 lines long or less: scape-like peduncles glabrous or pubescent, 1 to 4 inches high: flowers small: pods clustered or approximate, glabrous, linear, 3 to 9 lines long, much exceeding the spreading pedicels ; stigma sessile. — Car. 174; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 109. (Paronychia Myposotis Vir- giniana, Pluk. Alm. t. 51, f. 5.) D. hispidula, Michx. FI. ii. 28. Arabis reptans, Lam. Dict. i. 222. A. rotundifolia, Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. ii. 43.— E. Massachusetts, J. Robinson, to the northern shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, J/acoun, Minnesota, Arkansas, and Georgia ; Umatilla, Oregon, Howell Bros. Var. micrantha, Gray. Pods hispid with short sub-appressed hairs. — Man. ed. 5, 72. D. micrantha, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 109.—Tllinois to Nebraska, Texas, and New Mexico; Utah,? Watson; Mt. Helena, Montana, Canby ; Idaho, Spalding ; Klikitat Co., Washington, Suksdorf. 1 Add syn. Gansblum, Adans. Fam. ii. 420. Erophila, DC. Syst. ii. 356. 2 This species is a noteworthy aggregate of similar forms, distinguished from each other by minute but apparently constant characters, and is sometimes regarded as a group of many very closely related species. (See Rosen, Bot. Zeit. xlvii. 565; Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 190.) The constancy of trivial characters is doubtless due to close fertilization prevalent in these plants. 3 Reported from the Panamint Monntains, Calif., by Coville, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. iv. 65. Draba. CRUCIFERZ. 107 +- + Leaves coarsely few-toothed or entire : pedicels more remotely racemose. ++ Flowers small, white : stigma sessile or nearly so. D. cuneifolia, Nurr. Loosely stellate-pubescent, usually branching from the base; branches leafy below and obovate to oblanceolate, acute or acutish, $ to 2 inches long : raceme pedun- culate, at length elongated: flowers small: pods linear-oblong, usually acutish, 3 to 6 lines long, 16-50-seeded, hispid with short sub-appressed simple hairs (very rarely glabrous), on spreading or divaricate pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; stigma sessile or nearly so. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 108; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 28. D. jilicaulis, Scheele, Linnza, xxi. 583. — Illinois (7); Kentucky, Short, to Alabama; Arkansas and Texas, and west to S. California ; $. Utah, Parry, and Jordan Valley, Watson. Var. platycarpa, Warsoy, 1. c. Pods oblong-oval, mostly obtuse, 24 to 4 lines long, equalling or exceeding the pedicels. — D. platycarpa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 108. D. Remeri- ana, Scheele, 1. c. — Texas to Arizona. Var. integrifolia, Warson, 1c. Small (1 or 2 inches high): leaves small, mostly entire: pods glabrous, on pedicels about a line long. —Coast ranges of 8S. California; Temescal Mountains, Grewer ; Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., O. D. Allen; Santa Maria, Jared. ' D. Sonoree, Greene. Racemes usually nearly sessile and flowers very small: pods finely stellate-pubescent, 3 lines long, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines in length. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 59; Wats. i. c.—Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon; Chollas Valley, San Diego Co.,! Calif., Oreutt. (Mountains of Northwestern Sonora, Pringle.) The pubescence of the pods is the most constant character distinguishing this species from the last. D. brachycarpa, Nurr.1.c. Simple or branched, 1 to 6 inches high, somewhat appressed stellate-pubescent: leaves ovate to oyate-oblong, half inch long; the cauline oblong-lanceo- late or linear, obtuse or acute: peduncles short: flowers very small: pods narrowly oblong, acutish, glabrous, 1 or 2 lines long, 10-12-seeded, about equalling the divaricate pedicels ; stigma nearly sessile. — Virginia to Georgia and west to Missouri and Louisiana; Roseberg, Oregon, Howell. ++ ++ Flowers yellow, large: style slender. D. Mogollé6nica, Grerne.. Stems simple or loosely branching from base, about a foot high, villous or loosely stellate-pubescent below: leaves mostly at the base, oblanceolate, stellate-pnbescent, 1 to 3 inches long: flowers large, in broad racemes which are elongated in fruit: sepals glabrous: pods linear or oblong, glabrous, 4 to 8 lines long, with a slender style a line long, on usually divaricate pedicels 3 to 9 lines in length. — Bot. Gaz. vi. 157. — In the Mogollon and Santa Magdalena Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby, Greene. D.(*) asprélla, Greenr. Pubescent with spreading simple or forked hairs: scape-like peduncles one to several: filaments dilated downward: pods oblong-elliptical, somewhat turgid, hispid, on divaricate pedicels; style slender. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 125; Wats. 1. ec. 257.— Arizona. A doubtful species by reason of the turgid pods and dilated filaments. Mature fruit has not been seen. * * High mountain or northern species: leaves entire or few-toothed : flowers small, yellow, becoming whitish: stigma sessile. D. nemorosa, L. Slender, loosely stellate-pubescent, branching and leafy below, a foot high or less: leaves rarely rosulate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, an inch long or less, acutish: racemes nearly sessile: calyx somewhat villous: petals small: pods narrowly oblong, minutely pubescent or rarely glabrous, 3 or 4 lines long, on spreading or divaricate pedicels 6 to 12 lines long ; stigma nearly sessile. — Spee. ii. 643. D. nemoralis, Ehrh. Beitr. vii. 154. D. lutea, Gilib. ace. to DC. Syst. ii. 351, & D. gracilis, Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Jour. 1828, 172, the form with glabrous pods (var. /eiocarpa, Lindbl.).— From the Great Lakes (Ft. Gratiot, Michigan, Pitcher; Michipicotin, Lake Superior, ace. to Macoun) across the plains to the Rocky Mountains, N. Colorado, Central Idaho, the lower Columbia Valley, and north- ward into Brit. America. (Eu., Siberia.) D. stendloba, Leven. Slender: stem erect or lax, a foot high or less, simple or branching below, villous toward the base: leaves thin, mostly subrosulate, oblong-obovate or oblanceo- late, the one or two cauline ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acutish, mostly entire, often glabrous 1 Panamint Mountains, Calif., and Vegas Wash, 5. W. Nevada, acc. to Coville, 1. ¢. 108 CRUCIFERZ. Draba. beneath, stellate-pubescent above, or usually more or less villous and ciliate with simple hairs, 6 to 9 lines long: racemes pedunculate or nearly sessile: sepals glabrous or sparingly pilose: pods linear, acute, glabrous, 4 to 7 lines long, equalling or exceeding the spreading pedicels. — Fl. Ross. i. 154; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 28.—Subalpine in Rocky Moun- tains from Colorado and Utah to Brit. America; Blue Mountains, Oregon, Cusick ; Sierra Nevada, Calif.,) Brewer, Jones; Unalaska, E'schscholtz, Chamisso. D. montana, Warson. Stellate-pubescent throughout and villous below, rather stout» simple or branched, leafy: leaves more or less densely pubescent and villous, oblanceolate or oblong ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate : racemes nearly sessile: pods linear-oblong, finely pubescent, obtuse or acutish, 3 to 5 lines long, erect or ascending on shorter spreading pedi- cels. — Bibl. Index, 69 (name only), & Proce. ‘Arn, Acad. xiv. 289. — Mountains of N. Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Vasey, Greene, Wolf: D. crassifolia, Granam. Annual or biennial, usually scapose, slender, glabrous through- out or leaves ciliate (rarely slightly villous): caudex simple or shortly branched : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 6 to 9 lines long or less: scape-like peduncles 1 to 6 inches high: flowers small, often nearly white: pods lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2 to 4 lines long, on spreading pedicels 2 to 5 lines in length. — Edinb. New Phil. Jour. 1829, 182; FI. Dan. t. 2419; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 28. — Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, Drum- mond, Macoun, and Colorado in Sawatch Mountains, Brandegee ; at Peregoy’s in the Sierra Nevada, Gray. (Greenland.) § 4. Drap#&a, Lindbl. Perennial, with a branching leafy-tufted caudex ; in a few species (in * * + +) sometimes biennial and simple-stemmed: leaves flat, soft, more or less broad, not carinate. — Linnea, xiii. 318, & Stockholm Acad. Handl. 1839, 28. * Scapose. +— Leaves entire (less than 6 lines long) : flowers yellow. D. alpina, L. Densely cespitose and caudex much branched: leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, with a thick midvein at base, glabrous and villous-ciliate or somewhat villous-pubescent with simple and stellate hairs, 6 lines long or less: scape pubescent, 4 to 6 inches high: sepals more or less villous: pods usually glabrous, ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, 2 to 4 lines long, on pedicels 1 to 5 lines long, 8-20-ovuled ; style short (4 line long) ; stigma broadly capitate. — Spec. ii. 642; DC. Syst. 11. 338 ; Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 247. D. pauer- flora, R. Br. in Parry, Ist Voy. Suppl. to App. 266. D. micropetala, Hook. in Parry, 2d Voy. App. 385.— Arctic coast and islands from Grinnell Land, Gree/y, to Point Barrow ; Cape Chudleigh and Mansfield Island, Hudson Bay, A. Bell, the latter specimens with rounded pods; Rocky Mountains, Brit. America, Drummond (D. rupestris, B, Hook. FI. Bor.- Am. i. 53), Macoun. (Greenland, N. Eu., Siberia.) D. Howéllii, Warson. Finely stellate-pubescent throughout, cespitose with branching caudex: leaves broadly spatulate, mostly very obtuse, half inch long or less: scapes 3 or 4 inches high : flowers large (3 or 4 lines long), in a loose raceme, deep yellow: pods pubescent, oblong, acute at each end, somewhat oblique, 2 to 4 lines long not including the slender style (a line long), on spreading pedicels 3 or 4 lines in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 354. — In the Siskiyou Mountains, Calif., 7. Howell. D. Lemmo6ni, Watson. High alpine, densely cespitose and caudex much branched: leaves rather thick, spatulate or Sblong-oboy ate, mostly very obtuse, ciliate and pilose with simple or forked hairs or nearly glabrous, 3 to 5 lines long: : scapes 1 or 2 inches high, pilose with “spreading hairs: flowers 2 lines long: sepals somewhat villous: pods pubescent or glabrous, ovate to broadly lanceolate, more or less twisted, 3 lines long, on slender spreading pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; style stout, short. — Bot. Calif. ii. 430. D. alpina, var. algida, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 29, mainly. — Peaks of the Sierra Nevada, Brewer, Lemmon ; Wallowa Mountains, E. Oregon, Cusick. D. ventdésa, Gray. Cespitose; the slender branches of the caudex more or less densely leafy: leaves oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, densely stellate-pubescent, 2 to 5 lines 1 Southward to Mineral King, Calif., acc. to Coville, 1. c. Deaha: CRUCIFERZ. 109 long: scapes 4 to 4 inches high, pubescent or glabrate ; raceme usually loose: flowers bright yellow, 2 lines long or more: calyx usually pubescent: pods ovate to oblong-lanceolate, usually acute, densely pubescent to glabrous, 2 to 4 lines long, with a short slender style (a third line long), on pedicels 1 to 4 lines long. — Am. Nat. viii. 212. D. alpina, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 20.— Peak above Snake Pass, N. W. Wyoming, Parry; E. Humboldt Moun- tains, Nevada, and Uinta Mountains, Utah, Watson, no. 84, and no. 92 in part; Stein’s Mountain, S. E. Oregon, 7. Howel/. The original specimens were very densely leafy and densely pubescent throughout. D. eurycarpa, Gray. Densely cespitose and stellate-pubescent ; the short branches of the caudex very leafy: leaves oblanceolate, 6 lines long: scapes scarcely exceeding the leaves, pubescent, few-flowered : flowers unknown : pods large, oblong-obovate, acute, glabrous, 5 to 8 lines long, 2 to 4 broad ; the slender style nearly a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520.— Near summit of peak south of Sonora Pass, Calif., at 11,500 feet alt., Brewer, no. 1909. + + Leaves (mostly very small) entire or rarely few-toothed: flowers white: scapes rarely with a single leaf. D. nivalis, Linsesrap. Caudex with numerous slender matted branches: leaves in small dense tufts, oblanceolate, acutish, with a rather stout midnerve, entire, canescent with a short dense stellate pubescence, not at all ciliate or slightly so near the base, 2 or 3 lines long or less: scapes slender, pubescent, 1 to 3 inches high: calyx pubescent: pods few, usually glabrous, oblong, acute at each end, 2 or 3 lines long, with short stout style and 2-lobed stigma, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines long or less; ovules about 10 or 12. — Vet. Akad. Handl. 1793, 208; Lindbl. Linnea, xiii. 325; Fl. Dan. t. 2417 ; Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 39. D. muri- cella, Wahl. Fl. Lap. 174; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 104. WD. stellata, var. nivalis, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxiv. pt. 2, 192. — From the Arctic Coast to Labrador on the east, and to the Aleutian Islands on the west; Macleod’s Lake, Brit. Columbia and North Kootenai Pass, Macoun; mountains of Colorado; Uinta Mountains, Utah, and E. Humboldt Moun- tains, Nevada, Watson. The flowers appear to be sometimes tinged with yellow. The Rocky Mountain and other western specimens are usualiy somewhat ciliate at the base of the leaves. (Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, N. Eu.) Var. elongata, Warson. Leaves obtuse or acutish: scapes very slender: pods long and narrow (4 to 8 lines in length), on pedicels 1 to 5 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 258. % D.levipes, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 53, — Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, Bourgeau, Macoun ; McDonald’s Peak and Upper Maria’s Pass, Montana, Canby; N. W. Wyoming, Parry ; Uinta Mountains, Watson; Mt. Paddo, Washington, Suksdorf. D. subséssilis, Watson. Densely cespitose: the caudex very much branched: leaves crowded, very small, oblong, obtuse, finely stellate-pubescent or partially glabrate, not ciliate: peduncles very short, rather stout ; the fruiting racemes an inch high, with the pods sparsely pubescent; pedicels short: flowers small: petals white, scarcely exceeding the yel- lowish ovate sepals: pods broadly ovate-elliptical, acutish or obtuse, 2 lines long, ascending : style very short and thick ; ovules and seeds 6 or more. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 255, 258. — White Mountains, Mono Co.,! California, at 13,000 feet alt., Shockley. D. Fladnizénsis, Wurr. Caudex much branched: leaves more loosely rosulate, narrowly oblanceolate and usually acute, entire, pilose-ciliate and usually sparsely villous or somewhat stellate-pubescent, rarely wholly glabrous, 3 to 5 lines long: scapes 1 to 3 inches high, usually glabrous or slightly villous: petals often yellowish: pods glabrous, ovate-oblong or ovate, 2 to 33 lines long, several-seeded, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines in length; stigma nearly sessile. — Wulf. in Jacq. Mise. i. 147, t. 17, f. 1. D. androsacea, Willd. Spee. iii. 428. D. lactea, Adams, Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. v. 104. D. Lapponica, Willd. in DC. Syst. ii. 344. D. Wahlenbergii, Hartm. Scand. Fl. 249; Fl. Dan. t. 2420. — Hudson Strait, R. Bell; Gaspé County, Lower Canada, J. A. Allen; Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, Bourgeau, Burke ; Mountains of Colorado, Brandegee, Hooker & Gray, Patterson; 8. Utah, Siler, a form with the leaves regularly ciliate with unusually long hairs. (Greenland, N. and Central Eu., Asia.) Var. corymbé6sa, Warson, 1. c. Leaves rather more frequently toothed, ciliate and somewhat pubescent: scapes and sepals usually pubescent: pods stellate-pubescent; style very short. — D. corymbosa, R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. 143; FI. Dan. t. 2418; Lange, 1. c. 1 Also near Mt. Whitney, acc. to Coville, 1. ¢. 110 CRUCIFER®. Draba. 41.—Greenland and perhaps also (the original specimens) from the western coast of Baftin’s Bay. Many of the specimens from Greenland and Spitzbergen that have been referred to it appear to belong, some to VD. alpina and others to D. hirta. * * Caulescent ; stems few- or many-leaved: leaves entire or few-toothed. +— Flowers yellow. ++ Lower leaves often an inch long or more. D. hyperborea, Desv. More or less pubescent with very short branching hairs; caudex stout, simple; stems simple or branched, decumbent, a span high or less: leaves oblanceolate, coarsely toothed, 1 to 4 inches long including the broadly winged petiole ; the cauline some- times oblong-obovate : flowers in a broad corymb: pods broadly elliptical to narrowly ob- long and obtuse (var. spatulata, Gray), 3 to 9 lines long, usually glabrous, on spreading pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; style half line long.—Jour. Bot. iii. 172 (1814). Alyssum hyperboreum, L. Spec. ii. 651. D. grandis, Langsd. in DC. Syst. ii. 355; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. 14, t.47. Cochlearia spathulata & C. siliquosa, Schlecht. in DC. Syst. ii. 8369. C. septen- trionalis, DC. Prodr, i. 174, not Schlecht. — Alaska, from Sitka to the Aleutian Islands and St. Paul’s Island. D. chrysantha, Warson. Cespitose ; the caudex much-branched; stems 1 to 5 inches high, glabrous or loosely pubescent: leaves deep green, very narrowly oblanceolate; the few cauline linear to lanceolate, rarely few-toothed, glabrous or sparingly ciliate or somewhat pubescent, 4 to 2 inches long: flowers bright yellow becoming whitish: calyx somewhat villous: pods glabrous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long: pedicels usually short, 1 to 5 lines long: style slender, about half line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 364. — High peaks of Colorado, frequent ; peak south of Apache Pass, Arizona, Lemmon. D. streptocarpa, Gray. Thinly villous with long spreading simple or branched hairs: caudex simple or sparingly branched ; stems erect, simple or strictly branched, an inch to a span high: leaves oblanceolate, or the cauline oblong or lanceolate, acute, rarely slightly toothed, ciliate and more or less villous, 3 to 18 lines long: calyx glabrous or somewhat villous ; pods lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually twisted, glabrous or often pubescent on the margin, 3 to 6 lines long, on pedicels half as long; style slender, a line long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 242. — Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico; Huachuca and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle, a stellate-pubescent and but slightly villous form, nearly approaching the following. D. atirea, Vauv. Pubescent throughout with short stellate hairs and occasionally somewhat pilose: caudex simple or sparingly branched; stems usually rather stout, erect, usually branched from the base upward, leafy, 2 to 15 inches high: leaves oblanceolate or the cauline lanceolate, usually narrow, frequently ciliate at base, } to 2 inches long: calyx more or less pubescent: petals bright yellow to nearly white: pods lanceolate to linear, acute, pubescent (rarely glabrous), often twisted, 3 to 6 lines long, on pedicels half as long; style half line long or less. — Vahl in Hornem. Fors. Cc. Plantel. ed. 2, 599; Fl. Dan. t. 1460; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2934.—In the Rocky Mountains from Mt. Selwyn, Brit. America, to New Mexico and Utah; Arizona, Santa Rita Mountains, Pringle, Mt. Graham and Mt. Agassiz, Lemmon, the last with glabrous pods; Mignon Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Linden. A form with ovate pods has been collected in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, Watson, and in the Sawatch, Brandegee. (Greenland.) Var. stylosa, Gray, l.c. 245. Styles very slender, a line long. — Near Santa Fé, New Mexico, Fendler. Doubtful specimens collected by Bigelow near Albuquerque, New Mexico, and by Rothrock in Sanoita Valley, Arizona, have some of the cauline leaves broad and ovate. a+ ++ Leaves small, half inch long or less. D. auréola, Watson. Rather densely stellate-pubescent throughout; caudex simple or branched ; stems short, simple, 4 inches high or less: leaves oblanceolate ; the cauline oblong, obtuse, entire, half inch long: raceme dense in flower and fruit: calyx glabrous: pods broadly oblong, obtuse, pubescent, not twisted, 4 to 5 lines long, on spreading pedicels 2 or 8 lines long; style short (half line long), stout. — Bot. Calif. ii. 430. — Lassen’s Peak, Calif., Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. D. corrugata, Watson, 1.c. Pubescent throughout with loose branching hairs; caudex Draba. CRUCIFER®. li: simple or branched ; stems branching from the base upward, very leafy, 2 to 6 inches high: leaves oblong-oblanceolate, obtusish, entire, about half inch long or less: flowers pale yellow : sepals pubescent: pods lanceolate to broadly oblong, acute or obtuse, pubescent, much cor- rugated and twisted, 2 to 5 lines long not including the very slender style (a line or more long) which is attenuate to a minute stigma: pedicels 1 to 3 lines long.— Mt. Greyback in the San Bernardino Mountains, Lemmon, W. G. Wright. +— + Flowers white. ++ Stems simple or sparingly branched. ‘ = Cauline leaves several (or few in DL. Brewer?). D. incana, L. Stellate-pubescent throughout; pubescence usually loose: caudex often simple; stem 2 to 15 inches high: leaves mostly oblanceolate or the cauline sometimes ovate, few-toothed or entire: pods oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight, glabrous or finely stellate-pubescent, 3 to 5 lines long, usually suberect on ascending pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; style very short. — Spec. ii. 643. D. contorta, Ehrh. Beitr. vii. 155. D. confusa, Ehrh. 1. c., the form with pubescent pods. — Labrador to New Brunswick and N. Vermont ; in the Rocky Mountains in lat. 51°, and in Colorado at Georgetown, Greene, and South Park, Rothrock & Wolf; at Ft. Fraser and McLeod’s Lake, Brit. Columbia, Macoun. Some of the western specimens are more finely and densely pubescent than is usual. (Greenland, Eu., Asia.) Var. arabisans, Watson. Caudex much branched: pod glabrous, acuminate or acute, often twisted, 4 to 6 lines long, beaked with a longer distinct style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 260, & in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 67. D. arabisans, Michx. FI. ii. 28; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 160, t. 68. D. Arabis, Pers. Syn. ii. 190. D. glabella, Pursh, FI. ii. 4384. D. incana, var. glabriuscula, Gray, Ann. N. Y. Lye. iii. 222. D. Henneana, Schlecht. Linnea, x. 100. D. Canadensis, Brunet, Pl. Canad. 21, a form with ovate pods, — Labrador to N. Vermont and New York, and the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Grading indefinitely into the typical form of the species. D. Bréweri, Watson, 1. c. Dwarf and alpine, hoary throughout with a dense stellate pubescence; the few stems from a shortly branched caudex, 1 to 3 inches high: leaves crowded, oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse, entire or rarely sparingly toothed, sometimes slightly ciliate at base, 2 to 4 lines long; the cauline few, oblong-ovate; flowers small : sepals oblong, herbaceous, shorter than the petals: pods linear-oblong, obtusish, pubescent, 2 or 3 lines long, on short. ascending pedicels: stigma sessile or nearly so.— Mt. Dana, California, at 12,000 feet alt., Brewer ; White Mountains, Mono County, at 13,000 feet alt., Shockley. D. borealis, DC. Loosely stellate-pubescent throughout, more or less cespitose; stems 2 to 12 inches high: leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, flat, glabrous or pubescent, 3 to 5 lines long, exceeding the pedicels; style short and stout. — Syst. ii. 342. D. Unalaschkiana, DC. 1. c. 350. D. incana, var. borealis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 107. — Alaska and adjacent islands ; Brit. Columbia, Rothrock; Arctic Coast, Franklin; Ochotsk Sea, Wright. A variety with longer pedicels is found in Japan (D. Sachalinensis, Schmidt). = = Cauline leaves one to three. D. hirta, L. Loosely stellate-pubescent: caudex branched; stems low, usually lax: leaves narrow or the cauline ovate, 4 to 1 inch long or less, sometimes ciliate: pods oblong-lanceo- late to oblong-ovate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, often somewhat twisted, 3 to 5 lines long, usually exceeding the short pedicels; style short and stout; stigma often 2-lobed.— Syst. ed. 10, 1127; Fl. Dan. t. 2422; Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 42. D. rupestris, R. Br. in Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2,iv. 91; Fl. Dan. t. 2421. D. oblongata, R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. 143; DC. Syst. ii. 342. D. gracilis, Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 152. — Alaska, Cape Thompson to Unalaska ; the Arctic Coast to Rensselaer Harbor, Kane. (Greenland, N. Eu., and Asia.) Var. arctica, Warson. Densely tufted and more densely pubescent: leaves short ; the cauline ovate: pods pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 260. D. arctica, Vahl, FI. Dan. t. 2294; Lange, 1. c. 43. — Grinnell Land, Greely. (Greenland, Spitzbergen.) ++ ++ Stems diffusely branched above. D. ramosissima, Drsv. Thinly stellate-pubescent: caudex much branched ; stems slender, a span high: leaves oblanceolate, laciniately toothed, acute, 14 to 2} inches long: racemes Hg CRUCIFER 2. Draba. numerous, rather short: flowers rather large: pods oval to narrowly oblong, pubescent, twisted, 2 to 4 lines long, not including the very slender style (14 lines long) ; stigma lobed. — Jour. Bot. iii. 186 (1814); Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 106. Alyssum (%) dentatum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 63. D. dentata, Hook. & Arn. Jour. Bot. i. 192; Hook. Ic. t, 31.— Mountains of Virginia and Tennessee; cliffs of the Kentucky River, Short. § 5. Arzopsis, DC. Leaves linear, entire, becoming rigid with reflexed margin and carinate by the prominent midnerve: scapose, alpine, and densely cespitose. — Syst. ii. 332. D. glacialis, Apams. Caudex much branched; branches short and slender: leaves 2 to 9 lines long, more or less loosely stellate-pubescent, sometimes ciliate at base: scape slender, 4 to 6 inches high, pubescent or glabrate, raceme rather few-flowered; sepals somewhat villous or glabrous: petals yellowish: pods ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, rounded at base (or narrowly oblong and acute at both ends), usually finely pubescent, 1 to 4 lines long on pedicels 1 to 6 lines in length, 8 to 16-ovuled ; style a quarter to half line long. — Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. v. 106; Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxiv. pt. 2, 186, t. 5, f. 8,4 (var.); Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 142. D. oligosperma, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 51. D. alpina, var. glacialis, Dickie, Jour. Linn. Soe. xi. 33. — Frequent in the Rocky Mountains from Brit. America to Wyoming and Montana, more rare south and westward; South Park, Colorado, Rothrock & Wolf; Uinta Mountains, Utah, Watson; Blue Mountains, Oregon, Cusick; Mt. Dana, Calif., Brewer; Cascade Mountains of Washington, Lyall, Tweedy; McLeod’s Lake and Stewart Lake Mountains, Brit. Columbia, Macoun; also collected in the arctic regions by Richardson in lat. 68°, on the Mackenzie River, and by Franklin. Very variable but well marked and apparently identical with Asiatic forms, as described, originally found on the arctic coast of Siberia and the banks of the Lena. The smaller higher alpine specimens have sometimes the pubescence very fine and dense. (Asia, Spitzbergen.) Var.* pectindta, Warson. Alpine and very densely cespitose, the short rigid leaves glabrous or nearly so, and ciliate with long rigid hairs: pods 4-6-seeded, pubescent with branched hairs, or glabrate; valves only moderately convex. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 260. D. densifolia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 104. — California, Silver Mountain, Brewer, and Mt. Lola, Lemmon; Nevada, E. Humboldt Mountains, Watson; Idaho, Nevius ; Utah, Jones; Uinta Mountains, Watson, no. 88, a form with fleshy shorter glabrous and less ciliate leaves. D.* Douglasii, Gray.2 Leaves firm or even somewhat cartilaginous, at first pubescent with short nearly simple hairs but glabrate except the strongly ciliated margins, not lucid: scapose stems half inch to inch and a half high, finely pubescent with simple hairs: flowers white: pods ovate, acuminate, 2 lines long: valves becoming very strongly convex, pubes- cent with simple hairs; style slender, half line to a line in length; ovules only two (or rarely four) in each cell, pendent from near the apex of the cells; seeds very large. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 328; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 29. Braya Oregonensis, Gray, 1. ¢. xvii. 199. Cusickia, Gray, 1. c. — High mountains of the Sierra Nevada, from San Bernardino Co, Parish, northward throughout California to Union Co., Oregon, Cusick, and Klikitat, Washington, Howell; also in N. & W. Nevada, Anderson, Watson; first coll. by Douglas ; fl. April to June. 2. ATHYSANUS, Greene. (4 privative, and #eavos, fringe, in reference to the lack of the distinct border which in Thysanocarpus is present and often cleft.) —A monotypic annual, formerly classed with Thysanocarpus, but, as Prof. Greene has pointed out, nearly related to Draba unilateralis, Jones, and generically 1 Description amplified to exclude more clearly the following nearly related species. 2 Dr. Watson omitted this species from his preliminary treatment of the genus, having probably noticed its identity with Dr. Gray’s Braya Oregonensis. There can be little doubt, however, that Dr. Gray’s earlier disposition of the plant in the genus Draba was the more accurate. The micro- scopic structure of the false septum in the fruit is of Draba, and very different from that of Braya, a genus to which on other accounts this species can scarcely be referred. D. Crockeri, Lemmon, Bull. Torr. Club, xvi. 221, is from character and habitat a synonym. Thysanocarpus. CRUCIFERZ. . 1413 rather unsatisfactorily separated by its 1-celled, 2—4-ovuled, 1-seeded fruit; the silicels falling off without dehiscence but possessing valves, which divide regularly under the prolonged influence of moisture. From the European genus Clypeola of similar habit it is technically separated by the absence of any membranous or tooth-like appendages upon the filaments. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 72; Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ii. Ab. 2,191. [By B. L. Rosinson.] A. pusillus, Grerne, l.c. Hirsute-tomentose, branched from near the base, 3 to 9 inches high; branches subsimple, spreading, terminating in elongated racemes: leaves oblance- olate, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid, 4 to 6 lines long, forming a rosette at the base; the cauline more or less reduced: pedicels 1 to 1} lines in length, recurved: flowers very small: petals minute, linear, or wanting: fruit # to 1 line in diameter, usually covered with spreading uncinate hairs. — Thysanocarpus pusillus, Hook. Ic. t. 42; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 119. T. oblongifolius, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 118.— Dry hillsides from San Diego, Orcutt, to Brit. Columbia, JZacoun ; common. Var. glabrior, Watson, inherb. Leaves thin, nearly smooth, at least not hirsute; fruit ciliated but glabrous upon the faces. — Growing with the typical form near Fort Mohave, J. G. Lemmon, April, 1884. A form with pods smooth and free even from ciliation has been collected near San Francisco, Mrs. Brandegee. 8. THYSANOCARPUS, Hook. (@icavos, fringe, and xapzés, fruit.) — Slender erect annuals of the Pacific Slope, with subsimple or branched stems, minute white or purplish flowers, and very characteristic disk-shaped or concave indehiscent one-celled fruit; the latter often toothed like a cog-wheel or per- forated near margin by a series of openings. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 69, t. 18, f. A; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 94; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 48, excl. Z. pusillus. [By B. L. Rozinson. ] * Stem profusely branched; branches spreading at a considerable angle, commonly again once or twice branched : petals purplish or white, considerably exceeding the calyx: pods small (1} to 2 lines in diameter), often strongly concave and boat-shaped with a condupli- cate divided or perforated wing. T. conchuliferus, Greene. Glabrous throughout, glaucous, 4 to 8 inches in height: leaves linear or lance-linear, sagittate-auriculate, runcinately toothed or parted; teeth 2 to 4 pairs: racemes 1 or 2 inches long, rather densely many-flowered: pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, spreading horizontally and gently recurved: pod markedly cymbiform, finely reticulated but quite glabrous.— Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 218, & Pittonia, i. 31; K. Brandegee, Zoe, i. 132.— Rocky soil on the Island of Santa Cruz off coast of §. California, Greene, Brandeyee. Var. planitisculus, Ropgrson, n. var. Fruit plano-convex or slightly concavo- convex, not perceptibly reticulated but hirsute upon both sides: pedicels 4 to 6 lines long. — Island of Santa Cruz with type, 7. S. Brandegee, April, 1888. * * Stems simple or with a few subsimple elongated nearly erect branches: pods 2 to 4 lines in diameter, plano-convex, rarely a little concaye on one side; wing entire, divided, or perforated: flowers yery small: petals little exceeding the calyx: upper leaves narrow. T. carvipes, Hoox. Commonly more or less hirsute below, 8 to 12 inches in height: basal leaves rosulate, often persisting, oblong, pinnatifid with short blunt lobes or merely dentate ; upper leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sagittate-auriculate and clasping at base, short (6 to 10 lines in length): pedicels very slender, 14 to 3 lines long, leaving the axis at right angles and strongly recurved: fruit subject to much variation, 1 to 24 lines in diameter (including wing), tomentose or glabrous; wing narrow or broad, usually entire, sometimes crenate or with a few perforations, sometimes involute (var. rInvoLtrus, Greene, Fl. Francis. 275). — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 69, t. 18, f. A; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 118; Brew. & Wats. 8 114 CRUCIFERZ. Thysanocarpus. Bot. Calif. i. 48; M. E. Jones, Bot. Gaz. viii. 283. TJ. pulchellus, Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 1835, 25; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 9.— Dry ground on hills, from S. California and Arizona to Washington, Suksdorf, and Idaho, Spalding, Wilcox. Var. élegans, Rosrnsoy, n. var. (Lace-rop.) Fruit larger, 2 to 4 lines broad ; wing usually perforated with regular series of roundish openings: upper leaves inclining to be broader than in typical form.— 7. elegans, Fisch. & Mey. 1. c. 26; Hook. le, & Ic. t. 39; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.118. 7. curvipes, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 48, in part; Wats. Bibl. Index, 74. — Arizona, Pringle, Palmer, and California north at least to Chico, Gray. This variety, while in its extreme form strikingly different from the typical plant, is thoroughly connected with the latter by a very complete and’ gradual series of inter- mediate forms. Prof. Greene states that it does not grow in the Coast Range, but it has been collected on Mt. Diablo, Brewer, and in the Napa Valley, Bigelow. T. lacinidtus, Nutr. Smooth or nearly so, glaucous, 8 to 15 inches high: leaves thinner than in the preceding; those near base not forming a dense or persistent rosette, linear or subentire or deeply pinnatifid into narrow linear acute segments; upper leaves entire, elongated (10 to 15 lines in length), scarcely a line in breadth, inserted by a narrow base : racemes 4 to 8 lines long: fruit obovate, elliptic, or orbicular, 1} to 1} lines in diameter (including the entire or subentire imperforate wing), distinctly reticulated, commonly but not always glabrous; pedicels slender, spreading and deflexed, — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 118; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 31; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 49.— Central and Southern California, Arizona. Var. crendtus, Brewer. Fruit with a deeply crenate-toothed or perforated wing, usually becoming 2 to 23 lines in breadth: racemes usually shorter and denser than in type. —Bot. Calif. i.49. TJ. crenatus, Nutt.l.e. J. ramosus, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 390. — Occurring with and not always distinguishable from the typical form. * ¥* * Pods 4 to 5 lines in diameter, plano-convex or nearly so; the wing radiately nerved, neither toothed nor perforated: upper leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cordate- auriculate. T. radians, Benrn. Stems 10 to 15 inches high, simple or with a few simple elongated ascending branches, glabrous: lowest leaves runcinately toothed or pinnatifid; the upper sub-entire: racemes long, loosely flowered; pedicels usually ascending but nodding near apex, 4 to 8 lines long: petals purple, exceeding the calyx: fruit downy or quite smooth, white, with dark nerves radiating in the wing. — Pl. Hartw. 297; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 49. — Central California, Sacramento Valley, northward to Oregon, Howell. Not abundant, but striking on account of its large light-colored and radiately nerved fruit. 4, BERTEROA, DC. (Dedicated to Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, a Pied- montese botanist, 1789-1831, who travelled in South America.) — A small genus often united with Alyssum, with which many of its technical characters agree, but so different in its tall branching habit, as well as its very deeply cleft petals and generally more numerous margined or winged seeds, as to appear worthy of generic rank, to which it has lately been restored by Prof. Prantl. — Mém. Mus. Paris, vii. 232, Syst. ii. 290, & Prodr. i.158. Under Farsetia, Reichenb. Consp. 184. Under Alysswm, Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 74. [By B. L. Rosryson. ] B. inchna, DC. Erect or somewhat decumbent, 1 to 2 feet high, pale green: branches simple: radical leaves spatulate, 2 to 4 inches long; the cauline similar or lanceolate, smaller: petals white, much exserted, deeply bifid, almost as in Stellaria: capsule elliptic, somewhat inflated, about 3 lines long; cells about 6-seeded; style slender, persistent. — Syst. ii. 291. Alyssum incanum, L. Spec. ii. 650.— Grain, hay, and clover fields, becoming frequent, N. New England and Massachusetts, probably introduced with grass or clover seed; also a ballast-weed about New York City, Judge Brown. (Ady. from Eu.) B. wurAptuis, DC., a very similar species with pods larger and flatter, 4 to 5 lines long, is reported as somewhat established at Hingham, Mass., Bouvé. (Ady. from Eu.) Alyssum. CRUCIFERZ. 1 5. LOBULARIA, Desv. (New Latin Jobulus, a little lobe, presumably in reference to the two-parted or lobed hairs.) — A small group of Old World plants, chiefly of the Mediterranean region, often united with Alysswm, but of distinct habit and with very different and characteristic pubescence. — Jour. Bot, iii. 162 (1814); Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii, Ab. 2,195. Konig, Adans. Fam. ii. 420. Aduseton, Adans. 1. ¢. ii. (25). Koniga, R. Br. in Denh. & Clapp. App. 214.— The name here retained is the earliest desirable generic designation, since one of Adanson’s names was not Latinized and the other spelled in two ways by the author himself, who completes their confusion by transposing them in his prefatory errata. [By B. L. Ropinson. | L. marfrma, Desv. l.c. (SwreeT Atyssum.) Perennial, branching near the base, some- times a little woody below: branches slender, leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, appressed-pubescent with hairs attached in the middle: racemes numerous, becoming elon- gated; pedicels widely spreading or divaricate, 3 lines in length: flowers white, fragrant : petals fully twice as long as sepals; blades suborbicular, entire, patulous : filaments enlarged below but not toothed: capsule orbicular, a line in diameter; cells 1-seeded. — Clypeola maritima, L. Spec. ii. 652. Alyssum maritimum, Lam. Dict. i. 98; DC. Syst. ii. 318. Koniga maritima, R. Br. 1. e.; Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 175.— Cultivated and occa- sionally spontaneous or somewhat established by roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. ALYSSUM, Tourn. (Etymology, é& privative, and Avooa, madness, the plants having been regarded in ancient times as an antidote for hydrophobia, see Pliny, N. H. xi. 57, 95.) — Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, natives of the Old World north of the tropics. One species is indigenous in Alaska and another of different section is more or less established in the United States. — Tourn. ace. to L. Gen. no. 5383; DC. Prodr. i. 160; Reichenb. Ic. F]. Germ. ii. 18-21; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 73. [By B. L. Ropinson.] § 1. Evatyssum, Boiss. Filaments laterally toothed: cells of the fruit 2-seeded. — Fl. Orient. i, 264.— Alaskan perennial (and many Old World species). A. Americénum, Greene. Low, spreading, densely stellate-pubescent, perennial: stems decumbent, 3 to 5 inches in height, leafy up to the subcorymbose inflorescence : leaves spatu- late, pale above, white beneath, entire, 3 to 6 lines long, a third as broad, rounded at the apex: racemes even in fruit but an inch in length; pedicels divaricate, becoming 3 lines long: sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse: petals with suborbicular narrowly notched blade and very slender claw: filaments appendaged: capsule broadly obovate, nearly 2 lines long, with a slender persistent style less than half its length. — Pittonia, ii. 224.— This plant appears to stand close to A. montanum, L., and better fruiting specimens are necessary to prove with much certainty its distinctness from this and other closely related species of the Old World. § 2. Psmonima, C. A. Meyer (as genus). Filaments unappendaged : petals cuneate : cells of the fruit 2-seeded. — Meyer in Ledeb. FI. Alt. iii. 50. A. catycfnum, L. Low spreading annual, stellate-pubescent, branching from near the base : leaves numerous, small, spatulate, entire, ascending: racemes becoming 2 to 8 inches long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines in length: calyx wholly or partially persisting until the maturity of the fruit: petals small, white or nearly so, scarcely surpassing the sepals: fruit orbicular, double convex but with thin margin. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 908; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 68. branchlets subulate. Flower buds seldom larger than the head of a pin, expand- ing only in the absence of sunshine, produced in summer. Capsule in all more or less triangular.— Kalm in L. Ameen. Acad. iii, 10, & Gen. ed. 5, no. 102; Gertn. Fruct. t. 129; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 152. Lechea & Lechidium, Spach in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 282,286. [Revised by B. L. Rozryson. ] § 1. EvticHea.! Flowers either glomerately or sparsely paniculate: pla- cent in fruit thinnish, hardly crustaceous, fragile, free (the partitions becoming evanescent), their sides recurving around the one or two seeds: all or most of the species producing from the base of the flowering stem copious prostrate or barely ascending sterile shoots, which are thickly beset with mainly opposite or verticil- late thyme-like leaves. * Pubescence villous and more or less spreading : leaves about half as broad as long: flow- ers glomerate-cymulose, very short-pedicelled. L. major, Micux. Stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high, with short lateral flowering branches, very leafy: leaves thinnish, puncticulate, abruptly mucronate; cauline half inch to inch long, oblong, many of them as well as the smaller ones of the radical shoots in whorls of 2 to 4: flowers at length much crowded: capsule depressed-globose, about one sixteenth of an inch fong, at maturity slightly exceeding the calyx, — Fl. i. 76; Poir. Suppl. iii. 340; Pursh, FI. i. 90; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 153; Gray, Man. 49; not L., which is a Helianthemum. L. minor, Smith in Rees, Cycl. xxi., not of L., although a specimen in herb. belongs to it. JZ. villosa, Ell. Sk. i. 184; Nutt. Gen. i. 90.2 LZ. mucronata, Raf. Préc. Découv. 37, & (4) in Desv. Jour. Bot. iv. 269 (1814). Probably Z. Drummondii, Spach in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 284 (elaborately described from single and very imperfect fruiting specimen, coll. Apalachicola, Drummond), from the pubescence and thin leaves of the radical shoots; but capsule said to be “ellipsoid.” — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, New England and adjacent Canada to Nebraska and W. Kansas, and south to Florida and Texas. Var. divaricata, Gray, n. var. Long-branched from near the base: flowering branchlets sometimes divaricate: leaves oblong-lanceolate, quarter to half inch long, mostly alternate ; stamens commonly more numerous. — LZ. divaricata, Shuttl. in distr. coll. Rugel.? — Sandy pine woods, Florida (Manatee, &c.), Buckley, Rugel, Garber; Texas, Palmer. (Mex., Shaffner.) * %* Pubescence appressed: leaves narrower: flowers paniculate: capsule globose to ellipsoid. + Leaves of the sterile basal shoots oval to oblong, relatively broad. L.* minor, L. About 2 feet high, quite erect or with ascending branches, finely pubescent but not canescent: cauline leaves oval or oblong, 3 to 4 or the larger 5 to 6 lines long, abruptly short-petioled, mucronate, some hairy (at least the margins), some whorled or opposite; those of the crowded panicles varying to linear: capsule obovate-globose, com- monly surpassed by at least one of the outer sepals. —Spec. i. 90, as to one out of several specimens, fide Britton, 1. ¢. 247. Z. thymifolia, Michx. FI. i. 77 ; Smith in Rees, Cycl. xxi. L. Nove-Cesaree, Austin in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 81.— Dry ground, New England near the coast to S. Carolina and even to Florida. L.* maritima, Leccrrr. Stout and bushy, a foot or two high, canescent-tomentose : radical shoots formed ate in the autumn, commonly ascending with thickish oblong leaves, 1 Dr. Gray’s latest views regarding this group have been largely incorporated in the sixth edition of the Manual, and his treatment of the genus for the present work has been somewhat freely modified in the light of Dr. Britton’s careful revision (Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 244-253) based upon the long study and extensive collection of W. H. Leggett, Esq. 2 Add Britton, 1. c. 248. 3 Add Britton, 1. c. 249. Lechea. CISTACE®, 193 hoary with appressed pubescence; cauline leaves puberulent or glabrous, linear to linear- oblong, 4 to 8 lines long, ? to 14 lines broad: panicle broad, dense, pyramidal: flowers red- dish (at least in fading) ; calyx canescent ; outer sepals nearly equalling or distinctly shorter than the inner: capsule globose, about half line in diameter. — Leggett in Britton, Prelim. Cat. N. J. 13, & Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 249. LZ. thymifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 91; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 206, t. 88. Z. minor, var. maritima, Gray, ms. Syn. Fl., & Man. ed. 6, 77.— Sandy soil along and near the coast, Maine, Blake, Fernald, to Georgia, and (acc. to Britton) appar- ently in White Mountains at Crawford Notch. +— + Leaves of the sterile basal shoots relatively narrower, linear, linear-lanceolate, or oblong-linear, the edges usually revolute: outer sepals not exceeding the inner (except in LL. tenuifolia). ++ Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid, and with the nearly globose capsule mostly rather large for the genus. = Inflorescence an elongated and usually narrow panicle, with short ascending branches. L.* stricta, Leccerr. Appressed silky-pubescent and canescent: stems strict, a foot or more in height, very leafy: leaves and short branches ascending or often appressed, almost linear, 4 to 10 lines long; those of the sterile shoots only 2 or 3 lines in length: capsule globose, light brown, less than a line in diameter. — Leggett in Britton, 1. ¢. 251. ZL. minor, forma stricta, Gray, ms. Syn. Fl. — Prairies of Illinois, Vasey, Bebb ; Iowa and Wisconsin (ace. to Britton); Minnesota (acc. to E. J. Hill) and (?) to Belleville, Canada, Macoun. A well marked inland type but more doubtful in its eastern extension. Nearly related forms from Maine, Fernald, are probably better referred to the following. L.* intermédia, Lecerrr. Usually about a foot and a half high, not canescent nor silky- villous but finely strigose-pubescent : stem leaves narrowly oblong, acute or acutish at both ends, 6 to 12 lines long, # to 14 lines broad: elongated panicle rather dense: capsule glo- bose, a line or more in diameter, larger than in the related species. — Leggett in Britton, lc. 252. %2Z. minor, Pursh, Fl. i.91;?% Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 72; Gray, ms. Syn. Fl., & Man. ed. 6, 77, in part; not Linn. nor Walt. nor Lam.— Dry rocky soil, very common from New Brunswick and Canada to Pennsylvania. = = Inflorescence much broader, pyramidal or subcorymbose: branches slender and deli- cate, widely spreading. L.* Leggéttii, Brirron & Horiick. Ten inches to a foot and a half high, slender, finely strigose pubescent or glabrate : cauline leaves linear, 5 to 10 lines long, usually acute at both ends ; those of the sterile shoots linear to oblong-linear, 2 or 3 lines long, scarcely over half a line wide: panicle diffuse, flowers mostly terminal and subterminal or shortly racemose at the ends of the slender branches: capsule obovoid, three fourths line in diameter: outer sepals shorter than or barely equalling the inner, the latter (at least in some cases) indis- tinctly 3-nerved. — Torr. Club, Prelim. Cat. N. Y.6; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 251. L. Leggettii, var. pulchella, Britton & Hollick, 1. c. Lamarck’s LZ. minor, placed here by Britton, is a very poor and dubious sketch. — Dry soil, Long Island and New Jersey to Vir- ginia and (acc. to Britton) west to Indiana. Distinguished from the following in its sepals, taller habit, and less distinctly racemose inflorescence. L. tenuifoélia, Micux. Low, diffuse, slender, minutely appressed-pubescent or glabrous, or the cespitose radical shoots more pubescent: leaves all small and narrow; of the radical shoots 2 lines long not half a line wide; cauline filiform-linear and in the diffuse racemose- paniculate inflorescence reduced to small subulate bracts: flowers mostly very short-pedi- celled: sepals wholly destitute of lateral ribs: capsule ovoid-globose.— Fl. i. 77; Pursh, Fl. i. 91; Ell. Sk.i.185. JZ. minor, vars. B & y, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 154. L. thesioides, Spach in Hook, Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 285. — Dry and sterile soil, especially in pine barrens, E. Massachusetts to Florida, Texas, Arkansas, and Illinois.!1 (Cuba.) ++ ++ Smaller-flowered : fruiting calyx narrower: capsule ellipsoidal. L. racemuloésa, Lam. Erect, a foot or less high, with some soft silky pubescence when young, soon nearly glabrous except the radical shoots: leaves less rigid, broad for the section, mucronate; those of the radical shoots hirsutely pubescent when young, narrowly oblong, 2 or 3 lines long; cauline oblong-linear, 4 to 6 lines long, of the branchlets narrowly 1 Northwest to Wisconsin, acc. to Britton, 1. c. 250. 13 194 CISTACEZA. Lechea. linear: inflorescence loosely racemose-paniculate, effuse ; the pedicels commonly slender and spreading: fruiting calyx obovoid-oblong, glabrous. — Il. ii. 423, t. 281, £.3; Poir. Suppl. iii. 340 (describing more pubescent form than usual); Michx. Fl. i. 77.— Dry and rocky soil, Long Island, N. Y.,1 to Florida and Kentucky. L. patula, Lecerrr. About a foot high, very copiously and effusely branched, appressed- pubescent and glabrate: branches filiform : leaves of radical shoots not seen ; cauline linear or lower oblong-linear, 2 or 3 lines long, of branchlets subulate : flowers racemose-paniculate, short-pedicelled: calyx glabrate, rather shorter than the narrowly ellipsoid capsule. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 251; Curtiss, distr. N. Am. Pl. 231**,— Dry pine barrens, 8. Carolina to Florida, Ravenel, Curtiss. L. Torréyi, Leccrerr. Erect and slender, 2 feet high, with ascending branches, cinereous- puberulent or sparsely pubescent: leaves of radical shoots unknown ; cauline narrowly linear, 3 to 6 lines long, alternate, ascending, uppermost reduced to minute bracts of the racemi- form branches of the loose panicles: pedicels short: calyx externally canescent, little over half line long: immature capsules oval and triangular. — Leggett in Wats. Bibl. Index, 81. L. racemulosa, Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 193, not Lam.— Pine barrens of Florida,2 Drummond, Chapman, Torrey fide Leggett. § 2. Lecuipium, Torr. & Gray. Inflorescence at length racemiform and se- cund (pedicels distant from the bracts): placents firm and thick, at length crus- taceous, plane, in dehiscence bearing on their back the firm dissepiments, which’ separate from the valves: apparently no radical depressed leafy branches. — Fl. i. 154, Lechidium, Spach in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 286. L. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high, with many slender stems from a somewhat lignescent base (or root possibly lignescent-annual), cinereous-puberulent, diffusely branched: leaves all very narrow- or filiform-linear, the larger half inch long: fructiferous pedicels slender, spreading or decurved: calyx and enclosed capsule globose. — Fl. i. 154; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 206, t. 89; not Spach. Lechidiuwm Drummondii, Spach in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 287, & Ann. Sci. Nat.-ser. 2, vi. 372. Linum San Sabeanum, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 450.— Sandy woods, Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Wright, Hall, Reverchon. Reported from Kansas by Dr. Oyster. OrpDER XIV. VIOLACEA. By A. Gray. Herbs (except in the tropics), with watery juice, somewhat acrid, alternate (rarely opposite) and simple stipulate leaves, and axillary inflorescence. Flowers hermaphrodite, irregular but symmetrical and 5-merous throughout, except that the carpels of the one-celled pistil are three instead of five. Sepals nearly alike and persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud and the lower one different from the others. Stamens 5, with very short filaments or none, but broad connectives at top projecting beyond the adnate-introrse two-celled connivent or connate anthers. A single more or less club-shaped style and a single stigma. The three few—many- ovulate placentz of the ovary parietal. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, with valves placentiferous in the middle. Seeds rather large, firm-coated, anatropous, having a large and straight embryo with broad and flat cotyledons nearly the length of the fleshy albumen. Valves of the capsule in drying after dehiscence condupli- 1 Eastward to Martha’s Vineyard, acc. to Britton, 1. c. 248. 2 To South Carolina, Mellichamp, and S. Virginia, acc. to A. A. Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 23. Viola. VIOLACER, 195 cately infolding, the gradually increasing pressure at length projecting the hard- coated seeds. (Ours all have decidedly irregular flowers: Sauvagesiacee we exclude.) * Sepals produced at base beyond the insertion into auricles. 1. VIOLA. Lower petal produced at base into a nectariferous spur or deep sac; the others of about equal length. Filaments very short or none. anthers connivent but distinct, at most lightly coherent, the two anterior each with a dorsal appendage or spur projecting into the sac or spur of the lower petal. Style often flexuous below, enlarged upward; stigma various. Capsule ovoid, crustaceous or coriaceous: valves several-seeded. Seeds obovoid or globular, smooth. Scape or peduncle 1-flowered, 2-bracteolate. Also some cleistoga- mous flowers, more fertile than the normal. * * Sepals not auriculate or appendaged at base: capsule, seeds, &c. nearly of Viola: style as in most Violets club-shaped, the apex abruptly antrorse and beak-like, tipped with the small stigma. i) SOLEA. Sepals linear and equal. Petals nearly equal in length, connivent almost to tip; lower one much larger, saccate at base, emarginate at the broad apex. Stamens with extremely short filaments and broad connectives wholly connate into an ovoid sac, open only between the free tips, a rounded or 2-lobed scale-like gland adnate to the base anteriorly. 3. IONIDIUM. Sepals somewhat equal, or the posterior smaller. Petals very unequal ; two upper shorter; lower longest and largest, concave or slightly saccate at base, contracted in the middle. Stamens with distinct filaments or hardly any, the two anterior with a scale- like gland or sometimes a spur at base; the connective broad and merely connivent. 1. VIOLA, Tourn. Viorer. (Classical Latin name, digammated form of the Greek tov.) — Widely diffused genus, chiefly of low herbs, mostly of temper- ate regions and the northern hemisphere; flowering in spring and early summer (but autumnal flowers of the conspicuous sort by no means infrequent), most of our species inodorous or faintly sweet-scented. Cleistogamous flowers, of greater fertility, produced by most species after the normal flowering. Leaves involute in the bud, in several caulescent species puncticulate with brownish dots at maturity. — Inst. 419, t. 256; L. Gen. no, 679; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 185, t. 80. § 1. Perennials: stipules never emulating the blade of the leaf; radical or lower ones more or less scarious: two upper petals turned backward and lateral ones forward toward the lower or merely spreading. * Strictly acaulescent ; the (dissected) leaves and scapes all directly from a thick and short erect and proliferous-branched fleshy caudex, not at all stoloniferous: corolla saccate- spurred, beardless, not yellow: gibbous-clavate style bearing a rather large antrorse- terminal beakless stigma and beardless. V. pedata, L. Tuberous caudex often an inch wide and not longer: glabrous or mostly so: leaves pedately 9-12-parted, or 3-divided and the lateral divisions 3-4-parted, the lobes, &e., from linear to spatulate, some 2-3-dentate at apex: petals half to three fourths inch long, spatulate-obovate, light violet, or deeper, occasionally variegated, or as in all these species varying to white, obscurely or not at all lineate toward base. — Spec. ii. 933; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 89; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 153; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 69; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 136; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1, i. t. 26.— Sandy soil, New England near the coast to W. Florida, W. Louisiana, Indian Territory, and northwest to Minnesota. Var. bicolor, Pursu. Two upper petals dark violet-purple as if velvety, in the manner of Pansy. — Pursh, fide Raf. in DC. Prodr. i. 291; Gray, Man. ed.5,79. V. pedata, var. atropurpurea, DC. Prodr. i. 291. V. flabellifolia, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 777, pale lateral petals spreading. V. pedata, var. flabellata, Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 247, figured and described as haying lateral petals recurved-ascending with the two upper!— Sparingly with the type in the Eastern States, but abundant on shales in Maryland and District of Columbia. 196 VIOLACE. Viola. * * Strictly acaulescent; the leaves and scapes directly from rootstocks (or rarely from runners): gibbous-clavate style with inflexed or truncate and beardless summit and an antrorsely beaked or short-pointed small proper stigma. +— Rootstocks thick and comparatively short, ascending or little creeping, never filiform or producing runners or stolons, commonly scaly-toothed or knobby by persistent thickened bases of petioles: corolla only saccate-spurred, blue or violet-purple with occasional white varieties; lateral and sometimes other petals bearded toward base. Species or forms widely different in extremes as to foliage, but running together: cleistogamous flowers abundant and short-peduncled, close to the ground. V. pedatifida, Don. Mostly puberulent: leaves imitating those of the preceding species, all pedately dissected or flabellately multifid into linear divisions or lobes: flowers smaller and more blue than in V. pedata, just as in the following. — Syst. i. 320. V. pinnata, Richards. in Franklin Ist Journ. ed. 1, App. 734 (reprint, p. 6), not L. which has longer and narrower spur. V. pedata, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 74, mainly (excl. syn.); Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. 63. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 136; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 78. — Prairies, Saskatchewan to Ilinois, Colorado, and New Mexico. Occasional similar speci- mens occur in New England. ; V. palmata, L. From glabrous to villous-pubescent: earlier leaves roundish-cordate or reniform and merely crenate; later ones or some of them very various, palmately or pedately or hastately (or even subpinnately) lobed or cleft or parted, the divisions or lobes from obovate to linear.— Spec. ii. 933 (Gronoy. Virg. 182; Pluk. Mant. 187, & Alm. t. 447, f.9); Walt. Car. 218; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 535; Michx. FI. ii. 151 (including all the forms) ; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 37, t. 41,42; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 137. V. cucullata, var. palmata, Gray, Man. ed. 2,43; Willis, Cat. Pl. N.J. 8. V. ranunculifolia, Juss. in Poir. Dict. viii. 626. V. digitata, Pursh, Fl. i.171, form with much dissected leaves, answering to V. sep- temloba, Le Conte, from whom he had it. V. heterophylla (Muhl. Cat.), palmata, congener (triloba, Schwein.), & septemloba, Le Conte, Aun. Lye. N. Y. ii. 139-141, &e. V. edulis, Spach, Hist. Veg. v. 508, superfluous name. — Moist or dryish ground, Nova Scotia and Canada to Florida and Texas, in rich or wet soil disposed to produce only undivided leaves, i. e. to become Var. cucullata, Gray. Leaves all without division, variously rounded-cordate or reniform, or hastate-reniform, &c., the basal sides, especially in the later and enlarging leaves cucullate-involute. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 254. V. obliqua, Hill, Hort. Kew. 316, t. 12; Ait. Kew. iii. 288 (pale-flowered form); not Pursh. V. cucullata, Ait. 1. c.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1795; Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 298; & of authors generally. V. sororia, Willd. Enum. 263, & Hort. Berol. t. 72; Reichenb. 1. c. 39, t. 44, £. 94. V. papilionacea, Pursh, Fl. i. 173. V. asarifolia, Pursh, FI. ii. 732, late and large-leaved state. V. cordata & V. villosa Walt. 1. c. 219 (V. cordifolia, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 62, and V. villosa, var. cordifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 148) are mainly vernal forms of drier or more sterile ground, and apt later to produce lobed leaves. V. affinis, & V. congener, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 138, 140. V. cucullata, affinis, & asarifolia, Le Conte, 1. c. 187-141. V. cucullata, vay. striata, Willis, 1. c.,a form with pale petals and darker stripes. White or variegated flowers not uncommon. — Same range, and extending to mountains westward, from Brit. Columbia to Arizona. Most polymorphous; any of the forms may present some lobed or cleft leaves ; but these are common in sterile soil. V. sagittata, Arr. From villous to glabrous: leaves from oblong-ovate or cordate-oblong to lanceolate, often with hastate (rather than sagittate) or subcuneate base; earlier with short and margined petioles and crenulate or almost entire; later longer-petioled and often hastately laciniate-lobulate at base: flowers comparatively large and bright violet-blue. 1 These forms appear sufficiently noteworthy to receive varietal distinction as follows: Var. VILLOsA, Robinson, n. var. Leaves smaller, prostrate or nearly so, neither cucullate nor (with rare exceptions) lobed, either villous-pubescent and somewhat silvery (V. villosa, Walt.) or green and nearly glabrous (V. cordata, Walt.). — With the other varieties and intergrading with both the lobed and cucullate forms, yet generally distinguishable in sterile soil of the Southern Atlantic States. The contour of the leaf, varying upon the same individual from reniform to ovate and acute, forms no satisfactory distinction. ; Viola. VIOLACER. 197 — Kew. iii. 287; Pursh, 1. c. 172; Reichenb. 1. c. 38, t. 42, f. 88; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 138; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1471; Gray, Man. 45, & Gen. Ill. i. 186, t. 80; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 1, i. t. 33; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, t.9. V. primulifolia, Pursh, F1. i. 173. V. dentata, Pursh, Fl. i. 172; Lodd. 1. ¢. t. 1485. V. ciliata, Muhl. Cat. 26. V. ovata, Nutt. Gen. i. 148; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 96. V. fimbriatula, Smith in Rees, Cyel. xxxviii. V. Alleghaniensis, Rem. & Schult. Syst. v. 360. V. sagittata, ovata, & emarginata, Le Conte, 1. c. 142-143. — Gravelly and sandy moist or nearly dry ground, Nova Scotia and Canada to Florida, Texas, and Minnesota. Some forms pass into V. palmata. +— + Rootstocks thickish and creeping, commonly sending off leafy and floriferous stolons or runners above ground: corolla blue or violet, with white varieties ; lateral petals usually bearded ; spur short and saccate: leaves round-cordate and merely crenulate. V. Langsdorffii, Fiscner. A span or two high: radical petioles often 6 or 8 inches long : stoloniferous shoots when present short and ascending, becoming 2-3-leaved floriferous stems with rather large stipules: flower large, three fourths to full inch long; thick saccate spur as broad as long. — DC. Prodr. i. 296; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 77; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 250; Maxim. Diag. Pl. Nov. Asiat. i. 741. V. mirabilis, var. Langsdor fit, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxyv. 240, t. 6, f. 24-29, but broad spur and scaly rootstock unlike V. mirabilis. — Arctic Alaska and Islands to Brit. Columbia.? V. ovorAra, L. (Sweet Vioxer.) More or less pubescent, proliferous by long stolons: stipules glandular: flowers fragrant. — Spec. ii. 934. — Escaped from cultivation in various places. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) + + + Rootstocks long and filiform (not thickened nor scaly except somewhat at base of older flowering plants), extensively creeping underground: plants low or small. ++ Corolla blue or purple. V. Selkirkii, Pursu, fide Gotpin. Leaves from rounded- to ovate-cordate and with deep narrow sinus, serrate, commonly acutish (at first half inch, in age inch or two long), upper face hirsute-pubescent : sepals acute or acuminate: petals beardless, violet-blue, 3 or 4 lines long, little longer than the stout and very blunt cylindraceous spur. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 324 (1822); Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 75; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 137; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 78; Franch. & Savat. Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 41, & ii. 284; Maxim. 1. c. 730. V. Aamtschatica, Ging. Linnea, i. 406 (1826); Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxv. 227, t. 6, f. 7-15. V. wmbrosa, Fries, Novit. 271 (1828), &. V. borealis, Weinm. Linnza, x. 66.— Damp woods, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to mountains of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, Upper Michi- gan, Minnesota, and northward. (N. Eu. to Kamtsch., &c.) V. palustris, L. Wholly glabrous: leaves reniform-cordate, with rounded summit and open sinus, crenulate (mostly an inch and in age often 2 inches broad): sepals ovate, obtuse: petals light blue or lilac (rarely white or nearly so), all nearly beardless, 3 or 4 lines long; spur short and saccate. — Spec. ii. 934; Fl. Dan. 83; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 2; Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 294 (excl. var. Pennsylvanica, which, unless from White Mountains, must be a small form of V. cucullata, under which name Bigelow sent it); Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 139; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 404; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 34. V. epipsila, Ledeb., is probably a variety of this. — Damp and shady ground, Labrador and alpine region of mountains of New England to Saskatchewan, and northward; higher Rocky Mountains in Colorado, and north to those of Washington and to arctic Alaska. (Eu., N. Asia.) ++ ++ Corolla always white, mostly with brown-purple lines on lower or also on lateral petals, or lower purple-tinged; lateral ones bearded or beardless in the same species ; spur short and saccate: stigma as if truncate and margined and antrorsely short-pointed. The three species seemingly run together. = Leaves round-cordate or reniform, on slender marginless petioles. 1 The recently published V. sagittata, var. Hicksii, C. L. Pollard, Bot. Gaz. xx. 326, with pubes- cent ovate-oblong cordate unlobed leaves, is one of several freely intergrading forms. The “recurved fruiting peduncles ’’ and distinctly mottled seeds are not infrequently associated with quite different foliage. 2 Southward apparently to Oregon (Howell, nos. 631, 1489), where the rootstock is more elon- gated and slender, 198 VIOLACES. V. blanda, Wmv. Commonly glabrous or nearly so, and with only subterranean filiform rootstocks: leaves thin, crenulate, from ovate-cordate to round-reniform, at blossoming from half inch to inch and a half long: scapes 1 to 3 inches high: flowers faintly sweet-scented : sepals from oblong- to almost ovate-lanceolate: petals 3 or 4 lines long, usually all beard- less; lower one usually conspicuously dark-veiny. — Hort. Berol. t. 24; Pursh, Fl. i. 172; Reichenb. Ic. Pl, Crit. i. 43, t. 51, £. 104; Le Conte, l. c. 144; Gray, Man, ed. 5,77; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, t. 21..— Low or wet and mostly open grounds, common from Newfoundland to N. Carolina north and west to Mackenzie River, lat. 66°, Brit. Columbia, and mountains of California. Var. palustrifo6rmis, Gray. Larger form, growing in shady and mossy ground or leaf-mould, where it is freely stoloniferous: leaves comparatively large, their upper face commonly and sparsely hirsutulous in the manner of V. Selkirkii, but less so: flowers rather larger; the petals usually 5 lines long; lower one less striate-veiny and lateral oftener bearded: scapes and tip of spur usually reddish or purplish. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 255. V. obliqua, Pursh, 1. ¢., not Hill. V, clandestina, Pursh, 1. ¢. 173, according to Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 139, but probably not so, although this is freely cleistogamous. V. amena, Le Conte, 1. c. 144. V. palustris (Hook. f. Arct. Pl.), Wats. Bot. King Exp. 34.2— Canada to Delaware, and in Rocky Mountains, &c.; passes into the type, resembles V. palustris (with which Hooker would unite the whole), but has white corolla, narrower and acute or acutish sepals, &e. Var. renifolia, Gray, 1. c. From slightly to strongly pubescent with soft and spreading multicellular hairs; but upper face of reniform leaves mostly quite glabrous: sepals lanceolate: petals usually beardless.— V, renifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 288. — Wet mossy woods and swamps, Nova Scotia to the country north of Lake Superior, Minnesota, and south to Massachusetts, W. New York, &c. = = Leaves from linear to spatulate or ovate or subcordate, the base decurrent into_a margined petiole: sometimes leafy along (chiefly subterranean) summer stolons. V. primuleefolia, L. Glabrous or pubescent: leaves from deltoid-ovate or subcordate and acute to ovate or oblong with either obtuse or tapering base: flowers of the preceding: lateral petals oftener bearded. —— Spec. ii. 934; Le Conte, 1. c. 145; Reichenb. 1. ¢. t. 45, f. 96; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 139. V. acuta, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 95. Damp or almost dry soil, Lower Canada and New Brunswick to Florida and Louisiana, especially toward the coast.? Varies nearly to preceding and to following. Var. occidentalis, Gray, 1. c Glabrous form, with oblong-ovate or spatulate- oblong leaves, all narrowed at base, apparently quite like eastern plants, was coll. at Waldo, S. W. Oregon, by Howell. V. lanceolata, L. Glabrous: leaves from broadly lanceolate or some earliest oblong-spat- ulate to linear or nearly so, attenuate at base, callous-denticulate: petals beardless; lower one often much colored. — Linn. 1. ¢. (excl. pl. Sibir.) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 150; Pursh, 1. c. 172; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 211; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 52, f. 106; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 174; Gray, Man. ed. 5,77. V. attenuata, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 37.4— Low and grassy ground, Nova Scotia, to L. Superior, and south to Florida and Texas. ++ ++ ++ Corolla yellow: otherwise nearly of last preceding section, but adult leaves much more accrescent. V. rotundifolia, Micux. Minutely pubescent when young, glabrate: leaves round-ovate and cordate with narrow or overlapped sinus, repand-crenulate, in flower seldom over inch long, becoming in summer 3 to 5 inches in diameter and flat on the ground, then lucid: base of some or all the petals lineate or sometimes tinged with brown-purple; lateral ones usually bearded.— Fl. ii. 150; DC. Prodr. i, 295; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 138; Reichenb. Ic. 1 The recently published V. Macloskeyi, F. E. Lloyd, Erythea, iii. 74, is with little doubt a form of this species. Here as elsewhere in the genus small weak plants are apt to produce reduced flowers (with thin greenish or colorless petals), transitions from the cleistogamous ones (?). 2 Add syn. V. blanda, var. amena, Britt. Sterns & Poggenb. Torr. Club, Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 6. 3 Also reported as far inland as Minnesota, by Upham, and by MacMillan. 4 Add syn. V. parva, A. B. Simonds & others, Fl, Fitchburg, Mass., 7, as to character. Viola. VIOLACEZ. 199 Bot. Exot. ii. t. 124; Gray,le. V. clandestina, Pursh, Fl. i. 173 (cleistogamous summer state), from descr. & habitat.— On slopes in cold and damp woods, Nova Scotia and Lower Canada to Penn.,! and along higher mountains to N. Carolina; first coll. by Michaux, * * * Low-caulescent only by stoloniform flowering branches or by ascending 2-3-leaved stems, slender, almost glabrous, multiplying by long filiform rootstocks: leaves reniform or cordate and only crenulate-denticulate: corolla pure light yellow, with short saccate spur: stigma terminal, beardless and beakless. V. sarmentésa, Dover. Rootstock thickened and stipular-scaly under old flowering plants, bearing a cluster of roundish-cordate (in age brown-punctate) leaves and scapes of about the length of the petioles, later producing long leafy runners bearing axillary flowers : stipules brown-scarious, ovate-subulate: petals about 4 lines long; spur very short and broad: stigma obscurely margined.—Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 80; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 143. — Coniferous woods, Idaho and northward to Brit. Columbia, thence south to Coast Mountains of California; first coll. by Douglas. Var. orbiculata, Gray, n. var. Leaves round-reniform, more lucid: leafy runners few and short, bearing only cleistogamous flowers. — V. orbiculata, Geyer in Hook. Lond, Jour. Bot. vi. 73. ¢V. rotundifolia, Hook. 1. c.— Mountains of Idaho and Washington, Geyer, Suksdorf. V. bifléra, L. Flowering rarely from the rootstock, 1-2-flowered at summit of span high 2-3-leaved ascending stems: leaves round-reniform (about inch wide): stipules of cauline leaves green, ovate or oblong, obtuse: saccate spur conical: stigma margined on two sides. — Spec. ii. 936; Fl. Dan. t. 46; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2089; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 1, f. 4489; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 404.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Parry, Hall & Harbour. (Kamtsch. and Japan to Eu.) * * * * Subcaulescent, first flowering from the ground, and later usually more caulescent (producing ascending or erect leaf-bearing stems a span or two high) on slender shoots from erect or ascending rootstocks, not stoloniferous or creeping: stipules partly and variably adnate: corolla wholly or partly yellow (except in last two species) and with short-saccate spur: stigma beakless, sometimes with a short lip, concave, mostly orbic- ular, antrorse-terminal or slightly oblique at the large and gibbous clavate summit of the style, bearded below its margin on each side by a tuft, or sometimes by nearly a ring, of stiff and reflexed or spreading bristles. Western species, one also cismontane, +— Leaves undivided, round-ovate or subcordate to lanceolate: lateral petals either slightly bearded or beardless in the same species. ++ Ovary and oval capsule glabrous. V. pedunculdta, Torr. & Gray. Barely puberulent: short-caulescent stems commonly ascending from filiform subterranean base and soon spreading: leaves round-ovate or dilated subcordate, mostly repand-dentate (5 to 10 lines or at length inch and a half long), com- paratively long-petioled: stipules narrow, uppermost often sparingly toothed: flower large, on peduncle (2 to 5 inches long) much surpassing the leaves: petals half inch long or more deep golden yellow, with brown-purple lines at base and upper ones sometimes particolored with same: sepals lanceolate. — Fl. i. 141; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5004; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 56; Fl. Serres, xxiii. t. 2426. — California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego, and nearly to Arizona. V. Nuttallii, Purss. Villous-pubescent, glabrate, or nearly glabrous: leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly repand-crenate or barely denticulate, more or less decurrent into long margined petiole: stipules narrow, entire: peduncles shorter than or rarely surpassing the leaves, and light yellow petals 4 or 5 lines long, or (in var, major, Hook.) longer than the leaves, and petals half inch or so long: sepals lanceolate to linear, acute. — Fl. i. 174; Nutt. Gen. i. 151; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 79, t. 26; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 35, excl. var.; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 57. V. premorsa, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 80, partly, as to pl. Scouler; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; not Dougl. in Lindl. V. lingueefolia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, l. c. —Plains of Kansas, Dr. L. Walson, and Colorado to Saskatchewan, Brit. Columbia, and south to Centr. California. 1 Jefferson Co., Indiana? Hubbard, and reported from Minnesota by Upham and MacMillan. 200 VIOLACEZ. Viola. ++ ++ Ovary and globular capsule pubescent. V. premorsa, Dover. Puberulent or cinereous-pubescent, sometimes glabrate: caudex either short and rather stout, or longer and slender: leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong- lanceolate, or some even linear-lanceolate, from undulate or obtusely serrate to irregularly dentate (blade half inch to inch or more long): upper stipules lanceolate, mostly laciniate : peduncles usually much surpassing the leaves: sepals lanceolate or linear, acute: petals . from a third to half inch ‘long, bright yellow, or brownish-tinged outside, sometimes two upper purple-brown. — Doug}. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1254; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 80, as to pl. Dougl. V. premorsa (small form), & V. Nuttallii, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 298. V. Nuttallii, var, premorsa, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 35. V. aurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 185, t. 54; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 56. V. Brooksii, Kellogg, Calif. Horticulturist, ix. 281. — Gravelly or sandy soil, S. W. Idaho and Washington to W. Nevada? and 8. (and Lower) California, extending to the higher mountains; in very variable forms. Var. venosa, Gray, n. var. (V. Nuttallii, var. venosa, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 35, V. aurea, yar. venosa, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 56, and V. purpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 56) is a depressed or reduced form of the higher and drier Cascade Mountains and Sierras, commonly with laciniate-dentate and more veiny (often purple-veined) leaves. + -+ Leaves dissected: mainly subcaulescent; the cluster of slender stems mainly sub- terranean from a short and usually deep fascicled-rooted rootstock or caudex: peduncles therefore scapiform, least so in the last species. ++ Petals beardless, yellow or upper merely brownish. V. chrysantha, Hoox. Leaves mostly bipinnately dissected into linear lobes, short-pubes- cent or glabrate: petals half inch long or smaller, deep orange-yellow, commonly with some brown-purple lines, upper ones often partly and sometimes largely brown-purple. — Ic. t.49; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 143, 671; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 58; not Schrad., which is of no account. V. Douglasii, Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 771.3 —Open and dry ground, Calli- fornia, from Mendocino Co. to San Diego, first coll. by Douglas. V. Sheltonii, Torr. Glabrous, slender: leaves of orbicular outline, palaately 3-divided, the obovate-cuneate divisions palmately or pedately 3-parted or again cleft into linear-spatu- late or oblong-linear obtuse lobes: petals beardless, pale yellow, a third to nearly half inch long. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 67, t. 2; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.— Mountains of California from Colusa and Plumas Co.‘ (first coll. by Mr. Shelton) to 8. Oregon, Howell, partly cleis- togamous; hillsides in White Salmon Valley, Washington, Suksdorf. The stigma is sub- tended by two small bearded tufts, as in the others. ++ ++ Lateral petals with a tuft of beard; upper ones deep blue or violet purple. V. Beckwithii, Torr. & Gray. Hirsutulous-pubescent, sometimes nearly glabrous: leaves of rounded outline, palmately about thrice 3-parted into linear or spatulate-linear obtuse (or barely mucronulate) lobes; primary divisions more or less petiolulate: petals nearly half inch long; lateral and lower ones light blue or bluish or white and purple- veined, with merely yellowish base. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 119, t.1; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 35; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 58 (in latter lower petals inadvertently described as yellow). V. montana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 56. — From N. W. Nevada (Diamond Moun- tain, Beckwith) and adjacent Sierra Nevada, California to Oregon. V. Hallii, Gray. Glabrous: leaves of ovate or oblong and irregular outline, subpinnately or pedately about twice parted into lanceolate or linear obscurely veined or nerved or vein- less callous-apiculate lobes: stipules variable, upper often enlarged and foliaceous, adnate, laciniate or entire: petals strongly two-colored, lateral and lower yellow or cream-color. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif, i. 57. — Dry ground, from Salem, Oregon (where discovered by £. Hali and later coll. by Howell, &c.), to Humboldt Co., California, Rattan. 1 Add syn. V. pinetorum, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 14. V. purpurea, var. pinetorum, Greene, FI. Francis. 243. 2 Yellowstone Nat. Park, Dewart. 8 Add Greene, Pittonia, ii. 14. 4 Snow Mountain, Lake Co., Calif., Mrs. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 171. Viola.. VIOLACEZ. 201 V. trinervata, Howe. Glabrous: leaves once or twice pedately or palmately 3-5-parted or divided; the lateral divisions upturned; all lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a mostly acute callous apex, thickish and firm, at length coriaceous, and prominently 3-ribbed, lateral ribs intramarginal: stipules small and entire, free or nearly so: lower petals “yellow”: stigma with a beak-like lip. — Howell in distr., & (under var.? of Beckwithii) Bot. Gaz. viii. 207; Gray, ibid. xi. 290. V. chrysantha, var. glaberrima, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 238.— Dry prairies or rocky ground, Washington; between the Spipen and the Columbia, Pickering & Brackenridge, and Klikitat Co., Howell, Suksdorf2 * * * * * Caulescent; the few-several-leaved stems erect from short or creeping root- stocks, no stolons, no radical flowers: spur of corolla short and saccate: lateral petals commonly with a little papillose beard: stigma beakless, more or less bearded at the sides. + Petals yellow: stems mostly naked at base, few-leaved and few-flowered above, at least the early and main stems. ++ Leaves all or some cleft or incised, or hastate, not round-cordate: plants glabrous or pubescent, the simple long naked stems rarely over a span or two high. V. lobadta, Benru. Leaves very various, dilated-reniform or flabelliform in outline, pedately or digitately 3-9-lobed, parted, or only laciniate, the lobes from linear to ovate: upper stipules usually large and foliaceous: petals half inch or less in length, the upper often. brownish or purple-tinged.— Pl. Hartw. 298; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 68; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 57. V. Sequoiensis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad.. Sci. ii. 185, f. 55. — Woods, sparsely from S. California to within the borders of Oregon; first coll. by Hartweg, later by Bigelow, &e. Var. integrifdlia, Watson, 1. c. Ambiguous between this and V. glabella: leaves deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, often caudate-acuminate, only the radical cordate. — Sierra Co., California,? and adjacent Nevada, Lemmon; Waldo, Oregon, Howell. V. hastata, Micux. Commonly glabrous, with slender stem from a short and horizontal fleshy rootstock: leaves 2 to 4, approximate at summit, lanceolate-hastate to deltoid and subcordate, acuminate or acute, denticulate-serrate; radical usually cordate-ovate: stipules rather small, entire or with few slender teeth: petals quarter inch or more long. — FI. ii. 149; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; Le Conte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 150; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 1418 V. gibbosa, Raf. in DC. Prodr. i. 305. V. hirta, Lewis, in DC. 1. c. 300, pubescent form. — Rich woods, of the Alleghanies and adjacent lower country, W. Florida to Penn. and N. Ohio; first coll. by Michaux. Var. tripartita, Gray. Sometimes villous-pubescent: lower leaves 3-parted or 8-foliolate; divisions or leaflets lanceolate or broader, sessile or slender-petiolulate.— Bot. Gaz. xi. 291. V. tripartita, Ell. Sk. i. 302; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 142. — Georgia to N. Carolina, an aberrant form. ++ ++ Leaves merely serrate, nearly all cordate. Species, along with the N. Asian V. uni- flora, L., successively nearly or quite confluent. V. glabélla, Nurr. Glabrous or puberulent, bright green: stems a span to at length often a foot high from a creeping fleshy-dentate rootstock, mostly weak: leaves crenulate-serrate, round-cordate and with a small acumination, or radical reniform ; uppermost short-petioled : stipules small, ovate to lanceolate, thin-membranaceous or scarious: capsule oblong, gla- brous. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 142; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 57. Maxim. Diag. Pl. Nov. Asiat. i. 752. V. Canadensis, var. Sitchensis, Bong. acc. to Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 255. V. Cana- densis, Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 80, as to pl. N. W. Coast, “V. Scoulerii, Dougl.”; Bong. Veg. Sitch. 125. V. striata, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 72, not Ait. V. biflora, var. Sitchensis, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxv. 253; Rothrock, Fl. Alaska, 444. — Woods, Alaska and Islands to Monterey and Mariposa Co., California,* east to the northern Rocky Mountains, where it seems to pass into V. pubescens. (Japan.) 1 Also N. Yakima, Nevius. 2 And inner Coast Range, acc. to Greene, Fl. Francis. 244. 8 Garden and Forest, iv. 76, f. 16. 4 Valley of Kaweah, acc. to Coville, Contrib, U. 8. Nat. Herb. iv. 69. 202 VIOLACE®. . Viola. V. pubéscens, Arr. From soft-pubescent or villous to puberulent: stems erect, often robust: leaves crenate-dentate, mostly obtusely acuminate, round-cordate or uppermost broadly deltoid-ovate, the larger when accrescent often 3 or 4 inches wide: stipules usually ample, broadly ovate to oblong; upper ones membranaceo-herbaceous, commonly serrulate : capsule (often half inch long), varying from glabrous to tomentose, and on same stem from oblong to globular. — Kew. iii. 290; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 45, 92, t. 53, f. 111; Le Conte, 1.¢. 150; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 142; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 223; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1249; Maxim. 1. c. (with V. scabriuscula & eriocarpa). V. Pennsylvanica, Michx. Fl. ii. 149. V. pubescens & eriocarpa, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 74,75. V. uniflora, var. pubescens, Regel, 1. c. 255.— Rich woods, Upper Georgia to New Brunswick and Canada, Dakota, &c. Passes variously into Var. scabritsscula, Torr. & Gray, 1.c¢. A low form, from minutely or sparsely pubescent to glabrate, and with leaves in age rarely over 2 inches wide: capsule from glob- ular to oblong. — Gray, Man. 78. — With the pubescent form, and more widely distributed, extending southwestward to middle parts of Texas and to Winnipeg. It were better named glabriuscula than by the name Schweinitz gave it as a species, as it is not at all scabrous. +— + Petals white with violet or purple tinge, and yellow or yellowish at base within: stems more leafy toward the base, or more prolonged by successive leaf- and flower-bearing increments until midsummer: stipules small, narrow, entire and scarious or nearly so: capsule oval, glabrous. V. Canadénsis, L. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, at length a foot high from branching ascending rootstocks: leaves cordate and mostly acuminate, denticulate-serrate : petals usually pale violet outside and white within with yellowish claws and some purple stripes, sometimes more suffused with violet, or later ones nearly white throughout. — Spee. ii. 936 ; Michx. FI]. ii. 150; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 45, t. 54, f. 118; Le Conte, 1. c. 148; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t.62; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 143.— Moist woods, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and westward, south to the mountains of Carolina, along the Rocky Moun- tains to those of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico where it passes into Var. scopulorum, Gray. Small in all its parts, very low, depressed-spreading : leaves at flowering time only 3 to 8 lines long. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 291. ~~ Rocky Mountains of Colorado, in Clear Creek Cajion, G'reene.! V. ocellata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent, slender, a span or two high from somewhat creep- ing rootstocks: leaves cordate or subcordate, seldom acuminate or over an inch or so in length: upper petals violet or with a deep violet spot on upper face; lower white or with some yellow, and purple veins. — Fl. i. 142; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 56.2— Woods, especially Redwoods, California, from Mendocino Co. to Monterey ; first coll. by Douglas. V. cuneata, Warson. Glabrous, with ascending slender stems a span or two high from rigid creeping rootstocks: leaves an inch or two long, irregularly crenulate or obtusely den- tate, radical some cordate, more dilated rhomboid-ovate with cuneate base, cauline similar or more cuneate: flowers of the preceding or all the petals turning violet-purple and beard- less. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 290, & Bot. Calif. ii. 433. — Mountain woods, from Shasta and Humboldt Co. to S. W. Oregon, Rattan, Lemmon, Howell. * * * * * * Caulescent from more or less creeping rootstocks, or at first flowering nearly acaulescent, erect or spreading: leaves cordate, merely cr enate or serrate; stipules more or less herbaceous : corolla from blue to white, with projecting oblong to cylindrical spur: style only moderately thickened upward, naked or nearly so, no beard at summit. +— Spur of corolla not very long: lateral petals usually bearded: stigma inflexed, bearing a short scarious beak. (Canine.) ++ Stipules from serrate to fimbriate-pinnatifid or pectinate: leaves apt to be brown-dotted in age. V. striata, Arr. Glabrous or nearly so: stems 3-4-angled, in age usually becoming a foot or more high and later leaves an inch or two long, flowering till after midsummer: corolla 1 Var. scariosa, Porter, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. viii. 68, appears to be a form of the same, with stipules (which are always thin) somewhat enlarged and more scarious about the base. 2 Garden and Forest, iv. 51, f. 13. 8 And northward to Cow Creek Mts., Oregon, Henderson. Viola. VIOLACER. 203 yellowish white, lower petal with brown-purple lines; spur thick, rather shorter than the sepals: capsule ovoid. — Kew. ili. 290; Willd. Spec. i. 1166; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 45, t. 54, f. 112; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 139; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 73, t. 8; Gray, Man, ed. 5,79. V. debilis, Michx. FI. ii. 150. V. albiflora, Link, Enum. i. 241. VV. striata, ochroleuca, & repens, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 76, 69, 70. V. Lewisiuna, Ging. in DC. Prodr. i, 298. — Low and shady grounds, along streams, Upper Canada and New York to mountains of Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. V.canina, L. Mostly low and rather small-leaved, spring flowering and later cleistoga- mous: corolla blue or violet (rarely a white variety): petals inconspicuously lineate: spur cylindraceous, from a third to more than half the length of the petals: capsule ovoid- oblong. — Spee. ii. 935.— A collective species or assemblage (Eu. & N, Asia), of which the N. American forms may as well be ranked as special varieties. Var. Muhlenbérgii, Traurv. Glabrous or nearly so, ascending or erect from short root-stocks, a span or more high, often with some decumbent radical stems which may elon- gate into leafy runners insummer: lower leaves round-reniform and upper round-cordate, half inch to inch long, crenulate: petals a third to at most half inch long, light violet, occasion- ally white. — Act. Hort. Petrop. v. 28; Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 292. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr. FI. N. & Midd. States, 256 (1824); Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 140. V. Muhlenbergiana, Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 297 ; Le Conte, 1. c. 148; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 78, with var. minor, a small form, of which the extreme is of same name by Lange, Fl. Dan. t. 2710, in Greenland. V. asarifolia (uliginosa), Muhl. Cat. 26,not Pursh. V. debilis, Pursh, Fl.i.174; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 97, not Michx.; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1378. V. Labradorica, Schrank, Regensb. Denskr. Bot. Gesell. i. pt. 2, 12; DC. 1. c. 306. V. punctata, Schwein. Am. Jour, Sci. v. 67; DC. 1. 305. V. conspersa, Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 44, t.52,f.108. V. canina, var. sylvestris, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxy. 245, partly ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 79; Wats. Bibl. Index, 82. — Low and shady or wet grounds, mountains of N. Carolina and in low country of Penn. to Minnesota, L. Superior (where a summer form in loose sand on the beach imitates the European V. arenaria, coll. Engelmann), northward, and northeastward to Labrador and Greenland. More like V. sylvestris than any other Old World form. Var.* pubérula, Warson. Finely puberulent throughout: leaves ovate, shallowly or often not at all cordate, mostly small in size: flowers also small. — Wats. in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 81. V. sylvestris, var. puberula, Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Surv. Minn. ix. 17.— Dry ground, mostly rocky or sandy soil, Maine to Lake Superior, and adjacent Canada, and westward eyen to Washington and Oregon. Var. multicatlis, Gray. More depressed and stoloniferous, beginning to blossom from radical rosettes, soon producing prostrate leafy cleistogamous flowering branches : leaves mostly suborbicular, cordate or reniform, small: stipules commonly brownish-scarious and strongly pectinate-laciniate. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 292. V. canina, Walt. Car. 219. V. radi- cans, DC. Prodr. i. 297. V. repens, Schwein. l.c. 69. V. Muhlenbergii, var. multicaulis, Torr. & Gray, 1. ce. 140.1— Rocky or sandy ground, Kentucky to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; fl. Feb. to April, and later cleistogamous on the runners. Var. adtinca, Gray. Nearly glabrous, multicipital and mostly very short-stemmed from more indurated rootstocks: leaves from ovate-orbicular to oblong-ovate, barely sub- cordate, rarely lower ones more deeply cordate : petals from half down to quarter inch long ; spur commonly almost as long as the petals, either a little curved or hooked or straight. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 55, with var. longipes. V. Muhlen- bergi, var. pubescens, passing to V. adunca, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiil. 404. V. adunca, Smith in Rees, Cycl. xxxviii.; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 79; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 141. V. longipes, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 140; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 298, form with long pedun- cles, flowers nearly of V. sylvestris, and abbreviated stems, the large spur sometimes curved, oftener straight. V. canina, var. rupestris, Regel, 1. c. 250, as to plant of N. W. Coast. — Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Montana (where it passes into the preceding form) and northward, west to mountains of Arizona, the coast of California, and Alaska, northeast to the Ottawa, Canada. Var. oxyceras, Watson. Spur of the rather small corolla narrow, acute, about as long as the petals: peduncles not surpassing the leaves. — Bot. Calif. i. 56, —California in 1 Add syn. V. multicaulis, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 227. 204 . VIOLACER. Viola. the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite northward, Brewer, Gray, and near Donner Pass, Torrey. ++ ++ The few cauline stipules mainly entire, subradical ones laciniate-dentate (none squamaceous and imbricated at the innovations in the way of V. mirabilis) : leaves dotless. V. Howéllii, Gray. Glabrous or nearly so: leaves membranaceous, reniform-cordate (larger ones an inch or two in diameter), slender-petioled: peduncles long and scapiform ; some on short sarmentose leafy branches: flower rather large: corolla blue, about three fourths inch long including the very thick and short spur.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 308. V. mirabilis, Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 293, not L.— Damp woods on or near Columbia River, near Portland, Oregon, 7. Howell, and Klikitat Co., Washington, Suksdorf +— +- Spur to corolla very long: petals beardless: style slender-fusiform, symmetrical, with erect and terminal small stigma: stipules laciniate. V. rostrata, Muuv. Glabrous or nearly so, a span or two high from short and ascending rootstocks: leaves roundish-cordate, callous-serrate, seldom over inch long: stipules large, lanceolate, pectinate-laciniate: peduncles elongated: corolla light violet; slender spur 5 or 6 lines long, longer than the petals. — Cat. 26; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; DC. Prodr. i. 298; Le Conte, 1. c. 148; Reichenb. Ic. Bot. Exot. ii. 13, t. 131; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 140. — Hillsides in rich woods, Canada to Michigan and through W. New York along the mountains to Georgia. In N. Penn. (Dolph) found with spur 2-3-corniculate at top. § 2. Annuals, becoming subperennial in cultivation: stipules very leaf-like and large: receptacle concave: lateral petals turned partly upward over the upper pair: stigma urceolate or globose-saccate with a thin anterior bordering lip; the large and deep cavity nectariferous. V. tricolor, L. (Pansy, Hearrsnase.) Glabrous: stems angled, leafy: leaves obtusely serrate or crenate ; lowest roundish or cordate; upper oblong, at least their petiole equalled by the deeply lyrate-pinnatifid fuliaceous stipules: corolla diversely colored or variegated, in cultivation large and widely spreading, at least the lower petal normally with some yellow and upper violet-purple: spur short. — Spec. ii. 935.— Eu., straying more or less from gardens, and becoming depauperate and small-flowered. Var. arvénsis, DC. Slender, small-flowered: petals little or not much surpassing the calyx, white with tinges of blue and yellow, or the colors more decided. — Prodr. i. 303 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 21; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 143. V. arvensis, Murr. Prodr. Stirp. Geett. 73 ; Roth, Fl. Germ. ii. 273. V. tenella, Muhl. Cat. 26; Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 29; Le Conte, 1. ¢. 151. V. bicolor, Pursh, F1.i.175; Nutt. Gen. i, 151. — Barren fields, or rocks, Canada to Texas, thought to be indigenous. (Ku.) 2. SOLEA, Spreng. partly, Ging. (William Sole, an English apothecary and botanist, monographer of Mentha.) — Spreng. Pugill. i. 22, as to first species (here genus actually founded, 1813, not in Schrad. Jour. 1800, where it is merely suggested on a different plant); Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 306, & Mem. Viol. 10; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 187, t. 81. S. concolor, Gine. Herbaceous perennial, loosely pubescent : stems simple, a foot or two high, very leafy to the top: stipules slender-subulate, deciduous: leaves alternate, mem- branaceous, 3 to 5 inches long, oblong or somewhat obovate, conspicuously acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, penniveined: flowers in numerous axils, small, nodding, greenish, solitary or geminate or two or three on the short peduncles: capsule oval, nearly an inch long: seeds large, globular, narrowly carunculate. — Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 306; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 144; Gray,l.c. S. stricta, Spreng. Pl. Min. Cog. i. 22, as to plant and habitat, but not Zonidium strictum, Vent. Viola concolor, T. F. Forst. Trans. Linn. Soe. vi. 309, t. 28; Pursh, Fl. i. 175. Zonidium Sprengelianum, Reem. & Schult. Syst. v. 401. J. concolor, Wats. Bibl. Index, 81. No/settia acuminata, DC. Prodr. i. 290.— Low woods of the Alleghany region, W. New York and adjacent Canada to North Carolina, west to Michigan and Mis- souri; fl. spring and early summer. 1 Also Salem, Oregon, Henderson ; Wimer, Hammond, and Vancouver Isl., Streets. Tonidium. CANELLACEZ. 205 ‘Si IONIDIUM, Vent. (“Iov, «ides, like a violet.) —Shrubs or herbs (chiefly tropical), with branching and leafy stems, alternate or opposite leaves, and flowers variously clustered or sometimes solitary and short-peduncled in the axils. — Hort. Malm. i. fol. & t. 27; Mart. Spec. Mat. Med. Bras. 13, t. 3, 4; Torr. & Gray, |. c. 144; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 117, excl. Hybanthus & Solea. Calceolaria, Leefl. It. Hisp. 183 (1758), not Juss. Hybanthus, Baill. Hist. Pl. iv. 351, excl. sp. (not Jacq.). I. rruTicuL6suM, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 7, t. 2, and a probable variety pentAtTUM, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 154, are from the southern end of Lower California. I. polygaleefolium, Vent. Low, many-stemmed from a woody caudex, erect or diffuse, leafy, puberulent or glabrous: leaves both alternate and opposite, from linear to oblanceo- late or lower even obovate, entire, rarely subdentate: stipules sometimes like the leaves, sometimes small or wanting: flowers solitary in the axils, nodding on peduncles shorter than the leaves: corolla about 2 lines long, white or whitish; lower lip not stipitate nor prolonged: a pair of small scale-like glands at base of the lower stamens. — Hort. Malm, i. t. 27; HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. v. 376, t. 496, f. 1; DC. Prodr. i. 309; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 324. J. lineare, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 168; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 190, t.-82, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 151, Pl. Wright.i.12, & ii. 16. I. gracile, Mog. & Sesséin DC. 1. c. 309, & Calques des Dess. t. 36. J. lineare & I. stipulaceum (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 145. Viola verticil- lata, Ort. Dec. iv. 50; Spreng. in Schrad. Jour. 1800, ii. 190, t. 6, where it is suggested as a genus, Solea.1 Variable species, in Mexico commonly but not always with peduncle nearly equalling subtending leaf; in U. 8. peduncles commonly but not always much shorter, — Plains and low grounds, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) I. parietarizefolium, DC. A foot or two high from an annual root, erect, loosely branched, from puberulent or above loosely pilose-pubescent to glabrous: leaves alternate or the lower opposite, membranaceous, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base mostly into a petiole, more or less serrate: stipules small and subulate: flowers axillary on peduncles shorter than the leaf: corolla white and purplish; lower petal fully twice the length of the others, 4 lines long, labelliform, the oval lamina slender-stipitate: a laterally compressed gland on base of each anterior stamen. — Prodr. i. 308; Eichl. Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1,371; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 415. J. riparium, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 16, & I. lineare, var. platyphyllum, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 12, both probably with some cleistogamous flowers. — W. Texas and S. Arizona, Wright. Only the var. Berteroi, DC. 1. ¢. 308, with subserrate leaves; near 25 & 93, coll. Palmer, in Northern Mexico; the var. Houstoni, DC., from farther south, has broader leaves thickly serrate with fine sharp teeth. (Mex. to Brazil.) ORDER XV. CANELLACEZ. By A. Gray. Tropical trees, with pungent-aromatic bark, pellucid-punctate evergreen and entire penniveined leaves, no stipules, and regular hermaphrodite cymose flowers, the 10 or more hypogynous stamens wholly monadelphous, with the 2-celled anthers extrorsely adnate to the truncate tube, enclosing the one-celled and short- styled ovary, which bears few to several ovules on 2 to 4 parietal placentz ; the fruit a berry; seeds camphylotropous or anatropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen. — American order of two genera and very few species, one reaching Florida. i 1 Add syn. Calceolaria verticillata, Kuntze, Rey. Gen. 41. 206 CANELLACES. Canella. 1. CANELLA, P. Browne. (Canela, Spanish name for cinnamon, &c., probably from the quilled bark.) — Sepals 3, orbicular, imbricated, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, obovate, deciduous: no interior scales. Stamens 10. Stigmas 2. Placente 2 or 3, each with a pair of ovules ascending from a pendulous funiculus. Seed-coat crustaceous. — Jam. 275, t. 27, f. 3; Swartz, Trans. Linn. Soe. i. 96, t. 8; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 109; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 121, where petals are taken for sepals and these for bracts. (Cf. Eichl. Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 521.) C. alba, Murr. (Wuire Cayexia or Winter’s Bark, Wuire-woop, WiLp Crynamon. ) Tree 20 to 50 feet high, heavy-wooded: leaves spatulate or oblong-obovate, 2 to 4 inches long, shining above: flowers in small terminal cymes: flower 2 or 3 lines long, odorous, violet, with anthers yellow: berries black, globose; seeds few, black, shining. — Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 443; Swartz, 1.c.; Chapm. Fl. 43; Sargent, U. S. Tenth Census, ix. 24.1 C. Win- terana, Gertn. Fruct. i. 373, t. 77.2. Winterania Canella, L. Spec. ed. 2, 636 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 50). — Southern Keys of Florida. (W. Ind.) Furnishes the White Winter’s Bark of commerce. ORDER XVI. BIXACE. By A. Gray. A tropical and very varied order (including Samydee) of trees and shrubs, with 2—o0-carpellary pistil and as many parietal placente, the type Bixa Orellana, L., the Arnotto (which in the pulp investing its seeds furnishes the coloring matter of that name), to which as Tribe CocHLOSPERME® have been somewhat doubtfully referred Cochlospermum, Kunth, and the following related genus of low herbs, with axile placentation, which reaches the United States. 1. AMOREUXIA, Moc. & Sessé. (P. J. Amoreux, a botanist of Mont- pellier.) — Hypogynous, and no glandular torus. Sepals 5, lanceolate, tardily deciduous. Petals 5, ample, rounded-obovate, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefinitely numerous: filaments filiform, on one side of the flower longer than the other and incurved: anthers linear, basifixed, 2-celled, opening introrsely at the tip. Ovary subglobose, 3-celled, with placentz in the thickish axis: style and stigma entire. Ovules numerous in a double series, campylotro- pous or amphitropous. Capsule large, pendulous, smooth, 3-celled; epicarp 6- (or 3-) valved, thin coriaceous, separating from the membranaceous or chartaceous endocarp, which is either loculicidally 5-valved or bursts irregularly. Seeds large, with a crustaceous smooth seed-coat under a thin episperm or pellicle: embryo more or less incurved in the copious firm-fleshy albumen ; the roundish- oval or oblong thin cotyledons much longer than the caulicle. Low, simple- stemmed and mostly glabrous herbs, from a stout ligrrescent perennial stock or root: leaves alternate, long-petioled, orbicular in outline, deeply palmately 5-9- lobed, the obovate or spatulate lobes acutely dentate: stipules subulate-setaceous, 1 Add Silva, i. 37, t. 20. 2 Add syn. Laurus Winterana, L. Spec. i. 871. Canella laurifolia, Lodd. Cat. acc. to Sweet, Hort. Brit. 65. veh ia Ja ae oa Frankenia. FRANKENIACES. 207 deciduous: flowers in terminal raceme, large, mainly yellow. — Moc. & Sessé in DC. Prodr, ii. 638; Planchon in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 140; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 29, ii. 26; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 124. A. palmatifida, Mog. & Sessk. A foot or two high: leaves almost 7-9-parted into spatu- late lobes: petals inch and a half or less long, orange with brown purple spot at base: cap- sule ovate-globose: seeds reniform-incurved, with the delicate outer coat close, minutely hirsute: embryo simple, arcuate-incurved ; cotyledons oblong. — Mog. & Sessé in DC. Prodr. ii. 638, & Calques des Dess. t. 1171; Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. i. 55; A. palmatifida & A. Schiedeana, Planchon, 1. c. 141, t.1; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 26, t. 12, A, fruit. Huryanthe Schiedeana, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, v. 225.— Foothills of the mountains of S. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, Pringle. (Mex., New Grenada.) A. Wrightii, Gray. Resembles the preceding: but leaves less deeply 5-7-cleft into obo- vate lobes: capsule oblong-ovoid and 2 inches long or smaller and shorter: seeds obovate, with short distinct rhaphe, not incurved ; outer coat glabrous, loose and arilliform ; cotyledons nearly orbicular, flexuous. — Pl. Wright. ii. 26; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 324. A. Schei- diana, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 29 (excl. syn.), t. 3, B, fruit. — Hills and arid plains, S. Texas to Arizona, Wright, Thurber? Palmer, Reverchon. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, &c., and farther south.) A. MALV FOLIA, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 29, from Chihuahua, if distinct from the last, needs more elucidation. OrDER XVII. FRANKENIACE#. By A. Gray. Low perennial herbs or undershrubs, in saline soil; with opposite or 4-nate and subsessile entire thickish leaves (and commonly axillary fascicles), a stipular membrane or line connecting their bases: regular and complete small hypogy- nous flowers ; calyx and corolla 4—d-merous, the sepals united into a tube and persistent in the manner of St/enee@ and the petals in same way long-unguiculate and crowned at base of the blade; stamens as many as petals and alternate with them or more numerous; style 3—4-cleft with narrow lobes introrsely or in ours almost terminally stigmatose; ovary one-celled with 2 to 4 one-many-ovulate parietal placenta ; capsule included in the calyx, dehiscent through the placente ; seeds straight and anatropous, slender-stalked, with crustaceous coat ; and mostly cylindrical straight embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Single and widely dispersed genus. 1. FRANKENIA, L. (VJ. Frankenius, Professor of Medicine at Upsal in the 17th century.) — Gen. no. 362. * Nearly or quite herbaceous: style 3-cleft: ovules numerous and seeds several : leaves plane or nearly so when fresh. F’. grandifolia, Cuam. & Scutecur. Erect or ascending from a procumbent base, a foot high, more or less pubescent, divergently branched: leaves large for the genus (half inch or less long), from round-obovate to spatulate, the short petiole or connecting bases mostly hirsute-ciliate: petals mostly 5, purple: stamens 4 to 7, commonly 5.— Linnea, i. 35; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 168; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 36, t. 5; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 60. F. grandifolia & F. latifolia, Presl, Rel. Henk. ii. 3. Velezia latifolia, Esch. Mém. Acad. ee: x. 286.— Coast of California from San Francisco Bay to San Diego; first coll. by enke. 208 FRANKENIACEA. Frankenia. Var. campéstris, Gray, n. var. More tufted: leaves smaller (quarter to half inch long), from narrowly spatulate to nearly linear, mostly with revolute margins in drying: petals less conspicuous. — /’. grandifolia, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 326. F. Bertereana, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. i. 247, seems to be an intermediate form. — Plains near San Jacinto, 8. W. California, Parish; S. Nevada, Wheeler, &e. (N. Mex., interior of Chili ?) * * Shrubby, thickly branched, a foot or more high: style 2-cleft: ovules only 2 or 3 nearly basilar: leaves small and heath-like, with margins much revolute, commonly much fascicled. F. Jamésii, Torr. Erect: branchlets scabrous-puberulent: leaves nearly glabrous, linear or filiform, a quarter or third inch long: petals white, the cuneiform and erose-truncate blade 2 lines long: stamens mostly 6, with anther-cells elongated-oblong. — Torr. in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 622 ; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 31. — Eastern foot of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, especially on the Arkansas ; first coll. by James ; Guadaloupe Moun- tains, W. Texas, Havard. F. Palmeri, Warson. More spreading, barely pulverulent-puberulent: leaves thicker and shorter, a line or two long: flowers much smaller: stamens 4, with oval anther-cells. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 124; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 61.— Border of salt marshes, San Diego Bay, California, Cleveland, Parry, Pringle. (Lower Calif., Pulmer.) F. PULVERULENTA, L., common European species, is an occasional ballast-weed in New York Harbor. FASCICLE, IL OrpER XVIII. CARYOPHYLLACESA. By B. L. Roprnson. Herbs (rarely lignescent at the base) with bland watery juice, opposite entire often slightly connate leaves and regular perfect or less frequently and through abortion unisexual flowers. Stems with enlarged nodes. Sepals 4 to 5, in the first tribe united into a cup or tube, in the others distinct. Petals as many (or none), often emarginate, toothed, or deeply bifid, in the first tribe unguiculate and borne together with the stamens and ovary upon a somewhat elongated or columnar torus, in the other tribes often somewhat perigynous. Stamens com- monly twice as many as the petals, but often fewer and when of the same num ber alternating with them; filaments free or slightly cohering near the base; anthers introrse. Styles 2 to 5, free or in the last tribe united below; ovary free, unicellular or imperfectly 2—5-celled at the base; placentation axial; ovules amphitropous or campylotropous, usually numerous. Fruit a capsule (in one foreign genus baccate), opening by 2 to 5 entire or bifid valves; seeds many or by abortion few, albuminous; embryo straight or moderately curved. Trise J. SILENEZE. Sepals united into a 4~5-toothed or -lobed tube or cup. Petals unguiculate and often scale-bearing at the junction of the blade and claw, borne, together with the stamens and ovary, upon a columnar prolongation of the receptacle. Stipules none. Flowers usually showy, perfect, or not infrequently polygamous. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 209 * Seeds compressed or meniscoidal, attached by the flattened or concave face; embryo straight or nearly so. + Calyx ebracteolate: stamens mostly 5, 1. VELEZIA. Calyx slender, elongated, cylindrical, 5-ribbed or (more often) subequally 15-ribbed, sharply 5-toothed. Petals small, scarcely appendaged; blades 2(-4)-toothed or rarely entire. Torus not elongated. Styles 2; slender terete capsule 4-valved at the sum- mit. Flowers sessile or very shortly peduncled. + + Calyx subtended by one or more pairs of bractlets: stamens 10. 2. DIANTHUS. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, finely many-striate. Petals 5, with long claws; the blade entire, emarginate, or several-toothed. Styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 valves. Leaves narrow, often connate by narrow scarious membranes. Flowers commonly showy. 3. TUNICA. Calyx turbinate or cylindrical, obtusely toothed, distinctly 5-ribbed, or some- times 15-ribbed. Petals 5. Styles 2. Flowers considerably smaller and habit more slender than in Dianthus. * * Seeds laterally attached ; embryo curved: calycine bractlets none. + Styles 2; capsule 4-toothed or -valyed : introduced plants. 4. GYPSOPHILA. Calyx turbinate, tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed, herbaceous only in the middle of the segments, the intermediate parts being scarious. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Flowers mostly small, paniculate or scattered, rarely aggregated. Capsule rather deeply 4-valved. 5. SAPONARIA. Calyx tubular or ovoid, 5-toothed, terete with numerous faint veins, or conspicuously 5-angled. Flowers showy. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Capsule dehiscent at apex by 4 short teeth. + + Styles normally 3 (sometimes 4 or 5); capsule opening by 3 or 6 teeth: calyx com- monly 10-nerved, rarely oc-nerved. 6. SILENE. Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate, subcylindric or turbinate, either inflated or becoming distended by the maturing capsule, 10-cc-nerved. Petals usually appendaged at the summit of the claw; the blade variously toothed or divided, rarely entire. Stamens 10. Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5). Stipe of the ovary commonly developed. Capsule 1-celled or somewhat 3-celled at the base. Flowers solitary, racemose, or cymose-paniculate. + + + Styles 5, alternating with the petals when of the same number: calyx-teeth not foliaceous. 7. LYCHNIS. Calyx ovoid, obovate, or clavate, 5-toothed, 10-nerved, inflated or not. Petals with or without appendages ; the blade entire, emarginate, bifid or variously cleft. Stamens 10. Ovary l-celled or divided at the base into 5 partial cells. Capsule dehiscent by as many or twice as many teeth as there are styles. + + + + Styles 5, opposite the petals: calyx-teeth conspicuously prolonged into folia- ceous appendages: introduced plants. 8. AGROSTEMMA. Calyx ovoid, with 10 strong ribs; the elongated teeth in our species an inch or more in length, exceeding the five large unappendaged petals. Stamens 10. Capsule 1-celled. Leaves linear. Trise Il. ALSINEZ. Sepals free or slightly united at the very base. Petals more or less contracted but not unguiculate below. Corona absent. Flowers mostly small. Styles distinct to the base. * Stipules none. + Capsule cylindric, more or less elongated, often curved, dehiscent by twice as many teeth as there are carpels. 9. HOLOSTEUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, subentire or denticulate toward the apex. Stamens 3 to 5, very rarely 10. Styles 3 (occasionally 4 or 5), longitudinally stigmatic. Pod unicellular ; seeds numerous, dorsally flattened, i. e. parallel with the incumbent cotyle- dons; the radicle prominent upon the ventral surface. Inflorescence umbelliform. 14 210 CARYOPHYLLACEA. | Velezia. 10. CERASTIUM. Sepals in our species 5. Petals as many, retuse or bifid, very rarely subentire, white. Stamens 10, or sometimes fewer. Styles 5 (4 or 3). Capsule usually exceeding the calyx, often curved ; seeds numerous, more or less laterally compressed. +— + Capsule ovoid or oblong, relatively short, dehiscent by as many or twice as many teeth as there are carpels. ; ++ Styles usually fewer than the sepals, when of the same number opposite them. 11. STELLARIA. Sepals 5 (or 4). Petals 5 (or 4, rarely abortive or absent), always more or less deeply bifid, often divided almost to the base, white. Stamens 3 to 10. Styles 3 or 4, rarely 5. : 12. ARENARIA. Sepals 5. Petals as many, white or nearly so, entire or emarginate (very rarely minute or wanting). Stamens 10, or often fewer by abortion. Styles 3 or 4; seeds many. ++ ++ Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. 13. SAGINA. Sepals 5 (rarely 4). Petals as many, entire or emarginate, white, not rarely absent. Stamens usually 5, less frequently 3 to 10. Valves of the capsule as many as the sepals and opposite them; seeds several to many. é * * Stipules present, scarious: petals undivided. 14. SPERGULARIA. Sepals 5. Petals 5 (rarely fewer or none), purplish or white. Stamens commonly 10. Styles 3 (very rarely 5); ovary 1-celled. Valves of the capsule as many as the styles, when 5 in number alternate with the sepals; seeds often margined. Leaves linear or filiform. 15. SPERGULA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white. Stamens 10 (rarely 5). Styles 5; ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled. Valves of the capsule 5, opposite the sepals; seeds acutely margined or narrowly winged. Leaves narrow, linear, verticillate and fascicled in the axils. TriBE II]. POLYCARPEZ. Sepals free or somewhat united at the base. Petals commonly small, not distinctly unguiculate, borne, together with the stamens, upon a hypogynous or slightly perigynous disk. Style simple below, 3- or more rarely 2-branched above ; stigmas rarely sessile on the ovary. * Petals 2 -5-parted. 16. DRYMARIA. Sepals 5, often scarious-margined. Petals 5. Stamens 8 to 5, slightly perigynous. Ovary 1-celled, several -many-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved. Flowers small, white or nearly so. Leaves flat, though often narrow, opposite or pseudoverticillate. Stipules small, free, scarious or bristle-formed, sometimes fugacious. * * Petals entire, denticulate, or none. + Cauline leaves numerous, flat, not linear-setaceous. 17. POLYCARPON. Sepals 5, more or less carinate, entire, scarious-margined. Petals 5, small, shorter than the sepals, sometimes emarginate. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded ; seeds ovoid with the embryo but little curved. + + Cauline leaves setaceous. 18. LGEFLINGIA. Sepals 5, carinate and produced to rather rigid setaceous tips; the three outer ones commonly bearing a setaceous tooth on each side. Petals 3 to 5, small, or none. Stamens 3 (to 5%). Ovary 1-celled, several-seeded, triangular. Capsule 3-valved ; seeds oblong, attached laterally near the base; embryo somewhat curved; cotyledons accum bent. +— + + Leaves forming a radical rosette ; the cauline minute or obsolete ; basal stipules lacerate. 19. STIPULICIDA. Sepals 5, distinct, somewhat rigid, obtuse, often emarginate, scarious- margined. Petals 5, oblong, gradually contracted below, hypogynous. Stamens 5. Capsule ovate-globose, 3-valved, many-seeded. 1. VELEZIA, Leefl. (Named for Oristébal Velez, friend of Leefling and author of an unpublished flora of Madrid, and not, as is sometimes said, Francisco —- OO ——— Dianthus. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. a bi ° Velez de Arciniega.) — Annuals with tough dichotomously branched stems, sparse subulate foliage, and slender sessile or short-peduncled flowers. — Leefl. in L. Spec. i. 332; Sibthorp, Fl. Gree. t. 390, 391; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 246; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 144. — A small Mediterranean genus of charac- teristic habit. A single species, probably of recent introduction, has just been noted in Central California. V. rica, L.1.c. Leaves narrowly linear, attenuate, an inch or less in length: flowers sub- solitary at the nodes, or in the forks of the stem, and more or less crowded toward the ends of the branches: calyx about equally 15-ribbed, glandular-puberulent, 6 to 8 lines long, scarcely more than half line in diameter; sharp teeth erect: petals small with minute bristle-formed appendages and small 2-toothed roseate blades: stamens 5 (to 10%).— Reichenb. 1. c.— Dry sandy bluffs of the Tuolumne River, near La Grange, California, Jepson, 1896; fil. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. DIANTHUS, L. Pins, Carnation. (Avds and dv6os, flower of Jove.) —Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 364; DC. Prodr. i. 355; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 248-268; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 144. — Chiefly natives of S. Europe and N. Africa, deservedly popular in cultivation. Several species tend to escape, and have become more or less naturalized. One variety only is indigenous to this continent. * Indigenous in the extreme Northwest. D. alpinus, L. Low cespitose perennial with numerous ascending 1-flowered stems: bracts 2 to 6, erect or somewhat spreading. — Spec. i. 412; Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxiy. pt. 2,529. — (Eu., Siberia.) Very variable and according to Regel passing into Var. répens, Reece, 1.c. 531. Root single, vertical or descending : stems procumbent but not repent, much branched from near the base; branches simple, ascending, 3 to 6 inches in height, most often 1-flowered : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 8 to 16 lines long, glabrous, slightly fleshy : involucral scales a single pair, narrowly ovate, acuminate, nearly equalling the calyx, the attenuate tips slightly spreading: calyx somewhat inflated, 6 lines long: corolla purple, about 7 lines broad, glabrous; petals with obovate erose-dentate blades. — D. repens, Willd. Spec. ii. 681; Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 87; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 195; Seem. Bot. Herald, 27, t. 4. — Coast of N. and W. Alaska. (Siberia.) * * Species of the Old World, naturalized, or adventive and locally established. + Bractlet short, half the length of the calyx: flowers solitary. D. prettofprs, L. (Maipen Pink.) Perennial: stems decumbent, ascending, 6 inches to a foot in height, very leafy below: leaves short, narrowly oblong to lance-linear, a line wide, the lower obtusish, the uppermost acute: calyx long, tubular: petals narrow, red, pink, or white. — Spec. i. 411; Eng. Bot. t. 61; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 83. — Occa- sionally found escaped from gardens, New England, Martha’s Vineyard, Miss E. Watson, and E. Windsor, Conn., from same collector, to Michigan (first reported in Bot. Gaz. vii. 109, as D. furcatus), L. H. Bailey. (Eu., Asia.) + + Bractlets narrow, attenuate, equalling or exceeding the calyx: flowers clustered. D. sarpArus, L. 1. c. 409. (Sweet Witiram.) A smooth perennial, 1 to 2 feet in height: stems simple, bearing the flowers in dense cymose fascicles: leaves lanceolate, large for the genus, 14 to 3 inches long, a fourth as wide, minutely roughened on the edges: bractlets filiform from a lanceolate base: blades of petals triangular-obovate, toothed, red, purple or white, often variegated in cultivation. — Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 248.— Long culti- vated, and occasionally spontaneous about old gardens. (Eu.) D. Arméria, L. 1c. 410. (Deptrorp Pry.) Annual, 1 to 2 feet high, covered with a fine grayish pubescence: stems branching and bearing several 2-4-flowered fascicles: bracts subulate, attenuate, densely pubescent : flowers scentless : calyx slender, tubular, 7 to 8 lines long, the teeth very sharp: petals roseate, spotted with white; blades elliptical, crenate- 212 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Dianthus. dentate. — Pursh, Fl. i. 314; Bigel. Fl. Bost. 108; Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 447; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 195. D. armeroides, Raf. in Desv.Jour. Bot. iii. 269 (1814), & Précis Découv. 36 (1814). Atocion armerioides, Raf. Autikon Bot. 29.— Fields and pine woods, Canada and Eastern States from Maine (Portland Catalogue) to Virginia and westward at least as far as Michigan and Iowa (ace. to Shimek) ; also naturalized and spreading upon rocky shores of Vancouver Isl. (acc. to J. M. Macoun); fl. June, July. Autumnal flowers in October noted by L. F. Ward, and by others. (Eu., Caucasus.) + + + Bractlets broad, scarious, concealing the calyx. D. prourrer, L.1.c. Annual, a foot or two in height: stems wiry: leaves narrow, minutely scabrous, acute: heads terminal, 2—several-flowered, inclosed in thin dry ovate obtusish mucronate imbricated bractlets: flowers expanding one at a time, ephemeral: calyx tubu- lar; the veins faint, collected into five groups: petals small, notched, pink or red. — Eng. Bot. t. 956. Tunica prolifera, Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 299. — New Jersey, Durand ; Eastern Pennsylvania, Smith, Porter; Staten Island, Britton ; Suffolk Co., Long Island, Hollick ; Delaware, acc. to Commons; Cleveland, O., Beardslee; fl. all summer. This species, especially in its calyx, forms a transition to the next genus. (Eu., Caucasus.) 3. TUNICA, Rupp. (Tunica, a tunic, probably in reference to the close involucre.) — Slender wiry-stemmed herbs with small mostly linear leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary or fascicled in small heads. — Fl. Jen. 105; Adans. Fam. ii. 255, in part; Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 298; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 145; Williams, Jour. Bot. xxviii. 193. Old World plants represented in Amer- ica by a single species recently introduced. T. saxfrraca, Scop. 1. c. 300. Smooth: stems numerous, slender, branching, curved-ascend- ing: leaves small, linear, acute, less than half a line in width: the lower internodes very short : flowers small, numerous, terminal, solitary: bractlets 2 pairs, scarious except in the middle, acute, considerably shorter than the calyx: petals notched, pale purple; blades a line in length. — Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 246. Dianthus Saxifragus, L. Spee. i. 413. — Flushing, L. I., J. Schrenk, and on roadsides near London, Ontario, Burgess. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. GYPSOPHILA, L. (Twos, gypsum, and ¢iAX«iv, to love, from a sup- posed preference for soil rich in gypsum.) — Ameen. Acad. iii. 23 (Diss. Chen. 1751, 41), & Spec. i. 406; DC. Prodr. i. 251, in part; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 239-242 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 146; Williams, 1. c. xxvii. 321. — Old World herbs of graceful habit, mostly natives of Southern Europe and Western Asia. Several species are cultivated for ornament; the following are sparingly naturalized. G. murduts, L. Low annual with the habit of Arenaria: leaves small, linear, acute: flowers scattered in the forks of the branches: pedicels filiform, two or three times as long as the calyx : petals pink with darker veins, emarginate, 2 to 3 lines in length. — Spec. i. 408; FI. Dan. t. 1268. — Roadsides and sandy places from Maine, Miss Blatchford, to New Jersey, Brown, and westward to London, Canada, Dearness; becoming frequent. (Ady. from S. and Midd. Eu., Siberia.) G. panicurAta, L. 1]. c. 407. (Basy’s Breatu.) Perennial, glabrous and somewhat glau- cous, 2 feet or more in height: leaves lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1} inches in length: flowers very numerous in a compound panicle: segments of the calyx with conspicuous white sca- rious margins: petals scarcely exceeding the calyx: capsule nearly spherical. — Reichenb. 1. c. t. 242. — Doubtfully established at Emerson, Manitoba, Fowler. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. SAPONARIA, L. Soarwort. (Latin sapo, soap; S. officinalis having been used as a substitute for soap, the juice being capable of forming a lather.) — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 8365; DC. Prodr. i. 365; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 146. — A genus of the Old World including plants of diverse habit. Two Silene. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. FAS rather coarse species belonging to different sections of the genus are spontaneous in America. § 1. Vaccarta, Dodon. (as gen.). Annual: flowers in a broad loose flat- topped corymb : calyx ovate, 5-angled. — Pempt. 104; DC. 1. ¢. S. VaccAria, L. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile and somewhat connate : calyx with 5 sharp herbaceous angles, the intervening parts being white and scarious: corolla rose-colored, destitute of appendages. — Spec. i. 409; Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 2290; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 195; also variously referred by authors to Gypso- phila, Lychnis, or more often regarded as an independent genus, Vaccaria (V. vulgaris, Host, Fl. Aust. i. 518). — Railway ballast and cultivated ground, frequent and sometimes trouble- some in wheatfields westward, where it bears the name of “cockle”; fl. July, August. (Introd. from Eu.) § 2. Bodria, Neck. (as gen.). Perennials: flowers fasciculate-paniculate : calyx cylindrical, not angled. — Delic. Gallo-Belg. i. 193; DC. 1. c. S. orricinAuis, L. 1. c. 408. (Soapwort, Bouncinc Bet.) Perennial, smooth, 13 to 2 feet high: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-ribbed, 2 to 3 inches long, narrowed at the base ; in- florescence terminal, somewhat pyramidal, the flowers clustered at the ends of short branches: calyx tubular, terete: petals appendaged at the junction of the claw and the obovate retuse blade, white or pink, often double. — Eng. Bot. t. 1060; Pursh, Fl. i. 314; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 195. — Roadsides and waste ground, common; fl. July to the end of October. (Nat. from Eu.) Tricarpellary flowers are not infrequent. 6. SILENE, L. Carcurry, Campion. (Name from Zernvos, in refer- ence to the viscid excretion of many species, the Greek god having been described as covered with foam; also derived directly from oiaXdov, saliva.) — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 3872; Otth in DC. Prodr. i. 367; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 189; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 303; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 269-301; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 147; Rohrb. Monogr. der Gatt. Silene; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 340, & Bibl. Index, 106; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii.” 130. —A large genus of attractive plants inhabiting chiefly the northern temperate parts of the Old World, but also well represented in North America, especially in the Pacific region. Although the members of this genus present considerable diversity of habit and floral characters, yet the greater part of the species do not fall into well marked groups, and the elaborate subdivision of the genus suggested by Rohrbach cannot be satisfactorily carried out among our American plants. Many species, together with several nearly related members of Lychnis, have been by many foreign writers transferred to Melandrium, Rohl. (Deutsch. FI. ed. 2, ii. 274; Melandryum, Reichenb. F]. Germ. Ex.824). While a natural group is thus formed, it is so poorly circumscribed by technical characters as to be almost useless in classification. The partial septation of the capsule, usually adduced as the strongest character for the division of Silene and Melandrium, is wholly untrustworthy in American species. Thus S. Virginica, generally re- ferred by continental authors to Melandrium, often shows the partial septation of a Silene, while S. multinervia, a good Silene by habit and affinity to others of the § Conoimorpha, has often no trace of septation. The number of carpels, the sole technical distinction between this and the next genus, is in some cases unfor- tunately variable. Specimens with 4 or 5 carpels have been noted especially in 214 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene. the following species of western range: S. Hallii, S. Douglasii, S. pectinata, and S. Watsoni. § 1. Conoimérrna, Otth, 1. c. 371. Calyx conspicuously 18-60-costate ; the ribs about equally prominent. — Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 578. Conosilene, Fourr. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. ser. xvi. 344. § Oonosilene, Rohrb. 1. c. 893; subg. Williams, Jour. Bot. xxxii. 13. — Annuals, all of the Mediterranean region but the following problematic Californian species. S. multinérvia, Watson. Erect, a foot high, pubescent throughout and somewhat viscid- glandular above: leaves narrowly oblong or linear, acute : inflorescence cymose with unequal branches: calyx ovate in fruit, contracted above, 5 lines long, 18-23-ribbed : petals small, purplish, unappendaged, not exceeding the subulate spreading calyx-teeth : capsule narrowly ovate; partial septa at the base commonly obscure or wanting. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxv. 126; Brandegee, Zoe, i. 133, ii, 121. S. Conoidea, Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 202, & Zoe, i. 113; Davidson, Erythea, i. 58; not L.— Western California near the coast from Tamalpais near San Francisco, K. Brandegee, to Jamuel, San Diego Co., Orcutt. Also on the Island of Santa Cruz, Brandegee. This species has recently spread rapidly through Southern and Central California, as though an introduced plant, but cannot be identified as yet with any foreign member of this small and well marked section of the genus. § 2. Benendntua, Otth, |. c. 367. Calyx ovoid to globular, vesicular-inflated and somewhat contracted at the orifice, obscurely 15—20-veined, the veins con- nected throughout their whole extent by anastomosing veinlets. — Behen, Meench, Meth. 709. Subg. Behen, Rohrb. l.c. 77. Subg. Gastrosilene, Williams, 1. c.— Perennials of the Old World; the following extensively naturalized in America. S. Cuctsauus, Wibel. (BLappER Campion.) Glaucous: stems ascending, a foot or more in height, leafy below, smooth or somewhat rough-pubescent: leaves opposite, usually lanceolate, acute: bracts much smaller: flowers polygamo-dicecious, sometimes a little zy gomorphous through the reflexing of the upper petals and declining of the stamens: calyx campanulate to subglobose, strongly inflated, glabrous, finely reticulated between the incon- spicuous nerves: petals narrow, 2-cleft, scarcely crowned, white or pink. — Prim. Fl. Werth. 241; Rohrb. 1. c. 84; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 84. S. inflata, Smith, FI. Brit. ii. 467; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 89; Warming, Bot. Foren. Festskr. 1890, 258. S. vulgaris, Garcke, Fl. Deutsch. ed. 9, 64. Cucubalus Behen, L. Spec. i. 414. Behen vulgaris, Mcench, 1. c. — Fields and roadsides, New Brunswick to Brit. Columbia (ace. to J. M. Macoun), Washington State, Piper, and southward to Tennessee, Scribner ; common, especially east- ward. (Nat. from Eu.) § 3. Eusirine, Godr. Calyx campanulate to cylindrical or clavate, definitely 10-nerved (obscurely so in S. campanulata) ; anastomosing veinlets often present. — Mém. Soc. Sci. Nancy, 1846, 414. Stlene proper and Melandrywm in part, of European authors. * Annuals or biennials, mostly introduced. + Inflorescence simply racemose, or subspicate ; pedicels solitary. S. GAriica, L. Stem hirsute with white jointed hairs: leaves spatulate, obtuse, mucronate, hirsute-pubescent on both sides, 8 to 18 lines in length: racemes terminal, one-sided, 2 to 4 inches long: flowers more or less pedicellate: calyx villous-hirsute, slender and subcylindric in anthesis, becoming in fruit broadly ovoid, with contracted orifice and short narrow spread- ing teeth: petals usually little exceeding the calyx; blades obovate, somewhat bifid, toothed or entire. — Spec. i. 417; Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 40; Rohrb. l.c. 96. S. Anglica, L. 1. ¢. 416. — Apparently of European origin, but now cosmopolitan; locally com- mon on the Pacific Slope from Brit. Columbia to Lower Calif. ; not infréquent in cultivated fields in the Atlantic States; fl. April to July. The typical form has very short ascending Silene. CARYOPHYLLACES. 215 pedicels and white or pink flowers. S. Lusitanica, L. 1. c., a form with the lower pedicels elongated (equalling or exceeding the calyx) and becoming horizontal in fruit, has been found at Jolon, Calif., Brandegee. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. QUINQUEVULNERA, Koch. Petals more showy, subentire, deep crimson with a white or pink border. — Synop. Fl. Germ. & Helv. 100. S. quinquevulnera, L. 1. ec. — With the typical form. (Adv. from Eu.) +- + Inflorescence dichotomously racemose. S. picuotroma, Ehrh. Tall, more or less hirsute and viscid: root annual or biennial: leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate: flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile, larger than in the preced- ing, half inch in diameter, often nodding in anthesis, but becoming erect in fruit: petals white or roseate; blades obovate, more or less deeply bifid: calyx cylindric in anthesis, becoming ovate in fruit, the prominent green nerves strictly simple, hirsute. — Beitr. vii. 143; Reichenb. 1. c. vi. t. 280.— Recently and extensively introduced in New England, where it is becoming a noxious weed in clover and grain fields; also locally established in other parts of the country; Texas, Nealley; Berkeley, Calif, Greene; fl. June, July. (Introd. from 8. Eu. and W. Asia.) Var. racemoésa, Rohrb. 1. c. 95 (\S. racemosa, Otth, 1. c. 384; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 589) is a form or variety, which has been vaguely separated upon various combinations of inconstant characters (chiefly the more spreading branches and deeply cleft petals), but it scarcely occurs in America except on ballast (Philadelphia, Martindale). +- + + Inflorescence cymose or paniculate, not distinctly racemose. ++ Viscid-pubescent or hirsute. S. noctrritora, L. A coarse species a foot or two in height: leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long: flowers usually few in loose cymes, fragrant: calyx large, in fruit ovoid, white with green nerves tending to anastomose ; the teeth attenuate: petals bifid. — Spec. i. 419; Eng. Bot. t. 291; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 192; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man ed. 6, 85. — Roadsides and cultivated grounds; fl. June to September. (Nat. from Eu.) ++ ++ Smooth or nearly so, a part of each of the upper internodes glutinous. S. antirrhina, L.1.c. (Steery or SNapprRacon Carcurty.) Stem 6 inches to 3 feet in height: leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, commonly acute: flowers rather numerous, small, ephemeral, borne in a compound cyme; pedicels long, filiform: calyx smooth, green, ovoid in fruit, about 4 lines long, contracted above; the teeth short: ovary scarcely stiped: petals small, pink or white, more or less emarginate or bifid. — Otth, 1. c.376; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 191; Rohrb. 1. c. 173; Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, t.66. Saponaria dioica, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 38. Ebraxis virgata, Raf. Autikon Bot. 29, — Waste places, common, widely distributed throughout the United States and Canada (also S. Am.) ; very variable in size and foliage. Var. lindria, Woop. “Very slender; leaves all linear except the lowest, which are linear-spatulate ; calyx globular. Ga. and Fla.’’— Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 256, & Bot. & Fl. 53; Wats. Bibl. Index, 107. Var. divaricata, Rozrson. Very slender: leaves linear or lance-linear: branches filiform, divaricate: calyx ovoid, 2 to 24 lines long: petals wanting. — Proc. Am. Acad. Xxvill. 132, — Waltham, Mass., Boott ; Rockford, Ill., Bebb, Swezey. A very similar apetalous form has been collected at Hartville, Wyoming, Nelson. S. Armerta, L. 1. c. 420. Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic: flowers borne at the ends of the branches in small close cymes: pedicels short : calyx slender, clavate, 6 to 8 lines long: ovary long-stiped: petals pink, subentire or minutely toothed; appendages lanceolate, acute. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 194; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 284. — Occasionally found on roadsides and in fields, having escaped from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.) * * Perennial, subacaulescent, very low and densely matted. S. acatlis, L. (Moss Campion.) Closely cespitose, an inch or two in height: leaves lin- ear, crowded on the branching rootstocks: flowers small, 2 to 3 lines in diameter, subsessile or raised on naked curved peduncles (2 to 6 lines long): calyx narrowly campanulate, 2 to 3 lines long, glabrous; the teeth short, rounded : petals purplish, rarely white, entire, retuse 216 CARYOPHYLLACEX. Silene. or bifid, minutely appendaged. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 603; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 270. Cucubalus acau- lis, L. Spec. i. 415. Lychnis acaulis, Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 306,— An arctic and high alpine species, widely distributed and somewhat variable; Arctic America to the White Mts.; extending along the Rocky Mts. from Alaska to Arizona; also found in the Cascade Mts. (Eu., Asia.) A somewhat caulescent form, with very slender elongated leaves 1 to 14 inches in length, has been found in the Rocky Mts. of Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Miss Eastwood, and Arizona, Rothrock. It is connected, however, with the typical form by gradual transitions. * * * Caulescent perennials. + Species of the Atlantic and Gulf States and of the Mississippi Valley. ++ Calyx inflated, flowers white or pink, scattered or panicled. S. nivea, Munx. Stem smooth or minutely pubescent above, 14 to 3 feet in height: leaves opposite, lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, smooth or pulverulent-pubescent : flowers rather few, nodding, borne in the forks of the branches: bracts foliar: calyx oblong in anthesis, finely pubescent or smooth ; nerves inconspicuous, anastomosing, the teeth short, triangular, obtuse: petals cuneate-obovate, bearing two short blunt appendages. — Muhl. acc. to Nutt. Gen. i. 287, where first descr. (Nutt. evidently miscopying the name S. alba of Muhl.) ; Otth, lc. 377; Torr. & Gray, F1.i. 190; Rohrb.1.c.87. S. alba, Muhl. Cat. 45 (nomen subnudum). Cucubalus niveus, Nutt. Gen. i. 287. — Pennsylvania and Washington, D. C., and mountains of E. Tennessee (acc. to Chapman), to S. Llinois, Iowa, and Minnesota; rather local but not rare. Some specimens have been discovered also at Orono, Maine, by Prof. F. L. Har- vey, who regards the species as indigenous at this extra-limital station. S. stellata, Arr. f. (Srarry Campion.) Stems 2 to 3 feet high: leaves in whorls of 4 (the uppermost and lowest sometimes opposite), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 inches long, half as broad: flowers in an open panicle: calyx campanulate, 4 to 5 lines in length; the teeth broad, acuminate: petals laciniately cleft, unappendaged. — [Dryander ? in] Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 84; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 100, t. 16; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1, ii. 45, t.12. Cucubalus stellatus, L. Spec. i. 414; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1107. — Woodland, frequent, E. Massachusetts to Minnesota and Nebraska, Hayden, Clements, southward to Georgia, Small, and Texas. ++ ++ Calyx not inflated, distended only by the enlarging capsule. = Flowers white or rose-colored. S. ovata, Pursu. Pubescent or smooth: stems several from the same root, 2 to 4 feet in height: leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, 3-5-nerved from the rounded base, sessile, subconnate, 3 to 5 inches long: flowers borne in a narrow terminal leafless panicle: calyx tubular, 3 to 4 lines in length, 10-nerved: petals white, blades dichoto- mously cleft into linear segments. — Fl. i. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 190; Chapm. Fl. 51. 2 Cucubalus polypetalus, Walt. Car. 141. — Alluvial woods, uplands, North Carolina to Geor- gia and Alabama. S. Baldwinii, Nutr. Villous: stems low, weak, decumbent, throwing out runners: lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, with attenuate bases; the upper oblanceolate or lanceolate, acute : flowers few, very large, 14 inches or more in diameter, pedicellate, aggregated at the ends of the stems: calyx clavate, pubescent, 10 lines in length; the teeth ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate: petals white or pink; the large obovate blades fringed, unappendaged: capsule aseptate. — Gen. i. 288; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 193; Chapm. Fl. 51. 8S. fimbriata, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 515, not of Sims. Melandryum Baldwini, Rohrb. 1. c. 231; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 431. — Georgia and Florida; fl. March to May. S. ntrans, L., a slender European species with narrow leaves chiefly clustered near the base, and white or rose-colored flowers nodding in a narrow panicle, has been found more or less established on Mt. Desert Isl., Maine, Miss Minot, and has been collected at Arrochar, Richmond Co., N. Y., by W. C. Kerr (Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 460). S. Pennsylvanica, Micux. (Wip Pink.) Viscid-pubescent: stems few or many, 6 to 9 inches high, from a strong tap-root: leaves mostly at the base, spatulate or oblanceolate, usually acutish at the apex, tapering below to long ciliated petioles ; the two or three pairs Silene. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 217 of cauline leaves much shorter, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, acute: cymes small, terminal, dense, rarely more open: calyx clavate, purplish; the teeth short: petals rose-colored or white, appendaged; blades obovate, erose, 4 to 6 lines in length: ovary long-stiped. — Fl. i. 272; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 247; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 90; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 42, t. 115. S. cheiranthoides, Poir. Dict. vii. 176. S. incarnata, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 41. S. platypetala, Otth in DC. Prodr. i. 383. Melandryum Pennsylvanicum, Rohrb. 1. c. 233, & Linnea, xxxvi. 251. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 142, with scarlet or crimson petals, and S. rubicunda, Dietr. Allg. Gartenzeit. iii. 196, with divided petals, are probable synonyms. Dr. Britton main- tains (Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 268) that the former species, which antedates that of Michaux, was founded upon a plant in herb. Walter labelled “ Silene an Virginica.” Walter’s species, however, as the description shows, was based upon two somewhat differing plants, and there is no proof from the labelling that the plant in question represents either of them. —Open rocky woods, E. New England to S. Carolina and Kentucky; fl. April, May. Flowers with 5 carpels are occasionally found (acc. to J. Schrenk) as in some other species of the genus. ; = = Flowers crimson or scarlet, large. a. Petals 2—4-toothed. S. Virginica, L. (Free Pins, Carcurry.) Viscid-pubescent: stem striate, single, simple, 1 to 2 feet high: leaves spatulate or oblanceolate; the lower ones narrowed to ciliate- fringed petioles; the upper lanceolate, sessile: flowers very large, an inch or more in diameter, loosely cymose, commonly nodding or reflexed after anthesis: calyx clavate or oblong, 8 lines in length, becoming obovate in fruit: petals crimson ; blades broadly lanceolate, 2(rarely 4)-toothed at the apex. — Spec. i. 419, in part, not Willd. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3342; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 192; Chapm. Fl. 51; Meehan, 1. c. 17, t.5. S. Catesbei, Walt. Car. 142. 8S. coccinea, Moench, Meth. Suppl. 306. — Common in open woods, on rocky hills, W. New York, 8. W. Ontario (acc. to Macoun) to Minnesota (acc. to Upham), south- ward to Georgia and Arkansas. S. rotundifolia, Nurr. (Rounp-teavep Catcuriy.) Viscid-pubescent: stems weak, decumbent, branched: leaves rather large, varying from broadly lanceolate to subrotund, rather abruptly pointed ; the lower ones contracted at the base to winged petioles: flowers large, showy, scattered or in loose cymes: calyx tubular, 10 to 13 lines in length, abrupt at the base, becoming clavate but not obovate in fruit: petals bright scarlet; blades 8 lines in length, deeply bifid; lobes more or less toothed: seeds smaller, smoother, and darker colored than in the preceding — Gen. i. 288; Otth, 1. c. 383; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 192. Melandryum rotundifolium, Rohrb. Monogr. Sil. 234, & Linnea, xxxvi. 257; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 431. —S. Ohio (abundant at Ash Cave, Hocking Co., acc. to Selby), Kentucky, Tennessee, and (ace. to Chapman) Alabama; rather local; fl. June to August. b. Petals entire or nearly so. S. régia, Sms. (Royay Carcnrry.) Viscid-glandular above, finely pulverulent-pubescent below: stems tall, erect, rather rigid, simple or sparingly branched, leafy: leaves ovate, acuminate, 3—7-nerved from the rounded sessile base; the lowest more or less contracted below: flowers showy, in a narrow oblong panicle: calyx cylindrical, 10 to 12 lines long, becoming somewhat spindle-shaped in fruit: petals spatulate-lanceolate, subentire, scarlet. — Bot. Mag. t. 1724; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard, n. ser. t.313; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 1938. S. Vir- ginica, form, Michx. Fl. i. 272. “|S. Iilinoensis (Mx.),” Kellerman, Geol. Ohio, vii. pt. 2, 178, careless synonym, as Michaux employs the word J/linoensis merely in giving the distri- bution. Melandryum regium, A. Br. Flora, 1848, 372. M. Iilinoense, Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 250. — Prairies, Ohio to Georgia (acc. to Chapman) and westward to Missouri, Arkansas, and N. W. Indian Terr., Blankinship ; fl. June to August. S. subciliata, Roprson. Stem strict, erect, glabrous: leaves narrowly linear-oblong, slightly fleshy, glabrous on the surfaces but sparingly ciliated on the margin, 1} to 2 inches long, obtusely pointed with callous tips and narrowed below to short winged and ciliated petioles: inflorescence slender, elongated, racemiform; the lower flowers distant: calyx glabrous, cylindric, 10 lines in length: petals with elliptic entire obtuse blades and lanceolate entire appendages. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 327. —“‘ Texas and Louisiana,” Wright. A distinct species, but never rediscovered and hence poorly known. 218 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene. + + Rocky Mountain and Pacific species. «+ Flowers large, rather few, scattered: calyx cylindrical or clavate in anthesis, 8 to 12 lines long: corolla (except in S. Parishii) usually more than 10 lines in breadth; petals 4-cc-cleft, very rarely bifid: stems leafy. = Corolla deep red. S. lacinidta, Cav. Finely pubescent: root narrowly fusiform: stems erect or decumbent, somewhat rigid, knotty below; the branches ascending: leaves lanceolate to narrowly linear, scabrous, ciliolate, narrowed to a sessile base: flowers terminal on the branches: calyx subcylindric or clavate even in fruit, 10 lines in length: petals bright scarlet, 4-cleft or very rarely bifid: capsule essentially oblong, scarcely at all ovate, commonly exserted at maturity. —Ic. vi. 44, t. 564; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1444; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 17; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341. S. pulchra, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 675, in part. S. speciosa, Paxt. Mag. Bot. x. 219. S. simulans, Greene, Pittonia, i. 63. Lychnis pulchra, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, v. 234. — Central California to New Mexico. (Mex., Lower Calif.) Var. Grégegii, Warson. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, otherwise not differing essentially from the type. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341, & Bibl. Index, 108. S. Greggit, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 17.. Melandryum laciniatum, var. Greggii, Rohrb. Monogr. Sil. 232. MM. Greggit, Rohrb. Linnwa, xxxvi. 256. — W. Texas, Nealley (acc. to Coulter); New Mexico, Wright, Thurber, Matthews ; Arizona, Buckminster, Lemmon. (Mex., Gregg.) S. Califérnica, Duranp. Root simple, strong, penetrating vertically to a depth of 2 to 3 feet: stems several, procumbent or suberect, leafy: leaves lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, more or less narrowed to the base, acuminate, rarely obtusish : corolla more than an inch broad ; petals variously cleft, most commonly with two broad lobes flanked by two narrower ones: capstile ovoid, concealed until dehiscence by the rather broad calyx. — Pl. Pratt. 83; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 64. S. pulchra, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 675, in part. S. Virginica, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 299. SS. laciniata, var. Californica, Gray, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. 146 ; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341. S. Tilingi, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 99. Melandryum Californicum, Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 252.— Coast Mts. of Currie Co., Oregon, Howell, southward through N. and Central California to Ft. Tejon, Xanthus, and perhaps farther. Subject to much variation in foliage, the following being perhaps the best marked of the varieties. Var. subcordata, Ropinson. Leaves ovate, suborbicular, shortly acuminate, closely sessile by suhcordate bases. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 136.— Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif., Kellogg, Brandegee. = = Corolla white or roseate, much exserted: seed-coat more or less roughened but firm. S. Wrightii, Gray. Very glutinous: rootstock thick, ligneous: stems several, ascending, a foot or more in length, branching, leafy : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 14 to 2 inches long, sessile; the lower attenuate below: calyx-teeth filiform-attenuate, nearly half as long as the tube: petals white, 4-cleft; the lobes somewhat toothed: capsule on a stipe of nearly its own length. — Pl. Wright. ii. 17; Wats. Bibl. Index, 110. Melandryum Wrightit, Rohrb. Linnza, xxxvi. 253; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 431.— Mountain sides near the copper mines, New Mexico, Wright (no. 862). S. HooKeri, Nurr. Covered above with a fine grayish pubescence: root single, stout: stems several, short, slender, decumbent : leaves oblanceolate, rather numerous and approxi- mate, 2 to 3 inches in length, acute or obtusish: flowers very large: calyx-teeth acute, but not filiform: petals 4-cleft, white or pink. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 193; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6051; Fl. Serres, t. 2093; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. S. Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 330, viii. 378; Bolander, Cat. 6. Melandryum Hookeri & M. Bolanderi, Rohrb. 1. c.; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 431.— Woodlands, W. Oregon and N. W. California; fl. June, July. = = = Corolla white or nearly so, scarcely exserted: seed-coat vesicularly roughened or crested. S. Parishii, Watson. Somewhat grayish-pubescent or green: root simple, thick, with a branching rootstock: stems several, decumbent, a span long: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, 1 to 2 inches long; the lower oblanceolate: flowers aggregated at the ends of the Silene. CARYOPHYLLACES. 219 branches: calyx tubular, narrowed below, an inch long, with narrow subulate teeth (3 to 4 lines in length): petals narrow, scarcely exserted from the calyx, cleft into 4 or more filiform segments: seeds doubly crested with short vesicular hairs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 366.— San Bernardino Mts., Calif., Parish Bros.; also on dry summit of Tanwitz Ridge, San Jacinto Mts., H. M. Hall; fl. August. ++ ++ Flowers smaller, not ordinarily exceeding 6 or 8 lines in diameter. = Flowers borne in the forks of the branches and forming a leafy inflorescence: calyx oblong or campanulate: leaves lanceolate to orbicular. S. campanulata, Watson. Finely glandular-pubescent: root thick, simple: rootstock branching, somewhat woody : stems slender, erect, leafy: leaves sessile, lanceolate : flowers on short deflexed peduncles: calyx green, broadly campanulate, reticulate-veined, toothed nearly to the middle: petals narrow ; the limb cleft into 4 or more flesh-colored segments: capsule globular, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341; Brew. & Wats. Ll. ¢. 63. — Mountainous districts of N. California and S. Oregon. Var. Greénei, Watson. More pubescent throughout: leaves ovate: petals greenish white. — Wats. in Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 137.— California, Yreka, Greene, Trinity Co., Blankinship ; Oregon, Cafonville and Wolf Creek, Howell Bros., Ashland, Henderson. Apparently the commonest form. Var. orbiculata, Roxsrnson, n. var. Tomentulose: leaves shorter, rotund in general outline, half inch in diameter, with a very short acuminate tip, broadly cordate and amplexi- caul at the base. — Elevated ledges above Hetten Chow, Trinity Co., Calif., Blankinship, 23 June, 1893. S. Menziésii, Hoox. Finely glandular-pubescent: stems weak, leafy, dichotomously branched above, 6 inches to a foot or more in height: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, thin: flowers very small for the genus: calyx obconical, obovate, or oblong, only 24 to 4 lines in length: petals white, 2-cleft, commonly but not always unappendaged : capsule 14 to 2 lines in diameter. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 90, t. 30; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 193, 676; Rohrb. Monogr. Sil. 147. S. stellarioides, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. ce. 193. S. Dorrit, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iii. 44, f. 12.— From S. Missouri, Blankinship, Nebraska, Williams, to Assiniboia, and westward and sonthwestward to Vancouver Isl., S. California, and New Mexico. = = Flowers few, rather small, white or nearly so, nodding, borne in a lax naked panicle : petals cleft into four or more narrowly linear almost filiform segments: styles long- exserted : leaves small, lanceolate, chiefly clustered upon the more or less cespitose base. S. Lemmo6ni, Watson. Smoothish and green or more or less hoary-puberulent, finely glandular and viscid above: root single; rootstock considerably branched: stems slender, 6 to 14 inches high, bearing 3 to 6 loosely paniculate or subracemose flowers: leaves oblance- olate to linear-oblong, acute: calyx in fruit obovoid, more or less narrowed below; nerves green, those of the short ovate-lanceolate teeth rather broad: petals with spatulate pubes- cent claws; blades divided into 4 linear-filiform segments; appendages linear, entire: seeds reddish or ashy. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 64. S. Palmeri, Wats. 1. c. xi. 124; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 65, an indistinguishable form of S. Calif. S. longistylis, Engelm. in Wats. 1. c. xxii. 469, merely a narrow-leaved and somewhat canes- cent form of the north. — Mountainous regions from Ashland Butte, S. Oregon, throughout California to Cuiamaca Mts., San Diego Co., Palmer; fl. May to July. The three species here united are now known from fairly copious intergrading material which leaves no doubt that the supposed specific differences are of a trivial and inconstant nature. = = = Inflorescence as in the preceding : petals 2-cleft into linear segments: styles very long, the exserted portion as long as the calyx. S. Bridgésii, Ronrs. Pubescent and viscid: stems leafy, usually simple up to the inflores- cence, a foot or more in height: leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, 14 to 2 inches long: flowers slender-pedicelled, verticillately racemose or somewhat paniculate, nodding: calyx narrowly oblong or clavate in anthesis, broadly obovate in fruit ; the teeth acute; the principal nerves broad, green; the commissural much narrower, seldom anastomosing with the others: petals half to three fourths inch long, considerably exserted, white or purplish: seeds very 2 20 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene. large, finely tuberculate, red.— App. Ind. Sem. Berol. 1867, 5, & Monogr. Sil. 204; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 66. S. incompta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 330 (S. Engelmanni, Rohrb. Linnza, xxxvi. 264), is a form of the same species, differing from the type only in the somewhat broader lobes of the petals and in the obtuse appen- dages. — California, Yosemite Valley, Bridges, Gray ; Mt. Bullion, Bolander ; Danah, Cong- don. A closely similar if not identical plant has been found by Aattan on the Klamath River. = = = = Flowers scattered, or variously paniculate (in S. montana, var. rigidula, and sometimes in S. repens, denser and subspicate or thyrsoid): styles included or somewhat exserted, but not so long as in the preceding. a. Fruiting calyx ovate, not contracted below, filled and distended by the subsessile capsule. 8. Thutrberi, Warson. Densely grayish-pubescent and glandular: stems erect, 2 feet high, somewhat rigid, with ascending branches: leaves lanceolate, acute, contracted below, sessile, 2 to 4-inches long: flowers small, rather numerous: calyx cylindric becoming narrowly ovate, green and white striped, densely pubescent; the teeth slender with fimbriate-laciniate margin: petals white, little exceeding the calyx; claws rather broad with upwardly pro- duced auricles; blades bifid with short oblong lobes, each with a small lateral tooth; ap- pendages oblong, obtuse: capsule narrowly ovoid, scarcely stiped; seeds tuberculate and distinctly crested. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 348. S. plicata, Wats. 1. ¢. xvii. 366. — Near Janos, S. W. New Mexico, Thurber ; peak south of Rucker Valley, Arizona, Lemmon. (Chi- huahua, Pringle, Hartman ; Sonora, Hartman.) 8S. pectindta, Warson. Stems several, erect, 14 to 2} feet high: leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate; the lower long, tapering into winged petioles; the upper more or less reduced: flowers purplish rose-colored, 6 to 8 lines broad: calyx becoming ovate in fruit: the teeth lance-linear to filiform, elongated, usually exceeding the mature capsule: petals with narrow claws destitute of auricles; blades obovate, bifid; lobes rounded ; appendages lanceolate, entire: capsule large, ovate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 344; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 65.— Plumas Co., Calif., Mrs. Ames, Sierra Co., Lemmon ; Carson City, Nev., Anderson. The typical form is very viscid-glandular and somewhat branched. Var. subniida, Rosryson. Scarcely viscid: stems subsimple: radical leaves almost smooth, the cauline much reduced.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 140. Lychnis nuda, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 37, & Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 248, is with scarcely a doubt merely a 5-carpelled form from the Humboldt Mts., Watson.— Near Empire City and at Franktown, Nev., Jones. b. Capsule distinctly stiped: calyx relatively narrow, cylindric or in fruit clavate or obovate and usually rather distinctly contracted about the stipe of the capsule. 1. Petals 4(-oc )-fid. S. Oregana, Watson. Finely pubescent and very viscid, fetid: stems one or more, erect, simple up to the racemiform or rather densely cymose-paniculate inflorescence: the lower leaves oblanceolate, narrowed below to long petioles; the upper leaves lanceolate or lance- linear, sessile: petals white; claws spatulate, glabrous, distinctly auricled at the summit; blades 2 to 3 lines long, variously cleft into 4 to 6 or more linear segments: stipe of the ovoid capsule about 2 lines long.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 343; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.— Moun- tains of Oregon and Washington to Montana; fl. April to August. S. montana, Warson, l.c. Finely pubescent: stems erect from a more or less decumbent base, 4 to 14 inches high: leaves lance-linear or narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 24 inches in length; the cauline 3 to 4 pairs: inflorescence varying from subspicate to panicu- late; flowers rarely solitary: calyx 6 to 9 lines in length: petals greenish white to rose- colored, exserted 2 to 4 lines: ovary long-stiped: capsule acutish. — Near Carson City, Nev., Anderson ; Sierra Co., Calif., Lemmon. S. Shockleyi, Wats. 1. c. xxv. 127, from the White Mts., Mono Co., Calif., is apparently only a high-mountain form of the same species. Var. rigidula, Ropinson,1.c. Stems simple, a span high, slightly rigid: leaves short, less than an inch in length, thickish and stiff: flowers white, subspicate. — Franktown, Neyv., Jones. : Silene. CARYOPHYLLACE. Zak S. occidentalis, Watson. Viscid-glandular, 2 feet high: stems one or two from a single strong root, branched above: leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long: flowers in a very loose open panicle: calyx elongated, cylindric, becoming clavate in fruit: petals purple, 4-cleft into lanceolate segments; blades narrowed gradually into cuneate claws, the latter devoid of auricles; appendages linear: capsule oblong, upon a stipe 2 lines in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 343; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 64.— California, without special locality, Bolander ; Plumas Co., Lemmon, Mrs. Austin; Butte Co., Mrs. Bidwell ; Alpine Co., Hansen ; Modoc Co., Baker. 2. Petals with a (sometimes small but) well marked bifid blade, each lobe sometimes bearing a very small lateral tooth. O Blades nearly or quite as long as the glabrous claws. S. répens, Parriy. Finely and densely puberulent: stems several from a branched and creeping rootstock, leafy: leaves thinnish, lanceolate, attenuate both ways: inflorescence rather dense, often thyrsoid, but sometimes more loosely paniculate: calyx purplish, 5 or 6 lines in length: spreading limb of the rose-purple petals 2 or 3 lines in length, with retuse or entire segments; appendages oblong, entire: carpophore very long, often equalling or exceeding the fruit.— Patrin in Pers. Syn. i. 500; Ledeb. Ic. t. 425; K. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 84. S. purpurata, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 229.— Porcupine River in the interior of N. Alaska, Turner, S. Centr. Montana, Rydberg, Flodman. (N. Asia and Caucasus Mts.) O O Blades much shorter than the claws; these pubescent below. S. verectunda, Warsony, |. c. 344. Low, 6 to 18 inches in height, finely pubescent below, glandular-viscid above: stems several, leafy especially near the base: leaves narrowly lan- e ceolate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, to linear, acute: flowers terminal on the short branches of the inflorescence or borne in 3-flowered lateral cymes: calyx soon becoming clavate or obovate by the development of the broad ovoid capsule: calyx-teeth with membranous ciliated margins: petals rose-colored; claws glabrous, narrowly or more broadly auricled ; blades 2-cleft into short entire or slightly toothed oblong segments; appendages oblong or lanceolate, blunt and often somewhat toothed at the apex. — Brew. & Wats. 1.¢.65. S. En- gelmanni, var. Behrii, Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 264. S. platyota, Wats. 1. c. xvii. 366, merely a slender form of southern range. S. Luisana, Wats. 1. c. xxiii. 261, narrow-leaved form not satisfactorily separable from the type. — Central California from Mt. Diablo (acc. to Greene) and near San Francisco (first coll. at Mission Dolores by Bolander) to San Luis Obispo, J. G. & S. A. Lemmon, and southward chiefly in the mountainous regions to the Cuiamaca Mts., Palmer; fl. midsummer. (Lower Calif., Orcutt.) This species has long been regarded as local, yet patient search has failed to show satisfactory or constant charac- ters to distinguish the type from the more southern forms here included, which greatly extend its range. S. Sargéntii, Watson. Cespitose, minutely pubescent: stems numerous, slender, erect, 6 inches high: leaves linear or nearly so, inch or two long, a line or so in breadth; the radical crowded, covering the rootstock with their slightly enlarged and imbricated bases; the cauline 2 to 3 pairs: calyx cylindrical, 7 lines long; teeth short: petals white or pink ; claws exserted, with broad laciniately cleft auricles; blades short, obovate, bifid ; segments each bearing a small lateral tooth: capsule well stiped, cylindrical, very slender, at maturity scarcely more than a line in diameter: seeds tuberculate-crested, smooth on the faces. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 290.— Table Mountain, Monitor Range, N. Nevada, Sargent. Known from a single specimen only. 3. Petals with large spatulate claws; the almost obsolete blades consisting merely of two very short entire blunt or triangular teeth; appendages 4, very small and entire: viscid- glandular species of Idaho and Washington. S. Spaldingii, Warson. Viscid-tomentose: stems several, knotty, a foot high, very leafy ; branches appressed or ascending: leaves lanceolate, sessile, 14 to 2 inches long: flowers subspicate or appressed cymose-paniculate: calyx in fruit obconical, more herbaceous than usual in the genus, net-veined nearly to the base; teeth rather large, triangular-lanceolate, acutish: petals greenish white, not exceeding the calyx; claws broadly auricled; blades bifid, very short indeed, scarcely surpassing the four small appendages: capsule ovate- 222 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene. oblong, moderately stiped. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 344.— On the Clear Water, Central Idaho, Spalding; on the Imnaha, Union Co., Oregon, Cusick; fl. September. c. Calyx broader, oblong, campanulate or rarely obovate, rather loosely surrounding the ovary, sometimes narrowed downward but not distinctly contracted about the carpo- phore. 1. Petals divided into 4 nearly equal segments: appendages fringe-toothed. S. Bernardina, Watson. Covered with a fine grayish pubescence below, finely glandular gbove: caudex branching: stems several, slender, erect, 8 to 12 inches high, furrowed, 1-5- flowered: leaves grass-like, narrowly linear, half line to line in breadth, 1-nerved, acute : terntinal flower developing first, the lower ones borne upon branches 14 to 2 inches long: buds acute: calyx green-nerved; teeth lanceolate, acutish, with membranous ciliated mar- gins: petals white with rather short blades; claws with broad laciniate auricles; appendages 4, long; the inner ones broad and toothed: capsule moderately stiped. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 82.—On shady slopes, Tulare Co., Calif., at Long Meadow, Pulmer, near Whitney Meadows, Coville & Funston. 2. Petals bifid; each segment with or without a smaller lateral tooth. © Low, 3 to 8 inches in height. S. Grayii, Warson, 1. c. xiv. 291. Cespitose, minutely pubescent and glandular: rootstock elongated, much branched; stem simple, erect, 4 to 6 inches high, 1-5-flowered: leaves short, oblanceolate or spatulate, slightly fleshy, 4 to 8 lines in length, the radical numerous, crowded ; the cauline about 3 pairs: calyx broadly cylindrical; teeth rounded: petals pink, with blades deeply bifid, the segments each bearing a lateral tooth; claws narrowly auricled capsule short-ovoid, scarcely stiped. — Robinson, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 44, t. 6. — Mt. Shasta, above the timber line and near snow, Brewer, Hooker & Gray, Engelmann, Packard, Pringle ; Scott Mts., Engelmann. S. Suksdorfii, Roxryson, 1. c. Low, densely matted, alpine: stems 2 to 3 (rarely 4 to 5) inches high, simple, 1-3-flowered, minutely pubescent below, glandular above: cauline leaves about 2 pairs, linear-spatulate, 3 to 7 lines long, a line wide, obtusish; radical leaves numerous, crowded, similar or somewhat spatulate: calyx broadly cylindric or campanulate, seldom exceeding 5 lines in length; nerves conspicuous, simple below, anastomosing above : petals white, little exceeding the calyx, shallowly bifid; lobes entire; appendages oblong, retuse: stipe of capsule 14 lines long. — California to Washington, Mt. Stanford, Hooker & Gray; Mt. Paddo, Suksdorf; Mt. Hood, Howell; Mt. Stewart, Brandegee ; Mt. Rainier, Piper. S. Watsoni, Rozrnson. Finely glandular above, minutely pubescent or nearly smooth be- low: stems many, cespitose from a multicipital caudex, erect, very slender, simple, 4 to 10 inches in height, bearing 1 to 5 or more flowers: leaves narrowly linear or very narrowly oblanceolate, acute, dark green; the radical numerous, an inch in length, seldom exceeding a line in breadth; the slender petioles expanding at the base, closely imbricated and con- nate by scarious membranes: calyx ovate or somewhat obovate, 5 to 6 lines in length, with purple more or less anastomosing nerves; teeth with membranous margins: petals white or rose-colored ; blades short, a line in length, bifid; each segment usually bearing a short lateral tooth ; appendages obtuse: styles ordinarily 3, rarely 4.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 143. Lychnis Californica, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 248; Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 70. ZL. Parryi, Wats. 1. c., of W. Wyoming, is apparently this species, although the single specimen on which it was based is 4-5-carpelled. In the absence of other differ- ences its separation on this (probably inconstant) character is highly artificial. — California, near Ebbett’s Pass, Brewer; Mt. Dana, Bolander; Sierra and Plumas Cos., Lemmon, south- ward to Mineral King, acc. to Coville, 1. c.; and northward to the Siskiyou and Cascade Mts., Oregon, Howell, and Washington, Piper. The anthers are often infested by Ustilago antherarum, and in consequence enlarge and turn purple. O O Taller. S. Douglasii, Hoox. Finely pubescent, scarcely viscid: stems very slender, usually de- cumbent and geniculate at the base: leaves remote, long, linear to narrowly lance-linear, Silene. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Vets attenuate to each end, spreading, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 lines wide: flowers borne mostly in 3-flowered long-peduncled cymes: calyx oblong or obovate, rather narrow at the base; the ends of the teeth surrounded by ovate obtuse inflexed membranes: petals white or pink, 2-lobed; segments obtuse ; claws moderately auricled; appendages oblong, obtuse: capsule narrowly cylindrical, 5 lines long; teeth recurved; stipe 14 lines long. — Fl. Bor- Am. i. 88; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 190; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 36, 431, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.66. %S. Lyallii, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342, in part (as to pl. Lemmon), a form with small flowers in a pathological state, the anthers being infested with Ustilago antherarum. Lychnis elata, Wats. 1. c. xii. 249, in part (as to pl. Bourgeau), merely 5-carpelled individual. Cucubalus Douglasii, Eat. Man. ed. 7, 266.— Wasatch Mts., Utah, to Central California, northward to Montana and Brit. Columbia; fl. June to September. A common and polymorphous species, of which the following are the chief varieties ; all of them tending to intergrade with the type, and separated from it and each other by no constant or important floral character. Var. multicatlis, Rosrnson, |. c. 144. Grayish-tomentulose and less glandular : leaves more approximate, narrowly lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed, erect: stems more rigid. — S. multicaulis, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 192. S. Drummondii, var., Tory. & Gray, Fl. i. 675. —“ Oregon,” Nuttall ; Washington, Yakima Co., Brandegee (no. 655 in part) ; Klikitat, Howell ; Spokane Co., Suksdorf, Ramm ; N. Idaho, Spalding, Sandberg ; Montana, Scribner, Canby. Var. Macounii, Rosinson, l.c. Minutely. pubescent, somewhat glandular above: leaves distant, long and narrow, short-pointed, tapering very gradually from near the apex to the base: calyx oblong, rather short, 4 to 5 lines in length, narrow ; teeth purple-tipped : styles in specimens studied 3 to 4, very rarely 5.— S. Lyallii, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342, as to pl. Lyall (pathological form with anthers infested by Ustilago antherarum). S. multi- caulis, Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. i. 494. S. Macounii, Wats. 1. c. xxvi. 124; Macoun, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 286. — Washington, Lyall, Brandegee (no. 655 in part) ; Brit. Columbia, summits of Rocky and Selkirk Mts., Afacoun, Dawson. Var. macroécalyx, Rosrnson, |. c. 145. Tall, puberulent or nearly smooth: leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, attenuate both ways: calyx long, cylindrical, 7 to 8 lines in length. — Humboldt Mts., W. Nevada, Watson ; Mt. Paddo, Washington, Suksdorf, Howell. Var. viscida, Roginson, 1. c. Glandular-viscid, especially above: stems erect, rigid, mostly simple from a branched slightly woody base: calyx broadly oblong or almost cam- panulate, relatively short: leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-oblong, thickish. — Brit. Columbia, at Kicking Horse Pass, Macoun ; Washington, Olympic Mts., Piper, Mt. Stewart, Sandberg & Leiberg, Yakima region, Brandegee. Var. brachycalyx, Rosrysoy,1.c. Puberulent, not viscid; leaves distant, spreading, narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate: calyx short and broad, campanulate. — Oregon, Multno- mah Co., and on Sauvie’s Island, Howell ; Washington, Skamania Co., Suksdorf. Var. monantha, Rosrinson, l.c. Nearly or quite smooth: stems very slender and weak, rising from a spreading much branched base: leaves thin, lanceolate or linear-oblong and grass-like, narrowed both ways: flowers solitary, terminal, or 3 to 5 and loosely cymose: calyx oblong-campanulate, inflated. — S. monantha, Wats. 1. c. x. 340; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 63.— Cascade Mts., Washington, Harford & Dunn; Webber Lake, Calif., Lemmon; N. Utah (2), Parry. S. scapdsa, Rosrnson, 1. c. Finely puberulent, somewhat viscid above: stem erect, sub- simple, almost naked, 1 to 14 feet high, rather rigid: radical leaves thickish, oblanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous, 2 to 3 inches in length, 3 to 5 lines broad; cauline leaves reduced to 1 or 2 pairs of distant bracts : inflorescence a narrow rigid panicle: flowers small, erect: calyx oblong or elliptic in outline, with simple green nerves: petals white, scarcely exceeding the calyx ; blades short, retuse; claws with somewhat saccate auricles; appendages short, obtuse: ovary shortly stiped. — Oregon, Blue Mts., Nevius ; Cold Camp (no. 355) and Currant Creek, Th. Howell ; fl. May. = = = = = Inflorescence denser, subspicately paniculate or forming an elongated thyrse: styles included or moderately exserted. S. Hallii, Warson, 1. c. xxi. 446. Stems several, from a stout root, simple, densely glandular- pubescent, 6 inches to 1} feet high: leaves oblanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, the 224 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene. midrib prominent below: flowers verticillately spicate, nodding: calyx even in anthesis broad, oblong or campanulate becoming obovate, strongly marked with purple or green nerves; those at the commissures irregularly anastomosing with the others and frequently double; teeth triangular, acute, with membranous incurved margins: petals purple, not greatly exceeding the calyx; claws very broad, laterally ciliate; blades short, bifid; seg- ments somewhat oblique, often toothed: capsule ovate on a short stipe.— S. Scouleri of various authors, not Hook.; thus Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 405, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 58; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 12; Wats. 1. c. x. 342, in part; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 32, in part. Lychnis elata, Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 148, as to plants of Colorado, not Wats., 5-carpelled form. — Alpine regions of Colorado, Hall & Har- bour, Greene, French, Brandegee, Patterson; a doubtful specimen from Arizona, Knowlton ; fl. August, September. S. Scotileri, Hoox. Pubescent, glandular-viscid above: root stout: stems simple, 1} to 23 feet high: leaves narrowly oblanceolate or lance-linear, acuminate, not at all warty: inflorescence 6 to 8 inches long, verticillately spicate, or the lower flowers borne in short appressed cymes: calyx clavate; nerves definite, but anastomosing above; teeth short with broad membranous margins, ciliate: petals white or purplish; claws with rather narrow slightly laciniate auricles; blades bifid; segments emarginate or toothed; appendages blunt: carpophore 2 lines long. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 88; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 191; Rohrb. Monogr. Sil. 213. S. Drummondii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377. Elisanthe Scouleri, Ruprecht, Fl. Cauc. i. 200.— Frequent in mountainous districts of Oregon and Idaho to Vancouver Isl. and ‘‘ Northwest Coast,” Menzies ; Colorado, Brandegee ; fl. July, August. S. Pringlei, Watson. Habit, inflorescence, and calyx of the last: leaves very long, usually narrow and attenuate, both surfaces roughened (especially in the older leaves) with fine warts: petals purplish, bifid; segments each bearing a lateral tooth ; auricles rather broad ; appendages saccate: capsule ovate-oblong, well stiped.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 269. — Mt. Graham, Arizona, Rothrock; New Mexico, Fendler, Greene. (Chihuahua, Pringle, Hartman.) 7. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Cocke. (Name ancient, from Atvyvos, a lamp, in reference to the bright color of certain European species.) — Inst. 333, t. 175; L. Gen. no. 3881; DC. Prodr. i. 885; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 194; Endl. Gen. 972-974; A. Br. Flora, 1848, 369; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 303-308; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 147; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 246; Baill. Hist. Pl. ix. 108; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 147. Lychnis, Melandryum (in part), & Visearia, Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 1b, 70, 73. Lychnis, Coronaria, Viscaria, Hudianthe, & Melandryum (in part), Williams, Jour. Bot. xxxi. 170, 171. — A considerable and as here taken rather composite genus, chiefly of Europe and Asia, and too closely allied to Silene. The number of carpels is far from being satisfactory as a crucial character in separating the genera, and if applied consistently (as by Dr. Watson, 1. c.) leads in our western species of Silene to artificial results. Yet it is deemed best for practical reasons to keep the genera separate, even if the division is based (as between Arenaria and Stelluria) upon a single and not wholly trustworthy character. Examination of a number of specimens seems to show that in American species the characters of partial septation of the capsule, division of the valves, inflation of the calyx, are very variable, and do not lead either individually or in combination to more definite or satisfactory results. The indigenous species are western or arctic (LZ. alpina extends eastward and southward to Lower Canada), but several intro- duced European species have become more or less common in the Atlantic and Middle States, and in Canada. Lychnis. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 235 § 1, EvrYcunts, Fenzl (extended). Teeth of the usually more or less inflated calyx not twisted: ovary unicellular at the base: capsule with its five valves normally bifid, but sometimes indistinctly so or entire. — Fenzl in Endl. 1. ¢. 974. Melandrium, Rohl. Deutsch. FI. ed. 2, ii. 37, 274. Melandryum of authors in great part. * Native species, western or arctic: leaves narrowly lanceolate, spatulate or linear; the radical usually numerous and the cauline few. + Tall: stems erect, usually a foot or more in height, several-many-flowered : species ranging from Winnipeg to the Sierras, but chiefly of the Rocky Mountains, though not truly alpine. L. Drummondii, Warson. Finely grayish-pubescent throughout, often purple-glandular above: root stout, vertical : stems erect, simple, somewhat rigid: leaves narrow; the lower oblanceolate ; the upper lance-linear: flowers on long usually appressed pedicels: calyx in the typical form oblong-cylindric or scarcely ovate, with green nerves: petals small, included or scarcely exserted, white or purplish, with the short bifid minutely appendaged blades narrower than the claws: capsule sessile ; seeds uniformly tubercled, not distinctly crested. — Bot. King Exp. 37, 432, & Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 248. Z. apetala, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, Xxxiil. 405, in part. JZ. apetala, var. pauciflora, Porter in Hayden, Rep. 1870, 473. Silene Drummondii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 89; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 191, in part; Rohrb. Monogr. Sil. i. 83. S. Scouleri, Webber, App. to Cat. Fl. Neb. 30; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xx. 344. Elisanthe Drummondii, Ruprecht, Fl. Cauc. i. 200.— E. Minnesota, Shel- don, and Winnipeg, Bourgeau, Assiniboia, Macoun, to the Pacific Slope at Ft. Vancouver and southward especially in mountainous regions to New Mexico and Arizona; fl. summer ; very variable, especially in pubescence. A lanate form has been found in the Winnipeg Valley, Bourgeau ; another form with broad thinnish leaves, purple glandular pubescence, and more ovate calyx, in the Uintas, Watson, and at Gray’s Peak, Hooker & Gray, Patterson. : + + Alpine, boreal, and arctic species. ++ Calyx ovate, not strongly inflated: flowers on each stem 3 or 5, densely aggregated, rarely solitary: petals exserted: seeds tuberculate. L. trifléra, R. Br. Viscid-tomentose: stems 3 to 8 inches high: leaves thickish, linear- oblong, often conspicuously ciliate : flowers short-pedicelled : calyx with 10 broad indistinct purple or green nerves: petals white or roseate; blades obcordate; claws scarcely auricled. —R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. exlii, name only; Sommerfelt, Mag. Naturv. ii. 151, 152 (1824); Wats. lc. 247. L. apetala, var. pauciflora, Dur. Pl. Kane. 189. L. pauciflora, Dur. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 94. Agrostemma triflora, Don, Syst. i. 417. Melandrium triflorum, Liebm. Fl. Dan. t. 2356; Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 231. Wahibergella triflora, Fries, Summa Seand. 155. — Greenland, from Polaris Bay, Bessel, southward; Grinnell Land, Greely. Var. Dawsoni, Rorryson. Calyx with principal nerves double or triple, joined by interlacing veinlets ; the intermediate nerves beneath the sinuses inconspicuous or wanting : petals very narrow ; blades oblong, bifid, hardly to be distiuguished from the narrow claws. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 149. — Gravel banks, N. Brit. Columbia, 100 miles northeast of Dease Lake, Dr. G. M. Dawson. ++ ++ Calyx ovate, scarcely inflated: flowers erect or slightly nodding in anthesis : stems usually 1-flowered, occasionally loosely several-flowered. = Arctic or sub-arctic spécies. L. Tayloree, Roprson,1.c.150. Very slender, 1 to 14 feet high, puberulent, nearly smooth below, glandular above: stem erect, bearing 3 to 4 pairs of leaves and two or three long slender almost filiform 1-3-flowered branches: leaves thin, lance-linear, acute or attenuate both ways, finely ciliate, and pubescent upon the single nerve beneath, otherwise glabrate, 2 to 24 inches in length: flowers terminal or subterminal on the branches: calyx ovate, not much inflated, about 4 lines long, in anthesis only 2 lines in diameter, with green nerves interlacing above; teeth obtuse, with broad green membranous ciliate margins: petals one and a half times as long as the calyx; blades obcordate, 14 lines long, considerably broader 15 226 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Lychnis. than the slender narrowly auricled claws; appendages lance-oblong. — Peel’s Riv., at the delta of the Mackenzie, Miss EH. Taylor, July, 1892. A fragmentary specimen from the Kowak Riv., N. Alaska, McLenegan, may be doubtfully referred to this species. L. affinis, Vaux. Glandular-pubescent, 3 to 6 inches high: leaves oblanceolate-linear, 9 lines to 3 inches in length: calyx ovate-elliptic, usually contracted at the mouth: petals white or pink; blades narrow, entire or retuse, narrowed from near the end to the summit of the more or less distinctly auricled claws ; appendages ‘oblong. — Vahl in Fries, Mant. iii. 36. L. triflora, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 2173. L. apetala, Hook. f. Arct. Pl. 321, in part. Melandrium affine, Vahl in Liebm. Fl. Dan. xiv. 5, obs. Wahlbergella affinis, Fries, Summa Scand. 155. Melandryum involucratum, var. affine, Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 217. — Greenland to Labrador, at Rama, Sornborger. (N. Eu., Siberia.) Warming (Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. 1886, 129) states that in Norway the flowers are of two kinds, perfect and pistillate, and that the petals in the latter are devoid of appendages and auricles. = = Rocky Mountain and western alpine species. L. montana, Warson. Glandular-pubescent : root thickish, subsimple: stems erect, 2 to 4 inches high: leaves linear, 1 to 14 inches in length: calyx green- or rarely purple-nerved, 5 to 6 lines long ; teeth short, scarcely acute: petals narrow, about equalling or a line or two exceeding the calyx ; blades small, bifid; claws narrow, one half to three fourths line in breadth; appendages small or absent: filaments naked: capsule sessile or nearly so, — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 247, excl. specimens from the Uintas. ZL. apetala, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxviii. 405, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 58, in part. JZ. Kingii, var. with naked filaments, Wats. 1. c. 247. — Mountains of Colorado, Purry, Hall & Harbour, Scovill, Wolf; N. W. Wyoming, Parry. L. Kingii, Watson. Densely covered with a very short pubescence, somewhat glandular above: stems slender, erect, 4 to 6 inches high, 1-2-flowered: leaves narrowly linear: blades of the petals rather short and broad, emarginate ; claws with broad ciliated auricles ; appen- dages oblong; filaments pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 247, excl. Wyoming plant. L. Ajanensis ? Wats. Bot. King Exp. 37. — Peaks of the Uintas, N. Utah, Watson. Dr. Wat- son (1. c.) states that this species can be readily distinguished from Z. apetala, with which it grows. Aside, however, from the position of the flower in anthesis and the longer slightly exserted petals, the material at hand fails to show any definite distinctions. In view of the considerable variation of Z. apetala in Asia these differences are not very satisfactory. ++ ++ ++ Calyx large, much inflated, almost globose: flowers commonly pendulous in anthesis : seeds margined : stems 1-flowered except in var elatior. L. apétala, L. More or less viscid-pubescent : stems 2 to 6 inches high: flowers perfect or pistillate, at first pendulous, but becoming erect in fruit: petals in the typical form included ; blades short, bifid; segments rather irregular, sometimes with a small lateral lobe ; claws auricled. — Spec. i. 437; Fl. Dan. t. 806. JZ. frigida, Schrank, Pflanz. Lab. 25. L. montana, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 247 (so far 4s the Utah specimens are concerned). Agrostemma apetala, Don,1.c¢.i.416. Melandryum apetalum, Fenz) in Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 326; Warming, Bot. Foren. Festskr. 1890, 251, f. 25, 26. Wahlbergella apetala, Fries, 1. c. —N. Greenland and Grinnell Land to Labrador (ace. to Macoun) and Alaska, also southward along the Rocky Mts. to Montana, Canby, and Uintas, N. Utah, Watson. A polymorphous species, the forms of which have been elaborated by Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxiv. pt. 2, 570-574. Var. glabra, Recev. Glabrous throughout, otherwise as in the type.— Regel, 1. c. 570, 572. — Rocky Mts. of Brit. America, Bourgeau; St. Paul’s Isl., Alaska, Elliott ; Schma- gin Isl., Harrington. The Alaskan form differs from Bourgeau’s plant, upon which the variety was founded, in having much larger thinner leaves. Var. elatior, Recer (extended). Pubescent, taller, 6 to 12 inches in height: stems commonly several-flowered: petals sometimes considerably exserted. — Regel, 1. c. 573, including var. macropeta/a, so far as the American specimens are concerned. — Kodiak Isl. and northward in Alaska to Kotzebue Sound, acc. to Regel. * * Species of the Old World adyentive in the Eastern and Middle States and in Canada: corolla much exserted. Lychnis. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. yy ¥ + Leaves usually large; the cauline lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate: flowers mostly dic- cious: valves of the capsule distinctly 2-toothed. L. viofca, L. (Rep Lycunis, Rep Campion.) Flowers inodorous, expanding in the morn- ing: calyx oblong, rather short, 4 to 6 lines long, reddish; teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute : corolla red or pink (rarely white): capsule large, globose, with a wide mouth; teeth re- curved. — Spec. i. 437, in part; Wats. Bibl. Index, 104; Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. i. 69 ; Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 149; Hook. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. ii. 129 (excl. syn. in part). L, diurna, Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 145; Reichenb. 1. ¢. t. 304. Melandrium silvestre, ROh1. Deutsch]. Fl. ed. 2, ii. 274. M. rubrum, Garcke, Fl. Deutschl. ed. 4, 55.— Waste ground, common, especially in Canada and the Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu., Asia; also in Greenland.) L. Avpa, Mill. (Evenrne Lycunis, Wore Campion.) Flowers fragrant, opening in the evening: calyx green, longer than in the preceding; teeth lance-linear, attenuate: corolla more commonly white: capsule ovate-conical ; teeth erect or slightly spreading. — Dict. ed. 8,n.4. JL. dioicu, var. B, L. Spec. i. 437. L. vespertina, Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 146. Melandryum album, Garcke, 1. c. 55.— Ballast and waste lands, sometimes by roadsides and in cultivated fields, chiefly eastward. This and the last preceding species are not always clearly distin- guishable, notwithstanding the rather conspicuous differences exhibited by the extreme forms. In Europe frequent natural hybrids between them have been noticed. (Ady. from the Old World.) +- + Flowers perfect : valves of the capsule 5, entire. L. Fros-ctcuui, L. (Raceep Rosgin.) A slender smoothish perennial, with furrowed sometimes minutely roughened stem, 1} to 2 feet high: lower leaves oblanceolate ; the upper lance-linear : calyx oblong-ovate, equally 10-ribbed : flowers cymose-paniculate: petals pink or red, cleft to below the middle into 4 linear acute segments. — Spec. i. 436; Fl. Dan. t. 590; Eng. Bot. t. 573; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 306. Coronaria Flos-cuculi, A. Br. Flora, 1843, 368. — Moist fields, New Brunswick, New England, and New York. (Ady. from Eu., N. Asia.) L. Cuatcepénica, L. 1. ¢., the Scarlet Lychnis or “Scarlet Lightning,” a tall Japanese species with ovate leaves and globular clusters of scarlet flowers, has been known to persist in a wild state in thickets, etc., Centr. and S. Maine, Fernald, Deane, and doubtless in other re- gions, where commonly cultivated. (Introd. from Japan.) § 2. Viscdria, DC. (extended). Calyx not inflated; teeth not twisted: ovary septate at the base; teeth of the capsule as many as the styles. — FI. Fr. iv. 761; Endl. Gen. 973. Visearia, Rohl. Deutschl. FI. ed. 2, ii. 37, 275. L. alpina, L.1.c. Smooth, biennial or perennial, erect, 2 inches to a foot in height: leaves numerous, clustered at the base, linear or oblong, thickish; the cauline 2 to 4 pairs, erect or ascending: flowers small, the densely clustered cymes forming a terminal head: bracts conspicuous, membranaceous, tipped with red: calyx short-campanulate or turbinate, mem- branaceous, scarcely nerved; teeth bright red: petals pink, bifid ; segments linear. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 194; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 307; Wats. 1. ¢. 246. Lychnis Suecica, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 881.— Greenland to Labrador, W. Newfoundland, ace. to Macoun, and Mt. Albert, Quebec, Al/en, Macoun ; also Little Whale Riv., Hudson Bay, acc. to Macoun. (Eu., Siberia.) § 3. AGRrostEmMMaA, Fenzl. Calyx-teeth filiform, twisted: flowers few, large : petals with conspicuous awl-shaped appendages: teeth of the capsule as many as the styles: plant woolly. — Fenzl in Endl. Gen. 974. Coronaria § Pseudagro- stemma, A. Br. Flora, 18438, 368. L. coronAria, Desr. (Mutitery Pink.) Covered with dense white wool throughout: stem 14 to 3 feet high: leaves oval or oblong: calyx ovoid; the alternating ribs more prom- inent; teeth small, much shorter:than the tube: petals large, crimson. — Desr. in Lam. Dict. iii. 648. Agrostemma Coronaria, L.1.¢.; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 24; Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 452; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 308. Coronaria tomentosa, A. Br. 1. ec. — A handsome plant, which, haying escaped from cultivation, is established and becoming locally abundant in several places in New England and the Middle States. (Introd. from 8. Eu., W. Asia.) 228 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Agrostemma. 8. AGROSTEMMA, L. Corn Cocxir. (Name from déypos, field, and oréupa, crown.) — Gen. no. 379; Pax, 1. ¢. 70. Githago, Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. 266; Baill. Hist. Pl. ix. 108. Lychnis § Githago, DC. Prodr. i. 387; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 148.— A genus of two species, both natives of the Mediterra- nean region; one of them growing in cultivated fields, now cosmopolitan, having been widely disseminated in grain seed. Although often united with Lychnis, these species through the different relative position of the carpels and petals seem to deserve rank as a separate genus, especially if Sagina is to be kept distinct from Arenaria upon the same ground. A. Girndco, L. Annual or biennial, covered with a long silky appressed or spreading pubes- cence: stem 1} to 3 feet high, somewhat branched: flowers few, long-peduncled: leaves linear, acute, 2 to 4 inches in length: corolla 1 to 14 inches in diameter; petals obovate, dark purplish red, somewhat lighter toward the claw, and with small black spots: calyx-teeth usually an inch or more in length. — Spec. i. 435; Fl. Dan. t. 576; Eng. Bot. t. 741; Reichenb. 1. c. Lychnis Githago, Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 310. Githago segetum, Desf. 1. c. 266.— An attractive but troublesome weed, common in grain fields; fl. summer. (Introd. from Eu.) The fresh seeds have been found to contain an active poisonous principle, which is expelled, it is said, by roasting. 9. HOLOSTEUM, Dill. (“Odos, whole, and daréov, bone ; “Oddoreov is used by Dioscorides for some unknown plant, possibly, as Prof. Ascherson sug- gests, in allusion to supposed healing properties in cases of bone fracture.) — Nov. Gen. 130, t. 6; L. Gen. no. 928; Reichenb. 1. c. v. t. 221; Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, iv. 23; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 148. — A small genus of Old World annuals and biennials much resembling Cerastiwm except in inflorescence and seeds. ‘The commonest species is adventive in America. H. umeevrdAtoum, L. Finely glandular-pubescent, somewhat glaucous: stems 3 to 18 inches high: leaves sessile, ovate-oblong: umbels 3-12-flowered, terminal upon long naked pedun- cles; pedicels 8 to 12 lines long, some of them reflexed: filaments shorter than the calyx. — Spec. i. 88; Eng. Bot. t. 27.— Locally established in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, Porter, Austin, Canby, Small, Heller & Halbach; fl. April, May. (Adv. from Eu.) 10. CERASTIUM, L. Mouvss-kar CuicKweep. (Keépas, a horn, from the elongated curved capsules.) — Annuals or perennials, mostly pubescent and often viscid. Leaves usually flat. Flowers white, borne in more or less expanded leafy or naked cymes. — Gen. no. 376 (name ascribed to Dill. by Linn. Syst. ed. 1); Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 414; Grenier, Flora, 1840, pt. 1, 266; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v—vi. t. 228-236; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 39, t. 114; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 148; Pax. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.-Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 1b, 80; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 275.— A genus distinguished from Stedlaria and Arenaria somewhat by habit, but chiefly, although not always satisfactorily, by the form and dehiscence of the capsule. § 1. SrrépHopon, Seringe, 1]. c. Styles 3 to 5; teeth of the capsule finally circinate-revolute from the tip. — Our species have pubescent leaves. C. Texd4num, Brirron. Annual, viscid: stems several, slender, almost erect, leafy below, nearly naked and dichotomous above : leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 6 lines to 2 inches in length, very pubescent or subcinereous on both surfaces: flowers rather small: petals bifid: styles 3 to 4 (to 57%): capsule 14 to 2 times the length of the calyx. — Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 97; Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 29. Stellaria montana, Rose, Contrib. Cerastium. CARYOPHYLLACEA, 229 U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 93, t. 2.— Hills, Texas, Blanco, Wright, to Arizona, on the Mogollons, Greene, Santa Catalina Mts., Lemmon. (Mex., Palmer; Lower Calif., Brandegee.) C. maximum, L. Stoloniferous perennial with stems simple or nearly so, erect or decum- bent, becoming a foot or more in height: leaves linear or lanceolate, attenuate: flowers very large for the genus, an inch in diameter, borne on erect pedicels in simple or compound cymes: sepals oblong or narrowly ovate, obtuse, 3 to 4 lines long: petals obovate, much exceeding the calyx, deeply notched at the apex: capsule symmetrical, much exserted at maturity. — Spec. i. 439; Ledeb. Ic. t. 242; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 399 ; Seem. Bot. Herald, 51. C. grande, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 229.— Alaska. (Siberia.) Asiatic specimens of this species, identified at the St. Petersburg Gardens, show that the capsule becomes cylindric and much longer than figured by Ledebour. § 2. Orrnopon, Seringe. Styles normally 5; teeth of capsule erect or spreading ; the edges sometimes slightly reflexed. — Seringe, 1. c. 415. — Our species have pubescent leaves. * Flowers comparatively small: petals 1 to 1} times as long as the sepals. + Pods 1 to 1} times as long as the calyx : introduced or doubtfully indigenous weeds. C. vuteArum, L. (Common Mousk-£ar CuIcKWEED.) Perennial, viscid-pubescent, leaves oblong, obtusely pointed: lower pedicels in fruit considerably exceeding the calyx: bracts herbaceous: sepals 2 to 3 lines long, obtuse, often purple-tipped, appearing acute through the infolding of the scarious margins: petals as long as the calyx.— Spec. ed. 2, 627; Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxv. 313; Wats. Bibl. Index, 101; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 88. C. viscosum, L. in herb.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 187; Gray, Man. eds. 1-5, ete. C. fulvum, Raf. Préc. Découv. 36. C. triviale, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 433. — Very common on roadsides, in fields, etc., but also often remote from habitations and cultivated ground, thus perhaps native; fl. through the summer. (Probably nat. from the Old World.) C. viscosum, L. (Mousn-bar Cuickweep.) Annual, lower and less spreading than the last, viscid-pubescent, 3 inches to a span high: leaves oval or elliptic-oblong, very obtuse ; the lowest narrowed below to short margined petioles: flowers small, at first densely clus- tered at the ends of the branches, becoming laxer in fruit, but even the longest pedicels not exceeding the acute sepals, which are 1% to 2 lines in length: bracts herbaceous: petals searcely equalling the calyx: stamens frequently 5.— Spec. i. 437; Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 288 ; Wats. Bibl. Index, 101; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6,88. C. vulgatum, L. in herb. ; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 187; Gray, Man. eds. 1-5; and others. C. hirsutum, Muhl. Cat. 46. C. glomeratum, Thuill. as used by Hook. f. and others. C. connatum, Beck, Bot. 55. Depau- perate forms with few flowers and short capsule have been regarded as indigenous, being the C. viscosum, var. tenellum, Grenier, 1. c. 266, and the C. semidecandrum, of authors, not of L.— Roadsides, lawns, etc., widely distributed in the United States and Canada, but in most regions much less common than the preceding. (Probably nat. from the Old World.) Delicate specimens apparently to be referred to this species, but with minute apetalous flowers, have been collected at San Diego, Calif., Orcutt. C. spmipecANpDRouM, L. Near the two preceding, but smaller and with shorter leayes: bracts, at least the upper ones, conspicuously scarious-margined : pedicels in fruit longer than the calyx. — Spec. i. 438; C. vulgatum, var.? semidecandrum, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 94. — New Jer- sey, Britton, Peters, to Norfolk, Va., Britton, Small. (Ady. from Eu., W. Asia.) + -+ Pods 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx: indigenous species. C. brachypodum, Rosson. Pale green annual, finely pubescent and sometimes very viscid: leaves linear-oblong to oblanceolate, obtusish, seldom more than an inch in length : flowers in more or less open dichotomous cymes ; pedicels, even the lower ones, only equal- ling or little exceeding the capsules, erect or deflexed, straight or gently curved, not hooked. — Robinson in Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 150, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 277, C. nutans, var. brachypodum, Engelm. in herb. —St. Louis, Mo., Engelmann, to the Black Hills, 8. Dakota, Rydberg, westward and southward to Nevada, Anderson, Watson, Arizona, Palmer, New Mexico, Fendler, and Louisiana. (Mex., Schaffner, Palmer, Hartman.) C. tenellum, 230 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Cerastium. Fenzl, mentioned in Watson’s Index (but never published ?), represented by. Drummond’s no. 30 of his 3d Texan Coll., appears to be only a more slender form of the above. Exactly the same thing, however, has been found at Milledgeville, Ga., by Dr. Boykin (Short Her- barium), thus considerably extending the range of the species. bo OrpDER XX. PORTULACACE. By A. Gray; the genera Lewisia, Calandrinia, Claytonia, and Montia revised by B. L. Rogsinson.? More or less succulent herbs, rarely frutescent, with entire leaves, hermaphro- dite and regular but mostly anisomerous flowers, calyx and corolla imbricated in the bud; distinguished, with one or two exceptions, by hypogynous insertion, disepalous calyx not isomerous with corolla, one-celled 2—8-merous ovary with free central or basilar placentz, 2 to 8 introrse stigmas or style-branches, few or many amphitropous ovules, and seeds with a cylindrical embryo curved or coiled in or around mealy albumen, the narrow cotyledons usually incumbent (but not rarely accumbent or oblique in the same genus). Stamens various in number, opposite the petals when of the same number, commonly adnate to their base. No hypogynous disk. No proper stipules. The main exceptions are the half superior calyx of Portulaca, the larger number of sepals in Lewisia, and the reduced number of petals in Calyptridium, &c. Corolla often slightly gamopet- alous. Anthesis commonly ephemeral, the withering or colliquescent remains of corolla borne for some time on the ovary or capsule. * Lower half or more of ovary and capsule adnate to calyx-tube ; upper part in fruit with the two calyx-lobes circumscissile ; embryo peripheric. 1. PORTULACA. Petals 4 to 6 and with the more numerous (8 to 30) stamens inserted just where the calyx becomes free, ephemeral. Style-branches 3 to 8, filiform, introrsely stigmatose their whole length. Ovules and seeds numerous, slender-stalked, round-reniform. * * Calyx, corolla, and ovary free (hypogynous). + Shrubby: seeds obovate-oblong, somewhat hook-shaped; embryo moderately curved in scanty albumen. 2. TALINOPSIS. Sepals 2, ovate, when dried chartaceo-scarious and nervose, persistent. Petals 5, oval, soon colliquescent. Stamens about 20, five at base of each petal; anthers oval. Introrse stigmas or style-branches 3, oblong, shorter than the style; ovules and marginless seeds numerous; capsule fusiform-oblong, acuminate; the coriaceous epicarp 3-valved from apex ; chartaceous endocarp 6-valved and filiform sutures often separable from the valves. No bracts. Leaves opposite. +- + Herbaceous: seeds reniform, hippocrepiform, or lenticular; embryo peripheric around the central albumen. ++ Calyx 2-sepalous, herbaceous, deciduous, sometimes tardily so. 3. TALINUM. Petals 5, or sometimes 6 to 10, ephemeral. Stamens 5 to 30. Stigmas or short lobes of columnar style 3. Capsule globose or ovoid, 3-valved from top to bottom, many-seeded; seeds smooth and shining. ++ ++ Calyx herbaceous (at least in part) and persistent. == Style-branches 3 to 8: capsule circumscissile near the base, thence splitting upwards into short irregular lobes. 1 In 1887 Dr. Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 272-285) published a preliminary revision of the N. Am. Portulacacee. His manuscript notes, however, indicate that he was not satisfied with the treatment of Calandrinia and its allies, and that he contemplated a further revision before publication. On this account the editor has felt somewhat greater liberty in recasting this portion of the order. Although the limits of the four genera above mentioned have been considerably modified in the light of recent publications and some new material, Dr. Gray’s specific descriptions have been kept wherever possible. Portulaca. PORTULACACEZ. 263 4. LEWISIA. Sepals 2 to 8, often glandular-denticulate. Petals 3 to 16. Anthers oblong to linear. Style-branches 3 to 8, slender. Capsule globose-ovate, thin-chartaceous ; seeds several to many, lenticular, mostly smooth and shining. = = Style-branches 3: capsule 3-valved from the apex : sepals 2. 5. CALANDRINIA. Petals 3 to 7. Stamens (rarely 3) 5 to 12, seldom of the same number as the petals. Seeds usually numerous, small, black, finely granulated. Fleshy spreading annuals with alternate leaves. 6. CLAYTONIA. Petals definitely 5, free, equal, conspicuous. Stamens as many. Ovules few, about 6. Seeds dark and shining. Perennials from thick roots or corms. Cauline leaves opposite. 7. MONTIA. Petals 5 or fewer, usually somewhat unequal, and sometimes more or less coherent or connate at the base. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovules very few, mostly 3. Seeds 2 or3. = = = Gynecium dimerous, i. e. stigmas and valves only 2: sepals orbiculate, wholly or partly scarious and accrescent, mostly plane and as it were bivalvular in fruit: leaves all alternate : capsule membranaceous ; seeds reniform-lenticular, not strophiolate: anthesis ephemeral: inflorescence usually secund. 8. SPRAGUEA. Sepals wholly scarious (or with mere greenish centre), emarginate at apex and base, equal. Petals 4, obovate. Stamens 3, twice the length of the petals ; fila- ments filiform ; anthers linear-oblong. Style very long, filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose-ovate, few-seeded. 9. CALYPTRIDIUM. Sepals scarious-margined or largely scarious, usually unequal. Petals 2 to 4, small (distinct), obovate. Stamens 1, 2, or 3, shorter than the petals ; fila- ments subulate ; anthers oval or oblong. Style short or hardly any; stigmas 2. Capsule linear to oval, 6—24-seeded. 1. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purstane. (Latin name of Purslane, of uncertain derivation.) — Low herbs, fleshy, with leaves alternate or partly oppo- site, and stipules scarious or none, or reduced to hairy tufts ; the flowers terminal and sessile, expanding in direct sunshine before mid-day, soon closing, and the petals by evening colliquescent. Pyxis membranaceous to coriaceous. — Inst. 236, t. 118; L. Gen. no. 341; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. t. 99.1 * Leaves flat, naked in the axils or very nearly so: very glabrous annuals. + Stems terete: calyx-lobes dorsally carinate: no calycine border around the mouth of the persistent part of the dehiscent capsule; lid high-conical and with acute tip: petals yellow, emarginate. P. oleracea, L. (Common Purstane.) Mostly prostrate: leaves cuneate- or spatulate- obovate, with very obtuse or nearly truncate apex: calyx-lobes ovate, in bud somewhat pointed by the projecting keel: stamens 7 to 12: style-lobes 5 or 6: seeds black, obtusely granulate. — Spec. i. 445; Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 154; Gray, 1. e. — Common in cult. grounds around dwellings, and, as is thought, indigenous on the plains of Arkansas, Texas, and westward. (Cosmopolite.) P. retusa, Encerm. Ascending, greener: leaves somewhat more cuneate, often retuse: calyx-lobes in bud obtuse, strongly carinate : petals small or minute: stamens 7 to 19: style: lobes 3 or 4 and shorter: seeds larger and echinate-tuberculate. — Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 154,& Pl. Wright. i. 13; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 74. —Plains of Texas and Arkansas to Arizona? and to the Colorado. + Stem angled: petals acutish or pointed: calyx-lobes obscurely carinate: a wing-like border around orifice of dehiscent capsule; lid depressed-conical. P. lanceolata, Encexm. 1. c. Erect or ascending: lower leaves spatulate and obtuse; upper oblanceolate or narrower, sometimes acute: petals spatulate or obovate, yellow or 1 Add Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 274. 2S. W. Colorado, acc. to Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 37; also reported from Kansas, Iowa, and Minnesota, but perhaps confused with the preceding nearly related species. 264 PORTULACACES. Portulaca. orange and partly red: stamens 7 to 27: style-lobes 3 to 6: capsule turbinate, winged with a circular rim left by circumscission of the calyx above the adnate portion; seeds rough- tuberculate, cinereous. — Granitic region of W. Texas,! Lindheimer, &c., to New Mexico and Arizona,? Wright, Greene, Rothrock. “Said not to be eaten by swine,” Reverchon. (The Cuban plant, coll. Wright, referred to this on account of the capsule, has bearded axils, and is distinct, being probably P. oleracea, var. minor, Griseb.) * * Leaves terete or nearly so, subulate-lanceolate to linear, hairy in their axils, otherwise glabrous: calyx-lobes not carinate. P. stelliformis, MoctNo & Sess&. Perennial by creeping tuberous-thickened and some- times moniliform rootstocks : stems erect or ascending, a span to a foot high: leaves quite terete, slender, mostly inch long, those involucrating the flowers in a radiating cluster much surpassing them: axillary clusters of hairs short and soft: petals copper- or buff-colored, obcordate or emarginate, quarter inch or more long: seeds blackish, granulate-tuberculate, with metallic lustre. — Moc. & Sessé ace. to DC. Prodr. iii. 353, under P. foliosa, and repre- sented in Calques des Dess. t. 389. “ P. foliosa, Lindl. Mevicana,’ A. DC. Calques des Dess. 3 & 6. P. pilosa, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 13, in part; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 20 (var. erecta); Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 417, with doubt, the tuberous roots indicated. P. suffrutescens, Engelm. Bot. Gaz. vi. 236, but is not suffrutescent. — Plains of W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, &c. (Mex., Lower Calif.) P. halimoides, L. Mostly perennial, fleshy-rooted, erect or diffuse, corymbosely branched : leaves short, moderately flattened, half inch or less long, uppermost well involucrating the flower-clusters : hair copious: petals yellow: capsule-lid depressed, much shorter than the basal portion ; seeds granulose, reddish, at least when young. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 639 (Sloane, Jam. t. 129, f.3); DC. Prodr. iii. 354; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 57. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, Garber, Curtiss. (W. Ind.) P. pilosa, L. Annual, sometimes indurating in age,’ ascending or spreading: leaves nearly terete, linear-subulate, half or quarter inch long, either much or little surpassing the copious axillary hair: petals from carmine to crimson or purple, a line or two long, retuse: capsule- lid hemispherical; seeds blackish and with metallic lustre, muriculate-granulose. — Spee. i. 445 (Comm. Hort. t.5; Pluk. Alm. t. 247, f.7, &c.) ; Bot. Reg. t. 792; Griseb. 1. c. — Sandy open ground, Florida and Texas to Arizona, and a few places in California, where probably introduced. (All Trop. Am., &c.) P. parvula, Gray. Annual, or becoming fleshy-rooted, depressed and diffuse: leaves nearly terete, oblong-linear, obtuse, 2 to 5 lines long, with copiously hairy axils: petals yellow and copper-colored, barely a line long: lid high-hemispherical, fully as long as basal part of capsule; seeds pale red, minutely granulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 274. P. pilosa, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 14, & Pl. Wright. i. 18, in part; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 329, in part, &e.— Plains of W. Texas and New Mexico, Fendler, Wright. (Mex.,5 Schaffner, 772, Pringle, 543, &c.) P. GranpirLOrA, Hook., of Extra-tropical S. America, related to P. pilosa, is the showy Portulaca of ornamental cultivation. It tends to become spontaneous in the S. Atlantic States. 2. TALINOPSIS, Gray. (Likeness to Zalinum, which is not close.) — Pl. Wright. i. 14, t.3; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 157, where “sepala 3” is a misprint. — Single species. 1 P. coronata, Small (Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 126), from Stone Mt., Georgia, if distinct, is a very closely related species. Although Dr. Small has kindly furnished excellent alcoholic material of the Georgia plant, it has been impossible as vet to find satisfactory distinctions between it and the Texan species. Perhaps these may appear when better material of the latter can be obtained. 2 Also Lower Calif., Brandegee. ‘ 3 Specimens with distinctly perennial roots have been collected at Eustis, Fla., Nash, which, while resembling P. halimoides in habit, have the capsule of P. pilosa. 4 Northward to Greene Co., Missouri, Blunkinship, S. Kansas, Carleton, and the cation of the Arkansas in Colorado, acc. to Miss Eastwood, Zoe, ii. 228. 5 Also reported by Brandegee, from Lower Calif. Talinum. PORTULACACEZ. 265 T. frutéscens, Gray, l.c.15. A foot or so high, woody to the repeatedly dichotomous cymes: flowers sessile in the forks: leaves very fleshy, short-linear, terete, the pairs approxi- mate, also fascicled in axils: corolla purple, ephemeral: capsule half inch or more long, twice the length of the calyx. — Mountain valleys, near El] Paso and adjacent New Mexico, Wright. (Adj. Mex., Pringle, to San Luis Potosi, Parry & Palmer, Schaffner.) 38. TALINUM, Adans. (Etymology obscure.) — Chiefly tropical and American herbs, the only species of temperate regions North American, usually tuberous-rooted. — Fam. ii. 245, excl. spec.; DC. Prodr. iii. 356; Fenzl, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 296; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 225, t. 98; Benth. & Hook. 1. ¢.} * Leaves plane, moderately fleshy: flowers in loose cymes forming long and naked panicles. T. patens, Wixip. Herbaceous or fleshy-suffrutescent at base from a tuberous root, usu- ally tall and erect or ascending: leaves obovate or spatulate, varying to oblanceolate, some- what petiolate, 2 to 4 inches long: pedicels filiform: sepals early deciduous: petals either rose-color or yellow, a line or two long : stamens numerous: seeds brown or black. — Spec. ii. 863; DC. 1. c. 357; Rohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 296, t. 67. The form with rose- colored corolla is Portulaca paniculata, Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 22, Stirp. Amer. 148, & Hort. Vind. ii. t. 151 (not L.), & 7. paniculatum, Geertn. Fruct. ii, 219, t. 128. The yellow-flowered form is 7’. reflerum, Cav. Ic. i. 1, t. 1; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1543; DC.1.c.; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 20; & T. spathulatum, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 14; the latter passing into Var. SARMENTOSUM, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 275 (7. sarmentosum, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 153; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 14), which sends off procumbent stems. — Plains of Texas to Arizona.2 (Mex., W. Ind., S. Am.) * * Leaves flattish or nearly terete, fleshy, lanceolate to linear: flowers axillary: stamens numerous. T. lineare, HBK. A span to a foot or more high, many-stemmed from an oblong or napi- form tuberous root (said to be esculent), ascending, loosely branching, leafy throughout : leaves from lanceolate and 3 inches long by 3 lines wide to narrowly linear and subterete and some only half inch long: peduncle longer than the flower, articulated and 2-bracteo- late below the middle, 1(occasionally 2-3)-flowered, recurved in fruit: sepals ovate, acu- minate, 3-nerved, tardily deciduous from the capsule: petals from light yellow to orange and flame-color, about half inch long: seeds conspicuously strophiolate, saliently pluricos- tate. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. vi. 77, the most narrow-leaved form. 7’. aurantiacum, Engelm. l.c.; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 14, & ii. 20, with var. angustissimum, which passes into the broader- leaved form. Calanarinia tuberosa, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 9, early state.— Rocky ground, W. Texas to Arizona; fl. summer. (Mex.) T. brevifélium, Torr. Depressed, an inch to a span high from a large and deep branch- ing perennial root: leaves crowded, short and thick, quarter to over half inch long, narrow- spatulate or clavate, apparently subterete: flowers solitary in upper axils, on very short erect pedicels articulated at base: sepals and globose-ovoid capsule barely 2 lines long, about half the length of the pink-red petals: stamens about 20: «style as long as the ovary, 3-cleft at summit: seeds nearly smooth and even, with grayish pellicle. — Torr. in Sitgreaves, Zuni Rep. 156. TJ. brachypodum, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 355. — New Mexico, on the Little Colorado, Sitgreaves ; near Indian Village of Laguna or Komack; Lemmon. * * * Leaves terete, linear, wholly fleshy : flowers in terminal pedunculate and commonly scapose naked cymes. + Surpassed by the leaves. T. hiGmile, Greene. Acaulescent, a short and slender caudex from a napiform orange- colored tuber, bearing at the ground a dense cluster of terete leaves (2 or 3 inches long and a line or two thick) “lying flat on the ground”: scape barely inch long, rather shorter than the twice or thrice dichotomous 5-10-flowered cyme: “ petals light yellow, changing to 1 Add Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 275. 2 Also S. and Centr. Florida, Simpson, Nash, and Louisiana, Goodell, where called “pink star- flowers.” 266 PORTULACACEX. Talinum. orange ”: calyx promptly deciduous from the capsule : seeds lineate-costate in the way of T. lineare. — Bot. Gaz. vi. 183. — Rocky table-land of Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. + + Scapiform slender peduncle much surpassing the leaves: styles united to the top ; stigmas short and broad: valves of the capsule in dehiscence tending to separate from and leave behind three setaceous sutures in the way of Capparidacee ; fl. summer. — Phemeranthus, Raf. Specch. i. 86. ++ Stamens 20 to 30: petals rose-color: capsule ovoid-globose. T. spinéscens, Torr. Fleshy caudex short and multicipital, beset with short subulate spines, which are the indurated persistent midribs of the older (half inch long) very obtuse leaves; these all densely clustered: scape a span or two high, inclusive of the very spreading several times forking cyme: petals deep rose-red, 3 or 4 lines long: seeds large (a line wide), dull and coarsely rugulose. — Bot. Wilkes Exped. 250.— Plains and rocks, State of Wash- ington,! Pickering & Brackenridge, Brandegee, Suksdorf, Nevius. T. teretif6lium, Pursu. Leafy stems short and rather thick, branching, ascending from fleshy rootstock: leaves an inch or two long, cylindrical, a line or more thick: scapiform peduncles a span or two high: cyme minutely bracteate at the forkings: petals 5, quarter inch long: stamens 15 to 20, equalling the short straight style: sepals promptly deciduous from the capsule (2 or 3 lines long); seeds nearly smooth and with a very thin gray pellicle, only half a line wide. — Fl. ii. 365; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 819; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 56, t.3; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 196; Bot. Reg. xxix. t.1; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 226, t. 98; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1, ii. 53, t. 14. Phemeranthus teretifolius, Raf. 1. c. — Rocks, especially of serpentine, W. North Carolina? and Tennessee to E. Texas, north to Pennsylvania and Minnesota. T. calycinum, Enerim. Rootstock thicker: bracts of cyme more conspicuous : flowers and capsule one half larger : petals commonly 8 or 10: stamens 30 or more: sepals tardily de- ciduous from the fruit: style exserted, declinate. — Engelm. in Wisliz. Tour in Northern Mex., 88, & in Gray, Pl. Fendl. 14, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 154.—Sandy soil, Upper Arkansas and Cimarron Rivers,? Wislizenus, Woodhouse. ++ ++ Stamens 5: petals pale rose or whitish: capsule mostly oval. (Here 7. napiforme, DC., & T. Mexicanum, Hemsl.) T. parviflorum, Nort. Short-stemmed or subcaulescent from thick and more or less fleshy branching roots: leaves and inflorescence of the preceding, but small or more slender, and pedicels shorter: sepals and petals hardly over a line long, the latter tardily deciduous: seeds of 7. teretifolium but smaller. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197; Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 154; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 14, & Pl. Wright. ii. 20. 7. confertiflorum, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 121, a form with smaller and denser cymes. — Rocks and plains, W. Arkansas # and Texas to Colorado and Arizona; first coll. by Nuttall. (Mex., Pringle.) 4, LEWISIA, Pursh. Brrrer-roor. (Capt. Meriwether Lewis, leader of the first U. S. expedition across the continent, first to make the principal species known.) — Perennial acaulescent or nearly acaulescent herbs, with a thick and perpendicular fleshy And farinaceous caudex and root, the crown bearing in spring a rosulate cluster of fleshy leaves and either short 1-flowered scapes or scapose- stalked panicles: flowers conspicuous and handsome, white to roseate or deep red. — Fl. ii. 368; Nutt. Gen. ii. 13, & Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 24, t. 2; Hook. 1 Also at Stump Lake, Brit. Columbia, McEvoy. 2 Southward to Central Georgiay Small, westward to the mountains of Colorado, acc. to Coulter. (Rocky Mountain specimens so labelled, and seen by the editor, appear to be 7. parviflorum.) 3 Also in Greene Co., Missouri, Blankinship, in Arkansas, on Middle Fork of Red River, Marcy Exp. (T. teretifolium, Torr. in Marcy, Red. Riv. Rep. 281), and on ‘‘hills of the Blancos,’’ Texas, Wright. 4 Northward to Pipestone City, Minn., Sheldon. Lewisia. PORTULACACEZ. 267 Bot. Mise, i. 345, t. 70, & Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 223; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 344, t. 86; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 44; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 78. The genus is here considerably extended to include the thick-rooted perennial section of Calandrinia (§ Pachyrrhizea, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 276), rightly sepa- rated from Calandrinia by Th. Howell on the very different dehiscence of the capsules. Mr. Howell’s genus Oreobroma (Erythea, i. 31), however, cannot be distinguished from Lewzsia by a single constant or satisfactory generic character as well indicated by K. Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 86. [Re- vised and extended by B. L. Rosinson. | § 1. Sepals or sepaloid bracts 4 to 8 (in LZ. rediviva, var. (?) Yosemitana, reduced to 2). * Scape jointed above the middle and bearing an involucre of 2 or more scarious subulate bracts: cotyledons accumbent. — Lewisia proper. L. rediviva, Pursn, 1. c. (Birrer-root, Racine D’AMERE.) Leaves in a dense tuft, usually shorter than the scapes, inch or two long, subclavate: involucre of 5 to 7 subulate scarious bracts: sepals 6 to 8, strongly imbricated, broad-oval, somewhat petaloid: corolla bright rose-color varying to white, of 12 to 16 oval or at length spatulate (an inch or more long) petals, rotately spreading in sunshine: stamens 40 or more: style-branches about 8.— Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5395.1 L. alba, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 115, f. 36. — Rocky Mountains from north of British boundary to Wyoming and Utah, west to the Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada down to San Bernardino Co., and Arizona, and even on Monte Diablo of the Contra Costa range, California. Var.* (?) Yosemitana, K. Branprcexn, 1. c. 89. Closely similar to the type in habit, but very depauperate and with the number of parts in the flowers much reduced: sepals 2, broad, concave, and emarginate: petals 5. — Yosemite Valley, Calif., Mrs. W. F. Dodd. * * Scapes not jointed near the middle but just beneath the calyx proper, the bracts from the joint 2, decussate with 2 sepals, which they usually closely subtend and much resem- ble: cotyledons incumbent or oblique. L.* Kelléggii, K. Branprcrr. Dwarf: leaves spatulate, obtuse or retuse; blades 6 lines to an inch in length; the petioles thick, very broad below; outer leaves bractlike being broad oblong-lanceolate scarious phyllodia: peduncles 4 to 7 lines in length, jointed at the base: involucre none: sepals 4, oblong-lanceolate, acute, finely glandular-toothed, 3 to 4 lines in length: petals 5, white, at least twice as long: stamens 12 to 15: style-branches 5; coty- ledons oblique (acc. to Mrs. Brandegee). — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 88. L. brachy- calyx, Greene, Fl. Francis. 176, not Engelm. — Granitic sand on the Sierra Nevada Mts., Central California, at Cisco, Kellogg (1870); Sierra Nevada, without exact locality, Muir (1872); and in Plumas Co., Mrs. Austin (1877). Clearly distinguished from the following species by its glandular-denticulate sepals. L.* brachycalyx, Excerm. Leaves spreading in an open rosulate cluster, spatulate and oblanceolate, moderately fleshy, 1 to 4 inches long (including the margined petiole), sur- passing the scapes: sepals 4, decussate, oval to oblong, much shorter than the corolla, outer pair narrower: petals 5 to 9, cuneate-obovate, white, sometimes purple-veiny, half inch to almost inch long: stamens 10 to 15: style-branches 5 to 7. — Engelm. in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400; Wats. 1. c. 45; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 79. — In wet ground, mountains of Arizona, Newberry, Palmer ; 8. Utah, Parry, &c.; San Bernardino Co., Calif., Parish. § 2. OrEoBROMA, Howell, |. c., as genus. Calyx of 2 sepals, without closely subtending bracts. * Root stout, more or less elongated, at least oblong-conical, bearing at its summit one or more short thick erect caudices. 1 Add Garden, xxxi. 124, t. 582; Paillieux & Bois, Bull. Soc. Nat. Acclimat. xxxvi. 448-448 (1889), with wood-cut. 268 -PORTULACACEZ. Lewisia. + Seeds granulate, conspicuously strophiolate or arillate at the hilum. L.* Tweédyi, Roxriyson, n. comb. Caudex and root very thick: leaves obovate, fleshy (2 to 4 inches long, including the winged petivle, and inch or two wide), rather shorter than the 1-3-flowered fructiferous scapes: fructiferous sepals orbicular, or broadly ovate, obtuse, somewhat scarious and colored (5 lines long) and with the alternate narrower bracts of the scape entire and glandless: petals apparently inch long: stamens 10 or 11: capsule 20-30- seeded, 5-valved from below upward; seeds with a large loose scalelike round-reniform _arillus rather than strophiole.— Calandrinia Tweedyi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 277. Oreobroma Tweedyi, Howell, 1. c. 32.— Alpine region, on the sides of Wenatchee Mountains, Yakima region, Washington, at 6,000-7,000 feet alt., Tweedy, Brandegee. + + Seeds obscurely or not at all strophiolate, mostly very smooth and shining. ++ Plant rarely a span high, from an oblong-conical root: scapes 1-3-flowered, mostly with a pair of bracteal small leaves, not surpassing the linear or spatulate-lanceolate moderately fleshy radical leaves. L.* Nevadénsis, Roxpiyson, n. comb. Sepals ample, in fruit 4 or 5 lines long, entire: petals 6 to 8, white, half inch long, unequal: stamens 6 to 9: ovules 30 to 40.— Calandrinia Nevadensis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623, xxii. 276; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 75. Talinum pygmeum, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 42, in part. Oreobroma Nevadensis, Howell, 1. c. 33.— Sierra Nevada, California, from San Bernardino Co., northward, east to the Wasatch Mts. in Utah, and north to Washington ; first coll. by Watson. L.* pygmea, Rosrnson, n. comb. Smaller: scapes less stout: sepals erose-dentate at the quasi-truncate summit, the teeth gland-tipped: petals 6 to 8, rose-red: stamens about as many: ovules 15 to 20: otherwise as in the preceding. — Talinum pygmeum, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 407; Wats. 1. c¢., in part. Calandrinia pygmea, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623, xxii. 276, not Muell. C. Grayi, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xvii. 312. Oreo- broma pygmea, Howell, 1. c.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, Montana and Wyoming to Colorado (first coll. by Parry), west to the Cascade Range, northward to the British boundary, and southward to the Sierra Nevada of California. 4+ ++ Scapes or scapiform stems a span or two high from a thick multicipital caudex on a long and thick root, paniculately several-many-flowered : sepals (as in the last preceding species) rounded or subtruncate and erose-dentate or fimbriate, much shorter than the obovate rose-red petals. = Caulescent: a pair or two of opposite or subopposite foliar oblanceolate leaves on the stem not far from the base: calyx-teeth and floral bracts glandless. L.* oppositifélia, Ropison, n. comb. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, the radical and lower cauline similar, 18 lines to 3 inches long, acutish: flowers few, large, long-pedicelled, shortly racemose or subumbellately clustered: bracts of the inflorescence ovate-oblong, somewhat scarious, subentire or erose-denticulate, but with teeth glandless. — Calandrinia oppositifolia, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 355; Gard. Chron. ser. 3, iv. 601, f. 83; Garden, xl. 485, with fig.; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7051. Oreobroma oppositifolia, Howell, 1. ¢. 32.— Bare moist hillsides, near Waldo, Oregon, and on the Coast Mts. of Del Norte Co., Calif., Howell. = = Foliar leaves essentially basal; those of the stem much reduced and bractlike ; floral bracts and calyx with fine glandular-tipped teeth. a. Leaves fleshy but flattened, obovate to spatulate, rather large, 2 or 3 inches long, usually half inch or more in breadth. L.* Cotylédon, Rogrson, n. comb. Leaves obovate-spatulate; those of the cymosely several-flowered scape very few and reduced to small oblong alternate or subopposite bracts : petals about 10, large and red: stamens 7 or 8; their filaments dilated and more or less coherent at the base: ovules 15 to 20.— Calandrinia Cotyledon, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 355. Oreobroma Cotyledon, Howell, 1. c. — Siskiyou Mountains of N. California, Howell. L.* Howeéllii, Rozsrson, n. comb. Leaves narrower, spatulate, with margins scarious and crisped: flowers large, “red, streaked with orange”: stamens nearly or quite free to the base. — Calandrinia Howellii, Wats. 1. ¢. xxiii. 262. Oreobroma Howellii, Howell, 1. c. — Moony Mountains, Josephine Co., Oregon. Perhaps only a form of the last. Calandrinia. PORTULACACEZ. 269 6. Leaves smaller, flat, narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, inch or two long, a quarter to a third inch broad. L.* Columbiana, Rozryson, n.comb. “Not glaucous,” 4 to 12 inches high: stem bearing few or rather numerous short-oblong glandular-toothed bracts: inflorescence loosely panicu- late, several-many-flowered ; flowers considerably smaller than in the preceding species, red : petals about 4 or 5 lines long. — Calandrinia Columbiana, Howell, in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxli. 277. Oreobroma Columbiana, Howell, 1. c. — From the Columbia River, Oregon, Howell, to the Olympic Mts., Henderson, and Vancouver Isl., J. M. Macoun ; first coll. by Lyall; fl. June, July. c. Leaves small, as in the last, but “terete.” L.* Leana, Rosinsoy, n. comb. Much like the last, but said to be glaucous, 4 to 8 inches high: inflorescence a much-branched many-flowered panicle; stems disarticulating at the base shortly after anthesis (a trait erroneously attributed to the preceding species by Dr. Gray, l. c.): petals about 7, “ white streaked with red”: stamens 5 to 8: ovules 5 to 8 (some abortive and seeds fewer ¢): bracts as in the preceding species fimbriate and with reddish beautifully glandular-tipped teeth. — Calandrinia Leana, Porter, Bot. Gaz. i. 49; Gray, 1. ¢. 277. Oreobroma Leana, Howell, 1. c. 31.—Siskiyou Mts. of California and Oregon, Lee, Howell. -* * Stems slender, 1 to several, arising from a small globular corm: single anomalous species, with habit of Claytonia, but with circumscissile dehiscence of the capsule. L.* triphylla, Roxrnson, n. comb. Corm barely quarter inch thick: plant 1 to 4 inches high: radical leaves unknown; cauline a pair or sometimes a whorl of three, narrowly linear, sessile (half inch to 2 inches long): paniculate cyme 2-20-flowered ; pedicels slender and erect in fruit: petals oblong, 3 to 10, 2 lines long: capsule oblong-conical. — Claytonia triphylla, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345; Gray, 1. c. xxii. 278. Oreobroma triphylla, Howell, 1. c. 33. — Subalpine, Sierra Nevada, California, from above the Yosemite northward to Washington, first coll. by the late Prof. Holton, next by Watson, in the triphyllous state ; structure of the capsule noticed by Henderson. 5. CALANDRINIA, HBK. (J. L. Calandrini, a Genevan botanist of the 18th century.) — Pacific-American and Andean (with some outlying Australian) low herbs, mostly alternate-leaved, and with ephemeral red or rose-colored flowers. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. vi. 77, t. 526, as to C. caulescens, the first descr. spec. ; Howell, Erythea, i. 33. Calandrinia § Eucalandrinia, Gray, 1. c. 277.— The genus is here limited as by Mr. Howell to those species having the capsules dehiscent from the apex. Ours are all annuals. [Revised and restricted by B. L. Rozrnson. | * Herbage green: capsule oblong-obovate, acute; seeds rather numerous, lenticular, punc- ticulate, minutely strophiolate. C. cauléscens, HBK. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, or leaves and sepals ciliate, some- what succulent: stems ascending, a span to a foot high: leaves spatulate-oblanceolate to linear : flowers racemosely extra-axillary, short-pedicelled : petals 3 to 5, rose-red to whitish, 2 to 4 lines long: stamens 3 to 6 or more: fructiferous sepals ovate, short-acuminate or apicu- late, enveloping the ovate capsule and of about its length; the midrib slightly prominent. —Nov. Gen. & Spee. vi. 78, t. 526; DC. Prodr. iii. 359; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 277. C. micrantha, Schlecht. Hort. Hal. 9, t. 5, small-flowered form. — Low ground, Arizona and S. E. California, Pringle, Parish, to islands of Lower California, Palmer, and on Columbia River, Suksdorf, Henderson. (Mex. to Bolivia.) Passes to Var. Menziésii, Gray, l.c. Flowers larger and longer-peduncled : petals quarter to half inch long, rose-red or purple: stamens 4 to 11.— Talinum (Calandrinia) Menziesi, Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 223, t. 70, small form, in fruit, probably from California. C. Menziesii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 74. C. speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1 Also vicinity of Victoria, Brit. Columbia, Macoun (specimen distrib. as C. Menztesiz). 270 PORTULACACEZ. Calandrinia. t. 1598. C. elegans, Spach, Hist. Veg. v. 232. C. pulchella, Lilja, Linnxa, xvii. 108. — Low grounds throughout W. California and northward to Brit. Columbia; variable. C. Bréweri, Warson.! Stems lax, ascending or trailing, commonly a foot long: leaves spatulate: flowers sparse: pedicels longer, often declined or refracted in fruit: capsule narrower and longer, 5 lines long, becoming nearly twice the length of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 124; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 74. C. Menziesii, var. macrocarpa, Gray, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii. 102.— Santa Inez Mountains, near Santa Barbara, California, Brewer.2, (La Grulla, Lower Calif., Orcutt.) * * Glaucous: capsule ovoid, obtuse; seeds more turgid, dull and grayish, roughish, con- spicuously strophiolate. C. maritima, Nurr. Depressed and small: leaves mostly rosulate at the root, obovate or spatulate: flowers in a loose naked cyme: petals red: fructiferous sepals ovate, 2 lines long, a little shorter than the capsule. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 75.— Coast of S. California, near San Diego, Nuttall, Thurber, and Santa Monica, Parry 3 * * * Very succulent annual: capsule ovoid, obtuse ; seeds rather numerous, obovate and lenticular, naked at hilum. C. sesuvioides, Gray. Depressed and spreading from a stout tap-root: stems a span or more long, leafy: leaves linear-spatulate, flattish and strongly edged, very obtuse, inch or more long, some of them opposite: flowers in terminal and lateral somewhat umbellate clusters; pedicels rather longer than the calyx, not joited: sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, nearly equalling the chartaceous capsule, equalling or exceeding the 5 obovate white petals: stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 8: style very short ; stigma subcapitate, undivided : seeds shining, minutely puncticulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 278. Claytonia ambigua, Wats. ibid. xvii. 365.4 — Colorado Desert, at Indio and El Rio, on the Californian side of the river, Lemmon, Parish. 6. CLAYTONIA, Gronoy. Sprine Beauty. (Dedicated by Gronovius to John Clayton, of Virginia, from whose collections and observations he edited the Flora Virginica.) — Low and very glabrous moderately succulent perennials from a corm or thickened caudex, sending up radical leaves and scapes or flowering stems bearing a single pair of opposite leaves (in one species the 1 to 3 cauline leaves commonly alternate). Flowers usually opening for two or three days. Sta- mens always 9. Capsule 3-valved from the top, about 6-seeded ; seeds smooth and shining, mostly with an evident conical or depressed white strophiole at the hilum (as noticed by Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. AXquin. i. 91). — Gronov. ace. to L. Gen. no. 849, & FI. Virg. 25; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 198; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 223, t. 97, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 278, in part; Howell, Erythea, i. 35; K. Bran- degee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 89. — A genus essentially confluent with Montia, but scarcely to be united with it, owing to the diverse habit of the more typical species of the two. The most practicable, although none too definite, di- vision is that suggested by Th. Howell and by K. Brandegee, whereby Claytonia is 1 It has been suggested (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 90) that this species is the Chilian C. compressa, Schrad.,—a possible identity, which, with the scanty and not very authoritatively named material at hand of the Chilian plant, can neither be confirmed nor wholly disproved. The number of stamens in the Californian plant is about 6, in the Chilian said to be 3 or 4. 2 Also on the Island of Sta. Cruz, Brandegee, and apparently the same on Mt. Tamalpais, Blankinship. 3 Also on the Island of Sta. Cruz, Brandegee, and Lower Calif., Palmer. 4 Add syn. Calandrinia ambigua, Howell, Erythea, i. 34. It is much to be regretted that Dr. Gray in transferring this species to Calandrinia did not retain the original specific name. Claytonia. PORTULACACEZ. 271 - limited, as here, to the cormatose and caudicose members of LHuclaytonia, Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 278). [Revised and restricted by B. L. Roxrnson.] * Typical Claytonia. (Sprinc Beauty.) Cormose; the slender 2-leaved stems and sparse and few radical leaves (rarely coétaneous) from a deep globular corm: leaves linear to oblong: petals light rose, usually with deeper-colored veins: few-seeded capsule 3-valved- from top; the valves chartaceous and more or less conduplicate in age, persistent: race miform inflorescence mainly bractless: flowers (produced in early spring) lasting for a few days:. pedicels recurved or drooping in fruit: seeds lenticular, rather narrow-edged, very shining. Species almost confluent in a series. C. Virginica, L. aurea, 71. chrysantha, 71. hexandra, 71. hexandra, 71. parviflora, 71. planipetala, 71. Varnish-trees, 383. Veatchia Cedrosensis, 381. discolor, 381. Velarum, 137. Velezia, 209, 210. latifolia, 207. rigida, 211. Velvet-leaf, 327. Vesicaria, 116, 121. alpina, 117. angustifolia, 119, 120. arctica, 118, 120. arenosa, 118. argyreda, 120. auriculata, 116. Berlandieri, 118. brevistyla, 116. densiflora, 117. didymocarpa, 121. Engelmanni, 120. Fendler?, 120. Geyer?, 121. globosa, 118. Gordoni, 120, gracilis, 119. grandiflora, 116, 119. Kingit, 117. lasiocarpa, 116. Lescurii, 116. Lindheimeri, 119. Ludoviciana, 117, 118,119. montana, 117, 118. Nuttallii, 119. occidentalis, 117. pallida, 119. polyantha, 119. pulchella, 120. purpurea, 119. recurvata, 119. repanda, 119. Shortii, 118. stenophylla, 120. INDEX. eriocarpa, 202. Jimbriatula, 197. Jlabellifolia, 195. gibbosa, 201. glabella, 201, 475. glabella, 201. Hallii, 200. hastata, 201. heterophylla, 196. hirta, 201. Howellii, 204. Kamtschatica,.197. Labradorica, 203. lanceolata, 198, 475. Langsdorffii, 197, 474. Langsdorfii, 474. Lewisiana, 203. linguerfolia, 199. lobata, 201. longipes, 203. 505 Selkirkii, 197, 474. Selkirkii, 198. septemloba, 196. Sequoiensis, 201. Sheltonii, 200. sororia, 196. striata, 202. striata, 201, 203. sylvestris, 203. tenella, 204. tricolor, 204. triloba, 196. trinervata, 201. tripartita, 201. umbrosa, 197. uniflora, 201, 202. verticillata, 205. villosa, 196. VIOLACEA, 194, 474. Violet, 195. Viorna, 5. cylindrica, 7. urnigera, 5. Virginia Creeper, 431. Villarsia peltata, 74. Vine, 420. Maple, 437. Viola, 195, 474. Macloskey/, 198. mirabilis, 197, 204. montana, 200. Muhlenbergiana, 203. acuta, 198. adunca, 203. affinis, 196. albiflora, 203. Alleghaniensis, 197. amena, 198. : arenaria, 203. arvensis, 204. asarifolia, 196, 203. attenuata, 198. aurea, 200. Beckwithii, 200. Beckwithii, 201. bicolor, 204. biflora, 199. biflora, 201. blanda, 198. blanda, 198. borealis, 197. Brooksii, 200. Canadensis, 202. Canadensis, 201. canina, 203, 475. canina, 203. chrysantha, 200. chrysantha, 201. ciliata, 197. clandestina, 198, 199. concolor, 204. congener, 196. conspersa, 203. cordata, 196. cordifolia, 196. cucullata, 196, 197. cuneata, 202. debilis, 203. delphinifolia, 196. dentata, 197. digitata, 196. Douglasti, 200. edulis, 196. emarginata, 197. epipsila, 197. Muhlenbergii, 203. multicaulis, 203. Nuttallii, 199. Nuttallii, 200. obliqua, 196, 198. ocellata, 202. ochroleuca, 203. odorata, 197. orbiculata, 199. ovata, 197. palmata, 196. palmata, 197. palustris, 197. pulustris, 198. papilionacea, 196. parva, 198. pedata, 195. pedata, 195, 196. pedatifida, 196, 474. pedunculata, 199. Pennsylvanica, 202. pinetorum, 200. pinnata, 196. premorsa, 200. premorsa, 199. primulzfolia, 198. primulifolia, 197, pubescens, 202. pubescens, 201. punctata, 203. purpurea, 200. radicans, 208. ranunculifolia, 196. renifolia, 198. repens, 203. rostrata, 204. rotundifolia, 198. rotundifolia, 199. sagittata, 196. sagittata, 197, sarmentosa, 199. scabriuscula, 202. Scoulerii, 201. Virgin’s Bower, 4. Viscaria, 224, 227. VITACEA, 419. Viticella, 5. crispa, 7. Vitis, 420. Vitis, 430. acida, 430, 431. zestivalis, 427. Americana, 427. angulata, 421. araneosus, 427. arborea, 430. argentifolia, 428. Arizonensis, 426. Arizonica, 425. Arizonica, 423, 426. Baileyana, 424. Berlandieri, 425. Berlandieri, 422, 423. bicolor, 428. bicolor, 426, 427. bipinnata, 430. Blancoi, 428. Blandi, 429. Borquiniana, 428. bracteata, 427. Californica, 426. Californica, 426. candicans, 428. candicans, 423, 427, 429. Caribzea, 428. Caribeea, 425, 426, 429. Champini, 423. cinerea, 425. cinerea, 425, 426, 427, 429. cordifolia, 424. cordifolia, 422, 423. coriacea, 429, diversifolia, 428. Doaniana, 427. Doaniana, 423. [429, 430. estivalis, 420, 425, 426, 428 ? 506 Floridana, 421. Foexeana, 422. Girdiana, 426. hederacea, 431. Illinoensis, 422. incisa, 431. indivisa, 430. Labrusca, 429. Labrusca,420, 422,427,429. Lincecumti, 427. Linsecomii, 428. Longii, 423. Longii, 427. Missouriensis, 422. monosperma, 424. monticola, 422. monticola, 423, 425, 426. Munsoniana, 421. muscadina, 421. Mustangensis, 429. Nortoni, 427. Nuevo-Mexicana, 423. occidentalis, 427. odoratissima, 422. palmata, 423. palmata, 424. peltata, 421. pubescens, 432. pullaria, 424. quinquefolia, 431. riparia, 422, 424. rotundifolia, 420. rotundifolia, 421. rubra, 424. rupestris, 421. rupestris, 423. serotina, 422. Simpsoni, 429. Solonis, 423. sylvestris, 427. taurina, 421. tenuifolia, 422. Texana, 422. Treleasei, 423. verrucosa, 421. vinifera, 420, 427, 428. Virginiana, 425. vulpina, 422. vulpina, 421, 422, 423, 424, [427, 429. Wafer-ash, 372. Wahlbergella affinis, 226. apetala, 226. triflora, 225. INDEX. Americana, 341. detonsa, 341. Wankapin, 75. Warea, 105, 179, 473. amplexifolia, 180, 473. amplexifolia, 473. cuneifolia, 180, 473. sessilifolia, 473. Warneria, 56. Wart Cress, 129. Watches, 81. Water Chinquapin, 75. Cress, 146. Water-Lily, 75. Water-shield, 74. Waterwort, 281. Wendlandia Caroliniana, 65. populifolia, 65. West Ind. Birch, 380. Western Wallflower, 143. White Bay, 59. Campion, 227. Canella, 206. Iron Wood, 445. Laurel, 59. Mustard, 134. Winter’s Bark, 206. White-wood, 61, 206. Whitlow-grass, 106. Wild Cabbage, 172. China Tree, 444. Cinnamon, 206. Lime, 394. Orange, 374. Pink, 216. Radish, 132. Wind-flower, 9. Wine Grape, 428. Winter Aconite, 42. Cress, 149. Grape, 424, 425. Winterania Canella, 206. Winterberry, 391. WINTERES, 58. Winterlia triflora, 390. Winter’s Bark, 206. Wislizenia, 181, 186. Palmeri, 186. refracta, 186. Wissadula, 296, 326. holosericea, 326. mucronulata, 326. periplocifolia, 326. rostrata, 326. Zeylanica, 326. Xanthorrhiza, 3, 56. aplifolia, 56. simplicissima, 56. Xanthorrhizee, 3. XANTHOXYLES, 370. Xanthoxylum, 370, 373. Xanthoxylum, 375. alveolatum 874. Americanum, 373. aromaticum, 374. Caribeum, 375. Carolinianum, 374. Catesbianum, 374. Clava-Herculis, 374. Clava-Herculis, 374, 375. coriaceum, 375. cribosum, 375. Elephantiasis, 375. emarginatum, 375. Fagara, 374. flavum, 375. Floridanum, 375. JSraxineum, 374. JSraxinifolium, 374. hirsutum, 374. macrophyllum, 374. mite, 374. Pterota, 374. ramiflorum, 374. Texanum, 374. tricarpum, 374. Tweedii, 374. Ximenia, 394. Americana, 394. multiflora, 394. ramosissima, 394, Yaupon, 389. Yeard, 383. Yellow Cress, 147. Pond-Lily, 77. Puccoon, 56. Rocket, 149. Yellow-root, 56. Yellow-weed, 188. Yellow-wood, 373. Zanthorhiza, 56. Zanthoxylum, 373, 374. ZIZYPHE®, 401. Zizyphus, 403. Domingensis, 418. emarginatus, 404. lyciodes, 403. obtusifolia, 403. Parryi, 404. volubilis, 405. ZYGOPHYLLACEA, 352. Zygophyllum Californicum, 356. tridentatum, 356. Wahoo, 60, 397. Walteriana, 393. Caroliniensis, 398. Waltheria, 339, 341. Wolfsbane, 52. Wood Sorrel, 364. Woodbine, 431. Worm-seed Mustard, 143. f 4204 peers maredionee 8 Bt ~~ mas vat Pipoanih Lab peaeat rou figs riblovasttetye ie Pel ove eae neath st puke shedte “ ani) ee oo tise 4 M iy Mi seria an Na Laie iat tae ay nie) hh weed | i “aa ipvweny ae ‘ah Rae a see ia ie arth yt pige pat eral uymegy' a ety “ool eae ( . sys ve Ace be ah bngas yey 0 Wak ities tik Pes ae he relay 4 tf a iA ats Sane Lovet ay Pwlgle roe isa ‘en bay er?) c ” ype hy i it ie ub treat Ses Hit aol A Weaeean ae bi caneh pe ey ta fainted vy! cit + were V8 ver pe Urrelpeaty suse enh Sh yhier] ie a ering pa eter ene Api Tokbhi =e nA sit ae veer abud oa c are are patel a myse tenn ales oe aed apes ey nny + ase jus ttl are rsa “a Bene + diye POP ashe Jw hs a on ies _ : i aval * Terenas hohe , aera Ee aa ae ten HP Fe Wah fanaa deen eae gn Me geese oye saints ei ve hen einen r r Kon! we Wi ban se ree tay) gists if rh Wenn y at al ey tier ut My nope A tty hae pe ty oy sa Ne)! Hy eth penn * 4 ' i iA ae ra Waser ye ARS ait her) ‘Cate Me .) . tis ul : i ) hoe v ¥ 3 ve it hey eaen ha eingere ’ ert yaaa pred OpeRe ree Te” pee t ah et eate bivwen air ate! hme rar eee a, ota shew ve a f east “abt chatter oats wg yentuaty’ ine soe ss . mn jr bopte ry wel oe of Pave aan tn gt Hee ae Nan fyaveyat at sipeether byt Ve +r | bey ait} deivd ofits sents vas + vinoce «eerr hin d caer inet hor hee Wr ree 1 Wad takne neionh ef yPhanyney hohuontiyilyn a Tops inven ey Ary) aia On he ip it wie i a 4 pga gh at tke Oat bra Hy Whegirs: poe TbReoss pe im vy ¥ Vat ou a ¥ - + OTR Hb oe baat s PT ak. baeea’ + od itt han Whtd § rhe MAINT Cu Mbak asaya no Favbe A begat what atahatt Tn pelea Mea maf Ashe cut an hoagie st Bite weg Sag eee Sean rater MA ngerenedine! Teac anny rote Lew Stet BD) a ate rey H hi ian mt Ap ey . Bases iter Mey, nee) at a ae ii aa spe haunt =r napyen heat pea 4) A \ rh ray Se sha “a ae uF Baa (rit y beatae BA aren fi “Ath + ard casted ad in| ee mit sianiat ww pres ey iy ‘i ats Sata ta brig peloera Siler tive nae Yaga ith y eile it uh ae ant iy Whe A eye ted HAN a vee URN Wa i) sent i ui “ ) Alf ein ctgaht ie eu ! Hie at Han ie y HIE at ia yee . met 4 104 pH 4 Wty Rune 4) [itt | M a eset (yt thease , 5 FOr ‘A et at nue A Matt elie Pypiin / Leena Riv ry Seftor eat" of Soo acanatety Kiet ga tod st q y iysbi ste ‘ ae ah nan sper Seah? Heated ee) ry tite dy) aur a velterw et Fate et ti } br ny int Rye * aya eh bagany bs Wen: Tater year ink i mein hie vite i a ja wiry wins “i AS “ pig qn Ay aye Derr 4¢\) os Piatt eh vari rn i he aN na Sepuscyse mariah iy ena } L) [aarti ae rh a mie fal if it Saddell iy itt it it nh! ii 4 Hehe hi hey ribet ay Sued 4 ee Wig mtevtan ae oe re et acing: pete Cae “t\ ane Jani 4 dia hi yea At a Be " yet wy et mer Pe EN ay) al ayen ny thiens vA OF Gi ’ wil : fy “ a 0 ‘el ee iy a nt Be ase nb! eek Neher Prt B54 moog? ¢ OF Ah ytreerag ® * yan fy ae w nn vin rN) NaN " preure tet as eM EG Aa th nivale ay parntye D! hanna aN MAM vere wale tL ae ahs esl 4 Ye , Cita i pO “4 ee mie apie spat at f Pate miei eta ae ih eee ae Lip\ Ie Lahake ap ramets ibpolal perm OF ele TOT acetate nae Tei unt Wye sor |e Te pe rey Went iat NY i { * rf Oe ri LU Ga atcha a wie Nd leet tet ‘ rte 1 inet Dies sede Fyeenes eh ere a Nl Lea wgetgvnd f hat Arup bi wyiat vat yh 4H me \! st vee, rv % Wann Hea ibee sin \ ai Ranney vent sn yh wr) t tS; sgmenent q wk (ars iy ine sau Taek agian aS erotics