FE Sy reat hee. ae = on = ; i AS RPS D UREN SS OREO vee cfm dese ea tte Sess Tearserge Aiea ah ’ . Z ' . ‘ oe ol gf e ‘ . van 2 se . Ub 155Yy ea cca 2 s ERMC ae | — a bay — ait TY Ve — a. “ae i = a » — = 4 J ~~~ “eo a ee ; ORS fee a eed et ea 5 ip ten > , cL? 3 ‘ SMoe yay ae ' ' é * - re i > ’ . iy > “oe “_— SYNOPTICAL LORA OF NORTH AMERICA. SYNOPTICAL FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. EeVASe GRAY, LEAD, F.M. R.S. & L.S. Lond., R.I.A. Dubl., Phil. Soc. Cambr., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Geettingen ; Roy. Acad. Sci. Munich, &c.; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Roy. Acad. Berlin, and Acad. Sci. Instit. France. FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Voli l.— PARE CL: CAPRIFOLIACEA — COMPOSIT 2. Publisher by the Smithsonian Enstitution, GM ashington. NEW YORK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. LONDON: WM. WESLEY, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND, AND TRUBNER & CO. LEIPSIG: OSWALD WEIGEL. Jury, 1884. : 3 go Bw ™ 2 Ba £4 2 oy Bo 4 Ee 5 5 SYNOPTICAL FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. Drvistoy I]. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. PERIANTH consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter more or less gamopetalous. (Hxceptions: A part of Hricacew, Plumbaginacee, Styracacee, and Oleacee have unconnected petals; some Oleacee, &ce., are apetalous.) GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. * Ovary inferior or mainly so: stamens borne by the corolla, alternate with its lobes, and +- Unconnected: leaves opposite or whorled. 69. CAPRIFOLIACE., Stamens as many as corolla-lobes (one fewer in Linnea, doubled by division in Adoxa). Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite : stipules none, or rare as appendages to base of petiole. 70. RUBIACE. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, mostly four or five. Ovary with two or more cells or placente. Seeds albuminous. Leaves all simple and entire, with stipules between or within the petioles or bases, or whorled without stipules, the additional leaves probably representing them. 71. VALERIANACEA. Stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, one to four. Ovary with one cell containing a suspended ovule which becomes an exalbuminous seed, and commonly two empty cells or vestiges of them. No stipules. 72. DIPSACACE. Stamens as many as or fewer than corolla-lobes, two or four. Ovary simple and one-celled, with a single suspended ovule, becoming an albuminous seed. Flowers capitate. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. + + Stamens with anthers connate into a tube. 73. COMPOSIT. Syngenesious stamens as many as their corolla-lobes, five, some- times four. Ovary one-celled, with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an exalbuminous seed in an akene. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Flowers in involucrate heads. No stipules. Zz GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. * * Ovary either inferior or superior, two-several-celled: stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, inserted with it, as many or twice as many as its lobes or petals, when of same number alternate with them: no stipules. (Orders from these onward are in Vol. II. Part I.) + Juice milky except in the first order: corolla-lobes valvate or induplicate in the bud. 74. GOODENIACEZ. Corolla irregular, epigynous. Stamens or at least filaments distinct. Stigma indusiate. Juice not milky. 75. LOBELIACEA. Corolla irregular, epigynous or perigynous. Stamens five, mona- delphous or syngenesious, or both. Stigma not indusiate. Cells of ovaty or placentee two. Seeds numerous. Juice usually more or less milky and acrid. Inflorescence centripetal. 76. CAMPANULACE. Corolla regular, epigynous. Stamens five, mostly distinet: Stigmas two to five, introrse, at the summit of the style, which below bears pollen- collecting hairs. Cells of ovary and capsule two to five, many-seeded. Juice milky and bland. (Exception : Sphenoclea.) + + Juice not milky nor acrid: corolla-lobes or petals imbricate or some- times convolute in the bud. 77. ERICACE. Flowers mostly regular, symmetrical, and tetra-pentamerous through- out: corolla sometimes moderately irregular, epigynous or hypogynous. Stamens distinct, as many and oftener twice as many as petals or corolla-lobes. Cells of the ovary (with few exceptions) as many or even twice as many as the divisions of the calyx or corolla. Style and mostly stigma undivided. * * * Ovary superior, many-celled: stamens five to eight, as many as the lobes of the hypogynous corolla, and borne in the throat of its long tube. 78. LENNOACEX. Root-parasites. * * * * Ovary superior: stamens (or antheriferous stamens) of the same number as the proper corolla-lobes or petals and opposite them: flowers regular. + Ovary one-celled, with solitary ovule or free placenta rising from its base : seeds small. 80. PLUMBAGINACE.®. Stamens and styles or lobes of the style five, except in Plumbago, the former hypogynous or borne on the very base of the almost or com- pletely distinct unguiculate petals. Ovary uniovulate, in fruit becoming an akene or utricle. Herbs or somewhat shrubby. 81. PRIMULACEA, Stamens four or five, rarely six to eight, borne on the corolla (or in Glaux, which is apetalous, on the calyx alternate with its petaloid lobes) : stam- inodia only in Samolus. Ovules several or numerous, sessile on the central placenta. Fruit capsular. Herbs. 82, MYRSINACE.E®. Shrubs or trees, with dry or drupaceous fruit and solitary or very few seeds, usually immersed in the placenta : otherwise as Primulacew. GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. o + + Ovary few-several-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, usually only one maturing into a large bony-coated seed in a fleshy pericarp. 83. SAPOTACE. Shrubs or trees, mostly with milky juice and alternate simple leaves. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, tetra-heptamerous. Calyx and corolla much imbricated in the bud; the latter often bearing accessory lobes or appendages within, sometimes petaloid staminodia also. * * * * * Ovary inferior or superior, few-several-celled: cells of the fruit one-seeded: stamens at least twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, sometimes indefinitely numerous and borne on or united with their base or tube: flowers regular: shrubs or trees, with simple alternate leaves, sometimes a resinous but no milky juice. 84. EBENACE. Flowers dicecious or polygamous; the male ones polyandrous. Ovary superior and corolla hypogynous. Styles as many or half as many as the cells of the ovary, distinct or partly united. Fruit fleshy, containing solitary or few large seeds with bony testa and cartilaginous albumen. 85. STYRACACE. Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly pentapetalous and a numerous cluster of stamens adnate to base of each petal, or more gamopetalous and the fewer stamens monadelphous in a single series. Style and stigma entire. Corolla epigy- nous, in Styrax perigynous. Fruit dry or nearly so, one—four-seeded, when dehiscent the seed bony: albumen fleshy. * * * * * * Ovary or gynecium superior, dicarpellary, or in some monocar- pellary, very rarely tri-pentacarpellary, sometimes appearing to be tetra- carpellary by the division of the two ovaries: stamens borne on the corolla (in apetalous Oleacea, &c., on the receptacle), alternate with its divisions or lobes, of the same number or fewer. + Corolla not scarious and veinless, ++ Regular with stamens fewer than its lobes or petals, or no corolla: style one: seeds solitary or very few. 86. OLEACE. Trees or shrubs, with opposite (rarely alternate) leaves ; no stipules, no milky juice. Stamens usually two, alternate with the carpels ; these two-ovuled, or sometimes four-ovuled ; seed mostly solitary, albuminous. Jorestiera and part of Fraxinus apetalous and even achlamydeous, ++ ++ Corolla regular and stamens as many as its divisions, five or four. = Ovaries two (follicular in fruit); their stigmas and sometimes styles perma- nently united into one: plants with milky juice: flowers hermaphrodite: leaves simple, entire. 87. APOCYNACE. Stamens distinct, or the anthers merely connivent or lightly co- hering: pollen ordinary. Style single. 88. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Stamens monadelphous and anthers permanently attached to a large stigmatic body: pollen combined into waxy pollinia or sometimes granu- lose masses. Carpels united only by the common stigmatic mass. GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. = = Ovaries two, with styles slightly united below or distinct. Vide 94. - = = = Ovary one, compound, with two or three (very rarely four or five) cells or placentz : stamens distinct (or anthers at most lightly connate). a. Leaves opposite, simple, and mostly entire, with stipules or stipular line connecting their bases: no milky juice. 89. LOGANIACES. Ovary dicarpellary, two-celled ; style single, but stigmas occa- 90. wil 92. sionally four, usually only one. Seeds numerous: embryo rather small, in copious albumen. b. Leaves with no trace of stipules: milky juice only in Convolvulacee. GENTIANACEZ. Leaves opposite, sessile, simple and entire, except in Menyan- thee. Ovary dicarpellary, one-celled, many-ovuled: placente or ovules parietal. Stigmas mostly two, introrse. Fruit capsular, septicidal, 1. e. dehiscent through the placentze or alternate with the stigmas. Seeds with minute embryo in fleshy albu- men. Herbage smooth. DIAPENSIACE. Leaves alternate and simple, smooth. Ovary tricarpellary, three-celled, as also the loculicidal many-seeded capsule, which has a persistent colu- mella. Stamens five, either borne in sinuses of the corolla or monadelphous : in some a series of petaloid staminodia alternate with the true stamens. Anthers in- flexed on apex of the filament, or transversely dehiscent. Calyx and corolla imbri- cated in the bud. Style one: stigma three-lobed. Embryo small in fleshy albumen. Depressed or scapose and acaulescent perennials. — POLEMONIACEZ. Leaves opposite or alternate, from entire to compound. Ovary tri-(very rarely di-)carpellary, with as many cells, becoming a loculicidal capsule, with solitary to numerous seeds borne on a thick placental axis. Stamens five, distinct, borne on the tube or throat of the corolla; the latter convolute in the bud, the calyx imbricated. Style three-cleft or three-lobed at the summit: stigmas in- trorse. Seeds with comparatively large straight embryo in rather sparing albumen. HYDROPHYLLACE. Leaves mostly alternate, disposed to be lobed or divided. Inflorescence disposed to be scorpioid in the manner of the next order. Corolla five-lobed, imbricated or sometimes convolute in the bud. Stamens five, distinct. Ovary undivided, dicarpellary, and style (with one exception) two-parted or two- lobed : stigmas terminal. Capsule one-celled with two parietal or introflexed pla- centee, each bearing two or more pendulous (or when very numerous horizontal) seeds, or sometimes two-celled by the junction of the placente in the axis. Seeds with reticulated or pitted or roughened testa : a small or slender straight embryo in solid albumen. BORRAGINACE®. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, and with whole herbage apt to be rough, hirsute, or hispid. Inflorescence cymose, commonly in the scorpioid mode, the mostly uniparous or biparous cymes evolute into unilateral and often ebrac- teate false spikes or racemes. Corolla five-lobed, sometimes four-lobed, imbricate or convolute or sometimes plicate in the bud. Ovary dicarpellary, but usually seeming tetramerous, being of four (i. e. two biparted) lobes around the base of the style, maturing into as many separate or separable nutlets ; or ovary not lobed, two—four- celled, in fruit drupaceous or dry, containing or splitting into as many nutlets. Soli- tary seed with a mostly straight embryo and little or no albumen: radicle superior or centripetal. GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 5 94. CONVOLVULACE. Leaves alternate and petioled. Stems usually twining or trailing, but some erect, many with milky juice. Flowers borne by axillary pedun- cles or cymose-glomerate. Calyx of imbricated sepals. Corolla with four—five-lobed or commonly entire margin, plieate and the plaits convolute in the bud, sometimes induplicate-valvate or imbricated. Ovary two-celled or sometimes three-celled, with a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, becoming comparatively large seeds (these sometimes separated by spurious septa of the capsular fruit), with smooth or hairy testa. Embryo incurved, with ample foliaceous plaited and crumpled cotyle- dons (in Cuscuta embryo long and spiral without cotyledons) surrounded by little — orno albumen: radicle inferior. Dichondra has two distinct ovaries. 95. SOLANACE®. Leaves alternate, sometimes unequally geminate. Inflorescence various, but no truly axillary flowers. Corolla in some a little irregular, its lobes or border induplicate-plicate or rarely imbricate in the bud. Ovary normally two-celled (oceasionally three—five-celled) and undivided, with many-ovuled placente in the axis : style undivided : stigma entire or bilamellar. Seeds numerous, with incurved or coiled or rarely almost straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons sel- dom much broader than the radicle. ++ ++ ++ Corolla irregular, more or less bilabiately so (3); its lobes variously imbricate or convolute, or sometimes almost regular: stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, four and didynamous, or only two: style undivided: stigma entire or two-lobed or bilamellar; the lobes anterior and posterior: ovary in all dicarpellary ; the cells or carpels anterior and posterior. = Pluriovulate or multiovulate. 96. SCROPHULARIACE. Ovary and capsule completely two-celled : placentae oceu- pying the middle of the partition. Seeds comparatively small or minute, mostly in- definitely numerous, sometimes few. Embryo small, straight or slightly curved, in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons hardly broader than the radicle. 97. OROBANCHACE. Ovary one-celled with two or four (doubled) parietal many- ovuled placentz. Seeds very many in fleshy albumen, with minute embryo, having no obvious distinction of parts. Root-parasites, destitute of green herbage. 98. LENTIBULARIACE. Ovary one-celled, with a free central multiovulate pla- centa: globular capsule mostly bursting irregularly. Seeds destitute of albumen, filled by a solid oblong embryo, Bilabiate corolla personate and calcarate. Stamens two: anthers confluently one-celled. Aquatic or paludose plants, with scapes or scapiform peduncles, sometimes almost leafless. 99. BIGNONIACE. Ovary and capsule two-celled by the extension of a partition beyond the two parietal placente, or in some genera simply one-celled. Seeds numerous, large, commonly winged, transverse, filled by the horizontal embryo : cotyledons broad and foliaceous, plane, emarginate at base and summit, the basal notch including the short radicle: no albumen. Trees or shrubs, many climbing, large-flowered : leaves commonly opposite. 100. PEDALIACE#. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal intruded placente, which are broadly bilamellar or united in centre, or two-four-celled by spurious septa from the walls. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, with thick and close testa, filled by the large straight embryo: cotyledons thickish. Herbs, ‘with mainly opposite simple leaves ; juice mucilaginous. 6 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 101, ACANTHACE. Ovary two-celled, with placente in the axis, bearing a definite number of ovules (two to eight or ten in each cell), becoming a loculicidal capsule. Seeds wingless, destitute of albumen (or a thin layer in Elytraria), either globular on a papilliform funicle, or flat on a retinaculum. Embryo with broad and flat cotyledons. = = Cells of the ovary uniovulate or biovulate. 102. SELAGINACEA, Ovary two-celled : ovule suspended. Embryo in fleshy albu- men : radicle inferior, Leaves alternate. 103. VERBENACE. Ovary two-four-celled, in fruit di-tetrapyrenous, not lobed, in Phryma one-celled and becoming an akene. Ovule erect from the base of each cell or half-cell. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior. 104. LABIATAK. Ovary deeply four-lobed around the style, the lobes becoming dry seed-like nutlets in the bottom of a gamosepalous calyx. Ovule erect. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior, Commonly aromatic herbs or undershrubs, +- + Corolla scarious and nerveless: flowers tetramerous, regular. 105. PLANTAGINACE. Calyx imbricated. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens four or fewer. Style entire. Ovary and capsule one—two-celled : cells sometimes again divided by a false septum, Seeds mostly amphitropous and peltate, with straight embryo in firm fleshy albumen. Chiefly acaulescent herbs, with one- many-flowered commonly spike-bearing scapes, arising from axils of the leaves. CAPRIFOLIACE. 7 OrperR LXIX. CAPRIFOLIACEA. Shrubby, or a few perennial herbaceous plants, with opposite leaves normally destitute of stipules, and regular or (in the corolla) irregular hermaphrodite flow- ° ers; calyx-tube adnate to the 2—5-celled or by suppression 1-celled ovary ; sta- mens as many as lobes of the corolla (in Linnea one fewer, in Adoxa doubled) and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or base; embryo small in the axis of fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the bud. Ovules anatro- pous, when solitary suspended and resupinate; the rhaphe dorsal. Seed-coat adherent to the albumen. Flowers commonly 5-merous. Trips I. SAMBUCE. Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate, 5-lobed. Style short or hardly any: stigmas 3 to 5. Ovules solitary in the (1 to 5) cells. Fruit baccate-drupaceous ; the seed-like nutlets 1 to 5. Inflorescence terminal and cymose. * Herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. Anomalous in the order. 1. ADOXA,. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary; limb about 3-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4—6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus of the corolla, each with a peltate one-celled anther, and the short subulate filaments approximate or united at base (one stamen divided into two). Ovary 3-5-celled: style short, 3=5-parted. Ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. Fruit greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nut- lets. Cauline leaves a single pair. * * Frutescent to arborescent: inflorescence compound-cymose: flowers articulated with their pedicels: stamens as many as corolla-lobes: anthers 2-celled: calyx 5-toothed. 2. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3-5- celled, forming small baceate drupes with as many cartilaginous nutlets. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen. 3. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe with a single more or less flattened nutlet or stone. Embryo minute. Cymes in some species radiate. Tripe Il. LONICEREA. Corolla elongated or at least campanulate, commonly more or less irregular. Style elongated: stigma mostly capitate. Fruit various. Stipules or stipular appendages seldom seen. * Herbs, with axillary sessile flowers and drupaceous fruit. 4. TRIOSTEUM. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla tubular-campanulate, somewhat unequally 5- lobed; tube gibbous at base. Stamens 5. Ovary 3- (sometimes 4—5-) celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell: style slender: stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a fleshy drupe, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes: putamen bony, costate, at length separable into 3 (rarely 4 or 5, or by abortion 2) thick one-seeded nutlets. * * Fruticulose creeping herb, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded fruit, but a 3-celled ovary. 5. LINN A&A. Calyx with limb 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate lobes, constricted above the globular tube, deciduous from the fruit. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, not gibbous, al- most equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two long and two shorter, included. Ovary 3-celled; two of the cells containing several abortive ovules; one with a solitary suspended oyule, forming the single seed in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style exserted : stigma capitate. * * * Shrubs, with scaly winter-buds, erect or climbing: fruit 2-many-seeded:; style slen- der: stigma capitate, often 2-lobed. 6. SYMPHORICARPOS. Calyx with a globular tube and 4-5-toothed persistent limb. Corolla regular, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4-5-lobed. Stamens as 8 CAPRIFOLIACE. Adoxa. many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled; two cells contain- ing a few sterile ovules: alternate cells containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a glo- bose berry-like drupe, containing 2 small and seed-like bony smooth nutlets, each filled by a seed; sterile cells soon obliterated. 7. LONICERA. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb. ~~ Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base; the limb irregular and commonly bilabiate ({), sometimes almost regular. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a few- several-seeded berry. 8. DIERVILLA. Calyx with slender elongated tube, and 5 narrow persistent or tardily deciduous lobes. Corolla funnelform (or in large-flowered Japanese species more campanu- late), inconspicuously gibbous at base; a globular epigynous gland within occupying the gibbosity ; limb somewhat unequally or regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla: anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a narrow capsule, with at- tenuate or rostrate summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. ADOXA, L. (From aéo€éos, obscure or insignificant.) — Single species ) ’ S oor ’ an insignificant small herb, of obscure affinity, now referred to the present order. A. Moschatéllina, L.- (Moscuarerr.) Glabrous and smooth: stem and once to thrice ternately compound radical leaves a span high from a small fleshy-scaly rootstock: cauline pair of leaves 3-parted or of 3 obovate and 3-cleft or parted leaflets: flowers small, greenish- white or yellowish, 4 or 5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule: corolla of the terminal one 4-5-cleft, of the others 5-6-cleft: drupe merely succulent: odor of plant musky. — Lam. Tl. t. 320; Geertn. Fruct. t.112; Schk. Handb. t. 109; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 648. — Subalpine, under rocks, Arctic America to N. Iowa, Wisconsin, and the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado. (Eu., N. Asia, &c.) 2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Erper. (Classical Latin name, said by some to come from capPi«y, a stringed musical instrument.) — Suffrutescent to arbo- rescent (in both Old and New World) ; with large pith to the vigorous shoots, imparipinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, small flowers (usually white and odorous) in broad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark. Stipule-like appendages hardly any in our species; but stipels not rare. Flowers occasionally polygamous, produced in summer. * Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate; the axis‘continued and sending off 3 or 4 pairs of lateral primary branches, these mostly trifid and again bifid or trifid: pith of year-old shoots deep yellow-brown: no obvious stipule-like nor stipel-like appendages to the leaves : early flowering and fruiting. S. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high, sometimes forming arborescent trunks: branches spreading: leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate: thyrsiform cyme ovate or oblong: flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit scarlet (has been seen white), oily : nutlets mi- nutely punctate-rugulose. — Spec. i. 270; Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 59; Hook. Fl. i. 279; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 278. S. pubens, Michx. Fl. i. 181; DC. Prodr. iv. 323; Torr. & Gray, FI]. 11. 13; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 21, flowers wrongly colored. S. pubescens, Pers. Syn. i. 328; Pursh, Fl. i. 204. — Rocky banks and open woods, Nova Scotia to the mountains of Georgia, in cool districts, west to Brit. Columbia and Alaska, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia. (IHu., N. Asia.) Var. arboréscens, Torr. & Griy,1.c. COMPOSIT A. 63 (sometimes with a single diaphanous and minute squamella to represent pappus!), with large terminal areola bearing around the base of the style a fleshy annular disk. Lower part of the disk-flowers and their chaff beset with some villous hairs, like the very long and soft ones which thickly clothe the akenes. + + Akenes flattened, obcompressed, wing-margined. 79. DICORIA. Female flowers one or two, wholly destitute of corolla; male flowers 6 to 12, with mere rudiments of ovary and style. Involucre of 5 oval or oblong herbaceous bracts ; and within one or two larger and broad thin-scarious bracts, subtending the fertile flowers ; or these wanting in male heads. Receptacle small, flat, with a few narrow and hyaline chaffy bracts among the flowers. Filaments almost free from the obconical corolla, mona- delphous up to the lightly connected anthers! the tube dilated and 5-toothed at summit. Akenes much surpassing the outer involucre, oblong, anteriorly flat, convex or somewhat angled dorsally, abruptly bordered by a thin-scarious pectinate-dentate wing or edge. Pap- pus rudimentary, of several small and setiform squamelle. * * Heads unisexual, monecious; the fertile with solitary or 2 to 4 completely or nearly apetalous female flowers in a closed nnilet-like or bur-like involucre, only the style- branches ever exserted; the sterile of numerous male flowers in an open inyolucre, the heads in a raceme or spike of centripetal evolution : akenes turgid-obovoid or ovoid, wholly destitute of pappus: flowers greenish or yellowish: male corollas obconical. — Ambrosiew, DC. +— Involucre of the sterile heads gamophyllous; the receptacle low, and abortive style with dilated apex radiately penicillate or fimbriate. 80. HYMENOCLEA. Involucre of the male flowers saucer-shaped and 4-6-lobed, rarely more cleft: bracts of the receptacle subtending the outer flowers obovate or spatulate ; inner filiform or none: filaments distinct: anther-tips blunt. Involucre to the solitary fertile flower ovoid or fusiform, beaked at apex, the lower part furnished with 9 to 12 dilated and silvery-scarious persistent transverse wings. 81. AMBROSIA. Involucre of the male flowers from depressed-hemispherical to turbinate, 5-12-lobed or truncate, herbaceous. Receptacle flat or flattish, usually with some filiform chaff among the outer flowers. Anther-tips (at first inflexed, at length erect) setiferous- acuminate. Involucre to the solitary fertile flower nucumentaceous, apiculate or beaked at the apex, and usually armed with 4 to 8 tubercles or short spines in a single series below the beak. Sterile heads spicate or racemose above the fewer fertile ones. ° 82. FRANSERIA. Heads of male flowers as Ambrosia, or sometimes intermixed with the female. Fertile involucre 1-4-flowered, 1-4-celled, a single pistil to each cell, 1-4- rostrate, more or less bur-like, being armed over the surface with several or numerous prickles or spines (the spiny free tips of component bracts) in more than one series. Leaves mostly alternate. +— + Involucre of the sterile heads polyphyllous, and the receptacle cylindraceous. 83. XANTHIUM. Involucre of the globular sterile heads one or two series of small nar- row bracts: receptacle distinctly paleaceous, a cuneate or linear-spatulate chaffy bract partly enclosing each male flower: filaments monadelphots: anthers distinct but connivent ; the inflexed apical appendage mucronate: sterile style unappendaged. Fertile heads a closed and ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1-2-beaked at the apex, the surface clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles: each flower a single pistil, maturing a thick ovoid akene, the two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre. Leaves alternate. Subtribe IV. Zrnntpm. Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile; the ligule with very short tube or none, persistent on the.akene and becoming papery in texture! (but at length falling or decaying away in Heliopsis levis); disk-flowers hermaphrodite and in our genera fertile, numerous, subtended or embraced by chaffy bracts; the corolla cylin- draceous. Leaves opposite and heads singly terminating the stem or branches. * Leaves all or mostly entire; akenes of the disk compressed, all or some of them (either of disk or ray) toothed or awned from the summit of the angles or edges. 84, ZINNIA. Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous; its closely appressed-imbricated bracts dry and firm, broad, with rounded summit often margined. Receptacle becoming 64 COMPOSIT A. conical or cylindraceous ; the chaffy bracts conduplicate around the disk-flowers. Lobes of the disk-corolla mostly velvety-villous. Style-branches of disk-flowers with either truncate or subulate tips. Akenes wingless or nearly so; of the ray obcompressed-triquetrous, of the disk much compressed. Pappus when present of erect awns or chaffy teeth. Leaves mostly sessile and rays showy. 85. SANVITALIA. Involucre short and broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts. Re- ceptacle from flat to subulate-conical, at least in fruit; its chaffy bracts concave or partly conduplicate. Ligules (entire or 2-toothed at apex) often short and small. Disk-corollas with glabrous lobes. Style-branches of disk-flowers truncate or capitellate at tip. Akenes either all or the exterior thick-walled ; of the ray commonly 3-sided, and the angles produced into as many thick and rigid divergent awns or horus ; those of the disk often heterogeneous, from compressed-quadrangular to flat, some usually wing-margined, the pappus of one or two slender awns or teeth or none. Leayes commonly petioled. * * Leaves commonly serrate, slender-petioled : akenes not compressed. 86. HELIOPSIS. Involucre short, of nearly equal oblong or lanceolate bracts, the outer herbaceous. Receptacle from high-convex to conical; the pointless chaffy bracts partly embracing the disk-flowers. Ligules large, oblong or narrower: disk-corollas glabrous. Style-branches tipped with a very short conical hirsute appendage. Akenes short aud thick, obtusely 4-angular, or in the ray somewhat triangular, with broad truncate summit, wholly destitute of pappus, or sometimes with the annular border 1—4-dentate. 99. BALSAMORRHIZA § Katuracris also has persistent ligules ! Subtribe V. VerRBEsINE®. Ray-flowers ligulate and either fertile or neutral, or not rarely wanting, the ligule not becoming papery and persistent on the fruit (with one exception), but sometimes marcescent : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile (or some of the inner often failing to produce fruit), subtended and sometimes enwrapped by the bracts of the receptacle. Anthers often blackish. Akenes various but those of the disk never obcompressed : pappus cupulate or coroniform, or of teeth or awns from the 2 to 4 principal angles, or of some squamelle, or of a few stout (but not capillary) bristles, or none. Leaves either opposite or alternate. * Involucre 4- rarely 5-lobed and foliaceous, valvate and saliently 4-5-angled in the bud: akenes short and thick: pappus when present pluripaleaceous in the manner of Helenioidee. 87. TETRAGONOTHECA. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers few or several, fertile. Principal involucre membranaceo-foliaceous, spreading in anthesis; the 4 or 5 broadly ovate bracts connate at base; within are 6 to 15 small chaffy bracts subtending ray-flowers, and similar to the thin-emembranaceous and nervose lanceolate chaffy bracts of the at length coni- cal receptacle. Ligules with short tube or almost nearly sessile, 5-8-nerved: disk-corollas with elongated cylindraceous throat, 5-lobed. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid above, and tipped with a rather long acute or acuminate appendage. Akenes more or less 4-sided, with a broad flat summit, destitute of pappus, or with a crown of numerous chaffy squamellz. Leaves opposite. _ * * Involucre of several or numerous distinct bracts. +- Bracts of the receptacle permanently investing the akenes as an indurated accessory covering. 88. SCLEROCARPUS. Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers several, neutral. In- volucre of rather few more or less herbaceous bracts, the outer loose and spreading. Receptacle convex or conical; its at length coriaceous or cartilaginous bracts closely inyest- ing the akenes and falling away with them by an articulation. Disk-corollas 4-5-cleft: style-branches mostly with subulate appendages. Akenes smooth, oblong or obovoid: pappus a short crown or ring, or none. Branching herbs. +— + Bracts of the receptacle mostly reduced to awn-shaped chaff or bristles subtending the naked akenes. 89. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered: ray-flowers numerous, small and short, fertile. In- volucre broad, of one or two series of herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat. Disk- corollas 4-toothed, rarely 5-toothed ; their style-branches with short obtuse or triangular tips. COMPOSIT. 65 Akenes thick, in the ray mostly 3-sided and in the disk compressed, more or less margined, without pappus, or sometimes with 2 to 4 teeth or short awns. Leaves opposite and heads small. + + + Bracts of the many-flowered receptacle concave or complicate, loosely embracing or subtending the disk-akenes, mostly persistent. ++ Rays uniformly none, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile: involucre dry or partly so: akenes not flat nor margined: pappus of slender awns or none. 90. MELANTHERA. Involucre hemispherical; the disk in fruit globular, and squarrose with the mostly pointed rather rigid striate concave bracts of the convex or low-conical receptacle; bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, thickish, nerveless, in 2 or 3 series, somewhat equal in length. Corolla 5-lobed, with campanulate-oblong ampliate throat. Style-branches tipped with a subulate hispid appendage. Akenes thick and short, com- pressed-quadrangular, somewhat obpyramidal, with broad truncate summit: pappus of 2 or more slender caducous awns. Leaves opposite, petioled. 91. VARILLA. Involucre short, of rather few and small linear-lanceolate appressed-imbri- cate and mostly few-striate bracts, similar to those of the at length high-conical or oblong receptacle. Corolla with narrow cylindraceons throat, 5-toothed. Style-branches with short and obtuse or minutely apiculate conical tips. Akenes narrow, linear-oblong, terete, rather thin-walled, smooth, evenly 8-15-nerved: pappus setulose or none. Shrubby or suffruticose. 92. ISOCARPHA. Involucre, receptacle, and dry bracts nearly of the preceding genus. Corolla similar but small. Style-branches with subulate tips. Akenes 4—5-angled, small, little compressed, destitute of pappus. Herbaceous. 93. SPILANTHES. Some (exotic) species have no ray-flowers, and akenes not flat, with pappus also wanting: these resemble /socarpha. ++ ++ Rays present, but in several genera occasionally wanting : involucre commonly her- baceous or foliaceous, or partly so. = Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least in fruit. (Here Gym- nolomia, as to two species, would be sought. ) a. Rays fertile, or not rarely wanting: style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate and some- times penicillate at tip: akenes small: leaves opposite. 93. SPILANTHES. Involucre of a few somewhat herbaceous loosely appressed bracts. Bracts of the receptacle soft and chaffy, shorter than the flowers, more or less conduplicate and embracing the akenes, at length falling with them. Disk-corollas 4-5-toothed. Akenes of the ray triquetrous or obcompressed ; those of the disk either moderately or much com- pressed and with acute or nerve-like margins, sometimes ciliate-fimbriate. Pappus a setiform awn from one or more of the angles, or none. b. Rays sterile (imperfectly styliferous in Hchinacea, otherwise completely neutral), soon drooping, sometimes marcescent, the ligule with very short tube or none: style-branches tipped with an acute or obtuse hispid appendage: leaves mostly alternate. 94. ECHINACEA. Involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 or more series and squarrose ; its bracts lanceolate. Disk at first only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle acutely conical. Chaffy bracts of the latter firm and completely persistent, linear-lanceolate, carinate-concave, acuminate into a rigid and spinescent cusp, surpassing the disk-flowers. Ligules elongated and pendent in age, rose-colored or rose-purple, marcescent, usually imperfectly styliferous. Disk-corollas cylindraceous, with 5 erect teeth and almost no proper tube (a ring upon which the stamens are inserted). Akenes suberose-cartilaginous, acutely quadrangular, somewhat obpyramidal, with a thick coroniform pappus more or less extended into triangular teeth at the angles; the basal areola central. 95. RUDBECKIA. Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. Disk from hemispheri- eal or globose to columnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical and subulate ; its chaffy bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules yellow or partly (rarely wholly) brown-purple. Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest proper tube. Akenes 4-angled, prismatic, in some species quadrangular-compressed, or in one nearly terete. Pappus a coriaceous or firm-scarious and often 4-toothed crown, sometimes deep and cupuliform, sometimes obsolete, or none. 5 66 COMPOSITA. 96. LEPACHYS. Akenes short and broad, compressed, acutely margined or sometimes winged at one or both edges, somewhat laterally or obliquely inserted on the slender- subulate receptacle: pappus a chaffy or aristiform tooth over one or both edges, or none, the crown minutely squamellate and evanescent or none. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle conduplicate or deeply navicular, with thickened and truncate or somewhat hooded sum- mit, embracing and hardly surpassing the akenes, at length deciduous with them. Corollas of the disk with hardly any proper tube. Ligules, involucre, &c., of Rudbeckia. = = Receptacle from flat to convex, or in certain species conical: akenes not winged nor very flat, when flattened not margined or sharp-edged. a. Rays fertile: style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid for all or much of their ieaeae receptacle flat or merely convex: ray akenes commonly triquetrous or obcompressed : pappus persistent or none. 97. WEDELIA. Akenes thick and turgid, cuneate-oblong or pyriform, with roundish sum- mit; those of the disk obtusely if at all quadrangular, or flattened only at the inane base: _pappus a paleaceous commonly lobed and at length indurated cup. Involucre rather simple and foliaceous. Leaves opposite: stem herbaceous. 98. BORRICHIA. Akenes equably and acutely quadrangular, or in the ray triangular: pappus a somewhat toothed cup or crown. Involucre imbricated; outer bracts sometimes foliaceous. Bracts of the receptacle concave, rigid. Leaves opposite: stem woody. 99. BALSAMORRHIZA. Akenes destitute of pappus, oblong; of the disk quadrangular and often with intermediate nerves (these and the angles usually salient). Ligules with a distinct tube. Involucre broad; the outer bracts foliaceous, sometimes enlarged. Bracts of the receptacle linear-lanceolate. Style-appendages filiform or slender-subulate. Tuberous- rooted low herbs. 100. WYETHIA. Akenes prismatic, large, 4-angled, or in the ray 3-angled and in the disk often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves: pappus a lacerate chaffy or coriaceous crown, or cut into nearly distinct squamelli, commonly produced at one or more of the angles into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre campanulate or broader, more or less imbricated ; outer bracts often foliaceous. Bracts of the receptacle lanceolate or linear, partly embracing the akenes. Style-appendages slender-subulate or filiform, very hispid. Thick-rooted and large-headed herbs, with alternate leaves. b, Rays sterile, rarely wanting : akenes quadrangular-compressed or more turgid, or flatter, but none margined or winged; those of the ray inane or sterile: chaffy bracts of the convex or conical receptacle either strongly concave or conduplicate and embracing the akenes: leaves either opposite or alternate. 101. GYMNOLOMIA. Pappus none ora minute denticulate ring; the truncate apex of the short akenes commonly at length covered by the base of the corolla, the tube of which is usually pubescent. 102. VIGUIERA. Pappus of two chaffy awns or palex, one to each principal angle of the akene, or occasionally one or two more, and of two or more intermediate shorter commonly truncate pale or squamellx on each side, either persistent or deciduous. Akenes commonly pubescent. Peduncles slender. 103. TITHONIA. Pappus of Viguiera or more persistent: habit of the annual species of Helianthus: involucre somewhat peculiar, of about two series of bracts, with appressed and rigid usually striate base and loose foliaceous tip. Peduncles clavate and fistular under the head. 104. HELIANTHUS. Pappus promptly deciduous, of two scarious and pointed or some- what awned palex, mostly no intermediate squamelle or palez, except sometimes as de- tached or partly united portions of the principal palew. Akenes usually glabrous or giabrate. Proper tube of disk-corollas short, and the throat cylindrical and elongated. = = == Receptacle flat, convex, or sometimes becoming conical: akenes (of the ray or margin often triquetrous) of the disk either flat-compressed and margined or thin-edged, or if turgid some of them winged: pappus not caducous. a. Truly shrubby, rayless, alternate-leaved: akenes wingless. 105. FLOURENSIA. Rays none in the Mexican (several and neutral in the Chilian) species. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of oblong or lanceolate bracts, at least the outer herba- COMPOSITE. 67 ceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat; its chaffy bracts scarious-membranaceous, conduplicate around the akenes and tardily deciduous with them. Proper tube of the corolla fully half the length of the oblong-campanulate throat. Appendages of the style-branches from ob- long to dilated-spatulate, obtuse. Akenes compressed, narrowly oblong-cuneate, callous- margined, very villous, bearing .a nearly persistent pappus of a subulate somewhat chaffy awn from each angle of the truncate summit, and commonly some intermediate smaller ones or squamellie. b. Herbaceous, or sometimes shrubby: leaves never decurrent on the stem: rays neutral, rarely wanting: mature akenes all wingless or nearly so, emarginate or truncate at sum- mit, the margins either villous-ciliate or naked. 106. ENCERIA. Pappus none, or an awn or its rudiment answering to each margin of the wingless akene : no intermediate squamellx. 107. HELIANTHELLA. Pappus of delicate squamellx between the two chatty teeth or awns which surmount the two acute margins of the akene (and sometimes the lateral angles when there are any), or these obsolete in age, but not caducous. Ovary often wing- margined, but mature akene not so. c. Herbaceous, or rarely suffruticose: rays fertile or sometimes neutral in Verbesina, or occasionally wanting: akenes or some of them developing winged margins, or sometimes all wingless, none villous-ciliate : style-appendages acute. 108. ZEXMENTIA. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, imbricated ; the bracts coin- monly broad, erect, and dry, or the outermost sometimes loose and foliaceous or with spreading herbaceous tips. Rays fertile. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes of the ray or outermost of the disk triquetrous; of the disk more or less compressed, sometimes flat, truncate at summit, variably and narrowly winged or acutely margined, awned from one or more of the margins or angles, the awns either connected by dilated bases or with inter- mediate and separate or confluent persistent squamella. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate. 109. VERBESINA. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical and more or less imbricated, rarely more spreading, from somewhat herbaceous to foliaceous. ays fertile, or sty liferous but infertile, or sometimes neutral, sometimes none. Receptacle from convex to conical: disk from convex to ovoid, not squarrose in fruit. Akenes usually winged and flat or much compressed, 2-awned, or in the ray triquetrous and 1-3-awned, with no intermediate squa- mellzx, and even the awns sometimes obsolete or wanting. Leaves opposite or alternate, apt to be decurrent as wings on the stem. 110. ACTINOMERIS. Involucre simple, of few and small herbaceous and loose bracts, deflexed under the globular fruiting disk, which is globose even in anthesis, and echinate- squarrose in fruit by the spreading of the akenes in all directions on the small and soon globular receptacle. Rays neutral, few and irregular or none. Akenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless in the same head. Pappus of 2 slender-subulate naked awns, at length divergent, sometimes with 2 or 3 intermediate awns or awn-like squamell. Subtribe VI. Cornorsipr#. Akenes obcompressed or sometimes terete, and the sub- tending chaffy bracts flat or hardly concave: otherwise as in Verbesinew. Heads many-flowered. Leaves mostly opposite. Style-tips of the disk-flowers produced into a cusp or cone, or sometimes capitellate-truncate. * Involucre single: habit of the preceding group. 111. SYNEDRELLA. Heads with few or several fertile ray-flowers and more numerous disk-flowers ; the latter with slender tube to the corolla. Involucre ovoid or oblong, of rather few bracts; the outer larger than the inner, erect, mostly foliaceous. Bracts of the recep- tacle scarious-membranaceous. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers slender. Akenes or some of them wing-margined, and the wings commonly lacerate or undulate, in the ray often triquetrous, the angles or wings surmounted each by a rigid naked awn. Annuals. * * Involucre double, rarely indistinctly so: receptacle flat or merely convex; the thin chaffy bracts of the receptacle mostly deciduous with the akenes. Base of style not rarely bulbous-dilated. +— Rays always neutral (rarely wanting): akenes never rostrate-attenuate nor with re- trorsely barbed awns: no ring at the junction of tube and throat of disk-corolla. 68 COMPOSITA, ra 112. COREOPSIS. Involucre of two distinct series of bracts, all commonly united at the very base; outer foliaceous, narrower, and usually spreading ; inner erect or incurved after anthesis, more membranaceous, each series commonly 8 in number. Rays about 8, wanting in one or two species. Disk-corollas with slender tube and funnelform or campanulate 5-lobed or 5-toothed limb. Akenes flat, or becoming meniscoidal, orbicular to linear-oblong, winged or wingless, truncate or emarginate at summit, bearing 2, rarely 3 or 4 naked (or upwardly hispid) awns, or naked scales, or teeth, or sometimes wholly destitute of pappus. + + Rays fertile or neutral, or wanting: awns of the pappus when present retrorsely barbed or hispid. ++ Bracts of the involucre distinct, or united only at the common base. 113. BIDENS. Akenes neither winged nor beaked, 2-5-awned; the awns rétrorsely hispid or aculeolate, mostly persistent. Rays neutral (in one Mexican species styliferous), yellow or white, sometimes wanting : no ring to the disk-corollas. 114. COSMOS. Akenes slender and beaked: rays purple or rose color, in one species orange-yellow: otherwise as Bidens ; the awns apt to be deciduous. 115. HETEROSPERMUM. Akenes dimorphous; the outer with winged or callous margin, mostly cymbiform; inner narrower, attenuate upward, marginless; these and some- times the outer with 2 retrorsely barbed awns. Rays fertile: no ring to the disk-corollas. Heads rather few-flowered. 116. LEPTOSYNE. Akenes oval or oblong, truncate or emarginate, some of them usually wing-margined or bordered. Rays pistillate and often fertile, occasionally neutral. | Disk-corollas with slender tube girt at summit or near it by a bearded or naked ring, a dilated throat, and 5-lobed limb. a+ ++ Bracts of the inner involucre united into a cup. 117. THELESPERMA. Involucre of Coreopsis; but the bracts of the inner connate to or above the middle, fleshy below, their free summits more membranaceous and scarious- margined ; outer of shorter and narrow somewhat foliaceous spreading bracts, connate at base with the inner. Chaffy bracts of the flat receptacle wholly white-scarious, with a 2nerved midrib, otherwise nerveless, deciduous with the akenes. Rays about 8, neutral, cuneate-obovate, or in some species wanting. Disk-corollas with long and slender tube, abrupt campanulate or cylindrical throat, and linear to ovate spreading lobes. Anthers wholly exserted. Style-appendages tipped with a cusp or cone. Akenes slightly obcom- pressed or terete, narrowly oblong to linear, marginless, beakless, attached by a broad callus, at least the outer ones tuberculate, papillose, or rugose; the abrupt summit crowned with a pair of persistent and stout awns or rather scales, the margins of which are retrorsely hispid-ciliate, or sometimes pappus obsolete or wanting. Leaves opposite. Subtribe VII. GatrnsoGe&. Pappus pluripaleaceous, and akenes commonly turbinate and 5-angled : otherwise nearly as Verbesinew. Receptacle chaffy throughout : other- wise as Helenvoidee. Ours all herbs, and leaves except in Galinsoga alternate and entire. * Bracts (chaff) of the receptacle concreted, coriaceous or cartilaginous, persistent, forming deep alveoli, resembling honeycomb, in which the akenes are enclosed: rays neutral. 118. BALDWINIA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate. Involucre imbricated, shorter than the convex disk; its bracts small, coriaceous and partly herbaceous. Disk- corollas with a short soon indurated tube, above cylindraceous, 5-toothed; the teeth glandu- lar-puberulent. Style-appendages truncate and penicillate, with a subulate tip. Akenes turbinate, silky-villous: pappus of 7 to 12 nerveless thin-scarious pale. * * Bracts of receptacle distinct, linear or filiform, rigid: rays none: palex of the pappus thin-scarious, nerveless. 119. MARSHALLIA. Heads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre one or two series of narrow and equal herbaceous bracts. Receptacle at length conical. Corollas with a filiform tube and the limb 5-parted into linear lobes. Style-branches truncate at apex. Akenes turbinate, 5-costate: pale of the pappus 5 or 6, ovate or lanceolate-deltoid, acute or acuminate, nearly entire and naked. COMPOSITA. : 69 \ % * * Bracts of the receptacle distinct, chaffy-membranaceous or scarious, mostly decidu- ous with the fruit: rays fertile, 2-3-lobed: pale of the pappus firmer, with a thickish axis and fimbriate or barbellate margins, or sometimes wanting. 120. GALINSOGA. Heads small, with 4 or 5 short rays. and rather numerous disk- flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, of ovate and thin nearly equal bracts in two series. Receptacle conical. Disk-corollas short, 5-toothed: style-tips acute. Akenes turbinate, 4-5-angled. Pappus of several thickish oblong or obovate palex, with fimbriate-barbellate or almost plumose margins or summit, or wanting. Leaves opposite, serrate. 121. BLEPHARIPAPPUS. Heads with 3 to 6 exserted fertile rays, and 7 to 12 disk- flowers; the central of these commonly infertile. Bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, erect, nearly equal, in one or two series. Receptacle convex; the chaff thin or scarious and narrow. Rays 3-cleft: disk-corollas 5-cleft. Style of fertile disk-flowers filiform, 2-cleft at apex only, and the short branches merely truncate; of the central and infertile ones entire. Akenes turbinate, silky-villous. Pappus of rather numerous narrow linear or aristiform palezx, with thickish axis, and hyaline margins which are mostly lacerate-fimbriate so as to appear pectinate-plumose, sometimes abortive or wanting. Subtribe VIII. Mapira#. Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile (rarely wanting), each sub- tended by a bract of the mostly uniserial involucre which partly or completely encloses its akene: disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but some or all of them sterile (some- times all fertile) ; their style-branches subulate and hispid. Bracts of the receptacle always present between ray- and disk-flowers, generally none to the central ones. Pappus none (or a mere rudiment or crown) to the ray-akenes, paleaceous or aristi- form or else none to the disk-flowers. Pacific-American herbs, commonly glandular- viscid and heavy-scented : such in California called Tarweeds. % Akenes laterally compressed, those of the ray particularly so, and ae in condupli- cate-infolded ‘laterally-compressed involucral bracts. 122. MADIA. Heads many-several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong, few—many-angled by the salient narrow or carinate backs of the involucral bracts. Receptacle flat or convex, bearing a single series of bracts enclosing the disk-flowers as a kind of inner involucre, either separate or connate into a cup. Ray-flowers 1 to 20, with cuneate or oblong 3-lobed ligules; their akenes more or less oblique and with flat sides: disk-flowers with or without a pappus, either sterile or fertile. * * Akenes of the ray from obovate or triangular with broad rounded back to clavate- oblong, more commonly obcompressed, never laterally compressed with narrow back, + Arcuate-incurved and obcompressed, completely invested by the whole of the conformed at length coriaceous involucral bracts. 123. HEMIZONELLA. Heads few-flowered ; the ray-flowers only 4 or 5; disk-flowers solitary or rarely 2 to 4; both fertile and destitute of pappus. Involucre as in Madia § Har- pecarpus, but the 4 or 5 arcuate infolded bracts broad on the back and rather obcom- pressed ; those of the receptacle 3 to 5 and connate into a cup. Ligules minute. Akenes glabrous or sparsely pilose, obovate or somewhat fusiform; of the disk straight but oblique. Leaves mostly opposite. 4+~ + Ray akenes thick and short, turgid, partly enclosed by the lower part of the involu- eral bract. 124. HEMIZONIA. Heads many- or sometimes few-flowered: bracts of the involucre rounded on the back. Ray-akenes more or less oblique; those of the disk abortive or in- fertile, or in the later sections some or even most of them fertile, with or without pappus. Leaves mainly alternate. + + + Ray akenes mostly obcompressed, never laterally compressed, wholly enclosed in an obcompressed basal portion of the subtending involucral bracts, the dilated margins of which are abruptly infolded. 125. ACHYRACH ZENA. Heads many-flowered: ray-flowers 6 to 10, with 3-cleft ligule much shorter than its filiform tube, little surpassing the disk: disk-corollas slender, 5- 70 COMPOSIT. toothed. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of lanceolate thin-herbaceous bracts, deciduous at maturity: bracts of the nearly flat receptacle similar but thinner, only between the disk and ray, distinct. Akenes all clavate, with attenuate base, symmetrical, 10-costate, the ribs or the alternate ones tuberculate-scabrous at maturity ; those of the ray slightly obcompressed, rounded at apex and with slightly protuberant areola, not rarely an abortive pappus in the form of a minute denticulate crown; those of the disk chiefly fertile, the truncate apex bearing a large pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery-scarious palex, the 5 inner as long as the corolla and akene, the alternate outer ones shorter. 126. LAGOPHYLLA. Heads several-flowered: ray-flowers about 5, with 3-parted or deeply 3-cleft ligules: disk-flowers sterile, with 5-lobed corollas. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed akene: bracts of the small receptacle 5 to 12 between the ray and disk. Akenes of the disk slender, abortive, destitute of pappus or with some caducous bristles ; of the ray obcompressed, oblong-obovate, smooth and glabrous, nearly straight, the areola not protuberant, rarely a saucer-shaped cup in place of pappus. 127. LAYIA. Heads many-flowered, broad: ray-flowers 8 to 20, with 3-lobed or toothed ligules: disk-flowers fertile, or the central sometimes infertile; their corollas cylindraceous- Haaialinain and 5-lobed. Bracts of the involucre flattened on the back below, with abruptly dilated thin margins infolded so as to enclose the ray-akene. Receptacle broad and flat, bearing a series of thin chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-flowers, sometimes additional more scarious ones among the flowers. Akenes of the ray obcompressed, obovate-oblong or narrower, almost always smooth and glabrous, destitute of pappus (or rarely a crown or vestige), the terminal areola somewhat protuberant and discifarm; those of the disk similar or more linear-cuneate, mostly pubescent, bearing a pappus of 5 to 20 bristles, awns, or paleze, or rarely none. Tripe VI. HELENIOIDE. Heads heterogamous and the ligulate ray-flowers mostly fertile, or homogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, rarely some infer- tile, with regular 4—5-toothed tubular corolla. Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of bracts (pale), but rarely fimbrillate. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or membra- naceous, not scarious. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with either truncate or appendiculate tips. Pappus paleaceous or aristiform, or sometimes plurisetose, but the bristles when capillary always more or Jess rigid. — A peculiarly American tribe, differing from the preceding in the total absence of receptacular bracts ; some genera with setose pappus making transition to the Senectonidee ; others, with short pappus or none, to the neni. Subtribe I. Jaumirm. Involucre of broad bracts imbricated in two or more series. Ligules not persistent. Akenes 5-angled or terete and several-nerved. Many-flow- ered heads in ours radiate, and the ray-flowers fertile. No oil-glands. * Receptacle setose-fimbrillate, convex: pappus plurisetose. 128. CLAPPIA. Involucre hemispherical, of rather few oval and very obtuse somewhat striate coriaceous bracts, imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Rays 12 to 15, linear, 3-denticulate at apex. Disk-corollas with slender tube and campanulate 5-cleft limb. Style-branches conical-tipped. Akenes equalled by the very slender fimbrillw of the receptacle, oblong- turbinate, terete, 8-10-nerved, hirtellous on the nerves. Pappus of 20 to 25 rigid and somewhat paleolate hispidulous-secabrous distinct bristles, broader toward the base, longer than the akene. Fruticulose, with alternate fleshy leaves. * * Receptacle naked: pappus in ours none. 129. JAUMEA. Involucre campanulate, its bracts fleshy or membranaceous, the outer shorter. Corollas glabrous. Receptacle in ours conical. Style-branches papillose or hairy, truncate or short-conical at tip. Akenes 10-nerved: pappus in exotic species | of narrow and pointed or awned strongly l-nerved palezx, in ours none. 130. VENEGASIA. Involuere very broad, of 2 or 3 series of roundish riemit radia erect bracts, some innermost narrower and scarious, and a series of outer and loose narrower herbaceous ones. Receptacle flat. Rays numerous, elongated, entire or 3-toothed at the narrow apex: tube of corollas glandular-bearded, especially at base. Style-branches very obtuse. Akenes many-nerved, destitute of pappus. COMPOSITE. Vg! Subtribe II. Rrppetiiex. Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts. Ligules persistent and becoming papery on the usually striate-nerved akenes. Herbage more or less white-woolly : no oil-glands. * Pappus paleaceous: rays very broad, few. i131. RIDDELLIA. Heads with 3 or 4 ray- and 5 to 12 disk-flowers, all fertile. Involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, of 4 to 10 linear-oblong coriaceous woolly bracts, and a few smaller scarious ones within, sometimes an additional narrow outer one. Receptacle small, flat. Ligules as broad as long, abruptly contracted at base into a short tube, truncate and 2-3-lobed, 5-7-nerved, the nerves uniting in pairs within the lobes. Disk-corollas elongated- eylindraceous, with very short proper tube, and short externally glandular-bearded teeth. Style-branches truncate-capitate. Akenes narrow, terete, obscurely striate or angled. Pap- pus of 4 to 6 hyaline nerveless and pointless palezx. * * Pappus none: rays several or numerous: disk-flowers numerous. 132. BAILEYA. Involucre hemispherical, of numerous thin-herbaceous linear bracts in 2 or 3 series, very woolly on the back. Receptacle flat or barely convex. Ray-flowers 5 to 50; the ligules from round-oval to oblong-cuneate, 3-toothed at apex, 7-nerved, taper- ing into a narrow but not tubular base, becoming scarious-papery but thin, persistent on the truncate summit of the akene. Disk-flowers fertile; their corollas tubular-funnelform above the short proper tube, 5-toothed; the teeth glandular-bearded. Style-branches short, with truncate-capitate tips. Akenes oblong-linear or clavate, somewhat angled, pluricostate or striate; the truncate apex obscurely toothed by extension of the ribs, or in the ray callous- thickened. 133. WHITNEYA. Involucre campanulate, of 9 or 12 oblong or broadly lanceolate equal thin-herbaceous bracts, nearly in a single series, in fruit somewhat cymbiform-cari- nate near the base, not villous. Receptacle narrow-conical, villous. Ray-flowers 7 to 9; ligule elongated-oblong, minutely 3-toothed at apex, 10-16-nerved (the nerves also prominent on the short tube), becoming thin-papery, persistent. Disk-flowers numerous, infertile, the tubular-funnelform obtusely 5-toothed corollas persistent on the sterile akenes: style-branches linear, pubescent externally, with rather obtuse tips. Ray-akenes only maturing, oblong, slightly obcompressed, obtuse at both ends, lightly nerved. Subtribe IIl. Perirynem®. Involucre of equal and narrow erect bracts, in only one or two series. Ray-flowers female or none; the ligule deciduous: disk-corollas narrow, 4-toothed. Akenes flat, with only marginal callous nerves, usually much ciliate. Style-branches and their appendages slender, Receptacle flat or convex. Plants not floccose-tomentose, and with no oil-glands. (Hulsea, 154, might be sought here. Hatonella, 137, and Crockeria, 137, also have flat and ciliate akenes with strong mar- ginal nerves.) 134. LAPHAMIA. Head several- to many-flowered. Bracts of the hemispherical invo- lucre distinct, more or less overlapping. Style-tips setaceous subulate, hirsute. Margin of akenes naked or not much ciliate. Pappus none, or of one or two, or sometimes about 20 bristles. Suffruticulose perennials, or herbaceous from a thick woody base, mostly yellow- flowered. 135. PERITYLE. Head many-flowered. Involucre of preceding, or the bracts more cari- nate-concave and partly embracing outer akenes. Style-branches with either short (acute or obtuse) or slender hirsute tips. Akenes at maturity cartilaginous-margined, usually strongly ciliate. Pappus a squamellate or cupulate crown, and commonly a slender awn from one or both angles. Mostly annuals, white- or yellow-flowered. 136, PERICOME. Head many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre a strictly single series of numerous narrow bracts, which are lightly connate by their edges into a campanulate cup. Disk-corollas slender, with viscous-glandular tube nearly the length of the cylindrical throat, from which the anthers are much exserted. Style-tips filiform, rather obtuse. Akenes strongly villous-ciliate. Pappus a squamellate lacerate-ciliate crown, and sometimes a pair of short awns, one from each angle of the akene. Perennial, yellow-flowered, with long-acuminate leaves. 72 COMPOSITA. Subtribe IV. Henentem. (Baerice & Euhelenice, Benth. & Hook., excl. gen.) In- volucre hardly at all imbricated ; its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single series. Ligules not persistent. Disk-flowers numerous except in Schkuhria, with 5 or rarely 4 teeth or lobes. Akenes few-nerved or angled, or more numerously striate- angled only when turbinate or pyriform. No oil-glands. (Raillardella, 190, might be sought here.) * Anomalous: akenes (as in Peritylee) flat-compressed, with no lateral neryes, the callous or nerved margins densely ciliate-fringed: rays fertile or none: disk-corolla with dilated limb: style-tips truncate-capitate, with or without a slight cusp. 137. EATONELLA. Involucre of 5 to 8 oval or oblong obtuse and distinct bracts. Recep- tacle hardly convex. Disk-corollas short. Akenes callous-margined, ciliate with dense very long villosity, outermost obcompressed. Aspect of Lriophyllum. 13772. CROCKERIA. Involucre and other characters of Lasthenia § Hologymne. Akenes obovate-oval, very densely fringed with clavate glandular hairs. — See p. 445. * * Baeria type: receptacle conical, mostly high-conical and acute, beset after the akenes have fallen by projecting points (as if pedicels, on which they were inserted) : bracts of the involucre herbaceous, in one or rarely two series and commonly broad, sometimes cupulate-connate: female flowers ligulate, or sometimes wanting: akenes narrow and from oblong (or in one Monolopia somewhat obovate) to linear, usually tapering to the base, few-nerved and angled or nerveless, not callous-margined: herbage not impressed- punctate nor resinous-atomiferous. +— Involucre (almost always) gamophyllous and simple, hemispherical or campanulate : disk-corollas with rather slender tube and dilated throat or limb: anther-tips ovate or oblong: style-tips capitate-truncate or obtuse. 143. ERIOPHYLLUM. Akenes slender, and usually with a paleaceous pappus. 138. MONOLOPIA. Head conspicuously radiate, with broad ligules: inner disk-flowers often infertile. Receptacle high-conical. Involucre broad, of one or rarely two series of bracts, which are normally connate by their edges into a several-toothed or lobed hemispheri- cal cup, but sometimes distinct even to the base. Lobes of disk-corollas somewhat bearded. Akenes obovate or obovate-oblong, quadrangular-compressed or the outer obcompressed- triangular, sometimes acute-margined, with small terminal arevla, and no pappus. Floccose- tomentose and alternate-leaved annuals. 139. LASTHENIA. Head radiate, or discoid by diminution of the ligules: disk-flowers all fertile. Involucre a single series of bracts connate by their edges into a 5-15-toothed glabrous green cup. Disk-corollas 4-5-lobed. Akenes linear or narrowly oblong, com- pressed, slightly 2-3-nerved or nerveless, nearly marginless, scabro-puberulent or glabrous. Pappus of 5 to 10 firm and subulate-tipped pale, or none. Glabrous and smooth annuals, With opposite entire sessile leaves +— + Involucre of few or several distinct and thinnish herbaceous bracts in a single series, loose, open at maturity of fruit, not rarely deciduous: disk-corollas with slender tube which equals or exceeds in length the campanulate or cyathiform 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed) limb: leaves all opposite, sometimes connate at their sessile bases. 140. BURRIELIA. Head few-flowered, discoid, the 1 to 3 female flowers with ligule wanting or shorter than the style. Involucre cylindraceous, of 3 or 4 narrowly oblong plane bracts. Receptacle slender-subulate. Style-tips short-ovate, rather obtuse. Akenes slen- der, fusiform-linear, flattish. Pappus of 2 to 4 long attenuate-subulate palee. 141. BAERIA. Head mostly many-flowered, radiate: rays 5 to 15, conspicuous. Bracts of the campanulate or hemispherical involucre as many, ovate or oblong, plane or becoming somewhat carinate at middle, at least below. Receptacle subulate to high-conical. Style- tips from truncate-capitate, with or without a central apiculation, to ovate and sometimes with a cuspidate appendage. Akenes clavate-linear to linear-cuneate. Pappus a few palex or paleaceous awns, or both, often wanting. * * * Bahia type: receptacle flat or convex (rarely obtusely conical): akenes from linear to obpyramidal, rarely 5-angled, occasionally with intermediate nerves: flowers (with few exceptions) all fertile. : COMPOSITA. 73 +— Involucre many-flowered, from hemispherical to cylindraceous ; the bracts strictly erect, not membranaceons, persistent, from oblong to oval, more or less carinate-concave in fruit and partly receiving the subtended akene: herbage mostly floccose-woolly, not impressed- punctate nor resinous-atomiferous : leaves alternate or opposite. 142. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS, Involucre narrow, of about 5 equal and oblong carinate- concave thinnish-herbaceous bracts, which are partly wrapped around the ray-akenes. Re- ceptacle flat. Ray-flowers about 5, with oval ligules 3-lobed or toothed at summit. Disk-corollas with very short proper tube, and elongated funnelform or cylindraceous throat, the stamens therefore inserted near the base; lobes 5, ovate-oblong. Anther-tips slender, long-lanceolate or linear. Style-tips elongated-lanceolate, acute, flattened, of the Asteroid type. Akenes linear-turbinate, 5-costate or angled, hairy. Pappus of numerous barbellu- late white bristles in a single series, rather shorter than the disk-corollas, paleaceously and somewhat unequally united into a ring at base, deciduous, or in the second species wanting. Low and branching annuals, short-peduncled. 143. ERIOPHYLLUM. Involucre from hemispherical-campanulate to oblong, commonly equalling the disk, of one or sometimes two series of oblong or narrower firm-herbaceous or coriaceous permanently erect bracts, either distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup, at least in fruit concave or concaye-carinate at centre, into which concavity the subtended akenes are partially received. Receptacle from convex or rarely conical to plane. Ray- flowers usually with broad ligules, very rarely none. Disk-corollas with distinct and some- times slender proper tube. Style-tips truncate, obtuse, or obscurely capitellate-conical. Akenes narrow, from clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pappus of nerveless and mostly pointless (rarely awned or setiform) palezx. Floccose-tomentose or rarely glabrate herbs, rarely suffruticose. +— + Involucre many- (at least 12-20-) flowered ; the bracts wholly herbaceous, not colored nor scarious-tipped, broad or broadish, plane or merely concave, equal and in a single or hardly double series, not embracing akenes: receptacle small: corolla-lobes or teeth short: herbage destitute of impressed punctures and resinous atoms, not floccose-lanate. 144, BAHIA. Involucre hemispherical or obovate and lax or open in fruit; the plane bracts distinct to and commonly narrower at the base. Receptacle small, mostly flat. Female flowers with exserted ligules, or rarely none. Style-tips truncate or obtuse. Akenes narrow, quadrangular. Pappus (rarely wanting) of several scarious pale, with callous- thickened opaque base, which is sometimes extended into a strong midnerve (costa). 145. AMBLYOPAPPUS. Characters of Bahia; but involucre of only 5 to 6 broadly obovate bracts, their centre in age more or less carinate-concaye; small receptacle conical ; head discoid ; corollas all short-tubular, and in the few female flowers minutely 2-3-toothed, shorter than the style, in the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed, the teeth soon connivent. Akenes elongated-obpyramidal, pubescent. Pappus of 8 to 12 oblong obtuse rather firm palez, with merely thickened base and no costa, nearly equalling the corollas. + + + Involucre 3-9-flowered; its bracts few, equal, broad and with roundish more or less scarious-petaloid summit, concaye-carinate : corollas only 5-toothed: herbage minutely impressed-punctate and resinous-atomiferous. 146. SCHKUHRIA. Heads effusely paniculate. Involucre clavate-turbinate or obpyrami- dal, of 4 or 5 erect bracts and sometimes an accessory bractlet at base. Receptacle very small. Female flowers only one or two, with a short or sometimes obsolete ligule not ex- ceeding the hermaphrodite flowers, or altogether wanting. Akenes obpyramidal-tetragonal, the faces not rarely 2—3-striate. Pappus of 8 scarious palee, the larger often equalling the short corolla, either nerveless with callous-thickened base, or with a prominent costa. Leaves or their divisions filiform. : + + + + Involucre many- (rarely 12-15-) flowered; its bracts mostly appressed, with scarious-membranaceous and usually colored tips and sometimes margins: disk-corollas deeply 5-cleft: anthers partly or wholly exserted: leaves alternate, not impressed-punc- tate except in [7ymenopappus: receptacle small and flat: heads except in two species homogamous: flowers seldom yellow, but sometimes so. 147. HYMENOTHRIX. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, or in age more open, about 30-flowered, shorter than the disk; its principal bracts 7 to 10, obovate or lanceolate-oblong, 74 COMPOSIT A. thin, half or more scarious-petaloid, plane; commonly one or more accessory outer bracts. Ray-flowers 6 to 10 and with oblong exserted ligule 3-cleft at the apex, or none. Disk- corollas with narrow tube and lobes, one or two of the sinuses a little deeper than the others. Style-branches flattish, with subcapitate tips, with or without a central cusp. Akenes 4-5- angled, tapering from broad summit to attenuate base. Pappus about the length of the akene, of 12 to 20 narrow lanceolate hyaline palex, trayersed by a strong costa which is excurrent into a scabrous awn. 148. HYMENOPAPPUS. Involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts 6 to 12, equal, obo- vate to broadly oblong, thin, the rounded summit and usually the margins scarious-colored or petaloid. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers numerous, all alike. Corolla with narrow tube, abruptly dilated throat, and ovate reflexed or widely spreading lobes. Style-branches with short and thick conical appendages. Akenes obpyramidal, 4—5-angled, with attenuate base, the faces 1-3-nerved; the nerves at maturity sometimes as prominent as the angles, except in one species. Pappus of 10 to 20 thin-scarious and mostly hyaline obtuse pale, with or without a costa or central opacity, sometimes very short and small or quite obsolete. 149. FLORESTINA. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, 15-25-flowered ; its bracts 6 to 8 in a single series, equal, obovate-spatulate, thin-herbaceous, with scarious-colored (whitish or purplish) rounded tips. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers with corolla widely dilated above the short narrow tube, deeply 5-cleft into oblong spreading lobes. Style-branches terminated by a rather long attenuate-subulate hispid appendage. Akenes narrowly obpyramidal, 4—5- angled, pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 8 obovate pointless palex, hyaline-scarious from a callous thickened narrow base or axis. 150. POLYPTERIS. Involucre from broadly campanulate to turbinate; its bracts from spatulate to linear-lanceolate, commonly in two series and equal, rarely with some accessory shorter ones, the tips or (in the original species) a larger portion membranacecus and col- ored or petaloid. Rays in one species distinctly evolute into a palmate ligule and fertile ; in the others wanting. Corolla of the disk-flowers with filiform tube abruptly dilated into a 5-parted limb, the long lobes lorate-linear. Stamens wholly exserted. Style-branches fili- form, wholly hispidulous, acutish or barely obtuse. Akenes from linear and downwardly attenuate to clavate-obpyramidal, 4-sided, only minutely pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 12 equal palex, with a strong percurrent costa, otherwise hyaline-scarious, rarely abortive or wanting ; in the outermost flowers usually shorter. + + + + + Involucre many- (or 12-30-) flowered; its bracts linear (rarely broader), erect, equal and similar in a single or hardly in two series, herbaceous to the tip, inclined to embrace subtended akenes: receptacle flat, mostly small: akenes slender, linear-te- tragonal or more compressed, merely pubescent: head discoid (rarely an inconspicuous ligule): corollas with short lobes or teeth and long throat: leaves alternate. ++ Leaves simple, entire: flowers never yellow. 151. PALAFOXIA. Heads homogamous and flowers all alike, except in the pappus. In- volucre oblong or campanulate. Corolla with tube and narrow lobes shorter than the cylin- draceous throat. Style-branches elongated, filiform and obtuse or obscurely thickened toward the summit, puberulent for the whole length (altogether of the Eupatoriaceous type, but the stigmatic lines traceable nearly to the apex). Pappus of 4 to 8 usually unequal palex, with strong costa. 152. RIGIOPAPPUS. Heads heterogamous, inconspicuously radiate. Involucre turbi- nate-campanulate, of numerous narrowly linear rather rigid herbaceous bracts, which are somewhat involute at maturity. Ray-flowers 5 to 15; the corolla with slender tube, and oblong entire or 2-toothed ligule, not surpassing the disk. Disk-flowers more numerous; corolla small, with short proper tube, elongated narrow throat, and 3 to 5 short erect teeth. Anthers included. Style-branches with short and linear glabrous stigmatic portion, and a larger slender-subulate hispidulous appendage. Pappus nearly similar in disk and ray, of 8 to 5 rigid and wholly opaque paleaceous naked awns (smooth, flat, gradually tapering from base to apex), rarely obsolete. ++ ++ Leaves mostly cleft or compound: flowers in some species yellow. 153. CHAANACTIS. Heads homogamous and tubuliflorous; but the marginal flowers commonly with ampliate limb to the corolla. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. COMPOSITA. 19 Receptacle flat, naked, in one species bearing a few setiform bracts or fimbrille among the flowers. Corollas with short tube, long and narrow throat, and short teeth, or in the mav- ginal flowers of some species with larger lobes or even imperfect palmate ligules, forming a kind of ray. Anthers usually partly exserted. Style-branches pubescent nearly throughout, siender, filiform or with attenuate-subulate tips. Pappus of hyaline nerveless palez (or rarely with the vestige of a costa), in one species wanting. + + + + Involucre many-flowered, hemispherical; its bracts in 2 or 3 series, thin-herbaceous, rather loose, sometimes unequal, from linear to oblong, plane: receptacle flat, corneous-scrobiculate : disk-corollas with long and narrow throat and 5 short lobes or teeth: style-branches with short and thickened obtuse tips: akenes linear-clavate or cuneate-oblong, villous: pappus of 4 or 5 wholly hyaline palew ; these erose or lacerate at summit, or dissected into capillary bristles: leaves mostly alternate, woolly or glabrate. 154. HULSEA. Bracts of the involucre linear or lanceolate. Ray-flowers numerous (10 to 60) and ligulate, but sometimes short and inconspicuous. Disk-corollas with proper tube slender or narrow, but shorter than the cylindraceous throat. Akenes linear-cuneate, com- pressed or somewhat tetragonal, soft-villous, especially the margins. Pappus of mostly 4 truncate pale, from erose or lacerate at summit to nearly entire. 155. TRICHOPTILIUM. Bracts of the involucre about 20, equal; those of the outer series ovate-lanceolate ; those of the inner narrowly spatulate or lanceolate and membrana- ceous.. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers 30 to 40; the corollas with very short tube, cylin- draceous-funnelform throat, and 5 short ovate lobes, those of the marginal flowers slightly enlarged after the manner of Chenactis, but regular, the nerves deeply intramarginal. Anther-tips oblong-lanceolate. Style-branches linear, glabrous and with stigmatic lines continued up to the obtuse tip. Akenes oblong-turbinate, 5nerved or angled, hirsute-vil- lous. Pappus of 5 ovate or oblong hyaline nerveless palex, which are resolved above into numerous slender bristles, the middle ones rather shorter than the corolla. * * * * Receptacle flattish or convex, many-flowered: ray-flowers female and fertile; those of the disk sterile » involucral bracts few in a single series, broad and plane, mem- branaceous : akenes pyriform. 156. BLENNOSPERMA. Involucre hemispherical or depressed ; its braets 5 to 12, equal, oblong, plane, herbaceous or partly membranaceous, the tips sometimes colored, the bases somewhat united. Ray-flowers 5 to 12: some of them in our species not rarely apetalous, the others with ligule oblong or elliptical, entire, sessile on the ovary, being destitute of tube: style-branches flat, linear or oblong. Disk-flowers numerous (20 or more): corollas with narrow tube, abruptly expanded into a broadly campanulate 4-5-lobed limb: anthers oval: style undivided, with capitate or disk-shaped apex: ovary abortive, a mere rudiment. Akenes (of the ray) obscurely 8-10-ribbed, with small areola, wholly destitute of pappus; the surface powdered with papillae which develop mucilage when wet. * * * * * Receptacle from convex to oblong: involucre many-flowered, various, of more than one series of bracts, or irregular: akenes short, obpyramidal or turbinate, sometimes more oblong, 5—10-costate or angled, mostly silky-villous or hirsute: disk-flowers all fer- tile; the corolla 4-5-toothed: leaves alternate, in many minutely impressed-punctate or resinous-atomiferous. +— Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of awn-like fimbrille among the flowers: style-branches of the disk-flowers dilated-truncate and somewhat penicillate at tip. ++ Involucre erect, at least not spreading or reflexed. 148. HYMENOPAPPUS, with turbinate or obpyramidal costate akenes, might be sought here. 64, PLUMMERA is like Actinella § Hymenoxys, without pappus, and disk-flowers sterile. 157. ACTINELLA. Heads radiate (except in S. American species). Involucre campan- ulate or hemispherical, or sometimes broader; its bracts in two or more series, somewhat herbaceous or coriaceous, often rigid; outer sometimes united. Receptacle from conical to convex. Rays fertile. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin and mostly hyaline palez, with more or less manifest costa or none; these sometimes truncate, more commonly acuminate or aristate at tip. Mostly low herbs, and bitter-aromatic. 76 COMPOSIT A. ++ ++ Involucre spreading or soon reflexed, herbaceous, usually with some inconspicuous short scarious interior bracts: akenes turbinate, 8-10-costate: heads mostly radiate: re- ceptacle more or less elevated. 158. HELENIUM. Bracts of the involucre subulate or linear. Rays fertile or sterile, rarely none. Disk-corollas commonly with short or almost obsolete proper tube (the stamens inserted close to the base), and 4—5-toothed limb; the teeth obtuse, glandular-pubescent. Pappus of usually 5 or 6 thin scarious palex. Leaves commonly impressed-punctate, mostly decurrent. 159. AMBLYOLEPIS. Principal bracts of the involucre foliaceous, lanceolate; an inner hyaline-scarious series resembling the conspicuous blunt nerveless palex of the pap- pus. Rays fertile, ample. Disk-corollas glabrous throughout, and with a distinct tube as long as the ampliate throat, 5-cleft; the lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acute. Akenes broadly turbinate and with 10 thick ribs. Leaves neither punctate nor decurrent. + + Receptacle (from convex to globular) beset with setiform or subulate or rarely small dentiform fimbrilla among the flowers. 160. GAILLARDIA. Involucre broad; the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all but the short inner series largely foliaceous or herbaceous and lax. Ray-flowers neutral, rarely styliferous and fertile, sometimes none: ligules 3-toothed or 3-cleft. Disk-corollas with short narrow tube, enlarged cylindraceous throat, and 5 ovate-triangular to subulate teeth or short lobes, which are beset with jointed hairs. Style-branches with penicillate tuft at summit of the stig- matic portion, thence produced into a filiform or shorter appendage. Akenes turbinate, 5-costate, covered with long villous hairs which sometimes rise only from the base of the akene. Pappus conspicuous, longer than the akene, of 5 to 10 hyaline-scarious palez, with a costa mostly excurrent into an awn, which about equals disk-corollas. Subtribe V. FLaverteE®. Involucre of the small heads composed of a few equal con- nivent bracts in a single series, sometimes one or two small additional ones at base. Ligules small (little or not at all surpassing disk-flowers), not persistent. Akenes terete, oblong or lmear, 8—10-striate-costate. Style-branches truncate. Leaves oppo- site. No oil-glands, nor resinous atoms. 161. SARTWELLIA. Heads with about 5 ligulate female and rather numerous her- maphrodite tubular flowers. Bracts of the involucre 5, oval or oblong, somewhat fleshy, in fruit somewhat carinate-concave and subtending ray-akenes. Receptacle convex. Ligules mostly entire, obovate or roundish. Disk-corollas narrow, 4—5-toothed. Pappus a deep paleaceous cupule with minutely fimbriolate edge (doubtless composed of 4 or 5 truncate palex which are completely connate), or of 4 or 5 narrowly oblong fimbriolate-truncate nerveless palex alternating with as many setiform awns, all united only at the base. 162. FLAVERIA. Heads one-several-flowered; the flowers all fertile, homogamous and tubular, or one female and short-ligulate. Disk-corollas 5-toothed. Involucre of 2 to 5 mostly carinate-concave bracts. Pappus none. Subtribe VI. Tacerines. Involucre a series of equal bracts, either distinct or united into a cup or tube, dotted or striped with oil-glands, not rarely subtended or calyeu- late by some loose accessory bracts, several-many-flowered. Rays when present fertile ; ligules not persistent. Akenes mostly narrow and striate. Pappus various. — Mostly glabrous and smooth herbs or undershrubs, strong-scented, the herbage like the involucre commonly dotted with some oil-glands. * Trup TAGeTINE®. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers more or less elongated, appendiculate or truncate. +— Pappus simple, of copious capillary scabrous bristles: akenes linear: receptacle small, naked and smooth: bracts of the involucre distinct. 163. POROPHYLLUM. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers numerous or several. Involucre of 5 to 10 bracts. Style-branches tipped with long filiform-subulate hispid appendages. Akenes slender. COMPOSIT A. 1% 164, CHRYSACTINIA. Ray-flowers conspicuous, with linear ligules. Disk-flowers nu- merous; their corolla narrow and 5-toothed, and style-branches tipped with short obtuse or conical appendages. Inyolucre of 10 or more short bracts. Akenes short-linear, not atten- uate upward. lowers all yellow. + + Pappus of distinct bristles and distinct pales : bracts of the many-flowered involucre distinct. 165. NICOLLETIA. Involucre oblong or cylindraceous, of 8 to 12 thinnish bracts, nearly naked at base. Receptacle quite naked. Disk-corollas narrow-tubular, 5-toothed. Style- branches tipped with long filiform-subulate appendages. Akenes filiform-linear, with taper- ing base. Pappus double; outer of indefinitely numerous capillary bristles like those of Porophyllum ; inner of 5 lanceolate long hyaline palex, with costa excurrent into a scabrous awn. + + + Pappus either wholly paleaceous, or some or all of the palex bearing or largely resolved into awns or capillary bristles: bracts of the involucre gamophyllous or some- times distinct: receptacle variously fimbrillate, alveolate-dentate, or more strictly naked. 166. DYSODIA. Pappus multisetose-polyadelphous, i. e. all or most of the 10 or more palez resolved, except a basal portion, into several (9 or more) or indefinitely numerous capillary but rather stiff bristles. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, usually calycu- late with a series of loose accessory bracts, the proper bracts generally gamophyllous at base, rarely quite separate, rarely united to near the summit. Style-appendages sometimes slender, sometimes an abrupt apiculation or short obtuse cone. 167. HYMENATHERUM. Pappus of several or numerous palex, either 1-5 aristate or pointed, or partly resolved into as many bristles, or some or all of them entire and even truncate (rarely even concreted). Involucre campanulate, cupulately gamophyllous high up, with or without some loose accessory bracts. Style-branches truncate or very obtuse, some- times tipped with a minute apiculation. Akenes mostly terete, and striate. 168. TAGETES. Palex of the pappus 3 to 6, firm, commonly unequal, entire, not setiferous, but one or more of them frequently subulate-pointed or aristiform. Involucre naked at base, gamophyllous nearly throughout into an oblong or more elongated cup or tube. Akenes compressed or angulate, hardly striate. Herbs. * * Prctippm. Style of hermaphrodite flowers slender, hispidulous, terminated by two very short obtuse and inappendiculate stigmatic branches. 169. PECTIS. Heads radiate, several-many-flowered. Involucre naked at base, or nearly so, cylindrical or campanulate, of few or several equal carinate bracts in a single series. Receptacle small, naked. Disk-corollas 5-lobed, one or two sinuses often deeper, thus becom- ing bilabiate. Akenes linear, terete or angled. Pappus of few or numerous bristles or awns, sometimes paleaceous-dilated at base, or of palez, or reduced to paleaceous-coroniform, rarely obsolete. Opposite-leaved herbs. Tripe VII. ANTHEMIDE#. Heads homogamous with flowers all tubular and her- maphrodite, or more commonly heterogamous, with the female flowers ligulate and radiate, or sometimes with corolla reduced to a tube or obsolete. Receptacle either naked or with some chaffy bracts. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, wholly or partly dry and searious or scale-like, not foliaceous, seldom herbaceous. Anthers without tails at base. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, and some- times with obscure conical tips. Akenes usually small and short, with no pappus or a paleaceous crown, or a circle of squamellee. — Strong-scented or bitter-aromatic herbs or undershrubs, the greater part of the Old World ; with alternate leaves: distinguished from the preceding tribe by the scarious imbricated involucre; from the Asteroidew, by the truncate style-tips, &e. The first genus would go with Helenioider, except for the paleze of the receptacle. * Receptacle paleaceous, i. e. with chaffy bracts subtending some or all the disk-flowers: heads radiate, or the rays wanting in certain species. +— Anomalous, with involucre (of comparatively few and broad thin bracts) and aspect of Hymenopappus. 78 COMPOSITA, 170. LEUCAMPYX. Involucre broadly hemispherical ; its bracts broadly oval, equal, in 2 or 8 series of 4 or 5 each, membranaceous, their margins white-scarious. Receptacle somewhat conyex, with oblong-lanceolate wholly scarious bracts subtending disk-flowers and partly folded round the akenes. Ray-tlowers 8 or 10, fertile ; ligule cuneate-obovate, ample, on a slender glandular tube, somewhat persistent on the akene. Disk-flowers numerous: corolla with narrow tube, ampliate-campanulate throat, and 5 spreading lobes: style-branches linear, with an obscure obtuse tip slightly produced beyond the stigmatic portion. Akenes large for the tribe, obovate-trigonous, with narrowed base and rounded summit, lightly 5-neryed, glabrous, slightly incurved. Pappus an obscure squamellate crown, soon obsolete. + + Involucre of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shorter : receptacle convex to oblong: style-branches truncate-penicillate. 171. ANTHEMIS. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered. Chaffy bracts of receptacle sometimes hyaline, sometimes aristiform. Akenes terete or 4-10-angled or ribbed, not flat- tened, glabrous; the truncate summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or auriculate pappus. Heads comparatively large. 172. ACHILLEA. Involucre campanulate or obovate. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle membranaceous, like the innermost bracts of the involucre. Rays few or several, short and broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcompressed, callous-margined, glabrous, destitute of pappus. * * Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of bracts or chaff-among the flowers. + Heads comparatively large, radiate, or rarely discoid and homogamous by the absence of ligulate female flowers, pedunculate, solitary at the summit of the branches, or some- times corymbosely cymose, never racemosely paniculate: akenes glabrous: tube of disk- corolla either terete or ancipital. 173. MATRICARIA. Receptacle conical or ovoid, or rarely lower when young. Akenes 3-5-ribbed or nerved on the face or sides, rounded on the back. 174. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle from flat to hemispherical. Akenes (at least of the disk) 5-10-ribbed or nerved all round; of the ray in certain species triquetrous. + + Heads sessile, discoid, heteroramous: female flowers most numerous, apetalous ; their akenes pointed or armed with indurated persistent style. 175. SOLIVA. Heads many-flowered, largely of female flowers : a few hermaphrodite but mostly sterile ones in the centre ; these with a short and thick 2-6-toothed corolla and usually undivided style. Involucre of 5 to 12 nearly equal bracts in not more than 2 series. Re- ceptacle flat. Akenes obcompressed, with rigid wings or callous margins, which are com- monly spinulose-pointed at summit, and the apex armed by the spiniform persistent style. Pappus none. + + + Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, heterogamous : female flowers apetalous : style deciduous. 176. COTULA. Heads many-flowered: female flowers in one or two rows: disk-flowers with 4-toothed corolla, fertile or infertile. Bracts of the involucre greenish, in about 2 ranks. Akenes raised on pedicels at maturity (these remaining on the flat or convex receptacle), obcompressed, commonly thick-margined or narrowly winged, in our species destitute of pappus or nearly so. + + + + Heads discoid, heterogamons, and the few or uniserial female flowers with a tubular 2-3-toothed or lobed corolla (in one species imperfectly radiate), or sometimes homogamous, the female flowers wanting and the hermaphrodite rather few: style de- ciduous: akenes truncate or obtuse: receptacle quite naked or sometimes hirsute: involucre imbricated in few or several ranks. 177. TANACETUM. Heads corymbosely cymose or glomerate, rarely solitary, many- flowered: female flowers with tubular 3-5-toothed corolla, either equal or oblique or im- perfectly ligulate. Akenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-angular, with broad truncate summit, bearing a coroniform pappus or none. Anther-tips broad and mostly obtuse. 178. ARTEMISIA. Heads paniculately disposed, few-many-flowered, small, wholly dis- coid, heterogamous, the female flowers with smalland slender tubular corolla, and the her- COMPOSITA. 79 maphrodite either sterile or fertile; or homogamous, with the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile. Anther-tips slender and pointed. Akenes obovate or oblong, mostly with small epigynous disk or summit, and no pappus. Trise VIII. SENECIONIDE. Heads heterogamous or homogamous. Involucre mostly one or two series of equal (and not scarious) bracts, sometimes unequal or even imbricated, with or without loose and short accessory ones at base. Receptacle naked. Anthers without tails at base, but not rarely sagittate. Style-branches of her- maphrodite flowers most commonly truncate or obtuse, tipped with short appendages or none. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, sometimes caducous. Leaves usually alternate. (Copious capillary pappus, comparatively simple involucre, short or conical if any style-tips, tailless anthers, and naked receptacle, are the marks of this tribe, no account being here taken of the tropical American subtribe Liabce.) %* Style-branches of hermaphrodite fertile flowers roundish-obtuse, or at least not truncate, and wholly without appendage or hispidity at summit, simulating Inuloidew or Eupatori- acee : pappus-bristles merely denticulate : receptacle naked, flat.— Subtribe Tussilaginee, Benth. & Hook. +— Heads submonecious or subdicecious ; the hermaphrodite flowers (with rather deeply 5-cleft corolla) essentially sterile: akenes narrow, 5-10-costate, with elongating soft and white pappus: involucre a series of soft herbaceous bracts, with few or no loose accessory ones at base. — True Tussilaginee. 179. TUSSILAGO. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monecious: female flowers in several series in the ray, slenderly ligulate : numerous subhermaphrodite flowers in the centre, with undivided style and sterile ovary. 180. PETASITES. Heads racemosely or corymbosely disposed, white- or purplish-flow- ered, subdicecious: heads in the truly fertile plant wholly or chiefly of female flowers, with slender-tubular and irregularly 2-5-toothed or distinctly ligulate corolla; in the substerile with few of these in the margin, and numerous hermaphrodite-infertile flowers, like those of Lussilago, but their style commonly with 2-cleft or 2-toothed apex. +— + Heads homogamous, discoid, of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers: style- branches very minutely granular-puberulent. ++ Corollas yellow, rather deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate: anthers much exserted and with lanceolate tips: akenes linear, glabrous: involucre hardly herbaceous, simple, of carinately one-nerved narrow bracts, and with few and small or no accessory bracts. 181. CACALIOPSIS. Ueads very many-flowered. Involucre broadly campanulate, of 14 to 30 lanceolate-linear mostly acuminate bracts. Corolla with the cylindraceous throat rather longer than the slender tube. Anthers entire at base. Style puberulent for some distance below the slightly flattish branches. Akenes 10-striate. Pappus very copious, soft and white, equalling the corolla. Leaves palmately lobed, petioled. 182. LUINA. Heads about 10-flowered. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of 8 to 10 linear bracts. Corolla of the preceding, or the throat more ampliate. Anthers sagittate at base. Style glabrous, its flattened and linear branches obscurely papillose on the back, truncately obtuse. Akenes (immature) obscurely 10-striate. Pappus of the preceding, but less copious. Leaves entire, veiny, sessile. 4+ ++ Corollas yellowish, obtusely 5-toothed: anthers little exserted, with oval obtuse tips : involucre mostly foliaceous! 183. PEUCEPHYLLUM. Heads 12-25-flowered. Involucre campanulate, of numerous subulate-linear or almost filiform nerveless bracts which resemble the leaves, in about 2 series, some of the outer looser and similar to the uppermost leaves. Corolla with very short proper tube and long cylindrical throat; the 5 teeth short, ovate, obtuse, erect, ob- scurely puberulent. Anthers minutely sagittate at base. Style-branches linear, flattish or semiterete, obscurely papillose-puberulent, the very obtuse tip wholly destitute of appendage. Akenes turbinate-oblong, obscurely 10-striate, very hirsute. Pappus shorter than the co- rolla, of very numerous and unequal rather sordid and roughish capillary bristles. Leaves short-filiform, crowded. 80 COMPOSITA. * * Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers either truncate or capitellate at tip, which is either naked or penicillate or hirsute, and not rarely bearing a short conical or flattened appendage. — Subtribe Husenecionee, Benth. & Hook. +— Involucre lax (not erect-connivent), commonly of much overlapping or unequal bracts, 10-many-flowered. ++ Herbs, with alternate well-developed leaves and many-flowered heads. 184. PSATHYROTES. Heads homogamous; the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile. Involucre of somewhat numerous bracts in two series, at least the outer more or less her- baceous. Receptacle flat. Corollas with extremely short proper tube (the filaments there- fore inserted near the base), elongated cylindrical throat, and 5 very short obtuse teeth. Style-branches flattish, very obtuse or truncate, and with obscure appendage if any. Akenes terete, more or less turbinate, obscurely striate, villous or hirsute. Pappus copious, shorter than the corolla, of very unequal rather rigid obscurely denticulate bristles, at least in age fuscous or ferrugineous. 185. BARTLETTIA. Heads heterogamous, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre broadly campanulate, of 12 to 14 oblong-lanceolate bracts in 2 or 3 series, rather lax; the inner and larger membranaceous, 2 or 3 outermost short and more herbaceous. Recep- tacle convex, tuberculate. Corollas with long and slender pubescent tube; of the ray with narrowly oblong exserted ligule ; of the disk with dilated-funnelform throat longer than the 5 ovate lobes. Anthers with ovate obtuse tips. Style-branches rather short, linear, flat, truncate, minutely hairy at the broad summit, and usually with a central setula. Akenes (at maturity) compressed, cuneate-oblong, with a strong salient nerve to each margin and usually on the middle of one face, these densely long-hirsute, the faces glabrate. Pappus equalling the disk-corolla ; its numerous somewhat unequal bristles in a single series, rather rigid, barbellulate, fuscous. ; 186. CROCIDIUM. Heads heterogamous, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre hemi- spherical or more open, of 9 to 12 nearly equal and similar oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate thin-herbaceous bracts ; no external calyculate ones. Receptacle conical. Ray-flowers about 12, with oval or oblong rather ample ligules: disk-corollas with slender tube rather longer than the campanulate throat; lobes 5, spreading. Anthers with deltoid-ovate acute tips. Style-branches short and broad, terminated by large deltoid appendages. Akeues fusiform- oblong, obscurely 3-5-costate, beset with hyaline oblong papillae, which, detaching when wetted, throw out a pair of spiral threads, in the manner of Senecio, &c. Pappus a single series of equal white barbellate bristles, which are very deciduous, in the ray commonly wanting. ++ ++ Herb, with opposite leaves and many-flowered heads. 187. HAPLOESTHES. Heads heterogamous, many- (at least 20-) flowered, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre short-campanulate, of 4 or 5 nearly equal and similar rather fleshy orbicular or broadly oval bracts, the outer strongly overlapping the inner. Receptacle flat. Corollas with somewhat slender tube: ligules of the rather few and short ray-flowers oval: disk-corollas narrowish, deeply 5-toothed. Anther-tips lanceolate. Style-branches of Senecio. Akenes linear, terete, striate-costate, glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather rigid and scabrous whitish bristles, about equalling the disk-corolla. a+ ++ ++ Shrub, with alternate leaves reduced to scales, and 10-18-flowered heads with imbricated involucre. 188. LEPIDOSPARTUM. Heads homogamous. Involucre oblong-campanulate ; its ” bracts scarious-chartaceous, regularly imbricated in 3 or 4 series, oblong, obtuse; the outer successively shorter; outermost ovate, passing into similar scaly bracts on the pedicel. Re- ceptacle naked. Corolla with elongated tube, and lanceolate-linear spreading lobes, which much exceed the open campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exserted, slenderly and almost caudately sagittate at base, the tips lanceolate. Style-branches flattish, ending in short acutish pubescent tips. Akenes oblong, terete, obscurely 8-10-nerved, with large epigynous disk. Pappus very copious, of soft and whitish minutely scabrous capillary bristles. + + Involucre of 4 to 6 firm and concave close and strongly overlapping bracts, 4-9- flowered : shrubs, with alternate leaves. 189. TETRADYMIA. Heads homogamous. Involucre cylindrical to oblong, naked, i. e. no accessory bracts. Receptacle flat, small. Corollas with elongated tube, and lanceolate COMPOSIT. 81 or linear spreading lobes longer than the short-campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exserted, acutely and even caudately sagittate at base; the tips triangular-lanceolate. Style-branches flattish, the truncate and minutely penicillate tips terminated by a very short and low obtuse cone. Akenes terete, short, obscurely 5-ierved, from extremely long- villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary long bristles, white or whitish. +— + + Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts (with or without short accessory ones at base), many-flowered, or in some species of. Cacalia of few bracts and few-flowered: ours herbs, the flowers all fertile : heads either homogamous or heterogamous with ligulate rays. ++ Pappus of comparatively few and unusually stout plumose bristles. (Transition to Felenioider.) 190. RAILLARDELLA. Heads 15-many-flowered (fewer-flowered only in depauperate plants), homogamous or heterogamous. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate, a single series of linear equal bracts, their edges lightly connate below the middle, or not manifestly overlapping. Receptacle flat. Ray-flowers (when present) with irregular and cuneate deeply 3—-4-cleft fertile ligules. Disk-corollas with rather short proper tube, elongated and narrow-funnelform throat, and 5 ovate obtuse naked teeth. Style-appendages flattish, his- pidulous, tapering into lanceolate or cuspidate tips. Akenes linear, somewhat terete, obscurely several-nerved, pubescent. Pappus of 12 to 25 equal aristiform but soft and plumose bristles, nearly equalling the disk corollas ++ ++ Pappus a single series of numerous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to barbellate : leaves chiefly opposite. 191. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. Inyolucre campanulate, not calyculate-bracteolate at base, of several thin-herbaceous oblong- lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat double series. Receptacle flat, sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elongated hirsute tube, a funnelform or cylindraceous throat, 5-lobed at summit. Style-branches flattish, at least above, there hirsute, with obtuse or acute tips. Akenes linear, more or less 5-10-costate or angled. 4+ ++ ++ Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numerous bristles: style- branches narrow, truncate or capitellate and often bearing a bearded ring at tip, which sometimes is produced into a short central cusp or obscure cone: leaves in our genera all alternate. 192. SENECIO. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous and discoid, usually many-flowered. Corollas yellow, those of the disk 5-toothed, occasion- ally 5-lobed. 193. CACALIA. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite, few or numerous. Corollas white, rarely flesh-colored, with 5-cleft or 5-parted limb, the lobes usually with a midnerve. 194, ERECHTITES. Heads heterogamous and discoid, many-flowered : numerous outer flowers female; central ones hermaphrodite. Corollas all slender-tubular; those of the female flowers filiform and with usually slightly dilated and 2-4-toothed summit; of the hermaphrodite flowers with long filiform tube and short cyathiform 4—5-lobed limb. Recep- tacle flat, naked. LBristles of the pappus very soft and fine, elongated. Flowers whitish or yellowish. Trize 1X. CYNAROIDE. Heads homogamous and tubiflorous, the flowers all her- maphrodite and with equally or sometimes rather unequally 5-cleft corollas, the lobes long and harrow ; or sometimes radiatiform (falsely radiate) and heterogamous by enlargement of limb of corollas of marginal flowers, which are commonly neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle mostly flat or convex, often fimbrillate or densely setose. Anthers with tails at base, and commonly with elongated and con- nate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style-branches destitute of appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly so, more commonly united up to the simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid, but sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent 6 : 82 COMPOSITA. ring or node below. Akenes thickish and hard. Pappus setose or rarely paleaceous. Leaves alternate, the teeth or margins often prickly. (Nearly all the indigenous American representatives are Thistles.) CRYPTOSTEMMA CALENDULACEA, of §. Africa, of the tribe Arctotidee (lying between this tribe and Anthemidee, and to which belongs Gazania of the gardens), is a ballast-weed at some ports in California, which it has reached via Australia. Subtribe I. CarpurnE#. Akenes attached by their very base, mostly very glabrous : flowers all perfect (one Thistle dicecious), in ours numerous or in the first genus rather few in the head. * Filaments distinct. + Leaves never prickly: style-branches partly distinct, slender. akenes oblong: filaments glabrous. 195. SAUSSUREA. Inyolucre obovoid to oblong ; bracts appressed, muticous. Receptacle with setiform chaff among the flowers, or rarely naked. Pappus of numerous plumose bristles, more or less connate in an indurated ring at base, so falling from the akene in connection; with commonly some outer and smaller bristles, either less plumose or naked, which are separately deciduous. 196. ARCTIUM. Involucre globular; bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading above the broader appressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of numerous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately deciduous. + -+-— Leaves more or less prickly: style-branches concreted to or near the tip into a fili- form or rarely short-cylindrical body ; a pubescent ring below this either manifest or quite obsolete akenes obovate or oblong, compressed or somewhat turgid: pappus simple; its numerous bristles connate into a ring at base and falling from the akene in connection : filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent, rarely glabrous; involucre of numerous much imbricated and often prickly-tipped bracts, many-flowered. 197. CARDUUS. Bristles of the pappus naked, or at most barbellulate, not plumose: otherwise like Cnicus. 198. CNICUS. Bristles of the pappus long- and soft-plumose, or only their tips naked, or those of some marginal flowers occasionally almost naked to the base. Receptacle densely villous-setose. 199. ONOPORDON. Receptacle fleshy, alveolate, not setose: pappus not plumose: other- wise like Cnicus. Cynara, Artichoke, Cardoon, is sparingly cultivated, but not naturalized. * * Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous: otherwise as preceding subdivision. 200. SILYBUM. Involucre depressed-globose, of rather large and rigid bracts in a few series; their upper portion herbaceous, spinose along the margins, and tapering into a rigid prickle, widely spreading. Receptacle and flowers nearly as in common Thistles. Bristles of the pappus numerous in more than one series, flattish, barbellulate-ciliolate or scabrous. Subtribe I]. Centaurines, Akenes obliquely attached by one side of the base or more laterally. 201. CENTAUREA. Involucre ovoid or globose, many-flowered, mostly firm or rigid ; bracts appressed and variously appendaged. Receptacle densely setose. Flowers sometimes all hermaphrodite and with corollas equally or obliquely 5-cleft into narrow lobes; more commonly the marginal ones neutral or sterile, and their corollas sometimes enlarged and widely spreading, forming a kind of false ray. Style-branches either conéreted or partly separate. Akenes oboyoid or oblong, turgid or compressed, usually smooth and glabrous, with a large epigynous disk, commonly surrounded by an elevated entire or denticulate margin. Pappus various, setose or partly paleaceous, occasionally obsolete or wanting. Trine X. MUTISIACE®. (Ser. Lasratirtora#, DC.) Heads in one subtribe ho- mogamous, the hermaphrodite flowers all with regularly 5-cleft corollas ; otherwise either homogamous or heterogamous and corollas bilabiate in the hermaphrodite COMPOSITA. 83 flowers, sometimes simply ligulate in female ray-flowers. Anthers with long tails at base. Receptacle naked. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers not appendaged, usually short or very short, and like those of Cynaroidew (but no node below) or of Inuloidee. Leaves alternate. - (Mostly South American, a few in other parts of the world : our five genera belong to three subtribes.) Subtribe I. GocHnatinrs. Heads homogamous ; the corollas almost or quite regularly and deeply 5-cleft into linear lobes: style-branches usually rounded at tip. Ours shrubs. (Transition to Cynaroidee and Inuloidee.) 202. HECASTOCLEIS. Heads one-flowered, in a fascicle, surrounded by an involucri- form cluster of leaves. Involucre cylindraceous, of several narrowly lanceolate rather rigid and cuspidate-acuminate bracts, appressed-imbricated. Flower hermaphrodite. Corolla rather chartaceous, narrow, equally cleft to the middle; the linear lobes widely spreading, not revolute. Anthers wholly exserted, subcoriaceous, bearing naked tails; the linear terminal appendages lightly connate, as long as the polliniferous portion. Style glabrous and even, not cleft, but terminated by an emarginate-2-lobed stigma. Akene (immature) cylindraceous, glabrous. Pappus coroniform, laciniate-dentate, corneous. 203. GOCHNATIA. Heads few—many-flowered, fasciculately paniculate or cymose. In- volucre campanulate or oblong, of dry or coriaceous regularly imbricated bracts. Recep- tacle flat, naked. Corollalobes mostly revolute. Style-branches sometimes very short, sometimes fully twice longer than broad, flat, roundish-obtuse or nearly truncate at summit. Akenes oblong, silky-villous. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary scabrous or barbel- lulate bristles, nearly equalling the corolla. Subtribe II. Gerperem, & II]. Nassauvirm. Heads heterogamous or homogamous : corollas either all bilabiate (3), or marginal ones simply ligulate. * Heads heterogamous and radiate: ray-flowers female and simply ligulate. 204. CHAPTALIA. Heads many-flowered: female flowers in two or more series and fertile; hermaphrodite flowers in the disk, all or some of them sterile. Involucre campanu- late or turbinate, of narrow appressed-imbricated bracts, outer successively shorter. Corolla of the marginal flowers simply ligulate and 3-toothed at the end, or entire ; those of an inner series more filiform, the ligule reduced to less than the length of the style; those of the her- maphrodite flowers more or less bilabiate, outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2-lobed or parted. Style in hermaphrodite flowers obtusely 2-lobed at apex, or when sterile entire. Akenes oblong or fusiform, 5-nerved, attenuate or rostrate at apex, bearing a copious pappus of very soft and fine capillary bristles. Scapigerous and monocephalous herbs. * * Heads homogamous, of hermaphrodite and fertile flowers, all of them with bilabiate (#) corollas, the lower lip larger in marginal flowers, not rarely more elongated and radiatiform: style-branches comparatively long, mostly dilated or flattened above and truncate, rarely somewhat penicillate. 205. PEREZIA. Involucre few-many-flowered, imbricated in few to several series ; bracts dry, chartaceous or coriaceous. Receptacle flat, naked, rarely pilose or fimbrillate. Akenes commonly papillose-pubernlent, elongated-oblong, terete or obscurely angled, sometimes narrowed at apex, not rostrate. Pappus of copious capillary scabrous bristles, either rather rigid or soft. Flowers never yellow. ~ 206. TRIXIS. Involucre several-many-flowered ; proper bracts 8 to 12, equal in a single series, or in two unequal series, little if at all imbricated, usually subtended by a few foliaceous loose accessory ones or by bracteiform leaves. Receptacle in genuine species pilose. Akenes more slender, with a tapering or rostrate summit. Pappus soft. Flowers yellow. Tripe XI. CICHORIACE. (Ser. Ligutrrtor#, DC.) Heads homogamous and ligulate ; the flowers all hermaphrodite and with ligulate corolla ; ligule 5-toothed at the truncate apex. Anthers sagittate-auriculate at base, not caudate: pollen-grains dodecahedral. Style-branches filiform, minutely papillose, not appendaged, but stig- matic lines evident only toward base. Receptacle almost always plane. Herbs (except a few insular genera), mostly with milky and bitter juice: leaves alternate. (Natural 84 COMPOSIT A. and well-definable subtribes being still a desideratum, artificial sections based pri- marily on the pappus are here employed.) Series I, Pappus none: receptacle naked. * Akenes truncate at base and apex, short, smooth: leaves all radical: inyolucre of nearly nerveless bracts, nearly unchanged in fruit, rather many-flowered. 207. PHALACROSERIS. Involucre of 12 to 16 equal and nearly herbaceous lanceolate bracts, naked or loosely unibracteate at base. Akenes short-oblong, slightly incurved, obscurely quadrangular: pericarp thin-coriaceous. Scape naked, monocephalous: flowers yellow. 208. ATRICHOSERIS. Involucre of 12 or more equal lanceolate bracts, and calyculate with a few minute ones. Akenes oblong, with corky pericarp, more or less 8-10-costate, the alternate ribs thicker. Scape bracteate and polycephalous: flowers white and purplish. 211. KRIGIA, & 219. MICROSERIS, very rarely want the pappus, or nearly so. * »* Akenes with rounded or somewhat contracted apex and small areola, narrow at base: involucre of several one-nerved equal bracts, unchanged or concaye-convex in fruit, 8-20- flowered : corollas yellow. 209. LAMPSANA,. Involucre narrow, minutely calyculate-bracteate at base; the true bracts carinate, at least in fruit, then erect. Akenes narrowly obovate-oblong and some- what obcompressed, minutely nervose-striate, smooth. Leafy-stemmed and branching Old World annuals. 210. APOGON. Involucre not calyculate, of usually 8 oblong-lanceolate herbaceous bracts, in fruit becoming rather ovate by broadening of the base, concave and the tips conniving. Akenes terete, obovoid, merely rounded at summit, 10-costate, obscurely scabrous-lineolate transversely, rarely an obsolete vestige of pappus. Low annuals, becoming caulescent. Series II. Pappus paleaceous or partly so, or aristiform, or plumose,. ¥* Involucre simple and naked, i. e. of equal bracts and no short calyculate ones at base: akenes truncate: pappus of palez and (usually) of bristles: receptacle naked. 211. KRIGIA. Heads several-many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous. Akenes short-columnar or turbinate, pluricostate, terete or somewhat angular, with broad truncate summit. Pappus double; outer of pointless thin pale; inner of delicate naked bristles, these rarely wanting in one species. Flowers yellow. * * Involucre either calyculate or imbricated, i. e. principal bracts equal and some short ones at base, or of less unequal bracts in two or more series, simple only in Tragopogon. + Akenes usually short, with truncate summit (sometimes a little narrowed beneath it, not rostrate) : receptacle not chaffy : flowers never yellow: caulescent, with small or reduced leaves on the rigid stems or branches: flowers matutinal. 212. CICHORIUM. Heads several-many-flowered. Involucre double; its bracts herba- ceous with coriaceous and indurating base, those of the inner series partly enclosing the subtended akenes, the 4 or 5 outer more spreading and herbaceous. Akenes somewhat’ angled; the broad summit bordered with a crown-like pappus of numerous short and blunt pale, in 2 or more series. Flowers normally blue. 213. STEPHANOMERIA. Heads 5-12-flowered, rarely 3-20-flowered. Involucre cylin- draceous or oblong, of several appressed and equal plane membranaceous bracts and some short calyculate ones, not rarely with 2 or 3 of intermediate length, thus becoming imbri- cate. Akenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs. Pappus a series of plumose bristles, or rarely chaffy awns, not rarely naked toward the bases, which sometimes are lightly connate in phalanges. Flowers pink or rose color. 214. CHATADELPHA. Heads about 5-flowered. Involucre of Stephanomeria, cylin- draceous, the accessory calyculate bracts very small, the membranaceous proper ones 5. Akenes short-linear, 5-angled, very smooth. Pappus of 5 rigid upwardly tapering awns, which bear on each side toward the base 3 to 5 rather shorter and slender rigid bristles. Flowers rose-color. + + S. gracile, Gray. Hispidulous: stem 12 to 30 inches high, rather naked, terminated by solitary or few mostly long-pedunculate heads: leaves membranaceous, ovate-oblong or ob- long-lanceolate, acute at both ends, denticulate; radical and lower cauline ample (5 to 9 inches long); upper cauline from 2 inches to half-inch long: involucre of nearly equal and rather few oblong bracts: akenes orbicular or very broadly oval, broadly winged, and with a comparatively shallow notch.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 653.— Prairies of Middle Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Hall, &e. Sometimes the leaves are all alternate and the petioles of the one or two principal cauline 2 or 3 inches long, equalling the blade. +— + + Leaves numerous on the stem, varying from opposite to alternate or the middle ones verticillate, only upper and alternate ones (if any) strictly sessile by a broad base: akenes with narrow wings and a comparatively shallow open notch; awn-like pappus-teeth usually evident and not rarely partly separate from the wing. S. Asteriscus, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, commonly hispid: leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly dentate or serrate, or some entire, scabro-hispid- ulous or hispid, all the upper not rarely alternate, seldom any verticillate ; upper commonly sessile by a rounded or partly clasping base; lower short-petioled : heads solitary or few on leafy branches: involucre foliaceous and squarrose (half-inch high), hirsute or hispidulous : akenes obovate-oval. — Spec. ii. 920 (Dill. Elth. t. 37, f. 42); Michx. Fl. ii. 146; DC. Prodr. yv. 512; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 278.— Dry sandy soil, common from Virginia and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. Var. leevicatle, DC.,1.¢. Stem smooth and glabrous, either throughout or up to the branches. — Torr. & Gray, 1.¢. S. scabrum, Walt. Car. 217. S. reticulatum, Moench, Meth. 607, fide syn. L. S. Asteriscus, var. scabrum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 183. S. dentatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 468 ; Torr. & Gray, l.c. S. lanceolatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 341, a narrow-leayed form. S. Asteriscus, var. dentatum, Chapm. FI. 221.—S. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. S. trifoliatum, L.,1.c. Stem 4 to 7 feet high, very smooth and glabrous, terminated by naked corymbiform panicles of numerous usually slender-peduncled heads: leaves lanceo- late, varying to oblong-ovate, and from entire to sparsely serrate, from almost glabrous and smooth to scabrous or hispidulous-pubescent, seldom alternate, a part of them usually 3-4- nately verticillate, commonly acute at base and the upper subsessile, lower tapering into margined petioles: involucre somewhat campanulate, narrower and usually smaller than in the foregoing ; the bracts hardly foliaceous, smooth and glabrous, except te ciliate margins : akenes broadly obovate-oval. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3355; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. trifoliatum, ternatum, & atropurpureum, Retz in Willd. Spee. iii. 2333. S. ternifolium, Michx. FI. ii. 146. — Dry woodlands, Penn. and Ohio, and through the upper country to Alabama. Var. latif6lium. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves broader, seldom more than opposite : heads fewer and broader. —S. levigatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 465 (perhaps Pursh, FI. ii. 578, but his character points to S. integrifolium) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. ec. — W. Georgia, Alabama, and low country of 8. Carolina; and broad-leayed northern forms are similar. * * + Stem terete, almost leafless and scapiform, bearing a loose panicle of slender pedunculate héads: involucre nearly hemispherical, of rounded mostly erect and coriaceo-herbaceous bracts: radical leaves ample, long-petioled, cordate at base: cauline when present all alternate and slender-petioled: herbage almost glabrous and smooth, or the leaves hispidulous and papillose- scabrous. (True Rostx-WEEDs.) S. compositum, Micux. Stem slender, 2 to 6 feet high, commonly glaucous: radical leaves of roundish-cordate or reniform or more ovate circumscription, 6 to 12 inches long or broad: heads small and numerous: involucre a third or rarely half inch high: rays small and scattered, 4 lines long: akenes roundish-obovate and with wing broadened above, so as to form a deep notch, with which the two subulate pappus-teeth are confluent, sometimes nar- rowly winged so that the summit is barely emarginate and minute pappus-teeth nearly free. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 276. The first-describcd form (var. Michaurii, & var. ovattfolium, Torr. & Gray,1l.c.) has the leaves varying from deeply sinuate-pinnatifid to pinnately or somewhat ternately divided into 3 to 7 divisions, which are again sinuate-lobed; for this the specific name is appropriate, being S. compositum, Michx. F1.ii.145; Ell. 1. c.; DC. 1. ¢., and S. la- ciniatum, Walt. Car. 217, not. L. S. nudicaule, M. A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 127, 16 242 COMPOSITE. Silphium. a form passing into var. reniforme, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., has rounder leaves, some only sinuate- dentate, others deeply palmately cleft. S. e/atum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 579. S. terebinthinaceum, Ell. Sk. ii. 463, not Jacq. S. reniforme, Raf. Med. FI. ii. 283; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 841. — Pine woods and barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. S. terebinthinaceum, Jace. (Prarrin Dock.) Stem 4 to 9 feet high, bearing several or numerous large heads: leaves of thick and firm texture, cordate-oblong or sometimes ovate-oblong, a foot or two long (besides the long petiole), dentate with very many small teeth, becoming rough in age: involucre nearly an inch high: rays an inch or more in length: akenes obovate, narrowly winged, merely emarginate and_obscurely 2-toothed at summit. — Hort. Vindob. i. t. 43; L. f. Suppl. 383; Geertn. Fruct. ii. 445, t. 171; Schk. Handb. t. 262; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3525; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Prairies and dry open wood- lands, Ohio and Michigan to Iowa and south to W. Georgia and Louisiana. Var. pinnatifidum, Gray. Leaves laciniately or sinuately pinnatifid. — Man. ed. 1, 220. SS. pinnatifidum, Ell. 1. ce. —Ohio and W. Georgia, not common. * * * * Stem terete (striate when dried), bearing alternate deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid coriaceous leaves, and sessile or short-peduncled large heads racemosely disposed along the naked summit, and bracteate: involucre rigid; its bracts ovate, thickened and at length coria- ceous at base, with equally long or longer and spreading foliaceous acumination: rays numer- ous: herbage scabrous-hispidulous or hispid, very rough when dried. —Compass-PLANTS. S. lacinidtum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and even 12 feet high: radical leaves (a foot or two long) long-petioled, once or twice pinnately parted or below divided, the divisions and lobes lan- ceolate to linear; cauline with petiole simply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and some- times palmatifid appendages ; upper sessile and reduced to bracts: involucre inch or more high and broad: rays numerous, inch or two long, bright yellow: akenes half-inch long, oval, glabrous or nearly so, with narrow wing widening upward and an open shallow notch ; no awns.— Spec. ii. 919; L. f. Dec. 5, t. 3; Jacq. f. Hcl. 1, t. 90; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 46; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6534. S. spicatum, Poir. Suppl. y. 157. S. gummiferum, Ell. Sk. ii. 460. — Prairies, Wisconsin to Dakota and south to Alabama, Kansas, and Texas. Leaves vertical and, especially the radical ones, disposed to place the edges north and south,—in respect to which there is abundant literature. See Alvord in Am. Naturalist, xvi. 626. S. albifl6drum, Gray. Low, a foot to barely a yard high, very scabrous: leaves rigid, as broad as long, more disposed to pedate division; dilated base of petiole entire: tips of invo- lucral bracts seldom surpassing the disk: rays white, about inch long: akenes puberulent ; the narrow wing produced and dilated at summit into somewhat triangular teeth which are adnate to a pair of subulate and more or less projecting awns, the notch narrow. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4.— On cretaceous rocks, W. & N. Texas, Reverchon. 71. BERLANDIERA, DC. (J. L. Berlandier, a Genevese botanist and collector, explored parts of Texas and Mexico, died at Matamoras in 1851.) — Perennial herbs (of the southeastern borders of the U. 8.); with canescent or cinereous herbage, thick roots, alternate leaves, and pedunculate heads: the rays yellow: involucre radiately expanding in fruit. FJ. spring and summer. — Prodr. v. 517; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 17; Torr: & Gray, FI. ii. 280. %* Stems leafy up to the inflorescence of mostly rather numerous and short-peduncled heads: leaves crenate, some or all the cauline cordate; radical oblong. B. Texdana, DC. Hirsute-tomentose; the pubescence not pannose, that of the (2 or 3 feet high) very leafy stem commonly hirsute or villous, the coarser hairs many-jointed: cauline leaves from oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, greenish, merely cinereous beneath, somewhat scabrous above ; upper closely sessile, lower short-petioled: heads usually fas- tigiate-cymose. — Prodr. 1. c.; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 26; Torr. & Gray,l.c. 5. longifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 342.— Margin of woods and hillsides, ‘Texas (first coll. by Ber- landier), W. Louisiana and Arkansas to S. W. Missouri. Leaves of Betonica. Var. betonicifolia, Torr. & Gray, lc. A form with most of the cauline leaves petioled, and the peduncles hirsute with purplish hairs. — Silphium betonicifolium, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99.— Louisiana, Drummond. Chrysogonum. COMPOSIT A. 2438 B. tomentosa, Nurr.1.c. Canescent throughout with soft and close pannose tomentum, no hirsute or villous hairs, when glabrate hardly at all scabrous: stem a foot or two high, rarely only a span high: leaves all obtuse, green above, generally whitish beneath; radical and lower cauline elongafed-oblong and petioled ; upper cauline usually ovate-oblong or oval, sometimes subcordate-ovate, short-petioled or sessile. heads fewer, in low specimens almost solitary and longer-peduncled. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 282. B. pumila, Nutt. le. Silphium pumilum, Michx. FI. ii. 146. S. tomentosum, pumilum, & reticulatum? Pursh, FI. ii. 578, 579. S. Asteriscus, var. pumilum, Wood, Bot. 442. Polymnia Caroliniana, Poir. Dict. vy. 505.— Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Missouri. Var. dealbata, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. More robust and leafy, 2 or 3 feet high, branch- ing at summit and bearing more numerous and shorter-peduncled heads: cauline leaves broader and more sessile, densely white-tomentose beneath; lower broadly cordate, upper often deltoid (with or without a subcordate base), either obtuse or acute. — Texas, Drum- mond, Hall, Reverchon, a very soft-canescent form. Varies into a less canescent state, approaching B. Texana, the leaves scabrous above (var. y, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.), Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. * %* Stems commonly low and with long monocephalous peduncles; the earliest often produced from ‘near the root, and scapiform, the later from leafy stems or branches: leaves variable, all attenuate at base, disposed to be pinnatifid or lyrate. B. subacatlis, Nutr. 1.c. Barely cinereous with minute often hispidulous pubescence (or the peduncles sometimes hirsute), soon green, becoming a foot or so high and leafy: leaves of oblong-linear or oblong-spatulate outline, irregularly sinuately or lyrately pinnatifid, with short obtuse lobes: akenes narrowly obovate-oval, merely carinately costate on the inner face. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 282. Si/phium subacaule, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 301; DC. Prodr. v. 512. S. Nuttallianum, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y,. ii. 216, as to syn. — Florida, in dry pine barrens ; first coll. by Ware. B. lyrata, Bent. Canescent with minute white or gray tomentum: leaves at length greenish above, variously lyrate-pinnatifid ; the lateral lobes oblong or narrower, obtusely dentate, sometimes incised: akenes obovate, the costa of the inner face strongly carinate. —PIl. Hartw. 17; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 78, & Pl. Wright. i. 103. 6. incisa, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 282. Silphium Nuttallianum, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 216, excl. syn. — Plains and hills, _ W. Texas and Arkansas to Arizona. (Mex.) Var. macrophylla. Radical leaves often a foot long, lanceolate-oblong or spatulate, _ either merely crenate or pinnatifid at base: later flowering stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet high. —S. Arizona, Lemmon. 72. CHRYSOGONUM,L. (Greek name of some plant in Dioscorides. Linneus gives the derivation of his genus from xpvods, golden, and yovv, knee ; of no obvious application.) — Geertn. Fruct. ii. 436, t. 174; Lam. Ill. t.7138; DC. Prodr. v. 510; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 274; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 350, excl. syn. Moonia, &e.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 216. Diéotostephus, Cass. Dict. xlviii. 545. — Single species: fl. spring and summer. C. Virginianum, L. Perennial from creeping rootstocks and sometimes by runners, pubescent, often hirsute, flowering acaulescently from the ground, also with stems a span to a foot high, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of long-petioled leaves; these ovate, mostly obtuse and crenate; cauline rarely subcordate and equalling or shorter than their petioles, or the radical obovate with cuneate attenuate base: peduncles solitary in the forks and terminal, all but the radical ones elongated : involucre one-third and yellow rays half inch long. — Spec. ii. 920 (Pluk. Alm. t. 83, f. 4, & 242, f.3); Walt. Car. 217; Michx. Fl. ii. 148; Torr. & Gray, l.c. C. Virginianum & C. Diotostephus, DC. 1. c. Diotostephus repens, Cass. 1. c.— Dry ground, S. Pennsylvania to Florida. Varies considerably according to age and season, usually low when blossoming begins. Var. dentatum, Gray. Leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate, the tip and teeth, also the tips of the bracts of the outer involucre, terminated by a more conspicu- ous callous mucro. — Bot. Gazette, viii. 31. — High Island at the falls of the Potomac above Washington, J. Donnell Smith, Ward, Vasey. 244 COMPOSIT®. Lindheimera. 73. LINDHEIMERA, Gray & Engelm. (Ferdinand Lindheimer, the discoverer of this neat plant, now prized in cultivation, and remarkable for its golden yellow rays simulating a 5-petalous flower.) —Proc. Am. ‘Acad. i. 47, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. vi. 225, & Pl. Lindh. ii. 225. Single species. L. Texdna, Gray & Encerm. 1.c. At length 2 feet high from an annual root, hirsute or hispid, branching above, bearing loosely cymose-paniculate usually slender-pedunculate heads: lower leaves spatulate to cuneate-ovate, alternate, coarsely sinuate-dentate; upper ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with a broad closely sessile base, acumigate, commonly entire, mainly opposite, their edges and also the peduncles usually beset with some small tack- shaped glands: ligules half-inch or more long.— Open woods and bottoms of the upper Guadalupe River, &c., Texas, Lindheimer, Wright. 74, ENGELMANNIA, Torr. & Gray. (George Engelmann, an eminent botanist, died while this volume was printing, Feb. 4, 1884, et. 75.) — Torr. & Gray in Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 343, & FI. ii. 283. Angelandra, Endl. Gen. Suppl. iii. 69. —Single species, in structure nearer to Parthenium than to Silphium, Fl. summer. E. pinnatifida, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. A foot or two high from a stout perennial roct, roughish-hirsute or hispid, branching above, and bearing somewhat paniculately disposed heads of golden-yellow flowers on mostly slender naked peduncles: leaves all alternate, deeply pinnatifid ; radical and lower cauline short-petioled and their linear or oblong lobes sometimes sparingly lobulate; upper cauline sessile and with broad base: head about 4 lines high: rays half-inch or more long: akene rough-hispidulous. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 11 ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2,1. t. 2. 4. Texana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 155.— Prairies and rocky hills, Arkansas and Louisiana to Texas and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 75. PARTHENIUM, L. (Ancient name of some plant, from zap6évos, virgin.) — Herbaceous or suffruticose (all E. American), bitter-aromatic; with small heads of whitish flowers ; in summer. — Gertn. Fruct. t. 168; DC. Prodr. vy. 531; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 284; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 351. § 1. PartHenr{strum (Nissole), DC. Ligule more or less evident: caules- cent, usually branching, with alternate leaves either dentate or variously lobed or divided: heads corymbosely or paniculately cymose. * Herbaceous, with membranaceous once or twice pinnatifid leaves, and habit of Ambrosia. P. Hysterophorus, L. A foot or two high, from an annual root, diffuse, strigosely pubes- cent, sometimes also hirsute, generally green: heads in a loose and open naked panicle: cauline leaves of broadly ovate outline, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 mostly narrow again pinnatifid lobes; of the flowering branches linear or lanceolate and entire or few-lobed: pap- pus of 2 rather large and roundish scales. — Spec. ii. 988; Bot. Mag. t. 2275. Argyrocheta bipinnatifida, Cav. Ic. iv. 54, t. 378. Villanova bipinnatifida, Ort. Dec. iv. 48, t. 6. (P. /o- batum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 457, should be this, by its “annual root,” rather than the following.) — Waste grounds, Florida to Texas, where it may be indigenous, but probably introduced from within the tropics: also an imported ballast-weed as far north as Philadelphia. (Mex., Trop. Am.) P. lyratum. A foot high from a truly perennial root, canescent or cinereous with fine and close sometimes also loose hirsute pubescence, erect : heads corymbosely crowded, more pubescent: leaves of obovate or oblong outline, lyrately pinnatifid, the lobes short and ob- long. — P. Hysterophorus, var. lyratum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 216. — Texas, in the southern and western parts, Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, Reverchon, &c. Equally allied to the preceding species and to the Mexican P. confertum, Gray. (Adj. Mex.) * * Fruticose or suffrutescent, with firmer and more simply lobed leaves. P. incdanum, HBK. Decidedly shrubby, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, canescent with fine tomentum: leaves mostly obovate in outline, sinuately pinnatifid into 3 to 7 oblong or _—— ti —s Iva. COMPOSIT. 245 roundish and obtuse lobes: heads numerous, paniculate-cymose: ligules commonly longer than broad: pappus a pair of short-subulate erect or at length spreading awns. — Noy Gen. & Spec. iv. 260, t.391; Gray, Pl. Wright.i.103. P.incanum & P. ramosissimum, DC. Prodr. vy. 532.— Dry hills, W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) P. argentatum, Gray. Suffrutescent, a foot high, silvery-canescent with close tomentum : branches erect, rather leafless above, bearing comparatively large and few heads (of 2 lines in diameter) : leaves lanceolate to spatulate in outline, some entire or incisely 2-3-toothed ; the larger incisely pinnatifid into 2 to 7 acute lateral lobes: pappus a pair of lanceolate chaffy awns.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 86.—S. W. borders of Texas, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., Parry, Palmer. Produces a gum or resin in Mexico.) * * * Perennial herb, with larger heads and leaves; the latter undivided, thickish. P. integrifolium, L. Stout, 1 to 3 feet high, minutely pubescent, corymbosely branched above, the branches terminated by a dense cyme of many heads (these a quarter-inch high) : leaves ovate-oblong or narrower, thickly crenate-dentate, rarely doubly dentate or somewhat incised, hispidulous-scabrous, prominently veiny from a strong midrib; radical a foot or more long and tapering into a petiole; upper cauline closely ses ssile and broad at base: pap- pus a pair of small chaffy teeth or scales. — Spec. ii. 988 (Dill. Elth. t. 225; Pluk. Alm. t. 53 & 219); Lam. Ill. t. 766; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 4; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Dry ground, Mary- land to Illinois and Texas. § 2. Borépuytum, Torr. & Gray. (Bolophyta, N Nutt.) Ligule wanting, the corolla being reduced to a truncate tube, which is obscurely notched at back and front: acaulescent cespitose perennial. P. alpinum, Torr. & Gray, lc. Densely tufted on a thick branching caudex, depressed, rising only an inch or two high: leaves crowded, silvery-canescent with a fine appressed pubescence, and villous in the axils, spatulate-linear, barely inch long, entire: heads solitary and nearly sessile among the leaves : pappus a pair of oblong-lanceolate membranaceous scales. — Bolophyta alpina, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 347. — Rocky Mountains in Wyoming (at 7,000 feet), on rocks near the Three Buttes, Nuttall. 76. PARTHENICEH, Gray. (Iap@evixyj, a poetical form of the word from which the name of the preceding nearly related genus is derived.) — PI. Wright. ii. 85; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 352.— Genus of a single species, allied also to the succeeding genus. P. mollis, Gray,l.¢. Annual, with odor and savor of Artemisia, 4 to 6 feet high, panicu- lately branched, minutely puberulent-cinereous throughout, wholly destitute of any coarser pubescence: leaves membranaceous, all alternate, ovate, some of the larger (as much as 10 or 12 inches long) subcordate, acuminate, irregularly or doubly dentate, long-petioled: heads small (2 lines broad), numerous in loose axillary and terminal somewhat leafy panicles, mostly pedicellate : flowers greenish-white. — Hillsides and along streams, S. Colorado to Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Tannen &e. FI. autumn. 77. IVA, L. (An unexplained name.) — American herbs or shrubs; with entire or dentate or dissected leaves, at least the lower ones opposite, and small spicately or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly nodding heads: fl. summer. — Lam. Ill. 766; Gertn. Fruct. t. 164; DC. Prodr, v. 529. Iva & Cyclachena (Fresen.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 285; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 352. § 1. CycLacn#na. Heads naked-paniculate, inconspicuously bracteate: co- rolla of the 5 fertile flowers a very short rudiment or none: leaves membranaceous, from incisely serrate to dissected, mostly petioled: flowers somewhat inclined to polyg gamo-dicecious thr ough abortion of the ovaries: annual herbs. — Cyclachena, Fresen. Ind. Sem. Hort. France. 1836, & Linn. xii.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 289. 2 is 46 COMPOSIT A. Iva. * Heads nearly sessile, crowded in narrow spiciform clusters which are aggregated in a panicle. xanthiifolia, Nutr. Tall and coarse (3 to 5 feet high), pubescent, at least when young: leaves mainly opposite, long-petioled, broadly ovate, ample, coarsely or incisely serrate, acu- minate, 3-ribbed at base, puberulently scabrous above, and when young canescent beneath: panicles axillary and terminal: involucre depressed-hemispherical, biserial; outer of 5 broadly ovate herbaceous bracts; inner of as many membranaceous dilated-obovate or trun- cate ones, which are strongly concave at maturity and half embrace the obovate-pyriform and glabrate akenes (on the apex of which sometimes persists a minute crown answering to the obsolete corolla, or this wholly absent). — Gen. ii. 185. J. (Picrotus) xanthiifolia & paniculata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 347. Cyclachena xanthiifolia, Fresenius, 1. ¢. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 286. Huphrosyne xanthiifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 85.— Alluvial ground or along streams, Saskatchewan and Nebraska to New Mexico, Utah, and Idaho; first coll. by Nuttall. dealbata, Gray. A foot or two high, canescent with floccose wool except the elongated and narrow terminal panicle: leaves in greater part alternate, soft-tomentose, reticulate- veiny (14 to 3 inches long), from obscurely angulate-toothed to laciniately pinnatifid, cune- ately or abruptly contracted at base into a short winged petiole: heads only a line long: involucre of only 5 obovate concave somewhat herbaceous bracts: corolla of fertile flowers a short cup or ring: akenes pyriform, roughish and glandular.— Pl. Wright. i. 104. — Val- leys of S. W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., Thurber, &c.) * %* Heads pedicellate, in looser panicles, more or less leafy-bracteate: habit and foliage of Euphrosyne. ambrosiefolia. ++ ++ ++ ++ Heads comparatively small (1 to 3 lines high and broad), variously paniculate, 12-many-flowered: flowers glabrous: herbs, or occasionally suffrutescent at base, mostly whit- ened (at least when young and on the lower face of the leaves) with cottony tomentum. == Tall, with numerous amply paniculate heads, strict stems, and undivided elongated-lanceolate or linear leaves (the lowest sometimes cleft), 3 to 7 inches long: involucre oblong. A. serrata, Nurr. Stems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy: leaves green and glabrous aboye, white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or uppermost linear, all serrate with sharp narrow teeth, pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes pinnately incised: heads rather few-flowered, less than 2 lines long, greenish, hardly pubescent.— Gen. ii. 143. A. Ludoviciana, var. serrata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 420.— Prairies and low grounds, Illinois to Dakota; first coll. by Nuttall. A. longifélia, Nurr.1l.c. Stem 2 to 5 feet high: leaves entire, at first tomentulose, but usually glabrate above, white tomentose beneath, linear or linear-lanceolate (1 to 5 lines wide), entire; veins obsolete: heads usually canescent, 2 or 3 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 419, not Bess. Rocky banks, Minnesota aud Nebraska to Saskatchewan and Montana; first coll. by Nuttall, or by Lewis & Clarke, if perhaps A. integrifolia of Pursh. = = Moderately tall or sometimes low: leaves various, more or less cleft or divided, or when entire comparatively short, not filiform or very narrowly linear. Species of very difficult dis- crimination. a. Involucre canescently lanate-tomentose. A. Ludoviciana, Nurr. A foot to a yard high, simple or with virgate branches, some- times paniculate, completely and somewhat flocculently white-tomentose, or upper face of leaves sometimes early glabrate and green: leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong, some- times nearly all undivided and entire; commonly the lower with a few coarse teeth or incisions, or 2-3-cleft, or irregularly 3-5-parted into.lanceolate or linear entire lobes: heads glomerately paniculate, not over 2 lines long: involucre campanulate or in fruit ovoid, 12—20- flowered. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 420 (excl. var. serrata); Bess. Revis. Artem. in Linn. xv. 104; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 404. A. Ludoviciana (with incised or subpinnatifid leaves) & A. gnaphalodes (with undivided leaves), Nutt. Gen. ii. 143. A. integrifolia, Pursh, 1. ¢., at least in part, not \L. A. Purshiana, Bess. Abrot. 59, & Hook. FI. i. 323. A. Douglasiana, Bess. l. c., an entire-leaved less white-tomentose Western form. A. [ookeriana, Bess. 1. ¢.; the plant taken to be this, of ‘‘ Rocky Mts., Saskatchewan, &c., Drummond,” in herb. Hook., but not ticketed, is a tall and large-leaved form.— Plains and banks, Saskatchewan to Texas, east to Illinois and Upper Michigan, and west to Brit. Columbia, California, and Arizona. The Wild Sage of Lewis & Clarke, at least in part. (Adj. Mex.) 6. Involucre not lanate (at least when fully developed), from pilose-pubescent or minutely canescent to glabrate or glabrous: divisions of the leaves broad or narrow, but not filiform. A. Mexicana, Wittp. Intermediate between preceding and following, paniculately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, less tomentose: leaves narrow-lanceolate to linear, commonly at- tenuate, some 3-5-cleft or parted; radical cuneate, incisely pinnatifid or trifid- heads very numerous in an ample loose panicle, many pedicellate, 1 to 2 lines long: involucre campanu- late, arachnoid-canescent or glabrate, largely scarious, 10-20-flowered.— Spreng. Syst. ili. 490; Less. in Linn. v. 163; DC. Prodr. vi. 114; Bess. Revis. 1. c. 106. A. Indica, var. Mexi- cana, Bess. Abrot. 56. A. vulgaris, var. Americana, Bess. in Linn. xv. 105. A. vulgaris, var. Mexicana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 421. A. Ludoviciana, in part, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 98. A. cuneifolia? & A. Lindheimeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 162, 163. A. Ludoviciana, var. Mexicana, forma tenuifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 98, from New Mexico, &c., is a very narrow- leaved variety, with strict panicle. — Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona and 8. W. Nevada. (Mex.) A. vulgaris, L. (Mueworr.) Paniculately branched: leaves white with cottony tomen- tum beneath, green and soon glabrate or glabrous above, usually. bipinnately cleft or parted and laciniate, and the lobes lanceolate or coarser; upper sometimes linear: heads numerous and glomerate-paniculate, 2 lines long: involucre mostly oblong-campanulate, scarious, sparingly arachnoid but usually glabrate.— Michx. Fl. ii. 128; Pursh, FI. ii. 522; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. ¢., excel. var. Mericana.— The common European form is apparently indige- nous at Hudson’s Bay, &e., and is naturalized in Canada (A. Indica, Canadensis, Bess. in Hook. Fl.) and Atlantic States. (Eu., Asia.) Artemisia. COMPOSITE. ave Var. Tilésii, Leper. Robust, leafy to the very summit: heads glomerate, fuscous : involucre broadly campanulate, arachnoid-cottony when young, but glabrate, many-flowered : leaves coarsely cleft and laciniate, the lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acute. — Fl. Ross. ii. 586. A, Tilesii, Ledeb. Mem. Acad. Petrop. vy. 568; Bess. Abrot. 70; Less. in Linn. vi. 214; DC. l.¢.; Torr. & Gray, l. c.— Arctic coast to Unalaska. (Adj. E. Asia.) Var. Californica, Bess. Less branched or simple-stemmed, with more naked pani- cle: heads of var. 7v/esii or smaller, or at_maturity sometimes oblong, glabrate. — Bess. in Linn. xv. 91 (founded on A. integrifolia, Less.); Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.404. A. heterophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 400. A. Vilesti, var. elatior, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 422. — Northern Rocky Mountains to Alaska, south to the coast of California and in the Sierra Nevada. A. franserioides, Gremnr. Habit of A. vulgaris, glabrous throughout, or minutely and obscurely cinereous-puberulent: stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves comparatively ample, green above, pale and barely cinereous beneath ; lower bipinnately and upper simply pinunately parted into lanceolate-oblong obtuse entire or 2-3-cleft divisions and lobes: heads numerous, loosely racemose on the branches of the leafy elongated panicle, 2 or 3 lines broad: involucre greenish, glabrous, low-hemispherical, 30-40-flowered. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 42. A. discolor, Torr. & Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 126; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 176, not Dougl.— Roubideaun’s Pass, Mountains of 8. Colorado, Gunnison. Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Mount Graham, Arizona, Rothrock. A. discolor, Dove. A foot high, mostly slender, from alignescent slender caudex, glabrous or glabrate except the lower face of the leaves: these white with close cottony tomentum (which is rarely deciduous), 1—2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or lanceolate entire or sparingly laciniate divisions and lobes: heads glomerate in an interrupted spiciform or vir- gate panicle, 1 or 2 lines high: involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and scarious, glabrous or soon becoming so, 20-30-flowered. — Doug]. in herb. Hook.; Bess. Suppl. & DC. Prodr. vi. 109; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 404. A. Ludoviciana & A. Michauxiana, Bess. Abrot. 38, 71, & in Hook. Fl. 1. ¢., not Nutt. — Mountains of Brit. Columbia and Montana to Utah, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada in California. Var. incémpta. A stouter form, with coarser and less dissected leaves, having mostly broader (sometimes short-oblong) lobes, or the upper entire.— A. incompta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 400.— Rocky Mountains from Montana and Wyoming to Wash- ington Terr., Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada in California. = = = Not tall, sometimes low, herbaceous or suffrutescent at base: leaves or their divisions narrowly linear, simple, small: heads 15-20-flowered, in a narrow thyrsoid or spiciform panicle. A. Lindleyana, Bess. A foot or two, rarely only a span high, slender, with thin floceu- lent tomentum soon deciduous, or persisting on the lower face of the mostly entire leaves (these inch or less long, a line or much less wide, the lower occasionally with 2 or 3 small lobes): heads barely 2 lines high, loosely spicate on the simple stem or paniculate branches of the inflorescence: involucre sparingly pubescent or glabrate, pale fuscous. — Abrot. 35, & in Hook. 1. ¢., described from herb. Lindl. A. pumila, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 399, a dwarf state. — Sandy banks of the Columbia River and its tributaries, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Terr., Douglas, Nuttall, Hall (distrib. as A. discolor ?), Brandegee. Also on the sands of the sea-shore near the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Douglas. A. Wrightii, Gray. Cinereous or canescent with minute pubescence, or radical shoots sometimes white-tomentose, 10 to 20 inches high, very leafy up to the strict virgate panicle : leaves pinnately 5-7-parted into very narrow linear and by revolution filiform entire divis- ions: heads numerous and crowded: involucre minutely cinereous-canescent, glabrate in age. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 48.— Plains of S. Colorado and adjacent New Mexico, Wright (no. 1279, Pl. Wright. ii. 98, mention only), Palmer, Greene, Rothrock (no. 539), Brandegee. = = = = Pinnately parted leaves mostly attenuate-filiform: heads simply and loosely race- mose-spicate, A. Prescottiana, Bess. Much branched from the base, a foot or two high, slender, gla- brous or early glabrate. lower leaves cuneate-linear and incised or cleft at apex, slightly tomentose beneath; most of the cauline pinnately parted into 5 to 7 delicate filiform divis- ions (of an inch or less long): involucre glabrous, hemispherical, about 15-flowered. — Abrot. 72, & in Hook. 1. ec. —“ Quicksand River, near the Grand Rapids of the Columbia,” Douglas. 374 COMPOSITE. Artemisia, Described by Besser from herb. Lindl., here from herb. Hook. A peculiar and little known species, to which Douglas had applied the appropriate name of A. /eptophylla. dh ee dee +++ ++ Heads small and narrow, very few-flowered: flowers glabrous: stems woody at base: habit of the following section. A. Bigelovii, Gray. Silvery-canescent throughout, a foot high: leaves from oblong- to linear-cuneate, mostly 3-toothed at the truncate apex, about half-inch long: heads very numerous and crowded in the oblong or virgate thyrsiform panicle, tomentose-canescent, containing only one or two hermaphrodite and as many female flowers, all fertile. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110. — Rocky banks and cations, Colorado, on the Upper Canadian and Arkansas, common where the latter leaves the mountains; first coll. by Bigelow. § 3. Serienipium, Bess. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile: receptacle not hairy. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. x Anomalous species of Southwestern border, tall, mainly herbaceous, 3 to 5 feet high, with ample and naked compound panicles; the heads nodding in anthesis, as is common in the genus. A. Parishii, Gray. Frutescent, cinereous-puberulent : leaves linear and entire, below pass- ing into elongated slender-spatulate and with 3-toothed apex: panicle a foot or two long, loose: heads mostly pedicellate (2 lines long): involucre oblong-campanulate, canesceut, 6—-7-flowered: akenes sparsely arachnoid-villous!— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220.— Interior of Los Angeles Co., California, Parish. A. Palmeri, Gray. Wholly or nearly herbaceous, obscurely puberulent; but leaves white beneath with close cottony tomentum, pinnately 3-5-parted into long narrowly linear entire lobes, their margins revolute: heads glomerate on the branches of the open panicle, hemi- spherical, less than 2 lines in diameter: involucre greenish, about 20-flowered ; many of the flowers subtended by scarious-hyaline bracts of the receptacle !— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & Bot. Calif. i. 618. — Jamul Valley, 20 miles south of San Diego, on the borders of California and Lower California, Palmer, Miss Bird. * %* SAGE-BRUSH or SAGE-BUSHES, low shrubs, or fruticulose, canescent or silvery with very fine and close tomentuin: heads glomerate or strict in the paniculate or spiciform inflorescence, not nodding even when young: corollas sometimes turning reddish. +— Foliose-spicate: heads solitary in the axils, surpassed by the rigid leaves. A. rigida, Gray. Gol ee SPREE a faze p =i FOr... ek ee seant 1938. CACALIA, L. Inpian Pranrary. (Ancient Greek name of som: Senecioneous plant, perhaps Coltsfoot.)— Perennial herbs, not fleshy (some shrubby in the tropics), natives of America and Asia in the northern hemisphere, Ganalin. ~ COMPOSITAL 395 with aspect mostly unlike Senecio. Leaves petioled. Our species all smooth, glabrous, and akenes glabrous: fl. summer. — L. Gen. ed. 4, 362 (partly); DC. Prodr. vi. 327 (with Psacalium, & excl. § 3, 4); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 51. § 1. Involucre in ours of rather many bracts, calyculate with some small loose ones, and many-flowered: corolla-lobes shorter than the throat: receptacle plane. C. suavéolens, L. Nearly glabrous: stem striate-angled, 3 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the corymbiform cyme of numerous heads: leaves hastate and on margined or winged petioles, or uppermost merely truncate or cuneate at base, acutely and often doubly dentate: proper bracts of the involucre about 12: flowers 25 to 30: corolla-lobes fully half the length of the throat: style-branches capitellate-truncate. — Spee. il. 835; Walt. Car. 195; Michx. FI. ii. 96; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 236; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 434. Senecio suaveolens, Ell. Sk. ii. 328. — Moist and shaded ground, W. New England to Michigan and Illinois, and along the mountain region to W. Florida. C. mastAta, L., which reaches Kamtschatka, is said to have been collected in Sitka by four collectors (see Herder in V1. Radd. iii. 108); but Stewart’s plant, named by Herder, is Pre- nanthes alata, and probably the others likewise. § 2. Involucre of about 5 narrowly oblong or linear bracts and as many flow- ers: receptacle commonly with a fleshy projection or 2 or 3 thickish fimbrille in the centre: corolla-lobes longer than the throat: heads numerous in corymbose cymes. — § Conophora, DC. : * Leaves merely lobed, pedately ribbed, veiny: plants glabrous and smooth. C. renif6rmis, Mune. Green, not at all glaucous: stem angled, 4 to 9 feet high: leaves slightly angulate-lobed, repand-dentate, ample; radical dilated-reniform, often 2 feet wide ; upper cauline subcordate or flabelliform: corolla parted down almost to the proper tube. —Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1735 (where the heads are wrongly said to be many-flow- ered); Pursh, Fl. ii. 518; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 435. — Rich and damp woods, Penn. to Carolina and Tennessee along the mountains. C. atriplicifélia, L. Glaucous: stem terete, 3 to 6 feet high, naked at summit: leaves of firmer texture, lobed or incised, but not dentate; radical from round-reniform to subcordate- ovate (larger 6 inches broad); cauline angulate-cordate or triangular, or with cuneate base and 3 to 7 laciniate lobes, to rhombic-lanceolate and entire in the uppermost: cymes open : corolla-lobes fully twice the length of the throat. — Spec. ii. 835; Walt. 1. c.; Michx. l.c.; Pursh, 1. c.; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 236; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 401, t. 59. C. atriplicifolia, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 7, t. 15, f.7. C. gigantea, Nees & Schauer, Ind. Sem. Vratisl. 1841, & Linnea, xvi. 216. Senecio atriplicifolius, Hook. FI. i. 332, with var. reniformis. — Moist or dry ground, W. Canada and New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Illinois. C. diversifolia, Torr. & Gray. Not glaucous: stem striate, 2 or 3 feet high: corolla- lobes a little longer than the oblong-campanulate throat: otherwise nearly as in the preced- ing, into which it may pass. — Fl. ii. 435.— River swamps in Middle Florida, Chapman. S. Carolina, Ravenel. %* % Leaves from sinuately dentate to entire, 3-7-nerved or triplinerved: plants glabrous and smooth: style-tips with or without a short setiform central cusp. +— Corolla-lobes moderately longer than the oblong-campanulate throat. C. Floridana, Gray. Not glaucous: stem 3 or 4 feet high, rigid, striate-angled: leaves thickish, ovate or oblong, obtuse, cuneate-contracted at base into a margined petiole, 3-5- nerved from or near the base, obtusely dentate (cauline 2 or 3, and radical 5 or 6 inches long) : cymes open, irregular. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 52.— Coast of Florida, Palmer, Chapman. +— + Corolla parted down almost to the proper tube: stems comparatively naked above, bearing loose fastigiate-corymbose cymes. C. ovata, Erv. Somewhat glaucous: stem terete: 3 or 4 feet high: leaves thinnish, from oval, or radical broadly ovate, to oblong or upper cauline oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; entire or with a few irregular teeth; uppermost sessile; lower and radical nervose at base and triplinerved above it, the nerves commonly diverging. — Ell. Sk. ii. 310; Torr. & Gray, 396 COMPOSITA. Cacalia. 1. c.— Damp woods, Georgia and W. Florida to Louisiana. It is impossible to determine whether this or the next is Walter’s C. ovata. C. tuberosa, Nutr. Green, not glaucous: stem 2 to 5 feet high from “‘a napiform root ” or stock, striate-angled : leaves thickish, from oval to oblong-lanceolate, entire or denticu- late, or rarely repand-dentate, conspicuously 5-7-nerved from base, and the nerves parallel and continued to the apex; radical plantagineous, 3 to 8 inches long, contracted or tapering at base into (sometimes foot long) petioles; lower cauline similar, upper comparatively few and small.—Gen. ii. 138; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 436. C. paniculata & C. pteranthes, Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 14. C. ovata, Walt. Car. 196? from char., not Ell.— Wet prairies, &e., W. Canada and Wisconsin to Alabama. C. lanceclata, Nurr. Somewhat glaucous: stem terete, 2 or 3 feet high, slender: leaves all lanceolate and lightly 3-5-nerved, or even linear and 1-3-nerved, thickish, entire, some- times 2 or 3 laciniate teeth or small lobes: heads and cymes of the preceding or fewer. — Gen. 1. c.; Ell. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, lc. C. hastata? Walt. 1. c. 195 ?— Wet pine barrens, &e., S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. ; * * * Leaves decompound: stem and branches slightly pubescent: corolla divided down to the proper tube into linear lobes somewhat exceeding it in length. C. decomposita, Gray. Stem slender, 3 feet high, floccose-woolly at base, naked and paniculately branched above, bearing numerous small (4 or 5 lines high) heads in open corymbiform cymes: leaves large (radical 2 feet high including the petiole), 3 or 4 times pinnately divided into linear chiefly entire lobes, the primary and secondary divisions more commonly alternate: involucre about half the length of the (5 or 6) flowers. — Pl. Wright. ii. 99. Senecio Grayanus, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 241.— Mountains of 8. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. 194. ERECHTITES, Raf. Firewerep. (Name of a Groundsel by Dios- corides.) — Coarse and homely annuals (Eastern American, and some in New Zealand and Australia); with rank smell, alternate leaves, and cymosely or panic- ulately disposed heads of whitish or dull yellow flowers. — DC. Prodr. vi. 294; Benth. & Hook. FI. ii. 443. Meoceis, Cass. E. hieracifolia, Rar. Glabrous or with some hirsute pubescence: stem commonly stout, 1 to 6 feet high, suleate, leafy to top: leaves of tender texture, lanceolate or broader, sessile, acute, acutely dentate, or some incised or pinnatifid, upper commonly with auriculate partly clasping base: heads half-inch high, cylindraceous, rather fleshy, setaceously bracteolate : pappus white. — DC. Prodr. 1. ¢ ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 434. EH. (hieracifolia,) prealta, elon- gata, &., Raf. Fl. Ludov. & in DC. Senecio hieracifolius, L. Spec. ii. 866. Cineraria Canadensis, Walt. Car. 207 ? — Moist woods and copses, a common weed in enriched soil, and especially where woods have been recently burned away (fl. late summer), Newfoundland and Canada to Louisiana. (Extends to S$. Amer.) TrisE IX. CYNAROIDEA, p. 81. 195. SAUSSUREA, DC. (Theodore, and his father Horace Benedict Saussure, eminent Genevese naturalists.) — Perennials of the northern temper- ate and arctic zones; with middle-sized heads of purple or violet-blue flowers. — Ann. Mus. Par. xvi. t. 10-13, & Prodr. vi. 532; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 471. — Ours all have the distinct and deciduous outer pappus of true Saussurea: fl. late summer. S. alpina, DC.1.c¢. Low, 2 to 12 inches high, with few cymose-glomerate heads, loosely arachnoid-tomentose and glabrate: leaves from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate or even broader, all narrowed at base, denticulate, sometimes entire: bracts of the involucre: char- taceo-membranaceous, acutish or acute, outer shorter: usually some setose chaff of the receptacle among the flowers.— Torr. & Gray, FI]. ii. 452; Reichenb, Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 816, Cnicus. COMPOSITA. 397 &e.; Herder, Pl. Radd. iii. 36. S. angustifolia, DC. l.c. .S. monticola, Richards. App. Frank. Journ. ed. 2, 29. S. multiflora, Richards. 1. ¢., ed. 1.— Mackenzie River to Arctic coast and Kotzebue Sound. (Hu., N. Asia.) Var. Ledebotri. More glabrate: leaves from sinuately or laciniate-dentate to entire: involucre looser; its bracts mostly attenuate-acuminate, less unequal, or the outer- most prolonged to the height of the inner: chaff of the receptacle either sparse or wanting. — S. alpina, Hook. FI. i. 303, in part. S. Ledebouri, Herder, 1. c. 41. S. subsinuata, nuda, & Tilesti, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 60, 61,62. S. subsinuata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 35,t.7. S. acumi- nata, Turez. in DC. 1. ec. 636, exactly S. nuda, Ledeb. 1. c.— Northern Rocky Mountains in the alpine region to Kotzebue Sound and Alaskan islands; in this country the commoner form and manifestly passing into S. alpina. (Adj. Asia.) S. Americana, Earoy. Tall, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, lightly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, bearing numerous corymbosely cymose heads: leaves membranaceous, denticulate or dentate, ovate and oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline sub- cordate and on slender margined petioles (4 inches long); upper sessile with acute base ; uppermost lanceolate: heads half to three-fourths inch long: inyolucre cylindraceous or somewhat turbinate, pubescent, 10-17-flowered; its bracts thin-coriaceous, 5-6-ranked, all pointless and obtuse; outer successively shorter, ovate: corollas “dark blue” or “purple”: receptacle bearing more or less copious setiform chaff [“naked” according to Eaton]. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 283.— Mountains of Eastern Oregon, Cusick, and Simcoe Mountains, Washington Terr., T. J. Howell. Related to the W. Asiatic S. lat/folia, Ledeb., and S. grandifolia, Maxim., especially to the latter, which has an equally copious outer pappus. 196. ARCTIUM, L. Burpocr. ("Apxros, a bear, from the rough invo- luere ?) — Coarse and rank biennials, of the Old World, unarmed, except the hooked tips of the involucral bracts forming the bur; with large and roundish mostly cordate leaves, the lower on stout petioles, and middle-sized heads of pink or purplish flowers, in summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 466. Lappa, 'Tourn., Juss., Gertn., DC., &c. A. LAppa, L. Plant 3 to 5 feet high, with somewhat cymosely disposed heads: leaves mostly green and glabrous above, whitish with cottony down beneath: in the larger form, var. mAgsus (Lappa major, Gertn., Arctium majus, Schkuhr), the bur an inch or more in diameter, its bracts all spreading and glabrous or nearly so.— Common in waste or manured ground, near dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. rompentosum (A. Bardana, Willd., Lappa tomentosa, Lam.), a more woolly form ; with bracts of involucre cottony-webbed. — Rare in N. America. Var. minus (A. minus, Schkuhr, Lappa minor, DC.), with smaller and only slightly webby heads; these more paniculate, and innermost bracts or awns of the bur erect. Varies with laciniate leaves. — Not uncommon. All the forms are vile weeds. 197. CARDUUS, Tourn., L., partly. Prumeress Tuistin. (Ancient Latin name of Thistle.) —Old World genus, one species locally naturalized. C. ntrans, L. (Musk Tnistie.) Biennial, 1 to 3 feet high, green: stem sinuately and interruptedly winged: head solitary, nodding: corollas crimson-purple.— FI. Dan. 675; Reichenb. Ic, Germ. 877. —On the Susquehanna near Harrisburg, Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) C. crfspus, C. acanruofprs, and C. pycnockrnatus, L., occasionally appear as ballast- weeds or waifs at seaports. C. prctinAtus, L. Mant. 279, grown in the Upsal Garden, from unknown source, said by Willdenow to come from Pennsylvanian seeds, but doubtless not American, is referred by Sprengel to C. defloratus. 198. CNICUS, Tourn., L., partly. PiLumep Tuistre. (Latin name of Safflower, changed from xvjxos, of Dioscorides, applied by the herbalists and early botanists to Thistles.) — Stout herbs (of the northern hemisphere) ; with sessile leaves, commonly with prickly teeth and tips, and large or middle-sized 398 COMPOSITA. Cnicus. heads; the flowers red, purple, or rose-color, rarely white or yellowish, in summer. Many hybridize ! — L. Gen. ed. 6, 409 (where the char. is pappus plumosus, and in Spec. ed. 2, two years earlier, C. benedictus is referred to Centaurea) ; Willd. Spec. iii. 1662; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 468. Cirsium, DC. FI. Fr. ed. 3, iv. 110, & Prodr. vi. 634, not Tourn. § 1. Naturalized from Europe: one species with dicecious heads. C. arvensis, Horrm. (Canapa TuistLe). Perennial and spreading by creeping root- stocks, a foot or two high, corymbosely branching, usually glabrate and green: stem and branches wingless: leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid and toothed, furnished with abundant weak prickles: heads loosely cymose, less than inch high, dicecious; in male plant ovate-globular, and flowers (rose-purple) well exserted ; in female oblong-campanulate and flowers less pro- jecting: bracts of involucre all appressed, short, and with very small weak prickly points: only abortive anthers to the female flowers. — F]. Germ. iv. 180; Pursh, FI. ii. 506. Serratula arvensis, L. Spec. ii. 820; Fl. Dan. t. 644. Carduus arvensis, Curt. Fl. Lond. t. 57; Engl. Bot. t. 975. ~ Cirsium arvense, Scop. Fl. Carn.; DC. Prodr. vi. 643; Torr. Fl. N.Y. i. 408, t. 61; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 842. Breea arvensis, Less. Syn. 9. — Meadows, pastures, and waste grounds, from Newfoundland through the Northern and Middle Atlantic States: too common weed. (Nat. from Eu.) C. ranceotAtus, Horr. 1.c. (Common Tuistte of fields.) Biennial, 3 or 4 feet high, with large heads (almost 2 inches high) terminating somewhat leafy branchlets, cottony-tomen- tose when young, becoming green, more or less villous or hirsute: leaves lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid and with lanceolate lobes, rigidly prickly; upper face strigose-setulose; base decurrent on the stem into interrupted prickly wings: bracts of involucre arachnoid-woolly, lanceolate and mostly attenuate into slender and rigid prickly-pointed spreading tips: flow- ers rose-purple, hermaphrodite. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1666; Pursh, l.c. Carduus lanceolatus, L. ; Engl. Bot. t. 107; Fl. Dan. t 1173.~ Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. 1. ¢.; DC. 1. ¢.; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 826.— Pastures and waste grounds, Newfoundland and Canada to Georgia (very common northward); also in Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Indigenous species, all but one Alaskan species endemic, all or mostly biennials. * Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbricated and the outer successively shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbriate or lacerate white-scarious tips. — Lchenais, Cass., DC. C. Americanus, Gray. A foot or two high, branching above: branches bearing solitary or scattered naked heads: leaves white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sinuately pinnatifid, or some merely dentate, others pinnately parted, weakly prickly: heads erect, inch high; principal bracts of the involucre naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate (not setose- spinuliferous) below, and the dilated scarious apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate, tipped with barely exserted cusp or mucro ; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire scarious tips: flowers ochroleucous: stronger pappus-bristles dilated-clavellate at tip.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56, without char. C. carlinoides, var. Americanus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 48, & Bot. Calif. i. 420, excl. syn. Nutt., &e. Echenais carlinoides, var. nutans, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 69. — Lower mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to the coast of California. (A hybrid with C. undulatus ? with red-purple flowers and purplish tips to involucral bracts, is from Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene.) * * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricated nor rigid, tapering gradually from a narrow base to a slender-prickly or muticous apex; outer not very much shorter than the inner, wholly destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot, +— Some with scarious or fringed tip or margins, at least the innermost, slightly or not at all prickly-pointed (except accessory leafy ones): leaves not decurrent on the stem, moderately prickly: Rocky Mountain and Western species. C. Parryi, Gray. Green, lightly arachnoid and villous when young, 2 feet or so high: leaves lanceolate, sinuate-dentate: heads (inch high) several and spicately glomerate or more race- mosely paniculate, more or less bracteose-leafy at base: accessory and outer proper bracts or some of them pectinately fimbriate-ciliate down the sides, innermost with more or less Cnicus. COMPOSITA. 399 dilated or margined mostly lacerate-fimbriate tips: corollas pale yellow; the lobes longer than the throat: pappus of fine soft bristles, none of them obviously clavellate.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 47; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 180.— Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Utah, at about 8,000 feet ; first coll. by Parry. Appears to hybridize with C. eriocephalus, &e. C. remotifolius, Gray, 1: c. Loosely arachnoid-woolly when young, 3 to 8 feet high: leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, more or less whitened by the loose tomentum be- neath even in age: heads (inch and a half high) pedunculate, scattered, naked or nearly so at base: involucre lightly arachnoid and glabrate; the bracts attenuate, the outer into a weak small prickle; the inner or some of them with a scarious (from broadly subulate to ovate-lanceolate) entire or sparingly lacerate tip: corolla ochroleucous, its lobes much shorter than the throat: pappus of coarser bristles, the strongest with conspicuously clavel- late tips. — Carduus remotifolius, Hook. F1.i. 302. Cirsium remotifolium, DC.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 460. C. stenolepidum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 419. — Along streams, Colum- bia River, from the Yakima district, Washington Terr., to the coast, and to Mendocino Co., California. Here no. 559 Kellogg & Harford (not “ Hall & Harbour”), doubtfully re- ferred to C. Americanus in Bot. Calif. i. 421, a form most approaching the latter species. +— + None of the involucral bracts with fimbriate or scarious-dilated tips, or obscurely so in the first species. ++ Proper bracts nearly all tipped with a slender acicular prickle, also somewhat viscidly long- woolly: leaves narrow, well armed with prickles: stem a foot or two high, leafy: pappus- bristles not clavellate-tipped. Rocky-Mountain species. C. Hookerianus, Gray, 1.c. Arachnoid white-woolly, hardly glabrate, stout: leaves pin- natifid ; the short lobes rather distant, sparsely prickly ; base little or not at all decurrent : heads few and sessile in a terminal cluster, or scattered, inch and a half high, somewhat bracteose-leafy at base: proper bracts tapering from a broadish base into a rather rigid subulate prickly point: corollas white or whitish. —Carduus discolor, var. fl. albis, Hook. F. i. 302. Cirsium Hookerianum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 418.— Upper wooded and subalpine region of the Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 48°, Douglas, Bourgeau, &e. C. eriocéphalus, Gray, |. ¢. Loosely arachnoid-woolly and partly glabrate, very leafy: leaves pinnatifid into very numerous and crowded and numerously prickly short lobes, the base decurrent on the stem into prickly wings: heads (inch long) several, sessile, and crowded in a leaf-subtended at first nodding glomerule; the subtending leaves and the in- volucral bracts densely long-woolly (or the inmost bracts glabrous), all very slender-prickly : corollas light yellow or yellowish. — Cirsium eriocephalum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 69; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 196, excl. var.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, at the head of Clear Creek and its tributaries ; first coll. by Parry. ++ ++ Proper bracts of the involucre tapering into an almost innocuous weak and short prickle or soft point: leaves green both sides, glabrate, mostly membranaceous, not decurrent on the stem, except the lower of the last species. Pacific species, with middle-sized or small heads. C. édulis, Gray, 1. c. Stem robust and somewhat succulent, 3 to 6 feet high, pubescent, leafy to the top: leaves oblong or narrower, from slightly to deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly-ciliate : heads (the larger inch and a half high) scattered or few in a cluster, usually bracteose-leafy at base: involucre conspicuously arachnoid-woolly when young, partly gla- brate in age: corollas dull purple or whitish ; the lobes much shorter than throat, filiform in the dried state and capitellate-callous at apex!— Bot. Calif. i. 420. Cirsium edule, Nutt. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Low grounds, British Columbia to W. California. C. Hallii, Gray. Glabrate and green: stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, moderately leafy : leaves pinnatifid, the lobes and teeth rather strongly prickly : heads solitary and pedunculate, or 2 or 3 in a small terminal cluster (inch or more high), more or less bracteose-leafy at base: involucre sparingly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, the attenuate tips of all but the outermost innocuous: corollas rose-purple, varying to white; the lobes linear, plane, obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56.— Oregon, Hall (310, was referred to C. edulis), to S. California (San Bernardino Co., Lemmon, &c.) and S. Utah, M/rs. Thompson. C. Kamtschaticus, Maxim. Glabrate and green, leafy up to the naked and short-pedun- culate (inch high) heads: leaves oblong-ovate or oval, from barely dentate to incisely pin- natifid, 6 to 10 inches long, weakly prickly ; lower decurrent on the stem into narrow prickly Wings: involucral bracts all attenuate-subulate from a narrow base, arachnoid-pubescent 400 COMPOSITA. Cnicus. when young or glabrate: corolla-lobes narrowly linear, apiculate: larger pappus bristles clavellate.— Mel. Biol. ix. 310. Cirsium Kamtschaticum, Ledeb. in DC. Prodr. yi. 644, & Fl. Ross. ii. 736. — Atkha, one of the Aleutian Islands, Lieut. Turner. Said to be “7 feet high”: corollas whitish : anther-tips slender, as in pl. Kamts., and longer than in yar.? Grayanus, Maxim., of Japan. (Kamtschatka to Japan.) ++ ++ ++ Proper bracts of the involucre not at all prickly, but the large (2 inches high) heads conspicuously and numerously bracteose-leafy at base. Atlantic species. C. horridulus, Pursm. Arachnoid when young, glabrate with age, 1 to 3 feet high, the larger plants branching and bearing several heads: leaves elongated-lanceolate, not decur- rent, pinnatifid, strongly prickly: head about 2 inches high, surrounded by a whorl of 8 to 30 linear or lanceolate numerously and strongly prickly leaves, which usually equal in length the involucre of gradually attenuate weak-pointed minutely scabrous bracts: flowers pale yellow, rarely purple (var. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray).—Fl. ii. 507; Ell. Sk. ii. 272; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40. C. spinosiss(mus, Darlingt. F]. Cest. ed. 2, 438. Cursium horridulum, Michx. Fl. ii. 90; DC. Prodr. vi. 651. C. megacanthum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 421, large form. Carduus spinosissimus, Walt. Car. C. horridulus, Pers. Syn. ii. 890.— Sandy or gravelly soil, New England, near the coast, to Florida and Texas. * * * Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal or the lower not rarely about equalling the upper, more rigid and imbricated at base, but most of them with more or less herbaceous spi- nescen‘-tipped spreading upper portion, and no glandular dorsal ridge. Rocky Mountain and Pacific species. +— Heads (only inch high) few or several and sessile in a terminal cluster: stem leafy to the top. C. Hatoni, Gray. A foot or so high, mostly simple, loosely arachnoid-woolly or glabrate: leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted into short lobes, mostly very prickly, either green and glabrate or remaining whitish-woolly beneath: involucre rather narrow, from arachnoid- ciliate to glabrate or apparently glabrous ; its principal bracts erect, with broadish appressed base, abruptly attenuate into the subulate-acerose slightly herbaceous spinescent portion, outermost little shorter than the inner: corolla whitish, its lobes considerably shorter than the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Cursium eriocephalum, var. /evocephalum, C. foliosum, & C. Drummondi in part, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 195, 196. — Mountains of Utah (Uintah and Wahsatch) and of Colorado, from 8,000 to 11,000 feet, also in Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson, Jones, Hall & Harbour, &e. +— +— Heads solitary terminating the stem or branches (involucre usually long-woolly when young, but sometimes glabrate), hemispherical, ++ Middle-sized: flowers white or pale purple: anther-tips deltoid. C. Andréwsii, Gray. Probably tall, branching ; the loose wool deciduous except from the heads: stem strongly striate : upper leaves laciniate-pinnatifid and with narrowly lanceolate prickly lobes: bracts of the involucre with coriaceous oblong-ovate base, greenish at short upper part, where it is abruptly contracted into an aristiform spinescent appendage: corollas apparently whitish ; the lobes fully twice the length of the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45, & Bot. Calif. i. 420.— W. California, Andrews, station unknown. C. Calif6rnicus, Gray, l.c. Tall and branching, with white wool more or less deciduous : leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, moderately prickly: principal bracts of the invo- lucre with somewhat foliaceous and subulate spinescent summit, sometimes very conspicuous, sometimes smaller and attenuate more directly into the prickle: corollas cream-color, white, or rarely purple; lobes shorter than the throat. — Cirsium Californicum, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 112. — California, from the Stanislaus (where first coll. by Bigelow) to San Diego and San Bernardino and adjacent Arizona. A variety of forms here assembled, some with larger heads and more leafy-bracted involucre passing to the next. 4+ ++ Large heads, the larger fully 2 inches high and broad: slender corolla-lobes considerably longer than the throat: herbage and commonly squarrose involucre copiously white-woolly, sometimes glabrate in age: anther-tips narrow and acuminate. ’ C. Neo-Mexicanus, Gray, l.c. Stout, 2 to 4 feet high: spinescent rigid tips to the principal involucral bracts half to nearly full inch long: corollas from white to pale purple: node on the style generally manifest and obscurely bearded: otherwise as the next, into which it seems to pass. — Cirsium Neo-Mexicanum, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii.101. C. canescens, Cnicus. COMPOSITE. 401 Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110, not Nutt. — Plains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first coll. by Fendler, Wright, &c. C. occidentalis, Gray, l.c. Mostly stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very white with thick coating of cottony wool: leaves from sinuate-dentate to pinnatitid, not very prickly: involucral bracts sometimes narrow and .herbaceous-acerose from a little dilated base, sometimes with broader more coriaceous base, or the outer with lanceolate-subulate tips: corollas red or crimson (the longer inch and a half long): style destitute of node.— Carduus occidentalis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 418. Cirsium Coulteri, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 110; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 195.—S. Oregon and W. California to San Diego and to the Mohave; first coll. by Coulter. Varies much in the size of the heads; these in some plants only inch and a half long, narrower, and involucre glabrate, its outer bracts successively shorter, with lanceolate-subulate squarrose green tips; approaching C. Californicus and also the following section. * * * * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed-imbricated in numerous ranks; the outer successively shorter, not herbaceous-tipped or appendaged, except that the innermost (which are all muticous or innocuous) are in one or two species obviously scarious-tipped. +— Heads oblong or eylindraceous, showy (1} to 2 inches long): flowers bright red or crimson- pink: involucral bracts comparatively jarge, not at all glandular on the back; inner ones all erect and purplish-tinged. Arizonian and Californian. ++ White with cottony wool, which is tardily if at all deciduous, 1 to 3 feet high. C. Andersoni, Gray, l. c. Slender, rather lightly and loosely woolly: leaves lightly prickly, sinuate-pinnatifid, rather sparse: heads naked-pedunculate: involucral bracts com- paratively ioose and erect, all gradualiy attenuate from a narrow base; outermost tipped with a small weak prickle: corolla bright pink-red ; its slender lobes about equalling the throat: style considerably prolonged above the very obscure node. — Dry hills, E. Califor- nia, adjacent Nevada, and $. W. Idaho; common along the Sierra south to the Yosemite and Kern Co.; first coll. by Anderson. C. Arizonicus, Gray, |. c. More densely white-woolly, branching and leafy: leaves sinuate or pinnatifid; lobes prickly-pointed: heads more numerous, less peduncled: invo- lucral bracts well imbricated, soon glabrate; outer coriaceous, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceo- late, abruptly contracted into a rigid prickle of rarely over their own. length, inner attenuate : corolla crimson-purple or carmine; its lobes twice the length of the throat: style produced at tip to only 4 or 6 times its diameter above the manifest node. — Cirsium undulatum, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 101.— Sandy or gravelly places, Arizona and S. W. Utah; first coll. by Wright and by Thurber. ; 4+ ++ Green and glabrous or very early glabrate, 3 or 4 feet high. C. Rothroéckii, Gray. Stout, branching, leafy to the top: leaves from incisely pinnatifid to pinnately parted, conspicuously prickly: heads rather thicker than in the foregoing: involucre similar, but longer prickly (prickles sometimes even three-fourths inch Jong) : corolla and style similar, or node of the latter less evident.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220 (form noted by Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. under C. Arizonicus).— Caiions of S. Arizona, Rothrock, Lemmon. + + Heads broad, mostly large: flowers from rose-purple to white: involucre glabrous or early glabrate, the light arachnoid wool caducous; its bracts rather large, chartaceous or coriaceous, not at all glandular on the back, outer tipped with a short weak prickle or innocuous cusp, innermost wholly unarmed and not rarely scarious-tipped. ++ Eastern species: leaves equally green both sides: anther-tips broadish. C. pumilus, Torr. _ Somewhat villous-pubescent: stem stout, mostly simple, a foot or two high (rarely taller) and bearing 1 to 3 large heads: leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly pinnatifid, copiously prickly and setose-ciliate: heads full 2 inches high, often leafy-bracteose at base, arachnoid when young: involucral bracts mostly lanceolate: corollas rose-purple, occasionally white, with lobes shorter than throat: flowers distinctly fragrant. — Compend. 282; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 292; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 138, t. 32. Carduus odoratus, Muhl. Cat. 70; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 85. C. pumilus, & var. hystrix, Nutt. Gen. ii. 130. Cirsium pumilum, Spreng. Syst. iii. 375; DC. Prodr. vi. 651; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. —Open ground, Mass., near the coast, to Penn. and New Jersey. 26 402 COMPOSITA. Cnicus. ++ ++ Western species: leaves either green both sides or deciduously white-woolly beneath: myo- lucral bracts plane: anther-tips narrow, very acute. C. quercetorum, Gray. Lightly villous-arachnoid when young, soon glabrate: stem stout, a foot or less high, bearing few or several thick heads: leaves mostly petiolate (the larger a foot long), pinnately parted and the oblong divisions often 3-5-cleft, strongly or weakly prickly ; involucral bracts thickish-coriaceous, closely imbricated in numerous ranks ; outer only mucronately cuspidate or with short prickle (outermost only about 3 lines long); innermost obscurely scarious at tip: corollas purplish or whitish, the lobes equalling or longer than the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40, & Bot. Calif. i. 418.— Dry hills, at Oak- land and vicinity, California, Kellogg, Bolander, &c. C. Drummondii, Gray, l. c. Green and somewhat villous-pubescent, or when young lightly arachnoid-woolly (at least the lower face of the leaves), either stemless and bearing sessile heads in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent and even 2 or 3 feet high, with solitary or several loosely disposed heads: leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted, moderately prickly: larger heads fully 2 inches high: involucral bracts thin-coriaceous or chartaceous, mostly acuminate, weak-prickly pointed or innocuous, innermost with more scarious and sometimes obviously dilated and erose-fimbriate tips: corollas either white or sometimes rose-purple, with lobes usually shorter than the throat. — Carduus pumilus, Hook. Fl. i. 302, excl. syn. Cirsium Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 459. — From Fort Franklin, near the Arctic Circle, to the Saskatchewan, along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, west to Oregon, and south along the Sierras to 8. California. Polymorphous and of very wide range. Var. acauléscens, Gray, l.c. Smaller, with heads (solitary or several on the crown, encircled by the radical leaves) only inch and a half long, or less, and proportionally narrow : outer involucral bracts with a longer but rather weak prickle. — Cirsium acaule, var. Ameri- canum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68.— Mountains of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada in 8. California. C. folidsus, Gray, 1.c. More woolly, usually also villous when young: stem stout, leafy to the cluster of a few sessile heads, a span or two high: leaves commonly elongated, linear- lanceolate, laciniately dentate, arachnoid-tomentose beneath: heads broad, inch and a half high, leafy-bracteose: involucre nearly of the preceding: corollas pale or white, with lobes equalling or longer than the throat. — Carduus jfoliosus, Hook. FI. i. 303. Cirsium foli- osum, DC. Prodr. vi. 654. — Prairies of the northern Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Idaho, Burke, Spalding. C. scariosus. White with cottony tomentum, at least the lower face of the leaves: stem about a foot high: leaves of lanceolate outline, mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate long- prickly lobes; upper face sometimes villous, sometimes only cottony and early glabrate : heads nearly of preceding, 2 or 3 in a sessile cluster, or solitary on short leafy branches: innermost bracts of involucre commonly with more conspicuous erose or entire scarious tips : corollas pale or white. — Cirsium seariosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 420.— Rocky Mountain plains, Wyoming and Utah, Nuttall, Ward, Palmer, &c. Has been referred to - C, Americanus and (in Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56) to C. foliosus. ++ ++ ++ Species of Mexican border, with dense white tomentum, smaller and obscurely cari- nate outer involucral bracts, and blunt very scarious tips to the inner: anther-tips very acute. C. Wheéleri, Gray. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, white with close cottony wool, as is the lower face of the leaves: these narrowly lanceolate or linear, sparingly laciniate-pinnati- fid, glabrate and green above, slightly prickly: head solitary, nearly 2 inches high, naked at base: outer involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, much appressed, carinate-thickened down the middle of the back, abruptly tipped with a small weak prickle; inner with conspicuous scarious or scarious-edged and erose tip or appendage: corolla crimson-purple; its lobes much longer than throat.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56.— Rocky Cafion, south of Camp Apache, Arizona, Rothrock, in Wheeler Exped., where it was referred to C. undulatus. +— + + Heads large or comparatively small: flowers usually rose or flesh-colored: inyolucral ‘ bracts closely appressed, coriaceous or thickish, commonly with a glandular or viscid ridge, short , line, or a broader spot on the back near the summit. ++ Canescent, at least the lower face of the leaves white-tomentose, very rarely glabrate in age: heads naked, solitary or scattered. Cnicus. COMPOSITA. 403 = Leaves pinnately parted into narrow and linear mostly entire divisions: anther-tips attenuate- subulate. C. Pitcheri, Torr. A foot or two high, with herbage persistently white-tomentose through- out: lower leaves a foot or so long, with divisions (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide) either entire or some again pinnately parted into shorter lobes, weakly prickly-tipped; the winged rhachis not wider than the divisions: heads few or solitary, 2 inches high: involucre glabrate ; the bracts rather small, viscid down the back, tipped with small short prickle : corollas ochroleucous. — Torr. in A. Eaton, Man. ed. 5, 180; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Cirsium Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 456. — Sand-banks on the shores of the Great Lakes from the head of Lake Michigan northwestward, and in Dakota, Suckley; first coll. by Dr. Pitcher. == = Leaves from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or broader, disposed to be wuite-tomentose above as well as below: prickle on cusp of the principal involucral bracts more or less rigid and pungent. a. Bracts of the involucre minutely scabrous-ciliolate. C. Grahami, Gray. Stem 3 to 8 feet high: leaves elongated-lanceolate (larger ones a foot or more long), from repand-dentate to sinuate and pinnatifid (sometimes delicately, some- times strongly prickly), upper face at length glabrate and green: heads 1} to 2 inches high: involucre glabrate and greenish ; the bracts lanceolate-subulate, tipped with a short rigid cusp rather than prickle, the margins at least of the principal ones minutely scabrous-ciliolate : corollas crimson-red: anther-tips attenuate-subulate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. C. undu- latus, var. Grahami, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 43. Cirsium Grahami, Gray, PI. Wright. ii. 102; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2885. — Wet ground, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon. 6. Bracts of the involucre smooth and naked, or else tomentose on the margins. C. ochrocéntrus, Gray. Resembles the next following species, usually taller, even to 6 or 8 feet high, the white tomentum mostly persistent: leaves commonly but not always deeply pinnatifid and armed with long yellowish prickles: heads 1 or 2 inches high: princi- pal bracts of the involucre broader and flatter, the viscid line on the back narrow or not rarely obsolete, tipped with a prominent spreading yellowish prickle: corollas purple, rarely white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. C. undulatus, var. ochrocentrus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 43. Cirsium ochrocentrum, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110. — Plains, &c., W. Texas to Colorado, the eastern Sierra Nevada, and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) C. undulatus, Gray. A foot or two high, persistently white-tomentose: leaves rarely pin- nately parted, moderately prickly: heads commonly inch and a half high: principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular-viscid ridge, com- paratively small and narrow, tipped with an evident spreading short prickle: corollas rose- color, pale purple, or rarely white; its lobes equalling or surpassing the throat in length: anther-tips attenuate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42, excl. var. ochrocentrus, & var. Cra- hami. Carduus undulatus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 130. C. discclor, Hook. Fl., in part. C. Douglasii, DC. Prodr. vi. 643, excl. habitat. Cirsium Hookerianum, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 253, not Nutt. — Plains, &c., from Lake Huron and Minnesota to Saskatchewan, west to Oregon, south to Kansas and New Mexico. Var. canéscens, Gray, 1. ¢., is merely a form with smaller heads, sometimes not over an inch high, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply pinnatifid. — Cirsium canescens & C. brevifollum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 421. — Minnesota to New Mexico and S. Utah. Var. megacéphalus, Gray, l.c. Stouter form, usually broader-leaved, with broad heads 2 inches or more high. — Minnesota and Texas (where coll. by Berlandier) to Idaho. C. Bréweri, Gray, |. c. Usually both very white-tomentose and tall (5 to 10 feet high) : leaves mostly elongated-lanceolate, conspicuously prickly: heads paniculate, sometimes very numerous, subsessile, merely inch high, or when solitary inch and a half high: bracts of the globular involucre much appressed, firm-coriaceous, the tip externally bearing an oval or oblong greenish viscid-glandular spot ; outer ones ovate to oblong, abruptly tipped with a rather slender spreading prickle: corollas pale purple or whitish, the lobes shorter than the throat: anther-tips deltoid, merely acute. — Springy soil, Sierra Nevada from Lake Tahoe and Mendocino Co., California (first coll, by Anderson and Brewer), to EK. Oregon, Cusick, &c. Also, less white-woolly, San Juan, Monterey Co., Brewer, leading to the var. . mo 404 COMPOSIT A. Cnicus. Var. Vaséyi. Perhaps a distinct species, only arachnoid-tomentose and greenish, even glabrate in age. — California, in Plumas and Sierra Co., Lemmon, Mrs. Ames. A remark- ably glabrate form, with involucral bracts obscurely glandular, and tipped with very short prickle, growing in dry soil exposed to the sun, Tamalpais, G. R. Vasey. Also a robust form, equally glabrate and green, with the glandular spot on the involucral bracts conspicuous and narrow: in salt marshes, Suisin Bay, Greene. == = = Leaves in the same species from undivided to pinnately parted, and the lobes from ovate to lanceolate, upper face soon glabrate and green: involucral bracts tipped with weak setiform prickles or sometimes hardly any: anther-tips subulate, very acute: corolla flesh- colored, rarely white. C. altissimus, Witrtp. Stem branching, 3 to 10 feet high: leaves in the typical form ovate-oblong or narrower, sometimes with merely spinulose-ciliate slightly toothed margins, sometimes laciniate-cleft or sinuate, or lower ones deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly : heads one and a half to two inches high: involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, abruptly tipped with a spreading setiform prickle, the short outermost ovate or oblong: roots fascicled and not rarely tuberous-thickened below the middle, in the manner of Dahlia. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1671; Ell. Sk. ii. 268; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Carduus altissimus, L. Spec. ii. 824. Cirsium altissimum, ete., Dill. Elth. i. 81, t. 69. C. altissimum & C. diversifolium, DC. Prodr. vi. 640.— Borders of woods, and in open ground, common from New York to Wisconsin, Florida, and Texas. Var. filipéndulus, Gray, Proc..Am. Acad. xix. 56. Smaller, 2 or 3 feet high: roots tuberiferous: leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid : heads few, only inch and a half high. — Cirsium filipendulum, Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 273. C. Virginianus, var. 8? Torr. & Gray, 1]. c. — Prairies and Live-oak thickets, Texas and Colorado. (Adj. Mex.) Var. discolor, Gray, 1.c. Stem 2 to 6 feet high, freely branching: leaves nearly all deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate lobes, or those of upper leaves linear: heads fully inch and a half high. — C. discolor, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 1670; Ell. 1. ¢.; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 292. Carduus discolor, Nutt., Darlingt., &e. Cirsium discolor, Spreng. Syst. iii. 373; DC. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. e.— Borders of fields and thickets, Canada and New England to Illinois and Georgia. C. Virginianus, Pursu. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or branching: leaves narrow, varying as in the preceding: heads more naked-pedunculate, only an inch long: in- volucral bracts small and narrow, thinner, tapering into a very weak short spreading bristle- like prickle, sometimes hardly any: flowers rose-purple. — Fl. ii. 506; Ell. 1. ¢. Carduus Virginianus, L. 1. ¢.; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 99; Nutt. lc. Cirsium Virginianum, Michx. F1. ii. 90 ; DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 457, excl. last var. C. Texanum, Buckley in Proe. Acad. Philad. 1862, imperfect specimen, apparently of this species. — Pine woods and dry banks, Virginia to Texas. ‘ ++ ++ Green or with only light and thin arachnoid tomentum, this at length mostly deciduous: involucre innocuous or nearly so. Atlantic species. == Heads only inch high, loosely somewhat paniculate: principal bracts of the involucre con- spicuously viscid-glandular on the back, more or less cuspidate-tipped: stems branching, 2 to 8 ‘feet high. C. Nuttallii, Gray,l.c. Early glabrate: stem slender, below winged by decurrence of the leaves: these when young lightly arachnoid beneath and often villous with jointed hairs above, deeply pinnatifid and with narrow lobes, slender-prickly: heads rather narrow: invo- lucre nearly glabrous, of very small and narrow thinnish bracts, the lower ones acicular- mucronate: corollas white or pale purple. — Carduus glaber, Nutt. Gen. ii. 129? but if so, hardly from New Jersey. Cnicus glaber, Ell. Sk. ii. 270. Cirsium Nuttallii, DC. Prodr. vi. 651. —Dry ground, S. Carolina to Florida, toward the coast. Nearly related to C. Virginianus. C. Wrightii, Gray, 1.c. Robust and tall, with thin arachnoid wool tardily deciduous from the ample (foot or more long) sinuate or pinnatifid weakly prickly leaves: heads in a naked panicle, hemispherical: bracts of the involucre small; outer ones subulate, cuspidate-tipped : corollas white, or possibly flesh-color: larger pappus-bristles strongly clavellate at tip. — Cirsium Wrightii, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 101.— Near springs, S. W. Texas and E. Arizona, Wright. Centaurea. COMPOSITA. 405 = = Heads large, oblong or cylindraceous, commonly solitary and pedunculate: involucral bracts comparatively large, gradually acuminate into a mucronate cusp or weak and short prickle, glabrate, the viscid dorsal ridge narrow: corollas purple: leaves when young canes- cently floccose-woolly beneath, oblong-linear or narrowly lanceolate. C. repandus, Evy. A foot. or two high, leafy: leaves mostly undulate-lobulate, rather densely prickly at margins: heads inch and a half long: involucre narrow-campanulate. — Sk. ii. 269; Gray, lc. Cirsium repandum, Michx. FI. ii. 89; DC. Prodr. vi. 651. Carduus repandus, Pers. Syn. ii. 386. C. Virginianus, Walt. Car. 195 ?— Dry pine barrens, N. Caro- lina to Florida. C. Lecontei, Gray. Stem slender but rigid, commonly simple and bearing a single con- spicuously pedunculate head (of full 2 inches in height): leaves sparsely dentate or pinnatifid- lobulate, with scattered prickles: involucre cylindraceous. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 39. Cnicus Virginianus, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 48. Cirsium Leconte’, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 458. — Wet pine barrens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana; first coll. by Le Conte. == == = Heads inch and a half high, rather broad: involucre arachnoid-woolly; its principal bracts broad and pointless. Atlantic species. C. mtticus, Pursu. Obscurely arachnoid when young and with some villosity : stem 3 to 8 feet high, branching above: leaves deeply pinnatifid, sparsely weak-prickly, glabrate: in- volucre sometimes glabrate in age: bracts with broad and short viscid ridge or spot just beneath the obtuse or acutish sometimes mucronulate apex, lowest ovate or oblong and very short, innermost linear: flowers rose-purple. — Gray, l.c. C. glutinosus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 291, not Lam. Carduus muticus and perhaps C. glaber, Nutt. Gen. ii. 129. Cirsium muti- cum, Michx. FI. ii. 89; DC.1.¢.; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 458, excl. syn. of the var.?, which is a more rigid form, growing in open ground. C. Bigelovi7, DC. 1. c.— Low ground and shady swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida, and Louisiana. 199. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Corron Tnistie. (Old Greek name, mean- ing Asses’ Thistle.) — Large and stout biennials of the Old World, one sparingly naturalized; fl. late summer. — DC. Prodr. vi. 617. Onopordum, L. O. acAntuium, L. White with cottony wool: stem 3 to 9 feet high, branching, winged throughout by decurrence of the large oblong sinuate-lobed and prickly leaves; wings sinu-* ate, very prickly: heads pretty large: involucre globular, arachnoid or partly glabrate ; bracts rigid, subulate and prickly tipped, squarrose: corollas light purple or paler: pappus fuscous, scabrous, not twice the length of the slightly rugose akene. — F]. Dan. t. 909; IEngl. Bot. t. 907. — Waste grounds near dwellings and roadsides in Atlantic States, not abundant. (Nat. from Eu.) 200. SILYBUM, Vaill. Mirx Turstie. (S/dvos, ancient Greek name of an edible-stemmed Thistle, perhaps the present plant.) — Single species. S. MarrAyum, Gerry. Prickly-leaved biennial or annual, glabrate or nearly glabrous ; with ample sinuate or pinnatifid green leaves, blotched with white along the veins: corollas rose- purple, deeply cleft. — Escaped from gardens in a few places, also a ballast-weed, disposed to be naturalized southward, especially in California: fl. summer. (Ady. from Eu.) 201. CENTAUREA, L. Star Tuistre, &e. (Kertaripevor, plant of the Centaurs, name applied by the herbalists to two or three widely different genera.) — An immense genus in the Old World, one species only indigenous to N. America, two or three in Chili. — Centaurea & Carbenia (Adans.), Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. ii. 477, 482. § 1. Carpinta. Akenes terete, strongly many-striate, with lateral scar, the corneous margin at summit 10-dentate: pappus double, each of 10 aristiform bristles, outer longer and naked, inner short and fimbriolate : anthers with elon- gated cartilaginous terminal appendages, which are connate to their blunt tips: x 406 COMPOSITA. Centaurea. head surrounded by large and leafy accessory bracts. —Carbeni, Adans. Fam. ii. 116. Cnicus, Gertn., DC., not L. C. senepicta, L. (Biessep Triste.) Low and branching annual, hirsute or pubescent : ‘leaves prominently reticulated, sinuate-pinnatifid or laciniate-dentate, the teeth or margins weakly prickly; lower attenuate at base; upper narrowly oblong, partly clasping by broad base: heads sessile, inch and a half high, equalled by the oblong involucral leaves: proper involucre of thin-coriaceous bracts in few ranks, all or most of them abruptly tipped with an aristiform or spinescent and pectinately prickly spreading appendage: receptacle very densely setose with long and soft capillary bristles: corollas light yellow : longer bristles of the pappus alternating with inner and with the teeth of the akene. — Spee. ed. 2, ii. 1296; Sibth. Flora Greeca, t. 906. Cnicus benedictus, L. Spec. ed. i. 826; Geertn. Fruct. ii. t. 162 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 606; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 455.— Waste grounds, at seaports and elsewhere near dwellings, in the Southern Atlantic States and in California; not common. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. CENTAUREA proper. Akenes more or less compressed or quadrangular : pappus of indefinite (either scanty or numerous) bristles or narrow paleaw: invo- lucre globular or ovoid. * Old World species, sparingly naturalized, with comparatively small heads: scar or insertion of akene lateral. +— Bracts of the involucre (or some of them) armed with a rigid spine or prickle, and also more or less spinulose along its sides or base: cartilaginous appendages terminating the anthers commonly elongated and connate: ours annuals, none with the marginal corollas enlarged. — Calcitrapa, Juss. C. Catcirrapa, L. (Star Turstie.) Low, much branched, diffusely spreading, green, gla- brate or hairy: leaves narrow, laciniate-pinnatifid ; uppermost somewhat involucrate-crowded at base of the sessile heads: principal bracts of the involucre becoming corneous, armed with a widely spreading very long and rigid spine, which bears 2 or 3 spinules on each side at base: corollas purple or purplish: pappus wanting. — Eng]. Bot. t. 125; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 454. — Sparingly established at seaports from New York southward, chiefly as a mere ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) C. soustitiAris, L. Erect, a foot or two high, canescent with cottony wool: radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; cauline lanceolate and linear, mostly entire, decurrent on the branches in narrow wings: heads naked, somewhat pedunculate: intermediate bracts of the globular in- yolucre tipped with a long spreading spine, having one or two spinules at base; outermost bearing a few small palmate prickles ; innermost only scarious-tipped: corollas yellow : pap- pus double; outer of short and squamellate, inner of longer bristles. — Engl. Bot. t. 243 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 795; Gray, Bot. Calif. i, 421.— Near San Francisco and San Diego, California, sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) C. Metiténsis, L. Erect, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched, cinereous-pubescent, some- what woolly at first: radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, narrowly decurrent on the branches: heads smaller, sessile or 1-2-leaved at base: principal bracts of involucre bearing a spreading slender spine of about their own length, which is pectinately spinulose towards its base ; innermost with simply spinescent tip; outer- most usually with the central spine reduced and the spinules palmate: corollas yeilow: pappus of very unequal rigid bristles or squamelle: akene lightly costate.— Sibth. Flora Greca, t. 909; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xv. t. 796; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Fields, California and Arizona, rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) -+— + Bracts of the involucre unarmed, most of them terminated by a searious discolored fimbri- ate-ciliate or lacerate appendage. — Jacea, Platylophus, Cyanus, &c., Cass. ++ Perennials, with rose-purple flowers: pappus obsolete. Q _Nfara, L. (Kyapweep, Harpueaps.) A foot or two high, branching, roughish-pubescent : leaves lanceolate and entire, or lower sparingly toothed: most of the involucral bracts with strongly pectinately ciliate-fringed blackish appendages, these only conspicuous: flowers all hermaphrodite, marginal ones not enlarged or rarely so. — Fl. Dan. t. 606; Engl. Bot. t. 278. — Fields, Newfoundland to E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.) Gochnatia. COMPOSITA. 407 C. JAcea, L. Heads usually larger: brownish appendages of the involucral bracts merely lacerate : marginal flowers neutral and with enlarged palmate corollas, forming conspicuous false rays: otherwise like the preceding. — Fl. Dan. t. 519; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xy. t. 754, 755.— Charlotte, Vermont, Pringle. Near New York, &c., as a ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) ++ ++ Annual, with blue flowers, varying to white or purple: pappus of unequal bristles about the length of the akene. C. Cf¥anus, L. (Briurzorrie.) Slender, branching, a foot or two high, whitened when young with floccose wool : leaves linear, entire, or lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifid : heads naked on slender peduncles: involucral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short scarious teeth: marginal flowers neutral, with much enlarged radiatiform corollas. — Engl. Bot. t. 277; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 768.— Escaped from gardens sparingly in the Atlantic States. (Nat. from. Eu.) * * American species: heads large: scar or insertion of akene obliquely basal: bracts of invo- lucre unarmed, the appendage conspicuously pectinate-fimbriate: anther-appendages distinct. — Plectocephalus, Don. C. Americana, Nutr. Annual, nearly glabrous: stem stout, commonly simple, 2 to 6 feet high, striate-suleate, thickened under the naked head: leaves entire or mostly so, oblong- lanceolate, mucronate: involucre inch or inch and a half in diameter; its very numerous bracts all with conspicuously fringed scarious appendages: flowers rose-color or’ flesh-color ; the hermaphrodite ones forming a disk of 1 to 3 inches in diameter; the neutral marginal ones (with their very narrow lobes an inch long) forming an ample ray : style filiform, entire -to the minutely 2-dentate stigmatic tip: pappus of copious similar but unequal bristles longer than the akene. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 117; Barton, Fl. Am.-Sept. t. 50; Reichenb. Ic. Exot. t. 132; Fl. Serres, iv. t. 327; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 17. C. Nuttallii, Spreng. Syst. iv. 298. C. Mexicana & C. Americana, DC. Prodr. vi. 575. Plectocephalus Americanus, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 51.— Plains of Arkansas and Louisiana to Ari- zona ; first coll. by Nuttall. (Adj. Mex.) Tripse X. MUTISIACEA, p. 82. 202. HECASTOCLEIS, Gray. (“Exaoros, each, xAefw, to shut up, each flower in an involucre of its own). — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220.— Single species. H. Shockléyi, Gray, 1.c¢. Low and glabrous shrub, with rigid branches, and rigid leaves of two sorts; cauline small, linear-lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped, and on the sides usually a few spiniform teeth, also fascicled on axillary spurs ; floral ones 3 or 4 in a whorl or cluster, larger (half-inch or more long) and oval or ovate, papyraceous, reticulated, mar- gined with sparse slender prickles, forming a loose external involucre around a fascicle of few or several sessile heads (these about 5 lines long and fusiform): flower apparently dull white. — Esmeralda Co., W. Nevada, in an arid desert region, W.. S. Shockley. By the style. and habit evidently Mutisiaceous rather than Cynaroideous. 203. GOCHNATIA, HBK. (F. ©. Gochnat, of Strasburg.) — American shrubby plants; with coriaceous leaves usually entire and tomentose beneath, and white or whitish flowers. — Nov. Gen. & Spee. iv. 19, t. 809. Gochnatia & Moquinia (at least in part), DC.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 490. G. hypoletica, Gray. Rigid shrub, 6 to 8 feet high: leaves oblong or oval, very short- petioled, commonly inch or more long, glabrous and bright green above, finely white- tomentose beneath (like an Olive-leaf) as also the branchlets: heads in sessile somewhat thyrsoid-paniculate fascicles, half-inch or less long: involucre cylindraceous, 5-7-flowered : bracts ovate and oblong, outermost very short: flowers white, all hermaphrodite !— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. Moquinia hypoleuca, DC. Prodr. vii. 23. — Southern Texas, between the Rio Frio and the Nueces, Palmer. (Adj. Mex.; first coll. by Berlandier.) 408 COMPOSITA. Chaptalia. 204. CHAPTALIA, Vent. (J A. O. Chaptal, an eminent chemist.) — Perennial herbs (all American), chiefly stemless, low, and floccose-tomentose ; with leaves in a radical tuft, persistently canescent beneath, glabrate above ; scapes naked; heads at first nodding ; flowers white or purplish, or the rays rose-purple : fl. spring and summer. § 1. Akenes of female flowers merely attenuate into a neck; those of her- maphrodite flowers all abortive: scapes elongated. — Chaptalia, DC. C. tomentdsa, Vent. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, thickish, entire or retrorsely den- ticulate, white beneath with dense matted tomentum: scapes a span to a foot high: rays broadly linear, commonly purple: akenes glabrous. — Hort. Cels. t. 61; Pursh, FI. ii. 577; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2257; DC. Prodr. vii. 41; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 464. Perdicium semi- flosculare, Walt. Car. 204. Tussilago integrifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 121. Gerbera Walteri, Schultz Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald, 313.— Moist pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and K. Texas. § 2. Akenes of all the flowers fertile, and with slender usually filiform beak : corollas of hermaphrodite flowers sometimes hardly bilabiate, of innermost female flowers somewhat so: scapes elongated. — Leria, DC. C. nutans, Hemst. Leaves obovate or oblong, sometimes lyrate-sinuate, thin, beneath white with more cottony or even arachnoid and partly deciduous tomentum: scapes a foot or two high: rays small and narrow, little exserted: akenes pubescent or glabrate, the beak as long as the body. — Bot. Biol. Centr.-Amer. ii. 255. Tussilago nutans, L. Ameen. Acad. v. 406 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 41, f. 1). Leria lyrata, Cass. Dict. xxvi. 102. L. nutans, DC. Ann. Mus. Par. xix. 68, & Prodr. 1. c. 42. Gerbera nutans, Schultz Bip. 1. ec. — Wooded grounds, Texas to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Am.) 205. PEREZIA, Lag. (Lorenzo Perez, of Toledo, pharmacist and writer on materia medica in the sixteenth century.) — Perennial herbs, all American (Texan, Californian, and southward, chiefly along the Andes), not lanate, except at the base of the stem, mostly with reticulated leaves, often setulose-ciliate or spinulose; heads solitary or cymose or paniculate; the corollas rose-purple to white, rarely blue, never yellow. — Ameen. Nat. i. 81; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110, & Pl. Wright. i. 126; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 500. Perezia, Clarionea (Lag. ined.), Homotanthus, Dumerilia (Less., not Lag., nor DC. Ann. Mus.), Proustia § Thelecarpea, & Acourtia (Don), DC. Prodr., &e. Drosia, Cass. — § EUPEREZIA (Perezia, Lag. 1. ¢., Clarionea & Homoianthus, DC.), of S. American species, is distinguished by radiate heads, the corollas of marginal flowers having elongated and conspicuously liguliform outer lip, the two lobes of the inner much shorter and smaller. § Acotrt1a, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 58, has flowers nearly or quite homomorphous, the marginal corollas with 3-toothed outer lip hardly ever longer than the two lobes of the inner: flowers commonly fragrant: involucre usually naked at base: leaves coriaceous or papyraceous, reticulated: usually a tuft of wool at base of the stem. — Acourtia, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 203; DC. Prodr. vii. 65. Perezia, Llav. & Lex.; Less.; DC. 1. c. 62. Dumerilia, Less. & DC. 1. c. 66, not Lag., nor Cass. Of few Chilian, numerous Mexican, and the following Texano-Californian species. * A span or two high: heads (half-inch to inch long) single or few, 20-30-flowered : flowers purple. P. runcinata, Lac. Acaulescent, scabrous-puberulent or glabrate: rootstocks apparently short, sending down tuberous-thickened fascicled roots: radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, Triwis. COMPOSITA. 409 4 to 8 inches long, thin-papyraceous ; lobes rounded, copiously fringed with spinulose teeth, margined-petioled : scapes naked, equalling the leaves, bearing solitary or a few pedunculate heads: bracts of the involucre rather few in three series, lanceolate, setaceous-acuminate : pappus rather sordid. — Lag. in herb. ex Don; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 110, Pl. Wright. 1.¢. Cla- rionea runcinata, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 207; DC. 1. ¢.— Dry ground, E. & 8. Texas, Wright, Hall, &. (Adj. Mex.) P. nana, Gray. Leafy-stemmed, glabrous: rootstocks slender, creeping: first leaves small and scale-like; principal cauline leaves firm-chartaceous, orbiculate, dilated-obovate, or ovate (inch or two long), coarsely spinulose-dentate, sessile or partly clasping the slender stem: heads mostly sessile, solitary and terminal: bracts of involucre 3 or 4 series, thinnish, acutish; the short outer ones ovate, innermost lanceolate, mucronulate: pappus white. — Pl. Fendl. 111. — Dry plains and rocky bluffs, 8. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, Palmer, &e. (Mex., first coll. by Gregg.) * * Taller, 1 to 3 feet high, branching, especially above, leafy up to the corymbiform polycepha- lous inflorescence: leaves closely sessile by sagittate-cordate or sometimes truncate base, densely and spinulosely denticulate: heads 5-15-flowered, narrow, half-inch or less long, subsessile and fasciculate-crowded or short-pedicelled, quite naked at base: inyolucral bracts thinnish, not very many, in only three series: flowers rose-purple and sometimes white in the same species: pappus white, soft. +— Involucre 8-15-flowered; its bracts not attenuate-acuminate. P. Wrightii, Gray. Glabrous throughout, or obscurely puberulent, but smooth: leaves thin, oblong to nearly ovate (larger 4, smaller 1 or 2 inches long), often unequally or doubly dentate: heads 8-12-flowered: involucral bracts all pointless and obtuse, or the narrow innermost barely acutish: corollas pale rose to whitish.— Pl. Wright. i. 127, ii. 102; & Proce. Am. Acad. xix. 60. P. Arizonica, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 422, a form of drier districts, rather more rigid, the involucral bracts all rounded-obtuse. P. Coulteri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 40, as to pl. Parry & Palmer, no. 234. — Rocky hills and ravines, 8. W. Texas to S. Arizona; first coll. by Coulter, then by Wright. (Mex., Schaffner, Parry & Palmer.) P. microcéphala, Gray. Scabro-puberulent and minutely resinous-glandular: leaves more chartaceous, oblong, commonly obtuse, finely and closely denticulate: heads 10-15- flowered, larger than in preceding (over half-inch long when well developed) : involucral bracts scaberulous on the back, abruptly acute or mucronate-acuminate: corollas rose-color. — Pl. Wright. i. 127, & Bot. Calif. i. 422. Acourtia microcephala, DC. Prodr. vii. 66.— Cali- fornia, on hills back of Monterey ? (Douglas), Santa Barbara, and San Diego. +— + Inyolucre 5-6 flowered; bracts attenuate-acuminate: fully developed heads half-inch long. P. Thurberi, Gray. Scabro-puberulent, viscidulous-glandular: leaves firm-chartaceous, oblong-ovate, denticulate and partly doubly dentate (larger 5 to 8 inches long): involucral bracts lanceolate, gradually tapering to a very acute point, scaberulous externally: corollas sometimes deep rose-color, sometimes white. —Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. y. 324, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 59.—S. Arizona, on rocky hills, Thurber, Lemmon. 206. TRIXIS, P. Browne. (Tpuéds, threefold, the corolla being trifid.) — American, chiefly subtropical, fruticose or perennial herbaceous plants; with en- tire or merely denticulate leaves, and paniculately or corymbosely cymose heads, of moderate size; the corollas yellow or sometimes whitish. — Hist. Jam. 312; Lag. Ameen. Nat. i. 35. Perdiciwm, L., in part. T. angustifolia, DC. Suffruticose, fastigiately or corymbosely much branched, a foot or two high, sericeous-puberulent, from subcanescent to glabrate, somewhat resinous-atomifer- ous, leafy up to the heads: leaves sessile, rather rigid, from broadly to very narrowly lan- ceolate, entire or denticulate with sparse mucroniform teeth (2 or 3 inches long): heads simply fascicled or singly terminating leafy branchlets, half-inch and more long, 9-12-flow- ered, subtended by a few lanceolate or linear bracteiform leaves which do not exceed the 8 or 10 linear-lanceolate and equal proper bracts of the involucre; these in age gibbous and indurated at base: receptacle copiously villous: corollas golden yellow; outer lip of the marginal ones quarter-inch long: pappus barely fulvous. — Prodr. vii. 69; Gray, Pl. Wright. i, 128, ii. 102. TJ. frutescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 103, vars. 7’. Californica, Kellogg 410 COMPOSITA: Trixis. in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 182, fig. 53, with some seeming monstrosities. TZ’. corymbosa, Gray in Coll. Pringle, &c.; but that species should have petiolate leaves and loosely corymbose heads, — Hills and cajions, 8S. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, &. Founded on Mexican specimens with narrow leaves revolute when dry. (Mex.) Var. latiiscula. Leaves lanceolate, plane, commonly glabrate and greener, from 4 to nearly 12 lines wide, thence varying into the narrow-leaved form. — Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 102. 7. suffruticosa, Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 459. — Cations, S. New Mexico to San Diego Co., California, Wright, Palmer, Greene, Lemmon, &c. T. rRUTESCENS, P. Browne, which the broad-leaved forms of the preceding species nearly approach, was collected by Berlandier near Matamoras, but has not yet come from Texas. Trise XI. CICHORIACEA, p. 83. 207. PHALACROSERIS, Gray. (Padaxpés, bald-headed, and cépis, the Greek name of some kind of Cichoriaceous plant).— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364; Bot. Calif. i. 425. — Single species. P. Bolanderi, Gray, 1.c. Glabrous and acaulescent perennial, with thickish root: leaves lanceolate, entire, clustered on the caudex, slightly succulent: scape perfectly naked, a span to a foot high: solitary head half-inch high: flowers deep yellow, in summer. — California, in wet mountain meadows of the higher Sierra Nevada, Mariposa Co.; first coll. by Torrey . and by Lolander. 208. ATRICHOSERIS, Gray. ("AOp.é, without hair, and opis, a Cicho- riaceous plant.) — Malacothrix § Anathrix, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. Calif. i. 435. — Single species. A. platyphylla. Winter annual, wholly glabrous, somewhat glaucous: leaves all or chiefly in a rosulate radical tuft, broadly cuneate or obovate, mostly rounded at summit, ses- sile, spinulose-denticulate, somewhat veiny (inch or, two long); those of stem reduced to very small scattered bracts: stem slender, a foot or two high, at summit deliquescent into a diffuse cymose panicle of few or numerous slender-pedunculate heads: involucre quarter- inch high, about half the length of the corollas (these white or with purple base): akenes 2 lines long, at maturity nearly equalling the narrow and open bracts of the involucre, white, sometimes with 4 or 5 very thick corky ribs and much smaller alternate ones, sometimes more terete and obscurely costate, the truncate summit wholly destitute of the border of Malacothrix, its areola small: receptacle rather fleshy, scrobiculate.— Malacothrix? platy- phylla, Gray, 1. e.— Gravelly deserts of the Mohave, 8. W. California, to the southern bor- ders of Utah, Cooper, Palmer, Parry, Parish. 209. LAMPSANA, Tourn. (Ancient Greek name, of obscure deriva- tion; but the AapwWava of Dioscorides and the Lapsana of Pliny, whose orthog- raphy was followed by Linnzus, were Cruciferous plants.) — Yellow-flowered and leafy-stemmed branching annuals of the Old World, one sparingly naturalized : fl. summer. L. commtnis, L. (Nreprewort.) cusp. — Calais platycarpha, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c.— Hills around San Diego and San Luis Rey, Parry, Cleveland, Pringle, &c. (Lower Calif., Parry, &¢.) § 4. Normockiats. Pappus of 20 to 24 narrowly linear-lanceolate silvery- white palew, occupying two or more series, with obscure mid-nerve, very grad- ually attenuate into a slender awn: akenes attenuate-fusiform: seed not reaching to the tapering summit: bracts of the oblong-campanulate involucre narrowly lan- ceolate, nearly equal, in about two series: perennial from a thick caudex. Inter- mediate between Microseris and Troximon ! — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 6d. M. troximoides, Gray. . 1 10. Eupatorium. . . 39 15. Liatris eer 6. Trichocoronis . 2 11; Carminatiawees epee oo 16:, Garberia <)9..euneeee 7. Ageratum . . (1) 3 {2 eeKuh navies erase 17. Carphephorus . . 5 8. Hofmeisteria . . . 1 13. Brickelitay 3 3 30 18. ‘Trilisia |. see eee Tribe III. ASTEROIDEA. 19. Gymnosperma . 1 30. Aplopappus. . . 48 41. Dichetophora. . 1 20. Xanthocephalum . 2 als Bigelovia.. cc° sauna 42. Boltonia. . . 4 a 21. Gutierrezia . 5 32. Solidago. . . . 78 43. Townsendia. . . 16 22. Amphiachyris . 2 33. Brachycheta . . 1 44. Corethrogyne . . 3 QseiGuindeliarn ane. le 34. Lessingia. . .. 6 45. Psilactis".c.aeeeeaeee 24. Pentacheta . + Be IBS oe ean Ao 46. Eremiastrum .. I 25. Bradburia 1 36. Aphanostephus. 4 47. Sericocarpus . . 4 26. Heterotheca . 2 37. Greenella 2 48, Aster .~\., 1 smemeeties Iie Chrysopsis = Ls 38. Keerlia . . 1. « 2 49. Hrigeron. . . (1) 71 28. Acamptopappus 2 39. Cheetopappa 3 50. Conyzai--. soem 29. Xanthisma . . . 1 40. Monoptilon. . 1 51. Baccharis Seagull Trise LV. INULOIDE®. 52. Pluchea 3 56. Psilocarphus .. 2 60. Anaphalis =. seuememee 53. Pterocaulon 2 57. Evax . ote ad 61. Gnaphalium . . 15 54. Micropus . SE Sep SRG 6 6 oo (Zi & 62. Inula =~) eee One bo wSuylocline ts.) .)- oO 59. Antennaria. . . 12 63. Adenocaulon .. 1 TripeE V. HELIANTHOIDE. 86. Heliopsis . . . 4 107. Helianthella . . 10 87. Tetragonotheca . 3 108. Zexmenia "es 88. Sclerocarpus 1 109. Verbesina. . . 9 So Weliptare me seme 110. Actinomeris . 2; 2 90. Melanthera .. 3 111. Synedrella. . . 1 OUP Wiarilae esse 112. Coreopsis . . 3728 92. Isocarpha . cent 113. Bidens”. (james 93. Spilanthes. . . 1 114. Cosmos: 5) senor 1 1 2 8 2 7 1 64. Plummera 65. Dicranocarpus . 66. Guardiola 67. Polymnia 68. Melampodium . 69. Acanthospermum (2) 70. Silphium . 71. Berlandiera . _ 1S ee ol On ORE i or i i de a OR a 72. Chrysogonum 94. Echinacea. . . 2 115. Heterospermum . 1 73. Lindheimera 95. Rudbeckia. . . 2 116. Leptosyne . 7 74. Engelmannia 96. Lepachys . . 4 117. Thelesperma . . 6 75. Parthenium . 97. Wedelia. . . 118. Baldwinia . 2 76. Parthenice . . 98. Borrichia . 119. Marshallia . 4 Tem Lisa cs denikis ts) Los eet ae 99. Balsamorrhiza 120. Galinsoga . “ped 78):Oxytenia.. = = HOO: VWiyethia aecmeemten 121. Blepharipappus . 1 7k IDO, 5 6, Go 101. Gymnolomia . . 5 122. Madia 9 80. Hymenoclea. 102. Viguiera 123. Hemizonella 2 81. Ambrosia 103. Tithonia . : 124. Hemizonia. . 25 S2iinanseria; = 1) 104. Helianthus. . . 40 125. Achyrachena. . 1 83. Xanthium . . (2) 105. Flourensia . Ao 126. Lagophylla 5 84. Zinnia. 106. Encelia. . . - 9 127. Layla ~ < “scum 85. Sanvitalia . . . 12s" Clappiaeecisn se 1 129) Jaumeas. «0.» | 1 1380. Venegasia. . . 1 Psiephiddelliay <9. . 3 He eAlleyal | sos = 2 133. Whitneya . 1 134. Laphamia . . . 10 ioeeeeriivyle. « . +» 9 IsGreleencome %) « . 1 137. Eatonella cae IemesCrockeria . . . 1 Sesemvionolopia. . . 5 2 1 7 . Lasthenia . . Burriellia .° . . |HPSTIey QS Seen | ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. iOmlbencampyx . . 1 iiteeanthemis . . (2) 2 Weeeaciilled “2. . . 38 179. Tussilago -e{()) al 180. Petasites (1) 4 Hles@acaliopsis. . . 1 HS2eeeoimas .|.. 1 183. Peucephyllum 1 184. Psathyrotes .. 4 195. Saussurea. . . 2 iGreArchiom —. . (1) 1 W9vecarduus.. . (1) 1 207. Phalacroseris. . 1 208. Atrichoseris 1 209. Lampsana. . (1) 1 210. Apogon. . 3 IOI a 5) 3 sD 212. Cichorium. .(1) 1 213. Stephanomeria . 13 214. Chetadelpha. . 1 215. Rafinesquia 2 216. Tragopogon . (2) 2 » Hlecastocleis . . 1 mGochnatia <)% «I TrRiBpe VIII. Tribe VI. 142. Syntrichopappus. 2 143. Eriophyllum . . 11 144, Bahia 5 Ue 145. Amblyopappus 1 146. Schkuhria. . . 2 147. Hymenothrix . 2 148. Hymenopappus . 7 149: Blorestina,. . . I 150. Polypteris . + 151. Palafoxia . . 2 152. Rigiopappus 1 153. Chenactis. . . 18 ls Wsinisee) 5 GB dk 6 155. Trichoptiium . 1 Trise VII. 173. Matricaria . (1) 3 174, Chrysanthemum (3) 6 U7 eolivage. a. «(Lj 2 185. Bartlettia 186. Crocidium. . 187. Haploesthes . . 188. Lepidospartum . 189. Tetradymia (2) el TripgE IX. CyNAROIDEA, 198. Cnicus . . 199. Onopordon. . (2) 37 POL yent TRIBE X. MUTISIACEA. 20d Chaptaliaueeursian 2 D0b aw ieereziay eee eee TRIBE XI. 27a Anisocomansieeesen 218. Hypocheris .(1) 1 219. Microseris. . . 19 220. Leontodon. .(1) 1 2204. Picris cerca I 221, Pinaropappus. . 1 229. Calycoseris) 7 «) 2 223. Malacothrix . . 11 224, Glyptopleura. . 2 225. Apargidium .. 1 HELENIOIDEA. ANTHEMIDES. SENECIONIDEA. CICHORIACE. 156. Lore 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 165. 164. 165, 166. 167. 168. 169. 176. 177. 178, 190. 191, 192: 193. 194. 200. 201. 206. . Hieracium . He (Gates 95 5 1G) ((3})) iil . Prenanthes . . 10 . Lygodesmia .. 6 | Jlroximonyatsneeelo , Raraxacunmare aaa! 2. Pyrrhopappus . 4 . Chondrilla. .(1) 1 . Lactuca. . . Sonchus ,. Blennosperma . Actinella . . Helenium .. . 20 Amblyolepis . . 1 Gaillardia. . . 9 Sartwellia. .. 1 Flaveria . . =. 9 Porophyllum. . 3 Chrysactinia. . 1 INTCOMETIAN ee uneneeee IDWS, bo & Hymenatherum . 14 Mageress. vey) ve) een Pectis . . c« » 12 Wotulae ete (2)ie 2 Tanacetum . (1) 8 Artemisia . . (2) 42 Raillardella . . MMA Hs a oe UE Senecio. . . (3) 57 Cacaliaivece cmon n Hrechtites\. 2. 1 Silybum . . (1) Centaurea. .(7) 8 Trixis ox 88,6" Ae 1 . (1) 10 » (4) 4 Genera, 237. Indigenous species, 1551; Naturalized, 59 = 1610. 29