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SYNOPTICAL LIST

PCC WEA eis

(Diurnal Birds of Prey)

Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1919,
with their Characters and Distribution

BY

H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

Corresponding Fellow of Amer. Orn. Unton.

Cee

cent
MAR Lu 1s3l

/ 2
a

aS

LONDON :

JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38, GREAT QUEEN STREET,
KinGsway, W.C.2

1920

2

PREFACE

In concluding my work on the Acctpitres, a work which I fear
has grown far beyond my original intention of publishing a
mere list, I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to the sources
from which I have received inspiration and help. In the first
place I must acknowledge that a good deal of the systematic
part and the generic characters have been borrowed from
the late Richard Bowdler Sharpe’s‘‘ Catalogue of the Accipitres
in the Collection of the British Museum’”’ (1874) of which
his annotated copy, laid down on sheets and extended, came
into my possession after his death, as also his interleaved
copy of the Accipitres portion in Gray’s ‘Genera of Birds,”’
upon which he based his 1874 monograph. For permission to
make use of the former work I have to thank the Trustees of
the British Museum. I have also derived assistance from
Mr. W. L. Sclater’s work at the British Museum (Natural
History) in so far as his had preceded mine, and his MS.
Catalogue of the skins, which he kindly gave me permission
to use. I have also to thank Mr. Bannerman, Mr. Chubb and
other assistants at the Museum for help rendered during my
studies there. To Lord Rothschild and Dr. Hartert for the
use of the superb collections at Tring I am grateful, and to
Dr. Hartert especially for much personal assistance. The
Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain and a number of other friends have also
given me help and encouragement in various ways in what,
although an arduous and unprofitable undertaking, will I
hope be of some permanent help in systematizing this interesting
group of birds.

ili.

INDEX 10° GENERA

An Asterisk (*) affixed indicates a change of name. Italics
indicate a discarded name.

PNCCUPILCT > isis Sacks Sacer 30 EULOUNGCIUS eee ae te 67
FBO ie ae ee 4 EELOrChIS: Samra oe 76
AGU Ae ae ae ee 63
PmehibuteO........-. 53 AICO: os Sac teers ee 120
SUL Gey ae eee eee ae 19
PARUTUNT AU a= 25 (25 ti 3 54 GampsOnyxX a) ce aoe 103
PASUICRUNULE 2 3 Soa 3 a's 3: 87 eTANOACtUS =: 45 .s 40
FG ViMnOSypS. a. 2s se 3
Seg ee ese og on 0's 106 GiPAe GUS = a. eerste 62
US AOINS hs 20s Sm 6, os) 0s o7 GYPASUS! se. suse dis uwerere ]
HEUGASUULG 205s 45s sts clones 88 Cy POMenAse tesa 93
MONG Os oh nchs revere 19 Soa 40) Gyipolctmia: 5 sa 50-5 ass 101
smbeosallis:.. 5.5280. 37 Gy DSeees kere ecw sean oe 4
MESON HOFER ore ees Sy syste ce 54
COC SST Ea ee Pe 2 Hue PIM are aya aera 90
Gatiartes: - 4... eee 2 Pla Waste sree shore ee 93
PEC TOMMETS aie .-3 Fale 2 144 HAG DAL gests. 8a ochre 120
incAChWIS. Chie. ee bs: 76 HATA US? oA ores aisle odes 105
(CHGS? trea are ere eee 10 Harpyhalaectus :.4 28 60
Coragyps vice Catharista 2 FLAP OPSISh scr acer 62
FL CLOUAYSUS? 33. Heh Jee 89
WissOdeCtes. 2.2. 105 sit 161 Elemrca permis -2 ae Ltt
Wryorrlorchis = .4...- .:. 76 len peLGEteresu sean earier 79
iw ERCtErOSpIZIaS \.\.)seeaiey A()
VAINOUGE Sir ar. 5 ents See, <6. 21 95 Pieraaetus; cn... as aaeroe 67
| S120 Coie ore areas 101 Elieracidear. 2.5. naseer 142
Erythrottiorchis ...... SO leal\ JEL Ver falcon ae ame F =

MIDS CLI te ister teus ones se 8
WEHATNA CUS fener ers sels 60 69
RCRA tance cre) =! sca 104
iaupitaleo. 4.2... «,- 87
Beptodon Beers wei es: 100
IeHICOMLEMMNS .2 45 < am ee 58
IHOphOdeluS =. ic os. 74
IODIMOS WPS ./-15... 1. sonar 6
opliotronchis™. 12... 69
IPO PUOICHIMIA, 2 cl sco ae 99
Macherhamphus...... rh
Meeatimorchis = torre 39
MiGIeRAK “Hw «are icin ets 18
MieraS tune ¢2i5 tei eters 1S
Microhierax 571 2st 115
Min VAIO x. SNE Sie sees 7)
IMG AIS te Gl firs, 6 ene ene 96
INGiolaba es aiecig.s o-oh.oe 61
INAaUICIEnUS 2 he poke oe 95
INGeresyrtes” <=. She gee. g
NEO PiNGON . sey wteion 6
INGSACIUSE. © Boke Ret iseieys 67
INU SORGES Sees foros aus eles 29
DOIN DS ae. eine nee 6
Randion. 541. onneueee 162
RarabuteO, tsat. te crass U7
HEELS oe. ens .d ac yous res 112

i Mr. Sclater (Ibis, 1919p. 777, Aukss 1920 pe

iPithecophaca ance. 78
Polloaetis e-em -e = 164
Polohenaxy. ee eee 118
Polyboroides...5. 0%. 2... 10
Poly bonuses ene 7
Pseudogryphus ........ 3
*Pseudogyps vice Gym-

NOS VPS ac ee Oe
IRGSerhniNWSs se eee 100
RostrhamiUsee. - eee 99
Rupornts seg. oe 55
*SACitLATUUS =: = 5.2 ooeaae 4
Sarcorhamphus{ ...... 1
Serpenigvius. ==> eee 3
Spllomis) 225625. ee 79
SPIZAeSeeecae ae ee 70
Spiziaplemyxs see. ae M9
SplZlastuipsee? scorer 70
Lachytniorchs:..: 22... tS
Terathopius ace 89
Thalassoacius ......... ol
Thrasactusir se eee 62
TtWMUNCHLUS noe aie 144
MOEFOS Te Oe eee 6
Uroaetus = tin arene cee 63
Wrothorchisi{ese ) eee 17
Urubitineal S207. eae 57
V Ut 5S PRR Sere e nae 4

154) points out that,

if the rules are strictly adhered to, Vultuy Linn. must replace Savcorhamphus,
while the logical result is that Vultuvide must replace Cathartide and the
Old World (or true) Vultures be called 4Agypide.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA (PART I.)

Page 4 No. 7. In distribution for S.E. and N.E. read: S. and N.

26)

29

, ov)

ts
fo

» 8. To distrib. add: Himalayas, Afghanistan.
,» 9. Tor distrib. read: Plains of N. India.
, 10. In distrib. delete ; Abyssinia.

Gen. X. For Jorgos read: Torgos.
No. 14. For Jorgos read : Torgos.

» 15. For Otogyps read : Torgos.
, 7. To distrib. add: Canary Is., Cape Verd Is.
, 36. In distrib. after Europe add: N.W. Africa (Morocco).
,, 09a. This is merely a common melanism of M. gabar.
., 60. For Siberia read ; W. Asia (Asia Minor, Palestine, ete.).
, 60b. To distrib. add: Japan.
, 60c. For Astur gentilis candidissimus, ete. read :
Astur gentilis albidus Menz. t.c.p. 438 (1882).
, 70. After this article add :

70a. Astur togaster rooki, Roths. & Hart., 200k Ts.
Nov. Zool., xxt., p. 288 (1914). (Admiralty Is.)

,, 79a. After this article add:
79b. Astur clarus robustus, Zeitz. S.A.Qrn. Melville Is.,
pu. Laps Lsi(low4): N. Terr. Austral.
» 95. After this article [I cannot place from description, as it seems
immature] add ;
95a. Aster buergerst, Reichenow, Orn. M.B. German New
XXil., p. 29 (1914) Guinea
. (Maomobobere),.
» 97. For N. Asia read: W. Asia.
», 7c. For distrib. read : N. and Central
Asia from
Turkestan to
Japan; in
winter to India.
IXashmir,
Assam, Burma.
. 98. For Acctpiter granti read : A. nisus grant.
, 99b. After this article insert :
99%. Acetpiter fuscus venator, Wetmore, Pr. Porto Rico.
Biol. Soe. Wash. xxvii., p. 119 (1914).
,, 102a For pp. 171-6, read: p. 173.
,, 102b, Delete the word: Minullus.
{Does not appear to be a tenable species, however,
and is most probably a melanism of No. 63a,
Astur tachiro sparsimfascvatus.]
119b. Delete the word: virgatus.[Not asubspecies of 4. v/rgatus. |
119d. Not separable from No. 119. (Hartert).

16 To be cancelled and following leaf substituted ;

29a.

30a.

52a.

d4e.

ADDITIONAL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

Milvago chimachima cordata Bangs and
Penard, Bull. M.C.Z., lxii., pp. 25- (1918).

Milvago chimango temucoensis W. Sclat., Bull.
B.O.C., xxxviil., p. 43 (1918). [Palal, near
Temuco, prov. Cantin, type in B.M.]|

Climacocercus plumbeus (W. Sclat.), Bull.
B.O.C., xxxviil., p. 44 (1918). [Carondelet,
io Bogota, prov. Esmaraldas, type in B.M.]

Geranospizias cerulescens balzarensis W.
Sclat., Bull. B.O.C., xxxviii., p. 44 (1918).
[Balzar Mtns., Guyas Prov., type in B.M.]

63d. Aslur tachiro tenebrosus LOnnberg, Arch. f.

204a.

Zool.) xis Noy 5, ps 2 (U9) \[Loudians,
B.E.A.]

a. Accipiter bicolor schistochlamys Hellmayr, Bull.

B.0.C., xvi., p. 52 (1906). [Nanegul, W.
Kc., type in Tring Mus.]

. Accipiter beniensis Lonnberg, Arch. f. Zool.,

x, No: 24, p. 13 (1917)... [Benz]

. Rupornis magnirostris insidiatrix Bangs and

Penard, Bull. M.C.Z., lxii., pp. 25- (1918).

. Leucopternis ghiesbrechti costaricensis W.Sclat.,

Bulky BOs xxx. p. 76 (1919), ) (Carlo,
Costa Rica, type in B.M. |

Spizaétus batesi W. Sclat., Bull. B.O.C.,
xxxix. p. 87 (L919). Bitye, Ja River,
type in B.M.]

Panama.

S. Chile.

N.W.
Ecuador.

Ecuador
(Guayas
Prove 1&
Puna. 1)

Brit. Ey
Africa.

W. Ecuador.

ae
EK. Congo.
Colombia.

Nicaragua.
Costa Rica.
Panama.

S. Cameroon.

99

5 Ue ss Ein We
Dion. op NE
ee NOs Sp:

2 p. 46 No. 139.

» » 46,, 139a.

Sy op Ue og AWE:

CORRIGENDA.

For PsrupoGrypPHus read: Gymnoaypes Less, (1842).
For SeRPENTARIUS read: SAGITTARIUS Herman (1783):

For Gyps fulvus kolbi ete., read:
Gyps fulvus coprotheres (Forst.) Naturgesch. African.
Vogel, p. 35 (1798). [S. Africa.]

For Buteo jakal, ete., read:
Buteo rufofuscus rufofuscus (Forst.) Naturgesch.
African. Vogel, p. 59 (1798). [S. Africa.]

For Buteo jakal archert read :
Buteo rufofuseus archert.

Delete article and read :
Smaller and lacking 2 long crest feathers.
Spizaétus nipalensis fokiensis W. Sclat., 8S. China.
Bull. B.O.C., xl., p. 37 (1919). [Fokien (breeding)
Prov., type in B.M.]

[Inserted by error in pt. 2 without ref. to publication,
owing to delay in pub. of Bull. B.O.C.|

AP FR Cf PO _ On ff he aT Rit ON TEN AST

PART L—J ULY.;1919. PRICE 4/-

SYNOPTICAL LIST

ACCIPITRES

(Diurnal Birds of Prey)

PARE. ET
(SARCORHAMPHUS TO ACCIPITER)

Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1914, with
their Characters and Distribution

BY

H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S.

LONDON :

JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38, Great QUEEN STREET,
Kinasway, W.C.2.

T9U9:

A

SYNOPTICAL LIST

OF THE

ACCIPITRES

(DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY)

Ak Er.

OrpER CATHARTIDIFORMES.

Fam. I. CATHARTIDAl (New World Vultures).
Nostrils perforated; head, neck and forepart of breast bare ;

hind toe short and weak.

Gen. I. SARCORHAMPHUS Dum. (1806).

Size large, length 38 in.; head with an erect
fleshy caruncle ; outer toe about equal to inner.

Plumage black, with a whitish wing patch.
1. Sarcorhamphus gryphus gryphus (Linn.), Syst.

Nat.,1., p. 86 (1758).

xreat Condor.

Plumage brown [doubtfully distinct].

la. Sarcorhamphus gryphus equatorialis Sharpe,
Cat. Birds B.M., 1., p. 21 (1874).
Brown Condor.

Gen. IT. GYPAGUS Vieill. (1816).

Head with fleshy caruncle ; outer toe longer than
inner.

Plumage black and cream colour; size
moderate, length 27 in.

2. Gypagus papa (Linn.), 8.N., 1., p. 86 (1758).
King Vulture.

Andes of
S. America.

Ecuador.

S. America,
N. to Mexico.

{3

Tail

4b

4c,

2

Gen. III. CATHARISTA Vieill. (1816).

Head without caruncle ; tail square.

Plumage black : larger : wing 17.50; tail 8.50;
tarsus 3.35 in.

Catharista urubu urubu* (Vieill.), Ois. d’Am.,
Sept., pl. xi. (1807).

Black Vulture.

Smaller: wing 16.30; tail 8; tarsus 3.10 in.

3a. Catharista urubu foetens (Wied), Beitr. Naturg.

Bras., ii1., p. 58 (1830).
S. American Black Vulture.

N. & Central
America,
Cuba,
Jamaica.

S. America.

Gen. IV. CATHARTES Illiger (1811).

rounded.

Plumage black : larger : length 30 ; wing 21.70 ;
tail 11.50 in. ; tarsus 2.90 in.

Cathartes aura aura (Linn.), S.N., 1., p. 86
(1758).

S. American Turkey Vulture.

Smaller: length 27;
tarsus 2.35 in.

wing 21; tail 10;

. Cathartes aura septentrionalis (Wied), J.f.0..

1856, p. 119.
N. American Turkey Vulture.

Median wing coverts and secondaries very
distinctly shaded with whitish ashy.

Cathartes aura falklandicus (Sharpe), Ann.
N.H., (4), xi., p. 183 (1873).

Falkland Island Turkey Vulture.

Head yellow; ‘shafts of quills and _tail-
feathers brown above, white below’ [doubtful
form].

Cathartes aura perniger (Sharpe), Cat. Bds.,
BM, 1., p. 25 (1874).

Venezuelan Turkey Vulture.

* Cathartes atratus (Bartr.) of most authors.

Tropical

S. America
from
Colombia to
Chile & Brazil.

N. America
(United
States) S. to
Honduras.

Falkland Is.,
Patagonia,
Chile.

Venezuela,
Guiana,

N. Brazil,
Peru.

Head orange ; shafts to primaries above and
below white*.
4d. Cathartes aura urubitinga Pelz., Sitz. Akad. Brazil N, to
Wien, xhiv.. p71 (1861): Surinam,
Yellow-necked Turkey Vulture. Brit. Guiana,
Venezuela &
KE. Mexico (7?)

Gen. V. PSEUDOGRYPHUS Ridgw. (1874).

Head without caruncle ; tail square.

Size of Sarcorhamphus ; length 4) in. ; wing 30.

5. Pseudogryphus californicus (Shaw & Nodder), 8. California
Nat. Mise.,ix., p. 1, pl. 301 (1797). to lower
Californian Condor. California.

OrpeR ACCIPITRIFORMES.
Sub-Order I. SHRPENTARII.

Fam. I. SERPENTARUDA.

Both inner and outer toes connected with middle one by well-
developed basal web.

Gen. VI. SERPENTARIUS Cuvier (1798).
Head crested.

Darker. .

6. Serpentarius serpentarius serpentarius (Miller), S. & E. Africa
Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., pl. 28, (1785). N. to Ben
Secretary Bird. suela on W.

and Zambesi
on HE.
Paler.

6a. Serpentarius serpentarius gambiensis Ogilby, Senegambia
PIZ.8., 1839;,p. 10d. Sudan. to
Northern Secretary Bird. Shoa.

Sub-Order II. ACCIPITRES.
Fam. I. VULTURIDA‘ (Old World Vultures).

Head and neck bare, or with short down only, no feathers ; nostrils
not perforated.

* Cory (‘‘ Bds. of Bahama,’ p. 134, 1890) says shafts of C. aura septen-
trionalis are ‘“‘ yellowish externally’ in winter plumage. I believe C. wu
perniger and C. a. urubitinga to be identical; both have the head yellow
and ranges intermingle.

+

Gen. VII.

Nostrils rounded.

Size large, length 42 in.; plumage blackish
brown ; ruff of feathers round hind neck.
Aigypius monachus (Linn)., 8.N., i., p. 122
(1766).

Cinereous Vulture

Gen. VIII. GYPS Savigny (1809).

AGGYPIUS Savigny (1809).

S.E. Europe,
N.E. Africa,
C. Asia to
India &
China.

Nostrils perpendicular, rather oval; tail with 14 feathers

8a.

9

10.

Size large, length 40 in. ; plumage stone-buff ;
neck ruff of white down; head with white
down.

Gyps fulvus fulvus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 249
(1788).

Griffon Vulture.

Plumage paler and more isabelline reddish.
Gyps fulvus fulvescens Hume, Ibis, 1869,
p. 356.

Indian Griffon.

Paler than G. fulvus fulvus, especially below,
and shaft stripes nearly obsolete.

Sb. Gyps fulvus kolbi (Daud.), Traité, i., p. 15

(1800).
Kolbe’s Griffon.

Plumage above isabelline whitish ; below light
buff with broader whitish shaft stripes.

9. Gyps himalayensis Hume, Rough Notes, i.,

p. 14 (1869).
Himalayan Griffon.

Down on head yellow ; plumage above blackish
brown with whitish edgings ; below creamy
buff ; crop-patch dark brown.

Gyps rueppelli rueppelli (Brehm), Naum.. 1852,
heft 3, p. 44.

Rueppell’s Vulture.

S. Europe,
(ace. Britain),
N. Africa,
Arabia,
Palestine.

N.W. India,
Himalayas,
Afghanistan.

S. Africa,

N. to Zam-
besi and
Damaraland.

Turkestan,
Himalayas,
Thibet.

N.E. Africa,
Abyssinia,
N. Nigeria,
Senegambia.

10a.

lide

Ila.

Tail

13.

ey

13b.

Plumage above browner ; below whitish.
Gyps rueppelli erlangert, Salvad., Bol. Mus.
Torino, xxiil., No. 576 (1908).

Frlanger’s Vulture.

Head bare ; ruff and upper parts dark brown
with fulvous central streaks ; rump white ;
below light brown with white streaks ; crop-
patch brown.

typs indicus indicus (Scop.)(*), Del. Faun. et
Flor. Insubr., 11., p. 85 (1786).

Indian Long-billed Vulture.

Above pale earthy brown ; below whity brown ;
crop-patch dark brown ; ruff white (Hume).
Gyps indicus pallescens Hume, Stray Feathers,
1., p. 150 (1878).

Pallid Vulture

Abyssinia,
Erythrea,
Somaliland.

India, Indo-
Chinese
countries,
Malay
Peninsula.

N.W. India.

Gen. IX. GYMNOGYPS Less. (1831).

of 12 feathers.

Size large, length 30 in.; above and crop-
patch black ; ruff white, rather scanty ; rump
white ; below chocolate brown.

Gymnogyps bengalensis (Gmel.), S.N.,1., p. 245
(1788).

Indian White-backed Vulture.

Above and crop-patch dark brown ; below
pale brown, with yellowish-white shaft lines.

Gymnogyps africanus africanus (Salvad.),
Nat. Stor. R. Accad. Torin., 7th May, 1865,
p. 133.

African White-backed Vulture.

Plumage more greyish.
Gymnogyps africanus schillings: Erlanger, Orn.
Mb, xi.; p. 22 (1903).

Paler.
Gymnogyps africanus fuelleborni Erlanger (E.c.)

* Reichenow’s Gyps cinnamomeous from Alatau
Pp

(Orn. Mb.,

India, Indo-
Chinese
countries,
Malay
Peninsula.

N.E. Africa,
Khartoum to
Abyssinia &
Upper White
Nile.
German

K. Africa.

Nyasaland
to Angola.

1907,

pp. 30-31) appears to be another subspecies [doubtful] of G. fulvus.

6

Still paler.

13c. Gymnogyps africanus zechi Erlanger (t.c.)

Gen. X. JORGOS Kaup (1828).

Head with fleshy folds and a neck-lappet ; tarsus
longer than middle toe.

14.

Above and crop-patch brown ; ruff of brown
feathers on hind neck ; below clothed with white
down, with brown lanceolate feathers on breast
and abdomen.

Jorgos tracheliotus (Forst.) Levaillant, Reise
Afr’, i5)p. 362, pl. 121791).

Sociable Vulture.

Above and crop-patch black; across breast
a circlet of white down; below black; ruff
small, black.

Otogyps calvus (Scop.), Del. Faun. Insubr., ii.,
p. 85 (1786).

Pondicherry Vulture.

Gen. XI.

Head covered with down ; no neck-lappet.

16,

Plumage blackish brown, rump paler ; ruff
dark brown; crop-patch and under parts
white.

Lophogyps ocevpitalis (Burch.), Trav., 1., p. 329
(1824).

White-headed Vulture.

Gen. XIT.

Forepart of chest bare.

Plumage white; primaries black ; length 25
in.; wing 19.2.

Neophron percnopterus percnopterus
SNe Don (1758):

Keyptian Vulture.

(Linn.),

LOPHOGYPS Bp. (1854).

Togoland.

S. Africa.
Kgypt,
Abyssinia,
Upper White
Nile, cas. in
Kurope.

Turkestan,
India, Burma,
Siam, Cam-
bodia.

N.E. Africa
& S. Africa,
Senegal on W.

NEOPHRON Savigny (1808).

S. Europe,
Africa 8. to
Mashonaland,
Mediterra-
nean Persic
sub-region to
N.W. India.

~i

[Doubtfully distinct. ]
17a. Neophron percnopterus rubripersonatus Zaruday Persian
& Harms., Orn. Mb., x., pp. 52-3 (1902). Baluchistan.

Smaller than typical form; length 21 in. ;
wing 15.5,
17b. Neophron percnopterus ginginianus (Lath.), Indian
ime Orn i, p-7 (L790). Peninsula,
Indian White Vulture. very rare
in Ceylon.

Gen. XIII. NECROSYRTES Gloger (1842).
With a fur-like chest-patch.

Plumage chocolate brown ; hind neck covered
with whitish down; crop-patch creamy
brown, encircled with white down. Length
24 in.; wing 18.50.
18. Necrosyrtes monachus monachus (Temm.), Pl. N.K. &

Col., 1., pl. 222. (1823). E. Africa,
Northern Hooded Vulture. W. Africa.

Larger ; length 26 in.; wing 20 in.; with
shorter and stouter bill.
18a. Necrosyrtes monachus pileatus (Burch.), Trav., 8. Africa.
i1., p. 105, (1824).
Hooded Vulture.

Fam. Il. FALCONIDA.

Crown of head always clothed with feathers, its sides either
feathered or bare ; outer toe not reversible.

Sub-Fam. I. POLY BORINA.

Toes connected near base by interdigital mem-
brane ; sides of face mostly bare.

Gen. XIV. POLYBORUS Vieill. (1816).
Nostrils oval. Size large (22-26 in‘).

Above and below blackish brown with narrow
whitish bars; tail whitish with a terminal
blackish band; face, neck and breast white
with blackish bars.

19. Polyborus plancus (Mill.) Var, Subj. Nat, Hist., $. America,
We (8): Patagonia to
Common Caracara. 20> S, latzon

W.& Amazon
on EK; side.

20.

Paler insular race.
20a. Polyborus cheriway pallidus Nelson, Pr. Biol.

Above black, mantle only with creamy buff
wavy bars ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail buff
with 13 or 14 black bars and a broad terminal

band.

Polyborus cheriway (Jacq.), Beitr., p. 17, tab.

4 (1784).

Audubon’s Caracara.

Soc., Wash., xii., p. 8 (1898).
Tres Marias Caracara.

General plumage marked with transverse bars
of brownish black and brownish white ; crown,
wing-coverts, terminal portion of primaries

and terminal band on tail blackish brown.

Polyborus lutosus Ridgw., Bull. U.S. Geol.

Surv. Terr., i, p. 459 (1875).
Guadeloupe Caracara.

Gen. XV.

IBYCTER Vieill. (1816).

Head generally with recurved crest.

Nostrils round.

bo
bo

Plumage black with greenish reflections ; a

Size variable (16-25 in.).

white band across base of tail.
Ibycter ater (Vieill.), Analyse, p. 22 (1816).
Yellow-throated Caracara.

Plumage black with greenish reflections, but
abdomen white ; face and throat deep red.
Ibycter americanus (Bodd.), Table Pl. Enl.,

p. 25 (1783).

Red-throated Caracara.

Plumage black with greenish reflections, but
upper tail coverts, base and tip of tail and
abdomen white.

Ibycter megalopterus (Meyen), Nov. Act. Ces.,

xvi., Suppl.,i., p. 64, pl. 7 (1834).
Mountain Caracara.

S. United
States,
Central
America,
Northern
S. America.

Tres Marias
Is., W.

Mexico.

Guadeloupe
Is., W.
Mexico.

Amazon |
District of
S. America.

Tropical 8.
America and
Central
America,
from Brazil
to Guate-
mala.

S. America,
Pacific side
of Andes.

oS

9

Above brownish black; upper tail-coverts,
base and tip of tail and entire under parts
white ; sides irregularly marked with black.
Ibycter albigularis (Gould), P.Z.S., 1837, p. 9.
White-throated Caracara.

Skin of face and throat wrinkled and orange
colour; Plumage black; rump, upper tail-
coverts, tips of quills, a broad terminal band
on tail, and vent white; breast with drop-
shaped white marks.

Tbycter carunculatus (Des Murs), Rev. et Mag.
Zool., 1853, p. 154.

Carunculated Caracara.

Black ; rump, upper tail-coverts and base and
terminal band on tail white ; below white with
band of black across lower throat.

Ibycter circumcinctus Scott, Auk, xxvii., 1910,
p. 152.

Scott’s Caracara

Above and below black; nape, outer upper
tail-coverts, throat and breast with lanceolate
white stripes ; tail broadly tipped with white.
Ibycter australis (Gmel.), 8.N.,1., p. 259 (1788).
Poster’s Caracara.

Gen. XVI.

Feathers on back of head erectile, forming 2 tufts ;
size small (about 16 in.).

30.

Above brown, with pale ashy margins ; head,
neck, basal two-thirds of tail, and uncer parts
white.

Milvago chimachima (Vieill.), N. Dict., v., p.
259 (1816).

Yellow-headed Caracara.

Above rufous brown; head and neck with
black central streaks; upper tail-coverts
white ; tai! with broad subterminal dark band ;
below brownish ochre with dark shaft stripes.
Milwago chimango (Vieill.), N. Dict., v., p. 260
(1816).

Chimango Caracara.

MILVAGO Spix. (1824).

Patagonia,

Highlands of
Ecuador and
Colombia.

Patagonia,
K. of Andes.

Falkland Is.

Brazil and
Amazonia
to Guiana,
Colombia &
Panama.

S. America
from S.E.
Brazil to

Tierra del
Fuego.

10

Sub-Fam. II. ACCIPITRINA.

Outer toe connected to middle one by an interdigital
membrane ; tibia and tarsus about equal in
length.

Jen. XVIT. POLYBOROIDES Smith (1830).

Lores and sides of face bare.

Plumage silvery grey, lower back and rump

and abdomen white, narrowly barred with

black; quills and tail chiefly black, latter

with a broad median band of white. Length

23.50-27 in. .

31. Polyborides radiatus (Scop.), Del. Faun. et Flor. Madagascar.

Insubr., ii., p. 85 (1786).

Madagascar Gymnogene.

General plumage dark grey; breast and
abdomen broadly barred with black and
white ; tail black, tipped with white, with a
broad band of dull white and an indistinct
one nearer base.

32. Polyborides typicus Smith, 8. Afr. Q. J., i., 8S. Africa,
p. 107 (1830). W. Africa,
Banded Gymnogene. N.E. Africa

(Abyssinia &
White Nile).

Gen. XVIII. CIRCUS Lacep. (1806).

Sides of face feathered ; with distinct facial ruff ;
lores furnished with bristles ; nostrils oval with
no bony excrescence ; tarsus reticulated behind ;
size moderate; length (males) 17-22.50 in. ;
females 19-24.50 in.

Kry to NaTuRAL GROUPS AND SpEcrES (MALES).
A. Above bluish ashy, or greyish.
a. Thighs uniform white.

Throat and chest bluish ashy ; upper tail-
coverts white.
33. Circus cyaneus cyaneus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 126 Europe and
(1766). Siberia, N.E.
Hen Harrier. Africa, India,
China, Japan
(winter).

1 a3,

34.

36.

36a.

of.

. Thighs white,

11

More brownish ashy above and below.

Circus cyaneus hudsonius (Linn.), S.N., i.,
p. 128 (1766).

Marsh Hawk.

Adult plumage unknown.

Circus macroscelis A. Newton, P.Z.S., 1863,
p. 180.

Madagascar Harrier.

Throat and chest white ; upper tail-coverts
white, banded with ashy grey.

Circus macrurus (S. G. Gmel.), N. Comm.
Petrop., xv., p. 439, pls. vili., ix. (1771).

Pallid Harrier.

. Thighs white, with rufous streaks or spots.

Throat and chest pale bluish grey; upper
tail-coverts white, tipped with deep ash colour.
Circus pygargus pygargus (Linn.), S.N.,1., p. 89
(1758).

Montagu’s Harrier.

[Doubtfully distinct. |
Circus pygargus abdulle Floericke, Orn. Mb.,
iv., p. 155 (1896).

barred across with orange

rufous.

Throat and chest white, barred with orange
tawny ; upper tail-coverts white.

Circus cinereus Vieill., N. Dict., iv., p. 434
(1816). :

Cinereous Harrier.

. Thighs rufous, either uniform or spotted and

margined with white.

N. America,
Central
America &
W. Indies
(winter).

Madagascar.

Kurope ;
Africa,

India,
Burma, China
in winter.

Kurope ;
Palestine,
Africa,
India, China
in winter.

Caucasus.

Tropical and
temperate

S. America,
migrating to
Straits of
Magellan &
Falkland Is.

12

hol

Throat and chest rufous with white spots ;
upper tail-coverts ashy brown, tipped and
spotted with white.
38. Circus assimilis assimiiis Jard. and Selb., Ill. E. Australia,

Orn., Ser. i., pl. 51 (1828). Tasmania,
Spotted Harrier. Celebes.
[Doubtful form.] Said to be smaller and
darker.

38a. Circus assimilis rogersi Math., Nov. Zool., N.W.
Xvill., p. 244 (1912). Australia.

Lesser Spotted Harrier.

B. Above brown.
a. Thighs white, with rufous streaks or spots.

Throat and chest white streaked with pale
rufous brown; upper tail-coverts white,
slightly spotted with pale rufous.
39. Circus approximans approximans Peale, U.S. Fiji Islands.
Explor. Exped., viii., p. 64 (1848).
Fijian Harrier.

Larger.

39a. Circus approximans gouldi (Bp.), Consp., i., 8. & E.
p. 34 (1850). Australia,
Allied Harrier. Tasmania.
Smaller.

39b. Circus approximans inexpectatus Math., Nov. N.W.&N.
Zool., xviii., p. 245 (1912). Australia.

Little Allied Harrier.

Smaller and darker than C. a. gouldt.

39c. Circus approximans drummondi Math. & Ire- New Zealand.
dale, Ibis, 1913, p. 419.
New Zealand Harrier.

b. Thighs rufous, the feathers margined with
white.

Throat and chest brown, the feathers mar-
gined with white; abdomen rufous ; upper
tail-coverts orange rufous, tipped with white.

40. Circus ranivorus (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 170 S. Africa
(1800). below LO°S.
S. African Marsh Harrier, lat.

13

Throat and chest creamy buff, the latter
streaked with brown ; upper tail-coverts white.

41. Otircus eruginosus eruginosus (Linn.), S.N.,1., Europe, rare
p. 91 (1758). in Siberia, but
Marsh Harrier. in winter to

India, China,
Japan and
Philippines,
also Africa.

Much brighter coloration, more black and
white : (2 lighter).
Ala. Circus eruginosus harterti, Zedl., J.£.0., 1914, N. Africa.
p. 133.
Hartert’s Harrier.

C. Above black or blackish.
a. Thighs white.

Throat and chest white, streaked with black ;
upper and under tail-coverts white.

42. Circus maillardi Verr. in Maill., Ile de la Reunion Is.,
Reun., ii., p. 12 (1863). Comoro Is.
Maillard’s Harrier.

Markings on throat and chest browner and
broader ; under tail-coverts also streaked.
43. Circus wolfi Gurney, P.Z.S., 1865, p. 823. pl. New Cali-

xliv. fornia, New
Wolt’s Harrier. Hebrides.

Throat and chest white, streaked with black ;

upper tail-coverts white with remains of ashy

brown. bars.

44. Circus spilonotus Kaup, Contr. Orn., 1850, E. Siberia,

De oo: in winter to

Eastern Marsh Harrier. K. China,
Indo-Burman
countries,
Malay
Archipelago.

The same, but with distinct transverse spots
of dusky cinereous on upper tail-coverts.

45. Curcus spilothorax Salvad. and d’Alb., Ann. S.E. New
Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 807 (1875). Guinea.
New Guinea Harrier

46.

47.

14

Throat and chest black; upper tail-coverts
barred with black.

Circus melanoleucus (Forst.), Indisch. Zool.,
pel2, pl xa. (17st):

Pied Harrier.

Throat and chest black; upper tail-coverts
white with remains of rufous bars.

Circus buffont (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 277 (1788).
Long-winged Harrier.

. Thighs black.

‘Throat and chest brownish black ; upper tail-

coverts white, the lower ones spotted with
black.

Circus maurus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. 461
(1828).

Black Harrier.

K. Siberia,
Mongolia, E.
and §. India,
Burma, Malay
Pen., Borneo,
Philippines
(winter).

K. side of

S. America,
from Magel-
lan Str. to
Brit. Guiana
and Vene-

zuela,
Trinidad.

S. Africa.

FEMALES (usually much different from males).

A. Above brown.

a. Thighs white.

Below white, striped with dark brown ; upper
tail-coverts white, barred with dark brown.

. Thighs white, with streaks or spots of rufous

or brown.

Below tawny buff, streaked with brown ;
upper tail-coverts white.

Below nearly white, streaked with brown.
Below creamy buff, with pointed spots of
rufous brown ; upper tail-coverts white.
Below buffy white, with rufous centres to the
feathers ; upper tail-coverts white.

Below creamy white, with streaks of brown ;
upper tail-coverts white, barred with dark
brown.

C’.. melano-
leucus.

C. cyaneus.

C. hudsonius.
C. spilonotus.

C. pygargus.

C. macrurus.

ce. Thighs white, barred with orange tawny.

Breast brown with white spots, rest of under

parts barred with orange tawny and white ;

upper tail-coverts white, barred with reddish.

d. Thighs rufous.
Below dark brown, with a white band, marked
with brown, across breast ; upper tail]-coverts
white, tinged with grey and rufous.
Below brown, streaked with white ; upper tail
coverts rufous, tipped with white.

C’. cinereus.

C'. wrugi-
NOSUS.

Cl. ranivorus.

Gen. XIX. MICRASTUR Gray (1841).

Nostrils round, with a bony exerescence ; tarsi and

fec
in

49,

49)

oh)

t large and robust ; tarsus reticulated behind ;
front covered with small seutellae.

A

Size large, length, J, 20 in., wing 10.4; 9,
about 24 in.: above blackish with white
nuchal collar ; tail with 3 white bands ; below
white with black shaft Jines; juv. below
barred: intermediate plumage below pale
ochraceous fawn, as well as sides of face and
nuchal collar.

Micrastur melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieill.)
N:D. x., p2 327 (1817). [Paraguay.|

Collared Harrier-Hawk

Much smaller; wing gd |?¢] 8.60 in. ; tarsi and
feet much smaller and weaker: white tail
bands above partly obscured by brown patches
in centre and below less extensive ; those on
outer feathers only 4 in number in place of 6
in typical form.

a. Jlicrastur melanoleucus buckleyt, subsp. nov.
[ad., 3 ¢?, Sarayacu, He. Feb. 1880, Buckley,
Be Muss coll No. 87s 5. 1.122.

Size medium, length (@) 17.5; wing 9.8;
above slate ; tail with 8 bands of ashy-brown
showing white below; below white with
black shaft lines ; no nuchal collar.
Micrastur mirandoller (Schl.),Nederl. Tiydsehr.,
i., p. 131 (1863). [Dutch Guiana. |
Mirandolle’s Harrier-Hawk.

Se Mexico

to Colombia,
Venezuela,
Brazil ancl
Paraguay.

dcuacdor,

Upper BE.
Peru, Guiana,
Panama.

16

Gen. XIXA. CLIMACOCERCUS CAB. (1845.)

Feet very much smaller ; tarsi more slender, with
broad and regular scales in front.

Size small, length (¢) 13 in.; wing 6.9. Above
slate or rufous (rufous phase); ¢ tail with 3
greyish white bands ; below greyish white,
barred with greyish black; throat white,
fore-neck rufous.
51. Clemacocercus ruficollis (Vieill.), N. Diet., x., Venezuela,

p. 3822 (1817). [S. America. ] Guiana,
Xted-necked Harrier-Hawk. Brazil,
Paraguay.

Above chocolate brown ; tail blackish, with
3 narrow white bands ; below thickly barred
with black and white ; throat brown.
5la. Climacocercus zonothorax Cab., J£.0., 1865, Colombia,
p. 406. [Porto Cabello, Venez. | Venezuela.
Barred Harrier-Hawk.
Above (male) ashy brown (female blackish) ;
tail blackish with 3 irregular white bands (4
in immature); below whitish, breast finely
barred with wavy blackish lines; lower
abdomen white.
52. Climacocercus gilvicollis (Vieill.), N. Dict., x., Colombia &

p. 323 (1817). [Patr. ign.: Cayenne ? | Amazonia to
White-throated Harrier-Hawk. IX. Peru and

to 20° S. lat.
in Brazil.
Above blackish ; tail with 3 irregular white
bands ; throat t and cheeks pale grey ; below
dull white, closely barred down to thighs with
blackish.
53. Climacocercus querilla*, (Cass.), Pr. Plnl. Mexico to

Acad, 1848 p. 87. [ZValapa. MWex.| Colombia.
Grey-throated Harrier-Hawk. Venezula,

Brazil, and
Eeuador.

Gen. XX. GERANOSPIZIAS Sundev. (1873).
Tarsus scaled behind ; thighs without overhanging
tuft of feathers ; ridge of bill greater than half
length of middle toe (without claw) ; commissure
slightly festooned.
Size moderate (length 16.5-24.5 in.).

* In revising this group the forms 7ugwaris and interstes appear to be
untenable and are therefore omitted,

7

Plumage slaty blue, with little trace of white
cross bars except on thighs and under wing-
coverts ; tail ochraceous, with 2 broad black
bands.

54. Geranospizias cerulescens ceerulescens (Vieill.),

Ne Dict. x. pols (ISLA):
Grey Crane-Hawk.

Under parts barred with whitish.

54a. Geranospizias cerulescens gracilis (Temm.), Pl.
Col.,1., pl. 91 (1824).
Wood Hawk.
Like G. c. cerulescens, except that general
plumage is slaty black.

5tb. Geranospizias cerulescens niger (Du Bus), Bull.
Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv., p. 103 (1847).
Black Hawk.

Venezuela,
muana,

W. Brazil,

Peru, Bolivia

Argentina.

Brazil,
Paraguay.

Central
America from
S. Mexico to
Panama.

Gen. XXI. UROTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1874).

Tail (13 in.) longer than wing (12 in.), very strongly
graduated ; size large (length 24 in.).
Above blue grey, lighter on head and nape ;
upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail very long,
black above, greyish below, irregularly banded
and tipped with white ; below leaden grey.
55. Urotriorchis macrurus (Hartl.), J.f.0., 1855,
p. 353.
W. African Grey Hawk.

W. Africa,
Gold Coast
to Gaboon.

Gen. XXII. PARABUTEO Ridgw. (1874).

Nostrils with bony tubercle near upper margin ;
thighs with overhanging tuft of feathers ; tarsus
scaled almost right across and feathered further
down than length of middle toe.

Size large (length about 23 in. ; wing about 12-14 in.).

General colour blackish brown, variegated by
lighter spotting; lesser wing-coverts and
thighs rufous ; tip and base of tail and also
tail-coverts white.

56. Parabuteo unicinctus wnicinctus (Temm.), PI.
Col., pl. 313 (1824).
One-banded Buzzard-Hawk

S. America,
northward
from Chile
on W.and
Buenos Ayres
on FE.

18

General colour sooty black, tinged with chest-
nut on rump. (Female more brownish.)

56a. Parabuteo unicinctus harrist (Audub.), B. Am.,

pl. ecexcii., 1831 ; Orn. Biog., v., p. 30.
Harris’s Buzzard-Hawk.

Gen. XXIII.

Tarsus scaled in front, reticulated on outer aspect,

7B.

57b.

Ou

not feathered so far down as length of middle
toe.

Size large (length 21 in.; wing 14.8);
general plumage bluish ash; quills black;
wing-coverts, secondaries, upper tail-coverts
and base of tail whitish freckled with
grey ; outer tail-feathers white, barred with
black; belly white, narrowly barred with
blackish.

Melierax canorus canorus (Rislach), in Thunb.,
Diss. Ac., iii., p. 264 (1799).

Chanting Goshawk.

Size similar ; tail-coverts white, with numerous
bars of slaty grey ; tail blackish, with 4 white
bands, the middle feathers unbarred ; below
white, minutely barred with ashy grey.
Melierax canorus metabates, Heugl., Ibis, 1861,
De M2:

Many-banded Hawk.

[= M. polyzonus of authors. |

Much lighter form.

Melierax canorus neumanni, Hart., Vog. Pal.
Fauna, i1., p. 1165 (1914).

Neumann’s Goshawk.

Rather smaller ; above darker slate ; throat,
chest and wings, light grey ; below white, with
narrow blackish bars ; tail black, tip and upper
tail-coverts white.

:, Melierax canorus poliopterus Cab., in Decken’s

Reise, ii., Vog., p. 40 (1869).
EK. African Goshawk.

Central and
N. America
from Panama
to Southern
LORS

MELIERAX Gray (1840).

S. Africa
below
15°S. lat.

N.E. Africa,
Sudan to
Mogador,
W. Arabia.

Nubia to
Sudan &
Hausaland.

EK. Africa, |
Somaliland to |
Kilimanjaro.

58.

59.

19

Much darker below than J. c. metabates, which
has white bars rather broader than dark bars,
reverse being case in this species.

Melierax mechowi Cab., J.£.0., 1882, p. 229.
Angola Goshawk.

Size small (length 11.5-13.6; wing 7.1-8.3) ;
above and throat ashy grey ; rump blackish,
upper tail-coverts white ; quills and tail brown
banded with black ; below white barred with
ashy grey.

Melierax gabar (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 89
(1800).

Red-faced Goshawk.

Size similar ; plumage black; quills and tail
banded as in M. gabar. Feet cinnabar red
(orange in last-named). [Disputed species. |

58a. Melierax niger (Vieill.), Enc. Meth., iii., p. 1269

(1823).
African Black Goshawk.

Gen. XXIV. ASTUR Lacep. (1801).

Bill short, cutting edge of upper mandible with a
festoon ; nostrils oval, with no bony tubercle ; toes
moderate, middle one somewhat longest, outer and
inner nearly equal.

Angola,
Damara-

land to
Mashonaland,
Nyasaland.

S. Africa,
EK. & N.E.
Africa.

S. and E
Africa.

Key to NaturaL Groups AND SPECIES (ADULTS).

A. With conspicuous line of white on each side of

60.

60a.

crown, from above hinder ear-coverts ; crown
blackish ; above ashy brown; below white
barred with greyish brown ; tail with 4 dark
bands ; length, J, 19-20.5; 9, 23-24 in.
Astur gentilis gentilis, Linn, 8.N., i., p. 89
(1758).

Common Goshawk.

Smaller and darker race.

Astur gentilis arrigontt Kleinsch., Orn. Mb.,
xi., pp. 152-3 (1903).

Sardinian Goshawk.

Europe and
Siberia ; in
winter to N.
Africa and
Himalayas.

Sardinia.

60b.

60c.

Ol.

6la.

62.

B.

barred.

20

Less brownish, purer grey

Astur gentilis schvedowi Menz., Orn. Geogr.
Kur. Russia, p. 439 (1882).

Siberian Goshawk.

“ White ” race.

Astur gentilis candidissimus Dyb., Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, viii., p. 353 (1883).

Kamtschatka Goshawk.

Above bluish ash, with blackish shaft stripes ;
crown deeper black; below closely freckled
or vermiculated, instead of barred ; tail bands
indistinct.*

Astur atricapillus (Wils.), Am. Orn., vi., pl. 52,
fig. 3 (1812).

American Goshawk

Markings of lower parts fine and delicate and
so dense as to present a nearly uniform appear-
ance ; tail bands obsolete.

Astur atricapillus striatulus Ridgw., Hist. N.
Am. Birds, iii., p. 240 (1874).

Western Goshawk.

Above sepia brown; head, neck and upper
mantle blackish slate ; nape varied with white ;
tail with 6 irregular darker bands; below
white, thickly and broadly barred with
blackish.

Astur hensti Schl., Mus. P.B. Revue Accipitr.,
p. 62 (1873).

Henst’s Goshawk.

Sides of crown uniform with crown itself ; no

distinct red nape band; maximum length
20 in. (8)

N. Asia to
Thibet.

Kamtschatka

N. America
(exce pt
Pacific side),
ace.in Brit.
Isles.

W. North
America,
Sitka to
Sierra
Nevada.

Madagascar.

* The young of most species of the genus Astur, both in the typical
group and many succeeding ones, are brown above, the feathers more or less
margined with ochraceous or rufous, and ochraceous or creamy white below
with longitudinal markings, usually in the form of streaks on throat and large
oval spots on breast and flanks, although in some species the flanks may be

The characters given, as in other genera, are those of adwlt birds.

a.

63.

63a.

63b.

63c.

64.

64a.

Above brownish or slate; tail with about 3
darker bands; below white, barred with
rufous; length, g, 13.5-14; 9, 16-17 in.

Astur tachiro tachiro (Daud.), Traité, i1., p. 90
(1800).
African Goshawk.

Below lighter ; cross bands more distinct ; no
bars on under wing-coverts.

Astur tachiro sparsimfasciatus* Reichen., Orn.
Mb:, 11., p. 97 (1895).

Zanzibar Goshawk.

Flanks and transverse bars more
rufescent.

Astur tachiro unduliventer (Riipp.), Neue Wirb.,
p. 40, taf. 18, fig.i. (1835).

Abyssinian Goshawk.

richly

Thighs rufous, without bars; under wing-
coverts white.

Astur tachiro macroscelides
1855, pp. 354, 360.

West African Goshawk.

Hartl., J.£.0.,

. Above slaty grey ; below with breast rufous,

or partly so, and rest of under parts white,
barred with rufous.

Astur trivirgatus trivirgatus (Temm.), Pl. Col..
i., pl. 303 (1824).
Indian Crested Goshawk.

Larger.

Astur trivirgatus rufitinctus McClell., P.Z.S.,
1839, p. 153.

Larger Crested Goshawk.

S. E. Africa.

Zanzibar Is.,
Brit. E.
Africa,

Victoria

Nyanza.

N.E. Africa
(Abyssinia).

W. Africa
(Gold Coast
to Sierra
Leone).

Hilly parts
of India

and Ceylon,
Malay Archi-

pelago.

KE. Himalayas
to Assam,
indo-
Chinese
countries,
Formosa.

* 4. tachiro nyanse Neumann, Orn. Mb., xiii., p. 138 (1902) is a synonym,
cf. Sharpe, Zool. Rec., 1902, Aves, p, 45.

22

c. Above brown; head bluish grey; tail with
about 4 dark bars ; below white, with broad
streaks of brown ; thighs barred with blackish
brown.

65. Astur griseiceps Schl., Mus. P.B., Astures,
p- 23 (1862).

Grey-headed Goshawk.

d. Smaller (length, 3, 10.7 in.) ; above brownish
ash ; sides of head and of neck rufous ; tail
with 6 dark bars; below white, barred with
rufous.

66. Astur brutus (Poll.), Nederl. Tijdschr., iii.,
p. 80 (1866).
Least Goshawk.
e. Above blackish slate or slate ; tail with 2 more
or less regular white bands; below pale

vinous to rufous, with indications of white
bars ; length 15-in. (adult).

67. Astur toussenellit toussenellit (Verr.), Rev. et
Mag., 1854, p. 538.
Toussenell’s Goshawk.

Smaller ; length 13-in. (J) ; thighs chestnut.

67a. Asiur toussenellic lopexi* Alex., Bull. B.O.C..
xiil., p. 49 (1903).
Fernando Po Goshawk.
Smaller; length 11 in. (3); below banded
with white and chestnut.
67b. Astur toussenellic castanilius (Bp.), Rev. et
Mag. de Zool., 1853, p. 578.
Chestnut-sided Goshawk.
Without white bars below ; thighs white.
68. Astur trinotatus (Bp.), Consp., 1., p. 33 (1850).
N. Celebean Goshawk.
Paler below, with more white on abdomen.
68a. Astur trinotatus haesitandus (Hart.), Nov.

Zool., iii., p. 162 (1896).
S. Celebean Goshawk.

Celebes.

Mayotte Is.
(Comoro
Group).

W. Africa
(Gaboon).

Cameroon &
Fernando Po.

W. Africa
(Gold Coast
to Gaboon %),
Cameroon.

N. Celebes.

S. Celebes.

* Doubtfully distinct from 4. t. castantlius if it has the rufous thighs of

the latter.

The amount of white barring most certainly varies with age.

69.

70.

Tile

Tek

71b.

71d.

23

. Above deep slate grey ; tail with 8 or 9 dark

bars; below wholly chestnut with a few
whitish cross bars.

Astur henicogrammus Gray, P.Z.S., 1860,
p. 343.
Gray’s Goshawk.

. Above slate grey ; bars on tail nearly obsolete ;

below cinnamon rufous, without white bars ;
length 9 15.8; 9 12.5 in.

Astur iogaster (Mull. et Schl.), Naturl. Gesch.,
p. 110 (1839-44).
Rufous-bellied Goshawk.

Shghtly smaller ; below more vinous red.
Astur etorques etorques (Salvad.), Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov., vii., p. 901 (1875).

New Guinea Goshawk.

Whole under side deep rufous cinnamon.
Astur etorques rufoschistaceus Rothsch. and
Hart., Nov., Zool., ix., p. 590 (1902).

Ysabel Is. Goshawk.

Smaller and darker.

Astur etorques rubiane Rothsch. and Hart.,
Nov. Zool., xii., pp. 250-1 (1905).

Solomon Island Goshawk.

Lighter above.

. Astur etorques bougainviller Roth. and Hart.,

Nov. Zool., xii., pp. 250-1 (1905).
Bougainville Is. Goshawk.

Smaller (length of ad. 12.2 in.) and more
delicate grey above.

Astur etorques misoriensis (Salvad.), Am.
Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 904 (1875).

Misori Goshawk.

Moluceas
(Halmahera,
Morotai).

Moluccas
(Ceram and
Amboina).

New Guinea,
Salawati and
Jobi Is.,
Bismarck
Archipelago.

Ysabel Is.,
Solomon
Archipelago.

Solomon Is.
(Rubiana,
Rendova,

Gizo).

N. Solomon
Is. (Short-
land Group &
Bougainville

Tse).

Ts. of Misori,
N.W. New
Guinea,

Jobi Is. (2)

~I
bo

73.

Waae

73b.

24

Under wing and tail-coverts whitish ; thighs
reddish white.

Astur etorques pulchellus Ramsay, Jnl. Linn.
Soc., xvi., p. 131 (1881).

Ramsay’s Goshawk.

. Above paler ashy grey ; crown bluish ; tail

uniform ; below paler salmon colour, with
remains of white bars on breast, more numerous
on abdomen.

Astur sylvestris (Wall.), P.Z.S., 1863, pp. 484,
487.
Flores Goshawk.

Above bluish grey ; tail with 5 or 6 blackish
bars ; below salmon rufous, with white cross
bars.

Astur badius badius (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 280
(1788).
Ceylonese Shikra.

Larger and lighter grey.

Astur badius dussumiert Temm., Pl. Col., livr.
52, pl. 308 (1824)

Shikra

Above paler bluish ; below with broader and
brighter vinous bands.

Astur badius poliopsis (Hume), Stray
Feathers, ii., 1874, p. 325.
Hunie’s Shikra.
Tail slightly longer and more barred.
. Astur badius cenchroides Severtz, Turkist.

Jevotn., p. 63 (1873).
Severtzow’s Shikra.

Solomon Is.
(Cape Pitt,
Florida Is.,
Guadaleanar,
Ysabel Is.)

Lesser Sunda
Is. (Flores).

Ceylon.
Travancore.

Whole of
Indian
Peninsula.

Burma,
Assam,
Cachar,
Tenasserim,
Siam, and
Gam boja to
to Cochin
China,
Formosa.

Central Asia
(Turkestan),
Baluchistan,
E. Persia and
Punjab, Sind
(winter).

74.

75.

Waar

76.

25

Mantle blackish slate ; below paler salmon
colour, under wing-coverts distinctly barred.
Astur badius brevipes Severtz., Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat., Moscou, xxxili., p. 234, tab. i.-i1. (1850).
Levant Shikra.

Above clear bluish ashy, under wing-coverts
buffy white, with faint dusky cross bars.

. Astur badius sphenurus (Riipp.), Neue Wirb.,

p. 42 (1835).
Riippell’s Goshawk.

Below with numerous distinct narrow bars of
pale rufous ; under wing-coverts barred like
breast.

. Astur badius polyzonides (Smith), Ul. Zool. 8.

Afr., pl. xi. (1838).
Little Barred Goshawk.

Tail with only one indistinct subterminal bar ;
under wing-coverts white.

Astur butleri Gurney, Bull. B.O.C., vii., p.
xxvii. (1898).

Butler’s Goshawk.

Tail with 5 bars; body below, pale buffy
vinous without bars.

Astur soloensis soloensis (Lath.), Gen. Hist., 1.,
p. 209 (1821).

Horsfield’s Goshawk.

Tail bars obsolete above.

Astur soloensis cuculoides Temm., Pl. Col., 1.,
pl. 110, 129 (1823).

Chinese Goshawk.

. Head, neck and upper part of mantle light

greyish white ; rest of upper parts slate grey ;
tail uniform ; below vinous rusty red.

Astur pallidiceps (Salvad.), Orn. d. Papuasia,
etc., 1., p. 64 (1879).

White-headed Goshawk.

Central
Russia,
Dalmatia,
Greece,
Turkey, Asia
Minor, Persia,
Syria, Egypt.

N.E. Africa,
Sudan to
Senegambia,
Sierra Leone,
Nigeria.

S. Africa, N.
to Nyasaland.

Car Nicobar
Is., Bay of
Bengal.

China, S.in
winter to New
Guinea.

N. China, S.
in winter to
Malay

Archipelago.

Bouru.

ile

-~I
~l

78a.

Nn.

79

80a.

. Above uniform slate colour ;

_ Astur clarus cooktowni (Math.),

26

Above as last, but tail with blackish bars ;
below entirely white.

Astur poliocephalus (Gray), P.Z.S., 1858, pp.
70; 189.

Grey-headed Goshawk.

tail with 7
darker bars ; below entirely white.

Astur francescii francescit (Smith), Afr. Q. Jnl.,
ii., p. 280 (1834).
Frances’s Goshawk.

Smaller and darker above.

Astur francescii pusillus Gurney, Ibis, 1875,
p. 258.

Joanna Island Goshawk.
Above brownish ash colour; below white
barred with dull ashy.

Astur clarus clarus (Lath.), Ind. Orn. Suppl.,
p. xiii. (1801).

Grey Goshawk.

Nov. Zool.,
Xviii., p. 245 (1912).

Northern Grey Goshawk.

. Above and below pure white.

Astur noveehollandie (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 264
(1788).
White Goshawk.

Smaller ; wing ¢ 7.8 against 10.4 in.

Astur novehollandie leucosomus Sharpe, Cat.

Bds. B.M., i., p. 119 (1874).
Lesser White Goshawk.

. Above slate black ; below white streaked and

barred with black.

Astur eudiabolus Roth. & Hart., Bull. B.O.C.,
xxxv., p. 8 (1914).

Black-and-White Goshawk.

. Above blackish slate ; below white.

Astur haplochrous (Sclat.), Ibis, 1859, p. 275,
pl. vil.
Black-throated Goshawk,

New Guinea,
Salawati,
Mysol,
Waigiou and
Aru Is.

Madagascar.

Joanna or
Anjuan Is.
(Comoro
Group).

E. side of
Australia.

N. Queens-
land.

Tasmania,
N.S. Wales,
S. Australia.

New Guinea,
Waigiou,

N. Queens-
land ?

Mountains of
Brit. New
Guinea.

New
Caledonia.

83a.

84.

C:

a.

86.

Sie

with

27

Above black, or blackish slate ; tail unbanded ;
below white, with or without slight greyish
shading or vermiculations on sides of chest.
Length, 2, about 18 in., 3, about 14 in.

Astur albigularis albigularis (Gray), Ann, N.H.,
(4) v., p. 327 (1870).
White-throated Goshawk.

Larger ; cheeks white ; below with some black
shaft streaks and cross bars [doubtful form].
Astur albigularis meyerianus Sharpe, Jnl.
Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 458, pl. xxii. (1877).
Meyer’s Goshawk.

Tail with 4 whitish bands above ; cheeks and
ear-coverts black.

Astur jardinei* Gurney, Ibis, 1887, p. 96, pl.
ill.

Jardine’s Goshawk.

Above dark lead grey ; below pale grey.
Astur poliogaster (Temm.), Pl. Col.,1., pl. 264
(1824).

Grey-bellied Goshawk.

With a well defined rufous neck band.

Above brown; crown black, crested; tail
with 4 black bands ; below, chest rufous, rest
of under parts white barred with black.
Astur pectoralis Bp., Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1850, p. 490.

Red-collared Goshawk.

Above brownish slate; inner webs of tail-
feathers obscurely barred; below, breast
rufous brown barred with slate, rest paler
barred with white.

Astur natalis Lister, P.Z.8., 1888, p. 523.
Christmas Island Goshawk.

Solomon
Islands

(S. Christoval
Ugi, Guadal-
canar.)

Jobi Is. N.W.
New Guinea,
Ceram-Laut.

Brit. Guiana.

Brazil
(Ypanama),
Paraguay

srazil,
Guiana,
Ecuador.

Christmas
Is.

* Tf the later ascertained locality of this form, British Guiana, is correct
it must be a perfectly valid species, and can have little direct relationship

A. a. albigularis.

Dr. Hartert, who examined the description of Oustalet’s Astur sharpet
(Bull. Soc. Philom. (6), xi., p. 25, 1875) with me, thinks it is merely an example
of A, albigularis albiguiaris, and I have therefore omitted it.

28

c. Above light bluish grey; tail not visibly
barred ; throat white ; below pale vinous red,
length, 3, 13.5 ; 9, 16.5in.

88. Astur rufitorques Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped.,
p. 68, pl. 19 (1848).
Fijian Goshawk.

Larger ; above darker, except head ; below

with some white bars; throat bluish grey.
89. Astur griseigularis griseigularis Gray, P.Z.S.,

1850, p. 343.

Grey-throated Goshawk.

89a. Astur griseigularis buruensis, Streseman, Nov.
Zool., xxi., p. 381 (1914).

Smaller; above as A. rufitorques ; below pale
vinous red ;_ belly white.

90. Astur albiventris Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov., vii., p. 982 (1875).
White-bellied Goshawk.
Above lighter.

91. Astur polionotus Salvad., Mem. Accad., Torino,

xl pe 47 (S89):
Tenimber Is. Goshawk.

d. Above black ; tail barred on inner webs only ;
below vinous chestnut ; throat black.
92. Astur melanochlamys melanochlamys (Salvad.),
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 905 (1875).
Black-backed Goshawk.

Above more slaty black ; below paler.

92a. Astur melanochlamys schistacinus Rothsch. and
Hart., Nov. Zool., xx., p. 482 (1913).
Mt. Goliath Goshawk.

e. Above greyish brown; tail with numerous
darker bars ; below white, barred with pale
rufous; thighs and under wing and_ tail-
coverts white.

93. Astur torquatus torquatus (Temm.), Pl. Col., 1.,
pl. 438 (1823).
Collared Goshawk.

93a. Astur torquatus sumbaensis (A. B. Meyer),
Abhandl. Ber. Mus., Dresd., 1892-3, p. 3.
Sumba Goshawk.

Fiji Islands.

Molucea Is.
(Halmaheéra,
Batchian,
etc.), Obi. Is.
Bouru,

S. Moluceas.

Ke or Kei Is.,
Moluccas.

Timor
Laut.

N.W. New

Guinea.

Mount
Goliath,
Dutch New

Guinea.

Timor.

Lesser Sunda
Is. (Sumba).

1

29

Above similar to last; below dull rufous,
narrowly barred with white and ashy ; under
wing-coverts dull rufous barred with fulvous.
Size larger, 9, 20 in.

94. Astur fasciatus fasciatus Vig. & Horsf., Tr. Linn.

94a.

94b.

94e.

94d.

Soc., xv., p. 181 (1827).
Australian Goshawk.

Smaller: “ wing 236 mm.”
Astur fasciatus didimus
Avian Rec., i., p. 33 (1912).
Northern Goshawk.

(Math.), Austral

Below paler ; under wing-coverts barred with
vinous grey.

Astur fasciatus cruentus Gould, P.Z.S., 1842,
p. 113 (1843).

West Australian Goshawk.

Astur fasciatus polycriptus Rothsch. and Hart,
Nov. Zool., xxii., p. 53 (1915).

Astur fasciatus insularis, F. Sarasin, Nove
Caledonia Zool. Aves, p. 8 (1913).

Below rich vinous salmon colour, with
remains of white cross-bars.

Astur wallacu Sharpe, Cat. Bds. B.M., 1.,
p. 128, pl. 5 (1874).

Wallace’s Goshawk.

Gen. XXV. NISOIDES Pollen (1866).

Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled ; commissure of bill
perfectly straight.

Above slaty black ; nape and base of scapulars -

mottled with white and upper tail-coverts
tipped with same ; tail with about 8 darker

E. Australia,
S. to Tas-
mania,

Norfolk Is.

N.W.

Australia,
Northern
Territory.

W. Australia.

New Guinea,
New Britain,
New Ireland,
D’Entrecas-
teaux Group,
Waigiou Is.

New
Caledonia,
New
Hebrides,
Loyalty Is.

Lesser Sunda
Ts. (Lombok),
S.W. Islands,

Moluccas.

30

bands ; below white barred with rufous brown ;
throat streaked with black ; length, 3, 11.5,

wing 6 in.
96. Nisoides moreli Pollen, Bull. Soc. Se. Réun., W. Coast of
1866, p. 62. Madagascar.

Morell’s Goshawk.

Gen. XXVI. ACCIPITER Briss. (1760).

Bill with distinct festoon to cutting margin of upper
mandible ; nostrils oval ; tarsus long, slender and
smooth ; toes long and slender, particularly the
middle one, which is more than twice ridge of
bill (without cere). Maximum size ¢, 15.8: 9,
18in. Minimum J, 8.8; 9, 10.5 in.

Key To THE NATURAL GROUPS AND SPECIES (ADULTS).
A. Thighs banded ; no collar round neck.

a. Above bluish slate ; nape more or less mottled
with white ; tail with about 4 darker bands ;
below white, breast barred with rufous or
brown ; flanks rufous.

97. Accipiter nisus nisus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 92 Europe and

(1758). N. Asia, in

Common Sparrow-Hawk. winter to
Algeria, N.E.
Africa, India,
China.

Smaller, darker above, more closely and
thickly barred below.
97a. Accipiter nisus wolterstorffi Kleinschm., Orn. Sardinia.
Mby 1x-p. 163,900):
Sardinian Sparrow-Hawk.

Above bluer.

97b. Accipiter nisus punicus Erlanger, Orn. Mb., Tunis.
Ve, Do lst (Som):
Tunisian Sparrow-Hawk.

97c. Astur nisus nisisimilis Tickell, Jnl. As. Soc. India,

Beng. u1., p. 571 (1833). Kashmir,

Indian Sparrow-Hawk Assam,
Burma,
Afghanistan,

Turkestan.

97d.

97e.

98.

oe

99a.

99b.

31

Above lighter and greyer, with dark shaft
stripes; dark tail bands nearly obsolete ;
below barred with greyish.

Accipiter nisus pallens Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus., xvi., p. 625 (1893).

Kamtschatkan Sparrow-Hawk.

Insular race [with light and dark phases. ]
Accipiter nisus teneriffe Laubmann, Verhandl.
Om. Ges., xi., p. 164 (1912).

Teneriffe Sparrow Hawk.

Blackish slaty above, darkest on head and
nape; bars on tail broad and pronounced ;
below with bars broad and decided.

. Accipiter nisus melanoschistus Hume, Ibis,

1869, p. 356.
Himalayan Sparrow-Hawk.

. Accipiter nisus ladygini* Bianchi, Ann. Mus.

St. Petersb., viii., p. 11 (1903).

Above blackish brown ; below white, barred
with greyish black.

Accipiter granti Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. N.H. (6),
v., p. 483 (1890).

Madeiran Sparrow-Hawk.

Above slaty blue ; below white, barred with
pale rufous ; the flanks barred like breast.
Accipiter fuscus fuscus (Gmel.), S.N.,1., p. 280
(1788).

Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Paler and more cinnamomeous below ; thighs
with cinnamon rufous predominating.

Accipt er fuscus rufilatus (Ridgw.), Pr. US.
Mus., xi., p. 92 (1888).

Western Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Smaller and more slender; cheeks rufous ;
below nearly white, especially the thighs.
Accipiter fuscus fringilloidest (Vig.), Zool. Jnl.,
ili., p. 434 (1828) [ex Cuba].

Cuban Sparrow-Hawk.

Kamtschatka,,
Japan.

Teneriffe.

Himalayas.

E. Thibet.

Madeira.

N. America,
in winter S. to
Guatemala.

West U.S., W.
to RockyMts.,
N. to Kodiak,
S.to Cent.
America.

Cuba,
Haiti (?).

* Judging from description this form and Hume’s melanoschistus are
very near one another. if not the same.
t If the Cuban and Haitian forms are the same, they should be called
A. fuscus striatus (Vieill.) as being the older name.

32

Below rufous, the feathers spotted on both
webs or barred with white; upper breast
more or less uniform rufous.

100. Accipiter coopert cooperi (Bp.), Am. Orn., i.,
pla LOeE 1 (1828):
Cooper’s Hawk.

Female with markings of lower parts denser
and rather deeper in colour ; more rufous on
thighs. Male scarcely differs from typical
form.

100a.Accipiter coopert mexicanus Swains., Faun.
Bor. Am., i., p. 45, footnote (1831) [ex
Mexico].
Mexican Sparrow-Hawk.

Sides of neck, a band running to hind neck,

and upper part of breast greyish ash.
100b.Accipiter coopert gundlachi (Lawr.), Ann. Lye.

N.Y., vii., p. 252 (1862).

Gundlach’s Sparrow-Hawk.

Above slaty grey; below white, throat un-
spotted, rest minutely banded or vermiculated
with greyish brown.

Accipiter superciliosus (Linn.), S.N., 1. p. 128
(1766).

[=A. tinus, auct. plur.]

Eyebrowed Sparrow-Hawk.

TOT:

b. Above slaty black ; upper tail-coverts tipped
with white ; tail with 2 faint paler bands, and
2 large spots of white on inner webs ; below
white, sides bright chestnut, below narrowly
barred with rufous.

. Accipiter minullus minullus (Daud.), Traité,
ii., p 88 (1800).
Little Sparrow-Hawk.

Sides paler ; bars darker and broader.
102a.Accipiter minullus intermedius Erlang., J. Orn.,
pp. 171-6, 1904.

102b.Accipiter minullus hilgerti Erlang., J. Orn.,
pp. 171-6, 1904.

N. America
(Middle and
Southern

Uy

W. United
States to C,
America.

Cuba.

Tropical 8.
America, N.
to Panama.

S. Africa, to
to Mozam-
bique on E.
and Angola
on W.

Abyssinia
(S. Shoa).
Arusi, Galla
Land, N.E.

Africa.

33

102c.Accipiter minullus tropicalis (Reich.), Jr.f. O., E. Africa.

p. 139, 1898.

Upper tail-coverts conspicuously
barrings below blackish brown
little rufous.

white ;
with very

102d. Accipiter minullus erythropus (Hartl.), J.f.0.,

103.

d.

104.

105.

C. Thighs barred ;

a.

106.

. Above sooty brown ;

1855, p. 354.
Red-legged Sparrow-Hawk.

. Above dark ashy grey ; tail, with 4 darker bars,

alternated with paler bands, in centre of each of
which is a white spot ; below white with narrow
grey bands,

Accipiter ovampensis Gurney, Ibis,
367, pl. vi.

Gurney’s Sparrow-Hawk.

1875, p.

Above blackish brown; tail uniform above,
with paler bands beneath; below white,
thickly barred with greyish black.

Accipiter madagascariensis Verr., S. Afr. Q.
Jnl., ti., p. 282 (1834).

Madagascar Sparrow-Hawk.

Thighs nearly uniform brown, with slight

remains of white cross bars :
white collar on hind neck.

tail with 5 darker bands ;
broadly barred with rufous

an. ill-defined

below
brown.
Accipiter collaris (Kaup), MS. in Mus. Brit.
undé ; Scl., Ibis, 1860, p. 148, pl. 6.
Semi-collared Sparrow-Hawk.

white,

red collar on hind neck.
Above bluish ash ; tail almost uniform above,
but with numerous darker bars below on inner

webs ; below broadly barred with vinous red
and greyish white.
Accipiter cirrocephalus (Vieill.), N. Dict., x.,

p. 329 (1817).
Collared Sparrow-Hawk.

W. Africa,
Gold Coast to
Cameroons.

Ovampo
Land, S.W.
Africa, to
Zambesi
Country,
Nyasaland, 8.
Abyssinia,
Gambaga

(Gold Coast).

Madagascar.

Colombia.

E. Australia.

o4

Darker above.

106a.Accipiter cirrocephalus broomei (Math.), Nov.
Zool., xviii., p. 247 (1912).
Broome’s Sparrow-Hawk.

Above clearer bluish slate; below brighter
rufescent with less distinct whitish bars ;
thighs with bare indications of bars.

106b.Accipiter cirrocephalus papuanus Rothsch.
& Hart., Nov. Zool., xx., p. 482 (1913).
Papuan Sparrow-Hawk.

D. Thighs uniform ashy grey ; red collar on hind
neck.

a. Above blackish slate ; red collar extending
to upper interscapulary region ; tail with 10
or ll darker bands, obsolete on outermost
feathers ; below pale ashy grey, sides of neck
chestnut.

107. Accipiter rubricollis Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, pp.
19, 21, pl. iv.
Red-collared Sparrow-Hawk.

Above “‘ dark blue slaty grey ” ; rufous collar
round hind neck.

Accipiter brachyurus (Ramsay), Pr. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., iv., p. 465 (1879)

b. Bars on tail nearly obsolete ; below uniform
clear vinous, paler on thighs ; lower abdomen
white.

109. Accipiter erythrauchen
P.Z.8., 1860, p. 344.
Grey-throated Sparrow-Hawk.

108.

erythrauchen Gray,

1092. Accipiter erythrauchen ceramensis, Schl., Mus.
P.B. Astures, p. 39 (1862)

E. Thighs greyish white ; no nuchal collar.

a. Above bluish grey ; sides of face and neck very
pale ; below clear vinous red; tail blackish
slate above, with 4 or 5 dark bars beneath.

110. Accipiter rhodogaster (Schl.), Mus. P.B.
Astures, p. 32 (1862).

Red-bellied Sparrow-Hawk.

W. Australia,
Northern
Territory.

Dutch New
Guinea.

Moluccas

‘(Morotai,

Bouru).

S.E. New

Guinea.

Moluceas
(Halmahéra
Batchian,
Obi Is.)

Ceram.

Celebes.

110a.

35

Above darker slate grey ; sides of face and neck
vinous like under parts.
Accipiter rhodogaster sulaensis (Schl.)., Vog.
Ned. Ind. Valke, pp. 26, 64, pl. 16, f. 3, 4 (1866).
Sula Is. Sparrow-Hawk.

F. Thighs rufous or ochraceous ; no nuchal collar.

a.

111.

113.

114.

1] 4a.

Cc.

U5:

11ld5a.

Above slaty grey; tail brown with about 5
ashy brown bars; cheeks and under surface
white, with a few dusky shaft lnes and bars
on breast and flanks ; thighs chestnut.

Accipiter erythrocnemis Gray, List Accipitr.
B.M., p. 70 (1848).
Grey-backed Sparrow-Hawk.

Above darker and browner ; head blackish ;
thighs pale ochre.

. Accipiter chionogaster (Kaup), P.Z.S., 1851,

p. 41.
White-bellied Sparrow-Hawk,

Above plumbeous ; thighs cinnamon rufous.*
Accipiter salvint (Ridgw.), Bull. U.S. Geol.
Surv., li., p. 121 (1876).
Salvin’s Sparrow-Hawk.

. Above deep slaty grey, including sides of face ;

below chestnut.

Accipiter ventralis ventralis Sclat., P.Z.S., 1866,
p. 303.
Chestnut-bellied Sparrow-Hawk.

Above and below plumbeous ; abdomen mixed
with ferruginous rufous.

Accipiter ventralis nigriplumbeous Lawr., Ann.
ven NEN xe, pa 270) (E3869):

Plumbeous Sparrow-Hawk.
Above deep slate ; nape mottled with white ;
side of face and under surface tawny rufous.
Accipiter rufiventris Smith, 8. Afr. Q. Jnl., i.,
p. 231 (1830).

African Sparrow-Hawk.

Accipiter rufiventris perspicillaris Riipp., Neue
Wirb. Vog., p. 41 (1836).

Abyssinian Sparrow-Hawk.

Sula Islands.

S. America,
Brazil to
Bolivia.

Central
America.
(Guatemala,
Nicaragua)

Venezuela.

S. America,
Venezuela to
Colombia.

Ecuador
and Peru.

S. Africa,
Togoland.

Abyssinia.

* JT have an ad. 3 from Escorial, Venez., snowy-white below, with reddish-
white thighs lightly barred with dusky, which seems to constitute a new form.

36

d. Above slaty black, lower upper tail-coverts
white ; tail with 2 bars of white on inner webs ;
below chestnut.

116. Accipiter sharper Reich., Vog. Afrikas, i., p.
564, pl. 2 (1901).
Sharpe’s Sparrow-Hawk.

G. Thighs greyish, with traces of bars ; no nuchal
collar.

a. Like A. sharper above, but no white spots on
centre tail feathers: below, rufous colour
paler on sides.

117. Accipiter hartlaubi (Verr.), in Hartl., Orn. W.
Afr., p. 15 (1857).
Hartlaub’s Sparrow-Hawk.

b. With 2 white spots on centre tail feathers ;
breast faintly barred with grey; sides pale
vinous.

118. Accipiter bates. Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C., xiii.,
p. 50 (1902).
Bates’s Sparrow-Hawk.

H. Thighs very pale rufous or ashy to chestnut ;
no nuchal collar.

a. Above blackish slate; nape mottled with
white ; sides of neck washed with rufous ;
tail with 3 blackish bars; below chestnut,
paler on thighs and more or less barred below
breast. Wing, 3, 6.6; Q, 7.4.

119. Accipiter virgatus virgatus (Temm.), Pl. Col.,
i., pl 109 (1823).
Java Sparrow-Hawk.

119a. Accipiter virgatus besra Jerd., Madras Jnl.
hit. Sei.) x... p) 84. 1(1839):
Besra Sparrow-Hawk.

Larger; wing, 3, 6.5-7.1; 9°, 8.35; below
with markings much browner.

119b.Accipiter virgatus affinis (Hodgs.), in Gray’s
Zool. Misc., p. 81 (1844).
Larger Besra Sparrow-Hawk.

W. Africa,
Cameroon to
Benguela.

W. Africa
(Senegambia
to Togoland),

Cameroons.

Greater
Sunda Is.,
Java,

N. Borneo,
Sarawak.

S. India,
Ceylon.

Himalayas,
Andamans,
Siam,
Formosa,
Hainan,

37

Below nearly uniform light red in ad. 2; the
ad. ¢ like typical race. Wing, 9, 6.9-7.3; 3,

6-6.9 in.
119¢.Accipiter virgatus confusus, Hart., Nov. Zool., Philippine
Xvii., p. 209 (1910). Tslands.

[=Accipiter manillensis (Meyen)].
Philippine Sparrow-Hawk.

Thighs and under tail-coverts uniform
chestnut ; wing 5.95 in.
119d.Accipiter virgatus rufotibialis Sharpe, Ibis, N.W. Borneo

1887, p. 437. (Mt. Kina
Whitehead’s Sparrow-Hawk. Balu),
Sarawak

(Mt. Dulit).

b. Female barred below, up to throat, with
rufous or brown like A. nisus nisus. Wing
BV, > 6.45; 9, 7.45.

120.Accipiter gularis (Temm. & Schl.), Faun. Jap. Japan,

Aves, p. 5, pl. 2 (1850). N. China,

Japanese Sparrow-Hawk. Formosa,
Malay
Archipelago,

Philippine Is.

ce. Tail with 4 darker bars; below pale fawn
rufous, the breast mottled with white spots
and half bars. Wing, 3,8.5.; 9, 10.5.

121. Accipiter guttatus (Vieill.), N. Dict., x., p. 327 S. America

(1817). (Paraguay
White-throated Sparrow-Hawk. and Bolivia).

d. Tail with 5 black bands ; head black ; sides
of face and under surface slaty blue, with
blackish shaft stripes ; thighs and under wing-
coverts rufous.

122. Accipiter pileatus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. S. America

205 (1824). (Brazil,
Black-capped Sparrow-Hawk. Paraguay).

e. Under wing-coverts white, rufous along carpal
bend ; thighs rufous ; tail with 4 dark bars.

123. Accipiter bicolor (Vieill.), N. Dict., x., p. 325 8S. Mexico to
(1817). Colombia,
Four-banded Sparrow-Hawk. Ecuador and

Guiana.

38

. Below ashy grey, with large white spots and

bars, margined with brownish ; breast shaded
with rufous; thighs rufous; under wing-
coverts rufous mottled with brown.

. Accipiter chilensis Phil. & Landb., Arch. f.

Naturg., 1864, p. 43.
Chilian Sparrow-Hawk.

Thighs black ; no nuchal collar.

. Above black; tail brown with 5 blackish

bands ; below black, most of feathers with
concealed white bases or spots.

. Accipiter melanoleucus Smith, 8. Afr. Q. Jnl.,

i., p. 229 (1830).
Black-and-White Sparrow-Hawk.

Chile to Str.
of Magellan,
Patagonia.

S. Africa,

W. Africa
(Cameroon
Gold Coast,
Gaboon,
Niger), Cape
Verde Is.,
Abyssinia,
Uganda.

PART IL—NOV. 7, 1919: PRICE 4/-

SYNOPTICAL LIST

OF THE

ACCIPITRES

(Diurnal Birds of Prey)

PART FI;
(ERYTHROTRIORCHIS TO LOPHOAETUS)

Comprising described Species and Subspecies, with their
Characters and Distribution

BY

He KIRKE: SWANN, oF.Z:S.

LONDON :

JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38, Great QUEEN STREET,
Kinasway, W.C.2.

1919.

a ge
pa tes

aon He: oe ‘

A
pa NOPTICAL, fast

OF THE

ACCIPITRES

(DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY)
fee Acky PS aIGh

Sub-Fam. II. BUTEONINAL.

Bill moderate, bending from base, with a slight
projection on cutting edge of upper mandible.
Outer toe connected to middle toe by an
interdigital membrane ; tibia much longer
than tarsus, exceeding it by more than the
length of hind claw.

Gen. XXVIII. ERYTHROTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1875).

Wing about equal to tail, the latter moderately
graduated ; ridge of bill (without cere) less
than half length of middle toe (without claw).

Size of Buteo. Length 3 20, wing 14.5:
2 wing 16 in.; plumage above and below
bright rufous, with black centres ; tail ash,
tipped with pale rufous, and irregularly barred
with dark brown ; under surface of tail and
tips of primaries whitish.
126. HBrythrotriorchis radiatus (Lath.), Ind. Orn. H.C.N. and
Suppl., ii., p. xii. (1801) [N.S. Wales.] N.W.
Red Buzzard. - Australia.

Gen. XXVIII. MEGATRIORCHIS Salvad. & D’Alb. (1875).

Wings short, slightly longer than tail; tail long, *
rounded ; inner toe shorter than outer.

40

Larger ; length 9 26.75, wing 14 in. ; plumage

anor e here ch black, with rufescent

margins ; below white, spotted longitudinally

with brown; wings and tail above banded

alternately with brownish-black and greyish-

brown.

Megatriorchis dorie Salvad. & D’Alb., Ann. 8S.E. New
Mus. Civ. Genov. vii., p. 85 (1875). [Yule Guinea.
Island. |

Doria’s Buzzard-Hawk.

Gen. XXIX. HETEROSPIZIAS Sharpe (1874).

Nostrils round, with large tubercular process ;

128

wings reaching up to or beyond tail; tail

about equal to twice tarsus.

Size of Buteo: length ° 24, wing 18.3, 5 20, wing

16.5in.; head and shoulders pone > mantle

and scapulars pale slate grey with rufous

margins ; rump and tail purplish black, tail

with a median white bar and white tips ;

helow rufous with narrow obsolete black bars

on breast.

Heterospizias meridionalis (Lath.), Ind. Orn., 5. America

1., p. 36 (1790). [Cayenne. | (Colombia to
ted-winged Hawk. S.E. Brazil,

Paraguay and
Argentina).

Gen. XXX. GERANOAETUS Kaup (1844).

Size much larger than Buteo ; tail proportionately

Cere

shorter, and wings proportionately longer.

Length 28, 931, wing 23.7, tail 11.5in ; slaty-

black, with the shoulder grey, finely barred

with blackish ; abdomen and under wing and

tail-coverts grevish- white, finely barred with

blackish,

Geranoaelus melanoleucus (Vieill.), N. Diet. Colombia
d’Hist. Nat., xxxii., p: 57, 1819 [Paraquay|. to Chile and
Chihan Kagle. Patagonia.

Gen, XXXT. BUMEO Lacep. (1799):
large; nostrils oval with no tubercle ;
wings moderately long, the 3rd to 5th quills
longest, the first 3 to 5 emarginate or notched
oninner webs ; tarsus short, strong, usually
scaled, and feathered in front for a varying
distance. Size usually under 24 in.

4]

Kry To THE NATURAL GRoUPS AND SpPErctEs (ADULTS).

A. Tail usually brown, sometimes washed with
rufous, with a varying number of transverse
bars ; generally from 6 to 12, often indistinct.

General plumage sooty-black, shaded with
brown; tail greyish-brown with 12 or 13
blackish bars.

130. Buteo galapagensis (Gould), P.Z.S.. 1837, p. 9 Galapagos Is.

[Galapagos Is. |
Galapagos Buzzard.
Aberrant species ; size small ; wing 10.75 in.,
very short and rounded ; inner webs of first 4
primaries emarginate; tips of primaries
reaching to about middle of tail: tail with 8
or 9 darker bars ; plumage blackish-brown
(dark phase) or brown above and buff below
and on head (light phase).

131. Buteo solitarius Peale, Zool. U.S. Expl. Hawaiian
Exped. Birds, p. 62 (1848). [Karakaloa Bay, Archipelago
Hawai. |
Solitary Buzzard.

Size small; length ¢ 18.50, wing 11.8 in.;

above pale brown; tail with 6 or 7 bands of

darker brown ; below white, throat narrowly

and breast broadly streaked with pale brown ;

belly and thighs uniform pale brown.

132. Buteo brachypterus Hartl., Faun. Madag.p.l. Madagascar.

(1861). [Wadagascar. |

Short-winged Buzzard.

Size large, length 9, 24.5; wing 19 in. ; head
and neck white, with broad streaks of pale
brown ; above dull brown ; tail with indistinct
darker cross-bars, the base and inner webs
white ; below white, barred on throat and
streaked on breast with dark brown ; flanks
dark brown.

133. Buteo hemilasius Temm. et Schl., Faun. E. Siberia,
Japon. Aves, p. 18, pl. vi (1844). [Japan.| Mongoha
| Archibuteo strophiatus(Hodgs.)is asynonym.| to Tibet,
Upland Buzzard. Nepal and

L. Baikal ;
Cas. Japan ;
winters
China,
Turkestan,

N. India,

134.

135.

156.

42

Length 3, 19, wing 15 in. ; first 3 primaries
notched ; above dark-brown to slate-brown
with paler edgings ; tail with 10 or 12 darker
cross-bars, the sub-terminal broad ; throat
white, upper breast rufous (3) to deep chest-
nut or brownish-black (Q): other lower parts
buffy-white, generally with rufous arrow
heads or flank bars ; a uniform sooty-brown
phase is met with.

Buleo swainsoni Bonap. Geogr. and Comp.
List. p. 3 (1838). [Near the Columbia River. ]
Swainson’s Hawk.

Tail brown with 8 or 9 darker bars ; below
whitish, heavily blotched lengthwise with
dark brown ; thighs buffish, barred with dark
brown.

Buteo oreophilus Hart. and Neum., Orn.
M.B. xxii., p. 31 (1914). [S. Abyssinia. ]

K. African Buzzard.

First 4 primaries notched ; length j about 20
in.; wing 14.75-15; tail 8.75-9 ; tarsus 3.10 ;
2 wing 15-16 in. ; plumage variable ; adult
in breeding plumage (brit. Isles) brown to
dark brown above, sometimes with rusty
edges to scapulars; lower parts whitish,
heavily blotched on breast and barred on
belly with dark brown (occasionally rufous
brown), the upper breast, flanks and thighs
nearly uniform ; tail with 12 or 13 darker
bars, the sub-terminal one broad* ; a sooty-
brown phase also a “ white” variety are
met with.

Buteo buteo buteo (Linn.) S.N. ed. X. 1. p. 90
(1758). [Hurope. |

Common Buzzard.

N.and S.
America,
from
Alaska to
Chile.

i. Africa,
Abyssinia
and Uganda
to the

Cape.

W., N. and C.
Europe, N. to
Brit. Isles and
Sweden, S.

to Spain.

* Adults among the Buzzards usually have the tail much less numerously
barred than is the case with young birds and often have a broad sub-termina]
band, lacking in young birds: the latter also have the under-parts of the
hody as a rule lighter, often with the arrow-head, circular or elongated dark
markings characteristic of the young birds of other groups of the Accipitres,
Individuals of all the species of Buteo vary greatly in plumage,

45

Smaller imsular race; darker and more
rufous ; more heavily marked below, tail
tinged rufous.

136a. Buteo buteo arrigonit Picchi, Avicula, vii., Sardinia,
p. 40 (1903). [Sardinia. } Corsica.
Sardinian Buzzard.

Wing © 16.50, 3 15.50 in.; large and dark
insular race ; more similar to zemmermanne
than typicalform ; darker than latter gener-
ally is and nearly uniform below, blackish-
brown to rufous-brown, the abdomen barred :
tail with 10 or 12 darker bars and with or
without rufous tinge.

136b. Buteo buteo harterti subsp. nov. [B. buteo Madeira.
subsp. ? Hart., Vog. Pal. Faun., p.1123
(1914)]. [Type in Tring Mus. |
Madeira Buzzard.

Wing ¢ 13.40-14.10; Q 14.70-15.25 in.
rufous form, but tail gener ally light ashy, i
7-9 bars, the sub-terminal raed more or less
tinged with rufous ; below with belly either
uniform deep rufous or barred and mottled
with buffish-white.
136c. Buteo buteo rothschildi, subsp. nov.* [No. Azores.
1904, 12. 31. 286, Coll. B.M., 2 Terceira,
Az. Apl. 6, 1903, W.R.O. Grant. ]
Azores Buzzard.

Wing © 15.40-15-70, f (juv.) 13.80 in. ; rufous
form ; chest and abdomen rufous brown ; tail
brown, slightly tinged with rufous and with
the sendin bars nearly obsolete in very old
bird, about 5 being apparent ; younger birds
have about 10 distinet bars.
136d. Buteo buteo insularum Floericke, Mitteil. Canary
Oesterr. Reichsb,, iii., p. 64 (1903). [Gran _ Isles.
Canaria. |
Canary Isles Buzzard.

Paler and less rufous than three preceding
forms ; wing? 14.60; above ashy-brown, with
paler margins to the feathers ; tail with 9
darker bars: below throat white, streaked
with dusky-brown ; chest brown, mottled with
buffy-white ; centre of breast whiter ; belly

* The fine series in Brit. Mus. does not appear to me to confirm the view
ue the Azores race is the same as the Canary Is. race.

Bm

barred with brown; thighs dark brown,
slightly barred with rufous ; feet smaller and
shighter.
136c. Buteo buteo bannermani, subsp.nov. [2Near Cape Verd
Mindello Bay, St.Vincent, Cape VerdIs. Sept. Islands.
26, 1913, in Coll. B. M. No. 1919. 8.15. 148. ]
Cape Verd Buzzard.
Size of but more rufous than B. buteo buteo;
more heavily marked below ; abdomen and
under tail-coverts white barred transversely
with rufous brown ; tail distinctly barred and
with a rufous tinge ; wing 14.32, tail 8.25 in.
136f. Buteo buteo zimmermanne, Ehincke, J£.0. E. Europe :
1893, p. 117. [Kreis Gumbinnen, E. Prussia.| KK. Prussia
Rufous Buzzard. & W.&C.
Russia, N.
to Arch-
angel, S.
to Balkans,
W. casually
to Holland,
Brit. Is-
lands (*)
France and
Italy.
Tarsus feathered about half-way down in
front ; plumage above purplish brown, with
rufescent margins ; tail with 4 or 5 indistinct
darker bars ; below rufous, abdomen buffy-
white, barred with rufous (younger birds
buffy-white below, streaked on breast and
blotched on abdomen with dark brown.)
136¢. Buteo buteo japonicus (Temm. et Schl.) in Japan, China
Siebold’s Fauna Jap. Aves., p. 16. [pl. vi, Corea,
vi®| (1844). [Japan.| [=B. plumipes. Manchuria,

(Hodgs.)] Turkestan,
Japanese Buzzard. Punjab to
Burma.

B. Tail more definitely red in old birds, with
most of the bars obsolete.
Smaller: wing ¢ 13.40-14.50, tail 7-8, tarsus
3 in., 9 wing about 15 in.; above brown

* There are eight rufous Brit. birds in the Brit. Mus. collection, two of
which seem referable to B. rufiventer and the rest to this form, while there is
another example in Brighton Mus. from the Monk coll., labelled “ England.”
Devonshire birds are, however, often almost as rufous as those from
E. Europe.

45

with conspicious rufous margins and blackish
shafts ; tail more or less rufous, with sub-
terminal band and remains of other bars (in
younger birds ashy-brown barred with dark
brown) ; ; head, neck and under parts tawny
rufous, breast varied with creamy buff and
throat streaked with brown; belly not
barred in adult.
137. Buteo rufiventer Jerd. Madr. Jnl. 1844, p. W. Asia and
165. [Nilghirt Hills, India.| [=B. deser- S.E. Europe*
forum Daud. ex Levaill. | (S. Russia to
Desert Buzzard. Caucasus) ;
S. to India,
Arabia and
Africa below
the Sahara
in winter ;
cas. in Brit.
Tslands.

Much larger: Wing 3 16.25- 7 9, tail 10.5,

tarsus 3.75. 9 wing 18-19 in. ee buffish

to pale rufous with dark shaft streaks ; ab-

domen, flanks and thighs rufous to chocolate

brown, unbarred ; tail pale rufous, whitish

at base and shafts white, with 2 or 3 definite

bars towards tip and remains of others ;

uniform dark under parts of some birds

probably a dark phase or erythrism rather

than age; also subject to melanism ; im-

mature buffish white below blotched and

streaked with dark rufous brown ; tail ashy

with darker bars.

138. Buteo ferox ferox 8S. G. Gmel., N. Comm. 8.1K. Europe
Ac. Petrop. xv., p. 442, pl. x (1769). (cas. 8. & W.

| Astrakan. | Kurope),
Long-legged Buzzard. Keypt,

Arabia, Asia
Minor; W.
& C. Asia ;
N.W. India
and Africa
in winter.

* The form B. menetries?, Bogd., is not separable. It appears to rest
upon birds with a fully rufous tail and the bands obsolete, except the sub-
termina] one, but there is no doubt these are only very old birds and there is
no means of distinguishing European from Asiatic examples in the various

other stages of tail marking, while the red stage seems common to both,
Both forms migrate to Africa.

nao:

139a.

140.

141.

46

Much smaller: wing 14.50, tail 8.2, tarsus
Cae it.

Buteo ferox cirtensis (Levaill). Expl. Sci.
de V’Alger., pl. 3 (1850). [Algeria. |
Algerian Buzzard.

Length 3 21, wing 17, tail 8, tarsus 3.30 in. ;
© length 23, wing 18 in.; general plumage
sooty or brownish-black; lower _ breast
chestnut ; abdomen more or less barred
with white and = chestnut; primaries
externally ashy, secondaries whitish, both
barred with black; tail chestnut red, with
black sub-terminal band ; younger birds have
under parts rufous, excepting throat.

Buteo jakal (Daud.), Traité, 11., p. 161 (1800).
[Cape of Good Hope, ex Le Vaillant. |

Jackal Buzzard.

Buteo jakal archeri W. Scl., Bull. B.O.C.,
RK KI. den (VOUS):

Size similar ; tail less chestnut, more tawny ;
lower parts black in old birds ; in younger
chiefly white, excepting the throat which is
more or less black.

Buteo augur Riipp., Neue Wirb. Vog., p. 38, pl.
16 (1835). [Abyssinia. |

Augur Buzzard.

General plumage of g dusky blackish, the
feathers of back and wings margined with
brown ; sides of head and cervical collar
varied with rufous; forehead, nape spot
and throat white; breast as upper parts ;
abdomen and flanks white spotted and
streaked with black; tail rufous with sub-
terminal black band.

Buteo auguralis Salvad., Att. Soc. Ital. Se.
Nat., vili., p. 377 (1865). [Abyssinia. |
Salvadori’s Buzzard.

Size variable ; average length, f 21, wing 15.50
in.; 2 24, wing 17.50 in. ; above_ blackish-
brown with more or less of lighter variegation ;
tail chestnut with one sub-terminal darker
band and often remains of others; below
buffy-white, flanks barred or mottled and ab-
domen heavily streaked with blackish-brown.

N.W. and

N. Africa,
(Morocco,
Algeria,
Tunis),
Spain (ace. 7)

S. Africa.
Somaliland.

N.E. Africa,

Equatorial
Africa.

W. Africa to
N.E. Africa:

142b.

142c.

47

Buteo borealis borealis (Gmel.), S.N., 1, p. 266
(1788). [Carolina. |
Red-tailed Buzzard.

Light form, pure white below with few or no
markings ; sub-terminal tail-bar reduced or
obliterated.

. Buteo borealis krideri (Hoopes), Pr. Ac. Nat.

Soc. Philad., 1873, p. 238, pl. 5.
Krider’s Hawk.

[ Towa. |

Strongly developed form of B. borealis borealis,
more strongly marked below, — especially
on thighs, and with more bars than the
sub-terminal one on tail; melanisms are
frequent, but they usually retain the rufous
tail.

Buteo borealis calurus Cassin, Proce. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Philad., vii., p. 281 (1855). [New Mexico. |
Western Red-tail.

Perhaps a melanism of B. borealis borealis :
size similar, but more robust ; nearly uniform
sooty-brownish-black, with much !ess of
concealed white ; tail mottled with greyish,
dusky-white and rufous, with subterminal
black band.

Buteo borealis harlani (Aud.), Bds. Am., i., p.
86 (1830). [Louisiana. |

Harlan’s Buzzard.

E. North
America, N.
to Canada
and New-
foundland
W. to Gt.
Plains.

xt. Plains,
from Mis-
sourl and
Minnesota,
W. to Rocky
Mountains,
N. to S.
Manitoba.

W. North
America, be-
yond W. edge
of Gt. Plains
KE. to Middle
Yukon, S. to
Guatemala ;
Guadaloupe
Is.

Lower
Mississippi
Valley & Gulf
States, from
Louisiana to
Georgia and
Florida.

48

Resembling B. borealis calurus, but smaller
throughout ; wing ¢ ad. 344 mm.; Q 365
mm. ; dark areas blacker and more extended.
142d. Buteo borealis alascensis Grinnell, Univ. Cal. S. E. Alaska.
Pub. Zool., v., No. 2, p. 211 (1909). [Glacier
Bay and Chichagof I.|
Alaska Red-tail.

=

Tail uniform rufous, with one very narrow
sub-terminal band; flanks and thighs light
rufous ; juv.,tail barred, and flanks and thighs
sparsely barred with rufous.
142e. Buteo borealis costaricensis Ridgw., Hist. N. Costa Rica to
Am. Bds., ii1., p. 285 (1874). [Costa Rica. | Panama.

Central American Red-tail.

Size of B. borealis borealis, but darker above ;
throat and middle of belly with broad con-
spicuous striping and banding of deep
chocolate brown; tail feathers with dark
brown markings (remains of bands) near
shaft.
142f. Buteo borealis umbrinus Bangs, Pr. New Enel. Florida,
Zool eCl.. is pi 67 aL 901): | Myakka, Bahamas.
Manatee Co., Florida.|
Florida Red-tail.

Small form: wing 3 14.94-15.70, 9 16.76 in.
Insular race, undescribed ? *

142¢. Buteo borealis socorroensis Ridgw., Pr. U.S.N. Socorro
Mus., ii., 1880, p. 220 (1881) [Socorro I.| Island.
[nom. nudem. |
Socorro Island Red-tail.

More rufous on sides of breast and_ belly ;
thighs heavily barred with brown.

142h. Buteo borealis fwmosus Nelson, Pr. Biol. Tres Marias
Soc. Wash. xii. p. 7 (1898) [Tres Marias Islands.
Tiss
Tres Marias Red-tail.

Length 21, wing 14.50in.; above sooty-
brownish with purplish gloss and ferruginous
edgings ; tail rusty ferruginous, base and tips
white with sub-terminal dusky-black band
and 7-9 dusky bars ; wing quills rich brown,
barred with black; below white tinged

* The example in Tring Mus. is black with rufous tail, having broad
sub-terminal band, and 8 or 9 narrow obsolete bars, presumably a melanism.

49

buff; throat streaked with dusky, chest
more thickly with ferruginous ; a dusky zone
across abdomen ; thighs barred ferruginous.

143. Buteo tropicalis Verrill., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Philad. Ixi. pp. 357-8. (1909) [San
Lorenzo. |
Tropical Buzzard.

Doubtful species : ** Possibly the light phase
of B.b. harlam.’’ A.O.U. Check List ; only
type example known.*

144. Buteo cooperi Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci.

Philad. 1856, p. 253. [Santa Clara Co., Calif.|
Cooper's Buzzard.

C. Tail black.

Smaller than B. borealis borealis; average
length, 3, 19, wing 12.50 in. ; plumage above
reddish brown with darker centres ; lesser
wing-coverts bright chestnut ; below pale
brownish rufous, barred with white ;
thighs paler and more buffy ; quills and tail
black, barred with white, the tail with about
6 bars.

145. Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmel.), S.N. 1., p.
268 (1788) [Long Is., N.Y.]|
Xed-shouldered Buzzard.
Much darker : ** An erythrism of last form ”’
(Coues) ; below generally much darker red-
dish, with much less white barring ; thighs
rufous.

145a. Buteo lineatus elegans Cassin, Pr. Ae.
Nat. Sci. Philad. vii, p. 281 (1855) [Cali-
fornia. |
Western Red-shouldered Buzzard
Smaller : wing 11-12 in.

145b. Buteo lineatus allent Ridgw., Pr. U.S. Nat.

Mus. vil., p. 514 (1885) [Tampa, Fla.|
Florida Red-shouldered Buzzard.

San Domingo

Califoenia.

E. North
America, N.
to Canada,
W. to edge
of Great
Plains.

W. North
America
from Brit.
Colombia to
N.W. Mexico
and Lower
California.

S. Carolina
to Florida.

* A.O.U. Check List, ed. 3, 1910, but Gurney (Ibis, 1876, p. 242) refers

to another from Colorado,

50

Wing (type) 12.98 ; tail 8.62 in. ; darker, ap-
proaching B./. elegans ; breast usually more
spotted with buffy ; dark shaft of chest more
conspicuous ; head and back more rufous.

145c. Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop, Auk., xxix, Texas,
p.2o2 (1912). [Hexas.] Mexico.
Texan Red-shouldered Buzzard.

Considerably smaller ; length ¢ 15, wing 10.75
in.; 2 16, wing 11.40 in. ; only 3 outer
primaries emarginate ; plumage above dark
brown with lighter edges ; nape much
mottled with white; tail brownish-black with
2 bands of greyish-white ; below rufous
brown cross-barred with white in the form
of transverse oblong spots.
146. Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieill.), Tabl. KE. North
Enel. Meth., iti.. p. 1273 (1823). [Near Phila- America ;

delphia. | C. America,

Broad-winged Buzzard Colombia,
Ecuador,
E. Peru

(winter.)

Insular race; smaller and lighter than
antillarum and bars below narrower and less
sharply defined.

146a. Buteo platypterus insulicola Riley, Auk., Antigua.
Xxv., p. 273 (1908). [Antigqua. |

Larger and darker.

146b. Buteo platypterus antillarum Clark, Pr. St. Vincent,
Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 62 (1905). [St. St. Lucia,
Vincent. | Grenada.

[Description not seen. |
146c. Buteo platypterus riviert Verrill, Add. to Dominica.
Avif. of Dom. ca. 1905, p.---?
Smaller; wing 3 (Surinam) 15.25in.* ; general
plumage black : tail black with broad
median band of grey (showing white below)
and remains of a second band.

* Examples from Mexico (Tring Mus.) are larger; wing g 16.75 in. A 9
(?) Bolivia has the wing 18 in., and if this is a migrant from Mexico, there
may be a large northern race, and if so it could be called mexicanus.
Gray’s albonotatus (Mexico) is a nominum nudem and cannot stand, while
Kaup’s albonotatus (Isis, 1847, p. 954) is neither a name nor a description.
His albonotatus in Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 75, is from “8. America ”’ and is based
on the ‘ concealed white spots,’’ which can be seen on the Surinam bird at
Tring, and not on the Mexican ; they appear only to mark a stage of plumage.
The only certain distinction seems to lie in the relative sizes.

147. Buteo abbreviatus abbreviatus Cab., in Brit. Guiana ,
Schomb. Reis. Guiana. iii, p. 739 (1848) Surinam,
| british Guiana. | Brazil,
Zone-tailed Buzzard. Venezuela,
Mexico,
Arizona, New
Mexico,
Texas, S. to
Bolivia.
Much smaller ; wing “2” 12.50; tail 6 in. ;
uniform sooty black ; tail with 4 grey bars
above, showing white below.
147a. Buteo abbreviatus minvmus subsp.nov. [27 8. Brazil.
Miritiba, Braz., 18.8.09, coll. H.K.S.]

D. Tail white.

Length J 22 ; wing 15.25 in. ; general colour

of ¢ bluish-slate ; tail white with about 9

narrow bars of slate grey and broad sub-

terminal blackish band; Q head, neck and

upper breast slate ; mantle, scapulars and

belly rufous.

148. Buteo poliosomus (Quoy et Gaim.) Voy. Chile,

de !’Uran. Ois. p. 92, pl. 14 (1824) [°° Iles Patagonia,

Malouines.”’ | Falkland Is.,
Falkland Island Buzzard. Tierra del
Fuego.

Size similar ; adult 3, general plumage slate,
tail with 8 darker bars and broad black sub-
terminal band ; abdomen and thighs slate,
more or less barred with white ; 2 wings,
rump and belly more or less suffused with
rufous ; thighs rufous barred with white.
149. Buteo hypospodius Gurney, Lbis, 1876, p. Colombia,

73, pl.3. | Medellin. | Venezuela,
Grey-bellied Buzzard. Amazonia.
Brazil.

Larger: wing (2?) 19 in.; above and tail
much as in 9 of B. e. erythronotus ; below
barred with white and slate, the breast mixed
with rufous.

150. Buteo pecilochrous Gurney, Ibis, 1879, p. Kcuador,
176. [Yauayacu.| [ = B. melanosternus. Peru,
Berl. and Stolzm. | Bolivia,
Gurney’s Red-backed Buzzard. Chile,

Argentina,

5 ”

Vai

Length 3 21 ; wing 15in.; Q wing 16.5 in. ;
6 above slaty-blue, below white ; tail white
with 10 or 11 narrow grey bars and sub-
terminal blackish band ; 9 back and scapu-
lars brick red.

151. Buteo erythronotus erythronotus (King) Patagonia to
Zool. Jnl. iii, p. 424 (1827). [Str. of Magellan.| Chile and
Red-backed Buzzard. Peru, Falk-

land Is.,
Argentina.
Insular form; 3 darker slate grey above ;
© back uniform like instead of red.

15la. Buteo erythronotus exsul Salvin, Ibis, 1875, Masafuera
p. 371 = [Masafuera.|* Island.
Masafuera Buzzard.

Lengthg 21, wing 17in.; above and throat
slaty-grey, darker on head and wings ;
shoulder ferruginous ; rump and upper tail-
coverts white; tail silvery grey, centre
feathers white, with 8 or 9 silvery bars and
sub-terminal black band ; below white,
axularies and flanks barred with blackish.

152. Buteo albicaudatus albicaudatus (Vieill.), N. S. America,
Dict. d’Hist. Nat. iv, p. 477 (1816). [S. to Chile and
America. | Argentina,
White-tailed Hawk.

Cross bars on tail and lower parts finer and
more broken.

152a. Buteo albicaudatus sennettti Allen, Bull. Am. Middle
Mus. N.H. v., p. 144 (1893). [Texas.] Texas to
Sennett’s White-tailed Hawk. S. America.
“Notably smaller: with the upper parts,
particularly the head and sides of the neck,
darker and more slaty.”

152b. Buteo albicaudatus exiqguus, Chapm., Bull. Llanos of

Am. Mus. N.H. xxxiv., p. 637 (1915). E. Columbia
[ Barrigon, Col. | & E. into
Columbian White-tailed Hawk. Venezuela.

* The following additional forms of Buteo have been described from Chile
by Philippi (Arch. fir Naturg., 1899, pp. 167-70) viz.: Buteo melanostethos,
B. pecilogaster, B. macronychus, B. ater, B. pictus, B. albigula, B. [Asturina ?]
ethiops et elegans, but what the respective value of these forms is I have
been unable to judge.

152ce.

With characters

153.

153a.

153b.

Ad. plumage not seen; imm. black, abdomen
somewhat barred with buff; tail with in-
distinct darker bars. [Tring Mus. ]

Buteo albicaudatus colonus Berl., J£.0. 1892
p. 91. [Curagao. |

Curacao White-tailed Hawk

XXXII. ARCHIBUTEO Brehm

and appearance of Buteo, but
feathered to the toes.

Gen.

tarsi

Length 3 26, wing 18.7 in.; @Q length
wing 17 in.; above deep brown w ith ae
margins ; head, neck, throat and chest white,
streaked with dark brown: scapulars and
least wing-coverts with white bases ; upper
tail-coverts banded with white ; tail white,
terminal portion ashy, with sub-terminal
blackish band; centre of belly and flanks
deep brown mottled with white ; thighs and
tarsi buffish-white, barred with brown;
much variation occurs, some birds being
much darker, almost uniform below.

>) Ey

44.0

Archibuteo lagopus lagopus (Gmel.), S.N., i
260 (1788). [ex Brinn. ;
Bornholm. |

Rough-legged Buzzard.

Much paler ; plumage above with broad white
margins ; streaks on throat and breast and
thighs much narrower and paler ; upper tail-
coverts white with a central streak of brown.
Archibuteo lagopus pallidus (Menzb.), Orn.
Turkest.,i., p. 163 (1888). [Siberia, Turkestan,
etc. |

Siberian Rough-legged Buzzard.

Much darker and more ochraceous below
normally than A. l. lagopus and varying in
melanistic examples to nearly uniform black.
Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.),
S.N., 1., p. 273 (1788). [Hudson Strait and
Newfoundland. |

American Rough-legged Buzzard.

Christiansoe near

Curacao,
Bonaire, &

Aruba Is

(1828)

N. Europe
and N. Asia;
in winter §.
to Mediter-
ranean,
Black Sea and
Caspian.

Siberia,
Turkestan,
Kamtschatka
Ussuri.

N. America,
N. of Mexico,
breeding N.
of U.S

Plumage above blackish with chestnut mar-
gins; head streaked with black and white ;
tail silvery ashy, tinged with rufous, the
base and tip white; below white, with
black shaft lines on breast and arrow heads on.
flanks; legs bright chestnut barred with
black,

Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.), Abh. K.
Akad. Wiss. Berl. (Phys. K1.), 1838, p. 428
(1839). [Near Monterey, Cal. |

Ferruginous Rough-leg.

Gen. XXXIII. BUTEOLA Bp. (1855).

Nostrils round, with distinct central tubercle ; wing
with 3 outer primaries emarginate on inner webs,
the 4th sinuate.

Size moderate ; length 9 (?) 15.5, wing 11.3
in.;9 (?) 16, wing13in. Above slaty-black ;
tail ashy-brown, tipped with whitish and
with 4 bars of blackish-brown; sides of face
and under surface of body white ; melanistic
variety [Bb. fuliginosa, Scl.| immature 7%,
general plumage sooty-black; tail brown
with 8 blackish bands.

Buteola brachyura (Vieill.), N. Dict. d’Hist.,
Nat.iv., p.477 (1816). [Cayenne].
Short-tailed Buzzard.

155.

Gen. XXXIV. ASTURINA Vieill. (1816).

Tibie long ; feet large and powerful ; nostrils round,
with indistinct and concealed tubercle at base of
upper margin. Size medium (length 16-18 in.).

g 2above ashy-grey, barred with silvery white,

most narrowly on the head and nape, bars be-

coming duller and broader on wings ; upper

tail-coverts blackish, tipped with white ; tail

blackish with a broad white band about 4rd of

distancefrom tip and a second incomplete band

on outer feathers ; body below regularly banded
with silvery white and slaty grey.

W. North
America, ‘8.
to California ;
in winter to
Lower
California and
N. Mexico.

Brazil,
Bolivia,
Peru, Guiana,
N. to Central
America and
Florida.

156.

156a.

_
Cr
-~I

158a.

158b.

55

Asturina nitida nitida (Lath.’, Ind. Orn, i.,
p. 41 (1790). [Cayenne].
Shining Buzzard-Hawk.

[Not seen.]
Asturina nitida pallida Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc.,
Wash., xxviil., p. 170 (1915).

Above ashy-grey without white bars; head and
nape lighter ; tail with whitish band across
middle with remains of another nearer base,
below banded as A. n. nitida, except on breast,
which is ashy-grey with black shaft stripes.
Asturina plagiata Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, i.,
Asturine, p. 1 (1862), [Vera Cruz].

Mexican Goshawk.

S.E. Brazil,
Amazonia,
Guiana,
Colombia to
Panama.

Bolivia.

Costa Rica,
N. to S.
Arizona and
Lower Rio
Grande
Valley.

Gen. XXXV. RUPORNIS Kaup (1844).

Feet and claws much smaller and weaker.
Size rather smaller than Asturina.

Length 3 14. wing 8.70 in.; above pale ashy-
grey ; tail light ashy with 3 broad bands of
black; inner webs of wing quills rufous,
barred with black, outer webs and tips ashy
brown; below white, barred with pale
rufous or rufous ashy, the chest and throat
nearly uniform.

Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris (Gmel.),
S.N., 1., p. 282 (1788). [Cayenne].
Large-billed Hawk.

[Not seen.]

Rupornis magnirostris occidus Bangs, Pr. Biol.
Soc., Wash., xxiv., p. 187 (1911). ~ [Rio
Tembopata. |

Bangs’s Hawk.

Above browner ; tail with interspaces ashy.
Rupornis magnirosiris griseicauda Ridgw., Pr.
Bos. Soc., N.H., xvi., p. 47, (1873) [Mexico ?]

Guiana,
Venezuela,
Colombia,
Peru, Lesser
Antilles.

Peru,

Mexico to
Guatemala
and N.
Nicaragua

158ce.

158d.

158e.

158.

. Rupornis

56

Smaller; much paler (smoke grey) above ;

slightly paler below.
Rupornis magnirostris conspecta, Peters, Auk,
1913, p. 370 [San Ignacio. |

Tail with the interspaces rufous instead of
ashy ; below buff banded with rufous, throat
and chest ashy.

Rupornis magnirostris ruficauda (Sel. & Salv.),
P.Z.S., 1869, p. 133 [Type loc. sugg. David,
W. Panama, Chapm.}.

Red-tailed Hawk.

Insular race.
Rupornis magnirostris gracilis Ridgw., Pr.
U.S.N. Mus., viii., p. 94 (1885). [Cozumel I.]

Length 9 14.50, wing 10 in. ; tail dark brown
imperfectly banded with white and shaded
with dull rufous ; below dark rufous narrowly
banded with white.

Rupornis magnirostris ridgwayt Cory, Auk, 1.,
p. 4 (1884). [S. Domingo].

Larger ; above brown, darker on head ; quills
paler rufous than in R. m. ruficauda, and with
bases pale rufous externally ; tail pale rufous
banded with dark brown ; below buffy-white,
very narrowly and indistinctly barred with
pale rufous.

. Rupornis magnirostris pucherant, J.& E. Verr.

Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1855, p. 350 [type loe.
suge. Paraguay, Brab. & Chubb. ]

Above ashy brown, head much clearer ; tail
with the interspaces ashy-brown; throat
ashy-grey ; chest pale rufous, rest of under
parts fulvous barred with pale rufous.
magnirostris nattererr (Scl. &
Salv.) P.Z.S. 1869, p. 132. [Sao Paulo et
Mattogrosso. |

Natterer’s Hawk.

Uniform black, lower upper tail-coverts and
base of tail white ; tail black, with a single
band of ashy-brown ; tibial plumes rufous ;
under tail-coverts buffy-white.

Yucatan
Peninsula.

Central
America

(S. Nicaragua
to Panama.)

Cozumel
IT. Yueatan.

Haiti and S.
S. Domingo.

Paraguay,
S.E. Brazil,
Bolivia,
Argentina.

S.H. & C.
Brazil.

57

159. Rupornis leucorrhos (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Brazil to
de l’Uran. p. 91, pl. 13 (1824). [Brazil.] Peru,
White-rumped Hawk. Colombia,

Venezuela.

Gen. XXXVI. BUSARELLUS Lafr. (1842.)

Size of Buteo ; sole of foot covered with rugose and
throny spicules (like that of Pandion) tip of upper
mandible much curved.

Above bright chestnut, with narrow black
shaft stripes ; outermost wing-coverts and
quills black; basal half of tail chestnut
banded with black, apical half black with
narrow white tip; head and neck creamy
buff ; lower throat black ; below chestnut.
160. Busarellus nigricollis (Lath.), Ind. Orn.1, p. Brazil,

35 (1790). [Cayenne. | Guiana,
Black-collared Hawk. Peru,
Paraguay.

Gen. XX XVII. BUTEOGALLUS Less. (1831.)

Size nearly the same ; outer toe hardly longer than
inner; soles of feet smooth, wings short of tail
by less than length of hind toe.

Plumage above black, with rufous margins on

mantle and wing-coverts ; quills bright

chestnut, the outer webs black ; tail black

with white tip and indistinct median band of

white; throat blackish; below rufous,

narrowly barred with black.

161. Buteogallus cquinoctialis (Gmel.), S.N. i. Guiana ;

p. 265 (1788). [Cayenne.| Colombia,
Equinoctial Buzzard. Paraguay.

Gen. XXXVIII. URUBITINGA Lafr. (1837).

Rather larger : tarsus scutellate before and
behind, reticulated laterally ; distance between tips
of wing and tail greater than length of hind toe ;
secondaries nearly as long as primaries ; general
plumage black.

Above and below black ; upper tail-coverts
mostly white ; basal half of tail white with a
broad black band; apical half black with
white tip.

162.

162a.

163.

163a

circular ;

58

urubitinga urubitinga (Gmel.),

[ Brazil. |

Urubitinga
S.Nea, p. 265 (1788).
Brazilian Eagle.

Under wing-coverts and tibiz with more
white ; tail with less white and an extra
black bar.

Urubitinga wurubitinga ridgwayt Gurney,
List Diurn. Bds. Prey, p. 77, 148 (1884).
| Guatemala. |

Ridgway’s Black Hawk.

Urubitinga urubitinga subtilis Thayer and
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Harvard. xlvi. p. 94.
(1905). [Gorgona I.|
Gorgona Black Hawk.

Black above and below ; upper and under tail-
coverts narrowly tipped with white ; tail
with a broad white median band and white
tip.

Urubitinga anthracina anthracina (Licht.),
Preis. Verz. ; Vogel; Mexico, etc., p. 3 (1830).
| Mexico. |

Mexican Black Hawk.

Doubtful form; said to be dark chocolate
brown with 2 more or less distinct extra
white bands at base of tail.

Urubitinga anthracina gundlachii Cab., J.
f.0. (1854). [Cuba.]

Cuban Black Hawk.

Chile,
Argentina,
Paraguay,

E. Peru,
Brazil,
Venezuela,
Guiana,

C. America
to Costa Rica

Guatemala
and Mexico.

S.W.

Colombia.

Tropical
America to
W. Indies,
Guatemala,
Mexico and
Arizona,

Cuba.

Gen. XXXIX. LEUCOPTERNIS Kaup (1847).

Similar in structure to Urubitinga ; nostril nearly

tarsus not more than twice as long

as middle toe ; plumage usually more white than

black.

Plumage uniform bluish slate colour ; tail
black, with a white median band and white
tip.

164.

164a.

165.

165a.

166.

167.

59

Leucopternis schistacea schistacea (Sundev.)
@ifiv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh. 1849, p. 132.
| Brazil. |

Slate-coloured Hawk.

Smaller : Uniform leaden grey ; wings and tail
black, latter with a median bar of ashy-
white ; under wing-coverts white and tibial
plumes barred with same.

Leucopternis schistacea plumbea Salv., Ibis,
1872, p. 240, pl. vi. [cuador.|
Plumbeous Hawk.

General plumage white ; head streaked with
black, neck all round white ; mantle and
wing-coverts black varied with white ; quills
black ; tail white with broad sub-terminal
black band.

Leucopternis albicollis albicollis (Lath.), Ind.
Orn. 1, p. 36 (1790). [Cayenne.|
White-collared Hawk.

Similar, but rather smaller and with head
plumbeous ; upper parts plumbeous instead
of black; black sub-terminal band on tail
narrower.

Leucopternis albicollis occidentalis
Ibis. 1876, p. 496. [Puna I.|

Puna White-collared Hawk.

Salv.

Larger ; above and below white ; tail with
broad sub-terminal black band; greater
wing-coverts and secondaries black tipped
with white ; primaries black.

Leucopternis ghiesbrechti, Du Bus, Esq.
Orn. pl. 1 (1845). [S. Mexico. |
Ghiesbrecht’s Hawk.

Above blackish-slate, most of feathers tipped
or barred with white ; head, neck and under-
parts white ; basal half of tail black, ter-
minal white.

Leucopternis palliata (Pelz.), Sitz. Akad.
Wien. xliv., p. 11. (1861, ex Natterer.)
| Ypanema. |

Mantled Hawk.

K. Peru
Colombia,
C.and N.E.
Brazil.

Ecuador,
W. Colombia

Guiana,
Trinidad,
Venezuela,
N. Brazil.

W. Ecuador.

S. Mexico
to
Panama.

S. Brazil.

60

Above more slate coloured, with less white
variegation: neck shaded with greyish ;
tail with narrow sub-terminal black band on
white apical half.

168. Leucopternis lacernulata (Temm.), Pl. Col.
1, pl. 487 (1827) [Brazil.]
White-headed Hawk.

Smaller: above slate-black ; above eye a
white stripe, and nape streaked and margined
with same; tail black, tipped with ashy-
brown, with a median band of white ; below
white narrowly streaked with black on sides
of chest.

169. Leucopternis kuhli Bp., Consp. Av. 1, p. 19,
1849. [Para.]
White-browed Hawk.

Above black; head, neck and lower parts
white ; lores and stripe behind eye black ;
crown and nape streaked with black; tail
black with broad band of white about 4rd
from end.

170. Leucopternis melanops (Lath.), Ind. Orn. 1, p.
37 (1790). [Cayenne. |
Black-faced Hawk.

Above uniform plumbeous ; wings and tail
black ; latter with a narrow band of white
near middle ; below white with a few black
shaft stripes on sides of breast.

171. Leucopternis semi-plumbea (Lawr.) Ann.
Lyc. N.Y. vii., p. 288 (1861). [Panama.]
Semi-plumbeous Hawk.

Above, also throat and foreneck, slaty-black,
below white narrowly barred with black ;
tail black with a median band of white, anda
few anterior incomplete bars of same.

172. Leucopternis princeps Sclat., P.Z.S. 1865, p.
429, pl. xxiv. [Costa Rica. |
Barred Hawk.

S.E. Brazil

N.E. Brazil.

Guiana ;

N. Brazil.

Colombia
and Panama
to Costa
Rica.

Costa
Rica.
N. Ecuador.

Gen. XL. HARPYHALIAETUS Lafr. (1842.)

Much larger than Buteo; Head with a long
occipital crest ; tail short, not three times as long
as tarsus.

61

Length ad. 33, wing 22 in.; tail 13.5 in. ;
above and below ashy-brown, shaded with
chocolate ; quills blackish ; secondaries ashy-
srey mottled with black and with a broad
sub-terminal band of same; tail black,
tipped with white, with broad white median
band, and a second indistinct one nearer base.

173. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus coronatus (Vieill.)
N. Dict. xiv., p. 237 (1817). [Paraguay.]
Crowned Harpy.

Much darker ; general colour bluish-black ,
shaded with chocolate ; crest much shorter.

173a. Harpyhaliaectus coronatus solitarius sch.
Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 264. [Peru].
Solitary Harpy.

Paraguay,
Bolivia,
Patagonia.
Ss. Brazil,

Chili,
Peru,
Ecuador,
Colombia.

Gen. XLI. MORPHNUS Cuv. (1817)

Size similar; head crested; tail long, more
than four times as long as tarsus; toes very
short ; claws large.

Length 2 36, wing 19.3, tail 17 in.; above
brownish-black ; head and neck greyish-
brown; wings barred with lighter ashy-
brown ; tail black, tipped with whitish and
with from 3 to 5 bands of ashy-brown ; chest
ashy-brown ; below white barred with rufous
or brown.

174. Morphnus quianensis guianensis (Daud.),
Traité, i1., p. 78 (1800). [Gwana}.
Guiana Crested Eagle.

Crown and sides of head dark slate ; above
blackish-brown ; wing-coverts more con-
spicuously barred with white ; tail with 4
bands of white, mottled and tinged with
brownish-grey ; throat and upper breast
blackish ; below closely barred with black
and white.

174a. Morphnus guianensis teniatus Gurney, Ibis,
1879, p. 176, pl. ii. = [Sarayacu.].
Ecuadorian Crested Eagle.

Guiana,
EK. Peru,
Paraguay,
Colombia.

Ecuador.

62

Gen. XLII. THRASAETUS Gray (1837

Larger ; bill robust, culmen much curved; feet
very powerful; tarsus almost entirely bare, the
scutalle rough and irregular ; claws very large and
strong ; head with broad depressed crest, erectile.

Length 38 in. ; wing 22.30; above, also crest
and chest-patch, ashy grey ; tail irregularly
barred with black; head, neck and under-
parts white.*

175. Thrasaétus harpyia (Linn.) §.N., i., p. 86 Paraguay
(1758) | Mexico}. and Brazil;
Great Harpy Eagle. N. to Mexico.

Gen. XLITI. HARPYOPSIS Salvad. (1875).
Size large ; head crested ; tail long and rounded.

Length about 34 in.; wing 19 in.; above
dusky brown; below dirty white ; chest
ereyish ; tail with 6 indistinct transverse
bands.

176. Harpyopsis nove-quine Salvad., Ann. Mus. 8S.E. New
Civ. Genov., vil., p. 682 (1875). [ Yule Island.] Guinea.
New Guinea Hawk-Eagle.

SUB. FAM. IV. GYPAETINAL.

Gen. XLIV. GYPAETUS Storr (1784).

Nostrils hidden by stiff bristles: chin with a long tuft of black
bristles ; tarsus more or less feathered.

Size large : length 41 in. ; wing 29.50; head

white, a line each side of crown and another

below ear black; general plumage above

black with white shafts ; wings and tail brown

and scapulars washed with ochraceous

brown; below tawny ; tarsus feathered to

the toes.

177. Gypaetus barbatus grandis Storr, Alpen- Spain,

reise vom Jahr 1781, p. 69 (1784) [Switzer- Alps and S.E.

land. | Europe,
Bearded Vulture. Central Asia,
Himalayas,

N. China.

* Tmmature birds are black above and on chest ; head and neck ashy-grey ;
beiow white.

65

Below warmer tawny reddish.
l77a. Gypaetus barbatus barbatus (Linn.) §.N.1, Atlas Mtns.,

p- 87. (1758.) [Africa.] . N. Airica

Atlas Bearded Vulture. (Morocco,
Algeria,
Tunis.)

Length 38 in.; wing 29 in.; cheeks white
without the black markings: tarsus bare
towards lower part.

177b. Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis, Keys. and 8. Africa,
Blas., Wirbelt. Europ. p. xxviii. (1840). [S. Nubia,
Africa. | Abyssinia.
Southern Bearded Vulture.

SUB. FAM. V. AQUILINAL.

Outer toe connected to middle toe by membrane :
tibia much longer than tarsus, which is reticulated
on hinder aspect and gene rally more or less clothed
with feathers ; bill large, long and powerful ; cutting
edge of upper mandible festooned, but not toothed :
wings long; tail moderate ; sexes generally alike.

Gen. XLV. UROAETUS Kaup (1844).
Tail strongly graduated, wedge-shaped ; tarsi
clothed with feathers all round to base of toes.
Size large ; length 38, wing 24.2in.; general
colour ‘abov e and below black, browner on
wings ; nape tawny chestnut; upper tail-
coverts brown mottled with white; tail
feathers white at base of inner web.
178. Uroaetus audax audax (Lath.) Ind. Orn. E.& W.

Suppl. p.ii (1801). [New South Wales. | Australia,
Wedge-tailed Eagle. Tasmania.

Gen. XLVI. AQUILA Briss. (1760).
Tail nearly square or moderately rounded ; tarsi
feathered all round : toes reticulated above, except

last phalanx which is scaled ; head without crest: ;

claws powerful and curved.
Length (2) 37, wing 26 in. ; plumage black,
with back, rump and some of scapulars white ;
immature fawn colour, tail uniform.

179. Aguila verreauai Less., Cent. Zool. p. 105, S. Africa,
taf. 38 (1830). [Interior of Cape of Good N.E. Africa
Hope.| (Abyssinia)

Palestine
(occ.)

180.

180a.

180b.

1S0c.

64

Length ¢ 32, wing 23-24.5 in.; 9 average
length 35.5, wing 26-27.50 in.; general
plumage above blackish- brown, with paler
margins : crown brown ; nape and hind neck
tawny rufous (W. Europe ; much paler in E.
European birds.); tail blackish at apical
fourth, browner towards base, middle ir-
regularly banded with grey ; below blackish
with brown bases to the feathers ; in younger
birds basal half of tail white, centre mottled
brown, apical third black.

Aquila chrysaétos chrysaétos (Linn.), S.N.1.,
p. 88 (1758). [Hurope.|

Golden Eagle.

Averaging smaller ;
duller.

Aquila chrysaétos occidentalis, Olphe-Galliard
Faune. Orn. Eur. Occe., ii, fase. xviii, p. 23.
(Mar. 1889.) [Spain.]

Spanish Golden Eagle.

plumage darker and

Larger: length 2 40, wing 27.9 in. ; colour
generally brighter.

Aquila chrysaétos daphanea, Hodgs. in Gray’s
Zool. Mise. p. 81 (1844). [Nom nud.-Nepal.]
Menz. Orn. Turkest, 1, p. 75 (1888). [Hazte
Asie.| .

Himalayan Golden Eagle.

Large and more rufous ; max. length 9 40 in.;
wing 27 in. [Doubtfully distinct. ]

Aquila chrysaétos canadensis (Linn.) 8.N.1,
p. 88 (1758) [Canada.|

American Golden Eagle.

Smaller ; wing 3 23.5in.; head and neck above
dull yellowish isabelline ; forehead marked
with dark brown, and nape tinged with
rufous; general plumage blackish-brown ;
some of the scapulars pure white ; tail dark
erey with broad terminal blackish band ;
immature brown ; tail uniform.

Kurope,
N. Asia to N
China.

Spain and
N. Africa
(Morocco,
Algeria,
Tunis.)

High
Central
Asia,
Himalayas.

N. America
Arctic
Regions

S. to
California
and
Alleghenies in
N. Carolina.

181.

18la.

182a.

183.

65

Aquila heliaca heliaca Savigny, Descr. Egypte
Ois. p. 82, pl. 12 (1809). [Upper Egypt.]
Imperial Eagle.

Size similar; forehead and crown blackish
brown: edge of wing and some of scapulars
white, forming a conspicuous shoulder patch ;
immature fawn colour, tail uniform.

Aquila heliaca adalberti Brehm, Ber. Vers.
deutsch. Orn. Ges. 1860, p. 60. (1861.)
[ Spain. |

White-shouldered Eagle.

Rather smaller: length 9 30, wing 23 in. ;
plumage brown, paler below ; head brown,
nape patch fulvous ; quills, larger scapulars
and tail blackish-brown, latter with fulvous
tip and obsolete ashy bars; edge of wing
white, forming conspicuous white shoulder ;
immature ashy-brown, tail darker, with
terminal band of fawn.

Aquila nipalensis nipalensis Hodgs., Asiat.
Res. xvii, pt..2, pl. 1, pp. 13-16 (1833).
| Nepal. |

Eastern Steppe Eagle.

Smaller: wing 21.50, 9 22.50.

Aquila nipalensis orientalis Cab., J. f. O.
1854, p. 369. [Sarepta, Volga. |

Western Steppe Eagle.

Length 2 31, wing in.; ¢ length 28,
wing 20 in. ; general colour above and below
tawny to rufous brown; head and neck
somewhat marked with darker brown ;
scapulars and wing-coverts darker brown,
blotched with pale brown; quills and tail
blackish-brown, with indications of greyish
bars; under parts streaked with darker
brown : immature tawny, tail brown tipped
with fulvous.

Aquila rapax rapax (Temm.) Pl. Col., pl.
455 (1828). [Pte. mérid. de lV Afrique.|
Tawny Eagle.

Dy)

ol me

S.E. Europe
to C. Asia,
N. India,
China, Burma.

Spain ; N.W.
Africa.

Central Asia
N.W. India,
and EK,
Siberia ;
winter to
Africa.

in

Steppes of
S.E. Europe
and W, Asia.

Africa, from
Cape Colony
N. to C. and
K. Africa ;

C. Asia and
N.W. India.

183a.

183b.

183c.

184.

66

General colour pale clay or ochraceous
colour.

Aquila rapax albicans Riipp., Neue Wirbelth.
p. 34, pl. 13 (1835). [Prov. Simen, Abys. |

tiippell’s Tawny EKagle.

Size similar: length g 28, wing 20.5 in. ;
general colour fulvous brown, paler on head
and neck and below, above with lighter
margins to the feathers, especially on wing-
coverts : tail dark brown with fulvous tip
and 8 or 9 indistinct greyish bars on centre
feathers.

Aquila rapax vindhiana Frankl... P. ZS.
1831, p. 114. [Vindhya Mtns,, Central India. |
Indian Tawny Eagle.

Smaller; head, neck all round and inter—
scapulary region chocolate brown.
Aquila rapax belisarius (Levaill. jun.) Expl.
Sc. Alg. Ois. pl. 2 (1850). [Guelma, N.L.
Algeria. |

Algerian Tawny Hagle.

Nostrils round; length, 9, about 29, wing
21.50-23 in.; J, wing 20 in.; plumage above
and below blackish brown; tail unbarred ;
younger birds purplish brown, much spotted
with brownish- buff above and striped below :
tail blackish, barred dark brown.

Aquila clanga Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i,
p. 351 (1827). [In Rossia Sibiriaque uni-
versa. |

Greater Spotted Hagle

Smaller ; wing 2 19-20 in. ; ¢ 17.70-19 in. ;
plumage browner: crown and nape creamy
brown: tail feathers with obsolete lighter

N.E. Africa
(Abysinia,
Somaliland),

Arabia.

Indian
Peninsula
and
Himalayas

Algeria.

EK. & S.E.
Kurope,
south to
Balkans, KE.
to Turkestan,
S. Siberia,
N. India and
China; in
winter to
N.E. Africa,
India,
Burma ; cas.
Brit. Isles.

i]

67

bars ; younger birds less spotted than those
Ohi Vale clanga. and tail unbarred : nape patch
ochraceous rufous.

185. Aquila pomarina Brehm, V6g. Deutschl., ©. Europe
p. 27 (1831). [Pomerania | from N. Ger-
Lesser Spotted Eagle. many to
Bessarabia ;
cas. W.
Kurope ; in
winter to
N.E. Africa.

Sexes nearly similar in size ; wing 9 19.50, ,

19.15in ; bill more feeble, tarsi more sender?

wings generally exceeding tail in length ;

least wing-coverts with small spots of white

in immature birds.

1852. Aquila pomarina hastata (Less.), Voge. Bélang. Indian
Zool., p. 217 (1834). | Bengal}. Peninsula :
Long-legged Eagle. Burmese

countries,
Gen. XLVII. HIERAAETUS Kaup (1844)

General characters of Aquila, but bill more slender :
tarsi feathered to the toes.

Length 9 26, wing 21 in.; wing ¢ 19.6 in. ;
above deep brown, feathers mostly with
paler margins and white bases ; tail ashy, with
broad sub-terminal dark brown band, and 5
or 6 indistinct bars ; below white, with black-

ish-brown shaft stripes, the flanks and legs

buffish. barred with black.

186. Hieraaétus fasciatus fasciatus (Vieill.), Mem.
Soc. Linn. “Paris, i. pt. 2,.p. 152 (1822):
| Montpellier. |
Bonelli’s Eagle.

[Smaller but doubtful form. |
I86a. Hieraaétus fasciatus minor Erlanger. J£.0..

1904, p. 187, taf. x., fig. 42.

S. Europe (8.
France and
Spain to 8S.
Russia),

Asia Minor,
Turkestan,
Palestine,
India, China,
N. Africa.

S. Arabia ; E.
Africa
(Somaliland,
Mozambique).

186b.

187.

188.

189.

190.

68

Wing 92 18.3 in.: above blackish-brown,
mottled with white; below purer white
streaked with black on breast, and with large
spots on under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts black.

HHieraaétus fasciatus spilogaster (Bp.), Rev. et
Mag. Zool., 1850, p. 487 [Abyssinia, ex Du
Bus. M.S.).

African Hawk-Eagle.

Smaller ; wing 9 16.5, 3 14.0 ; above brown,
head and neck isabelline ; tail with obsolete
darker bars on outer feathers ; below white,
throat and breast washed with fawn and
streaked with reddish brown or blackish ;
species subject to variation ; younger birds
dull brown below with black shatt-stripes,
and a white shoulder patch.

Hieraaétus pennatus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 272
(1788) [ex Brisson, 1. c.].

Booted Eagle.

Smaller, and with a short occipital crest ;
length ad. 21.5 in., wing 15 in.; above
brown, crown darker ; crest, neck and under-
surface rufous, with black shaft-streaks ; tail
mottled greyish-brown, with 7 or 8 dark
brown bars.

Hieraaétus morphnoides morphnoides (Gould),
P.Z.S., 1840, p. 161 (1841). [Upper Hunter,
N.S.W.]

Little Eagle.

Below heavily striped with dark brown.
Hieraaétus weiskec Reichenow, Orn. M.B.,
vii., p. 185 (1900). [Astrolabe Mtns. |
New Guinea Little Eagle.

Below pale isabeiline : tail with 7 dark bands.
Mieraaétus ayresi Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 149,
pl. iv. [Natal.]

Ayres’ Little Eagle [=Lophotriorchis lucani
Sharpe. |

Tropical
Africa; rare
in S. Atrica.

S. Europe
(Spain to S.
Russia) ;
Africa.) ©:
Asia, India,
Ceylon.

EK. and W,

Australia.

S.E. New

Guinea.

Tropical
Africa to 8S.
Africa.

69

Length © 26, wing 18in. ; head with distinct
occipital crest : plumage above brown, with
paler margins ; tail dark brown, tipped with
whitish, with obsolete lighter bars on inner
webs of feathers ; below whity brown, varied
with dark brown on throat and breast.

191. Hieraaétus wahlbergi (Sundev.) Gifv. K. Akad. Tropical
Stockh., 1850, p. 109. [Caffraria superiori Africa.
propre 25° lat. |

Gen. XLVIII. LOPHOTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1874).

Head with a long wedge-shaped crest.

Length 21, wing 14.1 in. ; above black ; cheeks,
throat and breast white ; below tawny rufous,
with black shaft-stripes.
192. Lophotriorchis kienert (Geofir. St. Hilaire), Indian
Rev. Zool., 1845, pl. 35. [Himalaya]. Peninsula,
Kienerc’s Crested Eagle. Ceylon, Indo-
Chinese
Provinces,
Malay
Peninsula to
Celebes and
Lesser Sunda
Islands.

Larger ; length 26.5, wing 20.2, crest 3.3 in. ;

above glossy-black; tail ashy-grev, basal

third black; throat black; below tawny

rufous with black shaft-streaks ; flanks black

193. Lophotriorchis isidore: (Des Murs), Rev. Zool., Colombia.

1845, p. 177. [Santa Fé de Bogota. |
Tsidore’s Crested Eagle.

Gen. XPD
Head crested ; claws nearly straight, the circum-
ference of inner claw exceeding the length of
outer toe (which is very short).

Wing 20-20.50 in.; black; the quills
mottled with white near base ; tail feathers
barred with ashy above, mottled with white
below

Ictinaetus malayensis malayensis (Temm.).
Pl. Col.i., pl. 117 (1824). [ex Reinw. MS.]
Malayan Crested Eagle.

194.

ICTINAETUS Jerd. (1844).

Malay
Archipelago
(Sumatra,
Borneo, etc.)

70

Larger ; wing 3 21.50.

194a. Ictinaetus malayensis perniger Hodgs., Jnl. As. India,

Soc. Bengal, v., 1836, p. 227. [Nepal.] Ceylon,

Indian Crested Eagle. Burma,
Malay |
Peninsula.

Gen. L. SPIZIASTUR Gray (1841).

Head crested ; claws curved and powerful; the

circumference of inner claw about equal to length |
of outer toe and claw. |

195.

Tarsi feathered as before ; crest sometimes fully |
developed, sometimes absent ; wings short, falling
short of tail by more than length of crest.

196.

Length 9 24 in., § 21 in.; wing 9 16.4,9:15
in.; above blackish, quills and tail ashy
brown, slightly tipped with fulvous and
banded with black ; head, neck and under
surface white. |
Spiziastur melanoleucus (Vieill.), N. Dict.,iv., Central & S. -
p. 482 (1816). [Guiana | America.
Black and White Crested Eagle.

Gen. LI. SPIZAETUS Vieill. (1816).

Length 9 28.5 in., wing 16.2 in.; ¢ 24, wing
13.4 in. ; occipital crest 3 in. long ; sides and
back of neck bright rufous ; above black, |
feathers brown at base ; wings brown, barred
with blackish ; tail brown with 4 or 5 blackish
bands ; below white, chest slightly streaked
and abdomen broadly banded with black ; on
each side of face below eye a black mous- |
tachial band. Young much browner and
with 6 bands on tail. |
Spizaetus ornatus (Daud.), Traité, ii., p 77 Central and |

(1800). [Cayenne. | S. America, |
Manduit’s Hawk-Eagle. 8S. to Para-
ouay.

Size about the same ; above and below black,
browner on wings ; under surface of wing with
3 irregular bands of white ; upper and under
tail coverts slightly spotted with white ; tail

no 7.

198.

nO9.

Tid!

black with 4 bands of ashy brown. Young
browner above and more spotted with white
below ; tail with 6 bands.

Spizaetus tyrannus (Wied), Reis. Bras., i., p.
300 (1820). | Rio Belmonte}.

Tyrant Hawk-Eagle.

Larger ; length 9 38 in., wing 27.5. Above
dark sepia brown ; feathers of head and neck
with whitish brown margins and white bases ;
wings barred with blackish ; tail with 6 bands
of ashy grey; fore neck and chest dark
brown; throat and under parts white,
sparingly spotted with dark brown, especially
on flanks. Young paler above. more buffy
white below, the spots nearly absent and with
«bout LL bands on tail.

Spizaetus bellicosus (Daud.), Traité, ., p. 38
(1800). [Great Namaqualand. |

Martial Hawk-Eagle.

Rather smaller ; above black ; wings brown ;
quills externally shaded with pale ashy grey.
and with a broad subterminal band of black :
tail with 2 broad bands of ashy grey and
remains of a third; throat black: below
yellowish buff, whiter towards vent, broadly
banded with black, the chest almost uniform ;
undee wing coverts chestnut. Young above
brown w ith indistinct darker bands and
whitish margins ; tail with 3 lighter bands ;
below white.

Spizaetus coronatus (Linn.), S.N.. ed. xii., 1.,
p. 124 (1766). [Guinea in W. Africa. |
Crowned Hawk-Eagle.

Smaller ; length 9 32 in., wing 20 ; 3 } length
28 in., wing 18.50, crest 28 in. above
blackish brown, with paler margins, especially
to feathers of head and hind neck : wings
paler, banded with dark brown ; tail ashy
brown with 4 blackish brown bands ; throat
white, with black central stripe ; chest fawn

Central and
S. America,
from Guate-
mala to S.E.
Brazil.

S. Africa, E.
Africa, N. to
Shoa,
Abyssinia,
and Bogos-
land ; Nigeria.

S. and W.
Africa.

200.

200a.

200b.

200¢.

201.

201la.

with black shaft streaks; below brown
spotted and barred with white. Young have
head and neck white with dark centres to the
feathers ; tail with 6 darker bands ; below
white, slightly streaked with dark brown ;
flanks brown.

Spizaetus nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.) Jnl.
As. Soc. Beng., v., p. 229 (1836) [Nepal].
Himalayan Hawk-Kagle.

With the white bands below broader and more
regular.

Spizaetus nipalensis kelaarti Legge, Ibis, 1878,
p. 202 [Ceylon].

Mountain Hawk-Eagle.

Larger ; G about equal to 9 of typical race.

Spizaetus nipalensis orientalis Temm. & Schleg.

in Siebold’s Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 7, pl. 3 (text
1844, pl. 1845) [Japan.|
Japanese Hawk-Eagle.

[Not separable unless 2 breeding bird in China. |

Spizaetus nipalensis fokiensis, W. Sclat. in
MS. Cat. Accip. Coll. Brit. Mus. [¢ Ah
Ch’ung, Fokien Prov. China, Cell. B.M.]
Chinese Hawk-EKagle.

Length @ 32 in., wing 17.8; 4 wing 16 in.
Above brown; feathers of hind neck and
mantle with pale bases and black shaft
streaks ; crest black, 3.8in. long ; wing quills
rich brown, barred with blackish ; tail with
broad blackish subterminal band and 3
narrower bands ; throat white with central
black stripe and bordered by 2 black mous-
tachial stripes ; below brown, more rufous
and mottled with white on chest.

Spizaetus cirrhatus cirrhatus (Gmel.), S.N., 1.,
p. 274 (1788) [Lndia].

Indian Hawk-Eagle.

Smaller ; wing 15.20—14 in.

Spizaetus cirrhatus ceylonensis (Gmel.), S.N.,
i., p. 275 [Ceylon].

Ceylonese Hawk-Kagle.

Himalayas,
S. in winter
to plains of
India and
Malay
Peninsula ;
China ?

Ceylon.

N. Japan.

China.

Indian
Peninsula.

Ceylon.

]
||

201b.

201c.

201d.

bo
Oo

73

Small insular race.

Spizaetus cirrhatus andamanensis Tytler,
Proc. As. Soc. Beng., 1865, p..112 [Port
Blair, And. Is.|

Andaman Hawk-Eagle.

Size of S. c. currhatus, but with crest very
slight ; with dusky phase [S. limnaetus Horst. |
nearly uniform chocolate brown, and pale
phase [S. caligatus (Raffles)| dark brown
above, below white with large longitudinal
brown markings, the thighs barred.
Spizaetus cirrhatus limnaetus (Horsf.), Tr.
Linn. Soc., xiti., p. 138 (1821) [Java.].

Javan Hawk-Eagle.

Larger; below white, without the dark
markings.
Spizaetus cirrhatus floris, Hart., Nov. Zool., v.,

p. 46 (1898).

Smaller; length ad. 22.50, wing 13 in.;
above black with occipital crest, tipped with
white, 2.75 in. long ; wing quills brown, tipped
white, barred with black and with broad blacix
subterminal band; tail ashy brown, with
broad basal and subterminal bands of black ;
below white, breast with large black spots and
belly banded with black.

Spizaetus alboniger (Blyth), Jnl. As. Soe.
Beng., xiv., p. 173 (1845) [Malacca].

Rather larger, length 25 in., wing 14.75,
crest 2.50 in.; above dark umber brown ;
crest with base of feathers white ; tail paler
brown with 7 darker bands ; throat as in
S.c. cirrhatus ; below yellowish rufous ; chest
heavily marked with dark brown lanceolate
spots ; thighs and under tail-coverts barred
with brown and white.

Spizaetus philippinensis Gurney, in Gould’s
Bds. Asia, pt. xv. (1863) [Philippine Is. |
Philippine Hawk-Eagle.

Andaman
Islands.

Java,
Sumatra,
Penang.

Lesser
Sunda Is,

(Flores).

Borneo,
Greater
Sunda Is.,
Malayan
Peninsula,
Tenasserim.

Philippine
Islands.

14

Larger ; length 2 30 in., wing 21 in.; ¢

length 24in., wing 19.7 in. ; blackish brown,
blacker on head ; lighter and greyer on wings
and tail ; tail with 6 or 7 obsolete bars.
204. Spizaetus gurneyt (Gray), P.Z.S., 1860, p. 342, Molucea Is.,

pl. 169. | Batchian. | Aru Is.,
Gurney’s Hawk-Eagle. Waigiou,

New Guinea.

Gen. LIT. LOPHOAETUS Kaup (1847).

Crest feathers very long and pendant; — tarsi
feathered as in preceding genera.

Size small; length ¢ 21, wing 15.50, crest

4.75; 3 plumage glossy black, with a brown
shade on wings ; quills white at base, forming
a conspicuous patch, and banded with white
on inner webs below; tail with 3 greyish
bands on middle feathers, becoming broader
and whitish on outer ones ; 9 larger and much
browner ; juv. deep chocolate brown.
205. Lophoaetus occipitalis (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 8. Africa to

40 (1800). [Anteniquot country. | K. and W.
Black-Crested Eagle. Tropical

Africa.

ow
1

; Panera fs Righesa, va. Aa ly <a | hs oe ean cea aa i

PART ATE —JANUARY 20,1920. PRICE 4/-

ra

SYNOPTICAL LIST

OF THE

ACCIPITRES

(Diurnal Birds of Prey)

PARTY III.
(HERPETOTHERES TO PERNIS)

Comprising described Species and Subspecies, with their
Characters and Distribution

BY

H. KIRKE SWANN, FZ.

Corresponding Fellow of Amer. Orn. Union.

LONDON :

JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38, Great QUEEN STREET,
Kingsway, W.C.2.

1920.

A
SYNOPTICAL LIST

OF THE

ACCIPITRES
(DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY)
PART IL.

Gen. LITT. HERPETOTHERES Vieill. (1817).

Tarsus bare on lower portion, reticulated in front ;
bill with upper mandible slightly festooned ; nostrils

circular with osseous margins ; wings short.

Length 3 (Ecuador) 16 in. ; wing 10.25; tail
8 in.; 2 wing 11-11.20 in.; above brown ;
head crested, crown buffish white with brown
shaft streaks ; hind part of face and broad
nuchal band black ; fore cheek, side of neck,
collar round hind neck and entire under parts
buffish white ; upper tail-coverts creamy buff ;
tail dark brown, with 4 creamy buff bands in
the form of pairs of oval spots not extending
quite across webs.

206. Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans (Linn.),
S.N.,1., p. 90 (1758). [** America meridionalis”
=type loc. subst. Surinam Berlepsch. |
Laughing Hawk.

Smaller and more richly coloured ; below
nearly uniform deeper buff; head deeper
buff; wing 3 10 in.

206a. Herpetotheres cachinnans fulvescens Chapm.,
Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., xxxiv., p. 638 (1915).
[Alto Bonito, R. Sucio, W. Colomb.]

[Not seen. ]
206b. Herpetotheres cachinnans chapmant Bangs &
Penard, Bull. M.C.Z., Ixii., pp. 25- (1918).

From Bolivia
and Paraguay
N. to South
Mexico.

W. Colombia,
(Pacific side

of Andes),

Mexico.

207.

207a.

76

Gen. LIV. DRYOTRIORCHIS Shelley (1874)

Tarsus bare on lower portion ; nostrils perpendi-
cular ovals ; head with a short crest of lanceolate
feathers ; wings short.

Length ad. 22.5; wing 11.9in.; above dark
brown; nape and scapulars with white
bases to the feathers ; quills brown, barred
with darker brown, the inner webs white ;
tail with 6 blackish bands; below white ;
fawn colour on throat and chest, the former
with a black central stripe ; chest and breast
with black spot on tip of each feather, becom-
ing bars on flanks and thighs ; vent and under
tail-coverts with spots of rufous.
Dryotriorchis spectabilis spectabilis (Schl.),
Neder. Tijdschr. Dierk., i., p. 131, pl. 6 (1863).
[St. George Elmina, Gold Coast, type in
Leyd. Mus.]

Beautiful Wood-Hawk.

Wing ¢ 11.5 in.; chest uniform creamy
white, without the large black spots (except
in immature birds).

Dryotriorchis spectabilis batesi Sharpe, Ibis,
19U4, pp. 601-2. [Lfulen, Cameroon, type in
in Brit. Mus. |

Bates’s Wood-Hawk.

W. Africa
(Gold Coast)

Cameroon,
Gaboon,
Congo
Region.

Gen. LV. HEUTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1875).

Wings remarkably short, not extending much
beyond base of tail; tail elongated; head with a
short crest.

208.

Tarsus reticulated ; head with a short crest as in

Above brown, tail with about 8 blackish bars ;
below white narrowly banded with black ;
throat and chest ashy.

Eutriorchis astur Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1875, p. 73,

pl. xiii. [S. Madagascar, type in Brit. Mus.]

Madagascar Serpent-Eagle.

Madagascar.

Gen. LVI. CIRCAETUS Vieill. (1816).

Dryotriorchis ; wings long.

210.

Zl.

77

Size large ; length 9 31 in. ; wing 21.3; ¢ 26
in.; wing 19.65; above dark brown, with a
purplish gloss, head and wing-coverts paler ;
forehead and face whitish, with lines of
black ; secondaries barred with darker brown
and with a broad subterminal band ; quills
black ; tail tipped with white and with 3
blackish bands ; below white, throat and chest
heavily striped and flanks and abdomen
barred with brown ; juv. below pale earthy
brown, abdomen white, spotted and barred
with brown ; tail with 4 darker bands.
Circaétus gallicus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 259
(1788). [France.|

Short-toed Eagle.

Size similar ; wing 9 22.25-22.50 in. ; above
brownish black; secondaries and wing-
coverts barred with ashy grey ; upper tail-
coverts tipped and barred with white ; tail
ashy brown with 4 blackish bands ; chest
blackish ; throat white, streaked with
blackish ; below white ; juv. tawny below.
Circaétus pectoralis Smith, 8. Afr. Q.J., Ser. 1,
1830, p. 109. [S. Africa. ]

Black-breasted Snake-Hagle.

Size nearly the same ; wing? 22in. ; billmuch
deeper, upper mandible from ridge to gonys,
measured through anterior edge of nostril,
23 mm. as against 19 mm. in C. pectoralis ;
tarsi also much stouter ; whole under parts
uniform blackish brown; immature brown
below with white markings, not white with
brown markings as in C. pectoralis.
Circaétus cinereus Vieill., N.D., xxiii., p. 445
(1818). [Senegal, type in Paris Mus.]
Black-bellied Snake-Kagle.

* CO, hypoleucus (Pall.) must be regarded as a synonym.

S. Europe
N. to France,
Germany,

C. Russia ;
N.E. Africa,
C. Asia to

N. China ;
India.*

S. Africa to
to E. Tropical
Africa.

KE. & W.
Tropical

Africa to
S. Africa.

Apart from the

fact that it was described from 8. Russia, the white-bellied birds do not

constitute a form.

Examples from India and Africa with the white under

parts are counterbalanced by examples from the same regions as dark below

as typical birds.

The white-bellied birds are evidently younger examples.

bo
—
i)

213.

214.

215.

Size similar ; length 9 32 in. ; wing 20.5 in. ;
above paler ; throat and chest ashy brown, the
throat varied with white bases to the feathers;
below white broadly banded with ashy brown.
Circaétus beaudouinit Verr. et Des Murs, Ibis,
1862, p. 212. [Bissao, Portug. Guinea, types
in Norw. & Brit. Mus. |

Beaudouin’s Snake-Eagle.

Smaller ; length ad. 25 in.; wing 14.6 in. ;
above blackish, browner on head, with pale
whitish margins to all the feathers, including
the wing quills, which are barred with
blackish, the secondaries also with a broad
subterminal band ; tail ashy brown, tipped
with white, and with 4 black bands ; throat
and chest fulvous brown ; below white, barred
with dark brown.

Circaétus fasciolatus Gray, Cat. Acciptr. B.M.,
p. 18 (1848) (nom. nud.) ; Gurney, [bis, 1861,
p. 130. [Natal.|

Banded Snake-Hagle.

Size similar, wing 9 16.1,9 15in.; above grey ;
tail whitish, shaded and tipped with pale
brown, and with broad blackish subterminal
band and 2 narrower bands near base ; below
ashy brown, shaded with grey, the abdomen
and thighs barred with white.

Circaétus cinerascens Mull., Naum. 1851, heft
iv., p.27. [Sennar, Hgypt. Sudan.)
Cinereous Snake-Eagle.

Length 25.60 ; wing 16.20 ; tail 9.90 ; throat
and chest with black shaft stripes. [Not seen.]
Circaétus rufulus Reichenow, Orn. M.B., xiii.,
pp. 179-80 (1905). [Songea, German EL. Afr.]

Portuguese
Guinea ;
Senegambia.

Natal.

Tropical
Africa,
EK. to W.

“* German ”’

EK. Africa.

Gen. LVIT. PITHECOPHAGA Ogilvie Grant (1896).

Bill very deep and much compressed, ridge of culmen
much curved; nostrils a vertical slit; lores and
cheeks covered with bristles only; head with a
crest of long lanceolate feathers ; feet very powerful ;
tarsi mostly naked, with a row of large scutes down
front ; wings short and rounded ; tail very long.

216.

7d

79

Length 33 in. ; wing 20.5; tail 15 in. ; above
rich brown, with paler margins to the feathers,
especially on head, where they are whitish
buff ; tail dark brown with about 4 darker
bands ; below creamy white, the thighs and
flank feathers with reddish brown shaft
stripes.

Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie Grant, Bull.
B.0O.C., vi., p. xvii. (Dec. 30, 1896) ; id., Ibis,
1897, p. 214, pl. v. [Samar, Philipp. Is.]
Philippine Monkey-Eagle.

Philippine
Islands.

Gen. LVIII. SPILORNIS Gray (1840).

Crest feathers of head rounded, not lanceolate ; face
bare with only a few short bristles.

Length 9 (Himalayas) 30 ; wing 19.50-21 in. ;
3 (Simla, N.W. Himalayas) length 27.50,
wing 20.1 in. ; wings reaching beyond median
pale band on tail; above purplish brown ;
head and crest black with white bases ; wing-
coverts with small spots of white ; secon-
daries broadly and upper tail-coverts narrowly
tipped with white; tail black with a very
broad median band of brownish white ;
throat, hind cheeks and ear-coverts blackish
brown ; below pale ochraceous brown ; chest
with transverse vermiculations of dark brown;
breast and belly with spots of white (bordered
with dark brown), becoming bars on thighs
and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts
pale rufous ; outer primaries white below with
terminal black band about 4 in. wide and one
median blackish band, also slight remains of a
second band near base.

Spilornis cheela cheela (Lath.), Ind. Orn,, i.,
p. 14 (1790). [‘‘ India’? = Lucknow, apud
W. L. Sclat.|

Crested Serpent-Eagle.

Smaller, tarsi more slender and feet smaller ;
wing § (S. India) 16in. ; (Centr. Prov.) 17.25
in.; (Assam) 17-17.50 in. ; wing 9 (Assam)
17 in., (Centr. Prov.) 18.25-18.75 in. ; above
darker ; throat less blackish, much browner,
but with blackish shaft stripes ; much darker

Himalayas
(Kashmir
to Nepal) ;
in winter to

N. India.

80

below ; chest darker and warmer brown,
uniform in oldest birds * ; white spots below
similar ; tail more often with median pale
band nearer apical end and narrower, with
remains of a second basal one, the terminal
black band about 2 in. wide ; primaries below
usually showing 2 distinct black median
bands; the termina] one narrower and often
broken ; under wing-coveits rufous brown
spotted with white, the greater ones ashy.
217a. Spilornis cheela albidus (Temm.), Pl. Col.,i., E., C. & S.
pl. 19 (1824). [Ex Cuv., Pondicherry, type India, from
in Paris Mus. | Assam to
Lesser Serpent-Eagle. Travancore.

Slightly smaller, and wings shorter ; wing ¢
14.60-14.75 in. ; throat and cheeks and ear-
coverts ashy brown ; tail as in S. c. albidus ;
chest and upper breast always uniform darker
brown in adults ; primaries below with only
one blackish median band.
217b. Spilornis cheela spilogaster Blyth, Jnl. As. Ceylon.
Soc. Beng., xxi., p. 351 (1852). [Ceylon.]
Ceylon Serpent-Hagle.

, ,Wing ¢ 17-18 in.; Q 17.25-18.25 inf
~ *Slarger and much paler above and below ; with
the hind cheeks and ear-coverts ashy ;
throat as pale as chest, but tinged with ashy
and, like chest, finely vermiculated ; white

* Vermiculated in less old birds, which are much lighter below; in
considering this difficult group it should always be remembered that these
birds certainly darken with age. Temminck described albidus from a quite
juvenile bird, buffish white below with streaks and spots of dark brown.
The dark uniform chest is a sign of age like the single pale tail band, but the
typical S. c. cheela is a pale race and does not usually acquire the uniform
chest ; although it always gets the single tail band. As we get away from the
typical race these characters vary, alhidus generally getting the uniform chest,
but not often being found with the purely black tail and single band. The
northern forms are the largest and the southern smallest and more variable
in the characters mentioned ; also often, but not always, the darkest. The
moult is from the pale juvenile plumage straight into the brown ander parts
with vermiculated chest and white spotted under parts, although the
brown comes out in the form of bars towards the vent gradually dividing the
white interspaces first into partial bars and then rounding them off into spots.
The vermiculations in some forms are lost later as the chest darkens and
becomes uniform.

+ Measurement of a skin from Shan States in coll. Brit. Mus, Burmese
birds vary considerably in size, but it is impossible to place these large birds
with S. c. rutherfordi from Hainan, especially as the throat is different.

217d.

lad

1c.

lord

fe.

Sl

spots below rounded and less distinct, the
darker margins much paler ; primaries below
asin S.c. cheela, but black terminal band not
more than 3 in. wide; under wing-coverts

rufous with white spots, the outer edge white.

Spilornis cheela burmanicus subsp. nov. [3
Jobin, Thayetmyo, Burma, Mar. 5, 1905, in
coll. H. K. Swann, and examples in coll. Br.
Mus. |

Burmese Serpent-Kagle.

Smaller ; wing (ex. from Hainan, Tring Mus.)
© 16-17 in., 9 15.50-16.25 in. ; throat slaty
brown to dusky.

Spilornis cheela rutherfordi Swinh., Ibis, 1870,
p. 85. [Central Hainan. |

Hainan Serpent-Eagle.

Wing (ad. unsexed) 16.25-i6.75 ; much paler
above and below; wings strongly shaded
with grey ; sides of head slate grey ; throat
uniform with chest, which is pale ashy brown,
slightly vermiculated ; chest also sparingly
spotted with white like the lower parts ; tail
brownish black, with brownish white median
band and remains of a basal one ; primaries
with one black median band below, besides
terminal one; under wing-coverts rufous,
with white spots, outer edges white.
Spilornis cheela floweri, subsp. nov. [ad. un-
sexed, Tahkaman, Mar. 19, 1897, and Chanta-
boon, July 1896, 8S. 8. Flower, B.M. coll., Nos.
97.9.1.1 and 97.9.1.2.]

Siamese Serpent-Eagle.

“* Resembling S. c. cheela, but with upper parts
somewhat paler ashy brown, with a purplish
gloss, below dusty ashy ; transverse banding
on breast indistinct, often not noticeable ;
throat never black, but like the breast, cheeks
and ear-coverts grey, not black ; slightly
smaller wings ” [18—19.25 in. ].

Spilornis cheela ricketti W. Sclat., Bull. BO”
xl., p. 37 (1919). [gd Yamakan, Fokien Prov.,
type in B.M. coll.]

Chinese Serpent-Eagle.

Burma, N. to
Upper Burma
and Shan
States, S. to
Tavoy, at
least, in
Tenasserim.

Hainan I.;
Indo China ?

Siam. =

S. China to
Upper
Burma
(Chindwin
dist.)

82

Nearly as large as S. cheela cheela; length
6 27 in.; wing 18.5-19 in., tail 13 in:;
darker above and below; tail with the
central pale band narrower ; throat and ear-
coverts blackish brown ; chest nearly uniform
brown, but showing vermiculations in some
(less old) birds; below darker and more
cinnamon brown; wing-coverts darker and
browner ; primaries below with black areas
much increased and little white.

217g. Spilornis cheela hoya Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, Formosa.
p. 3804. [Formosa.]
Formosan Serpent-Eagle.

Smaller; wings reaching to middle of pale
tail band ; wing (Brit. Mus. ex.) ¢ 13.75-15

1:5- 3%] in. (northern largest) 9 14.50-15 in. ; 9 (type

Pahang) 14.60 in. ; above dark brown ; wing-
coverts sparingly marked with minute spots
of white ; secondaries not visibly tipped with
white ; tail with median brownish white band
about 2 in. wide and irregular narrow basal
one [in oldest birds base only brownish], the
2 black bands about 1.50 in. wide ; throat and
cheeks and ear-coverts slate brown * ; below
darker, browner and duller than S. c.
rutherfordi; fore neck and chest nearly
uniform with only slight traces of vermicula-
tions ; white spots on breast and abdomen
broader, larger and more regular, in the form
of remains of transverse bars ; under wing-
covert rufous brown, with very large spots
of white, edge of wing white; primaries
below with the median black markings con-
centric on inner webs instead of forming
bands, the terminal black and subterminat

~
}

white bands about 2.25 in. wide.

* Malacca birds usually have the subterminal tail band whiter, throat
and hind cheeks greyer, and are lighter below : chest fulvous to brown, either
uniform or shghtly vermiculated (less old birds). Although examples from
various parts of the Malayan peninsula vary I think it best to make one race
for the whole peninsula, and I have united with it the Sumatran birds which
occur not only in the lighter plumage described, but in a much darker plumage,
approaching the Javan form (S. ¢. b¢do), although a trifle smaller and with
the throat paler and greyer; the tail, under wing-coverts and under surface
of primaries are similar to those of S. c. bido however. Had it not been for
the occurrence of this dark race in Perak. and of the lighter Malay race in
Sumatra it would be necessary to separate the Sumatran form.

83

217h. Spilornis cheela malayensis* subsp. nov. |Q Malay

2171.

mak.

*

Raub, Pahang, “alt. 400” ; June 28, 1903,
W. H. Craddock, in coll. H. K. Swann]
[=S. bacha ; auct. plur.]

Malayan Serpent-Eagle.

Slightly larger ; wing 9 15.50; darker gene-
rally (clove brown); wing-coverts heavily
spotted with white, secondaries scarcely
tipped ; tail black with one broad pale median
band, the base dark brown ; throat, cheeks
and ear-coverts blackish ; chest uniform
clove brown, without vermiculations ; under
wing-coverts usually blackish slate with white
spots ; white spots below irregular and only
forming bars on under tail-coverts ; primaries
below with 2 black bands besides terminal
one, coalescing on inner primaries, the white
areas much reduced.

Spilornis cheela bido Horst., Tr. Linn. Soce.,
xili., p. 137 (1822). [Java, typein Br. Mus ]
Javan Serpent-Eagle.

“ Resembling S. c. bido of Java, but with
more white on underside of wing quills and the
black not so well defined ; a rich umber brown
nape band formed by tips of black crest
feathers on lower edge of crest, having
conspicuous tips of that colour; tail band
broader and purer white, not merely pale
brown as in S. c. bido; throat quite black.”
Spilornis cheela kinabaluensis W. Sclat., Bull.
BOs xi pot (LOLS). Mt. Kinabalu,
type in B.M.]

Smaller ; length 21 in. ; wing 14in. ; much
paler brown above, especially on wing-coverts,
but bastard wing conspicuously black ; head
and crest jet black ; tail black, with median
band brownish white ; upper wing-coverts
with spots of white; under wing-coverts
rufous spotted with white; cheeks, ear-
coverts, chin and throat grey ; chest uniform

The name bacha cannot stand for Malayan birds.

Peninsula ;
Sumatra.

Java

Borneo (Mts.
Kinabalu &
Dult).

It was described

from Le Vaillant who claimed it as a 8. African bird erroneously and it is

now impossible to say to what race it properly applies.

Gurney thought Le

Vaillant’s plate more like the Malaccan bird, but considered the name would

be best discarded (/bis, 1878, p. 100).

Forster (1798), an equally doubtful name,

In any case it is predated by bassus

Ally pany,

Phra

2170.

84

brown; primaries below with the white
subterminal band about 3 in. wide; below
tawny with white spots.

Spilornis cheela pallidus Walden, Ibis, 1872,
p. 363. [Sarawak.]

Bornean Serpent-Eagle.

Smaller and much paler (especially on wing-
coverts) than S. ¢. pallidus ; tail shorter and
light band narrower ; wing (Nias I.) ad. 11.6-
12in.; tail 7.5in. ; (Bunguran I.) wing 9 12
in. ; chest uniform (pale ashv brown in Bun-
guran I. birds and throat grey); head and
bands on wings and tail black not brownish
as in S. ¢. minimus.

Spilornis cheela salvadorit Berl., Nov. Zool., ii.,
p. 73 (1895). [Nzas Is., co-type in Tring

Mus. |
Salvadori’s Serpent-Eagle.

Larger; wing J 14.25in.; similar to last form,
but very pale below ; much paler than S. c.
pallidus of Borneo.

Spilornis cheela subsp.? [34 Triomate, Yaye-
yema, S. Loo Choo Is., June 16 and 19, in coll.
Tring Mus.] [=S. pallidus Ogawa, Annot.
Zool. Japon., v. 4, p. 213, 1905. |

Very small and pale form compared with S.
cheela cheela, wing 3 11.50; 9 11.75; head
and crest (shorter) blackish brown instead of
black ; tail with the terminal and median
bands dusky brown instead of black, the
subterminal and basal bands light brown ;
throat and chest pale fulvous brown without
vermiculations ; bands on primaries below
as well as tips dusky brown instead of black.
Spilornis cheela minimus Hume, Stray Feath.,
i., p. 464 (1875). [Kamorta, Nicobar Is., type
in Br. Mus. ]

Nicobar Serpent-Eagle.

Borneo

(low country,
Sarawak to
Sandakan).

Nias I. (W.
Sumatra) ;
Bunguran I.,
(N.W. of
Borneo).*

Loo Choo Is.,
S. of Japan.

Nicobar
Islands
(Kamorta,
Trinkut,
Katchal,
Little
Nicobar).

* T haveunited the Bunguran I. birds (Tring Mus,) with salvadorti as they
agree so well in size, although a little paler, and are certainly not pallidus.
There is no connecting link between these and the Nias I. birds, however.

217 p.

217q.

ar.

218.

85

Larger ; wing 9 15.25-16.25 in. ; throat ashy ;
chest pale ashy brown finely vermiculated ;
below tawny, the white spots rounded,
becoming bars on thighs ; tail with the pale
band, but a distinct basal one brown.
Spilornis cheela davisont Hume, Stray Feath..,
i., p. 307 (1873). [S. Andaman I., type in
Br. Mus. ]

Andaman Serpent-Eagle.

“Perhaps closest to the Andaman race
(S. c. davisont) but distinguished by the
richness of its colouring and its breast being
marked with narrow transverse bands of dusky
and rufous brown —these bands often extend-
ing on to the throat’; wing av. 15.40 in.
Spilornis cheela palawanensis W. Selat., Bull.
B.0.C., xl., p. 38 (1919). [2 Palawan, type
in B.M.]

Smaller; length ¢ 19.75-21.50; wing 13-
14.25 in.; @ length 19.50-22.10 in.; wing
12.50-14.20in. ; bend of wing mottled instead
of uniform white or yellowish white ; tibial
plumes spotted instead of barred. [Doubt-
ful form; not seen, and characters given
quite insufficient ; probably identical with
Sumatran bird. ]

Spilornis cheela abbotti Richm., Pr. U.S.N.
Mus., xxvi., pp. 492-3 (1903). [Simalur I.]
Abbott’s Serpent-Eagle.

Length ad. 22.5; wing 15.6 in.; very dark
form ; above and below dark clove brown ;
wing-coverts and wings with minute white
spots ; tail with subterminal band brown and
narrow ; the basal one brown but indistinct ;
the terminal and median bands black ; below
with white spots distinct, rounded, and
continued up to throat.

Spilornis elgin* Tytler, J. As. Soc. Beng.,
xxxll., p. 87 (1863). [S. Andaman I.|
Elgin’s Serpent-Eagle.

Andaman
Islands.

Palawan I.

Simalur
Island, W.

Sumatra.

Andaman Is.

Nicobar Is.

* The occurrence of this bird along with a form of s. cheela cheela proves it
to be a good species, apart from its very distinctive coloration and markings.

219a.

219b.

2

20.

86

Length 3 17.6, wing 13.3 in.; head black ;
above purplish brown, upper tail-coverts
tipped with white; wing quills with broad
subterminal band of purplish brown and
banded with dark brown below ; tail tipped
with white and with broad blackish subter-
minal band and 2 less distinct ones nearer
base ; face and throat bluish ash; chest
uniform dull rufous; below rufous brown
with large spots and bars of white.
Spilornis rufipectus rufipectus Gould, P.Z.S.,
1857, p. 222. [Macassar, type in Brit. Mus.]
Celebes Serpent-Eagle.

Length, nearly ad., 18.5 ; wing 12.2in. ; more
closely banded and spotted below.

Spilornis rufipectus raja Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C.,

i., p. lv. (1893). [Kuching, type in Brit.
Mus. |

Bornean Serpent-Eagle.

Length 9 18, wing 12.1 in. ; ¢ length 17 in. ;
wing 12.2 in. ; rufous of chest paler.
Spilornis rufipectus sulaensis Schl., Vog. Ned.
Valkvég., p. 38, pl. 23; figs. 4-6 (1866).
[Sula Is., type in Leyd. Mus.]

Sula Serpent-Eagle.

Larger ; wing 9 13.50-14.5 in. ; above pale
brown, with a purplish gloss, the feathers
irregularly spotted with white at tips ; inter-
scapulary region with pale rufous tips and
large rounded white spots ; head and crest
ashy black, spotted with white, and with
rufous margins; tail with broad median
and subterminal blackish bands ; face and
throat ashy grey; rest of under parts pale
tawny rufous, ocellated with spots and half
bars of white.

Spilornis holospilus holospilus Vigors, P.Z.S.,
1831, p. 96. [Near Manila. ]

Philippine Serpent-Eagle.

Wing 9° 12.50; very much paler, especially
below, without the rufous shade on breast
and belly.

Celebes.

Borneo
(Sarawak).

Sula Islands.

Philippine
Is. (Luzon,
Cebu,
Mindanao,
Basilan.)

87

220a. Spilornis holospilus panayensis Steere, List Philippine
Birds, ete., Philipp., p. 7 (1890). [Panay, Is. (Panay

Philipp. Is., type in Br. Mus. |] Guimares,
Steere’s Serpent-Eagle. Negros.)

Length $17.10 in. ; wing 10.15 in. ; tail 6.50
in. ; above drab colour, with a slight coppery
sheen ; ear-coverts and cheeks grey ; some
of wing-feathers with narrow white tips and
top of head and occipital feathers black ; tail
with 2 light bars; throat white with grey
median stripe; breast buffy wood brown,
becoming much paler on abdomen; un-
spotted. [Not seen. |*
221. Spilornis klossis Richm., Pr. U.S.N. Mus., Great

xxv., pp. 304-5 (1902). [Gt. Nicobar I.] Nicobar
Kloss’s Serpent-Eagle. Island.

Gen. LIX. KAUPIFALCO Bp. (1854).
[= Asturinula, auct. plur.|

Size small; head not crested ; nostrils circular ;
tarsi unfeathered, transversely plated in front.

Length 2 13.5; wing 9.5 in.; ¢ length 12,
wing 8.9 in.; above slate grey, lighter on
head ; primaries blackish, tipped with white ;
rump black ; lower upper tail-coverts white ;
tail black, tipped with white and with a
median band of white ; throat white with
central stripe of blackish ; chest ashy grey :
below white, finely barred with ashy brown.

222. Kaupifalco monogrammicus monogrammicus Tropical
(Temm.), Pl. Col.,i., pl. 314 (1824). [Senegal.] Western,
One-lined Hawk. Central &

K. Africa.
Smaller; wing 2 8.50; bands below much
broader and darker, especially on the thigh
feathers ; white band on tail much narrower ;
white of throat more extensive and dark
throat stripe narrower.

* From the measurements, pale coloration, and locality this might be
assumed to be an immature example of s. c. minimus. One other form of
Spilornis, S. asturinus Meyer (S. B. Ges., Isis, Dresden, p. 13, 1884, Patr.
ign.) I do not know the relations or distribution of, and so cannot place.

88

222a. Kaupifalco monogrammicus — meridionalis

223.

Hartl., P.Z.S., 1860, p.109. [Ambriz, Angola,
type in Br. Mus.]
Southern One-lined Hawk.

S. Africa,
Damaraland
to Angola on
W. and to
Nyasaland.

Gen. LX. BUTASTUR Hodgs. (1843).

[Head not crested], nostrils oval, with a superior

membrane.

Leneth 9 18.5; wing 12.2 in.; ¢ length 16;
wing 11.7 in.; above pale rufous brown (with
darker shaft-stripes), darker on head ; nape
mostly white ; wing-coverts paler and
varied with white ; tail tipped with bufly
white, and with 6 or 7 nearly obsolete black-
ish bars, the subterminal broadest ; throat
yellowish white, with a line of black each side
and down centre ; breast pale rufous brown
with yellowish white bars ; abdomen nearly
uniform buffy white.

Butastur teesa (Frankl!.), P.Z.S., 1831, pt. 1,
p. 115 (1832). [India, between Ganges and
Nerbudda. |

White-eyed Buzzard-Hawk.

Size almost similar; above brownish ashy ;
clearer on head, hind neck and wing-coverts ;
quills rufous, externally ashy grey, barred
with dark brown ; tail rufous with 6 blackish
bars ; below ashy, with blackish shaft-stripes
and afew whitish bars on flanks.

Butastur liventer (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. 488
(1827). [Java, typein L yd. Mus.]

Ashy Buzzard-Hawk.

Larger; wing 9 13.6; ¢ 13.1 in.; above
rufous brown, more ashy on head and mantle,
and rufous on wings, rump and upper tail-
coverts, which latter are barred and tipped
with white; tail with 4 bands of blackish
brown ; forehead and throat white, latter with
mesial brown stripe ; feathers of hind neck

Buluchistan,
Kashmir,
Indian
Peninsula,
Burmese
Provinces.

Indo-
Chinese
Provinces,
Greater
Sunda Is.,
Celebes.

225.

Gen.

89

with white bases ; below barred with white
and rufous brown. ]
Butastur indicus (Gmel.), S.N.,1., p. 264 (1788). Ussuri-land,

[ex Lath.—-Java.| Japan and
Eastern Buzzard-Hawk. E. China ; in

winter to 8S.
China, Malay
Peninsula,
Philippine
Is., Celebes,
Borneo, ete.

Length ad. 16.5; wing 12.3 in.; above

cinereous brown with black shaft-stripes, and

rufous margins to the feathers; head and

neck darker ; least wing-coverts and quills

rufous ; tail with 3 or 4 blackish bands, except

on centre feathers: throat creamy buff ;

below pale rufous, with narrow shaft streaks.

Butastur rufipennis (Sund.), Gitv. Vet. Akad. N.E. Africa,

Forh. Stockh., 1850, p. 131 (1851). [near (Egypt,

Khartoum, type in Stockh. Mus. | Sudan,

African Buzzard-Hawk. Abyssinia,
Br. E. Africa,
* German ”
K. Africa).

LXI. TERATHOPIUS Less. (Traité, livr. i., Febr., 1830).

[= Helotarsus, auct. plur.]

Head with a crest of rounded feathers ; tail ex-
tremely short ; wings exceeding tip of tail by more
than length of tarsus.

227.

Length 9 25, wing 21.5, tail 5in., f length 21,

wing 21.2, tail 4.5 in. ; head and under parts

glossy black; hind neck, mantle and tail

rich maroon chestnut, lower back paler ;

scapulars and quills black ; wing-coverts pale

bronze brown, whitish on shoulder ; under

wing-coverts white ; axillaries black ;_ bill

black, feet coral red.

Terathopius ecaudatus Daud., Traité, ii., p.54 Africa (Cape

(1800). [Anteniquot cowntry, S. Africa.| Colony to
Bataleur Eagle. HKgyptian
[T’. leuconotus (Riipp.) is a synonym. | Sudan and

E. Africa ;
Senegal).

90

Gen. LXII. HALIZZETUS Savigny (1809).

Size of, and with general characters of Aquila, but
tarsus not feathered more than half way down ;
the front scutellated, sides and back reticulated ;
no membrane between the toes ; head not crested,
but feathers of neck long and lanceolate.

2

rae)

Length 9 36-38; wing 26 in., ¢ length 33,
wing 24 in.; general plumage brown, with
paler greyish margins to many of the feathers
above ; head and neck much paler, nearly
white in very old birds, with ashy brown
streaks ; quills black, shaded with grey ex-
ternally ; longer upper tail-coverts and tail
pure white ; billand feet yellow. Immature :
head and neck blackish brown; general
plumage fulvous brown, mottled with dark
brown ; tail brown.

Halicétus albicilla (Linn.), 8.N.,1., p. 89 (1758).
[““ Huropa, America’’—latter errore—type
loc. Sweden sugg. Hartert.|

White-tailed Eagle.

Size similar ; wing 23-25 in. ; head and neck
all round, rump, upper tail-coverts and tail
pure white. Immature; head and neck
black and tail mingled white and black at
first.

Halicétus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.),
S.N., ed. xii., i., p. 124 (1766). [ex Catesby—
Carolina. |

Bald Eagle.

p- 1178 (1914) but material is lacking.

Europe, 8S. to
Mediterra-
nean on E.
side ; Iceland,
Greenland ;*
Asia Minor,
N. and E.
Asiaj ; in
winter S. to
India.

United
States, S. to
Lower
California &
N. Mexico.

* The Greenland form may be separable, cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna

+ Bishop records it from Alaska and Brit. Columbia; cf. Biol. Surv.

U.S. Dept. Agric-, xix., pp. 73-74 (1900) ; Auk, xxii., pp. 79-80 (1906).

229a.

230.

230a.

230b.

91

Rather larger ; wing 2 25.50 ; $25 in.
Halicvétus leucocephalus alascanus C. H.Town-
send, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xi., p. 145 (1897).
[Unalaska, type in U.S. Nat. Mus.]

Alaskan Bald Eagle.

Length ad. 41, wing 24.4 in.; tail with 14
feathers ; general plumage brown, with ashy
streaks to head, neck and under parts, and
whitish tips to feathers of upper parts ; wing-
coverts, rump, upper and under tail-coverts,
tail and thighs white ; immature has these
latter parts only mottled with white.
Haliwétus pelagicus pelagicus (Pall.), Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat., 1., p. 343 (1827). [Islands between
Kamtschatka and America: Bering Is.|
Steller’s Sea-Eagle.

Wing ¢ 21.62; differs from H. pelagicus in
the great height of its bill and also in having
only the tail and upper and under tail-
coverts pure white ; rest of plumage blackish
brown, the feathers on crown and neck with a
fine central greyish line ; bill and feet orange-
yellow.

Halicétus pelagicus niger Heude, Naturaliste,
1887, p. 95. [Korea.] [= H. branicki, Tacz.]
Black Sea-Eagle.

Wing ¢ 24.4 in. ; tail much longer (14.4 in.)
and regularly graduated ; 5 primaries sharply
emarginated, but distance between tips of
innermost secondaries and primaries large,
5.5. in. as against 2.5 in. in HZ. p. niger.

Haliwétus pelagicus macrurus (Menzb.), Bull.

B.O.C., xi., p. 4 (1900). [Yakutsk, EL. Siberia. ]
Long-tailed Sea-Eagle.

Smaller ; length 9 28; wing 23.2 in., 3 wing
22.3 in.; entire under parts, as well as head
and neck, white ; above ashy grey, shaded
with brownish; primaries blackish; tail
black for basal two-thirds, terminal third
white. Immature: whole plumage brown

N.W. Alaska,
Bering L.,
N.W. Mac-
kenzie &

N. Ungava,
S. to Brit.
Columbia &
Gt. Lakes.

N.E. Siberia,
Kamtschatka,
Sakhalin ; in
winter S. to
Japan.

Korea,
Ussuri.

Siberia.

232.

233.

234.

92

with whitish shaft-streaks ; quills and tail
barred with darker brown.
Haliwétus leucogaster (Gmel.), S.N.,
(1788). [ex Lath—-type loc.
Wales, Math.*|

White-bellied Sea-Eagle.

, p. 257
INES?

see

Larger ; length 9 33, wing 24.4 in. ; j length
30, wing 22.2 in.; above dark brown, more
tawny on hind neck and sandy on head ;
rump purplish brown ; tail white, with base
and broad terminal band black; face and
throat buffish white ; below fulvous brown,
with pale centres to chest feathers.
Haliceétus leucoryphus (Pall.), Reise d. Russ.
Reichs., i., p. 454 (1771). [“ Laikum in
Australioribus = Lower Ural River, apud
W. L. Selat.]

Pallas’s Sea-Eagle.

Smaller; length 9 25; wing 20.5 in.; ¢
length 22 ; wing 19.2 in. ; head, neck, breast,
interscapulary region and tail pure white ;
least wing-coverts rufous ; primaries black ;
rest of upper surface blackish brown, and of
lower surface deep chestnut.

Haliwétus vocifer (Daud.), Traité, 11., p. 65
(1800). [ex Levaill—Keurboom R. , Cape Col.|
Vociferous Sea-Hagle.

Size similar; general plumage blackish
brown ; tail buffy white ; feathers of head,
hind neck and throat with buffy margins ;
cheeks and sides of neck white ; chest and
under parts like upper parts, but with rufous
stripes on chest.

Halivétus vociferoides Des Murs, Rev. Zool.,
1845, p. 175. [Madagascar, type in B.M.]
Madagascar Sea-Kagle.

* No locality given by Latham, but stated to have been brought in

‘ one of the last cireumnavigating ships.”

Indian
Peninsula,
Indo-Chinese
Provinces,
S.E. China,
Malay Pen.
& Archipel.,
Australia,
Oceania.

S.E. Russia,
Asia Minor,
Caspian, &
Central Asia
to Mongolia ;
India,

Burma.

Tropical
Africa, 8. to
Cape Colony.

Madagascar.

93

Gen. LXIII. GYPOHIERAX Riipp. (1855).
Space above and around eye bare, as well as a line
on either side of throat ; front of tarsus reticulated ;
claws with a groove below as in Haliwétus ; head
slightly crested.

Length g 23 in.; wing 17.2 in.; general
plumage white ; Pika be and. ues
black ; primar ies w hite with the tips black
and outer webs mottled with black; tail
black with broad terminal band of white ;
bare skin of face and feet flesh colour ; cere
bluish grey.

235. Gypohierax angolensis (Gmel.), S.N.,i., p. 252 Tropical
(1788). | Angola. | W. Africa,
Angola Vulture. Angola to

Senegambia ;

K. Africa.

Gen. LXIV. HALIASTUR Selby (1840).

strils circular, wit on argin all round ;
Nostrils ] th b marg Il round
presents affinities both with Aquiline and Milvine.

Length ad. 20, wing 15-15.50 in, Teaching
beyond end of tail* ; tail 7.50-8 in. - head,
neck, throat and breas t white with distinct
blackish brown shaft-stripes, narrowest and
blackest in old birds; rest of plumage
maroon chestnut, paler on tail, which is
whitish at tip; primaries brownish black ;
bill yellowish, the base blackish ; feet light
greenish yellow.
236. Haliastur Anes indus (Bodd.), Tabl. Pl. Indian
Enlum., p. 25 (1783). [ex Buff.— Pondicherry.| Peninsula,
Brahminy Kite. Ceylon,
Burmese
Provinces ;
S. China.

Wing 2 16 in.; reaching nearly 2 in. beyond

end of tail; tail 8.50 in.; the black shaft-

streaks on head, hind neck and breast reduced

to hair-lines and much less distinct.

* Ceylon birds seem to have as a rule slightly shorter wings and longer
tail than Indian birds, and to have the wings as a rule falling well short of
end of tail.

Za0a,

236b.

237.

Danas

Head

94

Haliastur indus intermedius Gurney, Ibis,
1865, p. 28. [Java.]
Malay Brahminy Kite.

Size similar ; wing gj 14.2; 915.3 in.; head,
neck, interscapulary region and throat and
breast snowy white without any sign of black
streaks ; rest of plumage bright maroon ;
tail with a broad terminal bar of white ; cere
and bill pale yellow, latter darker at tip and
bluish at base ; feet whitish yellow.
Haliastur indus leucosternus (Gould), P.Z.S.,
1837, p. 1388. [Australia=Moreton Bay,
Queensl., apud Math., type in Philad. Acad. ]
White-headed “‘ Sea-Kagle.”’

[= H. 7. girrenera (Vieill. et Oud.) |

Rather larger, length ad. 22 ; wing 16.6 in. ;
above ashy brown, more rufous on head and
darker and more chocolate on scapulars and
wing-coverts ; primaries brownish black ;
tail greyish-brown, paler at tip, and at base of
outer feathers ; throat fulvous ; breast dull
ochraceous, the feathers bordered with brown
and streaked with white ; flanks with black
shaft-streaks ; cere and bill greyish; feet
bluish white.

Haliastur sphenurus sphenurus (Vieill.), N.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xx., p. 564 (1818).
[“‘ Australia’ = N.S. Wales, apud Math., type
in Paris Mus.]

Whistling Eagle.

“ Lighter and smaller ”’ (Math.) ; “‘ of a much
lighter colour, especially on the upper portion
of the head, neck and scapulars” (North).
Haliastur sphenurus sarasini Math., Bds.
Austral., v., p. 169 (1916). [New Caledonia.]
New Caledonian Whistling Eagle.

Sub-Fam. VI. MILVINA.
usually closely feathered; loral bristles

scanty or wanting ; cere contracted ; nostrils oval,

Indo-Chinese
Provinces,
Malay Pen.,
Java,
Sumatra,
Borneo,
Philippine
Is., Celebes :
Babber I.

Australia,
New Guinea,
Moluceas,
Tenimber,
Ceram,

Aru Is.

Australia.

New
Caledonia.

95

oblique, generally closed in with a superior
membrane ; bill usually rather weak, straight at
base, curved from cere to point, the cutting edge
at most slightly festooned, but in two or three
genera either toothed or serrated ; wings usually
long, more or less pointed ; tail variable ; feet
small and weak; tarsi feathered for a variable
distance.

Gen. LXV. ELANOIDES Vieill. (1818).

Tail very long and deeply forked, outer feather
much the longest ; wings very long and pointed,
but not reaching beyond next outermost pair of
tail-feathers.

Head, neck all round, rump and _ entire
under parts snowy white; back, wings and
tail glossy black with purplish and green
reflections, the former especially on the
scapulars and wings ; secondaries white on
inner webs, except at tips.

238. Elanoides forficatus forficatus (Linn.), S.N.,i., N. America,
p. 89 (1758). [‘ America,” ex Catesby= (breeds in
Carolina. | S. United
Swallow-tailed Kite States, but

winters 8.
of them) ;
Mexico.

Wing 3 (Venez.) 16.60; outer tail-feathers

12.75in. “ Differs from N. American speci-

mens in having [reflections on] the scapulars

and to a lesser extent interscapulars rich

bottle green instead of dark purplish maroon”

(Chapman). [Doubtfully distinct.]

238a. Hlanoides forficatus yetapa Bonn. et Vieill., C. America

Ency. Meth., 1ii., p. 1205 (1823). [Paraguay.| (Costa Rica)

Southern Swallow-tailed Kite. S. to Peru,
Bolivia &
Paraguay.

Gen. LXVI. NAUCLERUS Vig. (1825).

Tail much shorter; wings long. but not greatly
exceeding length of tail.

96

Length 14.5; wing 9.95; tail 7.8 in. ; above
cinereous, darker on interscapulary region ;
wing and tail quills ashy grey, the secondaries
white at tips ; forehead and indistinct eye-
brow whitish ; cheeks and under parts pure
white.

239. Nauclerus riocouri (Vieill. et Oud.), Gal. Ois., N.E. Africa ;
i., p. 43, pl. 16 (1823). [Senegal, type in Br. W. Africa

Mus. | (Senegambia
Cinereous Kite. to Hausa-
land).

Gen. LXVII. MILVUS Lacep. (1799).

Tail forked, but difference between longest and
shortest feather less than difference between tips
of primaries and tips of secondaries.

Length ad. about 24 in., wing 19-20.75; tail
14-15in. ; plumage above brown with rufous
margins, the wing-coverts paler ; primaries
black ; rump dark brown ; upper tail-coverts
rufous ; tail rufous, tipped with fulvous. the
outer feathers partly barred with dark brown
on inner webs ; head, face and throat whitish
streaked with dark brown ; chest pale rufous,
with dark central streaks and paler edges ;
below bright rufous, with dark central
streaks ; bill horn colour; cere and feet
yellow.
240. Milvus milvus milvus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 89 Europe,
(1758). [Hurope, Asia, Africa—type loc. S. breeding

Sweden, apud Hartert.| from 8.

Common Kite. Sweden 8. to
Spain, also
Morocco,

Asia Minor,
Canary Is ;

in Brit. Is.
confined to
Wales.

Wing ad. 18.20-19.30 ; tail less forked, depth
of fork only about half as great; all the
feathers, including central pair, barred.
240a. Milvus milvus fasciicauda Hart., Bull. B.O.C., Cape Verd Is.
p. 89 (1914). [g Santo Antao, Cape Verd, (resident).
in Tring Mus.]
Cape Verd Kite.

241a,.

241b.

97

Length 2 (Caucasus) 24, wing 18.5; tail
10.5in.; above dark brown, much paler and
greyer on head and hind neck and throat,
which are much streaked with dark brown ;
tail with very indistinct darker bars ; below
dull rufous brown, brighter on abdomen,
with blackish shaft-lines ; cere orange, bill
black, feet yellow.

Milvus migrans migrans* (Bodd.), Tabl. PI.
Enl., p. 28 (1783). [ex Daub., pl. 472,
Buffon ete., type loc. France, apud Hart.]

Black Kite.

Size nearly the same ; tail more rufous brown,
with 7 or 8 more distinct blackish bands ;
head and hind neck browner; ear-coverts
darker ; below rather more rufous, especially
on abdomen, thighs and under wing- and
tail-coverts ; bill, as well as cere and feet,
bright yellow.

Milvus migrans egyptius (Gmel.), S.N., 1., p.
261 (1788). [Hgypt.]

Yellow-billed Kite.

Slightly smaller; wing 17 in.; less rufous,
more cinnamon-brown below ;_ bill yellow.
Milvus migrans parasitus Daud., Traité, ii.,
p. 150 (1800). [Ex Levaill.—South Africa. ]
Parasitic Kite.

Length ¢ 20; wing 19 in.; head and hind
neck slightly rufescent, with distinct central
stripes of black ; scapulars and wing-coverts

IDOLS tes
Kurope, N. to
Finland, S.
to Mediter-
ranean and
N.W. Africa ;
Asia Minor,
©. Asia = im
winter to
Tropical
Africa ; eas.
grit... Is.

N. & E.
Africa,
Palestine,
Arabia; cas.
in 8.E.
Kurope.

Africa, S. of
Sahara to
Cape Colony ;
Madagascar &
Comoro Is.

* Gmelin’s name korschun (1771) should never have been used for this
bird ; it does not seem to have been a form of Milvus he described at all.

241e.

241d.

242.

98

edged with buff; tail distinctly barred with
blackish ; below dull rufous brown; the
breast feathers with pale fulvous stripes
next the dark shaft-streaks ; vent and under
tail-coverts more buffish ; cere and feet yellow,
bill blackish.

Milvus migrans govinda Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832,
p. 81. [Deccan, type in Brit. Mus.]

Indian Kite.

Rather smaller; wing 16.5 in.; above
blackish brown, paler on wing-coverts, with
blackish shaft-stripes ; tail dark brown, with
remains of dark bars on centre feathers ; head
and hind neck pale brown, washed with rufous
and with blackish shaft-streaks ; below dull
rufous brown, more dusky on chest and
flanks, with distinct black shaft-streaks ; cere
and feet yellow, bill blackish.

Milvus migrans affinis Gould, P.Z.S8., 1837,
p. 140 (1838). [Australia=New S. Wales,
apud Math.]|

Allied Kite.

Larger, length $25.5 ; wing 21 ; tail 13.2 in. ;
above dark chocolate brown; head, hind
neck and wing-coverts more rufous and with
black shaft-streaks ; tail paler brown, more
rufous on central feathers and distinctly
barred with darker brown; lores, forehead
and cheeks white with black shaft-lines ; ear-
coverts brownish black ; below deep rufous
brown, clearer on abdomen, with broad black
central stripes, especially on chest ; cere and
feet greenish yellow ; bill black.

Milvus lineatus (Gray) in Hardw., Hl. Ind.
Zool.,i., p. 1, pl. 18 (1832). [China.] [=M.
melanotis, auct. plur. |

Black-eared Kite.

India ;
Ceylon ;
Burma ;
Russian
Turkestan.

Australia,
Celebes,
Lesser Sunda
Is.

Japan, N.
China,
Mongolia, to
Cent. Asia &
Himalayas,
W.to Ural ;
in winter S.
to Burma,
N. India &
Hainan.

—-

243.

(ous,

99

Gen. LXVIII. LOPHOICTINIA Kaup (1847).

Head crested ; bill moderate, the tip not prolonged ;
tail even.

Length 19; wing 18 in.; above blackish
brown, wing-coverts paler and slightly rufous
with dark centres ; wing quills and tail dark
brown, externally greyish, banded with
black, the subterminal band very broad ;
head dull rufous, and forehead, cheeks and
throat whitish, with black centre streaks ;
ear-coverts grey ; below rufous ; chest with
broad black centres to all the feathers,
becoming narrow shaft-streaks below ; cere
and feet greyish white ; tip of bill blackish.
Lophoictinia isura (Gould), Syn. Bds. Austr.,
pt. iii., pl. 47 (1838). [New S. Wales.]
Square-tailed Kite.

Australia,

EK. & W.

Gen. LXIX. ROSTRHAMUS Less. (1830).

Head not crested ; bill very long and slender, the
upper mandible hooked almost into a sickle-shape,
the cutting edges not festooned ; nostrils narrow
ovals, horizontal ; tail about half as long as wing,
nearly even.

Length ad. 13.5; wing 11.7 in.; general
colour lead grey, the wings blackish ; tail
grey with a broad terminal band of black ;
cere, lores, gape and feet orange yellow ; bill
black ; iris red.
Rosirhamus sociabilis (Vieill.), N.D., xviii.,
p. 318 (1817). [S. America: Corrientes et
Rio de la Plata. |
Everglade Kite.

Larger and blacker; length ad. 18; wing
14.1in. ; entirely slaty black, with a brownish
shade on wings ; base of tail and upper and
under coverts white ; tail black, tipped with
white, with a subterminal bar of ashy brown ;
bill black ; cere and feet yellow.

S. America
from
Argentina
and Peru to
Colombia ;
Central
America,

E. Mexico ;
Cuba and

Florida.

245.

100

Rostrhamus hamatus Temm., Pl. Col., 1., pl.
61, 231 (1823). [Brazd.| [= R. leucopygus
(Spix) of Sharpe. |

Slender-billed Kite.

IN. Brazil
Guiana ?
Colombia ?

Gen. LXX. REGERHINUS Kaup (1845).

[= Leptodon, Sudev. of Sharpe. |

Tail rounded, outer feather shorter than middle one ;
loral space bare ; upper mandible without a tooth.

246,

" 246Gb.

Length ad. 9 17; wing 11.7'; tail 7.5. im. ;
above and below bluish slate, with narrow
irregular bars of white below ; primaries
blackish shaded with slate grey ; secondaries
whitish below, barred and tipped with black ;
tail ashy grey with 2 bands of black ; under
tail-coverts buff; bill black. First mature
plumage generally browner, with a rufous
collar round hind neck ; below banded with
tawny rufous and ochraceous buff.
Regerhinus uncinatus uncinatus (Temm.),
Pl. Col., i., pl. 103-5 (1824). [Brazil=Rio
Janeiro, apud Chubb, type in Leyd. Mus.]
Hook-billed Kite.

Larger (wing ° 12.6) and with a larger bill
(culmen 2-2.5 in. against 1.55-1.65 in. in
typical form).

ja. Regerhinus uncinatus megarhynchus (Des

Murs), in Casteln., Voy., Ois.,. p. 9, pl..1.
(1855). [Sarayacu, type in Paris Mus.]
Large-billed Kite.

Wing ad. 9.70-10.50 in. ; tail black with 4
light bands, the 2 anterior ones white, others
light ash grey; below white, barred with
pale grey anteriorly and umber posteriorly
(Ridgway).

Regerhinus uncinatus wilsoni (Cass.), Jnl.
Acad. Philad., i., p. 21, pl. 7 (1847). [Cuba.]
Wilson’s Kite.

Guiana,
Venezuela,
Brazil,
Bolivia,
Trinidad,
Centr. Amer.

EK. Peru.

Cuba.

Gen. LXXI. LEPTODON Sundev. (1835).

The upper mandible with a single more or less pro-
nounced tooth.

101

Length Q 20-22 in.; wing 12.25-13.25 in. ;
above glossy black ; head slaty grey ; wing
quills black, banded with slate grey; tail
black with 3 bands of ashy grey and tipped
with same; below white; bill blackish ;
feet yellow.

247. Leptodon palliatus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. Brazil, Peru,
204 (1823). [Brazil, type in Brit. Mus.] Guiana to
[= L. cayennensis, auct. plur. | Centr. Amer,
Cayenne Kite.

Gen. LXXII. GYPOICTINIA Kaup (1847.

Bill not toothed; head crested; loral space
feathered ; wings reaching to end of tail; greater
part of tarsus bare in front.

Length 24; wing 19; tail 8.5 in.; general
plumage above and below blackish, browner
on scapulars and more rufous on, rump ; crest
and nape tawny rufous with black centres to
the feathers ; thighs and under tail-coverts
rufous, with black shaft-lines ; tail ashy grey
above, whitish near base and below ; lesser
wing-coverts and secondaries margined with
ashy grey ; primaries ashy white at base.

248. Gypoictinia melanosterna melanosterna Interior of
(Gould), P.Z.S., 1840, p. 162 (1841). [N.S. N.S. Wales,
Wales, type in Mus. Philad. Acad. ] S. Australia.

Blackbreasted Buzzard.

* Differs from G. m. melanosterna in lacking
the black on head and breast.”

(248a. Gypoictinia melanosterna decepta Math., Nov. W. Australia,
Zool., xviii., p. 250 (1912). [Parry’s Creek, Northern
N.W. Australia. | Territory.
Northern Buzzard.

Gen. LX XIII. ELANUS Savigny (1809).

Tarsus feathered for nearly two-thirds of its length
in front ; claws without groove on under surface.

Sexes nearly similar in size ; length ad. about
13; wing 10.15-11.20 ; tail 5.16 in.; above
ashy grey, lighter on head ; forehead, eyebrow,
and face white ; feathers round eye black ;

249.

249a,.

250.

102

lesser and median wing-coverts and a patch
on outer edge of wing black ; tail whitish, the
2 centre feathers ashy grey; below silky
white ; sides of breast pale silvery grey, wing
quills dark or blackish slate below; cere
and feet yellow ; bill blackish ; iris carmine.
Immature browner above and streaked with
rufous’ on chest and flanks.

Elanus ceeruleus ceruleus (Desf.) Mém. Acad.
R. des Sciences, 1787, p. 503, pl. xv. (1789).
[near Algiers. |

Black-winged Kite.

Slightly larger; wing 9 11.60—-12; tail 6in. ; ¢
wing 11.75 in. ; above ashy grey ; primaries
slate ; wing-coverts black, the shoulder white
on edge; black patch on outer edge of wing
nearly absent; 2 centre tail-feathers paler
grey, rest white ; fore-part of headand entire
under parts silky white, including under wing-
coverts ; wing quills white on basal half below.
Immature : head and nape white, streaked
with brown; above browner, with white
margins to all the feathers, including wing-
coverts and quills.

Elanus ceruleus hypoleucus Gould, P.Z.S.,
1850, p. 127. [Macassar, type in Norwich
Mus. |

White-breasted Kite.

Size similar ; wing ad. 11.50-12.30 in. ; tail
5.75-6.30 in.; above paler, more silvery
grey ; tail whitish ; primaries darker below,
nearly blackish ; outer under wing-coverts
black, forming a conspicuous patch below ;
axillaries white.

Elanus axillaris axillaris Lath., Ind. Orn.
Suppl., i., p. ix. (1801). [New S. Wales.]
Black-shouldered Kite.

Africa N. to
Mediter-
ranean ;
Palestine,
S.W. Asia,
India,
Ceylon* ;
Burma ; cas.
in 8. Europe.

Philippine
Is., Java,
Borneo,
Celebes.

K. Australia.

* Ceylon birds have the smallest wing measurement and the primaries
are darkest below, right to the base of the feathers.

103

“ Differs from Ff. a. axillaris in being lighter
above.”

250a. Elanus axillaris parryi Math., Nov. Zool.,
XVili., p. 251 (1912). [Parry's Creek, N.W.
Australia. |
Western Black-shouldered Kite.

Rather larger, with longer tail; wing 12-
13.30 ; tail 6.4-7.4 in. ; above darker bluish
ash, inner webs of secondaries paler,
nearly white ; black shoulder patch above
variable, but ‘not generally so large ; black
patch below smaller usually and confined to
the outer greater under wing-coverts.

250b. Hlanus axillaris leucurns (Vieill.), NDixxs
p. 563 [err. 566] (1S18). [Paraguay |
White-tailed Kite.

Size similar ; wing 11.5in. ; above paler, ashy
white, with the blac k patches on wing-coverts
and edge of wing ; axillaries as well as under
wing- -coverts black, except bend of wing which
is white.

251. EHlanus scriptus Gould, P.Z.S., 1842, p. 80.
[S. Australia. |
Letter-winged Kite.

W. Australia,
Northern
Territory.

Whole of

S. America,
Southern
United
States.

N.S. Wales,
Victoria,
S. Australia.

Gen. LXXIV. GAMPSONYX Vigors (1825).

Wings falling nearly an inch short of end of tail ;
tail feathers rounded, nearly even; tarsus short,
feathered about half way down in front.

Size small, lengthg 8 ; wing 5.8 ; tail 3.9 in. ;
° wing 6.15 in.; above leaden black with a
brownish shade on back ; secondaries broadly
tipped with white ; tail below much paler ;
forehead and sides of face orange buff ; sides
of neck and a collar encireling latter white,
below which is an interscapulary patch of
vinous red ;_ below white, with small patch
of black on each side of upper breast ; the
thighs pale buffish rufous, as also inner under
wing-coverts, but not breast or flanks.
Gampsonyx swainsont swainsoni Vigors,
Zool. Jnl, ii., p. 69. (1825). [near Bahia. |
Swainson’s Pearl-Kite,

bo
Or
i)

Brazil,
Paraguay.

104

Size nearly similar ; wing 3 (Merida) 6; tail
3.75 in.; @ wing 6.20; tail 4 in.; wing 3
(Guiana) 5.90-6; 2 wing 6.20-6.40 in. ;
below with the sides of breast and flanks
chestnut rufous [pure white in Bahia birds] ;
thighs darker rufous in Venezuelan birds
[but hardly more so in Guianan birds] ; fore-
head and sides of face slightly yellower and
paler.

. Gampsonyx swainsoni meridensis subsp. nov.

[3 Nevada, Merida, Nov. 15, 1908, alt. 3,000
metres, in coll. H. K. Swann and Merida
and Guiana examples in Tring Mus. and
Brit. Mus. |

Northern Pearl Kite.

“Upper surface darker and more strongly
shaded with slaty grey ; forehead and sides
of face straw colour instead of orange buff ”’ ;
total length 9.10 in.; wing 6.20; tail 3.75
in.; [sides of breast and flanks rufous. ]

. Gampsonyx swainsoni leone Chubb, Bull.

B.O.C., xxxix., p. 22 (1918). [Leon, Nicar-
agua, W. B. Richardson, Dec. 1892, type in
Br. Mus.]

Nicaraguan Pearl Kite.

Largest ; “differing from G. s. swainsoni only
in the larger wing and tail measurements ” ;
3§ total length 9.65; wing 6.95; tail 4 in. ;
2 wing 6.9in. [Differs from G. s. swainsoni
also in having sides of breast and flanks
rufous. |

. Gampsonyx swainsoni magnus Chubb, Bull.

B.O.C., xxxix., p. 21 (1918). [Amotape, Peru,
July 22, 1899, P. O. Simons, type in Br. Mus.]
Western Pearl Kite.

Venezuela
(S. to
Orinoco*),
British
Guiana.

Nicaragua.

W. Peru
and W.
Eeuador ;
Bolivia ?+

Gen. LXXV. ICTINIA Vieill. (1816).

Upper mandible with the cutting edge lobed, but
without a true tooth; bill short and deep, and

* Examples from the Orinoco are more or less intermediate. Of those
in Tring Mus. two have the sides strongly rufous, others only slightly.

+ An example in Tring Museum from Prov. of Sara, Bolivia, j has wing
measurement of 6.65 in. and presumably belongs to this form; another, 9,
from Calama River, Rio Madeira, has the wing 6.50 and is intermediate.

105

strongly arched, resembling that of Falco; cere
short ; tail square ; wings reaching about 1.25 in.
beyond end of tail.

Size small ; wing ad. 11.5-12.5; tail 6 in. ;
above leaden black ; wings and tail blacker ;
head lighter grey, nape a little darker ;
primaries pale chestnut on inner webs,
conspicuous below ; under parts slate grey ;
tail with 3 bars of white on inner webs
below, the basal one concealed and some-
times wanting.

253. Ictinia plumbea (Gmel.), S.N., 1., p. 283 (1788).
[ex Lath.—Cayenne. |
Plumbeous Kite.

Size similar; wing 3 10.5-11.5; 9 11-12.5
in. ; above leaden black, paler on secondaries
and blacker on primaries and tail, but latter
without white bars below ; head, neck and
under parts clear grey; base of primaries
chestnut on inner webs; bill black, feet
orange red.

Ictina mississippiensis (Wils.) Amer. Orn.,
lli., p. 80, pl. 25, fig. 1 (1811). [Naichez,
Mississippr. |

Mississippi Kite.

Lo
on
i

Central and
S. Amer. to
Brazil and
Paraguay.

Southern
United
States ;

S. in winter
to Mexico
and cas.
Guatemala.

Gen. LXXVI. HARPAGUS Vigors (1824).

Head not crested; nostrils oval with central
tubercle ; bill with 2 distinct teeth; tarsus slender
with broad transverse scales; feet small and
weak; wings very short, hardly reaching to
middle of tail ; size small.

Wing ad. 8.1; tail 6 in.; above slaty grey,
head darker and wings browner; tail dark
brown, with narrow bands of greyish white ;
below pale grey, the throat and under tail-
coverts white; thighs bright ferruginous.
255. Harpagus diodon (Temm.), Pl. Col.,i., pl. 198,
1824. [Brazil.|
Red-thighed Hawk.

South

Brazil (Rio
Grande do
Sul to Bahia).

106

Size similar; above [oldest dress] much
darker, slaty black; tail with 2 brownish
white bands; throat white, with median
black streak ; upper chest greyish, below
banded with grey and white ; less old birds
have tail browner, with 3 narrow whitish
bands and another across upper tail-coverts ;
below chestnut rufous, irregularly barred,
except on chest, with whitish and indistinct
darker bars.

Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus (Lath.), Ind.
Orn., i., p. 38, 1790. [Cayenne.]
Double-toothed Hawk.

bo
Or
So

Size slightly larger, wing ad. 8.8 in.; above
browner ; below banded as in less old stage
of last form.

256a. Harpagus bidentatus fasciatus Lawr., Pr. Phil.
Acad., 1868, p. 429. [Guatemala. |

Peru,
Guiana,
Venezuela,
Colombia.

Central
America
(Guatemala

to Panama).

Gen. LXXVII. BAZA Hodgs. (1836).

Size moderate, length under 20 in.; head with
occipital crest; bill with 2 teeth (sometimes
appearing as serrations); nostrils linear ovals,
without tubereles ; wings reaching to or beyond
end of tail.

Wing ad. 9.50-9.85 ; tail 5.7 in. ; crest long ;
above glossy greenish black, browner on
sides of head and throat ; secondaries white,
except at edges and tips, chestnut subter-
minally [except in very old birds]; chest
white, followed by a band of black across
upper breast, more or less mixed with
chestnut ; lower breast and flanks creamy
white, banded with chestnut ; vent, thighs
and under wing- and tail-coverts greenish
black. Immature: much more chestnut in
secondaries and less barred below.

257. Baza lophotes (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. 10
(1824). [Pondicherry.|
Crested Cuckoo-Faleon.

India (sub-
Himalayan
dist. to
Ceylon) ;
Tenasserim ;
Indo-China ;
Malay Pen.

25

bo
Or

25

8.

9b.

107

Larger ; wing 3 12.5, tail 8 in.; 9 wing 13,
tail 9 in. ; general colour brown, darker on
mantle, most of the feathers with paler
margins, those of head with rufous margins
and white bases; crest dark brown ;_ pri-
maries ashy brown, banded with darker
brown ; tail ashy grey with 3 bands of dark
brown ; throat with median and moustachial
blackish stripes ; below white, upper breast
and sides longitudinally marked with rufous
brown, lower flanks almost uniform.

Baza madagascariensis (Smith), 8. Afr. Q.
Jnl., i1., p. 285 (1835). [ Madagascar. |
Madagasear Cuckoo-Faleon.

Smaller; wing ad. 11.6 in.; above ashy
brown; head, crest and interscapulary region
darker, inclining to slaty black ; quills brown
above and ashy white below, barred with
dark brown on inner webs, the subterminal
band broad ; upper tail-coverts tipped and
barred with white ; tail ashy grey, tipped
with white, with broad subterminal and 3
other bands of black ; throat and chest clear
grey ; below buffy white, barred with tawny
rufous ; under wing-coverts uniform tawny
rufous.

Baza cuculoides cuculoides (Swains.), Bds.
W. Africa, i., p. 104, pl. 1 (1837). [“ W.
Africa’ = Senegal ?, type in Camb. Mus.]
W. African Cuckoo-Faleon.

Much darker above, uniform slaty black ;
throat and chest pale grey, the barrings
below confined to upper breast and of a
much darker brown colour; belly, flanks,
thighs and under tail-coverts pure white,
with little trace of buff; under wing-coverts
uniform rusty rufous.

Baza cuculoides batesi, subsp. nov. [¢ River
Ja, Cameroon, coll. G. L. Bates, Feb. 5,
1907. Brit. Mus. Reg., No. 1911. 5.31:60.]

[Not seen. ]
Baza cuculoides emini Reichenow, J-f.0.,
1894, p. 163. [Albert Nyanza.]

Madagascar.

W. Africa
(Senegal to
Gold Coast).

W. Africe
(Cameroon
to Aruwhimi
R., Upper

Congo).

Kquatorial
Africa.

259ce.

260.

260a.

260b.

108

Slightly larger; wing ¢ 12.7 in.; above
rather dark ashy grey, shaded with brown ;
crown and crest blacker ; upper tail-coverts
ashy grey with brown tips; under wing-
coverts barred with pale rufous and ful-
vous ; & browner above and more strongly
barred below.

Baza cuculoides verreauxi (Lafr.), Rev. Zool.,
1846, p. 130. [Port Natal.]

Verreaux’s Cuckoo-Falcon.

Wing ¢ 12.75, 9 13.10 in. ; culmen 1.4 in. ;
crown and nape pale fulvous, with blackish
central streaks: nape more tinged with
rufous ; crest long, black tipped with white ;
throat white with distinct central streak of
black ; foreneck and chest streaked with
pale rufous ; below white, with broad bands of
pale rufous ; oldest birds very much darker
above and below, the bars below rufous
brown, age apparently accounting for the
light and dark forms of this species.

Baza jerdoni jerdon (Blyth), Jnl. As. Soe.
Beng., xi., p. 464 (1842). [Malacca, type in
Mus. As. Soe. Beng. |

Jerdon’s Cuckoo-Faleon.

Slightly smaller ; wing ad. 11.7 in.; crown
black, edged with rufous ; crest black, tipped
with white ; chin and throat buff with broad
mesial black streak ; chest tawny cinereous,
with brownish shaft streaks ; below white
irregularly banded with pale rufous.

Baza jerdoni ceylonensis Legge, Stray Feath.,
iv., p. 247 (1876). |Matab, Ceylon.

Ceylon Cuckoo-Falcon.

Wing 311.5; culmen 1.05in. ; “ sides of face
and neck dull rufous; chest white, the
feathers edged with rufous and with triangular
black centres; under wing-coverts rufous
with paler edges; rufous bars on flanks
broader and inclining to dark brown.”

Baza jerdoni borneensis Sharpe, Ibis, 1898,
p.597. [Baran dist., Borneo, type in Sarawak
Mus. }

Bornean Cuckoo-Falcon.

S.E. Africa
(Natal to
Zambesi).

K. Himalayas
(Sikkim) ;
Burmese
countries ;
Malay Pen.,
Sumatra.

Ceylon ;
S. India
(Wynaad
cas.).

Borneo

260c.

260d.

260e.

261a.

109

Wing ad. 12.3, bill stouter, culmen 1.5 in. ;
above purplish brown; crown and crest
black ; throat and chest grey, former with
broad black central stripe ;~ below white,
banded with pale rufous; sides of face

.greyish, washed with rufous.

Baza jerdoni magnirostris (Gray), Cat. Acecip.
B.M., p. 19 (1844, nom. nud.) ; (Kaup), Isis,
1847, p.343. [ex Gray, Manila. |

Philippine Cuckoo-Falcon.

Wing ad. 11-12 in. ; culmen 1.25 in. ; above
darker brown; ear-coverts dark cinereous
instead of grey ; chest rufous ; below banded
with darker rufous brown.

Baza jerdont erythrothorax Sharpe, P.Z.S.,
1873, p. 625 (June 1873). [Celebes.]
Rufous-chested Cuckoo-Faleon.

Smaller; wing (imm. 9) 10.8 in.; below
white without median black line on throat ;
breast and abdomen washed with creamy
buff, sides and flanks with slight spots of
pale tawny buff.

Baza jerdoni leucopias Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p,
195. [Palawan I.|

Wing ¢ 12.85-12.95; 2 13.15-13.60 in. ;
above brown, slaty black on wings ; head,
neck and chest ashy grey; with small
occipital erest black ; tail ashy brown, with
broad subterminal and 3 other black bands ;
breast buffy white, banded with chestnut
brown [blackish in oldest birds]; thighs and
under wing and tail-coverts buffy rufous.
Baza subcristata subcristata (Gould), Syn.
Bds. Austral., pt. iii., pl. 46 (1838). [New S.
Wales. |

Australian Cuckoo-Falcon.

Smaller ; wing 9 11.65-12.10; @ 12.5-12.85
in.

Baza subcristata timorlaoensis Meyer, Abhandl.
Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892-3. No. 3, p.
5 (1893). [Tumorlaut. ]

Tenimber Cuckoo-Falcon.

Philippine

Is.

Celebes ;
Sula Is.

Palawan
Island
(Philippines).

Australia
(N.S. Wales,
Queensland) ;
S.E. New

yuINea.

Tenimber
Island.

261b.

26l1e.

261d,

26le.

261f.

*

and B.

110

Searcely smaller; wing ¢ 11.30-11.65; 9
11.85-12.35 in.; fore neck and chest very
pale grey ; bands on under parts narrower,
as also those on under surface of quills.
Baza subcristata pallida Stresemann, Nov.
Zool., xx., p. 307 (1913). [¢ Tual, Ker Is.,
Kihn coll., Tring Mus.]

Wing 11.25-11.90, 9 11.25-12.10 in. ; head,
neck all round, interscapulary region and
chest ashy grey ; crest blackish ; scapulars
and inner secondaries chocolate brown ;
breast and flanks buffy white, with blackish
brown crossbars; vent, under tail-coverts
and under wing-coverts orange buff.

Baza subcristata reinwardti (Mill. & Schl.),
Naturl. Versch., Av., p. 35, tab. 5 (1848).
[‘‘ Celebes, Borneo,” erroce—type loc. subst.
Stresemann : Amboina.|

Reirwardt’s Cuckoo-Falcon.

[Said to be larger. ]

Baza subcristata megala Stresem., Nov. Zool.,
xx., p. 307 (1915). [Fergusson I., D’Entre-
casteaux Archip.|

Size almost the same ; under wing-coverts
paler isabelline colour.

Baza subcristata gurneyt Ramsay, Jnl. Linn.
Soc. Zool., xvi., p. 1380 (1881). [Solomon Is.]
Solomon Islands Cuckoo-Falcon.

Slightly larger ; wing 3 12.25-12.35 ; 2 12.50-
13.05 in.

Baza subcristata bismarcki Sharpe, in Gould’s
Bds. New Guinea, i., pl. 4 (1888). [Bis-
marck Archip. |

Bismarck’s Cuckoo-Falcon.

Wing ad. 12.50 in. ; hind neck much darker
erey ; throat and chest light ashy grey, but
chest with broad tips of rusty rufous, obscur-
ing the grey; below closely and broadly

Said to be a synonym (cf. Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, Suppl.

Kei and
Goram Is.

Moluceas
(Ceram,
Amboina,
Bouru,

Aru Is.
Misol) ;

New Guinea,

Fergusson 1.*

Solomon
Islands.

New Ireland,
New Guinea,
Duke of
Mork aia
New
Hanover.

lls De 12 On LOwo)s
s. stenozona Gray, trom Aru Is., seems non-separable.

111

barred with light rusty rufous ; under tail-
coverts buffy rufous.

eoblg. Baza subcristata rufa Schl., Vog. Ned. Ind. N. Molucea
Valkvég., pp. 41, 78 (1866). ‘[Halmahera, ete.| Islands
Rufous Cuckoo Falcon. (Halmahera,
Morotai,
Batechian,
Ternate, ete.).

xen. LXXVIII. HENICOPERNIS Gray (1859).

Wings falling much short of end of tail ; tail very
long, more than five times length of tarsus ; head
slightly crested.

Size large ; wing 9 17.30 ; tail 11.5in.; g wing
14.20-14.50 in. ; above ashy brown, broadly
barred with black, except on lower back and
rump; head and hind neck streaked with
blackish and much varied with white ; tail
with 5 broad black bands; below creamy
white, with broad streaks of dark brown on
throat and breast, narrowing below ; cere
and bill bluish white, tip of latter blackish ;
feet yellowish white ; iris orange yellow.

262. Henicopernis longicauda longicauda (Garnot), New Guinea,
Voy. Coq., i., p. 588, pl. 10 (1826). [Dorey, Salawati,
Dutch New Guinea, type in Paris Mus.] Misori L[.,
Long-tailed Kite. Waigiou,

Aru Is.

Size similar; wing 3 14.-14.20 in.; much
darker ; wing-coverts and upper scapulars
dark brown instead of banded with light and
dark brown ; dark bands broader and light
bands narrower on wings ; tail with 4 dark
bands; below blackish brown with pale
edgings.

262a. Henicopernis longicauda infuscata Gurney, New Britain.
Ibis, 1882, p. 128. [Blanche Bay, New
Britain, co-type in Brit. Mus. ]
Gurney’s Long-tailed Kite.

Gen. LXXIX. MACHARHAMPHUS Westerm. (1851).

Head strongly crested ; bill weak and slightly keeled;
loral plumes produced above half the nostril,

112

Length ad. 18.5; wing 14.2; tail 7.8 in. ;

black, with a chocolate brown shade ; a well-

defined spot above and below eye white ;

throat and centre of chest white ; chin and a

broad streak down throat, as well as sides ot

latter, and a few spots on lower parts black.

263. Macherhamphus alcinus Westerm., Bigd. Malacca.

tot d. Dierk;, 13) pt. 2, p. 29) ple Ia disbih:

[ Malacca, type in Leyd. Mus.]

Malacca Pern.

Rather smaller ; wing ad. 13.9; tail 7.3 in. ;
above chocolate brown; white bases of
feathers conspicuous on nape; above and
below eye a broad white line ; throat white,
with dark brown moustachial line each side
below gape and a faint central streak ; wing
quills dark brown, banded with white below ;
tail chocolate brown above, banded with
pale brown, white below ; under parts white ;
upper breast streaked with dark brown, lower
breast and flanks dark brown mottled with
white ; bill bluish, black at tip ; feet bluish
white.

264. Macherhamphus anderssont Gurney, P.Z.S:, S.W.. Africa,
1865, p. 618 [Oljimbinque, Damaraiand, type Madagascar,
in Norw. Mus. ] B. E. Africa,
Anderson’s Pern. Uganda, Brit.

Centr. Africa.
[Not seen, doubtful form. ]

2642. Macherhamphus |anderssoni| revoili Oust., Somaliland.
Bibl. Hautes Etudes, xxxi., art. 10, p. 2
(1866). [Somaliland. |

Gen. LXXX. PERNIS Cuv. (1817).

Size large ; head usually only slightly crested ; bill
stouter; basal plumes not produced beyond
posterior margin of nostril; wings and tail long ;
tarsus short, feathered about half way down.

Wing § 15.75-16.75 ; tail 11 in.; plumage
variable ; normaily above brown, with paler
margins and black shaft-stripes ; head ashy
grey ; nape mottled with white ; wing quills
darker at tips and with 2 basal dark bars,
conspicuous on whitish under-side ; upper

267.

113

tail-coverts barred and tipped with white ;
tail paler brown, tipped with white, and with
3 dark bands; below white, with brown
streaks on throat, large blotches on breast
and smaller spots on flanks and abdomen ; °
larger and with much less grey on head and
more barred below. Imm.: head dark brown,
rufous on sides and hind neck; tail more
banded ; below rufous brown, with distinct
black shaft-streaks ; later under parts become
barred with white.

Pernis apivorus apivorus (Linn.), S.N., 1., p.
91 (1758). [Hurope—restr. type loc. Sweden
apud Hart.|

Honey Buzzard.

Larger ; wing? 18.75 in. ; head, nape and band
round lower throat black, the nape mottled
with white bases to all the feathers.

Pernis orientalis Taez., Faune Orn. Sib. Or.,
ee parou (in Mem, Ac: «St. Petersh., <xxix:,
1891). [H#. Siberia, type in Warsaw Mus.
(W. Sclat.)]

Siberian Honey Buzzard.

Slightly smaller; wing (Java) g 17.25 in. ;
crest of long feathers ; general colour deep
chocolate brown, with black shaft lines
below ; crown black ; sides of head grey and
scaly-looking ; an imperfect line across lower
throat black ; tail with very broad central
band of pale ashy brown and broad terminal
and less broad sub-basal black bands, the base
brown mottled with ashy and white. Im-
mature : buffish to white below, with broader
shaft-stripes.

Pernis cristatus cristatus Vieill., Tabl. Ene.
Meth. Orn., p. 1225 (1823). [Java, type in
Paris Mus.] [= P. ptilonorhynchus and P.
tweeddaler. |

Crested Pern.

Europe, N.
to Lapland,
S. to Spain,
N. Italy and
Greece, E. to
Ural and
Asia Minor ;
in winter

S. to Africa,
cas. Canaries.

K. Siberia ;
in winter to
S. China.

Java,
Sumatra,
Malay Pen.,
Siam ;
Borneo ;
Philippines

267a.

268a.

114

Wing ad. (av.) 16.5 in. ; crown and sides of
head ashy grey; general colour chocolate
brown ; tail with broad terminal black band
and another narrower one nearer base, the
wide interspace and basal band ashy brown ;
below with distinct black shaft-stripes.
Pernis cristatus ruficollus Less., Traité, p. 76
(1831); Des Murs, Icon., pi. 14. [Bengal,
type in Paris Mus.| [= P. c. ellioti.]

Indian Crested Pern.

Smaller; length ad. 21.5; wing 14.7; tail
10.5 in.; above chocolate brown, the head
blackish ; feathers of hind neck margined with
rufous ; lores and feathers round eye grey ;
throat white, with distinct black shaft-stripes,
and black moustachial and central streaks ;
chest tawny rufous, with broad central streaks
of black ; below white, barred with blackish
brown; tail brown with 5 bars of darker
brown and remains of other bars on the inter-
spaces, the tip whitish.

Pernis celebensis celebensis Walden, Tr. Z.S.,
vill., p. L11 (1872) [Celebes, type in Br.
Mus. |

Celebes Pern.

‘““Resembling P. c. celebensis, but with a long
crest composed of one or two elongated
feathers, usually measuring about 2.5 in. and
coloured black with white bases; as a rule,
not so richly coloured . . . the transverse
banding on belly and under tail-coverts brown
and white, not black and white, and black on
under wing-coverts also paler.”

Pernis celebensis steeret W. Sclat., Bull. B.O.C.,
xl., p. 41 (1919). [San Antonio, Negros, type

in Brit. Mus. |

Indian
Peninsula,
Cevlon,
Assam,
Burma 2

Celebes.

Philippine
Is. (Luzon,
Samar,
Negros,
Mindanao,
Basilan.)

MJ
=

= PART IV.—MARCH 31, 1920 | PRICE 4/-

“SYN OPTICAL LIst

OF THE
: ACOIPIERES
: (Diurnal Birds of Prey)

; PART IV.

(FALCONINEZ AND PANDIONES)

Comprising described Species and Subspecies, with their
: Characters and Distribution
< BY :
H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U
Corresponding Fellow of Amer. Orn. Unton

LONDON :
JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38, GREAT QUEEN STREET,
KINGSWAY, W.C.2
1920

AS SS ee Sa te Ee ee ate

A

SeNOPTICAL Visi

OF THE

MeC IPI PRES

(DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY)
EFARYT IV.

Sub eram, Vil, PALCONINA:.

Bill short, curved from the base, with one distinct
tooth near the end of cutting edge of upper
mandible ; nostrils usually circular with central
tubercle ; feet strong; tibia much longer than
tarsus; toes long, talons curved and sharp ;
tarsus short, usually reticulated ; wings long and
pointed ; size moderate, or small.

Gen. LXXX. MICROHIERAX Sharpe (1874).

Nostrils perpendicular ovals, without central
tubercle ; tarsus covered with broad scales in
front and feathered nearly half way down ;
wings proportionately shorter than in Falco.

Size very small; length 5.5; wing 3 3.90-
4.25; @ 4.10-4.40 in.; above greenish
black ; forehead, broad stripe above eye
and down sides of neck, as well as collar on
hind neck, white; primaries barred with
white on inner webs; tail with 5 or 6
white bars on inner webs, basal one con-
cealed and subterminal one either obsolete
or a tiny spot ; below entirely ferruginous,
darkest on throat, vent and thighs and

116

paler on chest; sides of breast greenish
black. Immature with stripes on sides of
head rufous, instead of white, and throat,
chest and breast white.
265. Microhierax cerulescens cerulescens* Linn., Himalayas
S.N. 1. p. 88 (1758) [ex. Edwards— to Bhutan.
“ Asia” = Bengal]
Red-breasted Pigmy Falcon.

Wings shorter ; $3.75; 94.10in. ; throat
vent and thighs only ferruginous, chest
and breast silky white, the latter slightly
washed with ferruginous; tail with the
subterminal white band in the form of two
fair-sized spots of white, much larger than
in last form.

265a. Muicroluerax caerulescens burmanicus subsp. Burma,
nov. [glhayetmyo, Burma, E. W. Oates, Siam,
Hume Coll. 1871. Brit. Mus. Reg. No. 85, Cambodia,
8, 19, 2195] S. Annam.
White-breasted Pigmy Falcon.

Size of M. c. cerulescens ; wing ¢ 3.50, ?
4 in.; without the white collar on hind
neck ; no white eyebrow but sides of neck
with a white patch ; cheeks and ear-coverts
forming a large rounded patch of black ;
chest white; abdomen and under tail-
coverts pale chestnut, the longer under tail-
coverts and whole flanks glossy black ; tail
with 5 or 6 white bars on inner webs, first
one concealed ; wing quills spotted rather
than barred on inner webs.

* This is quite certainly the correct name for this species. Edwards’s
plate accurately represents the Indian form except for the white neck band,
a point which has given rise to much discussion, but there is no doubt this is
an accidental variation, as in the Brit. Mus. coll. such a bird actually exists,
without a trace of white collar, from Riocour’s collection. (B. M. Reg. No. 89,
5, 30, 48) marked “‘ Malaisie,’’ and although not of the Indian race it proves
the possibility of the collar being lost. The Indian form, it should be remarked
has the under parts white (except vent and thighs) when immature, but nearly
uniform ferruginous when adult. The eastern form on the other hand has,
when adult, only a small throat patch and the vent and thighs ferruginous,
with a wash of same on breast. In a large series a good deal of variation is
found in the width and purity of the white collar, and Indian examples in

particular often show a strong shading of black on it.

ee ee

——

eee =

——

266.

267.

267 a.

268.

igtZ/

Microherax fringillarius Drap., Dict. Class.

dG flict. (Nath Vil wip. 4ize" pls: (1824):
[‘‘ Indes ”—type loc. sugg. Malacca]
Malayan Pigmy Falcon.

Slightly larger; wing g 4.30, @ 4.79;
above glossy black ; forehead, narrow line
above eye and down side of neck as well
as entire under parts white; cheeks and
ear-coverts as well as sides of breast black ;
thighs white ; wing quills broadly banded
with white on inner webs ; tail with 5 or 6
white bars on inner webs.

Microhievax melanoleucus melanoleucus
Bivthe simile cAsvSocumaena., ebb pts 1s
p. 179* (1843). [Assam.]

Black and White Pigmy Falcon.

Size similar ; wing ad. 4.25; similar, but
having an irregular white nape band and
with more black on sides of body. [See pl.
8 Oiseaux de la Chine, David ét Oustalet,
1877].

Microhierax melanoleucus sinensis Sharpe,
Ibis, 1875, p. 254 [new name for M.
chinensis, David, Bull. Soc. Philom. Séance
27 Fevr. 1875, (Kiangst) |.

Size of M. fringillarius ; (wing ad. 4 in.) ;
greater part of crown as well as forehead
white ; region round eye black; cheeks
white ; no white stripe on sides of neck ;
below paler than in M. fringillarius, but
sides and thighs black. |
Microhierax latifrons Sharpe, Ibis 1879,
p. 237 [Lawas River and Lumbidan], type
in Brit. Mus.

White-headed Pigmy Falcon.

Size similar; wing ¢ 4, 9 4.25 in.; above
greenish black; primaries barred with
white on inner webs in g, uniform black
in 9; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck

Malay
Peninsula,
Java,
Sumatra,
Sarawak.

Assam,
Cachanite
Indo-
China ?

China.

N. Borneo.

269.

118

and under surface silky white, the sides,
flanks, thighs and lower under tail-coverts
black ; tail entirely black.

Microhierax erythrogenys erythrogen\s Vi-
sors, PiZ.5. 183 ip. 96 azon mye im
Brit. Mus. ]

Luzon Pigmy Falcon.

Larger; wing ¢ 4.30-4.45; 2 4.60-4.80
in. ; under wing-coveits and inner webs of
primaries uniform black in g; belly, vent
and under tail-coverts washed with pale
fulvous.

Microhierax erythrogenys meridionalis Ogil-
vie Grant, Ibis, 1897, p. 220 [g Zamboanga,
S. Mindanao, 2 Samar, types in Brit. Mus. ]
Samar Pigmy Falcon.

N. Philip-
pine Is.
(Luzon).

S. Philip:
pine Is.
(Samar,
Cebu,
Mindanao).

Gen. LXXXI. POLIOHIERAX Kaup (1847).

Nostrils as in Microhierax ; tarsus less feathered
in front.

270.

Size small; length ¢ 7.5; wing 4.6 in. ;
wing 9 4.8in.; 9 above bluish grey ; head
darker ; forehead, sides of face and hind
neck pure white; quills and tail brown,
spotted on outer and barred on inner webs
with white ; upper tail-coverts white, as
well as entire under parts; 9, interscapu-
lary region and scapulars deep vinous
chestnut.

Poliohierax semitorquatus semitorquatus
Smith, Rep. Expl. Centr. Afr., p. 44 (1836).
[Near Latakoo, Bechuanaland).

African Pigmy Falcon.

Above with head and neck darker slaty
grey ; below with white bars on under
surface of wings and tail broader ; wings
rather longer ; feet stronger and stouter ;

S; “Africas
Ne tomDa=
maraland.

270a.

271:

119

[back chestnut brown in both sexes accor-
ding to Heuglin].

Poliohierax semitorquatus castanonotus
Heugl., Ibis, 1860, p. 407. [Méré Belenia,
White Nile}.

Abyssinian Pigmy Falcon.

Larger; wing g 5.7 in.; 3 above slaty
blue with black shaft lines ; no white collar
on hind neck; rump and upper tail-
coverts white ; tail with 3 bands of white,
except on central feathers ; below white,
with black shaft lines, the flanks washed
with grey; @ head and mantle bright
ferruginous red.

Poliohierax insignis Walden, P.Z.S., 1871,
p. 627. [Tongoo, Upper Burma, type in
Walden Coll. |

Burmese Pigmy Falcon.

Abyssinia.

Burma,
Indo-
Chinese
Provinces.

Gen. LXXXII. SPIZIAPTERYX Kaup (1851).

Nostrils round with central tubercle ; outer toe
longer than inner; middle toe very short ;
distance between tips of primaries and tips of
secondaries less than half length of tail.

Length ad. 11.5; wing 6.35; tail 5.7 in. ;
above ashy brown, the head_ blackish
brown; rump and upper tail-coverts
creamy white ; wing-coverts with blackish
central streaks and spots of white on
each web ; quills blackish with large spots
of white: “tail black,’ all but central
feathers spotted on outer and barred on
inner web with white ; sides of face, eye-
brow and hinder part of cheeks white ;
below ashy white, with blackish central
streaks.

Spiziapteryx circumcinctus Kaup, P.Z.S.,
1851, p. 43. (Chile, errore = Argentina].
Spot-winged Falcon.

Argentina.

120

Gen. LXXXIII. HARPA Bp. (1855).

Size much larger ; middle toe very long.
Length 9 18.5; wing 10.8-11.4; tail 8.3
ins.; 3 wing 9.8-10.3 in. ; above blackish
brown, narrowly barred, except on head,
which is blackish, with pale rufous ; quills
and tail barred with greyish white; the
tail bands 8 in number; ear-coverts and
moustachial streak black; below buffy
white, the breast and abdomen with central
streaks of dark brown, broader on sides,
which are also ocellated with large white
spots; thighs and under tail-coverts
bright rusty red with dark brown shaft-
streaks.

273. Harpa nove-zealandie _nove-zealandie New
(Gmiel.)'S.N.,1.; p. 268 (1789). lex: Vath.” Zealand:
—New Zealand. | Auckland
New Zealand Quail-Falcon. Islands.

Smaller’ wine Gy) 9-9.2 4.) 2e9:7- 10 ins
plumage similar; [scarcely distinguish-
able except by sexing].

273a. Harpa nove-zealandie pottsi,* Math. and New
Iredale, Ibis, 1913, p. 420. [Puroah Bay, Zealand.
N. Island.
Bush Falcon.

Gen. EXSY] “PALCO inn (1758):

Distance between tips of primaries and tips of
secondaries more than half length of tail; first
and third quills equal, second longest ; feet large
and powerful; tarsus short, reticulated; toes
long with curved and sharp claws, the outer toe
rather longer than inner.

* H. australis (Hombr. & Jacq.) being not tenable, the small form
has been re-named by Mathews and Iredale.

274.

274a.

121

Length 9 about 18 in. ; wing 13.85-14.60,
$ wing 12-12.75 in. ; head, hind neck and
wing-coverts blackish, as also cheeks, ear-
coverts and short moustachial stripe ;
forehead and sides of neck behind ear-
coverts white ; rest of upper parts bluish
slate, barred or arrow-headed with black-
ish; tail broadly barred with black and
tipped with white ; below white, with a
buff tinge on breast, the chest with narrow
black shaft stripes, breast spotted and
belly and under tail-coverts irregularly
barred with black ; bill bluish ; feet yellow.
Immature brown above, with paler mar-
gins, including head ; tail barred with pale
rufous ; immature also without the black
head and longitudinally marked below.
Falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunst., Orn.
mit sap. elles L)0\ Ex Pennant—Gt.
Britain. |

Peregrine Falcon.

With the black of cheeks and ear-coverts
reduced to a narrow stripe and the white
band behind much increased.

Falco peregrinus calidus Lath., Ind. Orn.
1., p. 41 (1790). [India.]

Siberian Peregrine Falcon.

wing ¢ 13-13,15,
chest with a more

Very slightly larger ;
2 14.60-14.80 in. ;

Europe,

N. of
Mediter-
ranean ; in
winter to
Airical;.cas:
Greenland.

N. Asia,
W. Siberia ;
in winter to
India,
Ceylon,
China,
Egypt,
Cyprus,

N. Africa,
and Malay
Archipel.

\ 97 4p.

274c.

274d.

122

reddish buff tint, and with few or no
markings.

Falco peregrinus anatum Bp., Geogr. and
Comp. List, p..4:(1838)-™ [ex Awds plate
—New Jersey.]

American, Peregrine Falcon.

Size similar; darker above and below;
the head not so black but more uniform
with the dark plumbeous upper parts ;
below more heavily and broadly banded
with blackish.

Falco peregrinus pealet Ridgw., Bull. Essex
Inst., v. p. 201 (1873). [Ovegon, type in
U.S. Nat. Mus.]

Peale’s Falcon.

Smaller than F. p. peregrinus and with
more slender feet; wing ¢ 11.05-11.85,
2 12.60-13.40 in. ; less heavily marked below
and with the ground colour more ruddy.
Falco peregrinus brooket Sharpe Ann. and
Mag. N.H. (4) x1., p. 21 (1873). [Sardima,
type in Brit. Mus. =F. punicus, auct. |
Lesser Peregrine Falcon.

N. America
(except

N We)
wintering
in Southern
U.S. and
W. Indies;
Southern S.
America ;
England
(cas. )

Pacific
Coast of
N.W.
America,
from
Oregon to
Aleutian,
Commander
and Kuril
Islands.

Mediter-
ranean
countries
and islands,
from S.
Spain to
Greece,
Cyprus and
Asia Minor,
N. Morocco

274e.

Q7Af.

274g.

123

Slightly smaller ; wing ¢ 10.65-11.20,
OF 05-11.3a71m > “dullerain colour than
F. p. peregrinus and with the dark bars
on abdomen closer together.

Falco peregrinus minor Schleg., Abh. Geb.
Zool. & Vergl. Anat., heft iii., p. 20 (1844).
(Mins. of Cape of Good Hope.|

S. African Peregrine Falcon.

Smaller than F. p. peregrinus; wing &
12.0-13.0 in.; below tawny ferruginous,
paler on throat and sides of neck, marked
on flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts
with a few spots and cross bars of black.
Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sund., Phy-
siogr. Siillskapets Tidsskr. Lund. 1., p. 177,
taf. 4 (1837). [Indian Ocean, off Nicobar
isa

Indian Peregrine Falcon.

Wing ¢ 11.65-12 in.; @ 13.25-13.50 in.,
3 head and nape deep black, including
sides of face, cheeks and ear-coverts ;
interscapulary region blackish, with obso-
lete bars of bluish grey; rest of upper
parts bluish ashy, barred with black ;
tail blackish tipped with white, with broad
subterminal and 11 other bars of black ;
throat and chest deep creamy buff, latter
with a few black shaft stripes; below
buffy white closely and narrowly barred
with black, the sides and thighs tinged with
erey ; & more ferruginous below and with
the cross bars more irregular.

Falco peregrinus macropus Swains., Anim.
in Menag., p. 341 (Jan. 1838). [Tasmania]
[=F. p. melanogenys Gould. |
Black-cheeked Falcon.

Size similar; wing ¢ 11.6 in.; darker
above: chest much more rufous ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries more closely

Africa,
from Cape
Colony to
the

Blue Nile.

Indian
Peninsula ;
Ee tos:
China.

E. and W.
Australia,
Tasmania.

274h.

274i.

275.

124

bared with black, the white inter-bars
more rufous ; under tail-coverts and thighs
barred with bluish grey and black, instead
of whitish and black.

Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, Ibis, 1904,
p. 545. [Mt. Dulit, type in Brit. Mus.]

Hose’s Falcon.

Slightly. larger; wing gf 12, 9 13.5 in.;
entire head, including cheeks and ear-
coverts, hind neck, interscapulary region
and least wing-coverts deep black; rest
of upper parts dark bluish ashy, barred
and spotted with black; tail with the
apical quarter black, rest bluish ashy,
barred with black; under parts marked
much as in F. p. macropus, but the bars
broader and the lower parts with a pro-
nounced grey shade.

Falco peregrinus cassint Sharpe, Ann. &
Mag. N.H. (4), xi., p. 223 (1873). [Mag-
gellan Str. and Falkland Is.|

Cassin’s Falcon.

Immature ¢ [Tring Mus.]. Wing 9 in. ;
above black with remains of rufous edg-
ings: an indistinct collar on hind neck
pale rufous ; upper tail-coverts with broad
ashy margins; tail slate, tipped buffy
white and indistinctly barred with black ;
throat white, sides of head and Pon otaehnal
patch black ; below rufous fawn, narrowly
striated with black.

Falco fascunucha Reichen. and Neum.,
Orn. M.B: ii1., pp! 1f4.(1895). pertanE-
Africa. |

Kilimanjaro Falcon.

Borneo,
Greater
Sunda Is.,
Philippine
Islands,
NewGuinea
Fi Islands

Chile,
Falkland
Islands.

E. Africa
(Kiliman-
jaro
district).

276.

276a.

125

Smaller than F. p. peregrinus; wing 3
10.95-11.40, 2 11.10-11.60 in. ; above much
paler bluish grey, the cross bars fainter ;
crown dusky brown instead of black, the
fore part tinged with rufous ; entire hind
neck rusty red, with some dusky mottlings;
fore part of ear-coverts and cheek stripe
blackish ; throat and sides of neck buffish
white; below pale buffy fawn, breast
unspotted, but sides with a few blackish
spots, becoming bars on under wing and
tail-coverts. Younger birds dark brown
above, with rufous margins; hind neck
creamy white, tinged with rufous; below
creamy white, breast and flanks streaked
with brown, more broadly on the latter.
Falco pelegrinoides pelegrinoides Temm.,
Pl. Col. 479 (18302?) [Nubia] [ -= F. bar-
barus Linn. ? and F. pumicus Levaill. jun. |
Barbary Falcon.

Said to be darker above. [Doubtful
form. |

Falco pelegrinoides arabicus Erlanger,
J.£.0. 1903, p. 293 [Lahadsch,.type in
Berlin Mus. |

Larger ; wing ¢ 12, 213in. ; above lighter
bluish grey; fore part of crown more
rufous ; hind part of crown greyish black ;
nape and hind neck clear rufous, with
darker centres to many of the feathers ;
below buffy white, with arrow-head brown
spots on centre of belly and bars on the
sides ; throat and chest unspotted.

N. Africa
(Nov of the
Sahara)
from W.
Morocco
to Egypt ;
in winter
Seto

Khartoum.

126

276b. Falco pelegrinoides babylonicus Gurney,

in)

Ibis, 1861, p. 218, pl. vii.
Norwich Mus. |
Red-capped Falcon.

[Oudh, type in

Size similar; wing ¢ 12, 2 14 in.; fore-
head whitish ; fore part of crown black ;
rest of crown and nape brick-red, with
black shaft stripes; moustachial stripe,
feathers round eye and band down side
of neck black ; above dark brown, barred,
except on interscapulary region, with blue-
grey, inclining to fulvous on scapulars and
secondaries and more regular and paler
grey on rump; tail regularly barred with
fulvous grey and blackish brown ; below
vinous buffish, warmer on breast ; streaked
on chest and slightly spotted on sides with
blackish in most birds, but nearly un-
spotted in oldest examples.

Falco biarmicus biarmicusTemm., Pl. Col.
livr. 55, pl. 324 (1825). [Ka/ffirland and
Cape Colony.]

South African Lanner.

Slightly larger; wing 3 12.35-12.85,
Q 14-14.75 in.; above darker and more
uniform ; nape less rufous; slightly more
spotted below, but with the ground colour
more buffish white, and the chest as a rule
free from markings.

C. Asia,
from
Turkestan
and E.
Persia to
Afghani-
stan and
N.W. India;
Mesopo-
tamia; “ina
winter S. to
India ; also
to Sudan
in Africa.

S., Aiiicar
N. to

Angola and
BE. Africas

2h 7/2.

ZAIC:

277d.

127

Falco biarmicus tanypterus Schleg., Krit.
Uebers. i1., p. 11 (1844). [Nubia and
Abyssima ; restricted type loc. Nubia.]
Nubian Lanner.

Very slightly larger ; wing ¢ 12.90-13.60 ;
Q 14.35-14.85 in.; lower parts more
heavily spotted with black.

Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neum., J.f.O.
1904, p. 369. [Shoa; type in Tring Mus.]
Abyssinian Lanner.

Similar to F’. b. feldeggi, but paler and less
marked with blackish on crown, also

slightly smaller; wing 4 12.20-12.80,
O03 :35-14.25 in.
Falco biarmicus erlangert (Wleinschm.,

Aquila, viii., p. 33 (1901). [Tunis and
Tangier, N. Morocco, types in Klein-
schmidt’s coll. ]

North African Lanner.

Size about the same ; wing ¢ 12.20-12.90 ;
2 13.65-14.10 in. ; with the under parts
much more heavily spotted than in F. 0.
biarmicus and the ground colour more
creamy white; crown and nape creamy
rufous.

Falco biarmicus feldeggit Schleg., in Végel
Europas von Susemihl, tafl. 8a (1843 or
1844) ; idem Abh. Geb. Zool. ili., p. 2-3
(1844). [Dalmatia. |

European Lanner.

Larger ; wingd 13.85-14.70, 2 15.45-16.60
in.; head pale rufous to rufous white,

Nubia,
Egypt,
Arabia,
Palestine.

Abyssinia,
Shoa,
Gallaland,
Blue and
White
Niles,
Sudan to
Hausa land
& Togoland

N. Africa
(Atlas
district
from Tunis’
to W.
Morocco).

S. Europe
(Balkan
countries
[not ex-
tending to
Russia |,
S) italy:

278.

278a.

128

with narrow blackish shaft stripes ; above
earthy brown, all the feathers margined
with rufous; quills with the white bars
on inner webs uniting on the margins ;
tail barred with rufous white on the inner
webs and with oval spots on the outer webs;
sides of face and throat white, with dusky
streaks on ear-coverts, but little indication
of a blackish moustache ; below whitish,
the chest slightly and breast and _ belly
thickly marked with blackish brown, more
in form of bars on flanks. Immature:
very little rufous on head; moustache
stripe more apparent ; tail with the central
feathers generally unmarked ; below more
heavily and longitudinally marked.
Falco cherrug cherrug Gray, in Hardw.
Ind. Zool. i1., pl. 25 (1833-34). [India]
Saker Falcon.

Size similar ; more barred above with pale
rufous ; tail regularly and closely barred

across centre feathers, not marked with

oval spots.

Falco cherrug muilvipes Hodgs., Gray’s
Zool. Misc., p. 81 (1844) [nom. nud.] ;
Jerdon, Ibis, 1871, p. 240. [Umbaila,
India.

Hodgson’s Saker.

Suk.
Europe
(Balkan
Penin. and
S. Russia) ;
Cyprus
(cas.)

C. Asia =ite
N.W. India
and China
in winter.

High pla-
teaux of
Central
Asia :
Thibet ;
Mongolia ;
Nepal ;
Baluchis-
tam China:
in winter S.
to India.

279.

280.

129

Smaller ; wing ¢ 12.50-13.0, 9 14-14.60 in.;
feathers of crown dull rufous, with blackish
brown centres; nape rather paler and
mottled with black; above ashy brown,
with pale fulvous margins ; rump paler
and clearer grey; tail ashy grey, tipped
with white ; the outer feathers barred on
inner web with whitish ashy; below
white, with narrow black moustachial
stripe ; lower breast with a few dark shaft-
streaks, flanks and thighs ashy brown.
Falco jugger Gray, in Hardw. Ill. Ind.
Zool. 11., pl. 26 (1833-4). [India.]

Laggar Falcon.

Size similar; wing ¢ 12-13, 2 13-14 in.;
above brown, with paler fulvous margins ;
crown and nape with whitish margins ;
tail tipped with white and all but the centre
pair of feathers barred on inner webs with
whitish, but outer webs scarcely spotted ;
below white, chest streaked and breast and
belly spotted with brown, more in form
of bars on flanks.

Falco mexicanus Schleg., Abh. Geb. Zool.
heft iii., p. 15 (1844). f[ex. Licht.--Mexico]
Prairie Falcon.

Size small; wing g 10.6 in. ; above ashy,
with indistinct fulvous margins and black-
ish shaft-stripes, especially distinct on
head and nape, latter of which is whitish
tinged with rufous; tail with broad ful-
vous tip, and some obsolete black bars at
apical end ; below white, tinged with buff
on flanks and vent, and with narrow
blackish shaft-streaks, except on throat.

Indian
Peninsula ;
Baluchis-
tan ;
Assam.

W. North
America,
from

Su brite

Columbia
to

S. Mexico.

283.

130

Falco hypoleucus Gould, P.Z.S. 1840, p.
162 (1841). [60 males from Swan River,
W. Australia.

Grey Falcon.

Size large ; wing 914.3, 915.8in. ; general
colour blackish brown; forehead and
sides of head and neck and under tail-
coverts mottled with white; throat white,
streaked with brown; breast slightly
spotted with buff; tail barred.

Falco submger subniger Gray, Ann. Mag.
N.H. xi., p. 371 (1843). [Victorza.]
Black Falcon.

Without bars on tail.

Falco submger minnie Math., Austr. Av.
Rec. ii., p. 127 (1915). [Queensland.]
Queensland Black Falcon.

Size large; wing $13.60-14.80, 2 15.25-16
in.; head blackish grey; above dark
slate grey barred with pale bluish grey ;
wings and tail browner, latter barred with
bluish grey and tipped with white ; below
white with a broad slate brown mousta-
chial stripe, the breast and abdomen with
drop-shaped stripes and flanks barred ;
bill bluish, tip black ; feet yellow.

Falco rusticolus rusticclus Lian., S.N.1., p.
88 (1758). [Sweden.}

Norwegian Gyrfalcon.

Larger ; wing ¢ 14.5, 9 16in. ; above dark
slate, barred with greyish white, the head
streaked with dusky slate and buffish
white; chin and throat white; below
white, chest streaked and belly and sides
spotted with slaty black.

Australia.

Australia.

OQueens-
land.

N. Sweden
& Norway ;
Lapland ;
N. Russia ;
S. in winter
to middle
Europe.

283a.

233b.

283c.

131

Falco rusticolus islandus [partim] Briin-
nich, Orn. Bor., p. 2 (1764). [Iceland |
Iceland Falcon.

Size similar ; much darker above and be-
low ; above more sooty and with trans-
verse markings darker; rump uniform
without markings; thighs dark slaty,
with buffy white transverse spots. Im-
mature: very much darker; uniform
dusky brown above.

Falco rusticolus obsoletus Gmel., S.N. i.,
p. 268 (1789). [“ Freto Hudsons’ | [ =F.
labradorius, auct. |

Labrador Falcon.

Very slightly larger; wing 9 14.35-14.90,
@ 16-17 in.; general colour white, the
feathers above marked with a slaty black
spot towards tip; tail pure white and
head nearly so; below with shght stria-
tions on flanks only. Immature: mark-
ings much heavier and browner ; head
with dark stripes and tail with transverse
dark markings.

Falco rusticolus candicans* Gmel., S.N. 1.,
p. 275 (1789). [Islandia et Scotia,” er-
rore, type loc. subst. Hartert—Grveenland. |
Greenland Falcon.

Iceland and
S. Green-

land, S. in
winter to

Brit. Isles,
Europe and
INGE

America.

Labrador
Newfound-
land:

Greenland
& Arctic
America ;
in winter to
Brit. Isles ;
N.W.
Europe ;
Northern
United
States.

* The Gyrfalcons visiting Canada and the Northern United States in
winter appear to be dark immature birds of this form, and not F. y. rusticolus
as stated in the A.O.U. Cneck List (1910).

132

[Not seen]. Size slightly larger and tail
longer than in F. ¢. rusticolus; wing g
14.7-15.5 ; 9 15.8-17 in. ; (Sewertz).

283d. Falco rusticolus uralensis (Sewertz. and N. Asia
Menzb.) Orn. Geogr. Europ. Russl., i1., from the
p. 288, tab. 3 (1882). [Uval Mins. Ural Mins

Russia. | to Kamt-
Ural Gyrfalcon. schatka
and
Bering Is.f

Wing 3 14.6; differs from F. 7. rusticolus
in having upper parts reddish brown
washed with ash, under parts ochraceous
with tear-shaped dark brown. stripes ;
tail brown, tipped with pale ochreous, the
two middle feathers unbarred, rest with
indistinct oval transverse reddish brown
spots ; tarsus bare for more than half its
length. (Dresser). [Not seen.]
284. Falco altaicus (Menzb.), Orn. Turkestan, Mountain
i., p. 272 (1892). [Altai and Minusinsk.| ranges of

Altai Gyrfalcon. Central

[F. lorenzt (Menzb.) a synonym. | Asia ;
West
Siberia.

Size small ; wing ¢ 10-10.50, 2 10.75-11 in.;
above dark slate grey, darker on head and
paler on rump ; hinder part of cheeks and
sides of neck buffy white, with well-defined
black moustachial stripe below; nuchal
collar reddish white ; tail slate grey, all
but middle pair of feathers barred on
inner webs with ferruginous; below
creamy white, striped on breast and flanks
with black ; thighs and under tail-coverts
rust-red.

+ Hierofalco grebnitzkit Sewertz. and Menzb., described from Bering
Island, is probably synonymous with this form,

285.

285a.

285b.

285c.

285d.

133

Falco subbuteo subhuteo Linn., S. N., 1., p.
89 (1758.) [" Europe’ =Sweden.]
Hobby.

Size scarcely larger ; above paler ; below
with the stripes rather smaller.

Falco subbuteo jugurtha Hart. and Neum.,
ierOn 1907) ip. o9ls) (Langier:| > [| =F
gracilis, auct.]

North African Hobby.

Paler above and with slightly longer wings
than F. s. subbuteo; wing of 3 nearly
equal to wing of 9 of typical form.

Falco subbuteo centralasie (Buturl.) Orn.
Mitt. ii., p. 175 (1911). [Baimgol, Tianshan]
[ =F. s. cyanescens Lonnberg. |

Central Asian Hobby.

Slightly larger than F. s. subbuteo ; wing
Beabout 105/75" im 7 darker and more
heavily marked below.

Falco subbuteo jakutensis (Buturl.), Nascha
Ochota, 4.6, p. 71 (1910). [New name for
his F. saturatus, type loc. Tschuktschen-
Bezurk, N.E.Siberia.|

Kamtschatkan Hobby.

Similar to F. s. subbuteo, but smaller ;
wing ¢ 9.40-9.75, 2 9.85-10.45 in.

Falco subbuteo streicht Hart & Neum.,
J.£.0., 1907, p. 592. .[S. China—Swatow.]
Chinese Hobby.

Europe ;
from Scan-
dinavia and
Brit. Isles
to Mediter-
ranean ;

W. Siberia ;
in winter S.
to Africa &
N.W. India.

Tunis,
Algeria,
Morocco.

Central
Asias “5. 20
Chinese
Turkestan
and Assam.

FE. Asia and
Kamt-
schatka ;

S. in winter
to Japan &
Ne Chinar

China, from
Kwang-
tung Prov.

N. to

Shensi.

134

[Not seen.]

Falco subbuteo erkutensis Johansen, Orn.
Jahr., xxv., p. 83 (1915). [lvkutsk Gov.1
Siberian Hobby.

285e.

Wing 3¢ 9.60-10, 2 9.75-10 in. ; sexes dis-
similar; ¢g above dark plumbeous ; tail
black ; below blue-grey with faint blackish
Shaft-stripes ; thighs, vent and under tail-
coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts
greyish black; cere and feet brownish
red ; 9 head and neck rufous ; above ashy
erey, barred with darker grey ; primaries
barred with reddish white on inner webs ;
throat and cheeks reddish white; below
rufous.

Falco vespertinus vespertinus Linn., S.N.
ed] xis, ie ps 129 (CG). Nr igenias
=Prov. St. Petersburg.]

Red-footed Falcon.

Smaller; wing ¢ 9.25-9.70 in.; 3 under

wing-coverts pure white, instead of greyish
’ black ; feet orange; 92 head browner and
below paler rufous, the breast white
broadly streaked with black, becoming
bars on the flanks.
Falco vespertinus amurensis Radde, Reisen
S. von O. Sibir., ii., p. 102 (1863). [Amur.]
Eastern Red-footed Falcon.

286a.

Siberia ;
Irkutsk
Govt.

E and G
Europe, N.
to Sweden
and
Archangel ;
W. Siberia*
Asia Minor;
cas:

Brit. Isles ;
in winter S.
to Abnicas

Su:
Siberia ;
Mongolia,
N-Chinae
in winter to
India and
E. Africa.

* Hartert considers F. v. obscurus Tschusi from W. Siberia to be a

synonym.

287.

288.

135

Larger; wing ¢ 12.40-12.90; @ 12-90-
I3iso° im.; sexes dissimilar; ¢ general
colour blackish slate, browner on upper
parts; outer tail-feathers slightly barred
with blackish; below with a trace of
rufous, but the thighs dark slate; @ dark
slate brown above, tail barred with rufous
and blackish ; hind cheeks and throat deep
buff, with a conspicuous black moustachial
stripe ; breast buffish, becoming rufous on
abdomen, striped with black ; thighs deep
chestnut.
Falco eleonore Gené, Rev. Zool., 1839, p.
105. [Sardinia. |

Eleonora’s Falcon.

Smaller; wing ¢ 10.40, 9 11.2 in.; sexes
similar ; uniform leaden grey with black
shaft-stripes to the feathers; primaries
and tail with whitish bands on inner webs ;
cere, orbits and feet bright yellow; bill
bluish.

Falco concolor Temm. Pl. Col., pl. 330
(1825). [“ Senegal, Cotes de Barberie, Egypt,
Arabia—typ. loc. sugg.: Arvabia.] [F.
eleonore schistaceus Erlang.,a synonym ? |
Uniform Falcon.

Wing $8.5, 29.1 in. ; above slaty black ;
head, cheeks and ear-coverts deep black ;
throat and sides of neck creamy white,
washed with ferruginous ; below chestnut,

Islands of
Mediter-
ranean ; W.
Canaries ;
N. Africa,
Algeria to
Morocco ;
in winter S.
to Mada-
gascar.

E. Africa
(coast from
Red Sea to
Madagas-
Can),
Arabian
Coast.

289.

289a.

289b.

289c.

136

immaculate in old birds; in younger
birds heavily marked with drop-shaped
spots of black.

Falco severus severus Horsf., Trans. Linn.
Soc., xill., p. 135 (1822). [Java.]

Indian Hobby.

Wing 38.50, 2 9.0-9.50 in. ; chest usually
with black shaft-stripes ; above darker ;
tail nearly black ; below darker chestnut ;
quills and tail below either banded or un-
banded in New Guinea birds, not always
unbanded.

Falco severus papuanus A. B. Meyer &
Wiglesw. Abhandl. Ber. Mus. Dresden,
1892-3, No. 3, p.'6 (1893). [S.2. New
Guinea. |

New Guinea Hobby.

Above paler; wings and tail browner
slaty; inner webs always barred below
with pale cinnamon,chestnut of lower parts
paler, without black markings in adults.
Falco severus indicus A. B. Meyer and
Wiglesw. Bds., Celebes, 1., p. 84 (1898).
[ Calcutta. |

Central Indian Hobby.

Wing ¢ 9.6 in.; above sooty ; primaries
and tail-coverts with rufous bars on inner
webs ; throat buffy white; below black,
with remains of chestnut edgings ; thighs
chestnut, streaked with black; younger
bird chestnut below, streaked with black.
Falco severus religiosus Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., p. 397 (1874). [Cevam, type in
Leyden Mus. |]

Moluccan Hobby.

Burma,
Malay
Peninsula &
Archipel. ;
French
Indo-China.

New
Guinea ;
Celebes ?
Solomon
Iisee

India ;
cas. Ceylon

Ceram,
Halmahera.

290.

290a.

290b.

290c.

137

Wing 3 9.7, 2? 10.5 in. ; above slaty blue,
darker on head and lighter on rump;
primaries and tail barred on inner webs
with rufous ; hind neck tinged with rufous,
forehead white ; throat and sides of neck
reddish white; below pale dull rufous,
with a few dark shaft-stripes on breast
and obsolete grey bars on flanks.

Falco longtpennis longipennis Swains.,
Anim. in Menag., p. 341 (1838). [Tasmania]
[| =F. lunulatus Lath.]

Little Falcon.

Smaller.

Falco longipennis murchisonianus Math.,
Nova Zoul. xvllt., p. 2o2 (912i) pe.
Murchison. |

Murchison Falcon.

Larger than last form, and differs from
typical form in its blue-grey upper surface
and paler under surface.

Falco longipennis apsleyi Math., Austral.
Av. Rec. 1., p. 33 (1912). [Melville Is-
land. |

Northern Little Falcon.

[Not seen. |

Falco longipennis hanielt Hellmayr, Avit.
Timor, p. 100 (1914). [Lamor.]s

Timor Little Falcon.

Wing ¢ 8.5 in.; above dark slate grey,
blackish on interscapulary region; pri-
maries and tail feathers dark brown, latter
barred with fulvous on inner web; fore-
head buffy white; throat and sides of
neck white, washed with rufous; below
rusty red, with central streaks of black
on breast and sides; under wing-coverts
buff, streaked with black.

Bast
Australia ;
Tasmania.

South and
Mid. West
Australia.

Northern
Territory ;
N.W.
Australia.

Timor.

291.

293.

Size

138

Falco .cumera, Smith, o> Airs Onl ar,
p. 392 (1830). [Cafferland, near Kai River. |
African Hobby.

[Not seen. ]
Falco pyrrhogaster Reichenow, Orn. M.B.,
Xxlil., p. 25 (1915). [Cameroon. |

Wing ¢ 9.45, 2 11 in. ; above black, most
of the feathers bordered with slate grey ;
tail with 3 bars of greyish white ; throat
white; below chestnut, except lower
breast and under wing-coverts which are
black, tipped and spotted with rufous
buff.

Falco deirvoleucus Temm. PI. Col. i., pl. 348
(1825). [Brazil.] [= F. aurantius Gmel.,
auct. |

Orange-breasted Falcon.

small; length ¢ 9-10 in.; wing ¢ 7.3,
© 8.9; above slaty black; tail black,
tipped with white, and with 3 or 4 narrow
bands of greyish white ;
of neck orange rufous to white with a tinge
of rufous ; breast black, finely barred with
white ; abdomen, thighs and under tail-
coverts chestnut.

Falco rufigularis rufigularis Daud., Traité,
ii., p. 131 (1800). [Cayenne.]

[F. albigularis Daud., a synonym. |
White-throated Bat Falcon.

Wing ¢ 7.85 in.; “‘upper surface dark
slate grey instead of black; below with
breast and sides of body dark brown, not
black, and much more broadly banded
with white.’’*

throat and sides °

S: and We
Africa:
€as.! in
Egyptian
Sudan.

Cameroon.

South and
Central
America ;
Brazil to
Guatemala.

South and
Central
America,
from
Argentina
to Mexico.

* A larger series is necessary to show if this form is really separable.
Paraguayan birds (F. ophryophanes Salvad,) appear to me indistinguishable
from typical birds,

294a.

294b

295

295a.

139

Falco rufigularis pax Chubb, Bull. B.O.C.,
Xxxix., p. 23 (1918). [Charuplaya, Bolivia,
type in coll. Brit. Mus. |

Bolivian White-throated Falcon.

Wing 37.45, 28.45 in.; differs from F. 7.
vufigularts in being slate colour above, with
black shaft-lines, instead of black with
slightly paler margins ; bend of wing white
varied with buff; breast and sides of
body blackish brown, instead of black,
and the white bars broader.

Falco rufigulans petoensis Chubb, Bull.
BOC me oo ip, 220 (1OL8). (Pero, Y uca-
tan, April 1888, Salv.-Godm. coll., types in
Brit. Mus.]

size’ moderate; leneth 2 about 15.9;
wing ¢ 10, 210.5 in.; gd above dull slaty,
greyer on crown and lhghter on rump ;
upper tail-coverts barred and tipped with
whitish ; tail blackish brown, with about
6 white bands; a band from behind eye
round hind neck white, below which is a
line of black on sides of neck; throat,
chest, edr-coverts and sides of neck buffy
white ; sides of breast black, barred with

white narrowly; belly and vent tawny-

buff; 9 larger and more richly coloured ;
sides of head and under parts richer
tawny.

Falco fusco-cerulescens fusco-cerulescens
Wireills Ney Dict, x1.,p: 90 (1Sl7). [Para-
guay. |

Aplomado Falcon.

[Not seen. ]

Falco _fusco-cerulescens septentrionalis
iLodd) Proc. Biol soc: Wash.) xxix: p. 98
(1916). [Arizona.]

Arizona Falcon.

Bolivia.

Yucatan:

Sy and, ©:
America,
from
Argentina
to Mexico.

Arizona.

296.

296a.

140

Size small; length $11.5; wing ¢ 8.25,
29in. ; head and hind neck chestnut red ;
above bluish slate, with remains of blackish
cross bars, except on back and scapulars ;
tail narrowly barred with black, with a
broad black subterminal band and white
tips; eyebrow and moustachial stripe
black ; forehead, sides of head and neck,
throat and chest white, with a few black
shaft-lines on latter ; below white thickly
barred with black.

Falco chicquera chicquera Daud., Traité, u1.,
p. 121 (1800). [ex. Levaill., Bengal.)
Red-headed Merlin.

Size similar ; wing $8.6, 29.45 in. ; paler,
more barred above, especially on back and
scapulars, and with bars on breast rather
closer together.

Falco chicquera ruficollis Swains., Bds.
W. Afr., i., p. 107, pl. 2 (1837). [Senegal. \*
African Rufous-necked Falcon.

Size small; length ¢ about 11 in.; wing
8, 2 wing 8.5 in.; g above dark to pale
slate colour, with distinct black shaft-
stripes, the head and wing-coverts darker ;
hind neck mottled with rufous buff ; upper
tail-coverts paler grey; tail tipped with
fulvous and crossed with 3 black bands,
and broad subterminal one; forehead,
cheeks and throat fulvous, with narrow
streaks of black, except on latter ; below
ochraceous buff, with dark brown shaft-
streaks, broadest on the flanks; 9 much
browner above ; tail umber brown with 4
buffish white bands.

Indian
Peninsula.

Tropical
Africa to
South
Africa.

* Falco horsbrughi, Gunning and Roberts, Ann. Trazs., Mus. iii., p. 110
(1911), [Pretovial, is a synonym of this species, a fact ascertained from a
drawing made by Lt. Finch Davies from the type and examined by Dr.
Hartert and myself.

141

{ 297. Falco columbarius columbarius Linn., S.N., N. America

297a.

297b.

297c.

ppl (L798). [) America, ex. Catesby =
Carolina. |
Pigeon Hawk.

Darker form.

Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridgw., Bull.
Essex Inst., v., p. 201 (1873). [Shoalwater
Bay, Washington. |

Suckley’s Merlin.

Size similar; wing ¢ 7.65-8, 2 8.50-8.85
in.; 3g above rather lighter slate blue,
with the black shaft-lines ; below rather
more rufous ; tail slaty blue, tipped with
white and with broad subterminal band,
the other black bands nearly obsolete ;
© above dark brown, tail with 5 narrow
pale bands; below dull white streaked
with brown.

Falco columbarius esalon Tunst.,Orn. Brit.
p. 1 (1771) [ex. Pennant, British Isles. ]
Common Merlin.

Size similar; wing ¢ 7.75-8.10 in.; 3
above lighter grey ; 2 above paler brown ;
much less heavily striped below.

Falco columbarius insignis (Clark), Pr.
WESe Nab Mus xxx p, 470° (1907):
[Fusan, Korea.)

Asiatic Merlin.

in winter
Su to

W. Indies
and North.
S. America.

N.W.
America,
Sitka to N.
California.

N. Europe’
tO, ait
Isles and
Central
Russia ; in
winter S. to
N. Africa.

Asia ;
Turkestan
to China,
Japan and
Ussuriland;
in winter to
Cyprus,
Syria,
India,

Si: China.

142

Slightly larger; wing ¢g 8.25 in.; above

still paler grey and below with smaller
and paler stripes; 9 paler generally.

297d. Falco columbarius pallidus (Suschk.) Bull. Kirghis-
B.0O.C., xi., p. 5 (1800). [W. Kirghissteppe.| steppe; in
Pallid Merlin. winter to
Turkestan
and
N.W. India
Larger ; wing g 8.90, 2 9.85 in.
297e. Falco columbarius lyman Bangs, Bull. E. Asia,
M.C.Z., liv.,. No. lo; p: 465 (1912), {tische- (CAlian
gan-Burgaz Pass, Altar Mins.]| Mtns.)
Altai Merlin.
Wing 37.70, 29in.; gabove earth brown, .
with greyer centres and black shaft-lines
to all the feathers ; tail with 5 bands of
ashy white and tipped with the same;
below buffy white, striped with ochraeous
brown, broadest on the flanks; @ more
similar to g, but the feathers of upper
parts with ochraeous spots.
297f. Falco columbarius richardsom Ridgw., Gt. Plains
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 145 of W.North
(1871). [Mecuth of Vermilion River, S. America ;
Dakota. | Saskat-
Richardson’s Merlin. chewan
Valley to
N. Dakota,
in winter to
N.W.
Mexico.

Gen. LXXXV.

Distance between tips of primaries and tips of

IERACIDEA Gould (1837).

secondaries less than half length of tail; tarsus
transversely plated bear base of toes, and appre-
ciably longer than in falco.

298a.

298b.

298c.

143

Size moderate; wing ¢ 13 in., @ 14 in;
above sandy brown, most of the feathers
edged with rufous; head with blackish
shaft-stripes ; tail ashy brown, tipped
with white and barred with rufous;
below creamy white with brownish shaft-
streaks, and a dark brown moustachial
stripe ; thighs, axilliaries and inner lower
wing-coverts chestnut.

Teracidea berigora berigora Vigors & Horsf.,
Trans. Linn. Soc., xv., p. 184 (1827). [New
South Wales, types in Brit. Mus. |

Striped Brown Hawk.

Less rufous above, more uniform darker
brown, without shaft stripes ; below with-
out shaft-stripes, the sides blackish brown,
often uniform blackish brown.

Tevacidea berigora. orientalis Sharpe Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., i., p. 422 (1874). [New
S. Wales, ex. Schl. Naum. 1855, p. 254.]*
Brown Hawk.

Smaller; wing (sex?) 12.85 in.; above
brown with buffy tips.

Teracidea berigora tasmanica Math., Bds.
Austr., v., p. 276 (1916). [Tasmania. |

Tasmanian Brown Hawk.

Smaller.
Tevacidea berigora occidentalis Gould, P.Z.S.
1844, p. 105. [Perth.|

Western Brown Hawk.

Wing 2 14.50 in. ; dark phase ; above and
below smoky black or fuliginous brown.

Interior of
S. Queens-
land and
N.S. Wales.

Coastal

districts of
>. Queens=
land and
N.S. Wales,
Whole of
Victoria.

Tasmania.

S.W.
Australia.

* For the forms of this group, all very doubtfully distinct, see Mathews’s
Birds of Australia,

144

298d. Ieracidea berigora kempt Math., Bds.

298e.

298f.

298¢.

Austr.,.v., p. 277 (1916). [Cape ork:
Kemp’s Brown Hawk.

Above dark rusty brown; cheeks black.
Teracidea berigora melvillensts Math., Aus-
tral. Av., Ree. 1., p. 34 (1912). [Welurle
ise

Northern Brown Hawk.

Very pale race.

Tevacidea berigora centralis Math., Bds.
Austr., ‘v., p. 277 (1916). [Central Aus-
tralia. |

Central Australian Brown Hawk.

[Not seen. ] ‘

Teracidea nove-guinee A. B. Meyer, J.F.O.,
1894, p. 89. [S.E. New Guinea.]

New Guinea Brown Hawk.

Gen. LXXXVI.

With the general characters of Falco, but wings
not so long and 3rd primary nearly equal to 2nd ;

outer and inner toes equal.

(Plumage always

rufescent ; sexes usually dissimilar).

Size small; wing ¢ 9.10-9.75, tail 6.25-
6.50 ; wing 2 9.65-10.25, tail 6.50-6.75 in. ;
dg above brick-red, with a few arrow-head
black markings, especially on the inner
secondaries; head and neck blue-grey,

Cape York,
North
Australia.

Northern
Territory,
N.W.
Australia.

Central
Australia.

S.E. New
Guinea.

CERCHNEIS Boie (1826).*

* Against the opinion of many systematists I feel it desirable to separate
this group from Falco, not only because they form a natural group, distinctive
in colouration, but also because this group contains within it certain groups of
species, closely connected, but having many ramifying forms, which it seems
undesirable to treat of under Falco.

e

299:

299a.

145

with narrow black shaft lines; primaries
dark brown, notched with white; lower
back, rump and tail blue-grey, the tail
with broad subterminal band of black and
tipped with white; below pale rufous
fawn, chest with black streaks, becoming
spots on flanks ; thighs rufous buff, throat
and under tail-coverts buff, unspotted ; 9
above entirely rufous, banded with black,
with only a bluish shade on rump ; tail
rufous barred with black ; below paler.
Cerchnets tinnuncula tinnuncula Linn.,
5.N., 1., p. 90 (1758). [ Europe” =Sweden.|
Common Kestrel.

Below deeper and warmer than in typical
form ; which it quite equals in size.

Cerchneis tinnuncula rupicoleformis Brehm,
Vogelfang, p. 29 (1855). [ex. Wiirttemberg
MS.—" Egypt and Germany” ; restricted

type loc. Egyt.]
Egyptian Kestrel.

Larger and averaging paler above and
below; wings and tail longer, the latter
especially much longer than in other forms;
wing § 9.85-10.10, 2 10.20-10.50 ; tail ¢
6.75-7.75, 2 7.0-8.0 ins.

Europe,
from 68° N.
in Scandi-
navia and
61°). Ni. in
Russia _ to
Mediter-
ranean and

Airica ;
Brit. Isles ;
W. and €.
Asia; in
winter to
Africa and
India.

Egypt,
Nubia.

299b. Cerchnets tinnuncula dorriest subsp. nov.
[3 Sidem, E. Siberia, Dorries coll. June
2nd, 1884, Tring Mus.; 9 Amur River, E.
Siberia, Dorries coll., Mar. 27, 1894, Brit.
Mus. Reg. No. 97, 10, 30, 258.]*

299c.

299d.

299e.

Siberian Kestrel.

Smaller; wing ¢ 8.50-8.90, 2 8.90-9.50
in.; much darker above and below.
Cerchneis tinnuncula canariensis Koenig,

J.£.0., 1889, p. 263. [Canary Is.]

Canarian Kestrel.

Size similar ; wing ¢ 8.8, 99 in.; a dark
form approaching the last.

Cerchneis tinnuncula neglecta Schleg., Mus.
Pays-Bas, Rev. Accipitres, p. 43 (1873).

[St. Vincent. ]

Cape Verde Kestrel.

Wing ¢ 8.40-8.90, 2 8.90-9.90 in. ; above
as pale as in C. ¢. tinnuncula, below deeper

rusty.

Cerchneis tinnuncula dacotie Hart., Vog.
Pal. Faun., p. 1086 (1913). [Lanzarote. |

146

East Canarian Kestrel.

Siberia
(Amur River
to Yemeisei)
and
Mongolia ;
S. in winter
to India,
Ceylon,
Assam,
Burma and
Chinas

W. Canary
Islands
(Tenerife,
Gran
Canary,
Hierro,
Palma:
Gomera) ;
Madeira.

Cape Verde
Islands.

Canary Is.
(Fuerta-
ventura,
Lanzarote.)

* Material from Siberia being very meagre, I have principally determined
this form from the considerable number of large and long-tailed birds, always
on the pale side, existing in collections from Ceylon, India, Assam, etc., which
are obviously migrants from the north, and have no connection with the
smaller and darker form breeding in N. India (C. t. saturvata), with the rather
darker but nearly typical bird breeding in W. Asia, or with the darker but

large race breeding in Japan (C. f. japonica).

A large immature ¢ bird in

my collection from Ceylon has a tail measurement of 7.75 in. and there
are birds in the Tring collection with nearly the same measurement.

299¢.

299h.

147

Larger; wing ¢g 9.50-9.75, 2 10.0-10.55
in. ; head darker than in C. ¢. tinnuncula ;
dark spots on mantle larger and with
broad dark shaft-marks to the feathers ;
below darker than C. c. tinnuncula.
Cerchnets tinnuncula japonica Temm. and
Schleg., in Siebold’s Fauna Jap. Aves, p. 2,
pl. 1, and Ib. (1844). [ Japan. ]

Japanese Kestrel.

Rather smaller ; wing ¢ 9.10-9.50, tail 6 ;
wing @ 9.50-10 in.; smaller and much
darker than C. ¢. tinnuncula ; much deeper
rufous above and more heavily spotted ;
head and tail showing a great tendency to
a rufous wash, and tail more generally
with remains of black bars even when
adult ; chest more heavily striped ,and
breast with larger spots.

Cerchnets tinnuncula saturata (Blyth) Jnl.
ce Soc.) bens, xxvii, p. 277 (1859).
[Tenasserim. |

Himalayan Kestrel.

Smaller than C. ¢. tinnuncula ; wing 3 8.70-
9-45 in. ; dark form approaching saturata.
Cerchneis tinnuncula carlo Hart & Neu-
mann, J.f.0., 1907, p. 592. [Bzssidimo near
Harrar, type in Tring Mus. ]

Central African Kestrel.

Japan ;
S. in winter
to China &
Hainan.

Mountains
of N. India
to Chinay
in winter
Si tome bra.
vancore ;
cas.Ceylon?

Tropical
Africa (So-
maliland,
Abyssinia
and Blue
Nile to
Victoria
Nyanza &
Tangan-
yika) ;

S. Arabia.

8

2991:

300.

300a.

148

Size of C. ¢. tinnuncula; wing ¢ 10 in. ;
similar in general colouration, but with
sides of face dull blue-grey like head ;

? tail blue-grey banded with black, instead

of rufous.

Cerchnets tinnuncula rupicola Daud., Traité,
ii., p. 135 (1800). [ex. Levaill.—Cape of
Good Hope.| South African Kestrel.

Smaller ; wing ¢ 8.70-9.20, 2 9-9.60 in. ;
3 above deep bay, with broad arrow-head
markings of black; head and hind neck
uniform, streaked with black; rump,
upper tail-coverts and tail bluish grey,
latter with broad black subterminal band
and white tips; throat rufous white ;
below bay colour, streaked on breast and
arrow-headed on flanks with black; 2
more banded above ; tail with extra dark
bars, besides the subterminal one.
Cerchneis moluccensis moluccensis Hombr.
& Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud. Zool. Atlas, pl. 1.,
f. i. (1842) et texte ili., p. 46 (1853). [Moluc-
cas 2}

Moluccan Kestrel.

[C. t. orientalis a synonym. }

Smaller; wing ¢ 7.85 (Celebes) -9.20
(Java), 2 (Flores) 9 in.; paler, with more
greyish cheeks and ear-coverts, much
whiter under wing-coverts and _ lighter
underside.

Cerchneis moluccensis occidentalis A. B
Meyer & Wiglesw., Abhandl. Ber. Mus.
Dresd. 1896-7, No. 2, p. 8. [Celebes.]
Javan Kestrel.

S. - Africas
(Natal,
Cape
Colony,
Damara-

land).

Molucca Is.
(Amboyna,
Bouru,
Ceram,
Goram,
Peling Is.,
Halmahera,
Morotai,
Ternate,
Batchian).

Celebes,
Lesser
Sunda Is.
to Kan-
gean; Java.

301.

30 1a.

301b.

149

Sizensimilans wing ¢ 93d) 29:8 m.; “Ss
above pale rufous, almost unspotted ;
head pale bluish grey, washed with rufous,
and with black shaft-lines ; rump and tail
blue-grey, latter with broad subterminal
black band and white tips; sides of face
greyish white; below buffish white, the
chest tawny buff, that and sides with black
shaft-stripes ; under wing-coverts white ;
2? head and tail like back, the tail barred
with black.

Cerchneis cenchroides cenchroides Vig. and
Horie sirans. LinnsySoc:, xv:, p. 183
(1827). LN. S. Wales.]

Nankeen Kestrel.

Cerchnets cenchroides milligamt Math., Nov.
Zool., xvili., p. 253 (1912). [Parry’s Creek,
N.W.Australia. |

Dusky Nankeen Kestrel.

Smaller ; below darker, decided cinnamon
pink ; tail rusty cinnamon.

Cerchnets cenchroides unicolor Milligan,
Emu, iv., p. 1 (1904). [ Yalgoo.]
Westralian Nankeen- Kestrel.

Larger; wing ¢ 11, 2911.4 in.; ¢g above
tawny rufous, with broad cross-bars of
black ; head uniform, but streaked with
black ; rump and upper tail-coverts black-
ish, barred with fulvous ;_ tail ashy rufous,
banded with black, the subterminal band
broad, followed by a white tip ; primaries
blackish brown, the inner ones mottled
with rufous on inner webs and spotted on
outer webs; below dull tawny rufous,
breast streaked with brown, flanks more
heavily marked; under wing-coverts
white; 2 similar, but flanks more barred.

East
Australia.

N.W.

Australia,
Northern
Territory.

Australia.

302.

302a.

302b.

303.

303a.

150

Cerchneis rupicoloides rupicoloides Smith,
S. Afr. Q. Jnl., i., p. 238 (1830). [Groene
River, Little Namaqualand, type in Brit.
Mus. |
Larger African Kestrel.

Smaller, much paler above.

Cerchneis rupicoloides fieldi Elliott, Field
Columb. Mus. No. 2 Orn., p. 58 (1897).
[Somaliland.]

Somali Kestrel.

Rather darker, tail with narrower black
bars, the pale ones more blue grey.
Cerchneis rvupicoloides arthuri (Gurney).
List Diurnm. Bds. Prey, p. 156 (1884):
[Mombasa.]

East African Kestrel.

Wing 3 10.6in. ; plumage above and below
fox red; head narrowly and back and
wing coverts more broadly streaked with
black; the greater wing-coverts with
remains of bars; primaries black, mar-
gined and tipped with paler red; tail
darker red, with about 15 bars of black ;
throat unmarked, but rest of under surface
with narrow central streaks of black.
Cerchneis alopex alopex (Heugl.) Syst.
Uebers., p. 10 (1856), and Ibis, 1861, p. 69,
pl. iv. [prov. Galabat. |

Fox-coloured Kestrel.

Cerchneis alopex deserticola Reichenow,
Orn. M.B., vii., p. 190 (1899). [Mangu,
Togo Hinterland. |

Desert Kestrel.

South
Africa.

Somaliland.

Brit. BE.
Africa

Ne
Africa,
(Bogosland
to Shoa) ;
Equat.
Africa
(Redjaf).

Togo Hin-
terland ;
Gold Coast
Hinter-
land ?

304.

305.

306.

151

Smaller; wing $7.4, 28.2in.; g above,
including head and neck, light rufous,
streaked on head and neck and arrow-
headed on scapulars and wing-coverts with
black ; rump and upper tail-coverts dark
bluish grey with more or less of black
arrow-head markings; tail bluish grey
banded with black, the subterminal band
very broad ; forehead, sides of head and
under parts creamy white, tinged with
rufous on chest, which is marked with
elongated black spots, becoming more oval
on breast and flanks ; under wing-coverts
white, streaked with black ; 9 similar.
Cerchneis newtoni Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 34,
pla dae [ Madagascar. |

Madagascar Kestrel.

Size similar; wing ¢ 7, 2 7.6 in. ; above
dull foxy rufous, with rather broad bars
of black ; head with blackish shaft-stripes;
tail deep bay, with 6 bands of black ;
below white, with large oval spots of
brownish black, smaller and more longi-
tudinal on flanks; @ similar.

Cerchneis punctata Temm., Pl. Col., i. pl.
45 (1823). [Isle de France.|

Mauritius Kestrel.

Smaller; wing ¢ 5.6, 26.3 in.; 2 above
maroon-chestnut, with a few black shaft-
lines and spots, chiefly on wing coverts
and scapulars ; rump, upper tail-coverts
and tail bluish grey, latter with broad
subterminal and 4 other black bands ;
head dark bluish grey ; sides of face paler ;
below isabelline fawn colour, unspotted ;
2 scarcely differs.

Cerchneis gracilis (Less.) Traité, p. 93
(1831). [Seychelles].

Seychelles Kestrel.

Madagas-
car.

Mauritius.

Seychelles
Is.

307

307a.

152

Size small; wing ¢ 9.10-9.70, 2 9.10-9.80
in. ; 3 head, hind neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts and tail blue grey, latter tipped
with white and with broad subterminal
black band ; rest of upper parts cinnamon
rufous, unspotted; greater wing-coverts
and inner secondaries blue grey, shaded
with rufous externally ; primaries dark
brown ; throat whitish ; chest and breast
pale cinnamon, marked with small black
spots, larger on the flanks, abdomen and
under tail-coverts yellowish white; 9
more like that of C. ¢. tinnuncula, but
smaller and distinguished by its white
claws.

Cerchnéis naumann naumanni Fleischer,
Sylvan, 1817-18, p. 174 (1818). [S. Germany
and Switzerland. |

ieesser Kestrel!

Size similar ; wing 9 9.6in. ; darker above
and below, and without spots below when
adult, or with minute spots on sides when
less mature ; wing-coverts almost entirely
blue-grey, only innermost ones slightly
washed with rufous.

Cerchnets naumanni pekinensis Swinh.,
P.Z.S., 1870, p. 442. [Pekin.]

Chinese Lesser Kestrel.

Mediter-
rannean
countries,
from Spain
to: S;
Russia,
also N.W.
Atrica <
Asia Minor,
Cyprus and
S.W. Asia ;
in winter
to Africa ;
cas. in
Central
Europe and
Brit. Isles.

Nee Chinae
Himalayas?

153

Slightly smaller; wing ¢ 9 in.; above

with red of mantle very much paler ;

below paler fawn colour and uniform

without spots, except a few on. sides in

less mature birds.

307b. Cerchneis naumanmi turkestanicus Zarudny, Turkestan ;

Mess. Orn., 1912, p. 114. [Russian Tur- S. in

kestan. | winter to
Somali-
land.*

Length ad. 10-11, wing 7.50-8.00 in.,
tail 5-6 in.; head slaty, crown usually
rufous ; above rufous, more or less barred
with black (according to age); tail with
subterminal band of black and white tips ;
outer feathers more or less white, with one
or more extra partial bands of black on
inner webs (according to age); below
buffish white, the chest pale cinnamon
fawn, more or less finely spotted with
black on sides of body (according to age).
[Specific distinctions: crown generally
rufous ; chest washed with rufous; sides
spotted. ]7

* | have described this form from a presumed typical ¢ from Samarkand,
May ist, 1908, alt. 2,000 ft., D. Carruthers coll., in the Brit. Mus. coll. An
example in the Brit. Mus. coll. from Somaliland, very pale and unspotted below,
is as pale above as the Samarkand bird and is evidently referable to this form ;
the line of migration to N.E. Africa being a quite natural one. Examples
from Central and S.E. Africa are however C. n. naumannt.

+ Opinions differ greatly as to the specific and subspecific value of the
American Kestrels, but I think it desirable to give specific rank to the typical
race of each of the three groups of forms, and I have pointed out the principal
characters on which I base these species. Some ornithologists appear to me
to have failed to grasp the most important factors in determining the subspecies
of these groups of forms, and to have attached undue importance to tail
markings and the spotting of under parts, characters which vary with maturity
and require to be considered with great caution. The spotting below is
common to the less mature birds of all three groups, but disappears with age
entirely in the ¢sabellina group and varies in the other two, while the rufous
on crown is likewise common to all three when immature, but disappears
in the tsabellina and cinnamomina groups, yet is usually retained in the
sparveria group. The markings of the outer pair of tail feathers and the
width of the subterminal tail and are most unreliable characters in them-
selves, as a series of old and young of both sexes in my collection from one
district in Venezuela shows,

308.

308a.

308b.

154

Cerchneis sparveria sparveria Linn., S.N.,
i., p. 90 (1758). [° America,” ex. Catesby =
Carolina. |

American Kestrel.

Smaller; wine 427-90) tail 99:25 “in: ;
appreciably paler; tail relatively longer
and paler; wing-coverts less spotted ;
rufous crown patch appreciably larger ;
below with larger, rounder and more num-
erous black spots ; chest cinnamon fawn.
Cerchnets sparveria phalena (Lesson), Echo
du Monde Savant, Ann. 12, June 19, p.
1086 (1845). [Mexico.

Western Kestrel.

wins 66:00) 236470. apaler-
with rufous crown patch; subterminal
tail band wide (25 mm.) ; below buffish
white, well marked with black.

Cerchneis sparveria peninsularis (Mearns),
Auk., 1x., p. 267 (1892). [Lower California. |
Lower Californian Kestrel.

Smaller ;

Smaller; wing ¢ 7-7.50 in. ; under parts
nearly immaculate in old birds, the ground
colour either cinnamon fawn or nearly
white ; throat white.

United
States,

E. of Rocky
Mins. ; S.
in winter
to Florida
and Gulf
States.

Western
North
America,
from

Ee Bite
Columbia
and W.
Montana to
N.W.
Mexico ; in
winter S. tc
Mexico and
Guatemala

Southern
Lower
California.

155

308c. Cerchneis sparveria paulus Howe and King, Florida,

Contr, NeeAmerOrn., a., p. 28 (1902). Peninsula ;

[ Florida. | Bahama

Florida Kestrel. Islands.?*

Size small; wing ad. 6.9 in. ; above more

heavily banded with black, the tail barred

broadly with black even when mature, but

bars obsolete on central feathers in some

examples; below creamy white, chest

washed with fawn, with large black spots

on breast and sides.

308d. Cerchneis sparveria carribbearum Gmel., Lesser

SIN, 1, p. 284 (1788). [ex. Briss. “An- Antilles

tilles,”’ type loc. sugg. Dominica. | (Stays leuciar

Antillean Kestrel. Dominica,
Guada-
loupe,
Antigua,
Montserrat,
Anguilla,
Virgin
Gorda, St.

Wing 3 6.80 in.; head slate, usually
wihout rufous on crown, and black bands
on back nearly absent ; below white,
unspotted in oldest birds, or with a few
black spots on sides in less mature ; inner
webs of primaries white, the black bars
nearly obsolete; @Q with bands above
narrower than in typical form; below
much whiter, slightly streaked on sides of
breast with pale brown.

Thomas) to
Porto
RICO:

* T am unable to say definitely what race inhabits the Bahama Islands,

not having seen examples.

+ I am unable to separate the Porto Rico race [Cerchneis sparveria
loquacula Riley, Smith. Coll., xlvii., p. 284, 1904; Vignes I.| as so far as the
scanty material available shows it is not distinguishable from cavibb @arum.

¢ Almost dead white in Cuban birds, with scarcely any colour on chest,
but two San Domingo examples seen have a strong cinnamon shade on chest ;
as they show one or two spots on sides they are apparently younger birds,

~ 308e.

308f.

156

Cerchneis sparveria donumicensis Gmel.,
S.N., i., p. 285 (1788). [S. Domingo].
St. Domingo Kestrel.

Wing $7.25 ; tail 5.25 in. ; above darker
than C. s. phalena, especially tail; back
more heavily banded with black; tail
band slightly broader ; head darker slate,
either without rufous, or with a small and
indistinct nape patch; below creamy
white, including the chest, and much more
heavily striped on chest and spotted on
breast and sides with large black spots ;
thighs and vent unspotted.

Cerchneis sparveria guatemalensis* subsp.
nov. [¢ Capetillo, Guatemala, J. J. Rodri-
guez, in coll. H. Kirke Swann; 3 Huehue-
tenango, Guatemala, June, 1897, W. B.
Richardson, in coll. Brit. Mus., Reg. No.
O82, toile

Central American Kestrel.

Larger ; length ad. about 11 in.; wing
g av. 7.80, tail 5.50 in.; ¢ with no rufous
on crown; @ usually with partial crown
patch ; ¢ tail with one narrow (av. 13 mm.)
black subterminal band and white tips
mixed with rufous; the tips of central
pair and inner webs of outer pair of
feathers rufous ; below white, chest with
decided tinge of fawn, and with large
black rounded spots on sides; @ with
much narrower (almost linear) bands on

S. Domingo
and Cuba.

Central
America :
Guatemala,
Brie
Honduras,
Honduras,
Nicaragua,
Costa
Rica
Mexico
(cass)

* The Central American form here designated is the resident form, and
I have added a co-type in the Brit. Mus. coll. obtained in June as my own

type is without date.

It is true that North American migrants (principally

of the western form, phal@na) occur commonly in Central America, but lL
regard the birds with heavily marked under-parts, little or no colour on chest,
and little or no red on crown, as quite distinct and forming the resident race
in Central America,

309.

309a.

157

tail-coverts and tail, which is much paler ;
below whiter with narrower and _ paler
stripes [Specific distinctions: d slate
crown without rufous, pale chest, and
spotted under parts ; 9 narrower and more
regular bars on tail-coverts and tail. |
Cerchnets cinnamomina — cinnamomina
Swains., Animals in Menag., p. 281 (1838).
[Chile. |

Cinnamon Kestrel.

Slightly smaller; wing ¢ av. 7.10, tail
5 in.; tail with the subterminal black
band appreciably wider (av. 22 mm.) ;
sides moderately spotted with black ;
© tail darker red, and with broader,
straighter and more complete cross-bars,
the subterminal one broader ; below with
broader and darker brown stripes.
Cerchneis cinnamomina australis Ridgw.,
be Acad. Nat. Sciz Philad., 1870; p. 149.
[Paraguay, type in U.S. Nat. Mus. ; new
name for Falco gracilis (nec Lesson)
Swains., Anim. in Menag., p. 281, 1838,
Bala, Braz., type in Brit. Mus.]

Brazilian Kestrel.

Southern.
5. America’:
Chile ;
Argentina
(except
Ne)

SS: Perus
W. of
Andes (?) ;
Patagonia
to Straits
of Magellan

Brazil,

IN? to
Amazon
River (?),
S ator Ne
Argentina.
E. to
Paraguay
and the
eastern
slopes of
Andes in
Bolivia and
Peru.

* Line of demarcation in Paraguay, Bolivia and S. Peru uncertain,

158

Size similar ; wing ¢ 7-7.50 in. ; tail 5.25 ;
2 wing 7.25-7.5 in. ; g head much darker,
blackish slate; above darker rufous;
tail band 18-22 mm. (central widest,
northern and southern narrowest) ; below
much deeper cinnamon; spots on sides
fewer (except in less mature birds); @
above (including tail) and below much
darker cinnamon rufous; wing quills
washed with rufous on inner webs, the
black bars much narrower and white inter-
spaces 6 mm. wide; tail bands narrow
and regular as in C. s. connamomina, but
underside much less white and_ bars
appearing much narrower, with no black
terminal band.
309b. Cerchneis cinnamonuna equatorialis Mearns, Ecuador.
Auk., 1892, p. 269. [3 “Guayaquil,” errore N. to West
=interior of Equador, type No. 101, 309 in Colombia

coll.eU.S. Nat. Mus.] (W. slope
[C. c. cauce Chapm. and C. c. andina of central
Cory, synonyms. |* and
Andean Kestrel. northern
Andes).

Slightly larger; wing g 7.50 in.; more
deeply coloured and more heavily marked ;
vent and under tail-coverts clear buff ;

* T think that the absence of exact locality for Mearns’s type cannot
be held to disqualify his name, as it seems certain the example came from some
part of Ecuador, and I accept “ interior of Ecuador ”’ as a sufficient locality,
since I am unable to distinguish four (?) separate races for Ecuador as set
forth by Cory (Field Mus. Pub. Orn., Ser. i., pp. 319-23). C. c. cauce@ appears
to me to be a northern extension of this dark form, reducing in size shghtly ;
C. c. andina appears to rest on the largest and darkest birds, with fewest spots
on sides, and presumably the most mature, judging by the description and
by presumed examples I have seen. His C. c. peruviana, being the paler
southern examples, is in my opinion untenable, as most Peruvian birds can
be referred either to cinnamomina or australis. There are only two groups of
forms in South America, the larger cinnamomina and the smaller isabellina.
Tf a bird is of fair size and has spotted sides when quite adult it must belong
to the former, and if small, with unspotted sides when adult, it must belong
to the latter. To treat both as forms of sparveria, as Cory does, is confusing.
It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the spotting in the isabellina
group is immaturity ; in cinnamomina it remains in the adult, but must vary
as we get away from the typical race. Andina by its size appears to belong
to the cinnamomina group, and according to Cory’s description the spots are
not entirely absent,

309c.,

310.

159

spots below larger and more numerous ;
2 under parts (except throat) much deeper,
in some Specimens dull rufous, obscurely
streaked and spotted with blackish ; vent
and thighs clear buff.

Cerchneis cimnamomina _ fernandensis
Chapnr., Balls Am, Mus: N°H.,. xxxiv.;
p. 379 (1915). [Masatierra I., Juan Fer-
nandez Is., type in Am. Mus. N.H.]

Juan Fernandez Kestrel.

Smaller and paler; ¢ length 9.50; wing 7 ;
tail 5 in.; head and nape bluish slate,
without rufous when fully ad. ; above ru-
fous, with only one or two small specks of
black ; wing-coverts slate blue, slightly
spotted with black ; primaries with black
bars more or less obsolete, not extending
across webs; tail with black subterminal
band 15-25 mm. wide, and white tips ;
outer web of outer feather white, inner
rufous; below light pinkish cinnamon,
unspotted (except in less mature birds) ;
thighs and vent white ; 2 below isabelline,
with a few fine’streaks and spots of pale
brown on chest and sides of breast ; nape
often with rufous patch or tinge. [Specific
distinctions : small size, slate crown, and
unspotted under parts. }

Cerchnets isabellina isabellina Swains.,
Anim. in Menag., p. 281 (1838). [ Demarara,
type in Brit. Mus. ]

Isabelline Kestrel.

Kenethes 9 im’: wing. 7-7.25 ; tail 5 in. ;
@ wing 7.50-7.70, tail 5.25 in.; g above
darker rufous, with only a few black spots
and bars; head blackish slate with no
rufous patch when adult; primaries

Juan
Fernandez
Islands,
off Chile.

Guiana
and E.
Venezuela
(=; sto
Caracase
S; townie
Branco,
N. Brazil).

160

barred right across inner webs ; tail with
broader black subterminal band (25-30
mm.) ; below decided rufous cinnamon,
unspotted in ad. (less mature with a few
black spots on sides); @ and juv. ¢
isabelline rufous below with dark brown
streaks and spots; crown with more or
less rufous.

310a. Cerchneis isabellina ochracea Cory, Field Venezuela,

Mus. Pub. Om: Ser, 15, (p) 298 (195) iMiemcar

[Colon, Tachira, W. Venez., type in Field Colon,

Mus. | Valle,

Venezuelan Kestrel. Ohama,
Montana de
la Sierra,
Citatar
Margarita
Lee Nee
Colombia ;
Andes
region of
Colombia.*

Wing shorter; ¢ av. 6.50, 2 6.90 in. ;

similar to last form but with a greater

tendency to banding above and.to heavy

black spotting below in less mature birds ;

ad. ¢ below isabelline rufous unspotted ;

tail band av. 25 mm. [Barely separable

form. | ;

310b. Cerchnets tsabellina brevipennis Berl., J.{.0. Curacao,

1892, p. 91. [Curacao.] Bonaire,

Curacao Kestrel. Aruba Is.,
off
Venezuela.

* C. 1. intermedia Cory (Field Mus. N. H. Orn., i., p. 325 (1915), seems to

be non-separable. The average wing of his examples is the same as the
measurement of his type of ochvacea; the narrower band on the tail seems
scarcely a reliable distinction, while the white spotting on outer webs of
primaries is a very variable character. C. 1%. margaritensis Cory (T. c¢., p. 297),
I am also unable to distinguish, as examples with the paler under parts occur
in the Merida district along with the darker birds. His C. 7. perplexa (t. c.,
p- 327) I am unable to distinguish, dark and pale-breasted birds occurring
together as I have before pointed out; while C. 7. distincta (t. c., p. 297) 1s
most certainly typical isabellina, the principal character, the obsolete bars on
inner webs of primaries, being present in Brit. Guiana examples.

311.

161

Wing ¢ 7.7-7.25, 9 7.40-7.55 in. ; head,
neck, back and wing-coverts slaty blue ;
with a tinge of rufous on interscapulary
region ; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail
deep bay, the tail tipped with white and
with a broad subterminal bar of black ;
throat and sides of face whitish ; below
chestnut-fawn, paler on vent, and shaded
with greyish on flanks, with one or two
spots of black.

Cerchnets sparverioides Vig., Zool. Junl., iii.,
p. 436 (1828). [Cuba].

Cuban Kestrel.

Cuba, eas:
Florida ?

Gen. LXXXVII. DISSODECTES Sclat. (1864).

With the characters of Cerchnets but with a more
_ or less constant double-toothed mandible, and
plumage not rufescent.

Wing § 8.9; general plumage slaty grey
(paler below) with dark shaft-lines to the
feathers; tail with whitish bands on
inner webs; throat and sides of face
whitish.

Dissodectes ardosiacus Bonn. et Viell., Enc.
Meth., iii., p. 1238 (1823). [Senegal.]
Slate-coloured Kestrel.

Smaller; wing 4 83; head and neck
whitish ashy, with distinct blackish shaft-
stripes; rest of upper parts blackish
brown, the primaries darker and banded
on inner webs with white; rump and
upper tail-coverts white, shaded with
grey; tail greyish white, banded with
black, the subterminal band broad ; throat
whitish ; under parts ashy brown.

W. Africa
(Sene-
gambia to
Angola) ;
NE
Africa,
Equatorial
Africa.

162

313. Dissodectes dickinsoni Sclat., P.Z.S., 1864,
p. 248. [Shiré River. ]
Dickinson’s Kestrel.

Wing ¢ 8.75, 99.1 in. ; above ashy grey
with black shaft-stripes, paler and bluer
grey on rump and upper tail-coverts ;
scapulars and wing-coverts barred with
greyish black ; primaries blackish, barred
with rufous or whitish on inner webs ; tail
black, all but the 2 central feathers barred
with greyish white ; forehead and throat
whitish, streaked on throat and barred
below with ashy brown.

314. Dissodectes zoniventris (Peters), Sitz. k.
Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1853, p. 7. [Mada-
gascar. |
Madagascar Grey Kestrel. ‘

subs Order Ili ean DION ES:

Zambesi
River,
Nyasaland,
Angola.

Mada-

gascar.

Gen. LXXXVIII. PANDION Savigny (1809)

Plumage very close and compact, wanting the
accessory plumule ;_ no facial disk; eyes placed
laterally in the head ; nostrils generally not con-
cealed by bristles; tarsus reticulated; toes
devoid of feathers, the under surface rough,
covered with small pointed scales; the outer
toe reversible.

Size large ; length ad. about 24 in. ; wing
19-20.90 in.; head white, the crown
striped with blackish brown ; nape feath-
ers elongated and lanceolate ; ear-coverts
and stripe through eye blackish brown ;
above dark brown, with paler margins to
most of feathers; tail dark brown, inner
webs barred with dark brown and whitish ;
below white, the breast varied with pale
brown centres to the feathers ; bill black ;
feet blue.

315.

35a.

315b.

163

Pandion haliaétus haliaétus (Linn.), S.N.,

i., p. 91 (1758). [Europe =Sweden.]
Common Osprey.

Size similar; dark markings of head
blacker ; above darker and richer brown ;
less marked on under side.

Pandion haliaétus carolinensis Gmel., S.N.,
i., p. 263 (1789). (Carolina. |

American Osprey.

Similar to typical race, but smaller ; wing
ad. 16.50-18.25 in. ; head much whiter;
feet bluish white.

Pandion haliaétus cristatus (Vieill.), N.D.,
iv., p. 481 (1816). [Tasmania.]
Whiteheaded Osprey.

Europe,
from Lap-
land (and
formerly
Scotland)
to the Medi-
terranean
and Coasts
of N.
Africa and
Red Sea ;
Si) Arabia.
N. Asia to
Japan and
Kamt-
schatka.

N. America
N. to New-
foundland
and Alaska;
S. in winter
to Central
America ;
S. America.
5: to ‘Per
and
Paraguay.

Australia ;
dasmaniag
Moluccas ;
New
Guinea ;
Philippines;
Sunda Is,

oOlDG:

164

[Not seen]. Smaller. ?

Pandion haliaétus microhaliaétus Brasil,
Rev. Franc. ‘Ora; 1916) "sp. 201 New
Caledonia. |

New
Caledonia.

Gen. LXXXIX. POLIOAETUS Kaup (1850).

Wing ¢ 18, 2 20.4 in.; above brown,
darker on wings, the primaries blackish ;
head and neck all round ashy grey; tail
white, with broad terminal bar of brown ;
breast brown ; belly white ; under side of

' wing leaden brown, with a white spot at

316.

316a.

base of primaries; feet yellowish white.
Polioaétus ichthyaétus ichthyaétus Horsf.,
Ds. Linn. Soc-; sans p, 136\(1822) Wawa
White-tailed Fishing Eagle.

Smaller; wing 2 16.2 in.; above ashy
brown, back and wings darker ; tail pale
brown at base, blackish brown sub-
terminally, the tip white; throat, breast
and under wing-coverts ashy brown ;
belly white ; feet bluish white.

Polioaétus ichthyaétus humilis Mill. and

Schl. Nat. Gesch. Zool. Aves, p. 47, pl. 6

(1839-44). [Swmatra. |
Malayan Fishing Eagle.

Indian
Peninsula ;
Ceylon ;
Burma ;
Peninsula
Malay

and
Archipel.

Burma ;
Malay
Peninsula ;
Sumatra ;
Borneo ;
Java ;
Celebes.

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