CM O 00 00 O CO 0> o CO CO QL 696 F3S95 1919 PT.2 C.l BMED Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by R.O.M. Library PART II— NOV. 7, 1919. PKICE 41- A SYNOPTICAL LIST OF THE ACOIPITEES (Diurnal Birds of Prey) l^S^ PART II. (Erythrotriorchis to Lophoaetus) Comprising described Species and Subspecies, with their Characters and Distribution BY H. KTIIKE S\A ANN, F.Z.S. LONDON : JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38. Great Queen Street, KiNGSWAY, W.C.2. 1919. A SYNOPTICAL LIST OF THE ACCIPITRES (DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY) PART II. Sub-Fain. III. BUTFONiN^. Bill moderate, bending from base, with a slight projection on cutting edge of upper mandible. Outer toe connected to middle toe by an interdigital membrane ; tibia much longer than tarsus, exceeding it by more than the length of hind claw. Gen. XXVII. ERYTHROTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1875). Wing about equal to tail, the latter moderately graduated ; ridge of bill (without cere) less than half length of middle toe (without claw). Size of Buteo. Length q 20, wing 14.5 : $ wing 16 in. ; plumage above and below bright rufous, with black centres ; tail ash, tipped with pale rufous, and irregularly barred with dark brown ; under surface of tail and tips of primaries Avhitish. 12(). Erythrotriorchis radiatas (Lath.), Ind. Orn. F.C.N, and Suppl., ii., p. xii. (1801) {N.S. Wales.] N.W. Red Buzzard. Australia. Gen. XXVIIl. MFGATRIORCHIS Salvad. & D'Alb. (1875). Wings short , slightly longer than tail ; tail long, rounded ; inner toe shorter than outer. 40 Larger ; length $ 26.75, wing 14 in. ; plumage above brownish black, with rufescent margins ; below white, spotted longitudinally with brown ; wings and tail above banded alternately with brownish -black and greyish - brown. 127. Megatriorchis dorice . Salvad. & D"Alb., Ann. S.E. New Mus. Civ. Genov. vii., p. 85 (1875). [Yule Guinea. Island.] Doria's Buzzard -Hawk. Gen. XXIX. HETEK08P1ZIAS Sharpe (1874). Nostrils round, with large tubercular process ; wings reaching up to or beyond tail ; tail about equal to twice tarsus. Size of Biiteo: length 224, wing 18.3, (J 20, wing 1(3.5 in. ; head and shoulders rufous ; jnantle and scapulars pale slate grey with rufous margins ; rump and tail purplish black, tail with a median white bar and white tips ; below rufous with narrow obsolete black bars on breast. 128. Helerospizias yneridionalis (Lath.), Ind. Orn., 8. America 1., p. 30 (1790). [Cayenne] (Colombia to Red-winged Hawk. S.E. Brazil, 'O' Paraguay and Argentina). Gen. XXX. GEKANOAETUS Kaup (1844). Size much larger than Buteo ; tail proportionately shorter, and wings proportionately longer. LengthcJ 28, ? 31 , wing 23.7, tail 1 1 .5 in ; slaty- black, with the shoulder grey, finely barred with blackish; abdomen and under wing and tail-coverts greyish Avhite, finely barred Avith blackish. 12U. Geranoaetd'S mdanokticini (Vieill.), N. Diet. Colombia d'Hist. Nat., xxxii., p. 57, 1819 [Paraguay], to Chile and Chilian Eagle. Patagonia. Gen. XXXI. BUTEO Lacep. (1799). Cere large; nostrils oval with ]io tubercle; wings moderately long, the 3rd to 5th quills longest, the first 3 to 5 emarginale or notched on inner webs; tarsus short, strong, usually scaled, and feathered in front for a varying distance. Size usually under 24 in. 41 Key to the Natural Groups and Species (x\.dults). A. Tail usually brown, sometimes washed with rufous, with a varying immber of transverse bars ; generally from 6 to 12, often indistinct. General plumage sooty-black, shaded with brown ; tail greyish-brown with 12 or 18 blackish bars. 1.30. Buteo galapagensis (Gould), P.Z.S., 1837, i^. 9 Galapagos Is, \ Galapagos Is.] Galapagos Buzzard. Aberrant species ; size small ; wingcJ 10.75 in., very short and rounded ; inner webs of first 4 primaries emarginate ; tips of primaries reaching to about middle of tail ; tail with 8 or 9 darker bars ; plumage blackish-brown (dark phase) or brown above and buff below and on head (light phase). 131. Buteo solitarius Peale, Zool. U.S. Exp]. Hawaiian Exped. Birds, p. 02 (1848). [Karakaloa Bay, Archipelago Hawaii.] Solitary Buzzard. Size small; length (^ 18.50, wing 11.8 in.; above pale brown ; tail with 6 or 7 bands of darker brown ; below white, throat narrowly and breast broadly streaked with pale brown ; belly and thighs uniform pale brown. 132. Buteo hrachyptents Hs.rtl., Faun. Madag.p.l. Madagascar. (1861). [Madagascar.] Short -winged Buzzard. Size large, length $, 24.5 ; wing 19 in. ; head and neck white, with broad streaks of pale brown ; above dull brown ; tail with indistinct darker cross-bars, the base and inner webs white ; below white, barred on throat and streaked on breast Avith dark brown ; flanks dark brown. 133. Bateo hemilasius Temm. et Schl., Faun. E.Siberia. Japon. Aves. p. 18, pi. vii (1844). [Ja'2)an.] Mongolia [Archibuteo strophiatus(H.odgs . )i s a synonym .] to Tibet, Upland Buzzard. Nepal and L. Baikal ; Cas. Japan ; winters China, Turkestan, J^. India, 42 Length (J, 19, wing 15 in. ; first 3 primaries notched ; above dark-brown to slate-broA\ii with paler edgings ; tail with 10 or 12 darkei* cross-bars, the sub -terminal broad ; throat white, upper breast rufous ((J) to deep chest- nut or brownish -black ($): other lower parts buffy -white, generally with rufous arrow heads or flank bars ; a uniform sooty -brown phase is met with. 1.34. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Geogr. and Comp. List, p. 3 (1838). [Near tJie Columbia River.] 8wainson's Hawk. Tail brown with 8 or 0 darker bars ; below whitish, heavily blotched lengthwise with (lark brown ; thighs buflfish, barred with dark brown. 135. IliUeo oreophilus Hart, and Neum., Orn. M.B. xxii., p. 31 (1914). !>S'. Abyssinia.] K. African Buzzard. First 4 primaries notched ; length^ about 20 in. ; wing 14.75-15 ; tail 8.75-9 ; tarsus 3.10 ; $ wing 15-16 in. ; plumage variable ; adult in breeding plumage {Brit. Isles) brown to dark brown above, sometimes with rusty edges to scapulars ; lower parts whitish, heavily blotched on breast and barred on belly with dark brown (occasionally rufous brown), the upper breast, flanks and thighs nearly uniform ; tail with 12 or 13 darker bars, the sub-terminal one broad* ; a sooty- brown phase also a " white " variety are met with. Buteo buteo buteo (Liini.) S.N. ed. X. i. p. 90 (1758). [Euro2)e.] Common Buzzard. 136. N. and S. America, from Alaska to Chile. E. Africa, Abyssinia and Uganda to the Ca]^e. W.. N. and C. Europe, N. to Brit . Isles and Sweden, S. to Spain. * Adults among the Buzzards usually have the tail much less numerously barred than is the case with young birds and often have a broad sub-terminal band, lacking in young birds ; the latter also have the under-parts of the body as a rule lighter, often with the arrow-head, circular or elongated dark markings characteristic of the young birds of other groups of the Accipitres, Individuals of all the species of Buteo vary greatly in plumage. 43 Smaller insular race ; darker and more rufous ; more heavily marked below, tai] tinged rufous. 136a. Buteo buteo arrigonii Picchi, Avicula, vii., Sardinia, p. 40 (1903). [Sardinia.^ Corsica. Sardinian Buzzard. Wing $ 16.50, (J 15.50 in. ; large and dark insular race ; more similar to zim7nermannm than typical form ; darker than latter gener- pJly is and nearly uniform below, blackish - brown to rufous-brown, the abdomen barred ; tail with 10 or 12 darker bars and with or without rufous tinge. 136b. Buteo buteo harterti subsi3. no v. [B. buteo Madeira, subsp. ? Hart., Vog. Pal. Faun., p. 1123 (1914)]. [Type in Tring Mus.] Madeira Buzzard. Wing ^ 13.40-14.10 ; ? 14.70-15.25 in. ; rufous form, but tail generally light ashy, with 7-9 bars, the sub-terminal broad, more or less tinged with rufous ; below with belly either uniform deep riifous or barred and mottled with huffish -white. 136c. Buteo buteo rothschildi, subsp. no v.* [No. Azores. 1904, 12. 31. 286, Coll. B.M., ? Terceira, Az. Apl. 6, 1903, W.R.O. Grant.] Azores Buzzard. Wing? 15.40-15-70,(J (juv.) 13.80 in. ; rufous form ; chest and abdomen rufous brown ; tail brown, slightly tinged with rufous and with the darker bars nearly obsolete in very old bird, about 5 being appareiit ; younger birds have about 10 distinct bars. 136d. Buteo buteo insularum Floericke, Mitteil. Canary Oesterr. Reichsb , iii., p. 64 (1903). [Gran Isles. Canaria.] Canary Isles Buzzard. Paler and less rufous than three preceding forms; wing? 14.60; above ashy-brown, with paler margins to the feathers ; tail with 9 darker bars ; below throat white, streaked with dusky-brown ; chest brown, mottled with buffy-white ; centre of breast whiter ; belly * Tlie fine series in Brit. Mus. does not appear to me to confirm the view that the Azores race is the same as the Canary Is. race. 44 barred with brown ; thighs dark brown, slightly barred with rufous ; feet smaller and slighter. 136e. Buteobuteobannermani, suhs-p.noY. [$Near Mindello Bay, St. Vincent, Cape Verd Is. Sept . 26, 1913, in Coll. B. M. No. 1919. 8. 15. 148.] Cape Verd Buzzard. Size of but more rufous than B. buteo buteo ; more heavily marked below ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white barred transversely with rufous brown ; tail distinctly barred and with a rufous tinge ; wing^J 14.32, tail 8.25 in. 136f. Buteo buteo zimmermannce, Ehmcke, J.f.O. 1893, p. 117. [Kreis Gumbinnen, E. Prussia.] Rufous Buzzard. Tarsus feathered alx)ut half-way down in front ; plumage above purplish brown, with rufescent margins ; tail with 4 or 5 indistinct darker bars ; below rufous, abdomen buffy- white, barred with rufous (younger birds buffy -white below, streaked on breast and blotched on abdomen with dark broA^n.) 136g. Buteo buteo japonicus (Temm. et Schl.) in Siebold's Fauna Jap. Aves., p. 16. [pi. vi, vi^] (1844). [Japan.] [—B. plumipes. (Hodgs.)] Japanese Buzzard. Cape Verd Islands. E. Europe : E. Prussia &W. &C. Russia, N. to Arch- angel, S. to Balkans, W. casually to Holland, Brit. Is- lands (*) France and Italy. Japan, China Corea, Manchuria, Turkestan, Punjab to Burma. B. Tail more definitely red in old birds, with most of the bars obsolete. Smaller : wing cJ 13.40-14.50, tail 7-8, tarsus 3 in., ? wing about 15 in. ; above brown * There are eight rufous Brit, birds in the Brit. Mus. collection, two of which seem referable to B. rufiventer and the rest to this form, while there is another example in Brighton Mu?. from the Monk coll., labelled " England." Devonshire birds are, however, often almost as rufous as those from E. Europe. 45 137. 138. Avith conspicious rufous margins and blackish shafts ; tail more or less rufous, with sub- terminal band and remains of other bars (in younger birds ashy-brown barred with dark brown) ; head, neck and under parts tawny rufous, breast varied with creamy buff and throat streaked with brown ; belly not barred in adult. Butco rufiventer Jerd. Madr. Jnl. 1844, p. 165. {Nilghiri Hills, India.] l=B. deser- torum Daud. ex Levaill.] Desert Buzzard. Much larger : Wing ^ 16.25-17.75, tail 10.5, tarsus 3.75, $ wing 18-19 in. ; breast huffish to -pale rufous with dark shaft streaks ; ab- domen, flanks and thighs rufous to chocolate brown, unbarred ; tail pale rufous, whitish at base and shafts white, with 2 or 3 definite bars towards tip and remains of others ; uniform dark under parts of some birds probably a dark phase or erythrism rather than age ; also subject to melanism ; im- mature huffish white below blotched and streaked with dark rufous brown ; tail ashy with darker bars. Buteo ferox ferox S. G. Gmel., N. Comm. Ac. Petrop. xv., p. 442, pi. x (1769). [Astrakan.] Long-legged Buzzard. W. Asia and S.E. Europe* (S. Russia to Caucasus) ; S. to India, Arabia and Africa below the Sahara in winter ; cas.in Brit. Islands. S.E. Europe (cas. S. & W. Euroj)e), Egypt, Arabia, Asia Minor ; W. & C. Asia ; N.W. India and Africa in winter. * The form B. menetriesi, Bogd., is not separable. It appears to rest upon birds with a fully rufous tail and the bands obsolete, except the sub- terminal one, bvit there is no doubt these are only very old birds and there is no means of distinguishing European from Asiatic examples in the various other stages of tail marking, while the red stage seems common to both. Both forms migrate to Africa. 46 Much smaller : Aviiig 14.50, tail 8.2, tarsus 2.7 in. 138a. Buteo ferox cirtensis (Levaill). Expl. Sci. de I'Alger., pi. 3 (1850). [Algeria.] Algerian Buzzard. N.W. and N. Africa, (Morocco, Algeria, Tunis), Spain (ace. ?) 8. Africa. Length rj 21, wing 17, tail 8, tarsus 3.30 in. ; $ length 23, wing 18 in. ; general plumage sooty or brownish-black ; lower breast chestnut ; abdomen more or less barred with white and chestnut ; i)rimaries externally ashy, secondaries whitish, both barred with black ; tail chestnut red, with black sub-terminal band ; younger birds have under parts rufous, excepting throat. 139. BiUeojakal (Daud.), Traite, ii., p. 161 (1800). [Cape of Good Hoj^e, ex Le Vaillant.] Jackal Buzzard. 13ya. Buteo jakal archeri W. 8cl., Bull. B.O.C., Somaliland. xxxix., p. 17 (1918). Size similar ; tail less chestnut, more tawny ; lower parts black in old birds ; in younger chiefly white, excepting the throat which is more or less black. 140. Buteo augur Riipp., Neue Wirb. Vog., p. 38, pi. 16 (1835). [Abyssinia.] Augur Buzzard. General plumage of q dusky blackish, the feathers of back and wings margined with brown ; sides of head and cervical collar varied with rufous ; forehead, nape spot and throat white ; breast as upper parts ; abdomen and flanks white spotted and streaked with black ; tail rufous with sub- terminal black band. 141. Buteo auguralis Salvad., Att. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., viii., p. 377 (1865). [Abtjssinia.] Salvadori's Buzzard. Size variable ; average length, ^J 21, wing 15.50 in. ; ? 24, wing 17.50 in. ; above blackish- brown with more or less of lighter variegation ; tail chestnut with one sub-terminal darker band and often remains of others ; below buffy-white, flanks barred or mottled and ab- domen heavily streaked with blackish -brown. N.E. Africa, Equatorial Africa. W. Africa to N.E. Africa. ^7 142. Buteo borealis horealis (Gmel.), S.N., 1, p. (1788). [Carolina.] Red -tailed Buzzard. 266 Light form, pure white below with few or no markings ; sub -terminal tail -bar reduced or obliterated. 142a. Buteo borealis hrideri (Hoopes), Pr. Ac. Nat. Soc. Philad., 1873, p. 238, pi. 5. [Iowa.] Krider's Hawk. StrongJy developed form of B. borealis borealis, more strongly marked below, especially on thighs, and with more bars than the sub-terminal one on tail ; melanisms are frequent, but they usually retain the rufous tail. 142b. Buteo borealis calurus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vii., p. 281 (1855). [Netv Mexico.] Western Red -tail. Perhaps a melanism of B. borealis borealis ; size similar, but more robust ; nearly uniform sooty-brownish-black, with much Jess of concealed white ; tail mottled with greyish, dusky-white and rufous, with subterminal black band. 142c. Buteo borealis harlani (Aud.), Bds. Am., i., p. 86 (1830). [Louisiana.] Harlan's Buzzard. E. North America, N. to Canada and New- foundland W. to Gt. Plains. Gt. Plains, from Mis- souri and Minnesota, W. to Rocky Mountains, N. to S. Manitoba. W. North America, be- ^rond W. edge of Gt. Plains E. to Middle Yukon, S. to Guatemala ; Guadaloupe Is. Lower Mississippi Valley & Gulf States, from Louisiana to Georgia and Florida. 48 Resembling B. borealis calurus, but smaller throughout ; wing (^ ad. 344 mm. ; $ 365 mm. ; dark areas blacker and more extended. 142d. Buteo borealis alascensis Grinnell, Univ. Cal. S. E. Alaska. Pub. Zool., v., No. 2, p. 211 (1909). [Glacier Bay and Chichagof /.] Alaska Red-tail. Tail uniform rufous, with one very narrow sub-terminal band ; flanks and thighs light rufous ; juv., tail barred, and flanks and thighs sparsely barred with rufous. 142e. Buteo borealis costaricensis Ridgw., Hist. N. Costa Rica to Am. Bds., iii., p. 285 (1874). [Costa Rica.] Panama. Central American Red-tail. Size of B. borealis borealis, but darker above ; throat and middle of belly with broad con- spicuous striping and banding of deep chocolate brown ; tail feathers with dark brown markings (remains of bands) near shaft. 142f . Buteo borealis umbrinus Bangs, Pr. New Engl. Florida, Zool., CI. ii., p. 67 (1901). [Myakka, Bahamas. Manatee Co., Florida.] Florida Red-tail. Socorro Island. Tres Marias Islands. Small form : wing ^ 14.94-15.70, $ 16.76 in. Insular race, undescribed ? * 142g. Buteo borealis socorroensis Ridgw., Pr. U.S.N. Mus., iii., 1880, p. 220 (1881) [Socorro /.] [nom. nudem.] Socorro Island Red -tail. More rufous on sides of breast and belly ; thighs heavily barred with brown. 142h. Buteo borealis fumosus Nelson, Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. xii. p. 7 (1898) [Tres Marias Is.] Tres Marias Red-tail. Length 21, wing 14.50 in. ; above sooty- brownish with purplish gloss and ferruginous edgings ; tail rusty ferruginous, base and tips white with sub-terminal dusky-black band and 7-9 dusky bars ; wing quills rich brown, barred with black ; below white tinged * The example in Tring Mus. is black with rufous tail, having broad sub-terminal band, and 8 or 9 narrow obsolete bars, presumably' a melanism. 49 " Possibly the light phase A.O.U. Check List ; only buff ; throat streaked with dusky, chest more thickly with ferruginous ; a dusky zone across abdomen ; thighs barred ferruginous. 143. Buteo tropicalis Verrill., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. Ixi. pp. 357-8. (1909) [San Lorenzo.] Tropical Buzzard. Doubtful species oi B.b. harlani'' type example known.* 144. Buteo cooperi Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1856, p. 253. [Santa Clara Co., Calif.] Cooj)er's Buzzard. C. Tail black. Smaller than B. borealis horealis ; average length, ^, 19, wing 12.50 in. ; plumage above reddish brown with darker centres ; lesser wing-coverts bright chestnut ; below pale brownish rufous, barred with white ; thighs paler and more buffy ; quills and tail black, barred with white, the tail with about 6 bars. 145. Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmel.), S.N. 1., p. 268(1788) [LongIs.,N.Y.] Red-shouldered Buzzard. Much darker : " An erythrism of last form " (Coues) ; below generally much darker red- dish, with much less white barring ; thighs rufous. 145a. Buteo lineatus elegans Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. vii, p. 281 (1855) [Cali- fornia.] Western Red-shouldered Buzzard Smaller : wing 11-12 in. 145b. Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgw., Pr. U.S. Mus. vii., p. 514 (1885) [Tampa^ Fla.] Florida Red-shouldered Buzzard. Nat. San Domingo Calif o.'nia. E. North America, N. to Canada, W. to edge of Great Plains. W. North America from Brit. Colombia to N.W. Mexico and Lower California. S. Carolina to Florida. * A.O.U. Check List, ed. to another from Colorado. 3, 1910, hut Gurney (Ibis, 187C, p. 242) refers 50 Wing (type) 12.98 ; tail 8.62 in. ; darker, ap- proaching B. I. elegans ; breast usually more spotted with buffy ; dark shaft of chest more conspicuous ; head and back more rufous. 145c. Buteo lineatiis texanus Bishop, iVuk., xxix, p. 232 (1912). [Texas.] Texan Red-shouldered Buzzard. Considerably smaller ; length (J 15, wing 10.75 in. ; 9 16, wing 11.40 in. ; only 3 outer primaries emarginate ; plumage above dark brown with lighter edges ; nape much mottled with white ; tail brownish-black with 2 bands of greyish-white ; below rufous brown cross -barred with white in the form of transverse oblong spots. 146. BtUeo platypterus platypterus (Vieill.), Tabl. End. Meth.Jii., p. 1273(1823). [Near Phila- delp7iia.\ Broad-winged Buzzard Texas, Mexico. E. North America ; C. America, Colombia, Ecuador, E. Peru (winter.) and lighter than 146a. 146b 146c. below narrower and less Auk., Antigua. insulicola Riley, [Antigua.] antillarum x\4ii., p. 62 Clark, (1905). Pr. [St. St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Grenada. Verrill, Add. to Dominica. Insular race ; smaller antillarum and bars sharply defined. Buteo platypterus XXV., p. 273 (1908). Larger and darker. Buteo platypterus Biol. Soc. Wash Vincent.] [Descrij^tion not seen.] Buteo platypterus rivieri Avif . of Dom. ca. 1905, Y) Smaller; winged (Surinam) 15.25 in.* ; general plumage black ; tail black with broad median band of grey (showing white below) and remains of a second band. * Examples from Mexico (Tring Mus.) are larger; winged 16.75 in. A $ (?) Bolivia has the wing 18 in., and if this is a migrant from Mexico, there may be a large northern race, and if so it could be called mexicanus. Gray's alhonotatus (Mexico) is a nominum nudem and cannot stand, while Kaup's alhonotatus (Isis, 1847, p. 954) is neither a name nor a description. His alhonotatus in Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 75, is from " S. America " and is based on the " concealed white spots," which can be seen on the Surinam bird at Tring, and not on the Mexican ; they appear only to mark a stage of plumage. The only certain distinction seems to lie in the relative sizes. 51 147. Buteo abbreviatus abbrevlatus Gab., in Schomb. Reis. Guiana, iii, ip. 739 (1848) [British Guiana.] Zone -tailed Buzzard. 147a. 148. 149. 150. Much smaller ; wing " 0 '- 12.50 ; tail 6 in. ; uniform sooty black ; tail with 4 grey bars above, showing white below. Buteo abbreviatus minimus subsp. no v. [" $ " Miritiba, Braz., 18.8.09, coll. H.K.S.] D. Tail white. Length(^22 ; wing 15.25 in. ; general colour of (J bluish-slate ; tail white with about 9 narroAV bars of slate grey and broad sub- terminal blackish band ; $ head, neck and upper breast slate ; mantle, scapulars and belly rufous. Buteo poliosomus (Quoy et Gaim.) Voy. de I'Uran. Ois. p. 92, pi. 14 (1824) [" lies Malouines.''] Falkland Island Buzzard. Size similar ; adult ^, general plumage slate, tail with 8 darker bars and broad black sub- terminal band ; abdomen and thighs slate, more or less barred with white ; $ wings, rump and belly more or less suffused with rufous ; thighs rufous barred with white. Buteo hypospodius Gurney, Ibis, 1876, p. 73, pi. 3. [MedelUn.] Grey-bellied Buzzard. Larger : wing (5 ?) 19 in. ; above and tail much as in $ of B. e. erythronotus ; below barred with white and slate, the breast mixed with rufous. Buteo j)oecilochrous Gurney, Ibis, 1879, p. 176. [Yauayacu.] [ = B. melanosternus . Berl. and Stolzm.] Gurney's Red-backed Buzzard. Brit. Guiana, Surinam, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, S. to Bolivia. S. Brazil. Chile, Patagonia, Falkland Is., Tierra del Fuego. Colombia, Venezuela, Amazonia. Brazil. Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, 52 151. Length (J 21 ; wing 15 in. ; $ wing 16.5 in. ; cJ above slaty-bhie, below white ; tail white with 10 or 11 narrow grey bars and sub- terminal blackish band ; $ back and scapu- lars brick red. Buteo erythro7iotus erythronotus (Kinsr) Zool. Jnl. iii, p. 424 (1827). [Str. of Magellan.] Red -backed Buzzard. Insular form ; ^ darker slate grey above ; $ back uniform like cJ instead of red. 151a. Buteo erythronotus exsul Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 371 [Masafuera.]* Masafuera Buzzard. Patagonia to Chile and Peru, Falk- land Is., Argentina. Masafuera Island. 152. Length (J 21, wing 17 in. ; above and throat slaty-grey, darker on head and wings ; shoulder ferruginous ; rump and upper tail- co verts white ; tail silvery grey, centre feathers white, with 8 or 9 silvery bars and sub-terminal black band ; below white, axillaries and flanks barred with blackish. Buteo albicaudatus albicaudatus (Vieill.), X. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iv, p. 477 (1816). [S. America.] Wliite -tailed Hawk. S. America, to Chile and Argentina. Cross bars on tail and lower parts finer and more broken. 152a. Buteo albicaudatus sennetti Allen, Bull. Am. Middle Mus. N.H. v., p. 144 (1893). [Texas.] Texas to Sennett's White-tailed Hawk. S. America. " Notably smaller : with the upper parts, particularly the head and sides of the neck, darker and more slaty." 152b. Buteo albicaudatus exiguus, Chapm., Bull. Llanos of Am. Mus. N.H. xxxiv., p. 637 (1915). E.Columbia [Barrigon, Col.] & E. into Columbian White-tailed Hawk. Venezuela. * The following additional forms of Buteo have been described from Chile by Philippi (Arch, fiir NaUirg., 1899, pp. 167-70) viz. : Buteo melanostethos , B. pcecilogaster , B. macronychus, B. ater, B. pictus, B. albigula, B. [Asturina ?] cethiops et elegans, but what the respective value of these forms is I have been unable to judge. 53 Ad. plumage not seen ; imm. black, abdomen somewhat barred with buff ; tail with in- distinct darker bars. [Tring Mus.] 152c. Buteo albicaudatus coloims BerL, J.f .0. 1892, Curasao, p. 91. [Curagao.] Bonaire, & Curasao White -tailed Hawk Aruba Is Gen. XXXII. ARCHIBUTEO Brehm (1828) With characters and appearance of Buteo, but tarsi feathered to the toes. Length (^ 26, wing 18.7 in. ; ? length 22.5, wing 17 in. ; above deep brown with paler margins ; head, neck, throat and chest white, streaked with dark brown ; scapulars and least wing-coverts with white bases ; upper tail-coverts banded with white ; tail white, terminal portion ashy, with sub-terminal blackish band ; centre of belly and flanks deep brown mottled with white ; thighs and tarsi buffish-white, barred with brown ; much variation occurs, some birds being much darker, almost uniform below. 153. Archibuteo lagopus lagopus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 260 (1788). [ex Brilnn. ; Christiansoe near Bornholm.] Rough -legged Buzzard. Much paler ; plumage above with broad white margins ; streaks on throat and breast and thighs much narrower and paler ; upper tail- coverts white with a central streak of brown. 153a. Archibuteo lagopus pallidus (Menzb.), Orn. Turkest., i., p. 163 (1888). {Siberia, Turkestan, etc.] Siberian Rough-legged Buzzard. Much darker and more ochraceous below normally than A. I. lagopus and varying in melanistic examples to nearly uniform black. 153b. Archibuteo lago2)us sancti-johannis (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 273 (1788). [Hudson Strait and Newfoundland . ] American Rough-legged Buzzard. N. Europe and N. Asia; in winter S. to Mediter- ranean, Black Sea and Caspian. Siberia, Turkestan, Kamtschatka Ussuri. N. America, N. of Mexico, breeding N. of U.S 54 Plumage above blackish with chestnut mar- gins ; head streaked with black and white ; tail silvery ashy, tinged with rufous, the base and tip white ; below white, with black shaft lines on breast and arrow heads on flanks ; legs bright chestnut barred with black. 154. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.), Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berl. (Phys. Kl.), 1838, p. 428 (1839). [Near' Monteretj, CaL] Ferruginous Rough-leg. W. Nortli America, S. to California ; in winter to Lower California and N. Mexico. Gen. XXXIII. BUTEOLA Bp. (1855). Nostrils round, with distinct central tubei*cle ; wing with 3 outer primaries emarginate on inner webs^ the 4th sinuate. Size moderate ; length (J (?) 15.5, wing 11.3 in. ; $ (?) 16, wing 13 in. Above slaty-black ; tail ashy-bro^vn, tipjied with whitish and with 4 bars of blackish-brown ; sides of face and under surface of body white ; melanistic variety [B. fuUginosa, ScL] immature ?, general plumage sooty-black ; tail brown with 8 blackish bands. 155. Buteola brachyura (Vieill.), N. Diet. d'Hist., Nat. iv., p. 477 (1816). [Cayenne]. Short -tailed Buzzard. Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Guiana, N. to Central America and Florida. Gen. XXXIV ASTURINA Vieill. (1816). Tibia3 long ; feet large and powerful ; nostrils round, with indistinct and concealed tubercle at base of upper margin. Size medium (length 16-18 in.). (J 5 above ashy -grey, barred with silvery white, most narrowly on the head and nape, bars be- coming duller and broader on wings ; upper tail-coverts blackish, tipj)ed with white ; tail blackish with a broad white band about Jrd of distance from tip and a second incomplete band on outer feathers ; body below regularly banded with silvery white and slaty grey. 55 156. Asturina nitida nitida (Lath.), Ind. Orn p. 41 (1790). [Cayenne']. Shining Buzzard -Hawk, [Not seen.] 156a. Asturina nitida pallida Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., xxviii., p. 170 (1915). Above ashy-grey without white bars; head and nape lighter ; tail with whitish band across middle with remains of another nearer base, below banded as-^. n. nitida, except on breast, which is ashy-grey with black shaft stripes. 157. Asturina plagiata Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, i., Asturinee, p. 1 (1862), [Vera Cruz]. Mexican Goshawk. S.E. Brazil, Amazonia, Guiana, Colombia to Panama. Bolivia. Costa Rica, N. to S. Arizona and Lower Rio Grande Valley. Gen. XXXV. RUPORNLS Kaup (1844). Feet and claws much smaller and weaker. Size rather smaller than Asturina. Length (J 14. wing 8.70 in. ; above pale ashy- grey ; tail light ashy with 3 broad bands of black ; inner webs of wing quills rufous, barred with black, outer webs and tips ashy brown ; below white, barred with pale rufous or rufous ashy, the chest and throat nearly uniform. 158. Eupornis magnirostris magnirostris (Gmel.j, S.N., i., p. 282 (1788). [Catjenne]. Larse -billed Hawk. [Not seen.] 158a. Rupornis magnirostris occidus Bangs, Pr. Biol. Soc, Wash., xxiv., p. 187 (1911). [Rio Tembopata.] Bangs 's Hawk. Above browner ; tail with interspaces ashy. 158b. Rupornis magnirostris griseicauda Ridgw., Pr. 15^. t!^. ^YL., xvi., p. 47, (1873) [Mexico ?] Bos. Soc Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Lesser Antilles. Peru . Mexico to Guatemala and N. Nicaragua 56 158c, Smaller ; much paler (smoke grey) above ; slightly paler below. Rupornis magnirostris conspecta, Peters, Auk, Yucatan 1913, p. 370 [San Ignacio.] Peninsula. 158cl. Tail with the interspaces rufous instead of ashy ; below buff banded with rufous, throat and chest ashy. Rupornis magnirostris ruficauda (Scl. & Sal v.), P.Z.S., 1869, p. 133 [Type loc. sugg. David, W. Panama, Chapm.]. Red-tailed Hawk. Insular race. ]58e. Rupornis magnirostris gracilis Ridgw., Pr. U.S.N. Mus., viii., p. 94 (1885). [CozumelL] Centra] America (S. Nicaragua to Panama.) Cozumel I. Yucatan. Length $ 14.50, wing 10 in. ; tail dark brown imperfectly banded with white and shaded with dull rufous ; below dark rufous narrowly banded with white. 158f. Rupornis magnirostris ridgwayi Cory, Auk, i., p. 4 (1884). [S. Domingo]. Larger ; above brown, darker on head ; quills paler rufous than in R. m. ruficauda, and with bases pale rufous externally ; tail pale rufous banded with dark brown ; below buffy -white, very narrowly and indistinctly barred with pale rufous. 158g. Rupornis magnirostris pucherani, J. & E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1855, p. 350 [type loc. sugg. Paraguay, Brab. & Chubb.] Above ashy brown, head much clearer ; tail with the interspaces ashy-brown ; throat ashy-grey ; chest pale rufous, rest of under parts fulvous barred with pale rufous. 158h. Rupornis magnirostris natter eri (Scl. & Salv.) P.Z.S. 1869, p. 132. [Sao Paulo et Mattogrosso.] Natterer's Hawk. Uniform black, lower upper tail -co verts and base of tail white ; tail black, with a single band of ashy-brown ; tibial plumes rufous ; under tail-coverts buffv-white. Haiti and S. S. Domingo. Paraguav, S.E. Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina. S.E. & C. Brazil. 57 159. Rupornis leucorrhos (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Brazil to de rUraii. p. 91, pi. 13 (1824). [Brazil] Peru, White -rumped Hawk. Colombia, Venezuela. Gen. XXXVI. BUSARELLUS Lafr. (1842.) Size of Buteo ; sole of foot covered with rugose and throny spicules (like that of Pandion) tip of upper mandible much curved. Above bright chestnut, with narrow black shaft stripes ; outermost wing-coverts and quills black ; basal half of tail chestnut banded with black, apical half black with narrow white tip ; head and neck creamy buff ; lower throat black ; below chestnut. 160. Busarellus nigricoUis (Lath.), Ind. Orn. 1, p. 35 (1790). [Cayenne.] Black-collared Hawk. Brazil, Guiana, Peru, Paraguay. Gen. XXXVII. BUTEOGALLUS Less. (1831.) Size nearly the same ; outer toe hardly longer than inner ; soles of feet smooth, wings short of tail by less than length of hind toe. Plumage above black, with rufous margins on mantle and wing-coverts ; quills bright chestnut, the outer webs black ; tail black with white tip and indistinct median band of white ; throat blackish ; below rufous, narrowly barred with black. 161. Buteogallus mquinoctialis (Gmel.), S.N. i. Guiana ; p. 265 (1788). [Cayenne.] Colombia, Equinoctial Buzzard. Paraguay. Gen. XXXVIII. URUBITINGA Lafr. (1837). Rather larger : tarsus scutellate before and behind, reticulated laterally ; distance between tips of wing and tail greater than length of hind toe ; secondaries nearly as long as primaries ; general plumage black. Above and below black ; upper tail-coverts mostly white ; basal haK of tail white with a broad black band ; apical half black with white tip. 58 162. Urubitinga urubitinga urubitinga (Gmel.), S.N. i., p. 265 (1788). [Brazil.] Brazilian Eagle. Under wing-coverts and tibiae with more white ; tail with less white and an extra black bar. 162a. Urubitinga urubitinga ridgwayi Gurney, List Diurn. Bds. Prey, p. 77, 148 (1884). [Guatemala.'] liidgway's Black Hawk. 162 b. Urubitinga urubitinga subtilis Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Harvard, xlvi. p. 94. (1905). [Gorgona I.] Gorgon a Black Hawk. Black above and below ; upper and under tail- coverts narrowly tipped with white ; tail with a broad white median band and white tip. 163. Urubitinga anthracina anthracina (Licht.), Preis. Verz. ; Vogel, Mexico, etc., p. 3 (1830). [Mexico.] Mexican Black Hawk. Doubtful form ; said to be dark chocolate brown with 2 more or less distinct extra white bands at base of tail. 163a Urubitinga anthracina gundlachii Cab., J. f.O. (1854). [Cuba.] Cuban Black Hawk. Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, E. Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, Guiana, C. America to Costa Rica Guatemala and Mexico. S.W. Colombia. Tropical America to W. Indies, Guatemala, Mexico and Arizona. Cuba. Gen. XXXIX. LEUCOPTERNIS Kaup (1847). Similar in structure to Urubitinga ; nostril nearly circular ; tarsus not more than twice as long as middle toe ; plumage usually more white than black. Plumage uniform bluish slate colour ; tail black, with a white median band and white tip. 59 1 64 . Leucopternis GEfv. K. Vet. Akad. [Brazil.] Slate-coloured Hawk. schistacea (Sundev.) Forh. 1849, p. 132. E. Peru Colombia, C. and N.E. Brazil. 164a. Smaller : Uniform leaden grey ; wings and tail black, latter with a median bar of ashy- white ; under wing-coverts white and tibial plumes barred with same. Leucopternis schistacea plumbea Salv., Ibis, Ecuador, 1872, p. 240, pi. viii. [Ecuador.] W. Colombia Plumbeous Hawk. 165. 165a. General plumage white ; head streaked with black, neck all round white ; mantle and wing-coverts black varied with white ; quills black ; tail white with broad sub-terminal black band. Leucopternis albicollis alhicollis (Lath.), Ind. Orn. 1, p. 36 (1790). [Cayenne.] White -collared Hawk. Similar, but rather smaller and with head plumbeous ; upper parts plumbeous instead of black ; black sub-terminal band on tail narrower. Leucopternis albicollis occidentalis Ibis. 1876, p. 496. [Puna I.] Puna White -collared Hawk. Guiana, Trinidad, Venezuela, N. Brazil. Salv. W. Ecuador. 166. Larger ; above and below white ; tail with broad sub-terminal black band ; greater wing-coverts and secondaries black tipped with white ; primaries black. Leucopternis ghiesbrechti, Du Bus. Esq. S. Mexico Orn. pi. 1 (1845). [S. Mexico.] to Ghiesbrecht's Hawk. Panama. 161 Above blackish-slate, most of feathers tipped or barred with white ; head, neck and under- parts white ; basal half of tail black, ter- minal white. Leucopternis palliata (Pelz.), Sitz. Akad. Wien. xliv., p. 11. (1861, ex Natterer.) [Ypanema.] Mantled Hawk. S. Brazil. 60 N.E.Brazil Above more slate coloured, with less white variegation : neck shaded with greyish : tail with narrow siib-terniinal black band on Avhite apical half. 168. Leucopternis lacernulata (Temm.), PI. Col. S.E.Brazil 1, pi. 437 (1827) [Brazil] White-headed Hawk. Smaller : above slate-black ; above eye a white strii^e, and nai)e streaked and margined with same ; tail black, tipped with ashy- brown, with a median band of white ; below white narrowly streaked with black on sides of chest. 169. Leucopternis kuhli Bp., Consp. Av. 1, p. 19, 1849. [Para.] White-browed Hawk. Above black ; head, neck and lower parts white ; lores and stripe behind eye black ; cro^vn and nape streaked with black ; tail black with broad band of white about -Jrd from end. 170. Leucopternis melanops (Lath.). Ind. Orn. 1, p. 37 (1790). [Caijenne.] Black-faced Hawk. Above uniform plumbeoTis ; wings and tail black ; latter with a narrow band of white near middle ; below white with a few black shaft stripes on sides of breast. 171. Ijeucopternis semi -plumb ea (Lawr.) Ann. Lye. N.Y. vii., p. 288 (1861). [Panama.] Semi -plumbeous Hawk. Above, also throat andforeneck, slaty-black, below white narrowly barred with black ; tail black with a median band of white, and a few anterior incomplete bars of same. 172. Leucopternis jjrinceps Sclat., P.Z.S. 1865, p. 429, pi. xxiv. [Costa Eica.] Barred Hawk. Guiana ; N. Brazil Colombia and Panama to Costa Rica. Costa Rica. N. Ecuador. Gen. XL. HARPYHALIAETUS Lafr. (1842.) Much larger than Buteo ; Head with a long occipital crest ; tail short, not three times as long as tarsus. 61 173. Length ad. 33, wing 22 in. ; tail 13.5 in. ; above and below ashy-brown, shaded with chocolate ; quills blackish ; secondaries ashy- grey mottled with black and with a broad sub-terminal band of same ; tail black, tipped with white, with broad white median band, and a second indistinct one nearer base. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus coronatus (Vieill.) N. Diet, xiv., p. 237 (1817). [Paraguay.] Cro"\vned Harpy. Paraguay, Bolivia, Patagonia. S. Brazil, Much darker ; general colour bluish-blacls , shaded with chocolate ; crest much shorter , 173a. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus solitarius Tsch. Arch, f . Katurg. 1844, p. 264. [Peru]. Solitary Harpy. Chili, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia. Gen. XLI. MORPHNUS Cuv. (1817 ) Size similar ; head crested ; tail long, more than four times as long as tarsus ; toes very short ; claws large. Length $ 36, wing 19.3, tail 17 in. ; above brownish-black ; head and neck greyish - brown ; Avings barred with lighter ashy- brown ;' tail black, tipped with whitish and with from 3 to 5 bands of ashy- brown ; chest ashy- brown ; below white barred with rufous or brown. 174. Morphnus guianensis guianensis (Daud.), Guiana, Traite, ii., p. 78 (1800). [Guiana]. E. Peru, Guiana Crested Eagle. Paraguay, Colombia. Crown and sides of head dark slate ; above blackish-brown ; wing-coverts more con- spicuously barred with white ; tail with 4 bands of white, mottled and tinged with brownish-grey ; throat and upper breast blackish ; below closely barred with black and white. 174a. Morphnus guianensis tceniatus Gurney, Ibis, Ecuador. 1879, p. 176, pi. iii. [Sarayacu.]. Ecuadorian Crested Eagle. 62 Gen. XLII. THRASAETUS Gray (1837 Larger ; bill robust, culmen much curved ; feet very powerful ; tarsus almost entirely bare, the scutallse rough and irregular ; claws very large and strong ; head with broad depressed crest, erectile. Length 38 in. ; wing 22.30 ; above, also crest and chest -patch, ashy grey ; tail irregularly barred with black ; head, neck and under- parts white.* 175. Thrasaetus harpyia (Linn.) S.N.,, i., p. 86 Paraguay (1758) [Mexico]. and Brazil; Great Harpy Eagle. N. to Mexico. Gen. XLIII. HARPYOPSIS Salvad. (1875). Size large ; head crested ; tail long and rounded. Length about 34 in. ; wing 19 in. ; above dusky brown ; below dirty white ; chest greyish : tail with 6 indistinct transverse bands. 17G. Harpyopsis novce-guince Salvad., Ann. Mus. S.E. New Civ. Genov., vii., p. 682 (1875). [Yule Island.'] Guinea. New Guinea Hawk-Eagle. SUB. FAM. IV. GYPAETINiE. Gen. XLIV. GYPAETUS Storr (1784). Nostrils hidden by stiff bristles : chin with a long tuft of black bristles ; tarsus more or less feathered. Size large : length 41 in. ; wing 29.50 ; head white, a line each side of crown and another below ear black ; general j)lumage above black with white shafts ; wings and tail brown and scapulars washed -with ochraceous brown ; below tawnj^ ; tarsus feathered to the toes. 177. Gypaetus barbatus grandis Storr, Alpen- reise vom Jahr 1781, p. 69 (1784 ) [Switzer- land.] Bearded Vulture. * Immature birds are black above and on chest below white. Spain, Alps and S.E. Europe, Central Asia, Himalayas. N. China, head and neck ashy-grey ; 63 177a. Below warmer tawny reddish. Gypaetus barbatus barbatus (Linn.) p. 87. (1758.) [Africa.-] Atlas Bearded Vulture. S.N.I, 177b. Length 38 in. ; wing 29 in. ; cheeks white without the black markings : tarsus bare towards lower part . Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis, Keys, and Bias., Wirbelt. Europ. p. xxviii. (1840). [S. Africa.] Southern Bearded Vulture. Atlas Mtns. N. Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunis.) S. .Africa, Nubia, Abyssinia. SUB. FAM. V. AQUILINE. Outer toe connected to middle toe hy membrane : tibia much longer than tarsus, which is reticulated on hinder aspect and generally more or less clothed with feathers ; bill large, long and powerful ; cutting edge of upper mandible festooned, but not toothed ; wings long ; tail moderate ; sexes generally alike. Tail Gen. XLV. UROAETUS Kaup (1844). strongly graduated, wedge-shaped ; tarsi clothed with feathers all round to base of toes. Size large ; length 38, wing 24.2 in. ; general colour above and below black, browner on wings ; nape tawny chestnut ; upper tail- coverts brown mottled with white ; tail feathers white at base of inner web. 178. Uroaetus audax audax (Lath.) Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. ii (1801). [Neio South Wales.] Wedge-tailed Eagle. E. & W. Australia, Tasmania. Gen. XLVI. AQUILA Briss. (1760), Tail nearly square or moderately rounded ; tarsi feathered all round : toes reticulated above, except last phalanx which is scaled ; head without crest ; claws powerful and curved. Length (?) 37, wing 26 in. ; plumage black, with back, rump and some of scapulars white ; immature fawn colour, tail uniform. 179. Aquila verreauxi Less., Cent. Zool. p. 105, taf. 38 (1830). [Interior of Cape of Good Hope.] S. Africa, N.E. Africa (Abyssinia) Palestine (occ.) 64 ISO. Length c? 32, wing 23-24.5 in. ; $ average length 35.5, wing 26-27.50 in. ; general plumage above blackish- brown, with paler margins : crown brown ; nape and hind neck tawny rufous (W. Europe ; much paler in E. European birds.) ; tail blackish at apical fourth, browner towards base, middle ir- regularly banded with grey ; below blackish with brown bases to the feathers ; in younger birds basal half of tail white, centre mottled brown, apical third black. Aquila chrysaetos chrysaUos (Linn.), S.N.i., p. 88 (1758). [Europe.] Golden Eagle. Averaging smaller ; plumage darker and duller. Aquila chrysaetos occidentalis, Olphe-Galliard Faune. Orn. Eur. Occ, ii, fasc. xviii. p. 23. (Mar. 1889.) [Spain.] Spanish Golden Eagle. Larger : length $ 40, wing 27.9 in. ; colour generally brighter. 180b. Aquila chrysaetos daphanea, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc'. p. 81 (1844). [Nom nud.-Nepal.] Menz. Orn. Turkest, 1, p. 75 (1888). [Haute Asie.] Himalayan Golden Eagle. Large and more rufous ; max. length $ 40 in.; wing 27 in. [Doubtfully distinct.] 180c. Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Linn.) S.N.i, p. 88 (1758) [Canada.'] American Golden Eagle. 180a. Smaller ; wing ^J 23. 5 in.; head and neckabove dull yellowish isabelline ; forehead marked with dark brown, and nape tinged with rufous ; general plumage blackish-bro^vn : some of the scapulars pure white ; tail dark grey with broad terminal blackish band ; immature brown ; tail uniform. Europe, N. Asia to N China. Spain and N. Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunis.) High Central Asia, Himalayas. N. America Arctic Regions S.to California and Alleghenies in N. Carolina. 65 181 . Aquila heliaca heliaca Savigiiv, Descr. Egypte Ois. p. 82, pi. 12 (1809). '^ [Upper Egypt.] Imperial Eagle. (Size similar ; forehead and crown blackish brown : edge of wing and some of scapulars white, forming a conspicuous shoulder patch ; immature fawn colour, tail uniform. Aquila heliaca adalberti Brehm, Ber. Vers, deutsch. Orn. Ges. 1860, p. 60. (1861.) [Spain.] White -shouldered Eagle. 181a. 182. Rather smaller : length 5 30, wing 23 in. ; plumage brown, paler below ; head brown, nape patch fulvous ; quills, larger scapulars and tail blackish-brown, latter with fulvous tip and obsolete ashy bars ; edge of wing white, forming conspicuous white shoulder ; immature ashy-brown, tail darker, with terminal band of fawn. Aquila nipalensis nipalensis Hodgs., Asiat. Res. xviii, pt. 2, pi. 1, pp. 13-16 (1833). [Nepal.] Eastern Steppe Eagle. Smaller: wing^ 21.50, $ 22.50. 182a. Aquila nipalensis orientalis Cab., J. f. O. 1854, p. 369. [Sarepfta, Volga.] Western Steppe Eagle. Length 2 31, wing 22 in. ; c? length 28, wing 20 in. ; general colour above and below tawny to rufous brown ; head and neck somewhat marked with darker brown ; scapulars and wing-coverts darker brown, blotched with pale brown ; quills and tail blackish-brown, with indications of greyish bars ; under parts streaked with darker brown ; immature tawny, tail brown tipped with fulvous. 183. Aquila rapax rapax (Temm.) PI. Col., pi. 455 (1828). [Pte. merid. de VAfrique.] Tawny Eagle. S.E. Europe to C. Asia, N. India, China, Burma, Spain ; N.W. Africa. Central Asia N.W. India, and E. Siberia ; in winter to Africa. Steppes of S.E. Europe and W. Asia. Africa, from Cape Colony N. to C. and E. Africa ; C. Asia and N.W. India. 66 General colour pale clay or ochraceous colour. 183a. Aquila rapax albicans Riipp., Neue Wirbeltli. p. 34, pi. 13 (1835). [Prov. Simen, Abys.] RiippeH's Tawny Eagle. Size similar : length ^ 28. wing 20.5 in. ; general colour fulvous brown, paler on head and neck and below, above with lighter margins to the feathers, especially on wing- coverts : tail dark brown with fulvous tip and 8 or 9 indistinct greyish bars on centre feathers. 183b. Aquila rapax vindhiana Frankl., P. Z.8. 1831, p. 114. [Vindhya Mtns,, Central India.] Indian Tawny Eagle. Smaller ; head, neck all round and inter- scapulary region chocolate brown. 183c. Aquila rapax belisarins (Levaill. jun.) Expl. Sc. Alg. Ois. pi. 2 (1850). [Guelma, N.E. Algeria.'] Algerian Tawny Eagle. Nostrils round ; length, $, about 29, wing 21.50-23 in.; (J, wing 20 in.; plumage above and below blackish brown ; tail unbarred ; younger birds purplish brown, much spotted with brownish- buff above and striped below : tail blackish, barred dark brown. 184. Aquila clanga Pall., Zoogr. Rosso -Asiat., i, p. 351 (1827). [In Rossia Sibiriaque uni- versa.] Greater Spotted Eagle N.E. Africa (Abysinia, Somaliland), Arabia. Indian Peninsula and Himalayas Algeria. E. & S.E. Europe, south to Balkans, E. to Turkestan, S. Siberia, N. India and China ; in winter to N.E. Africa, India, Burma ; cas. Brit. Isles. Smaller ; wing ? 19-20 in. ; ^ 17.70-19 in. ; plumage browner : crown and nape creamy brown : tail feathers with obsolete lighter 67 185. 18.1 bars ; younger birds less spotted than those of A. clanga and tail unbarred : nape patch ochraceous rufous. Aquila jpomarina Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., p. 27 (1831). [Pomerania.^ Lesser Spotted Eagle. Sexes nearly similar in size ; wing § 19.50, c;^ 19.15 in ; bill more feeble, tarsi more slender ; wings generally exceeding tail in length ; least wing-coverts with small spots of white in immature birds. Aquila 2^omarina hastata (Less.), Vog. Belang. ZooL, p. 217 (1834). [Bengali Long-legged Eagle. C. Europe from N. Ger- many to Bessarabia ; cas. W. Europe ; in winter to N.E. Africa. Indian Peninsula Burmese countries. Gen. XLVII. HIERAAETUS Kaup (1844) General characters of Aquila, but bill more slender ; tarsi feathered to the toes. Length $ 26, wing 21 in. ; wing (J 19.6 m. ; above deep brown, feathers mostly with paler margins and white bases ; tail ashy, with broad sub-terminal dark brown band, and 5 or 6 indistinct bars ; below white, with black- ish-brown shaft stripes, the flanks and legs bufhsh. barred with black. 186. Hieraaetus fasciatus fasciatus (Vie ill.), Mem, Soc. Linn. Paris, ii., pt. 2, p. 152 (1822). [Montpellier.] Bonelli's Eagle. » [Smaller but doubtful form.] 186a.. Hieraaelns fasciatus minor Erlanger 1904, p. 187, taf.x., fig. 42. J.f.O. S. Europe (S. France and Spain to S. Russia), Asia Minor, Turkestan, Palestine, India, China, X. Africa. S. Arabia ; E. Africa (Somaliland, .Mozambique). I 08 Wing $ 18.3 in. ; above blackish-brown, mottled with white ; below purer white streaked with black on breast, and with large spots on under tail -coverts ; under Aving- co verts black. 186b. Hieraaetus fasciatus spilogaster (Bp.), Rev. et Mag. Zool.. 1850, p. 487 [Abyssinia, ex Du Bus. M.S.]. African Hawk-Eagle. Tropical Africa ; rare S. Africa. m 187. Smaller ; wing $ ] 6.5, cJ 14.0 ; above brown, head and neck isabelline ; tail with obsolete darker bars on outer feathers ; below white, throat and breast washed with fawn and streaked with reddish brown or blackish ; species subject to variation : younger birds dull brown below with black shaft -stripes, and a white shoulder patch. Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 272 (1788) [ex Brisson, I. c.]. Booted Eagle. S. Europe (Spain to i Russia) ; Africa, 0. Asia, India, Ceylon. 188. Smaller, and with a short occipital crest ; length ad. 21.5 in. , wing 15 in. ; above brown, croAvn darker ; crest, neck and under- surface rufous, Avith black shaft-streaks ; tail mottled greyish-brown, with 7 or 8 dark brown bars. Hieraaetus morphnoides morphnoides (Gould), P.Z.S., 1840, p. 161 (1841). [Upper Hunter, N.S.W.] Little Eagle. E. and W. Australia. Below heavily striped with dark brown. 189. Hieraaetus weiskei Reichenow, Orn. M.B., S.E. New viii., p. 185 (1900). [Astrolabe Mtns.] Guinea. New Guinea Little Eagle. Below pale isabelline : tail with 7 dark bands. 190. Hieraaetus ayresi Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 149, Tropical pi. iv. [Natal.] Africa to S. Ayres' Little Eagle [=Lophotriorchis lucani Africa. Sharpe.] 69 191 Length $26, wing 18 in. ; head with distinct occipital crest : plumage above brown, with 23aler margins ; tail dark brown, tipped with whitish, with obsolete lighter bars on inner webs of feathers ; below whity brown, varied with dark brown on throat and breast. Hieraaetus wahlbergi (Sundev.) CEfv. K. Akad. Stocldi., 1850, -p. 109. [Caffraria superiori propre 2^° I at.] Tropical Africa. I Gen. XLVIII. LOPHOTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1874). Head with a long wedge-shaped crest. Length 21, wing 14.1 in. ; above black ; cheeks, throat and breast white ; below tawny rufous, with black shaft -stripes. 192. LopJiotriorcMs kieneri (Geofir. St. Hilaire), Indian Rev. Zool., 1845, pi. 35. [Himalaya]. Peninsula, Kiener's Crested Eagle. Ceylon, Indo- Chinese Provinces, Malay Peninsula to Celebes and Lesser Sunda Islands. Larger • length 26.5, wing 20.2, crest 3.3 in. ; above glossy-black : tail ashy-grey, basal third black ; throat black ; below tawny rufous wdth black shaft-streaks ; flanks black 193. Lophotriorchis isidorei (Des Murs), Rev. Zool., Colombia. 1845, p. 177. [Santa Fe de Bogota.] Isidore's Crested Eagle. Gen. XLIX. ICTINAETUS Jerd. (1844). Head crested ; claws nearly straight, the circum- ference of inner claw exceeding the length of outer toe (which is very short). Wing 20-20.50 in. ; black ; the quills mottled with white near base ; tail feathers ])arred with ashy above, mottled with white Ijelow 194. Ictinaetus malayensis malayensis (Temm.). PL Col. i., pi. 117 (1824). [ex Eeinw. MS.] Malayan Crested Easfle. Malay Archipelago (Sumatra, Borneo, etc.] 70 Larger ; wing ^ 21.50. 1 94a . Ictinaetus malayensis perniger Hodgs . , J nl . As , Soc. Bengal, v., 1836, p. 227. [Nepal.] Indian Crested Eagle. India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaj' Peninsula, Gen. L. SPIZIASTUR Gray (1841). Head crested ; claws curved and powerful ; the circumference of inner claw about equal to length of outer toe and claw. Length 9. 24 in., ^ 21 in. ; wing $ 16.4, . O; „ TO. TOu. 20 „ 79a. 791). 29 30 :n 95a. In distribution for S.E. and N.E. read : S. and X. To distrib. add : Himalayas, Afghanistan. For distrib. read : Plains of N. India, In distrib. delete : Abyssinia. For Jorgoft read : Torqos. For Jorgos read : Torgos. For Otogyps read : Torgos. To distrib. add : Canary Is., Capo Verd Is. In distrib. after Europe add : N.W. Africa (Morocco). Tliis is merely a conamon melanism of M. gabar. For Siberia read : W. Asia (Asia Minor, Palestine To distrib. add : Japan. For Astur gentilis candidiffsirmis, etc. read : Astiir gentilis alhidus Menz. t.c.p. 438 (1882), After this article add : Astur iogaster rooki. Roths. & Hart., Nov. Zool.,xxi.,p. 288(1914). After this article add : Astur clarus rohu^tu^, Zeitz. S.A. Orn ],pt. 1, p. 13(1914). After this article [I cannot place from description, as it seems immature] add : Aster buergersi, Reichenow, Orn. M.B xxii., p. 29 (1914) etc.). Rook Is. (Admiralty Is.) Melville Is., N. Terr. Austral. German New Guinea (Mao mo bo b erg ) . 97. 97c For N. Asia read For distrib. read W. Asia. N. and Central Asia from Turkestan to Japan ; in winter to India, Kashmir, Assam, Burma. 98. 99J: 99c A. nisus granti. Wetmore, Pr. 119 (1914). Porto Rico. 30 37 15 10 For Accipiter granti read ; After this article insert : Accipiter fuscu^ venator Biol. Soe. Wash, xxvii., p 102a For pp. 171-6, read : p. 173. 102b, Delete the word : MinuUus. [Does not appear to be a tenable species, and is most probably a melanism of Astur tachiro sparsimfasciatus i\ Delete the word : virgatus. [Not a subspecies of A. virgatns Xot separable from No. 119. (Hartert). To be cancelled and following leaf substituted : however. No. 63a', 1 19b. I19d. I 15 c. Thighs white, barred with orange tawny. Breast brown with white spots, rest of under parts barred with orange tawny and white ; upper tail -co verts white, barred with reddish. d. Thighs rufous. Below dark brown, with a white band, marked with brown, across breast ; upper tai] -coverts white, tinged with grey and rufous. Below brown, streaked with white ; upper tail coverts rufous, tipped with white. C. cineretis. C. oerugi- nosns. C. ranivorus. 45). l!la, '»<► Gen. XIX. MICRASTUR Gray (1841 Nostrils roinid, with a bony excrescence ; tarsi and feet large and robust ; tarsus reticulated behind ; in front covered with small scutellae. Size large, length, J, 20 in., wing 10.4 ; 9, about 24 in. ; above blackish with Avhite nuchal collar ; tail with 3 white bands ; below white with black shaft lines ; juv. below barred ; intermediate plumage below pale ochraceous fawn, as well as sides of face and nuchal collar. Micrastur melanoleucm melanoleuctis (V^ieill.) N.D. X., p. 327 (1817). [Paraguay.] Collared Harrier -Hawk Much smaller ; winged [^J 8.00 in. ; tarsi and feet much smaller and weaker ; white tail bands above partly obscured by brown patches in centre and below less extensive ; thos(^ on outer feathers only 4 in number in place of 0 iu typical form. Micrastur melanoleacus buchhyi, subsp. nov. \iid.,(^'U Sarayacu, Ec. Feb. 1880, Buckley, P>. Mus. coll.No. 87, 5. 1. 122.] 8. Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil and Paragiuxy. Ecuador. Size medium, length ($) 17.5 ; wing U.8 ; above slate ; tail with 3 bands of ashy-brown showing white below ; below white with l)lack shaft lines ; no nuchal collar. Micrastur mirandollei (Schl.),Nederl . Tijdschr., L'pper E. i., p. 131 (1863). [Dutch Guiana.] Peru, Guiana j MirandoUc's Harrier-Hawk. Panaiua. ^ 10 Gen. XIXA. CLIMACOCERCUS CAB. (1845.) Feet very much smaller ; tarsi more slender, with broad and regular scales in front . Size small, length ((J) 13 in. ; wing 6.9. Above slate or rufous (rufous phase) ; tail with 3 greyish white bands ; below greyish white, barred with greyish black ; throat white, fore-neck rufous. 51. Climacocercus ruficollis (Vieill.), N. Diet., x., p. 322 (1817). [S. America.] Red-necked Harrier-Hawk. Above chocolate brown ; tail blackish, Avith 3 narrow white bands ; below thickly barred with black and white ; throat brown. 51a. Climacocercus zonotlwrax Cab., J.f.O., 1865, }). 406. \Porlo Cabello, Venez.] Barred Hairier -Hawl<:. Above (male) ashy brown (female blackish) ; tail blackish with 3 irregular white bands (4 in immature) ; below whitish, breast linely barred with wavy blackish lines ; lower abdomen white. 52. Climacocercus gilvicollis (Vieill.), N. Diet., x., ]). 323 (1817). [Patr. ign. : Cayenne ? ] White -throated Harrier-Hawk. Above blackish ; tail with 3 irregular white bands ; throat and cheeks pale grey ; below dull white, closely barred down to thighs with blackish. 53. Climacocercus (juerUla'^, (Cass.), Pr. l*hil. Acad., 1848. p. 87. JTalapa. Mex.] GrcA-throated Harrier -Hawk . Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay. Colombia, Venezuela. Colombia cS^ Amazonia to E. Peru and to20°S.lat. in Brazil. Mexico to Colombia. Venezula, Brazil, and Ecuador. Gen. XX. GERANOSPlZlAvS Sundev. (1873). Tarsus scaled behind ; thighs Avithout overhanging, tuft of feathers ; ridge of bill greater than half length of middle toe (without claw) ; commissure slightly festooned. Size moderate (length 16.5-24.5 in.). * In revising thii-g.r6up theflGiliis jugidari-^ and interstes aj^pear to be untenable and arc iJ^ci'efure omitted.' ^ \ \^V^ ^ i I ^^ \) ( PLEASE DO NOT Rl CARDS OR SLIPS FROM T UNIVERSITY OF TORON QL 696 F3S93 1919 PT.2 C 1 BMED