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FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

PUBLICATION 142.
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. VOL. VII, No. 9.

A SYNOPTIC LIST OF THE FISHES

KNOWN TO OCCUR WITHIN

FIFTY MILES OF CHICAGO.

BY

S. E. MEEK AND S. F. HILDEBRAND.

CHARLES B. CORY,
Curator of Department.

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

April, 1910.

\

o, 5"

V T.

A SYNOPTIC LIST OF THE FISHES KNOWN TO
OCCUR WITHIN 50 MILES OF CHICAGO.

BY S. E. MEEK AND S. F. HILDEBRAND.

Owing to the many changes being made in this region on account
of the growth of the city, the local fish fauna and its consequent
changes are interesting. The present paper is intended to afford
students of the local fish-fauna, in and about Chicago, a ready means
for the identification of fishes which they may collect, and thus assist
in the study of their distribution, breeding and feeding habits, etc. A
considerable amount of study along these lines is necessary before one
is able to prepare a complete account of the fishes of this region.

In the following pages is given a list, together with keys and brief
descriptions, of the fishes which inhabit the lakes, streams, and la-
goons in and near Chicago. The general range of each species is
given, and a list of localities where each has been taken in the area in
question. Many of the descriptions have been drawn directly from
specimens taken within the area under discussion, and all have been
verified by the junior author with local material, so far as available.
In the preparation of this paper free use has been made of previous
publications by various authors. Considerable assistance has been
received from Dr. Shelford, Dr. Riddle, and their students from the
University of Chicago, also from Mr. A. P. Ford (formerly of Berwyn,
Illinois), chemist for the Crane Iron Works, Bridgeport, Conn.

Most of the illustrations used in this work are by permission of
its authors, taken from "The Fishes of Illinois," by S. A. Forbes and
R. E. Richardson; some are made from photographs of colored
plates, the others from cuts kindly loaned by Dr. Forbes. A few
illustrations are taken from U. S. Government publications.

It is hoped that the present paper may stimulate the study of
our local fishes and so be the forerunner of a much more complete
account of them.

The following notes and the accompanying figure are given to
explain the terms used in the descriptions :

i. Head. 2. Snout. 3. Eye. 4. Premaxillary. 5. Maxillary.
6. Supplemental maxillary. 7. Mandible, or lower jaw. 8. Symphysis.

223

224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO- — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 225

9. Cheek. 10. Preopercle. n. Opercle. 12. Subopercle. 13. Spin-
ous portion of dorsal fin. 14. Soft portion of dorsal fin. 15. Base
of dorsal fin. 16. Pectoral fin. 17. Anal fin. 18. Ventral fin. 19.
Base of caudal fin(last vertebra). 20. Caudal fin. 21. Lateral line.
22. Depth of the fish. 23. Depth of caudal peduncle. 24. Caudal
peduncle.

The PROFILE of the fish, unless otherwise mentioned, is the curve
from the highest point on the back to the tip of the snout. The ORI-
GIN of the DORSAL or ANAL FIN is the insertion of its first spine or ray.

Fishes in general, and especially those treated of in this paper,
breathe by means of GILLS, which are fine, hair-like projections
(BRANCHY), usually supported on the outer curves by cartilaginous
or bony arches known as GILL ARCHES; in the true fishes, the normal
number on each side is four. The GILL RAKERS are a series of bony
appendages variously formed along the inner edge of the anterior
gill arch.

The GILL MEMBRANES usually serve to attach the GILL COVERS
to the ISTHMUS, which is the thick, fleshy projection between the gill
openings. The BRANCHIOSTEGAL MEMBRANES are attached to the
lower posterior portions of the gill covers ; the cartilaginous or bony
supports of this membrane are the BRANCHIOSTEGAL RAYS.

The PHARYNGEAL BONES are behind the gills and at the beginning
of the CESOPHAGUS ; in the true fishes, they represent a fifth gill arch.

The fins of fishes are composed of SPINES and RAYS, the former
being stiff, bony structures usually connected by a thin membrane;
the rays are rather weak, jointed, cartilaginous structures, and are
also connected by a thin membrane.

A CYCLOID SCALE has its posterior margin smooth; such scales
are usually found on soft-rayed fishes. A CTENOID SCALE has its pos-
terior margin rough or toothed; such scales are characteristic of the
spiny-rayed fishes.

The LENGTH of the BODY of the FISH is measured from the tip of the
upper jaw to the base of the caudal fin or end of the last vertebra; the
TOTAL LENGTH, from the extreme ends of the fish. The LENGTH of
the HEAD is measured from tip of upper jaw to the posterior edge of
the opercle; the LENGTH of the SNOUT, from tip of upper jaw to an-
terior margin of the orbit. The DEPTH of the BODY is measured at its
deepest part, none of the fins being included; the DEPTH of CAUDAL
PEDUNCLE is measured at its narrowest part, its length from base of
last anal ray to end of last vertebra.

The SCALES in the LATERAL SERIES are counted from upper edge

226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

of opercle to base of caudal fin, the TRANSVERSE SERIES from the
dorsal fin to ventrals or origin of anal, whichever is nearest the middle
of the body. . In making the transverse count the scale on the lateral
line, when it is present, is counted with those on the upper part of the
body. The LENGTH of the DORSAL and ANAL FINS is measured along
their BASES; the HEIGHT is the length of their spines or rays. The
length of the other fins is measured from attachment to the body to
the tips of the longest rays.

In order to abbreviate, the following expressions are used: "HEAD
4" indicates that the head of the fish is contained 4 times in the dis-
tance from the tip of the snout to the end of the last caudal vertebra ;
"DEPTH 4" that the greatest depth (none of the fins being included)
is contained 4 times in the same distance; "D. 8" indicates that the
fish has a single dorsal fin which is composed of 8 soft rays; "D. iv,
9," that the dorsal fin is single and is composed of 4 spines and 9 soft
rays; " D. iv-g," that there are two dorsal fins, the first one composed
of 4 spines and the other of 9 soft rays. Spines are always indicated
in Roman letters, soft rays by figures. The abbreviations used in
the count of other fin rays and spines are similarly explained. The
diameter of the eye, the length of the snout, and many other short
measurements are compared with the length of the head. " Eye 3
in head," "Snout 3 in head," indicate that each is contained 3 times
in the length of the head. In these particular cases " % of the length
of the head" would mean the same thing.

When the last caudal vertebra is about the size of those preceding
and it ends in a broad plate (HypuraT) which supports the caudal fin,
the tail is called HOMOCERCAL; such belong to most of the true fishes,
as the catfishes, suckers, perch, bass, and the like. When the ver-
tebrae are progressively smaller, remaining in the axis of the body,
and the Hypural is obsolete or nearly so, the tail is ISOCERCAL; such
a tail belongs to the codfishes and their relatives. In the heterocercal
tail the vertebrae are progressively smaller, and are turned upward
into the upper part of the tail. This form of tail is found in the stur-
geon, the garpike, and the dogfish.

In the keys and descriptions external characters are used so far
as possible, our aim being to make identification as easy and accurate
and with the least amount of mutilation to the specimen in hand as
is practicable.

To successfully use this paper the student is advised to get a perch,
bass, or sunfish and make a careful study of its external anatomy,
much as suggested in the accompanying figure, and its description.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 227

The fishes or fish-like vertebrates of Chicago and its environs belong
to two classes: The Marsipobranchii, — the lampreys, the hagfishes,
and the like; and the Pisces, — the sharks, skates, and the true fishes.
Of the former but two species occur here; of the latter all are true
fishes, there being no sharks or skates.

The fishes, or fish-like vertebrates, may be defined briefly as cold-
blooded animals adapted for life in the water, breathing by means of
gills, which are persistent throughout life, and having the limbs, if
present, developed as fins, never with fingers and toes.

The two classes here mentioned may be defined briefly as follows :

A. Skull imperfectly developed, without true jaws ; gills purse-shaped,
not attached to arches ; a single median nostril ; body eel-shaped.

Marsipobranchii, 231

AA. Skull well developed, and with true jaws; gills attached to arches;
nostrils not median, in one or more pairs. Pisces, 234

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF FISHES

a. Gill openings 7 on each side; mouth circular, disc-like; nostril
single, on top of head; no paired fins. Petromyzonida, 231

aa. Gill openings one on each side; mouth not disc-like; jaws pre-
sent ; nostrils in pairs.

b. Ventral fins, when present, abdominal.

c. Tail heterocercal,

d. Mouth under the projecting snout; body naked, or with 5 series
of bony plates.

e. Snout produced into a long oar-like blade ; opercle produced into
a long triangular flap; mouth large, not sucker-like.

Polyodontida , 234

ee. Snout triangular, not produced into an oar-like blade ; opercle
without triangular flap; mouth small, sucker-like.

Acipenseridtz, 235

dd. Mouth terminal, jaws about equal; body covered with hard
rhombic (ganoid) plates or scales.

f. Jaws long, beak-like; no gular plate; dorsal rays about 10 ; body
with rhombic plates. Lepisosteidce , 237

ff. Jaws shorter, not beak-like; a gular plate; dorsal rays about
50; body with cycloid scales. Amiatida, 238

cc. Tail homocercal or isocercal.

228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

g. Pectoral fins each with a strong spine; head with more than
4 barbels; body without scales. Silurida, 240

gg. Pectoral fins each without a strong spine ; head usually without
barbels, but when present never more than 4 ; body usually with
scales.

h. Ventral fins without spines, or with one spine and one soft ray;
anterior dorsal fin if composed of spines only, these not con-
nected by a membrane.

i. Scales if present cycloid, their free edges smooth.

j. Body with true scales or linear embedded ones; ventral fins,
when present, with more than 5 soft rays; no disconnected
dorsal spines.

k. Head without scales.

I. No dorsal adipose fin present.

m. Ventral surface not armed with bony serrae; lateral line present,
n. Teeth not present in jaws; anal fin short of less than 15 rays,
o. Dorsal fin with more than 10 rays; mouth usually inferior with

thick fleshy lips, with plicae or papillae; pharyngeal teeth in a

single row, more than 10. Catostomidce, 248

oo. Dorsal fin of fewer than 10 rays; mouth usually terminal, with

thin lips without plicae or papillae ; pharyngeal teeth in one or

two rows, fewer than 9. Cyprinidce, 257

nn. Teeth present in jaws; anal fin long, of more than 20 rays,
p. Body long and slender, eel-shaped; dorsal and anal fins long

and continuous with the caudal ; scales minute, linear.

AngmllidcB , 284
pp. Body deep, compressed, not eel-shaped; dorsal and anal fins not

continuous with the caudal ; scales large. Hiodontidce, 285

mm. Ventral surface armed with bony serrae ; lateral line wanting,
q. Dorsal fin with its last ray produced into a long filament; jaws

without teeth ; maxillary not in 3 pieces. Dorosomidce, 287
qq. Dorsal fin with its last ray not produced into a long filament;

jaws with weak teeth; maxillary in 3 pieces. Clupeida, 288

II. Dorsal adipose fin present. Salmonidce, 289
kk. Head more or less covered with scales.

r. Jaws long, with large canine-like teeth; lateral line present.

Esocida, 295
rr. Jaws short, without canine-like teeth; lateral line wanting, or

nearly so.

s. Upper jaw not protractile. Umbridce, 297

ss. Upper jaw protractile. Paeciliid(z, 298

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 229

jj. Body without scales; ventral fins each of one spine and one
soft ray ; dorsal fin with 2 or more spines not connected by a
membrane. Gasterosteidce, 302

ii. Scales ctenoid their free edges rough; dorsal fins 2, the posterior
adipose. Percopsidce, 303

hh. Ventral fins composed of one spine and 5 soft rays; anterior
dorsal fin of 4 to 10 spines connected by a membrane; body
scaly. Aikerinidcz , 304

bb. Ventral fins thoracic or jugular.

t. Ventral rays of one spine and 6 or 7 soft rays; vent before
pectoral fins. Aphredoderida, 305

tt. Ventral rays not more than one spine and 5 soft rays.

u. Chin without a barbel; soft dorsal fin of less than 40 rays; ven-
tral fins below or behind pectorals.

v. Body covered with true scales.

w. Lateral line not extending on the caudal fin ; soft dorsal of less
than 25 rays; jaws with teeth.

x. Spinous and soft dorsal fins united into one fin, the spinous por-
tion lower than soft portion ; preopercle usually not serrate.

CentrarchidcB , 306

xx. Dorsal fins separate or very slightly joined; the fins of about

equal height,
y. Anal fin with i or 2 spines. Percida, 317

yy. Anal fin with 3 spines. Serranidce, 332

ww. Lateral line extending on the caudal fin; soft dorsal of more

than 25 rays; jaws without teeth. Sciaenida, 334

vv. Body without true scales; more or less armed with prickles or a
few scale-like plates ; cheeks with a bony stay ; ventral rays of
one spine and 3 or 4 soft rays. Cottida, 335

uu. Chin with a barbel; soft dorsal fin composed of more than
40 rays. Gadida, 338

Class MARSIPOBRANCHII.

THE LAMPREYS AND HAGFISHES.

Skeleton cartilaginous; skull not separate from the imperfectly
segmented vertebral column; no true jaws; no limbs; no shoulder
girdle; no pelvic elements, and no ribs; gills purse-shaped, without
gill arches; 6 or more gill openings on each side; nostril single, on top
of the head; heart without arterial bulb; alimentary canal straight,
simple, without coecal appendages, pancreas, or spleen; naked, eel
shaped animals.

Order Hyperoartil,

Nasal duct a blind sac not communicating with the palate ; mouth
nearly circular, suctorial ; seven gill openings on each side of the neck.

Family i. Petromyzonidse.

THE LAMPREYS.

Body eel-shaped, somewhat compressed posteriorly; mouth nearly
circular, suctorial, and armed with horny, tooth-like, simple or multi-
cuspid tubercles ; those just above and below oral opening, and those
on tongue more or less specialized ; lips or margin of mouth fringed.
A. Supraoral cusps 2 or 3, placed close together; dorsal fin with
a broad notch. Ichthyomyzon, 231

AA. Supraoral cusps 2, each at end of a crescent-shaped plate; oc-
casionally a rudimentary median cusp; dorsal fin with sharp
notch. Lampetra, 232

Genus Ichthyomyzon Girard.
RIVER LAMPREYS.

Supraoral plate, with 2 or 3 cusps placed near each other; anterior
lingual tooth with a median groove.; dorsal fin with a broad shallow
notch. Small lampreys inhabiting lakes and rivers of eastern United

States.

231

232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Ichthyomyzon concolor (Kirtland). SILVERY LAMPREY.

Head 6.5 to 8.3; depth 9.8 to 13.8. Body elongate, eel-shaped;
mouth a suctorial disc, anterior and slightly inferior and with mar-
ginal fringe; supraoral plate usually bicuspid, occasionally with i,
3 or 4 cusps; infraoral plate with 7 to 9 cusps, occasionally with 10
to 13 ; anterior lingual tooth with a median groove; diameter of eye
6 to 8 in head; muscular impressions between last gill opening and
vent 49 to 55-; dorsal fin continuous with the caudal.

Color silvery, bluish above, sometimes with bluish spots; a small
dusky spot above each gill opening.

Length about 10 inches.

This lamprey occurs in the Great Lake Region and the Upper
Mississippi Valley; it is parasitic on all larger fishes, but prefers fishes
without scales, as the catfishes, or the soft-scaled, as the suckers, to
the hard-scaled fishes, like the basses and perch.

It ascends small brooks in the spring to spawn, after which it is
believed to die. The eggs deposited in nests on the bottom of the
streams soon hatch, and the small worm-like larva burrows in the
sand, where it remains from 3 to 5 years, when it emerges as a full
grown lamprey. Often found in the pound nets set at south end of
Lake Michigan.

Lake Michigan, Whiting, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor,
Indiana.

Genus Lampetra Gray.
BROOK LAMPREYS.

Supraoral plate, crescent-shaped, with a cusp at end, with occa-
sionally a small median cusp; anterial lingual tooth with median en-
larged denticli; dorsal fin with a sharp notch or entirely divided.
Small lampreys inhabiting brooks and small streams of Europe and
eastern North America.

Lampetra wilderi (Gage). BROOK LAMPREY; SMALL BLACK LAMPREY.
Head 7.9 to 8.7; depth 13 to 16. Body elongate, eel-shaped;
mouth a suctorial disc, anterior, and slightly inferior, and with mar-
ginal fringe of closely set tubercles ; supraoral plate with cusp at each
end, separated by a distance nearly twice the width of base of a single
cusp; infraoral plate with 6 or 7 cusps, the extreme ones much larger
than the others ; 3 lateral cusps on each side of the mouth bicuspid, the
others simple ; diameter of eye 5 to 7 in head ; muscular impressions

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 233

between the last gill opening and vent 70 to 73 ; dorsal fin divided by
a deep notch or a narrow space.

Length 6 to 10 inches.

This lamprey ranges from New York to the Great Lakes and Upper
Mississippi Valley. Its habits are quite similar to the preceding. It
spawns in April. The time after this species emerges from its larval
stage to its spawning time is so short that it is doubtful if it is ever
parasitic on fishes ; not recorded from the Chicago area.

Class PISCES.

Skeleton more or less ossified ; skull well developed, separate from
the segmented vertebral column; mouth with true jaws; limbs,
shoulder, and pelvic bones usually present; usually less than 6 gill
openings on each side; gills attached to imperfect skeletal arches;
nostrils one or more pairs ; heart with arterial bulb ; alimentary canal
variable in form, and with pancreas and spleen; tail heterocercal,
homocercal, or isocercal.

Order Selachostomi.

THE PADDLE-FISHES.

Skeleton chiefly cartilaginous, the vertebrae imperfectly formed,
acentrous; anterior vertebrae single; ventral fins abdominal; max-
illary obsolete; air bladder cellular, with open duct to oesophagus;
snout long and paddle-shaped; tail heterocercal.

Family Pol yodont i<hr.

THE PADDLE-FISHES.

Body elongate, not covered with scales or bony plates; ventral fins
abdominal ; fins without spines ; opercle and subopercle small ;
mouth large, its border formed by premaxillaries ; maxillaries obsolete ;
snout long, paddle-shaped; 2 pairs of minute barbels on snout, just
in front of the mouth; jaws and palatines in young with numerous
fine deciduous teeth; intestine with spiral valve; pyloric coeca broad,
leaf-like ; arterial bulb with several pairs of valves.

Genus Polyodoii Lacepede.

Gill-rakers numerous, very long and slender; caudal fulcra of
moderate size, 13 to 20 in number; opercle produced into a long
triangular flap.

234

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 235

Polyodon spathula (Walbaum). PADDLE-FISH; SPOONBILL CAT.

Head (from tip of snout to end of opercular flap) 1.5 to 1.7 ; depth
4 to 4.8 (without snout); A. 60. Body fusiform, little compressed;
skin smooth; snout broad, its greatest width 3.4 to 4.3 in its length;
opercle with long flap; its tip reaching ventrals (adults) or nearly
to front of dorsal (young) ; gill rakers long and slender, in a double
series on each arch; no scales; tip of caudal peduncle and sides of
upper caudal lobe with small elongate rhombic plates.

Color pale to dusky, or bluish olive.

Length about 6 to 8 feet.

This fish lives in the larger rivers and in bayous. It is not native
to Lake Michigan, but is reported to have been taken there.

Order Chondrostei,

THE STURGEONS.

Skeleton chiefly cartilaginous; vertebrae simple and acentrous,
the notochord persistent; ventral fins abdominal; opercular series
represented by an opercle and interopercle; maxillary present; air
bladder simple; connected by a duct with the oesophagus.

Family Acipenseridse.

THE STURGEONS.

Body elongate, armed with 5 longitudinal rows of bony plates,
head covered with bony plates ; ventral fins abdominal ; fins without
spines; gills 4; an accessory opercular gill; nostrils double, in front
of eye; optic nerves forming a chiasma; mouth inferior, protractile,
with thickened papillose lips ; 4 barbels in front of mouth ; stomach
without pyloric cceca; intestine with spiral valve; arterial bulb with
several pairs of valves.

Genus Acipenser Linnaeus.

Snout conical; caudal peduncle short, roundish, and not entirely
covered with bony plates ; spiracles and pseudobranchs present ; gill-
rakers lance-shaped ; air bladder well developed, not cellular.

236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

LAKE STURGEON

Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur.

Head 3.1 to 3.8; depth 7 to 7.8; D. 35 to 36; A. 25 to 28. Body
elongate, cylindrical; snout subconical, convex above, flattened be-
low, overhanging the mouth, 2 to 2.4 in head; eye small, 3.3 to 4.2 in
head ; lips 2-lobed ; gill membranes united to the isthmus ; barbels of
nearly equal length; dorsal scutes 12 to 16; lateral 32 to 43; ventral
8 to 10. These almost entirely disappear in specimens of 150 pounds
weight; upper caudal lobe the longer, not produced into a filament;
caudal fulcra numerous.

Color dark olive above; sides paler to reddish; body often with
irregular blackish blotches. Length 6 to 12 feet.

FIG. 17. LAKE STURGEON.

Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur. (After Forbes and Richardson.)

This sturgeon inhabits large streams and lakes of the Upper Mis-
sissippi Valley, the Great Lakes and northward. About twenty-five
years ago it was abundant in the lakes near Chicago. There was
no market for it then and many were buried in the sand to get rid of
them. At present it is quite rare and sells in the market for double
the price of the best fish found in Lake Michigan. The sturgeon
spawns in the spring.

Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana;
Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana.

Order Rhomboganoidea.

THE GARPIKES.

Skeleton ossified; vertebrae connected by ball and socket joints,
the cavity of each vertebra being posterior ; ventral fins abdominal ;
fins without spines; opercular skeleton complete; maxillary present;
air bladder cellular, lung-like, opening into the side of the oesophagus.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 237

Family Lepisosteidae.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with hard rhombic ganoid
scales or plates, imbricated, in oblique series running downward and
backward; premaxillary forming most of the upper jaw; jaws long,
beak-like; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, some of the teeth in
the jaws large and canine-like; tail heterocercal ; an accessory gill on
under side of opercle; spiral valve of intestine rudimentary.

Genus L/episosteus Lacepede.
GAR PIKES.

Jaws with one or more series of teeth, some being enlarged and fit-
ting into a depression in the opposite jaw; usually some of the anterior
teeth movable ; teeth on vomer and palatines ; in the young the an-
terior teeth are usually enlarged.

a. Jaws long and slender; snout more than twice the length of the

head. osseus, 237

aa. Jaws shorter and broader, little longer than the rest of the

head. platostomus, 238

Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). LONG-NOSED GAR; BILLFISH.

Head 2.7 to 3.1; depth 10 to 13; D. 8 or 9; A. 8 or 9; scales 60
to 63. Body elongate, cylindrical; jaws long, slender, beak-like;
more than twice the length of the rest of the head ; greatest width of
snout 6, least width 20 in its length; young with upper lobe of caudal
prolonged into a filament.

Color pale olive, silvery below; vertical fins and posterior part of
the body with round black spots, more distinct in the young; very
young with a black lateral band.

Length from 3 to 5 feet.

It inhabits the larger streams and lakes, ranging from the Upper
Mississippi Valley, and the Great Lakes to Florida and the Rio Grande
in Mexico. It is active, feeding on minnows and the young of other
fishes. It spawns in the spring, usually in May or June. In this area
it has been taken in Lake Michigan and in the Des Plaines and Fox
rivers.

Not used for food except in the southern part of its range.

Fox Lake, Illinois; Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Lake Michigan,
Millers, Indiana.

238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque. SHORT-NOSED GAR.

Head 3 to 3. 9; depth 8 to 10; D. 8; A. 8; scales 60 to 64. Similar
to the preceding but with a much shorter and broader beak ; greatest
width of beak 2.3, its least width 5.5 in its length.

Color dark olive green above ; belly white ; dorsal caudal and anal
each with roundish dark spots; young with a broad black lateral band.

Length 2 to 3 feet.

Common in the Mississippi Valley, being more abundant in the
southern part of its range. In appearance and habits it resembles
the former species in this area.

Order Cycloganoidea,

Skeleton bony; vertebrae biconcave, the anterior ones not modi-
fied; ventral fins abdominal; opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and
subopercle present; maxillary present; air bladder bifid anteriorly,
cellular, lung-like; tail heterocercal.

Family Amiatidee.

Body elongate, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly,
covered with hard cycloid scales; head with external bones very
hard and scarcely covered by skin; jaws, vomer, palatines, and ptery-
goids with teeth ; fins without spines or fulcra ; air bladder connected
by a glottis with the pharynx, and able to assist in respiration ; a bony
gular plate between the branches of the lower jaw; stomach a blind
sac, without pyloric coeca; intestine with a rudimentary spiral valve.

Genus Amiatus Linnaeus.
DOG FISH; BOWFIN. " JOHN A. GRINDLE."
Dorsal fin long; its base twice the length of the head.

Amiatus calva Linnaeus. DOG FISH; BOWFIN; GRINDLE.

Head 3.5 to 4.3 ; depth 4.6 to 6.2; 0.47 to 51; A. 9 to 10; scales
66 to 68. Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; head subconic,
depressed; mouth large, maxillary reaching to vertical behind eye;

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 239

eye small, its diameter 8.8 to 10.3 in head. A pair of short nasal bar-
bels, cupped at the tips; caudal fin rounded; lateral line complete.

Color dark olive above; lighter on sides and ventral region; the
mingling of the darker and lighter forming reticulations on the sides ;
dorsal fin with dark band near base and one near tip; sometimes
broken into short bars; caudal fin with dark bars; pectoral, ventral,

FIG. 18. DOG FISH: BOWFIN; "JOHN A. GRINDLE."

Amiatus calva Linnaeus. (After Forbes and Richardson.)

and anal fins green or greenish ; males with a black spot with yellowish
border at base of upper caudal rays ; males smaller than the females.

Length i% to 2 feet.

This species ranges from the Great Lakes to Florida and Texas.
It is most abundant in sluggish waters with weedy bottoms. It feeds
on fishes, crayfishes, mollusks, and is to some extent a scavenger. It
is a game fish of some importance, but though marketed it is regarded
as an inferior food fish. It spawns in stagnant water from April to
July. Common in all sluggish water in the Chicago area.

Fox Lake, Illinois; Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Calumet
River, Clark, Indiana; Deep River, Liverpool, Indiana.

Order Nemafognathi,

THE WHISKERED FISHES.

Skeleton bony, the 4 anterior vertebras coosified; ventral fins
abdominal ; dorsal and pectoral fins each with anterior rays modified
into a hard spine; subopercle absent; margin of upper jaw formed
by premaxillary ; maxillary often rudimentary and supporting the
base of a barbel ; air bladder with duct ; arterial bulb with a pair of
opposite valves; optic nerves do not form a solid chiasma; intestine
without spiral valve.

240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Family Siluridre.
THE CATFISHES.

Body more or less elongate; no true scales; 2 dorsal fins, the pos-
terior being adipose; upper and lower jaws with barbels, resembling
the whiskers on a cat (whence the name catfish) ; dorsal and pectoral
fins each with a strong spine.

a. Adipose fin short, with the posterior margin free and distinct
from the caudal fin.

b. Band of teeth on upper jaw (premaxillary) without lateral
backward extensions; anal rays 17 to 35.

c. Bony bridge from snout to dorsal fin complete; tail deeply
forked. Ictalurus, 240

cc. Bony bridge from snout to dorsal fin not complete ; tail rounded,
or slightly emarginate to moderately forked (in the Great Lake
species). Ameiurus, 241

bb. Band of teeth on upper jaw with a lateral backward extension
on each side; anal rays 12 to 15. Leptops, 244

aa. Adipose fin adnate to the back, and separated from caudal fin
. by a notch.

d. Band of teeth on upper jaw with lateral backward extensions.

Noturus, 244

dd. Band of teeth on upper jaw without lateral backward exten-
sions. Schilbeodes, 245

Genus Ictalurus Rafinesque.

CHANNEL CATS.
Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). CHANNEL CAT; FIDDLER.

Head 3. 6 to 4; depth 2.4 to 5.0; D. 1-6; A. 24 to 29. Body long,
slender, compressed posteriorly; head subconic; interorbital space

FIG. 19- CHANNEL CAT; FIDDLER.

Ictalurus punctatus (Raf .) . (After Forbes and Richardson.)

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 241

flat or slightly convex; mouth terminal, the upper jaw slightly the
longer; maxillary barbels long and slender, their tips reaching past
gill opening; eye nearer upper than lower surface of the head, its di-
ameter 4 to 8 in head; dorsal fin high, its distance from snout 2.5 to
2.7 in length; caudal fin deeply forked, the upper lobe longer and
more slender than the lower.

Color light grayish green above, below silvery; back and sides with
small, round, irregularly distributed dark spots.

This fish reaches a weight of 15 to 20 pounds, but those usually
taken for the market seldom reach a weight of 4 or 5 pounds.

It inhabits clear water from the Great Lake Region to Louisiana
and Mexico, preferring river channels to still water. An excellent food
and a fair game fish.

Deep River, Liverpool, Indiana.

Genus Ameiurus Rafinesque.
BULLHEADS; HORNED POUTS.

Body moderately elongate, robust anteriorly, compressed posteri-
orly; supraoccipital bone separate from the second interspinal buck-
ler, forming a break in bony bridge from snout to dorsal fin ; mouth
large; teeth in jaws in broad bands, the band in upper jaw not form-
ing backward extensions; caudal fin short, its margin rounded to
slightly forked.

a. Caudal fin moderately forked; anal rays 24; species large.

lacustris, 242

aa. Caudal fin rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate; species
small, usually less than 12 inches in length.

b. Anal rays 24 to 27; caudal fin rounded. natalis, 242
bb. Anal rays 17 to 24; caudal fin slightly emarginate.

c. Anal rays 21 to 24; pectoral spine in young with 5 to 10 well
developed teeth on its posterior edge, these reduced in size in
adults, the number increasing to from 15 to 20; anal fin with
membrane and rays about equally colored, the former slightly
the darker on distal third. nebulosus, 242

cc. Anal rays 17 to 20; pectoral spine at all ages entire or slightly
roughened behind, or rarely in adults with 5 to 10 obscure,
weak, and blunt teeth on its posterior edge; anal fin with the
membranes uniformly colored and darker than the rays.

melas, 243

.
242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Ameiurus lacustris (Walbaum). GREAT LAKE CATFISH.

Head 3. 8; depth 4.5; D. 1-6; A. 24. Body robust; head broad,
depressed, its width 1.2 in its length; interorbital space flat, 1.8 in
head; diameter of eye 8.3 in head; upper jaw the longer; dorsal fin
to snout 2.7 in body, its spine short, bluntly pointed, its posterior edge
entire; pectoral spine weakly serrate behind; caudal fin moderately
forked.

Color dark slaty to bluish black above, paler below; body without
dusky spots ; anal dusky edged.

It reaches a weight of 40 pounds.

This species inhabits the Great Lake Region.

This fish is frequently taken in Deep River at Liverpool, Indiana
and is occasionally taken on set lines and in pound nets at Millers
and Pine, Indiana; individuals are sometimes caught in the park
lagoons within the city when taking the carp from these waters.

Ameiurus natalis (LeSueur). YELLOW BULLHEAD.

Head 3.1 to 3.5; depth 3.5 to 3.9; D. 1-6; A. 24 to 27. Body
very robust; head large, broad, somewhat depressed; its -greatest
width about equal to its length; eye small, its diameter 7.2 to 8.5 in
head; upper jaw slightly longer than the lower; maxillary barbels
reaching about to posterior edge of opercles; dorsal fin small, low; '
caudal fin rounded posteriorly.

Color yellow, brown, green, or black above; yellowish to pale below.

Length 12 to 18 inches.

This species ranges from Dakota to New York, Florida, and Texas.

Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Lagoon, Clark Junction, Indiana.

Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). COMMON BULLHEAD; SPECKLED

BULLHEAD; HORNED POUT.

Head 3.2 to 3.6; depth 3.5 to 4.3 ; D. 1-6; A. 21 to 24.

Body elongate to moderately robust; head subconic, rather nar-
row, its greatest width 1.2 to* 1.3 in its length; upper jaw slightly
longer than the lower; maxillary barbel reaching beyond gill opening,
often beyond humeral process; pectoral spine 1.8 to 2.4 in head, the
posterior edge with 6 to 10 (young) to 10 to 25 (adults) well developed
retrorse teeth, shorter when more numerous; base of anal fin 3.2 to
4.1 in body; free margin of fin but little rounded from 8th to isth
ray; caudal fin slightly emarginate.

Color dark yellowish to much marbled or mottled with darker to
nearly black; anal fin with membrane and rays of nearly the same
color.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 243

Length about 18 inches.

It inhabits lowland streams and ponds from Minnesota to Maine
and Texas. This species spawns in the spring. For some time after
the young are hatched they swim in a brood, accompanied by the
mother. A good food fish.

Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn,
Illinois; Butterfield Creek, Elliotts Park, Illinois; Lagoon, Buffing-
ton, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark Junction, Indiana.

Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque). BLACK BULLHEAD.

Head 3.1 to 3.5 ; depth 3.1 to 3.5; D. 1-6; A. 17 to 20.

Body robust, head large, profile slightly convex, its width j.i to
1.2 in its length; mouth wide, the jaws about equal; maxillary bar-
bels reaching to or slightly beyond gill opening; pectoral spine short,
rather blunt, its length 2.4 to 3.6 in head; posterior edge of pectoral

FIG 20. BLACK BULLHEAD.

Ameiurus melas (Raf.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

spine entire or slightly roughened; seldom with 5 to 10 weak teeth
in adults; base of anal fin 3.9 to 4.4 in body, its free margin distinctly
rounded ; caudal fin slightly emarginate.

Color dark brown or greenish to black above, becoming lighter or
yellowish below; anal rays very light in contrast with black inter-
radial membranes.

Length 12 inches.

Found usually with the preceding from New York to Kansas and
Texas, which it much resembles in appearance and habits.

Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River,
Berwyn, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Thorn Creek,
Thornton, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana;
Calumet River, Clark Junction, Indiana; Lagoon, Clark, Indiana.

244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Genus Leptops Rafinesque.

Body elongate, much depressed anteriorly; head large, wide;
supraoccipital bony bridge incomplete ; teeth in broad bands on both
jaws, those of the upper jaw continued backward on each side; lower
jaw the longer; caudal fin oblong, subtruncate, with numerous short
rays at upper and lower margins.

Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque). MUD CAT; YELLOW CAT; GOUJON;

MORGAN CAT.

Head 3.2 to 4; depth 4.4 to 5.2; D. 1-6; A. 12 to 15.

Body elongate; head long and broad, much depressed; its width
3.7 to 4.4 in body; interorbital space nearly flat, its width 3.7 to 4.4
in body; lower jaw the longer; lips thin; maxillary barbels not
reaching gill openings; eye small, its diameter 8 to 14 in head; per-
toral spine short, 3 to 4.4 in head, its anterior and posterior edges
roughened or weakly serrate ; caudal fin subtruncate.

Color usually dark olive to yellowish above; lighter yellowish to
gray below; young mottled.

It reaches a weight of 50 to 75 pounds.

This fish inhabits the larger streams of the Mississippi Valley,
south to Northern Mexico. It is a good food fish. Spawns in May
and later.

Genus Noturus Rafinesque.
STONE CAT.

Body elongate, head broad flattened above; posterior part of body
nearly cylindrical; adipose dorsal long and attached for its entire
length ; separated from caudal fin by a notch ; band of teeth in upper
jaw with lateral backward extensions; a poison gland at base of
pectoral fin.

Noturus flavus Rafinesque. STONE CAT.

Head 3.6 to 3.9; depth 4.0 to 5.0; D. 1-6; A. 16.

Body elongate, its anterior half broad and flattened, its posterior
cylindrical ; tail compressed ; head broad, its width 4 to 5 in length
of body; upper jaw the longer; maxillary barbels short, about half
length of head; diameter of eye 4 to 6 in head; dorsal fin to tip of
snout 2.4 to 2.8 in body; the spine short, its length 3 in height of fin;
pectoral spine with a few weak retrorse teeth on its anterior edge near
tip, the posterior edge smooth or nearly so; caudal fin rounded.

APRIL, igio. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 245

Color dark olive green above, sides yellowish, below white; a
blotch of yellowish before and behind dorsal; fins color of adjacent
parts with edges lighter.

Length 10 to 12 inches.

This fish inhabits rather swift running water from Virginia, the
Great Lakes, to Montana and Texas.

This species deposits its eggs in June under objects in the water,
guarding them till hatched. It is not used for food.

Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Genus Schilbeodes Bleeker.
MAD TOMS.

Body short or moderately elongate, its anterior half subcylindrical,
the tail compressed; adipose dorsal long and attached for its entire
length, continuous with caudal or separated by a notch; teeth in
broad bands, those of upper jaw without lateral backward extensions;
caudal fin rounded with numerous short rays above and below caudal
peduncle; a poison gland at base of pectoral fin. All of the species
of this genus are too small to be used for food.

a. Pectoral spine not serrated on posterior margin; adipose fin
continuous with caudal; depth of body 3.8 to 4.4 in its length.

gyrinus, 245

aa. Pectoral spine distinctly serrated on its posterior edge ; adipose
fin separated from caudal by a notch; depth of body 4.6 to 6.0
in its length.

b. Pectoral spine 3 in head; a light colored squarish blotch on
back before dorsal and a smaller crescentic one behind it.

exilis, 246

bb. Pectoral spine less than 2 in head; 4 saddle-like blotches on
back. miurus, 247

Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill). TADPOLE CAT.

Head 3.2 to 3.9; depth 3.8 to 4.4; D. 1-6; A. 13 to 15.

Body robust, tadpole-like in form; head large; profile steep and
nearly straight from snout to dorsal; jaws equal; maxillary barbels
scarcely reaching gill openings; diameter of eye 6.3 to 7.6 in head;
dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.5 to 2.9 in length of body; its spine more
than % height of fin; pectoral spine strong, its length 1.9 to 2.4 in
head, its edges smooth or the anterior with 2 or 3 obscure teeth; lat-
eral line imperfect, and wanting on posterior half of body.

246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Color olivaceous to almost black, top of head darker; a dark streak
on middle of side and one near ventral surface ; pectoral and ventral
fins dusky, other fins plain.

Length 3 to 5 inches.

This species inhabits small sluggish streams and ponds from the
Rainy River eastward through the Upper Mississippi Valley to the
Hudson River, Florida, and Alabama. It probably spawns in May
It feeds on small crustaceans and insects.

Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; La-
goon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn,
Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Calumet Lake, Pullman,
Illinois; Lake George, Indiana; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Lagoon,
Clark Junction, Indiana.

Schilbeodes exilis (Nelson). SLENDER STONE CAT.

Head 3.9 to 4.3; depth 4.9 to 6.0; D. 1-6; A. 14 to 17.

Body elongate, the head slightly depressed; caudal region com-
pressed ; head small ; upper jaw slightly the longer; maxillary barbels
not reaching gill openings; diameter of eye 5.3 to 7.3 in head; dorsal
fin to tip of snout 2.9 to 3.1 in length, its spine scarcely half the height
of the fin; pectoral spine 2.7 to 3.1 in head; weakly serrate anteriorly
near tip, the basal ^ of its posterior margin with about 6 slender
teeth ; caudal fin rounded.

FIG. 21. SLENDER STONE CAT.

Schilbeodes exilis (Nelson). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

Color yellowish brown, uniform on sides, darker above with a
lighter squarish spot on occiput and a crescentic one behind dorsal;
fins pale or slightly dusky with darker margins.

Length 3 to 4 inches.

This fish inhabits small streams, with clear running water, from
Wisconsin to Indiana and Kansas.

Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 247

Schilbeodes miurus (Jordan). BRINDLED STONE CAT.

Head 3.5 to 3.9 ; depth 4.6 to 5.6 ; D. 1-6 ; A. 13 to 15.

Body elongate, broad anteriorly, slender and compressed posteri-
orly; head wide, depressed anteriorly; upper jaw slightly longer
than the lower; maxillary barbels scarcely reaching gill openings;
diameter of eye 4.3 to 5.0 in head; dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.6 to 2.8
in the length ; dorsal spine more than half the length of the fin ; pec-
toral spine 1.5 to 1.8 in head, curved, the basal z/$ of anterior edge
finely serrate, the posterior margin with 6 to 8 strong hook-like teeth ;
caudal fin rounded.

FIG. 22. BRINDLED STONE CAT.

Schilbeodes miurus (Jordan). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

Color grayish with small black spots, the back crossed by saddle-
like blotches, one before dorsal, one behind it, one on adipose fin and
one at base of caudal; tip of dorsal, caudal, and anal blackish.

Length 3^ inches.

This species inhabits small clear streams and ponds from Lake
Michigan to Louisiana.

Order Eveiitognathi.

THE CARP-LIKE FISHES.

Skeleton osseous, the anterior vertebrae modified and with Weberian
apparatus; opercular bones present; jaws without teeth; ventral fins
abdominal; air bladder with open duct; body usually covered with
ordinary scales.

a. Pharyngeal teeth numerous, comb-like; dorsal fin of more than
10 rays; lips thick, covered with plicate or papillose skin.

Catostomida, 248

248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

aa. Pharyngeal teeth fewer, 4 to 8 on each bone; dorsal fin of less
than 10 rays; lips without thickened skin. Cyprinidce, 257

Family Catostomidse.

THE SUCKERS.

Body oblong or elongate, usually more or less compressed and
covered with large cycloid scales; fins without true spines; gill
membranes united to the isthmus ; pseudobranchias present ; branchi-
ostegals 3 ; margin of upper jaw formed in the middle by the small
premaxillaries and on sides by maxillaries; lower pharyngeal bones
falciform and with a single row of comb-like teeth ; mouth with thick
lips covered with plicate or papillose skin ; fins without spines ; caudal
fin forked; no pyloric cceca; air bladder in 2 or 3 parts, connected to
oesophagus.

a. Dorsal fin elongate, of more than 20 developed rays.

b. Mouth large, more or less terminal, protractile forward;
* pharyngeal teeth and bones moderate; coloration, dark.

Ictiobus, 249

bb. Mouth smaller, inferior, protractile downward; pharyngeal
bones narrow, with the teeth thin and weak; coloration, pale.

Carpiodes, 250
aa. Dorsal fin shorter, of less than 20 rays.

c. Lips plicate.

d. Lateral line wanting or imperfectly developed ; sides with dark
band or dark lateral stripes ; air bladder in 2 parts.

e. Lateral line entirely wanting; sides with a single dark lateral
band. Erimyzon, 251

ee. Lateral line incomplete; sides with dark lateral stripes along
the rows of scales. Minytrema, 252

dd. Lateral line complete; sides without dark lateral band or
lateral stripes ; air bladder in 3 parts.

f . Pharyngeal teeth compressed ; mouth wholly inferior.

Moxostoma, 253

ff. Pharyngeal teeth large, molar-like; mouth somewhat oblique.

"\(Placo pharynx)

* The pharyngeal bones are situated on either side of the oesophagus just
back of the gill arches.

t Placopharynx duquesnii (Le Sueur) probably does not occur in the waters
in and about Chicago. In form and appearance it resembles the common red-
horse, with which it is often identified, but from which it is easily separated
because of its molar-like pharyngeal teeth.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 249

cc. Lips papillose; air bladder in 2 parts; scales 48 to no.

Catostom us, 255

Genus Ictiobus Rafinesque.

THE BUFFALO FISHES.

Body robust, compressed, both dorsal and ventral outlines curved ;
head rather large; mouth terminal or slightly inferior; lips thin,
plain or more or less plicate; the upper protractile downwards and
forwards; eye nearer angle of preopercle than upper corner of gill
cleft; pharyngeal bones broad, but thin and weak; the teeth long;
dorsal fin long, of 25 to 30 rays; the anterior ones produced to about
^2 length of fin; air bladder in 2 parts; lateral line complete; colora-
tion dark, never silvery. All are good food fishes.

a. Body slender, the dorsal region little elevated, depth 3.0 to 3.5

in the length. urus, 249

aa. Body deeper, the dorsal region elevated; depth 2.5 to 2.8 in

length. bubalus, 249

Ictiobus urus (Agassiz). MONGREL BUFFALO.

Head 3.7 to 4.0; depth 3.0 to 3.4; D. 29 or 30; A. 9 or 10; scales

36 to 40.

Body robust, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved;
snout bluntly rounded; mouth small, little oblique, protractile down-
ward and forward, lips plicate; eye small, 5.1 to 6.6 in head; inter-
orbital space 2.0 to 2.3 in head; tips of anterior rays of dorsal when
deflexed not reaching past middle of fin ; lateral line complete.

Color dark slaty-gray to almost black; fins all dark.

This fish reaches a weight of 50 pounds but those usually seen in
the market seldom exceed 10 pounds.

It inhabits the larger streams and bayous throughout the Mississippi
Valley, the southern end of Lake Michigan and the tributary streams.
It spawns in April.

Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois.

Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque). SMALL-MOUTH BUFFALO.

Head 3.6 to 4.1; depth 2.5 to 2.9; D. 27 to 30; A. 9 to 10; scales

37 to 39.

Body robust, the dorsal region considerably elevated; snout
bluntly pointed; mouth small, inferior, protractile downward and
forward; lips coarsely and brokenly plicate; eye small, 4.4 to 6.2 in
head; interorbital space 2.1 to 2.6 in head; tips of anterior rays of
dorsal when deflexed not reaching middle of fin ; lateral line complete.

250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Color dull brownish olive, never silvery.

This species reaches a weight of 40 Ibs., a little smaller than the
preceding.

It is usually found with the preceding species, which it much
resembles in appearance and habits. Not known to occur in the
Great Lake Basin.

Genus Carpiodes Rafmesque.

THE CARP SUCKERS.

Body thin, compressed; ventral line almost straight, the dorsal
much arched; head small, short; lips thin and slightly striate, the
upper protractile downwards; eye equidistant from lower posterior
angle of preopercle and upper corner of gill cleft; pharyngeal bones
broad but thin, the teeth weak and much compressed; dorsal fin
long, of 23 to 30 rays, the anterior ones produced to more than half
length of fin; lateral line complete; coloration silvery. All are used
for food, but of less value than species of Ictiobus.

a. Snout short, 3.5 to 4.5 in head; nostrils well forward, the dis-
tance from anterior nostril to end of snout less than diameter
of the eye. difformis, 250

aa. Snout longer, 3.0 to 3.5 in head; nostrils situated well back,
the distance from the anterior nostril to end of snout usually
greater than diameter of the eye; tip of lower jaw far in advance
of the nostrils. . velifer, 251

Carpiodes difformis Cope. BLUNT-NOSED RIVER CARP.

Head 3.9 to 4.3; depth 2.4 to 2.7; D. 24 to 25; A. 8; scales 35 to 37.

FIG. 23. BLUNT-NOSED RIVER CARP

Carpiodes difformis Cope. (From Forbes and Richardson.)

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAXD. 251

Body short, compressed; the dorsal region much arched; snout
small, wholly inferior; lips weakly plicated, the halves of the lower
meeting at a rather sharp angle, tip of lower lip scarcely in advance
of the nostrils; interorbital space 2.2 to 2.5 in head; snout short,
very blunt, its length 3.9 to 4.5 in head; nostrils near tip of snout;
anterior dorsal rays as long as or longer than the fin; lateral line
complete.

Color silvery, darker above.

This fish seldom reaches a length of more than 1 2 inches.

It occurs in the Ohio Valley and westward in the larger streams.

Carpiodes velifer (Rafmesque). QUILLBACK; SILVER CARP.

Head 3.6 to 4.0; depth 2.7 to 3.0; D. 27 to 30; A. 9 to 10; scales
39 or 40.

Body ovate, compressed; dorsal region much arched; mouth small,
slightly oblique; lips weakly plicate, the lower halves meeting at a
sharp angle; tip of lower lip far in advance of nostrils; interorbital
space 2.3 to 2.5 in head; snout long, bluntly pointed, its length 2.9
to 3.5 in head; nostrils much nearer eye than tip of snout; anterior
dorsal rays about as long as the fin; lateral line complete.

Color light olive above, sides silvery; fins pale.

Length about 12 inches.

This species occurs in the smaller rivers and creeks from Ohio
to Iowa and southward. It spawns in April. Similar in size and
appearance to the preceding.

Genus Erimyzoii Jordan.
THE CHUB SUCKERS.

Body elongate, more or less compressed; head short; mouth
subinferior, slightly oblique; upper lip protractile, lower lip plicate,
its halves meeting in an acute angle; no anterior fontanelle, the
posterior well developed ; pharyngeal bones weak, the teeth small and
slender, rapidly decreasing in length upward ; air bladder in two parts ;
lateral line wanting.

Erimyzon sucetta (Lac^pede). CHUB SUCKER.

Head 3.5 to 4.1 ; depth 3.1 to 3.9; D. 9 to 12 ; A. 7 ; scales 36 to 45

Body oblong, compressed, becoming deeper with, age; head short;

mouth subinferior, small, slightly oblique; lower lip strongly plicate,

its halves meeting at an acute angle; eye large, 3.8 to 5.8 in head;

252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

FIG. 24. CHUB SUCKER.

Erimyzon sucetta (Lac.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

interorbital space slightly convex, 2.2 to 2.6 in head; dorsal fin a
little higher than long, its free margin convex; lateral line absent.

Color uniform brownish olive, with more or less coppery lustre;
sides with dark lateral band, most conspicuous in the young; fins
dusky.

Length about 10 inches.

This fish ranges from the Great Lake Region to Virginia and
Texas. It prefers sluggish or still water where there is much vegeta-
tion. It spawns in April. Of little value as a food fish.

Fox River, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines
River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Lagoon,
Buffington, Indiana; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark,
Indiana; Lagoon, Edgemoor, Indiana; Lagoon, Gary, Indiana.

Genus Minytrema Jordan.
STRIPED SUCKER.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head small; mouth in-
ferior, the upper lip protractile, the lower plicate; fontanelle large;
pharyngeal bones weak, the teeth well developed; lateral line absent
in young, imperfectly developed in adults; air bladder in 2 parts.

Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque). STRIPED SUCKER.

Head 3.9 to 4.6; depth 3.9 to 4.5 ; D. n or 12; A. 7 or 8; scales 42
to 46.

Body elongated, moderately compressed; snout blunt; mouth
small, inferior; lower lip plicate, its halves meeting at a short angle;

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 253

snout 2.3 to 2.7 in head; eye small, 4.4 to 6.9 in head; interorbital
space convex, 2.2 to 2.5 in head; free margin of dorsal fin concave;
lateral line absent in young, incomplete in adult.

Color olivaceous to coppery; each scale with a dark spot, these
forming lines along rows of scales ; fins plain.

Length about 18 inches.

This species inhabits smaller rivers, creeks, and ponds from the
Great Lakes to North Carolina and Texas. It is not abundant any-
where and is of little value as a food fish.

Genus Moxostoma Rafinesque.

REDHORSE SUCKERS.

Body elongate, more or less compressed; mouth inferior, lips
transversely plicate, the folds rarely so broken as to form papillae ;
posterior fontanelle well open ; phar.yngeal bones weak, the teeth rather
coarse; lateral line well developed; air bladder in 3 parts; caudal fin
well forked.

a. Lips strongly plicate; halves of the lower lip meeting in wide
angle; margin of dorsal fin convex. aureolum, 253

aa. Folds of the lower lip more or less broken into papillae; dorsal
fin with its margin straight or concave.

b. Head long, 3.5 to 4.3 in body; halves of lower lip meeting in a
sharp angle; margin of dorsal fin straight. anisurum, 254

bb. Head short, 4.5 to 5.5 in head; halves of lower lip truncate
behind; margin of dorsal fin convex. breviceps, 254

Moxostoma aureolum (LeSueur). COMMON REDHORSE.

Head 3.9 to 4.5 ; depth3.6 to 4.4; D. 12 to 14; A. 7 ; scales 41 to 48.

Body elongate, robust anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; the
back little elevated; head moderate, flattened above, the cheeks
nearly vertical; mouth large, lips thick, coarsely plicate; eye large,

FIG. 25. LIPS OF THE COMMON REDHORSE.

Moxostoma aureolum (Le S.). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

4.0 to 5.8 in head; free margin of dorsal straight, the fin a little higher
than long; upper lobe of caudal a little longer than the lower; lateral
line complete.

Color uniformly olivaceous above and on sides, becoming pale
below ; dorsal dusky ; lower fins with some orange at base ; the outer
margins dusky.

Length about 18 to 24 inches.

This fish inhabits the clearer streams and lakes from the Assini-
boin through the Great Lake Region to Arkansas and Georgia. It
spawns in April and May, ascending streams for that purpose. Of
little value as a food fish.

Fox Lake, Illinois; Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River.
Beach, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque). WHITE-NOSED SUCKER.

Head 3.5 to 4.3 ; depth 3.3 to 4.1 ; D. 14 to 17 ; A. 7 ; scales 42 to 45.

Body elongate, compressed, robust anteriorly, the dorsal region
elevated; head broad and short; interorbital space flat, 2.2 to 2.6
in head; snout long, 2.1 to 2.6 in head; mouth rather large, the lips
thick, the folds broken into papillae; eye large, 4.0 to 6.4 in head;

FIG. 26. LIPS OF THE WHITE-NOSED SUCKER.

Moxostoma anisurum (Raf.)- (From Forbes and Richardson.)

dorsal fin long, its free margin straight, upper lobe of caudal a little
longer than the lower; lateral line complete.

Color pale, silvery, darker above, the nose and chin whitish;
dorsal and caudal with some dusky; lower fins white to light reddish.

Length about 18 inches.

It inhabits the clearer streams of the Great Lake Region to
North Carolina. Smaller and less common than the preceding.

Moxostoma breviceps (Cope). SHORT-HEADED REDHORSE.

Head 4.6 to 5.4; depth 3.8 to 4.6; D. 12 or 13 ; A. 7; scales 43 to 45.

Body subfusiform, moderately compressed; head short, sub-
conical, interorbital space 1.9 to 2.4 in head; snout 2.3 to 2.9 in head;
diameter of eye 4 to 5 in head; mouth small, upper lip coarsely

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 255

plicate, the lower breaking into papillae on distal margin; lower lip
truncate behind; free margin of dorsal fin concave; upper lobe of
caudal falcate, usually longer than the lower; lateral line complete.
Color pale yellowish olive above, paler below; dorsal scarcely
dusky; caudal light with reddish tinge; lower fins salmon colored with
greenish margins.

FIG. 26. LIPS OF THE SHORT-HEADED REDHORSE.

Moxostoma breviceps (Cope). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

Length about 15 inches.

It inhabits streams and lakes of the Great Lake Region and the
Upper Mississippi Valley. A food fish of not much importance.
Fox River, McHenry, Illinois.

Genus Catostoinus LeSueur.

FINE-SCALED SUCKERS.

Body elongate, subfusiform; head elongate, rather broad; mouth
inferior; lips thick, papillose; upper lip protractile; posterior fontanelle
large; pharyngeal teeth shortish; air bladder in two parts; lateral
line developed.

a. Head transversely convex above; scales in lateral series more
than 60 ; scales on anterior portion of the body reduced in size.

b. Scales in lateral series 95 to 115. catostomus, 255
bb. Scales in lateral series 68 to 80. commersonii, 256
aa. Head broad, transversely concave; scales large, 48 to 55 in the

lateral series. nigricans, 257

Catostomus catostomus (Forster). LONG-NOSED SUCKER; RED

SUCKER; NORTHERN SUCKER.

Head 4^ to 4.6; depth 4.3 to 4.6; D. 10 or n; A. 7; scales 95 to
114.

Body elongate, subterete; head long and slender; interorbital
space convex; mouth small, lips coarsely tuberculate; snout long,
rather pointed, overhanging the large mouth; eye small 8.2 in head;

256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

scales on sides and upper part of body reduced in size anteriorly;
lateral line complete; caudal forked.

Color olivaceous above, lighter below; sides of male in breeding
season with a broad rosy band.

Length about 24 inches.

This species inhabits the Great Lake Region, the Upper Missouri
and Columbia Rivers, and northward into Alaska. Frequently taken
by fishermen at Pine and Millers, Indiana. Not abundant and of
little value as a food fish.

Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana.

Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). COMMON SUCKER.

Head 4.0 to 4.8; depth 4.3 to 5.3; D. n to 13 ; A. 7 ; scales 63 to
80.

Body elongate, subterete, robust anteriorly; head subconical,
flattish above; interorbital space nearly flat; 2.1 to 2.6 in head;
snout blunt; mouth inferior, the lips strongly papillose; the diameter
of eye 4.5 to 6.8 in head; scales smaller on anterior portion of body;

FIG- 27. COMMON SUCKER.
Catostomus commersonii (Lac.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

lateral line complete in adults, partially absent in the young; caudal
fin forked.

Color olivaceous on back and sides; lighter below; spring males
with a faint rosy lateral band.

Length about 18 inches.

This species inhabits the smaller streams from Georgia to Missouri
and northward to Great Bear Lake and Hudson Bay. Spawns in
the spring. Too full of small bones to be of much value as a food fish.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois;
Bull Creek, Beach, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois;
Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des
Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois;
Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois;

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 257

Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lagoon and Lake Michigan, Pine,
Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana.

Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur. HOG SUCKER; STONE-ROLLER.

Head 3.6 to 4.5; depth 4.6 to 5.1 ; D. 10 to 13; A. 7 ; scales 46 to 51.

Body elongate, subfusiform. robust anteriorly; head very large
and broad; interorbital space transversely concave, 1.9 to 2.5 in
head; snout long and strongly decurved, 1.8 to 2.2 in head; mouth
inferior, the lips thick and strongly papillose; diameter of the eye 4.5
to 7.0 in head; scales on sides and dorsal region of nearly uniform
size; lateral line complete; caudal fin forked.

Color dark olivaceous above, sides with brassy lustre; belly white;
young with 4 dark oblique bars on back and sides; pectorals and
ventrals with some darker markings.

Length about 24 inches.

This species inhabits clear water, from the Lake of the Woods to
Kansas and east to the Atlantic slope, north of the Carolinas, ascend-
ing streams in the spring to spawn. Of little value as a food fish.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois;
Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Family Cyprinidse.

THE MINNOWS.

Body elongate, more or less compressed; mouth large or small,
terminal or subinferior; margin of the upper jaw formed by the pre-
maxillaries; no teeth in the jaws; pharyngeal bones well developed,
falciform, and nearly parallel with the gill arches, each provided with
i to 3 rows of teeth, usually 4 to 7 in the main row; fewer in the other
rows if present; barbels, usually none, never more than 2 to 4; belly
rounded, rarely compressed to an edge, and never serrate; gill mem-
branes broadly joined to the isthmus; branchiostegals always 3 ; gills
4; pseudobranchiae usually present; ventral fins abdominal; air
bladder large, usually in two lobes; stomach without appendages.

This family comprises many small fresh-water fishes. A few of
our western forms reach a large size. On this continent the southern-
most limit of this family is in the Balsas basin in southern Mexico.

This large group of small fishes which so much resemble each other
in form, size, and coloration is one of the most difficult in which to
distinguish genera and species. Before one can make much progress
in the study ot these species, careful attention must be given to the

258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

teeth, as the genera are based largely on dental characters. The
teeth are confined to the pharyngeal bones which are just back of the
gill openings on either side of the oesophagus. In American species
the teeth on each pharyngeal bone are in one large row of 4 or 5, in
front of which is usually a smaller row of one or two teeth. The
pharyngeal bones must be removed with great care to avoid breaking
the teeth from them. It is best to clean the teeth by tearing away
the flesh with a needle or other sharp-pointed instrument, after which
they are easily examined with a hand lens. The herbivorous species
have teeth usually not hooked and with a flat or concave surface. In
the carnivorous species they usually have a sharp cutting or a serrated
edge and hooked tips. Their number is indicated by a dental formula.
Thus "teeth 4-4," indicates that only the principal row on each side
is present. "Teeth 2. 4-5, 2," indicates the principal row on one side
contains four teeth, the other five, while the lesser row on each side
contains two each, and so on.

During the breeding season the males are more or less covered with
tubercles, outgrowths of the epidermis. Usually these are confined
to the head, but often are found over the entire body. The lower
parts of the body and the fins are often highly colored ; the prevailing
color being red, although in some genera it is satin white, yellow, or
black. In some cases the males are deeper than the females. Young
examples are always difficult to identify; these are usually more
slender and have a larger eye than the adults. Often the young have
a lateral band and a dark caudal spot which the adults do not possess.
In the following descriptions the rudimentary rays of the dorsal and
anal fins are not counted. Besides the native species here mentioned,
three species from Europe and Asia have been introduced into some of
the streams and lakes of the United States and Mexico, where they
have become quite abundant. They are easily distinguished from
the native fresh-water fishes by the long dorsal fin which is preceded
by a serrated spine.

a. Anterior dorsal rays not forming a stiff serrated spine; dorsal
fin of less than 10 rays.

b. Alimentary canal more than twice the length of the body ; peri-
toneum usually black, or dark gray.

c. Air bladder surrounded by convolutions of the intestine; about
50 scales in the lateral series, teeth 4-4 or i, 4-4, o.

Campostoma , 260
cc. Air bladder not surrounded by convolutions of the intestine.

d. Scales very small 65 to 90 in the lateral series; teeth 5-5 or 4-5.

Chrosomus, 260

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 259

dd. Scales larger, 35 to 50 in lateral series; teeth 4-4.

e. Scales between nape and dorsal fin slightly or not smaller than
those on rest of body; 12 to 16 in number; first short dorsal
ray closely attached to second. Hybognathus, 261

ee. Scales between nape and dorsal fin much smaller than those on
rest of body; 22 to 25 in number; first dorsal ray separated
from second by a membrane. Pimephales, 262

bb. Alimentary canal less than twice the length of the body;
peritoneum usually pale.

f. Premaxillaries protractile; scales in lateral series, usually less
than 60.

g. No barbel at posterior end of maxillary.

h. Mouth very small, its gape very oblique, making with vertical
an angle of less than 40°; peritoneum pale; teeth 4-5 or 5-5.

Opsopceodus, 263

hh. Mouth larger, its gape horizontal or more or less oblique, mak-
ing with the vertical an angle of more than 40°.

i. Abdomen behind ventral fins with a sharp keel-like edge over
which the scales do not pass; lateral line much decurved, con-
curved with the ventral outline ; body much compressed ; teeth
5-5; anal rays 12 to 14. Notemigonus, 264

ii. Abdomen behind ventrals rounded, its surface fully scaled.

j. First dorsal ray separated from second by a membrane; snout
blunt; teeth 4-4. Cliola, 265

jj. First ray of dorsal closely attached to second.

k. Lips normal, nowhere conspicuously thickened.

I. Lower portion of head without externally visible mucous
channels. Notropis, 266

II. Lower portion of head with distended mucous cavities, ap-
pearing externally as transverse vitreous streaks.

Ericymba, 275
kk. Lower lip thickened at each side forming fleshy lobes.

Phenacobius , 276

gg. One or two barbels at or near posterior end of maxillary.

m. Maxillary barbel or barbels terminal; scales large, 35 to 45 in

lateral series, 14 to 25 in series before dorsal. Hybopsis, 277

mm. Barbel on upper side and near tip of maxillary; scales smaller,

50 or 60 in the lateral series. About 35 scales in series before

dorsal. Semotilus, 280

ff. Premaxillaries not protractile; scales small, more than 60 in

the lateral series. Rhinichthys, 281

260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

aa. Anterior dorsal rays forming a stiff serrated spine; dorsal fin

with 15 to 22 rays,
n. Mouth with 4 long barbels; scales in lateral series, 35 to 40;

teeth 1,1, 3-3, 1,1. Cyprinus, 282

nn. Mouth without barbels; scales in lateral series, 25 to 30; teeth

4-4. Carassius, 283

Genus Campostoma Agassiz.

Body elongate, little compressed; mouth small, lips thick; pre-
maxillaries protractile; no maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth 4-4
or i, 4-4, o, with oblique grinding surface and a slight hook on one or
two teeth ; alimentary canal coiled around the air bladder ; peritoneum
black.

Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque). STONE-ROLLER.

Head 4.0 to 4.6 ; depth 3.9 to 4.8 ; D. 8 ; A. 7 or 8 ; scales 46 to 53.

Body elongate, subterete; head subconic, the snout projecting
beyond the mouth; mouth horizontal, the maxillary scarcely reaching
vertical from posterior nostril, its length 3.3 to 4.6 in head; eye small,
4.2 to 5.2 in head; snout 2.3 to 2.8; teeth 4-4 or i, 4-4, o, with
oblique grinding surface; origin of dorsal fin about midway between
end of snout and base of caudal; alimentary canal 5 to 9.5 times
length of body; peritoneum black; scales small, 15 to 26 in a series
between nape and dorsal fin, lateral line complete.

Color brownish olive, sides irregularly blotched with darker; a
dusky vertical bar behind opercle, dorsal, and anal with a dusky bar
through the middle on males.

Length 6 inches.

This fish is abundant in small streams from Wyoming to New
York, North Carolina, and Texas. It prefers clear running water,
spawning on riffles in the spring.

Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois;
Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Lockport, Illinois; Hickory Creek,
Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois.

Genus Chrosomus Rafinesque.

Body moderately elongate, little compressed; mouth small, ter-
minal; lips normal; premaxillary protractile; no maxillary barbel;
pharyngeal teeth 5-5 or 4-5, moderately hooked tips, and with grind-

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 261

ing surface; alimentary canal twice length of the body; peritoneum
black.

Chrosomus erythrogaster Rafinesque. RED-BELLIED DACE.

Head 4.0 to 4.2; depth 4.4 to 4.9; D. 7 ; A. 7 or 8; Scales 77 to 91.

Body rather robust, not much compressed; head rather pointed;
mouth terminal, margin of upper lip on level with middle of pupil;
maxillary 3.2 to 4.0 in head; its tip reaching slightly past anterior
nostril; diameter of eye 3.3 to 3.8 in head; snout pointed, 2.9 to 3.5;
teeth 4-4 or 4-5 or 5-5, with tips slightly hooked and with flat or
grooved surfaces ; alimentary canal 2 . 4 to 3 . 5 times length of the body ;
peritoneum black; scales very small, 35 to 40 scales in series before
dorsal fin; lateral line incomplete.

Color brownish olive, a dark vertebral streak; dark spots on upper
part of sides; sides with two black stripes; a dark caudal spot;
spaces between dark lateral stripes cream colored to red; males in
spring with sides and belly with much scarlet.

Length 2 to 3 inches.

This species inhabits clear water from the Dakotas to Maine,
Alabama, and Kansas. It is nowhere especially abundant except in
the streams of the Ozark mountains, where it occurs in large numbers.

Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley,
Illinois; Lagoon, Pine. Indiana.

Genus Hybognathus Agassiz.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; mouth small, the jaws
sharp edged; premaxillary protractile; no barbel; teeth 4-4 with
oblique grinding surface, little if any hook; alimentary canal 3 to 10
times length of the body; peritoneum black.

Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz. SILVERY MINNOW.

Head 4.0 to 4.6; depth 3.9 to 4.5; D. 8; A. 8; scales 37 to 39.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head small, subconical;
mouth small, terminal, oblique, margin of upper jaw slightly below
middle of pupil, maxillary 3.6 to 4.3; diameter of eye 3.8 to 4.5 in
head; snout 2.9 to 3.5 ; lower jaw slightly the shorter, with sharp hard
edge; teeth 4-4, with narrow grinding surface, tips slightly if at all
hooked; alimentary canal 3.7 to 8.0 times length of the body; peri-
toneum dusky; scales large, 13 to 1 6 in a series before dorsal; lateral
line complete.

262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Color olivaceous green above, sides silvery; scales not distinctly
dark-edged.

Length 6 inches.

A small silvery minnow ranging from the Dakotas to Delaware,
Georgia and Northern Mexico. It prefers clear running water. So
far it is not recorded from the Chicago area.

Genus Pimephales Rafmesque.
FATHEADS.

Body robust or elongate, little compressed ; head short and round-
ed, mouth small, subinferior or slightly oblique; premaxillary pro-
tractile; no barbel; teeth 4-4 with oblique grinding surface; tips
usually not hooked ; alimentary canal more than twice length of the
body; peritoneum black.

a. Body short, robust, depth about 3.5 to 4 in length; lateral line

incomplete. promelas, 262

aa. Body more elongate, depth about 4.5 in length; lateral line

complete. iwtatus, 262

Pimephales promelas Rafmesque. FATHEAD; BLACKHEAD MIN-
NOW.

Head 3.6 to 4.0; depth 3.2 to 4.0; D. 9; A. 8; scales 42 to 48.

Body robust; head broad and short; snout blunt; mouth small,
nearly horizontal in males to very oblique in females, the tip of upper
lip on level with lower margin of orbit to upper margin of pupil ; max-
illary reaching very little past anterior nostril, its length 3.5 to 4.5 in
head; jaws about equal; diameter of eye 4.1 to 4.8 in head; snout
3.0 to 3.5 ; teeth 4—4 or 4—5 ; alimentary canal 2 to 3 times the length
of body; peritoneum black; first dorsal and anal ray in males con-
nected to second by a membrane, not adnate to it as is usual in min-
nows; lateral line incomplete; scales rather small, 25 to 30 rows in a
series in front of dorsal fin. *

Color dark olivaceous ; dorsal fin with a dusky bar across its middle,
more prominent in males; spring or breeding males with head jet
black, and body and fins dusky.

It reaches a length of about 3 inches.

This fish inhabits ponds and sluggish streams from the Saskatche-
wan to New York and south to Northern Mexico.

Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Willow Springs, Illinois.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 263

Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW.

Head 4.0 to 4.4; depth 4.3 to 4.8; D. 8 or 9; A. 7 ; scales 41 to 44.

Body elongate, little compressed; head small, flat above; snout
blunt, the small mouth subinferior, tip of upper lip on a level with
inferior margin of orbit; maxillary 3.8 to 4.3 in head; diameter of
eye 3.5 to 4.4; teeth 4-4; alimentary canal about twice length of the
body; peritoneum black ; lateral line usually complete; scales smaller
on anterior part of body, about 23 in a series before dorsal fins.

FIG. 28. BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW.

Pimephales notatus (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

Color pale olivaceous, sides with a dark band from snout to base
of caudal; a dark caudal spot; dorsal fin with a dark blotch in 'front
on first rays; breeding males darker, the head often black.

Length 2 to 3^" inches.

This fish has about the same range as the preceding but is usually
found in clear water. It is one of the most abundant minnows in the
Chicago area.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Bull
Creek, Beach, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois;
Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Des
Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Flossmore, Illinois;
Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois;
Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Butterfield Creek, Elliotts Park,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox,
Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana.

Genus Opsopoeodus Hay.

Body elongate, moderately compressed; mouth very small, ter-
minal; maxillary protractile; no barbels; teeth 4-5 or 5-5 with ser-
rated edges, tips hooked; alimentary canal about length of the body;
peritoneum pale; scales 37 to 42 in lateral series.

264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay. SMALL-MOUTHED MINNOW.

Head 4.2 to 4.5; depth 4.1 to 4.8; D. 8 or 9; A. 8; scales 38 to 40.

Body elongate, moderately compressed; head small; mouth very
small and oblique, its gape making an angle of about 30 with vertical ;
maxillary 3.7 to 4.6 in head; snout 3.2 to 3.8; diameter of eye 3.1 to
3.7; teeth 5-5 or 4-5, slender and strongly hooked; alimentary canal
a little shorter than the body; peritoneum dusky to white; dorsal
fin inserted nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; lateral line in-
complete; scales not smaller on anterior part of body, 15 to 18 in series
before dorsal fin.

FIG. 29. SMALL-MOUTHED MINNOW.

OpsopTeodus emiliae Hay. (From Forbes and Richardson.)

Color light olivaceous, scales conspicuously dark edged; a dark
lateral band ; no caudal spot ; dorsal fin with one or two dark blotches,
most conspicuous in breeding males, other fins plain.

Length about 2^ inches.

A small fish ranging from Mississippi to Oklahoma to Northern
Illinois.

Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana.

Genus Noteinigoiius Rafinesque.

BREAMS.

Body deep, much compressed; edge of ventral surface in front of
ventral fins forming a keel over which the scales do not pass; pre-
maxillary protractile; mouth terminal, oblique; teeth 5—5, hooked
and with grinding surface ; alimentary canal short ; peritoneum pale;
scales 39 to 55; lateral line present, much decurved.

Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill). GOLDEN SHINER; ROACH;

BREAM.

Head 4 to 4.5; depth 3.0 (adult) to 4.5 (young); D. 8; A. n to
14; scales 45 to 52.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 265

Body elongate, much compressed; head small, subconic; mouth
small, terminal, oblique, tip of upper lip on level with upper margin
of pupil; maxillary not reaching past anterior nostril, its length 3.5
to 3.9 in head; snout 3.2 to 4.0; diameter of eye 3.4 to 4.4; teeth
4-4 to 5-5; alimentary canal i to 1.8 times length of body; perito-
neum light, or slightly dusky; lateral line complete, deeply decurved;

-*Hg-.

FIG. 30. GOLDEN SHINER; ROACH.

Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitch.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

scales not smaller on anterior part of body, about 25 to 30 in front of
dorsal fin.

Color greenish olive ; sides silvery or with golden reflections; dor-
sal and anal fins tipped with dusky, young with a dark lateral band.

Length 6 to 12 inches.

This fish ranges from the Dakotas to New Brunswick, Florida, and
Texas. It usually inhabits ponds and sluggish streams. Very
abundant in the Chicago area.

Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago,
Illinois; Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River,
Berwyn, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Willow Springs, Illinois;
Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois;
Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake
George, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Calumet River,
Clark Junction, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana.

Genus Cliola Girard.

Body elongate, little compressed; mouth small, subinferior; no
maxillary barbel; premaxillary protractile; teeth 4-4; hooked at

266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

tips and without grinding surface; alimentary canal shorter than the
body; peritoneum pale; scales 42 to 48; first dorsal ray connected
to second by a membrane as in Pimephales, which in general appear-
ance it much resembles.

Cliola vigilax (Baird & Girard). BULLHEAD MINNOW; FLATHEAD.

Head, 3.7 to 4.1; depth 4.1 to 4.5; D. 9; A. 7; scales 39 to 44.

Body rather robust; snout blunt; mouth small, subinferior, tip
of upper lip on level with inferior margin of orbit; maxillary not
reaching orbit, its length 2.9 to 3.6 in head; snout 2.9 to 3.3; diameter
of eye 3.2 to 4.0; teeth 4-4 with grinding surface and slight hooks;
alimentary canal about equal to length of body; peritoneum pale;

FIG. 31. BULLHEAD MINNOW; FLATHEAD.

Cliola vigilax (Baird and Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

lateral line complete; scales smaller on anterior half of body, 21 to
27 rows in a series before dorsal fin.

Length 2 or 3 inches.

Color dusky olive or yellowish above; sides silvery, with a faint
suggestion of a dark lateral band; a small jet-black caudal spot, and
a prominent black spot on the anterior 3 or 4 rays of the dorsal fin;
spring males with head leaden to blackish, and entire body more or
less dusky.

This fish inhabits clear water, ranging from Iowa to Ohio, Georgia,
and Texas.

Genus Notropis Rafinesque.
SILVERY MINNOWS.

Body more or less elongate, not much compressed; mouth ter-
minal oblique to nearly horizontal and inferior; premaxillaries pro-
tractile; no barbels; teeth in one or two rows, the main row always
4-4 ; alimentary canal about the length of the body, peritoneum pale

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 267

to dusky; scales large, 30 to 40 in lateral series; not smaller on an-
terior part of body.

a. Scales moderate, fewer than 40 in the lateral series ; fewer than
20 scales in a series between nape and dorsal fin.

b. Anal fin with 7 to 9 rays; origin of dorsal fin near middle of the
body.

c. Scales on sides not or scarcely deeper than long.

d. Body subterete, not much compressed; tip of first ray of
dorsal. fin reaching past tip of last ray when the fin is deflexed.

e. Sides with a distinct dark lateral band prominent on sides of
head and on snout; lateral line incomplete.

f. Mouth oblique, partially or entirely above lower margin of
black lateral band; origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than
base of caudal ; snout pointed.

g. Mouth very oblique, making with the vertical an angle of less
than 40°; anterior margin of lower jaw on level with upper
border of lateral band. ano genus, 268

gg. Mouth less oblique, the angle with the vertical more than 40°;

anterior margin of lower jaw on level with middle of lateral

band. heterodon, 268

ff. Mouth nearly horizontal, its gape wholly below lateral band;

origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and base of

caudal; snout blunt. cayuga, 269

ee. Sides without distinct lateral band; lateral line complete; snout

blunt; mouth little oblique,
h. No dark spot at base of caudal ; 1 2 to 1 5 scales before dorsal fin ;

maxillary 2.8 to 3.7 in head,
i. Interorbital broad, 2.5 to 2.9 in head; 12 to 14 scales before

dorsal fin; maxillary 3.3 to 3.7 in head. blennius, 270

ii. Interorbital narrow 3.0 to 3.6 in head; 13 to 15 scales before

dorsal; maxillary 2.8 to 3.4 in head. jejunus, 270

hh. A prominent dark spot at base of caudal; 15 to 1 8 scales before

dorsal; maxillary 3.7 to 4.5 in head; interorbital 2.5 to 2.9.

htidsonius, 271
dd. Body compressed; tip of last ray of dorsal not reaching tip of

last ray when the fin is deflexed. whipplii, 272

cc. Scales on sides deeper than long. cornutus, 272

bb. Anal fin. with 10 to 12 rays; origin of dorsal fin much nearer

base of caudal than tip of snout,
j. Head short, 4^3 in length of body; body slender, its depth $%

in length. atherinoides , 273

268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

jj. Head longer, 4 in length of body; body deeper, 4%" in length.

rubrifrons, 274

aa. Scales smaller; 40 to 50 in the lateral series, more than 20 scales
in series between nape and origin of dorsal. umbratilis, 274

Notropis anogenus Forbes. LEAST MINNOW.

Head 4.3 to 4.5; depth 4.3 to 4.5; D. 8; A. 7 ; scales 34 to 37.

Body elongate, slightly compressed; head small; mouth very
small and very oblique, its gape making an angle of 20° to 30° with
the vertical; maxillary not reaching back of posterior nostril, its
length 4.5 to 5.1 in head; snout 4.5 to 4.8; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.3 ;
teeth 4-4 with well developed grinding surface, more or less hooked;
dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals, a little nearer base of caudal than
tip of snout; alimentary canal 1.2 to 1.3 times length of body; peri-

FIG. 32. LEAST MINNOW.
Notropis anogenus Forbes. (After Forbes and Richardson.)

toneum dusky; lateral line complete or nearly so; scales not smaller
on anterior portion of body, about 13 or 14 before dorsal fin.

Color dark olivaceous above, silvery below; sides with a dark
lateral band, ending in a caudal spot; tip of lower jaw black.

Length about i% inches.

A small species, 2 or 3 inches in length, ranging from Iowa to New
York.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Notropis heterodon (Cope). BLACK-STRIPED MINNOW.

Head 3.9 to 4.2; depth 4.1 to 4.6; D. 8; A. 7 or 8; scales 35 to 38.

Body elongate, moderately compressed; head small, conic; mouth
terminal, oblique, its gape making an angle of 40° to 60° with vertical,
the tip of upper jaw on level with upper margin of the pupil; max-
illary scarcely reaching front of orbit; its length 3.6 to 4.0 in head;
snout pointed, 3.5 to 3.8; diameter of eye 2.7 to 3.0; teeth i or o,
4-4, i or o, the first three hooked and with grinding surface; ali-
mentary canal shorter than the body; peritoneum silvery; dorsal

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 269

fin over ventrals, its origin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal;
lateral line usually incomplete; scales before dorsal 12 to 14.

Color dark olivaceous above, silvery below; a dark lateral band
from snout through eye to base of caudal ; margin of lower lip black.

Length 2 inches.

This fish ranges from Minnesota to New York, Ohio, and Kansas.

Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana.

FIG. 33. BLACK-STRIPED MINNOW.

Notropis heterodon (Cope). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

Notropis cayuga Meek. BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW.

Head 3.7 to 4.1 ; depth 4.5 to 5.2 ; D. 8; A. 7 to 8; scales 34 to 36.

Body elongate, not much compressed; head rather large; snout
blunt; mouth small, but little oblique, the tip of upper lip below level
of lower margin of the eye; maxillary not reaching eye, its length 4.2
to 4. 9 in head; snout 3.2 to 3.8; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.5 ; teeth 4-4,
hooked, the grinding surface narrow; alimentary canal i to 1.2 times

FIG. 34. BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW.

Notropis cayuga Meek. (After Forbes and Richardson.)

length of body; peritoneum silvery; lateral line usually incomplete;
scales 12 to 15 rows before dorsal fin.

Color olivaceous, the scales dark edged; a black lateral stripe
from snout to base of caudal; a faint caudal spot; margin of lower
jaw without black.

270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

»

Length 2^ inches.

This fish inhabits sluggish water where there is considerable vege-
tation, having about the same range as the preceding.

Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons,. Illinois; Hickory
Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf
Lake, Roby, Indiana.

Notropis blennius (Girard). STRAW-COLORED MINNOW.

Head 3.8 to 4.2; depth 4.2 to 4.8; D. 8; A. 7; scales 32 to 36.

Body elongate, robust; head small, conic; snout blunt; mouth
small, slightly oblique, the tip of the upper lip on level of lower mar-
gin of pupil to lower margin of eye; maxillary 3.3 to 3.7 in head;
snout 3.3 to 3.8; diameter of eye 3.0 to 3.4; teeth 4-4, hooked and
with grinding surface ; alimentary canal about equal to length of body;
peritoneum white or slightly dusky; lateral line complete; origin of

^^•WsP^^

FIG. 35. STRAW-COLORED MINNOW.

Notropis blennius (Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

dorsal over or slightly in advance of ventrals, about equidistant be-
tween tip of snout and base of caudal; scales before dorsal 12 to 14.

Color light olive, paler below; a faint lateral band; caudal spot
present or indistinct; lateral band not conspicuous on head.

Length 2l/2 inches.

This small minnow inhabits clear water, ranging from Wyoming
to New York and Texas

Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois;
Des Plaines River, Libertyville, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox,
Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana;
Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana.

Notropis jejunus (Forbes). SILVERY MINNOW.

Head 3.8 to 4.5; depth 3.8 to 5; D. 7 or 8; A. 7; scales 34 to 37.
Body elongate, compressed; head somewhat depressed; snout

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 271

_.. '

FIG. 36. SILVERY MINNOW.

Notropis jejunus (Forbes). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

blunt and rounded; mouth rather large, slightly oblique, the tip of
the upper lip above the level of the inferior margin of the pupil ; max-
illary scarcely reaching front of orbit, its length 2.8 to 3.4 in head;
snout 3.1 to 3.6; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, grinding surface, if present, narrow
and irregular; alimentary canal .9 to 1.2 times the length of the body;
dorsal fin almost directly over ventrals, about equidistant between
the tip of snout and base of caudal fin; lateral line complete, little
decurved; scales on sides rather large, thin and rounded, 13 to 15 in
series before dorsal fin.

Color pale, sides silvery with a broad lead-colored band; a ver-
tebral streak; no caudal spot; fins all plain.

Length 2 to 2% inches.

This small species ranges from Winnipeg to Kansas and Pennsyl-
vania.

Notropis hudsonius (DeWitt Clinton). SPOT-TAILED MINNOW.

Head 4.1 to 4.7; depth 4.0 to 4.5; D. 8; A. 8; scales 36 to 39.

Body elongate, robust, compressed; head short; mouth rather
small, slightly oblique, the tip of upper lip below level of lower margin
of pupil ; maxillary not reaching eye, its length 3 . 7 to 4. 5 in head ; snout
bluntish, its length 3.2 to 3.5 in head; diameter of eye 2.8 to 3.5 in
head; teeth variable, o, i or 2, 4-4, 2, i or o, with narrow grinding
surface, and slightly hooked tips; alimentary canal i to 1.4 times

FIG. 37. SPOT-TAILED MINNOW.

Notropis hudsonius (De W. Clinton). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

length of body; peritoneum silvery; origin of dorsal slightly in ad-
vance of ventrals, nearer tip of snout than base of caudal ; lateral line
usually complete; scales 15 or 1 8 in series before dorsal.

Color pale olivaceous, silvery below; a dark lateral band, usually
a large caudal spot.

Length 4 to 6 inches.

This fish occurs in the larger streams and lakes from North Da-
kota to Quebec and Missouri.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois;
Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana;
Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana.

Notropis whipplii (Girard). STEEL-COLORED MINNOW; SILVERFIN.

Head 3.9 to 4.2; depth 3.6 to 4.4; D. 8; A. 8 or 9; scales 36 to 39.

Body elongate, considerably compressed; head small, subconic;
mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the tip of upper lip on level with
lower margin of the pupil ; maxillary scarcely reaching eye ; its length
3.1 to 3.6 in head; snout pointed, 2.8 to 3.2; diameter of eye 3.9 to
4. 8; teeth 4-4 or i, 4-4, i, the edges crenate; alimentary canal shorter
than the body; peritoneum silvery; origin of dorsal fin a little behind
ventrals, a little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; 14 or 16
scales in series before dorsal fin; lateral line complete, decurved
anteriorly.

Color olivaceous, bluish above and on sides, silvery below; two
dark blotches on posterior membranes of dorsal fin. Breeding males
with tips of caudal and anal satin white; lower fins lemon-yellow.

Length 3 to 4 inches.

This minnow inhabits clear water from Minnesota to the St. Law-
rence, Virginia, and Arkansas.

Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). COMMON SHINER.

Head 3.8 to 4.2; depth 3.3 to 4.4; D.8; A. gorio; scales 37 to 40.

Body elongate, compressed; head large, snout pointed to bluntish;
mouth large, oblique, the tip of upper lip above lower margin of orbit ;
maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit, its length 2.9 to 3.2 in head ;
snout 2.8 to 3.3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with narrow grinding surface; ali-
mentary canal i.o to 1.5 times length of the body; dorsal fin slightly
in advance, of ventrals and nearer tip of snout than base of caudal;
lateral line complete; scales on sides much deeper than long, about
1 6 to 25 in a series before dorsal fin.

Color olivaceous above, silvery below; a faint lateral band, no

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 273

FIG. 38. COMMON SHINER.

Notropis cornutus (Mitch.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

caudal spot. Breeding males have upper parts greenish, the sides
salmon-pink.

Length from 5 to 8 inches.

This fish is abundant in clear water east of the Rockies, except
in the Gulf states.

Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois;
Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory
Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque. SHINER.

Head 4.1 to 4.8; depth 4.8 to 5.5; D. 8; A. 10 or n; scales 36
to 40.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head short, conical; snout
pointed; mouth large, terminal, oblique, tip of upper lip on level with
middle of pupil; maxillary nearly reaching orbit, its length 3.0 to
3.4 in head; snout 3.3 to 3.6; diameter of eye 3.0 to 3.4; teeth i or
2, 4-4, 2; narrow grinding surface; alimentary canal shorter than the
body; dorsal fin well behind ventrals, much nearer base of caudal
than tip of snout; 18 to 21 scales in series before dorsal fin; lateral
line complete.

Color olivaceous green above, silvery on sides and below; a faint
lateral band; no caudal spot.

Length 1% to 4^2 inches.

This minnow inhabits the larger lakes and streams in the Great
Lake Region, Ohio and Mississippi Valleys.

Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago,

274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor,
Indiana.

Notropis rubrifrons (Cope). ROSY-FACED MINNOW.

Head 4.3 to 5.0; depth 4.8 to 5.8; D. 8; A. 9 to n ; scales 36 to 40.

Body elongate, moderately compressed; head long, conic; snout
pointed; mouth large, oblique, terminal, tip of upper lip on level
with middle of upper margin of pupil; maxillary reaching front of
orbit, its length 2.7 to 3.1 in head; snout 3.0 to 3.4; diameter of eye
3.2 to 3.6; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, grinding surface slight; alimentary canal
less than length of the body ; peritoneum silvery with brown specks ;
dorsal fin well behind ventrals, and nearer base of caudal than tip of
snout ; lateral line complete ; 1 7 to 2 1 rows of scales in series before
dorsal fin.

Color dark olive above, silvery below, a faint dark lateral band;
no caudal spot.

Length 2^ inches.

This fish inhabits clear water, ranging from New York to Michigan
and Kansas.

Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Notropis umbratilis (Girard). REDFIX.

Head 3.7 to 4.3; depth 3.2 to 4.2; D. 8; A. 10 to 12; scales 41
to 48.

Body elongate, compressed; head conic; snout pointed; mouth
moderate, terminal, oblique, tip of upper lip above lower margin of
pupil; maxillary reaching front of orbit, its length 2.7 to 3.2 in head;
snout 2.8 to 3.3; diameter of eye 3.4 to 4.2 in head; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
with grinding surface on median teeth ; alimentary canal shorter than

FIG. 39. REDFIN.

Notropis umbratilis (Girard). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 275

body; peritoneum silvery; dorsal fin well back of ventrals, nearer
base of caudal than tip of snout; scales on anterior part of body
reduced in size, 26 to 30 in a series in front of dorsal fin; lateral line
complete, deeply decurved.

Color dark purplish blue above, greenish blue below,. not silvery;
dorsal fin with black spot at its base in front. Breeding males with
much red on sides and on lower fins.

Length about 3 inches.

This minnow ranges from Wisconsin to Mississippi and Arkansas.
It prefers clear running water.

Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illi-
nois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Genus Ericymba Cope.

Body elongate, little compressed; premaxillary protractile; teeth
4-4 or i, 4-4, i, without grinding surface; hooked interorbitals, sub-
orbitals, and dentary bones with greatly developed mucous channels ;
alimentary canal short; peritoneum silvery; lateral line complete.

Ericymba buccata Cope. SILVER-MOUTHED MINNOW.

Head 3.5 to 3.7; depth 4.1 to 5.2; D. 8; A. 7 or 8; scales 32 to 35.

Body elongate, fusiform; head long, snout blunt; mouth small,
horizontal, subinferior, tip of upper lip on level with lower margin
of orbit; maxillary not reaching past anterior nostril, its length 3.5
to 4.0 in head; lower jaw the shorter; snout 2.6- to 3.0 in head; diam-
eter of eye 3.3 to 3.6; teeth 4-4 or i, 4-4, i ; alimentary canal about
as long as the body; peritoneum silvery; bones of lower part of head
with well developed mucous channels appearing externally as vitreous
streaks, a character peculiar to the genus; dorsal fin over ventrals,

FIG. 40. SILVER-MOUTHED MINNOW.

Ericymba buccata Cope. (Prom Forbes and Richardson.)

276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal ; lateral line complete ;
13 to 15 scales in a series before dorsal fin.

Color pale olivaceous above, silvery below ; lateral band developed
posteriorly; no caudal spot.

Length. 3 to 4 inches.

This small minnow ranges from Michigan to Florida and Kansas

Kankakee, Illinois.

Genus Pheiiacobius Cope.
SUCKER-MOUTHED MINNOWS.

Body elongate, little compressed, mouth inferior, the lower lip
thin in the middle and enlarged into a fleshy lobe on each side, upper
jaw protractile, no barbel; teeth 4-4, hooked and with grinding sur-
face; intestine short, peritoneum silvery; dorsal rays 8, anal 7, scales
45 to 60; lateral line complete.

FIG. 41. SUCKER-MOUTHED MINNOW.

Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard). SUCKER-MOUTHED MINNOW.

Head 3.9 to 4.5; depth 4.7 to 5.5; D. 8; A. 7 ; scales 43 to 51.

Body moderately slender; head short, blunt anteriorly; mouth
small ; inferior maxillary not reaching eye, its length 3.7 to 4.3 in head;
upper jaw provided with a fleshy lip which is continuous on each side
with the lower lip, forming rather prominent laterally projecting
lobes, these separated by a frenum; snout 2.3 to 2.6 in head; diameter
of eye 3.6 to 4.8; teeth hooked, occasionally with narrow grinding-
surface; alimentary canal equal to length of head and body; peri-
toneum plain silvery; lateral line complete.

Color pale olivaceous ; a silvery lateral band ending in a conspic-
uous caudal spot; fins all plain.

Length 3^ inches.

This fish is found from Northern Illinois to Iowa and Arkansas.

Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 277

Genus Hybopsis Agassiz.

Body elongate, robust; mouth terminal or inferior, one or more
barbels on posterior end of maxillary; premaxillary protractile; teeth
4-4 or i, 4-4, i or o, hooked and with grinding surface; alimentary
canal short; peritoneum pale dusky or black; scales 35 to 60 in lateral
series. All of the species of this genus inhabit clear running water.

a. Mouth small, horizontal or nearly so; snout blunt; margin of
upper lip on or below level of lower margin of orbit; sides
silvery.

b. Origin of dorsal fin about midway between base of caudal and
tip of snout; preorbital bone moderate; head 3.6 to 4.2 in
length of body.

c. Scales moderate, 38 to 47 in lateral series; diameter of eye
3.1 to 3.8; back and sides with irregular dark blotches.

dissiwiilis , 277

cc. Scales larger, 35 to 38 in lateral series; diameter of eye 2.8 to

3.1 ; sides silvery, without dark blotches. amblops, 278

bb. Origin of dorsal fin much nearer tip of snout than base of caudal ;

preorbital bone large, silvery; head 4.3 to 5.3 in the body.

storerianus, 278

aa. Mouth large, oblique; snout pointed; margin of upper lip about
midway between lower margin of eye and lower edge of cheek ;
sides little or not at all silvery. kentuckiensis , 279

Hybopsis dissimilis (Kirtland). SPOTTED SHINER.

Head 3.9 to 4.2; depth 4.7 to 5.3; D. 8; A. 7; scales 38 to'45.

Body elongate, moderately compressed; head long, flattish above;
mouth small, horizontal, inferior, the tip of upper lip below level of

FIG. 42. SPOTTED SHINER.

Hybopsis dissimilis (Kirtland). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

lower margin of eye; maxillary reaching anterior nostril, its length
3.6 to 4.3 in head ; maxillary barbel less than diameter of pupil ; snout
blunt, 2.4 to 2.7 in head; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.8; teeth 4-4, with
narrow grinding surface; alimentary canal i to 1.5 times length of

278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

body; peritoneum black; dorsal fin in front of ventrals, about equi-
distant between tip of snout and base of caudal; scales 14 to 17 in
series before dorsal fin; lateral line complete.

Color olivaceous, the sides silvery; a bluish lateral band; back
and sides with irregular dark blotches.

Length 3 inches.

This fish ranges from Ohio to Iowa and Arkansas.

Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque). BIG-EYED CHUB; SILVERY CHUB.

Head 3. 6 to 3.9; depth 4.6 to 5.2; D. 8; A. 7; scales 35 to 38.

Body elongate, rather robust; head broad, flattened above; mouth
small, horizontal, subinferior, the tip of the lower jaw little in advance
of first nostril ; the tip of the upper lip below the level of lower margin

FIG. 43. BIG-EYED CHUB; SILVERY CHUB.

Hybopsis amblops (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

of the eye ; maxillary usually reaching vertical from front, of orbit,
its length 3.6 to 4.6 in the head; barbel small; snout blunt, usually
overhanging the small mouth, 2.9 to 3.4 in head; diameter of eye
2.8 to 3.1 in head; teeth i, 4-4, i, hooked at tip and with narrow
grinding surface ; alimentary canal shorter than the fish ; peritoneum
coarsely specked with brown; dorsal fin over ventrals, about equi-
distant between tip of snout and base of caudal fin; 12 to 15 scales
in series between nape and dorsal fin; lateral line complete.

Color olivaceous, silvery; a dusky lateral band continued forward
through the eye to end of snout; no dark caudal spot.

Length 2 to 3 inches.

This species ranges from New York to Iowa and Alabama.

Hybopsis storerianus (Kirtland). STORER'S CHUB.

Head 4.3 to 5.3; depth 4.3 to 5.3; D. 8; A. 7, 8, or 9; scales 37
to 40.

Body elongate, more or less compressed; head short, compressed;
preorbital bone especially prominent; mouth small, inferior, and hori-
zontal, tip of upper lip far below level of lower margin of eye; max-
illary scarcely reaching front of orbit, its length 3.2 to 3.7 in head;
snout blunt, 2.8 to 3.1 ; diameter of eye 2.9 to 3.4; teeth o or i, 4-4,

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 279

i; alimentary canal scarcely as long as the body ; peritoneum silvery;
dorsal fin a little in advance of ventrals, much nearer tip of snout than
base of caudal; lateral line complete; 14 to 16 rows of scales in series
before dorsal fin.

Color light olivaceous above, silvery below; an indistinct lateral
band; no caudal spot.

Length 5 to 6 inches.

This species inhabits the larger streams- from Wyoming to Ohio
and Arkansas.

Hybopsis. kentuckiensis (Rafinesque). RIVER CHUB; HORNY-HEAD.

Head 3.6 to 3.8; depth 3.9 to 4.5; D. 8; A. 7; scales 39 to 44.

Body elongate, robust, little compressed; head conical, the top
convex; mouth rather large, little oblique, the tip of upper lip on level
with point about midway between lower margin of eye and chin ; max-
illary not quite reaching eye, 3.0 to 3.6 in head; snout bluntish, 2.4
to 2.9 in head; diameter of eye 4.1 to 5.6 ; lower jaw shorter than the

FIG. 44. RIVER CHUB; HORNY-HEAD.

Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

upper; teeth 4-4, or i, 4-4, i ; alimentary canal i to 1.4 times length
of the body; peritoneum dusky; dorsal fin inserted over ventrals, and
a little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; lateral line complete
or nearly so; 17 to 22 rows of scales in a series before dorsal fin.

Color greenish olivaceous above, lighter below; an indistinct lat-
eral band ending in a dark caudal spot, more prominent in the young;
a pale reddish spot behind eye.

Length 6 to 8 inches.

This species ranges from Wyoming to Pennsylvania, and Alabama.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illi-
nois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox,
Illinois.

280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Genus Semotilus Rafinesque.
FALLFISHES.

Body robust; mouth terminal; premaxillary protractile ; a small
barbel on upper side of maxillary near its extremity; teeth 2, 5-4, 2,
hooked and without grinding surface ; alimentary canal less than twice
the length of the body; peritoneum pale; scales 45 to 60 in lateral
series.

Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). HORNED DACE; CREEK CHUB.

Head 3.5 to 3.9; depth 4.1 to 4.6; D. 8; A. 8; scales 55 to 69.

Body elongate, robust anteriorly; head large, broadly rounded
above; mouth large, terminal, oblique, tip of upper lip on level with

FIG. 45- HORNED DACE; CREEK CHUB.

Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitch.)- (From Forbes and Richardson.)

lower margin of pupil; maxillary reaching beyond anterior margin
of orbit, its length 2.9 to 3.4 in head; diameter of eye 4.8 to 7.1 in
head;' teeth variable, usually 2, 4-5, 2, the shorter row may have o,
i or 2, the longer one 4 or 5 teeth; alimentary canal about length of
body; peritoneum pale; lateral line complete; scales smaller on an-
terior portion of body, about 35 rows in a series before dorsal fin.

Color dusky bluish above to silvery below; a faint dark lateral
band usually ending in a dark caudal spot ; dorsal fin with a distinct
dark blotch at base of first rays.

Length about 6 to 8 inches.

This species ranges from Wyoming to Maine, North Carolina, and
Missouri.

Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Bull Creek, Beach, Illinois; Petti-
bone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Thorn
Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Butterfield Creek, Elliotts Park, Illinois;
Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 281

Genus Rhiiiichtliys Agassiz.

Body elongate, little compressed; mouth small, inferior, a small
barbel at tip of maxillary; premaxillary not protractile; teeth i or 2,
4-4, i or 2, hooked and without grinding surface; alimentary canal
short; peritoneum dusky; scales small, 60 to 70 in lateral series,
a. Snout long, projecting far beyond the inferior mouth.

cataracta, 281

aa. Snout shorter, not projecting far beyond the subinferior mouth.

atronasus, 281

Rhinichthys cataractse (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . LONG-NOSED DACE.

Head 4.0 to 4.1; depth 4.8 to 5.2; D. 8; A. 7 ; scales 63 to 70.

Body elongate, scarcely compressed; head long, the snout over-
hanging the mouth; mouth small, inferior, tip of the upper lip on
level with point half way between orbit and chin; maxillary 2.9 to

FIG. 46. LONG-NOSED DACE.

Rhinichthys cataractas (C. and V.). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

3.1 in head; lower jaw much shorter than the upper; snout 2.2 to
2.5 in head; diameter of eye 4.8 to 5.6; teeth 2.4-4.2; dorsal fin be-
hind ventrals, much nearer base of caudal than tip of snout.

Color olivaceous above, paler below; sides with dark blotches;
an indistinct dark lateral band; a black spot on opercle.

Length about 2% inches.

This species ranges from Wisconsin to New England and Virginia.

Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill). BLACK-NOSED DACE.

Head 3.6 to 4.2; depth 4.5 to 5.0; D. 8; A. 7 to 8; scales 62 to 71.

Body elongate, scarcely compressed; head long, wider than deep;
mouth small, subterminal, slightly oblique; tip of upper' lip on level
with lower margin of orbit ; maxillary scarcely reaching past anterior
nostril, its length 3.3 to 4.0 in head; snout long, 2.7 to 3.0 in head;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2 ; dorsal fin behind ventrals, nearer base of caudal than
tip of snout; lateral line complete.

Color dusky to blackish above; the back and sides mottled with

282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

FIG. 47. BLACK-NOSED DACE.

Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitch.). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

darker; a dark lateral band bordered below with a light streak; a
distinct blackish spot at base of dorsal behind.

Length 2 to 3 inches.

This species ranges from Minnesota to New England, Virginia and
Alabama.

Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago,
Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois.

Genus Cyprinus (Artedi) Linnaeus.
THE CARPS.

Body robust, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth
rather small, with 4 barbels; snout blunt, rounded; pharyngeal teeth
molar-like, i, i, 3-3, i, i in number; scales large; dorsal fin long, its
first rays forming a strong serrated spine ; anal fin with similar spine ;
lateral line complete.

Cyprinus carpio Linnasus. CARP; GERMAN CARP.

Head 3 to 4; depth 2.7 to 3.3; D. i, 20; A. 1.5; scales 38.

Body robust anteriorly, more or less compressed; mouth terminal,
slightly oblique; interorbital space nearly flat, 2.3 to 2.7 in head;
eye 5.5 to 6.8; snout 2.6 to 3.3; maxillary not reaching past anterior
nostril, 3.3 to 3.9 in head; two pairs of maxillary barbels, the upper
shorter, the lower longer than the eye; dorsal and anal each with a
strong posteriorly serrated spine; insertion of dorsal slightly in front
of ventrals.

Color olivaceous, upper parts dusky to bluish; lower parts of
sides and belly more or less yellowish.

There are three varieties of carp. Those covered with scales are
known as Scale Carp, those partially covered with scales are Mirror
Carp, those without scales are Leather Carp.

Length, 2 feet or more.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 283

FIG. 48. GERMAN CARP; LEATHER CARP.

Cyprinus carpio L. (After Goode.)

An introduced species which has become established in many
streams of the northern half of the United States.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago,
Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Millers,
Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine; Indiana.

Genus Carassius Nilsson.

GOLD FISHES.

Body oblong, more or less compressed, varying greatly; phar-
yngeal teeth 4-4 ; the dorsal region elevated ; dorsal fin long, its first
rays spine-like; the second or third long and serrated behind; anal
short with similar spine; lateral line complete.

a. Soft anal rays 5 to 6 ; scales in lateral series 28 to 32.

carassius, 283
aa. Soft anal rays 7 to 8; scales in lateral series 25 to 27.

auratus, 284

Carassius carassius (Linnaeus). CRUCIAN CARP; GOLD FISH.

Head 3; depth 2%"; D. in, 18; A. m, 5; scales 28 to 32.

Body robust, covered with large scales; dorsal and anal fins with
strong spines, serrated behind; lateral line complete.

Color dark brown, becoming golden-yellow to silvery under do-
mestication.

Length about 12 inches.

284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

This fish is generally distributed over central and northern Europe
and Siberia. It was introduced for aquariums, and is now thriving
in the lagoons in the parks of Chicago.

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus). GOLD FISH.

Head 3X; depth 1%; D. in, 18; A. in, 7; scales 26.

Body robust, compressed; scales larger than in preceding species;
dorsal and anal each with strong spines, serrated behind; lateral line
complete.

Color as in preceding species.

Length about 10 inches.

Native of China and Japan. Introduced for aquariums, but it
is now abundant in the lagoons in the parks in Chicago. In breeding
many varieties have been produced.

Order

THE EELS.

Body very elongate; vertebras numerous, the anterior ones dis-
tinct and without Weberian ossicles ; ventral fins absent ; fins without
spines; skeleton bony; mesocoracoid absent.

Family Anguillidee.

THE TRUE EELS.

Body elongate, snake-like; covered with fine embedded scales;
head without scales; vertebras numerous, the anterior ones not mod-
ified; fins without spines; dorsal and anal fins continuous with the
caudal; tail isocercal; gill openings small; mouth terminal, the jaws
about equal; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; air bladder with
open duct.

Genus Anguilla Shaw.
EELS.

Body elongate, slightly compressed; head large; mouth large,
jaws about equal; dorsal caudal and anal fins connected.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 285

Anguilla rostrata. (Le Sueur). AMERICAN EEL; FRESH-WATER EEL.

Head 7 or 8; depth 12 to 17; D. about 60.

Body elongate, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly;
snout pointed, the maxillary reaching past orbit; lips thin; the lower
jaw the longer; gill membranes very broadly joined across isthmus,
the gill openings small; scales minute, oblong in oblique rows or
bunches each at right angles with the other; no ventrals; lateral line
complete.

Length 3 to 4 feet.

This eel inhabits the West Indies, and the larger streams of North
America east of the Rockies.

Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana.

Order ISOSpOfldyli,

HERRING, SHAD, AND SALMON.

Skeleton bony; anterior vertebrae simple, without Weberian
ossicles ; dorsal and anal fins without spines ; ventral fins abdominal ;
adipose fin present or absent ; pectoral arch suspended from the skull ;
mesocoracoid developed; opercle well developed ; maxillary distinct,
forming a part of margin of upper jaw; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth.

a. No adipose fin; belly behind ventrals, narrow, the scales not
passing over its median line.

b. Lateral line present, well developed. Hiodontidce , 285
bb. Lateral line absent.

c. Last dorsal ray much produced; mouth small, subinferior,
toothless. Dorosomidce, 287

cc. Last dorsal ray not produced beyond the others; mouth large,
terminal. Clupeidoe, 288

aa. Adipose fin present; belly rounded and covered with scales.

Salmonidce, 289

Family Iliodoiit i<l;t'.

THE MOONEYES.

Body deep, much compressed, covered with silvery cycloid scales;
head naked; jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids with small cardi-

286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

form teeth; premaxillary not protractile; no adipose fin; caudal fin
forked; gill membranes free from the isthmus; gill rakers few, short;
stomach horseshoe-shaped, without .blind sac; pyloric coeca i; air
bladder large, with open duct ; no oviducts, the eggs falling into the
body cavity before extrusion.

Genus Hiodoii Le Sueur.

Body much compressed, the ventral surface reduced to a narrow
edge or keel; belly not serrated; head without scales; mouth ter-
minal, rather large, oblique, and armed with sharp teeth; premax-
illary not protractile.

a. Belly in front of ventrals with a sharp edge over which the scales
do not pass; dorsal fin with 9 developed rays, alosoides, 286
aa. Belly in front of ventrals without sharp edge, the scales pass-
Ing over it ; dorsal fin with 1 1 or 12 developed rays.

tergisus, 286

Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque). NORTHERN MOONEYE.

Head 4.5 to 4.9; depth 3.3 to 3.7; D. 9; A. 31; scales 56 to 58.

Body elongate, much compressed; head rather small; mouth
large, the jaws armed with sharp teeth; interorbital space 3.6 to 4.0
in head; diameter of eye 3.6 to 4.0; snout 4.9 to 5.9; dorsal fin in-
serted behind front of anal ; lateral line complete.

Color bluish above; sides and belly silvery, with more or less
golden lustre anteriorly and bluish and pinkish posteriorly.

Length about 12 inches.

This species ranges from the Saskatchewan through the Great Lake
Region to Ohio, being most abundant in the northern part of its
range.

Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur. TOOTHED HERRING; MOONEYE.

Head 4.0 to 4.4; depth 3.0 to 3.3; D. nor 12; A. 28; scales 55.

Body much compressed, mouth smaller than in preceding species,
the jaws armed with pointed teeth, interorbital space 3.9 to 4.0 in
head; diameter of eye 2.8 to 3.6; snout 4.0 to 5.5*; maxillary not
reaching past middle of orbit, its length 2.1 to 2.5 in head; dorsal fin
inserted in front of anal; lateral line complete.

Color pale olive-buff above, with faint steel-blue lustre; sides
silvery, lighter below.

Length 10 or 12 inches.

The range of this fish is much the same as the preceding.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 287

FIG. 49. TOOTHED HERRING; MOONEYE.

Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur. (After Goode.)

Family Dorosomidae.

THE GIZZARD SHAD.

Body short and deep, much compressed, covered with thin cycloid
scales; head without scales; belly sharp edged, armed with bony
serrae ; ventral fins abdominal ; last ray of dorsal fin much prolonged ;
gill membranes free from the isthmus; gill rakers slender and very
numerous; adipose eyelid present; mouth small; premaxillary not
protractile; maxillary with a supplemental bone; jaws without teeth,
stomach short, muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl.

Genus Dorosoma Rafinesque.
GIZZARD SHAD.

Body much compressed; head without scales ; no lateral line ; last
dorsal ray produced into a long filament.

Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur). GIZZARD SHAD; HICKORY SHAD.
Head 3.7 to 4.3; depth 2.6 to 2.9; D. 12; A. 30 or 31; scales 56
to 57-

Body deep, much compressed; head deep posteriorly, tapering to
a rather bluntish snout; mouth small, subinferior, without teeth; in-
terorbital space 3.6 to 4.3 in head; diameter of eye 3.4 to 4.8; snout
4.9 to 6.1 ; dorsal fin inserted about midway between tip of snout and
base of caudal, the last ray elongated, its tip reaching past middle
of anal; lateral line absent; ventral scutes 19+12 or 13.

288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

FIG. 50. GIZZARD SHAD; HICKORY SHAD.

Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur). (After Goode.)

Color silvery, bluish above, with reddish and brassy reflections;
a large dark spot behind opercle, most conspicuous in the young;
fins more or less dusky.

Length usually less than 12 inches.

This species is abundant in the lakes and sluggish streams from the
Atlantic and Gulf States to the Mississippi Valley, and southward to
Yucatan.

Family Clupeidse.

THE HERRINGS.

Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with
cycloid scales; head naked; belly rounded or compressed and ser-
rated; no adipose fin; gill membranes free from the isthmus; gill
rakers slender; mouth terminal oblique; premaxillaries not pro-
tractile; teeth usually small or wanting; air bladder large, with open
duct.

Genus Pomolobus Rafinesque.

ALEWIVES.

Body rather elongate, compressed; head pointed, mouth terminal,
teeth minute; belly sharp-edged, strongly serrated before and behind
ventrals; dorsal fin nearly median, its last ray not produced.

Pomolobus chrysochloris Rafinesque. GOLDEN SHAD; SKIPJACK;
BLUE HERRING.
Head 3.7 to 4.3; depth 3.6 to 4.3; D. 16; A. 18; scales 52 to 54.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 289

Body elongate, compressed; head pointed, mouth terminal, the
lower jaw the longer; interorbital space 5.8 to 6.3 in head; diameter
of eye 4.5 to 5.9; snout 4.3 to 5.2; maxillary reaching past middle of
orbit, its length 2.2 to 2.4 in head; origin of dorsal fin nearer tip of
snout than base of caudal, in front of ventrals; no lateral line; ven-
tral scutes 20+13.

Color silvery to greenish with bluish and golden reflections; back
light olive-gray, sides light olive-green, belly opaque, silvery-white.

Length about 15 inches.

This fish inhabits the Gulf streams from Florida to Texas, ascend-
ing the Mississippi and its larger tributaries to Pennsylvania and
Kansas.

Family Sahnoiiidji'.

THE SALMON. TROUT AND WHITEFISHES.

Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales; head naked;
mouth terminal, the maxillaries forming its lateral margins; supple-
mental maxillary present; premaxillaries not protractile; adipose
fin present ; gill membranes free from the isthmus ; stomach siphonal ;
pyloric cceca numerous; air bladder large, with open duct; ova large,
falling into the abdominal cavity before exclusion.

a. Mouth not deeply cleft, the articulation of lower jaws before or
under the eye; teeth none or minute; scales moderate, 60 to 95
in lateral series.

b. Mouth small; premaxillary broad, its cutting edge vertical or
directed backward; lower jaw the shorter; gill rakers on long
limb of first arch fewer than 30. Coregonus, 290

bb. Mouth larger; premaxillary narrow, its cutting edge nearly
horizontal and directed forward; jaws equal or the lower the
longer; gill rakers on long limb of first arch more than 35.

A rgyrosomus , 291

aa. Mouth deeply cleft; the articulation of the lower jaw behind
the eye; strong teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue;
scales small, more than 100 in the lateral series.

c. Vomer flat, teeth on shaft in alternating rows or in one zigzag
row; body with dark spots. Salmo, 293

cc. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft strongly depressed and without
teeth; with white or gray spots. Cristivomer, 294

290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Genus Coregoiius (Artedi) Linnaeus.
THE WHITEFISHES.

Body more or less elongate, moderately compressed; head small,
conical, the blunt snout formed by the broad premaxillary ; premax-
illary with cutting edge nearly vertical; lower jaw the shorter; jaws
toothless or nearly so ; gill rakers usually short ; caudal deeply forked ;
pyloric cceca about 100; air bladder large.

a. Body compressed, the dorsal region much elevated; gill rakers
17 to 20 on lower limb of first gill arch; head short, 5 to 5.3 in
body. albus, 290

aa. Body long, slender, the dorsal region little elevated; gill rakers
ii or 12 on lower limb of first arch; head longer, 3.7 to 4.3 in
body. quadrilateralis, 291

Coregonus albus Le Sueur. COMMON WHITEFISH.
Head 5 to 5.3; depth 3 to 4; D. 11 ; A. 10; scales 74.
Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated; head very small;

FIG 51. COMMON WHITEFISH.

Coregonus albus Le Sueur. (After Evermann and Smith.)

interorbital space 3.4 in head; diameter of eye 4 to 5 ; snout 3.8 ; max-
illary reaching past front of orbit ; its length about 4 in head ; lower
jaw the shorter; lateral line complete.

Color olivaceous above, sides white, not silvery; lower fins some-
times dusky.

Great Lakes and neighboring waters.

Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Pine and Mil-
lers, Indiana.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 291

Coregpnus quadrilateralis Richardson. MENOMINEE WHITEFISH.

Heads; depth 4. 7; D. n; A. 10; scales 80 to 90.

Body elongate, not much compressed, the dorsal region little
elevated; head long, the snout compressed and bluntly pointed; in-
terorbital space 3.5 in head; diameter of eye 4.7 to 5.5; snout 3.8;
mouth narrow, small, the maxillary not reaching eye; gill rakers
short and stoutish, 7+10 in number, lower jaw the shorter; lateral
line complete.

Color dark bluish above, silvery below.

Length 1 5 inches.

Lakes of New England, Great Lakes to the Yukon.

Lake Michigan, Chicago.

Genus Argyrosomus Agassiz.

CISCOES; LAKE HERRINGS.

Body elongate, little compressed; head larger, the snout pointed,
the premaxillary with its cutting edge nearly horizontal; lower jaw
the longer; jaws toothless or nearly so; gill rakers long and slender;
about 40 on the lower limb; caudal fin deeply forked.

a. Lower fins pale, or slightly tipped with darker.

b. Eye large, its diameter not much if any less than^the length
of the snout, 3.5 to 4.5 in head.

c. Maxillary 3.3 to 3.6 in head; lower jaw projecting beyond the
upper; gill rakers long and numerous, about 47 on first arch.

huronius, 291

cc. Maxillary 2.6 to 3.0 in head, lower jaw scarcely projecting; gill

rakers 39 to 40 on first gill arch. hoyi, 292

bb. Eye small, its diameter less than length of snout, about 5 in

head; mandible half as long as head. prognathus, 292

aa. Lower fins blue black; gill rakers at least 50 on the first arch.

nigripinnis, 293
Argyrosomus huronius Jordan & Evermann. LAKE HERRING;

Cisco AND BLUEBACK HERRING OF LAKE MICHIGAN.
Head 4.1 to 4.5; depth 4.5 to 5.2; D. 10; A. 12; scales 75 to 90.
Body elongate, not much compressed; head rather long pointed;
mouth large, the maxillary reaching nearly to middle of the pupil; 3.2
to 3.5 in head; lower jaw the longer; mandible 2.1 in head; inter-
orbital space 3.3 in head; diameter of eye 4.0 to 4.5 ; snout 3.5 to 4.0;
gill rakers long and slender, 15 to 17+28 to 34 on first arch; lateral
line complete.

292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

FIG. 52. CISCOE AND BLUEBACK HERRING OF LAKE MICHIGAN.

Argyrosomus huronius Jord. and Ever. (After Evermann and Smith.)

Color bluish black or greenish above; sides silvery; fins mostly
pale, the lower dusky tinged.

Lakes Huron and Michigan.

Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Pine and
Millers, Indiana.

Argyrosomus hoyi Gill. KIEYE; CHUB.

Head 4.5 to 4.8; depth 4.1 to 4.5; D. 10; A. n; scales 73 to 80.

Body robust, little compressed; head pointed; mouth rather
large; the jaws about equal; maxillary middle of pupil, 2.6 to 3.0 in
head; mandible 2.2 in head; interorbital space 3.6 to 4.3; diameter
of eye 4.2 to 4.6; snout 3.4 to 3.8; gill rakers 14+25 or 26 on first
arch; lateral line complete.

Color blue on back; sides and ventral surface silvery; dorsal,
caudal, and pectoral fins with some dark on their margins.

Length 13 inches.

Southern and western Lake Michigan.

Pine, Indiana; Millers, Indiana.

Argyrosomus prognathus (H. M. Smith). LONGJAW; BLOATER.

Head 4.3; depth 3.5 to 4; D. 9 or 10; A. 10 or 12; scales 75.

Body robust, moderately compressed; head pointed; mouth
large, maxillary reaching pupil, 2.5 in head; mandible 1.7 to 1.8 in
head; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; interorbital space 6.8
in head; diameter of eye 5; snout 6.8; gill rakers slender, about
15+28 on first gill arch; lateral line complete.

Color dusky above, the sides silvery; dorsal and caudal fins usually
with dark edge.

Length 15 inches.

Deep water of Lakes Ontario, Huron and Michigan.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 293

Argyrosomus nigripinnis Gill. BLACKFIN.

Head 4; depth 4; D. 12; A. 12; scales 73 to 77.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head large, snout pointed;
mouth large; diameter of eye 4. 2; lower jaw slightly projecting; gill
rakers about 18+30 on first gill arch.

FIG. 53. BLACKFIN.

Argyrosomus nigripinnis Gill. (After Evermann and Smith.)

Color bluish above, sides silvery, with dark punctulations ; fins
all blue black.

Lake Michigan and some of the lakes of Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Lake Michigan, Chicago.

Genus Salnio (Artedi) Linnaeus.
THE TROUT.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; mouth large; jaws with
teeth; vomer flat, its shaft not depressed; teeth on anterior part of
vomer, followed by a double or irregular series of teeth; scales small.

Salmo gairdneri Richardson. STEELHEAD; SALMON TROUT.

Head 4.5; depth 4.3; D. n; A. 12; scales 130 to 180.

Body elongate, more or less compressed; head short, slender, the
upper surface convex; mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of
eye; lower jaw the shorter; teeth rather small, those on vomer in two
long alternating series; gill rakers short and thick, 8 + 12 on first arch;
lateral line complete.

Color olivaceous green above; sides silvery; head, back, and upper
fins more or less covered with black spots; in the spring both sexes
usually have a broad flesh-colored lateral band which rapidly fades.

294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

FIG. 54 STEELHEAD; SALMON TROUT.

Salmo gairdneri Richardson. (After Goode.)

A Pacific Coast fish introduced into the Great Lakes ; occasionally
taken at Pine and Millers, Indiana.

Genus Cristivomer Gill & Jordan.
LAKE TROUT.

Body moderately elongate; mouth large, hyoid with a band of
strong teeth; jaws with teeth; vomer boat-shaped, with a raised
crest behind its head and free from its shaft; crest of vomer with
teeth; scales small.

Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum).LAKE TROUT ;MACKIN AW TROUT.

Head 3.8 to 4.2; depth 4 to 5.2; D. n; A. n; scales 185 to 210.

Body elongate, head large, its upper surface flattened; interorbital
space 3.2 to 3.9 in head; snout 3.2 to 3.5; mouth large, the maxillary
reaching beyond eye; its length about half that of head; teeth very
strong; lateral line complete.

Color grayish green to brownish, to almost black; sides with
round pale spots; head usually vermiculate above ; dorsal and caudal
reticulated with darker, the anal faintly so.

Length 3 feet.

This fish inhabits the colder lakes and streams of North America
from Alaska, Northern Illinois to Maine and northward.

Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 295

Order

~? "

PIKE-LIKE FISHES.

Skeleton bony; anterior vertebras distinct; ventral fins abdom-
inal, rarely wanting; all of the fins of soft rays; no adipose fin; pec-
toral arch suspended from the skull; mesocoracoid wanting; oper-
cular bones well developed ; air bladder with a distinct duct.

a. Lateral line present; jaws long and with large canine-like
teeth. Esocida, 295

aa. Lateral line wanting ; jaws without canine-like teeth.

b. Upper jaw not protractile. Umbridcz, 297
bb. Upper jaw protractile. Pceciliidoe, 298

Family Esocidse.
THE PIKES.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed posteriorly; scales small,
cycloid; top of head naked, its sides partly scaled; ventral fins ab-
dominal; mouth large; premaxillaries not protractile; jaws, vomer,
palatines, and tongue with teeth; stomach not ccecal; no pyloric
cceca; air bladder simple, with distinct duct.

Genus Esox (Artedij Linnaeus.
THE PIKES.

Body very elongate ; head depressed ; lateral line present ; branch-
iostegals 12 to 20; gill rakers short, toothed; gill membranes sepa-
rate; most of margin of the upper jaw formed by the maxillary;
supplemental maxillary present; some of the teeth on jaws and vomer
large and canine-like, a few being hinged; dorsal fin above anal, on
posterior part of the body.

a. Cheeks and opercles entirely scaly; branchiostegals n or 12;
dorsal rays 12 ; fewer than no scales in the lateral series.

vermiculatus , 296

aa. Cheeks entirely scaly; lower half of opercle without scales;
branchiostegals 14 to 1 6 ; dorsal rays 1 4 to 1 6 ; about 125 scales
in the lateral series. lucius, 296

296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

aaa. Lower half of cheeks and opercles without scales; branch-
iostegals 17 to 19; dorsal rays 17; about 150 scales in the lateral
series. masquinongy , 297

Esox vermiculatus Le Sueur. LITTLE PICKEREL; GRASS PIKE.

Head 3.0 to 3.4; depth 5.2 to 6.7; D. 12; A. 12; scales 103 to 1 08.

Body elongate, moderately compressed; head depressed; inter-
orbital concave; mouth large, the maxillary reaching past anterior
margin of eye, its length 2.0 to 2.4 in head; snout 2.4 to 2.7 ; eye situ-
ated in middle of the head, its diameter 5.5 to 6.8; branchiostegals n
or 12; cheeks and opercles with scales; depth of caudal peduncle 2.0
to 2.6 in head; caudal fin forked.

Color grayish green with darker streaks and reticulations on sides,
lighter below; a dusky streak from eye across cheek and opercle, and
one below eye; caudal fin mottled near base ; other fins plain, dusky.

Length 12 inches.

This fish inhabits ponds, lakes, and sluggish streams, whose veg-
etation is plentiful, from Wisconsin to Ohio, Mississippi, and Arkansas.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Bull
Creek, Beach, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson
Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Salt
Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf
Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington,
Indiana; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana.

Esox lucius Linnaeus. COMMON PIKE; PICKEREL.

Head 2.9 to 3.6; depth 5.0 to 7.0; D. i5ori6; A. 14 or 15; scales
122 to 125.

Body elongate, compressed; mouth very large, the maxillary
reaching past orbit, its length 2.0 to 2.2 in head; snout 1.9 to 2.4;
eye in middle of head, its diameter 5.8 to 9.5; branchiostegals 14 to
16; cheeks with scales; lower half of opercle without scales; depth
of caudal peduncle 1.7 to 2.2; caudal fin forked.

Color of back and sides bluish or greenish gray, yellowish below
and white on ventral surface; sides with irregular, light colored
spots; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins with roundish black spots; ven-
trals with faint traces of spots; pectorals plain.

Length 3 feet.

This species inhabits the larger streams and lakes of Northern
Europe, Asia, and North America.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois;

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 297

Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois;
Calumet River, Clark, Indiana.

Esox masquinongy Mitchill. MUSKALONGE.

Head 3.6 to 4.0; depth 6; D. 17 to 18; A. 15 to 17; scales 150.

Body elongate, compressed; mouth very large, maxillary reaching
past eye, it's length 2 in head; snout 2.2 ; diameter of eye 10.6 ; branch-
iostegals 17 or 18; lower half of cheeks and opercles without scales;
caudal fin forked.

Color dark-gray, sides with round dark spots, the young with bars ;
fins with black spots.

Length 3 to 6 feet, reaching a weight of 100 pounds.

This species inhabits the large lakes and streams of the Great
Lake region and Upper Mississippi Valley.

Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana.

Family Umbridse.
THE MUDFISHES.

Body elongate, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly;
head and body covered with cycloid scales; ventral fins abdominal;
dorsal fin posterior, above anal; mouth rather small, premaxillary
not protractile; lower jaw, votner, and palatines with bands of villi-
form teeth; stomach without blind sac; air bladder simple, with
distinct duct; no lateral line.

Genus Umbra (Kramer) Miiller.

Body elongate, top of head flat, lateral line wanting; branchios-
tegals 6 to 8; gill rakers little developed; gill membranes little con-
nected; lateral margin of the upper jaw formed by the maxillaries;
supplemental maxillary absent.

Umbra limi (Kirtland). MUD MINNOW.

Head 3.3 to 3.8; depth 3.9 to 5.3; D. 14 or 15; A. 8 or 9; scales 35.

Body elongate; compressed posteriorly; head flat, covered with
scales, those on opercles large and imbedded; mouth rather large, the
maxillary reaching nearly to eye; interorbital space flat or flattish
4.3 to 5.4 in head; eye 3.8 to 5.2 ; snout 2.8 to 3.5; dorsal fin inserted
behind ventrals and on posterior half of body, its distance from tip

298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

of snout 1.3 to 1.8 in body; pectorals broad, 1.6 to 2.0 in head; ven-
trals small; caudal peduncle deep, 1.3 to 1.6 in its length; caudal
fin rounded.

Color of upper parts dull brownish olive mottled with black; sides
with about 14 indefinite narrow transverse bars of dark color, the
interspaces bluish forward; breast, belly, and under sides of head

FIG. 55. MUD MINNOW.

Umbra limi (Kirtland). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

yellowish; a large black blotch-like bar at end of caudal peduncle;
a black stripe across cheek and through the eye to the snout; fins
plain olive-green.

Length 4 inches.

This fish inhabits muddy ponds and streams from Minnesota to
Quebec and the Ohio River.

Artesian Overflow, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn,
Illinois; Lagoon, South Chicago, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois;
Willow Springs, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Lagoon,
Buffington, Indiana; Lagoon, Clark Junction, Indiana; Lagoon,
Edgemoor, Indiana.

Family Poeciliiclse

THE KILLIFISHES.

Body elongate, the head depressed, the posterior half compressed;
scales large, cycloid ; head scaly; mouth small, terminal, the premax-
illary extremely protractile; fins without spines; caudal fin not forked;
gill membranes connected, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals
4 to 6; gill rakers short; dorsal fin single, on posterior half of body;
ventral fins abdominal; stomach siphonal, without pyloric append-
ages; air bladder simple, often wanting; some species ovoviviparous ;
size small.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 299

Genus Fimdulus Lacepede.
KILL.IFISHES.

Body rather elongate, little elevated, compressed posteriorly;
head broad flat above, scaly; mouth moderate, lower jaw projecting;
jaws each with two or more series of pointed teeth; dorsal and anal
fins similar in size; scales large.

a." Dorsal fin long, its rays 13 or 14; scales small, 43 to 45 in lateral
series; color olivaceous with numerous dusky crossbars.

menona, 299
aa. Dorsal fin short, its rays 7 to 9; scales larger, 28 to 36 in lateral

series.

b. Sides with numerous lengthwise streaks in female, the male

with dark crossbars. dispar, 299

bb. Sides with a single black band from head to tail; males with

obscure crossbars. notatus, 300

Fundulus diaphanus menona (Jordan & Copeland) . MENONA TOP

MINNOW.

Head 3.5 to 3.9; depth 4.5 to 5.3; D. 13 or 14; A. n; scales 43
to 45.

Body rather slender, not much compressed; head flat above;
mouth small, maxillary 3.6 to 4.0 in head; lower jaw slightly pro-
jecting; diameter of eye 3.0 to 3.5 in head; snout 2.9 to 3.7 in head;
teeth in jaws, curved, the outer ones scarcely enlarged; dorsal in-
serted in front of ventrals; caudal fin rounded; cheeks and opercles
covered with large scales.

Color of males light olivaceous, spotted with dusky on back and
sides; 15 to 20 dark transverse bars on each side, broader than the
silvery interspaces; females with dark bars shorter and narrower, the
interspaces wider than the bars.

Length 3 inches.

This fish inhabits small streams and lakes with clear water from
Wisconsin and Illinois to Maine.

Des Plaines River, Libertyville, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, In-
diana; Lake George, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Whiting, Indiana.

Fundulus dispar (Agassiz).

Head 3.5 to 4.3; depth 3.5 to 4.3; 0.7; A. gorio; scales 34 to 36.

Body elongate, rather robust; head flat above; mouth small, the
lower jaw scarcely projecting; maxillary 2.8 to 3.3 in head; diameter

300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

of eye 2.8 to 3.4; snout 2.8 to 3.7; teeth in jaws pointed, rather
weak; dorsal fin inserted behind ventrals; caudal fin rounded; cheeks
and opercles covered with large scales.

Color light-olive, the males with about 10 narrow dusky trans-
verse bars, females with 9 or 10 brown wavy longitudinal lines;
adults of both sexes with a triangular bluish blotch below the eye.

Length 2^ inches.

This small fish inhabits quiet waters from Northern Illinois to
Ohio and Mississippi.

Fox Lake, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lagoon, Edge-
moor, Indiana.

Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque). TOP MINNOW.

Head 3.5 to 3.9; depth 4.4 to 5.3; D. 9; A. n; scales 33 to 34.

Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; head much depressed;
mouth moderate; maxillary 2.8 to 3.3 in head; upper jaw slighty
the longer; diameter of eye 3.3 to 3.9; snout 2.8 to 3.4; teeth in a

FIG. 56. TOP MINNOW.

Fundulus notatus (Raf.) (After Forbes and Richardson.)

broad band, the outer series considerably enlarged; dorsal inserted
behind ventrals; caudal fin rounded; cheeks and opercles covered
with large scales.

Color brownish olive with a dark lateral band, which in males is
crossed with 16 or 17 obscure dusky bars; vertical fins more or less
speckled with dusky.

Length 2^ to 3 inches.

This species ranges from Iowa to Michigan, Alabama, and Texas.
It usually swims near the surface in quiet clear waters.

Fox River, Illinois; Chicago, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 301

Order Acanthopteri.

THE SPINY-RAYED FISHES.

Skeleton bony; the anterior vertebrae not modified; anterior rays
of dorsal and anal fin usually spinous ; opercular apparatus complete ;
border of the mouth formed by premaxillaries ; maxillary present,
and without teeth ; ventral fins usually thoracic and usually formed of
i spine and 5 soft rays; air bladder present, without duct in the adult;
scales when present usually ctenoid.

a. Ventral fins abdominal.

b. Dorsal fin single preceded by 4 or more spines, not connected
by a membrane; no adipose fin. G aster osteida, 302

bb. Dorsal fins 2 ; spines connected by a membrane.

c. Anterior dorsal composed of one weak spine and soft rays;
the second dorsal adipose. Percopsidce, 303

cc. Anterior dorsal composed of 3 to 8 slender spines connected
by a membrane ; the posterior fin composed of soft rays.

AtherinidcB, 304
aa. Ventral fins thoracic.

d. Ventral rays of one spine and 6 or 7 soft rays; vent near the
throat. Aphredoderidce, 305

dd. Ventral rays of one spine and 3 to 5 soft rays; vent near anal
fin.

e. Chin without a barbel; dorsal and anal fins of less than 30 soft
rays; caudal fin homocercal.

f. Body more or less covered by typical scales.

g. Lateral line not extending on rays of caudal fin; jaws with
teeth.

h. Dorsal fin with spinous portion confluent with soft portion, or
separated by a deep notch in which case the longest dorsal
spine is but little more than % length of longest soft ray.

Centrar chides, 306

hh. Dorsal fins with spinous and soft portions separate, or if slightly
confluent the longest dorsal spine is longer than longest soft ray.
Anal fin with i or 2 spines. Percidce, 317

Anal fin with 3 spines. Serranida, 332

gg. Lateral line extending on rays of caudal fin; jaws without
teeth. Sci&nidce, 334

302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

ff . Body naked or variously armed with prickles or bony plates.

Cottida, 335

ee. Chin with a barbel; dorsal and anal fins with more than 30
rays; caudal fin isocercal. Gadida, 338

Family (irasterosteidre.

THE STICKLEBACKS.

Body fusiform tapering to a slender caudal peduncle; skin naked
or with bony plates ; middle and sides of belly shielded by the pubic
bones; mouth large, the cleft oblique; jaws with villiform teeth;
dorsal fins with the spines not connected by a membrane; ventrals
abdominal, composed of a stout spine and a rudimentary ray; pyloric
cceca few in number; air bladder simple.

a. Dorsal spines 4 or 5, in a straight line; tail deeper than broad,

without keel. Eucalia, 302

aa. Dorsal spines 8 to n, not in a straight line; tail not deeper than

broad, with a lateral keel. Pygosteus, 303

' ^
Genus Eucalia Jordan.

Body elongate, fusiform; skin without bony plates, dorsal spines
6 or fewer, in a straight line ; tail deeper than broad, and without keel ;
pubic bones united forming a lanceolate plate with a single strong
median keel.

Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). BROOK STICKLEBACK.

Head 3.2 to 3.8; depth 3.8 to 4.4; D. iv to vi, 9 or 10; A. i, 9
or 10.

Body elongate, moderately compressed; caudal peduncle not
keeled;, mouth small and very oblique, the maxillary not reaching the

FIG. 57. BROOK STICKLEBACK.

Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 303

orbit; snout 4.0 to 5.0 in head; eye 3.2 to 3.4; caudal fin truncate or
slightly emarginate.

Color olivaceous with faint lighter mottlings; lower parts silvery;
spring males black with some red anteriorly.

Length 2^ inches.

This fish inhabits small streams and brooks from New York to
Iowa and the Saskatchewan.

Genus Pygosteus Brevoort.
NINE-SPINED STICKLEBACKS.

Body elongate; no scales; skin with bony plates along bases of
dorsal and anal and on caudal keel; dorsal spines 8 or more; tail
broader than deep, keeled; pubic bones weak, forming an elongate
plate with a median longitudinal groove.

Pygosteus pungitius (Linnaeus). NINE-SPINED STICKLEBACK.

Head 3.3 to 3.7; depth 5.1 to 5.6; D. ix or x, 9 or 10; A. i, 8.

Body elongate, slender; caudal peduncle with a lateral bony keel;
mouth larger and less oblique, the maxillary reaching nearly to orbit;
snout 3.3 to 3.8 in head; eye 3; caudal fin rounded or pointed.

Color olivaceous above, with small spots and irregularly barred
with darker; silvery below.

Length 3 inches.

This species inhabits northern Europe and northern North America.

Family Percopsidse.

THE TROUT PERCHES.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal peduncle long and
slender; scales strongly ctenoid; head without scales; lateral line
present; anterior vertebras simple; ventral fins abdominal, of one
spine and about 8 soft rays; anal with i or 2 spines; an adipose fin
present; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; premax-
illaries not protractile; stomach siphonal, with about 10 well devel-
oped pyloric cceca; air bladder with an open duct; ova large not
falling into the abdominal cavity before extrusion.

Genus Percopsis Agassiz.

Body elongate; dorsal spines weak; body quite translucent;
preopercle not distinctly serrate; teeth present on jaws, small, villi-
form.

304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. TROUT PERCH.

Head 3.2 to 3.7; depth 3.9 to 4.5; D. i or n, 9 to n; A. i, 5 to 7;
scales 47 to 54.

Body elongate; not much compressed; mouth rather small, sub-
inferior; maxillary not reaching orbit, its length 3.0 to 4.0 in head;
snout 2.4 to 3.0; eye 3.5 to 4.0; dorsal fin inserted much nearer tip

FIG. 58. TROUT PERCH.

Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. (After Jordan and Evermann.)

of snout than base of caudal, nearly over ventrals; scales strongly
ctenoid; caudal fin deeply forked.

Color pale olive-buff above; silvery below; scales faintly edged
with black; 8 to 12 black spots on sides above lateral line; a dusky
median lateral band.

Length 6 inches.

This species inhabits the larger streams and lakes from the Sas-
katchewan to Hudson Bay, Delaware, and Ohio River.

Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana.

Family Atlierinidse.

THE SILVERSIDES.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; scales usually cycloid;
head usually with scales; lateral line absent or imperfect; ventral
fins abdominal; two dorsal fins, the anterior consisting of 3 to 8 slender
spines, the posterior of soft rays; anal fin with one weak spine; gill
membranes not connected, free from isthmus; teeth usually present
on jaws; no pyloric cceca; air bladder present.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 305

Genus Labidesthes Cope.

Body elongate, compressed; head oblong; mouth small, oblique,
the cleft curved, the jaws prolonged into a short depressed beak;
lower jaw the longer; premaxillaries protractile; scales cycloid.

Labidesthes sicculus (Cope). BROOK SILVERSIDE

Head 4.1 to 4.6; depth 6 to 8; D. iv-i, 9 to n; A. i, 21 to 24;
scales 75 to 79.

Body elongate, very slender; head long and pointed; snout long
and slender, the jaws prolonged into a short depressed beak; its
length nearly twice diameter of eye; eye 3.5 to 4.0 in head; jaws

FIG. 59. BROOK SILVERSIDE.

Labidesthes sicculus (Cope). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

equal, edge of the upper strongly curved; cheeks and opercles
with scales ; ventrals abdominal ; caudal fin forked ; lateral line repre-
sented on a few scales only.

Color pale olive-green, translucent; a distinct silvery lateral band,
bounded above by a dark line; back dotted with black.

Length 3 inches.

This fish ranges from Iowa to New York, Florida, and Texas.

Fox River, McHenry,. Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake
George, Indiana.

Family Aphredoderidee.

THE PIRATE PERCHES.

Body moderately elongate, compressed; dorsal region elevated;
caudal peduncle thick; body and sides of head with strongly ctenoid
scales; ventral fins thoracic, with a small spine and more than 5 soft
rays; dorsal fin single, with 3 or 4 small spines; anal fin with 2 slender
spines; gill membranes slightly joined to isthmus; gill rakers short
and thick, toothed; preopercle and preorbital sharply serrate; opercle
with a spine; air bladder simple, duct not evident; pyloric cceca
about 12.

306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Genus Aphredoderus Le Sueur.

Body elongate; dorsal region elevated; mouth terminal somewhat
oblique ; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and ptery-
goids; alimentary canal ending in adult at the throat, the vent more
posterior in the young, moving forward from just behind ventral fins.

Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams). PIRATE PERCH.

Head 2.3 to 3.2; depth 3.1 to 3.5;, D. in, 9 to 12; A. n, 6; scales
49 to 59.

Body elongate, robust, the dorsal region elevated; head broad,
depressed, the profile concave; mouth moderate, oblique, maxillary
nearly reaching front of orbit, its length 2.7 to 2.9 in head; lower jaw
projecting; snout 2.8 to 3.4 in head; eye 3.5 to 4.3; dorsal fin nearer
tip of snout than base of caudal; caudal fin slightly forked; ventral
fins jugular in adult; lateral fins developed anteriorly; cheeks and
opercles with scales. .

Color dark olivaceous to nearly black, with bluish tinge, speckled
with black; breast and belly yellowish; two blackish bars at base
of caudal.

Length 2 to 4 inches.

This fish inhabits lowland streams and ponds from Wisconsin to
New York and Texas.

Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois.

Family Centrarchidse.

THE SUNFISHES.

Body oval or ovate, compressed; anterior portion of dorsal fin of
5 to 13 spines; longest dorsal spine about Y$ length of longest
dorsal ray; body with weakly or scarcely ctenoid scales; sides of
head with scales; mouth moderate or large; teeth in bands on jaws,
vomer, usually also on palatines and tongue; no canine-like teeth;
branchiostegals 6 or rarely 7 ; opercle ending in two flat points, or
prolonged backward in a black or partially black flap ; gill membranes
separate from the isthmus; premaxillaries protractile; pyloric coeca
5 to 10 ; air bladder without duct; ventral fins thoracic; caudal fin
emarginate or slightly forked; lateral line present.

a. Anal fin more than half length of dorsal, with 5 to 8 spines.

b. Dorsal fin with less than 10 spines, usually 5 to 8. Pomoxis, 307

APRIL, IQIO. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 307

bb. Dorsal fin with more than ic spines, usually n.

Ambloplites, 309
aa. Anal fin less than half the length of the dorsal, with 3 spines.

c. Body short and deep, its depth about 2/5 its length; dorsal fin
not deeply divided; opercle prolonged in a bony process or
flap ; its posterior margin rounded.

d. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching past the pupil; supple-
mental maxillary large, its length nearly equal to diameter of
eye; tongue and pterygoids with teeth. Ch&nobryttus , 310

dd. Mouth smaller, the maxillary not reaching past pupil; supple-
mental maxillary small or wanting, its length never equal to
diameter of eye; no teeth on tongue or pterygoids.

e. Opercular flap without roundish red spot on its lower posterior
angle; pectorals not reaching beyond vertical from first anal
spine ; lower pharyngeals narrow, with pointed teeth.

Lepomis, 311

ee. Opercular flap with a roundish red spot on its lower posterior
angle; pectorals reaching past first anal spine; lower phar-
yngeals broad, with bluntly rounded or paved teeth.

Eupomotis, 314

cc. Body elongate, its depth about % its length; dorsal fin deeply
divided; opercle prolonged, ending in two points; mouth
large, maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit.

Micropterus, 315

Genus Pomoxis Rafinesque.
CRAPPIES.

Body much compressed; dorsal region moderately elevated;
mouth large, its gape extending to or beyond pupil; maxillary with
a well developed supplemental bone; teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines,
tongue, and pterygoids; opercle rounded; base of anal fin i to 1.4 in
base of dorsal; anal spines 5 to 8; dorsal spines fewer than 10;
preopercle and preorbital finely serrate; scales scarcely ctenoid;
caudal fin emarginate.

a. Dorsal spines usually 6 ; a line from posterior end of maxillary
at right angles to margin of upper jaw passes in front of dorsal
fin. annularis, 308

aa. Dorsal spines usually 7 or 8; a line from posterior end of
maxillary at right angles to margin of upper jaw passes
through dorsal fin. sparoides, 308

308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. CRAPPIE.

Head 2.8 to 2.9; depth 2.2 to 2.6; D. vi, 15; A. vi, 17 to 19; scales
43 to 48.

Body much compressed, somewhat elongate ; profile concave above
eyes; mouth large, maxillary reaching past middle of orbit, its length 2.1
to 2.3 in head; eye 4.5 to 5.0; snout 3.2 to 4.2 ; origin of dorsal to tip
of snout 1.7 to 1.9 in body; pectorals 1.3 to 1.7 in head; lateral line
present.

Color silvery mottled with dark-green above, becoming silvery
below; anal fin with few markings.

Length 12 inches.

This fish ranges from the Great Lake Region to New York,
Alabama, and Texas.

Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago,
Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby,
Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana.

Pomoxis sparoides (Lace"pede). CALICO BASS.

Head 2.8 to 3.0; depth 2.1 to 2.4; D. vn or vm, 15; A. vi, 16 to
18; scales 38 to 44.

Body much compressed, moderately elongate; profile concave above
eyes; mouth large, maxillary reaching middle of orbit, its length

FIG. 60. CALICO BASS.

Pomoxis sparoides (Lac.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

2.1 to 2.5 in head; eye 4.0 to 4.5; snout 3.7 to 4.3; origin of dorsal
from tip of snout 1.8 to 2.0 in body; pectorals 1.4 to 2.1 in head;
lateral line present.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 309

Color olivaceous above, silvery or yellowish below; body spotted
or mottled with dark greenish or blackish; anal fin much mottled
with darker.

Length 12 inches.

This fish inhabits the coastwise streams from New Jersey to Texas
and the Great Lakes.

Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Calumet Lake, Pullman,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby,
Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana.

Genus Ambloplites Rafinesque.

ROCK BASS.

Body oblong, compressed; dorsal region elevated; mouth large,
its gape extending to pupil; maxillary with well developed supple-
mental bone; teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids;
opercle ending in 2 flat points ; preopercle serrate at its angle ; anal
spines usually 5 ; branchiostegals 6 rarely 7 ; caudal fin slightly forked.

Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). ROCK BASS; GOGGLE-EYE;

RED-EYE.

Head 2.6 to 2.8; depth 2.2 to 2.5; D. xi or xn, 10 to 12 ; A. vi, 10
or ii ; scales 39 to 43.

Body oblong, compressed; dorsal region elevated; mouth large,
maxillary reaching to middle of pupil, its length 2.1 to 2.4 in head;
eYe 3-5 to 4.0: snout 3.4 to 4.1; pectorals reaching first anal spine,
1.8 to 2.0 in head; opercle ending in 2 flat points.

Color olivaceous with black mottlings and brassy reflections ; each
scale on sides with black squarish spot, these forming broken lines
along the rows of scales; median fins with brown mottlings and faint
edgings of black ; a dark opercular spot .

Length 8 to 10 inches.

This species inhabits clear water from Vermont to Manitoba and
southward in the Mississippi Valley to Louisiana.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illi-
nois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois;
Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

3io FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Genus Chseiiobryttus Gill.

WARMOUTH.

Body compressed, dorsal region elevated; mouth large, its gape
extending to or beyond pupil ; maxillary with well developed supple-
mental bone; teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, and ptery-
goids; opercle rounded; the membranous portion narrow; pre-
opercle entire ; anal spines 3 ; branchiostegals 6 ; caudal fin slightly
forked.

Chasnobryttus gulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). WARMOUTH.

Head 2.4 to 2.6; depth 2.0 to 2.6; D. x, 9 or 10; A. in, 8 to 10;
scales 39 to 43.

Body compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth large, the
maxillary reaching pupil, its length 2.2 to 2.4 in head; eye 4.0 to 5.0;
snout 3.3 to 4.4; membranous opercular flap narrow; anal fin short,
its base 2 in base of dorsal; longest dorsal spine 3.5 to 4.0 in head;

•

FIG 61. WARMOUTH.

Chaenobryttus gulosus (C. and V.) (After Forbes and Richardson.)

cheeks with 6 to 8 rows of scales; pectorals not reaching anal, 1.5 to
1.8 in head; caudal fin lunate or very slightly -forked ; lateral line
complete.

Color olivaceous to grayish, mottled and sometimes barred with
bluish black; sides with golden reflections; belly and breast yellowish ;
three or four dusky streaks radiating from eye; vertical fins mottled
with dusky; a black opercular spot.

Length 6 to 8 inches.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 311

This species inhabits sluggish waters from the Great Lakes to
North Carolina and Texas.

Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Fox River, Bervvyn, Illinois;
Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois;
Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Genus Lepomis Rafinesque.
THE TRUE SUNFISHES.

Body deep, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth small,
its gape not reaching pupil ; maxillary with small supplemental bone
or none; teeth on jaws, vomer, and usually on palatines, none on
tongue or pterygoids; opercle rounded, ending in a bony or osseo-
membranous process or flap ; preopercle entire ; anal spines 3 ;
caudal fin emarginate.

a. Moderately large; supplemental bone present; black spot on
opercle on its stiff bony portion.

b. Maxillary about 2.3 in head; cheeks with wavy bluishgreen
lines. . cyanellus, 311

bb. Maxillary about 2.7 in head; cheeks without wavy bluishgreen
lines. euryorus, 312

aa. Mouth small; supplemental bone very small or wanting; black
spot of opercle on its thin flexible portion.

c. Gill rakers short and weak, their length about 6 in eye; no
black spot on base of last rays of dorsal fin. megalotis, 313

cc. Gill rakers longer, their length about 3 in eye; a black blotch
at base of last dorsal rays. incisor, 313

Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque. GREEN SUNFISH; BLUE-SPOTTED

SUNFISH.

Head 2.4 to 3.0; depth 2.1 to 2.5; D. ix or x, 10 to 12; A. in,

9 or 10 ; scales 45 to 49.

Body elongate, robust, moderately compressed; mouth moderate,
maxillary reaching to about middle of orbit ; supplemental bone well
developed; maxillary 2.0 to 2.5 in head; lower jaw the longer; eye
3.8 to 5.2 in head; snout 3.3 to 4.0; teeth present on vomer and pal-
atines; flexible margin of opercular flap fleshy, broader behind and
below than above; spinous dorsal low, its spines 3.0 to 4.2 in head;
pectorals short, rounded, 1.5 to 1.7 in head; scales on cheeks in 7 to

10 rows; caudal fin emarginate; gill rakers long and stiff, the longest
2 in eye.

312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Color olivaceous to greenish; each scale with a green spot, these
forming lateral stripes along the rows of scales; sides with 7 or 8
dusky bars ; 3 or 4 wavy lines of bluishgreen on cheek below eye ; 2 or 3
of them continued backward across opercle; bony portion of opercular
flap dark-green or black; the membranous portion coppery to pur-
plish ; fins all dusky ; soft dorsal and anal with large black blotch at
base of last rays.

Length from 4 to 7 inches.

This species inhabits still and sluggish waters from the Great Lake
Region to Ohio and the Rio Grande Basin.

Fox River, Berwyn, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois;
Butterfield Creek, Elliotts Park, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Liberty-
ville, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Lake George, Indiana;
Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana.

Lepomis euryorus McKay. MCKAY'S SUNFISH.

Head 2.6 to 2.9; depth 2.0 to 2.3; D. x, nor 12; A. in, 9 or 10
scales 43 to 45.

Body moderately elongate, compressed; mouth moderate, max-
illary reaching front of orbit; supplemental maxillary developed;
maxillary 2.6 to 2.9 in head; jaws about equal; eye 3.8 to 4.3 in head;
snout 3.7 to 4.2; teeth present on vomer and palatines; opercle
produced backward, sharply rounded posteriorly, the fleshy margin
wide; gill rakers well developed, the longest 3 in diameter of eye;

FIG. 62. MCKAY'S SUNFISH.

Lepomis euryorus McKay. (After Forbes and Richardson.)

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 313

dorsal spines low, 2.2 to 2.7 in head; pectorals short, 1.3 to 1.4 in
head ; scales on cheeks in 6 to 8 rows.

Color dusky olive mottled with darker ; fin membranes dusky with
darker markings near base; opercular spot black, the margin paler,
with some red or coppery color. In general appearance this species
resembles the pumpkin-seed, E. gibbosus.

Length 6 to 8 inches.

This rare fish ranges from southern Minnesota to northern
Indiana.

Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). LONG-EARED SUNFISH.

Head 2.8 to 3.3; depth 1.8 to 2.3; D. x, n; A. in, 8 to 10;
scales 37 to 39.

Body short and deep, compressed; dorsal region much elevated;
mouth rather small ; maxillary reaching orbit ; no supplemental bone ;
maxillary 2.4 to 2.7 in head; jaws equal; no teeth on palatines; eye
3.0 to 4.0 in head; snout 2.5 to 3.2; opercular flap short in young,
to very long in adults; usually broadened behind, with or without
pale margin; gill rakers short, longest about 6 in diameter of eye;
pectoral fins short, i.o to 1.2 in head; scales on cheeks in about 5
rows.

Color light to dark-olive; sides irregularly spotted with orange;
cheeks with wavy streaks, opercular flap entirely black or with nar-
row pale margin.

Length 3% to 4 inches.

This fish ranges from Minnesota to South Carolina and the Rio
Grande.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois;
Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Lake George, Indiana.

Lepomis incisor (Cuvier& Valenciennes). BLUEGILL; BLUE SUNFISH.

Head 2.9 to 3.4; depth 1.9 to 2.2; D. x. 10 to 12; A. in, 10 to
12; scales 38 to 48.

Body short, compressed, dorsal region elevated; mouth small,
maxillary scarcely reaching orbit; no developed supplemental bone;
maxillary 2.9 to 3.3 in head; jaws equal; eye 2.9 to 3.9 in head; snout
3.0 to 3.5; no teeth on palatines; opercle prolonged backward in
adults; its membranous margin narrow or wanting; spinous dorsal
high, the longest spine 1.3 to 2.4 in head; pectorals long, pointed,
about equal to length of head ; scales on cheeks in 5 rows.

Color olivaceous above to yellowish below; sides with about 6
vertical bars, becoming inconspicuous in adults ; opercular flap black,

314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

FIG. 63. BLUEGILL; BLUE SUNFISH.

Lepomis incisor (C. and V.) (After Forbes and Richardson.)

without pale margin; dorsal with a black blotch on base of its last
rays.

Length 5 to 8 inches.

This fish ranges from the Great Lake Region to Florida and Mexico.

Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Bull Creek, Beach, Illinois; Lagoon,
Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois;
Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana;
Lake George, Indiana; Lagoon, Bufnngton, Indiana; Calumet River,
Clark, Indiana; Deep River, Liverpool, Indiana.

Genus Eupomotis Gill and Jordan.
PUMPKIN-SEED SUNFISH.

Body short, compressed; mouth small; no supplemental maxil-
lary; lower pharyngeals deep and broad, the teeth bluntly rounded
or paved; gill rakers short; fins long; a red roundish spot on lower
posterior angle of opercle.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 315

Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus). PUMPKIN-SEED; RED-EARED SUN-
FISH.

Head 2.8 to 3.2; depth 2.0 to 2.5; D. x, n or 12; A. in, 10 or
ii ; scales 35 to 40.

Body short, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth small,
maxillary reaching front of orbit, its length 2.6 to 3.3 in head; no
supplemental bone; eye 3.5 to 4.2 in head; about equal to length of
the snout; opercle with bony portion distinct from the broad, paler,
fleshy portion; gill rakers short and soft; pectorals rather long, i.o
to i.i in head; 4 or 5 rows of scales on cheeks.

Color olivaceous to greenish; sides with yellowish or copper-col-
ored roundish blotches; cheeks and opercles crossed by 4 or 5 wavy
lines; opercular flap black with a roundish red or orange spot on
lower posterior angle; dorsal fin irregularly barred with brownish
to orange blotches.

Length 5 to 8 inches.

This fish ranges from the Great Lake Region to the Atlantic Coast
streams and northern Mississippi Valley.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des
Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Calumet Lake, Pullman, Illinois;
Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana; Lake Michigan
and Calumet River, Millers, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana;
Lake Michigan and Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark,
Indiana.

Genus Micropterus Lacepede.
BLACK BASS.

Body elongate, the dorsal region not much developed; mouth very
large; maxillary with well developed supplemental maxillary; pre-
opercle entire; opercle emarginate behind, ending in 2 flat points;
teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue usually without teeth;
spinous and soft dorsals divided by a deep notch ; anal spines 3.

a. Mouth moderate, the maxillary scarcely reaching posterior

margin of orbit; 10 to 12 rows of scales between lateral line

and dorsal fin. dolomieu, 316

aa. Mouth larger, the maxillary reaching past posterior margin of

orbit; 8 to 9 rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal fin.

salmoides, 316

316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS.

Head 2.9 to 3.7; depth 2.9 to 3.1; D. x, 13 to 15; A. in, 10 to
12; scales 66 to 78.

Body elongate, moderately compressed, mouth large, the max-
illary not reaching posterior margin of orbit; its length 2.1 to 2.5;
supplemental maxillary developed; eye 5.4 to 6.9 in head; snout 3.0
to 3-3'. gill rakers long, spinous, dorsal low, its last spines much
shorter than the longest ones; pectorals short, 1.9 to 2.1 in head; lat-
eral line complete; scales on cheeks in 17 rows; 10 to 12 rows of scales
between dorsal fin and lateral line.

Color green to nearly black, with faint vermiculations above lat-
eral line and indistinct dark bars below it.

Length 12 to 15 inches.

This fish inhabits the clear streams and colder lakes from the
Great Lake Region to Vermont, South Carolina, and Arkansas.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois;
Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS.

Head 2.8 to 2.9; depth 2.9 to 3.2; D. x, 12 to 13; A. in, 10 to
12; scales 62 to 68.

Body elongate, not much compressed ; dorsal region little elevated ;
mouth large, the maxillary reaching past posterior margin of orbit,
its length 1.9 to 2.1 in head; supplemental bone well developed; eye
5.8 to 7.6 in head; snout 3.1 to 3.9; gill rakers long; spinous dorsal
low, its last rays much shorter than longest ones; pectorals short
2.0 to 2.4 in head; lateral line complete; scales on cheeks in 9 or ib
rows; 8 to 9 rows of scales between dorsal fin and lateral line.

Color dark-green, obscurely mottled with dark blotches; a dark
lateral band, most conspicuous in smaller individuals.

FIG. 64. LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS.

Micropterus salmoides (Lac.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 317

Length 15 to 18 inches.

This fish inhabits the larger streams and lakes from the Great
Lake Region to Florida and northeastern Mexico.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des
Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lagoon,
Buffington, Indiana; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Deep River, Liverpool,
Indiana.

Family Percidse.
THE PERCHES AND DARTERS.

Body more or less elongate, terete or compressed, covered more or
less completely with rather small ctenoid scales; mouth large or small,
terminal or inferior; teeth usually villiform in bands on jaws, occa-
sionally with few canine-like teeth; vomer and palatines usually
with teeth; pseudo-branchiae small, glandular or concealed; opercle
usually ending in a single flat spine; preopercle entire or serrate;
dorsal fins 2, the first of 6 to 15 spines; gill rakers slender, toothed;
gill membranes separate or joined, not connected with the isthmus;
lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth; pyloric caeca few; anal
papillae usually more or less developed; air bladder small and ad-
herent, often wanting.

a. Preopercle distinctly serrate below and behind angle; pseudo-
branchiae well developed; branchiostegals 7; no anal papillae,
fishes of large size.

b. Canine teeth on jaws and palatines; body subterte.

Stizostedion, 318

bb. No canine teeth present ; body compressed. Perca, 320

aa. Preopercle entire or nearly so ; pseudo branchiae small or want-
ing; anal papillae usually present; fishes less than 6 to 9 inches
in length.

c. Cranium broad between the eyes; interorbital space 4.0 to 4.7
in head; snout long, pig-like, and projecting beyond the
inferior mouth ; gill membranes separate. Percina, 320

cc. Cranium narrow between the eyes; interorbital space nar-
rower 5 to 9 in head; snout pointed or blunt, projecting very
little or none beyond the terminal or nearly terminal mouth.

d. Median line of belly with enlarged scales or plates, these falling
off leaving a naked strip; separation of ventrals equal to or
greater than their width at base.

e. Premaxillaries not protractile. H adropterus , 321

318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

ee. Premaxillaries protractile. Cottogaster, 322

dd. Median line of belly with ordinary scales, or the entire ventral

surface naked, never with large scales or plates; separation of

ventrals less than their width at base.

f. Maxillary adnate to the preorbital; premaxillary protractile
downward; mouth small, overhung slightly by the blunt snout.

Diplesion, 323
ff. Maxillary free from the preorbital.

g. Premaxillaries protractile.

h. Body covered with scales; snout blunt or bluntish.

Boleosoma, 324

hh. Dorsal and ventral regions with few or no scales; snout pointed.

Ammocrypta, 326
gg. Premaxillaries not protractile,
i. Lateral line more or less developed; scales small, more than 40

in lateral series.

j. Lateral line straight. Etheostoma, 327

jj. Lateral line arched anteriorly. Boleichthys, 330

ii. Lateral line entirely wanting; scales larger, less than 40 in

lateral series. Microperca, 331

Genus Stizostedioii Rafmesque.
PIKE-PERCHES.

Body elongate, fusiform; back broad; head large with pointed
snout; preopercle with antrorse serrae; opercle with one or more
spines; teeth on jaws and on palatines in villiform bands, a few en-
larged and canine-like; pseudobranchiae well developed; pyloric
coeca 3 to 8 ; caudal fin lunate.

a. Spinous dorsal with 2 or 3 rows of large black spots; pyloric
cceca 5 to 8, unequal, the longest shorter than the stomach.

canadense, 318

aa. Spinous dorsal with a single large black spot on last two
membranes; pyloric cceca 3, subequal and as long as stomach.

vitreum, 319

Stizostedion canadense. (Smith) SAUCER; SAND PIKE; GRAY PIKE.

Head 3.4 to 3.6; depth 5.2 to 5.5; D. x to xm — 17 to 19; A. n,
ii or 12; scales 85 to 91.

Body elongate, slightly compressed; head large, depressed; in-
terorbital space flat; mouth large, the maxillary reaching past pupil;

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 319

snout long, depressed, 3.2 to 3.7 in head; diameter of eye 4.6 to 5.1 ;
upper jaw the longer; spinous and soft dorsals separate; cheeks fully
scaled; lateral line usually complete; pyloric coeca 5 to 8; shorter
than stomach.

Color olive-gray mottled with darker; spinous dorsal with 2 or 3
rows of round black spots; no large black blotch on posterior mem-
branes; soft dorsal with 4 or 5 irregular rows of rather indistinct
dusky blotches; a large black blotch at base of pectorals; caudal
yellowish, barred with dusky.

Length i to iK feet-

This fish inhabits the larger streams and lakes from the Assiniboin
River, through the Great Lake Region to Tennessee and Arkansas.

Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill). WALL-EYED PIKE; JACK SALMON;

PIKE.

Head 3.2 to 3.5; depth 4.3 to 5.2; D. xn or xiv— 19 to 22; A. n,
12 to 14; scales 80 to 89.

Body slender, slightly compressed; head pointed, profile long
and straight; interorbital space flat; mouth large, terminal, the max-
illary reaching past pupil; snout 3.3 to 3.8 in head; diameter of eye
4.6 to 6.0; upper jaw slightly the longer; spinous and soft dorsals
separated; cheeks usually sparsely scaled; lateral line usually com-
plete; pyloric cceca 3, about as long as stomach.

FIG. 65. WALL-EYED PIKE; JACK SALMON.

Stizostedion vitreum (Mitch.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

Color olive-buff to yellowish, everywhere mottled with black;
sides with 5 large irregularly-shaped cross-blotches with smaller
blotches between; spinous dorsal with a narrow black margin and
with a dark spot on its last 2 membranes; soft dorsal indistinctly
barred.

Length 3 feet.

This species ranges from Minnesota to Hudson Bay, Maryland,
and Oklahoma.

320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Genus Perca (Artedi). Linnaeus.

YELLOW PERCH.

Body elongate, considerably compressed; head large; mouth
moderate; premaxillary protractile; preopercle serrate; opercle
with a single spine; teeth in villiform bands on jaws; vonier and
palatines; no canines; pseudobranchiae small; pyloric coeca 3 to 7.

Perca flavescens (Mitchill). YELLOW PERCH.

Head 3.0 to 3.5; depth 3.3 to 3.8; D. xn to xiv — n or in, 12 or
13; A. n, 7 or 8; scales 57 to 62.

Body moderately elongate, compressed; head large, pointed;
interorbital space nearly flat; mouth large, the maxillary reaching
middle of orbit; snout pointed 3.4 to 3.7 in head; diameter of eye
3.6 to 4.8; preopercle strongly serrate; opercle ending in several
points; spinous and soft dorsal separate; cheeks scaled in about 8
to 10 rows; gill rakers x+i5; pyloric coeca 3; lateral line complete
or nearly so.

Color brassy green to golden yellow; sides with 7 dark or dusky
bars; spinous dorsal gray, usually with a black spot on last 2 mem-
branes; soft dorsal and caudal pale-green.

Length i foot.

This fish ranges from North Dakota to Nova Scotia, New York,
and Iowa.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois;
Calumet Lake, Pullman, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illi-
nois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan and Lagoons,
Millers, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Lake Michigan and
Lagoons, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana; Lake Mich-
igan and Lagoons, Edgemoor, Indiana.

Genus Perciiia Haldeman.

Body elongate, scarcely compressed; premaxillary not protrac-
tile ; teeth on vomer and palatines ; mouth small and inferior ; pyloric
cceca 6; ventral surface with a row of enlarged scale-like caducous
plates.

Percina caprodes (Rafinesque). LOG-PERCH.

Head 3.6 to 4.8; depth 5.4 to 7.0; D. xn-i5; A. n, roor n; scales
83 to 93.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 321

Body elongate, cylindrical; head long and pointed; interorbital
area flat or slightly concave; mouth small, overhung by the pig-like
snout ; maxillary scarcely reaching to posterior nostril ; cleft of mouth
3.4 to 4.0 in head; snout long, conical, 2.8 to 3.3 in head; eye high on
head, 3.6 to 4.2 in head; spinous and soft dorsals very little separated;

FIG. 66. LOG PERCH.

Percina caprodes (Raf.). (After Forbes and Richardson.)

separation of ventrals about equal to their width at base ; cheeks and
opercles covered with scales; nape usually fully scaled; breast naked.

Color olive-buff to yellowish; sides of adults with 30 to 40 dark
bars, alternate ones are half bars, these are usually absent in young;
a small black caudal spot; dorsal and caudal fins barred, other fins
plain.

Length 4 to 6 inches.

This fish ranges from the Great Lake Drainage to Alabama and
Texas.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois;
Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Lake
Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana.

Genus Hadropterus Agassiz.
BLACK-SIDED DARTERS.

Body rather elongate, slightly compressed; premaxillary not pro-
tractile; teeth on vomer and usually on palatines; mouth rather
large, terminal; pyloric cceca 2 to 4; ventral surface with a row of
enlarged scales, caducous in some species, persistent in others; gill
membranes united to the isthmus.

Hadropterus aspro (Cope and Jordan). BLACK-SIDED DARTER.

Head 3.8 to 4.0; depth 5.4 to 6.8; D. xm to xv — n to 14; A. n,
8 to ii ; scales 50 to 56.

322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Body elongate, slightly compressed; head pointed; interorbital
space flat, narrow; mouth large, terminal, the maxillary reaching
past front of orbit; cleft of mouth 3.0 to 3.4 in head; snout bluntly
pointed, 3.6 to 4.1 in head; eye 3.4 to 4.0; spinous and soft dorsals
usually separate; separation of ventrals about equal to their width
at base; gill membranes united to the isthmus; cheeks and opercles

FIG. 67. BLACK-SIDED DARTER.

Hadropterus aspro (Cope and Jordan). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

covered with small scales; nape naked or with embedded scales;
breast naked; middle line of ventral surface with enlarged caducous
plates.

Color olivaceous; back with about 8 dark quadrate spots; 7 or
8 large dark blotches along side more or less confluent into a lateral
band; head dark-olive with a dark streak before eye and one below;
it ; spinous dorsal in males crossed by a dark band ; pectorals faintly"
barred.

Length 3 to 4 inches.

This species ranges from Manitoba and the Great Lake Region to
Arkansas.

Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois;
Flossmore, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Salt Creek,
Lyons, Illinois.

Genus Cottogaster Putnam.

Body rather robust, little compressed; premaxillary protractile,
or with a narrow frenum; teeth on vomer; mouth small, subter-
minal; pyloric cceca 3, ventral surface naked or with caducous plates.

Cottogaster shumardi (Girard). SHUMARD'S DARTER.

Head 3.7 to 4.0; depth 5.2 to 6.9; D. ix to xi — 13 to 15; A. n,
10 to 12; scales 50 to 56.

Body elongate, little compressed; head large, snout blunt; mouth

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 323

moderate, the maxillary reaching front of orbit; cleft of mouth 2.9
to 3.2 in head; snout bluntish, 2.9 to 3.7; eye 3.2 to 3.5; spinous and
soft dorsals very little separate at base; separation of ventrals
nearly equal to their width at base ; gill membranes free from isthmus ;
cheek opercles and nape scaled; breast naked ; ventral surface naked.

FIG. 68. SHUMARD'S DARTER

Cottagaster shumardi (Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

Color brownish olive, blotched and mottled with darker; sides
with 1 5 to 1 8 dark blotches ; a faint dark band in front of eye and one
below it ; a black blotch on front and one on back of spinous dorsal ;
soft dorsal and caudal barred.

Length 2>^ to 3 inches.

This fish ranges from the Great Lakes through the Mississippi
Valley to Arkansas.

Genus Diplesion Rafinesque.

Body rather elongate, little compressed; mouth small, its gape
nearly horizontal; premaxillaries protractile downwards; maxillary
joined for most of its length to the skin of the preorbital; no teeth
on vomer or palatines ; ventral surface covered with ordinary scales ;
gill membranes broadly connected across the isthmus; pyloric
caeca 4.

Diplesion blennioides Rafinesque. GREEN-SIDED DARTER.

Head 4.0 to 4.6; depth 5.3 to 6.3; D. xm to xiv — 13 to 14; A. n,
8 or 9; scales 57 to 64.

Body rather elongate, slightly compressed ; head short with blunt
snout; interorbital space flat, narrow; mouth small, its gape hori-
zontal, the maxillary reaching front of orbit; cleft of mouth 3.1 to
4.0 in head; snout blunt, slightly overhanging the small mouth, 3.1
to 3.7 in head; eye 3.1 to 3.6; spinous and soft dorsals joined or

324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

slightly separate; separation of ventrals less than their width at
base; gill membranes connected to the isthmus; cheeks naked or
with few more or less embedded scales; opercles and nape scaled;
breast naked; ventral surface with ordinary scales; lateral line
nearly straight, completed or nearly so.

FIG. 69. GREEN-SIDED DARTER.

Diplesion blennioides Raf. (After Forbes and Richardson.)

Color olive-green, sides with orange dots and with 5 to 8 double
dark-green vertical bars, each pair forming a V-shaped figure, these
sometimes united forming a wavy lateral band ; spinous dorsal orange
brown at base, blue above; soft dorsal and anal fins blue-green with
some reddish; caudal greenish, faintly barred.

Length 3 inches.

This species ranges from South Dakota to Lake Ontario, Alabama,
and Missouri.

Genus Boleosoma DeKay.
JOHNNY DARTERS.

Body elongate, subcylindrical ; mouth small, its gape horizontal;
premaxillaries protractile; teeth on vomer; ventral surface covered
with ordinary scales; gill membranes narrowly connected; pyloric
caeca 3 to 6.

a. Lateral line complete or nearly so; cheeks and breast usually

without scales; pyloric cceca 6. nigrum, 324

aa. Lateral line absent on posterior half of body; cheeks and

breast usually closely scaled; pyloric coeca 3. camurum, 325

Boleosoma nigrum (Rafinesque). JOHNNY DARTER.

Head 3.5 to 4.2; depth 4.7 to 6.9; D. vm to x — 10 to 12; A. i,
6 to 9; scales 45 to 52.

Body elongate, slender, subfusiform; head short with decurved
snout; interorbital space narrow, concave; mouth small, its gape

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 325

horizontal, maxillary reaching slightly past front of orbit; cleft of
mouth 2.9 to 3.7 in head; snout blunt, slightly overhanging the mouth,
3.3 to 4.2 in head; eye 3.2 to 4.0 in head; spinous and soft dorsals
slightly joined; separation of ventrals usually a little less than their
width at base; gill membranes narrowly connected; cheeks naked
or with trace of scales on upper portion ; breast usually naked ; nape
scaled or not; lateral line complete or nearly so.

Color pale-olive or straw color; back much tessellated with brown;
sides with numerous W-shaped or quadrate blotches; head speckled
above, mostly black in males; fins barred.

Length 2>£ inches.

This species ranges from the Assiniboin to Colorado and eastward.

Fox Lake, Illinois; Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Pettibone
Creek, North Chicago, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Chicago
River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Thorn Creek,
Thornton, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek,
Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake,
Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana.

Boleosoma camurum Forbes. BLUNT-HEADED DARTER.

Head 3.9 to 4.3; depth 6.5 to 7.2; D. vin to x — 10 or n' A. i, 7
or 8; scales 52 to 60.

Body elongate, slender, somewhat compressed; head short, nar-
row, snout decurved; interorbital flat; mouth small, its gape hori-
zontal ; maxillary reaching to front of pupil ; cleft of mouth 3.1 to

FIG. 70. BLUNT-HEADED DARTER.

Boleosoma camurum Forbes. (From Forbes and Richardson.)

3.8 in head; snout blunt, 3.8 to 4.5 in head; eye 3.3 to 4.0; spinous and
soft dorsals separated by a distance about equal to diameter of the eye;
separation of ventrals less than their width at base ; gill membranes
not broadly connected; cheek opercles and breast fully scaled; nape
with a median naked strip; ventral surface covered with ordinary
scales; lateral line developed on about half the scales; pyloric caeca 3.
Color much as in the preceding, being less finely tessellated and

326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

the W-shaped blotches less distinct, dorsals and caudal fins faintly
barred.

Reaching a length of not more than i^ inches.

This fish ranges from Iowa to Alabama and Texas.

Genus Ammocrypta Jordan.

Body slender, elongate, fusiform; mouth rather wide, its gape
horizontal; premaxillaries protractile; teeth on vomer; ventral sur-
face without scales; gill membranes somewhat connected; pyloric
caeca 4.

Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird). SAND DARTER.

Head 4.1 to 4.4; depth 8.2 to 10.1; D. ix to xi — 9 to n; A. i, 8
or 9; scales 67 to 78.

Body elongate, very slender; head with slightly decurved snout;
interorbital space narrow, concave; mouth rather large, its gape
horizontal, the cleft 3.1 to 4.4 in head; maxillary reaching slightly

FIG. 71. SAND DARTER.

Ammocyipta pellucida (Baird). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

past front of orbit; snout slightly decurved, pointed, 3.1 to 3.8 in
head; eye 3.6 to 4.3; spinous and soft dorsals widely separated;
separation of ventrals less than their width at base; gill membranes
somewhat connected ; cheeks and opercles scaled ; nape scaled or not;
throat, breast, and belly entirely naked; all of the scales more or less
embedded and with slightly ctenoid edges, those on body confined
to a strip or band of varying width on sides; lateral line usually
complete.

Color white, translucent; scales with fine black dots; a series of
squarish olive or bluish blotches along the back, and another along
each side.

Length 2 V2" inches.

This fish ranges from Minnesota to Ohio and Texas.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 327

Genus Etlieostoma Rafinesque.

Body robust or elongate, considerably compressed; mouth large
or small, terminal or subinferior; premaxillaries not protractile;
teeth usually on vomer and palatines; ventral surface covered with
ordinary scales; gill membranes connected or not; pyloric caeca 3
or 4.

a. Lateral line usually complete, pores occasionally lacking on 2
to 6 scales; gill membranes broadly connected, zonale, 327

aa. Lateral line incomplete, pores usually lacking on 10 or more
scales.

b. Gill membranes scarcely connected; lower jaw moderate, not
projecting.

c. Cheeks and opercles with scales.

d. Body slender, little compressed, its depth 5.4 to 6.8; soft
dorsal with 9 to 1 1 rays ; scales 5 5 to 60 in lateral series ; sides
without crossbars. iawoe, 328

dd. Body compressed, its depth 4.8 to 5.4; soft dorsal with 12 to
13 rays; scales 49 to 57 in lateral series; sides with brown
crossbars. Jessies, 328

cc. Cheeks naked, opercles with scales; body compressed, its
depth 4.7 to 5.0; soft dorsal with 12 to 14 rays; scales 44 to 51
in lateral series; sides with crossbars, these red and blue in
spring males. cceruleum, 329

bb. Gill membranes broadly connected; lower jaw strongly pro-
jecting, flabellare, 330

Etheostoma zonale (Cope). BANDED DARTER.

Head 4.0 to 4.9; depth 4.7 to 6.0; D. x or xi — 10 to 12; A. n, 7
or 8; scales 46 to 53.

Body robust, little compressed; head short with decurved snout;
interorbital space convex; mouth small, its gape horizontal, its cleft

FIG. 72. BANDED DARTER.

Etheostoma zonale (Cope). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

3.4 to 4.8 in head; maxillary scarcely reaching past front of orbit;
snout blunt 3.2 to 4.0 in head; eye 2.9 to 3.7 in head; spinous and
soft dorsals usually well separated at base ; separation of ventrals less
than y>, their width at base; cheeks, opercles, and nape fully scaled;
breast usually scaled; lateral line usually complete.

Color greenish olive, dorsal surface with 6 dark bars, short and
somewhat broken, these alternating with blotches of rusty red (in
life); belly greenish yellow to almost white; upper half of spinous
dorsal except tip, orange; soft dorsal and caudal fins barred; other
fins nearly white.

Seldom reaching a length of 2 inches.

This fish ranges from Iowa to Ohio and Louisiana.

Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Etheostoma iowae Jordan & Meek.

Head 3.7 to 4.0; depth 5.4 to 6.8; D. vin to xi — 9 ton; A. n, 6
to 8; scales 55 to 60.

Body slender, little compressed; head rather large with bluntish
snout; interorbital space narrow, convex; mouth small, nearly hor-
izontal, its cleft 3.6 to 4.0 in head; lower jaw the shorter; maxillary
reaching to front of orbit; eye 3.3 to 4.4 in head; spinous, and soft
dorsal separated by a space greater than diameter of the eye; sepa-
ration of ventrals less than half their width at base; gill membranes
scarcely connected; cheeks, opercles, and nape fully scaled; breast
naked; belly covered with ordinary scales; lateral line incomplete,
lacking on about 25 scales.

Color greenish, finely blotched with darker; back with 9 to n
dark-brown quadrate spots; sides with n or 12 narrow dark bars,
those on posterior half of body most conspicuous and meeting those
on opposite side on belly; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal with bars;
spinous dorsal with row of dark spots near base and barred on upper
half.

Length 2 inches.

This species ranges from the Assiniboin to Indiana.

Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois.

Etheostoma jessias (Jordan & Brayton).

Head 3.7 to 4.2; depth 4.8 to 5.4; D. x to xn — 12 or 13; A. n.
7 or 8; scales 49 to 57.

Body robust, compressed; head large, tapering above and below
to a bluntly pointed tip; interorbital space narrow, convex; mouth
rather large, terminal, oblique; margin of upper lip on level with the

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 329

pupil; cleft of mouth 2.8 to 3.8 in head; maxillary reaching past front
of orbit; snout pointed, 3.5 to 4.3 in head; eye 3.3 to 4.0; spinous
and soft dorsal scarcely separate; separation of ventrals more than
y$ their width at base; gill membranes narrowly connected; cheeks,
opercles, and nape closely scaled; breast naked; belly covered with
ordinary scales; lateral line with pores lacking on 3 to 15 scales.

Color brownish olive; back with 5 or 6 dark quadrate blotches;
sides with 8 or 9 dark bars on sides, those before anal fin obscure;
spinous dorsal tipped (in life) with pale blue or white, below which is
a row of orange red spots; base of fins blue; soft dorsal irregularly
spotted with orange; anal pale.

Length ordinarily a little less than 2 inches, occasionally reaching
a length of 2^ inches.

This species ranges from Iowa to Indiana and Texas.

Etheostoma cceruleum Storer. RAINBOW DARTER; SOLDIER-FISH.

Head 3.2 to 4.0; depth 4.5 to 5.2; D. x or xi — 12 to 14; A. n,
7 or 8; scales 44 to 51.

Body robust, compressed; head large, tapering above and below
to a bluntly pointed snout; interorbital space flat; mouth moderate,
terminal, somewhat oblique, the jaws about equal; cleft of mouth
3.0 to 3. 5; maxillary reaching front of orbit; snout bluntly pointed,
3.2 to 4.1 in head; eye 5.8 to 7.2 in head; spinous and soft dorsals
scarcely separate, or slightly connected; separation of ventrals

FIG. 73. RAINBOW DARTER; SOLDIER-FISH.

Etheostoma cceruleum Storer. (From Forbes and Richardson.)

usually about ^3 their width at base ; cheeks naked; opercles scaled;
nape scaled posteriorly; breast naked; belly covered with ordinary
scales; lateral line incomplete, usually absent on 15 to 20 scales.

Color dark-olive, overlaid with dusky to bluish bars and blotches;
back with 7 or 8 rather obscure quadrate blotches; sides with n to
12 dark bars, these most prominent on posterior third of body; in

330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

life these bars in males, dark indigo-blue, the inter-spaces blood-
orange; spinous dorsal crossed at its middle by a row of orange spots
or an orange band, above and below this, pale to deep indigo-blue
bands, at base of fin a narrower band of orange with orange red spots ;
female duller in color.

Length 2 inches.

This fish is a resident of the Ohio and Upper Mississippi Valleys.

Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Etheostoma flabellare Rafmesque. FAN-TAILED DARTER.

Head 3.6 to 4.2; depth 4.6 to 4.8; D. vn or vin— 12 to 14; A. 11,
7 or 8; scales 51 to 63.

Body robust, compressed; head long, slender, somewhat depressed
with slight angle at nape; interorbital space flat; mouth rather
large, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; cleft of mouth
2.9 to 3.3 in head; margin of upper lip on level with upper third of
pupil ; maxillary reaching past front of orbit ; gill membranes broadly
connected; spinous and soft dorsals slightly joined at base; separa-
tion of ventrals about half their width at base; cheeks and opercles
usually naked ; nape naked or with deeply embedded scales ; breast
naked; belly covered with ordinary scales; lateral line incomplete,
absent on 15 to 25 scales.

Color rather dark/with small dark spots and faint crossbars ; each
scale with a dark spot, forming lines along the rows of scales; a dark
streak across opercles, and through eye to end of snout; males with
10 to 12 crossbars, these faint in the females; soft dorsal, caudal, and
anal fins finely barred; spinous dorsal reddish, the spines in breeding
males with fleshy knobs.

Length 2 to 2% inches.

This fish ranges from Iowa to New York and South Carolina.

Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley,
Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois.

Genus Boleichthys Girard.

Body elongate, little compressed; mouth small, its gape nearly
horizontal; premaxillaries not protractile; ventral surface with
ordinary scales; gill membranes scarcely connected; lateral line
incomplete, slightly curved upward anteriorly.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 331

Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). SPINDLE-SHAPED DARTER.

Head 3.5 to 4.1; depth 5.8 to 7.1; D. ix or x — 10 to 12; A. n,
6 or 7; scales 48 to 54.

Body elongate, slightly compressed; head with bluntly pointed
snout; interorbital space narrow, convex; mouth small, horizontal,
its cleft 3.1 to 3.8 in head; lower jaw the shorter; maxillary reaching
past front of eye; snout blunt, 4.3 to 5.2 in head; margin of upper
lip on level with lower margin of eye; eye 3.5 to 4.0 in head; gill
membranes scarcely connected; spinous and soft dorsals usually
separated by a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye; separation
of ventrals about half their width at base; cheeks and opercles fully

FIG. 74. SPINDLE-SHAPED DARTER.

Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

scaled; nape usually with scales; breast naked or nearly so; belly
covered with ordinary scales; lateral line incomplete, absent on 25
or 35 scales.

Color olivaceous, much dotted and blotched with brown, the dark
color in more or less definite W and X-shaped markings, or in zigzag
streaks; spinous dorsal faintly dusky near base ; soft dorsal and caudal
faintly barred; males usually darker, with 9 or 10 transverse* bars in
breeding season, and with basal third of membrane of spinous dorsal
jet-black, the fins edged with dusky.

Length 2 to -2% inches.

This fish ranges from Minnesota to Massachusetts and the Rio
Grande.

Genus Microperca Putnam.
THE LEAST DARTERS.

Body robust, slightly compressed; mouth small, its cleft nearly
horizontal, premaxillaries not protractile; ventral surface covered
with ordinary scales; gill membranes scarcely connected.

332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Microperca punctulata Putnam. LEAST DARTER.

Head 3.6 to 4.0; depth 4.6 to 5.2; D. vi-g; A. n, 5 or 6; scales

33 to 36-

Body robust, somewhat compressed; head bluntly rounded, in-
terorbital space narrow, convex; mouth subterminal, its cleft slightly
oblique, 3.5 to 4.0 in head ;, maxillary reaching to middle of eye;
snout bluntish, 4.8 to 5.5 in head; eye 3.7 to 4.1; gill membranes
scarcely connected; spinous and soft dorsals separated by a space

FIG. 75. LEAST DARTER.

Microperca punctulata Putnam. (From Forbes and Richardson.)

about equal to pupil ; separation of ventrals less than half width of
their base; cheeks, breast, and nape naked; opercles with few scales;
lateral line absent.

Color olivaceous, sides closely speckled with vague bars and zig-
zag markings; soft dorsal and caudal barred.

Length i to i>£ inches.

This fish ranges from Minnesota to Michigan and Arkansas.

Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox.
Illinois.

Family Serranidse.

THE SEA BASSES.

Body oblong, more or less compressed; head large, mouth large,
with conical teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; ventral fins thoracic;
dorsal fin with spinous and soft part connected or not; preopercle
usually more or less serrate; air bladder small; stomach ccecal, with
few or many pyloric appendages.

a. Spinous dorsal separate from soft portion; sides with dark
lateral stripes not interrupted; base of tongue with teeth.

Roccus, 333

aa. Spinous dorsal joined to soft portion; sides with dark lateral
stripes broken on posterior half of body; base of tongue tooth-
less. M or one, 333

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 333

Genus Roccus Mitchill.
STRIPED BASS.

Body deep, compressed; mouth large, lower jaw the longer; no
supplemental maxillary; lower margin of preopercles serrate or entire;
base of tongue with i or 2 patches of teeth; dorsal fins separate; anal
spines 3.

Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque.) STRIPED BASS.

Head 3.1 to 3.4; depth 2.6 to 2.9; D. ix-i, 13 or 14; A. in, n to
13; scales 52 to 57.

Body rather deep, compressed; the back elevated; head sub-
conical; interorbital convex, 3.4 to 4.1 in head; mouth terminal ob-
lique, maxillary reaching middle of orbit; lower jaw the longer; gill
rakers as long as the gill filaments; cheeks and opercles with 10 to 12
rows of scales ; lateral line usually complete.

Color silvery, tinged with golden below; sides with narrow dusky
lines, about 5 above lateral line, one coincident with it, and a variable
number below it.

Length 12 to 18 inches.

This species inhabits the Great Lake Region and the Mississippi
Vallev north of Arkansas.

Genus Moroiie Mitchill.

Body rather short, deep, compressed; no supplemental maxillary;
lower margin of preopercle serrate or entire; base of tongue without
teeth; spinous and soft dorsals connected by a membrane; anal
spines 3 ; scales ctenoid.

Morone interrupta Gill. YELLOW BASS; STRIPED BASS.

Head 3.0 to 3.2; depth 2.7 to 2.9; D. ix-i, 12; A. in, 10; scales
5i to 55.

Body deep and compressed, the back elevated; head subconical,
pointed, jaws about equal; interorbital space slightly convex, 4.0 to
4.7 in head; snout 3.1 to 3.7; mouth terminal, the maxillary barely
reaching to middle of the orbit ; gill rakers longer than the filaments ;
snout 3.1 to 3.7; dorsal fins connected; cheeks and opercles with
about 12 rows of scales; lateral line complete or nearly so.

Color olive-buff to silvery; 3 dark lateral stripes above lateral line,

334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

FIG. 76. YELLOW BASS; STRIPED BASS.

Morone interrupta Gill. (After Forbes and Richardson.)

one coincident with it and 3 or 4 below it ; stripes below lateral line
interrupted on posterior part of the body.

Length 12 to 18 inches.

This fish inhabits the Mississippi Valley.

Family Scisenidae.

THE DRUMS.

Body compressed, more or less elongate; scales thin, usually
ctenoid; head scaled; skeleton osseous; lateral line continuous, ex-
tending on caudal fin; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus;
premaxillary protractile ; anal spines i or 2 ; ventral fins thoracic, its
rays i, 5; air bladder usually large and complicated.

Genus Aplodiiiotus Rafinesque.

Body oblong, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth low,
its gape horizontal; lower jaw the shorter; no barbels; preopercle
slightly serrate; lower pharyngeals very large, fully united, with
coarse, blunt, paved teeth; dorsal fins somswhat connected, the
spinous dorsal with a scaly sheath at base; anal spines 2, the second
very strong; caudal fin doubly truncate; air bladder large, without
appendages.

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 335

Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque. CRACKER; FRESH-WATER

DRUM; SHEEPSHEAD; WHITE PERCH.

Head 3.3 to 3.6; depth 2.7 to 3.1; D. vin or ix — i, 25 to 31; A.
ii, 7; scales 50 to 56.

Body elongate, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; head sub-
conical, with blunt snout; interorbital space slightly convex, 3.2 to
3.7 in head; snout 3.1 to 3.7 ; mouth subinferior, the margin of upper
•lip below the eye; maxillary reaching middle of the eye; lower jaw
the shorter; gill rakers stout and shortish; cheeks and opercles
scaled; spinous dorsal continuous with soft portion; scales strongly
ctenoid; lateral line complete, much arched anteriorly and parallel
with dorsal outline.

Color plain silvery gray on sides and back, white on belly; fins
plain except for smoky gray on membranes.

Length 2 to 4 feet.

This fish inhabits the larger streams and lakes from the Great
Lake Region to Georgia, Texas, and Yucatan.

Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana;
Deep River, Liverpool, Indiana.

Family Cottidse.
THE SCULPINS.

Body moderately elongate, fusiform; head large, depressed; body
without scales, usually with few prickles or scale-like plates; mouth
broad; teeth on jaws villiform; premaxillary protractile; gill mem-
branes broadly connected, often joined to the isthmus; dorsal fins 2,
slightly connected ; ventral fins with one spine and three or four soft
rays; pseudo branchiag present; air bladder usually absent; pyloric
cceca -4 to 8 ; lateral line present.

a. Ventrals with a concealed spine and 4 soft rays. Coitus, 335
aa. Ventrals with a concealed spine and 3 soft rays. Uranidea, 337

Genus Cottus (Artedi) Linnaeus.
MILLER'S THUMBS.

Body fusiform, without scales; prickles, when present, not scale-
like; head broad; mouth rather large, with villiform teeth on jaws;
angle of preopercle with a spine, its tip curved upward; gill mem-

336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

branes broadly connected with the isthmus; ventrals with i con-
cealed spine and 4 soft rays; no slit behind fourth gill.

a. Preopercular spine short, its length less than % diameter of
eye; caudal peduncle slender, its depth 1.5 to 2 in its length.

ictalops, 336

aa. Preopercular spine long, its length more than % diameter of
eye; caudal peduncle slender, its length 3.3 in its length.

ricei, 336

Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque). COMMON SCULPIN; MILLER'S THUMB.

Head 3.0 to 3.5; depth 3.7 to 4.3; D. vm to ix, 16 to 18; A. 13
to 15.

Body fusiform; head broad, convex above; interorbital space
3.8 to 5.5 in head; mouth wide, lips thick; maxillary reaching to
middle of the orbit; snout 2.8 to 3.4 in head; preopercular spine
short, its length less than half diameter of the eye; spinous dorsal

FIG. 77. COMMON SCULPIN; MILLER'S THUMB.

Cottus ictalops (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.)

about 3/8 height of soft dorsal; body without scales, a few prickles
present behind pectorals; lateral line continuous or interrupted
posteriorly.

Color olivaceous, more or less barred or blotched with darker,
fins mostly barred or mottled.

Length 3 to 7 inches.

This fish inhabits clear streams from North Dakota to North Car-
olina and Oklahoma.

Lockport, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois.

Cottus ricei (Nelson.)

Head 3.2 to 3.6; depth 5.3 to 6.2; D. vn, 16; A. 13.

Body slender; head depressed, as wide as long; interorbital space
narrow, 8.2 in head; mouth narrow, the maxillary scarcely reaching

APRIL, 1910. FISHES OF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 337

past front of orbit; snout 3.6 in head; preopercular spine long, its
length more than half diameter of eye; spinous dorsal abo'ut */$ height
of soft dorsal; body without scales, prominent spinules behind pec-
torals and on top of head; lateral line continuous.

Color brownish olive, sides mottled; faint traces of two dusky
bars on caudal peduncle; last membranes of second dorsal dusky.

Length -2% inches.

Deep waters of Lake Michigan.

Genus Uraiiidea DeKay.

Similar to Cottus, but with smaller preopercular spines, and ven-
trals with one concealed spine and 3 soft rays.

Uranidea kumlienii Hoy.

Head 3.1 to 3.4; depth 5.0 to 5.2 ; D. vn or vni, 15 to 17; A. 12.

Body fusiform; head flattish above; interorbital space 7.5 to 8.6;
mouth narrow, the maxillary reaching to middle of orbit; snout 3.3
to 3.6 in head; caudal peduncle slender, its depth 2.2 to 2.4 in its
length; spinous dorsal ^ height of soft dorsal; preopercular spine
about % diameter of eye; body without scales; prickles under pec-
toral and on top of head; lateral line present, usually interrupted.

Color brownish olive, faintly mottled; spinous dorsal with a
prominent dusky blotch on anterior and posterior, 2 or 3 membranes ;
soft dorsal dusky toward base; pectorals reticulated with dusky.

Length 2^ inches.

This species inhabits the deeper waters of Lake Michigan.

Order Anacanfhini.

The COD FISHES.

Skeleton bony; anterior vertebras simple; fins without spines;
ventral fins jugular, below or in front of the pectorals; tail isocercal;
pectoral arch suspended from the skull ; no mesocoracoid ; air bladder
without open duct.

338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VII.

Family

THE COD FISHES.

Body more or less elongate, usually not much compressed; dorsal
fin long, forming i, 2, or 3 fins; ventral fins jugular; caudal fin distinct
or confluent with the dorsal and anal; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth;
mouth large; chin with a barbel; air bladder usually well developed.

Genus Lota (Cuvier).Oken
BURBOTS.

Body long and low, compressed behind, covered with small em-
bedded scales; head depressed; anterior nostrils each with a small
barbel; chin with a long barbel; gill openings wide, the membranes
free from the isthmus; jaws with broad bands of villiform teeth; dor-
sal fins 2, the first short, the second long and similar to the anal; cau-
dal fin rounded, vertical fins scaly.

Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). BURBOT; LING; EEL-POUT.

Head 4.7 to 5.0; depth 5.8 to 7.6; D. 12 or 13, 70 to 75 ; A. 65.

Body elongate, compressed posteriorly, the back low; head broad,
depressed; interorbital space flat, 3.4 to 3.6 in head; mouth large,
its gape horizontal, the maxillary reaching past pupil; chin with a
single barbel; dorsal fins 2, the second long, caudal fins rounded
slightly separated from dorsal and anal.

Color dark-olive, thickly marbled, and reticulated with blackish,
yellowish or dusky beneath ; vertical fins with dusky margins.

Length about 2 feet.

This species ranges from the Arctic Sea south to the Ohio River.

Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana;
Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana.

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