©1)F 3M. ItU IGthrarg North (EaroUna i^talr This book was presented by B. W. VJells SPECtAl. COLLECTIONS W8 1841 * *sj£:^ Ti^^r^ss. . This book must not be taken from the Library building. -MARCH 65 FORM 2 )\^' ^ ^z DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY. THE BRITISH LAND BIRDS COMPLETE. Just published, handsomely printed in Three Volumes, 8vo., illustated by 278 Wood-cuts and 22 Engravings, price £2. 16s. in cloth, MACGILLIVRAY'S HISTORYof BRITISH BIRDS, Indigenous and Migratory ; including their Organization, Habits and Relations ; Re- marks on Classification and Nomenclature ; an Account of the principal Organs of Birds, and Observations relative to Practical Ornithology. Vol. I. contains the Introduction, embracing an Outliue of the Osseous, Di- gestive, and Dermal Systems of Birds, accompanied by illustrative Fi- gures ; also descriptions of the Pheasants, Partridges, Grouse, Ptarmigans, Pigeons, Finches, Sparrows, Linnets, Crows, Magpies, Starlings, &.c. Sold separately, price 16s. Vol. II. contains a detailed description of the forms and structure, and a full account of the habits and distribution of the British Song Birds, pro- perly so called, including the Dipper, Oriole, Thrushes, Larks, Pipits, Wagtails, Stonechats, Redstarts, Nightingale, Warblers, Titmice, and other genera. Sold separately, price 16s. Vol. III. contains detailed descriptions of the Birds op Prey, Shrikes, Swal- loivs, Woodpeckers, Cuckoos, Creepers, &.C., and a Systematic Index, to the three volumes. This volume has been extended to 768 pages, so as to complete the series of Land Birds, and contains 95 Wood-cuts and 9 En- gravings. Sold separately, price 24s. OPINIONS OF THIS WORK. " From the practical knowledge which I have acquirei! of the birds of Europe, and more especially of those wliich inhabit Great Britain, either as constant residents or otherwise, I look on iMr. Macsillivray's History of British Birds, Indigenous and Migratory, as the best work on British oi-nitholosicai science with which I am acquainted." — J. J. Audubon, Feb. 10, 1838, " An admirable work, undoubtedly embracing more science, and at the same time more nature, than any treatise on tlie same subject ever published." — L. M. Coiustoch, M.D., Hart- ford, Connecticut, il. S. A. " After a careful inspection of the work, we have no hesitation in saying, that it presents a much more complete and accurate account of those orders than any other work in existence. The descriptions are not derived from the works of other naturalists, but from personal inspec- tion. The fidelily which this has given to his accounts, both of the organization and habits of the birds, is beyond all price." — Chambers' Journal, " Mr. Macgillivray is the first who has applied internal investisration to the study of birds in its fullest extent. If he concludes his task with the same spirit, energy, and ability, that he - has shewn in its commencement, he may fairly claim a place among tne first ornithologists of ■^any age or time." — Literary Gazette. ' " Mr. IVIacgillivray has not confined his labours to the study, the parlour, or the museum. On the contrary, he has followed them to their haunts, he has observed them at all seasons, at all hours, and in all weathers, he has shot them, he has measured, he has dissected, he has anatomized them, and now, after a plea-ing, though toilsome and protracted labour o( twenty years, he has given part of the results to the world in a first volume, which contains four orders. The accounts of the habits of birds are written with the freshness, distinctness, and form, which characterize the original observer. The chapters on Practical Ornithology have a dramatic terseness and spirit about them which reminds us of Izaac Walton." — Spectator. "This work unites the accuracy of scientific arrangement and anatomical illustration, with a freshness and felicity of description that mark the keen enthusiastic observer." — Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, " The author has furnished not merely a valuable contribution to the ornithologist's library, but, to the lazier and less scientific student of nature, a most agreeable voluiue of summer and out-of-door reading. He is so pleasant a companion, that we are sorry to part company with him," — Alhemeum, Aug. 17, 1839. " We have already expressed our opinion of this great ornithologist's labours in our review of his first volume. We must now only say, that their continuance has equal interest and equal merit. Success, then, attend thy researches and thy wanderinss, thou gentle ornitholo- gist ; thou art, indeed, the star of natural history in the north." — Literary Gazette, Aug. 17, 1839. " It is a long time since we have read a more freshly original, a more instructive, or a more valuable work of the kind, than that of Mr. MacgiUivniy, as far as it has gone."— TAe Naturalist. " It is more than time that we were drawing to a close with a work which we presume to be a great acquisition to ornithological science, and one wliich we know to possess the higher merit of popularizing knowledge by combining its results with the aftVctions, with natural piety, and elegant, refining literary recreation. This is to make science bear its appropriate fruits ; and, for want of this, the bulk of scientific works have hitherto been treated by the mass of mankind, and the whole of womankind, witli deserved neglect." — TaiVs Magazine. MANUALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. By WILLIAM MACGILLIVRAY, M.A., &c. Publishing Quarterly, in Foolscap 8vo., price 4s. 6d. each. A MANUAL of GEOLOGY ; with Forty-four Wood-cuts and a coloured Geological Map of the British Islands. " A better and more useful manual we never met witli." — The Age. " The arrangement is perspicuous and comprehensive ; the treatment more simple and attractive than it is in the power of many to render it."— Monthly Review. " As a clear, concise, and compact treatise on seologry, this work appears to us a master- piece, and so deliorhifiilly amusinsr as to impart a love of the science to those who heretofore might have considered it dry and repulsive."— Ba/A Herald. "\b vain mijht the reader expect to meet with more information in less space and at less expense. We "therefore unhesitating-jy recommend it as the best elementary treatise extant upon the subject, not only to parents and guardians of youth, but to all persons who feel desirous of obtainin? someinsight into a science which is, year bv year, and day by day, open- ing fresh sources of wealth and employment to the capitalist, the mechanic and student." — Carnarvon Herald. " It is the most intelligible and readable book of its kind that we have met v/ith."— Weekly Chronicle. " Even the most advanced in the science may usefully refresh his memory fron^ such a source." — Scottish Standard. " Admirably adapted to enable the geological student to pursue his inquiries with advantage." — Midland Counties Herald. A MANUAL of BOTANY; comprising Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology ; or, an Account of the Structure and Functions of Plants ; with an Outline of the Linntean and Natural Systems, and a Glossary of Terms, and Index. With Woodcuts and 214 Engraved Figures. " We have no hesitation in pronouncing it the most useful hand-book of botany extant. It presents a concise yet comprehensive view of the vegetable kingdom, and is so arranged as to afford the greatest facilities for becoming acquainted with the interesting subject." — Scottish Standard. " The work before us is admirable in all its details, and the most accurate and the most useful introduction to the study of botany yet published."— £rfin/-'i(rn^A Advertiser. "The student will find every thing so methodised, classified, and explained, that the book, may be called a rail-road conveyance to the science." — Bath Herald. A MANUAL of ZOOLOGY. In progress. A MANUAL of BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY; comprising the Entire Series of British Land Birds, with Ordinal, Generic, and Specific Descriptions, and an Account of the Habits of each. Nearly ready. Tliese treatises are intended to convey, in a systematic manner, and in a condensed form, as much knowledire of the more important facts and phenomena, and of the theories elicited from them, as will suffice for general instruction. Ihey will be written in easily intelligible language, and upon a plan more adapted for elementary instruction than any which are at present known to the author. To render them more suitable as class-books, a series of recapitulatory ques- tions will be appended to each chapter, and each treatise will have added to it a glossary ami index. A MANUAL of CHEMISTRY. By Richard D. Hoblyn, M. A., Oxon. Author of a Dictionary of Terms used in Medicine and the Collateral Sciences. With Wood-cuts. THE ELEMENTS of PHYSICS. By Thomas Webster, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Secretary to the Institution of Civil Engineers. In 12mo., with numerous Figures, 9s. This work is intended to prepare the student for the study of Natural Philosophv as a science. It is written in languaire clear and concise, ihoii'.'li in a great measure divested ot mathematical teciinicaliiies, and "on a plan calculated to li;;(l the student reaularh through the various subjects, and to engender the habit of systematizing and of arranging his knowledge." " It merits considerable praise for simplitity of style and felicity of illustration."— ^/AernEwm. London: SCOTT, WEBSTER, AND GEARY; AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLliRS. J% JO VE 31 OZSr 1*0 A Chanuc'dr, ys Germander Speed-wM-. Paae 48 PiihUished 1)7 Scott .Wetster ArGtaxy.SS.Cliarterlujnse S(juaxe. SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT BRITISH PLANTS: BY W. WITHERING, M.D. CORRECTED AND CONDENSED; PRECEDED BY INSTRUCTIONS ADAPTED FOR PERSONS COMMENCING THE STUDY OF BOTANY, ACCOMPANIED WITH FIGURES: By WILLIAM MACGILLIVRAY, A.M., LECTURER ON BOTANY TO QUEEN'S COLLEGE, CONSERVATOR OF THE MLSEUM OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF EDINBURGH, MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, &C. &C. FIFTH EDITION. LONDON : PRINTED FOR SCOTT, WEBSTER, AND GEARY, CHARTERHOUSE SQUARE. 1841. ■LONDON : PRINTED BY A. SWEETING, BARTLETt's BUILDINGS. to MRS. WHITE, COBOURG HOUSE, CHELTENHAM, THIS NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION OF A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE PLANTS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, INTENDED TO SIMPLIFY, AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, THE INTERESTING STUDY OF BOTANY, AND TO GIVE THE DESCRIPTIONS IN LANGUAGE EASY TO BE UNDERSTOOD, SO AS TO BRING IT WITHIN THE CIRCLE OF DOMESTIC AND PRIVATE EDUCATION, IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY THE PUBLISHERS. Charterhouse Square, London, Oct. 1840. PREFACE. The success which has attended the attempt made by the Editor of this work, to facilitate the acquisition of a knowledge of British plants, sufficiently shows the advantage of divesting descriptions of natural objects of all unnecessary technicalities, and especially of employing generally intelligible terms in preference to those of which the meaning is obscure. The sale of more than ten thou- sand copies seems to authorize a belief that the work has been found useful, while it also shows that Botany may now be fairly classed among the branches of popular education. It is even a matter of some exultation, that while the teachers of the higher seminaries of learning have recommended manuals either of their own or of their friends, it should yet have found its way among their pupils, to many of whom, and especially to students of medicine, its simplicity and perspicuity have rendered it ac- ceptable. On the other hand, individuals living in remote parts of the country, and entirely removed from intercourse with others addicted to similar pursuits, have, with the sole aid of this manual, acquired no inconsiderable amount of botanical knowledge, and thus greatly enlarged their sources of innocent and healthy enjoy- ment. Several remarkable instances of this have unexpectedly come to the knowledge of the Editor, who can boast of pupils even in the wilds of Sutherland, Shetland, and the Outer Hebrides. It is not therefore inconsistent with truth to assert, that any person unacquainted with the subject, may, by attending to the direc- 6 PEEFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. tions given in the introductory part, satisfactorily determine the species of almost every flowering plant he may meet with in his ■walks, and thus obtain a clue to all that is known respecting it This new edition has been carefully revised, and enriched by the insertion of several species, so as to contain familiar descrip- tions of all the indigenous Flowering Plants and Ferns of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. Many little alterations have been made, of which none however interfere in the slightest degree with the original plan of the work, or tend to detract from the simplicity of the descriptions. Additional stations for many of the rarer species have been given, and those plants which appear to have been originally introduced from other countries, and.in progress of time become naturalized, or apparently wild, have been carefully distinguished from such as are undoubtedly native. Such plants as have no longer any claim to be reckoned as British, having disappeared from the localities assigned them, and others whose introduction into the Flora has been the result of error, have been omitted j while many varieties, formerly con- sidered specifically distinct, are now reduced to their proper stations. W. MACGILLIVRAY. Edinburgh, October 15, 1840. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The following work contains a description of the plants of Great Britain, compiled from the best authorities, together with a brief Introduction to the Study of Botany, in which the principal organs of vegetables are described and illustrated by figures. In composing it, the author has kept several objects in view, a want of attention to which has rendered the performances of our most eminent botanists less useful than they might have been. It has been wished by many persons that botanical descriptions might be freed as much as possible of foreign words, provided this could be done without sacrificing the technical terms, which are in every science necessary for preventing verbosity, and giving precision and perspicuity. A compendious description of our native plants, sufficiently full to enable the young botanist to determine the species that might come in his way, and at the same time neither too bulky for use in the fields, nor too expensive, has also been greatly desired. Lastly, it were to be wished that such a work should contain the means of enabling the beginner to examine plants without the assistance of others. All these objects have been aimed at in the present work. How far the compiler has succeeded will best be determined by the public. It is unneces- sary to be particular in pointing out the sources from which the materials have been derived. The Arrangement of Dr. Withering was proposed as a basis ; but his descriptions have frequently been substituted by others, which are conceived to be more correct. Every body knows how much the writings of the late Sir James E. Smith, of Dr. Hooker, Lightfoot, and other English botanists 8 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. have tended to diffuse a taste for botanical pursuits. Their works at least could not be overlooked. Original descriptions have occa- sionally been furnished, and various particulars relative to the uses of plants added, by the compiler, who is sorry that he has not here to record any assistance derived from his botanical friends, although to one gentleman he is indebted for many valuable sug- gestions respecting the general plan of the work. Excepting the Ferns, the Crytogamic Plants have been omitted, as too difficult for the Student, until he has rendered the more attractive species familiar. Several species generally admitted as native, but upon insufficient evidence, have also been omitted. Although the compiler cannot boast of so critical a knowledge of Botany as of some other departments of Natural History, he is yet sufficiently aware of the difficulties which the Student of that science has to encounter, and has been deeply impressed with the importance of precise characters and pure language in every science. It is there- fore confidently hoped that the work will prove useful; and should the author have contributed in any considerable degree to facili- tate the progress of beginners in the delightful study of Botany, he will be grateful to Him who has permitted such a use of the faculties bestowed upon him. It were alike unnecessary and useless to say any thing here in recommendation of the science of plants: — unnecessary, because its fascinations have been exten- sively felt — and useless, because they who may peruse this work, if they do not love Nature for her own sake, will hardly be per- suaded to love her for any thing that another might say in her praise. W. MACGILLIVRAY. Edi7iburgh, June 9, 1830. /-( H / /\ 'pA \ § ;w \\ ■\ \ ^!l// \ ^' s .W5 .,., ,'\ i I J N ) ) ;# i ><> G3 J li ■X < f Gl 'J 7 (i.5 , \ 4 V ^ \.c^: GO -^^^ \,^ 4AJ / 1 1 ^■'/^, ;r J 7.i -yi #^rdi^ T^^y ">5 ...-, \ 10(i loa N^*^ . A lol) \ -^ 111) • y- ^-^ m V mi / ii;i ^.; ^i| 111 ■\ in) X l:iO ./ 121 V>'^ 11'5 \^ ir. I. I y ^ nro \ \:,[ i ir.4 i;ij i3G ir.r i:j! y / i:-.!) I 12 I I i 1 1 -I vy II. i- U^/: J ) ' / III V 01 w \ "/ IV;) ^ \6Z 3- INTRODUCTORY INSTRUCTIONS, ADAPTED FOB PERSONS COMMENCING THE STUDY OF BOTANY. Botany is the science which enables us to become acquainted with the numerous and diversified vegetable productions with which the Author of Nature has adorned the surface of our globe. These objects, although possessed of life, have a constitution very diiferent from that of animals, and their investigation in this point of view is extremely interesting ^ but the sole object of the present work being to facilitate the acquisition of a knowledge of the plants indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, the reader is referred for an account of the anatomy and physiology of vege- tables to the various works which treat entirely or in part of those subjects, and in particular to the « Manual of Botany" recently published by the Editor. Here he will find that kind of ele- mentary knowledge only which will enable him to discover the name of a plant, and by directing his attention to its external form, excite in him a desire to extend his investigation to its in- ternal structure, its relations, and its uses in the economy of nature. When he has rendered himself familiar with the outward appearance of species and their arrangement into genera, he may proceed to a more intimate examination of them, and thus acquire a knowledge of the principles by which they are grouped into natural families. Let no one imagine that, when he has become familiar with the aspect of a plant, learned its name, and observed its place of growth and time of flowering, he knows all that is interesting in its history. But before the student has submitted to the most superficial examination half of the plants described in the following catalogue, he will become aware of the ultimate objects of botanical study ; and as it is impossible for him to form an adequate conception of them at the very commencement of his career, he must consent to acquire his knowledge by degrees. BRIEF ACCOUNT VARIOUS ORGANS OF PLANTS. In commencing the study of practical Botany, it is necessary in the first place to acquire some knowledge of the various parts or organs of which plants are composed. A Plant or Vegetable may be defined an organized living body, destitute of sensi- bility and voluntary motion. Being always fixed in a particular spot, and thus incapacitated from searching for food, as animals are wont to do, plants are nourished by the substances which sur- round them, and imbibe or absorb, by their external surface, the atmospheric air, water, and matters dissolved in them. Having thus little choice, their organs of nutrition present little diversity ; and being exempted from the necessity of observing and distin- guishing objects, their faculties are very limited, compared with those of animals. The parts of which a plant is composed, are named its Organs. These organs are formed of Elementary Farts, differing from each other, but so minute as to be distinctly visible only with the aid of the microscope. These minute parts are named Elementari/ Organs, Orga?iic Tissue, or Vegetable Tissue, and consist of cellules and tubes, of various forms, of which the basis is mem- brane and fibre. The parts, such as the Root, the Leaves, and the Flowers, formed of these elementary cellules and tubes, are what we commonly call Organs, or Compound Organs. These may be divided into two kinds: Organs of Nutrition, and Organs of Reproduction. Of the former kind are the Root, Stem, Leaves, and Appendages j of the latter, the Flowers and Fruit. THE HOOT THE STEM. 11 OP THE ROOT AND ITS DIFFERENT KINDS. The Boot is that part of the plant which is commonly immersed in the ground. It consists of two parts, the Bodi/ of the root, and the Radicles or Fibres. The latter are small branches or thread-like organs which come off from the body, and are the only essential parts of the root, it being by their spongy extremi- ties that nutritious matter is absorbed from the soil. The uses of the root are to fix the plant in a particular place, and to derive nourishment for it. The following are the principal varieties of the root : A Fibrous Root (Fig. 1 .) consists entirely of fibres or radicles, which may be undivided or branched. A Creeping Root (Fig. 2.) is a kind of subterranean stem, running horizontally, and throwing out fibres at intervals. A Tapering or Spindle-shaped Root (Fig. 3.) is a thickened, fleshy root, tapering downwards, and sending out small fibres, A Tuberous or Knobbed Boot (Fig. 4.) consists of one or more fleshy knobs, varying in form, and which are, properly speaking, subterranean reservoirs of nutritious matter for the development of the stem and leaves of next year. An Abrupt Root (Fig. 5.) is a root of the same nature as the last two, having an elongated form, and looking as if it had been bitten off at the lower end. A Bulbous Root is a root which, superadded to numerous fibres, has an enlarged, more or less spherical part, which may be solid (Fig. 6.) ; coated, composed of concentric layers (Fig. 7.); or scali/t consisting of thick scales. (Fig. 8.) A Granulated Root (Fig. 9.) consists of numerous small bulb- like buds or scales strung together. The duration of the "root determines that of the plant. When the root lasts only one year, the plant is said to be Annual. When it continues two years, the plant is Biennial ; when more than two years, Perennial. OF THE STEM. The Stem is that part of the plant which, rising above ground supports the leaves and flowers. Some plants have no stem, and are therefore denominated stemless. 12 INTRODUCTION. Others have a soft stem, which, after the fruit is perfected, decays, and is named herbaceous. Others again have a hard woody stem. Plants possessed of this kind of stem are, when large, called Trees ; when small, Shrubs. In the woody stem there are distinguished the following parts: the epidermis, or external thin filmy covering ; the cellular in- tegument, a thin layer under the epidermis ; the outer bark, ge- nerally of a brown or grey colour ; the ifiner bark, a whitish, soft, and very flexible part, lying under the outer bark ; the alburnum, or layers of young wood next to the inner bark ; the duramen or hard 'wood, also in layers ; and lastly, the pith, a white, cellular, spongy substance, occupying the centre of the stem. The stems of trees and shrubs growing in our climate are all of this kind. They increase in size by the addition of a new layer of wood every year to the alburnum, and of a thinner layer to the inner bark. It is thus between the wood and the bark, that the substance is formed, which, at first a clammy fluid, named Cam- bium, is gradually organized, and converted into wood and bark. Plants that increase in size in this manner, are called Exogenous, that is, growing outwards, because their growth takes place near the surface. But palms, and other trees of tropical countries, hav- ing no distinction of parts into pith, woody layers, bark, and epi- dermis, enlarge by the addition of fibres to their interior, and are "thus said to be Endogenous, or growing inwards. Herbaceous stems have also an epidermis, cellular substance, fibrous and vascular tissue, and sometimes internal pith. The stem of a tree is called its Trunk ; the divisions of the stem are the Branches and Twigs. Stems in general may be simple, having no divisions ; or they may be branched. Of the latter there are several kinds. A Forked or Dichotomous Stem (Fig. 10.) is when it is regu- larly and repeatedly divided into two, and a flower springs from each fork. A Panicled Stem is when branches come off irregularly, and are themselves irregularly divided, the ultimate divisions bearing flowers. Two-ranked, when the branches spread in two opposite di- rections. Four-ranked, when they spread in four directions. THE STEM. 13 With respect to its general direction, the Stem is Erect or Upright, when it rises perpendicularly. Ascending or Oblique, having an oblique direction. Procumbent, lying on the ground. Creeping, running along the ground, and sending down roots from space to space, in the manner of Fig. 2. The Runner (Fig. 11.), is a stem of this kind, which, forming a bud at its ex- tremity, produces a new plant, and then withers. Prostrate, lying remarkably flat. Clinging (Fig. 12.), holding fast to some other body for sup- port, by means of fibres. Climbing, ascending on other bodies, either by fibres or by tendrils. Tivining round other plants or bodies. (Fig. 13.) Some stems twine from left to right, others from right to left. Straight, proceeding in a direct course. Flexuous or ^ig-zag, forming angles from right to left, and the reverse. With respect to form ^ the Stem is Round or Cylindrical, when a transverse section is circular, or nearly so. Semi-cj/lindrical, when flat on one side and round on the other. Compressed, when more or less flat on both sides. Two-edged, when more or less compressed, with two opposite sharp edges. Three-edged, or triangular, or three-cornered. Four-edged, or four-cornered. Five-cornered. When the number of corners exceeds five, the stem is described as being angular or many-cornered. Winged, when the edges or corners are extended into thin leafy borders. Jointed or articulated (Fig. 14.), when formed into distinct parts united by portions of smaller diameter. 14 INTRODUCTION. JVith respect to its surface, it is Smooth, destitute of all kinds of hairiness. Even, destitute of all kinds of inequality. Polished or Shining, smooth and reflecting light. Viscid or Clammy, covered with a glutinous juice. Scaly, covered with scales. (Fig. 15.) Warty, covered with small hard protuberances. Papillous, covered with small soft protuberances. Rough or Uneven, covered with inequalities of any kind, as opposed to even. Prickly, covered with prickles. Bristly, covered with stiff hairs. Shaggy, covered with very long, soft, generally white hairs. Woolly, covered with long, soft, interwoven, or tortuous hairs. Hairy, covered with long, soft, straight hairs. Downy, covered with soft, fine hairs. Hoary, covered with close, white hairs, extremely fine. Glaucous, covered with a pale greenish-blue mealiness, consist- ing of minute particles of the nature of wax. Striated or Streaked marked with parallel longitudinal lines. Furrowed or Grooved, marked with larger alternately promi- nent and depressed lines. When the lines become wider the stem is Cornered or Angular. Internally the Stem may he Solid, uniform throughout. Hollow, having a large internal cavity. Pithy, having the central part filled with pith. There is a kind of stem, peculiar to grasses and other allied plants, which is named the Straw or Culm. It presents the fol- lowing varieties ; Jointed, with cylindrical hollow parts, united by a contracted solid part. (Fig. 16.) Knotted, when the joints are enlarged. (Fig. 17.) Geniculate or Kneed, when the joints are bent like a knee. (Fig. 18.) It may be solid, round, triangular, smooth, rough, hairy, or downy. THE LEAVES. 15 A variety of the Stem is the Stalk, Flower-sialk, or Scape, (Fig. 19.) which springs from the root, and supports the flowers, but not the leaves. It may be Simple^ or undivided, and bearing a single flower. Subdivided, and bearing several flowers. Scalj/, covered with scales. Naked, without scales. As to surface, &c., it is named like the Stem. OF THE LEAVES. The Leaves are organs of an expanded form, almost always of a green colour, internally vascular, and more or less pulpy. They are organs of respiration and evaporation, and it is by the action of the air upon the juices of the plant conveyed into them, that the substances necessary for the growth of all the organs are pre- pared. These substances, in a fluid state, afterwards descend thi'ough the leaf-stalk, and the outer parts of the stem. Many plants are destitute of leaves, and are therefore termed leajiess. When a leaf has no stalk, it is said to be sessile or sitting. (Fig. 20.) When it is elevated on a stalk, it is said to be stalked. (Fig. 21.) The Leafstalk or Petiole is either simple, that is, undivided ; or compound, that is, variously branched or divided. It is com- monly channelled on the upper side, and frequently enlarged at the base. JVith respect to situation and position^ Leaves are Radical OTRoot-leaveSfWhen they arise from the root. (Fig. 19.) Cauline or Stem-leaves, when they grow on the stem. (Fig. 23,24.) Alternate (Fig. 22.), when they come off" from the stem one by one in different directions. Opposite (Fig. 23.), when they grow opposite to each other in pairs. Scattered (Fig. 24.), irregularly distributed. Clustered (Fig. 25.), crowded together. Remote, when widely separated. They may grow two together, in threes, four together, &c. b2 16 INTRODUCTION. Whorled (Fig. 26.)> when several leaves grow in a circle round the stem. Fasciculate or Tufted (Fig. 27.), when several leaves spring from one point. Imbricated (Fig. 28), when one leaf lies over another, like the tiles or slates on the roof of a house. Decussated (Fig. 29.), in pairs alternately crossing each other. Ttvo-rankedy spreading in two directions. Unilateral^ all inclining one way. With respect to direction, they are Close-pressed to the stem. Erect or Upright , forming a very acute angle with the stem. Vertical, standing quite erect. Spreading, forming a moderately acute angle with the stem. Horizontal, standing off at right angles. ReclinatCf inclining downwards. Rejected, bent backwards. Injltcted, bent inwards. Depressed, root-leaves pressed close to the ground. Floating, leaves lying fiat on the surface of the water. Immersed or submersed, under water. Emersed, standing out of the water. IVith resj^ect to insertion, Leaves are Embracing (Fig. 30.), when they clasp the stem with their base. Connate or growing together (Fig. 31.), united at their base. Perfoliate (Fig. 32.), when the stem runs through the leaf. Sheathing, investing the stem or each other with a sheath Equitant or Riding (Fig. 33.), disposed in two opposite rows, and embracing each other at the base. Decurrent (Fig. 34.), running down the stem or branch so as to form a leafy border. Peltate or Shield-shaped (Fig. 35.), when the stalk is inserted into the middle of the leaf. Leaves are Simple or Compound. A Simple Leaf, is one which consists of a single piece, whether sessile or stalked. A Com- pound Leaf is one which consists of several pieces connected by insertion into a common footstalk. In simple leaves there are to THE LEAVES. 17 be considered the general form, the terminations, the margins, the surface, the substance, and the duration. TFith respect to form, Simple Leaves are Orbicular, when the length and breadth are equal. ' Roundish, when the length and breadth are nearly equal. Egg-shaped or Ovate (Fig. 36.), longer than broad, the base broader than the end. Inversely egg-shaped, or obovate, longer than broad, the end broader than the base. Oval or Elliptical (Fig. 37.), the length greater than the breadth, but both ends alike rounded. Oblong, the length three or four times greater than the breadth. Spathulate (Fig. 38.), circular at the end, and tapering towards the base. Wedge-shaped (Fig. 39.), broad at the end, and tapering to- wards the base. Rhombic or Diamond-shaped, approaching to a square. Lance-shaped, Spear-shaped, or Lanceolate (Fig. 40.), oblong and narrow, tapering towards each end. Linear (Fig. 41.), very narrow, with the edges parallel. Needle-shaped, linear and evergreen. Triangular (Fig. 42.), flat with three angles. Quadrangular, with four angles. 2,uinquangular, with five angles. Kidney-shaped (Fig. 43.), roundish, with the base hollowed out. Heart-shaped (Fig. 44.), egg-shaped, with the base hollowed out. Arroiv-shaped (Fig. 45.), triangular, hollowed out at the base. Halbert-shaped (Fig. 46.), triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides, with a projecting part on each side. Pinnatijid (Fig. 47.), cut transversely into several oblong seg- ments. Lyre-shaped (Fig. 48.), cut transversely into several oblong segments, with a terminal segment rounded and larger than the others. Runcinafe (Fig. 49.), a leaf having numerous segments, which are pointed and directed backwards. Pectinate or comb-like (Fig. 50.), with the segments very narrow. Clejt (Fig. 51.), when the margins of the segments are straight. 18 INTRODUCTION. Lobed (Fig. 52.), when the margins of the segments are rounded. Palmate (Fig. 53.), when there are several oblong segments, extending to the middle of the leaf, leaving an entire space. Undivided^ when there are no segments, as in Fig. 36, 37. \ With respect to the terminaticyns, Simple Leaves are Blunt or obtuse (Fig. 36.), when rounded at the end. Abrupt (Fig. 54.), when the extremity seems as if cut off by a transverse line. Retuse (Fig. 55.), ending in a broad shallow notch. Notched (Fig. 56.), ending with a small notch. Acute or Pointed (Fig. 57.), ending in a point. Acuminate or Taper-pointed (Fig. 58.), having a long taper- ing point. Bristle-pointed (Fig. 59.), when terminated by a bristly point. Wl,th respect to their margins, they are Entire (Fig. 36, 43.), when destitute of teeth or notches of any kind on the edges. Toothed (Fig. 60.), having small, generally blunt protuberances on the margin, which are named teeth. Serrated (Fig. 61.), when the teeth are sharp, close, and point in one direction, like those of a saw. Finely serrated, when the teeth are minute. Crenate or Notched (Fig. 62.), when the teeth are broad and not directed towards either end. Gnawed ov Jagged (Fig. 63.), irregularly notched or cut. Undulated or Waved (Fig. 55.), presenting a waved margin. Fringed (Fig. 64.), bordered with soft hairs. Prickli/ or Spinous at the margin. (Fig. 65.) Revolute or rolled back at the margin. (Fig. QQ, a.) Involute or rolled inwards at the margin. (Fig. Q6, b.) With respect to surface, leaves present numerous varieties, the principal of which have already been pointed out in speaking of the surface. Thus they may be smooth, hairy, downy, &c. Leaves, however, may also be Veined (Fig. 67.), when the vessels are more or less prominent, and are subdivided so as to form a net-work. Ribbed (Fig. 68.), when the vessels extend in undivided lines. THE LEAVES. 19 Wrinkled, when the veins are tighter than the substance be- tween them, so that the latter becomes puckered. Plaited (Fig. 69.), when the leaf is folded, so as to present alternately projecting and retiring angles. Curled, when the margin is greatly more expanded than the disk, and the leaf thus becomes folded or curled. Naked, destitute of all kinds of hairiness. TFith respect to substance. Simple Leaves are Membranous, when very thin and easily torn. 'Leathery, when thin but very tough. Fleshy, when more or less thick and juicy. Cartilaginous, when more or less thick and tough. Flat, opposed to the following: Cylindrical or round; Semi-cylindrical, flat on one side, and round on the other. Compressed, when thick and flattened laterally. Depressed, flattened vertically. Channelled (Fig. 70.), having a longitudinal groove. Xee/ec? (Fig. 71,), having a longitudinal prominence or ridge on the back. Sxvord-shapedf perpendicular, two-edged, and slightly convex on both surfaces. Axel-shaped (Fig. 72.), long, cylindrical at the base, and tapering to a point. Hair-shaped or Bristle-shaped^ the same, but more slender. Holloxv or Tubular, more or less cylindrical and empty. Jointed or articulate, divided into cavities by transverse par- titions. Tn'o-edsed, Three-sided or Three-edged, Four-sided, &c. With respect to duration, Leaves are Caducous, when they fall soon after their development. Dtciduous, when they fall before the next spring. Marccscent, when they wither before falling. Persistent, Permanent, or Evergreen, when they remain longer than a year. Compound Leaves are named as follows: Compound Leaves are such as present a greater or less number of distinct parts, connected by a common stalk. The distinct 20 INTRODUCTION. parts are named Leafets, and the divisions of the common stalk are named Partial Stalks. The following are the principal kinds of Compound Leaves : Fingered or Digitate (Fig. 73.), when several leaflets rest upon the summit of a common stalk. Binate (Fig. 74.), when two leaflets rest upon a common stalk. Ternate (Fig. 75.), when three leaflets rest upon a common stalk. 2uinate, when the leaflets are five. Pedate (Fig. 76.), a ternate leaf, having its lateral leaflets di- vided into several others. Pinnate or Winged, when several leaflets proceed laterally from a common stalk. Of this there are several varieties. Pinnate with an odd terminal leajlet. (Fig. 77, 80, 84.) Pinnate with a tendril (Fig. 78.), when a tendril or thread- like body terminates the stalk. Abruptly Pinnate (Fig. 79.), without a terminal leaflet or tendril. Alternately Pinnate (Fig. 80.), when the leaflets are alternate. Oppositely Pinnate (Fig. 77, 78, 79.), when the leaflets are opposite. Interruptedly Pinnate, when there are smaller leaflets between the larger. Jointedly Pinnate, with joints in the stalk. Recurrently Pinnate, when the leaflets run down the stalk. Pinnate in a lyrate manner (Fig. 77.), when the terminal leaflet is largest. Conjugate, Yoked or Paired, when there are only two pinnae or leaflets. Bigeminate (Fig. 81.), twice paired. Trigeminate, thrice paired. Biternate (Fig. 82.), twice ternate. Triternate, thrice ternate. Bipinnate (Fig. 83.), twice pinnate. Tripinnate, thrice pinnate. Without reference to the mode of division, the degrees in which leaves are compounded are expressed in the following terms: Compound, as in Fig. 73, 74, 75, 76. THE APPENDAGES. 21 T-wice compound, as in Fig. 81, 82, 83. Thrice compound, still more divided. OF THE APPENDAGES. The Appendages are organs or parts not included under the other principal divisions. Several kinds are enumerated. Of these the principal are the following: 1. The Stipule, or appendage to the leaf (Fig. 84*). These organs are generally of a leafy nature, and are named in the same manner as the leaves themselves, being egg-shaped, arrow-shaped, serrated, obtuse, &c. They are commonly sessile and in pairs. The stipule of grasses is frequently termed the liguie, or strap. 2. The Bractea or Florai leaf (Fig. 85, a. 86, a. 89, a. b.) a leafy appendage to the flower or its stalk. It varies greatly in form, and is named like the leaves, which it frequently resembles in colour and texture, although it is often much thinner and va- riously coloured. 3. The Spatha or Sheath (Fig. 87.), is a membranous bractea which encloses the flower in its earliest stages, afterwards bursts longitudinally, and is ultimately at a greater or less distance from the flower. 4. The Involucre (Fig. 88.) is a kind of bractea, consisting of several leaves, placed at a distance from the flower. When at the base of a common or general umbel, it is called the Common Involucre (Fig. 89, a.) ; and when at the base of a partial umbel, the Partial Involucre. (Fig. 90, b.) 5. The Tendril (Fig. 90, 78.), a thread-like organ, a prolon- gation of the midrib or veins of the leaves, which serves to attach plants to some support. It may be simple or divided. 6. Glands, small round bodies which secrete fluids. 7. The Thorn or Spine (Fig. 9].), an acute appendage which arises from the wood, being in fact an abortive branch. It may be terminal, situated at the point of a branch ; axillar, at the origin of the branch ; simple or branched. 8. The Prickle (Fig. 92.), a production which arises from the bark, having no connexion with the wood. 9. Hairs, slender bodies of various degrees of fineness, by which the surfaces of plants are covered. They are generally simple, sometimes branched in various degrees. 22 INTEODUCTION. OF THE FLOWER-STALKS, AND INFLORESCENCE. The Flower-stalk or Peduncle is the more or less slender body- by which the flower is connected with the stem or other parts of the plant. When it arises from the root, it is called a Scape (Fig. 19.), as already mentioned. When it springs from the stem, it is Lateral, when situated on the side. Terminal^ when it terminates a stem or branch. Axillar^ when it grows between a leaf and the stem, or between a branch and the stem. Opposite to a leaf, or to another flower-stalk. Solitart/, when there is only one in the same place. Clustered, when several grow together. Scattered, irregularly distributed. A Flower-stalk may be one-, two-, three-, or many-flowered. When it is branched or otherwise divided, the principal stalk is called the General flower-stalk, the ultimate divisions are Partial flower-stalks. When the flowers are destitute of stalks, they are said to be Sessile, or sitting. The Injlorescence is a term used to denote the particular way in which the flower-stalk is divided. The following kinds are described : 1. The Whorl or Verticil (Fig. 93.) consists of several flowers which encircle the stem, in the same manner as whorled leaves (Fig. 26.), whether they be furnished with stalks, or, as is more commonly the case, sessile. 2. The Spike (Fig. 94, 95.) is that kind of inflorescence in which numerous flowers are ranged along a common stalk, with- out any partial stalks, or only very short ones. The spike may be lateral, axillar, or terminal, according to its position. It is also described, according to its general form, as being egg-shaped, cy- lindrical, &c. When the flowers all lean to one side, it is called one-rowed or unilateral, as in Fig. 94. When they are arranged along two sides, it is called distichous or two-rowed. When sub- divided into lesser spikes, it is said to be compound. The Spikelet (Fig. 96.) is a term applied peculiarly to grasses which have many flowers arranged on a stalk, within a kind of common calyx, composed of two thin bracteas. THE APPENDAGES. 23 3. The Cluster or Raceme (Fig. 97, 98.) consists of numerous flowers, each on a stalk of its own, arranged along a common stalk. The principal difference between the raceme and the spike is, that in the latter the flowers are nearly or entirely sessile and close, while in the former they are more or less stalked and some- what distant from each other. The cluster may be one-rowed, simple, compound, erect, pendulous, &c. 4. The Corymb (Fig. 99.) is an erect cluster, the partial stalks of which are gradually longer as they stand lower on the common stalk, so that the flowers are nearly level. 5. The Bundle or Fasciculus (Fig. 100.) consists of several flower-stalks of equal height, arising at the end of the stem, vari- ously inserted and subdivided, and forming a close bundle. 6. The Head (Fig. 101.) bears the flowers sessile in a globular or ovate form. It is merely a condensed spike or raceme. 7. The Umbel consists of a number of flower-stalks of nearly equal length, rising from one common centre or point, their sum- mits forming a level or convex surface. When the stalks are simple and single- flowered, it is called a Simple Umbel. (Fig. 102.) When the summit of each stalk sends out a number of smaller stalks, similarly arranged, it is called a Compound Umbel (Fig. 89.) ; in which case the first stalks are collectively called the General umbel, and the smaller sets the Partial umbels. 8. The Ci/me (Fig. 103 ) is that kind of inflorescence which has the general appearance of an umbel, but in which the principal stalks only spring from a common centre, while the others are variously and alternately subdivided. 9. The Panicle (Fig. 104.) bears the flowers in a kind of loose subdivided cluster. Or it may be defined a raceme, of which the partial stalks are subdivided. It presents the following varieties : Loose or Laxy when the stalks are distant. Close, when they are placed near each other. Croxodedy when very close. Spreading, when the branches spread out on all sides. 10. The Thyrsus, or Bunch, is a close panicle, having an oval form. 11. The Catkin (Fig. 105.) is a long simple stalk, thickly covered with scales, under which are the flowers, or their essential parts. c 24 INTRODUCTION. OF THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT. The Organs, of which the principal modifications are above defined, being subservient to the growth of the individual, are | named Organs of Nutrition, as already mentioned. Those which " we have now to examine are the Organs of Reproduction. The Flower and Fruit are generally termed the Fructificatioriy which Linnaeus defines " a temporary part of vegetables, destined for the reproduction of the species, terminating the old indi- vidual, and beginning the new." There are distinguished seven parts of fructification, some of which however are not of universal occurrence. These seven parts are the Calyx, the Corolla, the Nectary, the Stamens, the Pistils, the Seed-vessel, the Seed, and the Receptacle. The seed, the pistil, and the stamen, are the most essential parts. The receptacle is always present ; but the corolla and the calyx are frequently wanting. Fig. 106 shews four seeds in the bottom of a calyx. Fig. 107 shews a seed-vessel and a calyx. Fig. 108 shews a style, a, with six stamens. Fig. 109 shews a corolla, a, and a calyx, b. The Receptacle is the point of union of these parts. The Nectary is various, and will be afterwards shewn. I. Of the Calyx. \ The Cali/x or Flower-cup forms the outer part or covering of the flower. It may be of one or of several pieces or leaves, and is generally of a green colour. It is sometimes wanting, in which case the flower is said to be naked. Several varieties of the calyx are distinguished. 1. The Perianth or Calyx properly so called (Fig. 109, b. 110, a.) is contiguous to the corolla or other internal parts of the flower, closely investing them. But by this term is now gene- rally meant the covering of the stamen and pistils, or the Calyx and the Corolla. The following varieties may be mentioned. A simple Calyx, when there is only one, as is generally the case. Double (Fig. 111.), when there are two, or rather two sets of leaves. One-leated or of one leaf Momphyllous, or Monosepalous, the pieces or leaves of the calyx being called Sepals (Fig. 112.), when it consists of a single piece, which however may be vari- THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT. 25 ously divided ; in which case the divisions are called segments ^ and when small teeth. Two-, three-, four-, or five-leaved, or many-leaved, when it con- sists of so many distinct pieces or leaves. Entire^ when a one-leaved calyx has no divisions. Tubular, when cylindrical towards the base. Spreading, when the leaves or segments stand out horizontally. Kejiected, when they are bent back. Erect, when they stand upright. Permanent or Persistent^ when it remains till the fruit is ripe. Deciduous, when it falls off before the fruit is ripe. Caducous, or Fugacious, when it falls off before the corolla. Coloured^ when of any other colour than green. 2. The Common Cabjx is one which'contains a great number of flowers, which are placed so closely together that the whole appears like a single flower. This kind of calyx generally consists of several pieces or leaves, which are in fact bracteas. Properly speaking, this is not a calyx, but an Involucre of a particular kind, investing an expanded receptacle, on which are placed nume- rous small flowers. It is Simple, when the flowers are surrounded by a single row of leaves. Double, when the flowers are surrounded by two rows of leaves. Equal, when in a simple calyx of this kind the leaves are all of equal length. Imbricated (Fig. 113, 114.), when the common calyx consists of numerous imbricated leaves or scales, one lying close above another. Spherical, Globose, or Globular (Fig. 113.), when it has the form of a sphere or ball. Hemispherical (Fig. 114,), when round below and flat above. Egg-shaped, when of the form of an egg. Ci/lindrical, when long and round. Flat, when the scales are spread out. The scales or leaves of the common calyx are described in the same manner as leaves. Thus they may be egg-shaped, lance- shaped, fringed, thorny or spinous, &c. 3. The Scales of the Catkin (Fig. 105.) are considered as brac- teas, analogous to leaves of a calyx. (Fig. 115.) 4. The Outer Husk or Chaff-scale (Fig. 116.) is the peculiar calyx of grasses, and plants allied to them. It may be single, of 26 INTRODUCTION. one piece or scale ; of two, three, or more pieces. It may be egg- shaped, lance-shaped, keeled, acute, &c. II. Of the Corolla. The Corolla is the envelope of coloured and delicate leaves, always internal with respect to the calyx, and surrounding the stamens and other essential parts. The leaves or pieces of which it is composed are called Petals. When it appears to consist of one piece only, it is called Monopetalous, or in common language a corolla of one petal. Corollas are seen in Fig. 87, a, 109, a, UO,d. The corolla of grasses consists of one or two pieces called husks OT glumes (Fig. 116, 3,3.), resembling the chaflf-scales. There is frequently appended to them a hard elongated body called the awn (Fig. 96.), which is often twisted. The Monopetalous Corolla (Fig. 117.) consists of two parts: the tube (a.), the narrow part generally enclosed in the calyx; and the limb (b.), the expanded part. The following varieties of this kind of corolla may be mentioned. Strap-shaped, narrow and flat, unless at the base. Tubular (Fig. 118.), consisting of a single piece, hollow and of nearly equal thickness ; this term, however, is used with great latitude, and, in the compound flowers, applies to corollas of various forms. Spherical or Globose (Fig. 119.), narrow above and below and enlarged in the middle. Bell-shaped (Fig. 120.), having the form of a bell, with the margin bent back. Cup-shaped (Fig. 121.), of nearly the same form, with the margin straight. Funnel-shaped (Fig. 122.), inversely conical. Salver-shaped (Fig. 117.), when the tube is cylindrical, but very long, and the limb expanded. Wheel-shapedf the same as salver-shaped, with the tube very short. Ringent or Gaping (Fig. 123.), when the limb is divided into two parts, the upper more or less arched, the under oblong; these parts are called lips. Personate or Masked (Fig. 124.), when the limb is divided into two parts, which are closely pressed together, the throat being thus closed. THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT. 27 The Polypetalous Corolla consists of two or more distinct pieces or petals. In each petal there are distinguished two parts : the claw (Fig. 125, a.), which is the narrow portion ; and the border or lamina (Fig. 125, 3.), the expanded parts. The fol- lowing are the principal kinds : Cruciform or Cross-like (Fig. 126.), when four petals, having long claws, stand opposite to each other in pairs. Rosaceous (Fig. 127.), roundish petals, destitute of claws, spread out in the form of a rose. Papilionaceous or J^utterjly-like (Fig. 128.), when four petals, differing in form, stand together. These different petals have particular names. The uppermost, which is commonly the largest, is named the standard. (Fig. 129.) The two side petals, standing opposite to each other, are the xvings. (Fig. 130.) The undermost petal, is the keel, (Fig. 131.) The Corolla is called regular, when its general form is uni- form, as in Fig. 127, 126, 117; irregular, when this is not the case, as in Fig. 123, 124. An equal corolla is regular, and has its divisions all of one size, as in Fig. 117, 120. III. Of the Nectar t/. The Nectary is that part of the flower which contains or secretes honey. In monopetalous flowers, this part is the tube of the corolla. Sometimes it is a production of the corolla, and sometimes of the calyx. In other cases it is a part distinct from either. The following kinds may be mentioned. The Spur (Fig. 132.), is a horn-shaped production of the corolla. Scales, on the petals. Pores, or small holes, which occur on various parts of the flower. Glands, or soft roundish bodies. TV. Of the Stamens, The Stamens are essential parts of the flower, consisting each of a bag filled with a kind of powder, generally supported upon a stalk. There are thus distinguished three parts in the stamen : the filament, the anther, and the pollen. 1. The Filament (Fig. 133, a.) is a longish body destined for the support of the anther. It varies greatly in form, being Hair -like, of equal thickness throughout, and as fine as a hair. Thread-like, thicker than a hair. Awl-shaped, thicker below than above. Dilated, compressed and expanded on the sides. c2 28 INTRODUCTION. Connate or United^ when several filaments adhere together. Incurved, bent towards each other. Tiecurved, bent outwards. Equal, when all are of equal length; and Unequal, when some are longer than the others. 2. The Anther (Fig. 133, b.) is a hollow cellular body, con- taining a quantity of pollen or dust. It is commonly oblong, but varies greatly in form, being linear, globular, kidney-shaped, arrow-shaped, &c. It may also be cleft at the extremities, awned, one- celled, two-celled, &c. Connate, when several grow together, forming a tube. Erect (Fig. 133.), when it stands with its base straight on the point of the filament. Incumbent (Fig. 134.), lying across the top of the filament. Lateral (Fig. 135.), attached by its side. Sessile, destitute of filament. 3. The Pollen or Dust, is contained in the anther. At a cer- tain stELge of vegetation, the anther bursts, and the pollen is scat- tered around. Some of the grains adhere to the stigma, or summit of the pistil, in consequence of which the young seeds begin to enlarge, and are rendered capable of giving rise to new plants. This action of the pollen is termed Fecundation or Impregnation. With- out it the seeds would either not enlarge, or when full-grown would be incapable of germinating. V. Of the Pistils. The Pistil (Fig. 136.) is also an essential part of the flower, occupying its centre. It consists of three parts, the germen, the style, and the stigma. 1. The Germen or OvarT/ (Fig. 136, a.) is the undermost part of the pistil, and is the rudiment of the fruit. The number of germens varies, like that of the stamens. It is also of various forms : egg-shaped, globular, elliptical, &c. It may also be Superior, when situated above the corolla or calyx. Inferior, when situated below these parts, or rather when these parts adhere to its sides, so as to be incorporated with it, and not to separate until they have reached its summit. Sessile, when destitute of a stalk j or Stalked, when supported upon one. 2. The Stj/le (Fig. 136, b.) is a small stalk, seated upon the germen, and terminated by the stigma. It may be hair-like, thread-shaped, awl-shaped, &c. THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT. 29 Terminal f when it stands on the top of the germen. Lateraif when attached to the side. Erect, standing straight; spreading, recurved, &c. Pernstent, remaining after the fruit is matured. 3. The Stigma (Fig. 136, c), is the top of the style, which is generally enlarged. It varies greatly in form, and is VEiriously lobed or divided. It is frequently downy, and always more or less moist. The pollen falling upon the stigma, influences the seeds contained in the germen, so that they become capable of attaining maturity. VI. The Fruit. The Fruit is the germen or ovary arrived at maturity. It is composed essentially of two parts, the Pericarp or Seed-vessel, and the Seed. Many fruits, of small size, and having the peri- carp closely enveloping the seed, were considered by Linnaeus and others as naked seeds , but are now known to be true fruits, and not merely seeds. In the description of plants, however, as a matter of convenience, these small hard fruits are usually called naked seeds. The only naked seeds known, however, are confined to the Pines, Firs, and Cycases. The Pericarp, or part which immediately invests the seal or seeds, and originally formed the germen or ovary, varies ex- tremely in size, thickness, and texture. It is always formed of three parts : the Epicarp, Mesocarp, and Endocarp. The Epi- carp, is an external thin membrane or skin ; the Mesocarp, is the layer immediately under the epiceirp, and may be thin or thick, dry or juicy; the Endocarp, is the innermost membrane, varying in texture, and bounding the cavity which contains the seed. Thus, in the Cherry, the glossy skin is the Epicarp ; the pulpy mass is the Mesocarp, and the hard shell covering the seed is the Endocarp. Of the very numerous varieties of Fruits, the following may be mentioned. 1. The Capsule (Fig. 137.) is a dry seed-vessel, generally of a membranous texture. It frequently splits in a regular manner into several parts when ripe. These parts are called valves. In- ternally it consists of a single cavity, in which case it is called one-celled or unilocular; or of two or more cavities. These cavi- ties or cells are separated by partitions; and there is often a cen- tral stalk or column, to which the seeds are attached. 2. The Pod or Siliqua (Fig. 138.) is a long dry seed-vessel, of two pieces or valves, separated by a longitudinal partition, to 30 INTRODUCTION. the edges of which the seeds are alternately attached. When the Pod is as broad as long, it is called a Pouch or Silicula^ as in Fig. 139. 3. The Legume (Fig. 140.) is a dry elongated seed-vessel, formed of two oblong valves, without any longitudinal partition, and bearing the seeds along one of its margins only. 4. The Nut (Fig. 141.) is a seed covered with a hard peri- carp or shell which does not burst. The seed is called the kernel. 5. The Drupe (Fig. 142.) is a seed, covered with a hard endo- carp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a membranous epicarp. 6. The Apple (Fig. 143.) is a fleshy fruit, containing a capsule, or rather it is an enlarged fleshy calyx inclosing a membranous or cartilaginous pericarp, divided into several cavities, containing one or more seeds. 7. The Berri/ (Fig. 144.) is a juicy fruit, which contains se- veral seeds, and never bursts. The Co/npound Berry (Fig. 145.) consists of several single ones, each containing a seed. The Cone or Strobilus (Fig. 146, 147.) is a catkin hardened and enlarged. VII. Of the Seed. The Seed is the part of the plant which is destined for its propagation. It often consists of two halves, called cotyledons (Fig. 148.), which at germination change into leaves. Between these, on one side, is the Embryo (Fig. 148, a.), consisting of two bodies, one which descends into the earth, becoming a root, and is called the Radicle (Fig. 143, <5.), the other, or Caulicle^ ascending and becoming the stem and leaves. (Fig. 148, c.) The cotyledons are covered with an outer and an inner coat. The depression seen externally opposite the place where the embryo lies, is called the scar. The seed while growing is attached to the parent plant by a thread called the umbilical cord. But msmy seeds have only one cotyledon, which envelopes the embryo ; and others have no cotyledon at all. Hence an arrange- ment of plants into Acotyledonous ^ Monocotyledonous^Dicotyle- donous, or having no cotyledon, one cotyledon, or two cotyledons. Seeds are very diversified as to form, but it is only necessary here to describe certain parts which are frequently attached to them. The Pappus or Seed-do-wn is a kind of bristly or feathery crown attached to certain seeds or rather fruits. It is Simple (Fig. 149.), when it consists of undivided hairs. Feathery (Fig. 151.), when each of the hairs is subdivided like the shaft of a feather. THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT, 31 Sessile, without a stalk. (Fig. 149.) Stipitate or Stalked. (Fig. 150.) Chaffy, when formed of small scales. The Tail (Fig. 152.) is an elongated appendage formed of the permanent style. The Wing (Fig. 153.) is a dilated membranous appendage. In concluding the subject of the flowers and fruit, it is ne- cessary to mention a few additional circumstances respecting them. A complete flower is one furnished with both calyx and corolla. An incomplete flower is when the corolla is wanting. A naked flower is one destitute of a calyx. A perfect flower is one having both stamens and pistils. A staminiferous or barren flower is one having stamens, but destitute of pistils. A pistilliferous or fertile flower is one having pistils, but no stamens. A neutral flower is one destitute of both stamens and pistils. Plants are called monoecious, when staminiferous flowers and pistilliferous flowers exist on the same plant. Dioecious plants are those in which pistilliferous flowers grow on one plant, and staminiferous flowers grow on another plant of the same species. A simple flower is when a single flower is contained in a calyx. A compound flower is when a number of flowers, with united anthers, grow together within a common calyx or rather invo- lucre. An aggregate flower, is when a number of flowers, generally stalked, and with separated anthers, are inclosed within a com- mon calyx. VIII. Of the Receptacle. The Receptacle is the point at which all the parts of a flower meet. In the compound flowers this part is broad, and requires parti- cular consideration. It is in them Flat, when perfectly even. (Fig. 154.) Convex or Concave. Conical, when it rises in the centre. (Fig. 155.) Smooth, destitute of hairs j Hairy, covered with hairs; or Chaffy, covered with membranous scales. 32 INTRODUCTION. CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS. Plants are so numerous and diversified that it is impossible to acquire any extensive knowledge of them, or even to retain their names, without the aid of arrangement or classification. Plants may be arranged in two ways. Every one on looking around him in the vegetable world, must perceive that certain plants have so great a resemblance to each other, that they naturally form themselves in the mind into groups. Thus the grasses form a natural family, the leguminous plants another, and so forth. Were the natural affinities of all plants as readily perceived, it would be easy to distribute them into classes 5 but this is not the case. For this reason, the Natural arrangement has been substi- tuted by another, called the Artificial, which, although it does not proceed upon the principle of natural affinities, yet frequently places together plants which resemble each other in their structure and appearance. The artificial arrangement usually adopted by botanists is that of Linnaeus. All the individuals which bear a particular and intimate re- semblance to each other, constitute a species, whether among plants or among animals. Thus, as the latter are generally better known, all the Foxes in the world, of that kind which Englishmen are notorious for chasing with hounds, constitute the species Fox, or Common Fox. All the species which bear a cer- tain more general resemblance to each other constitute a genus. Thus the Fox species, the Jackal species, the Wolf species, and the Domestic Dog species, with several others, constitute the genus Dog. All the genera which bear a certain more general resemblance to each other, constitute an order. Thus, the Dog LINNiEAN ARRANGEMENT. 33 genus, the hyena genus, the cat genus, and others, constitute the order Ferae, or Beasts of Prey. All the orders that resemble each other in certain more general characters, constitute a class. Thus the orders Ferae, Ruminating animals, Four-handed animals or Monkeys, and others, form the class Mammalia. So it is with plants. There are thus four degrees in classification : the Class, the Order, the Genus, and the Species. The latter, by certain acci- dental causes, produces Varieties. Thus, in animals, the grey- hound the spaniel, and the sheep-dog, are varieties of the Dog species ; and in plants, the numerous kinds of apples are produced by varieties of the Crab-Apple Tree. The LiXN^AN Classes of Plants are twenty-four, and their distinctions are founded upon the number, situation, and propor- tion of the stamens. The first eleven Classes are characterized solely by the number of the stamens, and have Greek names expressive of these distinc- tions. Linnaeus, in his fanciful way, considered the stamens as gentlemen, and the pistils as ladies. 1. MONA'NDRIA. This class includes all plants having a single stamen in each of their flowers ; monandria literally signifying one man. 2. DIA'NDRIA. Two stamens in each flower. 3, TRIA'NDRIA. Three stamens. 4. TETRA'NDIA. Four stamens. 5. PENTA'NDRIA. Five stamens. 6. HEXA'NDRTA. Six stamens. 7. HEPTA'NDRIA. Seven stamens. 8. OCTAT^^DRIA. Eight stamens. 9. ENNEA'NDRIA. Nine stamens. 10. DECA'NDRIA. Ten stamens. 11. DODECA'NDRIA. From twelve to nineteen stamens. The next two classes differ from each other with respect to the situation of the stamens. 12. ICOSA'NDRIA. Twenty or more stamens inserted into the calyx. 13. POLYA'NDRIA. Twenty or more stamens inserted into the receptacle or top of the flower-stalk. 34 INTRODUCTION. In the next two proportion is emploj'ed. 14. DIDYNA'MIA. Two long and two short stamens. 15. TETRADYNA'MIA. Four long and two short stamens. The next three have united filaments. 16. MONADE'LPHIA. Stamens united by their filaments into a tube. 17. DIADE'LPHIA. Stamens united into two sets. 18. POLYADE'LPHIA. Stamens united into three or more sets. The next five are founded upon various circumstances. 19. SYNGENE'SIA. Stamens united by their anthers into a tube, the flowers compound. Stamens united to the pistil. Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, but both kinds of flowers growing on the same plant. Staminiferous flowers on one plant, and pistilliferous flowers on another plant, of the same species. Staminiferous flowers, pistilliferous flow- ers, and perfect flowers, all growing on the same plant, or on different plants of the same kind. The last class consists of plants whose organs of fructification are not well ascertained, or differ greatly from those of the pre- ceding classes ; 24. CRYPTOGA'MIA. The Orders in the first thirteen classes are founded on the number of the styles, or stigmas, and are named as follows : 20. GYNA'NDRIA. 21. MONGE'CIA. 22. DKE'CIA. 23. POLYGA'MIA. MONOGY'NIA DIGY-NIA. TRIGY'NIA. TETRAGY'NIA. PENTAGY'NIA. HEXAGY'NIA. HEPTAGY'NIA. OCTAGYTSIA. ENNEAGY'NIA. DECAGY'NIA. One style, or sessile stigma. Two styles, or sessile stigmas. Three styles. Four styles. Five styles. Six styles. Seven styles. Eight styles. Nine styles. Ten styles. LINNiEAN ARRANGEMENT. 35 DO'DECAGY'NIA. About twelve styles. POLYGY'NIA. More than twelve styles. It is unnecessary here to explain the orders of the other classes, as the circumstances on which they are founded will be seen by referring to the following Systematic Arrangement of British Plants. The Genci^a are characterized by marks taken from the parts of fructification exclusively, that is, from the calyx, corolla, stamens, pistils, fruit, seed, nectary, and receptacle. The Species are distinguished from each other by characters taken from any or all the parts of the plant. The Generic Character is of two kinds : the essential, which is short, and consists of the more distinctive circumstances ; and the natural, which consists of a more or less full description of all the organs of fructification. The Specific Character is brief, and consists of the circum- stances by which one species is distinguished from every other of the same genus. i> 36 INTRODUCTION. METHOD OF EXAMINING PLANTS. In the following arrangement of British Plants, there is a brief description of each species, by an attentive comparison of which with the plants that one may pick up, he will be enabled to dis- cover their names. The whole are arranged into classes, genera, and species, according to the Linnsean system. We shall suppose that a person commencing the study of British plants, and having made himself acquainted with the different parts of vegetables de- scribed and illustrated by figures in the preceding pages, falls in with a specimen of the plant figured in pi. x. fig. 156. He has first to glance over the whole plant, beginning with the root and examining all its parts in succession. He will thus find that the root is fibrous; the stem creeping at the base, simple, ascending obliquely, and having a line of hairs on each side; the leaves egg-shaped, sessile, wrinkled, deeply serrated, and more or less hairy, the clusters of flowers lateral, axillar, rising higher than the stem, and having their stalks hairy all round, with lance- shaped bracteas ; the flowers numerous, with a calyx consisting of four lance-shaped segments, a very beautiful, large, bright-blue corolla, marked with darker lines, and pale-purple on the back, monopetalous, wheel-shaped, divided into four segments, of which the upper is the largest, and the lower the least; two anthers at- tached to the corolla ; a germen crowned by a single thread-shaped style ; and an inversely heart-shaped, compressed capsule, of two cells and four valves, containing numerous roundish seeds. As there are two stamens, the young botanist turns over the leaves to the class Diandria ; and as there is only one style, he refers the plant to the order Monogynia. In the table of short essential generic characters, he finds that there are ten genera mentioned, namely : Ligustrum, Fraxinus, Veronica, pligui- METHOD OF EXAMINING PLANTS. 37 culdy Utricularia^ Lycopus^ Salvia, Circcea, Lemna, and Cla- dium. He has therefore to find which of these corresponds with his plant. But he observes that there are four divisions marked by asterisks, under which these genera are grouped. He there- fore reads the characters of these divisions, and finds that his plant cannot belong to the first, for although it has the flowers inferior, that is, has the calyx and corolla placed under the ger- men, and monopetalous, yet the corolla is not regular, that is, does not present equal segments. Passing to the next division, he finds it to agree with the plant. He has now to compare it with the characters of the three genera included in this division, and finds it to correspond with those of Veronica, inasmuch as it has a " wheel-shaped, deeply four-cleft corolla," with the ** lower segment smaller," and a " two-celled capsule." The plant therefore belongs to the genus of which Veronica is the name. In the tables at the head of each class, the genera are placed according to certain circumstances connected with their arti- ficial arrangement, but are numbered with reference to the order in which they are afterwards more fully described, and which is in some degree that of their natural affinity. The species is now to be found, and for this purpose he turns over a few leaves, until he comes to the 4th genus of the class, viz. Veronica, where he finds the natural character of the genus, or a particular description of the parts of fructification, which he compares with his plant, and finding them to agree, is sa- tisfied as to the genus. He finds a great number of species described, all of which he would have to compare with his plant until he found one to agree with it, were it not that here, as in the generic table, there are subdivisions, to which asterisks are prefixed, that shorten his labour. To the first of these di- visions the plant does not belong, for its flowers are not in terminal, but in lateral clusters. He therefore passes on to the next division : Jiotvers in lateral clusters or spikes, and as his plant has such flowers, he has only to read the specific characters under that division. V. Beccabunga has elliptical leaves ; V, Anagallis has them lance-shaped; in V. Scjitellata they are oblong, and therefore it cannot belong to these species. In V. Montana, the leaves are egg-shaped, which is the case with the plant in hand, but they 38 INTRODUCTION. are stalked, whereas in the plant under examination they are sessile. In V. Chamcedri/Sy they are egg-shaped and sessile, in which respects they agree ; deeply serrate also, which is the case ; and the stem has two opposite rows of long hairs, which was a circumstance that attracted our notice at our first inspec- tion of the plant. The name of the plant therefore is Veronica Chammdrys, the latter word being its specific^ the former its generic name. Its English name is seen to be Germander Speedwell. The words "Clusters many-flowered; leaves egg-shaped, ses- sile, deeply serrate ; stem with two opposite rows of long white hairs," form the specific character. After it a brief description of certain parts of the plant is given, together with an indication of its duration, time of flowering, place of growth, and some- times its uses. Reference is then made to a figure of it in Sir J. E. Smith's English Botant/, and to a fuller description in the English Flora of the same author. In this manner, the student proceeds with every plant that he may procure. The assistance of a person already somewhat proficient in the science, will be useful at the commencement, but is not indispensable. Sometimes a plant may present itself which is not found to belong to the class or order indicated by its stamens and style. In this case there will be found a reference in Italics, at the end of the generic table, to certain genera, by turning to which it will be found. Thus, a plant occurs with one stamen and one style, which we do not find to correspond with the genera Salicornia, Hippuris, Zostera^ or Chara. But we observe, after these genera, in the table, refer- ence made to several plants, of which the first is Valeriana rubra. We then turn to the Index for Valeriana^ and finding thai genus at the page indicated, compare our plant with the species, V. rubra ^ when we find it to agree. This is one of the most puzzling circumstances connected with the examination of plants, and arises from the impropriety of separating a species from others of the same genus, although it may happen to differ in the number of stamens or pistils. With these explanations, it is presumed that the student will be enabled to use the followirig descriptive arrangement of British Plants. Should a term occur, not included in the pre- METHOD OF EXAMINING PLANTS. 39 ceding account of the parts of plants, it will be found by referring to the glossary at the end of the volume. The only instruments necessary in the examination of plants with the view merely of finding out iheir names, are a sharp- pointed pen -knife, or a pin, for separating the parts of fructification and a small lens for inspecting the more minute parts. The Generic and Specific names of plants being in Latin, it has been judged expedient, for the benefit of young botanists not acquainted with that language, to mark the accented syllables. The following rules for the pronunciation of these words may also be attended to : 1st. The diphthongs os and os are pronounced like the English long e. 2d. The letter e at the end of a word is always sounded. 3d. The letters ch are pronounced hard, like k. 4th. In words beginning with see and sci^ the c is soft. 5th. The letters c and g before e and z, and before cb and oe, are soft, but before other vowels hard. In words of Greek origin however, it is customary with some to make the g always hard -, as in Monogynia, Syngenesia. b2 40 INTRODUCTION. DIRECTIONS FOR PRESERVING PLANTS. It is unnecessary to enumerate all the advantages resulting from the possession of a collection of preserved plants, as they can be fully appreciated only by a person who has made considerable progress in the study of Botany. But the beginner requires to be informed, that nothing can more materially aid him in his endea- vours to become familiar with the objects which vegetation pre- sents to his view, than such a collection, to which he can at all times refer, either for refreshing his memory, or for instituting a more minute examination than he had previously made. Plants are generally preserved by drying, and a collection of this kind is called a Hortus siccus or Herbarium. Various methods are in use for drying plants, but the following, being among the most simple and efficacious, and attended with little difficulty, is here recommended. The articles necessary for the accomplishment of the object in view are, a quantity of smooth, soft paper, of large size (16 quires perhaps) ; eight boards of the same size, about an inch thick, of hard wood; four iron weights, or pieces of lead, two of them about forty pounds weight, the others half that number. Or in place of these weights a number of clean bricks may be used, or in short any heavy bodies of convenient form. Along with these articles, a botanical box is necessary. This box is made of tin, and varies in size, from nine inches to two feet in length, accord- ing to the taste and avidity of the collector. In gathering plants for this purpose, such as are smaller than the size of the paper are to be taken up roots and all. In many cases, portions only of plants can be preserved, on account of their DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING PLANTS. 4l size, and then the most essential parts are to be selected, including always the flowers. Plants to be preserved are to be gathered in dry weather, and immediately deposited in the tin box, which pre- vents their becoming shrivelled by evaporation. If gathered in wet weather, they must be laid out for some time on a table or else- where to undergo a partial drying. When roots have been taken up along with the stems, they ought to be first washed, and then exposed for some time to the air. Let us now suppose that a dozen specimens are procured. Over one of the boards lay two or three sheets of the paper, on the up- permost of which spread out the plant to be dried, unfolding its various parts, not however so as to injure its natural appearance. A few of the flowers and leaves ought to be laid out with particular care. Over this specimen lay half a dozen sheets of paper, on the uppermost of which lay another plant as before, and so on suc- cessively, until the whole are disposed of. A few sheets are then laid upon the last, and a board placed over all. Plants, viewed with reference to drying, may be divided into two classes, the one comprehending those which, being thin, soft, and flexible, require little pressure to reduce them to a level, the other including such as being stiff and thick require much pressure. Supposing the above plants to have been of the first class, we lay upon the upper board one of the smaller weights. A series of more stubborn specimens being, in like manner, placed between other two boards, we lay one of the larger weights upon them. Should more specimens be collected next day, they are disposed of in the same manner; and thus successively. At the end of three days generally, the plants first laid in are to be taken out, together with the paper about them. They are to be laid in fresh paper, three or four sheets being placed between every two plants, and the whole put between two boards, with a weight over them. The second series is similarly treated next day, and so on. The paper from which the plants have been removed is to be dried for future use. There will thus be four sets of plants ; two in the first stage of drying, and two in the second stage. The plants of the second stage sets should be taken out about three days after they ha been deposited, and after dry paper has been put about them, re- turned to their places. The paper may thus be shifted until the plants be perfectly dry, when they are finally removed. Each 42 INTRODUCTION. plant is then placed in a sheet of dry paper, and along with it is deposited a slip of paper, on which are written the name of the plant, the place in which it was gathered, the time of gathering, the soil, and such other circumstances as may tend to elucidate the history of the species. Thus prepared, the plants are packed up in bundles, which gradually enlarge their dimensions, or increase in number, until the end of the season. Having in this manner prepared a certain number of plants, the collector has now to arrange them. For this purpose he has to procure a quantity of good stout writing or printing paper of large size, folded in folio, which is to be stitched in coloured covers, making fasciculi of five or six sheets each. A quantity of finer paper, in half sheets, folio size, cut round the edges, is also to be at hand. Let a number of narrow slips of different lengths be cut from a piece of the same paper, and let some prepared isinglass or dissolved gum tragacanth or gum arabic be in readiness, together with a camel-hair pencil. Take a dried plant, lay it upon a leaf of the fine cut paper, then fasten it down by means of a few of the slips of paper, to which isinglass or gum has been applied, laid across the stem and some of the branches. Two or three slips are generally sufficient for a plant or specimen. In this manner all the dried plants destined to form part of the herbarium are treated. Write the name of each species on the top of the leaf, and tran- scribe the notice respecting the place in which it was gathered, &c. at the bottom. Then arrange the plants according to system, and lay one between every two pages of the fasciculi. The fasciculi are formed into bundles, by being laid alternately up and down upon each other, as they do not lie conveniently when the heads of the plants are all at the top of the bundle, because the stalks and roots are thicker than the flowers. These bundles, consisting each of ten fasciculi or so, may be covered by pieces of pasteboard tied by strings. The collection is kept on the shelves of a cabinet, or in a chest. To prevent the attacks of insects, it is necessary to place beside it a piece of sponge soaked full of rectified oil of turpentine ; and to ensure it against decay from damp it ought to be kept in a dry and well- ventilated place. The above is an orderly method of forming a herbarium; but many other expedients are resorted to. Most plants dry sufli- ciently well between the leaves of old books, and many collectors save themselves the trouble of forming a neat collection, by DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING PLANTS. 43 huddling up their specimens in the least expensive or laborious manner. Another method of putting up dried plants is the following : The specimens are fastened to leaves of stout paper of uniform size ; the species are then arranged in order, and all those of the same genus are placed within one or more sheets of paper, on the outside of which the generic name is written. The generic fasci- culi are then collected into bundles, on which are written the names of the classes and orders. Some persons keep their speci- mens loose, within sheets of paper. This method is the most convenient for the minute examination of the plants, but has disadvantages which render it inexpedient in ordinary cases. In fine, there is no mystery, nor even much art, in drying plants very perfectly, and putting them up very neatly. The skill and ingenuity requisite are slight compared with those applied in making anatomical preparations. Patience, constant attention, some taste, and a good deal of enthusiasm, will enable one to make, what however one seldom sees, a good herbarium. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I. Fig. 1. A Fibrous Root. Fig. 2. A Creeping Root. Fig. 3. A Tapering or Spindle- shaped Root. Fig. 4. A Tuberous or Knobbed Root. Fig. 5. An Abrupt Root. Fig. 6. A Solid Bulbous Root. Fig. 7. A Coated Bulbous Root. Fig. 8. A Scaly Bulbous Root. Fig. 9. A Granulated Root. Fig. 10. A Forked orDichotoraous Stem. Fig. 11. A Runner. Fig. 12. A Clinging Stem. Fig. 13. A Twining Stem. Fig. 14. A Jointed Stem. Fig. 15. A Scaly Stem. PLATE II. Fig. 16. A Jointed Stem. Fig. 17. A Knotted Stem. Fig. 18. A Kneed or Geniculate Stem. Fig. 19. Scape or Flower-stalk, and Radical Leaves. Fig. 20. A Sessile or Sitting Leaf. Fig. 21. A Stalked Leaf. Fig. 22. Alternate Leaves. Fig. 23. Opposite Leaves, which are also Cauline. Fig. 24. Scattered Leaves; Cauline. Fig. 25. Clustered Leaves. Fig. 26. Whorled Leaves. Fig, 27. Fasciculate or Tufted Leaves. Fig. 28. Imbricated Leaves. Fig. 29. Decussated Leaves. Fig. 30. Embracing Leaf. Fig. 31. Connate Leaves. Fig. 32. Perfoliate Leaf. PLATE III. Fig. 33. Equitant or Riding Leaves. Fig. 34. Decurrent Leaf. Fig. 35. Peltate or Shield-shaped Leaf. Fig. 36. Egg-shaped, or Ovate Leaf J also Obtuse, and Entire. Fig. 37. Oval or Elliptical Leaf. Fig. 38. Spathulate Leaf. Fig. 39. Wedge-shaped Leaf. Fig. 40. Lance-shaped, Spear- shaped or Lanceolate. Fig. 41. Linear Leaf. Fig. 42. Triangular Leaf. Fig. 43. Kidney-shaped Leaf; also Entire. Fig. 44. Heart-shaped Leaf. Fig. 45. Arrow-shaped Leaf. Fig. 46. Halbert-shaped Leaf. Fig. 47. Pmnatifid Leaf. Fig. 48. Lyre-shaped Leaf. Fig. 49. Runcinate Leaf. Fig. 50. Leaf. Fi^. 51. PLATE IV". Pectinate or Comblike 52. 53. Cleft Leaf. Lobed Leaf. Palmate Leaf. Fie Fi£ Fig. 54. Abrupt Leaf. Fig. 55. Retuse Leaf, also Undu- lated or Waved. Fig. 56. Notched Leaf. Fig. 57. Acute or Pointed Leaf. Fig. 58. Acuminate or Taper- pointed Leaf. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 43^ Fig. 59. Bristle- pointed Leaf. Fig. 60. Toothed Leaf. Fig. 6L Serrated Leaf. Fig. 62. Crenate or Notched Leaf. Fig. 63. Gnawed or Jagged Leaf. Fig. 64. Fringed Leaf. Fig. 65. Prickly or Spinous Leaf. Fig. 66. a. Revolute Leafj b. Involute Leaf. Fig. 67. Veined Leaf. PLATE V. Fig. 68. A Ribbed Leaf. Fig. 69. Plaited Leaf. Fig. 70. Channelled Leaf. Fig. 7L Keeled Leaf. Fig. 72. Awl-shaped Leaf. Fig. 73. Fingered or Digitate Leaf. Fig. 74. Binate or Twin Leaf. Fig. 75. Ternate Leaf. Fig. 76. Pedate Leaf. Fig. 77. Pinnate Leaf with a ter- minal leaflet ; also oppositely pinnate, and pinnate in a lyrate manner. Fig. 78. Pinnate with a Tendril ; also oppositely pinnate. Fig. 79. Abruptly Pinnate ; also oppositely pinnate. Fig. 80. Alternately Pinnate ; also pinnate with a terminal leaflet. Fig. 8L Bigeminate Leaf. Fig-. 82. Biternate Leaf. Fig. 83. Bipinnate Leaf. Fig. 84.* A Stipule. PLATE VL Fig. 85. a. A Bractea or Floral Leaf. Fig. 86. a. A Bractea. Fig. 87. A Sheath or Spatha. Fig. 88. An Involucre. Fig. 89. a. Common Involucre ; b. Partial Involucre. Fig. 90. A Tendril. Fig. 91. A Spine or Thorn. Fig. 92. Prickles. Fig. 93. A Verticil or Whorl. Fig. 94. One-rowed or Unilateral Spike. Fig. 95. Distichous or Two-rowed Spike. Fig. 96. A Spikelet. Fig. 97. A Cluster or Raceme. Fig. 98. A Cluster. Fig. 99. A Corymb. Fig. 100. A Fasciculus or Bundle. Fig. 101. A Head. Fig. 102. A Simple Umbel. Fig. 103. A Cyme. PLATE VIL Fig. 104. A Panicle. Fig. 105. A Catkin. Fig. 106. A Calyx with four seeds. Fig. 107. A Seed-vessel and a Calyx. Fig. 108. A Style, and six Sta- mens. Fig. 109. A Corolla, and Calyx. Fig. 110. a. Corolla ; b. Calyx or Perianth. Fig. 111. A Double Calyx. Fig. 112. One-leaved Calyx. Fig. 113. Many-leaved Calyx ; also Spherical or Globular. Fig. 114. Imbricated Calyx ; also Hemispherical. Fig. 115. Scale of a Catkin. Fig. 116. a. Outer Husk or Chaff- scale ; b. Inner Husk or Corolla of a Grass. Fig. 117. A Monopetalous Co- rolla ; also Salver-shaped. Fig. 118. A Tubular Corolla. Fig. 1 19. A Spherical or Globose Corolla. Fig. 120. A Bell-shaped Corolla. Fig. 121. A Cup-shaped Corolla. Fig. 122. A Funnel-shaped Co- rolla. Fig. 123. A Ringent or Gaping Corolla. PLATE VIII. Fig. 124. A Personate or Masked Corolla. Fig. 125. A Petal ; a. the Claw ; b. the Border or Lamina. Fig. 126. A Cruciform Corolla. Fig. 127. A Rosaceous Corolla.' Fig. 128. A Papilionaceous Co- rolla. Fig. 129. The Standard of a Pa- pilionaceous Corolla. 44* EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 130. Wing of a Papiliona- ceous Corolla. Fig. 131. Keel of a Papilionaceous Corolla. Fig. 132. A Spur. Fig. 133. a. The Filament; b. the Anther. Fig. 134. Incumbent Anther. Fig. 135. Lateral Anther. Fig. 136. A Pi«til ; a. the Ger- men ; b. the Style ; c. the Stig- ma. Fig. 137. A Capsule. Fig. 138. A Pod or Siliqua. Fig. 139. A Pouch or Silicula. Fig. 140. A Legume. PLATE IX. A Nut. A Drupe. An Apple. A Berry. A Compound Berry. A Cone or Strobilus. Longitudinal Section of Fig. 141. Fig. 142. Fig. 143. Fig. 144. Fig. 145. Fig. 1 46. Fig. 147. a Cone. Fig. 148. Two Cotyledons of a Bean. a. The Embryo. b. The Radicle. c. The Caulicle. Fig. 149. Sessile. Fig. 150. pus. Fig. 151. Fig. 152. Fig. 153. Fig. 154. Fig. 155. Simple Pappus ; also Stipitate or Stalked Pap- Feathery Pappus. The Tail of a Seed. The Wing of a Ssed. A Flat Receptacle. A Conical Receptacle. PLATE X. Veronica ChamcEdrys, having the Root fibrous ; Stem creeping at the base, simple, ascending, with a line of hairs on each side ; Leaves egg-shaped, sessile, wrin*- kled, serrate, hairy ; Clusters lateral, axillar, rising high- er than the stem, and with their stalks hairy ; Stipules lance-shaped ; Flowers numerous, with a calyx consisting of four segments ; a corolla with four unequal seg- ments, monopetalous, and wheel- shaped ; Anthers two ; One Pistil ; Capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed. A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF BRITISH PLANTS. Class I. MONANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with one Stamen only. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. 1. SALICO'RNIA. Crt/i/r tumid, undivided. Corolla nonQ. Stamens one or two. Seed one, invested by the calyx. 2. HIPPU'RIS. Calyx obsolete. Corolla none. Stig7)m one, simple. Seed one, inferior. 3. ZOSTE'RA. Spadix linear, many-flowered. Calyx none. Corolla none. Stigmas two, linear. Kiit with one kernel. 4. CHA'RA. Calyx none. Corolla none. Berrij many-seeded. (Valeriana rubra. Alchemilla arvensis. Several species of Salix.) Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. 5. CALLI'TRICHE. Calyx none. Petals two, inferior. Seeds four. naked, compressed. Some flowers pistilliferous and others stameni- ferous only. MONANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. SALICO'RNIA. Saltwort. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, undivided, tumid, permanent. Co- rolla none. Filament one or two, longer than the calyx. Anther oblong, two-lobed, erect. Germen egg-shaped, under the stamen. Style short, undivided ; stigma cleft. Seed egg-shaped, invested by the calyx. — Name trom sal, salt, and cornu, a horn. 1. 1. jS. herbdcea. Common Jointed Glassvcort or Saltwort. Marsh Sam- phire. Stem herbaceous, erect ; joints compressed, notched, their inter- vals somewhat enlarged upwards ; spikes slightly tapering upwards. One foot high : stem bushy, green, the branches nearly cylindrical : spikes of numerous short joints, each bearing three sessile flowers on two opposite sides. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows on muddy or moist sandy sea-shores : frequent in England and Ireland, not common in Scotland. Has a saltish taste, is eaten by cattle, and makes a good pickle. The various species of this genus are employed on the E 46 MONANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. [CL. I, coasts of the Mediterranean for making Barilla. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 415. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 2. A variety with procumbent stems has been described as a distinct species, under the name of S. procurnbens. Eng. Bot. vol. XXXV. pi. 2475. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 2. 1. 2. S.rddicans. Creeping Jointed Glasswort or Saltivort. Stem woody, procumbent and rootincr at the base, erect above ; joints compressed, notched, their intervals somewhat cylindrical ; spikes oblong ; stamens two. About a foot long : upper part of the stem herbaceous and erect with opposite branches : spikes obtuse : stigma deeply divided into two or three segments. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows on muddy sea-shores : not frequent. Em":. .Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1691. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 3. 2. 2. HIPPU'RIS. Mare's-tail. Calyx a mere border, crowning the germen. Corolla none. Filament superior, longer than the calyx. Anther tv^^o-lobed, com- pressed. Style awl-shaped. Stigma simple, acute. Seed oval, naked. — Name from hippos, a horse, and oura, a tail. 2. 1. H. vulgaris. Mare's-tail. Leaves linear, in whorls. From one to two feet high : root creeping : stem erect, simple, jointed : leaves linear, smooth, acute, arranged in numerous whorls, each consisting of about twelve : flowers axillar, solitary, sessile : germen egg-shaped : anther very large, red. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in pools and marshes : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 763. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 4, 3. 3. ZOSTE'RA. Sea-grass. Calyx none, excepting the base of the leaf, inclosing the spike- stalk, and splitting lengthwise. Corolla none. Spadix linear, bearing numerous flowers. Anther oblong, one-celled, attached laterally. Germen egg-shaped, sessile. Style simple, curved out- wards. Stigmas two, thread-shaped, curved. Drupe cylindrical. Nut elliptical, striated. Kernel of the same form. — Name from zoster, a belt. — Removed by some botanists to the class Monoecia. 3. 1, Z. marina. Grass Wrack or Sea-grass. Leaves entire, obscurely three-ribbed, linear ; stem slightly compressed. Leaves very long, grass-green, obtuse : spadix pale green. Perennial: flowers in August : grows on sandy shallows and banks in the sea, and is thrown up abun- dantly after storms. When dried after being steeped in fresh water, the leaves form excellent bedding ; they are also used for packing. The lower part of the stem, which is of a reddish brown colour, contains much saccharine matter, and is chewed by the Hebridians, like the root of Orobus tuberosus. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 467. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 5. 4. 4. CHA'RA. Stonewort. Calyx none. Corolla none. Anther sessile, globose, one-celled. Germen egg-shaped, spirally grooved. Style none; stigma in five divisions. Berry egg-shaped, containing numerous minute suheri- cal seeds. — This genus is by most botanists referred to the class Cryptogamia. — Name of unknown origin. 4. CL. I.] MONANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 47 * Opaque, and very brittle. 1. C. vulgdrts. Common Slo.tewort, or W ater Hors?-tail. Stems branched, obscurely striated, smooth, never entirely mcrusted; whorled branches awl-shaped, fertile ones with numerous short bracieas, three or four of which are much longer than the germen. From six to ten or more inches in length : principal branches alternate : germen ewg-shaped, sessile, in the centre of the floral leaves ; anther sessile, upon the base of the germen. The whole plant green when fresh, usually studded with whitish, calcareous particles, and extremely fetid ; when dry, hard and brittle. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in muddy ditches, pools, and slow streams, entirely immersed : common. E"g^. Bot. vol. v. pi. 336. £«^. Fl. vol. i. p. 6. 5. 2. C. Heduigii. Hedwig's Water Horse-tail. Stems branched, elon- gated, obscurely striated, smooth, sometimes partially incrusted ; whorled branches awl-shaped, fertile ones with numerous short bracteas, three or four of which are shorter than the accompanying germen. Larger than the preceding, with more numerous fertile branches. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows immersed in still pools j rare. Buxstead, Sussex ; near Croft, Yorkshire. Fng. Fl. vol. v. part i. p. 246. 6. 3. C dspera. Piough Water Horse-tail. Stems slender, obscurely striated, everywhere covered with small spreading spines ; whorled branches awl-shaped, the fertile ones with numerous short bracteas, those accompanying the germen of uncertain length. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in pools in peat bogs: rare. Orkney ; Prestwick Carr, Northumberland, Durham. Eng. Fl. vol. v. part i. p. 246. 7. 4. C. hiipida. Prickly Water HorsC'tail. Stems furrowed, covered by a calcareous crust, and armed above with small deflected prickles; whorled branches awl-shaped, fertile ones vvith numerous bracteas, of which three or four are longer than the germ.en. Larger than the three preceding species. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows immersed in pools in turfy places : common. F.ng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 463. F)ig. Fl. vol. i. p. 7. A small variety of this plant, without prickles, is sometimes met with. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 7. The above tour species of Chara may with propriety be reduced to one, C vulgaris, of which the three others are probably mere varieties. 8. ♦* Transparent and flexible. 5. C. tranducens. Great transparent Water Horse-tail. Stems elon- gated, glossy; branches of the whorls elongated, simple, cylindrical, obtuse, those bearing flowers axillar, compound ; bracteas indistinct, or wanting. The largest, the brightest coloured, and most glossv of all the species here described. Annual : flowers in June and Julv : grow? in stagnant pools : rare in England and Ireland, more common in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1855. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 8. 9. 6. C. jitxiiis. Smooth Water Horse-tail. Stems repeatedly forked ; whorled branches generally simple, obtuse, those bearing flowers axillar, compound ; bracteas wanting, or very indistinct. Stems from one to two feet long, slender, green, not crusted : anthers sometimes solitary, but generally accompanied with two germens, or with one only, at the forks of the whorled branches. jNIore slender than the last. All the species in this section are probably varieties of the present one. Annual : 48 MONANDRIA DIGYNIA. []CL. I. flowers throughout the summer : grows immersed in ditches, pools, and still rivers : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1070. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 7. 10. 7. C. nidifica. Proliferous Water Horse-tail. Stems simple, below; whorled branches simple, elongated, those bearing flowers axillar, very numerous, compound, crowded ; bracteas distinct, unequal. Annual : flowers from August to October : grows in saltwater ditches : very rare. Shoreham, Sussex ; Clay, Norfolk. Loch Neagh, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1703. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 8. 11. 8. C. gracilis. Slender Water Horse-tail. Stems transparent, smooth ; whorled branches acute, repeatedly forked, and as well as the compound axillar one, often bearing flowers ; bracteas wanting. -A small, delicate, pale-coloured, glossy plant. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows in still water : rare. Fish-ponds in Jersey ; Sussex; North Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. XXX. pi. 2140. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 9. 12. DIGYNIA. 5. CALLl'TRICHE. Star-wort. Calyx none. Petals two, curved inwards, opposite, equal. Filament slender, elongated. Anther two-lobed. Germen su- perior, lour-lobed. Styles two, hair-like. Stigmas acute. Seeds four, oblong. — Name from kalios, beautiful, and thrix^ hair. 5. 1. C. verna. Vernal Water Star-wort. Fruit-bearing peduncles very short, with two bracteas at their base ; fruit regularly tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled at the back. Stems feeble, numerous, branched, leafy ; leaves varying from linear to oval, the upper three- nerved, and crowded. Annual : flowers in April and May : grows by the edges of pools, ditches, and brooks : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 722. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 10. 13. 2. C. pedunculdta. Pedunculated Water Star-wort. Fruit-bearing peduncles elongated, without bracteas at the base ; fruit regularly tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled at the back. Leaves all linear. Annual : flowers in June : grows in a ditch at Amberley, Sussex. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2606. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 329. 14. 3. C. atitumndlis. Autumnal Water Star-wort. Fruit-bearing pe- duncles very short, without bracteas; fruit irregularly tetragonal, each portion broadly and acutely winged at the back. 'Leaves all linear, fruit larger than in the other species, its dorsal wing very broad. An- nual : flowers from July to October : grows in the Loch of Cluny, in Scotland ; in the outlet of Llyn Maclog, Anglesea ; and near London. Loch Neagh, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 722, small figure. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 329. 15. CL. 11.]] UIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 40 Class II. DIANDRIA. Plants bearing Flotvers ivith Two Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers inferior, of one petal, regular. 1. LIGU'STRUM. Corolla four-deft. Eerry two-celled ; cells two- seeded. 2. FRA'XINUS. Corolla none, or deeply four-cleft. Capsule com- ** Flowers inferior, of one petal, irregular ; seeds inclcsed in a seed-ve.-st. pressed two-celled ; cells one-seeded. 3. VERONi'CA. C(7'-o//a wheel-shaped, deeply four-cleft, lower seg-- ment smaller. Capsule two-celled. 4. PINGUrCULA. Corolla gaping, spurred. Capsule one-celled. Caltjx five-cleft. 5. UTRICULA'RIA. Corolla masked, spurred. Capsule one-celled. Calyx of two leaves. *** Flowers inferior, of one petal, irregular; seeds naked. 6. LY'COPUS. Coro/Za tubular, four-cleft; upper segment notched. Stamens distant, simple. Calyx tubular, five-cleft. 7. SA'LVIA. Corolla gaping. Filaments transversely attached to a footstalk. Calyx two-lipped. **** Flowers superior. 8. CIRC^'A. Corolla of two petals. Calyx of two leaves. Capsule two-celled; cells one-seeded. ***** Flowers destitute of petals. 9. LE'MNA. Calyx of one piece, membranaceous. Capsule one- seeded. 10. CLA'DIUM. Glumes of one valve, one-flowered, imbricated ; the outer ones empty. Drupe destitute of bristles at the base. (Salicaped, slightly serrated towards the end, dark green, smooth : flowers from three to seven : corolla large, deep blue, with the throat red : flower-stalks much longer than the bracteas. Pe- rennial : flowers in June and July : grows on rocks, on some of the higher mountains of Scotland : Ben Lawers, Meal Greadha, Craie:- Chailleach, (Sec. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1027. Eng. Fl. vol i. p. 19. 20. 4. V. spicdta. Spiked Speedwell. Spike conical, many-flowered ; leaves opposite, elliptical^ obtuse, unequally and bluntly serrated ; stem ascending. From four to eight inches high: stem simple: leaves downy, broader on the lower part of the stem, and stalked, the uppermost narrow: flowers nearly sessile, deep blue : bracteas linear. A variety of this plant, characterized by its greater luxuriance, and its broader, almost elliptical stem-leaves, has been described under the name of V. hy'brida. Perennial : flowers from July to September ; grows in dry pastures : rare. Newmarket Heath, about Bury St. Edmund's, and other parts of England. Smith. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 2. Eng. f/. vol. i. p. 17. 21. ** Flowers in lateral clusters or spikes. 5. V, Beccabunga. Short-leaved Waiter Speedwell, or Brooklime. Clusters opposite ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, somewhat serrate, smooth ; stem procumbent, rooting at the base. The whole plant succulent and glossy : stems decumbent, generally floating : flowers blue, in long stalked clusters. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in brooks and in ditches with running water : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 655. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 20. 22. 6. V. Anagdllis. Long-leaved Watei- Speedwell, or Brooklime. Clus- ters opposite; leaves lance-shaped, acute, distinctly serrate, smooth; stem erect. The whole plant succulent and glossy : stems erect, from one to three feet high : flowers pale blue, frequently purplish. Perennial : flowers in June and July : brooks, ditches, and pools: not so common as the last. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 781. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 21. 23. 7. V. scutelUita. Narrow-leaved Marsh Speedwell. Clusters alternate ; leaves oblong or linear, somewhat toothed ; fruit-stalks bent backwards. The whole plant slender, stems weak, spreading, sometimes decum- bent and rooting, from nine to twelve inches high : leaves sometimes 52 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [[CL. II. entire at the margin : fruit-stalks remarkably spreading : flowers flesh- coloured, streaked with blue. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in marshy places with gravellv soil : not common. Ejig. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 782. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 21."' 24. 8. V. montdna. Mountain Speedwell. Clusters elongated, few-fiow- ered ; leaves egg-shaped, serrate, stalked ; stem hairj' all round. Root fibrous : stems weak, decumbent, leafy : leaves deeply serrate, thin, shining, slightly hairy: clusters loose: flowers pale blue, with purple lines : capsule of two orbicular lobes, compressed with a sharp ciliated margin. Perennial : flowers in May and June : moist woods : not unfrequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 766. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 23. 25. 9. V. Cham(E.'drijs. Germander Speeduell. Clusters many-flowered ; leaves egg-shaped, sessile, deeply serrate ; stem with two opposite rows of long white hairs. Stems decumbent at the base, marked with two lines of long hairs, which change sides between each pair of leaves : leaves w^rinkled and hairy, with large serratures : clusters long, shooting up beyond the stem : flowers large, bright blue, with deeper streaks, externally pale purple: capsule inversely heart-shaped. Perennial: flowers in May and June : grows on dry banks, under hedges, in open pastures and in woods : common. The infusion of this species' and V. officinalis has been recommended as a substitute for tea. Eng. Bot. vol.ix. pi. 623. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 23. 26. 10. V. officindiis. Common Speedwell. Clusters spiked; leaves broadly elliptical, serrate, rough with short hairs; stem procumbent, hairy. Stems prostrate, rooting at the base, from six to eighteen inches long : leaves with short stalks, stifflsh, pale green, spikes of numerous light blue or purplish flowers, veined with deeper blue : partial flower-stalks shorter than the bracteas : capsule inversely heart-shaped. Perennial: flowers in May and June : grows on dry banks, in open pastures, on heaths, and in dry woods ; not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 765. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 22. — An alpine variety occurs in some parts of Scotland and Ireland. It differs in being entirely destitute of hairs, and in having a much denser spike of deep blue flowers. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 22. Another variety with capsules, leaves between elliptical and lance- shaped, and inversely heart-shaped, undivided, two or three inches high, found in dry heathy places, in the district of Carrick, Ayrshire, by Mr. James Smith, and in various parts of Scotland by others, has been de- scribed under the name of V. hirsuta. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 23. 27. *** F loiters solitary. 11. V.agres'tis. Green procumbent duckweed Speedwell. Leaves all stalked, egg-shaped, deeply serrate, the lower ones opposite ; flower-stalks about equal to the leaves in length, curved when in fruit ; corolla shorter than the calyx; seeds cupped. Root small: stems hairy on two opposite sides, branched at the base, spreading, hairy : leaves broad, with short stalks : corolla small, pale blue : capsule two-lobed, tumid, rough, with about six seeds. Annual : flowers from April to September : grows in cultivated fields : common. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2603. Eng, Fl, vol. i. p. 24. 28. 12. V. polita. Grey Procumbent Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves all stalked, between egg-shaped and heart-shaped, deeply serrate, the lower ones opposite ; flower-stalks about the length of the leaves, curved when in fruit ; corolla shorter than the calyx; seeds cupped. Stems pro- cumbent, spreading, hairy : corolla dark blue, veined : capsule two- CL. II.] DIANDRFA — MONOGYNIA. 53 lobed, tumid, with many seeds. Distinguished from V. agrestis, of which it is perhaps a variety, principally by its bright blue flower, and many- seeded capsule. AniQual : flowers from April to September : grows in cultivated fields : not very uncommon. V. agrestis, Eiig. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 783. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 24. 29. 13. V. Buxbaumii. Buibaum's Speedwell. Leaves all stalked, between egg-shaped and heart-shaped, deeply serrate ; flower-stalks longer than the leaves, always straight, or slightly curved at the tip when in fruit ; corolla longer than the calyx ; seeds cupped. Stems one or two feet long, procumbent, spreading, covered with soft white hairs : corolla very large, light blue, streaked with darker lines : capsule inversely heart- shaped, with four or five seeds in each cell. DiflTers from the two preceding in its larger size and greater hairiness, as well as its larger corolla. Annual : flowers from August to October : grows in cultivated grounds where it has been introduced : rare. First described as British by Dr. Johnstone, who found it near Berwick on Tweed. Oxfordshire ; Kent ; Norfolk ; Northumberland. About Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dun- fermline. Aberladv, &c. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2769. Brit. FL 4th ed, p. 7. " 30. 14. V. arven'sis. Wall Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves heart-shaped, broadly serrate, lower ones stalked, upper lance-shaped, sessile. Stems nearly erect : leaves nearly sessile : corolla small, pale blue, with deeper lines : capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed, ciliated. An- nual : flowers in May and June : on the tops of walls, in dry fields, and among rubbish : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 734. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 24. 31. 15. V. hederifolia. Ivy-leaved Chickweed Speedrcell. Small Henbit. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, five-lobed ; segments of the calyx heart- shaped, acute, ciliated ; seeds cupped, wrinkled. Stems procumbent, spreading : leaves flat, generally five-lobed, the upper three-lobed, flowers small, pale blue, with deeper lines : capsule two-lobed, turgid. Annual : flowers from March to December : grows in cultivated fields, under hedges, in woods and among rubbish : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 784. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 25. 32. 16. V. triphijl'los. Upright or Trifid Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves with finger-like divisions ; fruit-stalks longer than the calyx ; seeds flat. Stem three or four inches high, branched at the base : lower leaves undivided, opposite ; upper in three or five segments, alternate : flowers deep blue : capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed, hairy : style very short: seeds egg-shaped. Annual: flowers in April and May: grows in sandy fields : verv rare. Norfolk and Suffolk. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 26. £n^. F/. vol. i."'p. 26. 33. 17. V. ver'na. Vernal Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves pinuatifid ; up- permost lance-shaped ; fruit-stalks shorter than the calyx ; seeds flat. Stem from two to four inches high : leaves deeply divided, the middle segment larger ; the divisions become less numerous as the leaves ascend on the stem, the upper being simple : flowers small, light blue, with deeper lines : capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed, downy and ciliated. Annual : flowers in April : grows in sandy fields : very rare. First found by Sir John Cullum, about Thetford and Bury, Suflfolk. Eng. Bot. vol.'i, pi. 25. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 26. 34. 54 DIANDRIA — MONOGYMA. ^CL. II. 4. PINGUl'CULA. BUTTERWORT. Calyx small, gaping, permanent; upper lip erect, three-cleft; lower reflected, cleft. Corolla gaping, having the margin irre- gularly five-cleft, with a spur behind. Filaments cylindrical. Anthers roundish. Germen globose. Style very short. Stigma with two unequal lips. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled. Seeds numerous, cylindrical. — Named from pinguis, fat ; on account of the appearance of the leaves. 9* 1. P. tulgdris. Common Butterwort. Spur cylindrical, acute, as long as the petal, upper lip two-lobed, lower divided into three seorments ; capsule egg-shaped. Whole plant smooth, covered with small trans- ftarent grains : leaves radical, egg-shaped, fleshy, with the edges invo- ute, pale green : flowers drooping, deep purple : scape slightly hairy towards the top. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in marshy places, and especially wet heaths : common in the North of England, in Ireland, and in all parts of Scotland. It is imagined to cause diseases in sheep, but it appears not to be eaten by these animals or other cattle. E7ig. Bot. vol. i. pi. 70. Eng.Fl. vol. i. p. 28. 35. 2. P. grandiflora. Spur cylindrical, notched, as long as the petal ; middle segment of the lower lip notched. Larger than P. vulgaris ; leaves pale greenish-yellow : stalks from six to nine inches high : corolla deep purple, reticulated all over with dark blue veins. Perennial : flowers in May : grows on bogs in the western part of the county of Cork, where it was discovered by Mr. Drummond ; also near Kenmare, Ireland. Png> Bot. pi. 2184. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 28. 36. 3. P. Lusitdnica. Pale Biitterwort. Spur curved, obtuse, shorter than the petal ; divisions of the petal nearly equal ; capsule globose ; stalk hairy. Whole plant villous : leaves egg-shaped, thin, somewhat trans- lucent, involute at the edges, very pale green, veined with purple : flowers pale purple or rose colour : scape hairy. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in marshy places and wet heaths : Dorsetshire, Hampshire, Devonshire and Cornwall : plentiful in Ireland : in many parts of the Highlands and Hebrides much more abundant than the common Butter- wort. The two species are readily distinguished by their general appear- ance ; P. LnsHanica being much more delicate and paler than the other. Etig, Bot. vol. iii. pi. 145. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 28. 37. 4. P. alpina. Spur conical, slightly curved, shorter than the petal : middle segment of the lower lip slightly retuse ; capsule conical ; stalk nearly smooth. Leaves oblong, thin, less transparent than in P.Lusi- tanica, pale green, sometimes tinged with purple : flowers yellow. Pe- rennial : found by the Rev. George Gordon, in 1831, in the bogs of Auchterflow and Shannon, Rosehaugh, Ross-shire; Isle of Skye ; first determined by Mr. Hewett Watson as a British species, and described by Dr. Graham. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2747. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. vol. i. p. 8. 38. 5. UTRICULA'RIA.— Bladderwort. Calyx of two small, egg-shaped, equal leaves. Corolla masked ; upper lip flat, obtuse, erect ; lower lip with a prominent heart- shaped palate ; spur projecting from the base. Stamens short. Anthers small, adhering together. Germen globose. Style thread- CL. II.] DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 55 shaped, as long as the calyx. Capsule large, globose, one-celled. Seeds numerous, small. — Name from utriculus,2i little bladder. 10. 1. U. vulgaris. Greater Hooded Water Milfoil, or Bladderwort. Spur conical ; upper lip of the corolla as long as the palate ; leaves divided into numerous segments. Stems much branched, lying prostrate in the vvater : leaves small, with very slender divisions, having minute prickles at the margin. Scape erect, round, bearing from three to eight bright yellow flowers, arranged in a bunch : lower lip much larger than the upper, with a projecting palate closing the mouth : spur curved, acute : ttie roots, stems, and leaves are covered with numerous vesicles, having an aperture closed by a valve, and its margin armed with bristles. In the earlier stages these vesicles are filled with water, and when it be- comes necessary for the plant to rise and expand its flowers in the air, they become filled with air : after some time the air in the vesicles is substituted by water, and the plant descends to ripen its seeds. Peren- nial : flowers in July ; grows in ditches and pools : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 253. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 30. 39. 2. U. intermedia. Middle Hooded Water Milfoil, or Bladderwm-t. Spur conical ; upper lip of the corolla double the length of the palate ; leaves divided into three linear forked segments. Smaller than the former : leaves repeatedly forked : flowers smaller and paler : bladders on branched stalks, not on the leaves. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and pools : not common. About Bantry and Dublin, in Ireland ; lake near Forfar, and various parts of Aberdeenshire and Mo- rayshire. Eug. Bot. vol. XXXV, pi. 2489. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 30. 40. 3. U. minor. Lesser Hooded Water Milfoil, or Bladdericort, Spur very shorty obtuse, keeled j upper lip as long as the palate ; leaves di- vided into three linear segments, which are again similarly divided ; corolla gaping. Smaller than the last : flowers about five, pale yel- low : palate not projecting, the mouth being open. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and pools : not common. Somersetshire, Norfolk, Cumberland, Westmoreland ; common in some parts of Ireland and Scot- land. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 254. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 31. Fl. Scot. p. 9. 41. 6. LY'COPUS. GipSYwoRT. Calyx tubular, with five acute segments. Corolla tubular, with four segments, the upper broader and notched. Stamens simple, longer than the corolla, bent ; anthers small. Germen four-cleft ; style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens, stigma cleft. Seeds four, inversely egg-shaped, at the bottom of the calyx. — Name from It/cos, a wolf, and pous, a foot. 11. 1. L, exLTopct'us. Water Horehound. G'ipsyuort. Leaves deeply serrate. Two feet high: allied to the genus Mentha, &c., and like it having a four-cornered stem : leaves opposite, narrow, egg-shaped, wrinkled, very deeply serrated : flowers whitish, in dense whorls. Pe- rennial : flowers from July to September : grows on the banks of pools and brooks in gravelly soil : common in England and Ireland ; less fre- quent in Scotland. Eng. Bot. pi. 1105. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 34. 42. 7. SA'LVIA. Sage. Calyx tubular, ribbed, with two unequal lips. Corolla having the tulDe dilated upwards, compressed ; upper lip concave ; lower 56 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [CL. II. lip broad, three-lobed, the middle lobe largest, notched. Stamens with two spreading branches, one of which bears a one-celled anther. Germen four-cleft. Style thread- shaped, curved ; stigma cleft. Seeds four, roundish, in the bottom of the calyx. — Name from salvo, to heal. 12. 1. S.praten'sis. Meadow Sage, or Clary. Leaves oblong, heart-shaped at the base, crenate, the upper ones embracing the stem ; whorls nearly leafless ; upper segment of the corolla clammy. A beautiful plant, about three feet high, with large purple flowers : leaves wrinkled : whorls of six flowers, scarcely longer than the floral leaves. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry pastures and by hedges : rare ; and probably introduced. Near Cobham, in Kent; common in Surrey and Sussex ; Wick-cliffs, Gloucestershire ; between Middleton, Stoney and Audley, Oxfordshire. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 153. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 34. 43. 2. 5. Verbendca. Wild Sage, or Clary. Leaves egg-shaped, serrate, sinuate ; corolla narrower than the calyx. From one to two feet high : stem decumbent at the base : lower leaves egg-shaped, stalked : upper narrower, more acute, sessile : flowers small, purple ; upper lip concave, compressed ; lower three-lobed : floral leaves as long as the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures and on banks, in gravelly soil : not uncommon in England and Ireland ; coast of Fife, &c.; King's Park, Edinburgh. Eng. Bot.\o\. iii. pi. 153. Eng. FL. vol. i. p. 34. 44. 8. CIRC^'A. Enchanter's Night-shade. Calyx of one leaf, superior ; tubular at the base ; the limb with two egg-shaped deflected segments. Petals two, inversely heart- shaped, equal. Filaments hair-like, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish. Germen roundish. Style thread-like ; stigma dilated, notched. Capsule inversely egg-shaped, covered with hairs, two- celled, each cell one-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Named from the enchantress Circe. 13. 1. C. alp'ina. Mountain Enchanter's Night-shade. Stem ascending, smoothish, leaves heart-shaped, toothed, shining. Root spreading : whole plant nearly .•smooth : stem prostrate at the base, red : leaves pale- green, delicate : flowers rose-coloured, in short, terminal, and axillar branches : smaller than the next species. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in shady places, in woods, and among stones, in the lower parts of mountainous districts. Lancashire, Westmoreland and Cumberland ; Lochbroom, shores of Lochness and Loch Tay, and many of the Highland Glens. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1057. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 16. 45. 2. C. lutetidna. Common Enchanter's Night-shade. Stem erect, hairy ; leaves egg-shaped, denticulate. Root spreading, difficult to be extirpated : stem little branched, generally with a solitary, terminal bunch of flowers : leaves dark green, opaque, hairy : flowers small, white or tinged with red : the two species pass into each other, and are probably specifically identical. Perennial: woods, copses, hedges and shady lanes : flowers in June and July. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1056. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 15. 46. CL. II.] DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 57 9. LE'MNA. Duckweed. Calyx of one leaf, membranous. Corolla none. Stamens thread-shaped, lateral, unequal, longer than the calyx. Anthers of two globes. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Style shorter than the stamens. Capsule one-celled, globose, containing one seed. — Name from lemma ^ a scale. 14. 1. L. triscul'ca. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Fronds stalked, between ellip- tical and lance-shaped, thin, serrated towards the point ; roots solitary. Fronds about half an inch long-, reticulate, pellucid at the margin : leaf-stalks issuing from the sides of another leaf, from a fissure there : capsule egg-shaped, pointed, sitting on the upper surface of the frond. Annual: flowers from June to September: occurs floating in ditches, pools, and lakes : common. All the species of this genus are said to be eaten by ducks and other herbivorous aquatic birds. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 926. E7ig. Fl. vol. i. p. 32. 47. 2. L. minor. Lesser Duckweed. Fronds inversely egg-shaped, ser- rated, compressed, the lower stalked ; roots solitary. Fronds two or three lines long, rather thick and firm : flowers from June to September. Annual: occurs floating in dense masses, in ditches, pools, and lakes: very common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1095. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 32. 48. 3. L. gib'ba. Gibbous Duckweed. Fronds inversely egg-shaped, hemispherical beneath ; roots solitary. Fronds about a line long, green and plane above, bulging and purple beneath. Annual : flowers from June to September : occurs floating in ditches, pools, and lakes : rare in Scotland ; in England and Ireland not unfrequent. Eng. Bot, vol. xviii. pi. 1233. Etig. Fl. vol. i. p. 32. 49. 4. L. polyrhiza. Greater Duchiceed. Fronds broadly egg-shaped, a little convex beneath ; roots numerous. Fronds half an inch long, firm, green above, purple below. Annual : flowers unknown in Great Britain, occurs floating in stagnant water : rare. Eng. Bot. pi. 2458- Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 33. 50. 10. CLA'DIUM. TwiG-RusH. Calyx a one-valved chafF-scale, concave, one-flowered. Co- rolla none. Stamen thread-shaped, longer than the husk. An- ther linear, erect. Germen superior, egg-shaped, without bristles at the base. Style thread-shaped. Drupe egg-shaped, one-celled; nut hard, egg-shaped, acute. — Name from klados, a branch. 15. 1. C. Mariscus. Prickly Twig-rush. Panicle repeatedly divided ; stem round, smooth, leafy ; leaves prickly at the edge and along the keel. Root long, and creeping : stem four or five feet high, erect, angular at the top : leaves keeled, ending in a sharp point, with prickly serratures : panicle erect, with numerous compound, furrowed branches. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in marshes and bogs in several parts of England : rare. Cunnemara bogs, Ireland. Very rare in Scotland ; Sutherlandshire ; formerly found in the moss of Restenat, near Forfar, but now extinct there. Eiig. Bot. pi. 950. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 36. Brit.FLp.\3. 51. 58 TRIANDRIA. [jDL. III. DIGYNIA. 11. ANTHOXA'NTHUM. Spring-grass. Calyx of two egg-shaped, pointed, concave chaff-scales, one- flowered. Corolla of two equal husks, shorter than the calyx, awned on the back. An internal corolla, or nectary, consisting of two egg-shaped, minute scales. Stamens hair-shaped, longer than the corolla ; anther oblong, forked at both ends. Germen superior, oblong. Styles short ; stigmas long, downy. Seed one, nearly cylindrical, tapering at each end. — Name from anthos, a flower, and xanthoSy yellow. 16. 1. A. odordtum. Sweet-scented Spring-grass. Panicle spiked, oblong ; riowers on short stalks, and longer than the awns. About a foot high : leaves short, pale green : panicle dense, becoming brownish yellow : scales of the calyx unequal, acute, membranous, with a green bristly keel : husks of the corolla obtuse, hairy, shorter than the calyx, one with a short straight awn, the other with a longer twisted one : internal corolla or nectary of two very small, membranous scales. The pleasant smell of new-made hay is chiefly owing to this plant, which in drying emits an odour similar to that of Asperula odarata and Trifolium officinale. Pe- rennial : flowers in May : grows in pastures and meadows : common. This plant is a true grass, but is separated on account of its having only two stamens. It is eaten by cattle. Eng. Bot. pi. 647. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 97. .52. Class III. TRIANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers ivith Three Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers superior. 1. VALERIA'NA. Corolla of one petal, five-cleft, protuberant on one side at the base. Seed one, crowned with a feathery pappus. 2. FE'DIA. Coro//a of one petal, five-cleft, protuberant on one side at the base. Capsule three-celled, crowned with the toothed calyx. 3. CRO'CUS. Ccro//a of six equal segments, resembling petals ; tube longer than the limb. Stigmas folded. 4. TRICHOjN E'MA. Corolla of six equal segments j tube shorter than the limb. Stigmas deeply divided. 5. I'RIS. Corolla of six unequal segments, the three outer larger and reflected. Stigmas three, resembling petals. ** Flowers inferior, chaffy. 6. SCHCE'NUS. Chaff-scales single, in two rows, arranged in an imbricated spike, the outer empty. Husks none. Style simple at the base, deciduous. 7. RHYNCHO'SPORA. Chaff-scales single, arranged in a spike imbricated all round, the outer empty. Husks none. 5i3//e enlarged at the base, permanent. 9. SCI'RPUS. Chaff-scales single, uniform, concave, arranged in a CL. in.] TRIANDRIA. 59 spike imbricated all round. Husks none. Style simple at the base, deciduous. 10. ELEO'CHARIS, Chaff-scales single, uniform, arranged in a spike imbricated all round. Husks none. Style enlarged at the base, permanent. U. ERIO'PHORUM. Chaff-scales single, uniform, arranged in a spike imbricated all round. Husks none. Seed with numerous very long hairs arising from the base. 8. CYPE'RUS. Chaff-scales single, uniform, in two rows, arranged in an imbricated spike. Husks none. Seed naked at the base. 12. NA'RDUS. Chaff-scales two. Husks none. (Some species of Juncus.^ Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. * Flowers in panicles. Calyx of two or three chaff-scales, Cimtaining onejiower. 15. ALOPECU'RUS. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, acute. Husk one, awned at the base. 16. KNA'PPIA. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, abrupt. Husks two, unequal, awnless. 14. PHLE'UM. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, pointed. Husks two, concealed, awnless. Seed loose, 13. PHA'LARIS. Chaff-scales two, unequal. Husks three or four, the two innermost downy. Seed invested by the hardened internal husks. 17. POLYPO'GON. Chaff-scales two, equal, awned at the summit. Husks two, concealed, the outermost with a terminal awn. Seed loose. 18. MI'LIUM. C/io^-sca/es two, unequal, tumid, ifws/cs two, concealed. Seed invested by the hardened husks. 19. AGRO'STIS. Chaff-scales two, acute, awnless. Hu^ks two, longer than the chafF-scales, membranous, tufted with hairs at the base. Seed loose. 20. CY'NODON. Chaff-scales two, acute, lance-shaped, equal. Husks two, very unequal, compressed. Seed invested by the hardened husks. 34. SPARTI'NA. Chaff-scales two, lance-shaped, unequal. Husks two, unequal, compressed. Seed loose. 38. LAGU'RUS. Chaff-scales two, unequal, fringed, with terminal feathery awns. Husks two, unequal, the outer with three awns. 21. DIGITA'RIA. Chaff-scales two or three, very unequal, awnless. Husks two, unequal, awnless. Seed invested by the hardened husks. (Some species of Arundo. Melica unijlora.) ** Flowers in panicles. Calyx of two chaff-scales, containing two or three fiowers. 23. Al'RA. Chaff-scales two, unequal. Flowers two. Husks two, the outer awned above the base. Seed loose in the husks. 26. ME'LICA. Chaff-scales two, unequal, awnless. Flowers two, to- gether with the rudiments of a third. Husks two, awnless. Seed invested by the hardened husks. 25. HO'LCUS. C/icJ/'-sca/cs two, unequal. P/ou^ers two, one of them 60 TRIANDRIA. fcL. III. bearing stamens only, and awned. Husks two, awned. Seed in- vested by the hardened husks. 22. PA'NICUM. Chaff-scales two, very unequal. Flowers two, one of them destitute of stamens and style, the perfect one awnless. Husks two. Seed invested by the hardened husks. 28. HIERO'CHLOE. Chaff-scales two, unequal, acute, awnless. Flowers three, the central one perfect, with two stamens, the lateral ones bearing three stamens, but no pistil. Husks permanently membranous. Seed loose. Styles distinct. 27. SESLE'RIA. Chaff-scales two, acute, somewhat awned. Flowers two or three, all perfect. Husks toothed or awned. Seed loose. Styles combined. *** Flowers in panicles. Calyx of two chaff-scales, containing more than two fiowers. 32. BRI'ZA. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, heart-shaped, obtuse, awn- less. Husks two, unequal, awnless. Seed united to the husks. 30. PO'A. Chaff-scales two, unequal, egg-shaped, acute, awnless. Husks two, unequal, the outer keeled, egg-shaped, acute, awnless. Seed loose, oblong. 29. GLYCE'RIA. Chaff-scales two, unequal, oblong, obtuse, awnless. Husks two, unequal, the outer ribbed, cylindrical, abrupt, awnless. Seed loose, cylindrical. 31. TRIO'DIA. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, egg-shaped, acute, awnless. Husks two, unequal, egg-shaped ; the outer deeply cleft, with an intermediate point. Seed oval. 33. DAC'TYLIS. Chaffscales two, unequal, lance-shaped, long- pointed, the larger keeled. Husks two, lance-shaped, the outer keeled, and awned at the summit. 36. FESTU'CA. Chaff-scales two, very unequal, lance-shaped, pointed. Husks two, unequal, the outer nearly cylindrical, pointed or awned. Seed oblong, loose. 35. CYNOSU'RUS. Chaff-scales two, equal, lance-shaped, long- pointed, awned. Husks two, unequal, the outer lance-shaped, keeled, awned at the summit. Seed oblong, loose. 37. BRO'MUS. Chaff-scales two, unequal, lance-shaped, acute, awn- less. Husks two, unequal ; the outer elliptical, cleft, awned near the summit. Seed elliptical, united to the inner husk. 39. AVE'NA. Chaff-scales two, unequal, broadly lance-shaped, awn- less. Husks two, unequal ; outer nearly cylindrical, pointed, deeply cleft, with a long twisted awn from the middle. Seed elliptical, united to the outer hardened husk. 24. ARU'NDO. Chaff-scales two, unequal, lance-shaped, keeled, awn- less. Husks two, unequal, surrounded by long hairs. Seed oblong, loose, but enveloped in the husks. ♦*** Flowers spiked ; arranged on a common stalk, having alternate lateral excavations. 40. LO'LIUM. Chaff-scale one, lance-shaped, fixed, opposite to the excavation, many-flowered. 41. ROTTBO'LLIA. Chaff-scales two, lance-shaped, parallel, oppo- site to the excavation, two-flowered. 44. TRl'TICUM. Chaff-scales two, at each joint of the stalk, oblong. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 61 opposite to each other, transverse to the excavation, manv- flowered. 42. E'LYMUS. Chaff-scales in several parallel pairs, opposite to the excavation, each pair containing several flowers. 43. HO'RDEUM. Chaff-scales in three parallel pairs, opposite to the excavation, each pair containing one flower. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils. 45. MO'NTIA. Ca/i/x- of two leaves. CoroZ/a of one piece. Capsule three-valved, three-seeded. 47. POLYCA'RPON. Calyx of five leaves. Petals five, nearly entire. Capsule three-valved, many-seeded. 46. HOLO'STEUJM. Ca/j/r of five leaves. Peia/s five, jagged. Cap- sule six-toothed, many-seeded. TRIANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. VALERIA'NA. Valerian. Calyx a slight border surmounting the germen. Corolla of one tubular petal with a protuberance or spur at the base ; limb di- vided into five obtuse segments. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, borne upon the corolla ; anther oblong. Germen inferior, oblong, one-celled. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma simple. Seed oblong, compressed, crowned with the calyx ex- panded into a number of feathery rays. — Named from vaieo^ to prevail, on account of its medical properties. 17, 1. V. rubra. Red Valerian. Flovvers with one Gtamen, and a long spur; leaves broadly lance-shaped, nearly entire. From one to two feet high : lower leaves shortly stalked, entire : upper sessile, broader, sometimes toothed : flowers rose-coloured, numerous, arranged in a corymbose head. Perennial : flovvers from June to September: grows on old walls and among rubbish in various parts of the country, but is not truly indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1531. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 42. 53. 2. V. dioica. Small Marsh Valerian. Flcvi'ers dioecious ; radical leaves egg-shaped, stem leaves pinnatifid. Root creeping : stem six or eight inches high, erect : terminal lobe of the leaves large : flowers pale rose-coloured. Perennial: flowers in June : grows in moist meadows: frequent in England, rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 628. Eiig. F/. vol. i. p. 43. 54. 3. V. offlcindlis. Great Wild Valerian, Corolla bulging at the base ; leaves all pinnate; leaflets lance-shaped, nearly uniform. From two to four feet high : root with long slender fibres, fetid : stem furrowed : leaflets broadly serrated : flowers pale rose-colour or whitish. There is a variety of smaller size, with more narrow leaflets, the root of which is more fetid. Perennial: flowers in June : grows by the side of lakes, in marshes, moist meadows, by hedges, among rubbish, in dry pastures, and in woods : common. The root has a warm bitter taste, and is employed as an antispasmodic, generally in substance, although it communicates its properties to wine, water, or spirits. The roots of those plants which F 2 62 TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. III. grow in dry situations, are preferred to those of the others. Cats are powerfully affected by the odour of the root. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 698. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 43. 55. 4. V. pyrendica. Heart-leaved Valerian. Leaves heart-shaped, ser- rated, stalked, the uppermost pinnated. Two or three feet high : flowers pale rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in moist woods in various parts of Scotland, where however it is probably not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1591. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 44. 56. 2. FE'DIA. Corn-salad. Calyx consisting of three or four small teeth. Corolla of one tubular petal, with a protuberance at the base ; limb divided into five obtuse segments. Filaments borne upon the tube ; anther roundish. Germen inferior, roundish, three-celled. Style thread- shaped J stigma notched. Capsule membranous, three-celled, crowned by the permanent calyx. Seeds solitary, egg-shaped. — Named from fedus, a kid. 18. 1. F. olit&ria. Common Corn-Salad, or Lamb's Lettuce. Capsule nearly globular, smooth, inflated, crowned with the three inflected teeth of the calyx, of which one is much larger ; flowers in heads. Stem about six inches high, repeatedly forked, furrowed : lower leaves tongue- shaped, stalked, stem-leaves sessile, obtuse, sometimes a little toothed : flowers pale blue, in round heads ; with linear, often divided bracteae at their base. Annual : flowers from April to June : grows in corn-fields, and among rubbish : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 811. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 45. 57. 2. F. dentdta. Smooth-fruited Corn-Salad. Capsule egg-shaped, smooth, ribbed in front, taper-pointed, crowned with the prominent cup of the unequally four-toothed calyx ; flowers in corymbs, with a sessile one in each fork of the stem. Stem about ten inches high, repeatedly forked : leaves narrower than in the last, the upper ones more toothed : flowers flesh-coloured, in loose corymbs, with smaller ones in each fork of the stem. Annual : flowers from April to June : grows in corn-fields and hedge-banks : not uncommon. The young leaves of this and the preceding species may be used as salad. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1370. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 45. Two varieties with hairy capsules have been described as distinct; the one has the cup of the calyx small, with three teeth, F. mixta, Brit. Fl. ed. 2. p. 23; the other has the cup of the calyx large, with five unequal teeth, F. eriocdrpa, Brit. Fl. ed. 2. p. 24. Both these varieties are of rare occurrence. 58. 3. F. Auricula. Sharp-fruited Corn-Salad. Capsule egg-shaped, smooth, somewhat inflated, slightly grooved in front, taper-pointed, crowned with the single tooth of the entire limb of the calyx ; flowers in corymbs, a sessile one in each fork of the stem. Annual : flowers from April to June : grows in fields and hedge-banks : rare. Near Hastings and Bristol. Jersey. Inverkeithing, Fifeshire. Brit. Fl. ed. 4. p. 22. 59. 4. F. carinata. Keel-fruited Corn-Salad. Capsule oblong, smooth, keeled, crowned with the single straight tooth of the limb of the calyx. Annual: flowers from April to June: discovered by Mr. J. E. Bowman on a hedge-bank in Shropshire. Jersey. Brit. Fl. ed. 4. p. 22. 60. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 63 3. CRO'CUS. Crocus. Calyx of two unequal, membranous sheaths, arising from the root. Corolla superior; tube long, erect; limb of six oblong equal segments. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers arrow-shaped. Germen inferior, roundish. Style thread- shaped, very long ; stigmas three, dilated upwards, folded, jagged. Capsule roundish, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds several, round. — Named from croce, a thread. 19. 1. C. sativits. Saffron Crocus. Stigma in three deep, narrow seg- ments, hanging out of the corolla, tube smooth at the mouth. Flower purple: stigma deep orange : anthers pale yellow : leaves linear, keeled, curved outwards. Perennial : flowers in September: grows in meadows and pastures in England, where, however, like all the British species of this genus, it is not indigenous, but naturalized. The stigma of this plant is the Saffron of the shops. It was formerly greatly esteemed as a cordial, but is now nearly discarded. It gives a beautiful colour to water, wine, or spirits. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 343. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 46. 61. 2. C. vtrnus. Purple Spring Crocus. Stigma in three short, wedore- shaped segments, not protruded, tube hairy at the mouth. ^Flower purple : stigma pale. Perennial : flowers in March : naturalized in meadows and pastures, in England : rare. About Nottingham. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 344. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 46. 62. 3. C. minimus. Net-rooted Crocus. Stigma in three blunt undivided segments, not protruded, coat of the bulb strongly reticulated. Bulb remarkable for its coating of reticulated fibres : corolla yellow, purple, or whitish, the three outer recurved petals marked with three dark purple lines. Perennial : flowers in ^March. Found at Barton, Suff'olk, by Mr. D. Turner. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2645. 63.' ■ 4. C. aureus. Golden Crocus. Two flowered ; stamens lono-er than the stigma; bulb coated with compact fibres. Perennial: flowers in March: grows in meadow ground in England : rare. Barton, Suffolk - Charlton Wood, Kent. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2646. Brit. Fl. vol i' p. 23. 64.' 5. C. yiudiflorus. Naked -flowering Crocus. Stigma in three deeply- divided, tufted segments, not protruded, of the same height as the stamens. Corolla pale purple : stigma deep orange : leaves not produced along with the flower, which is solitary. Perennial : flowers in October : grows in sandy meadows, between Nottmgham Castle and the Trent. Eng. Bot. pi. 491. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 47. 65, 6. C. speciosus. Showy Autumnal Crocus. Stigma in three deeply divided segments, not protruded ; longer than the stamens Flowers appear before the leaves. Perennial : flowers in October : grows in meadows in England : rare. Meadows near Warwick ; about War- rington ; Halifax, Yorkshire. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2752. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 23. 66*. 4. TRICHONE'MA. Trichonema. Calyx a sheath of two lance-shaped permanent valves. Corolla superior; tube short, funnel-shaped; limb regular. Filaments arising from the mouth of the tube, much shorter than the limb ; 64 TRTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. III. anthers large, oblong. Style longer than the stamens ; stigmas three, equal, spreading, divided to the base. Capsule roundish. Seeds round. — Named from thrix, a hair, and nema, a filament. 20. 1. T. Bulbocodium. Channelled Trichonema. Leaves linear, chan- nelled, curved back, longer than the flower-stalks. Bulb egg-shaped : flowers pale purple. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows on grassy hillocks : very rare. Guernsey and Jersey. The Warren, Daw- lish, Devonshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2549. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 49. 67. 5. I'RIS. Iris. Calyx a sheath of two leaf-like permanent bracteas. Corolla superior, with six divisions, the three outer larger, rounded, reflected ; the three inner erect, narrow. Filaments awl-shaped, lying on the reflected segments. Anthers oblong, depressed. Germen inferior, oblong, three-sided, with three furrows. Style short j stigmas three, very large, resembling petals. Capsule ob- long, angular, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, large. — Named after the rainbow. 21. 1. J. Pseuddcorus. Yellow-Iris, Water-Flag, ov Flower-de-luce. Inner segments of the corolla smaller than the stigmas. Root large, horizon- tal, fleshy, acrid : stem from two to four feet high : leaves sword-shaped, erect, deep green : flowers yellow, three together on the top of the stem, the large segments lined with dark purple. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in marshy places, and by the sides of streams and lakes, generally in extensive patches, which, in the Hebrides and the North of Scotland, are much frequented by the Corn Crake : frequent. The whole plant is extremely harsh to the taste, but cattle do not refuse the dried leaves. The root has been recommended for alleviating the pain of tooth-ache, and is used for dyeing black in the Hebrides. The leaves make excellent thatch ; and are also employed for making bottoms to chairs. Dr. George Johnstone sa3'S the roasted seeds make an excellent substitute for coffee. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 578. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 49. 68. 2. I. fae'tidissima. Stinking Iris. Stem with one angle. -Stem about two feet high, cylindrical, but angular on one side : leaves sword-shaped, dull green, when bruised emitting a smell like rancid bacon : flowers dull purplish grey, with darker lines. Perennial : flowers in June and Ji\y : in all the south-western counties of Eng^land, very common, particularly about Teignmouth, on hedge-banks and sloping ground. Common in Ireland. £?zg. i3ot. vol. ix. pi. 596. Ejio. FL vol. 1. p. 50. 69. 6. SCHCE'NUS. Bog-rush. Calyx a chafF-scale, Corolla none. Spikes of a few flowers, together with numerous empty, crowned chaff'-scales, arranged m two rows. Filaments hair-like ; anthers linear, erect. Germen superior, more or less triangular. Style hair-like, simple, de- ciduous ; stigmas three, feathery. Seeds roundish, hard. — Named from sclioinos, a cord. 22. 1 . S. nigricans. Black Bog-rush. Stem round ; spikes of flowers forming^ a roundish head, overtopped by one of the two floral leaves. ■ • Root of very long fibres, forming a thick tuft ; stem about a foot CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 65 high, sheathed at the base with broad scales of a blackish colour, the uppermost of which bear narrow acute leaves : spikelets black : anthers long, yellow : stigmas dark purple : seed white, shining. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in bogs and wet moors ; common. F.ng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1121. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 52. 70. 7. RHYNCHO'SPORA. Beak-rush. Calyx a chafF-scale. Corolla none, excepting a few bristles. Spikes of a few flowers, together with numerous, empty, crowded chaff-scales, imbricated all round. Filaments hair-like ; anthers linear, erect. Germen superior, roundish. Style hair-like, en- larged at the base. Seed roundish, hard, crowned by the per- manent base of the style. — Named from rhi/nclioSy a beak, and spora, a seed. 23. 1. R. alba. White-headed Beak-i-ush. Leaves tapering, linear, chan- nelled ; spikes forming a somewhat corymbose head ; stamens two. Stem from five to ten inches high, triangular, very slender : leaves erect : larger floral leaf a little longer than the head of flowers, which is white : stigmas two : seed inversely egg-shaped. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on wet heaths and in boggy places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 985. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 52. 71. 2. R. fiisca. Broun-headed Beak-ruih. Leaves thread-shaped ; spikes forming an egg-shaped head ; three stamens. Smaller than the last : leaves not tapering : head of flowers reddish-brown. Peren- nial : flowers in June : grows in bogs, chiefly in the South of England and in Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1575. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 53. 72. 8. CYPE'RUS. Cyperus. Calyx a chafF-scale. Corolla none. Spikes of numerous flowers, all perfect, excepting one or two at the bottom, imbri- cated in two rows. Filaments short ; anthers linear. Germen roundish ; style deciduous. Seed pointed. — Name, ct/peiros of the Greeks. 24. 1. C. lon'giis. Sweet Cyperus. English Galingale. Umbel leafy, twice compounded ; fruit-stalks naked ; spikes alternate. Stem from two to three feet high : spike-stalks som.etimes amounting to twelve or thirteen, forming an umbel : spikes brown, five or six together. The root is agreeably aromatic to the smell, and warm and bitter to the taste. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes : very rare. By a rivulet between St. David's Town and St. David's Head ; at Walton, in Gordon, Somersetshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1309. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 54. 73. -2. C. fus'cus. Brown Cyperus. Umbel with three leaves, compound ; spikes crowded, spreading in all directions. Stem about six inches high : spikes numerous, brown. Annual : flowers in September. Found by Mr'. Haworth in a meadow near Little Chelsea, Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2626. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 54. 74. 9. SCl'RPUS. Club-rush. Calyx an egg-shaped, concave chafF-scale. Corolla none. Spike of numerous flowers, all perfect. Filaments thread-like; 66 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [[CL. III. anthers linear. Style simple, deciduous ; stigmas three, downy. Seed three-cornered, sometimes furnished with soft hairs at the base. — Name, cirs, Celtic for cord. 25. * Spikes solitary. 1. S. cxspitosits. Scaly-stalked Club-rush. Straw round, sheathed with numerous scales at the base, some of them bearing short leaves ; two outer chaff-scales as long as the spike. Stems numerous, from four to twelve inches high, growing in dense tufts, striated, upper sheaths ending in a short leaf : spike small, reddish-brown. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on peat soil : abundant. This is one of the most im- portant of our native plants, in respect to pasturage. Its very numerous long fibrous roots form the principal part of the spongy varieties of peat. In the Highlands it is often seen occupying extensive tracts, almost ex- clusively, and forms excellent summer pasturage for cows, horses, and sheep. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1029, Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 17. 75. 2. 5. paucijidrus. Chocolate-headed Club-rush. Straw round, sheathed at the base, leafless ; two outer chaflf-scales shorter than the spike. Spike smaller and darker than in the last: straw about six inches high : it resembles the last in its mode of growth and qualities. Perennial : flowers in July: grows abundantly in Scotland. Eug. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1122. Eng. FLwoLi.^. 17. 76. 3. S. Jiuitans. Floating Club-rush. Straw round, branched, leafy ; spikes destitute of external enlarged scales. Stem from six to ten inches long, slender, zig-zag, much branched : leaves linear, keeled, sheathing: spikes small, few-flowered, pale green: no bristles beneath the seed. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in ditches, and in shallow water on heaths. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 216. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 57. 77. ** Stem round, bearing several spikes. 4. S. lacus'tris. Bull-rush. Great Club-rush. Stem round, leaf- less; panicle cymose, twice compounded ; bracteas two, shorter than the panicle. Stems from four to six feet high, smooth, internally spongy : lower sheaths dark brown : a few short leaves at the base of the straw : spikes brown, forming a cyme or panicle. Perennial: flowers in July : grows in pools, and the edges of rivers, with muddy bottoms. It is sometimes used as thatch. Bottoms of chairs are very commonly made of it, as well as mats, Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 666. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 57. 78. 5. S. Holosch(z'nus. Round-headed Club-rush. Stem round, leafless; spikes nearly globular, closely set together, stalked ; bracteas two, leafy, unequal, sharp-pointed. — Stems firm, about a foot high : spikes brown : the globular spikes, supported on stalks of various lengths, distinguish this at first sight from every other species. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the sea-coast in the south of England : rare. Brounton Boroughs, Devonshire, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1612. Eng. Fl. p. 58. 79. 6. S. setdceus. Bristle-stalked Club-rush. Stem bristle-like> leafy at the base ; spikes few, sessile ; bractea leafy, surmounting the spikes ; fruit inversely egg-shaped, ribbed, and marked with tranverse lines ; stamens two. Stems numerous, very slender, from two to five inches CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 67 high : spikes from oue to three, egg-shaped, greenish-brown. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in moist sandy or gravelly places. £710-. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1693. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 59. 80. 7. 5. Silvii. Savi's Club-rush. Stem bristle-like, leafy at the base; spikes few, sessile ; fruit nearly round, rough with small points ; stamens three. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in wet bogs : not common. Common in Ireland, and in the West of England and Scot- land. Channel Islands. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2782. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 26. 81. 8. 5. caric'cnus. Compressed Club-rush. Stem roundish, leafy at the base ; spikes collected into a two-rowed cluster; bractea leafy, surmount- ing the spikes; leaves flat, keeled. Stem about a foot high, simple : leaves keeled, rough on the edges and keel : spikes chestnut brown. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in boggy places. Eng. Bot, vol. xi. pi. 791. Eng. FL p. 59. 82. 9. 5. rlifiis. Brown Club-rush. Stem round, leafy at the base; spikes collected into a two-rowed cluster ; bractea short ; leaves chan- nelled. More slender than the last : stems about six inches high : leaves shorter and bristle-like, not flat or keeled : spike dark brown. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in boggy places. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. pi. 1010. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 60. 83. *** Stem triangular, bearing several panicled spikes. 10. S. triqutter. Triangular Club-rush. Stem acutely triangular j spikes lateral ; stigmas two. Stems three feet high, acutely trian- gular, with the sides hollowed, the point erect and sharp : a single, short leaf : spikes egg-shaped, in a panicle coming from the side of the straw, near the top. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the banks of large rivers exposed to the tide, as of the Thames, both above and below London : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1694. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 60. 84. 11. 5. carindtus. Blunt-edged Club-rush. Stem bluntly triangular ; spikes terminal ; stigmas two. 'Stems triangular, with the sides con- vex : panicle terminal, with a longish bractea : spikes egg-shaped, brown. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the banks of large rivers exposed to the tide ; along the Thames, 6cc. : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1983. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 61. 85. 12. S. maritimus. Salt-marsh Club-rush. Stem triangular ; panicle terminal, leafy; scales of the spikes three-cleft, the middle segment awl- shaped ; stigmas three. Stem from one to three feet high, leafy at the base and summit : leaves keeled, rough at the edges : spikes egg- shaped, reddish-brown. Perennial : grows on the banks of large rivers exposed to the tide, and in salt marshes : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 542. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 62. 86. 13. S. sylvdticus. Wood Club-rush. Stem triangular, leafy; cyme terminal, repeatedly compound, leafy; scales of the spikes entire; stig- mas three. 'Stem from two to three feet high, leafy : leaves flat, rough at the edges and keel : spikes small, very numerous, dark brown, arranged in a compound panicled cyme. Perennial : grows in moist woods : flowers in July : common in Ireland, less so in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 919. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 62. 87. 68 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. []CL. III. 10. ELEO'CHARIS. Spike-rush. Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla none. Spikes imbricated all round. Filaments hair-like. Anthers linear. Germen com- pressed. Style enlarged at the base, united to the germen by a narrow joint. Seed triangular, crowned by the permanent style. — Named from eloSy a marsh, and chairo^ to rejoice. 26, 1. E. palus'tris. Common Spihe-rush. Stems round; stigmas two; seed flattened. Roots fibrous : stems many together, erect, smooth, from six inches to a foot and a half high : sheaths at the base two or three, the upper long, close, and green, the others brown : no leaves : spike egg-shaped or oblong, acute, reddish-brown. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches, rivulets, and marshy ground, and at the edges of pools and lakes : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol, ii. pi. 131. Eng. FL vol, i. p. 64. 88. 2. E, multicaulis. Many-stalked Spike-rush. Stems round ; stigmas three ; seed acutely triangular. Root fibrous : stems numerous, smooth, spreading, eight or ten inches high : spikes smaller and more slender than in the last. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in wet moors. This seems to be merely a variety of the last. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1187. E»g. F/. vol. i. p. 64. Brit. Fl. y>. 29. 89. 3. E. aciculdris. Least Spike-rush. Stem four-cornered ; stigmas three. Roots creeping, fibrous, thread-like : stems thread-like, about three inches high : leaves none, the parts usually considered as such being sterile stems : spike very small, narrow, elliptical, brownish. Pe- rennial : flowers in July and August : grows by the sides of lakes, and in wet places on moors. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 749. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 65. 90. 11. ERIO'PHORUjM. Cotton-grass. Calyx a flat membranous chaff-scale. Corolla none. Spike im- bricated all round. Filaments hair-like; anthers linear, protruded, pendulous. Germen inversely egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped; stigmas three, longer than the style, reflected. Seed three-cornered, tapering to a point, furnished at the base with very long, soft, silky hairs. — Name from erion, wool, and p/iero, to bear. 27. * Spike single. 1. E. vagindtum. Hare's-tail Cotton-grass. Stem triangular above, round below ; uppermost sheath inflated ; spike egg-shaped. Root creeping : stems jointed, smooth, about a foot high : leaves channelled, -heathing : spike large, egg-shaped, pointed, blackish, with mem- oranous scales : hairs numerous, long, white, and shining. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows on heaths and in boggy places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 873. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 66. 91. 2. E. capitdtum. Round-headed Cotton-grass. Stem round in its whole length; uppermost sheath inflated; spike roundish. Root creeping : stems jointed, smooth, about eight inches high : leaves thicker than in the last : chaff-scales smaller, but firmer, brown : hairs much shorter. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in heaths in high situations : very rare. Ben Lawers. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2387. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 67. 92. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 69 ** Several spikes on each stem. 3. E. aijgustifdlium. Common Cotton-grass. Stem somewhat trian- gular ; leaves linear ; channelled ; spike-stalks smooth ; hairs four times the length of the spike. Root creeping : stems from two to three feet high, jointed, and leafy : spikes generally four, of which one is sessile : leaves very narrow, triangular, rough on the edges. Perennial : flowers in April : grows on wet heaths, in peat bogs and ditches: common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 564. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 69. 93. 4. E. polysldchion. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. Stem round ; leaves broadly linear, flat ; stalks of the spike smooth ; hairs three times the length of the spike. Root fibrous : stems two feet high, grooved, jointed, and leafy : leaves broader than in the last, with an acute keel : spikes four or five, one sessile, brown, pendulous after flower- ing. Perennial : fiowers in June : grows on wet heaths and in peat bogs : common in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 563. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 68. 94. 5. E. pubtscens. Doivny-stalked Cotton-grass. Stem triangular above, round below ; leaves flat, lance-shaped ; spike-stalks rough ; hairs twice the length of the spike. Smaller tlian the last : spikes numerous, black, their stalks downy ; leaves broader and shorter than in the last. Perennial : grows in bogs and marshes : common in Scotland ; rare in England and Ireland. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2633. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 69. 95. 6. E. grdcile. Slender Mountain Cotton-grass. Stem triangular ; leaves triangular, channelled, leafy ; fruit-stalks downy; hairs twice the length of the spike. Root creeping : stem a foot high : leaves linear, triangular, recurved : spikes three or four, nearly erect, longer than their bractea, black. Perennial : flowers in July : found in boggy places on Ben Lawers and the Clova mountains, bv G. Don. North Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2402. Eng. E/. vol", i. p. 70. 96. 12. NA'RDUS. Mat-grass. Calyx none. Corolla of two lance-shaped pointed husks, the outer embracing the inner. Filaments hair-like ; anther oblong. Germen superior, oblong, small. Style thread-shaped, long ; stig. ma feathery. Seed one, long and narrov^', pointed at both ends, in- vested vrith the husks. — Name from nardos of the Greeks. 28. 1. N. stric'ta. Mat-grass. Spike slender, straight, the flowers pointing in one direction. Root consisting of very long, tough, downy fibres : stems numerous, about six inches high, wiry : leaves bristle-like : n.u- merous broad stiff sheaths around the base of the stems. This grass forms dense tufts, and is of a pale greyish-green colour. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on heaths, generally in sandy or gravelly soil : abundant. Eng. Bot. pi. 290. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 70. 97. DIGYNIA. ,[This order contains all the British Grasses, excepting Nardus strictn and Anthcxanthiim odoratiim. The grasses, as every person must have observed, form the basis of all our best pastures ; and in some places cer- tain species, such as Featuca ovina and duriuscnla, exclude almost every other plant. The great utility of these plants hardly requires to be G 70 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. III. remarked. Wheat, barley, oats, and rye, belong to this great family, but are all of exotic origin. Almost all the species are eaten by cattle, especially when young and tender, although they usually refuse the straws after flowering. Lolium temulentum is the only species that possesses poisonous properties. Young botanists generally dislike the ex- amination of these plants, on account of its supposed difficulty ; but with a little attention, the species can in almost every case be satisfactorily determined.] 13. PHA'LARIS. CANARY-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, keeled, compressed, acute chaff-scales. Corolla double, concealed by the calyx, of three or four husks, the two inner larger, downy. Nectaries two equal, egg-shaped scales. Filaments thread-like ; anthers oblong. Styles short, with feathery stigmas. Seed egg-shaped, invested by the hardened internal husks. — Named from phalos, shining. 29. 1. P. canarie lists. Canary Grass. Panicle egg-shaped, close; chafF- scales keeled, hairy ; outer corolla of two bare husks. About eighteen inches high: straw erect, striated, roughish : leaves lance-shaped, soft : panicle erect, compound, resembling an egg-shaped spike, beautifully va- riegated with green and white : this is a foreign species, the seeds of which accidentally dropped, sometimes spring up in waste places and upon dunghills. Annual : flowers in July : frequent. Eng. Bot, vol. XIX. pi. 13lO. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 75. 98. 2. P. arundindcea. Peed Canary Grass. Panicle erect, loose ; outer husks bearded. Roots creeping, sending out large fibres : straws from three to five feet high ; leaves lance-shaped, striated, smooth : panicle about six inches long, tinged with purple : chafF-scales acute, keeled with a nerve on each side, rough on the keel and nerves: outer husks minute, each terminated by a tuft of hairs. Perennial ; flowers in July : grows by the edges of rivers : common. This plant has altogether the appearance of an Arundo ; a variety with striped leaves, is common in gardens. Evg. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 402. and vol. xxx. pi. 2160. f. 2. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 75. 99. 14. PHLE'UM. Cat's-tail-grass. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, compressed, pointed or awned chaff-scales. Corolla of two concealed, unequal husks, the outer embracing the inner. Filaments hair-like ; anthers linear, protruded. Germen roundish. Styles thread-like, spread- ing ; stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, loose. — Name phleos of the Greeks. 30. 1. P. prnttnse. Common Cat's-taiUgrass. Timothy Grass. Panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chafF-scales abrupt, fringed on the keel, longer than the awn. Root fibrous: straws from two to three feet high, knotty, erect: leaves linear, flat, rough, with long sheaths: panicle erect, very close, spiked, of a cylindrical form, from two to four inches long, green : the roots are sometimes bulbous. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1078. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 76. 100. 2. P. alphinm. Alpine Cat's-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, between egg-shaped and oblong; chafF-scales abrupt, fringed on the keel, as long CL. III.] TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 71 as the awns; root knotted. Straw ascending, from six to twelve inches long, smooth : spiked panicle about an inch in length. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows on some of the higher mountains of Scot- land, as Ben Lawers, and Ben-na-buird ; and on Lettery mountain, Gal- wav, Ireland : rare. Eng. Eot. vol. xv, pi. 1077. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. "77. 101. 3. P. Mich^lii. Michelian Cafs-tuil-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindri- cal, chafl^-scales lauce-shaped, pointed, fringed on the keel. Roots fibrous : straws from one to two feet high, leafy : leaves flat, rough on the edges : panicle close, about two inches long. Perennial : flowers in July. Found by Mr. G. Don on rocky parts of the Clova mountains. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2265. Eng. Fl. p. 78. 102. 4. P. as'perum. Branched Cat's-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindri- cal ; chaff-scales wedge-shaped, pointed, rough, with a bare keel. Root fibrous: straw about a foot high, branched, smooth : leaves rough- ish, pointed, erect : panicles terminal, erect, cylindrical, about two inches long. Annual : flowers in July : grows in dry fields : rare. Near Bristol ; on Newmarket Heath ; in Badmington Park, Gloucestershire ; in Bedfordshire, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1077. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 77. ' 103. 5. P. Boehm^ri. Purple-stalked Cat's-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chaff-scales lance-shaped, pointed, slightly hairy ; straw simple. Roots fibrous : straws about a foot high, erect, purple : chaff- scales purple. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry fields, in the western parts of England : rare. Norfolk and Cambridge. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 459. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 78. 104. 6. P. arendrium. Sea-side Cat's-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, oblongj enlarged at the top ; chaff-scales lance-shaped, fringed. Root fibrous : straws about six inches high, leafy below ; spiked panicle short, enlarged above : husks half the length of the chaff-scales. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in sand on the sea-shore. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 222. Eng. F/,. vol. i. p. 79. 105. 15. ALOPECU'RUS. Fox-tail-grass. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, egg-shaped, ribbed chaflf-scales. Corolla of one concave, egg-shaped husk. Awn twice as long as the husk, and arising from its base. Filaments hair-like ; anthers forked at each end. Germen roundish. Styles hair-like, united at the base ; stigmas long, feathery. Seed egg- shaped, loose, covered by the husk. — Name from alopexy a fox, and OMraf, a tail. 31. 1. A. pratensis. Meadoic Fox-tail-gi'ass. Straw erect, smooth ; panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chaff-scales acute, hairy, shorter than the awn of the husk. Root fibrous : straws about two feet high : leaves flat, nearly smooth : spiked panicle about two inches long, hoary. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in meadovvs and pastures : common. Eng. But. vol. xi. pi. 759. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 80. 106. 2. A. alpinns. Alpine Foi-tail-grass. Straw erect, smooth ; panicle spiked, egg-shaped ; chaff-scales obliquely abrupt, hairy ; awn a little longer than the husk. Root creeping : straw about a foot high, erect, smooth : root-leaves narrow, the other broader : spiked panicle hardly 72 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. Ill, an inch long : cliaff-scales united at the base, three-ribbed, covered with long, close, white hairs. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on some of the highest mountains of Scotland. Discovered by Mr. R. Brown on Loch-na-gar, in Aberdeenshire : Clova mountains, Forfarshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1126. Evg. Fl. vol. i. p. 81. 107. 3. A. agrtstis. Slender Fox-taii-grass. Straw erect, roughish above ; panicle spiked, cylindrical, tapering at the end ; chafF-scales acute, nearly bare ; awn twice the length of the calyx. Root fibrous: straws about two feet high : leaves rough above : spike slender, three inches long, purplish : chafF-scales lance-shaped. Aunual : flowers in July : grows in cultivated fields, and by way-sides. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 848. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 81. 108. 4. A. hnlbosus. Bulbous Fox-tail-grass . Straw erect ; spike simple ; chafF-scales separate, linear, acute, downy ; root bulbous. Root bul- bous : straws erect, smooth : leaves narrow, striated : spike dark green : chafF-scales narrow, with the keel and ribs fringed : husk bluntish, its awn twice the length of the calyx. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in salt marshes in England : rare. Near Yarmouth and Weymouth. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1249. Etig. Fl. vol. i. p. 82. 109. 5. A. geniculdtus. Floating Fox-tail-grass. Straw ascending, bent at the joints ; panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chafF-scales united at the base, abrupt, fringed ; awn twice the length of the calyx. Root fibrous : straw decumbent at the base : leaves broader and shorter than in the last : spikes an inch and a-half long : chafF-scales obtuse, purple, strongly fringed on the keel : husk abrupt, shorter than the calyx : awn twice the length of the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches and watery places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1250. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 83. 110. 6. A. futvus. Orange-spiked Fox-tail-grass. Straw ascending, bent at the joints ; panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chafF-scales united at the base, obtuse, fringed ; awn as long as the calyx. This is hardly distinct from the last, the comparative length of the awn afFording the only remarkable difference. Perennial : flowers in June and July :' grows in ditches and watery places : not unfrequent. Eng. Bot. pi. 1467. Evg. i^i. vol. i. p. 83. 111. 16. KNA'PPIA. Knappia. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, keeled, egg-shaped, abrupt, awnless chaff-scales. Corolla of two unequal, inversely egg-shaped, membranous, hairy, fringed, awnless husks, shorter than the calyx. Filaments hair-like, twice the length of the calyx ; anthers oblong, cleft at both ends. Germen minute, roundish. Styles short, stigmas long, cylindrical, acute, downy. Seed loose, egg-shaped, covered by the husks. — Named after Mr. Knapp. 32. 1. R. agrostidea. Early Knappia. Root fibrous : stems from one to three inches high, erect, slender, triangular : leaves short, channelled, at the base of the stem : flowers purplish, nearly sessile. Annual : flowers in March and April : grows in sandy pastures by the sea-shore, in the south of England, Wales, and in Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1127. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 84. 112. CL. Ill,] TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 73 17. POLYPO'GON. Beard-grass. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, keeled, cleft chaft- scales, each with a terminal awn. Corolla of two egg-shaped husks, inclosed within the calyx ; the outer keeled and awned. Filaments hair-like, as long as the corolla ; anthers oblong, cleft at both ends. Germen oval. Styles short, distinct ; stigmas fea- thery. Seed loose, egg-shaped, covered by the husks. — Named flora poius, much, 3Lndpogo)i, beard. 33. 1. P. Monspelitnsis. Annual Beard-grass. Awns straight, thrice the length of the calyx ; root fibrous. Straws a foot high, simple, smooth : leaves flat, acute, striated, rough on the edges and ribs : panicle pale. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in moist pastures, iu Hampshire, Essex, and Norfolk : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1704. i:»^. F/.vol.i. p. 86. 113. 2. A. littordlis. Perennial Beard-grass. Awns straight, about the length of the calyx ; root creeping. Straws about a foot high, branched, smooth : leaves rough on both sides and on the edges : panicle purplish. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in salt marshes in Norfolk and Essex: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1251. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 87. 114. 18. MI'LIUM. MiLLET-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two unequal, €gg-shaped, tapering, awnless chaff-scales. Corolla of two unequal, egg-shaped husks, inclosed within the calyx, the outermost sometimes awned on the back. Nectaries membranous, cleft. Filaments hair-like, very short. Germen egg-shaped. Styles united, or very short. Seed egg-shaped, covered with the hardened husks. — Named from miiie, a thousand (seeds tourt). 34. 1. M. effusnm. Spreading Millet-grass. Flowers awnless, in a loose, spreading panicle. Root fibrous : straws about four feet high, slender, smooth : leaves broad, flat, bright green : panicle large, widely-spread- ing. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist shady places: frequent. Eiig. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1106. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 87. 115. 2. M. iendigerum. Panick Millet-grass. Flowers awned, in a dense, spiked panicle. Root fibrous : panicle erect, very close, tapering, pale-green. Annual : flowers in August : grows in moist meadows, in England; Sheppey; Weymouth; Gillingham : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1107. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 88. 116. 19. AGRO'STIS. Bent-grass. Calyx of two unequal, acute, keeled, awnless, permanent chaff- scales, containing one flower. Corolla of two unequal, mem- branous, ribbed husks, tufted with hairs at the base, the larger frequently bearing an awn. Nectaries two minute scales. Fila- ments hair-like, rather longer than the husks ; anthers deeply divided at each end. Germen egg-shaped. Styles short. Stigma densely hairy. Seed egg-shaped, shining, loose, enveloped in the unaltered corolla. — Named from atrros, a field. 35, G 2 74 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. III. * Awned. 1. A. Spica-vtnti. Silky Bent-grass. Awn straight, stiff, many times longer than the corolla ; panicle loosely spreading. Straw two or three feet high, erect, smooth : leaves ribbed, spreading : panicle large, silky-looking : outer husk rough with tubercles, inner cleft at the point. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy fields in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 951. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 89. 117. 2. A. canina. Brown Bent-grass. Awn arising from below the middle of the husk, curved inwards, twice the length of the husks; stems decum- bent, with prostrate shoots ; stipules lance-shaped. Root creeping : straws more or less decumbent and rooting at the base, about two feet long, slender, smooth : leaves roughish on both sides : panicle spreading when in flower, with thread-like, angular, rough branches. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1856. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 90. 118. 3. A. setdcea. Bristle- leaved Bent-grass. Awn from near the base of the husk, curved inwards ; chafF-scales lance-shaped, tapering, rough ; root-leaves bristle-shaped ; straw nearly erect ; panicle close. Root tufted : stems about a foot high, slender, smooth : stipules lance-shaped : panicles cylindrical, with angular, bristly branches : inner husk very small. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on dry heaths in the south of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1188. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 91. 119. ** Generally awnless. 4. A. vulgaris. Fine Bent-grass. Panicle spreading, with smooth, divaricated hair-like branches ; chaff-scales nearly equal ; straw erect ; stipules very short, abrupt. Root creeping: straws about a foot high : panicle smooth, with purplish flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1671. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 92. 120. 5. A. alba. Marsh Bent-grass. Panicle spreading, with rough branches; chaff-scales lance-shaped, bristly on the keel ; straw oblique, creeping in its lower part ; stipules oblong. Root and stems creeping, and sending out long prostrate shoots : panicle at length spreading, with tufted branches, and green or purple flowers. Perennial : flowers in . June and July : grows in moist meadows, and places inundated in winter, and on the other hand frequently in dry sand, exhibiting great diversity of appearance : common. This is the famous Fiorin-grass of agriculturists. It hardly deserves the notice which it has received. Wild geese and ducks are fond of its juicy stems and roots, which have a sweet taste. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1189, and vol. xxii. pi. 1532. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 93. 121. 20. CY'NODON. Dog's-tooth-grass. Calyx of two nearly equal, lance-shaped, acute, keeled, avpnless scales, containing a single flower. Corolla of two unequal, keeled, compressed, awnless husks, the outer much broader and embracing the other. Nectary of two minute scales. Filaments rather longer than the husks. Anthers cleft at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles distinct. Stigma feathery. Seed egg-shaped, invested by the hardened husks. — Named from ci/on, a dog, and odous, a tooth. 36, CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 75 1. C. ddctylon. Creeping Dog^s-tooth-grass. Spikes four or five, crowded; husks smooth. Root creeping, rough: straws creeping, round, smooth : leaves tapering, hairy, with long, smooth sheaths : flowering branches about six inches high, each bearing four or five linear spikes. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows on the sandy shores of Cornwall. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 850. Eng, Fl. vol. f. p. 95. 122. 21. DIGITA'RIA. Finger-grass. Calyx one-flowered, of three very unequal, awnless scales ; the outer minute, triangular ; the next largest, as long as the corolla ; the inner opposite to the latter, small, lance-shaped. Corolla of two unequal, elliptical, awnless valves. Filaments hair-like, rather longer than the husks ; anthers short, cleft at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles thread-shaped, about the length of the stamens; stigmas short, feathery. Seed egg-shaped, closely invested by the hardened polished husks. — Named from digitus, a finger. 37. 1. D.sanguindlis. Cock's-foot F'niger-grass. Leaves and their sheaths somewhat hairy : flowers in pairs; calyx rough at the edges of its larger scale only. Root fibrous: stems decumbent and rooting at the base, about a foot long, striated, smooth : leaves broad, pointed, striated, sprinkled with warts : spikes from three to eight, crowded at the top of the straw: flowers dark purple, erect : larger chafF-scale five-ribbed, with rough edges. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in various parts of England, in sandy cultivated fields : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 849, Paidcum sanguinale. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 97. 123. 2. D. humifusa. Smooth Fiiiger-grass. Leaves and their sheaths smooth: flowers egg-shaped, downy. Root fibrous: stalks spreadinor: flowers purple. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in sand at Weybridge, in Sussex, where it was found by Mr. Borrer. '1 his and the above have probablv been introduced into Britain with foreign corn. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2613. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 54. 124. 22. PA'NICUM. Panick. Calyx two-flowered, of two very unequal, ribbed chafF-scales, the inner much larger, elliptical, generally awnless. One flower perfect; the other either neutral or stameniferous. Corolla of the former of two unequal, membranous, acute husks ; in the latter of one or two husks, the outer of the texture of the calyx, concave ribbed, sometimes awned, the inner flat, awnless, often wanting. Filaments hair-like, as long as the corolla; anthers short, cleft at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles distinct, awl-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigmas feathery, short. Seed egg-shaped, flattened on one side, closely invested with the hardened husks. — Name uncertain, perhaps from PaniSy bread. 38. 1. P. verticilldtum. Bough Panick-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindri- cal, lobed with whorled branches; flowers in pairs, accompanied with angular bristles, rough with reversed teeth. Root fibrous ; straws two feet high, smooth, spreading: leaves lance-shaped, rough on both sides, with long smooth sheaths : stipules of numerous short hairs : calyx pale. 76 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. IH. with green ribs, smooth : husks minutely wrinkled. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in corn-fields about London and Norwich : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 874. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 98. 125. 2. P. vlride. Green Panick-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, con- tinuous, with numerous prominent bristles, rough, with erect teeth. Smaller than the last, but closely resembling it, the principal differ- ence lying in the more numerous bristles with teeth directed upwards. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in sandy fields about London and Norwich : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 875. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 99. 126. 3. P. Crus-galli. Loose Panick-grass. Panicle erect, branched, bristly ; flowers awned, unilateral ; leaves lance-shaped, harsh, destitute of stipules. Root fibrous: stems about a foot high, smooth: leaves pointed : panicle erect, stiff", unilateral, with angular rough-edged stalks. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in wet corn-fields near London : rare. Neither this species nor the two preceding are indigenous, having been introduced among corn. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 876. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 100. 127. 23. AI'RA. Hair-grass. Calyx of two unequal, keeled chafF-scales, containing two per- fect flowers, without rudiments of a third. Corolla of two oblong, unequal husks, the outer larger, generally with a twisted awn arising from above the base, the inner notched and awnless. Nectary a cleft scale. Filaments hair-like; anthers protruded, pendulous, notched at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles short, distinct; stigma large, feathery. Seed egg-shaped, loose, covered with the membranous husks. — Named from airo^ to de- stroy, formerly applied to Lolium temulentum. 39. * Corolla awnless. 1. A. cristdta. Crested Hair-grass. Panicle dense; calyx longer than its stalk, shorter than the flowers ; chaff"-scales and husks pointed. Root in dense tufts with downy fibres : stems erect, about nine inches high : panicle close, lance-shaped, with silvery, purplish, erect flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in dry pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 648. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 101, 128. 2. A.aqudtica. Water Hair-grass. Panicle spreading ; flowers awn- less, even, obtuse, longer than the calyx ; leaves flat ; stipule oblong. Root creeping : stems floating, branched, smooth, rising about a foot above the water : panicle erect, with spreading branches. Peren- nial : flowers in June : grows in ditches, pools, and the edges of rivers: not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1557. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 102. 129. ** Corolla awned. 3. A. cosspitosa. Turfy Hair-grass. Panicle spreading ; flowers about the length of the calyx, abrupt, hairy at the base ; awn short, from the lower part of the outer husk; leaves flat. Straws from two to four feet high, erect, smooth, growing in large tufts : panicle large, much branched, with small silvery purplish flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in moist shady places, and in alpine ravines: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1453. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 102. 130. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 77 4. A. alp/na. Smooth Alpine Hair-grass. Panicle rather close, with smooth branches ; flowers acute, the length of the calyx ; awn short, from near the top of the outer husk ; leaves involute. Straws about a foot high : leaves rough on the upper side : panicle with shining brownish flowers, on nearly erect branches. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales : common. Eng. Bat. vol. XXX. pi. 2102: A. IcEvigata. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 103. 131. 5. A. jiexima. Panicle spreading, with waved branches ; flowers acute, as long as the calyx ; awn from the middle of the outward husk, twisted ; leaves bristle-shaped. Straw upwards of a foot high, erect, smooth : leaves short : panicle erect, with waved angular branches and flower-stalks, and shining brown flowers. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in heathy places and on dry banks: common. Eng. Bot. vol.xxii. pi. 1519. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 104. 132. 6. A. cantscens. Grey Hair-grass. Panicle rather close ; flowers shorter than the calyx; awn short, club-shaped; leaves bristle-shaped. Straws about six inches high : leaves numerous, chiefly radical, forming dense tufts : panicle with numerous small flowers variegated with purple, green, and white. Perennial: flowers in July: grows on the sandy coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk ; Jersey. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1190. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 105. 133. 7. A. caryophy Ilea. Silver Hair-grass. Panicle spreading; flowers sessile, not longer than the calyx ; awn from below the middle of the husk, twice its length ; leaves bristle-shaped. Generally about six inches high ; panicle three-forked, with silvery flowers. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows on dry pastures and gravel pits : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 812. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 107. 134. 8. A.prx'cox. Early Hair-grass. Panicle close, erect ; flowers ses- sile, as long as the calyx ; awn from the base of the husk, nearly twice its length ; leaves bristle-shaped. Straws from two to five inches high; panicle with angular rough branches, and pale, purplish flowers. This and the preceding species wither very soon, when the season is dry. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in dry sandy pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1296. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 106. 135. 24. ARU'NDO. Reed. Calyx of two unequal, lance-shaped, pointed, keeled, awnless chaff-scales. Corolla of two unequal husks; the outer larger, lance-shaped, keeled, compressed, pointed ; the inner cleft at the point, inflected at the edges ; each husk with numerous soft hairs at the base. Nectary of two minute scales. Filaments thread- like ; anthers cleft at both ends. Germen oblong. Style short ; stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, loose, but enveloped in the husks, — Name Arundo, a reed. 40. 1. A. Phragmites. Common Reed. Flowers about five in each calyx, awnless ; panicle loose. Root creeping : stems about six feet high, stout, smooth : leaves lance-shaped, rough on the edges, many-ribbed : panicle very large, with the branches in half whorls: flowers brownish purple, with large tufts of silky hairs. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches, marshes, lakes, and rivers: not very common, but often growing in large masses; the favourite haunts of the Coot, the Water- 78 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. III. hen, and the Reed Bunting. It forms excellent thatch. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 401. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 169. 136. 2. A. Epigejos. Wood Reed. Calyx one-flowered, longer than the corolla ; panicle erect, close, with crowded, unilateral flowers ; awn of the outer husk dorsal, as long as the hairs and calyx ; leaves lance- shaped. Straw about three feet high : panicle smaller, closer, and more erect than in the last : flowers purple, with long silky hairs. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in shady moist places : rare. Eng. BoL vol. vi. pi. 403. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 170. 137. 3. A. Calamagrdstis. Small Reed. Calyx one-flowered, much longer than the corolla; panicle erect, loose ; flowers spreading in all directions; awn terminal, short ; hairs longer than the husks ; leaves linear. Straws about three feet high, smooth, slender : panicle much branched, with purple flowers. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes, and moist woods and hedges. Eng, Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2159. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 170. 138. 4. A. Lapponica. Lapland Small Reed. Calyx one-flowered, broadly lance-shaped, as long as the corolla ; panicle erect, close ; corolla equal in height with the calyx and the awn, which latter is inserted near the base. Straw about three feet high : leaves narrow, rigid : branches of the panicle spreading only during flowering : flowers at first tinged with purplish blue, afterwards becoming yellowish brown. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist places in Ireland : very rare. Dis- covered by Mr, D. Moore at Lough Neagh, Antrim. Calamagrostis Lapponnica. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 34. 139. 5. A. stricta. Smallest Close Reed. Calyx one-flowered, egg-shaped, acute, scarcely longer than the husks ; panicle erect, close ; ' flowers spreading in all directions, with a dorsal awn ; hairs shorter than the husks. Straw about two feet high, very slender, smooth: flowers brown, with the hair short. Perennial : flowers in June : found by Mr. G. Don in the White Mire near Forfar, but has not been found since. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2150. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 171. 140. 6. A. arendria. Sea Reed. Mat-grass. Sea Bent. Calyx one- flowered, a little longer than the corolla ; panicle close, leaves involute, pungent. Root creeping, often twenty feet long; straw stiflT, greenish- yellow ; leaves very long, mostly radical : panicle close, linear, attenuated at each end : chaff"-s;cales unequal, membranous, rough on the keel. Very few of the seeds are perfected. This plant is common on the coasts, wherever there is loose sand, which it serves to bind down by its long tough roots. It is manufactured into door mats and floor brushes. In the Hebrides it is made into ropes for various uses ; mats for pack- saddles, bags and vessels for holding and preparing meal and grain, and into hats. It has also been planted in the outer Hebrides, for curing sand-drift. Perennial : flowers in July. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 520. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 172. 141. 25. HO'LCUS. SoFT-GRASs. Calyx tviro-flowered, of two unequal, keeled, awnless chafF- scales, one of the flowers perfect, the other with an abortive germen. Corolla of two equal husks; the larger egg-shaped, keeled, awned on the back j the smaller much narrower, awnless. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 79 Nectary a cleft scale. Filaments three in both flowers ; anthers notched at both ends. Styles short, spreading ; stigma large, feathery. Seed coated with the hardened permanent husks. — Name holcos of the Greeks. 41 . 1. H. avendcetts. Oat-like Soft-grass. The perfect flower superior, with a short awn, the imperfect flower with a long geniculate awn ; root knotted. Height from two to four feet, or more : the lower part of the straw has a number of very short joints, which are enlarged above, forming yellowish juicy knots, resembling roots: leaves narrow lance- shaped, thinly hairy above : panicle long, with half-whorled branches : imperfect flower with a long awn, bent near the middle, inserted above the base ; perfect flower with a short awn, inserted below the tip. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows by roads and old walls, and in corn-fields, where it is difficult to be extirpated. In many districts it is so abundant, that the farmers collect the roots into heaps and burn them. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 813. E^ig. Fl. vol. i. p. 109. 142. 2. H. mollis. Creeping Snft-grass. Perfect flower inferior, awnless ; imperfect flower with a bent awn exceeding the calyx ; root creeping. Straw about three feet high : generally smooth, with the knots downv : leaves narrow lance-shaped, acute, smoothish, or slightly downy, rough at the margin : chaff'-scales nearly equal, smoothish, hairy on the keel : flowers shining, the upper hairy at the base. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in moist pastures, and by old walls: common. Evg. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1170. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 108. 143. 3. H. landtus. Meadow Soft-grass. Perfect flower inferior, awnless ; imperfect flower with a curved awn included in the calyx ; root fibrous. Straw about two feet high : the whole plant, particularly the leaves, covered with a very soft short down : chaff'-scales nearly equal, downy : flowers shining, the upper with a tuft of hairs at the base. The principal diflPerence between this and the last is in the length of the awn. Peren- nial : flowers in July: grows in meadows, pastures, and woods, and by roads: abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1169. JEng. jF/. vol. i. p. 108. 144. 26. ME'LICA. Melic. Calyx of two unequal, spreading, awnless chafF-scales, contain- ing one or two perfect flowers, with the rudiments of one or two other flowers. Corolla of two unequal, oblong, awnless husks j the outer larger, concave, ribbed; the inner flat, with two marginal ribs. Nectary cup-shaped, at the base of the germen. Filaments hair-like; anthers protruded, pendulous. Germen roundish. Styles distant, long; stigmas short. Seed egg-shaped, loose, covered with the hardened husks. — Name from me/, honey. 42, 1. M.unifldra. Wood Melic- grass. Panicle branched, slightly droop- ing towards one side ; flowers erect ; spikelet with only one perfect flower. Root creeping : straw about eighteen inches high, smooth, slender : leaves with the ribs and edges rough : panicle of a few hair-like branches: flowers variegated with white, green, and brown. Perennial : flowers in IVIay and June : grows in woods : not uncommon. Evg. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1058. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 112. 145. 2. M. nutans. Mountain Melic-grass. Panicle close, nearly simple. 80 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. III. drooping; flowers pendulous; spikelet with two perfect flowers. Eoot creeping : straw about a foot high : leaves nearly smooth : panicle gene- rally with undivided branches. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods, chiefly in Scotland and the North of England: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. pi. 1059. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 113. 146. 3. M. ccerulea. Purple Melic-grass. Panicle close, erect ; spikelets cylindrical, erect Root large, of numerous long, thick fibres : straw about two feet high, enlarged at the base : leaves covered with scattered hairs above : panicle oblong, with numerous waved branches, and pur- plish brown flowers. This grass is made into ropes in the Hebrides. The butter of cows which feed upon it is very rich, and highly coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows abundantly on heaths, especially such as are moist. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 750. Eng. Ft. vol.i. p. 113. 147. 27. SESLE'RIA. Moor-grass. Calyx of two nearly equal, pointed, keeled, slightly avv-ned chafF-scales, containing two or three perfect flowers. Corolla of two lance-shaped, acute husks, the outer toothed, the inner cleft. Filaments hair-like, a little longer than the husks ; anthers pro- truded, linear, notched at both ends. Germen small, egg-shaped. Styles united; stigma long, downy. Seed loose, covered with the membranous husks. — Named after Leonard Sesier, an Italian botanist. 43. 1. S. ccerulea. Blue Moor-grass. Spike egg-shaped, imbricated ; bracteas alternate ; outer husk with three teeth. Root of long fibres : straw about eight inches high, smooth : leaves rough on the edges and keel, with short sheaths: spike erect, bluish-grey, shining : chaff-scales and outer husk fringed, the latter with three teeth at the end. Peren- nial : flowers in April and May : grows on mountains in Scotland and the North of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pL 1613. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 114. 148. 28. HIERO'CHLOE. Holy-grass. Calyx of two nearly equal, egg-shaped, acute, awnless, mem- branous chafF-scales, contauiing three flowers, of which the upper is perfect, the others stameniferous. Corolla of two unequal mem- branous husks ; the outer larger, egg-shaped ; the inner much narrower, extremely thin, notched, inflected at the edges. Nectary a membranous scale. Filaments hair-like, two in the perfect flower, three in the barren ones; anthers linear, protruded, pen- dulous. Germen egg-shaped. Styles short, distinct ; stigmas linear, feathery. Seed egg-shaped, small, loose, invested by the unaltered husks. — Named from /lieroSf sacred, and cliloe, grass. 44. 1. H. boredtis. Northern Holij-grass. Panicle somewhat unilateral, with smooth flower-stalks ; perfect flower awnless, the others slightly awned ; leaves flat. Root creeping : straws from twelve to eighteen inches high, erect, smooth : panicle erect, with waved branches : outer husks fringed. Perennial : flowers in May and June : found by Mr. G. Don in the valley of Kella, in Anofus-shire ; Moffat Hills, Dumfries- shire. Eng. Bot. Siippl. pi. 2641. E«^. Fl. vol. i. p. 111. 149. CL. III.] TRTANDRIA DIGYNIA. 81 29. GLYCE'RIA. Sweet-grass. Calyx of two unequal, awnless chaff-scales, containing a linear spikelet of numerous, alternate, two-rowed, awnless flowers, un- connected by a web at the base. Corolla of two unequal husks ; the outer cylindrical, ribbed, entire, more or less abrupt, with inflected edges ; the inner narrower, obtuse or notched, flat, membranous, with two marginal ribs. Nectary a notched scale. Filaments hair-like, longer than the corolla; anthers pendulous, linear, cleft at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles distinct; stigmas spreading, feathery, repeatedly branched. Seed oblong, loose, covered with the unaltered husks. — Name from glucus, sweet. 45. 1. G. aqudtica. Beedy Sweet-grass. Panicle erect, repeatedly branched, spreading ; spikelets with numerous, obtuse, seven-ribbed flowers. Straw six feet high, stout : leaves broad, flat, rough on the keel and edges : panicle large, with half-whorled branches : spikelets of from five to ten flowers. This is one of the most beautiful, as well as one of the largest, of our grasses. It is eaten by cattle, and deserves to be cultivated, as it would yield an abundant crop in moist land. Perennial : fiowers in Julv : grows by the margin of rivers : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1315. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 116. 150. 2. G. Jiuitans. Floating Sweet-grass. Panicle slender, very long, slightly branched ; spikelets with numerous obtuse, seven-ribbed, cylm- drical flowers.- Root creeping, long : straws partly floating, as are many of the linear, flat, obtuse leaves : panicle nearly erect, narrow, vi'ith roughish branches : spikelets erect, long, linear, of from eight to twelve flowers: outer husk cylindrical, obtuse. Perennial: flowers in June and Julv : erows in ditches and stagnant waters : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii"". pL 1520. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 117. 151. 3. G. maritima. Creeping Sea-siceet-grass. Panicle branched, rather close ; spikelets with about five, slightly five-ribbed, somewhat pointed flowers ; root creeping. Stems about a foot high : leaves involute, pointed: flowers cylindrical, hairy at the base. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grrows on the sea-coast: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1140. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 116. 152. 4. G. dlstans. Rejiexed Sweet-grass. Panicle branched, spreading ; spikelets with about five obscurely five-ribbed, blunt, shining flowers ; root fibrous. Straws about a foot high, decumbent at the base : the whole plant slightly glaucous : panicle erect, with half-whorled, rough branches : flowers cylindrical. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows near the coast in sandy pastures : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 986. Eng. Fl. vol. I -p. 118. 153. 5. G. procumbens. Panicle lance-shaped, two-rowed, unilateral, close, with rough stalks ; spikelets of five bluntish, five-ribbed flowers.- Root fibrous : the whole plant glaucous : straws about eight inciies long, procumbent: outer husk cylindrical, its central rib more prominent towards the summit : inner husk bristly at the lateral ribs. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in pastures near the sea : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 532. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 119. 154. 6. G. rigidu. Hard Sweet-grass. Panicle lance-sbaped, close, two- H 82 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. III. rowed, unilateral, with smooth stalks ; spikelets of about seven acute, scarcely-ribbed flowers. Root fibrous: stems from three to eight inches high, extremely stiff and firm : flowers cylindrical, slightly keeled : the whole plant generally brownish. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in drv g^ravellv places, and on walls : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol.xx. pi. 1371. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 120. 155. 30. PO'A. Meadow-grass. Calyx of two unequal, egg-shaped, acute, keeled, awnless chaff- scales, containing an egg-shaped spikelet of two-rowed, imbricated, awnless, perfect flowers, frequently connected at the base by a web of white cottony filaments. Corolla of two unequal husks; the outer egg-shaped, acute, keeled, compressed, entire, membranous at the edges; the inner narrower, with two nearly marginal ribs, inflected membranous edges, and a cleft summit. Nectary a deeply-cleft scale. Filaments hair-like, longer than the corolla; anthers pendulous, oblong, cleft at both ends. Germen egg- shaped. Styles very short; stigmas feathery, spreading. Seed oblong, acute, loose, covered with the unaltered husks. — Name, poa, grass, from pao^ to feed. 46. 1. P. compressa. Fiat-stalked Meadow-grass. Panicle somewhat uni- lateral, spreading; straw compressed; spikelets oblong; flowers con- nected by a web ; root creeping. Straw decumbent at the base, about a foot high : panicle with rough angular branches : spikelets from three to eight flowers : outer husk five-ribbed, rough on the keel. Perennial : flowers in June, July, and August : grows in waste ground, and on walls : not uncommon. Eng. Bot, vol. vi. pi. 365. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 121. 156. 2. P. alpinci. Alpine Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading ; spikelets egg-shaped, four or five-flowered ; flowers somewhat incurved, hairy at the base. Root fibrous : straws from four to eight inches high, erect : leaves linear, flat, bluntish, with a small point, rough at the edges : spikelets broad : chafF-scales keeled, three-ribbed : inner husk fringed at the ribs. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows abundantly on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1003. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 122. 157. 3. F. Idxa. Waved Meadow-grass. Panicle drooping, loosely spread- ing, waved ; spikelets egg-shaped, three-flowered ; flowers connected by a web. Root slightly creeping : the whole plant somewhat glaucous : leaves linear, roughish above : panicle with waved branches : spikelets broad: chaflf-scales keeled. Perennial: flowers in July: found by Mr. J. T. Mackay, on Bennevis. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 123. Eng. Bot. pi. 1123. 158. 4. P. bnlhosa. Bulbous Meado'i-grass. Panicle close, slightly waved ; spikelets egg-shaped, four-flowered ; flowers smoothish, connected by a web; leaves finely serrated ; straw bulbous at the base. Straws four or five inches high : panicle oblong : spikelets egg-shaped : chafF-scales rough on the keel: outer husk hairy on the keel, with a continuation of the web, the inner fringed. Perennial: flowers in April and May: grows on the sandy sea-shore in some parts of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. pi. 1071. Eng. Fl.\o\. i. p. 123. 159. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 83 5. P. trividlis. Roughish Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading ; spike- lets oblong, of about three acute, five-ribbed flowers, connected by a web ; straw and sheaths roughish ; root fibrous. From one to two feet high : leaves linear, acute : panicle large, with half-whorled, rough branches, and green flowers. A valuable grass for pasturage and hay. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures : very common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1072. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 124. 160. 6. P.pratensis. Smooth Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading; spikelets oblong, of about four acute, five-ribbed flowers, connected by a web ; straw and sheaths smooth ; root creeping. About a foot high : leaves linear, acute : panicle with half-whorled, smooth branches, and pale- green flowers. One of the most valuable pasture plants. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grovvs in meadows and pastures: abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. pi. 1073. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 126. 161. 7. P. dnnua. Annual Meadow-grass. Panicle somewhat unilateral, with spreading or deflected branches ; spikelets egg-shaped, of about five somewhat distant, five-ribbed flowers, destitute of a web ; straw ascend- ing, a little compressed; root fibrous. Straws about six inches long, decumbent and rooting at the base : panicle pale-green. The whole plant tender and rather succulent. Annual : flowers the whole year round : grows by roads, and wherever there is loose earth : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1141. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 126. 162, 8. P. nemordlis. Wood Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading, with hair- like branches ; spikelets lance-shaped, of about three five-ribbed, acute flowers, silky on the keel and lateral ribs, and hairy at the base, without a web. The whole plant slender and delicate : straws erect, about two feet high : leaves linear, flat, tapering to a fine point, roughish : panicle erect. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1265. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 130. — A small glaucous variety, found abundantly on the Scotch and Welsh mountains, has been named P. glauca, Glaucous Meadow-grass. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1720. Eng. Fl. vol. 1. p. 128. 163. 31. TRIO'DIA. Heath-grass. Calyx of two nearly equal, egg-shaped, keeled, acute, awnless chaff-scales, containing an egg-shaped, imbricated spikelet, of several perfect flowers, which are hairy at the base, but destitute of web. Corolla of two unequal, egg-shaped, stilf husks ; the outer obscurely ribbed, rounded on the back, flat and expanded on the edges, deeply cleft at the summit, with an intermediate short awn or tooth ; the inner smaller, fringed, cleft at the point. Nectary of two scales. Filaments hair-like j anthers protruded, pendulous. Germen oval, flat. Styles short, distinct ; stigma cylindrical, feathery. Seed loose, depressed, convex on the outer, concave on the inner side. — Named from treiSf three, and odous, a tooth. 47. 1 . r. decumbens. Decumbent Heath-grass. Panicle erect, close, with nearly simple branches; spikelets four-flowered; chaff-scales smooth. The whole plant stiff, decumbent; straw from lour inches to a foot long, smooth : panicle of a few large, purple spikelets : corolla with two 84 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. Ill, dense tufts of shining bristles at the base. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry mountainous pastures, as well as on the sea-coasts : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 792. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 131. 164. 32. BRl'ZA. Quaking-grass. Calyx of two nearly equal, inversely egg-shaped, slightly keeled, awnless chafF-scales, containing a broadly egg-shaped, obtuse, compressed spikelet of many two-rowed, imbricated, per- fect flowers. Corolla of two unequal, obtuse, awnless husks, the outer nearly orbicular, concave, contracted at the edges, the inner much smaller, inversely egg-shaped, inflected at the edges. Nectary a cleft scale. Filaments hair-like, longer than the corolla. Anthers oblong, pendulous. Germen egg-shaped. Styles very short. Stigmas feathery, long. Seed nearly orbicular, flat, closely invested by the husks. Named from dritho, to vibrate. 48. 1. B. mSdia. Common Quaking-grass. Spikelets broadly egg-shaped, seven-flowered ; calyx shorter than the flowers. Straw about a foot high : leaves deep green : panicle with very slender branches, and large purplish, tremulous spikelets : inner husk finely fringed, entire at the end. A very beautiful grass, but of little value to pasturage. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 340. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 133. 165. 2. B. minor. Little Quaking-grass. Spikelets triangular, seven- flowered ; calyx longer than the flowers. Straw about eight inches high: leaves pale-green: panicle with hair-like branches: inner husk cleft at the end, and not fringed. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in cultivated fields in the south of England, and Guernsey and Jersey: very rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1316. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 133. 166. 33. DA'CTYLIS. Cock's-foot-grass. Calyx of two unequal, narrow lance-shaped, keeled, com- pressed, long-pointed chaff-scales, containing a spikelet of several flowers. Corolla of two unequal lance-shaped, keeled, compressed husks J the outer more or less awned, flat and membranous at the edges J the inner narrower, two-ribbed, folded acutely, cleft at the end. Nectary of two lance-shaped, pointed scales. Filaments hair-like, longer than the corolla; anthers cleft at both ends. Germen roundish. Styles very short, distinct ; stigmas feathery, spreading. Seed oblong, loose, covered by the unaltered husks. — Named from Dacti/luSy a. finger. 49. 1. D. glomerdta. Cock's-foot-grass. Panicle distinctly branched, unilateral ; flowers in dense tufts ; corolla somewhat awned, five-ribbed, taper-pointed. Straw erect, about two feet high : leaves linear, flat, dark green, striated, harsh. A coarse grass, little relished by cattle, but said to improve greatly by culture. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows bv hedges, walls, and roads : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 335. Eng.yi. vol. i. p. 134. 167. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 65 34. SPARTl'NA. Cord-grass. Calyx oae-flowered, of two unequal, lance-shaped, keeled, com- pressed chaff- scales; the inner cleft at the end. Corolla of two lance-shaped, bluntish, compressed, awnless husks, the inner rather longer. Nectaries none. Filaments hair-like, not so long as the corolla; anthers erect, linear, cleft at the base. Germen elliptical. Styles united for a great part of their length, separate at the top ; stigmas feathery, slender. Seed oblong, compressed, loose, covered by the unaltered husk. — Named from its resem- blance to hi/geum Spartufn. 50. 1. 5. strlcta. Twin-spiked Cord-grass. Spikes two or three ; flowers very hairy ; leaves shorter than the spikes, tapering at the base, and jointed upon the sheath. Root creeping : the whole plant remarkably stiff: straw a foot or more in height: spikes erect, straight, close toge- ther. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in muddy salt marshes on the east and south-east coasts of England : rare. En^. Bot. vol vi pi. 389. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 136. 168', 2. S. alternifoUa. Many-spiked Cord-grass. Spikes numerous, flowers glabrous ; leaves equal to or longer than the spikes, dilated at the base and continuous with the sheath. Much taller than the preceding. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in muddy salt marshes : extremely rare. Discovered in 1836 by Dr. Bromfield, at Itchen Ferrv, South- ampton. Camp, io Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 254. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 53. 169. 35. CYNOSU'RUS. Dog's-tail-grass. Spikelets in pairs: the outer consisting of numerous two-rowed, lance-shaped, pointed chaff"-scales, without corolla or other part of fructification, and resembling a pectinated bractea; the inner of several flowers. Calyx of two equal, lance-shaped, one-ribbed, concave, keeled, taper-pointed, awned chaff'-scales, containing two or three perfect flowers, occasionally with rudiments of more. Corolla of two unequal, lance-shaped husks ; the outer concave, keeled, with a straight awn at the summit ; the inner two-ribbed, inflected at the edges, cleft at the point, awnless. Nectary of two acute scales. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the corolla; anthers linear, cleft at both ends. Germen elliptical. Style very short, distinct ; stigmas long, feathery. Seed loose, oblong, invested by the unaltered husks. — Named from kyo7t, a dog, and oun:, a tail. 51. 1. C. cristdtus. Crested Dog's-tail- grxss. Spike simple, linear; neu- tral spikelet awnless.- Straws about a foot high, stiflT, smooth : spike erect, linear, with a waved rough stalk. This grass is excellently adapted for making straw-plait, and has been employed for that purpose. Cattle hardly ever eat it. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in meadows and pastures, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 316. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 137. 170. 2. C.echindtus. Rough Dog's-tail-grass. Spike compound, egg-shaped ; neutral spikelet awned. Straws from ten to twenty inches hiah ; spike dense, bristly with the long rough awns of the perfect flowers. H 2 S6 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA4 [CL. III. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on sandy ground, in the south of England, and Jersey : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1333. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 138. "^ 171. 36. FESTU'CA. Fescue. Calyx of two very unequal, lance-shaped, pointed chafF-scales, containing an oblong, compressed, imbricated spikelet, of many two-rowed, more or less awned, perfect flowers. Corolla of two unequal husks ; the outer commonly nearly cylindrical, entire, pointed or awned, keeled, more or less ribbed, a little inflected at the edges ; the inner more narrow, elliptical, two-ribbed, cleft or abrupt, with membranous margins, folded in at the rib. Nectary of one deeply divided, or of two separate acute scales. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the husks ; anther linear, pendulous, notched at both ends. Germen round. Styles short, distant. Stigmas feathery ; seed oblong, acute, loose, enveloped in the unaltered husks. — Named from Jesty food. 52. 1. F.oicina. Sheep's Fescue. Panicle unilateral, rather close ; spike- lets of four or five flowers with short awns ; straw square ; leaves invo- lute, bristle-shaped. Leaves short, tufted ; straws about eight inches high : the whole plant glaucous, frequently tinged with red. This grass forms excellent pasturage for sheep. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 585. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 139. — A variety which is viviparous grows abundantly on the higher mountains. F. vivipara. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1355. Eng. Fi.vol.i. p. 140. 172. 2. F. duriuscula. Hard Fescue. Panicle unilateral, spreading ; spikelets oblong, of about six flowers with short awns ; stem-leaves nearly flat ; root-leaves involute, bristle-shaped. Straws from one to two feet high : leaves roughish on the keel and edges. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and waste ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 470. Eng. FZ. vol. i. p. 141. 173. 3. F. rubra. Creeping Fescue. Panicle unilateral, spreading ; spike- lets oblong, of about six flowers, with short awns ; leaves downy above, more or less involute ; root extensively creeping. The long, creeping root furnishes the principal distinctive character of this species ; which, however, is probably a mere variety of the former. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in dry pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2056. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 142. 174. 4. F. hromdides. Barren Fescue. Panicle unilateral, nearly erect, simple ; spikelets oblong, smooth ; flowers shorter than their awns ; leaves tapering, shorter than their sheath. Straws from four to ten mches high : panicle of a few long-stalked spikelets : outer chafF-scale extreme- ly narrow, acute. Annual : flowers in June : grows on walls and sandy ground: common. Eng. But. vol. xx. pi. 1411. Eng, Fl. vol. i. p. 143. 175. 5. F. My urns. Walt Fescue. Panicle drooping, elongated, rather close; flowers tapering, shorter than their awns, rough at the top; leaves awl-shaped. About sixteen inches high, with a panicle five or six inches long. Annual: flowers in June and July: grows on walls and dry sandv ground : frequent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot, vol. XX. pi. 1412. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 143. 176, CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 87 6. F. uniglumis. Single-husked Fescue. Panicle erect, nearly simple ; flowers tapering, compressed, awned ; one of the chafF-scales very mi- nute. Straws from six to fourteen inches high, erect, leaves somewhat involute, smooth on the back, furrowed and hairy above : panicle rather close, with compressed, rough-edged stalks. Annual : flowers in June : grows on the sandy shores of the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. XX. pi. 1430. Eiig. FL vol. i. p. 144. 177. 7. F. gigantea. Great Fescue. Panicle branched, drooping towards one side, spikelet lance-shaped, compressed ; flowers shorter than their awn ; leaves narrow, lance-shaped, ribbed. Stems three or four feet high, erect, smooth, striated : leaves with rough edges and ribs : panicle large, with spikelets of from three to six flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in woods and hedges: not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1820. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 144. Bromus giganteus of some botanists. 178. 8. F. calamdria. Tall Fescue. Panicle repeatedly compound, spread- ing, erect; spikelets of from two to five cylindrical, keeled, pointed flowers ; inner husk folded in the middle. Straws two or three feet high, round, smooth: leaves lance-shaped, tapering, striated, ribbed, rough at the edges : panicle with slender, angular branches : spikelet small, erect: outer chaff'-scale linear, inner awl-shaped. Perennial: flowers in July : grows in mountainous woods : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1005. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 146. 179. 9. F. lolidcea. Spiked Fescue. Spike two-rowed, drooping ; spikelet nearly sessile, narrow-oblong ; flowers cylindrical, awnless, pointed, with five or six ribs at the top. Straws two feet high, round, smooth : leaves linear, flat, smooih : spike with a wavy, angular common-stalk : spikelets with ten or twelve cylindrical flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in rich moist pastures : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 181. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 147. 180. 10. F. prattnsis. Meadow Fescue. Panicle nearly erect, branched, spreading, inclined to one side ; spikelets lance-shaped, compressed with eight or nine cylindrical flowers ; root fibrous. Straws about two feet high, round, smooth : leaves linear, pointed, striated, rough at the edo^es : panicle with compressed, rough stalks : nectary four-cleft. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist pastures and bv road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1592. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p." 148. 181. 11. F. eldtior. Tall Fescue. Panicle somewhat drooping, much branched, spreading in all directions ; spikelets between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, with numerous cylindrical, somewhat awned flowers ; root creeping. Straws about four feet high, striated, smooth : leaves nar- row lance-shaped, smooth, rough at the edges : nectary four-cleft. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist meadows : not com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1593. Eng. FL vol. i, p. 148. 182. 12. F. sylvdtica. Slender Wood Fescue. Spike simple, drooping ; spikelets nearly cylindrical, inclining one way ; awns longer than the husks ; leaves hairy ; root fibrous. Straws two feet high, round, smoothish, very slender : leaves more or less hairy : nectary of two acute scales. Perennial : flowers in Julv : grows in thickets and hedges. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 729. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 149. 183. 13. F. pinndta. Spiked Heath Fescue. Spike simple, erect, two- rowed 3 spikelets nearly cylindrical j awns shorter than the husks 3 leavei 88 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [cL. III. nearly smooth ; root somewhat creeping. Straws about two feet high. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in open fields and heaths in England: rare. Eng, Bot. vol. xi. pi. 730, Bromus pinnatus. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 150. 184. 37. BRO'MUS. Brome-grass. Calyx of two unequal, egg-shaped or lance-shaped, acute, com- pressed, avenless chaff-scales, containing an egg-shaped or oblong, compressed, imbricated spikelet, of numerous, two-rowed, awned, perfect flowers. Corolla of two unequal husks, the outer elliptical, ribbed, longer than the calyx, cleft at the top, awned on the back just below the summit, with a tapering awn, generally as long as the husk; inner husk nearly as long as the outer, but much nar- rower, two-ribbed, with membranous inflected margins, and a fringe on the ribs. Nectary a deeply divided scale, or two distinct undivided ones. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the corolla ; anthers short, pendulous, notched at both ends. Germen egg- shaped. Styles distant, lateral; stigmas densely feathered. Seed oblong, depressed, downy at the summit, united to the inner husk. — Name from 5ro?na, food. 53. 1. B. secalinus. Smooth Rye Brome-grass. Panicle spreading, little branched ; spikelets egg-shaped ; of about ten, distinct, sub-cylindncal smooth flowers ; awns waved, shorter than the husks ; leaves slightly hairy. Straws from two to three feet high : lower branches of the panicle whoried and slightly subdivided, upper simple. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in corn fields : not common. Eug. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1171. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 152. 185. 2. B. velutinus. Downy Rye Brome-grass. Panicle spreading, little branched ; spikelets oblong, of from ten to fifteen crowded, elliptical, downy flowers ; awns as long as the husks; leaves slightly hairy. Straws about two feet high : panicle with almost entirely simple branches. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields : rare. Found near Edin- burgh by Sir J. E. Smith. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1884. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 152. 186. 3. B. mollis. Soft Brome-grass. Panicle erect, close, compound ; spikelets egg-shaped, slightly compressed, downy ; flowers imbricated, depressed, ribbed; awns as long as the husks; leaves and sheaths very soft and downy. From one to two feet high : spikelets of from five to ten flowers. Biennial: flowers in June and July : grov/s infields, pas- tures, and bv way-sides : abundant. A coarse grass, little relished by cattle. Eng' Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1078. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 153. 187. 4. B. racemosus. Smooth Brome-grass. Panicle nearly erect, spread- ing, slightly branched ; spikelets between egg-shaped and oblong, smooth; flowers imbricated, depressed, ribbed ; awns as long as the husks ; leaves somewhat downy. From one to two feet high : spikelets of from five to ten flowers. Biennial: flowers in June: grows in meadows and pas- tures. Probably a variety of the preceding. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1054. Eng. F/. vol. i. p. 154. 188. 5. B. squarrdsus. Corn Brome-grass. Panicle drooping, scarcely branched ; spikelets between egg-shaped and oblong; flowers imbricated, depressed, ribbed ; awns spreading; leaves downy. Straw a foot high, smooth, striated : spikelets few, large, tumid, with from eight to fifteen CL. III.] TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 89 flowers. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields in England: rare, and probably introduced among corn. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1885. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 155. 189. 6. B. arvensis. Taper Field Brome-grass. Panicle drooping, spread- ing, compound with half-whorled branches ; spikelets lance-shaped, acute ; flowers about eight, imbricated, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn ; leaves hairy. Straw about three feet high, erect, smooth : leaves rough on the edges : panicle very large, with harsh, spreading branches. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields : rare, and pro- bably introduced. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1984. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 156. 190. 7. B. ertctus. Upright Perennial Brome-grass. Panicle erect, slightly branched ; spikelets narrow lance-shaped, compressed ; flowers about eight, loosely imbricated, lance-shaped, compressed ; awn straight, shorter than the husks ; root-leaves very narrow, fringed with scattered hairs. Straws from two to three feet high. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in fields and by road-sides : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 471. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 157. 191. 8. B. dsper. Hairy Wood Brome-grass. Panicle branched, drooping ; spikelets narrow-oblong ; flowers about eight, lance-shaped, compressed, downy ; awns shorter than the husks ; leaves uniform, the lower ones hairy. Straw erect, from four to six feet high : leaves lance-shaped, pointed, ribbed, fringed at the edges. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in woods and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1172. £n^. F/. vol. i. p. 158. 192. 9. B. sterilis. Barren Brome-grass. Panicle nearly simple, droop- ing ; spikelets narrow lance-shaped ; flowers about seven, lance-shaped, compressed, furrowed ; awns longer than the husks ; leaves downy. Straws about two feet high : leaves linear, soft and downy, fringed at the edges. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and by road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1030. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 159. 193. 10. B. didndrus. Upright Annual Brome-grass. Panicle erect, some- what spreading ; flowers lance-shaped, with only two stamens. Straws about a foot high, erect, stiff", slender, smooth. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy and gravelly soil : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1006. Eyig. FL vol. i. p. 160. 194. 11. B. maximus. Great Brome-grass. Panicle erect, loose, at length spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, downy ; awns two or three times as long as the husks; leaves downy on both sides. Annual : flowers in June and July : found by Messrs. Babington and Christv on the sands of St. Aubin's Bay ; Jersey. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2820. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 47. 195. 38. LAGU'RUS. Hare's-tail-grass. Calyx one-flowered, of two long, slender, membranous chaif- scales, fringed, as well as their terminal awn, with numerous soft hairs. Corolla of two unequal husks ; the outer longest, egg- shaped, terminating in two equal erect awns, shorter than the calyx, and bearing a much longer awn from the middle of its back, twisted in its lower part, straight in the upper j inner husk smaller, involute, cleft, awnless. Nectary deeply-cleft, acute. Fila^ 90 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. []CL. III. meats hair-like, shorter than the calyx; anthers erect, oblong, cleft at both ends. Germen oblong. Styles very short ; stigmas cylin- drical, feathery. Seed oblong, obtuse, loose, enveloped in the unaltered husks. — Name, lagos, a hare, and our a, a tail. 54. 1. L. ovdtus. Hare's-tail-grass. Straws about a foot high, erect, round: leaves lance-shaped, acute, ribbed, downy on both sides: sheaths inflated, ribbed, very downy : spike egg-shaped, many-flowered, woolly. Annual : flowers in June : grows in sandy ground : very rare. Guernsey. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1334. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 167. 196. 39. AVE'NA. Oat. Calyx of tvi^o somewhat unequal, broadly lance- shaped, thin, awnless chafF-scales, containing a loose spikelet of several flovv'ers. Corolla of two unequal husks; the outer egg-shaped, involute, pointed at both ends, deeply cleft at the top, and bearing from the back a spirally-twisted awn. Nectary of two lance-shaped scales. Filaments shorter than the corolla ; anthers rather short. Germen obtuse. Styles short ; stigmas densely feathered. Seed oblong, sometimes downy, enveloped in the hardened outer husk, which retains its awn. — Name, Avena, of the Romans. 35. 1. A.fatua. Wild Oat. Panicle erect ; spikelets pendulous ; flowers about three, shorter than the calyx, bristly at the base, all awned. Straws three feet high, erect, round, smooth : leaves flat, linear, rough, sometimes hairy : panicle erect and spreading, with half-whorled, rough branches. The twisted awn makes an excellent hygrometer, and Smith says the flowers are used by rustic anglers instead of artificial flies. An- nual : flowers in June and July : grows among oats and barley : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2221. Eng. FL. vol. i. p. 163. 197. 2. A. strigosa. Bristle-pointed Oat. Panicle oblong, inclined to one side; spikelets of two flowers; outer husk tipped with two straight bristles. Straws three feet high : leaves rough : chaff'-scales as long as the spikelet : dorsal twisted awn twice the length of the flower. An- nual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1266. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 164. 198. 3. A. pubtscens. Downy Oat-grass. Panicle erect, nearly simple; flowers about three, longer than the calyx, with a bearded stalk ; leaves flat, downy ; root somewhat creeping. Straws about two feet high, smooth : leaves flat, obtuse, covered with soft hairs : flowers generally three, one of them imperfect : awn from the middle of the husk. Pe- rennial: flowers in June: grows in pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1640. £71^. FL vol. i. p. 164. 199. 4. A.pratcnsis. Narrow-leaved Oat-grass. Panicle erect, with very short simple branches ; flowers about five, longer than the calyx, with a hairy stalk ; leaves involute, finely serrated, with smooth sheaths. • Straw about a foot high, erect, stiflP: leaves mostly radical : panicle erect, simple, with some of the upper spikelets sessile. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. But. vol. xvii. pi. 1204. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 165. 200. 5. A. alpina. Alpine Oat-grass. Panicle erect, slightly branched ; flowers about five, longer than the calyx, with their stalk bearded under CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 91 each ; leaves flat, minutely serrated ; root fibrous. Two feet hi^b, erect : leaves linear, rough on the edges and ribs : panicle erect, with rough branches. Perennial : flowers in July : found by Mr. G. Don, on the rocky summits of the Clova mountains iu Angus-shire. En^. Bot. vol. XXX. pi. 2141. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 165. 201. 6. A. planicitlmis. Flat-stemmed Oat-grass. Panicle erect, branched, spreading; flowers from five to seven, much longer than the calvx ; leaves broadly linear, rough, minutely serrate, their sheaths flat and sharply keeled ; lower part of the straw two-edged. Discovered bv Mr. Stuart Murray, in Glen Sannox, Arran. Perennial: flowers iia July. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. p. 49. 202. 7. A favtscens. Yellow Oat-grass. Panicle erect, spreading, much branched ; flowers about three, longer than the calyx ; leaves flat, a little downy ; root somewhat creeping. Straws about eighteen inches high : panicle of numerous yellowish, shining spikelets. Perennial : flowers in .Tuly : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 952. Eng. FL. vol. i. p. 166. 203. 40. LO'LIUM. Darnel. Coramon receptacle elongated, alternately channelled or exca- vated to receive the spikelets. Calyx many-flowered, of one lance- shaped, permanent chaif-scale. Corolla of two unequal husks, opposite to the calyx ; the outer lance-shaped, somewhat keeled, acute, cleft at the point, the keel terminated by an awn ; the inner elliptical, smaller, with the edges inflected. Nectary of two egg- shaped scales. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the corolla; an- thers oblong, cleft at each end. Germen obtuse. Styles very short ; stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, convex on one side, flat and fur- rowed on the other.— Name, loliujn, of the Romans. 5Q. 1. L. pertnne. Common Rye-grass. Bed Darnel. Corolla very slightly awned; spikelets longer than the calyx ; flowers lance-shaped. Root fibrous : stems several, about a foot "high, round, smooth, stifle, with pur- plish tumid joints : leaves linear, pointed, smooth, striated : spike erect, purplish. This plant is subject to considerable variation, as it grows iu rich or poor soil, being from six inches high to nearly three feet, and having the spike with few spikelets, or with a great number closely crowded together, or even having several spikes agglomerated. It is well known to farmers, being extensively cultivated. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in meadows and pastures, by road-sides, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 315. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 173. 204. 2. L. temidtnturn. Bearded Darnel. Corolla with a long awn ; spike- lets shorter than the calyx; flowers elliptical; straw rough. Straws two or three feet high, round, rough at the upper part : leaves rough on the upper side : spike from four to six inches long, with a rough stafk. Annual : flowers in July : grows in field'^ among wheat or barley. The seeds of this plant are said to produce intoxication and fatal convulsions. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1124. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 174. When the awn is imperfect, it is the L. arvtnse, White Darnel, of some botanists. Enn. But. vol. xvi. pi. 1125. Eng. Fl. vol. i, p. 175. 205. 92 TRIANDIRA DIGYNIA. \JCL. III. 41. ROTTBO'LLIA. Hard-grass. Common receptacle elongated, jointed, ultimately separating, alternately excavated to receive the flowers, of which there are commonly two in each excavation, one of them only being perfect. Calyx of two parallel lance-shaped valves, opposite to the excavation. Corolla of the perfect flower of two lance- shaped, membranous, nearly equal husks, inflected at the edges. Nectary of two acute scales. Filaments thread-like j anthers ob- long, cleft at both ends. Germen oblong, obtuse. Styles short; stigmas feathery, spreading. Seed oblong, shut up in the cavity of each joint of the receptacle by the closed husks, and falling off along with it. — Named after Professor Rottboll of Copenhagen. 57. 1. JR. incurvdta. Sea Hard-grass. Spike cylindrical, slender ; chafF- scales united below ; corolla avvnless. Straws numerous, from three to five inches long, spreading, round, smooth, jointed, leafy : leaves short, firm : spike very slender, hardly distinguishable from the straw. Annual : flowers in Julv and August: grows on the sea-shore: rare. ^ng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 760. Eng. FL vol. i, p. 176. 206. 42. E'LYMUS. Lyme-grass. Common receptacle elongated, alternately excavated and toothed on each side. Spikelets two or more at each tooth. Calyx to each spikelet of two unequal, broadly lance-shaped husks, the outei largest, keeled, and pointed or awned, the inner cleft, inflected at the edges, with a rib on each side. Nectary of two lance-shaped scales. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers linear, notched at both ends. Germen turbinate. Stigmas feathery, spreading; seed linear, channelled on the upper side, very hairy at the summit. — Name, elymoSy of the Greeks. 58. 1. £. arendrius. Upright Sea Lyme-grass. Spike erect, close ; calyx lance-shaped, as long as the spikelets ; leaves stiff, with a thorny point. Root creeping : straws three or four feet high, erect, firm, round. striated, leafy : leaves hard and stiff, involute, with a thorny point : spike from six to twelve inches long. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in sand on the sea-shore, in England, Scotland and Ireland ; but not com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1672. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 177. 207. 2. E. geniculutus. Pendulous Sea Lyme-grass. Spike bent down- wards, lax ; common receptacle winged ; calyx awl-shaped, longer than the spikelets ; leaves stiff, with a thorny point. Root fibrous: straw? taller but more slender than in the last : spike nearly two feet long. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes near the coast : very rare. Salt-marsh near Gravesend. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1586. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 178. 208. 3. E. europx'ns. Wood Lyme-grass. Spike erect, close ; spikelets of about two flowers, rough, awned ; calyx awned, as long as the spikelet ; leaves flat, pliant. Root fibrous; straw erect, two feet high, round, smooth, leafy: leaves lance-shaped, ribbed, flat, acute, rough : spike two or three inches long, erect, close, green: spikelets three at each notch. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in woods, thickets and hedges, in CL. in.] TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 93 England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1317. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 178. 209. 43. HO'RDEUM. Barley. Common receptacle elongated, jointed, tootlied alternately on each side, the intermediate spaces flattened and bordered. Flowers three at each tooth, not all perfect. Calyx to each flower of two pointed or awned, parallel, erect chaff-scales. Corolla of two husks; the outer egg-shaped, angular, terminated by a long, straight, rough awn ; the inner smaller, lance-shaped, flat, pointed, inflected at the edges. Nectary of two acute scales. Filaments hair-like, short , anthers notched at both ends. Germen turbi- nate. Styles very short; stigmas feathery, reflected. Seed oblong, pointed at both ends, channelled on the upper side, firmly united to the husks. — Name used by the Romans. 59. 1. H. murinum. Wall Barley. Way Bennet. Lateral flowers with stamens only ; chafF-scales of the intermediate flower lance-shaped, fringed. Root fibrous : stems from twelve to eighteen inches high, spreading at the base, then erect, smooth, leafy : leaves linear, flat, roughish : two lateral flowers stalked : central flower perfect and large. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows by walls and road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1971. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 179. 210. 2. H. prattnse. Meadow Barley. Lateral flowers destitute of germen : all the chaff'-scales bristle-shaped and rough. Root fibrous: stems about two feet high, smooth, and leafless at the top: leaves narrow, roughish : lateral flowers stalked : central flower perfect and largest. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in meadows and pas- tures : frequent in England, not found in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 409. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 180. 211. 3. H. marxt'imum. Sea Barley. Squirrel-tail-grass. Lateral flowers with stamens only, their awns shorter ; the inner scale of their calyx half egg-shaped. Resembles H. murinum, but is smaller and stifFer : the awns are stiff and strongly barbed, so as to be extremely troublesome to horses when mixed with hay. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows in pastures and sandy ground near the sea : common in England ; very rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1205. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 181. 212. 44. TRI'TICUM. Wheat. Common receptacle elongated, toothed alternately on each side, compressed, undulated. Spikelets solitary at each tooth, transverse to the stalk, many-flowered. Calyx of two oblong, ribbed, nearly equal, opposite chaff-scales, with or without terminal awns. Flowers three or more in a spikelet, applied laterally to the recep- tacle ; outer husk oblong, furrowed, pointed or awned ; inner flat, awnless, inflected at each end. Nectary of two acute scales. Fila- ments hair-like; anthers linear, forked at both ends. Germen turbinate. Styles short, distinct; stigmas feathery, reflected. Seed oblong, blunt at both ends, convex on one side, channelled on the other. — Named from tritum, beaten or thrashed. 60. 1. T. jun'ceum. Sea Wheat-grass. Rush Wheat. ChafF-scales ob- I 94 TRIANDRIA — TRIGYNIA. {JCL. III. I^use, many ribbed ; flowers of each spikelet about five, awnless ; leaves involute with a thorny point. Root creeping : straw about a foot and a half high, simple, ascending, round, leafy, smooth below, striated above : leaves stiff, furrowed on the upper side, smooth on the back : spike from four to six inches long : spikelets rather distant, egg-shaped, of five or six awnless flowers : the receptacle separates at the joint as in Bottboliia incurvata. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in sand on the sea-coast, along with Arundo areimria : common. Its long roots tend to fix the sand. Etig. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 314. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 182. 213. 2. T. rtpens. Creeping Wheat-grass. Couch-grass. ChafT-scales pointed or awned, lance-shaped, many-ribbed ; flowers of each spikelet about five, sharp-pointed or awned ; leaves flat ; root creeping. Root long, creeping : straws about two feet high, erect, leafy : leaves linear, flat, spreading, their margins and upper surface rough : spike about three inches long, erect, its stalk somewhat hairy : a variety, of a pale bluish- green or glaucous colour, occurs in maritime places. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in fields, by hedges and in waste places: com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 909. Eng, Fl. vol. i. p. 183. 214. 3. T. canin'um. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass. Dog's Wheat. ChafF- scales somewhat awned, lance-shaped, with three or five ribs ; flowers of each spikelet four, awned ; leaves flat ; root fibrous. Root of nume- rous downy fibres : straws about two feet high, erect, leafy : leaves linear, flat, nearly erect, rough on both sides : spike three or four inches long, a little inclining. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods and hedges: common. Eng. Bot. \o]. xx. pi. 1372. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 184. 215. 4. T. cristdtum. Crested Wheat-grass. Chaff-scales elliptical, awned, keeled i indistinctly ribbed ; flowers awned : spikelets of about four crowded flowers ; straws simple. Root of long, woolly fibres : straws about eighteen inches high, stiff, slender, leafy: leaves linear, keeled, long-pointed, very hairy on the upper surface : spike an inch or more in length. Perennial: flowers in July: found many years ago on the coast between Arbroath and Montrose, by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2267. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 185. 216. 5. T. lolidceum. Dwarf Sea Wheat-grass, Chaff-scales obtuse, awn- less; flowers of each spikelet numerous, elliptical, ribbed, awnless; spikelets all directed one way ; straw branched ; root fibrous. Root of long, downy fibres : straw stiff and wiry, three or four inches high, very smooth, reddish-brown : leaves linear, acute, nearly smooth. An- nual : grows in sandv pastures on the sea-coast ; not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 221. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 185. 217. TRIGYNIA. 45, MO'NTIA. Water-chickweed. Calyx inferior, of two egg-shaped, concave, erect, permanent leaves. Corolla of one petal, divided into five segments ; three smaller, bearing the stamens. Filaments hair-like, as long as the corolla, to which they are attached; anthers small, two-lobed. Germen superior, turbinate, three-lobed. Styles very short ; stig- CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA. 95 mas three, oblong, downy above. Capsule turbinate, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds three, roundish. — Named after Joseph de Monti. 61. 1. M. fontdna. Water Chickweed. Water Blinks. Root fibrous: stems succulent, two or three inches high, much branched: leaves op- posite, egg-shaped : flowers small, white : seeds black, shining. Annual : flowers in May : grows in springs, and by the sides of rivulets, forminc^ dense tufts : common. Eiig. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1206. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 187. 218. 46. HOLO'STEUM. Holosteum. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, permanent leaves. Petals five, oblong, deciduous, jagged or toothed. Filaments three, hair- like, shorter than the petals; anthers roundish. Germen roundish. Styles three, hair-like, short ; stigmas bluntish, downy. Capsule nearly cylindrical, one-celled, splitting at the top into six teeth. Seeds numerous, stalked, attached to a central receptacle. — Named from holos, all, and osteon, bone. 62. 1. H. umbelldtum. Umbelliferous Mouse-ear, or Jagged Chickweed. Flowers in umbels ; leaves egg-shaped, acute. Root fibrous : stems four or five inches high, round, leafy : petals white, tinged with red. Annual : flowers in April : grows on old walls : rare. About Norwich and Bury. Eiig. Bot. vol. i. pi. 27. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 188. 219. 47. POLYCA'RPON. All-seed. Calyx inferior, of five, egg-shaped, keeled, permanent leaves. Petals five, shorter than the calyx, egg-shaped, notched at the end, permanent. Filaments three, sometimes five, thread-shaped, half the length of the calyx ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped. Styles three, short ; stigmas blunt. Capsule egg- shaped, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, nearly sessile on a central receptacle. — Named from polus, many, and carpoSy seed. 63. 1. P. tetraphy'llnm. Four-leaved All-seed. Root tapering; stem much branched, lying flat on the ground ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, smooth, stalked, in fours, one pair crossing the other : panicles terminal, repeatedly forked : flowers greenish white. Annual : flowers throughout the summer, grows on the sea-shore : rare. Southern counties of Eng- land : Guernsey and Jersey, Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1031. Ens. Fl. vol. i. p. 189. 220. Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Four Stamens, Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers of one fetal, superior, one-seeded. 1. DI'PSACUS. Involucre many-leaved. Calyx single, superior, of one leaf, cup-shaped, undivided, crowning the seed. 2. SCABIO'SA. Involucre many-leaved. Calyx double, superior, variously cut, crowning the seed. 96 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [jCL. IV, ** Flowers of one petal, superior, two-seeded. 6. RU'BIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit pulpy. 5. GA'LIUM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Fruit dry, crowned by the calyx. 4. ASPE'RULA. Corolla tubular. Fruit not crowned. 3. SHERA'KDIA. Corolla tubular. Fruit crowned. *** Flowers of one petal, inferior. 7. E'XACUM. Corolla salver-shaped, spreading. Stamens shorter than the limb. Capsule two-valved, separating at the top. 8. PLANTA'GO. Corolla with the segments reflected. Stamens very long. Capsule two-celled, bursting all round. 9. CENTU'NCULUS. Corolla tubular, spreading. Stamens short. Capsule one-celled, bursting all round. **** Flowers of four petals. 11. EPIME'DIUM. Nectaries four, lying on the petals. Pod one- celled, many-seeded. Calyx deciduous. 12. CO'RNUS. Nectaries none. Drupe inferior. A^iii two-celled. (Cardamine, Senebiera.) ***** No petals. 13. PARIETA'RIA. Calyx four-cleft, inferior. Stamens elastic. Seed inclosed in the elongated calyx. Some flowers destitute of stamens.- 14. ISNA'RDIA. Calyx four-cleft, superior. Capsule quadrangular, four-celled, crowned by the calyx. 10. SANGUISO'RBA. Calyx four-cleft, superior, coloured. Stamens dilated upwards. Capsule quadrangular, one-celled, not bursting. 15. ALCHEMl'LLA. Calyx eight-cleft, inferior. Fruit one-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. (Alchemilla, some species of Gentiana and Cuscuta.) Order, III. TETRAGYNIA. Four Pistils. 16. I'LEX. Corolla wheel-shaped, four or five-cleft. Berry round, four- seeded, some flowers destitute of pistil. 19. SAGl'NA. Petals four. Capsule one-celled, four-valved. 20. MCEN'CHIA. Petals four. Capsule one-celled, one-valved. 22. RADIO'LA. Petals four. Capsn/e eight-celled, eight-valved. 21. TILL.^'A. Petals four, three or five. Capsules several. Seeds several. 17. POTAMOGE'TON. Petals four. Calyx none. Seeds four, naked, sessile. 18. RU'PPIA. Petals none. Calyx none. Seeds four, stalked, (Cerastium.) TETRANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. Dl'PSACUS. Teasel. Involucre many-flovi^ered, of many spreading, permanent leaves. Calyx superior, double, short, undivided. Corolla of one petal, tubular i the limb four-lobed, the outer lobe larger. Filaments CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 97 hair-like, longer than the corolla; anthers oblong, fixed sidewise. Germen inferior. Style thread-like, as long as the corolla; stigma simple. Seed naked, solitary, oblong, crowned with the calyx. Common receptacle conical, covered with scales. — Named from dipsao, to thirst, the upper leaves containing water. 64. 1. D. Fullonum. Fuller's Teasel. Leaves united, serrate; scales of the receptacle hooked backwards ; involucre spreading. Root fleshy, taperinsr: stem five or six feet high, erect, furrowed, prickly, branched above : leaves oblong, sessile, united at the base, serrate : flowers whitish. Cultivated for the use of clothiers, who employ the scales of the recep- tacle to raise the knap upon woollen cloths. For this purpose the heads are fixed round the circumference of a large broad wheel, which is made to turn round, and the cloth is held against them. Biennial : flowers in July : grows about hedges : rare. It is probably only a variety of D. syl- vtstris. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2080. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 192. 221. 2. D. sylitstris. Wild Teasel. Leaves opposite, serrate ; scales of the receptacle straight ; involucre bent inwards, longer than the head of flowers. About four feet high : leaves lance-shaped : heads large. Biennial: flowers in July : grows about hedges and byroad-sides: fre- quent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1032. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 193. 222. 3. D. pilosus. Small Teasel. Shepherd's Staff. Leaves stalked with two leaflets at the base ; receptacle turned downwards, about the length of the head. Stem three or four feet high : flowers white, in small, round heads. Biennial : flowers in August and September : grows in moist, shady places: rare. In Norfolk, Suff'olk, and Derbyshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 877. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 193. 223. 2. SCABIO'SA. Scabious. Involucre many-flowered, of many spreading leaves, arranged in several rows. Calyx double, the outer shortest, plaited, the inner in five awl-shaped segments. Corolla of one petal, tubular, dilated upwards; limb with four or live divisions. Filaments hair-like, longer than the limb; anthers oblong, fixed sidevv^ise. Germen inferior. Style thread-like, as long as the corolla ; stigma blunt, cleft. Seed naked, solitary, crowned by the calyx. Com- mon receptacle convex, chaffy, bristly or naked. — Named from scabieSy a cutaneous disease. Q5. 1. S. succisa. Devil's-bit Scabious. Corolla divided into four equal segments ; heads of flowers nearly globular ; leaves of the stem distantly toothed. Root fleshy, abrupt at the lower end : stem about a foot high : root-leaves inversely egg-shaped, entire : stem-leaves toothed or serrated, the uppermost lance-shaped entire : flowers deep purplish-blue. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures : common. " The great part of the root," says Gerarde, " seemeth to be bitten away : old fantasticke charmers report, that the divel did bite it for envie, because it is an herbe that hath so many good vertues, and is so beneficial to mankinde." Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 878. Eug. FL vol. i. p. 194. 224. 2. S. arvensis. Field Scabious. Corolla four-cleft ; the external flowers radiating; leaves pinnatifid, jasged ; stem bristlv. Roots 12^ ■ ' 98 TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [^CL. IV. long, branched: stem about three feet high: root-leaves lance-shaped, serrated, stalked : stem-leaves pinnatifid, sessile : flowers pale-purple, those of the circumference larger. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in pastures, the edges of corn-fields, and by road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 659. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 195. 225. 3. S. columhdria. Small Scabious. Corolla divided into five unequal segments ; root-leaves egg-shaped, notched ; the others pinnatifid, linear. -Root woody : stem about a foot high : root-leaves stalked, the others sessile : flowers radiating. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures : frequent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1311. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 195. 226. 3. SHERA'RDIA. Field-madder. Calyx very small, of one leaf, six-toothed, superior. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped, with four equal, acute segments. Fila- ments recurved, arising from the mouth of the tube ; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, two-lobed. Style hair-like, cleft at the top ; stigmas knobbed. Seeds two, roundish, rough, crowned with the calyx. — Named in honour of James Skerard, a patron of botany. 66. 1. S. arvtnsis. Little Field -madder, or Spitrwort. All the leaves in whorls; flowers terminal. Root small: stems numerous, spreading, generally decumbent : leaves six in a whorl : flowers pale purplish-blue, in a sessile terminal umbel. Annual : flowers from May to July : grows in corn and fallow fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 891. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 196. 227. 4. ASPE'RULA. Woodruff. Calyx small, four-toothed, superior, deciduous. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped ; tube nearly cylindrical j limb in four oblong, spreading segments. Filaments from the mouth of the tube, short ; anthers two-lobed. Germen inferior, two-lobed. Style thread-like, cleft ; stigmas knobbed. Seeds two, adhering toge- ther, not crowned by the calyx. — Named from asper^ rough. 67. 1. A. odordta. Sweet Woodruff. Leaves eight in a whorl, lance- shaped ; panicles stalked; few-flowered. Stems simple, about a foot high : leaves spreading, rough at the edges : flowers white. The plant in drying emits a pleasant odour, resembling that of new hay. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods and shady places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 755. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 197. 228. 2. A. Cynan'chica. Squinancy Wort. Small Woodruff. Leaves four in a whorl, linear, the upper ones very unequal ; flowers four-cleft. • Stems about six inches high : flowers white in terminal panicles. Peren- nial : flowers in June and July : grows on dry banks, in various parts of England. Eng. BoL vol. i. pi. 33. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 198. 229. 5. GA'LIUM. Bed-straw. Calyx very small, four-toothed, superior. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, with four acute divisions. Filaments from the base of the corolla, awl-shaped, shorter than the limb j anthers two- CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 99 celled. Germen inferior, of two united globes. Style thread- shaped, cleft, as long as the stamens; stigmas knobbed. Seeds two, naked, united; globular, not crowned by the calyx — Named from gala, milk, which it curdles. 68. * Fruit smooth. 1. G. crucidtum. Cross-uort, Leaves four in a whorl, egg-shaped, hairy; stem hairy, simple above; flower-stalks axillar, corymbose, two- leaved. Stem branched at the base, a foot high, square, feeble: flowers small, yellow. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows by hedges and way-sides: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 143. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 199. 230. 2. G. palustre. White Water Bed-straw. Leaves from four to six in a whorl, unequal, oblong, obtuse ; stems weak, branched in the upper part. Stem much branched, from two to four feet high : flowers white, in terminal panicles. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in moist meadows, and the borders of rivers and pools, among reeds and sedges : common. Fng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1857. Fng. Fl. vol. i. p. 200. When the angles of the stem, and the nerves at the back and margins of the leaves, are rough with prickles, it is the G. Witherin'gii, Rough Heath Bed-straw. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2206. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 200. 231. 3. G. uligindsum. Rough Marsh Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, between lance-shaped and inversely egg-shaped, stiff, bristle-pointed, the margins rough with recurved prickles. Stems feeble, about a foot high, with recurved prickles: panicles terminal, small: corolla white. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in wet places, among reeds and other plants : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1972. Etig. FL vol. i. p. 201. 232. 4. G. saxdtile. Smooth Heath Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, inversely egg-shaped, bristle-pointed ; stem much branched, smooth, prostrate. Stems prostrate, spreading, square, smooth : flowers nume- rous, white, in terminal and lateral panicles. Perennial ; flowers in June and July : grows abundantly in dry heathy places, among stones, iic: common. Eng. Bot, vol. xii. pi. 815. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 201. 233. 5. G. ertctum. Upright Bed-straw. Leaves about eight in a whorl, lance-shaped, bristle-pointed, the edges with minute prickles pointing forward ; stem weak, slightly hairy under the joints ; segments of the corolla taper-pointed. Stems rather erect, swelled at the joints, four- cornered, somewhat hairy, branched : flowers white, in dense, terminal, compound panicles. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in hedges and pastures : rare. Norfolk, Sussex, and Cambridge. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2067. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 201. 234. 6. G. cintreum. " Leaves six or eight in a whorl, linear, bristle- pointed, with marginal prickles, all pointing forward. Stem weak, much branched, smooth : corolla taper-pointed." Perennial : flowers in August. Banks of the river Leith, near Edinburgh, Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2783. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 203. 235. 7. G. Parisitnse. Wall Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, lance- shaped, pointed, fringed with prickles; stems straggling, rough. 100 TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. IV. Stems decumbent, square, the angles rough with deflected prickles : flowers pale greenish-yellow. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows on walls and dry sandy ground in the south of England. Etig, Bot. vol. vi. pi. 384. G. Anglicum. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 209. 236. 8. G. aristdtum. Bearded Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, stalked, lance-shaped, bristle-pointed, the edges with minute prickles pointing forward ; stem much branched, spreading, smooth ; segments of the corolla taper-pointed. Stems numerous, a foot high, erect, square, smooth : flowers white, interminal, compound panicles. Perennial : flowers in July and August. Found in Angus-shire by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2784. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 204. 237. 9. G. sacchardtum. Warty-fruited Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, lance-shaped, the edges with minute prickles pointing forward ; stem spreading, slightly branched, rough at the angles; stalks axillar, three- flowered. Stems several, about six inches long : flowers small, pale- yellow : fruit covered with pyramidal warts. Annual : flowers in July: grows in corn-fields: rare. C arse of Gowrie, and near Forfar. Near Malton, Yorkshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2173. G. verrucosum. Eng. Fl.vo\. i. p. 205. 238. 10. G. tricorne. Three-flowered Goose-grass. Leaves about eight in a whorl, lance-shaped, the edges and ribs with minute reflected prickles ; stems several, simple, with deflected prickles ; stalks axillar, three- flowered. Stems weak, spreading : flowers greenish-white : fruit covered with bristly granulations. Annual : flowers in July : grows in dry fields in England: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1641. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 205. 239, 11. G. spurium. Smooth-fruited Corn Bed-straw. Leaves about eight in a whorl, lance-shaped, the edges rough with minute reflected prickles; stems with reflected prickles ; stalks axillar, many-flowered ; fruit smooth. Stems weak, spreading : flowers greenish-white, in axillar cymes. Annual : flowers in June and July : found in corn-fields about Forfar, by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1871. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 206. 240. 12. G. pusillnm. Least Mountain Bed-straw. Leaves eight in a whorl, narrow lance-shaped, bristle-pointed, somewhat hairy, entire at the margin; panicles termmal, forked; fruit smooth. Stems very numerous, branched, square, spreading : flowers white, in forked panicles, terminating the stem and branches. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in dry places on hilly ground : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 74. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 206. 241. 13. G. Mollugo. Great Hedge Bed-straw. Leaves eight in a whorl, elliptical, bluntish, bristle-pointed, rough-edged ; flowers in loose termi- nal panicles. Stem four feet high, feeble, square, swelled above the whorls, smoothish: flowers abundant, white. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in hedges and thickets : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1673. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 203. 242. 14. G. vtrum. Common Yellow Bed-straw. Leaves eight in a whorl, linear, channelled, entire at the edges, rough ; flowers in dense panicles. Root very long, creeping, reddish-brown : stems about a foot high, decumbent at the base, hard, much branched: flowers greenish-yellow, very numerous, in dense panicles. The roots are used in the Hebrides CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 101 for dyeing a brownish-red colour : in sandy soil they attain a length of many feet, and are there easily procured, but the digging for them is in- jurious by setting loose the sand. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in pastures, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 660. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 208. 243. ** Fruit covered with bristles. 15. G. boredle. Cross-leaved Bed-straw. Leaves four in a whorl, be- tween egg-shaped and lance-shaped, three-nerved, smooth, with rough edges ; stems erect. Root creeping, reddish : stems a foot high, erect, square, roughish : flowers white, in numerous branched panicles. Pe- rennial : flowers in July : grows in shady places, by rivers and lakes, in the north of England, in Scotland, and Ireland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 105. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 209. 244. 16. G. Aparine. Goose-grass, or Cleavers. Leaves eight in a whorl, lance-shaped, keeled, rough, fringed with reflected prickles ; stems feeble. Root fibrous : stem branched, from two to six feet long : flowers few, white, in axillar panicles. Annual : flowers from May to August : grows in hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 816. Eng. FL. vol. i. p. 210. 245. 6. RU'BIA. Madder. Calyx very small, four-toothed, superior. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, with four or five divisions, without a tube. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers of two round cells. Germen inferior, of two round lobes. Style thread-shaped, cleft at the top; stigmas knobbed. Berry of two smooth lobes. Seeds solitary, roundish, with a depression. — Named from ruber, red, to dye which one of the species is used. 69. 1. R. peregrina. Wild Madder. Leaves about four in a whorl, elliptical, shining and smooth on the upper side ; flowers five-cleft. Root creeping, fleshy : stem square, branched, partly remaining during the winter : flowers yellowish-green, in compound terminal panicles. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in thickets, and on sandy ground, in England ; frequent. Said by Dr. Mitchell, Linn. Corresp. vol. ii. p. 449, to be " plentiful all over the sandy islands on the west of Scotland;" but he must have mistaken for it Galium vernm, the root of which is similar, and also used for dyeing. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 851. Eng. FL \o\. i. p. 211. 246. 7. EX'ACUM. Marsh Centaury. Calyx of one leaf, inferior, deeply divided into four equal, acute segments. Corolla of one petal, permanent ; tube globular, as long as the calyx ; limb four-cleft. Filaments thread-shaped, attached to the lube, as long as the limb; anthers roundish, two- celled. Gemen oval, superior. Style thread-shaped, erect, as long as the limb; stigma knobbed. Capsule filling the tube of the corolla, which remains upon it. Seeds numerous, small, at- tached to a central receptacle. — Named from ex, out of, and ago, to drive, a plant to which the name was applied having been sup- posed to expel poison. 70. 102 TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [^CL. IV. 1. E.Jiliforme. Least Gentian. Marsh Centaury. Leaves sessile ; stem thread-like, forked ; flowers on Ion? stalks. Stem about three or four inches high, erect, round, branched : leaves chiefly radical, lance- shaped : flow^ers small, erect, yellow. Annual : flowers in July : grows on sandy bogs, in the south of England, and in some parts of Ireland : rare. Eng.^Bot. vol. iv. p\. 235. Eng. Fl. \o\. i. ^.212. 247. 8. PLANTA'GO. Plantain. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, four-cleft, permanent. Corolla of one petal, tubular, membranous, permanent ; tube swelled ; limb four-cleft, reflected. Filaments thread-like, arising from the tube, exceedingly long; anthers oblong, compressed, two-celled. Ger- men inferior, egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, half as long as the stamens; stigma hairy, acute. Capsule egg-shaped, two- celled. Seeds oblong, sessile. — Name of doubtful origin. 71. 1. P. major. Greater Plantain. Leaves egg-shaped, smooth, on longish stalks ; flower-stalks round ; spike long and tapering ; seeds numerous. • -Root of long fibres : leaves broad, with seven ribs : stalk from nine to eighteen inches high, somewhat rough with short hairs. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and by way-sides : not un- common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1558. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 213. 248. 2. P. media. Hoary Plantain. Leaves egg-shaped, downy, on very short stalks ; flower-stalks round ; spike cylindrical ; seeds one in each cell. Root somewhat woody: leaves hoary, with seven ribs: stalk about six inches high, downy. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and by way-sides : common in some parts of England and Ireland, rare in Scotland. The leaves of this and the preceding species are by the common people frequently applied to wounds. Cattle generally reject them. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1559. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 214. 249. 3. P. lanceoldta. Ribwort Plantain. Leaves lance-shaped ; flower- stalks deeply furrowed; spike egg-shaped. Leaves tapering at the base into a broad stalk : hairy at its insertion : stalk about a foot high : spike dark brown. Perennial : flowers from May to August : grows in pastures, meadows, on banks, by way-sides, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 175. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 214. 250. 4. P. maritima. Sea Plantain. Leaves linear, channelled, nearly entire ; flower-stalks round, longer than the leaves ; spike cylindrical. Roots large, long, somewhat woody : leaves woolly at the base : stalk from three to ten inches high. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in the clefts of rocks, in dry pastures, among sand and stones, on the sea-shore, and upon the higher mountains of Wales and Scotland : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 175. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 215. 251. 5. P. Coronopus. Buck's-korn Plantain. Leaves pinnatifid ; flower- stalks round. Root tapering : leaves cut laterally into numerous linear segments, hairy, lying fiat on the ground : stalk from two to six inches high : capsule four-celled. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy and gravelly ground, chiefly near the sea : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 892. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 216. 252. CL. I V.J TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 103 9. CENTU'NCULUS. Chaff-weed. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, four-cleft, permanent. Corolla of one petal, tubular, not permanent; tube nearly globular; limb four-cleft, expanded. Filaments thread-shaped, very long-, arising from the mouth of the tube; anthers roundish, two-celled. Ger- men oblong. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma acute. Capsule globose, one-celled. Seeds numerous, minute, fixed to the central receptacle. — Name doubtful. 72. 1. C. minimus. Smalt Chaff-weed. Flowers sessile ; corolla destitute of glands at the base. From one to two inches high : leaves sessile, egg-shaped, smooth : flowers axillar, solitary, sessile, white. Annual : flowers in June : grows on moist sandy ground : rare. I^ng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 531. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 217. 253. 10. SANGUISO'RBA. Burnet. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply four-cleft, the segments egg- shaped, coloured. Corolla none. Filaments dilated upwards, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germen infe- rior, four-cornered. Style thread-shaped, short ; stigma notched. Capsule four-cornered, one-celled, not bursting. Seeds one or two, elliptical. — Named from s an guis, hlood, and sor6eo, to absorb. 73. 1. S. officindHs. Great Burnet. Spikes egg-shaped, Ahard, some- what woody plant, about two feet high: stem erect,' furrowed : leaves pinnate : leaflets heart-shaped, serrate, about four pairs, with a terminal one : spikes about an inch long, purple. Perennial : flowers in June and July : sfrows in moist pastures, chieflv in the north of England and south of Scotfand. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1312. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 218. 254. 11. EPIME'DIUM. Barren-wort. Calyx inferior, of four small egg-shaped, deciduous leaves. Co- rolla of four egg-shaped, equal petals. Nectaries four, lying upon the petals, nearly as large. Filaments awl-shaped, close to the style ; anthers oblong, two-celled, opening from the base upwards. Germen oblong. Style roundish, as long as the stamens; stigma simple. Pod oblong, tapering to a point, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, oblong. — Name of doubtful origin. 74. 1. E. alpinum. Barren-wort. Stem-leaf thrice ternate. Root slender: stems simple, about a foot high, each bearing a single deUcate leaf, which is thrice ternate, with heart-shaped fringed leaflets : petals dark-red, with pale-yellow nectaries. Perennial : flowers in May: grows in thickets in the mountainous parts of the north of England: rare, and certainly not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 438. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 220. 255. 12. CO'RNUS. Cornel. Calyx superior, very small, four-toothed, deciduous. Corolla of four, oblong, equal petals. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, longer than the petals; anthers roundish, fixed sidewise. Germen infe- 104 TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [JCL. IV. rior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as the corolla; stigma obtuse. Drupe roundish, dimpled. Nut oblong or heart-shaped, two-celled, with one kernel in each. — Named from cornu, a horn, the wood being hard. 75. 1. C.sangninen. Wild CoriieL Dog-wood. Woody; branches straight; leaves opposite, green on both sides ; cymes destitute of involucre. A small tree or bush, five feet high: branches deep-red : leaves oppo- site, stalked, egg-shaped, smooth, turning red in autumn : flowers white, in terminal cymes: fruit dark-purple. Flowers in June : grows in hedges and thickets in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 249. Eng, Fl. vol. i. p. 221. 256. 2. C. Stttcica. Dwarf Cornel. Herbaceous ; flowers umbellate, sur- rounded by a four-leaved involucre, the umbel springing from the fork of the stem. Stems from four to six inches high, erect, leafy, forked ; flowers dark-purple, very small : leaves opposite, elliptical. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in heathy pastures, in Scotland and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 310. Eng, Fl. vol.i. p. 221. 257. 13. PARIETA'RIA. Pellitory. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, divided into four deep segments, per- manent. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, longer than the calyx, recurved; anthers of two distinct lobes. Germen egg- shaped. Style thread-shaped, erect; stigma knobbed. Seed egg- shaped, flattened, invested with the enlarged calyx. — Named from paries^ a wall. 76. 1. P . officinalis. Common Pellitory of the Wall. Leaves between egg- shaped and lance-shaped ; involucre of many egg-shaped leaflets. Root somewhat woody : stems branched, four-cornered, hairy, reddish: leaves alternate, stalked : flowers numerous, small, axillar, growing in threes, the middle one pistilliferous only. Perennial : flowers through the summer : grows on old walls and among rubbish: common. This plant was formerly in repute as a medicine, but it does not seem to possess any remarkable qualities. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 879. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 222. 258. 14. ISNA'RDIA. IsNARDiA. Calyx superior, bell-shaped, divided into four equal, egg-shaped segments. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped,, shorter than the calyx; anthers oblong, simple. Germen inferior, four-cor- nered. Style cylindrical, long; stigma knobbed. Capsule four- cornered, oblong, four-celled, crowned with the calyx. Seeds numerous, oblong. — Named after Antoine d'Isnard, a French botanist. 77. 1. I. palustris. Marsh Isnardia. Roots long, thread-like : stems bluntly four-cornered, leafy : leaves opposite, stalked, egg-shaped, bright green : two acute, small bracteas : flowers axillar, solitary, sessile, green. Annual : flowers in July ; floating in pools : very rare. Found at Buxted, Sussex, bv Mr. W. Borrer. Hampshire. Jersey. Eng. Bot. Stippl. pi. 2593. ' Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 223. 259. CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA — TETRAGYNIA. 105 15. ALCHEMIXLA. Ladv's Mantle. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, permanent ; limb divided into eight segments, the four outer alternate ones smaller. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shapcd, erect, small, standing on the mouth of the calyx; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, in the bot- tom of the calyx. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens, standing on the base of the germen ; stigma knobbed. Seed one, oval, compressed. — Named on account of its supposed alchemical powers. 78. 1. A. vulgaris. Common Lady's Mantle. Leaves lobed, plaited. Root large, somewhat woody, with long fibres : stems about six inches high, round, hairy, branched, leafy : root-leaves numerous, on long staliis, kidney-shaped : stem-leaves much smaller, on short stalks : flowers yel- lowish-green, in numerous corymbose clusters. Perennial: flowers in .Tune and July : grows in pastures, and by the side of brooks, rivers, and pools: common. Eng.Bot. vol.ix. pi. 597. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 224. 260. 2. A. alpina. Alpine Lady's Mantle. Leaves with finger-like divi- sions, silky on the back. Leaves divided into five or seven elliptical or inversely egg-shaped lobes, serrated towards the extremity, and covered with a beautiful silky down on the back. Perennial: flowers in'July : grows on the high mountains of Wales, the north of England, and Scot- land, as well as Ireland, by the sides of rills and streams : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 244. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 225. 261. 3. A. arven'sis. Parsley Piert. Leaves flat, three-Iobed, variously cut. Root sm.all, fibrous: stems three or four inches high, spreading, round, leafy: leaves alternate, on short stalks: flowers green : stamens generally four, sometimes one. Annual : flowers from May to August : grows in corn-fields and dry gravelly pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. p). 1011. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 225. 262. TETRAGYNIA. 16. I'LEX. Holly. Calyx inferior, one-leaved, four-toothed, permanent. Corolla wheel-shaped, of four elliptical segments or petals, much larger than the calyx. Filaments awl-shaptd, shorter than the corolla; anthers small, two-lobed. Germen roundish. Styles none ; stig- mas four, obtuse, permanent. Berry globular, four-celled, each cell one-seeded. Seeds oblong, pointed. — Name used by the Romans. 79. 1. T. Aquifolium. Common Holly. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, thorny. -An evergreen tree, with smooth gre\ i>h bark, shining thorny leaves, whitish flowers, and scarlet berries. Birdlime is procured from the bark bv maceration : the wood is used for veneering, and for making handles of knives, &c.; it makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping, nor is its verdure ever observed to suffer from our most severe winters : flowers K 106 TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. [CL. IV„ in Mav : grows in bushy places : frequent, Erig. Bnt. vol. vii. pi. 496. Eng. ft. vol. i. p. 228. 263. 17. POTAMOGE'TON. Pond-weed. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, of four roundish equal petals, furnished with a claw. Filaments very short, flat; anthers ob- long, two-lobed. Germens four, superior, egg-shaped, acute. Style none ; stigmas obtuse, permanent. Seeds four, roundish, bulging on one side, flattened on the other. — Named from potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbour. 80. 1. P. nutans. Broad-leaved Pcnd-weed. Upper leaves between ob- long and egg-shaped, stalked, leathery, floating ; lower leaves linear, membranous, sessile. Stem round, much branched : upper leaves brownish-green : spikes simple, raised above the water : the floating leaves afl^ord an agreeable shade to fish, and the roots are a favourite food of swans. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in pools, ditches, canals, and rivers: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1822. Evg. Ft. vol. i. p. 229. 264. 2. P.heterophijl'tus. Various-leaved Pond-weed. Upper leaves elliptical, stalked, slightly leathery, floating ; lower leaves lance-shaped, membra- nous, sessile. Smaller than the last : upper leaves thinner : flower- stalks enlarged upwards : spikes dense. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in pools, ditches, canals, and rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1285. Eng. Fi. vol.i. p. 229. 265. .3. P. ruftscens. Long-leaved, Floating Pond-weed. Upper leaves be- tween egg-shaped and lance-shaped, stalked, leathery, floating ; lower leaves lance-shaped, membranous, sessile. Upper leaves less leathery, olive-coloured or reddish. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in ditches, ponds, and slow rivers. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii, pi. 1286, Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 231. P.fluitans. 266. 4. P. perfoLidtus. Perfoliate Pond-weed. Leaves heart-shaped, em- bracing the stem, uniform, all submersed. Leaves all sessile, uniform, very pellucid, olive-coloured. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in slow rivers and ponds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 168. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 230. 267. 5. P. dtnsus. Close-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves opposite, egg-shaped, tapering to a point, crowded : stem forked ; spike four-flowered. Fruit-stalk very short, in the fork of the stem: all the leaves are sub- mersed, and very close together. Perennial : flowers in July and Au- gust ; grows in ditches, ponds, and slow rivers : common, Eng. Bot. vol. vi, pi. 397. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 231. 268. 6. P. lucens. Shining Pow'.-weed. Leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, pointed, stalked, membranous, sessile ; spike dense, manv- flowered Leaves large, olive-crreen, with undulated margins, and beautifully veined : spike two inches lonsr, of very numerous, green flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches, ponds, lakes, and slow rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 376. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 232. 269. 7. P. preh'ngus. Long-stalked Pond-weed. Leaves oblong, obtuse, sessile; peduncles much elongated; spike cylindrical, many-flowered. CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA — TETRAGYNIA. 107 -Nearly as large as the preceding, the largest British species. Pe- rennial: flowers in July : grows in pools and lakes in Scotland: rare. Berwickshire; Moss of Litie, Nairnshire ; Lochleven. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 70. 270. 8. P. lanceoldtus. Lance-shaped Pond-weed. Leaves lance-shaped, membranous, tapering at the base, sessile ; spikes dense, few-flowered. Leaves marked with chain-like reticulations near the ribs : spike small, short. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in pools and slow streams : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1985. Eno-, Fl. vol. i.p. 233. ^ 271. 9. P. cr'ispus. Curled Poiid-ueed. Leaves lance-shaped, three-nerved, waved, serrate, alternate, the upper opposite. Leaves sessile, bright- green : flowers yellowish-green, in short, loose spikes. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in ditches, pools, and rivulets: common. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. pi. 1012. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 233. 272. 10. P. gramin'eits. Grassy Pond-weed. Leaves linear, tapering to- wards the base, alternate, sessile ; stem round, forked ; flower-stalks little longer than the spikes. Leaves bright-green, grassy-looking : spikes egg-shaped, dense. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and streams: rare. Eng. Bot. \o\. xxxii. pi. 2253. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 235. 273. 11. P. pusil'lus. Small Pond-weed. Leaves linear, three-ribbed, op- posite and alternate, spreading at the base ; stem round ; flower-stalks many times longer than the spikes. Leaves very narrow, pointed, much expanded at the base : spikes nearly globular. Perennial : flowers in July : grows ia ponds, ditches, and slow streams : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 215. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 236. A variety with broader leaves and interrupted spike is the P. compressui, Flat-stalked Pond-ueed. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 418. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 234. 274. 12. P. pectinatus. Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves bristle-?iiaped, one-ribbed, parallel, closely set in two rows ; spikes interrupted. Leaves alternate, bright-green : spikes few, with interruptions. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches, pools, and rivers : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 323. Eng. Ff. vol. i. p. 237. 275. 13. P. a cut ifo lilts. Sharp-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves linear, taper- pointed, with three principal and numerous close parallel intermediate nerves, occupying the whole surface : spikes oval, compact, about equal in length with the short panicle. Perennial: flowers in July. Found by Mr. Borrer, in marsh-ditches at Amberlev, Henfield, and Lewes, Sussex. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2609. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 69. 276. 14. P. zostiref alius. Grass-wrack-tike Pond-weed. Leaves broadly linear, acute, with three principal and numerous close parallel interme- diate nerves, occupying the whole surface : spikes cylindrical, upon long peduncles. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches : rare. Rivulet at Hovingham, Yorkshire ; Lakes of Rescobie and Forfar. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2685. P. cuspidatus. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 234. " 277. 18. RU'PPL\. Tassel-grass. Calyx none. Corolla none. Anthers four, sessile, equal' roundish. Germens four, egg-shaped, close together. Styles none; 108 TETRANDRIA — TETRAGYNIA. [CL. IV. stigmas obtuse. Seeds four, egg-shaped, obliquely pointed, each elevated on a long stalk. — Named after H. B. Ruppius. 81. 1. R. maritima. Sea Tassel-grass. The whole plant submersed. Roots fibrous, tufted ; stem long, slender, round, much branched, leafy. Leaves linear, alternate : spikes two-flowered, on short axillar stalks. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in salt-water ditches and pools : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 136. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 238. 278. 19. SAGI'NA. Pearl-wort. Calyx inferior, four-leaved. Petals four, egg-shaped, entire, spreading, shorter than the calyx; sometimes vt^antmg. Fila- ments hair-like, ascending, shorter than the calyx ; anthers round- ish, two-lobed. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Styles awl-shaped, short, spreading; stigmas obtuse, downy. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, four-valved. Seeds numerous, very small, stalked, and attached to a central receptacle. — Name signifies fattening food. 82. 1. S. procwnbens. Procumbent Pearl-wort. Stems procumbent; leaves minutely pointed ; petals much shorter than the calyx. Stems from two to four inches long, spreading, leafy : leaves linear, three- ribbed, smooth : flowers drooping: petals white. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in dry, gravelly, or sandy soil : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 830. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 239. 279. 2. .S. maritima. Sea Pearl-wort. Stems nearly erect, smooth ; leaves blunt ; petals none. Stems t%vo or three inches high, spreading at the bottom, branched, leafy : leaves fleshy, linear, smooth. Annual : flowers from ]Mav to August : grows on the sea-coast : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2195. Eiig. Fl. vol. i. p. 240. 280. 3. S. apetala. Small Annual Pearl-wort. Stems nearly erect, hairy ; leaves bristle-pointed, fringed ; petals generally wanting. Stems two or three inches long, spreading at the base, leafy, covered with spreading hairs : leaves linear, tipped with a bristle, and fringed at the edges : pe- tals sometimes present, very short, white, generally wanting. Annual : flowers from May to August : grows in dry, gravelly, or sandy places, on walls, rocks, ficc. : com.mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 881. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 240. 281. 20. MCE'NCHIA. M(enchia. Calyx inferior, four-leaved. Petals four, lance-shaped, pointed, converging, permanent. Filaments hair-like, ascending, shorter than the petals ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Styles very short, spreading ; stigmas obtuse, downy. Capsule cylindrical, one-celled, one-valved. Seeds numerous, kid- ney-shaped, stalked, and attached to a common receptacle. — Named after Conrad MoencA. 83. 1. S.ertcta. Upright 31(znchia, Least Stichwort. Root fibrous: stems erect, three or four inches high, round, leafy : leaves opposite, CL. v.] PEKTANDRIA. 109 sessile, between linear and lance-shaped : petals white. Annual : flowers in May : 8:rows in moist gravelly places : frequent. Erig. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 609. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 241. 282. 21. TILLiE'A. TiLLJEA. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with three or four large, egg-shaped segments. Petals three or four, egg-shaped, acute, rather smaller than the calyx. Filaments three or four, simple, awl-?haped, erect, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens three or four, egg-shaped, superior. Styles very short; stigmas obtuse. Capsules oblong, pointed, reflected, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds egg-shaped; two in each capsule. — Named after the Italian botanist Tim. 84. 1. T. muscdsa. Mossy Tiltcta, or Red-shanks. Stems procumbent; flowers sessile, three-cleft. From one to two inches high : root fibrous : stems at first nearlv erect, soon becoming procumbent, round, leafy, red : leaves oval, opposite, succulent, reddish, smooth : petals white, tinged with red. Perennial : flowers in jMay and June : grows on sandy heaths, in Norfolk and Suffolk : common. Eiig. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 116. Erig. Fl. vol. i. p. 242. 283. 22. RADl'OLA. All-seed. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with four three-cleft segments. Petals four, inversely egg-shaped, as long as the calyx. Filaments four, awl-shaped, as long as the petals ; anthers roundish, two- iobed. Germen superior, roundish, four-lobed. Styles four, hair- like, very short, permanent ; stigmas knobbed. Capsule roundish, eight-valved, eight-celled. Seeds solitary, egg-shaped, polished. — Named from radius, a ray. 85. 1. R. Mitlegrdna. All-seed. From one to two inches hieh : root fibrous : stem erect, repeatedly forked, leafy: leaves egg-shaped, sessile, opposite : flowers axillar, stalked, white. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in gravelly and sandy soil, on heaths, &c.: not common. Enl. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 893. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 243. 284. Class V. PENTANDRIA. Plants bearing Flotvers -with Five Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers of one petal, inferior, icith two or four naked seeds. 10. E'CHIUM. Corolla irregular, its throat dilated and naked. Stigma deeply cleft. 5. PULMONA'RIA. Corolla funnel-shaped, its throat naked. Calux prismatic, five-cleft. 2. LITHOSPE'RMUM. Corolla funnel-shaped, its throat naked. Calyx with five deep clefts. K 2 110 PENTANDRIA, [CL. V, 6. SYM'PHYTUM. Cm-olla closed with awl-shaped valves; its limb bell-shaped. 7. BORA'GO. Corolla closed with awl-shaped or notched valves ; its limb wheel-shaped. 9. L YCO'PSIS. Corolla closed with concave obtuse valves ; funnel- shaped, with a bent tube. Seeds concave at the base. 3. ANCHU'SA. Coj-o//ff closed with concave obtuse valves ; funnel- shaped, with the tube straight. Seeds concave at the base. 8. ASPERU'GO. Coroi/a closed with concave obtuse valves ; salver- shaped. Calyx of the fruit compressed, with jagged, parallel lobes. 4. CYNOGLO'SSUM. CoroZ/a half-closed with rounded valves ; fun- nel-shaped. Seeds depressed, imperforate, borne upon a central column. 1. MYOSO'TIS. Corolla half-closed with rounded valves; salver- shaped ; lobes obtuse. Seeds perforated at the base, borne by the calyx. •* Flowers of one petal, inferior, uith numerous seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel. 17. ANAGA'LLIS. Capsule one-celled, bursting all round. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stamens hairy. 16. LYSIMA'CHIA. Capsule one-celled, ten-valved. Corolla wheel- shaped. 12. CY'CLAMEN. Capsi/Ze one-celled, pulpy within. CoroWa wheel- shaped, reflected. Stigma acute. 11. PRI'MULA. Caps»/e one-celled, opening with ten teeth. Corolla salver-shaped, with a cylindrical tube, and open throat. Stigma globular, 14. HOTTO'NIA. Capsule one-celled, opening with five teeth. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens from the margin of the tube. Stigma globular. 13. MENYA'NTHES. Capsule one-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy. Stigma divided. 15. VILLA'RSIA. Capsule one-celled. Corolla wheel-shaped, hairy. Stigma divided. 31. ERYTHR.iE'A. Capsule incompletely two-celled. Corolla salver- shaped. Anthers after flowering spirally twisted. 28. HYOSCY'AMUS. Capsule two-celled, with a Hd. Corolla fun- nel-shaped. Stigma knobbed. 27. VERBA'SCUM. CapsuZe two-celled. CoraZ/a wheel-shaped, irre- gular. Stigma obtuse. Stamens declining. 19. CONVO'LVULUS. Capsule two-celled, each cell two-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited. Stigma cleft. 20. POLEMO'NIUM. Capsule three-celled. Corolla deeply five- cleft, the tube closed by five valves. Stamens inserted upon the valves. 18. AZA'LEA. CopswZe five-celled. CoroZZa bell-shaped. .Stamens in- serted upon the receptacle. 41. VrNCA. Follicles two, erect. Corolla salver-shaped, oblique. Seeds simple. 30, SOLA'NUM. Berry two-celled. Capsule wheel-shaped. Ajithers with two pores. CL. v.] PENTANDRIA. Ill 29. A'TROPA. Berry two-celled. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens distant. Anthers heart-shaped. *** Flowers of one petal, superior. 32. SA'MOLUS. Capsule one-celled, with five recurved valves. Co- rolla funnel-shaped, five-cleft, with scales between the segments. 23. JASrONE. Capsule two-celled, opening at the top. Corolla wheel- shaped, deeply five-cleft. Stigma club-shaped. Anthers united at the base. 22. PHYTEU'MA. Capsule two- or three-celled, opening laterally. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply five-cleft. Stigma two- or three- cleft. 24. LOBE'LIA. Capsule two- or three-celled. Corolla irregular, split longitudinally on the upper side. Stigma knobbed, hairy. 21. CAMPA'NULA. Capsule two- or three-celled, opening with lateral pores. Corolla bell-shaped. Stigma two- or three-cleft, revolute, 33. LONICE'RA. Berry with one or more cells, each cell many- seeded. Corolla irregular. (Rubia peregrina.) **** Flowers of Jive petals, inferior. 34. RHA'MNUS. Berry three-celled, roundish. Calyx tubular, bear- ing the petals. 35. EUO'NYMUS. Capsule of four or five cells. Seeds with a fleshy coat. Calyx flat. 25. IMPA'TIEjSI^S. Capsule five-celled, five-valved. Corolla irregular. Calyx of two leaves, 26. VrOLA. Capsu/e one-celled, three-valved. Coro//a irregular, spurred. Calyx of five leaves, extended at the base. ***** Flowers of fve petals, superior. 36. Rl'BES. Berry many-seeded. Calyx bearing the petals. Style cleft. 37. HE'DERA. Berry five-seeded. Calyx surrounding the gerinen. Style simple. ****** Flowers without petals. 39. GLAUX. Capsule superior, five-seeded. Calyx of one leaf, co- loured. 38. ILLE'CEBRUM. Capsule superior, one-seeded. Calyx of five leaves, cartilaginous 40. THE'SIUM. Drupe inferior, dry. Calyx leathery, five-cleft, bear- ing the stamens. Order II. DIGYNIA. Tivo Pistils. * Flowers of one petal, inferior. 48. GENTIA'NA. Capsule one-celled. Corolla tubular at the base, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, destitute of nectariferous pores. 47. CUS'CUTA. Capsule two-celled, bursting all around. Coi-oUa bell-shaped. *♦ Flowers without a corolla. Seed solitary. 44. BE'TA. Seed kidney-shaped, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. 112 PENTANDRIA. [CL. V. 43. CHENOPO'DIUM, Seed lenticular, superior to the five-cleft, persistent calyx. 45. SAL'SOLA. Capsule closed, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. Seed with a spiral embryo. 42. HERNIA'RIA. Capsule closed, membranous, invested by the calyx. Stamens with five imperfect filaments. 46. UL'iMUS. Capsule closed, membranous, compressed, margined, superior. (Polygonum amphibium.) *** Flowers of Jive petals, superior, two-seeded. A. Umbels and Umbellules furnished with involucres consisting of bracteas. 49. ERYN'GIUM. Fruit egg-shaped, covered with straight bristles. Petals oblong, equal, inflected, undivided. Flowers aggregate, forming a head. 50. HYDROCOTYLE. Fruit round, compressed laterally, striated. Petals egg-shaped, acute, equal. Flowers in a simple umbel. 51. SANrCULA. Fruit egg-shaped, covered with hooked bristles. Petals lance-shaped, inflected, nearly equal. Umbellules clustered, the central flowers destitute of stamens and pistils. 82. HERA'CLEUM. Fruit elliptical, compressed, striated. Petals inversely heart-shaped, radiant. Styles pyramidal at the base. 65. CENA'NTHE. Fruit oblong, somewhat spongy, ribbed. Petals inversely heart-shaped, radiant, very unequal. Styles slender, en- larged at the base. 52. CAU'CALIS. Fruit oblong, compressed transversely. Seeds with four rows of ascending, awl-shaped, hooked prickles. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, unequal. 58. DAU'CUS. Fruit oblong, compressed transversely. Seeds with four rows of flat prickles and rough intermediate ribs. Petals inversely heart-shaped, unequal. 80. PEUCE'DANUM. Fruit neariy orbicular, crowned with the calyx and styles. Petals inversely heart-shaped, all nearly equal. Styles very short, greatly dilated at the base. 64. CONl'UM. Fruit egg-shaped, with ten acute ribs. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, slightly unequal. Styles a little tumid at the base. 59. BU'NIUM. Frtdt egg-shaped, strong ribbed. Petals inversely heart-shaped, equal. Styles awl-shaped, much swelled at the base. 60. SrUiVI. Fruit egg-shaped or orbicular, ribbed. Peia/s inversely heart-shaped, or egg-shaped, equal. Styles cylindrical, swelling a little at the base. 61. SI'SON. Fruit egg-shaped or neariy orbicular, ribbed. Petals elliptical or inversely heart-shaped, involute at the point, equal. Styles very short and thick. 79. SELl'NUM. Fruit elliptical, ribbed, crowned with the calyx and style. Petals inversely heart-shaped, involute, equal. Styles with a tumid hemispherical base. 66. CRITH'MUM. Fruit elliptical, ribbed, crowned. Petals ellip- tical, acute, incurved, equal. Styles short and thick, with swelled base. 72. LIGUS'TICUM. Fruit oblong, winged. Petals elliptical, flattish, contracted at both ends, equal. Styles thick, tumid at the base. CL. v.] PENTANDRIA. 113 76. ME'UM. Fruit oblong, ribbed. Petals inversely egg-shaped with an inflected point, equal. Styles swelled at the base. 77. CNI'DIUIM. Fruit egg-shaped, acute, with sharp ribs. Petals inversely heart-shaped or egg-shaped, equal. Siifles hemisphe- rical at the base. 78. BUPLEU'RUM. Frtnt egg-shaped, obtuse, with sharp ribs. Pe- tals wedge-shaped, very short, involute, equal. Styles very short, swelled at the base. 75. ATHAMAN'TA. Fruit egg-shaped, ribbed, hairy. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, broadly pointed, equal. Styles short, with a tumid base. 83. TORDY'LIUM. Fruit nearly orbicular, striated. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, with an inflected point, unequal. Styles thread-shaped, swelled at the base. B. Umbellules furnished ivith involucral bracteas, umbels naked. 62. CICU'TA. Fruit nearly orbicular, with six double ribs. Petals egg-shaped, or heart-shaped, nearly equal. Styles slightly swelled at the base. 70. IMPERATO'RTA. Fruit orbicular, with six ribs. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, rather irregular. Styles egg-shaped and swelled at the base. 71, ANGE'LICA. Fruit roundish, with three wings on each side, Petals lance-shaped, equal, flattish, with the point inflected. Styles short, erect, broad and swelled at. the base. 64. ANTHRIS'CUS. Fruit egg-shaped, covered with short incurved bristles. Petals inversely heart-shaped, equal. Styles awl-shaped, tumid at the base. 53. TORl'LIS. Fruit egg-shaped, ribless, covered w-ith ascendinc" bristles. Styles awl-shaped, short, very broad at the base. 63. ^THU'SA. Fruit egg-shaped, with ten rounded ribs. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, deeply lobed, with an acute, inflected point. Styles short, swelled and egg-shaped at the base. 57. CH^ROPHY'LLUM. Fruit smooth, ribless. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point, somewhat unequal. Styles short, awl-shaped, tumid at the base. 56. MY'RRHIS. Fruii narrow lance-shaped, deeply furrowed, smooth. Petals uniform, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected taper point. Styles awl-shaped, very tumid at the base. 65. SCA'NDIX. Fruit elliptical, ribbed, somewhat bristly. Petals unequal, undivided, tapering at the base. Styles short, swelled at the base. C. Umbels and Umbellules without bracteas. 68. A'PIUM. Fruit roundish, ribbed. Petals roundish, with an in- flected point, equal. Styles swelled at the base. 76. PIMPINE'LLA. Fruit roundish, ribbed. Peta/s inversely heart- shaped, near equal. Styles thread-like, as long as the fruit. 67. SMY'RNIUM. Fruit roundish, ribbed. Petals lance-shaped, in- curved, equal. Stifles swelled and depressed at the base. 81. PASTINA'CA. Fruit broadly elliptical, ribbed. Petals broadly lance-shaped, involute, equal. Styles very short, erect, with knobbed stigmas. 69. ^GOPO'DIUM. Fruit elliptical, ribbed. Petals inversely heart- shaped, unequal. Styles egg-shaped at the base. 114 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. V. 74. CA'RUM. Fruit oblonsr, ribbed. Petals inversely heart-shaped, unequal. Styles swelled at the base, subsequently elongated. Order III. TRIGYNIA. T/iree Pistils. * Flowers superior. 84. VIBU'RNUM. Corolla five-cleft. Berry one-seeded. 85. SAMBU'CUS. Corolla five-cleft. Berry two-seeded. ** Flowers inferior. 88. CORRIGI'OLA. Petals five. Seed one, naked, triangular. 86. STAPHYLE'A. Petals ^ve. Capsji/es two or three, inflated. 87. TA'MARIX. Petals five. Capsule three-valved. Seeds numerous, downy. (Chenopodium. Stellaria media.) Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. Four Pistils. 89. Px^RNA'SSIA. Petals five. Nectaries five, fringed with bristles bearing globes. Capsule four-valved. Order V. PENTAGYNIA. Five Pistils. 91. LI'NUM. Petals five. Capsule ten-celled. 92. SIBBA'LDIA. Petals five. .See Js five, naked. Ca/yx ten-cleft. 90. STA'TICE. Petals five. Seed one, covered with the base of the calyx. (Spergula. Cerastium.) Order VI. HEXAGYNIA. Six Pistils. 93. DRO'SERA. Petals five. Capsule three-valved, many-seeded. Order VII. POLYGYNIA. Nu7nerous Pistils. 94. MYOSU'RUS. Petals five, with tubular honey-bearing claws. Seeds naked. Calyx spurred at the base. (Ranunculus hederaceus.) PENTANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. MYOSO'TIS. Scorpion-grass. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft ; segments acute, equal. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped; mouth half-closed with five small valves. Filaments very short ; anthers small, oblong. Germens four. Style thread-shaped, central, as long as the tube ; stigma obtuse. Seeds egg-shaped, pointed, smooth. — Named from Mt/s, a mouse, and otis, an ear. 86. 1. M. palustris. Great Water Scorpinn-grass. Forget-me-not. Calyx funnel-shaped, with short, broad segments; leaves oblong, roughish, with close-pressed bristles; root creeping. Roots very long, creeping: stem from six to twelve inches high : clusters many-flowered : two or three together: limb of the corolla sky-blue, the valve of the mouth yellow. CL.V.] PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 115 Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in marshy places and ditches : common. Eug. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1973. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 250. 285. 2. M. caspitdsa. Tufted Water Scorpion-grass. Calyx funnel-shaped, with broad, spreading segments ; leaves covered with erect bristles ; root fibrous. Stems about a foot high, rooting at the base : corolla paler and smaller than in the last species : the whole plant weaker. Peren- nial : flowers in June and July : grows in watery places : common. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2661. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 251. 286. 3. M. alpes'tris. liock Scorpion-grass. Calyx deeply five-cleft, co- vered with erect hairs ; leaves hairy, root-leaves half the length of the stalks ; root fibrous. Stems from three to five inches high : clusters dense : corolla large and blue. Perennial : flovvers in July and August : grows on Ben Lawers and other Highland mountains : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2559. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 253. 287. 4. M. sylvdtica. Wood Scorpinn-grass. Fruit smooth ; calyx deeply five-cleft, with spreading hooked bristles, when in fruit egg-shaped, shorter than the spreading flower-stalks ; limb of the corolla flat, longer than the tube ; root-leaves on short dilated stalks. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in dry shadv places: common. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2630. ^Bnt. FL 4th ed. p. 9L 288. 5. M. arvevsis. Common Field Scoi-pinn-grass. Fruit smooth ; calyx cleft half-way, with spreading hooked bristles, when in fruit egg-shaped, shorter than the spreading fiower-stalks ; limb of the corolla concave, equal in length to the tube. Annual : flowers through the summer and part of autumn : grows in cultivated ground, and in general in loose soil : common. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2629. Brit. FL p. 91. 289. 6. M.collina. Earlp Fiehl Scorpion- grass. Fruit smooth ; calyx deeply cleft, with spreading hooked bristles, when in fruit bulging at the base, open, equal in length to the spreading flower-stalks; limb of the corolla concave, shorter than the tube ; one remote axillar flower. Annual : flowers in April and JMay : grows in dry pastures, sandy or gravelly open soil, and on wall tops: common. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2629. 290. 7. M. versicolor. Yellow and Blue Scorphm-grass, Calyx deeply five- cleft, covered with spreading hairs ; leaves narrow, oblong, hairy ; clus- ters long, stalked, without a remote flower. Root fibrous : stem three or four inches high : corolla small, blue with a yellow throat. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in dry waste places, on walls, &:c. common. Eng. Bot. pi. 480. fig. 1. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 254. 291. 2. LITHOSPE'RMUM. Gromwell Calyx inferior, of one leaf, oblong, deeply five-cleft; segments acute, equal, nearly erect. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped; tube open. Filaments very short; anthers oblong, concealed in the tube. Germens four. Style thread -shaped, shorter than the tube ; stigma obtuse, notched. Seeds four, egg-shaped, pointed, hard. — Named from lithos, a stone, and sperjua, seed. 87. 1. L. officndle. Common Gromu:elL Graymill. Corolla little longer than the calyx; leaves lance-shaped," rather acute. Root tapering. whitish : stem about two feet high : leaves greyish-green : corolla pale- 116 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. V. yellow. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in dry gravelly places -.not common. Eng, Bot. vol. ii. pi. 134. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 256. 292. 2. L. arven'se. Corn GromwelL Corolla little longer than the calyx; leaves narrow, lance-shaped, obtuse. Root tapermg, with a pur^plih-red bark: stem about a foot h,gh : leaves bn^ht-green: corolla whiL. Annual: flowers in May and June: grows m ^o^^-Af ^ J^ waste places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. n. pi. 123. Eng. FL vol u p. 256. ' 3 L. purviiro-c(zr{deum. Creeping or Purple GromwelL Corolla much longer than the calyx; leaves lance-shaped.-—Root woody, blackish : stems several, from twelve to eighteen inches long : some bar- ren creepina, and rooting : others erect : corolla large, violet-blue. 1 e- ren'nial : flowers in April and May : grows in mountamous and woody pastures, in Wales and the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot.. vol. ii. pi. 117. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 257. ^^'^' 4 S marlfmum. Sea GromuelL Sea Bvgloss. Leaves egg-shaped, sprinkled with callous dots ; stems all procumbent.-— Root tieshv a^permcr: stems numerous, from one to two feet long : eaves somewhat fleshy, "smooth : flowers in terminal leafy clusters : corolla twice a. long ITZ calvx, of a beautiful purple. Perennial : flowers - July -^ Au-ust: ^'rows on gravelly beaches on the sea-shore, m the north ol England, mlreland,\nd in Scotland. E„g. £ot. vol. vi. pi. 368. F^ng FL%o\. i. p. 287. ^^^• 3. ANCHU'SA. Alkaket. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, cylindrical, deeply five-cleft ; seg- ments acute Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped; tube straight, tumid below : mouth closed with five erect, obtuse, hairy, con- verging valves. Filaments very short ; anthers.ob on g, concealed bv the valves. Germens four, roundish. Style cylindrical, short Stigma cleft; seeds four, roundish, wrinkled, each hollowed out at the%ase.— Name from ancho, to choke. 1 A officindlis. Common AlkaneU Spikes crowded, unilateral ; leaves lance-shaped. Stems from one to two feet high, rough with strong haus: corolla deep purple. Perennial: flowers in June and July: gr^ws in waste ground : rare, and not indigenous. Links at Hartley pans. Northumberland ; and near Glasgow. Eng. Bot. 2 A. sempervirens. Ever-green Alkanet. f lower-stalks axillar, each bearing two dense spikes, with an intermediate flower ; leaves egg- shaped^ acute. Stems from twelve to eighteen inches high : roo - eaves arce, remaining green all the winter, stalked the rest sessde. all egJ-shapJd limb of the^orolla brilliant sky-blue, the valves white and downy. Perennial: flowers m May and June: grows by roads and amonl rubbish : not verv common, and probably not mdigenous. Eng. BoL vol. i. pi. 45. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 259. ^y^' 4. CYNOGLO'SSUM. Hound's-tongue. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft; segments slightly acute Corolla ^f one petal, .funnel-shaped, ittle longer than the ca^yx- tube cylindrical, short; mouth half-closed with five hon- CL. v.] PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 117 zontal valves. Filaments short j anthers roundish. Germens four, depressed. Style awl-shaped, central, longish ; stigma small, notched. Seeds four, roundish, imperforate at the base, attached to a central receptacle. — Name from cyon^ a dog, and glossa, a tongue. 89. 1. C. officinale. Common Hound' s-tongue. Stamens shorter than the corolla ; stem-leaves broadly lance-shaped, sessile, downy. Whole plant dull-green, downy and soft : stem two feet high : root-leaves large, tapering at both en^ls.- clusters terminal, panicled : corolla dull-crimson. This plant is suspected of possessing narcotic properties: its smell is very disagreeable, and greatly resembles that of mice. Biennial : flowers in May and June : erows by road-sides and among rubbish : common. Eng. Bat. vol. xxiii. pi. 1642. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 261. 298. 2. C. sylvdticum. Green-leaved Hound' s-tongue. Stamens shorter than the corolla; leaves lance-shaped, the upper ones embracing the stem, smooth above, hairy beneath Whole plant bright-green : leaves covered on the back part with callous warts : flowers dull-blue. Bien- nial : flowers in June : grows in shady lanes : rare. Essex, Kent, Surrey, Worcestershire, Oxfordshire, Carse of Gowrie, &c. Eng- Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1643. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 261. 299. 5. PULMONA'RIA. Lung-wort. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, prismatic, five-cornered, with five equal segments. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped j tube cy- lindrical, long; mouth naked and open. Filaments very short; anthers oval, erect. Germens four, roundish. Style thread-shaped, short ; stigma small, notched. Seeds four, globular, hairy. — Named from pulmones, the lungs, the spotted leaves being sup- posed to resemble those organs. 90. 1. F. officinalis. Common Lung-wort. Leaves egg-shaped. Root fibrous : stems about a foot high, erect, leafy, hairy : leaves hairy, gene- rally speckled with white on the upper side, the lower on long bordered stalks, the upper se.ssile : flowers violet-blue. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods and shady lanes : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 118. E»^. F/. vol. i. p. 262. 300. 2. P. angustifdlia. Karrow-leaied Lung-uort. Leaves lanced-shaped. -Taller than the former, and differing chiefly in the form of the leaves, which are sehJom spotted. Perennial ; flowers in l\Iav and June : 'grows m woods and thickets : rare, l^le of Wight: New Forest, Hampshire, Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1628. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 263. 301. 6. SY'MPHYTUM. Comfuey. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, five-cleft ; segments acute. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped; mouth closed by five lance-shaped, fringed valves. Filaments short, anthers arrow-shaped, concealed by the valves. Germens four, abrupt. Style club-shaped, long; stigma undivided. Seeds four, egg-shaped. — Named from sz/m- phuoy to unite, on account of its imagined sanative powers. 91. 1. 5. officinale. Common Comfrey, Leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, decurrent, covered with fine hairs. Root oblone, L ^ 118 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [CL. V. fleshy, black : stems three feet high, hairy, winged : flowers yellowish- white. A variety has purple flowers. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on the banks of rivers and ditches : frequent. The roots are glutinous and mucilaginous, and have been used for coughs. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 817. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 264. 302. 2. S. tuberosum. Tuberous Comfrey. Leaves egg-shaped, slightly decurrent, covered with coarse hairs, the upper ones opposite. Root white externally : flowers drooping, yellowish-white, tinged with green. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the banks of rivers and ditches : common in Scotland; rare in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1502. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 264. 303. 7. BORA'GO. Borage. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped; mouth bordered with five short notched valves, or with awl-shaped valves, or with both. Filaments awl- shaped ; anthers arrow-shaped or oblong. Germens four. Styles cylindrical; stigma knobbed. Seeds four, egg-shaped, wrinkled. — Named from cor^ the heart, and ago^ to bring. 92. 1. B. officmdlis. Common Borage. Leaves egg-shaped, alternate; mouth of the corolla with a double row of valves, the innermost awl- shaped, bearing the stamens. Whole plant covered with very pungent bristles: flowers numerous, in terminal bunches: corolla brilliant blue, large. The flowers were supposed to be cordial, and were infused in drinks; but quackeries of this kind are now out of fashion. Biennial: flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground, near houses. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 36. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 265. 304. 8. ASPERU'GO. Catchweed. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft, subsequently en- larged, forming two erect lobes. Corolla of one petal, funnel- shaped; mouth nearly closed by five rounded horizontal valves. Filaments very short ; anthers small, roundish. Germens four, compressed. Style erect, long ; stigma blunt. Seeds four, ob- long, compressed, attached to a central column in pairs. — Name from asper, rough. 93. 1. A. procumbens. Trailing Catchweed. Calyx when in fruit com- pressed. Stems prostrate, square, leafy, their angles prickly : leaves generally in threes, elliptical, dark-green, covered with bristles : corolla small, blue. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground : rare. Durham. Dunbar castle ; near Aberlady, East Lothian. Evg. Bot. pi. 36. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 263. 305. 9. LYCO'PSIS. BuGLOss. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped; tube twice bent; mouth clothed with five rounded, hairy valves. Filaments very small ; anthers oblong. Germens four. Style thread-shaped, short; stigma blunt, notched. Seeds four, egg-shaped, cornered. — Named from l^cos, a wolf, and opsiSf a face. 94. CL. v.] PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 119 1. L. arvtnsis. Small Bugloss. Leaves spear-shaped, waved, very bristly. The whole plant very rough and bristly: stems erect, roundish, about a foot high : corolla sky-blue, with white valves. An- nual ; flowers in June and July ; grows in corn-fields and by road-sidts : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 938. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 268. 306. 10. E'CHIUM. Viper's-bvgloss. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, permanent, five-cleft ; the segments awl-shaped. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped ; tube very short: limb gradually widening upwards ; segments five, the two upper- most longest, the lower smallest ; mouth open and naked. Fila- ments as long as the corolla, awl-shaped, unequal j anthers oblong, fixed sidewise. Germens four. Style thread-shaped, long ; its summit blunt, cleft. Seeds four, roundish, wrinkled, obliquely pointed. — Named from echis^ a viper. 95. 1. E. vulgdre. Common Viper s-bugloss. Stem simple, rough with bristles and tubercles ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, bristly ; spikes short, lateral, hairy, deflected. Stems from one to two feet high, round : leaves alternate, entire, dull green : the lowest stalked : flowers large, crowded, beautiful, bright purplish-blue, sometimes white. Biennial: flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields and waste ground : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 181. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 269. 307. 2. E, violdceum. Violet-Jiowered Bugloss. Stem spreading, branched, rough with bristles and tubercles ; lower leaves egg-shaped, stalked, upper ones heart-shaped and somewhat clasping at the base. Stem often decumbent ; spikes longer than in the preceding, and bearing more dis- tant flowers. Biennial : flowers in July and August : grows in sandy ground : very rare. Plentiful about St. Helier, Jersey. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 87. 308. 11. PRl'MULA. Primhose. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, with five angles and five teeth, erect, permanent. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx; limb spreading, with five some- what deep inversely heart-shaped segments ; mouth open. Fila- ments very short, in the throat ; anthers pointed, erect, within the tube. Germen globular. Style thread-shaped, as long as the calyx ; stigma globular. Capsule cylindrical, one-celled, open- ing at the top with ten acute teeth. Seeds numerous, roundish, attached to a central, oblong receptacle, — Name Uom primus, first, on account of its early appearance. 96. 1. P. vulgaris. Common Primrose. Leaves wrinkled, toothed ; stalks single-flowered: limb of the corolla flat. Leaves numerous, radical, oblong, unequally toothed, soft, reticulated, gradually tapering down- wards into short foot-stalks : flowers numerous, large, sulphur-yellow, having a pleasant smell. Perennial : flowers in April and INIay : grows in woods, hedges, and thickets, on grassy banks, &;c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 4. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 271. 309. 2. P. eldtior. Oxlip Primrose. Leaves wrinkled, toothed ; stalk many- flowered ; limb of the corolla flat. Leaves contracted about the mid- 120 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. V. die: flowers in an umbel : corolla smaller than in the last, pale-yellow, the centre deeper yellow. I his is supposed, without much reason, to be a hybrid between 'the Primrose and the Cowslip. It is more likely a variety of the former. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods, hedges, &c. : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 513. Eng. Fl. vol.i. p. 271. 310. 3. P. veris. Cowslip. Paigle. Leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted towards the middle ; stalk many-flowered ; limb of the corolla concave. Leaves more downy and softer than in the foregoing : flowers in umbels : corolla with the limb concave, shorter, and of a deeper yellow : the flowers are used for making cowslip wine. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in meadows and pastures : common in England ; rare in Scotland, except about Edinburgh. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 5. Eng. Fl. vol. i. -p. 212. 31 L 4. P.farinosa. Birds' -eye Primrose. Leaves toothed, even, powdery beneath ; limb of the corolla flat ; mouth with a notched border ; stigma undivided. Leaves mealy underneath: corolla ro?e-coloured, the mouth surrounded with a yellow, notched, glandular border : umbel few- flowered. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in wet pastures and by rivulets in the north of England and in Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 6. E7}g. Fl. vol. i. p. 273. 312. 5. P. Scotica. Scottish Primrose. Leaves toothed, even, powdery on both sides; limb of the corolla flat; mouth with a notched border; stigma five-cleft. Smaller than the last, the leaves mealy on both sides. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the east coast of the northern division of Scotland, and in the Orkney Islands. Eyig. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2608. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 273. 313. 12. CY'CLAMEN. Cyclamen. Calyx inferior, divided half-way into five egg-shaped segments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, with a nearly globular tube, reflexed limb, and open naked mouth, prominent at the circumference. Filaments very short; anthers straight, acute. Gerraen roundish. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens; stigma acute. Capsule globose, one-celled, the inside pulpy. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, angular. — Name from ct/cIos, a circle. 97. 1. C. hederoefolium. Ivy-leaved Cyclamen. Leaves heart-shaped, an- gular, finely toothed. Root globular, brown : leaves variegated with dark and pale green : flowers pendulous on naked stalks : corolla white or flesh-coloured : very acrid, especially the root. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in thickets and woods, hardly indigenous : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 810. C. europaum,. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 274. 314. 13. MENYA'NTHES. Bog-bean. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five segments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, with a short tube, and a limb divided into five recurved segments, covered above with long thread-like fibres. Filaments awl- shaped, short; anthers cleft at the base. Germen conical. Style cylindrical j stigma notched. CL. v.] PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 121 Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, attached to the margins of each valve. — Named from meney a month, and anthos^ a flower. 98. 1. M. trifolidta. Marsh Trefoil. Bog-bean. Leaves ternate, disk of the corolla shaggy. Root large, black, creeping : stems round : leaves ternate on rouncf foot-stalks : clusters stalked, opposite the leaves : corolla flesh-coloured, the filaments white. This beautiful plant is possessed of powerful medicinal properties : an infusion of the leaves is extremely bitter, and is prescribed in rheumatisms and dropsies : it may be used a*; a substitute for hops in making beer, and is employed as a purgative for calves. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in marshy places, ditches, pools, and shallow lakes : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 495. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 275. 315. 14. VILLA'RSIA. Villarsia. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five segments. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, with a limb often fringed with hairs. Capsule one-celled. Seeds numerous, attached to the mar- gins of each valve. — Named in honour of M. de Villars, a French botanist. 99. 1. V. nymphte places near houses : common in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 566. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 319. 361. CL. v.] PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 131 31. ERYTHR^'A. Centaury. Calyx inferior, permanent, of one leaf, deeply divided into five erect, awl-shaped segments. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped; tube nearly cylindrical, slender, longer than the calyx; limb deeply divided into five egg-shaped or lance-shaped spreading segments. Filaments thread -shaped, equal, much shorter than the corolla; anthers oblong, twisting spirally. Germen oblong or nearly linear, compressed. Style cylindrical, straight ; stigmas two, roundish, finally spreading. Capsule oblong, acute at each end, compressed, imperfectly two-celled, two-valved. Seeds nu- merous, roundish, arranged in four rows. — Name from trythros, red. 116. 1. E. Centaurium. Common Centaury. Stem nearly simple ; panicle forked, corymbose ; leaves broadly lance-shaped ; calyx half as long as the tube, its segments partly united by a membrane. Stem about a foot high, leafy: flowers rose-coloured. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures : common. Bitter and stomachic, for- merly much used, but now neglected. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 417. Ens;. FL vol. i. p. 321. 362. 2. E. littordlis. Dwarf Tufted Centaury. Stem generally simple, straight ; leaves between linear and inversely egg-shaped, obscurely three-ribbed ; flowers sessile, densely corymbose ; calyx as long as the tube, its segments united at the base. Two or three inches high, stout : flowers rose-coloured. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy pastures near the sea : frequent. Eiig. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2305. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 320. 363. 3. E. pidchttla. Dwarf Branched Centaury. Stem much branched or simple ; leaves egg-shaped ; flowers stalked, solitary ; calyx more than half the length of the tube ; segment of the corolla lance-shaped. Stem erect, from one to three inches high : flowers from the forks of the stem, as well as terminal, slender, with a pink corolla. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows on sandy ground, near the sea : fre- quent. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 458. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 323. 364. 4. E. latifolia. Broad-leaved Centaury. Stem three-cleft at the top ; flowers in dense tufts ; calyx as long as the tube ; segments of the corolla lance-shaped. Stem erect, stiff": lower leaves broadly elliptical. Annual: flowers in August and September: grows on the sea-shore: rare. Very common in the Outer Hebrides, where it is gathered for the purpose of being infused in spirits as a bitter. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 321. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2718, but not the ordinary form. 365. The four alleged species above described are apparently varieties of the same specific form, dependent upon difl'erences of soil and situation. 32. SA'MOLUS. Brook-weed. Calyx inferior, of one leaf; tube hemispherical; margin deeply divided into five equal, permanent segments. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped; tube wide, as long as the calyx; limb with five deep, obtuse segments, and five small intermediate scales at the base. Filaments awl-shaped, short, arising from the middle of the tube ; anthers roundish, two-lobed, covered by the scales of 132 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. []CL. V. the corolla. Germen nearly globular, covered by the tube of the corolla. Style erect, short ; stigma knobbed. Capsule globular, one- celled, its lower half closely invested by the calyx. Seeds numerous, small, angular, covering the globular, central recep- tacles.— Name doubtful. 117. 1. /ie, a cup. 135. 1. H. vulgaris. Marsh Penny. White-rot. Leaves round, shield- shaped, smooth, cleft at the base ; umbels somewhat aggregate ; flowers N 142 PENTANDRIA— DIGYNIA. [CL. V. neaily sessile. Stems slender, smooth, creeping, with clusters of stalked leaves, and axillar flower-stalks, bearing a simple umbel, with small white flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in bosgy places, and the edges of lakes and rivulets : common. Eng. Bot. voi. xi. pi. 751. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 96. 413. 51. SANl'CULA. Sa>'icle. Flowers separated, the central barren, the marginal fertile, without stamens. Calyx superior ; of the barren fluwers small, tive-leaved, acute; of the fertile larger, nearly equal. Petals of the barren flowers five, nearly equal, lance-shaped, inflected, channelled, compressed ; of the fertile deciduous or wanting. Filaments hair-like, spreading, twice as long as the petals; an- thers roundish. Genr.en roundish, bristly. Styles reflected, awl- shaped, permanent; stigmas acute. Fruit egg-shaped, acute, co- vered with hooked bristles, separable into two. Seeds convex on the outer, flat on the inner side. — Name from sano, to heal. 136, 1. S. Europe'a. Wood Sanicle. Root-leaves simple ; flowers all nearly sessile. Stems about a foot long, ascending, slightly branched : umbels numerous, in an irregular, compound panicle : flowers cream- coloured, tinged with red. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods : counnon. Eng. Bot, vol. ii. pi. 98. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 36. 414. 52. CAU'CALIS. Bur-parsley. Flowers imperfectly separated, irregular; the outermost fertile. Calyx superior, of five broad, acute, unequal, permanent leaves. Petals unequal, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen oblong, bristly. Styles awl-shaped, much shorter than the corolla, tumid at the base, permanent ; stigmas abrupt. Fruit oblong. Seeds four-ribbed, the ribs covered with ascending, awl- shaped, hooked prickles, flat and close on the inner side. — Named from ceo, to lie along, and caulos, a stem, from its procumbent habit. 137. 1. C. dauco/des. Smail Bnr-parsley. Umbels three-rayed, without general involucral bracteas ; partial umbels with three bracteas, ripening about three fruits; leaves repeatedly subdivided. Stem two feet high, deeply furrowed, smooth, hairy at the joints; partial umbels of two or three fertile flowers with several barren; petals white or reddish. An- nual : flowers in June : grows in corn-fields in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 197. Eng. FL vol.ii. p 41. 415. 2. C. latifiilia. Great Bur-pardey. Umbels three-rayed with mem- branous bracteas ; partial umbels ripening about five fruits : leaves pin- nate. Stem three feet high, covered with minute prickles : petals bright rose-colour. Annual: flowers in July: grows in corn-fields in England: rare. Abundant in Cambridgeshire. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 198. En^r. F/. vol.ii. p. 41. 416. 53. TORl'LIS. Hedge-parsley. Flowers all perfect and fertile, slightly irregular. Calyx supe- rior, of five short, broad, acute, nearly equal, permanent leaves. CL. v.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 143 Petals nearly equal, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments hair-like, spreading; anthers roundish. Ger- man egg-shaped, bristly. Styles awl-shaped, somewhat spreading, much shorter than the corolla, permanent, very tumid at the base; stigmas simple. Fruit egg-shaped, crowned with the spreading styles. Seeds without ribs, covered with ascending, awl -shaped prickles, or partly with prominent granulations; their juncture <;hannelled, close. — Name from toreo^ to carve, in allusion to the fruit. 138. 1. T. Authriscus. Upright Hedge-paisley. Umbels of many close rays, with many general bracteas ; leaves bipinnate, with pinnatifid leaflets; branches nearly erect. Stem erect, two or three feet hiijh, furrowed : flowers small, white : fruit small, with incurved brisitles. Annual : flowers in July : grows in hedges and waste places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 987. Caucalis Anthriscus. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. -p. 43. 417. 2. T. inftiia. Spreading Hedge-parsley. Umbels of many close rays, with scarcely any general bracteas ; leaves pinnate, with pmnatifid leaflets; branches spreading. Stem about a foot high : flowers white. Annual : flowers in July: grows in corn-fields and by way-sides: com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1314. Caucalis infesta. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 43. 418. 3. T. nodosa. Knotted Hedge-parsley. Umbels lateral, simple, nearly ^sessile ; stem prostrate ; fruit partly granulated. Stems about a foot long, rough : leaves doubly pinnate, hairy, deep glaucous green. An- nual: flowers in JMay and June: grows in waste places and by way- sides: frequent. Eng. Bot. pi. 199. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 44. 419. 54. ANTHRl'SCUS. Beaked-parsley. Flowers all perfect, regular. Calyx none. Petals equal, uni- form, inversely heart-shaped, with a small inflected point. Fila- ments hair-like, spreading, as long as the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen oblong, bristly. Floral receptacle slightly bordered. Styles awl-shaped, short, erect, tumid at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, tumid, beaked. Seeds without ribs, covered with short incurved bristles ; the beak angular, naked, much shorter than the body of the fruit, crowned with the permanent styles. — Name used by Pliny. 139. 1. A. vulgaris. Common Beaked-parsley. Fruit egsr-shaped, twice the length of its beak; leaves thrice pinnate, with pinnatifid leaflets. Stem two or three feet high, erect, smooth, and glossy, swelled under the joints : flowers small, white, all perfect and fertile. Annual : flowers in May : grows in waste ground, on dry banks, and by road- sides. En^. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 1818. Scandix Anthriscus. Eng. Fl. vo\.iu p. 45. 420. 55. SCA'NDIX. Needle-chervil. Flowers separated, the innermost barren. Caly.K none. Petals unequal, undivided, tapering at the base, spreading. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, as long as the corolla, anthers roundish. 144 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. ^CL. V. Germen oblong, rough with close hair. Styles short, permanent, swelled at the base ; stigmas simple, in the barren flowers obtuse. Fruit oblong, ribbed, somewhat bristly, its beak five times as long, linear, bristly, crowned with the enlarged, five-lobed, coloured, floral receptacle, surrounding the base of the styles. — Named from sceo, to prick, from the sharp points to the fruit. 140. 1. S. Pecten. Needle-chervil. Shephercfs needle. Venus' comb. Fruit nearly smooth, with a beak bristly at the edges ; umbels simple : leaves thrice pinnatifid, with linear acute segments. Stem about a foot high, furrowed : umbels small, stalked : flowers white : fruit very large. An- nual : flowers from June to September : grows in cultivated fields : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. XX. pi. 1397. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 47. 421, 56. MY'RRHIS. Cow-parsley. Flowers imperfectly separated, the innermost barren. Calyx none. Petals somewhat unequal, uniform, inversely heart-shaped, •with an inflected point. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, as long as the petal ; anthers roundish. Germen oblong, narrow, somewhat club-shaped, abrupt, smooth, slightly compressed. Styles awl-shaped, very tumid at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit lance-shaped, narrow, deeply furrowed, beakless, smooth ; the summit crowned with the thick bases of the spreading, permanent styles. — Named from myrrha., myrrh. 141. 1. JVf. odordta. Sweet Cicely. Seeds with very sharp angles^ rough- ish towards the summit. Stem from two to four feet high, smooth, striated, hollow : leaves thrice pinnated, pale-green : flowers numerous, white : seeds with three very prominent angles. The whole plant is sweet and aromatic : the seeds are used in the north of England for per- fuming furniture. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in pastures and by old walls, generally near houses : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 697 : Scandix odorata. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 51. 422. 2. M. temulenta. Rough Cow-parsley. Seeds furrowed, nearly smooth ; stem rough, swelled under the joints. Stem from two to three feet high, solid, striated, rough with short deflected hairs, spotted with purple : flowers numerous, white. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and bushy places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1521 : Chierophyllum temuleutum. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 51. 423. 3. M. aurea. Tawny-seeded Cow-parsley. Seeds ribbed, nearly smooth, coloured ; stems slightly swelled below the joints, hairy; leaflets sharply pinnatifid, long pointed. Stem three feet high, angular, striated, hairy and bristly : flowers cream-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June: grows in the borders of fields, in Scotland. Between Arbroath and Montrose, and near Corstorphine. Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bof. vol. xxx. pi. 2103 : ChcEvophyllum aureum. Eng. FL. vol. ii. p. 52. 424. 4. M. aromdtica. Aromatic Cow-pardey. Seeds ribbed, smooth ; leaflets egg-shaped, acute, serrated, undivided. Stems two or three feet high, striated, slightly swelled below the joints, hairy below, smooth above: flowers numerous, white, the outer fertile. Perennial: flowers in June ; found by Mr. G. Don, between Forfar and Arbroath. Eng, CL. v.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 145 'ht, Suppl. pi. 2636. En». Fl. vol. ii. p. 52. Neither this nor the pre- eding has been found by any person but the late Mr. Don. 425. 57. CHiEROPHY'LLUM. Chervil. Flowers imperfectly separated ; the innermost barren. Calyx one. Petals somewhat unequal, inversely heart-shaped, with an nflected point. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, as long as he corolla; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, oblong, slightly compressed, smooth. Styles short, awl-shaped, tumid at the base; stigmas simple. Fruit lance-shaped, smooth, even, without fur- rows or ribs, with a short, angular, smooth beak, crowned by the flattened floral receptacle, upon which remain the slightly re- curved styles. — Named from chairOy to rejoice, and phyllon, a leaf. 142. 1. Ch. satinim. Garden Chervil. Umbels lateral, nearly sessile ; bracteas lance-shaped. Stem round, hollow, striated, smooth : leaves twice pinnate : umbels of three or four general rays, and several partial ones: flowers white. Cultivated as a pot-herb. Annual: flowers in June : grows in waste around : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1268 : Scandix Cerefolinm. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 48. 426. 2. Ch. sylvestre. Cow-parsley Cow-chervil. Umbels terminal, stalked ; bracteas eg°:-shaped, membranous. Stem from two to three feet high, branched, hollow, striated or furrowed, downy : leaves thrice pinnate : petals vvhite, in those of the marginal flowers unequal. Peren- nial: flowers in JMay and June: grows in hedges, waste places, pastures, and by walls and roads : very common. Eaten by cattle. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 752. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 48. 427. 58. DAU'CUS. Carrot. Flowers separated ; the outermost irregular and barren ; inner fertile, the central one generally neutral, often coloured. Calyx obsolete. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point, irregular. Filaments hair-like, spreading, longer than the corolla ; anthers oblong. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, bristly, imperfect in the outermost and central flowers. Styles thread-shaped, spread- ing, dilated at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit oblong, com- pressed. Seeds with four principal ribs, having each a row of flat- tish, straight or hooked prickles, and rough intermediate ribs ; their inner surfaces flat and closely applied. — Name daucos used by Dioscorides, the Greek physician. 143. 1. D. Cardta. Wild Carrot. Bristles of the seed slender; leaflets pinnatifid, their segments between linear and lance-shaped, acute ; umbel, having: in the centre a solitary coloured flower, when in fruit concave. Root tapering, yellow, sweet, slightly aromatic, bearing no resem- blance in taste or colour to the cultivated carrot, which is said to be produced from it ; stem from one to two feet high, bristly : umbels terminal, the central flower dark-purple. The roots are eaten by the Hebridians. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and the borders of fields: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1174. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 39. 428. ^ N2 146 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. V. 2. D. maritimus. Sea-coast Carrot. Bristles of the seeds flattened ; leaflets dilated, fleshy, pinnatifid, with rounded segments; umbels des- titute of a central coloured flower, and convex when in seed. Smaller than the former. Biennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-coast, in the south of England, and in Ireland : not common. Eng. Hot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2560. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 40. 429. 59. BU'NIUM. Earth-nut. Flowers all uniform and regular, many of the innermost barren. Calyx of a few small, acute, spreading leaves. Petals equal, in- versely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments thread- shaped, spreading, longer than the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, ribbed, smooth. Styles awl-shaped, egg-shaped, and swelled at the base, spreading, permanent ; stig- mas obtuse. Fruit narrow, egg-shaped, ribbed, crowned with the partly obsolete calyx, and the permanent styles. Seeds each with three distant ribs, and intermediate furrows. — Name from bounos, a hill, where the plant is generally found. 144. 1. B. fiexuosum.. Earth-nut. Pig-nut. General involucral bracteas scarcely three ; stem tapering and zig-zag at the base ; fruit somewhat beaked ; leaves thrice pinnatifid, with long acute segments. Root a large irregular tuber : stem about a foot high : flowers white, all irre- gular. The root is sweet and eatable. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bat. vol. xiv. pi. 988. 430. 60. SrUM. Water-parsnep. Flowers all uniform, and generally perfect. Calyx superior, of five small, acute, unequal leaves. Petals five, equal, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments thread-like, spreading, longer than the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, striated. Styles cylindrical, spreading, swelling a little at the base, shorter than the petals; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, slightly compressed, furrowed, crowned with the per- manent styles and withered calyx. Seeds tumid, convex, each five-ribbed. — Name from the Celtic siw^ water, the genus being an aquatic one. 145. 1. 5. latifalium. Broad-leaved Water-pars7iep. Leaves pinnate, with lance-shaped, equally serrate leaflets ; umbels terminal. Stem from three to six feet high, deeply furrowed, smooth : leaves with the stalks enlarged at the base and embracing the stem : flowers numerous, white, small. Poisonous. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in rivers, ditches, and marshes : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 204. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 56. 431. 2. S. angustiffllium. 'Narrow-leaved Water-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, with unequally lobed and serrate leaflets ; umbels stalked, opposite to the leaves. Stem about a foot high, striated, smooth : petals white, those of the outermost flowers slightly irregular. Poisonous. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in ditches and rivulets: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 139. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 56. 432. CL. v.] PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. 147 3 S. nodijiorum. Procumbent Water-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, with egg-shaped and equally serrate leaflets ; umbels sessile, opposite to the leaves ; stem procumbent. Flowers small, greenish-white, with slightly inflected petals.- Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in ditches and rivulets : not common. The juice is recommended by Dr. Withering, in cutaneous diseases. En°;. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 639. Eyig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 57. Probably a variety of the next. 433. 4. 5. rtpens. Creeping JVater-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, with round- ish, deeply toothed leaflets ; umbels stalked, opposite to the leaves ; stem creeping. Stems from six to ten inches long : flowers white. Peren- nial : flowers in August: grows in boggy places: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 143L Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 58. 434. 5. S. immddtum. Least Water-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, with wedge- shaped, cut leaflets ; the lower leaves divided into numerous thread-like segments. Stems procumbent or floating : umbels stalked, opposite the leaves : flowers white, all perfect. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in ditches and pools: common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 227 : Siso7i inundatum. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 58. 435. 6. S. verticil latum. Whorled Water-parsnep. Leaflets all hair-like, in numerous, whorled segments. Stem about a foot high, erect, round, striated : leaves chiefly from the root : umbels few, terminal, with nu- merous white flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in salt marshes and wet pastures. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 395. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 59. ' 436. 6L Sl'SON. Stone-parsley. Flowers all uniform, perfect and regular. Calyx obsolete or bluntly toothed. Petals five, equal, elliptical or inversely heart- shaped, involute at the point. Filaments thread-like, spreading, about half as long as the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, striated. Style very short and thick, each with a very large, tumid base ; stigmas obtuse, distant. Fruit egg- shaped, compressed, crowned with the permanent, unaltered styles. Seeds convex,' each with three ribs. — Name from sizuriy a brook, in Celtic. ^ 146. 1. S. Amomum, Hedge Stonewort. Bastard Stone-parsley. Leaves pinnate, the upper ones ternate ; umbels erect, of about four general rays ; bases of the styles globular. Stem about three feet high, erect, with numerous, slender branches: flowers cream-coloured, all regular. Annual : flowers in August : grows in woods and hedges; in Enc^land, not rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 954. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 60. 437. 2. S. stgetum. Corn-parsley, or Stonewort. Leaves pinnate, with nu- merous roundish leaflets ; umbels drooping, irregular ; bases of the stvles dilated, depressed. Stems twelve or eighteen inches high, branched, round : flowers white or flesh-coloured, regular. Annual : flowers in August : grows in moist fields in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 228. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 61. 438. 62. CICU'TA. Water Hemlock. Flowers uniform, perfect, and nearly regular. Calyx superior, of five broad, acute, somewhat unequal leaves. Petals five, egg- • 48 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. V. shaped, or slightly heart-shaped, with an incurved point. Fila- ments thread-like, spreading, as long as the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen hemispherical, ribbed. Styles thread-like, short, erect, little swelled at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit nearly orbicular, heart-shaped at the base, a little compressed, crowned with the permanent calyx and recurved styles. Seeds hemispherical, tumid, each with three double ribs, — Name cicutOy a pipe or reed, from the hollow stem. 147. 1. C. xiros'a. Water Hemlock. Water Cowhane. Leaves twice ter- nate ; leaflets narrow lance-shaped, decurrent. Root tuberous, hol- low, with whorled fibres : stem two or three feet hiorh, furrowed, smooth : umbels stalked : flowers white. Poisonous. Perenial : flowers in Au- gust: ^rows in ditches, lakes and rivers: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 479. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 62. 439. 63. ^THU'SA. Fool's-parsley. Flowers all perfect, the outer one a little irregular. Calyx su- perior, of five very minute, pointed, spreading leaves. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped, with an acute, inflected point, the outer- most rather larger. Filaments thread-shaped, horizontal, shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, furrowed. Styles short, spreading, tumid and egg-shaped at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, crowned by the reflected permanent styles. Seeds egg-shaped, with five tumid, acutely keeled ribs and deep interstices. — Named from aitho, to burn, from its acridity. 148. 1. iE. Cijndpium. Common Fool's-parsley. Leaves doubly pinnate ; leaflets wed^e-shaped, decurrent, with lance-shaped segments. Stem a foot or more high, erect, striated, branched : umbels stalked, terminal : partial bracteas long, acute, pendulous : flowers white. Poisonous ; is sometimes mistaken for parsley, and used as such, when it occasions sick- ness. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in gardens, culti- vated fields, and by walls : common. Eiig. Boi. vol. xvii. pi. 1 192. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 64. 440. 64. CONI'UM. Hemlock. Flowers all perfect, slightly irregular. Calyx obsolete. Petals five, superior, inversely heart-shaped, with an acute inflected point , the outermost rather larger. Filaments hair-like, scarcely so long as the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, a little compressed, furrowed, wrinkled. Styles thread-shaped, spread- ing, a little swelled at the base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, slightly compressed, with ten prominent, acute ribs, crowned with the dilated, undulated floral receptacle, and the spreading styles. Seeds half egg-shaped, each with five acute ribs, the interstices flat. — Name coneion of the Greeks. 149. 1. C. maculdtum . Common Hemlock. Stem much branched, polished and spotted. About three feet high : leaves large, repeatedly com- pound, with egg-shaped, pinnatifid leaflets: flowers numerous, white, all bearing seeds. The whole plant is fetid and poisonous : it has been used CL.V.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 149 in powder, extract and infusion, in cancerous diseases, and for chronic ulcers. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground, by walls and hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1191. Eng. fi. vol.ii. p. 65. 441, 65. (ENA'NTHE. Dropwort. Flowers more or less separated or imperfect, the outermost very irregular and abortive ; the innermost smaller, regular, and pro- ducing fruit. Calyx superior, of five large, lance-shaped, acute, somewhat unequal, permanent leaves. Petals five, inversely heart- shaped, with inflected points; in the fertile flowers nearly equal ; in those of the circumference very unequal. Filaments thread- shaped, longer than the corolla ; anthers small, roundish. Germen oblong, furrowed. Styles awl-shaped, tumid at the base ; stigmas small, obtuse, recurved. Fruit oblong or somewhat egg-shaped, ■with a spongy or corky bark, and three or five unequal ribs, with deep, narrow, intermediate furrows; the summit crowned with the permanent calyx and elongated styles. Seeds egg-shaped — Named from oine, a vine, and anthos, a flower, from the vinous smell of the blossoms. 150. 1. (E. fstuldsa. Common Water-dropuort. Root sending out run- ners ; stem-leaves pinnate, cylindrical, tubular; general bracteas hair- like, few, often wanting. Stem erect, two or three feet high, hollow, smooth : root-leaves immersed, doubly pinnate, with wedge-shaped, lobed leaflets. Umbels lateral and terminal : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in ditches and ponds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 363. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 68. 442. 2. (E. pimpinelloides. Parsley Water-dropwort. Leaflets of the root- leaves wedge-shaped, cleft ; of the others entire, flat, linear ; general in- volucral bracteas linear, numerous. Stem two feet high, hollow, striated : root-leaves twice pinnate : stem-leaves simply pinnate : flowers flesh-coloured. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in salt marshes : not unfrequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 347. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 69. 443. 3. (E. peuceddnifolia. Sulphur-wort, Water-dropwort. Leaflets all linear ; general involucral bracteas none. Stem three feet high, erect, solid : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in ditches and bogs, in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 348. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 70. 444. 4. CE. crocdta. Hemlock Waier- dropwort. Leaflets all wedge-shaped, nearly uniform ; fruit slender, with small intermediate ribs. Root of many fleshy knobs : stem branched, furrowed, hollow, from two to four feet high : leaves doubly pinnate : flowers white. The root and stem, when cut, exude a yellowish juice. The whole plant is fetid and ex- tremely poisonous. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in watery places, generally by rivulets. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2313. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 71. ' 445. 5. (E. Phelldndrium. Fine-leuved Water-dropwort. Leaves all uni- form, with narrow, wedge-shaped, divaricate segments; fruit egg-shaped, with five broad ribs and narrow intermediate furrows. Root spindle- shaped : stem from two to three feet high : flowers white. Perennial ; 150 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. V. flowers in June and July : grows in rivers and ditches : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol.x. pi. 684. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 71. 446. 66. CRl'THMUM. Samphire. Flowers all regular, perfect and fertile. Calyx superior, of five small, broad, acute, inflected, permanent leaves. Petals five, equal, elliptical, incurved, broad at the base. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, as long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen el- liptical, furrovi^ed. Styles very short and thick, tumid at the base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit elliptical, crowned by the permanent calyx and styles. Seeds oblong, convex, with a thick leathery coat, each with five ribs ; the interstices narrow, flat. — Named from crithe, barley, from the shape of the fruit. 151. 1. C . maritimurn . Sea- Samphire. Leaflets lance-shaped, fleshy ; brac- teas egg-shaped. Stems about a foot high, round, leafy: leaves twice ternate : flowers white. The whole plant is glaucous, smooth, fleshy, with a salt aromatic flavour, and is used as a pickle. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on rocks bv the sea : not unfrequent in England ; rare in Scotland. E?;o-. Eot. vol. xii. pi. 819. £«g-. F/. vol. ii. p. 73. 447. 67. SMYR'NIUM. Alexanders. Flowers nearly uniform and regular, the innermost barren. Calyx superior, of five very minute, acute, permanent leaves. Petals five, equal, lance-shaped, incurved. Filaments hair- like, as long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, angular and fur- rowed. Styles thread-shaped, spreading, tumid, and somewhat depressed at the base ; stigmas simple. Fruit roundish, ribbed, crowned with the styles or their bases. Seeds with three promi- nent, acute ribs ; the interstices convex. — Named from Smyrna^ myrrh, from the scent of the juice. 152. 1. 5. Olusdti'um. Alexanders. Stem-leaves ternate, stalked, serrate. Root fleshy, branching : stem two or three feet high, solid, branched : lower leaves twice ternate : flowers small, white, bitter, and aromatic : formerly cultivated for culinary purposes. Biennial : flowers in -May : grows in waste ground, about ruins, and on rocks near the sea: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 230. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 74. 448. 68. A'PIUM. Wild-celery. Flowers uniform, nearly regular, almost all perfect and fertile. Calyx obsolete. Petals five, superior, roundish, with an inflected point, all nearly equal. Filaments thread-shaped, as long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen nearly globular. Styles thread-shaped, reflected, greatly swelled at the base ; floral recep- tacle round, flattened; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped or round, slightly compressed, crowned with the withered receptacle and spreading styles. Seeds egg-shaped, with acute ribs, the interstices flat. — Name from the Celtic apon, water. 153. 1. A. gravto!ens. Wild-celery. Leaflets of the stem-leaves wedge- shaped; stem furrowed. Stems two feet long, spreading or floating: CL. v.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 151 leaves pinnate or ternate : flowers small, numerous, greenisli-white. Biennial: flowers in August and September: grows in ditches and marshy ground : not unfrequent. Rare in Scotland. Fetid, acrid, and noxious : becoming mild by cultivation. E«^. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1210. Eng. 11. vol. ii. p. 76. 449. 69. .EGOPO'DIUM. Gout-weed. Flowers all perfect and fertile, the outermost slightly irregular. Calyx none. Petals inversely heart shaped, broad, with an in- flected point; the outer one, in the marginal flowers, a little larger. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading as long as the petals ; anthers roundish. Germen roundish, furrowed. Styles at first short, erect, tumid and egg-shaped at the basej afterwards thread-shaped, elongated, reflected; stigmas knobbed. Fruit elliptical, slightly compressed, crowned with the reflected styles. Seeds oblong, slightly incurved, each with five prominent ribs; the interstices nearly flat. — Name from , a goat, and pous, a foot, from the supposed resemblance of the leaves to the foot of that animal. 154. 1. JE. Podagrdria. Gout-weed. Herb Gerarde. Stem from one to two feet high, erect, hollow, furrowed : lower leaves twice ternate, stalked: upper ternate and nearly sessile : leaflets egg-shaped, serrated, smooth, dark-green : umbels large: flowers crowded, white. Perennial : flowers in INIay and June : grows in shady places, church-yards, and rich cultivated ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 940. Eng. El. vol. ii. p. 77. 450. 70. IMPERATO'RIA. Masterwort. Flowers all perfect and fertile, the outermost very slightly irre- gular. Calyx none. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with an in- curved point. Filaments thrtad-shaped, spreading longer than the petals; anthers globular. Germen inferior, round, compressed, ribbed. Styles short, distant, egg-shaped, very tumid at the base. Fruit round, crowned with the bases of the styles, having a hollow above and below, and a rounded, dilated margin. Seeds convex, with three prominent ribs, and a broad flat border. — Name from imperator, a commander, from its medicinal virtues. 155. 1. J. Osirathium. Great Masteruort. Lower leaves twice ternate, upper three-lobed. ^Root fleshy : stem fiom one to two feet hi^h, erect, hollow, striated: umbels of about forty general rays: floweis small, white. The root is warm and aromatic, and has been used for various purposes. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in various plates in Scotland : rare, and not truly wild. Eng. Bot. vol. xx, pi. 1380. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 78. 451. 71. ANGE'LICA. Angelica. Flowers all perfect, fertile and regular. Calyx none. Petals fire, superior, equal, lance-shaped, flattish, with an inflected point, their base narrow. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, longer than the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, strongly furrowed. Styles at first very short, erect, broad and tumid at the 152 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. V. base J afterwards elongated and recurved ; stigmas knobbed; floral receptacle thin, waved, ultimately projecting a little beyond the bases of the styles. Fruit elliptical, slightly compressed, bordered, crowned with the floral receptacle and styles. Seeds oblong, with three longitudinal wings, and a flat border ; the interstices wrinkled. — '^dimed a figeiic on account of its supposed properties. 156. 1. A. Archangtlica. Garden Angelica. Terminal leaflet lobed. Root large, fleshy, aromatic. Stem erect, four or five feet high, striated, polished : umbels globular. Biennial : flowers from June to September: grows in waterv places : rare, and apparently naturalized. Eng. Bot. pi. 2561. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 81. 452. 2. A. sylvestris. Wild Angelica. Leaflets equal, egg-shaped, serrate. Stem* three feet high, round, polished, with spreading branches : leaves twice pinnate, smooth : umbels convex, with numerous general and partial rays: bracteas slender : flowers white. Bitter and aromatic. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in watery places, and moist woods : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1128. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 81. 453. 72. LIGU'STICUM. Lovage. Flowers all perfect, fertile and regular. Calyx superior, of five small, pointed, erect, permanent leaves, broad at the base. Petals five, elliptical, flattish, with an inflected point, their base narrow. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen oblong, abrupt, furrowed. Styles at first short, erect, angular, swelled at the base ; afterwards a little elongated, spreading; stigmas simple. Fruit oitlong, somewhat compressed, crowned with the calyx and styles Seeds oblong, each with five longitudinal wings. — Named irom Liguria, where one species abounds. 157. 1. L. Scoticum. Scottish Lovage. Leaves twice ternate. Root fleshy, tapering. Stem a foot high, striated, smooth : leaves stalked, the uppermost ternate, the leaflets broad, smooth, serrate, entire at the base, dark-green : flowers white, with a reddish tinge. The root is acrid, and is occasionally chewed by the Hebridians as a substitute for tobacco. Perennial : flowers iu July : grows on the sea-coast : very abundant m Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol.xviii. pi. 1207. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 82. 454. 2. L. Cornubitnse. Cornish Lovage. Root-leaves twice or thrice pinnate, rough-edged, cut; stem-leaves ternate, lance-shaped, entire. Root tapering : stem two or three feet high, erect, roughish, striated : petals white. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in bushv fields in Cornwall. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 683. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 82. 455. 73. ME'UM. Meu. Flowers all uniform, perfect and fertile. Calyx none. Petals five, superior, equal, inversely egg-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments thread-like, spreading, incurved, as long as the petals ; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, striated, abrupt, a little compressed. Styles at first very short, tumid at the base, after- wards a little elongated and recurved ; stigmas simple. Fruit CL. v.] PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. 153 elliptical, very slightly compressed, contracted at the summit, and crowned with the styles. Seeds convex, with five prominent ribs, the interstices nearly flat and even ; their juncture nearly as broad as themselves. — Name fneon used by Dioscorides. 158. 1. M. athamdnticum. SpigneL Men. Bald-woneii. Leaflets all in numerous hair-like segments ; general and partial involucral bracteas, Root thick and woody, with the fibrous remains of the old leaf-stalks adhering to it : stems from one to two feet high : leaves doubly pinnate : flowers yellovvish-white. The whole plant, and especially the root, highly aromatic. Perennial: flowers in May and June: grows in hilly pas- tures in the north of P^ngland and the Highlands of Scotland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2249. Eng. Fl. vol. iL p. 84. 45G. 2. M. Foeniculum. Common Fennel. Leaves thrice pinnate : leaflets awl-shaped, drooping; no bracteas. Stem three or four feet high, erect, much branched, striated, smooth: umbels terminal, very broad : dowers golden-yellow. x\romatic : the seeds are used as a carminative for infants. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows on chalk cliffs in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1208 : Anethum Fxniculum. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 85. 457. 74. CA'RUM. Caraway. Flowers separated, somewhat irregular ; the innermost barren ; those of the circumference perfect and productive. Calyx supe- rior, of five very minute, acute leaves, often wanting. Petals five, somewhat unequal, inversely heart-shaped, with inflected points. Fdaments hair-like, straight, spreading, as long as the petals; an- thers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, abrupt. Styles at first very short, tumid at the base, afterwards elongated, thread-shaped, spreading ; stigmas bluntish. Floral receptacle ring-like, thin, waved, extending beyond the bases of the styles. Fruit elliptical, compressed, crowned with the receptacle and styles. Seeds nearly cylindrical, narrow at both ends, with five acute slender ribs ; the interstices somewhat convex, smooth. — Name used by the Romans, and derived from Caria^ where the plant grew. 159. 1. C. Cdrui. Common Caraway. Stem branched ; partial bracteas none. Root tapering: stem about two feet high, erect, angular, and furrowed: lower leaves stalked, doubly pinnate, with numerous finely cut leaflets: upper leaves opposite, very unequal : umbels numerous, erect : flowers numerous, white. Cultivated for its seeds, which are carminative. Biennial : flowers in June: grows in meadows and pastures: not coir- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1503. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 86. 458. 75. ATHAMA'NTA. Stone-parsley. Flowers imperfectly separated, regular, the innermost abortive. Calyx superior, of five lance-shaped, acute, permanent leaves. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped, with a broad inflected point. Fdaments thread-shaped, spreading, incurved, longer than the petals; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, abrupt, downy. Styles at first short, erect, each with a large tumid base ; after- wards spreading ; finally reflected , stigmas bluntish. Fruit c-gg- O 154 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. [^CL. V. shaped, slightly compressed, hairy, ribbed, crowned by the calyx aad styles. Seeds egg-shaped, each with five prominent ribs. Juncture close, as broad as the seeds. — Named after Athaynas, a kmg of Thebes, or a mountain of the same name in Thessaly. 160. 1. A. Libanotis. Mountain Stime-parslei/. Leaves doubly pinnate, cut ; umbels hemispherical. Stem from one to three feet high : flowers while. Perennial : flowers in August ; grows in elevated chalky pas- tures in England: rare. Gojmasog Hills, Cambridgeshire. Eng. Bot. vol. li. pi. 198. Eng. Fl. vol. ii.^p. 88. 459. 76. PIMPIjSE'LLA. Burnet-saxifrage. Flowers regular, perfect or dioecious. Calyx none. Petals five, superior, equal, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments hair-like, spreading, longer than the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, a little compressed, smooth, finely ribbed. Styles hair-like, somewhat spreading, at first short, afterwards elongated, tumid and nearly globular at the base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, crowned by the long styles. Seeds esrg-shaped, each with five rather sharp ribs. — Name doubt- ful. ^ 161. 1. P. Saiifraga. Common Burnet-saxifrage. Leaves pinnate; leaflets of the root-leaves roundish, of the uppermost with linear segments. Stems from one to two feet high, striated, downy : flowers white, small. Perennial : flowers in July and August : erows in dry pastures : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 407. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 89. 460. 2. P. magna. Greater Burnet-saxiJ'i age. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets all ecTo-?haped, serrate, somewhat cut ; the terminal one three-Iobed. Taller than the last, with white flowers. J-'erennial : flowers in July and August : grows in shadv places and hedijes in several parts of Eng- land. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi." 408. £n^>. F/.'vol. ii. p. 90. 461. 3. P.dioica. Dwarf Burnet-saxifrage. Leaves doubly pinnate, with nearly linear leaflets ; umbels panicled ; flowers dioecious. About a foot tiigh : flowers cream-coloured. Perennial : flowers in IMay and June: ?rowson rocks in EnL'^land and Ireland: rare. Eng.Bol.\'o\.x\'\\. pi. 1209. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 90. 462. 77. CNI'DIUIM. Pepper-saxifrage. Flowers nearly regular, imperfectly separated. Calyx none. Petals five, superior, equal, inversely egg-shaped or heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, as long as the petals ; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, slightly compressed, ribbed. Styles at first very short, afterwards elongated, spreading, cylindrical, tumid and nearly hemispherical at the base; stigmas blunt. Floral receptacle ring-shaped, thin, undulated. Fruit egg-shaped, a little compressed, crowned with the floral receptacle and spreading or recurved styles. Seeds egg- shaped, with five acute, slightly winged ribs; the interstices deep, concave. — The ancient name of an unknown plant. 162. I. C. Siluuf. Meadow Pepper-saxfrage. Leaflets deeply pinnatifid; CL. v.] PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. 155 their segments opposite, decurrent. Stem erect, frori. one to two feet high : leaves twice pinnate : flowers yellowish-white. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in meadows and pastures : not rare. Ens;. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2142 : Peucedanum SiUms. Encr. Fl. vol. ii. p. 92. ^ 463. 78. BUPLE'URUM. Hare's-ear. Flowers all regular, perfect and productive. Calyx none. Petals five, superior, equal, broadish wedge-shaped, very short, with a broad involute point. Filaments thread- shaped, spreading. Anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, furrowed. Styles very short, spreading, with broad tumid bases. Stigmas minute, simple. Fruit egg-shaped, obtuse, a little compressed, crowned by the very short styles. Seeds somewhat cylindrical, with hve prominent, acute ribs ; the interstices flat. Juncture narrower than the seeds. — Name from Sous, an ox, and pleuron, a rib. 163. 1. B. odontites. Karrow-leaied Hare's-ear. General and partial brac- teas e_ach of from four to five lance-shaped pointed leaves, longer than the umbels; leaves linear; stem panicled. Stem about six inches high : flowers in terminal umbels. Annual : flowers in July : grows oa rocks in the south of England : rare, ^iea^ Torquay, Devonshire. Ena;, Bot. pi. 2468. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 114. 464. 2. B. rotundifolium. Common Hare's-ear, or Thorough-wax. General bracteas none ; leaves perfoliate. About a foot high : leaves broadly egg-shaped, alternate: flowers yellow. Annual : flowers in July: grows in corn-fields, in England : rare. Common in Cambridgeshire. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 99. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 93. 465. 3. B. tenuissimum. Slender Hare^s-ear. Umbels simple, alternate, of few flowers, with five awl-shaped bracteas. Stem slender, from three to twelve inches high : leaves lance-shaped, erect : flowers yellowish. Annual: flowers in August and September: grows in salt marshes in the south and east of England, £«». Bot. vol. vii. pi. 478. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 94. 466. 4. B. falcdtum. Sickle-leaved Hare's-ear. Radical leaves inversely egg-shaped, on long stalks ; upper one sessile, between linear and lance- shaped ; partial involucre of five lance-shaped leaves, as lono: as the flowers. Stem erect, panicled. Perennial : flowers in Aueust : grows by road-sides in England : very rare. Discovered by JMr. T. Corder, jun. on Norton Heath, near Ongar, Essex. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2763. Brit. F/. 4ih ed. p.ll5. 467. 79. SELl'NUM. Milk-parsley. Flowers all perfect and regular. Calyx superior, of five mi- nute, spreading teeth. Petals involute, pointed, equal. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading •, anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, compressed, ribbed, somewhat bordered. Styles short, afterwards elongated, reflected, flattened, their bases hemispherical; stigmas obtuse. Fruit elliptical, crowned with the calyx and styles. Seeds nearly elliptical, flattened with three longitudinal, acute ribs ; the margin dilated, flat, smooth, entire. Juncture broad, flat, as wide as the seeds. 164. 156 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. V. 1. S. paluitre. Marsh Milk-parsley. Leaves thrice pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, with lance-shaped segments ; rays of the umbels rough ; ribs of the seeds broad and obtuse. Stem four or five feet high, erect : umbeb large : flowers numerous, white : bracteas lance-shaped, de- flected, with membranous margins. The whole plant abounds with a milkv acrid juice. Perennial : liowers in July : grows in marshes: rare. Eng'. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 229. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 97. 468. 80. PEUCE'DANUM. Sulphur-wort. Flowers regular, uniform, separated, the innermost barren. Calyx superior, of five acute, permanent teeth. Petals five, in- versely heart-shaped; vv'ith inflected points. Filaments hair-like, spreading, longer than the petals; anthers roundish. Germen oblong. Styles small, recurved, tumid at the base ; stigmas ob- tuse, notched. Fruit broadly elliptical, nearly round, compressed, crowned with the calyx and styles. Seeds broadly elliptical, notched at both ends, nearly flat, with three slightly prominent ribs, the interstices striated, the margin dilated, with a flat, entire, narrow ring. Juncture broad, flat, close. — Named from peuccj a pine, and danoSy dwarf. 165, 1. P. officinule. Sea Sulphnr-uoyt. Hog's Fennel. Leaves five times deeply divided into three, with linear, flat leaflets; bracteas linear. Stem three feet high : flowers yellow. The roots are fetid and acrid. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in salt marshes in Sussex and Essex : very rare. E?}g. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1767. Eiig. FL vol. ii. p. 99. 469. 81. PASTINA'CA. Parsnep. Flowers regular, uniform, perfect. Calyx superior, of five very minute teeth. Petals five, broadly lance-shaped, pointed, invo- lute. Stamens thread-shaped, spreading, as long as the petals; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, obscurely striated. Styles at first very short, erect, afterwards elongated, spreading, re- curved, greatly dilated at the base ; stigmas knobbed. Fruit broadly elliptical, transversely compressed, crowned by the broad, round, waved, floral receptacle and the styles. Seeds broadly elliptical, with a slight notch at the tof), flatfish at the back, with three ribs, and two more prominent and broader ones at the circumference, their border narrow, thin, acute. Juncture close, flat, nearly as broad as the seeds. — Name from pastus, food. 166. 1. P. satiia. Common Wild Parsnep. Leaves simply pinnate, downy beneath.- Root spindle-shaped : stem three feet high, erect: flowers yellow, small. Biennial : flowers in July : grows at the edges of fields in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 556. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 101. 470. 82. HERA'CLEUM. Cow-parsnep. Inner flowers barren j those of the circumference perfect and fertile. Calyx superior, of five small, acute teeth. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped, with one inflected point ; in the inner- most flowers smallest and nearly equal ; in the outer much larger, CL. v.] PENTANDRFA — TRIGYNIA. 157 irregular, the outer one largest, and the two inner sraallest. Fila- ments thread-shaped, longer than the corolla, spreading, a little incurved ; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, slightly com- pressed transversely. Styles at first erect, rather short, afterwards flattened, spreading, broad and pyramidal at the base; stigmas obtuse, notched ; floral receptacle undulated, crenate, a little broader than the base of the styles. Fruit inversely heart-shaped, nearly flat, crowned with the floral receptacle and styles. Seeds inversely heart-shaped, deeply notched at the top, and more or less so at the base, with five ribs; four intermediate coloured lines in the interstices; the border narrow, flat. Juncture close, flat, nearly as broad as the seeds. — Named after Hercules. 1C7. 1. H. Sphondy'liiim. Cow-parsnep. Hogweed. Leaves pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid, cut and serrate. Stem about four feet high, branched, furrowed, rough with spreading hairs. One of the most important of our plants as food for domestic animals, although utterly neglected. The stem is eaten in the Hebrides. Biennial : flowers in .Tuly : grows in hedgres, borders of fields and pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 939. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 102. 471. 83. TORDY'LIU-M. Hartwort. Flowers separated, irregular, those of the circumference fertile. Calyx of five unequal, awl-shaped teeth. Petals five : one of the innermost flowers smallest, nearly equal and uniform, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point; of the circumference of the same form, the outermost largest. Filaments thread-shaped, spread- ing. Anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, rugged or bristly, transversely compressed. Styles thread-shaped, erect, swelled at the base, afterwards spreading. Stigmas simple. Fruit nearly round, transversely compressed, crowned with the tumid bases of the styles. Seeds of the same form, indistinctly striated, sometimes rough. — Name used by the Greeks. 168, 1. T. maximum. Great Hartwort. Leaflets lance-shaped, deeply ser- rated ; flowers somewhat radiant, the outermost petal with equal lobes ; stem rouofh, with close deflected bristles, Stem three or four feet high : flowers reddish. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground, about London and Oxford : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1 173. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 105. 472. TRIGYNIA. 84. VIBU'RNUM. Guelder-rose. Calyx superior, minute, of one leaf, deeply divided into five seo-ments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, with five obtuse, spreading segments. Filaments awl-shaped, spreading, as lono- as the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen roundish. Style none; stigmas three, sessile, obtuse. Berry roundish, one-celled. Seed solitary, roundish, compressed. — Name doubtful. 169. O 2 158 PENTANURIA TKIGYNIA. [CL.V 1. V. Lantdna. Way-faring Tree. Mealy Guelder-rose. Leaves heart-shaped, serrate, veined, downy beneath. A small tree, with op- posite, pliant, mealy branches : cymes broad, of numerous white flowers : berries black. The bark of the root is used for making bird-lime. Flowers in May : grows in woods and hedges : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 331. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 107. 473. 2. V. Opulus. Common Guelder-rose. Water Elder. Leaves lobed, their stalks beset with glands. A small tree, with three lobed, serrate, veined leaves : cymes large, white : several of the marginal flowers are dilated, without stamens or pistils. In the cultivated state nearly the whole cyme consists of such flowers : berries bright-red. Flowers in June : grows in woods and wet hedges : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 332. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 107. 474. 85. SAMBU'CUS. Elder. Calyx superior, of one leaf, small, deeply divided into five seg- ments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, nearly wheel-shaped, but concave, with five obtuse segments. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped; obtuse. Style none ; stigmas three, obtuse. Berry globular, one- celled. Seeds three, convex externally, angular on the inner side. — Named from sambuce, a musical instrument, perhaps made from the wood of this plant. 170. 1. S. E'bulus. Dwarf Elder. Cymes with three principal branches ; stipules leaf-like ; stem herbaceous. Stems simple, erect, about three feet high : leaves pinnate, with lance-shaped, acute, serrate, smooth leaflets : cymes large, with purplish flowers : berries globular, black. The berry is purgative and emetic. Perennial: flowers in June: grows in woods and hedges : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 475. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 108. 475. 2. S. nigra. Common Elder. Cymes with five principal branches ; stipules obsolete ; leaflets egg-shaped ; stem woody. A small tree, with smooth branches, filled with light spongy pith : cymes large, of numerous cream-coloured flowers : berries globular, purplish-black. The inner green bark is purgative and diuretic, as are the leaves. The berries made into rob are gently laxative : they are also used for making a kind of wine, as well as for adulterating Port. Flowers in July : grows in woods and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 476. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 109. 476. 86. STAPHYLE'A. Bladder-nut. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, concave, deeply divided into five coloured segments, as large as the corolla. Petals five, oblong, erect, similar to the calyx. Nectary cup-shaped, central. Fila- ments thread-shaped, erect, as long as the petals; anthers roundish. Grermen rather thick, with two or three deep divisions. Styles two or three, erect, a little longer than the stamens; stigmas obtuse, close together. Capsules two or three, inflated, united lengthwise. Seeds two in each capsule, globular, with a circular pit at the side, and an oblique, lateral point. — Named from sta- ph]/le, a bunch of grapes. 17 K CL. v.] PENTANDRIA — TETRAGYNIA. 159 I. S. pinndta. Common Bladder-nut. Leaves pinnate ; style and cap- sules only two. -A smooth-branched shrub, with numerous suckers, and pale greenish-yellow flowers. Flowers in June : grows in hedges and thickets in Yorkshire : probably not truly wild. Eng. Bat. vol. xxii. pi. 1560. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 110. 477. 87. TA'MARIX. Tamarisk. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five obtuse, erect, permanent segments, half as long as the corolla. Petals five, inversely egg-shaped, concave, spreading. Filaments hair-like, arising from the calyx, sometimes with five intermediate ones; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, pointed. Style none; stigmas three, revolute, obtuse, downy. Capsule oblong, pointed, triangular, longer than the calyx, one-celled, three- valved. Seeds numerous, minute, with a stalked feathery crown. — Named from the Tamariscly a people in ancient Spain, in whose country it still abounds. 172. 1. T. Gdllica. French Tamarisk. Stamens five, lateral clusters numerous; leaves lance-shaped, acute, spurred at the base; branches smooth. A small shrub, with numerous red, shining branches; minute, scattered leaves ; and clusters of reddish or white flowers : flowers in July : grows on rocks in the south of England : rare, and probably planted. Fng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1318. Eng. Ft. vol.ii. p. 112. 478. 88. CORRIGI'OLA. Strapwout. Calyx inferior, of five inversely egg-shaped, spreading, perma- nent leaves, as large as the corolla. Petals five, inversely egg- shaped, entire, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, small, not half so long as the petals ; antliers two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped, three-cornered. Styles three, short, spreading; stigmas obtuse. Seed solitary, large, naked, roundish, three-cornered, wrinkled, covered by the closed calyx. — Named from corrigia, a strap. 1 73. 1. C. littordlis. Sand Stra]>wort. Root tapering, small : stems spreading on the ground : leaves between lance-shaped and linear, glau- cous : clusters terminal and lateral : flowers numerous, white. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows on the southern coast of Eno^land : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 668. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 113. 479, TETRAGYNIA. 89. PARNA'SSIA. Grass of Parnassus. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five oblong, spreading, permanent segments. Petals five, egg-shaped, spread- ing, longer than the calyx, with several longitudinal ribs. Necta- ries five fleshy scales, attached to the claws of the petals, fringed with a row of bristles, each bearing a small transparent globe. Filaments awl-shaped, spreading; anthers heart-shaped, flattened. 160 PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. ^CL. V. Germen egg-shaped, large. Styles none; stigmas four, obtuse, permanent. Capsule egg-shaped, four-cornered, four-celled, four- valved; receptacles four, linear, abruptly terminating the parti- tions, which are from the middle of each valve. Seeds numerous, oblong. — Named from Mount Parnassus. 174. 1. P. palustris. Common Grass of Parnassus. Leaves heart-shaped ; bristles of each nectary numerous, Stems about six inches high, angu- lar, twisted. One of the most beautiful and elegant of our native plants. Perennial : flowers in September and October : grows in boggy places : frequent. Common in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 82. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 114. 480. PENTAGYNIA. 90. STATICE. Thrift. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, funnel-shaped ; tube contracted ; limb undivided, plaited, membranous, permanent. Corolla funnel- shaped, of five petals, contracted and united at the base, dilated upwards, obtuse, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the petals; anthers oblong. Germen roundish, very minute. Styles thread-shaped, spreading, permanent; stigmas acute. Cap- sule oblong, membranous, one-celled, one-valved, with five points ; covered by the permanent calyx. Seed solitary, oblong. — Named from statizo, to stop, on account of its having been supposed to check dysentery. 175. 1. S. Armtvia. Common Thrift. Sea Gillijiower. Stalks simple ; flowers in a head ; awns of the calyx minute ; leaves linear. Root long, branched, woody : stalks from three to nine inches high : flowers numerous, rose-coloured, forming a close head. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-shore, in sandy ground, and the clefts of rocks : common : also on the summits of high mountains. Eng. Bot. vol.iv. pi. 226. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 115, 481. 2. S. plantaginea. Plantain-leaved Thrift. Stalks simple ; flowers in ZL head ; awns of the calyx long ; leaves between linear and lance-shaped. Distinguished from the former by its broader leaves, and the long teeth to its calyx : flowers pale-purple. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in the island of Jersey, where it was discovered by Mr. W. C. Trevelyan, in 1833. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 130. 482. 3. S. Eimonium. Lavender Thrift. Stalks panicled ; leaves ellipti- cal, smooth, bristle-pointed. Root woody : leaves leathery: panicle with several close spikes of erect blue flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-shore, in England, Ireland, and the south of Scotland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 102. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 116. 483. 4. S. spathuldta. Upright-spiked Thrift. Stalks panicled with two- rowed branches and erect spikes ; leaves spatulate, with a minute point from the midrib, at the tip. Leaves leathery, three-ribbed at the base : stalk slightly waved above. Perennial : flowers in August : grows CL. v.] PENTANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. 161 on the sea-shore in Kent, near Whitehaven, on the Mull of Galloway, and in the north of Ireland. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2663. Brit. Ft. 4ihed. p.l30. 484. 5. 5. reticulata. Matted Thrift, Stalks panicled, prostrate, zig-zag^, the lower branches sterile ; leaves somewhat wedge-shaped, acute. Root woody : panicle with several spikes of purplish-blue flowers. Pe- rennial : flowers in July and August: grows on the sea-shore, in Norfolk; rare. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 328. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 117. 485. 91. LI'NUiM. Flax. Calyx inferior, of five lance-shaped, erect, permanent leaves, smaller than the corolla. Petals five, oblong, obtuse, narrow below, moderately spreading. Filaments five, awl-shaped, erect, as long as the calyx, and five shorter intermediate ones; anthers arrow-shaped. Germen egg-shaped. Styles thread-shaped, erect, as long as the stamens; stigmas bluntish, spreading. Capsule nearly globular, obscurely five-sided, ten -celled, ten-valved. Seeds solitary, egg-shaped, acute, compressed, polished. — Named from the Celtic Im^ a thread. 176. * Leaves alternate. 1. L. usilatissimum. Common Flax. Calyx-leaves egg-shaped, acute, three-ribbed ; petals crenate ; leaves lance-shaped, alternate ; stem commonly solitary, erect. Stem nearly two feet high, straight, round, corymbose at the top : flowers erect, with blue-veined petals. The uses of the fibres of the stem, and the expressed oil of the seeds, are well known. Annual : flowers in July : grows in cultivated fields, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1357. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 118. 486. 2. L. perenne. Perennial Flax. Calyx-leaves inversely egg-shaped, obtuse, obscurely five-ribbed ; leaves narrow, lance-shaped, alternate ; stems numerous, ascending. Root woody : stems about a foot high ; flowers blue, veined. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in drv pastures and meadows in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi' 40. Eng, Fl. vol. ii. p. 1 18. 487. 3. L. angustifolium. Narrow-leaved Flax. Calyx-leaves elliptical, three-ribbed ; leaves narrow, lance-shaped, three-ribbed ; stems nume- rous, nearly erect. Petals pale-purple. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in sandy pastures, in England: not common. Eng. Boi. vol. vi. pi. 381. Eng.^Fl. vol.ii. p. 119. 488. •* Leaves opposite. 4. L. cathartic um. Purging Flax. Leaves opposite, oblong; stem forked above ; petals acute. Stem thread-like, from six inches to a foot high : flowers white, at first pendulous. Bitter and purgative. An- nual : flowers in July and August: grows in dry pastures: common. Eng. Bat. vol. vi. pi. 382. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 120. 489. 92. SIBBA'LDIA. Siebaldia. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with ten elliptical, spreading, perma- nent, marginal segments. Petals five, inversely egg-shaped, taper- ing at the base. Filaments five, awl-shaped, shorter than the petals; anthers roundish. Germens five, sometimes ten, egg- 162 PENTANDRIA — HEXAGYNIA. [CL. V. shaped, compressed. Styles from the side of each germen, as long as the stamens ; stigmas obtuse. Seeds five, egg-shaped, smooth, compressed, in the bottom of the enlarged calyx, which is closed over them.— Named after Sir Robert Sibbald, a Scottish naturalist. 177. I. S. procumbens. Procumbent Sibbaldia. Leaves ternate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, with three terminal teeth. Roots woody, tufted; stems spreading or procumbent, from one to three inches long : calyx large, hairy: petals small, yellow. Perennial: flowers in July : grows on the summits of the higher mountains of Scotland : common. Fmg. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 897. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 121. 490. HEXAGYNIA. 93. DRO'SERA. Sun-dew Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute, per- manent segments. Petals from ftve to eight, nearly egg-shaped, obtuse. Filaments from five to eight, awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers small, roundish. Germen roundish. Styles from six to eight, simple, as long as the stamens ; stigmas club-shaped. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, with three or four valves. Seeds numerous, minute, inversely egg-shaped, attached to the middle of each valve. — Name from drosos, dew. 178. 1. D. rotiindifoUa. Round- leaved Sun-dew. Leaves round, on hairy stalks ; flower-stalks from the root, forming a simple cluster. Leaves from the root, numerous, lying close to the ground, tapering into a flat hairy stalk, and beset with red hairs, discharging a drop of clammy fluid from their tips : petals five, white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in bogs and on wet heaths : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xni. pi. 867. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 122. 491. 2. D. longifolia. Long-leaved Sun-dew. Leaves inversely egg-shaped, on smooth stalks ; flower-stalks from the root, forming a simple cluster. Leaves from the root, numerous, ascending, tapering into a flat, smooth stalk, and beset with hairs as in the last species : petals white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in bogs and on wet heaths : not common. Eug. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 868. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 123. 492. 3. D. A'nglica. Great Sun-dew. Leaves oblong, erect, on smooth stalks ; flower-stalks from the root, forming a simple cluster ; styles eight ; capsules four-valved. Twice the size of the last, with more slender leaves. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in bogs and on moist heaths, in England and Scotland : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 869. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 123. 493. CL. VI.] HEXANDRIA. 163 POLYGYNIA. 94. MYOSU'RUS. Mouse-tail. Calyx inferior, of five lance-shaped, concave, spreading, co- loured, deciduous leaves ; spurred at the base. Petals five, very small, tubular, and bearing honey at their base, opening obliquely inwards. Filaments five or more, linear, as long as the calyx ; anthers oblong, erect, of two linear cells. Germens very nume- rous, egg-shaped, on a long, tapering, erect receptacle. Styles none; stigmas minute. Seeds oblong, acute, imbricated on the elongated, columnar, acute receptacle. — Named from mys^ a mouse, and oura^ a tail. 179. 1. M. m/zn'mus. Common Mouse-tail. Root small, fibrous : leaves numerous, rather fleshy, smooth, tapering into longish stalks : flower- stalks several, erect, each bearing a small pale-yellow flower : germens very numerous, forming a long spike, resembling a mouse's tail. An- nual : flowers in May : grows in corn-fields, meadows and pastures, in gravelly soil, in England, and the south of Scotland : not common, i^ng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 435. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 125. 494. Class VI. HEXANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Six Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers furnished with a calyx and a corolla. IB. FRANKE'JSIA. Corolla of five petals. Calyx of one leaf, inferior. Capsule one-celled, many-seeded. 17. BE'RBERIS. Corolla of six concave petals. Calyx of six leaves, inferior. Berry two-seeded. 19. PE'PLIS. Coiolla of six petals. Calyx with six deep segments and six intermediate plaits. Capsule two-celled. (Lythrum. hyssopifolium.) ** Flowers destitute of calyx, superior. 2. LEUCO'JUM. Coro//u superior, of six petals, bell-shaped. Stamens equal. 1. (iALANTHUS. Corolla superior, of six petals, three inner petals shorter, notched. 3. NARCIS'SUS. Corolla superior, of six petals, attached to a bell- shaped nectary, concealing the stamens. *** Flowers destitute of calyx, inferior. 13. CONVALLA'RIA. Coro//a inferior, six-cleft, deciduous. Berry three-celled. Stigma triangular. 9. HYACINTHUS. Corolla inferior, deeply six-cleft, deciduous. Stamens uniform. Capsule three-celled. Seeds globular. 164 HEXANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. []CL. VI. 12. ASPA'RAGUS. Coro//a inferior, deeply six-cleft, permanent. Berry three-celled. Stigmas three. 4. AL'LIUM. Corolla inferior, of six egg-shaped petals. Stamens avvl-?haped. Stigma acute. Seeds angular. 11. NARTHE'CIUM. Corolla inferior, of six narrow lance-shaped petals, spreading. Stamens hairy. 10. ANTHE'RICUM. Caro//a inferior, of six oblong petals. Stamen$ thread-shaped. Stigma obtuse. Seeds angular. 7. ORNITHO'GALUM. Corolla inferior, of six lance-shaped petals, permanent. Stamens dilated at the base. 8. SCIL'LA. Corolla inferior, of six oblong petals, spreading, deci- duous. Stamens thread-shaped. 5. FRITILLA'RIA. Corolla inferior, of six petals, each with a nec- tar-bearing hollow at the base on the inside. 6. TULl'PA. Corolla inferior, of six petals, bell-shaped. Stifle none. Seeds flat. 14. A'CORUS. Coro//a inferior, of six petals. Style none. Seeds egg- shaped. Spadii' covered with numerous sessile flowers. **** Flowers destitute of petals. 15. JUN'CUS. Calyx of six leaves. Capsule three^celled, six-valved. Seeds numerous, horizontal. 16. LU'ZULA. Ca/yx of six leaves. Capsii/e one-celled, three-valved. Seeds three, erect. ( Peplis porttila. Polygonum.) Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. 20. OXY'RIA. Calyx of two leaves. Petals two. Seed one, com- pressed, winged. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils or Stigmas. 23. SCHEUCHZE'RIA. Calyx none. Petals six. Capsules three, inflated. Seeds solitary. 25. COL'CHICUM. Calyx none. Coro//a of one petal, six-cleft, with a long tube. Capsule^ three, inflated. Seeds numerous. 24. TRIGLO'CHIN. Calyx three-leaved. Petals three. Capsules three-valved, opening at the base. 21. RU'iMEX. Calyx three-leaved. Petals three. Seed one, naked, triangular. 22. TOFIEL'DIA. Calyx three-cleft. Petals six. Capsules three, many-seeded. (Elatine. CI. VIII.) Order IV. POLYGYNIA. Pistils numerous. 26. ALIS'AIA. Calyx of three leaves. Petals three. C«/^su/es six or more. Seeds one or two. HEXANDRIA.— MO NOG YN I A. 1. GALAN'THUS. Snowdrop. Calyx none. Petals six, superior, deciduous ; three outer ob- long, concave, spreading j three inner shorter, erect, wedge-shaped. CL. VI.] HEXANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 165 notched. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers oblong, with a bristly point. Germen globular, inferior. Style cylindrical, longer than the stamens ; stigma simple, acute. Capsule nearly globular, with three blunt angles, three cells, and three valves. Seeds numerous, globular. — Named from gala^ milk, and anthos^ a flower. 180. 1. G. nivalis. Snowdrop. Bulb egg-shaped ; leaves keeled, linear, obtuse ; stalk three or four inches high, round ; a two-nerved membra- nous bractea or sheath. Flower pendulous, with white petals, the three inner streaked with green on the inside, and having a spot of the same colour on the outside. Perennial : flowers in February : grows in meadows, hedges, and woods, but not indigenous : common. Evg. Bat. vol. i. pi. 19. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 129. 495. 2. LEUCO'JUM. Snowflake. Calyx none. Petals six, regular, egg-shaped, nearly equal. Filaments short, erect, flattened ; anthers linear, four-cornered. Germen egg-shaped, inferior. Style round, blunt ; stigma acute, with a bristly point. Capsule turbinate, obtuse, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, globular. — Named from ieucos, white, and ion, a violet. 181. 1. L. astivum. Summer Snowfiake. Flowers several ; style club- shaped. About a foot and a half high : leaves linear, obtuse, with a blunt keel : stalk two-edged, hollow, bearing four or more flowers : petals uniform, each with a green spot on both sides. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in moist meadows, near rivers in England : rare, and per- haps not indigenous. Between Greenwich and Woolwich, and in the Isle of Dogs ; in an island in the river, near Kendal ; at Little Stonham, Suffolk. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 621. Evg. Fl. vol. ii. p. 130. 496. 3. NARCIS'SUS. Narcissus. Calyx none. Petals six, egg-shaped, pointed, flat, attached to the outside of the tube of the nectary, above the base. Nectary of one leaf, cylindrical below, funnel-shaped above, with a co- loured border. Filaments awl-shaped, attached to the tube of the nectary, short; anthers linear. Germen inferior, roundish, with three blunt corners. Style thread-shaped, triangular, longer than the stamens ; stigma three-cleft. Capsule roundish, with three blunt corners, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, glo- bular Named after the youth Narcissus. 182. 1. N. -posticus. Poetic Narcissus. Flowers solitary ; cup of the nec- tary very short, membranous and notched at the edge ; leaves bluntly keeled, with reflected edges. Flower pure white : the nectary edged with crimson : fragrant. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in dry open fields in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 275. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 131. 497. 2. N. bijiorns. Pale Narcissus. Primrose-peerless. Flowers in pairs r cup of the nectary very short, membranous and notched at the edge ; leaves acutely keeled, with inflected edges. Petals pale sulphur-yel- low : border of the nectary white. Perennial : flowers in April and P 166 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. |[CL. VI. jMav : grows in sandy fields, in England and Ireland : rare. Erig. Bot. vol.ii. pi. 276. Eug. Fl. vol. ii. p. 132. 493. 3. N. Pseudo-Narcissus. Common Daffodil. Flowers solitary ; cup of the nectary bell-shaped ; erect, curled, as long as the egg-shaped pe- tals. Petals pale-yellow : nectary deep-yellow. Perennial : flowers in INIarch : grows in woods and thickets in England and Ireland : rare. Probably the above three species are not indigenous; the two first at least are not. Eng. Bot. vol.i. pi. 17. Eiig. FL vol.ii. p. 132. 499. 4. AL'LIUM. Garlick. Calyx none. Petals si.x, inferior, oblong, regular, the three inner somewhat smaller. Filaments awl-shaped, flattened, as long as the corolla; anthers solitary, oblong. Germen superior, tur- binate, angular. Style simple, erect; stigma acute. Capsule three-lobed, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds few, roundish, an- gular. 183. * Stem leafy. Leaves flat. 1. A. AmpelopiYisum. Great Round-headed Garlick. Umbel globose, without bulbs; three alternate stamens deeply three-cleft ; keel of the petals rough. Petals uniform, pale-purple, unaccompanied by bulbs. Perennial: flowers in August : Isle of Holmes in the Severn, where it was formerly cultivated. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1657. Eng. FL\o\. ii. p. 133. 500. 2. A. arendriarn. Sand Garlick. Umbel globose, bearing bulbs : three alternate stamens dilated and three-cleft ; keel of the petals rough- ish. Flowers deep-red, intermixed with dark-purple bulbs. Peren- nial : flov/ers in July : grows in woods and fields in hilly districts: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1858. Eng. F/. vol. ii. p. 134. 501. 3. A. carindtum. Mountain Garlick. Umbel loose, bearing bulbs ; stamens simple, awl-shaped. Flowers dull-yellow, speckled with brown. Perennial: flowers in July : grows in dry mountainous pastures and sandy ground : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1658. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 135. 502. ** Stem leofy. Leaves roundish. 4. A. olerdceum. Streaked Field Garlick. Umbel loose, bearing bulbs ; leaves semi-cylindrical, channelled above, ribbed beneath ; stamens simple, awl-shaped. Flowers reddish : bulbs numerous, purple. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields and their borders : rare. The leaves are boiled in soups. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 483. Eiig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 136. 503. 5. A. vinedle. Crow Garlick. Umbel spherical, bearing bulbs ; leaves cylindrical, smooth ; three alternate stamens deeply three-cleft. Flowers small, pale rose-coloured, with green keels : bulbs green- ish. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in dry pastures, corn-fields, &c. ; common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1974. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 137. 504. 6. A, sphdrocephulum. Small Rmind-headed Garlick. Umbel sphe- rical, without bulbs; leaves nearly cylindrical, smooth, channelled above. Scape leafy below : capsule triangular, with blunt edges : bulb accompanied by stalked ofl['sets. Perennial : flowers in June and July : glows on the sands of St. Aubin's bay; Jersey, where it was discovered CI/. VI.J HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 167 by Messrs. Babington and Christy. Eug. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2813. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 140. ' 505. *** Stalk from the root, leafless. 7. A. ivsinum. Broad-leaved Gariick. Ramsoiis. Leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, stalked ; scape triangular ; umbel level at the top. Leaves one or two, large, bright-greeu : flowers pure white, with acute petals. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in moist woods, hedges, and meadows; common. Eng, Bot. vol. ii. pi. 122. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 138. 506. 8. A. Schoznoprdsum. Chive Gariick. Leaves cylindrical, somewhat tapering at the point ; scape round ; umbel hemispherical. Flowers purple, with acute petals. Perennial: flowers in June : grows in mea- dows and pastures in England and Scotland : rare. Used as a pot-herb. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2441. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 138. 507. 5. FRITILLA'RL'^. Fritillary. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, bell-shaped, of six oblong petals. Nectary a cavity at the base of each petal, above. Filaments awl- shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers oblong, four-cornered. Germen superior, oblong, triangular. Style simple, long; stig- mas three, oblong, downy on the upper side. Capsule oblong, obtuse, three-lobed, three-celled, thiee-valved. Seeds very nu- merous, flat. — Name from frit illus, a dice-board. 184. 1. F. Meledgrii. Fritillary. Snake's-head. All the leaves alternate, narrow, lance-shaped, pointed; stem single-flowered. Stem a foot high : flower terminal, pendulous, chequered with pale and dark-purple: the points of the petals turned inwards. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in moist meadows, in the east and south of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 622. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 139. 508. 6. TULl'PA. Tulip. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, of six egg-shaped petals, bell- shaped. Filaments erect, flattish; anthers oblong, four-cornered. Germen superior, oblong, large, with three blunt corners. Style none; stigma triangular. Capsule triangular, three-valved, three- celled. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, fiat. — Named from Tolidan, the Persian for a turban. 185. 1. T. sylies'tris. Wild Tulip. Flower rather drooping ; leaves lance- shaped ; stamens hairy at the base. Bulb egg-shaped : stem about a foot high, leafy at the middle : leaves alternate, lance-shaped, smooth, clasping the stem : flowers bright-yellow, externally greenish. Perennial : flowers in April : naturalized in chalk pits and quarries, in various parts of England and Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 63. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 140. 509. 7. ORNITHO'GALUM. Star of Bethlehem. Calyx none. Petals six, inferior, lance-shaped, erect at first, then spreading, permanent. Filaments erect, flattish, three of them broader at the base; anthers oblong. Germen superior, angular. Style awl-shaped, permanent ; stigma blunt. Capsule roundish, angular, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Named from orniSj a bird, and gala, milk. 186. 168 HEXANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. []CL. VI. 1. 0. luteum. Yellow Star of Bethlehem. Stem angular, two-leaved ; flower-stalks '■ an unbranched umbel. Stem from four to six inches high : root-l af narrow lance-shaped, ribbed, keeled, erect, taller than the stem : flowers yellow, tipped with green on the inner side, and nearly green on the outer. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in woods and pastures: rare. Eng. Bat. vol. i. pi. 21. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 142. 510. 2. 0. pyreiidicum. Tall Star of Bethlehem. Cluster very long ; fila- ments lance-shaped ; flower-stalks equal, spreading, afterwards erect. Stalk two feet high : leaves all radical, linear, channelled, smooth : flowers pale-yellow within, green without. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in pastures in England : rare. Eng. Bot, vol. vii. pi. 499. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 143. 511. 3. 0. umbelldtum. Common Star of Bethlehem. Flowers forming a corymb, the partial stalks taller than the main one ; filaments dilated, entire. Leaves radical, linear, channelled, smooth : stalk about six inches high, bearing a corymb of flowers which are white on the upper side, green on the back. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in meadows, pastures and woods, but is not indigenous : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 130. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 143. 512. 4. 0. nutans. Drooping Star of Bethlehem. Flowers forming a loose raceme, drooping, unilateral ; filaments broad, cloven, the alternate ones longer, and with deeper lobes. Larger than the last, especially in the flower, which is white on the upper side, green on the back. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in fields and orchards in England : rare, and not truly wild. Eyig. Bot. pi. 1997. Brit. Fi. 4th ed. p. 140. 513. 8. SCIL'LA. Squill. Calyx none. Petals six, inferior, oblong, spreading. Filaments all thread-shaped, simple, half as long as the petals j anthers ob- long. Germen superior, roundish. Styles simple, shorter than the stamens, deciduous ; stigma simple. Capsule roundish with three furrows, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Named from scyllo^ to injure. 187. 1. S, ver'na. Vernal Squill. Corymb hemispherical, few-flowered ; bracteas lance-shaped, obtuse ; leaves linear, channelled. Leaves nu- merous, deep-green : flowers deep-blue : stalk three or four inches high. Perennial: flowers in April, May, and June: grows in sandy pastures by the sea-shore : rare. Howth and Killiney, Ireland ; Isle of Man ; Angle- sea, Wales, Cornwall, lona, StafFa, Caithness, Sutherland, Shetland, Ork- neys, Barra. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 23. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 145. 514. 2, S. autumndlis. Autumnal Squill. Cluster somewhat corymbose, vvithout bracteas ; leaves linear, numerous. Flowers rose-coloured ; stalk about three inches high. Perennial : flowers in September: grows in dry pastures in the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 78. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 146. 515. 9. HYACIN'THUS. Hyacinth. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, of one petal, deciduous, with a somewhat bell-shaped tube, and six-cleft reflected limb. Filaments awl-shaped, equal 3 anthers oblong. Germen superior, roundish, with three corners and three grooves. Style simple, shorter than CL. VI.] HEXANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 169 the tube, deciduous; stigma obtuse. Capsule roundish, three- cornered, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds few, globular. — Named after the youth Hyacinthus. 188. 1. K. racemosus. Starch Hyacinth. Flowers egg-shaped, with six furrows ; leaves linear, channelled, flaccid. Leaves numerous, deep- green : stalk solitary, erect, round, shorter than the leaves : flowers dark- blue. Perennial : flowers in iMay : grows in grassy fields, or among ruins, in England, but not truly wild : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1931. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 149. 516. 2. H. nonscriptus. Harebell. Wild Hyacinth. Cluster drooping ; flowers hanging, the points of the petals reflected ; bracteas in pairs. Leaves numerous, pale-green : stalk about a foot high : corolla pale-blue. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in thickets, woods, fields, &:c.: abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. vi, pi. 377. Eng. F/. vol. ii. p. 147. 517. 10. ANTHE'RICUM. Spiderwort. Calyx none. Petals six, inferior, oblong, spreading. Filaments thread-shaped ; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, roundish, with three angles. Style thread-shaped, erect, permanent ; stigma obtuse. Capsule roundish, three-cornered, three-celled, three- valved, crowned with the style. Seeds few, angular. — Named from anthericos of the Greeks. 189. 1. A. serotinum. Mountain Spiderwort. Leaves semi-cylindrical, those on the stem dilated at the base ; flower solitary Flowers erect, white, veined externally with green. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on some of the highest Welsh mountains: very rare. Eng. But. vol. xii. pi. 793. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 150. 518. 11. NARTHE'CIUM. Asphodel. Calyx none. Petals six, equal, lance-shaped, spreading, per- manent. Filaments six, awl-shaped, woolly ; anthers small, ob- long. Germen superior, oblong, triangular. Style conical, short; stigma simple. Capsule oblong, pointed, bluntly triangular, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, erect, small, oblong. — Named from nartkes, a rod. 190. \. N.Ossifragum. Bog Asphodel. Cluster uninterrupted ; one brac- tea at the base, another above the middle of each partial stalk. Six or eight inches high : leaves sv/ord-shaped, those on the stem much smaller : flowers yellow, green on the back. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on wet heaths : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 535. Eng, Fl. vol. ii. p. 151. 519. 12. ASPA'RAGUS. Asparagus. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, divided into six equal, oblong segments, permanent. Filaments three-shaped, short; anthers oblong, erect. Germen globular. Style very short; stigma three- lobed. Berry globular, three-celled. Seeds one or two in each cell. — Name used by the Greeks, from asparasso, to tear. 191. 1. A. officinalis. Common Asparagus, Stem herbaceous, cylindrical, erect; leaves bristle-shaped, flexible; stipules solitary. About a foot P 2 170 HEXANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. []cL. VI. high : leaves tufted, small, bright-green : flowers axillar, two or three together, greenish-white : berry scarlet. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on the sea-coast in the south and south-west of England : rare. E>ig. Bot. vol. V. pi. 339. Ejig. Ft. vol. ii. p. 153. 520. 13. CONVALLA'RIA. Solomon's Seal. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, of one petal, bell-shaped, deci- duous, with six obtuse segments. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, erect. Germen globular. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens ; stigma triangular, obtuse. Berry globular, three-celled. Seeds two in each cell, roundish. — Name from convallis^ a valley. 192. 1. C. majdlis. Lily of the Valley. Stalk naked, semi-cylindrical; cluster simple ; flowers drooping, cup-shaped. Leaves two, radical, elliptical, ribbed, stalked, pale-green : flowers white, elegant, sweet- scented : berry scarlet. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods, but has probably been introduced : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1035. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 154. 521. 2. C. verticilldta. Narrow-leaved Sobmon's Seal. Leaves narrow, lance-shaped, in whorls. Stem erect, about two feet high, naked below, leafy above : flower-stalks axillar, solitary, each bearing from two to four pendulous white flowers : berry deep-blue. Perennial : flowers in June: grows in woods, in Scotland: very rare. Den Rechip, near Dunkeld, and woods near Blair-gowrie. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 128. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 155. 522. 3. C. polygondtum. Angular Solomon's Seal. Leaves alternate, em- bracing the stem ; flower-stalks axillar, mostly one-fiowered ; stamens smooth. Stem from twelve to eighteen inches high : flowers white, with a green line running down each segment, which is bearded at the tip: berries black. Perennial: flowers in May and June: grows in rocky rnountainous woods, in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 280. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 155. 523. 4. C. multifldra. Common Solomon's Seal. Leaves alternate, em- bracing the stem ; flower-stalks axillar, many-flowered ; stamens downy. Stem two feet high : flowers from two to five on each stalk, the segments white, tipped with green : berries bluish-black. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and thickets, in England and Scotland : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 279. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 156. 524. 14. A'CORUS. Sweet Flag. Calyx none. Spadix naked, cylindrical, simple, covered with sessile flowers. Petals six, inferior, equal, obtuse, concave. Fila- ments thickish, erect, a little longer than the petals ; anthers thick, terminal, two-lobed. Germen superior, oblong, as long as the stamens. Style none ; stigma hemispherical. Capsule triangular, abrupt, three-celled. Seeds several, between egg-shaped and oblong. — Named from a, without, and corion, the pupil of the eye, in diseases of which it was once used. 193. 1. A. Calamus. Sweet Flag. Myrtle Flag. Leafy summit of the flower-stalk rising far above the spadix. Leaves erect, two or three CL. VI.] HEXANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 171 feet high : stalk like the leaves, not quite so high : flowers crowded, pale- green : the whole plant is aromatic, especially the root. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on the banks of rivers, having a muddy bottom, in England; and a few places in the south-west of Scot- land. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 356. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 157. 525. 15. JUN'CUS. Rush. Calyx inferior, of six oblong, acute, permanent leaves, three of them internal. Corolla none. Filaments thread-like, short j three of them sometimes wanting; anthers oblong, erect, two-celled. German superior, triangular. Style simple, cylindrical, short ; stigmas three, elongated, downy. Capsule triangular, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, minute, roundish. — Named from jungo, to join, the stems having been employed as cordage. 194. * No leaves. 1. /. acutus. Great Sharp Sea Rush, Straw naked, cylindrical, sharp-pointed ; panicle dense, near the summit ; bractea spinous ; capsule roundish, twice as long as the calyx. Root fibrous : straws from three to six feet high, erect, straight, stiff : panicle lateral, corymbose, many- flowered : capsule broadly egg-shaped, triangular, sharp-pointed, brown. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the sea-coast, in deep sand. In Merionethshire, Norfolk, Lancashire, and Devonshire : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1614. £no-. F/. vol. ii. p. 159. 526. 2. J. maritimus. Lesser Sharp Sea Rush. Straw naked, cylindrical, sharp-pointed ; panicle loose, near the summit ; bractea spinous ; cap- sule oblong, as long as the calyx. Root fibrous : straws about three feet high, more slender than the last : capsule prismatic. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in salt marshes : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1725. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 159. 527. 3. J. Bdlticus. Baltic Rush. Straws naked, straight, acute ; panicle erect, branched, few-flowered ; bractea shorter than the panicle ; cap- sule elliptical. Root creeping : straws about a foot high, smooth, with brown scales at the base : panicle near the top of the straw, dense : bractea membranous : leaves of the calyx lance-shaped, bluntish, dark- brown. Perennial : flowers in July and August. Discovered by Mr. Drummond, on the sands of Barry, near Dundee : South Uist abundant : Cape Wrath: Morayshire. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2621. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 163. 528. 4. J. glaucus. Hard Rush. Straw naked, straight, deeply striated ; panicle erect, much branched ; capsule elliptical, pointed, shorter than the calyx. Root creeping, black : straws stiff and tough, glaucous, deeply striated, about two feet high : panicle about half way between the root and summit, cymose, nearly erect : leaves of the calyx awl- shaped, pale-green, with a broad green line down the middle of the base. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in wet places, by ditches, &iC. : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 665. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 160. 529. 5. /. effusu^. Soft Rush. Straw naked, straight, faintly striated ; panicle loose, repeatedly compound ; capsule obtuse, a little shorter than the calyx. Root creeping : straws soft and pliant, pale-green, about two feet high : panicle very loose, about half way down the straw : 172 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [CL. VI. leaves of the calyx finely pointed. The pith of this and the following species is used for rush-lights : the straws are plaited into chair-bottoms and raats. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in wet meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 836. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 162. 530. 6. J. conglomerdtus. Common Rush. Straw naked, straight, faintly striated : panicle very dense, globular, repeatedly branched ; capsule abrupt; stamens three. Root creeping: straws soft, pliant, about two feet high : panicle forming a dense globular head of brown flowers : leaves of the calyx pointed : the straw is larger than in the last species, and the pith is consequently better for rush-lights, or wicks to lamps. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in wet grounds: common. Eng. Bot, vol. xii. pi. 835. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 161. 531. 7. /. filiformis. Slender Rush, Straw naked, slender, drooping ; panicle few-flowered, corymbose ; capsule nearly globular. Root creep- ing : straws very slender, pliant, pale-green, about a foot high : flowers from five to eight. Perennial : flowers in August: grows on the margins of lakes, in the north of England: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1175. Eno-. F/. vol. ii. p. 162. 532. ** F lants furnished with leaves. 8. J. squarrosus. Moss Rush, Heath Rush, Straw naked ; leaves radical, numerous, bristle-shaped, channelled ; panicle terminal, com- pound ; capsule inversely egg-shaped. Root tufted : straws erect, about a foot high, bluntly triangular. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on wet heaths : abundant. Eng, Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 933. Eng. Fl, vol. li. p. 164. 533. 9. J. trijidus. Three-leaved Rush, Straw naked ; radical leaves very few ; bracteas three, leafy ; a terminal head of about tl)ree flowers. Root creeping : straws crowded, thread-shaped, erect, from four to six inches high : radical leaves one or two, very short : bracteas three, at the top of the straw, resembling leaves. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in rocky places on the higher mountains of Scotland, as Ben Lawers, Cairngorm: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1482. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 163. 534. 10. J. comprtssus. Round-fruited Paish, Straw simple, compressed, leafy below ; leaves linear, incurved at the edges ; panicle cymose, terminal, shorter than the bractea; capsule roundish, longer than the calyx. Root creeping : straws erect, from six to twelve inches hi■. Fl. vol. ii. p. 165. A variety of this plant, common in salt marshes, with a nearly simple few-flowered panicle longer than the bractea, is the /. c(£nosus. Mud Piush. Eng, Bot. Suppl. pi. 2680. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 166. 535. 11. J. tenuis. Slender-spreading Rush, Straw simple, naked ; leaves linear, slightly channelled ; panicle terminal, compound ; leaves of the calyx lance-shaped, taper-pomted, three-ribbed, longer than the capsule. Root fibrous : straw erect, very slender, about a foot high : leaves very few, radical : leaves of the calyx green, three-ribbed, acute. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the mountains of Scotland : rare. CL. VI.] HEXANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 173 Eng. Bot, vol. xxxi. pi. 2174. J. Gesneri. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 167. 536. 12. J. bufonius. Toad Rush. Straw branched, leafy ; leaves angu- lar, channelled ; panicle forked, longer than the bracteas ; leaves of the calyx lance-shaped, taper-pointed, membranous, two-ribbed, longer than the capsule. -Root fibrous : straws numerous, crowded, from four inches to a foot high. Annual: flowers in July and August: grows in marshy ground, ditches, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 802. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 168. 537. 13. J. uliginosns. Little Bulbous Rush. Straw branched, leafy, bul- bous at the base ; leaves bristle-shaped, channelled ; heads lateral and terminal, about three-flowered ; capsule obtuse, longer than the calyx. Straws from two to six inches high. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in wet places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 801, Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 169. 538. 14. J. capitdtus. Dense-headed Rush. Straw erect, simple, leafy at the base ; leaves bristle-shaped, channelled ; heads lateral and terminal ; leaves of the calyx keeled, bristle-pointed, twice as long as the capsule; stamens three. Root fibrous : straws from two to four inches high. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows in sandy ground, in the island of Jersey. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 170 : /. supinus. Bicheno, Lin. Tr. vol. xii. p. 317. 539. 15. J. biglumis. Two-flowered Rush. Straw erect, simple, leafy at the base ; leaves flat ; head solitary, of two flowers, overtopped by a leafy bractea. Root fibrous : straws from two to four inches high : flowers terminal : capsule longer than the calyx. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 898. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 172. 540, 16. J. triglumis. Three-flowered Rush. Straw erect, simple, leafy below ; leaves flat ; head solitary, terminal, of three flowers, with ellip- tical bracteas. Roots creeping : straws from three to six inches high. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the higher mountains of Wales, the north of England, and Scotland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 899. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 173. 541. 17. J.castdneus. Clustered Alpine Rush. Straws simple, leafy : leaves flat, keeled ; heads terminal, mostly in pairs, many-flowered, with leafy bracteas ; capsule twice as long as the calyx. Root creeping : straws solitary, erect, from eight to twelve inches high. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in the Highlands of Scotland, and in the north of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 900. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 174. 542. 18. J. acutiflorus. Sharp-flowered Rush. Leaves apparently jointed, somewhat compressed ; panicle repeatedly compound, terminal ; leaves of the calyx lance-shaped, nearly as long as the narrow egg-shaped, taper-pointed capsule. From one to two feet high : flowers greenish- brown. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in bogs, ditches, &c. : very common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2143. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 174. 543. 19. J. lampocarpus. Shining-fruited Rush. Leaves apparently jointed, compressed ; panicle repeatedly compound, terminal, erect, three inner leaves of the calyx rather blunt ; capsule egg-shaped, acute, longer than the calyx, shining. From one to two feet high. Peren- 174 HEXANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [^CL. VI. nial : flowers in July and August : grows in bogs and ditches : common. Eng. Bot. vol. XXX. pi. 2143. Evg. Ft. vol. ii. p. 175. 544. 20. J.obtusijiorus. BlunUfioicered Rush. Leaves apparently jointed, cylindrical ; panicle very much compounded, spreading ; leaves of the calyx very obtuse, as long as the capsule. Straws with internal par- titions, about two feet high. Perennial : grows in marshy places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2144. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 176. The J. polvctphalus, Many-headed jointed Rush, found in the Highlands of Scotland, by Mr. G. Don, is a variety of this plant, with a panicle less branched, and clusters of more numerous flowers. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2643. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 177. 545. 16. LU'ZULA. Wood Rush. Calyx inferior, of six oblong, acute, permanent leaves, three of them internal. Corolla none. Filaments thread-like, short ; anthers oblong, erect, two-celled. Germen superior, triangular. Style simple, thread -shaped, short ; stigmas three, tapering, downy. Capsule triangular, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds three, at the bottom of the capsule. — Name altered from lucciola, a glow-worm. 195. 1. L. pilosa. Broad-leaved Hairy Wood Rush. Panicle cymose, widely spreading; flowers solitary ; capsule pointless; leaves of the calyx long-pointed, shorter than the capsule. Stem about a foot high : leaves between linear and lance-shaped, ribbed, fringed with long, white hairs. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and thickets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 736. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 178. 546. 2. L. Forsteri, K arrow-leaved Hairy Wood Rush. Panicle cymose, erect ; flowers solitary ; capsule pointed ; leaves of the calyx long- pointed, a little longer than the capsule. More slender than the last, and the leaves much narrower. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and thickets -. frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1293. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 179. 547. 3. L. sylvdtica. Great Wood Rush. Panicle cymose, doubly com- pound ; flowers aggregate ; capsule pointed ; leaves of the calyx awned, as long as the capsule. From two to three feet high : leaves broad, hairy on the edges, the root-leaves forming a large tuft. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods and shady places : common. Eng. But. vol. xi. pi. 737. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 180. 548. 4. L. campes'tris. Field Rush. Panicle of three or four egg-shaped, dense clusters ; capsule inversely egg-shaped, obtuse, with a small point ; leaves of the calyx 1 on ?- pointed, longer than the capsule. Root scaly, creeping, tufted : stems from three to ten inches high, simple, straight : leaves dark-green, very hairy at the margin : leaves of the calyx lance-shaped, pointed, dark-brown. Perennial: flowers in April and May : grows in dry pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 672. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 181. A large variety of this plant, with the flowers col- lected into a nearly round head, is the L. conges'ta, Many-headed Bog Wood Rush, of many botanists. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2719. £71°^. Fl. vol. ii. p. 181. 549. 5. L. spicdta. Spiked Wood Rush. Panicle compound, dense, oblong, drooping ; capsule elliptical, with a small point ; leaves of the calyx CL. VI.] HEXANDllIA — MONOGYNIA. 175 between taper-pointed and awned, as long: as the capsule. From six to eight inches high : leaves small, somewhat channelled, hairy at the margins of the sheaths. Perennial : flowers in July : grovvs on the higher mountains of Scotland and Westmoreland. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1176. Erig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 182. 550. 6. L. orcndta. Curved Mountain Wood Rush. Panicle somewhat umbellate, partly compound, with drooping branches; capsule elliptical, shorter than the lance-shaped, acute leaves of the calyx. Stem three or four inches high : root-leaves numerous, linear, channelled, slightly hairy : stem-leaves flatter. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the summits of some of the highest mountains of the Cairngorm Range in Scotland. Flora Loud. N. S. pi. 153. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 183. 551. 17. BER'BERIS. Barberry. Calyx inferior, of six inversely egg-shaped, spreading, coloured leaves, the three outer smaller. Petals six, roundish, spreading, the claw of each having two oblong nectariferous glands. Fila- ments linear, flattened ; anthers of two separate lobes, on the op- posite edges of the top of the filament. Germen superior, oblong. Stigma round, broader than the germen, permanent. Berry oblong, one-celled, pulpy. Seeds two or three, oblong, cylin- drical.— Name, berbery Sy the Arabic for the plant. 196. 1. F>. vulgaris. Common Barberry. Clusters pendulous; thorns three-cleft ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, with bristly serratures. A bushy shrub, three or four feet high : flowers bright-yellow : the stamens on being irritated, contract, and thus throw the pollen upon the stigma : berries scarlet, very acid, when boiled with sugar forming a very agree- able jelly. Perennial: flowers in June : grows in woods and hedges: common. This plant is said to be prejudicial to growing corn, causing barrenness in the ears. Eng. Bot. pi. 49. Eug. FL vol. ii. p. 184. 552. 18. FRANKE'NIA. Frankenia. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, nearly cylindrical, five-cornered, permanent ; the border with five acute teeth. Petals five, the claws as long as the calyx, the limbs inversely egg-shaped, spread- ing. Nectary a channelled membrane, on the inner side of each claw. Filaments six, as long as the calyx; anthers of two round- ish lobes. Germen superior, egg-shaped, with three furrows. Style erect, cylindrical, as long as the stamens ; stigmas three, oblong, erect. Capsule oval, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, minute. — Named after Jo/m Franken, a Swedish botanist. - 197. 1. F. lie'vis. Smooth Sea-heath. Leaves linear, crowded, fringed at the base. Root woody : stems prostrate, branched, slightly downy : flowers from the forks of the stem, sessile, solitary, flesh-coloured. Pe- rennial: flowers in July: grows in salt marshes on the coasts of Eng- land : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 205. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 186. 553. 19. PEP'LIS. Water Purslake. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, bell-shaped, large, permanent, with six acute segments, and six intermediate plaits. Petals six, very 176 HEXANDRIA — TRIGYNIA. [CL. VI. minute, egg-shaped, from the mouth of the calyx. Filaments thread-shaped, incurved, short; anthers roundish. Germen egg- shaped. Style cylindrical, very short; stigma round and flat. Capsule globose, two-celled, with a transverse partition. Seeds numerous, minute, triangular. — Named from peplioUy anciently applied to an allied plant. 198. 1. P. Portuta. Water Purslane. Petals generally wanting; leaves opposite, inversely egg-shaped, stalked. Stems numerous, creeping : flowers small, axillar, solitary, reddish. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in watery places, especially such as become dry in summer: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1121. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 187. 554. DIGYNIA. 20. OXY'PvIA. Mountain Sorrel. Calyx inferior, of two opposite, lance-shaped, permanent leaves. Petals two, inversely egg-shaped, erect, permanent. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx ; anthers erect, two-lobed. Germen superior, egg-shaped, compressed, with membranous edges, cleft. Styles very short, erect ; stigmas in many tufted segments. Seed one, egg-shaped, compressed, with a dilated, membranous wing. — Named from oxj/s, acid. 199. 1. O.renifdrmis. Kidney-leaved Mountain Sorrel. Stem from six inches to a foot high, almost leafless: leaves almost all radical, numerous, kid- ney-shaped : panicle erect, branched : flowers small, drooping. Peren- nial : flowers in June : grows on moist rocks and by rills, on the higher mountains of Scotland, Wales, the north of England, and Ireland : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 910. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 188. 555. Il TRIGYNIA. 21. RU'MEX. Dock Sorrel. Calyx inferior, of three obtuse, permanent leaves. Petals three, larger than the calyx, and similar in colour, but thinner and more veiny, permanent, ultimately enlarged and converging round the seed. Filaments thread -shaped, very short; anthers erect, oblong, two-lobed. Germen superior, triangular. Styles thread-shaped, spreading, standing out between the petals; stigma large, in many tufted segments. Seed single, triangular, polished. — Name of un- known origin. 200. * Flouers all perfect. 1. R. sayiguineus. Bloody-veined Dock. Enlarged petals entire, oblong, one at least bearing a tubercle ; leaves lance-shaped, somewhat heart- shaped. Stem two or three feet high, erect, branched, leafy, reddish. Leaves all stalked, slightly curled at the edges, with bright-red or green CL. VI.] HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 177 veins. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in woods and waste places : frequent. -E"^. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1533. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 190. 556. 2. R. crispus. Curled Dock. Enlarged petals entire, egg-shaped, all bearing a tubercle ; leaves lance-shaped, wavy, acute ; upper whorls leafless. Stem two or three feet high, erect, panicled, leafy : clusters of numerous tufts or whorls, of drooping flowers. A very troublesome weed. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in pastures, waste places, &c. : common. £ng. Bot, vol.xxviii. pi. 1998, £«g. FL. vol. ii. p. 191. 557. 3. i?. prat^nsis. Meadow Dock. Enlarged petals unequal, toothed at the base, with an entire triangular point, one bearing a tubercle ; leaves lance-shaped, wavy; clusters nearly leafless, whorls distinct. Similar to the preceding, but difTering in the less crowded clusters, and the broader and less curled leaves. Perennial ; flowers in June and July : grows in marshy ground : probably of common occurrence throughout the country. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2757. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 150. 558. 4. R. aqudticus. Grainless Water Dock. Enlarged petals broadly cordate, reticulated, without tubercles; leaves lanceolate, the lower be- tween oblong and heart-shaped, curled and waved ; whorls crowded, mostly leafless. Found by Mr. Goldie, near Ayr, and first described as British by Dr. Hooker. Brit. FL. p. 168. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2698. 559. 5. R. alpinns. Alpine Dock. Enlarged petals heart-shaped, reticu- lated, obscurely toothed, one bearing a small tubercle ; leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse ; whorls leafless, crowded ; flowers monoecious. Perennial: flowers in July: grows by road-sides, but is not indigenous : rare. Found by Dr. Hooker and Mr. Berkeley in Glen Luss, and at the bead of the Gareloch. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2694. Brit. Fl. 4th ed, p. 151. 560. 6. R. acutus. Sharp-leaved Dock. Enlarged petals oblong, obscurely toothed, all bearing a tubercle ; leaves between oblong and heart-shaped, pointed; clusters leafy. Stem about two feet high, angular, furrowed, leafy, alternately branched : leaves stalked : branches loose, bearing nu- merous distant whorls of flowers. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in watery places: not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 724. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 192. 561. 7. JR. piilcher. Fiddle Dock. Enlarged petals toothed, one principally bearing a tubercle ; root-leaves fiddle-shaped ; stem smooth, spreading. Stems often procumbent : root-leaves on long stalks : stem-leaves numerous, alternate, lance-shaped : whorls of flowers numerous. Peren- nial : flowers in August : grows in dry pastures, by road-sides, among rubbish, &c. : common. JEng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1576. Eng. Fl. \o\. u. p. 193. 562. 8. R. maritimus. Golden Dock. Enlarged petals triangular, fringed with slender teeth, bearing a tubercle ; leaves linear ; whorls crowded. Stem from one to two feet high, angular, furrowed, leafy : leaves stalked: flowers very numerous, in dense leafy whorls. Whole plant ultimately assuming a golden colour. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in marshes, principally near the sea : frequent. E7ig. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 725. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 194. 563. 9. R. palustris. Yellow Marsh Dock. Enlarged petals lance-shaped, Q 178 HEXANDRIA — TRIGYNIA. [CL. VI. toothed at the base, bearing a tubercle : leaves between linear and lance- shaped; whorls distant. — -Stem two feet high, nearly erect, branched, furrowed, leafy : leaves staked : flowers in distant whorls. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in marshes, ditches, and boggy grounds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1932. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 113. 564. 10. R. obtusifdlius. Broad-leaved Dock. Enlarged petals toothed, one principally bearing a tubercle ; root-leaves heart-shaped at the base, rather obtuse ; stem roughish. Stems about three feet high, erect, branched, furrowed, leafy : root-leaves very large, the others more narrow, all notched and curled more or less at the edges. A trouble- some weed. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows about houses, in waste places and fields: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1999. Eng. F/. vol. ii. p. 192. 565. 11. E. Hydroldpathum. Great Water Dock. Enlarged petals egg- shaped, nearly entire, unequally tubercled ; leaves lance-shaped, acute at both ends ; whorls rather crowded, almost leafless. Stem from four to six feet high, erect, hollow, furrowed, branched, leafy : leaves stalked, leathery, the tubercles on the petals vary in size and shape. The root is highly astringent. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in ditches and by rivers: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2104. Etig.. F/. vol.ii. p.l95. 566. ** Stameniferous flowers and pistilliferous Jlowers, on separate plants. 12. R. Acetosa. Common Sorrel. Enlarged petals bearing tubercles ; leaves oblong, arrow-shaped. Stem from one to two feet high, erect, hollow, striated, leafy. The whole plant is powerfully acid, and the leaves are eaten as salad. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in pastures, cultivated fields, and by roads and hedges ; abundant. ^Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 127. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 196. 567. 13. R. Acetos^lla. Sheep''s Sorrel. Enlarged petals destitute of tu- bercles ; leaves halbert-shaped. Stem from four inches to a foot high, erect, leafy. The whole plant is powerfully acid, but less juicy than the preceding. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in pastures, cultivated fields, and waste places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1674. Eng. F/. vol. ii. p. 197. 568. 22. TOFIEL'DIA. Tofieldia. Calyx inferior, small, of one-leaf, three-cleft, permanent. Petals six, oblong, equal, permanent, many times longer than the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, simple, as long as the corolla ; anthers heart-shaped, fixed sidewise. Germen three-cornered. Styles awl-shaped, spreading ; stigmas knobbed. Capsules three, con- nected at the base, each one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, oblong, angular. — Named after Mr. Tojield, an English bota- nist. 201. 1. T.paliistris. Scottish Asphodel. Flowers in an egg-shaped head ; stem thread-shaped, smooth, leafless ; petals inversely egg-shaped ; ger- mens roundish. Leaves sword-shaped, in two-rowed tufts : stem four or five inches high : flowers greenish-white. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in boggy places, on the mountains of Scotland, the north CL. VI.] HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 179 of England and Ireland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 536. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 198. 569. 23. SCHEUCHZE'RIA. Scheuchzeria. Calyx none. Petals six, inferior, oblong, acute, recurved, per- manent. Filaments thread-shaped, shorter than the petals ; an- thers terminal, linear, two-celled. Germens three, superior, egg- shaped, compressed. Styles none ; stigmas oblong, obtuse. Capsules three, roundish, compressed, pointed, each one-celled, two-valved. Seeds solitary, oblong. — Named after the three ScheuchzerSy Swiss botanists. 202. 1. S. paiustris. Marsh Scheuchzeria. Root long, creeping. Stems erect, simple, wavy, six inches high : leaves few, alternate, semi-cylindri- cal, obtuse ; flowers about five, in a terminal cluster. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in wet spongy mountain bogs : very rare. Lakeby Car, Yorkshire; near Shrewsbury; Thorne Moor, near Doncaster; Methven, near Perth. 570. 24. TRIGLO'CHIN. Arrow-grass. Calyx inferior, of three roundish, deciduous leaves. Petals three, egg-shaped, a little longer than the calyx. Filaments very short j anthers large, roundish, two-lobed. Germen superior, large, oblong. Styles none; stigmas three or six, reflected, feathery. Capsule oblong, with as many cells as there are stigmas. Seeds solitary, oblong, pointed. — Named from treis, three, and glochis^ a point. 203. 1. T. jjaliistre. Marsh Arrow-grass. Capsule three-celled, nearly linear. Root fibrous: leaves all radical, linear, channelled, smooth, nearly erect : flowers in a long terminal spike, reddish-green. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in wet meadows : common. Cattle are fond of it. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 366. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 200. 571. 2. T. maritimum. Sea Arrow-grass. Capsule six-celled, egg-shaped. Leaves radical, semi-cylindrical. Larger than the last. It has a salt taste, and cattle, especially cows, are fond of it. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in salt marshes, and pastures overflowed by the tide : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 255. Evg. Fl. vol.ii. p. 201. 572. 25. COL'CHICUM. Colchicum. Calyx none. Corolla of one petal; tube angular, arising from the root ; limb divided into six oblong, erect segments. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, two-celled, four-valved. Germen imbedded in the root, roundish. Styles three, thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigmas linear, recurved, channelled, downy. Capsules three, superior, stalked, oblong, each one-celled. Seeds numerous, round. — Named from the country of Colchis. 204. 1. C. autumridle. Bulb egg-shaped, large. In spring several nar- row leaves arise, but the flower does not appear until September. The germen lies buried in the root all winter, and is raised in spring to perfect its seeds through the summer. Flower pale-purple. Perennial : flowers in September and October: grows in moist meadows in many parts of 180 HEPTANDRIA, [CL. VII, England : rare. The roots have a good deal of acrimony. An infusion of them in vinegar, formed into a syrup by the addition of sugar or honey, is said to be a good expectorant and diuretic. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 133. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 202. 573. POLYGYNIA. 26. ALIS'MA. Water Plantain. Calyx inferior, of three egg-shaped, permanent leaves. Petals three, roundish, much larger than the calyx, deciduous. Filaments awl-shaped, short j anthers roundish. Germen superior, more than five. Styles simple ; stigmas blunt. Capsules more than five, compressed. Seeds small, solitary. — Named from alis, the Celtic for water. 205. 1. A. Plantdgo. Great Water Plantain. Leaves egg-shaped, acute ; capsules obtusely triangular. Root fibrous : leaves all radical, on long stalks, erect : flower-stalk several feet high, panicled ; flowers terminal, solitary, pale-purplish. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches, pools, lakes and rivers : common. Eng. Bot. voL xii. pi. 837. Eng. Fl. vol. U. p. 2(J3. 574. 2. A. Damasdnium. Star-headed Water Plantain. Leaves oblong, heart-shaped at the base ; capsules awl-shaped ; styles six. Root fibrous: leaves all radical, floating: flower-stalks about six inches high, bearincr one or two whorls of white flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches and pools in England: not common. Eng, Bot. vol. xxui. pi. 1615. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 204. 575. 3. A. nutans. Floating Water Plantain. Leaves elliptical, obtuse; capsules striated; flower-stalks simple. Stems floating, thread-shaped, from three to ten feet long. Flower-stalks from the joints of the stem, erect, single-flowered. Petals large, white, with a yellow spot near the claw. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in lakes : rare. North Wales and Cumberland. Near Stranaer, Scotland. Howth Hill and Cunnemara, Ireland. Eng. Bot, vol. xi. pi. 775. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 204. 576. 4. A. ranunculoides. Lesser Water Plantain. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped; capsules angular, acute, numerous, in a globular head ; stem none. Root fibrous : leaves all radical, erect, on long stalks : flower-stalks radical, erect, from three to ten inches high, with one or two whorls of pale-purplish flowers. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in ditches and bogs : not common. Eng. Bot, vol. v. pi. 326. Eng, Fl. vol. ii. p. 205. 577. Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers xvith Seven Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. 1. TRIENTA'LIS. Calyx of seven leaves. Corolla deeply divided mto seven segments. Capsule seven-valved. CL. VIII.] OCTANDRIA. 181 HEPTANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. TRIENTA'LIS. Chickweed Winter-green. Calyx inferior, of seven linear, acute, spreading, permanent leaves. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, deeply divided into seven elliptical, flat, spreading segments. Filaments thread- shaped, spreading, shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, recurved. Germen superior, round. Style cylindrical, as long as the stamens ; stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, one-celled, seven-valved. Seeds few, roundish, tunicated. — Name of un- known origin. 206. 1. T. Europa:a. European Chickweed Winter-green. Leaves oblong; stem solitary, simple, erect, from three to six inches high, crowned with a tuft of leaves. A singularly elegant and beautiful plant: flower-stalks from among the leaves, hair-shaped, simple : flowers white, often tinged with red, and sometimes having only six segments, with six stamens. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods and on dry heaths, in Scotland and the north of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 15. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 208. 578. Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. Plants bearins Flowers with Eisht Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers having both calyx and corolla. 9. A'CER. Petals five. Calyx five-cleft, inferior. Capmle winged. 2. EPILO'BIUM. Petals four. Calyx four-cleft, superior. Capsule four-celled. Seeds bearded. 1. CENOTHE'RA. Petals ionv. Ca/i/x four-cleft, superior. Capsule four-celled. Seeds beardless. 3. CHLO'RA. Corolla deeply divided into eight or six segments. Calyx of eight or six leaves, inferior. Capsule one-celled. 4. VACCl'NIUM. Corolla of one petal. Calyx four-cleft. Berry inferior. 5. MENZIE'SIA. Corolla of one petal. Calyx of one leaf. Capsule superior ; partitions double, from the margin of the valves. 7. ERl'CA. Corolla of one petal. Calyx of four leaves. Capsule superior ; partitions simple, from the centre of the valves. 6. CALLU'NA. Corolla of one petal. Calyx double, each four- leaved. Capsule superior ; partitions from the column, alternate with the valves, and unconnected with them. (Monotropa.) ** Flowers destitute of corolla. 8. DA'PHNE. Calyx four-cleft, coloured, inferior. Berry one-seeded. Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. (Polygonum. Chrysosplenium. Scleratithu^.) ' Q 2 182 OCTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. VIII. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils. 10. POLY'GONUM. Calyx divided into five deep segments, coloured, inferior. Corolla none. Seed one, naked. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. Four Pistils. 12. ADO'XA. Calyx half-inferior. Corolla divided into four or five segments. Berry four or five-celled. 11. PA'RIS. Calyx four-leaved. Petals four, awl-shaped. Berry four-celled. 13. ELA'TINE. Calyx four-leaved. Petals four. Capsule superior, four-celled. (Sagina. Rhodiola.) OCTANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. (ENOTHE'RA. Evening Primrose. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deciduous ; tube cylindrical, limb deeply divided into four oblong segments. Petals four, inversely heart-shaped, attached to the summit of the tube of the calyx, and as long as the limb. Filaments awl-shaped, incurved, shorter than the petals; anthers oblong. Germen inferior, oblong, furrowed. Stigma divided into four obtuse, spreading segments. Capsule oblong, bluntly quadrangular, four-celled, four-valved. Seeds numerous, angular, beardless. — Name from oinos, wine, and thera, catching, the root having the odour of wine. 207. 1. (E. biennis. Common Evening Primrose. Leaves between egg- shaped and lance-shaped, flat ; stem rough, somewhat hairy ; petals un- divided. Stem two or three feet high, leafy, angular: leaves alternate, acute, toothed, downy : flowers numerous, bright-yellow, in terminal spikes. Biennial : flowers in July, August, and September : grows on sand-banks, on the west coast of England ; also in corn-fields : an Ameri- can species naturalized. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1534. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 211. 579. 2. EPILO'BIUM. Willow-herb. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into four oblong, coloured, deciduous segments. Petals four, circular, broadest at the outer part, notched, inserted between the segments of the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, four alternate ones shorter; anthers oval, compressed, obtuse. Germen inferior, cylindrical, very long. Style thread-shaped; stigma thick, blunt, generally four-cleft. Capsule quadrangular, very long, four-celled, four-valved ; parti- tions opposite the valves. Seeds numerous, oblong, small, crowned with down. — Named from epi^ upon, and loboSf a pod. 208. • Flowers irregtdar. 1. E. angustifolium. Rose-bay Willow-herb. Leaves scattered, be- tween linear and lance-shaped, veined, smooth ; petals unequal j sta- CL. VIII.] OCTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 183 mens declining. Stems from three to six feet high : flowers rose- coloured, numerous, in long, terminal, erect clusters. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in moist meadows, shady and rocky places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1947. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 212. 580. ** Flowei'S regular. Stigma deeply four-cleft, 2. E. hirsutum. Great Hairy Willow-herb. Codlings and Cream. Leaves between egg-shaped and spear-shaped, half embracing the stem, hairy ; stem very much branched ; root creeping. Stems about four feet high : flowers in leafy clusters, large, of a fine rose-colour : the top shoots have a delicate fragrance resembling that of scalded codlings. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in watery places, ditches, banks of rivers and lakes : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 838. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 213. 581. 3. E. parvijl&rum. Small-floivered Hoary Willow-herb. Leaves lance- shaped, sessile, downy; stem little branched, woolly; root fibrous. Stem about two feet high : flowers small, pale rose-colour. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in watery places, ditches, &c. : very common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 795. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 214. 582. 4. E. montdnum. Broad Smooth-leaved Willow-herb. Leaves egg- shaped, toothed, opposite; stem round; stigma in four deep segments. -Stem from one to two feet high, erect : lower leaves opposite, upper alternate : flowers light-purple, not numerous. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry shady places : common. Eng. Bot, vol. xxvii. pi. 1177. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 214. 583. *** Flowers regular. Stigma undivided. 5. E. rdseum. Pale Smooth-leaved Willow-herb. Leaves egg-shaped, toothed, opposite ; stem obscurely four-cornered ; stigma undivided. Leaves smooth, thin, and delicate : flowers light-purple. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in waste boggy grounds or watery places : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 693. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 215. 584. 6. E. tetrdgonum. Square-stalked Willow-herb. Leaves lance-shaped, sessile, minutely toothed ; stem four-cornered ; stigma undivided. Stem from twelve to eighteen inches high : flowers pale-purple, few, in leafy clusters. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes, and by the sides of ditches and rivulets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1948. 585. 7. E. palus'tre. Round-stalked Marsh Willow-herb. Leaves narrow, lance-shaped, sessile, slightly toothed ; stem round ; stigma undivided. Stem from six to eighteen inches high : flowers pale-purple, in leafy clusters. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes, and by the sides of ditches and rivulets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 346. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 216. 586. 8. E. alsinifoliiLm. Chickweed -leaved Willow-herb. Leaves egg- shaped, acute, toothed, stalked ; stem decumbent at the base, bluntly four-cornered ; root creeping. Stems about six inches long : flowers rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the edges of mountain rills, in the north of England, and in the Highlands of Scotland. £««;. £ot. vol. xxviii. pi. 2000. En^. F^ vol. ii. p. 216. Fl. Scot. Y>. 117. 587. 9. E. alpitixim, Alpine Willow-herb. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, 184 OCTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. VIII. nearly entire, on short stalks ; stem decumbent, two or three-flowered ; root creeping. Stems three or four inches long : flowers generally two, rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the edges of rills on almost all the Highland mountains. E"^. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 2001. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 217. 588. 3. CHLO'RA. Yellow-wort. Calyx inferior, of eight linear, spreading, permanent leaves. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped ; the tubes shorter than the calyx ; the limb with eight elliptical segments, longer than the tube. Filaments thread-shaped, short j anthers linear, erect. Germen superior, oblong. Style cylindrical, erect ; stigmas two, oblong, cleft. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds very numerous, angular. — Named from chloris, pale-green. 209. 1. C. perfolidta. Perfoliate Yellow-wort. Leaves egg-shaped, opposite, united ; panicle many-forked, many-flowered. Stem about a foot high, erect, round, panicled : flowers numerous, bright-yellow. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in chalky and hilly ground : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 60. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 218. 589. 4. VACCI'NIUM. Whortle-berry. Calyx superior, very small, permanent, four-toothed. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, with four revolute segments. Filaments awl-shaped, flattened, fixed to the receptacle; anthers oblong, with two points, erect, terminal. Germen inferior, roundish ; style simple, cylindrical, erect, longer than the stamens. Stigma obtuse. Berry globular, with a central depression, four-celled. Seeds few, small. — Name of unknown origin. 210. * Leaves deciduous. 1. V. Myrtil'lus. Bilberry. Blaeberry. Black Whortle-berry. Flower- stalks solitary, one-flowered ; leaves egg-shaped, serrated., smooth ; stem and branches acutely angular. Stem bushy, from one to two feet high, smooth, green: leaves stalked, thin, deciduous: corolla pale red- dish-purple : berry bluish-black. The berries are agreeable and whole- some, but stain the lips and fingers of a dark-purple colour : they are eaten by grouse and other birds. A shrub : flowers in JMay : grows on heaths and hilly ground: common. Eng. Bot. vol.vii. pi. 456. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 219. 590. 2. V. uUginosum. Great Bilberry. Bog Whortle-bei-ry. Flower- stalks one-flowered : leaves inversely egg-shaped, entire, smooth ; branches round. About two feet high : corolla flesh-coloured : berry large, bluish-black. A shrub : flowers in May : grows on boggy moun- tainous heaths, in the north of England and in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 581. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 219. 591. ** Leaves evergreen. 3. V. Vitis-idce'a. Red Whortle-berry. Cow-berry. Clusters terminal, drooping ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, revolute, minutely toothed, dotted beneath; corolla bell-shaped. Stems from three to six inches high: flowers flesh-coloured : berry deep-red. The berries are very acid and rather harsh, but are made into jelly and rob. A shrub : flowers in CL. VIII.] OCTANDRIA — MONONGYNIA. 185 June : grows on dry heaths : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 598. Eng. F/. vol.ii. p.220. 592. 4. V. Oxycoc'cos. Marsh Whortle-berry . Cran-berry. Flowers termi- nal ; leaves egg-shaped, entire, revolute, acute ; stems creeping, thread- shaped, smooth ; corolla deeply four-cleft. Stems slender, prostrate ; flowers several together, pale-red : berry deep-red. The berries made into tarts are much esteemed. A small trailing shrub : flowers in June : grows in boggy heaths : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 319. Eiig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 221. 593. 5. MENZIE'SIA. Menziesia. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, four-cleft or five-cleft, permanent. Corolla of one petal, inflated, deciduous; limb divided into four or five spreading segments. Filaments eight or ten, thread-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, cleft at the base. Ger- men superior, roundish. Style angular, erect; stigma obtuse, with four or five notches. Capsule oblong, with four or five valves and cells; partitions double, formed by the inflected edges of the valves. Seeds numerous, small, oblong. — Named after Archibald Menzies, a Scottish botanist. 211. 1. M. polifdlia. Irish Menziesia. Leaves egg-shaped, theihiargins curved backwards, white and downy beneath ; flowers four-cleft, oct- androus, in terminal leafy clusters. Stems bushy, a foot or more high : leaves rather crowded : flowers drooping, purplish-red. A shrub: flowers in June and July : grows on mountainous heaths in the counties of Mayo and Galway. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 35. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 223. 594. 2. M. cxrulea. Scottish Menziesia. Leaves linear, obtuse, with car- tilaginous teeth ; flowers five-cleft, decandrous. Stem four or five inches high, decumbent below, leafy above : flowers four or five at the top of the highest branch, drooping : corolla pale-purple. A shrub : flowers in June and July. Found near Aviemore, in Strathspey, by Mr. Brown, and in the Shiant Isles by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. XXXV. pi. 2469. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 222. 595. 6. CALLU'NA. Ling. Calyx inferior, permanent, double ; the outer of four oblong, blunt, fringed leaves; the inner of four elliptical, coloured, polished leaves, concealing the corolla. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, deeply four-cleft, erect, much shorter than the inner calyx. Filaments thread-shaped, short, curved; anthers erect, terminal, lance-shaped, united before bursting, with two deflected bristles at the base. Germen superior, orbicular, depressed. Style cylindrical, erect ; stigma knobbed, with four notches. Capsule orbicular, four-valved, four-celled ; the partitions unconnected with the valves, fixed to a central column. Seeds numerous, small, ob- long— Named from calluno^ to cleanse or adorn. 212. 1. C. vulgdris. Common Ling. A bushy shrub, from six inches to four feet high : stem irregularly branched : leaves somewhat arrow- shaped, closely imbricated on the young branches, which have a four- 186 OCTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [^CL. VIII. cornered figure : inner calyx rose-coloured : corolla paler. There is a variety with white flowers. Flowers in August; grows on heaths : com- mon. This plant makes excellent and durable thatch, is capable of being converted into ropes for various purposes, forms excellent brooms, and affords a fine yellow dye. Grouse feed almost exclusively upon it and Erica cinerea. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1013. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 225. 596. 7. ERI'CA. Heath. Calyx inferior, of four oblong, permanent leaves. Corolla of one petal, egg-shaped or bell-shaped, four-cleft, withering. Fila- ments hair-shaped j anthers terminal, erect, cleft, united before bursting. Germen superior, roundish. Style thread- shaped, erect j stigma obtuse. Capsule roundish, four-celled, four-valved, each valve bearing a partition from the centre. Seeds numerous, minute. — Named from erico, to break, on account of its supposed pro- perty of destroying stone. 213. 1. E. cinerea. Common Heath. Fine-leaved Heath. Anthers with two serrate appendages at the base ; style a little prominent ; stigma knobbed ; leaves three together. Stem a foot or more high, branched : leaves narrow, linear, three together : flowers numerous, in dense termi- nal clusters, drooping, purplish-red. It is applied to the same purposes as Calluna vulgaris. A shrub : flowers in July and August : grows on heaths, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1015. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 226. 597. 2. E. Mediterrdnea. Mediterranean Heath. Anthers without ap- pendages, protruded as well as the style ; corolla pitcher-shaped, narrow ; leaves four together. A shrub : flowers in April. Discovered in 1830 by Mr. Mackay in boggy ground, Cunnemara, Ireland, covering a large space of ground. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2774. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 159. 598. ? 3. E. cdrnea. Flesh-coloured Heath. Anthers without appendages, protruded as well as the style ; corolla nearly cylindrical ; leaves four together. A shrub : flowers in May and June. Galway, Ireland; first found by Miss Martin. Bot. Mag. pi. 11. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 159. 599. 4. E. Tet'ralix. Cross-leaved Heath. Anthers with two simple bristles at the base ; styles nearly concealed ; leaves fringed, four together. Stems from six to twelve inches high, branched below: leaves crowded, spreading, lance-shaped, four together, downy and bristly : flowers in dense terminal clusters, rose-coloured, sometimes white. A shrub : flowers in July and August : grows in boggy heaths : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. pi. 1014. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 226. A variety of this species with broader leaves, and having the style longer than the corolla, found in Cunnemara, Ireland, is considered by many botanists as specifically dis- tinct from the present. It is the E. Mackdii, Mackay's Heath. Comp. to Bot. Mag. vol. i. p. 159. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 158. 600. 5. E. vdgans. Cornish Heath. Anthers without appendages, protruded as well as the style ; corolla bell-shaped ; leaves four together. Stems about two feet high, branched : leaves linear, smooth : flower-stalks ax- illar, crowded together for a large space about the middle of each branch : CL. VIII.]] OCTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 187 flowers rose-red. A shrub : flowers in July and August : grows on heaths in Cornwall, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 3. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 227. 601. 6. E. cilidins. Fringed Heath, Anthers without appendages, inclosed in the egg-shaped, inflated corolla ; leaves four together, fringed with gland-tipped hairs. A shrub : flowers in June and July : grows in boggy ground in Cornwall. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2618. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 159. 602. 8. DA'PHNE. Spurge-laurel. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, withering : tube cylindrical, closed, longer than the limb, which is divided into four egg- shaped, coloured segments. Corolla none. Filaments short, m two rows ; anthers roundish, two-celled, erect. Germen egg- shaped. Style very short; stigma knobbed, depressed. Berry oval, one-celled. Seed single, oval, large. — Named after the nymph Daphne. 214. 1. D. Mezereum. Mezereum. Spurge'Olive. Flowers sessile on the stem, generally three together; leaves lance-shaped, deciduous. A shrub four or five feet high : flowers rose-coloured, highly fragrant : flowers in February and March : grows in woods, in the south of Eng- land : rare; probably not indigenous. The whole plant is very acrid, Eng. Bot. vol. XX. pi. 1381. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 228. 603. 2. D. Laurtola. Spurge- laurel. Clusters axillar, simple, each of about five flowers, drooping ; leaves between inversely egg-shaped and spear-shaped, evergreen. A shrub about three feet high : flowers deep- green. The whole plant is acrid, like the preceding. Flowers in March : grows in woods and hedges : not often planted : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 119. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 229. 604. 9. A'CER. Maple. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with five oblong, acute segments. Petals five, inversely egg-shaped, of the same size as the segments of the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, short j anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen superior, two-lobed, compressed. Style cy- lindrical ; stigmas two or three, pointed. Capsules two or three, united at the base, roundish, compressed, each terminating in a membranous wing. Seeds one or two, roundish. — Name, acer, sharp, the wood having been employed for spears. 215. 1. A. Pseudo-platanus. Greater Maple, or Sycamore. Leaves five-lobed, unequally serrate ; flowers in compound, pendent clusters. A large tree, common but not indigenous : flowers in May : grows in woods : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 303. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 230. 605. 2. A. camptstre. Common Maple. Leaves five-lobed, entire at the margin, the lower lobes notched ; flowers in erect corymbose clusters. A tree with cracked, corky bark. The wood is fine-grained and hard, and is much used by turners ; flowers in May and June : grows in woods : common. Eng. Bot, vol. v. pi. 304. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 231. 606. 188 OCTANDRIA — TRIGYNIA. [CL. VIII. TRIGYNIA. 10. POLY'GONUM. Buck-wheat. Calyx inferior, turbinate, coloured, deeply divided into five egg-shaped permanent segments. Corolla none. Filaments variable in number, awl-shaped, very short ; anthers roundish. Germen superior, roundish, triangular, or compressed. Styles generally three, in some species two, thread-shaped, very short ; stigmas simple. Seed solitary, triangular, or compressed, pointed. — Named from polys, many, and gonuy a knee or joint. 216. 1. P. Bhtorta. Great Bistort. Snnhe-weed. Stem simple, bearing a single spike ; leaves egg-shaped, waved, running down into the foot- stalks. Stems erect, about two feet high, leafy : flowers rose-coloured. Perennial: flowers in June : grows in pastures and meadows: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 509. Eng, Ft. vol. ii. p. 236. 607. 2. P. viviparum. Alpine Bistort. Stem simple, bearing a single spike ; leaves lance-shaped, revolute at the margin. Stem from three to eight inches high, erect, leafy : flowers pale-red. Perennial : flowers in June and Julv : grows in mountain pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 669. 'Eng. El. vol. ii. p. 237. 608. 3. P. aviculdre. Common Knot-grass. Flowers axillar ; leaves lance- shaped, rough-edged ; stem procumbent. Stems several, decumbent, spreading in all directions : leaves alternate, stalked : flowers two or three together, reddish. Annual : flowers in summer and autumn : grows in fields, waste places, by roads, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1252. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 238. 609. 4. P. Robtrti. Robert's Knot-grass. Flowers axillar; leaves lance- shaped, distant ; fruit shorter than the calyx, smooth. A large strag- gling species, appearing intermediate between the preceding and follow- ing. Annual: flowers in August and September: grows on the sea- shore: common. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2805. Biit. FL 4th ed. p. 163. 610. 5. P. maritimum. Sea-side Knot-grass. Flowers axillar ; leaves lance-shaped, fleshy, glaucous, crowded; fruit longer than the calyx, smooth. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows in the south of England, and the Channel islands, on the sea-shore. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2804. jBrif. P/. 4th ed. p. 164. 611. 6. P. Fagopy'rum. Buck-u-heat, Branks. Leaves between heart- shaped and arrow-shaped; stem nearly erect, without prickles; angles of the seeds equal. Clusters many-flowered, panicled, spreading : flowers variegated with red, green, and white : the seeds furnish a nutri- tious meal, which in some parts of England is made into thin cakes called crumpets. It is usual for farmers to sow a crop of buck-wheat, and plough it down for manure. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in cultivated fields, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1044. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 239. 612. 7. P. Convolvulus. Black Bind-weed. Leaves between heart-shaped and arrow-shaped ; stem twining, angular ; segments of the calyx bluntly keeled ; fruit striated with minute points. Stem twining to the CL. VIII.] OCTANDRTA — TRIGYNIA. 189 height of several feet: clusters loose, interrupted, leafy: flowers greenish- white or reddish. Annual : flowers from June to October : grows in corn- fields, gardens, and waste ground : common. Eng, Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 941. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 240. 613. 8. P. dumetonum. Copse Buek'wheat. Leaves between heart-shaped and arrow-shaped ; stem twining, striated ; segments of the calyx with a membranous wing; fruit smooth and shining. Annual : flowers in Au- gust and September : grows in hedges and by road-sides : rare. Near London and Norwich : Sussex. Near Moffat, Dumfries-shire. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. p. 164. 614. ** Styles usually two. 9. P. amphibium. Amphibious Persicaria. Styles two, united half way up; stamens five; spike egg-shaped; leaves lance-shaped. Stem round, leafy : leaves stalked, floating, minutely serrate, smooth, slightly heart-shaped at the base : flowers rose-red, in beautiful dense spikes. When the plant grows out of the water, the leaves become narrower and hairy, and the stem shorter. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in ditches, ponds, and rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 435. Eng.P/. vol.ii. p. 232. 615. 10. P. Persicdria. Spotted Persicaria. Styles two, united half way up ; stamens six ; spikes dense, oblong, erect ; stipules fringed.' Stem erect, branched, leafy : leaves lance-shaped, entire, shortly stalked, gene- rally marked about the middle with a blackish spot : flowers rose- coloured. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in ditches and wet fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 756. Eng, Fl. vol. ii. p. 233. 616. 11. P. lapathifolium. Pale-flowered Persicaria. Styles two, distinct ; stamens six ; flower-stalks rough ; stipules not fringed. Stem about a foot high, branched, swelled above the joints : leaves broadly lance- shaped, rough-edged, sometimes marked with a blackish spot : flowers reddish or pale-green. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in cultivated ground and on dunojhills : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1382. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 234. 617. 12. P. mite. Laxflowered Persicaria. Styles two, united half way up ; stamens six ; clusters loose, filiform, drooping ; leaves lance-shaped. Flowers red. Differs from the following in wanting the glands of the flowers. Annual : flowers in August : grows in the south of Eng- land. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 1 65. 618. 13. P. Hydropiper. Biting Persicaria. Styles two, united half way up ; stamens six ; clusters loose, interrupted, drooping ; stem erect ; leaves lance-shaped, waved, without spots. Stem two feet high, swelled above each joint, smooth : clusters terminal, long and slender : flowers pale-green. The whole plant has an acrid, burning taste, which is supposed to reside in glandular dots sprinkled over it. Annual : flowers in September : grows in ditches and pools : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 989. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 235. 619. 14. P. minus. Small Creeping Persicaria. Styles two, united ; sta- mens six ; clusters loose, slender, nearly erect ; stem decumbent at the base; leaves between linear and lance-shaped. Stem about a foot high, branched at the base, swelled above each joint : flowers small, red- R 190 OCTANDRIA — TETRAGYNIA. [CL. VIII. dish-green. Annual: flowers in September: grows in watery places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1043. i^ng. F/. vol. ii. p. 235. 620. TETRAGYNIA. U. PA'RIS. Herb Paris. Calyx inferior, of four lance-shaped, spreading, permanent leaves. Petals four, awl-shaped, permanent. Filaments awl- shaped ; anthers long, linear, two-celled, attached to the middle of the filaments. Germen superior, roundish. Styles four, spreading ; stigmas oblong, downy above. Berry globular, with four blunt corners, four-celled. Seeds several, globular. — Named from par, equal. 217. 1. P. quadrifolia. Herb Paris. True-love. One-berry. Leaves egg- shaped, generally four. Stem about a foot high, round, with four broadly egg-shaped leaves at the top : petals and calyx green : anthers and styles yellowish : berry purplish-black. The whole plant is said to be narcotic. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods : not common. Eng. Bot. Tpl.l. £??o-. F/. vol. ii. p. 241. 621. 12. ADO'XA. MOSCHATELL. Calyx half-inferior, divided into two or three spreading, per- manent segments. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, divided into four or five egg-shaped, acute segments, longer than the calyx. Filaments eight or ten, awl-shaped; anthers roundish. Germen half-superior. ' Styles four or five, simple, short ; stigmas simple. Berry globular, one-celled, half invested with the permanent calyx. Seeds four. — Named from a, without, and doxa, glory, from its plain appearance. 218. 1. A. Moschatellina. Tuberous Moschutetl. Root of several imbri- cated scales : stem solitary, erect, three or four inches high : leaves com- pound : flowers pale-green, in a terminal head, four of them five-cleft, with ten stamens, trie uppermost one four-cleft, with eight stamens. Perennial: flowers in April and May: grows in moist shady places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 453. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 242. 622. 13. ELA'TINE. Water-wort. Calyx inferior, of four or three roundish, spreading, permanent leaves. Petals four or three, egg-shaped, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped ; anthers roundish. Germen superior, globular. Styles four or three, erect, very short ; stigmas simple. Capsule globose, four- or three-valved, four- or three-celled ; the partitions attached only to the column. Seeds numerous, oblong-. — Name doubtful. " 219. 1. E. hexdndra. Small Heiandrous Water-wort. Leaves opposite, spathulate ; flowers hexandrous, witli three petals; capsule three-celled. Procumbent, branched, with solitary flowers, having rose-coloured CL. X.] DECANDRIA. 191 petals. Annual: flowers in July and August: grows in watery places in England : rare. Near Callander, Scotland. E. tripetala of Eng. Ft. vol. ii: p. 243. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 955. 623. 2. E. Hydropiper. Small Octandrous Water-wort. Leaves opposite, spathulate ; flowers octandrous, with four petals ; capsule four-celled. Annual : flowers in August : grows at J^lyn Coron, in Anglesea, where it was discovered by Mr. J.E. Bowman in 1830. Hooker. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2670. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 166. 624. Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Nine Stamens. Order I. HEXAGYNIA. Six Pistils. 1. BU'TOMUS. Calyx none. Fetah six. Capsules six, many-seeded. ENNEANDRIA.— HEXAGYNIA. 1. BU'TOMUS. Flowering Rush. Calyx none. Petals six, egg-shaped, withering, the three outer smaller and more acute. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, six in the outer row, three in the inner ; anthers obiong, two-celled, two-valved. Germens six, oblong, tapering, ending each in a style; stigmas simple. Capsules six, oblong, tapering, one-celled, one-valved. Seeds numerous, oblong. — Named from dous, an ox, and temno, to cut. 220. 1. B.unibelldtus. Common Flowering Rush. Root tuberous. Leaves erect, narrow, acute, all radical. Scape longer than the leaves, round, smooth, terminating in an umbel of beautiful rose-coloured flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches, pools, slow fivers, and lakes, in England and Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 651. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 245. 625. Class X. DECANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Ten Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers with more than one petal. 1. MONO'TROPA. Petals varying in number, bulging at the base. Anthers one-celled, two-valved. 4. PY'ROLA. Petals five. Anthers two-celled, opening with two pores. 192 DECANDRIA. [CL. X. ** Flowers of one petal, regular. 2. ANDRO'MEDA. Corolla egg-shaped, or bell-shaped. Capsule five-celled. 3, A'RBUTUS. Corolla egg-shaped, transparent at the base. Berry five-celled. (Vaccinium Myrtillus and Oxycoccos. CI. VIII. Menziesia cxrulea. CI. VIII.) Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. 7. SCLERA'NTHUS. Corolla none. Ca/yx of one leaf. Seeds two. 5. CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Corolla none. Calyx coloured. Capsule two-beaked. Seeds numerous. 6. SAXI'FRAGA. Corolla of five petals. Calyx deeply divided into five segments. Capsule two-beaked. Seeds numerous. 8. SAPONA'RIA. Corolla of five petals. Calyx tubular, of one leaf, naked at the base. Capsule oblong. 9. DIA'NTHUS. Cm-olla of five petals. Calyx tubular, of one leaf, with scales at the base. Capsule oblong. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils. 12. ARENA'RIA. Capsule one-celled, many-seeded. Petals five, un- divided, spreading. Calyx five-leaved. 11. STELLA'RIA. Capsule one-celled, many-seeded. Petals five, deeply cleft, spreading. Calyx five-leaved. 13. CHERLE'RIA. Capsule one-celled, many-seeded. Petals none. Five glands at the base of the stamens. 10. SILE'NE. Capsule with three incomplete cells. Petals with claws, their limb cleft. Calyx of one leaf. (Polygonum Bistorta.) Order IV. PENTAGYNIA. Five Pistils. 14. COTYLE'DON. Capsules five, each with a scale at the base. Corolla of one petal. 15. SE'DUM. Capsules five, each with a scale at the base. Corolla of five petals, 16. O'XALIS. Capsule five-celled, angular, each cell two-seeded. Petals connected at the base. 18. LY'CHNIS. Capsule one or five-celled, each cell many-seeded. Calyx tubular, membranous, five-toothed. Petals five, clawed, crowned. 17. AGROSTE'MMA. Capsule one-celled. Calyx tubular, leathery, five-cleft. Petals five, clawed, with undivided limb. 19. CERA'STIUM. Capsule one-celled. Calyx of five leaves. Petals five, cleft. 20. SPE'RGULA. Capsule one-celled. Calyx of five leaves. Petals five, undivided. (Adoxa, CI. VIII. Rhodiola. Stellaria uUginosa and scapigera.) CL. X.] DBCANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 193 DECANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. MONO'TROPA. Bird's-nest. Calyx none. Petals ten or eight, oblong, erect, deciduous, the outermost bulging at the base, hollow within, and bearing honey. Filaments awl-shaped, erect; anthers kidney-shaped, one-celled,* two-valved. Germen superior, roundish, tapering. Style cylin- drical, short, erect. Capsule egg-shaped, with five or four furrows, cells, and valves. Seeds numerous, minute, oval. — Named from monos, one, and trepo^ to turn, the flowers being all turned one way. 221'. 1. Jf. Hypopitys. Yellow Bird's-nest. Flowers in a drooping cluster ; the lateral ones with eight, the terminal with ten stamens. Root fibrous, stem about eight inches high, simple, with egg-shaped scales. Flowers large, of a yellowish colour. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on decayed stumps of trees : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i, pi. 69. Eng. Fi. vol. ii. p. 247. 626. 2. ANDRO'MEDA. Andromeda. Calyx inferior, small, coloured, permanent, deeply divided into five acute segments. Corolla of one petal, egg-shaped or bell- shaped; the limb with five reflected segments. Filaments awl- shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers two-celled, opening by two terminal pores, and surmounted by two horns. Germen roundish. Style cylindrical, longer than the stamens, permanent; stigma obtuse. Capsule roundish, five-cornered, five-celled, five- valved, with partitions from the centre of the valves. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Named after Andromeda^ from a fancied resemblance in its circumstances. 222. 1. A. polifdlia. Marsh Andromeda. Wild 'Rosemary. Clusters ter- minal; leaves alternate, lance-shaped, revolute, glaucous beneath. A shrub, about six mches high, with pendulous, rose-coloured flowers, in clusters : flowers in June : grows on wet heaths- in the north of England, and in Scotland: not common. Eng. But. vol. x. pi. 713. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 251. 627. 3. A'RBUTUS. Bear-eerry. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, small, divided into five obtuse segments. Corolla of one petal, egg-shaped^ transparent at the base ; the limb with five small, recurv'ed segments. Filaments awl-shaped, swelling in the middle, half as long as the corolla ; anthers two-celled, opening by two terminal pores, and bearino- two short horns. Germen superior, roundish, sitting upon a ten- dotted receptacle. Style cylindrical, as long as the corolla ; stigma rather thick and blunt. Berry roundish, five-celled. Seeds small, angular, bony. — Name of Celtic origin : ar, rough, and doise, a bush. 223. 1. A. Un6do. Strawberry Tree. Stem woody ; leaves smooth, bluntly serrate ; panicles terminal ; berry many-seeded. A bushy tree, with R 2 194 DECANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. [cL. X. reddish-brown bark, peeling off in thin flakes ; elliptical, bright-green, stiff leaves ; panicled cluster of greenish-white flowers, tinged with red ; and crimson large tuberculate berries. Flowers in September : grows about the Lake of Killarney, and a few other parts of Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2377. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 252. 628. 2. A. alpina. Black Bear-berry- Stem procumbent ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, serrate. Leaves alternate, stalked, inversely egg-shaped, reticulated vvith numerous veins, deciduous : flowers white, in short ter- minal clusters : berry black. A small shrub : flowers in May and June ; grows on dry mountainous heaths in Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2030. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 253. 629. 3. A. U'va-ursi. Bed Bear-berry. Stem procumbent; leaves in- versely egg-shaped, smooth, entire. Leaves alternate, stalked, thick, stiff, veiny, evergreen, wrinkled: flowers pale rose-coloured or white, in short, drooping, terminal clusters: berry bright-red, mealy and harsh: a small shrub: flowers in June: grows on dry heaths, abundantly. The whole plant is highly astringent, and has been employed in cal- culus. The berries are eaten in the Highlands, although rather harsh. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 714. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 253. 630. 4. PY'ROLA. Winter-green. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, permanent, deeply divided into five rounded segments. Petals five, roundish, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, curved, shorter than the corolla; anthers large, pendulous, two-celled, each opening by a round pore at the top. Germen superior, roundish, five-lobed. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens, permanent; stigma thickened, somewhat notched. Capsule globular, depressed, five-cornered, five-celled, five-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, oval, each in a mem- branous coat. — Name from pyrus, a pear-tree, the leaves having some resemblance. 224. 1. P. rotitndifolia. Bound-leaved Winter'green. Stamens ascend- ing ; style twice as long, declining and recurved ; leaves nearly round, obscurely crenate. Flower-stalk about eight inches high, triangular, terminating in an oblong, erect cluster of numerous white, fragrant flowers. Perennial ; flowers in July and August : grows in moist woods : rare. Eno-. JBot. vol. iii. pl.213. £n^. F/. vol. ii. p. 255. 631. 2. P. ni^dia. Intermediate Winter-green. Stamens all regularly in- curvate ; style twice as long, deflected ; leaves nearly orbicular, crenate. Nearly as large as the preceding, with a triangular, spirally- twisted stalk, terminating in a cluster of smaller pendulous white flowers, with a delicate pink tinge at the margin. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in dry woods: rare in England and Ireland, common in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1945. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 256. 632. 3. P. minor. Ee6ser Winter -green. Stamens all regularly incurvate ; style of the same length, straight; leaves inversely egg-shaped, crenate. Stalk four-cornered, slightly twisted, terminating in a long and slender cluster of drooping, pale rose-coloured flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in dry grounds and thickets: common in the north of England and Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 152. Eiig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 158. 633. CL. X.] DECANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 195 4. P. secunda. Serrate Winter-green. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, serrate ; flowers drooping, all inclining one way. Stalk about four inches long, with a dense cluster of white, drooping flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in fir-woods in Scotland: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 517. Eng. Fl. vol. li. p. 250. 634. 5. P. unijiora. S'mgle-Jiowered Winter-green. Stalk single-flowered ; leaves egg-shaped, acute, serrate. Root creeping: stems reclining, an inch or two long, simple : leaves egg-shaped, acute, sharply serrate : stalk about three inches long, erect, bearing a single, large, white fra- grant flower. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in woods in Scotland : rare. Fir-wood near Brodie House; Knock of Alves, near Elgin; Coul, in Ross-shire. Eng. Bot. \o\.\n. p\.li6. Eh^. H. vol. ii, p. 258. 635. DIGYNIA. 5. CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden-saxifrage. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into four or five unequal, spreading, permanent, coloured segments. Corolla none. Nectary a glandular ring within the insertion of the stamens. Filaments eight or ten, awl-shaped, erect, very short; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen inferior, roundish, terminated by two awl-shaped styles, as long as the stamens. Stigmas obtuse. Capsule two-beaked, one-celled, tvvo-valved. Seeds roundish, numerous, small. — Named from chrt/sos, gold, and spleji, the spleen. 225. 1. C. alternifdlium, Alternate-leaied Golden-saxifrage. Leaves al- ternate. Roots fibrous : stem four or five inches high, angular, de- cumbent : leaves kidney-shaped, broadly crenate ; radical ones on long stalks, those of the stem on short stalks : flowers in small umbels, greenish-yellow, four-cleft and with eight stamens, excepting the upper- most. Perennial : flowers in May ; grows on the borders of rivulets in shadv places: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 54. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 260. 636. 2. C. oppositifolium. Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage. Leaves oppo- site. About the same size as the last, of a paler green, with smaller leaves. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in rivulets in shady places : common. Eng. Bot, vol. vii. pi. 490. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 260. 637. 6. SAXI'FRAGA. Saxifrage. Calyx inferior, half- inferior, or nearly superior, of one leaf, divided into five permanent segments. Petals five, attached to the calyx, narrow at the base, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, spreading; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen superior, or more or less inferior, roundish, terminating in two short, spread- ing styles. Stigmas obtuse. Capsule nearly egg-shaped, two- beaked, two-celled. Seeds minute, numerous, roundish. — Named from saxu7n, a stone, 3.ndfra?2go, to break. 226. * Leaves all radical, undivided. 1. S. Gcwn. Kidney-leaved Saxifrage. Leaves roundish-kidney- 196 DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. X. shaped, notched, hairy ; footstalks linear, channelled ; flower-stalk pani. cled ; capsule superior. Leaves in tufts, numerous, spreading on lonj stalks: flowers small, with a reddish calyx, the petals cream-coloured, purplish at the base, with a yellow spot in the middle of the disk Perennial : flowers in June : grows on mountains in the south of Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1561. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 261. 638. 2. S. hirsuta. Hairy Oval-leaved Saxifrage. Leaves roundish-oval, with sharp cartilaginous notches, slightly hairy, heart-shaped at the base, with linear footstalks, much longer than the leaves. Leaves longer than broad, deep-green : flowers panicled, the petals oblong, yellowish, dotted with purple. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on mountain? in Ireland : rare. Eiig. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2322. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 262. 639. 3. S. umbrosa. London Pride. None-so-pretty. Leaves inversely eo-g-shaped, smooth, with cartilaginous acutely crenate margins ; scape panicled ; capsule superior. Stalk from six to ten inches high : panicle branched : petals pale flesh-coloured, yellow near the base, spotted with crimson on the disc : capsule and calyx reddish. Peren- nial: flowers in June: grows abundantly in mountainous situations in the south and west of Ireland. Eiig. Bot. vol. x. pi. 663. Eng. FL vol.ii. p. 263. 640. 4. S. stelldris. Starry Saxifrage. Leaves oblong, inclining to wedge- shaped, coarsely serrate, tapering and entire at the base ; panicle co- rymbose, few-floweved ; capsule superior. Stalks about four inches high : flowers while, with two yellow spots at the base of the petals. Perennial : flowers in June : grows by rills, towards the summit of high mountains : not rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 167. Eng, FL vol. ii. p. 265. 641. 5. S. nivdlis. Clustered Alpine Saxifrage. Leaves inversely egg- shaped, serrate, tapering, and entire at the base ; cluster dense, few- flowered ; capsule half-inferior. This species has great resemblance to the last, but is shorter and stouter : petals white, with two pale-green spots. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in clefts of rocks on the summits of the higher mountains of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 440. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 265. 642. ** Stem leafy. Leaves undivided. 6. S. oppositfolia. Ptirple Saxfrage. Leaves egg-shaped, opposite, fringed, imbricated ; floAvers solitary, terminal. Stems numerous, prostrate : flowers large, with purplish-red petals. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in moist rocky places on high mountains : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 9. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 266. 643. 7. S. Hirculus. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage. Leaves lance-shaped, al- ternate, naked ; calyx reflected, obtuse, fringed; capsule superior. Stems simple, from four to eight inches high: flowers terminal, usually two or three, with deep-yellow petals, dotted with red. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in bogs in the north of England and south of Scotland : very rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1009. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 267. ' 644. 8. S. aizoides. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. Leaves alternate, linear, fringed ; stem decumbent at the base ; capsule half-superior. Stems decumbent at the base, then erect, from four to eight inches long, with a CL. X.] DECANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 197 terminal panicle of yellow flowers, sprinkled with red dots. Perennial : flowers in July, August, and September : prrows by rills in mountainous situations: common in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 39. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 268. Don in Lin. Tr, vol. xiii. p. 375. 645. *** Stem leafy. Leaves lobed. 9. S. granuldta. White Meadow Saxifrage. Leaves kidney-shaped, lobed ; stem panicled ; root granulated ; germen half-inferior.— —Stem about a foot high : petals white, without spots. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in meadows and pastures : not uncommon. Eiig. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 500. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 270. 646. 10. S. cit'nua. Drooping Bulbous Saxifrage. Leaves somewhat palmate, stalked ; stem simple, one-flowered, with axillar bulbs ; germen superior. Roots scaly : stem from four to eight inches high : flower white, on a terminal downy stalk. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on dry rocks on the highest mountains of Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 664. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 270. 647. 11. S. rivuldris. Alpine Brook Saxifrage. Leaves palmate, stalked, the uppermost spathulate ; stem few-flowered ; root fibrous ; germen half- inferior. Leaves with five or three lobes : stem about two inches high, with a few small white flowers. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows by rivulets on several of the higher mountains of Scot- land, Ben Nevis, Ben Lawers, Loch-na-gar, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2275. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 271. 648. 12. S. tridactylites. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. Leaves wedge-shaped, three or five-cleft, the uppermost undivided ; stem panicled ; stalks single- flowered, alternate ; germen inferior. Downy and glutinous, turning red after flowering : stem erect, three or four inches high : flowers small, white. Annual : flowers in April and May : grows on walls, roofs, and dry bare ground : frequent Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 501. Fug. Fl. vol. ii. p. 271. 649. 13. 5. ccEspitusa. Tufted Alpine Saxifrage. Root- leaves crowded, three or five-cleft, obtuse, fringed, the lowermost undivided ; stem erect, few-flowered ; calyx obtuse ; petals rounded, three-nerved ; germen half- inferior. This species varies greatly in luxuriance, the number of flowers, and the degree of hairiness : petals white, with green nerves. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on the highest mountains of Wales and Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 794. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 274. 650. 14. 5. hypnoides. Mossy Saxifrage. Ladies^ Cushion. Root-leaves three or five-cleft, the others undivided or three-cleft, all bristle-pointed and fringed ; segments of the calyx egg-shaped, pointed ; petals inversely egg-shaped. Stem four or five inches high, terminating in a corymbose panicle of from three to five flowers : petals white, triple-ribbed. Peren- nial : flowers in May and June : grows on rocky mountains in Scotland, the north of England, and Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 454. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 277. To this variable species are now generally referred nine varieties described as so many species in the former editions of the present work, in this respect following Sir J. E. Smith in his Eng. Fl., and Mr. Don in Lin. Trans, vol. xiii., where they will be found described. Figures of all of them may be seen in Eng. Bot. 651. 15. S. pedatifida. Web foot-leaved Saxifrage. Root-leaves kidney- 198 DECANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [^CL. X. shaped, divided in a pedate manner into seven lobes ; panicle cymose, many-flowered ; calyx superior, with narrow lance-shaped segments. Stems about six inches high, panicled at the top: flowers white, small, erect. Perennial : flowers in May : said to have been found on the mountains of Clova, in Angus-shire, by the late Mr. Don, but gathered by no one else. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2278. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 280. 652. 8. SCLERAN'THUS. Knawel. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, with five shallow acute clefts, permanent, contracted at the neck. Corolla none. Fila- ments from five to ten, awl-shaped, erect ; anthers roundish, two- lobed. Germen superior, roundish. Styles thread-shaped, spread- ing, as long as the stamens ; stigmas simple, downy. Capsule egg- shaped, one-celled. Seeds two, convex on one side, flat on the other. — Named from scleras, hard, and anthos, a flower. 227. 1. S. dnnuus. Annual Knawel. Calyx of the fruit with acute spread- ing segments ; stems spreading. Roots small, tapering : stems nume- rous, branched, and many-flowered above : leaves linear, acute, united at the base by a membranous fringed border : flowers small, green. Annual : flowers in July : grows in dry fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 351. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 282. 653. 2. S. pertnnis. Perennial Knawel. Calyx of the fruit with obtuse converging segments ; stems procumbent. Root woody, branched : stems numerous, decumbent or prostrate, three or four inches long : leaves linear, tapering. Perennial : flowers in the autumnal months : grows in open dry fields. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 352. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 283. 654. 9. SAPONA'RIA. Soap-wort. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, with five teeth, permanent. Petals five, with narrow angular claws, as long as the calyx, the limb flat, dilated towards the end. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers oblong, obtuse. Germen nearly cylindrical. Styles two, erect, parallel, as long as the stamens ; stigmas acute, downy. Capsule oblong, one-celled, concealed in the calyx. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Named from sapo, soap. 228. 1. S. officindlis. Common Soap-wort. Calyx cylindrical, leaves spear- shaped, inclining to elliptical. A nearly smooth, somewhat succulent plant: stems about eighteen inches high, panicled in the upper part: flowers erect, flesh-coloured or white. The whole plant is bitter. When bruised and agitated in water, it raises a lather like soap, which washes greasy spots out of clothes. Perennial : flowers in August and Sep- tember : grows in meadows and in shady places, but is not indigenous. Eug. Bot. vol. XV. pi. 1060. Eng. Fl.voL ii. p. 284. 655. 10. DIA'NTHUS. Pink. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, cylindrical, striated, permanent, with five teeth at the mouth, and two or more pairs of opposite imbricated scales at the base. Petals five, their claws as long as the calyx, narrow and angular j the limbs flat, dilated towards CL. X.] DECANDRIA — TRIGYNIA. 199 the end, obtuse, variously notched. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx, spreading at the top; anthers oblong, com- pressed. Germen oval. Styles two, awl-shaped, longer than the stamens; stigmas revolute, tapering. Capsule cylindrical, one- celled, opening with four teeth. Seeds numerous, roundish, com- pressed.— Name anthos, flower, Dios, of Jupiter. 229, 1. D. Armtria. Deptford Pink. Flowers aggregate; scales of the calyx lance-shaped, downy, as long as the tube. — • — ■Stem about a foot high, corynibose above : flowers small, speckled pink and vvhite. An- nual : flowers in July and August : grows in pastures and hedges : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 317. E7ig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 286. 656. 2. D. protifer. Proliferous Pink. Flowers aggregate ; scales of the calyx egg-shaped, blunt, longer than the tube. Stem erect, simple, from three to twelve inches high : flowers red, scentless. Annual : flowers in July : grows in sandy pastures, in England : rare. Selsey Island, Sussex ; near Norwich ; in a marl-pit at Sandridge Hill, Hanley Castle, Worcestershire. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 956. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 286. 657. 3. D. Caryophy'llus. Clove Pink. Flowers solitary ; scales of the calyx almost rhomboidal, very short, petals irregularly toothed. Stem panicled : leaves linear, channelled: flowers pale flesh-coloured. Perennial: flowers in June and July: naturalized on old walls, in various parts of England. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 214. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 287. 658. 4. D. deltoides. Maiden Pink. Flowers solitary ; scales of the calyx two, broadly lance-shaped, acute, with membranous margins ; leaves bluntish, rough on the margm ; petals notched, smooth. Stems nu- merous, decumbent, matted, when in flower ascending, six or eight inches long: flowers pale ro>e-colour, with a circle of deep-coloured dots at the mouth. Perennial : flowers from July to October : grows in dry hilly banks and pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 61. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 288. 659. 5. D.cce'sius. Mountain Pink. Stems single-flowered ; scales of the calyx short, roundish : leaves rough at the edges ; petals irregularly toothed. Stems from four to six inches high, four-cornered : flowers pale rose-coloured, fragrant. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on Cheddar Rocks, Somersetshire. Eno-. Bot. vol. i. pi. 62. Eng. F I. vol. 'i\. p. 288. 660. TRIGYNIA. 11. SILE'NE. Catchfly. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, with five teeth, permanent. Petals five ; claws narrow, as long as the calyx, bordered ; limb flat, frcquently cleft, either naked at the base, or furnished with two teeth. Filaments awl-shaped, five alternate ones attached to the petals, and later than the rest ; anthers oblong. Germen cylindrical or egg- shaped. Styles three, longer than the stamens; stigmas oblong, oblique, downy on the upper side. Capsule egg- 200 DECANDRIA — TRIGYNIA. fCL. X. shaped, covered by the calyx, imperfectly three-celled, opening at the top with six teeth. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped.— Named from sialoriy saliva. 230. • Flowers lateral, solitary. 1. S.Anglica. English Catchjiy. Hairy and clammy; flowers late- ral, alternate, erect; the lower capsules bent back. Stem branched, spreading : leaves lance-shaped : flowers erect, with small, white, cleft petals. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in cultivated fields. Eng. Bat. vol. xvii. pi. 1178. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 291. 661. 2. S, quinquevulnera. Variegated Catchjiy. Hairy ; flowers lateral, alternate, erect ; capsules erect. Less hairy and less clammy than the preceding : petals not notched, their limb white, with a blood-red spot at the base. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy corn-fields, in England, but not wild : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 86. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 292. 662. ** Stem forked, with panicled branches. 3. 5. infidta. Bladder Campion. White Bottle. Flowers in panicles, drooping \ petals cleft half-way down ; calyx smooth, inflated, reticu- lated ; stem erect ; leaves egg-shaped, acute, glaucous. Stem two or three feet high : calyx pale or purplish, beautifully reticulated with veins : petals white. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in fields and pastures, and among rubbish : common. The boiled leaves taste like peas. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 164: Cucuhalus Behen. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 292. 663. 4. S. maritima. Sea Campion. Flowers in panicles, or solitary ; petals cleft, each with a cleft acute scale ; calyx smooth, inflated, reticulated ; stem recumbent ; leaves lance-shaped. Stems procumbent at the base, about afoot long: calyx purplish, beautifully reticulated : petals white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-shore above water-mark, and by alpine torrents : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 957. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 293. 664. *** Stem and branches forked, leafy. 5. S. cdnica. Striated Corn Catchfiy. Stem forked; petals cleft; calyx when in fruit conical, with thirty furrows ; leaves softly downy. Stem erect, repeatedly forked, downy: flowers from the forks of the stem, stalked, erect, fragrant in the evening : petals small : the limb red, deeply cleft : scale deeply divided. Annual : flowers in July : grows in sandy fields in England: rare. Haddingtonshire, Scotland. Eng. £ot. vol. xiii. pi. 922. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 294. 665. 6. 5. noctiflora. 'Night-flowering Catchfiy. Stem forked ; petals cleft ; calyx with ten hairy ribs ; its teeth linear, almost as long as the tube. — —'Stem erect, round, spreading, from one to two feet high : flowers solitary, from the forks of the stem, sweet-scented during the night : pe- tals vnth a deeply cleft, pale rose-coloured limb, and blunt cleft scale. Annual : flowers in July : grows in sandy fields in England : rare. Haddingtonshire, Scotland. F-ng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 291. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 295. 666. *♦** Stem panicled, imperfectly forked. 7. S. nutans. Nottingham Catchfiy. Panicle with drooping flowers pointing one way ; petals deeply cleft, with linear segments and an acute CL. X.J DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 201 cleft scale ; leaves lance-shaped, downy. Stem about a foot and a half high, recumbent at the base, erect, simple, round, downy, the three upper joints beset with clammy hairs : flowers white, sweet-scented in the evening. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on rocks and walls, and in hilly pastures. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 465. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 296. 667. 8. 5. Itdlica. Italian Catchjiy. Panicle nearly erect ; petals deeply cleft, with broad segments and without a scale ; leaves downy. Whole plant downy, the panicles slightly clammy : flowers white. Pe- rennial : flowers in June and Julv: found by iMr. Peete on Dover Cliffs. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2748. Brit.yi. 4th ed. p. 179. 668. 9. S. Otites. Spanish Catchjiy. Panicle with somewhat whorled, erect branches ; flowers dioecious ; petals linear, undivided, destitute of scale ; leaves spathulate. roughish. Stem erect, from one to two feet hio^h, round, clammy about the middle of the upper joint belovv the panicle : flowers pale-green. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in dry sandv fields, in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 85. Cucuhalas Otites. £h^. F/. vol. ii. p. 298. 669. ***** Stem single-Jiowered. 10. S. acudlis. Moss Campion. Stems tufted ; leaves linear, acute, fringed at the base ; stalks terminal, solitary, single-flowered ; petals slightly notched, crowned. Grows in dense tufts and patches towards the summits of the Highland mountains, as well as on those of Wales : flowers rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and Julv. Eng. £ot. vol.xvi. pi. 1081. En^. n.vol.ii. p.299. "' 670. 11. STELLA'RIA. Stitchwort. Calyx inferior, of five broadly lance-shaped, acute, spreading, permanent leaves. Petals five, deeply cleft, spreading, oblong, withering. Filaments thread-shaped, shorter than the petals, the five alternate ones shorter ; anthers roundish. Five notched glandular nectaries at the base of the stamens. Germen roundish. Styles three, hair-like, spreading; stigmas obtuse, downy. Cap- sule egg-shaped, one-celled, six-valved, covered by the calyx. Seeds numerous, roundish, compressed. — Name from stella., a star. 231. 1. S. nemorum. Wood Stitchwort. Lower leaves heart-shaped, stalked ; upper egg-shaped, sessile ; panicle repeatedly forked. Stems round, lax, very brittle, about a foot high : leaves pale-green, tender : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in moist woods, in the north of England and in Scotland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 92. £«^. jp/. vol. ii. p, 300. 671. 2. S, mtdia. Common Chichweed, or Stitchwort. Leaves egg-shaped ; stems procumbent, with a hairy alternating line on one side ; stamens varying from three to ten. Stem much branched, spreading, brittle : flowers small, with white petals : stamens three, five, or ten. Poultry and small birds eat the seeds and even the whole plant. Annual : flowers during the whole year: grows every where in waste and culti- vated ground. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 537. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 301. 672. 3. S. holostea. Greater Stitchwort. Leaves lance-shaped, bristle-ser- S 202 DECANDRIA TRIGfYNIA. [^CL. X- rate ; petals inversely heart-shaped ; calyx ribless, much shorter than the petals. Stems from one to two feet high, very slender and decum- bent at the base, square, erect, panicled at the top : flowers large, pure white. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and hedges: commono Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 511. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 301. 673. 4. iS. graminea. Lesser Stitchwort. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, not serrate; panicle terminal, spreading; calyx three- ribbed, nearly as long as the petals. Stems very weak and brittle. supporting themselves by the surrounding plants, from one to three feet long : flowers with white petals. Perennial : flowers in ]May, June, and July: grows in grassy or bushy places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii, pi. 803. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 302. 674. 5. S. gJauca. Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, not serrate, glaucous; flowers upon long solitary axil- lar stalks ; calyx three-ribbed, half as long as the petals. Intermediate between S. holoitea and S. graminea, but easily distinguished from either : stem about a foot high. Perennial : grows in marshy places: flowers in June and July. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 825. Etig. Ft. vol. ii. p. 303- 675. 6. 5. ultgbwsa. Bog Siitchtcort. Leaves between lance-shaped and elliptical, entire, with the tip callous ; flowers irregularly panicled^ lateral or terminal ; petals shorter than the calyx. -Smooth, pale, and somewhat glaucous : stems weak, square, about a foot high : flowers- small, white. Annual : flowers in June : grows in rivulets, ditches, and bogev places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1074. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 303. 676. 7. S. scapigera. Many -stalked Stitchwort. Leaves between lance- shaped and linear, rough on the margin ; stem shorter than the flower- stalks ; leaves of the calyx three-ribbed, as long as the petals. Stem erect, very short, angular : leaves crowded : flowers small, white. Pe- rennial : flowers in June : said to have been found on the higher moun- tains of Scotland, by the late Mr. Don. No other botanist has found it in Britain. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1269. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 304. 677. 8. S. cerastoides. Alpine Stitchwort. Leaves between oblong and el- liptical, bluntish, smooth; stems two-flowered, with a lateral hairy line; flower-stalks downy ; leaves of the calyx with a single downy rib. Stems spreading, three or four inches long : flowers erect, terminal : petals nearly twice the length of the calyx, cleft nearly half-way down. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on Ben Nevis, Ben-na-muic-dui,, Loch-na-gar, and other hish mountains in Scotland. E)ig. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 911. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 305. 678. 12. ARENA'RIA. SANrnvoRx. Calyx inferior, of five oblong, pointed, permanent leaves. Pe- tals five, egg-shaped, or lance-sliaped, undivided, withering. Nec- taries five or ten glands at the base of the stamens. Filaments awl-shaped, five rather shorter; anthers roundish. Germen egg- shaped, superior. Styles three, short, spreading 5 stigmas downy. Capsule egg-shaped, covered by the calyx and corolla, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, kidney -shaped. — Named from arena^ sand. 232. CL. X,] DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA, 203 * No stipules. 1. A. pepbides. Sea Sandicort. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, fleshy; leaves of the calyx obtuse, ribless. Root extensively creeping. The whole plant smooth and succulent, with inconspicuous white flowers. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows abundantly on the sea- coast in sandy and gravelly places. Eng, BoU vol. iii. pi. 189. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 306. 679. 2. A. trintrvis. Flantain-lewved Sanduoi't. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, three-ribbed, stalked ; leaves of the calyx obscurely three-ribbed, with a rough keel. Root small, tapering : stems weak, branching, about a foot high : leaves fringed, pale : flowers small, white. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and moist hedges: common. Eng. Bat. vol. xsi. pi. 1483. Eng. El. vol. ii. p. 307. 680. 3. A. serpyllifolia. Thiime-leaved Sandwort. Leaves egg-shaped, nearly sessile, rough ; leaves of the calyx hairy, the three outer flve- ribbed. Stems spreading, forked in the upper part, round, rough with short hairs : flowers small, white, solitary, from the forks of the stem. Annual : flowers in July : grows on walls and in sandy and waste places; common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 923. Eng. El, vol. ii. p. 307. 681. 4. A. cilidta. Fringed Sandwort. Leaves spathulate, somewhat rough, fringed ; stems procumbent, much branched, downy ; calyx half the length of the corolla, lance-shaped, acute, ribbed. Perennial: flowers in August and September: grows on mountains in Ireland : rare. Found by Mr. Mackay in Sligo. Eng. Bot. pi. 1745. Brit. EL 4th ed. p. 182. 682. 5. A. Norvtgica. Norwegian Sandwort. Leaves spathulate, fleshy, glabrous; stems procumbent, much branched, fleshy, glabrous; calyx half the length of the corolla, egg-shaped, acute, ribbed. Perennial : flowers in July: discovered by Mr. Thomas Edraonstone, Jun. a young botanist then only eleven years of age. Brit. El. 4th ed. p. 182. 683. 6. A. tennifolia. Fine-leaved Sandwort. Leaves awl-shaped, pointed ; stem panicled ; capsules erect; petals lance-shaped, shorter than the calyx. Stems as in the last, about eight inches high : flowers very small, white. Annual: flowers in June: grows in dry fields and on walls: not common. Eng. Bot. \o\. i\\ pi. 219. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 308. 684. 7. A. vtrna. Vernal Saiidwort. Leaves awl-shaped, bluntish ; stem panicled: leaves of the calyx three-ribbed, longer than the petals. Stems numerous, ascending, three or Tour inches long : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in hilly pastures: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 512. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 309. 685. 8. A. rubella. Little Red Sandwort. Leaves awl-shaped, bluntish ; stems one-flowered ; leaves of the calyx with three equal ribs, longer than the petals. Stems very numerous, two or three inches high : petals reddish. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on the highest mountains in the north of Scotland : very rare. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 310. 686. 9. A. fastigidta. Level-topped Sandwort. Leaves awl-shaped; stem erect, straight, corymbose ; petals very short ; lateral ribs of the calyx dilated. Stems four or five inches high: flowers in crowded pani- cles : petals white, much shorter than the calvx. Annual : flowers in June: found on rocks on the mountains of Angus-shire and Fifeshire. 204 DECANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. []CL. X. by Mr. G. Don. Eng. But. vol. xxv. pi. 1744. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 310. 687. ** Stipules membranous. 10. A. rubra. Furple Sandwort. Leaves linear, bristle-pointed ; sti- pules membranous, sheathing; seeds compressed, angular, roughish. Stems numerous, prostrate, branched, hairy towards the extremity : leaves opposite : flowers from the forks of the stem : calyx clammy, ribless, longer than the pale-purple petals. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in sandy fields and waste places: not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 852. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 311. 688. 11. A. marina. Sea Sandwort. Leaves semi-cylindrical, fleshy, point- less ; stipules membranous, sheathing; seeds compressed, bordered, smoothish. Stems numerous, decumbent at the base: flowers rather large, with pale-purple petals. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows on the sea-shore : frequent. Probably a variety of the preceding. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 958. £»^. Fl. vol. li. p. 312. 689. 13. CHERLE'RIA. Chekleria. Calyx inferior, of five lance-shaped, equal, permanent leaves. Petals none. Nectaries five minute glands, at the base of five of the stamens. Filaments awl-shaped 5 anthers roundish. Ger- men oval, superior. Styles three, short ; stigmas obtuse. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, angular. — Named after Joh?i Heiiri/ Cherler, a botanist. 233. 1. C. sedoides. Roots crowded ; stems tufted ; leaves oblong, keeled, minutely fringed, pale-green ; flowers yellowish-green. Roots densely crowded, bearing close tufts of stems, which, with the slender leaves, form a thick mass of short verdure. Perennial : flowers in July: grows near the summits of the higher mountains of Scotland. Eng. Bot, vol. xvii. pi. 1212. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 313. 690. PENTAGYNIA. 14. COTYLE'DON. Navelwort. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with five acute segments. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, five-cleft. Nectaries a concave scale at the base of each germen. Filaments awl-shaped, straight, nearly as long as the corolla; anthers roundish, two-lobed, Germens five, oblong, each terminating in an awl-shaped style, which is shorter than the corolla; stigmas simple. Capsules five, oblong, pointed, one-valved. Seeds numerous, small.— Named from cotylc^ a cup. 234. 1. C. Umbilicus. Common Navelwort. Leaves peltate, crenate ; flowers clustered, drooping ; bracteas entire ; root tuberous. Stem about six inches high, purplish : flowers pale-yellow. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows on rocks and old walls : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 325. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 314. 691. CL. X.] BECANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. 205 15. SE'DUM. Stonecrop. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute, per- manent segments. Petals five, lance-shaped, spreading. Nec- taries a minute notched scale at the base of each germen. Fila- ments awl-shaped, spreading, as long as the petals; anthers roundish. Germens five, oblong, each tapering into a short style. Stigmas bluntish. Capsules five, compressed, pointed. Seeds numerous, minute. — Named from scdoy to sit, the plant sitting as it were on the rocks. 235. * Leaves JI at, 1. S. Telcphium. Orpine, or Live-long. Leaves egg-shaped, flattish, serrate ; corymbs leafy ; stem erect. Stems two feet high : leaves fleshy: flowers deep-red. Perennial: flowers in August: grows in the borders of fields, in hedge?, and among rubbish : frequent. Eng. Bot, vol. xix. pi. 1319. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 316. 692. ** Leaves rounded, attached by the base. 2. S. dasirphy'Unm. Thick-leaved White Stonecrop. Leaves egg-shaped, obtuse, fleshy; stems weak; panicles clammy. Root fibrous, small: stems three or four inches high, rooting at the lower part : lower leaves crowded, opposite ; upper scattered: petals white, with a red line in the middle. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on walls and rocks: not common. Eng. Bot. vol.x. pi. 656. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 317. 693. 3. S. album. White Stonecrop. Leaves oblong, cylindrical, obtuse, spreading, smooth ; panicle much branched, cymose. Root fibrous, creeping : stems erect, four or five inches high, round, purplish : flowers numerous, with white petals. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on rocks, walls and roofs: not common. En^. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1578. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 320. 694. 4. iS. villosiim. Hairy Stonecrop. Leaves oblong, flattened, slightly hairy, as well as the flower-stalks ; stem erect. Root fibrous, small : stem from three to six inches high, spotted with red : leaves scattered : flowers rose-coloured, or white, with a red central line. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in most pastures in Scotland and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 394. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 319. 695. *** Leaves rounded ; spurred at the base. 5. S. ^nglicum. White English Stonecrop. Leaves egg-shaped, thick, alternate ; cyme of two branches. Root fibrous : stems from two to four inches high : flowers white, spotted with red. Annual : flowers in July : grows in dry sterile places and on rocks; common in Scotland and Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 171. E7ig. FL vol. ii. p. 317. '696. 6. S. acre. Biting Stoneo^op. Wall Pepper. Leaves egg-shaped, thick, tumid, alternate"; cyme of the branches leafy. Root fibrous : stems much branched, two or three inches high : flowers greenish-yellow. The whole plant is intensely acrid, but the acrimony is not perceived until it has been chewed for a little while : it is said to be useful in scrofula. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on rocks and walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 839. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 318. 697. 7. S. sexanguldre. Insipid Yellow Stonecrop. Leaves nearly cylindri- cal, obtuse, fleshy in six or seven rows ; cvme of three branches. S2 206 DECANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. QcL. X. Root fibrous : stems branched, from two to five inches high : flowers yellow : larger than the last, and insipid. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on walls in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1946. Eng. F/. vol. ii. p.318. 698. 8. S. rejiexum. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop. Leaves awl-shaped, scat- tered, the lower recurved ; flowers cymose ; segments of the calyx egg-shaped. Root fibrous: stems rooting at the lower part: leaves tapering to a bristly point: flov/ers bright-yellow, numerous. Peren- nial: flowers in July: grows on walls and roofs: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pl.l578. Eh^. PL vol. ii. p. 320. 699. 9. S. glaucum. Glaucous Yellow Stonecrop. Leaves awl-shaped, scat- tered, glaucous, those of the branches thread-shaped ; flowers cymose ; segments of the calyx lance-shaped. Differs from the last in having more slender leaves and a more glaucous colour. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on walls and sandy ground : rare. Eng. Bot, vol. XXXV. pi. 2477. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 321. 700. 10. S. ruptstre. Bristol Stonecrop, Leaves glaucous, those of the branches awl-shaped, erect, in five rows; flowers cymose; segments of the calyx elliptical. Flowers yellow. Perennial : flowers in July ; found on St. Vincent's Rocks at Bristol, and a few other places in England. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 170. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 322. 701. 11. S, Forsteridnum. Welsh Rock Stonecrop. Leaves of the branches semi-cylindrical, bluntish, pointed in many rows; flowers cymose; seg- ments of the calyx elliptical, obtuse. Flowers yellow. Perennial: flowers in July: grows on rocks in Wales: rare. Eng. Bof. vol. xxvi. pi. 1802. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 322. 702. 16. O'XALIS. WoOD-SoRREL. Calyx inferior, deeply divided into five acute, permanent seg- ments. Petals five, much longer than the calyx, obtuse, con- nected laterally by their claws. Filaments hair-like, erect, the five outer shorter; anthers roundish. Germen superior, oblong, five-cornered. Styles five, thread-shaped ; stigmas obtuse, downy. Capsule membranous, five-cornered, five-celled. Seeds roundish, polished. — Named from o.t?/s, acid. 236. 1. 0. Acelosella. Common Wood-Sorrel. Leaves all radical, ternate, inversely heart-shaped, hairy ; scape single-flowered ; root scaly. Leaflets bright-green, often purplish beneath : bracteas two, opposite : petals white, streaked with purplish veins : the whole plant is intensely acid. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and shady places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 762. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 323. 703. 2. 0. corniculata. Yellow Procumbent Wood-Sorrel. Stem branched, procumbent ; flowers in small umbels ; stipules united to the base of the flower-stalks. Root fibrous: stem spreading on the ground, often rooting : petals yellow, strongly combined. Annual : flowers from May to October: grows in shady waste srround in the south of England: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1726. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 325. 704. 17. AGROSTE'MMA. Cockle. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, leathery, strongly ribbed, five-toothed, permanent. Petals fivej the claws as long as the CL. X.] DECANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. 207 tube of the calyx, the border spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, five shorter; anthers oblong, notched. Germen superior, egg- shaped. Styles thread-like, erect, as long as the stamens; stigmas slender, downy. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, five-valved. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, granulated, stalked. — Name, agrou stemmay crown of the field. 237. 1. A. Githdgo. Corn Cockle. Teeth of the calyx rising- above the corolla ; petals undivided, without teeth. Stem from two to three feet high, covered with white hairs : leaves sessile, narrow lance-shaped : flowers large, with purple petals. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows among wheat : a troublesome weed. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 741. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 325. 705, 18. LY'CHNIS. Lychnis. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, oblong, membranous, ribbed, five- toothed, permanent. Petals five; the claws as long as the tube of the calyx, the border spreading. Filaments longer than the calyx, five of them later than the rest ; anthers oblong. Germen supe- rior, nearly egg-shaped. Styles five, sometimes three or four, awl- shaped, longer than the stamens ; stigmas downy, reflected. Capsule egg-shaped, one-, three-, or five-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish, roughish. — Name from It/chuos, a lamp. 238. 1. L. Flos-CucuU. Ragged Robin. Meadoiv Lychnis. Petals divided into four linear segments ; capsule nearly globular, one-celled ; stem rough with deflected bristles. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, furrowed, the upper part clammy : leaves lance-shaped : panicle ter- minal, forked, clammy: flowers rose-coloured: calyx purplish-red, the ribs darker. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in moist meadows : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 573. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 326. 706. 2. L. Viscdria. Bed German Catch-fly. Rock Lychnis. Petals slightly cleft; capsule five-celled, stalked; leaves fringed at the base. Stems a foot high, round, smooth, clammy on the upper part : leaves narrow lance-shaped, with a slight woolly fringe at the base : petals rose-coloured, veined. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in rocky places : not frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 788. Eng.Fl vol ii p. 327. 707. 3. L. alpina. Red Alpine Campion. Flowers densely corymbose; capsule five-celled, stalked ; leaves narrow lance-shaped, naked at the base. -Stem nearly a foot high, not clammy : flowers rose-coloured : the petals cleft, with two small protuberances at the base of the limb. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on rocks near the summits of the Clova mountains. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2254. Eno; Fl. vol ii p. 328. 708.' 4. L. sylvtstris. Red Campion. Wood Lychnis. Flowers dioecious • petals cleft, crowned with four teeth ; capsule one-celled, roundish ; leaves egg-shaped, acute. Stem from one to two feet high, slightly clammy : panicle terminal, many-flowered : petals thin, bright rose- coloured. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods, hedges, and shady waste places : common. Eng. Bot, vol. xxii. pi. 1579. L. dioica, var. a. Eiig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 328. 709. 208 DECANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. []cL. X. 5. L. vespertina. White Campion. Com Lychnis. Flowers dioecious ; petals cleft, crowned with four teeth ; capsule one-celled, conical ; leaves between oblong and lance-shaped. Stem from eighteen inches to three feet high : panicle terminal, many-flowered ; petals somewhat leathery, white. The flowers emit a pleasant odour in the evening. This and the preceding are considered by most botanists as forming only one species. Perennial: flowers from June to September: grows in corn-fields and waste places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1583. L. dioica, var. a. Eng. FL vol.ii. p. 328. 710. 19. CERA'STIUM. Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, acute, permanent leaves, membranous at the edges. Petals five, divided, obtuse, about the length of the calyx. Filaments thread-like, generally ten, some- times five or fourj alternate one shorter j anthers roundish, two- lobed. Germen egg-shaped, superior, sessile. Styles five, rarely four only, short ; stigma bluntish, downy. Capsule thin, egg- shaped or cylindrical, one-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish, rough. — Name from ceras, a horn, on account of the curved cap- sules of some species. 239, 1. C. vulgdtum. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves egg- shaped, hairy ; petals as long as the calyx ; flowers longer than their stalks. Root fibrous, small : stems numerous, from four to six inches long: leaves and stems hairy and pale-green: capsule twice as long as the calyx, cylindrical. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows in fields and waste ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 789. Eng. F/. vol. ii. p. 330. 711. 2. C. vhcosum. Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves be- tween oblong and lance-shaped, hairy ; flowers shorter than their stalks. Roots fibrous, small : stems numerous, from four to ei^ht inches long : leaves and stems hairy, dark-green, and clammy. Perennial : flowers durincr the summer months : grows in fields and waste grounds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 790. Eng. FL vol. h. p. 331. 712. 3. C. semidtcandrum. Small Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves egg- shaped, inclining to oblong ; petals slightly cleft ; stamens five. Stem generally branched, spreading at the base, three or four inches high : leaves and stems hairy, very clammy, and generally covered with particles of sand and dust. Annual : flowers in April and May : grows in sandy ground, and on walls: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1630. Eh^. F/. vol.ii. p. 331. 713. 4. C. tetrdndrum. Tetrandrous Mouse-ear Chick-iceed, Leaves broadly elliptical ; petals four, inversely heart-shaped, shorter than the four-leaved calyx ; stamens four. Stems procumbent, from two to five inches long, forked : flower-stalks nearly thrice the length of the calvx : the whole plant hairy and somewhat clammy. Annual : fiovi'ers in iViay and June: grows in sandy pastures and waste grounds, and on walls: common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 166 : Sai^itia cerastoides. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 332. ' 714. 5. C. arvtnse. Field Mouse-ear Chick-ueed. Leaves narrow lance- shaped, fiinged at the base; petals twice the length of the calyx. CL. X.] DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. 209 Roots creeping : stems numerous, covered with fine deflected hairs, from four inches to a foot high : leaves and stem hairy : panicles few-flowered : petals large, white. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in fields and dry gravelly pastures. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 93. Eiig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 333. 715. 6. C. alpinum. Alpine Mouse-ear Chick-ueed. Leaves elliptical, covered with long silky hairs, or nearly smooth ; panicle few-flowered ; capsule oblong, recurved. Root creeping : stems three or four inches high, generally hairy : petals inversely heart-shaped, much longer than the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 472. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 334. 716. 7. C. latifolium. Broad-leaved Alpine Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves betweeen egg-shaped and elliptical, rough, with short bristly hairs; flowers terminal, generally solitary ; capsule egg-shaped at the base. Stems three or four inches high, and, together with the leaves, covered with short, stiff hairs : capsule straight : petals inversely heart- shaped, much longer than the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 473. £ng. F^ vol. ii. p. 234. 717. 8. C. aqudticum. Water Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves heart- shaped, sessile ; flowers solitary ; capsules drooping ; petals deeply di- vided. Root creeping : stems weak, two feet long, branched, covered, as well as the leaves, with long hairs, and clammy at the upper part : petals about the same length as the calyx, white. Perennial : flowers in July : grows by the sides of rivers and ditches: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 538. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 335. 718. 20. SPE'RGULA. Spurrey. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, obtuse, permanent leaves, membranous at the edges. Petals five, egg-shaped, larger than the leaves of the calyx, undivided. Filaments ten, sometimes five, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla j anthers roundish, tvvo-lobed. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Styles short, slender, spreading ; stigmas downy. Capsule egg-shaped, membranous, one-celled, five-valved. Seeds roundish, compressed. — Name from spargOy to scatter, the seeds being widely spread when the capsule bursts. 240. 1. S. arvensis. Corn Spurrey. Leaves in whorls; stalks of the fruit reflected. Root small, tapering : stem from six inches to a foot high, branched, swelling at the joints, hairy and clammy : leaves linear : stipules in pairs under each whorl : flowers in terminal panicles : petals white : seeds with a membranous border. Annual : flowers in June and July: grows in corn-fields: abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1536. £«^. F/. vol. ii. p. 337. 719. 2. S. nodosa. Knotted Spurrey. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped, smooth, united at the base, the upper ones clustered ; petals much longer than the calyx. The whole plant smooth : stems decumbent or spreading, from three to six inches long, jointed : flowers large, white. PerenniaF: flowers in July and August : grows in wet places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 694. £n^. F/. vol.ii. p.338. ' 720. 210 DODECANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [Ch. XI. 3. S. saginoides. Smooth Awl-shaped Spurrey. Leaves awl-shaped, awnless, smooth ; flower-stalks solitary, smooth, much longer than the leaves. Root fibrous : the whole plant smooth : stems decumbent at the base, jointed : leaves united at the base : flowers white : seeds not bordered. Perennial: flowers in June : grows on the higher mountains in Scotland: frequent. Eng. Bat. vol. xxx. pi. 2105. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 339. 721. 4. S. subuldta. Fringed Awl-shaped Spurrey. Leaves opposite, awl- shaped, awned, fringed ; flower-stalks solitary, much longer than the leaves, slightly hairy, Leaves terminated by a long bristle: seeds encircled by a black line. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on sandy heaths : frequent. Perhaps a variety of the preceding. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1082. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 339. 722. Class XI. DODECANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Twelve Stamens. Order L MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. 1. A'SARUM. Corolla none. Calyx three-cleft, superior. Capsule six-celled. 2. LY'THRUM. Petals six. Calyx twelve-cleft, inferior. Order IL DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. 3. AGRIMO'NIA. Petals five. Calyx five-cleft. Seeds in the bottom of the hardened calyx. Order IIL TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils. 4. RE'SEDA. Petals in many segments. Capsule one-celled, gaping. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. Fo7ir Pistils. (Torrnentilla officinalis. CI. XII.) Order V. D0DECAGYNL4. Twelve Pistils. 5. SEMPERVrVUM. Petals twelve. Calyx with twelve divisions. Capsules twelve. DODECANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA . I. A'SARUM. ASARABACCA. Calyx superior, of one leaf, bell-shaped, leathery, coloured, per- manent, in three deep segments. Corolla none. Filaments awl- shaped, half the length of the calyx ; anthers adnate, of two round, separated cells. Germen inferior, turbinate. Style thick, furroveed, nearly as long as the stamens; stigma six-cleft, with recurved segments. Capsule leathery, six-celled, not bursting. Seeds several in each cell, inversely egg-shaped. — Named from a, CL. XI.] DODECANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 211 not, and seira, a band, because rejected from the garlands of the ancients. 241. 1. A. EuropcE'um. Common Asarabacca. Leaves two on each stem, kidney-shaped, obtuse. Roots creeping: stems very short, simple, round, each bearing two leaves, and a single flower, of a greenish-brown colour : filaments extending beyond the anthers. The powdered root acts as an emetic ; the powder of the leaves occasions a discharge from the nostrils, without much sneezing, and forms the base of cephalic snufFs. Perennial : flowers in iMay: grows in mountainous woods in the north of England, but is not a native plant. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1083. Erig. FL^vol. ii. p. 342. 723. 2. LY'IHRUjI. Purple Loose-strife. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, cylindrical, with twelve marginal divisions, alternately smaller and larger. Petals six, oblong, equal, with short claws inserted into tlie calyx. Filaments thread-like, shorter than the corolla, six alternate ones shorter ; anthers roundish, incumbent. Germen superior, oblong. Style thread- like, as long as the stamens, a little curved; stigma knobbed. Capsule oblong, membranous, two-celled, pointed, inclosed in the tube of the calyx. Seeds numerous, oblong, minute. — Name, lythron, blood, from the colour of the flowers, 242. L L. Salicdria. Spiked Purple Loose-strife. Leaves opposite, lance- shaped, heart-shaped at the base ; flowers in whorled leafy spikes, Stem erect, square, from two to four feet high : flowers purplish-red, forming a very beautiful showy spike : the whole plant is astringent. Pe- rennial : flowers in July and August: grows in watery places; frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. pi. Toei. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 343. 724. 2. L. hyssopifolium. Hyssop-leaved Purple Loose-strife. Grass-poly. Leaves alternate, narrow lance-shaped; flowers axillar, solitary; sta- mens six. Stems decumbent, one of them erect : flowers small, pale- purple. Annual: flowers in August: grows in watery places in Eng- land : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 292. Eng. FL vol. ii, p. 344. 725. DIGYNIA. 3. AGRIMO'NIA. Agrimony. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, permanent, with five small marginal segments. Petals five, flat, notched. Filaments hair- like, shorter than the corolla, varying in number; anthers small, two-lobed, compressed. Germens egg-shaped, compressed in the bottom of the calyx. Styles as long as the stamens, lateral; stigma obtuse, undivided. Seeds generally two, egg-shaped, compressed, pointed, smooth, inclosed in the hardened tube of the calyx. — Name corrupted from Argemone. ' 243. 1. A. Eupatoria. Common Agrimony. Stem-leaves pinnate, with ob- long leaflets, the terminal one stalked; calyx bristly; spikes elongated. Root tapering: stems from one to two feet high, generally simple: flowers very numerous, yellow, in a close tapering spike, with divided 212 DODECANDRIA — TRIGYNIA. QCL. XI. bracteas. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows by road-sides, and in hedges, and the margin of fields: common. This plant is slightly bitter, aromatic, and astringent, and was formerly in great repute for its medicinal properties. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1335. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 346. 726. TRIGYNIA. 4. RE'SEDA. Yellow Weed. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into several narrow, irregular, permanent segments. Petals three, four, five or six, unequal, deciduous, variously jagged. Nectary a flat, erect, per- manent coloured gland, between the uppermost petal and the sta- mens. Filaments variable in number, hair-like, drooping, short ; anthers oblong, erect. Germen superior, angular. Styles ter- minal, short; stigmas obtuse. Capsule pitcher-shaped, angular, leathery, one-celled. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, stalked, on three lateral receptacles. — Named from resedo^ to calm, from its supposed effect on the system. 244. 1. R. Luttola. Wild Wcad. Dyer's Weed. Yellow Weed. Leaves lance-shaped, undivided; calyx with four segments. Stems two or three feet high, striated, smooth, branched: leaves frequently furnished with a small tooth on each side at the base: clusters terminal, erect, of numerous small flowers, with three greenish-white petals, of which the uppermost is variously lobed, the lateral ones of three acute lobes. An- nual: flowers in July: grows in waste ground: common. This plant affords a beautiful yellow dye, and is cultivated for that purpose. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 320"! Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 347. 727. 2. R. lutea. Rocket Yellow Weed. Base Rocket. Leaves deeply three-lobed, lower ones pinnatifid ; calyx with six divisions. Stem about two feet high, bushy, branched, striated, smooth: leaves some- what stalked: clusters terminal, many-flowered, tapering: petals six, buff-coloured, variously lobed. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in waste places and dry pastures: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 321. EH^.i^/. vol. ii. p. 348. 728. 3. R. fruticulosa. Shrubby Base Rocket. Leaves all pinnate, waved, glaucous ; calyx deeply five-cleft ; petals five, three-cleft at the summit. Root woody, tapering: stems two or three feet high, leafy: flowers in terminal racemes, yellowish-white. Perennial : flowers in June : found in various parts of England and Ireland: rare. It is an introduced plant. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2628. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 192. 729. DODECAGYNIA. 5. SEMPERVrVUM. House-leek. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into several acute segments, permanent. Petals from six to twelve, corresponding to the segments of the calyx, spmewhat larger, lance-shaped, acute, equal, withering. Filaments as many, or twice as many, as the CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA. 213 petals, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers of two round lobes. Germens as many as the stamens, ranged in a circle, oblong, pointed, compressed. Styles short, spreading, stigma obtuse. Capsules oblong, compressed, pointed. Seeds numerous, minute, ranged along the inner margin on each side. — Name, semper ^ ever, and vivum, alive. 245. 1. S. tectorum. Common House-leek. Leaves fringed ; offsets spread- ing. Root fibrous, crowned with several dense tufts of numerous oblong, acute, fringed, very thick and succulent leaves: stem from the centre of one of the tufts, about a foot high, clothed with narrow, alter- nate, sessile leaves, and terminating in a cyme of large rose-coloured flowers. Perennial : fiovvers in July and August : grows on walls and house-tops, but is not indigenous. The leaves are said to be cooling, when applied externally, and frequently renewed. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1320. Eug. Fl. vol. ii. p. 350. 730. Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Plants bearing Floxvers xvith Txcenty or more Stamens^ arising from the inner edge of the Calyx. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. 1. PRU'NUS. Calyx inferior, five-cleft. Petals five. Nut of the Drupe with slightly prominent seams. (Mespilus Oxyacantha.) Order II. PENTAGYNIA. From Txl-o to Five Pistils. 2. ME'SPILUS. Calyx superior, five-cleft. Petals five. Apple with from two to five hard one-valved capsules. Seeds two. 3. PY'RUS. Calyx superior, five-cleft. Petals five. Apple with from two to five membranous two-valved capsules. Seeds two. 4. SPIR.E'A. Ca/vT inferior, five-cleft. Peta/s five. CajDsu/es mem- branous, two-valved. Seeds numerous. Order III. POLYGYNIA. More than Five Pistils. 5. RO'SA. Calyx five-cleft, the tube pitcher-shaped, finally pulpy, lined with hairs, and containing numerous bristly seeds. 6. RU'BUS. Ca/i/.i five-cleft. Berrj/ superior, com.pound, deciduous. Receptacle spongv and permanent. 9. TORMENTI'LLA. Calyx eight-cleft. Petals four. Seeds naked. Beceptacle dry. 11. DPvY'AS. Calyx eight or ten-cleft. Petals five or eight. Seeds each with a long feathery tail. 10. GE'UIM. Calyx ten-cleft. Petals five. Seeds each with a bent hooked tail. Receptacle dry, elongated. 7. FRAGA'RIA. Ca/i/x ten-cleft. Petals five. 5eeJs naked, even, on the surface of a pulpy deciduous receptacle. T 214 ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [CL. XII. 12. COMA'RUM. Ca/3/x ten-cleft. Petals five. Seeds naked, even, on the surface of a spono^y, hairy, permanent receptacle. 8. POTENTI'LLA. Calyx ten-cleft. Petals five. Seeds naked, rugged, fixed to a small dry receptacle. (Spircea Ulmaria and Filipendula.) ICOSANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. PRU'NUS. Cherry. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, bell-shaped, deciduous, with five obtuse marginal segments. Petals five, roundish, spreading, larger than the segments of the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, nearly as long as the corolla; anthers short, two-lobed, round. Germea superior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, terminal, as long as the stamens ; stigma round. Drupe roundish. Nut very hard, one- celled, two-valved. The valves prominent at the margin. Kernel solitary, suspended from the top. — Name, Proline of Theophras- tus. 246. 1. P. Pddus. Bird Cherry. Flowers in pendulous clusters ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, deciduous, with two glands at the base beneath. A small tree with smooth branches ; acute, doubly serrate leaves ; beautiful clusters of white flowers, and small black harsh drupes. Flowers in May : grows in woods in Scotland and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1385. E7ig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 354. 731. 2. P. Cerasus. Wild Cherry. Gean-tree. Flowers in nearly sessile umbels ; leaves broadly lance-shaped, somewhat downy beneath. A tree, with very smooth bark ; pointed, serrated leaves, with two unequal o^lands at the base ; white flowers, and black, sweet drupes. Several varieties occur, differing chiefly in the colour of the fruit. Flowers in May : grows in woods and hedges : common. Bng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 706. En^.F/. vol.il. p. 354. 732. 3. P. insititia. Wild Bullace-tree. Flower-stalks in pairs; leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, downy beneath; branches ending in a thorn. -A small tree, with spreading round branches: leaves on small lateral branches, alternate, serrate : flowers on simple stalks, not much longer than the calyx : petals white : fruit globular, austere, black, with blue bloom. Flowers in April : grows in woods, thickets and hedges. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 841. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 356. A variety without thorns is not unfrequent. It is the P. domestica, Wild Plum-tree. Eng. Bot. pi. 1783. 733. 4. P. spinosa. Sloe-tree. Blarhthorn. Flower-stalks generally single ; leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, smooth ; branches ending in a thorn. A small tree or bush, with irregularly spreading round branches: leaves serrate: flowers very numerous, with pure white petals: fruit black, with a bluish bloom, very austere. Flowers in March and April : grows in thickets, hedges, and on dry banks: common. Evg. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 842. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 357. 734. CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. 215 PENTAGYNIA. 2. ME'SPILUS. Medlar-hawthorn. Calyx superior, of one leaf, with five permanent segments. Petals five, round, from the edge of the calyx. Filaments awl- shaped, incurved ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen inferior, roundish. Styles from two to five, thread-shaped, erect ; stigma knobbed. Apple globular, concave at the top, crowned with the calyx, with from two to five hard cells or capsules, each one- valved. Seeds two in one cell, erect, inversely egg-shaped. — Named from Mespi/e, a medlar. 247. 1. M. Oxyacdntha. Hawthorn. Whitethorn. Branches thorny ; leaves three or five-lobed, serrate, smooth ; flowers in terminal corymbs ; styles generally two, often one. A small tree or shrub, with smooth bark : thorns small, awl-shaped : flowers white, sometimes pink : fruit mealy, deep-red. The wood is very hard : the flowers emit a very agreeable odour : and the berries which remain upon the branches during the winter are eaten by numerous species of small birds. Its value for hedges is well known. Flowers in May and June : grows in thickets, and by rivers, as in many places along the Tweed. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2504. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 359. 735. 2. M. Germdnica. Common Medlar, Leaves lance-shaped, some- what downy ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile, terminal ; styles five. Branches thorny : leaves alternate, entire, veined : flowers large, with white undulated petals : fruit depressed, austere. A small tree : flowers in May : grows in hedges, in England: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1523. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 360. 736. 3. M. Cotonedster. Dwarf Quince-leaved Medlar. Leaves egg-shaped, entire, downy beneath ; germen smooth; styles three or four. A small bush, without thorns : flowers drooping, pale-red : fruit red, mealy. Flowers in July : grows at Ormeshead, Caernarvonshire. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2713. Eng.FL vol. ii. p. 360. 737. 3. PY'RUS. Pear. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five permanent segments. Petals five, roundish, much larger than the calyx, and arising from its edge. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, two-lobed. Germen inferior, roundish. Styles from two to five, thread -shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigmas simple. Apple roundish or oblong, pitted at the top, fleshy, with as many bivalve membranous cells as there are styles. Seeds two in each cell, inversely egg-shaped, flattened on one side. — Named from the Celtic peren, a pear. 248. 1. P. communis. Wild Pear-tree. Leaves simple, egg-shaped, serrate; flower-stalks corymbose. A tall tree with thorny branches : leaves serrate, smooth, downy when young : flower-stalks terminal, downy : flowers numerous, snow-white : fruit inversely egg-shaped, hard and aus- tere. Flowers in April and May : grows in woods and hedges : not commoD. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1784. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 302. 738. 216 ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. [CL. XIl. 2. P. Mdlus. Wild Apple-tree. Crab-tree. Leaves simple, serrate ; flowers in a simple sessile umbel. A small tree, with spreading irregu- lar branches : flowers white, tinged with rose-colour. This is the original of all the varieties of the apple : the fruit is globular, yellowish, tinged with red, acid and harsh. Flowers in May : grows in woods and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 179. Eng. FL vol.ii. p. 363. 739. 3. P. tormindlis. Wild Service-tree. Leaves simple, somewhat heart- shaped, serrate, seven-lobed ; flower-stalks branched, corymbose. A tree, with white flowers, in large terminal, downy panicles : fruit brown, acid. Flowers in April and May : grows in woods and hedges, in the south of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 298 : Cratcegus tormi- nalis. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 363. 740. 4. P. dom^stica. True Service-tree. Leaves pinnate, with uniform leaflets, downy beneath, and serrated towards the end ; flowers panicled ; fruit inversely egg-shaped. A large tree, with cream-coloured flowers : fruit reddish, spotted, austere. Flowers in May : grows in mountainous woods in England : very rare. Eng. Bot. vol, v. pi. 350. Evg. FL vol. ii. p. 364. 74L 5. P. Aucupdria. Mountain Ash, Quicken, or JRoan-tree. Leaves pinnate, with uniform, serrate, smooth leaflets j styles about three ; fruit globular. A beautiful tree, with smooth branches : panicles corym- bose, with downy stalks : flowers numerous, white : fruit scarlet, acid, and austere. The fruit is eaten by several species of small birds, espe- cially of the thrush kind. A spirit has been distilled from them. Flowers in May and June : grows in mountainous woods : common. E7ig. Bot. vol. V. pi. 337 : So>l)as aucupdria. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 365. A variety with deeply pinnatifid leaves is the P. pinnatijida. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2331. 742, 6. P. A'rla. White-beam. Leaves simple, elliptical, cut, serrate, transversely furrowed, downy beneath ; flowers corymbose ; styles abou two. A tree of moderate size, with smooth branches, the younge white and downy: flowers white, with downy stalks: fruit globular scarlet, mealy, astringent. Flowers in May : grows in mountainou woods, and the fissures of rocks : not comman. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi pi. 1858. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 366. 743 , 4. SPIRiE'A. Meadow-sweet. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with five acute, permanent, marginal segments. Petals five, roundish, or oblong. Filaments hair-like, nearly as long as the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Ger- mens five or more, superior, egg-shaped, or oblong, compressed. Styles, one terminating each germen ; stigmas obtuse, spreading. Capsules as many as the germens, oblong, pointed, compressed, two-valved, one-celled. Seeds few, small, oblong. — Named, spei- reia of Theophrastus. 249. 1. S. saiicifolia. Willow.lenved Spircea. Leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, unequally serrate, smooth ; clusters terminal, com- pound. -A shrub about four feet high, with smooth straight stems and branches : flowers pink, small, numerous, in terminal clusters : styles five. Flowers in July : grows in moist mountainous situations, but never truly wild: rare. En"-. .Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1468. Eng. F/. vol. ii. p. 368. 744. CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 217 2. 5. FilipSndula. Common Dropivort. Leaves interruptedly pin- nate, leaflets uniform, serrate; flowers cymose; stem herbaceous. Root woody, with hard elliptical knobs : stem about a foot high, round, smooth, panicled at the top : leaves chiefly radical, spreading : panicle forked, with cream-coloured flowers, tinged with red externally. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows in open pastures. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 284. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 369. 745. 3. S. Ulmdria. Meadow-sweet. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, downy beneath, the terminal leaflet largest, and lobed; stem herbaceous, flowers cymose. Root fibrous : stems from two to four feet high, angular, branched : flowers very numerous, cream-coloured, sweet-scented, in dense compound panicles. The whole plant is astringent ; a decoction of it with copperas is used in the Hebrides for dyeing black. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows, and about the edges of rivers and ditches. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 960. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 369. 746. POLYGYNIA. 5. RO'SA. Rose. Calyx of one leaf, inferior, with a pitcher-shaped tube, con- tracted at the summit, permanent, and finally succulent, the limb deeply divided into five deep, lance-shaped, pointed segments, either all simple, or two of them with leafy appendages on both sides, one with appendages on one side only, and the other two naked on both sides. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped. Filaments thread-like, numerous, much shorter than the petals; anthers roundish, flattened, two-Iobed. Grermens numerous, oblong, lining the tube of the calyx, interspersed with silky hairs. Styles, one to each germen, lateral ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit globular or egg-shaped, formed of the permanent, pulpy, coloured tube of the calyx, closed at the top. Seeds numerous, bristly, lining the calyx, and interspersed with hairs. — Named from the Celtic rhos. 250, * Branches covered with bristles. Prickles slender, nearly straight. 1. R. Dicksoni. Dickson's Rose. Fruit egg-shaped ; flower-stalks bristly, enlarged at their upper part ; prickles of the stem scattered ; leaflets oval, grey on both sides with fine hair?, their serratures mostly simple. Stem erect, with spreading flexuous branches, dark-red tinged with grey, leaflets five or seven: petals shorter than the calyx, deep pink. Flowers in June : discovered in Ireland by Mr. J. Drummond. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2707. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 198. 747, 2. R. cinnamomea. Cinnamon Rose. Fruit egg-shaped or globular, smooth ; flower-stalks smooth ; prickles of the stem very unequal, nume- rous, horizontal, awl-shaped ; leaflets oblong, simply serrate. Stem four or five feet high, with deep-red bark, and slender horizontal or deflected prickles : stipules oblong, pointed, fringed with glands : leaflets greyish green, downy, without glands : petals broad, concave, purplish-red: fruit deep-red. Flowers in May, and through the summer : grows at Birk- T 2 218 ICOSANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. [CL. XII. hill, in Ayrshire : certainly introduced. J^ng. FL vol. ii. p. 374. Brit. FL p. 224. 748. 3. R. rubella. Red-fruited Dwarf Rose. Fruit globular; flower- stalks bristly ; prickles of the stem straight, scattered ; leaflets elliptical or roundish, smooth, generally with simple serratures. Stem bushy, two or three feet high, round, branched, spreading, covered with very slender prickles, and glandular bristles : stipules glandular at the margin : leaflets from seven to eleven, paler beneath : petals white, tinged with pink : fruit bright-scarlet. Flowers in jMay : grows on the sandy sea- coast of Northumberland. Eng. Bot. vol. sxxvi. pi. 3521. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 375. 749. 4. R. spinosissima. Burnet Rose. Fruit globular ; flower-stalks and calyx nearly smooth ; prickles of the stem straight, unequal, numerous, intermixed with glandular bristles ; leaflets roundish, smooth, with simple serratures. Stem bushy, two or three feet high, covered with nume- rous, unequal, straight, slender prickles, interspersed with glandular bristles: stipules fringed with glands: leaflets seven or nine, smooth: petals cream-coloured, yellow at the base : fruit purplish-black. Flowers in July : grows on sandy heaths and dry banks : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 1817. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 376. 750. 5. R. Hibernica. Irish Rose. Fruit nearly globular, smooth, as are the flower-stalks ; prickles scattered, unequal, slightly curved ; leaflets elliptical, simply serrated, hairy beneath on the ribs. Stem from three to six feet high, copiously branched, reddish-brown: leaflets five or seven, egg-shaped or roundish, acute, the upper surface slightly glaucous : sti- pules smooth : flowers rather small, pale-pink. Flowers from June to November: discovered by Mr. Templeton, in the counties of Down and Derry, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2196. -E"^. FL vol. ii. p. 394. 751. 6. R. involuta. Prickly Uneipanded Rose. Fruit globular, bristly ; flower-stalks bristly ; stem very prickly and bristly ; leaflets elliptical, doubly and acutely serrate, their veins hairy beneath ; petals involute. Stem bushy, about three feet high, covered with innumerable crowded, slender, very unequal, nearly straight prickles, intermixed with glandular bristles : stipules fringed with glands : leaflets five or seven : petals pale-red. Flowers in June: found in various parts of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2068. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 378. 752. 7. R. Sabini. Sabine's Rose. Fruit globular, bristly ; flower-stalks and pinnated calyx bristly ; prickles scattered, straightish ; leaflets doubly serrate, nearly smooth, with hairy ribs. Stem from five to eight feet high, with brown branches, covered with nearly straight prickles and glandular bristles : stipules finely glandular at the edges : leaflets five or seven, broadly elliptical : petals large, rose-red : fruit scarlet. Flowers in July : grows in thickets in Scotland and the north of England. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2594. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 381. 753. ** Branches almost destitute of bristles ; prickles nearly straight. 8. JR. villosa. Soft-leaved Round-fruited Rose. Fruit globular, bristly; calyx slightly pinnate; prickles nearly straight; leaflets rounded, bluntish, downy all over. Stem about six feet high, covered with scattered, slender, nearly straight prickles : stipules downy, thickly fringed v/ith nearly sessile minute glands : leaflets five or seven, CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA — FOLYGYNIA. 219 rounded : flowers pink : fruit scarlet. Flowers in July : grows in thickets in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England. J^ng. Bot. vol. XXXV. pi. 2459 : R. mollis. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 382. 754. 9. R. tomentosa. Douny -leaved Dog Rose. Fruit broadly elliptical, bristly ; calyx copiously pinnate ; prickles slightly curved ; leaflets egg- shaped, acute, downy. Stem from four to six feet high, branched, bristly, with round prickly branches : prickles slender, awl-shaped : stipules linear, downy, densely fringed with glands : leaflets five or seven, with double serratures : petals pink, white in the lower half: fruit scarlet, sometimes smooth. Flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and thickets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 990. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 384. 755. *** Branches destitute of bristles ; prickles hooked, compressed ; styles distinct. 10. R. rubiginosa. Eglantine. Sweet-briar. Fruit inversely egg- shaped, bristly towards the base'j calyx pinnate ; prickles hooked, com- pressed, with smaller straighter ones interspersed ; leaflets elliptical, doubly serrate, hairy, covered beneath with rust-coloured glands. Stem bushy, about four feet high : prickles scattered, hooked, conical, interspersed with others of a smaller size : stipules narrow lance-shaped, closely fringed with glands, as are the leaflets : petals bright-pink : fruit scarlet. Flowers in June and July : grows in dry bushy places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 991. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 386. 756. 11. R. micrdntha. Small-Jioivered Sweet-briar. Fruit elliptical, some- what bristly, contracted above ; calyx pinnate, deciduous ; prickles scat- tered, hooked, nearly uniform ; leaflets egg-shaped, doubly serrated, hairy, glandular beneath. Stem from five to eight feet long, strag- gling, slender, arched : leaflets flat, pale-green above, more hairy beneath : flowers pale-pink, small : fruit soft, scarlet, or coral-red. Flowers in June and July : grows in various parts of England and Scotland, as well as in the south of Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2490. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 388. 757. 12. R. niodora. Slightly-scented Sweet-briar. Fruit elliptical, or globular, smooth ; calyx copiously pinnate, deciduous ; prickles* hooked, uniform ; leaflets egg-shaped, doubly serrated, hairy, mostly glandular beneath. Stem from six to eight feet long, stout, arched : leaflets flat, broadly egg-shaped, dark-green above, paler and more hairy beneath, more or less glandular, as are the stipules : flowers pale-pink, rather small : fruit soft, deep-red. Flowers in June and July : found in various parts of England and Scotland. Eng. Bot. \o\. xxxvi. pi. 2579. Rosu Borreri. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 232. 758. 13. R. cie'sia. Glaucous-leaved Rose. Fruit elliptical, smooth ; flower- stalks smooth, solitary ; calyx distantly pinnate ; prickles hooked, uni- form ; leaflets elliptical, doubly serrate, glaucous, hairy beneath, without glands. Stem bristly, four or five feet high, stipules oblong, acute, fringed with glands: leaflets five or seven : flowers pale-pink, sometimes white. Flowers in July : grows in some of the Highland valleys of Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2367. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 390. 759. 14. R. canina. Common Dog Rose. Fruit egg-shaped, smooth, or somewhat bristly ; calyx pinnate ; prickles strongly hooked ; leaflets 220 ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. [CL. XII. simply or doubly serrate, pointed, smooth above, more or less downy beneath. Stem from four to eight feet high : leaflets generally seven, destitute of glands : fruit scarlet. This species varies so much that it has been formed into several. The fruit is made into a conserve, and also furnishes food to small birds. Flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and thickets: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 991. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 396. 760. 15. R. bractescens. Bracteated Downy Rose. Fruit globose, smooth; calyx pinnate, with entire leaflets ; prickles hooked ; leaflets egg-shaped, almost simply serrated, downy beneath ; bracteas over-topping the fruit. Stem six or seven feet high, with spreading branches : leaflets hairy above, downy beneath : bracteas remarkably large : fruit bright-red. Eng-. F/. vol. ii. p. 392. 761. **** Branches destitute of bristles ; prickles hooked, compressed ; styles united. 16. R. systy'la. Close-styled Dog Rose. Fruit oblong, smooth ; calyx pinnate ; prickles hooked ; leaflets simply serrate ; receptacle of the flower conical ; styles united into a prominent, furrowed column. A slender shrub, from eight to twelve feet high : prickles with a large base : leaflets five or seven, smooth above, hairy on the ribs beneath : flowers pale-pink : fruit scarlet. Flowers in June and July : grows in thickets and hedges : not frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1895. Eng. Fl. vol. li. p. 396. 762. 17. R. arvensis. White Field Rose. Fruit globular or oblong, smooth ; calyx pinnate ; prickles hooked, scattered ; leaflets simply serrate, glaucous beneath ; receptacle of the flower convex ; styles united. A bush four or five feet high : leaflets five or seven, egg-shaped, very glaucous beneath : petals white, with a yellow base : fruit scarlet. Flowers in July : grows in hedges, thickets, and the borders of fields : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 188. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 397. 763. 6. RU'BUS. Bramble. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with five oblong, spreading perma- nent segments. Petals five, round, as long as the calyx. Fila- ments hair -like, shorter than the petals ; anthers roundish, flat- tened, two-lobed. Germens numerous, globular, crowded closely together into a round head. Styles one to each germen, small, hair-like, lateral; stigmas simple, permanent. Berry compound, globular, concave, deciduous, of several round, juicy grains, upon a conical, spongy receptacle. Seeds solitary, oblong. — Name of uncertain origin. 251. * Stem woody, round. 1. R. id(£,'us. Raspberry Bush. Leaves pinnate, with five or three leaflets, white and downy beneath ; stem erect, prickly ; leaf-stalks channelled. Stems biennial, nearly erect, three or four feet high, branched, with small straight, slender prickles : leaflets five, the ter- minal one larger, their stalks downy and prickly: flowers small, white, pendulous, in simple clusters : fruit pale-scarlet, fragrant, with an agreeable slightly acid taste, not improved by culture, excepting as to size. Flowers in May and June : grows in woods and thickets, in dry CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 221 Stony or gravelly places : common, Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2442. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 409. 764. 2. R. cce'sUis. Blue Bramble. Deic-berry Bush. Leaves ternate, hairy beneath, the lateral leaflets lobed externally; stems prostrate, glau- cous, prickly and bristly ; calyx embracing the fruit. Stems weak, with numerous deflected, unequal, slender prickles : leaflets egg-shaped, acute, doubly serrate, downy beneath : panicles corymbose : petals white or pale rose-coloured : fruit large-grained, black, with a bluish bloom, and of an agreeable acid taste. Flowers in June and July: grows in woods, thickets, hedges, and the borders of fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 826. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 410. 765. 3. R. corylifdlius. Hazel-leaved Bramble. Leaves pinnate, with five or three roundish leaflets, hairy beneath ; stems spreading ; prickles scat- tered, straight, deflected ; calyx reflected ; panicle minutely glandular. Stems biennial, with scattered prickles : not confined to the angles : leaflets broadly egg-shaped, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed, sharply serrate, resembling the leaves of the hazel, soft and minutely hairy: flow- ers large, white : fruit large, large-grained, brownish-black, agreeably acid. Flowers in Julv : grows in hedges and thickets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 827. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 409. 766. ** Stem icoody, angular. 4. R. fruticnsus. Common Bramble. Leaves pinnate, with five stalked leaflets, hoary beneath ; prickles hooked, growing upon the angles of the stem ; panicle compound ; calyx reflected. Stems strongly an- gular, with numerous sharp, strongly hooked prickles growing on the angles : leaflets egg-shaped, acute, sharply serrated, smoothish above, white and downy beneath: flowers in erect clusters: petals white, or tinged with pink : fruit of very numerous purplish-black grains, with a sweetish flavour, but somewhat nauseating when eaten in large quanti- ties. Flowers in July and August : grows in woods, thickets, and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 715. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 400. 767. 5. R. rhamnifolius. Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. Leaves digitate, of five roundish, pointed, shortly-stalked leaflets, paler beneath; prickles straight, deflected ; panicle twice compound ; calyx spreading. Stems angular, smooth, or with scattered hairs : prickles chiefly on the angles : leaflets egg-shaped, or roundish, nearly smooth above, bright-green : fruit black. Flowers in July and August: grows in hedges and thickets : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2504. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 402. 768. 6. R. leucostdchys. Long-clustered Bramble. Leaves digitate, of five roundish, shortly-stalked, leathery leaflets, hoary beneath ; prickles de- flected, slightly hooked ; panicle cylindrical, minutely glandular ; calyx reflected. Stems angular, smooth, dark-red : leaflets roundish or heart- shaped, unequally serrate: panicle nearly simple, narrow: fruit black. Flowers in July and August : grows in hedges and thickets, in Essex, Sussex, and Hampshire. Eng. Bot. Suppl. ^pl. 2631. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 404. 769. 7. JR. Koehleri. Glandular Bramble. Leaves pinnate, with five or three leaflets, downy beneath ; prickles unequal, deflected, partly hooked ; panicle and calyx very prickly and hairy, with numerous glandular bristles. Stems angular, covered with numerous scattered prickles : 222 ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA, [CL. XII. leaflets smooth above, downy beneath : flower-stalks covered with nu- merous, partly hooked prickles, long hairs, and glandular bristles: petals white : fruit black, with numerous grains. Flowers in July and August : grows in woods, thickets, and hedges, in various parts of England. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2605. R. glandulosus. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 404. 770. 8. B. suberectus. Red-fruited Bramble. Leaves pinnate, with five, three, or seven broadly egg-shaped, pointed leaflets, minutely hairy be- neath ; prickles deflected ; clusters simple, hairy, prickly ; calyx slightly hairy. Stems nearly erect, with scattered, uniform, slightly hooked prickles : calyx densely hairy, destitute of prickles : petals white, crum- pled : fruit deep-red, of few grains, agreeably acid. Flowers in July and August : grows in woods and thickets : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2572. Eng. Fi. vol. ii. p. 407. 771. *** Stems herbaceous. 9. R. saxdtilis. Stone Bramble. Leaves ternate, slightly downy ; stems ascending, with prostrate runners ; panicle few-flowered. Stem slender, about eight inches high : leaves two or three, with egg-shaped leaflets : petals minute, greenish-white : fruit of two or three large crimson grains. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in stony mountainous woods : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2233. E.ng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 41 L 772. 10. R. Chamxmorus. Mouritain Bramble. Cloud-berry. Leaves simple, plaited, lobed ; stem one-flowered, destitute of prickles. Stem simple, downy, about six inches high : leaves heart-shaped, five-lobed, acutely serrate, stalked : petals white : fruit large, of few grains, dull orange-red, watery. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on peaty soil in mountainous situations, in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England. Eng. Bot. voL x. pi. 716. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 413. 773. 7. FRAGA'RIA. Strawberry. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with ten segments, of which five alternate ones are external and smaller. Petals five, roundish, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens superior, numerous, roundish, collected into a round head. Styles one to each germen, lateral, incurved, short j stigmas obtuse. Berry formed of the en- larged receptacle of the seeds, pulpy, coloured, roundish. Seeds numerous, naked, upon the surface of the fruit. — Named fwmfra- granSy sweet-smelling. 252. 1. F. vtsca. Wood Strawberry. Calyx of the fruit reflected ; hairs of the leaf-stalks spreading, those of the partial flower-stalks close-pressed, silky. 'Root somewhat woody, sending out long runners, which take root and propagate the plant : stems four or five inches high, erect, panicled at the top : flowers erect, with small white petals : fruit droop- ing, scarlet, somewhat acid and fragrant. This is the origin of the culti- vated strawberry. Perennial : grows in woods and thickets, and on dry banks. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1524. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 415. 774. 2. F. eldtior. Hautboy Strawberry. Calyx of the fruit reflected ; hairs of all the flower-stalks and leaf-stalks spreading. Larger than F. vesca, and rather more hairy, with white flowers, and dark-red fruit. Perennial : flowers in June : found in woods of some parts of England, CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. 223 but periiaps not indigenous. -E«^. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2197. J^ng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 415. 775. 8. POTENTI'LLA. Cinquefoil. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with ten segments, of which five alternate ones are external and narrower. Petals five, roundish, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens superior, numerous, roundish, collected into a round head. Styles one to each ger- men, thread-shaped, lateral, ascending; stigmas bluntish, downy. Seeds numerous, naked, roundish, upon the surface of a small, dry, globular receptacle. — Name, from potenSy powerful. 253. * Leaves pinnate. 1. P. fructicosa. Shrubby Cinquef oil. Leaves pinnate ; stem woody. Sten) three or four feet high : leaves of five acute, oblong leaflets, covered with close hairs, paler beneath : the upper leaves ternate : flowers terminal, large, golden-yellow. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in mountainous thickets in several places in Teesdale. Rock-forest, Clare, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 88. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 417. 776. 2. P.anserina. Silver-weed. Goose-grass. Wild Tansy. Leaves in- terruptedly pinnate, serrate, silky ; stem creeping ; stalks axillar, solitary, one-flowered. Root long, cylindrical : leaves interruptedly pinnate, covered beneath with shining white hairs : flowers large, bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows by the sides of roads and ditches, and in meadows and pastures : common. The roots are eateii in the Hebrides, either raw or boiled. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 861. Evg. FL vol. ii. p. 418. 777. 3. P. rupestris. Rock Cinquefoil. Leaves pinnate, with the terminal leaflet large ; leaflets egg-shaped, serrate, hairy ; stem erect. Root somewhat woody, tapering: stem a foot high, erect, hairy : lower leaves with seven leaflets, upper with three : flowers large, white, panicled. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on the side of a hill, called Craig Breddin, in Montgomeryshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2058. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 418. 778. ** Leaves fingered. 4. P. argentea. Silvery or Hoary Cinquefoil. Leaflets five, wedge- shaped, jagged, downy beneath; stem ascending. Stems nearly erect, from six to twelve inches high, cottony : leaves stalked, cottony beneath : flowers small, yellow, in a corymbose panicle, with cottony branches: seeds numerous, small, smooth. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in gravelly pastures, common in England, rare in Scotland and Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 89. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 419. 779. 5. P. alpestris. Orange Alpine Cinquefoil. Root-leaves of five wedge- shaped, somewhat hairy, leaflets, deeply cut in their upper half; upper stipules egg-shaped ; petals heart-shaped ; stems ascending. Root somewhat woody : stems numerous, decumbent at the base, ascending, from four to eight inches long : root-leaves on long, hairy stalks : calyx hairy, petals inversely heart-shaped, orange-yellow. Perennial : flowers in July: grows on mountains in Scotland, the north of England, and Wales: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 561 : P. aurea. Eng. FL vol.ii. p. 419. 780. 224 ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. [CL. XII. 6. P. vtrna. Spring Cinquefoil. Root-leaves of five or seven wedge- shaped, partly serrated leaflets, bristly at the margins and on the ribs beneath ; upper stipules dilated, hairy ; stems procumbent. Roots woody, creeping : stems spreading on the ground, hairy : root-leaves on longish hairy stalks : calyx very hairy : petals somewhat heart- shaped, bright-yellow. Perennial: flowers in April and May: grows in elevated dry pastures : not common. Eno-. Bot. vol. i. pi. 37. Eng. P/. vol. ii. p. 421. 781. 7. P. opdca. Saw-leaved Hairy Cinquefoil. Root-leaves of seven hairy, narrow, wedge-shaped leaflets, deeply serrate throughout ; stem- leaves ternate ; petals heart-shaped ; stems slender, decumbent. Roots woody: stems hairy: root-leaves on long hairy stalks: calyx hairy: petals about the length of the calyx, bright-yellow, orange at the base. Perennial : flowers in June : found by Mr. G. Don on the Clova mountains and in Perthshire ; but has been gathered there by no living botanist. Erig. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2449. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 422. 782. 8. P. reptans. Common Creeping Cinquefoil. Leaflets five, inversely egg-shaped, serrate ; stem creeping ; stalks axillar, one-flowered. Root tapering : stems long, prostrate, rooting : leaves opposite, on longish, hairy stalks : calyx hairy : petals bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers from June to September : grows by road-sides, and in pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 862. Eng, FL vol. ii. p. 424. 783. *** Leaves ternate. 9. P. tridentuta. Three-toothed Cinquefoil. Leaves ternate, leaflets wedge-shaped, with three terminal teeth, smooth above, hairy beneath ; stem panicled, erect. Root woody, creeping: stems three or four inches high, round, hairy : leaves all ternate : petals inversely egg- shaped, white. Perennial : flowers in June : found by Mr. G. Don on Werron Hill, Clova, Forfarshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2389. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 425. 784. 10. P. Fragdriastrum. Barren Strawberry. Leaves ternate, leaflets inversely egg-shaped, deeply serrate, silky on both sides ; stems prostrate. Root woody : the whole plant is hairy : and presents nearly all the characters of the strawberry, excepting in the fruit, which is small, dry, and hairy: petals inversely heart-shaped, white. Perennial: flowers in March and April: grows in woods and on dry banks : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1785: Fragaria steriiis. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 426. Brit. Ft. p. 252. 785. 9. TORMENTl'LLA. Tormentil. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, the limb divided into eight deep segments, four alternate ones of which are external and narrower. Petals four, inversely heart-shaped. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, not half so long as the corolla ; anthers roundish, erect, two- celled. Germens superior, about eight, roundish, small, collected into a round head. Styles thread-shaped, erect, short, one to each germen, lateral ; stigmas obtuse. Seeds egg-shaped, smooth. Receptacle small, depressed, hairy. — Named from tormina, dysentery, from its efficacy in that complaint. 254. 1. T. officinalis. Common Tormentil Septfoil. Stem ascending, branched, leaves nearly sessile. Root woody, large : stems slender. CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 225 procumbent at the base : leaves ternate : leaflets oblong, deeply serrate, acute : calyx ribbed, hairy : petals bright-yellow. The root of this plant is used very extensively in the Hebrides for tanning. From its astringent quality, it is also employed as a gargle in enlarged tonsils and other dis- eases of the throat. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows iu pastures, heaths and woods : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 863. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 428. 786. 2. T. reptans. Trailing Tormentil. Stem prostrate, scarcely branched ; leaves stalked. Root woody : stems about two feet long : leaves ternate or quinate : leaflets inversely egg-shaped, hairy, deeply serrate: calyx ribbed, hairy: petals bright-yellow, larger than in the last species, of which some have taken this as a variety. Both species have occasionally five petals, and ten segments to the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in woods and barren pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 864. Eng. Ft. vol.ii. p. 428. 787. 10. GE'UM. AvENs. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, the limb deeply divided into ten acute segments, of which five alternate ones are much smaller. Petals five, rounded, undivided or cleft, as long as the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers short, roundish, two-celled. Germens superior, egg-shaped, compressed, numerous, collected into a round head. Styles long, lateral, with a joint above the middle, one to each germen; stigma simple. Seeds egg-shaped, compressed, hairy. Receptacle cylindrical, dry, hairy. — Named from geuo, to smell agreeably. 255. 1. G. urhdnum. Common Avens. Herb Bennst. Leaves ternate, root-leaves somewhat lyrate ; flowers erect ; styles naked. Root of large fibres: stems erect, two feet high, round, branched at the upper part : root-leaves on long stalks, interruptedly pinnate, with a large rounded terminal leaflet : stem-leaves ternate, stalked : uppermost leaves simple, three-lobed : flowers terminal, solitary, stalked, with yellow petals: styles curved. A variety occurs, intermediate between this and the next species. The roots gathered in the spring, and put into ale, give it a pleasant flavour. Perennial : flowers from May to September : grows in woods, hedges, and waste places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1400. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 430. 788. 2. G. rivdle. Water Avens. Root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, some- what lyrate ; flowers drooping; styles hairy. Root somewhat woodv, creeping: stem nearly a foot high, slighdy panicled : root-leaves stalked, the terminal lobe very large, rounded, lobed and crenate : stem-leaves ternate or three-lobed : flowers drooping : calyx purplish-brown : petals erect, cleft, yellowish-brown. The root is astringent and aromatic. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in moist meadows and woods, and by ditches and streams. Eno-. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 106. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 431. A variety intermediate between this and the preceding is not uncommon. 789. 11. DRY'AS. Mountain Avens. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, flat, permanent, the limb deeply divided into eight or ten permanent segments. Petals eight, U 226 POLYANDRIA. [CL. XIII. sometimes ten, roundish, undivided, longer than the calyx. Filaments hair-like, much shorter than the corolla. Anthers small, roundish, two-lobed. Germens numerous, small, oblong. Styles hair-like, long, straight; stigma simple, smooth. Seeds oblong, hairy, each with a very long, hairy, lateral tail. Recep- tacle depressed, downy. — Named from drys^ the oak, on account of a similarity in the leaves. 256. 1. D. octop^tala. Mountain Avens. Petals eight; leaves simple, downy beneath. Roots woody: stems erect, somewhat woody: leaves stalked, evergreen, egg-shaped, serrate, cottony beneath : flowers large, solitary, white : styles feathery. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on the higher mountains of Scotland, England, and Ireland: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 451. Eng. Fl. vol, ii. p. 432. 790. 12. COMA'RUM. Marsh Cinquefoil. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, coloured, permanent, the limb di- vided into ten deep, acute, spreading segments, of which five alternate ones are external and much smaller. Petals five, less than the small segments of the corolla, lance-shaped, acute. Fila- ments awl-shaped, erect, nearly as long as the corolla; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens numerous, small, egg-shaped, collected into a head. Styles simple, short, straight, lateral; stigmas simple. Seeds numerous, naked, egg-shaped, upon a large, dry, hairy, permanent receptacle. — Name comaroSy used by Theophrastus. 257. 1. C. palustre. Marsh Cinquefoil. Root creeping : stems ascend- ing, round, panicled in the upper part, about a foot high : lower leaves stalked, of five or seven oblong, acute, serrate leaflets, downy and whitish beneath: the upper ternate, nearly sessile : flowers on panicled, downy stalks : calyx large, dark-purple : petals very small, purplish. Peren- nial : flowers in June and July: grows in boggy places. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 172. £h^. F/. vol. ii. p. 434. 791. Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with numerous Stamens^ arising from the receptacle. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Petals four. 4. PAPA'VER. Calyx two-leaved, caducous. Capsule one-celled, opening by pores under the stigma. 2. CHELIDO'NIUM. Calyx two-leaved, caducous. Pod linear, one- celled. 3. GLAU'CIUM. Calyx two-leaved, caducous. Pod linear, with two or three cells. 1. ACT^'A. Calyx four-leaved, caducous. Berry one-celled. CL. XIII.] POLYANDRIA. 227 ** Petals Jive. 8. HELIA'NTHEMUM. Calyx of three or five leaves, two of them smaller. Capsule of several valves. Seeds numerous, 7. Tl'LIA. Calyx of one leaf, with five deep, equal segments, deci- duous. Capsule five-celled, without valves, (Delphinium Consolida.) *** Petals numerous. 5. NYMPH .(E'A. Calyx of four or five leaves, larger than the petals. Petals numerous, seated upon the germen. Berry many-celled, many-seeded. 6. NU'PHAR. Calyx of five or six leaves, much larger than the petals, Pet&ls numerous, seated upon the receptacle. Berry many-celled, many-seeded. Order II. PENTAGYNIA. From Two to Six Pistils. 9. PiEO'NIA. Calyx five-leaved. Petals five. Styles none. Follicle with many seeds. 10. DELPHI'NIUM. Calyx none. Petals five, the upper one spurred. Nectary divided, tubular, sessile, in the spur. 11. ACONl'TUM. Calyx none. Petals five, the upper one hooded. Nectaries two, recurved, stalked, under the hood. 12. AQUILE'GIA. Calyx none. Petals five, equal. Nectaries five, spurred below. 13. STRATIO'TES. Calyx three-cleft. Petals three. Berry inferior, angular, six-celled. (Reseda Laiteela. Helleborus viridis diudfiEtidus.) Order III. POLYGYNIA. Numerous Pistils. 16. THALI'CTRUM. Calyx none. Petals four or five. Seeds nu- merous, without appendage. 15. CLE'MATIS. Calyx none. Petals from four to eight. Seeds numerous, with a tail. 14. ANEMO'NE. Calyx none. Petals five or more. Seech numeroas. 21. HELLE'BORUS. Calyx none. Petals five, permanent. Nectaries tubular. Follicles few. 22. CA'LTHA. Calyx none. Petals five or more, Nectaries none. Follicles from five to ten. 20. TRO'LLIUS. Calyx none. Petals five or more. Nectaries five or more, flattened. Follicles numerous. 18. FICA'RIA. Calyx three-leaved. Petals about ten, with a nec- tariferous scale at the base. Seeds numerous, naked. 19. RANU'NCULUS. Calyx five-leaved. Petals five, with a nec- tariferous pore or scale at the base. Seeds numerous, naked. 17. ADO'NIS. Calyx five-leaved. Petals from five to ten. Nectary one. Seeds numerous, naked. 228 POLYANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. XIII. POLYANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. ACTiE'A. Bane Berry. Calyx inferior, of four circular, obtuse, caducous leaves. Petals four, oblong, clawed, deciduous. Filaments about thirty, hair- like, broader towards the top ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped. Style none ; stigma thickish, obliquely depressed. Berry globular, smooth, with a lateral furrow, one- celled, not bursting. Seeds numerous, half- globular, arranged in two rows. — Named from flc/e, the elder, the leaves resembling those of that tree. 258. 1. A. spicdta. Herb Christopher. Bane Berry. Cluster egg-shaped ; petals as long as the stamens. Root creeping : stem triangular, from one to two feet high, slightly branched, leafy, smooth : leaves twice or thrice ternate : leaflets egg-shaped, acutely serrate, deep-green : flowers in a close cluster, with white petals : berries purplish-black, poisonous. The fetid odour of this plant is said to attract toads to it. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and shady places, in York- shire : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 918. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 3. 792. 2. CHELIDO'NIUM. Celandine. Calyx inferior, of two roundish caducous leaves. Petals four, equal, roundish, flat, narrower at the base. Filaments about thirty, flat, broader upwards, shorter than the corolla; anthers oblong, compressed, erect, two-lobed. Germen cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Style none; stigma small, obtuse, cleft. Pod linear, one-celled, with two undulated deciduous valves. Seeds numerous, oval, dotted, arranged in two rows along a linear receptacle at each side of the pod. — Named from chelidoiiy a swallow, 259. 1. C. mdjus. Common Celandine. Root tapering : stem about two feet high, branched, enlarged at the joints, round, smooth, leafy : leaves deeply pinnatifid, smooth : flowers in umbels, on long stalks : calyx tawny: petals yellow: seeds black and shining. The juice of every part of the plant is yellow and acrid. It removes warts, and is said to cure the itch. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in thickets and waste ground, generally near bouses : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1581. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 4. 793. 3. GLAU'CIUM. Horned Poppy. Calyx inferior, of two oblong, acute, caducous leaves. Petals four, much larger than the calyx, roundish, crumpled, spreading, deciduous, two opposite ones rather smaller. Filaments numerous, hair-like, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen superior, cylindrical, longer than the stamens. Style none; stigma large, of two or three cleft, compressed downy lobes. Pod linear, very long, of two or three linear valves and as many cells. Seeds numerous, convex on the outer side, disposed irregular, in two rows in each cell, along linear receptacles placed between the valves. — Named from the glaucous bloom which all the parts have. 260. CL. XIII.] 1»0LVANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 229 1. G. luteum. Yellow Horned Poppy. Stem smooth ; stem-leaves embracing, waved ; pod roughish, with minute tubercles. Root taper- ing : stem from one to two feet high : the whole plant glaucous : root- leaves numerous, stalked, pinnatifid, hairy : flowers large, with bright- yellow petals: pod nearly a foot long, curved. Biennial: flowers in July and August: grows on the sea-coast: frequent. Eng. Bat. vol. i. pi. 8 : Chelidonium glaucium. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 6. 794. 2. G. phoeniceum. Scarlet Horned Poppy. Stem hairy ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, cut; pod rough, with erect bristles. Root tapering: the whole plant glaucous : stem branched, erect : leaves all oblong, pin- natifid, hairy : calyx very hairy : petals scarlet, with a black spot at the base. Annual : flowers m June and July : grows on the sea-coast : very rare, if now to be found. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1433. Eiig. Fl. vol. iii. p. 7. 795, 3. G. violdceum. Violet Horned Poppy. Stem smooth ; leaves doubly pinnatifid, linear, smooth ; pod three-valved and three-celled. Root slender : stem erect, about a foot high, branched, smooth : lower leaves stalked, upper sessile : petals violet-blue, large : pod two or three inches long. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in corn- fields, in Norfolk and Cambridgeshire: rare. Eng. Bot. pi. 201. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 7. 796. 4. PAPA'VER. Poppy. Calyx of two egg-shaped, obtuse, equal, caducous leaves. Co- rolla of four circular, flat petals, two opposite ones of which are smaller. Filaments very numerous, hair-like, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, compressed, obtuse. Germen globular or oblong, large. Style none; stigma shield-shaped, fiat, radiated. Capsule egg-shaped or oblong, leathery, large, one-celled, partially divided by marginal partitions. Seeds kidney-shaped, very nu- merous, small, attached to the partitions. — Name said to be derived from the Celtic papa, signifying pap. 261. * Capsules bristly. 1. P. hybridum. Round Rough-headed Poppy. Capsule nearly globu- lar, furrowed, bristly ; calyx hairy ; stem leafy, many-flowered ; leaves doubly pinnatifid. Stem twelve or eighteen inches high, covered with minute bristles : leaves with numerous, narrow segments, each tipped with a minute bristle : flowers rather small, with scarlet petals, frequently purple at the base. Annual : flowers in July : grows in sandy fields, in England and Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 43. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 9. 797. 2. P. Argemdne. Long Rough-headed Poppy. Capsule club-shaped, ribbed, bristly ; calyx slightly hairy ; stem leaiy, many-flowered ; leaves doubly pinnatifid. Stem from one to two feet high, hairy : leaves with narrow segments: flowers with pale-scarlet petals, blackish at the base. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields : not uncom- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 643. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 10. 798. •• Capsules smooth. 3. P. dubium. Long Smooth'headed Poppy. Capsule oblong, angular, smooth; stem many-flowered, hairy ; bristles of the flower-stalks close- U 2 230 POLYANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [^CL. XIII. pressed; leaves doubly pinnatifid. Stems from one to two feet high, with spreading bristly hairs : petals light-scarlet : capsule abruptly oblong. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields i common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 644. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 10. 799. 4. P. Rhx'as, Common Red Poppy. Capsule nearly globular, smooth ; stem many-flowered, bristly ; bristles of the flower-stalks spreading ; leaves pinnatifid, cut. Stems from one to two feet high, with spread- ing bristles : petals large, undulated, rich, scarlet, sometimes purple at the base. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 645. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 11. 800. 5. P. somniferum. White Poppy. Capsule nearly globular, smooth ; stem many-flowered, smooth ; leaves clasping the stem, notched, glau- cous. Stem three or four feet high, erect : leaves broad, waved, lobed, heart-shaped at the base : flowers large, with bluish-white petals, having a broad purple spot at the base. Opium is the inspissated milky juice of this species, obtained by making incisions in the capsule. The seeds are destitute of narcotic quality, and may be eaten. All the species of this genus yields a similar milky juice. Annual : flowers in July : grows in fields and waste places : frequent. Naturalized, but has been found in a few places apparently wild, Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2145. Eng. Fl. vol.iii. p. 11. 801. 6. P. Cdmbricum. Yellow Poppy. Capsule oblong, smooth ; stem many-flowered, nearly smooth ; leaves pinnated, cut, stalked. Stem a foot high, generally with scattered erect hairs : flowers large, with lemon- coloured petals. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in moist rocky places, in Wales, and the north of England, as well as in a few places in Scotland and Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. i, pi. 66. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 12. 802. 5. NYMPHiE'A. White Water-lily. Calyx inferior, of four large, oblong, tough, permanent leaves, coloured on their upper surface. Petals numerous, oblong, placed in several rows upon the base of the germen. Nectary globular, in the centre of the stigma. Filaments very numerous, flat, placed on the germen, the lower gradually more dilated; anthers linear, two-celled. Gtermen sessile, globular. Style none ; stigma circu- lar, of numerous rays, which are pointed and separate at the end. Berry hard, globular, many-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Named from its inhabiting waters, as the nt/mphs were fabled to do. 262. 1. N. dlba. White Water-lily. Leaves heart-shaped, entire; petals oblong ; rays of the stigma sixteen, recurved. Root tuberous, hori- zontal : leaves floating, nearly circular, heart-shaped, smooth : stalks of the leaves and flowers cylindrical : flowers about four inches in diameter, floating when expanded : calyx-leaves white above : petals white. This, in respect to beauty, is the queen of British flowers. Its large tuberous roots are collected by the Hebridians, who from a decoction of them, mixed with copperais, obtain a black colour for dyeing wool and yarn. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in pools, lakes, and slow rivers : frequent, Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 160. Eng. Fl. vol.iii. p. 14. 803. CL. XIII.] POLYANDRIA-^MONOGYNIA. 231 6. NU'PHAR. Yellow Water-lily. Calyx inferior, of five or six large, oblong, tough, permanent leaves; petals numerous, oblong, much smaller than the calyx, placed upon the receptacle, furrowed and nectariferous at the back. Filaments very numerous, linear, recurved ; anthers linear, two- celled. Germen nearly sessile, egg-shaped. Style none ; stigma circular, convex, entire or notched, with many central, radiating clefts. Berry hard, egg-shaped, pointed, many-celled. Seeds nume- rous, egg-shaped. — Name used by Dioscorides. 263. 1. N. lutea. Yellow Water-lily. Calyx five-leaved; edge of the stigma entire ; leaf-stalks two-edged ; lobes of the leaves meeting. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, roundish at th€ end, basal lobes meeting and often overlapping each other : flower-stalks nearly cylindrical : flow- ers about two inches in diameter, of a golden-yellow colour. This is one of the most beautiful of our native plants. Its flowers have a strong smell resembling that of brandy, or rather some kinds of wine. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows in rivers and pools : common in England ; rare in the north of Scotland, where the Nymphcea alba is peculiarly abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 159. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 15. 804. 2. N. pumila. Least Yellow Water-lily. Calyx five-leaved ; edge of the stigma toothed ; leaf-stalks two-edged ; lobes of the leaves rather dis- tant Leaves heart-shaped, somewhat angular, the basal lobes not meeting : flowers hardly more than an inch in diameter, pale-yellow, tinged with green. It does not differ more from A'^. lutea, than very small specimens of NymplKea alba diflfer from those of a large size. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in lakes : Foot of Cruachan in Argyll- shire ; Loch Baladren at Aviemore; Loch of Monteith ; Loch Lubnaig; near Callander, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2292 : JV". minima. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 16. 805. 7. Tl'LIA. Lime-tree. Calyx inferior, deeply divided into five equal, coloured, decidu- ous segments. Petals five, inversely egg-shaped, obtuse, somewhat notched, in some species having a small scale on the inner surface at the base. Filaments numerous, thread-like, as long as the petals; anthers of two round lobes. Germen roundish. Style thread- shaped, erect, nearly as long as the stamens ; stigma with five ob- tuse corners. Capsule roundish, more or less angular, leathery, five-celled. Seeds one or two in each cell, often abortive, except- ing one. — Name doubtful. 264. 1. T.Europob'a. Common Lime-tree . Linden-tree. Flowers without nectaries; leaves heart-shaped at the base, serrated, pointed, smooth, except a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath ; cymes many- flowered ; capsule leathery, hairy. A large and handsome tree, with smooth, spreading branches : leaves unequal and entire at the base : stipules oval, smooth, in pairs at the base of each foot-stalk : flower- stalks axillar, cymose, each bearing an oblong, pale, smooth bractea, united for half its length with the stalk: flowers greenish, scented : ger- men hairy. Linnaeus is said to have derived his family name from a large tree of this species, the Swedish name of which is Lin, Probably 232 POLYANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. XIII. naturalized : flowers in July. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 610. Eng. FL vol.iii. p. 17. 806. 2. T. grandifolia. Broad-leaved Lime-tree. Flowers without nec- taries ; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, pointed, serrated, downy, especially beneath, with hairy tufts at the origin of the veins ; umbels three-flowered ; capsule turbinate, downy. Flowers in August : found in woods and hedges, but, like the other two species, probably not indigenous. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 18. 807. 3. T. parvifolia. Small-leaved Lime-tree. Flowers without nectaries j leaves roundish, heart-shaped, serrated, pointed, glaucous beneath, with hairy tufts at the origin of the veins, and scattered hairy blotches ; cap- sule roundish, nearly smooth. A handsome tree, distinguished from the former by its much smaller leaves and flowers: germen densely woolly: flowers in August: grows in woods in Essex, Sussex, &c. : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1705. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 21. 808. 8. HELIA'NTHEMUM. Rock-rose. Calyx inferior, of five unequal, permanent leaves, the two outer- most smaller. Petals five, much larger than the calyx, equal, spreading, roundish. Filaments numerous, hair-like, shorter than the corolla ; anthers small, oval. Germen superior, nearly globu- lar. Style simple; stigma knobbed. Capsule angular, celled, covered by the closed, permanent calyx. Seeds numerous, small, angular. — Name from helios^ the sun, and anthos, a flower. 265. * Stem woody ; no stipules. 1. H. cdnum. Hoary Dwarf Rock-rose. Stems decumbent ; leaves opposite, stalked, hoary beneath. Root woody ; stems branched at the base, each branch ascending and terminating in three or four corym- bose flowers : leaves egg-shaped, acute, covered on both sides with close hairs : calyx hairy : petals inversely egg-shaped, bright-yellow. Peren- nial : flowers in May and June : grows on elevated rocks and in moun- tainous pastures, in Wales and the north of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 396. Cistus marifoLius. Eng. F/. vol. iii. p. 23. 809. ** Stem herbaceous, without stipules. 2. H. guttdtum. Spotted Annual Rock-rose. Stem erect, herbaceous ; stipules and bracteas none ; leaves opposite, lance-shaped, three-ribbed. Stem about six inches high, slightly branched ; one or more simple, erect, terminal clusters: petals yellow, with a red spot at the base. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy pastures, in Jersey and Anglesea : very rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 544. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 24. 810. *** Stem woody, with stipules. 3. H. vulgdre. Common Rock-rose. Stems shrubby, procumbent, with fringed stipules ; leaves oblong, white, and downy beneath ; calyx smooth with bristly ribs, its outer leaves lance-shaped, fringed. Stems numerous, round, downy, simple, terminating in a cluster of flowers : stipules lance-shaped, green on both sides, petals pale-yellow. A shrub : flowers in July and August: grows in hilly pastures on gravelly soil. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1321. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 26. The H. surrejanum, CL. XIII.] POLYANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. 233 Eng. Bot. pi. 2207. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 25, is a monstrous variety of this plants with lance-shaped petals. 811. 4. H. polifolinm. White Mountain Bock-rose. Stem shrubby, pro- cumbent, with somewhat hairy stipules ; leaves oblong, revolute, white beneath with starry hairs ; calyx slightly hairy, its outer leaves fringed. ■Stems hoary, with close-pressed hairs : leaves convex and green above with starry hairs, beneath white and densely downy with similar hairs : stipules narrow lance-shaped, acute, hairy : calyx with a few hairs on the ribs : petals white, with yellow claws. A shrub : flowers in June and July : grows on Brent Downs, Somersetshire, and near New- ton Abbot in Devonshire. Eng. Bot. pi. 1322. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 27. 812. PENTAGYNIA. 9. P^O'NIA. P^oNY. Calyx inferior, of five roundish, reflected, unequal, permanent leaves. Petals five, roundish, spreading, larger than the calyx. Filaments very numerous, hair-like, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, four-cornered, four-celled. Germens egg-shaped, sessile, downy. Styles none ; stigmas oblong, curved, compressed, obtuse. Follicles oblong, leathery. Seeds numerous, oval, arranged along the edges of the follicle* — Named in honour of the physician P(Bon. 266. 1 . P. corallina. Entire-leaved Pceony. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets egg-shaped, undivided, smooth; follicles downy, recurved. Root knobbed : stems simple, round, smooth, about two feet high : leaves smooth : flowers about four inches broad, with crimson petals. Peren- nial : flowers in May and June : grows on islands in the Severn, but is not truly wild. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1513. Eng. Fl. vol. iiL p. 2&. 813. 10. DELPHI'NIUM. Larkspur. Calyx none. Petals five, inferior, unequal, spreading; the upper one extended into a long tubular spur; the rest oblong, with claws. Nectary divided, of one or two sessile leaves, placed within the petals, on the upper side, extended behind into a tube, which is contained in the spur of the uppermost petal. Filaments nume- rous, awl-shaped, dilated at the base, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, small, erect. Germen superior, from one to five. Styles terminal, shorter than the stamens ; stigmas simple, re- flected. Follicles oblong, one-valved. Seeds numerous, angular, .rough, arranged along the edges of the follicle. — Name, from del- phiriy a dolphin. 267. 1. D. Consolida. Field Larksptir. Capsule single; nectary of one leaf; stem subdivided. Stem nearly two feet high, erect, leafy, branched : leaves sessile, divided to the base into three or five parts, each cut into linear segments, often forked at the end : clusters terminal, loose, few-flowered : petals deep-blue in front, pale behind. The juice of the petals is said to make a good blue ink. Annual : flowers in June and 234 POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. [CL. XIII. July: grows in corn-fields in England: rare. Cambridge, Suffolk, Kent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1839. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 30. 814. 11. ACONI'TUM. Monk's-hood. Calyx none. Petals five, inferior, unequal, four of them in pairs, opposite ; the upper one hooded, or tabular, inverted, the convex part being uppermost, the deflected point recurved ; two lateral ones roundish, opposite, converging j two lowermost ob- long, deflected. Nectaries two, within the hollow of the upper petal, on long, awl-shaped stalks, tubular, oblique at the orifice. Filaments numerous, broad at the base, awl-shaped, short j anthers roundish, erect. Germen superior, from three to five, oblong. Styles terminal, awl-shaped, spreading; stigmas simple, acute. Follicles straight, oblong, one-valved. Seeds numerous, angular, arranged at the edges of the capsule. — Name doubtful. 268. 1. A. Napellus. Common Wolfs-bane, or Moiik^ s-hood. Upper petal arched at the back ; lateral ones hairy at the inner side ; germens three, smooth ; leaves deeply five-cleft, cut, with linear segments, furrowed above. Stem erect, leafy, simple, terminating in a cluster of dark- blue flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : found in several places in England, but is not truly native. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 31. 815. 12. AQUILE'GIA. Columbine. Calyx none. Petals five, inferior, egg-shaped, equal, spreading. Nectaries five, equal, alternate with the petals, tubular, dilated up- wards, oblique at the mouth, the outer margin ascending, the inner attached to the receptacle ; their lower portion extended into a long tapering spur, obtuse at the end. Filaments from thirty to forty, awl-shaped, the outer shorter, the inner abortive, dilated, clasping the germens ; anthers heart-shaped, erect. Germens five, superior, oblong, each tapering into an awl-shaped, erect style ; stigmas simple. Follicles five, cylindrical, pointed, straight, one- valved. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, smooth, arranged along the edges of the follicle. — Name, from aguila, an eagle. 269. 1. A. vulgaris. Common Columbine. Nectaries about the length of the petals, their spur incurved; leaves and stem smooth; capsules hairy. ^Root tuberous : stem erect, two or three feet high, round, generally branched, and bearing several flowers : root-leaves twice ternate, on long stalks : stem-leaves ternate, nearly sessile : flowers pendulous, purple. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in meadows, pastures, and thickets : frequent, but seldom wild. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 297. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 33. 816. 13. STRATIO'TES. Water-soldier. Calyx superior, of one leaf, tubular, erect, with three deep mar- ginal segments. Petals three, twice as long as the calyx, inversely egg-shaped. Filaments about twenty, thread-like, shorter than the calyx; anthers awl-shaped, erect. Germen elliptical, obtuse, three- cornered. Styles six, deeply cleft, as long as the stamens ; stigmas simple. Berry egg-shaped, six-cornered, six-celled, tapering at CL. XIII.] POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 236 both ends. Seeds numerous, inversely egg-shaped. — Named from stratos, an army. 270. 1. S. aloides. Water-soldier. Leaves sword-shaped, channelled, with a prominent rib, and sharp marginal prickles. Leaves half a foot long or more : scape from four to six inches long, compressed, two-edged : flowers white, large. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and pools : Isle of Ely, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Cheshire, and Yorkshire. Eiig. But. vol. vi. pi. 379. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 34. 817. POLYGYNIA. 14. ANEMO'NE. Anemone. Calyx none. Petals from five to fifteen, oblong, inferior, regu- lar, in one or more rows. Filaments numerous, hair-like, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers two-lobed. Gerraens superior, numerous, collected into a roundish head. Styles tapering, short ; stigmas simple, bluntish. Seeds numerous, pointed, tipped with the permanent styles. — Name, from anemos, the wind. 271. 1. A. PidsatiUx. Pasque-fioicer. Leaves doubly pinnate ; petals six, erect ; seeds with feathery tails. Stalks four or five inches high, with an involucre of many deep, linear segments, all united at the base, and a single flower, with dull violet petals, externally silky. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in elevated open pastures, in England. Eng, Bot. vol.i. pi. 51. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 36. 818. 2. A. nemorosa. Wood Anemone. Leaves ternate or quinate ; petals six, spreading; seeds pointed, without tails. Stalk about a foot high, with an involucre of three ternate or quinate leaves, and a single flower, with white petals, externally purplish. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and thickets, sometimes on open heaths : common. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 355. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 36. 819. 3. A. Appenina. Blue Mountain Anemone. Leaves thrice ternate ; petals numerous, lance-shaped ; seeds pointed, without tails. Stalk about a foot high, above the involucre silky, with a single flower of a bright-blue colour. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in Wimbleton woods and several other places in the south of England : rare, and per- haps introduced. Eng. JSot. vol. xv. pi. 1062. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 37. 820. 4. A. ranunculo'tdes. Yellow Wood Anemone. Leaves ternate or qui- nate ; petals five, lance-shaped; seeds pointed, without tails. Stalk about a foot high, with one, sometimes two flowers of a bright-yellow colour. Perennial : flowers in April : found by Hudson in a wood at King's Lanjley, Herts, and at VVrotham, Kent. E7ig. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1484. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 38. 821. 15. CLE'MATIS. Clematis. Calyx none. Petals from four to eight, inferior, regular, ob- long. Filaments numerous, enlarged upwards; anthers oblong, two-lobed. Germens superior, sessile, egg-shaped, collected into 236 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA, [CL. XIII. around head. Styles terminal, much longer than the germens: stigmas simple. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, compressed, tipped with the , permanent styles, converted into feathery tails. — Name, from clema^ a vine shoot. 272. 1. C. Vitdlba. Common Traveller's Joy. Leaves pinnate, with heart- shaped leaflets ; leaf-stalks twining ; panicles forked, not longer than the leaves. Stems woody, angular, climbing: panicles axillar and terminal, many-flowered : flowers white, scented : petals four, externally downy: seeds with a long, feathery, and silky tail. A shrub : flowers in July : grows in hedges : common in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 612. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 39. 822. 16. THALl'CTRUM. Meadow-rue. Calyx none. Petals four or five, inferior, roundish, obtuse, deciduous. Filaments numerous, hair-like, somewhat enlarged at the upper partj anthers terminal, oblong, drooping, f Germens several, superior, egg-shaped, striated. Styles none; stigmas egg- shaped, downy. Seeds as many as the germens, egg-shaped, furrowed or winged, without terminal appendage. — Named from thatloy to be green. 273. 1. Th. alpinum. Alpine Meadow-rue. Stem unbranched, almost naked, with a simple, terminal cluster. Stem from three to six inches high: leaves chiefly radical, twice ternate, with wedge-shaped leaflets: flowers drooping: petals four, whitish, acute. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on high mountains in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 262. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 40. 823. 2. Th. minus. Less Meadow-rue. Leaves thrice pinnate, with three- cleft leaflets, glaucous on both sides; flowers panicled, pendulous. Root creeping : stem from six to eighteen inches high, somewhat an- gular: leaflets generally wedge-shaped : panicles compound, spreading, with a few ternate leaves at the base: bracteas small, lance-shaped: petals four, pale-purple, with whitish edges. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures, particularly abundant in all the sandy maritime pastures of the Hebrides. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 11. Eng. FL, vol. iii. p. 41. A large variety is the Th. mdjus, Greater Meadow- rue, of many botanists. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 611. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 172. 824. 3. Th. fidvum. Common Meadow-rue. Leaves twice pinnate, with wedge-shaped, three-cleft leaflets; panicle compound, close, corymbose; flowers erect. Root fibrous: stem three or four feet high, branched, h^y^w, deeply furrowed and angular : panicle dense, of very numerous erect flowers ; petals four, cream-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in wet meadows, and near rivers and ditches : rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 367. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 42. 825. 17. ADO'NIS. Adonis. Calyx inferior, of five converging, obtuse, deciduous leaves. Petals from five to fifteen, oblong, obtuse, shining, without necta- ries on the claws. Filaments numerous, awl-shaped, very short ; CL. XIII.] POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 237 anthers oblong, two-lobed, incurved. Germens very numerous, incurved, collected into a round head. Styles none; stigmas acute, spreading. Seeds numerous, angular, acute, without an append- age. Receptacle cylindrical. — Named after Adonis. 274. 1. A. autumndlis. Adonis-Jiower. Vheasant's-eiie, Petals about eight, inversely heart-shaped ; fruit egg-shaped ; stem branched. Root tapering: stem erect, branched, striated, leafy : leaves alternate, sessile, thrice pinnatifid, with linear, acute segments: petals deep shining crim- son. Annual : flowers from INlay to October : grows in corn-fields : rare. Evg. Bot. vol. v. pi. 308. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 43. 826. 18. FICA'RIA. PiLEwoRT. Calyx inferior, of three, egg-shaped, deciduous leaves. Petals about ten, oblong, polished. Nectary a pore at the base of each petal, covered by a scale. Filaments numerous, slender, much shorter than the petals ; anthers elliptical, erect, two-celled, Ger- mens superior, numerous, collected into a round head. Styles none; stigmas small. Seeds egg-shaped, tipped with a point. — —Named ivom feus, a fig, on account of the shape of the tubers. 275. 1. F.r^rna. Pilevcort. Lesser Celandine. Root of numerous ob- long knobs, accompanied with fibres : stems from three to ten inches high, slightly branched, leafy: leaves alternate, stalked, heart-shaped, angular, smooth : foot-stalks longer than the leaves, two-celJed, dilated, and sheathing at the base, where they generally contain one or two knobs similar to those of the root: flowers terminal, solitary: petals golden-yellow, shining. Perennial: flowers in March, April, and May: grows in shady places, and in meadows: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 584. Ranunculus Ficaria. Eho'. jp/. vol. iii. p. 47. 827. 19. RANU'NCULUS. Crowfoot. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, deciduous leaves. Petals fiv^e, roundish, shining. Nectary a pore at the base of each petal, generally covered by a scale. Filaments numerous, thread-like, much shorter than the petals; anthers linear, or heart -shaped, erect, two-celled. Germens numerous, collected into a round head. Styles none; stigmas small. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, tipped with a point or hook. — Named from rana, a frog, some of the species being aquatic. 276. * Leaves simple. 1. R. Lingua. Greater Spear-wmt. Leaves laqce-shaped, pointed, nearly sessile, somewhat serrate; st^m erect, many-flowered; root fibro«(^ seeds smooth. — --Stem about three feet high, with close-pressed hairs: calyx hairy: petals bright-yellow: nectary covered by a small scale. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in ditches and at the edges of lakes and pools: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 100. Eng. Fl. vol.iii. p. 46. 828. 2. R. Fldmmula. Less Spear-wort. Leaves between lance-shaped and linear, with a thickened tip, nearly entire, stalked ; stem decumbent at the base; root fibrous; seeds smooth. Stem from six to eighteen X 238 POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. []CL. XIII. inches long, sometimes entirely decumbent, slightly brancl)ed, leafy: leaves alternate, the lower ones sometimes broad: petals gold-yellow: nectaries minute. This plant is extremely acrid, and is used in the Hebrides for raising blisters. Chopped small and infused in water, it is also employed there as a purgative for calves. Dr. Withering recom- mends the distilled water as an instantaneous emetic in cases of poison- ing. In alpine situations it becomes creeping. Perennial: flowers from June to September: throws in watery places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 387. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 45. 829. ** Leaves divided. 3. R. auricomus. Goldilocks. Wood Crowfoot. Root-leaves kidney- shaped, crenate, three-cleft; stem-leaves fingered, with linear segments; stem many-flowered ; calyx coloured. Root fibrous : stem about a foot high, erect, branched : leaves more or less downy : flowers terminal, solitary, gold-yellow : calyx hairy, pale yellow : nectary a naked pore. Perennial : flowers in April and JNlay : grows in woods and bushy places : frequent. Eyig. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 624. Eng. FL vol. iii. p, 47. 830. 4. R. scelerdtns. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Stem erect, hollow, much branched ; leaves smooth, lower ones palmate, upper fingered ; fruit ob- long ; seeds very numerous, minute. Root fibrous : stem from six inches to two feet high, smooth, round, hollow, leafy : lower leaves stalked, upper sessile, uppermost undivided : flowers small, pale-yellow, numerous: calyx hairy, reflected: nectary somewhat tubular. This species is extremely acrid, and blisters the skin. It is said to be used by strolling beggars to produce artificial sores. Annual : flowers from June to Septem.ber : grows in watery places: common. Ejig. Bot. vol. x. pi. 681. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 48. 831. 5. R. bulbosus. Bulbous Crowfoot. Butter-cups. Calyx reflected ; flower-stalks furrowed ; stem erect, many-flowered ; leaves compound ; root bulbous ; seeds smooth. Root a solid round bulb : stem about a foot high, hairy : lower leaves compound; their leaflets cut or lobed : flowers terminal, solitary: calyx-leaves egg-shaped, hairy: petals gold- yellow : nectary covered by a scale. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in pastures and meadows: common. Eng. But. vol. viii. pi. 515. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 49. 832. 6. R. hirsutus. Pale Hairy Crowfoot. Calyx reflected, pointed ; stem erect, many-flowered, hairy; leaves ternate ; root fibrous; seeds tuberculated. Stem from three inches to a foot high : flower-stalks furrowed, hairy: calyx hairy, reflected: petals gold-yellow: nectary covered by a scale. Annual : flowers from June to October: grows in moist meadows and waste ground : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1504. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 50. 833. 7. R. rtpeiis. Creeping Crowfoot. Calyx spreading; flower-stalks furrowed; runners creeping; leaves compound, erect, the uppermost entire. Stem erect or ascending, about a foot high, hairy : leaves twice ternate : flowers gold-yellow : nectary covered by a notched scale. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in rich soil, by walls, and in shady places: common. E)ig. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 516. Eug. Fl, vol. iii. p. 51. 834. 8. R. dcris. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Calyx spreading ; flower- stalks round ; leaves tripartite, their segments three-cleft and cut, those CL. XIIT.] POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 239 of the uppermost linear and entire ; stem erect, covered with close- pressed hairs. Stem two-feet high, many-flowered: calyx hairy: petals bright-yellow : nectary covered by a scale. Perennial : flower^; in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng- Rot. vol. X. pi. 652. t]ng. Ft. vol. iii, p. 51. 835. 9. R. arvensis. Corn Crowfoot. Calyx spreading; stem erect, much branched, many-flowered; leaves once or twice deeply three-cleft, with narrow lance-shaped segments. Leaves alternate : flowers small, with a hairy calyx, and pale-yellow petals : seeds large and prickly. This plant is exceedingly acrid, and is said to be very dangerous to cattle. Annual: flowers in June: grows in corn-fields: not common. Eng. Bat. vol. ii. p. 135. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 52. 836. 10. R. parviJldrKS. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Leaves simple, hairy, sharply cut, the upper ones three-lobed ; stem prostrate ; seeds with hooked prickles. Leaves roundish, acutely notched, the uppermost with three deep lance-shaped segments: flowers small, yellow. An- nual : flowers in May and June : grows in fields and by hedges: rare. South of England, and near Dublin. Eng. Bot. vol.ii. pi. 120. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 53. 837. 11. R. alp^stris. Alpine White Crowfoot. Leaves simple, smooth ; root-leaves somewhat heart-shaped, with three deep-lobed segments, those of the stem lance-shaped, entire; flower generally solitary ; calyx smooth. Stem three or four inches high, erect, generally simple and one-flowered : petals white : calyx reflected, pale. This species also is said to be extremely acrid. Perennial: flowers in May: grows by the sides of alpine rills, on the Clova mountains, where it was discovered by iMr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2390. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 49. 838. 12. R. hed^raceus. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. Stem creeping ; leaves smooth, roundish, or kidney-shaped, with three or five rounded entire lobes ; petals small ; stamens from five to ten, Stem creeping or floating: leaves stalked, dark-green. Perennial: flowers from May to August : grows in ditches and muddy places : common. F,ng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 2003. Eng. Fl. vol. iii, p. 54. 839. 13. R. aqudtiUs. Water Crowfoot. Immersed leaves in fine hair-like segments ; floating-leaves three-lobed, bluntly crenate. Stems branched, submersed : flowers on long stalks, rising a little out of the water : petals white, yellow at the base. Perennial : flowers in May and June: grows in ditches, ponds, and rivers: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 101 . Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 54. 840. 20. TRO'LLIUS. Globe-floweu. Calyx none. Petals inferior, from five to fifteen, roundish, deciduous. Nectaries numerous, linear, flattened, incurved, with a single lip, somewhat tubular at the base. Filaments numerous, bristle-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers linear, erect. Germen superior, numerous, sessile, columnar. Styles nonej stigmas pointed, spreading, shorter than the stamens. Follicles cylindrical, pointed, recurved, collected into a round head. Seeds several, egg-shaped, smooth. — Name, from tro/l, a ball, 277. 240 POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. QcL. XIII. 1. T. Europet'us. Mountain Globe-flower. Petals about fifteen, con- verging into a globular form ; nectaries from five to ten, as long as tlie stamens. Stem nearly two feet high, round, hollow, branched at the top: leaves cut into five deep segments, which are themselves divided, the root-leaves on long stalks. Flower globular, bright-yellow. Peren- nial: flowers in May and June : grows in shady, mountainous situations: not common, ^ng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 28, Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 56, 841. 21. HELLE'BORUS, Hellebore. Calyx none. Petals five, inferior, roundish, permanent. Nec- taries numerous, very short, in a circle within the petals, consist- ing of one leaf, tubular, narrowest beneath, with two erect, un- equal lips at the orifice. Filaments very numerous, awl-shaped ; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens superior, from three to ten, egg-shaped, compressed, erect. Styles awl-shaped; stigmas roundish. Follicles egg-shaped, compressed, leathery. Seeds several, oval, in two rows at the edges of the follicle. — Named from heleniy to injure, and bora^ food. 278. 1. H.viridis. Green Hellebore. Stem many-flowered, leafy ; leaves fingered ; petals spreading. Stem erect, round, a foot and a half high, forked : flowers few, terminal and axillar, green. Fetid and acrid. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and thickets : rare. JEng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 200. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 57. 842. 2. H. fcetidus. Stinking Hellebore. Stem many-flowered, leafy ; leaves pedate ; petals converging. Stem two feet high, branched : flowers numerous, panicled, drooping, green, tinged with purple. Fetid, acrid, and violently purgative. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows in thickets and waste ground : rare, and like the preceding, never truly wild. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 613. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 58. 843. 22. CA'LTHA. Marsh Marigold. Calyx none. Petals five or more, inferior, egg-shaped, spread- ing. Nectaries none. Filaments numerous, thread-shaped, shorter than the petals ; anthers oblong, two-lobed, erect. Germens superior, from five to ten, oblong, compressed, erect. Styles nonej stigmas obtuse. Follicles cylindrical, pointed, two-edged. Seeds numerous, oval, arranged along the edges of the follicle. — Named from calathoSf a cup. 279. 1. C. palustris. Common Marsh Marigold. Stem erect; leaves heart- shaped, rounded. Root large : stem about a foot high, hollow, round, branched : lower leaves stalked, upper sessile : petals five, roundish, bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in marshy places, and about the edges of rivers and lakes. Slightly acrid, some- times eaten by cattle. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 506. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 59. A variety, with somewhat triangular acutely crenate leaves, and a creeping stem, is bv some made a species under the name of C.radicans. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 2175. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 60. 844. 241 Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Plants bearing Flowers loitli Four Stamens, of which the two outer are longer. Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA. Seeds naked, never more than four. * Calyx with five segments, nearly regular. 14. LEONU'RUS. Anthers sprinkled with hard dots. Ujxper Up of the Corolla very hairy. 6. GLECHO'JMA. Anthers approaching each other in pairs, and forming a cross. Upper lip of the Corolla cleft. 5. ME'NTHA. Filaments straight, spreading widely. Corolla nearly regular, four-lobed. 2. TEU'CRIUiAI. Upper lip of the Corolla very deeply cut into two remote lobes. 1. A'JUGA. t/pper /(p of the CoroZ/a minute, notched. 10. BETO'NICA. Upper lip of the Corolla nearly flat, ascending ; the tube cylindrical, incurved. Stamens not longer than the throat. 7. LA'xAIIUM. Upper lip of the Corolla vaulted, entire: lower two- lobed, with a tooth on each side of the throat. 8. GALE'OPSIS. Upper lip of the Corolla vaulted, crenate ; lower three-lobed, with two hollow prominences at the base in front. 9. GALEO'BDOLOjS. Lower lip of the Corolla in three undivided segments. 11. STA'CHYS. Lower lip of the Corolla with reflected lateral lobes. Stamens finally spreading outwards at each side. 3. NE'PETA. Lower lip of the Corolla with numerous notches : throat bordered and reflected at each side. 12. BALLO'TA. Calyx with ten furrows. Upper Up of the Corolla vaulted, hairy. 13. MARRU'BIUJM. Calyx with ten furrows. Upper lip of the Co- rolla straight, linear, cleft. 4. VERBE'NA. Calyx with one of the five teeth abrupt. Corolla nearly equal, curved. Stamens in the tube. ** Calyx two-lipped. 19. SCUTELLA'RIA. Lips of the Calyx closing over the fruit j upper lip with a vaulted process. 17. THY'JNIUS. Calyx closed with hairs at the mouth. 18. MELI'TTIS. Calyx open, wider than the tube of the Corolla. Upper lip of the Corolla nearly flat. Anthers approaching in pairs and forming a cross. 15. CLINOPO'DIUM. Calyx many-ribbed. An involucre of nume- rous taper leaves under the flowers. 16. ORrGANU-M. Calyx ribless. Livolucres of numerous, dilated, flat leaves, one to each flower, collected into a kind of cone. 20. PRUNE'LLA. Filaments forked, one of the points bearing the anther. X 2 242 DIDYNAMIA — GYBINOSPERMIA. [CL. XIV. Order II. ANGIOSPERMIA. Seeds in a Capsule. * Calyx four-cleft, 25. LATHR^'A. Capsule one-celled. A depressed gland at the base of the germen. 21. BA'RTSIA. Capsule two-celled. Seeds angular. C&rolla gaping, with a contracted orifice. 22. RHINA'NTHUS. Capsule two-celled. Seeds compressed, imbri- cated. Calyx inflated, four-toothed. 24. MELAMPY'RUM. Capsu/e two-celled. See^is in pairs, obtuse, smooth. Upper lip of the Corolla vaulted, compressed, with a re- flected border at each side. 23. EUPHRA'SIA. Ca/)su/e two-celled. Seeds striated. Upper lip of the Corolla with several notches. ** Calyx five-cleft. 33. LIMOSE'LLA. Capsule imperfectly two-celled. Corolla bell- shaped, five-cleft, nearly equal. 29. SCROPHULA'RIA. Capsule two-celled. Corolla with an in- flated nearly globular tube. 32. SIBTHO'RPIA. Capsule two-celled, with transverse partitions. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stamens coming together laterally in pairs. 30. DIGITA'LIS. Capsule two-celled. Corolla bell-shaped, inflated beneath, the limb obliquely four-lobed, unequal. 27. LINA'RIA. Capsule two-celled. Corolla closed with a palate, and having a prominence at the base. 28. ANTIRRHI'NUM. Capsule two-celled. Corolla closed with a palate, having a spur at the base behind. 26. PEDICULA'RIS. Capsule two-celled. Corolla gaping, the upper Up compressed. 31. LINN^A. Berry dry, three-celled, one cell only bearing a single perfect seed. Corolla bell-shaped. Calyx double, the inner superior. *** Calyx two-leaved. 34. OROBA'NCHE. Calyx-leaves lateral. A gland at the base of the germen beneath. Capsule one-celled, two-valved. DIDYNAMIA.— GYMNOSPERMIA. 1. A' JUG A. Bugle. Calyx deeply divided into five nearly equal segments, perma- nent. Corolla gaping; tube sometimes inflated at the base; upper lip very short, erect, abrupt, notched; lower lip large, three-lobed; the middle lobe undivided or notched; the lateral lobes small. Filaments longer than the upper lip, incurved. Germens superior, of four rounded lobes. Style incurved ; stigma divided into two acute, spreading segments. Seeds four, oblong, rugged, in the bottom of the unaltered calyx. — Name supposed to be altered from a&igOf to drive away. 280. CL. XIV.] DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. 243 1. A. pyramiddlis. Pyramidal Bugle, Plant hairy ; whorls of flowers crowded into a pyramidal form ; root-leaves very large, inversely egg- shaped, obtuse, crenate ; upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Stem four or five inches high : corolla bluish-purple, with dark streaks: upper lip in two deep acute lobes. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in dry heathy pastures in the Highlands of Scotland : found on Ben Nevis by Dr. Hope, Tor Aichaltie by Mr. W. Gibb, on Ronanval in Harris, and a few other places in Scotland. Eng. Bot, vol. xviii. pi. 1270. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 66, 845, 2. A. alpina. Alpine Bugle. Leaves nearly smooth, irregularly toothed, the uppermost white : whorls of flowers rather distant. Stem four or five inches high : corolla pale-blue, with darker streaks. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows on mountains : rare. Carnarvonshire, Derbyshire, and Durham. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 477. Eng. FL vol. iii, p. 65. 846, 3. A.reptans. Common Bugle. Plant almost smooth, with a solitary stem and creeping scyons ; lower lip of the corolla four-cleft.-^ Stem erect, simple, about six or eight inches high : flowers pale-blue. Peren- nial : flowers in May : grows in woods and moist pastures : common, Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 489. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 65. 847. 4. A. Chamnents. 22. ERY'SIMUM. Pod four-cornered. Stigma knobbed, notched. Calyx closed, 23. HES'PERIS. Pod four-cornered. Stigma with two converging lobes. Calyx closed, with two protuberances at the base. 24. CHEIRAN'THUS. Pod compressed, or two-edged. Stigma knobbed, or with two spreading lobes. Calyx closed ; two of its leaves prominent at the base. 25. BRAS'SICA. Pod nearly cylindrical, beaked, two-valved. Seeds nearly globular. Calyx closed. 26. SINA'PIS. Pod nearly cylindrical, somewhat beaked, two-valved. Seeds nearly globular. Calyx spreading. 27. RA'PHANUS. Pod with imperfect bulging joints, without valves. Seeds globular. TETRADYNAMIA.— SILICULOSA. 1. SUBULA'RIA. AwL-woRT. Calyx erect, deciduous, of four equal, oval leaves. Petals four, inversely egg-shaped, entire, their claws shorter than the calyx. Filaments simple ; anthers two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped, com- CL. XV.] TETRAdYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. 265 pressed. Style nonej stigma obtuse. Pouch egg-shaped, trans- versely compressed, entire, two-celled, two-valved; the valves deeply concave; partition membranous, elliptical, parallel lo the valves, crossing the narrowest diameter of the pouch. Seeds egg- shaped, four or more m each cell. — Name, from subula, an awl. 314. 1. 5. aqiidtica. Water Awl-wort. Root of numerous white fibres: leaves awl-shaped, spreading : flowers in a simple, stalked cluster, .arising from the root : petals white. Annual : flowers in July : grows in shallow water, in sand or gravel, near the edges of Alpine lakes : fre- quent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 732. Eng. Fl, vol. iii. p. 157. 929. 2. DRA'BA. Whitlow-grass. Calyx of four, somewhat spreading, egg-shaped valves, equal at the base. Petals spreading, with short claws. Filaments awl- shaped; anthers two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped. Style very short; stigma knobbed, fiat. Pouch oblong, compressed, entire, two-celled ; the valves nearly flat ; partition membranous. Seeds several in each cell, small, roundish. — Name, from drade, acrid. 315. 1. D.vtrna. Common Whitlow-grass. Stem leafless; petals deeply cleft; leaves lance-shaped, toothed, hairy. Leaves arranged in a star-like form on the ground : flowers white, in a corymbose cluster. Annual : flowers in March and April : grows on walls and dry loose soil : common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 586. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 158. 930* 2. D. akoides. Yellow Alpine Whitlow-grass. Stem leafless; petals slightly notched, twice as long as the calyx ; leaves lance-shaped, stifle, glossy, fringed and keeled. Flowers of a bright-yellow colour : pouch with a long style. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows on walls and rocks about Swansea, Wales. Eno'. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1271. £na. F/. vol. iii. p. 158. 931. 3. D. rupestris. Hairy Whitlow-grass. Stem nearly leafless ; petals undivided; leaves lance-shaped, slightly toothed, fringed with simple hairs. Stalk solitary, two or three inches high, round, leafless, or with a single leaf, near the bottom : flowers small, white, in a dense corymb. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on high mountains in Scot- land : rare. E?*^. £ot. vol. xix. pi. 1338. D. hirta. Eng. Fl. yol.m. p. 159. 932. 4. D. incdna. Twisted-podded Whitlow-grass. Stem-leaves numerous, lance-shaped, hoary, like the stem, with starry hairs ; pouch oblong, oblique or twisted, longer than the hairy flower-stalks. Stem from two to twelve inches high. Root-leaves arranged in a star-like form : flowers numerous, white, with inversely heart-shaped petals. Biennial : flowers in May and June : grows in rocky places, on the mountains of Scotland, Wales, and the north of England: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 388. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 160. 933. 5. D.murdlis. Speedwell- leaved Whitlow- grass. Stem branched ; leaves heart-shaped, toothed, hairy; pouch elliptical, obtuse, flat, shorter than the partial stalks. Stem erect, about a foot high, leafy, rough with starry hairs : flowers very numerous, small, white. Annual : flowers in Z 2 266 TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. [CL. XV. April and May : grows on walls in England and Ireland : not comraon. Eng. Bot. vol/xiii. pi. 9 12. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 161. 934. 3. ALYS'SUM. Alyssum. Calyx of four egg-shaped equal leaves. Petals egg-shaped, flat, spreading, with short claws. Filaments about the length of the calyx; anthers two-lobed. Germen round or elliptical, com- pressed. Style short ; stigma small, simple. Pouch round, oval, or inversely egg-shaped, compressed, two-celled; valves flattish ; partition membranous. Seeds one or two in each cell, oval, com- pressed.— Named from a, privative, and Ij/sson, rage. 316. 1. A. maritimum. Sweet Alyssum. Stem somewhat woody, much branched ; leaves lance-shaped, acute, entire, hoary with close hairs ; seeds solitary. Flowers abundant, in dense corymbose clusters : petals white. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows on banks and rocks near the sea : rare, but is not indigenous. Found in the south of England, and near Aberdeen. Eno-. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1729. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 163. 935. 4. CAMELI'NA. Camelina. Calyx of four oblong, equal, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals oblong, undivided, with shortish claws. Filaments thread-shaped; anthers heart-shaped. Germen roundish. Style cylindrical, erect; stigma obtuse. Pouch inversely egg-shaped, two-celled, the valves concave, the partition membranous. Seeds numerous in each cell, oblong, compressed. — Name, charrKEllnum^ dwarf- flax. 317. 1. C. sativa. Gold of Pleasure. Pouches inversely heart-shaped, bor- dered twice the length of the style : leaves lance-shaped, arrow-shaped at the base. Stem erect, about two feet high : flowers small, pale- yellow. Annual : flowers in June : grows in cultivated ground, chiefly among flax, with which it has been imported : rare. Eng. Bot. vol.xviii. pi. 1254 : Alyssum sativum. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 164. 936. 5. HUTCHI'NSIA. Hutchinsia. Calyx of four elliptical, equal, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, entire. Filaments awl-shaped; an- thers roundish. Germen oval, compressed. Style compressed; stigma obtuse. Pouch elliptical, compressed, nearly entire, two- celled ; valves keel-shaped ; partition narrow, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds two or more in each cell, egg- shaped. — Named after Miss Hutchins^ an Irish botanist. 318. 1. H. petrct'a. Bock Hutchinsia. Leaves pinnate, entire ; petals scarcely as long as the calyx ; stigma sessile ; seeds two in each cell. Stems two or three inches high, erect, branched : flowers minute, white, corymbose. Annual : flowers in March and April : grows on rocks and walls in the west of England, and in Wales : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 211 : Lepidium petrcEum. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 168. 937. CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA — SILICULOSA. 267 6. LEPl'DIUM. Pepper-wort. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, with narrow claws. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers two-lobed. Germen roundish. Style slender ; stigma obtuse. Pouch round or oblong, compressed, notched at the top, two-celled ; the valves keel-shaped ; partition very narrow, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds one in each cell, egg-shaped. — Named from lepis, a scale. 319. 1. L. latifdlium. Broad-leaved Pepper-wort. Leaves between lance- shaped and egg-shaped, undivided, serrate. Stems three feet high, branched : flowers numerous, very small, white, in compound leafy panicled clusters. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes and meadows near the sea : rare. Eng. Bat. vol. iii. pi. 182. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 165. 938. 2. L. Drdba. Whitlow Pepper-wert. Leaves lance-shaped, clasping the stem. About a foot high, with large, distant leaves, and corymbs of numerous white flowers: pouch heart-shaped, with the style about its own length. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in fields and hedges in several places in the south of England, where it has been naturalized. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2683. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 247. 939. 3. L. ruderdle. Narrow-leaved Pepper-wort. Lower leaves pinnatifid, toothed ; upper linear, entire ; stamens two ; petals none. The whole plant smooth, glaucous : stem about ten inches high : flowers sometimes have the petals. Annual : flowers in June : grows in waste ground : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1595. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 166. 940. 4. L. camptstre. Mithridate Pepper -Kort. Pouch covered with minute scales, notched, bordered at the top ; style very short ; stem-leaves arrow- shaped, toothed. More or less downy and glaucous : lowest leaves in- versely egg-shaped : flowers numerous, small, white, corymbose. Annual : flowers in July : grows in cultivated fields: frequent. Eug. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1385 : Thlaspi campeitre. E?io-. F/. vol. iii. p. 166. 941. 5. L. Smithii. Hairy Mithridate Mustard. Pouch egg-shaped, notched, not scaly, bordered at the top ; style prominent ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, toothed. Stems hairy, from six to eight inches hio-h : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on the edges of fields. Eng. Bot, vol. xxvi. pi. 1803 : Lepidium hirtum. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 167. 942. 7. THLA'SPI. Shepherd's-purse. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, spreading, equal leaves. Petals egg-shaped, equal, undivided, with short claws. Filaments slender ; anthers heart-shaped, acute. Germen roundish, notched or inversely heart-shaped. Style short ; stigma obtuse. Pouch compressed, roundish or inversely heart-shaped, two-celled- valves keeled, generally bordered; partition elliptical, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds egg-shaped, several in each cell. — Named from th^ao, to flatten. 320. 1. T.arvtnse. Mithridate Mustard. Penny-cress. Pouch round, nearly flat, shorter than its stalk ; leaves smooth, oblong, toothed. About a 268 TETRADYNAMIA — SILICULOSA. [cL. XV. foot high, branched, smooth : flowers small, white, in dense corymbs : pouches very large, with a deep notch. The seeds have a strong flavour of garlic. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in cultivated and waste ground : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1659. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 171. 943. 2. T. perfolidtum. Perfoliate Shepherd'' s-purse. Pouch inversely heart-shaped; stem-leaves heart-shaped, smooth, somewhat toothed; style very short.' Glaucous, smooth : stem branched : root-leaves stalked, egg-shaped : stem-leaves sessile, somew hat arrow-shaped : flowers small, white, densely corymbose. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in pastures, in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2354. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 172. 944. 3. T. alpestre. Alpine Shepherd' s-pnrse. Pouch inversely egg-shaped, abrupt, with a prominent style ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped ; stems simple. Smooth and glaucous: stems about six inches high, leafy: root- leaves egg-shaped, in dense tufts : flowers small, white, with slightly notched petals. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moun- tainous pastures, in the north of England : rare. Glen Clova, Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol.ii. pi. 81. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 173. 945. 4. T. Bursa-pastoris. Common Shepherd's-purse. Pouch inversely heart-shaped, somewhat triangular; root-leaves pinnatifid, hairy. Stem branched, about a foot high : flowers small, white, corymbose. Annual: flowers from March to November : grows in cultivated ground and by road-sides: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1485. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 173. 946. 8. TEESDA'LIA. Teesdalia. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, nearly equal, spreading leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, spreading, two generally much larger. Filaments cylindrical, incurved, shorter than the corolla, each bearing an egg-shaped scale on the inner side ; anthers of two round lobes. Germen roundish, two-lobed ; stigma globular, sessile. Pouch compressed, roundish, concave on one side, bordered and cleft at the top, two-celled ; the valves boat- like, with dilated keels; partition lance-shaped, narrow, contrary to the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds two in each cell, roundish, compressed. — Named after Mr. Teesda/e, an English botanist. 321. 1. T. nudicaulis. Naked-stalked Teesdalia. Root-leaves pinnatifid ; petals unequal. Stems several, the central one straight and leafless : flowers white. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in dry pas- tures and gravelly places : very common in many parts of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi, 327. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 170. 947. 9. IBE'RIS. Candv-tuft. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, equal, spreading leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, unequal, with short claws. Filaments awl-shaped, about the length of the calyx ; anthers roundish. Germen round, compressed, notched ; style very short ; stigma obtuse. Pouch egg-shaped, compressed, bordered, two- celled, cleft into two acute lobes j valves boat-shaped, with a di- CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA — SILICULOSA. 269 lated pointed keel ; partitions membranous, as wide as the valves. Seeds one in each cell, egg-shaped. — Named from Iberia, or Spain. 322. 1. I. amdra. Bitter Candy-tuft. Stem herbaceous ; leaves lance- shaped, acute, partly crenate ; flowers in oblong clusters. Smooth: stems branched, leafy : flowers white. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields, but is not indigenous : rare. About Henley in Oxfordshire, and Wallingford in Berkshire. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 52. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 181. 948. 10. COCHLEA'RIA. Scurvy-grass. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, spreading leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, twice the length of the calyx, with short claws. Filaments awl-shaped, incurved, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish. Gerraen roundish. Styles very short, permanent ; stigma obtuse. Pouch globular, egg-shaped, or elliptical, turgid, wrinkled, veiny, two-celled ; valves concave ; partition round or elliptical, membranous. Seeds several in each cell, roundish. — Name from cochleare, a spoon. 323. 1. C. officinalis. Common Scurvy-grass. Root-leaves roundish, stalked; stem-leaves oblong, sessile, somewhat sinuated ; pouch globular. Smooth and shining stem angular, much branched, decumbent : flowers white, in numerous corymbose clusters. A variety occurs on elevated mountains, differing chiefly in its small size. Annual : flowers in May : grows abundantly on the sea-coast, and along rivers near the sea ; also ia rocky places of the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 551. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 175. 949. 2. C. A'nglica. English Scurvy-grass. Root-leaves egg-shaped, en- tire; stem-leaves sessile, lance-shaped, toothed; pouch elliptical, strongly reticulated with veins. The principal difference between this and the last is in the form of the pouch. Annual : grows in muddy places on the sea-shore, and along rivers near the mouth, as well as on elevated mountains: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 552. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 176. 950. 3. C. Ddnica. Danish Scurvy-grass. Leaves all triangular and stalked ; pouch elliptical. Stems three or four inches long, spreading or pros- trate : flowers white. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows on the sea-coast : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 696. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 177. 951. 4. C. Armordcia. Horse Radish. Root-leaves oblong, crenate ; stem- leaves lance-shaped, cut. Root long, cylindrical : stem two feet high, erect : flowers white. The root is pungent and used as a condiment. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in waste ground, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol.xxxiii. pi. 2323. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 178. ° 952. 11. SENEBIE'RA. Wart-cress. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, spreading leaves, Petals egg-shaped, undivided. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen roundish, or two- 270 TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. [CL. XV. lobed, compressed. Style very short; stigma obtuse. Pouch roundish, compressed, two-lobed, two-celled, not bursting ; valves globular or rounded, wrinkled, each lodging a solitary roundish seed. — Name, in honour of M. Senebier, of Geneva, an eminent botanist. 324. 1. S.Coronopus. Sivine's-cress. Wart-cress. Pouch undivided, crested, with little sharp points ; style prominent ; leaves pinnatifid, subdivided. Root tapering : stems prostrate, branched, leafy : leaves deeply divided, smooth : flowers white, in dense corymbs. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows in waste ground and by way-sides : not uncommon in England, but rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1660. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 179. 953. 2. S. dldyma. Less Wart-cress. Pouch cleft, of two round wrinkled lobes; style very short; leaves pinnatifid, partly crenate. Root fibrous, small : sterns procumbent, about a foot long, branched : leaves smooth, flat : flowers small, white, with two or four stamens only. An- nual : flowers in July : grows in waste ground, in Devonshire and Cornwall, and in Ireland. Eyig. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 248 : Lepidium didy- mum. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 180. 954. 12. CRA'MBE. Sea-Kale. Calyx of four oblong, concave, spreading leaves. Petals large, obtuse, broad, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, the four longest with a sharp lateral tooth j anthers oblong. Germen oblong. Style none; stigma obtuse. Pouch finally leathery, of two joints, each one-celled, not bursting, the lower abortive, the upper globu- lar and deciduous. Seed solitary, globular — Name, crambos, of the Greeks. 325. 1. C.maritima. Sea-Kale. Leaves roundish, sinuated, toothed, glau- cous, smooth. Root large and fleshy : stems two feet high, branched, spreading, smooth and glaucous: leaves stalked, leathery: flowers large, white, in terminal clusters. The young leaves are boiled as cabbage. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in sand on the sea-coast : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 924. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 184. 955. 13. CAKl'LE. Sea-Rocket. Calyx of four erect, oblong, deciduous leaves, two opposite ones protuberant at the base. Petals mversely egg-shaped, obtuse, spreading, their claws as long as the calyx. Filaments awl- shaped, simple ; anthers oblong, cleft at the base. Germen oblongi Style none; stigma obtuse. Pouch of two joints, angular, compressed, the lower often abortive, the upper oblong, with a tapering point, deciduous, each one-celled, not bursting. Seeds one in each cell, elliptical. — Name, an old Arabic word. 326. 1. C. luaritima. Sea-Rocket. Joints of the pouch two-edged, the upper one arrow-shaped ; leaves fleshy, pinnatifid, obtuse. The whole plant smooth and glaucous : stem a foot high, much branched : leaves CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. 271 scattered : flowers large, densely corymbose : petals lilac. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows on the sea-shore, in sand : common. En». Bot. vol. iv. pi. 231 : Bunias Cakile. Eng. Fl.\o\.in. p. 183. 956. SILIQUOSA. 14. DENTA'RIA. Coralwort. Calyx of four oblong, erect leaves. Petals inversely egg- shaped, obtuse, horizontal, with erect claws, shorter than the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers arrow-shaped, erect. Germen oblong. Style short and thick ; stigma obtuse. Pod sessile, lance-shaped, compressed, tapering upwards ; valves flat, without ribs, narrower than the partitions. Seeds egg-shaped, not bordered, inserted alternately in a single row, by dilated and winged stalks. — Named from dens, a tooth, the root having projecting angles resembling teeth. 327. 1. D.bulbifera, Bnlbiferous Coralwort. Lower leaves pinnatifid, upper simple, with axillar bulbs. Stem erect, leafy, two feet high: leaves alternate, bright-green: flowers purple, corymbose. Perennial: flowers in April and May: grows in moist shady places in England: rare. Eng. Bat. vol. v. pi. 309. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 186. 957. 15. CARDAMI'NE. Cardamine. Calyx of four oblong, blunt, slightly spreading leaves, two of them protuberant at the base. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, tapering into short claws. Filaments awl-shaped, the two shorter with a gland at the base ; anthers small heart- shaped, acute, recurved. Germen linear, slender. Style very short ; stigma obtuse. Pod erect, linear, compressed ; valves flat, without ribs, scarcely narrower than the bordered par- tition. Seeds egg-shaped, not bordered, inserted alternately in a single row, by short and slender stalks. — Name, from cardia, the heart, and damao, to strengthen. 328. 1. C. impdtiens. Narrow-leaved Cardamine. Leaves pinnate, with lance-shaped leaflets; stipules fringed. -About a foot high: flowers minute, white. Annual: flowers in May and June: grows in moun- tainous meadows, by the sides of streams : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 80. £«^. F/. vol. iii. p. 187. 958. 2. C.hirsuta. Hairy Cardamine. Leaves pinnate, without stipules; leaflets stalked, roundish. From three inches to a foot high, more or less hairy : flowers small, white, corymbose. Annual : flowers from March to July: grows in loose soil, in shady places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 492. Eng. F/. vol. iii. p. 188. 959. 3. C. pratensis. Ladies^ Smock. Cuchoo-fiower. Leaves pinnate, without stipules; leaflets of the radical ones roundish, toothed; those of the stem-leaves lance-shaped, entire; petals with a tooth on the claw, About a foot high : flowers large, in corymbs, pale-purple, lila white. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in moist meadows i 272 TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. [CL. XV. watery places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 776. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 189. 960. 4, C. amara. Bitter Car damine. Leaves pinnate, without stipules; leaflets of the lower more roundish, of the rest angular or toothed ; stem creeping at the base. Stems from one to two feet high : flowers large, white. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in wet meadows : frequent. £jjg^. Bot. vol.xi. pi. 776. E?^^-. P/, vol. iii. p. 189. 961. 16. A'RABIS. Wall-cuess. Calyx of four oblong, converging, erect, deciduous leaves, two opposite ones somewhat larger, and protuberant at the base. Petals oblong, undivided, spreading, tapering into broadish claws, hardly so long as the calyx. Filaments thread-shaped, erect, generally with four glands at their base externally ; anthers heart- shaped. Germen linear. Style very short ; stigma obtuse. Pod linear, compressed; its valves nearly flat, rjbbed or veined, slightly undulated by the seeds ; partition linear, membranous. Seeds in one row, oval or round, compressed. — So named because originally an Arabian genus. 329. 1. A. Thalidna. Common Wall-cress. Leaves hairy, toothed ; root- leaves stalked, oblong, the rest sessile. About a foot high, branched : flowers small, white, corymbose. Annual: flowers in April: grows on walls, and in dry sandy ground: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 901. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 209. 962. 2. A. strictn. Bristol Rock-cress. Leaves toothed, obtuse, bristly ; those of the root somewhat lyrate ; stem hairy; calyx smooth. Stem from three to six feet high, round, leafy : flowers few, corymbose, erect, cream-coloured. Perennial: flowers in May: grows in rocky places, about Bristol : rare. £no^. Bot, vol. ix. pi. 614. £»o-. F/. vol. iii. p. 210. 963. 3. A. petrce'a. Alpine Rock-cress. Root-leaves lyrate, smooth or with scattered hairs ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, entire, scattered ; petals spreading. Stem from three to ten inches high, ascending : root- leaves in tufts: flowers small, white. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in the fissures of rocks on high mountains in Wales and Scotland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 409. A. hispida. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 211. 964. 4. A. hirsuta. Hairy Wall-cress. Leaves all bristly, toothed, those of the stem embracing ; pods erect. Stems about a foot high, erect, stiflT, leafy, covered with spreading hairs : flowers small, white. Perennial : flowers in May : grows on drv rocks, gravelly banks, and walls : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 587. E7ig. Fl. vol. iii. p. 213. 96-5. 5. A. cilidta. Fringed Rock-cress. Leaves somewhat toothed, oval, hairless, fringed, those from the root nearly sessile, obtuse, those of the stem half-embracing ; stem unbranched ; pods nearly erect. From three to six inches high, with white flowers. Biennial : flowers in July : found at Rinville, Cunnemara, and on rocks in Glen Esk. Eng. Bot. pi. 1746. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 212. 966. 6. A. Turrita. Tower-cress. Leaves toothed, embracing the stem ; pods linear, flat, recurved in one direction ; bracteas leafy. About a CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. 273 foot high : leaves heart-shaped at the base, with sliort, bristly hairs, the uppermost becoming oblong bracteas : flowers pale-yellow : pods thickened at the edges. Biennial: flowers in May : grows on old walls, but is not indigenous : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 178. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 214. " 967. 17. TURRI'TIS. Tower Mustard. Calyx of four oblong, converging, erect, deciduous leaves, tw^o opposite ones slightly protuberant at the base. Petals inversely- egg-shaped, undivided, erect. Filaments thread-shaped, erect ; anthers oblong. Germen linear, as long as the petals. Style very short ; stigma obtuse. Pod linear, compressed, very long, its vahes straight, flat, with a prominent keel. Seeds very numerous, arranged in two rows in each cell, crowded, egg-shaped, com- pressed, slightly bordered, — Name, from turris, a tower, which the plant is supposed to resemble. 330. 1. T. glabra. Smooth Tower Mustard. Root-leaves toothed, roucrh, the rest entire, clasping the stem, smooth. Stem from two to three feet high, erect, simple, smooth : root-leaves oblong, nearly lyrate : flow- ers numerous, corymbose, pale-yellow. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows on banks and by road-sides in England : not common. E)ig. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 777. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 215. 968! 18. NASTU'RTIUM. Cress. Calyx of four oblong, obtuse, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, spreading, with short claws. Filaments awl-shaped, the two shorter each with a gland at the base internally; anthers somewhat heart-shaped. Germen cylindrical. Style erect, short, cylindrical; stigma obtuse, notched. Pod nearly cylindrical, shortish ; its valves concave, without ribs or keel. Seeds roundish, flattened, irregularly arranged, on slen- der stalks. — Name from 7iasus toi^sus, a convulsed or distorted nose. 331. 1. N. officinale. Commori Wuter-cress. Leaves pinnate, with round- ish heart-shaped, waved leaflets. Stems spreading, generally floating, branched, angular, leafy, smooth : leaves deep-green : flowers white. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in rivulets, clear ditches, and ponds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 855 : Sisyrnbriurn Nastur- tium. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 192. 969. 2. N.sylvestre. Creeping Yellow-cress. Leaves pinnate, with ellip- tical, deeply serrate leaflets; root creeping. Stems erect, a foot hio-h, angular, furrowed, roughish : flowers numerous, small, gold-yellow,°in terminal clusters. Perennial : flowers from June to September: grows in wet meadows and watery places: not common. Eng. Bot. vol.xxxiii. pi. 2324: Sisymbrium sylvfstre. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 193. 970. 3. N. terrtstre. Annual Yeltoio-cress. Leaves pinnatifid, unequally toothed ; root tapering ; petals not longer than the calyx. Stem a foot high, branched : flowers very small, pale-yellow. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows in watery places: frequent. Eng. Bot, vol. XXV. pi. 1747 : Sisymbrium terrestre. Etig. Fl. vol. iii. p. 194. 971 2 A 274 TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. [CL. XV. 4. N.amphibium. Amphibious Yellow-cress. Leaves oblong, pinna- tifid, or serrate; roots fibrous; petals longer than the calyx. Stem two or three feet high, branched : flowers small, bright-yellow. Peren- nial : flowers from June to September : grows in watery places : frequent. Eii"^. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1840 : Sisymbrium amphibium. Eng. FL vol.iii. p. 195. 972. 19. SISY'MBRIUM. Sisymbrium. Calyx of four oblong, concave, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals oblong, obtuse, undivided, with claws nearly the length of the calyx. Filaments thread-shaped, erect -, anthers heart-shaped. Germen linear, sessile, slender. Style very shorty stigma knob- bed, notched. Pod linear, slightly angular; valves linear, con- cave, waved; partition narrow, membranous. Seeds numerous, small, oblong, arranged in a single row.— Name, used by the ancients. 332. 1. 5. officinale. Common Hedge Mustard. Pods downy, pressed close to the stalk ; leaves runcinate, hairy ; stem rough with deflected bristles. From one to two feet high, branched : leaves lyrate : flowers pale-yellow, small, corymbose. Warm and acid to the taste. Infusion of it is said to be good for hoarseness, and ulcers of the throat. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows among rubbish, and by roads and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 735 : Erysimum officinale. Eng. F/. vol.iii. p. 196. 973. 2. S. Frio. London Rocket. Leaves runcinate, toothed, smooth ; stem smooth; pods erect. About two feet high, smooth: flowers yellow, small. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in waste ground and among rubbish: rare. About London and Berwick. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1631. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 197. 974. 3. 5. Sophia. Flix-weed. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, a little hairy ; petals smaller than the calyx. Stem slender, about two feet high : flowers small, greenish-yellow. Annual : flowers from June to Septem- ber : grows among rubbish and in waste ground : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol.xiv. pi. 963. 975. 20. MATTHl'OLA. Stock. Calyx of four linear, oblong, concave, erect, converging, deci- duous leaves, two opposite ones protuberant at the base. Petals inversely egg-shaped, spreading, with erect claws, as long as the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, the two outer much shorter, and embraced at the base by a gland ; anthers oblong, nearly erect, with two linear lobes. Germen oblong, somewhat compressed, shorter than the stamens. Style short and thick ; stigma two- lobed. Pod linear, compressed, convex or keeled; valves straight; partition membranous. Seeds round, compressed, having a mem- branous border, and arranged alternately in a single row. — Named after P. A. Matthioli, an Italian physician. 333. 1 . M. incdna. Hoary Shrubby Stock. Stem shrubby, erect, branched ; leaves lance-shaped, obtuse, hoary with dense hairs. About two feet high : flowers large, corymbose, with pale-purple petals. Flowers in May and June : grows on rocks, near Hastings, Sussex, but is not there CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. 275 wild. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1935 : Clieiranthus incanus. Y.vg. VI. vol. iii. p. 205. 976. 2. M. sinudta. Great Sea Stock. Stem herbaceous, with spreading branches : leaves sinuate, obtuse, downy ; those of the branches undi- vided ; pods rough, with prominent glands. The whole plant covered with dense starry hairs and short glandular prickles : stem two feet high : flowers purple. Biennial : flowers from l\lay to September : grows on sandy sea-shores in England: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 462 : Chei- ra7ithus sinuatus. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 206. 977. 21. BARBARE'A. Winter-cress. Calyx of four oblong, concave, erect, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, their claws nearly as long as the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, with a gland on each side within the shorter ones. Germen oblong, four-sided. Style short, cylindrical ; stigma obtuse. Pod linear, four-sided, slightly com- pressed ; valves concave, keeled, even ; partition membranous, thick-edged. Seeds egg-shaped, flattish, arranged alternately in one row. — Name, from St. Barbara. 334. 1. B. vulgaris. Bitter Wiiiter-cress. Yellow Rocket. Lower leaves lyre-shaped, with the terminal lobe roundish ; upper leaves inversely egg- shaped, toothed. Stem about two feet high, stout, angular, furrowed: flowers small, bright-yellow, in corymbose clusters. Bitter and sharp to the taste, used sometimes as a salad. Perennial : flowers from May to August : grows on the banks of ditches and rivers, and about hedo-es and walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 443 : Erysimum Barburea. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 198. 978*. 2. B. precox. Early Winter-cress. Lower leaves lyrate, upper deeply pinnatifid, with linear, entire segments. From one to two feet hioh : flowers yellow, very small. Biennial : flowers from April to October : grows in waste places in various parts of England, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol, xvi. pi, 1129 : Erysimum prcEcox. Eng, Fl. vol, iii. p. 199. 979. 22. ERY'SIMUM. Treacle Mustard. Calyx of four oblong, concave, erect, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, obtuse, spreading, their claws erect and nearly as long as the calyx. Filaments thread-shaped, erect, with a gland on each side within the shorter ones; anthers oblong, Germen oblong, four- sided ; style very short. Stigma small, knobbed, notched. Pod four-sided, slender ; valves concave, keeled, right-angled ; partition membranous. Seeds egg-shaped, arranged in one row. — Named from eri/o, to cure. 335. 1. E. cheiranthoides. Treacle Mustard. Leaves lance-shaped, ob- scurely toothed, covered with forked bristles ; pods nearly erect, on the horizontal stalks; stigma nearly sessile. Stem erect, branched, two feet high : flowers numerous, small, yellow. The seeds are used for de- stroying worms in children. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn- fields : frequent. £n^. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 942. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 201. 980. 276 TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. [CL. XV. 2. E. Allidria. Garlick Hedge Mustard. Jack-by-the-hedge. Sauce- alone. Leaves heart-shaped, broadly toothed, stalked. Stem from one to three feet high : flowers numerous, white. When bruised, it emits a smell like garlic : it is bitter and acrid, and has been used as salad. Annual : flowers in May : grows among rubbish, and by hedges and walls : common. E7ig. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 796. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 201. 981. 3. E. orientdle. Hare's-ear. Treacle Mustard. Leaves elliptical, heart-shaped at the base, clasping the stem ; root-leaves inversely egg- shaped, all smooth, glaucous, entire. Stem from one to two feet high : flowers cream-coloured, in a loose corymbose cluster. Annual : flowers in June : grows in fields and on rocks near the sea, in the south-east of England: rare. Eng, Bot. vol. xxv'u Tp\.lS04:: Brassica orientalis. Eng. i^/. vol. iii. p. 202. 982. 23. HE'SPERIS. Dame's-violet. Calyx of four oblong, obtuse, deciduous leaves, lying over each other at the upper part; two opposite ones protuberant at the base. Petals inversely egg-shaped, obtuse or slightly notched, ob- liquely spreading ; claws linear, erect, channelled, as long as the calyx. Filaments thread-shaped, erect, simple, the two shorter with a gland at their base internally ; anthers linear. Germen four-sided, linear, as long as the calyx. Style very short; stigma of two erect, obtuse, downy lobes. Pod linear, four-sided, striated, with protuberances raised by the seeds ; partitions membranous. Seeds oblong, pendulous, in one row. — Name, from Hesperus, the evening. 336. 1. M. matrnnulis. Dame's-violet. Leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, toothed ; stem erect, slightly branched; pods nearly erect, smooth. From one to two feet high : flowers pale-purplish, sweet- scented, especially in the evening. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on banks and in bushy places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 731 : Hesperis inodora. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 207. 983. 24. CHEIRA'NTHUS. Wall-flowee. Calyx of four oblong, concave, erect, deciduous leaves, two opposite ones protuberant at the base. Petals inversely egg- shaped, spreading, with erect claws, as long as the calyx. Fila- ments awl-shaped, the two outer embraced at the base by a gland; anthers arrow-shaped, acute, of two linear lobes. Germen linear, compressed, as long as the stamens. Style short; stigma more or less two-lobed. Pod linear, compressed, two-edged ; valves straight; partition membranous. Seeds egg-shaped, compressed, arranged alternately in one row. — Name derived from an Arabic word, applied to another plant. 337. 1. Ch. Cheiri. Wild Wall-fiower. Stem shrubby with angular branches; leaves lance-shaped, acute, hoary beneath. Stem bushy, from one to two feet high : flowers large, with rich yellow petals. Pe- rennial : flowers in May and June : grows on old buildings and high walls: common. E»io-, Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1934: C. fruticulosus. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 203. 984. CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. 277 25.BRA'SSICA. Cabbage. Calyx of four oblong, concave leaves, protuberant and close below, spreading above. Petals inversely egg-shaped, spreading, with erect, channelled claws. Filaments awl-shaped, erect ; a gland at the inside of each of the outer, and one at the outside of each of the longer pairs; anthers oblong. Germen cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Style tapering; stigma knobbed. Pod nearly cylindrical, beaked, with the style two-celled, with a cell in the beak ; valves concave ; partitions membranous. Seeds nearly globular, arranged in a single row ; the cell of the beak also sometimes containing one or more seeds. — Name, Celtic, bresic, a cabbage. 338. 1. B. Kdpus. Rape. Cole-seed. Root spindle-shaped; leaves smooth, upper ones lance-shaped, heart-shaped at the base and clasping ; the lower ones lyre-shaped, toothed. Stem erect, striated, branched, two feet high: leaves glaucous: flowers bright-yellow. This species is cul- tivated for its seeds, which afford a large quantity of expressed oil. The refuse is employed as manure. Biennial : flowers in May : grows in corn-fields and waste ground, but is ,not indigenous : common. Eng. Bot. vol. XXX. pi. 2146. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 217. 985. 2. B. Rdpa. Common Turnip. Root fleshy, globular, depressed ; root-leaves lyrate, rough ; stem-leaves nearly entire, smooth. Flowers pale-yellow. Biennial : flowers in jMay : grows by the edges of fields : common, but not truly wild. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2176. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 217. 986. 3. B. campestris. Common Wild Navew. Root tapering, slender ; leaves glaucous, heart-shaped, taper-pointed, embracing the stem ; the lower ones lyrate, toothed. Stem erect, slender, two feet high : flowers large, pale-yellow. Annual: flowers in June and July: grows in corn-fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2234. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 218. 987. 4. B. olerdcea. Sea-Kale, or Cahhage. Root stem-like, cylindrical, fleshy; leaves glaucous, waved, lobed, smooth. From one to two feet high : flowers pale-yellow, large. Biennial : flowers in May and June : grows on maritime cliffs ; not common. From this species are derived all our numerous varieties of Cabbage. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 637. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 219. 988. 5. B. 3Ionensis. Isle of Man Cabbage. Leaves glaucous, nearly smooth, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong, unequally toothed lobes ; pods four- cornered ; beak lodging two or three seeds. Root tapering, woody : stem simple, smooth, about a foot high: flowers pale-yellow, veined with purple, large. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the sandy sea-coast, in the Isle of Man ; Anglesea ; near Liverpool ; in Bute and Arran, &c. Eng. Bot. \o\. xiv. ^pl. 962 : Sisymbrium Monense. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 220. 989. 26. SINA'PIS. MasTARD. Calyx of four oblong, straight, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, rounded, entire, spreading; with linear, erect claws. Filaments awl-shaped, erect ; a gland at the 2 A 2 278 TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. [CL. XV. inside of each of the outer, and one at the outside of each of the longer pairs; anthers oblong. Germen cylindrical. Style very short ; stigma knobbed. Pod nearly cylindrical, beaked ; valves undulated ; partition membranous, the beak also often contains a seed. Seeds nearly globular, arranged in one row. — Name, sinapiy used by the Greeks. 339. 1. 5. arvensis. Field Mustard, or Charlock. Pods with many angles, knotty, longer than their awl-shaped beak ; leaves toothed, partly egg- shaped, partly lyre-shaped. Root small, tapering, hard : stem from one to two feet, rough with reflected bristles, as are the leaves : flowers greenish-yellow. Annual : flowers through the summer and autumn : grows in corn-fields, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1784. Eng. ff. vol. iii. p.221. 990. 2. 5. dlba. White Mustard. Pods bristly, knotty, shorter than their two-edged beak ; leaves lyre-shaped. Stem rough, about a foot and a half high : flowers large, yellow. Eaten when young as salad. An- nual : flowers in July : grows in waste places and corn-fields : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1677. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 222. 991. 3. S. nio^ra. Common Mustard. Pods closely pressed to the stalk, four- cornered, smooth, with a short beak ; lower leaves lyre-shaped, upper narrow lance-shaped, entire, smooth, stem from three to four feet high : flowers yellow. Annual: flowers in June and July, grows in waste places and fields : frequent. The common mustard used at table is ob- tained from the seeds. It is also employed as a stimulant to the soles of the feet in fevers, and to various parts of the skin as a rubefacient. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 969. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 222. 992. 4. S. incdna. Pods closely pressed to the stalk, turgid, with an egg- shaped one-seeded beak; lower leaves lyre-shaped, hispid, upper be- tween linear and lance-shaped ; stem much branched. The pod is either smooth, or hairy with a glabrous beak: seeds egg-shaped, com- pressed. Biennial : flowers in July and August : found in the islands of Jersey and Alderney by Mr. Babington. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 257. Prim. F/. Sam. p. 9. 993. 5. S. Cheirdnthus, Wall-fiower Mustard. Pods erect, cylindrical ; leaves all stalked, hairy, deeply pinnatifid. Stem hispid at the base : lobes of the leaves unequally toothed, those of the upper linear. Biennial : flowers in July and August : discovered by Mr. Babington on the sea-shore in Jersey and Alderney, and described in his Flora of the Channel Islands. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2821. Prim. Fl. Sam. p^ 9. 994. 6. 5. tenuifolia. Narrow-leaved Wall Mustard. Pods erect, linear, compressed, slightly beaked, on spreading stalks ; seeds in two rows ; upper leaves lance-shaped, undivided, lower once or twice pinnatifid ; stem smooth. Stem erect, much branched, two feet high : flowers large, pale-yellow. The whole plant is acrid, and has a disagreeable smell. Perennial : flowers from June to October : grows on heaps of rubbish and old walls, about towns : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 525, Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 223. 995. 7. S. murdlis. Sand Mustard. Pods ascending, linear, compressed, slightly beaked, on spreading stalks ; seeds in two rows ; leaves sinuate ; stem covered with reflected bristles. Stem about eight inches high ; CL. XVI.] MONADELPHIA. 279 flowers greenish-yellow. Annual: flowers in August and September: grows in sandy ground, in the Isle of Thanet, and near Bristol. En^. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1090. Eng. Fl vol. iii. p. 224. 996. 27. RA'PHANUS. Radish. Calyx of four oblong, parallel, erect, deciduous leaves, two of them slightly prominent at the base. Petals inversely egg-shaped or heart-shaped, spreading, with linear, erect claws. Filaments awl-shaped, erect ; a gland within each of the shorter, and one at the outside of each pair of the longer ; anthers oblong. Germen cylindrical, tapering. Style awl-shaped ; stigma knobbed, small. Pod oblong, tapering upward, irregularly tumid, as if jointed, leathery ; with two incomplete cells. Seeds globular, arranged in a single row. — Name from ra, quickly, and phainomai, to appear. 340. 1. R. maritimiis. Sea Radish. Pods one-celled, jointed, furrowed,; root-leaves interruptedly lyre-shaped. Root large, tapering, branched : stems spreading from one to two feet high : flowers large, pale-yel- low. Biennial : flowers in May and June : grows in sand near the sea : not common. Sussex, Galloway, Ayrshire, Bute, abundant on the western coasts of the outer Hebrides. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1643. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 227. Perhaps a variety of the next. 997. 2. R. Raphanistrum. Field Radish. Charlock. Pods one-celled, jointed, striated; leaves lyre-shaped. The whole plant rough with bristles ; stem from one to two feet high : flowers pale-yellow. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows in corn-fields, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 856. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 226. 998. Class XVI. MONADELPHIA. Plants bearing Floxvers the Filaments of whose Stamens are joined together in one set. Order I. PENTANDRIA. Five Stamens. 1. ERO'DIUM. Style one. Fruit beaked, formed of five capsules, each tipped with a spiral awn, bearded on the inside. (Linum. CI, V. Geranium pusillum. Monadelphia Decandria.) Order II. DECANDRIA. Ten Stamens. 2. GERA'NIUM. Style one. CaZi/x of five leaves. Coro/k of five petals. Fruit beaked, of five aggregate capsules, each with a long naked aun. Oxalis, Spartium. Genista. Anthyllis. Ulex. Ononis. Order III. POLYANDRIA. Numerous Stamens. 5. LAVATE'RA. Styles numerous. Calyx double, the outer three- lobed. Capsules numerous, circularly arranged, one-seeded. 280 MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. [cL. XVI. 4. MA'LVA. Styles numerous. Calyx double, the outer of three leaves. Capsules numerous, circularly arranged, one-seeded. 3. ALTH^'A. Styles numerous. Calyx double, the outer of nine leaves. Capsules numerous, circularly arranged, one-seeded. MONADELPHIA.— PENT ANDRIA. 1. ERO'DIUM. Stokk's-bill. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, acute, permanent leaves. Petals five, inversely egg-shaped, spreading, rather longer than the calyx. Nectaries, five glands, alternate with the petals. Fila- ments ten, awl-shaped, united at the base ; five of them bearing anthers, five alternate ones shorter and abortive ; anthers oblong, Gerraen roundish, with five furrows. Style awl-shaped, erect, longer than the stamens, permanent ; stigmas oblong, reflected. Capsules five, inversely egg-shaped, aggregate, each tipped with a long, linear, erect, pointed, stiff" awn, hairy at the inside, and finally spirally twisted, adhering by its point to the top of the style. Seeds one in each capsule, oblong. — Named from erodios, a stork or heron, whose beak the fruit resembles. 341. 1. E.cicutdrium. Hemlock Stork^s-bill. Flowers in stalked umbels ; leaves pinnate, with sessile pinnatifid leaflets ; stems procumbent, hairy. The whole plant is hairy and somewhat clammy, with a disagree- able smell : petals rose-coloured, frequently white. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows in sandy places, especially near the sea : frequent. J^ng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1768. Eng. Fl. vol.iii. p. 229= 999. 2. E. moschdtum. Musky Stork's-bill. Flowers in stalked umbels ; leaves pinnate, with nearly sessile, elliptical, unequally cut leaflets ; stems procumbent, hairy ; perfect stamens toothed at the base. More hairy and clammy than the preceding, and exhaling a musky smell : petals rose-coloured. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in hilly pastures, in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 902. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 230. 1000. 3. E. maritimum. Sea Stcrfk's-bill. Stalks fevv-flowered ; leaves sim- ple, heart-shaped, cut, crenate, rough ; stems depressed, hairy. Petals minute, pale-red. Perennial : flowers from May to September : grows on the sandy coasts of the south of England, and in Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol.ix. pi. 646, Eng. Fl. vol. iii, p. 221. 1001. DECANDRIA. 2. GERANIUM. Crane's-bill. Calyx inferior, permanent, of five egg-shaped leaves. Petals five, wedge-shaped, rounded, or inversely heart-shaped. Necta- ries, five glands, alternate with the petals. Filaments ten, awl- shaped, united at the base ; anthers elliptical, two-celled. Ger- CL. XVI.J MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 281 men roundish, five-lobed. Style awl-shaped, erect, permanent ; stigmas cylindrical, recurved. Capsules five, between egg-shaped and oblong, aggregate, each tipped with a linear, erect awn, which is smooth on the inside, and finally recurved. Seeds between egg-shaped and oblong, one in each capsule. — Named from geranoSj a crane, the fruit resembling the bill of that bird. 342. ♦ Peduncles two-fiowered. a. Calyx rounded, with nearly eqtml divisions. 1. G.phcEum. Dusky Crane's-bill. Leaves palmate, with serrate lobes ; calyx slightly awned; capsules keeled, hairy below, wrinkled at the top ; stamens hairy. Stems two feet high, erect, panicled, hairy : petals dark brownish-red. Perennial : flowers in INIay and June : grows in woods and thickets : rare, and perhaps not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 322. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 232. 1002. 2. G. sylvdticum. Wood Crane's-bill. Leaves with seven cut and serrate lobes ; stems erect, corymbose, rough with deflected hairs ; capsules keeled, hairy, even. Stems two or three feet high : petals entire or slightly notched, light-purple, with darker veins : flowers much smaller than those of the next species. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in woods and thickets by rivers : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi, 121 . Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 234. 1003. 3. G. pratense. Meadow Crane's-bill. Leaves with seven deep segments, which are pinnatifidly cut and deeply serrate ; stems panicled, with short glandula-tipped hairs ; capsules keeled, hairy, transversely wrinkled at the top, seeds minutely granulated. Stems two or three feet high : petals thrice the length of the calyx, bright purplish-blue with white veins, [their claws densely fringed with white hairs. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures, woods, and thickets : com- mon in many parts. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 404, Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p-235. 1004. 4. G. Pyrendicum. Perennial Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. Leaves roundish- kidney-shaped, with seven deep, obtuse, three-cleft lobes; calyx-leaves rather obtuse, hairy ; petals cleft, twice the length of the calyx ; capsules keeled, even, sparsely downy ; seeds even. Stems from six inches to three feet high, light-green, sparsely covered with short deflected hairs : petals five-veined at the base, reddish-purple, the claw minute, with a tuft of hairs at each side. Perennial : flowers in June, July, and Au- gust : grows in meadows and pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 405. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 239. 1005. 5. G.rotundifolium. Round-leaved Crane's-bill. Leaves kidney-shaped, seven-lobed, cut, downy ; petals entire, of the same length as the calyx j capsules hairy, even ; seeds reticulated. The whole plant peculiarly soft, with fine downy leaves, ail opposite : petals light-crimson. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in dry gravelly soil : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 157. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 241. 1006. 6. G. molle. Common Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. Peduncles alternate, op- posite to the leaves, which are roundish-kidney-shaped, nine-lobed, the lobes variously divided at the end, downy ; calyx-leaves five-nerved, hairy, tipped; petals cleft; capsules keeled; transversely wrinkled ; seeds minutely granulated. The whole plant very soft, with fine 282 MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. [^CL. XVI. down : petals scarcely one-half longer than the calyx, cleft one-third down, rose-coloured, five-nerved at the base, their claws with a tuft of hairs on each side. Annual : flowers from the middle of spring to the end of autumn : grows in waste and cultivated ground, pastures, meadows, by way-sides, on wall-tops, &c. : very common. Eng- Bot. vol. xi. pi. 778. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 237. 1007. 7. G. pusillum. Small-Jlowered Crane's-hiU. Peduncles axillar, the upper opposite to the leaves, which are roundish-kidney-shaped, seven- lobed, the lobes variously divided at the end, downy ; calyx-leaves one- nerved, hairy, callous-tipped ; capsules keeled ; even, with close-pressed hairs ; seeds minutely dotted ; anthers only five. Stems numerous, spreading or prostrate, bright-red: petals rose-coloured, a little longer than the calyx, notched, with long tapering claws, destitute of hairs at the base. Annual: flowers from the beginning of June to September : grows in dry pastures and gravelly soils : not uncommon in England ; rare in Scotland. £740-. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 385. Ung. FL. vol. iii. p. 238. 1008. h. Calyx with very unequal segments, prominently angled. 8. G. Robertianum. Herb Robert. Stinking Crarie^S'hill. Leaves ter- nate, orpedate, with five divisions, pinnatifid, the segments shortly awn- tipped ; stems panicled, with sparse, unequal, flexuous hairs ; calyx ten- angled, awned, capsules wrinkled in their upper half; seeds even. Stem red, sending out numerous branches at the base : leaves tinged with red : leaves of the calyx lance-shaped : petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong, bright rose-red with three white veins. Annual ; flowers from the beginning of May to the end of October : grows in waste ground, woods, by walls, among stones and debris of rocks: com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1486. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 235. 1009. 9. G. diss^ctum. Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill. Leaves deeply divided into five, tripartite segments, sparsely downy ; stems somewhat forked, with deflected hairs ; calyx five-angled, with lance-shaped, awned leaves ; capsules keeled, even, downy ; seeds prominently reticulated. Stems spreading : two outer calyx-leaves five-nerved, the next four-nerved, the two inner three-nerved : petals rose-coloured, a little longer than the calyx, narrow, inversely heart-shaped, with three transparent veins, sparsely fringed on the claws. Annual : flowers from May to October : grows in waste and cultivated ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 753. Eng. FL. vol. iii. p. 241. 1010. 10. G.lucidum. Shining Crane's-bill. Peduncles longer than the leaves, which are kidney-shaped, five-lobed, the middle lobe trifid ; calyx five- keeled, ten-angled at the base, transversely plaited ; capsules with eight longitudinal ridges, slightly hairy, seeds even. Stems spreading, weak, smooth, glossy, deep-red : two outer calyx-leaves with two large and one small rib each, the next with one large and one small, the two inner much narrower with one small rib each, the three outer alone trans- versely plaited : petals oblong, pale rose-coloured, with linear claws, which are destitute of hairs. Annual : flowers from May to September : grows in rocky places, and among debris : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii.pl. 76. £n^. FZ. vol. iii. p. 236. 1011. 11. G. columbinum. Long-stalked Crane's-bill. Peduncles shorter than their divisions, together thrice as long as the leaves, which are kidney- shaped, very deeply divided into five three-cleft segments, and sparsely CL. XVI.] MONADELPHIA — POLYANDRIA. 283 covered with close-pressed hairs ; petals notched, a little longer than the calyx, which is prominentlv five-angled, with heart-shaped, avvned di- visions ; capsules smooth and even ; seeds reticulated. Stems procum- bent, slender, with minute deflected hairs : two outer leaves of the calyx five-nerved, each with two angles, the third four-nerved, forming an angle by one of its sides, the rest three-nerved : petals oblong, purplish rose- coloured. Annual : flowers in June and July: grows in gravelly soil : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 259. Eng.Fl. vol. iii. p. 241. 1012. ** Peduncles one-fiowered, 12. G. sangidneum. Bloody Crane's-bill. Leaves roundish, with seven deeply separated, three-cleft lobes; calyx-leaves hairy, awned ; petals inversely heart-shaped, twice the length of the calyx ; capsules even, sparsely hairy ; seeds granulated. Root large, knotty. Stems nume- rous, from one to two feet high, pale-green, covered with spreading hairs : calyx-leaves three-ribbed : petals bright-red, with five transparent veins, their claws very short, with two copious tufts of white hairs. Perennial : flowers in June, July, and August : grows in hilly situations, and on the grassy summits of maritime cliffs: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 272. Etig. Fl. vol. iii. p. 232. 1013. / POLYANDRIA. 3. ALTH.E'A. Marsh-Mallow. Calyx inferior, double, permanent ; the outer smaller, of one leaf, deeply divided into nine segments ; the inner of one leaf, divided into five segments. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped, flat, with broad claws attached to the bottom of the tube formed by the stamens. Filaments numerous, hair-like, united below into a tube ; anthers nearly kidney-shaped. Germen round, de- pressed. Style cylindrical, as long as the tube of the filaments ; stigmas about twenty, bristle-shaped, nearly as long as the style. Capsules about twenty, compressed, arranged in a circle round the columnar receptacle, each two-valved and one-celled. Seeds soli- tary, kidney-shaped, compressed. — Name from aitho, to cure. 343. 1. A. officinalis. Common Marsh-Mallow. Leaves simple, very soft ajid downy, slightly five or three-lobed. Stems erect, three feet high, sim- ple, round, downy : flowers in axillar panicles: petals pale rose-colour. The whole plant, especially the root, yields, by decoction, a mild muci- lage, used medicinally. Perennial : flowers from July to September : grows in salt marshes : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 147. Eng. F/. vol. iii. p. 244. 1014. 2. A. hirsuta. Rough-leaved Marsh-Malhw. Leaves simple, rough with hairs, the lower obtusely, the upper acutely lobed, crenate ; stem rough. x\nnual : flowers in June and July: found in a field between Cobham and Cuxton, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2674. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 262. 1015. 4. MA'LVA. Mallow. Calyx inferior, double, permanent; the outer smaller, of three egg-shaped, acute leaves ; the inner of one leaf, divided half-way 284 MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. [CL. XVI. into five broad segments. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped, abrupt, flat, their claws attached to the tube formed by the sta- mens. Filaments numerous, hair-like, united below into a tube ; anthers kidney-shaped. Germen round, depressed. Style cylin- drical ; stigmas numerous, bristle-shaped, nearly as long as the style. Capsules numerous, compressed, arranged in a circle round the columnar receptacle, each two-valved and one-celled. Seed solitary, kidney-shaped. — Name altered from malache^ soft, or emollient. 344. 1. 3f. sylvtstris. Common Mallow. Stem erect; leaves with five or seven somewhat acute lobes ; leaf-stalks and flower-stalks hairy. Stem much branched, from two to three feet high: leaves folded, soft and downy : flowers numerous : petals purplish-red, deeply notched. Perennial : flowers from June to September : grows about hedges and road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 671, Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 245. 1016. 2. M. moschdta. Musk Mallow. Stem erect ; root-leaves kidney- shaped, cut ; those of the stem deeply divided into five or seven pin- natifid, jagged segments ; calyx hairy, its outer leaves narrow, lance- shaped. Stems about two feet high, little branched, rough : flowers on long axillar simple stalks : petals large, rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in pastures and by way-sides : fre- quent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 754. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 247. 1017. 3. M. rotundifolia. Dwarf Mallow. Stem prostrate ; leaves roundish- heart-shaped, obtusely five-lobed ; fruit-stalks bent downwards. Stems numerous, lying flat on the ground : flowers pale-lilac. A variety with whitish flowers, whose petals are not longer than the calyx. Peren- nial : flowers from June to September : grows in waste 'ground and by way-sides : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1092. and vol. iv. pi. 241. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 246. 1018. 5. LAVATE'RA. Tree-Mallow. Calyx superior, double, permanent ; the outer larger, of one leaf, deeply divided into three broad, spreading segments; the inner of one leaf, divided half-way into five acute lobes. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped, abrupt, flat, attached by their nar- row claws to the tube formed by the stamens. Filaments numerous, hair-like, united below into a cylindrical tube; anthers kidney-shaped. Germen round, depressed. Style cy- lindrical, with a conical permanent base ; stigmas from seven to fourteen, bristle-shaped, as long as the style. Capsules from seven to fourteen, arranged in a circle round the columnar recep- tacle, each two-valved and one-celled. Seeds solitary, kidney- shaped. — Named after the two Lavaters. 345. 1. L. arborea. Sea Tree-Mallow. Stem woody ; leaves downy, plaited, with seven angles ; flowers on simple aggregated axillar stalks. Stem from three to five feet high, erect: flowers large: petals purplish rose- colour, darker on the base. Biennial : flowers from July to October : grows on rocks along the sea-shore : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1841. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 248. 1019. CL. XVII.] DIADELPHIA. 285 Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Filaments unitedf forming two sets. Order I. HEXANDRIA. Six Stamens. 1. FUMA'RIA. Calyx of two leaves. Petals four, irregular. Each filament bearing three anthers. Order II. OCTANDRIA. Eight Stamens. 2. POLY'GALA. Calyx of five leaves, the tvvo inner much larger, coloured. Capsule two-celled, two-valved. Order III. DECANDRIA. Ten Stamens. * Stamens all united at the base,foi~ming a tube uhich is generally split along its upper side. 3. GENl'STA. Calyx two-lipped, the upper lip with two teeth, the lower with three. Standard reflected. 4. U'LEX. Calyx of two leaves, nearly as long as the legume. 6. ANTHY'LLIS. Calyx inflated, five-toothed, inclosing the legume. 5. ONO'NIS. Calyx with five deep segments. Stajidard striated. Legume turgid, sessile. ** Stameiis, nine nnited at the base, one free ; stigma or style downy. 8. O'ROBUS. iSfy/e linear, nearly cylindrical. St/o-ma downy, linear, extending along the upper side of the style. 7. PrSUiNI. Style triangular. Stigma downy, extending along the prominent upper angle of the style. 9. LA'THYRUS. Style flattened, dilated upwards. Stigma downy, extending along the dilated part of the style. 10. Vl'CIA. Style bearded in front, below the stigma. 11. E'RVUM. Stigma knobbed, downy all over. *** Stamens, nine united, one free; stigma not doivny ; legume two-celled. 16. ASTRA'GALUS. Legume tumid, with two longitudinal cells. **** Stamens, nine unned, one free ; stigma not doivny ; legume one-celled, jointed. 15. HEDY'SARUM. Legume of one or more compressed single-seeded joints. Keel very obtuse. 12. ORXrXHOPUS. Legume compressed, curved, of many close, single-seeded joints, whose sides are equal. 13. ARTHROLO'BIUM. Legume cylindrical, curved, of many close, single-seeded joints, whose sides are equal. 14. HIPPOCRE'PIS. Legume compressed, partly membranous, in- curved, with many curved joints ; one of the sdtures with several notches. ***** Slamens, nine united, one free ; stigma not doivny ; legume one-celled, not jointed, 19. MEDIC A'GO. Legume compressed, somewhat membranous, spi- rally twisted. 2 B 286 DIADELPHIA — HEXANDRIA. \JCL. XVII. 17. TRIFO'LIUM. Legume hardly longer than the calyx, with one seed, seldom more, deciduous, not bursting. 18. LO'TUS. Legume cylindrical, straight, spongy within. Wings cohering at their upper edges. FUaments dilated upwards. D I A D E L P H I A.— H E X A N D R I A. 1. FUMA'RIA. Fumitory. Calyx inferior, of two opposite, erect, acute, small, membranous, deciduous leaves. Corolla oblong, tubular, gaping with a promi- nent palate, filling up the mouth ; petals four, more or less united ; upper lip flat, blunt, notched, reflected, its base prominent, obtuse, forming the nectary; lower lip like the upper, sometimes with a similar nectary at the base, and sometimes only keeled there ; two inner petals linear, slightly connected by their tips. Filaments two, flat, shorter than the corolla, one within each lip ; anthers roundish, three at the end of each filament. Germen roundish or oblong, compressed, pointed. Stigma compressed, of two flat lobes. Pod roundish or oblong, one-celled. Seeds roundish, crested. — Named from fumus, smoke. 346. * Pod round, one-seeded ; nectary single. 1. F. officinalis. Common Fumitorij. Cluster rather loose; stem branched, spreading; leaves twice pinnate, with their segments lance- shaped. Stem from three to six inches high : clusters opposite to the leaves, stalked : flowers rose-coloured, dark-red at their summit : spur very short, rounded. Annual : flowers from May to November : grows in loose soil: common. Eno-. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 589. Eng. Fl. \o\.ui. p. 255. 1020. 2. F. parviflora. Small-fioaered Fumitory. Cluster loose ; stem spread- ing ; leaves twice pinnate, with their segments linear and channelled. Smaller than the last : flowers pale-red, with purple tips. Annual : tiowers in August and September: grows in fields : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 590. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 256. 1021. 3. F. capreoUta. Ramping Fumitory. Cluster rather loose ; stem climbing by means of the twisted leaf-stalks; leaves thrice ternate, with wedge-shaped lobed leaflets. From two to four feet high, greatly re- sembling the common fumitory. Annual: flowers in summer and autumn : arrows in cultivated fields: common. En o-. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 943. Eng. E/. vol. iii. p. 256. 1022. ** Pod oblong, many-seeded ; nectary single, 4. F. solida. Solid Bulbous Fumitory. Stem generally simple, erect ; leaves twice ternate ; bracteas palmate, longer than each flower-stalk. Root round, fleshy: cluster terminal, solitary, erect, of about twelve pale-purple flowers. Perennial: flowers in April and May: grows in woods and thickets in England, but is not indigenous : rare. Eng. Bot. voL xxi. pi. 1471. Eng. "FL vol. iii. p. 253. 1023. 5. E. lutea. Yellow Fumitory. Pods nearly cylindrical, shorter than their stalks; stem erect, angular; bracteas minute; spur short, rounded. CL. XVII.] DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 287 -Stem about a foot high, erect, three-cornered : leaves thrice ternate, with wedge-shaped leaflets : flowers pale-yellow, with deeper coloured lips. Perennial : flowers in May : grows on old walls, in Derbyshire and Yorkshire : rare, but is not truly wild. Eno-. But. vol. ix. pi. 588. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 253. 1024. 6. F. claviculdta. Pods lance-shaped, undulated ; stem climbing ; leaf-stalks ending in branched tendrils. Stem branched, slender, from two to three feet high: clusters opposite to each leaf: flowers yellowish- white. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in bushy places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 103. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 254. 1025. OCTANDRIA. 2. POLY'GALA. Milkwort. Calyx inferior, of five leaves; the three outer smaller, egg- shaped. Petals varying in number, united to the filaments by their claws ; limb of the upper deeply divided ; the lower keel- shaped, generally crowned with a crested appendage. Filaments united at the bottom, divided above into two sets ; anthers eight, one-celled, tubular. Germen roundish. Style club-shaped, straight ; stigma two-lipped. Capsule round or inversely heart-shaped, com- pressed, two-valved, two-celled. Seeds one in each cell, oval, downy, crested. — Named from poij/y much, and gala, milk. 347. 1 . P. vulgdris. Common Milkwort. Flowers in a terminal cluster ; two inner leaves of the calyx about equal to the corolla ; stems herba- ceous, simple, ascending; leaves narrow, lance-shaped. From three to six inches long: flowers blue, sometimes pink or white. Perennial: flbwers in June and July : grows in dry pastures : common. Evg. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 76. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 258. 1026. DECANDRIA. 3.' GENI'STA. Broom. Green-weed. Calyx inferior, two-lipped ; the upper lip with two, the lower with three teeth. Corolla of five petals ; standard inversely heart- shaped, reflected, standing out from the rest ; wings oblong, spreading; keel of two lance-shaped obtuse petals, cohering below. Filaments ten, united below into a tube; anthers roundish. Stig- ma oblong. Legume compressed, oblong, one-celled, with two concave valves. Seeds several, roundish. — Name, from ge7i, a shrub, Celtic. 348. * Branches thoi'nless. 1. G. scopdria. Common Broom. Leaves ternate or solitary ; branches angular ; legumes much compressed, hairy at the margin. A bushy shrub with long, straight branches, having prominent, narrow angles : flowers axillar, solitary or in pairs, of a rich golden-yellow, sometimes tinged with red. Decoction of the young twigs is diuretic, and has been used in dropsies. Flowers in May and June : grows is thickets and dry 288 DIADELPHIA — DECANDRIA. [[CL. XVII. pastures : common. Eng. Bot vol. xix. pi. 1339. Spartium scoparium. Evg. Fl. vol. iii. p. 261. 1027. 2. G. tinctoria. Dyer's Green-ioeed. Woad-waxen. Leaves lance- shaped, smooth ; branches round, striated, erect; legumes smooth, nearly cylindrical. A small shrub, with numerous straight branches: flowers on short and axillar stalks, crowded about the tops of the branches: petals pale-yellow. A good yellow colour is obtained from the whole plant. Flowers in July and August : grows in thickets and pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 44. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 263. 1028. 3. G. pilosa. Hairy Green-iceed. Leaves lance-shaped, broader to- wards the end, hairy beneath ; stem tuberculated, prostrate ; calyx and flower-stalks covered with silky hairs. A small shrub, with much branched stems, lying flat : flowers axillar and solitary, crowded about the top of the branches: petals bright-yellow: legume oblong, hairy. Flowers in May, and again in September : grows on dry elevated heaths and pastures, in the south of England and in Wales : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 208. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 263. 1029. ** Branches thorny. 4. G. A'nglica. Needle Green-weed. Petty Whin. Leaves egg-shaped, smooth; thorns simple, none on the flowering branches. A small shrub, with ascending stems, about a foot long: flowers solitary, small, pale-yellow, the standard deeper. Flowers in May and June : grows on heathy grounds: not uncommon. Eno'. Bof. vol. ii. pi. 132. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 264. 1030. 4. U'LEX. Furze. Calyx inferior, of two egg-shaped, concave, equal, coloured, permanent leaves; the upper with two small teeth, the lower with three. Corolla of five petals ; standard egg-shaped, cleft, ascend- ing; wings oblong, obtuse; keel of two straight, obtuse petals, cohering at their lower edges. Filaments ten, all united at the base, one of them separate for more than half its length ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen oblong, nearly cylindrical, hairy. Style awl-shaped, curved upwards; stigma small, obtuse. Le- gume oblong, turgid, straight, little longer than the calyx, one- celled, two-valved; the valves concave, hard and elastic. Seeds polished, roundish. — Name doubtful. 349. 1. U. EuropcE'us. Common Furze, Whin, or Gorse. Teeth of the calyx minute, close together; bracteas egg-shaped, loose; branches erect. A very bushy shrub, from two to five feet high, beset with thorns: leaves small, awl-shaped, thorn-tipped : flowers solitary or in pairs, bright- yellow : two minute egg-shaped spreading bracteas at the base of the calyx. When often cut or burnt, the young shoots are usually soft and succulent, and are eaten by cattle. Flowers in May, occasionally at all seasons : grows in dry pastures and heaths : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 742. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 265. 1031. 2. U. nanus. Dwarf Furze. Teeth of the calyx spreading ; bracteas minute, close-pressed ; branches reclining. Half the size of the last in all its parts, and apparently nothing but a slight variety of it. Flowers in autumn : srrows on dry elevated heaths and pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 743. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 226. 1032. CL. XVII.] DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 289 5. ONO'NIS. Rest-harrow. Calyx inferior, tabular, rather deeply divided into five linear, pointed segments, the lower longest, and lying under the keel. Corolla of five petals ; standard largest, heart-shaped, striated, keeled and compressed at the back, the sides depressed; wings inversely egg-shaped, half the length of the standard ; keel of two converging petals, pointed, a little longer than the wings. Fila- ments ten, united into a cylinder, which is split above ; anthers roundish. Germen oblong. Style cylindrical, ascending; stig- ma small, obtuse. Legume diamond-shaped, turgid, sessile, scarcely longer than the calyx, one-celled, two-valved, the valves stitFand elastic. — Name from onoSf an ass. 350. 1. 0. arvtnsis. Rest-harrow. Cammock. Stem hairy ; branches be- coming at length thorny at the point ; flowers mostly solitary ; calyx shorter than the corolla ; leaves ternate below, the rest simple, serrate, entire at the base. Root woody, branched : flowers axillar, generally solitary, large, rose-coloured: pods two or three-seeded. Perennial: flowers from June to September : grows in dry pastures and the edsres of fields : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 682. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 267. 1033. 2. 0. reclindta. Smalt Spreading Rest-harrow. Stem hairy ; calyx as long as the corolla ; leaves all stalked, ternate. Much smaller than the last : stem herbaceous, spreading : pods many-seeded. Annual : flowers in July : first discovered in Britain by Dr. Graham on a steep bank by the sea, near Sarbert, Galloway, in 1836. Alderney. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. p. 268. 1034. 6. ANTHY'LLIS. Kidney-vetch. Calyx inferior, egg-shaped, inflated, woolly, with five small unequal, marginal teeth, permanent. Corolla of five petals, with linear claws, as long as the calyx ; standard longest, reflected at the sides; wings half egg-shaped, shorter, keel of two narrower petals, compressed, slightly cohering at the tips. Filaments ten, united into a cylinder, finally splitting along the upper edge, their extremities curved upwards ; anthers small, roundish. Germen oblong or half egg-shaped. Style awl-shaped, ascending; stigma obtuse. Legume small, roundish, or oblong, inclosed in the enlarged calyx, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds one or tv/o, roundish. — Name from anthoSy a flower, and ioulos^ beard. 351. 1. A. Vidnerdria. Kidney-vetch, Ladies'' -fingers. Herbaceous ; leaves pinnate, with a terminal leaflet; heads of flowers in pairs. Stems about a foot high, ascending, round, hairy : leaves hairy beneath : flowers numerous: calyx pale, hairy : corolla yellow, sometimes red. Perennial: flowers from June to September: grows in dry pastures: frequent; abun- dant in those near the sea. Eng. But. vol. ii. pi. 104. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 269. 1035. 7. Pl'SUM. Pea. Calyx inferior, cup-shaped, unequal, with five acute, permanent segments, the two upper wider and more distant. Corolla of five petals; standard broadest, inversely heart-shaped, reflected, with two protuberances at the inner side near the bottom; wings in- 2 B 2 290 DIADELPHIA — DECANDEIA* fcL. XVll. versely egg-shaped, coming together above, shorter ; keel com- pressed, half-moon shaped, shorter than the wings. Filaments ten, nine united, the uppermost separated, flattish; anthers small, roundish, Germen oblong, compressed. Style triangular, mem- branous at the edges, ascending; stigma longitudinal, downy, united to the upper angle of the keel. Legume large, oblong, somewhat compressed, pointed, one-celled, one-valved. Seeds globular. — Name from the Celtic pis, a pea. 352. 1. P. maritimum. Sea-pea. Leaf-stalks flattish above; stem angular; stipules arrow-shaped ; stalks many-flowered. Stems procumbent, four-cornered : leaves alternate, sessile, alternately pinnate with a branched tendril : flowers purple, veined with crimson. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on stony beaches in several parts of the eastern and southern shores of England, and in Shetland. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1046. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 270. 1036. 8. O'ROBUS. Bitter-vetch. Calyx superior, cup-shaped, unequal, with five acute segments, the two upper shorter and more distant, the lower one longest. Corolla of five petals ; standard inversely heart-shaped, reflected at the sides, rather longer than the rest; wings inversely egg- shaped, ascending, approaching each other ; keel rounded, pointed, of two united petals, with separate claws. Filaments ten, nine united into a compressed tube, the other hair-like; anthers small, roundish. Germen oblong, compressed. Style tliread-shaped, straight, ascending, channelled above ; stigma longitudinal, linear, downy, extending along the upper side of the upper half of the style. Legume oblong or linear, somewhat cylindrical, pointed, ascending at the end, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds several, roundish. — Name from oro, to strengthen, and bous, an ox. 353. 1. O.tuberosus. Heath-pea. Common Bitter-vetch. Leaves pinnate with elliptical leaflets ; stipules half arrow-shaped, toothed at the base ; stem erect, simple. Root knobbed, creeping : stems about a foot high : flowers in long-stalked, axillar clusters, variegated with blue, purple, and crimson. The root, which is sweetish and astringent, is chewed by the Highlanders. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in heaths, and in woods and open pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1153. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 272. 1037. 2. O. niger. Black Bitter-vetch. Leaves pinnate with broadly oblong leaflets ; stipules narrow lance-shaped, acute ; stems branched, erect, angular. Root creeping, woody : stems from one to two feet long : petals purple, variegated. Whole plant turns black in drying ; hence its name. Perennial: flowers in June and July : found by IMr. T. Drum- mond, in the Den of Airly, Forfarshire; and by Dr. Maclachlan, near Moy House, Inverness-shire. Eng, Fl. vol. iii. p. 270. 1038. 3. O. sylvdticus. Wood Bitter-vetch. Stems spreading, hairy, branched, leaves pinnate, with numerous lance-shaped leaflets. Root creeping, woody : stems numerous, from one to two feet long : petals cream- coloured, streaked and tipped with purple. Perennial : flowers in May CL. XV^II.] DIADELPHIA — DECANDRIA. 291 and June : grows in mountainous yvoods and thickets : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 518. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 273. 1039. 9. LA'THYRUS. Vetchling. Calyx superior, cup-shaped, unequal, -with five lance-shaped segments, the two upper shorter, the lower one longest. Corolla of five petals 5 standard largest, inversely heart-shaped, reflected at the sides ; wings oblong, obtuse, somewhat curved upwards, approaching each other; keel rounded, of two united petals, with separate claws. Filaments ten, nine united into a com- pressed tube, open at the upper edge, the other hair-like, separate j anthers small, roundish. Germen oblong, compressed. Style ascending, flattened vertically, dilated upwards, acute at the end ; stigma longitudinal, downy, running along the upper half of the style. Legume long, cylindrical or compressed, pointed, one- celled, two-valved. Seeds several, roundish. — Name, lathyros^ used by Theophrastus. 354. * Flowers solitary. 1. L. A'phaca. Yellow Vetchling. Tendrils without leaves : stipules heart-shaped and arrow-shaped. Stems procumbent or climbing by means of tendrils, each of which arises from between a pair of large stipules : flowers greenish-yellow. Annual : flowers from June to August : grows in the borders of sandy fields in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol.xvii. pi. 1167. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 274. 1040. 2. L. Nissolia. Crimson Vetchling. Leaves simple, without tendrils ; stipules awl-shaped. Stems slender, with sessile lance-shaped leaves, and crimson flowers. Annual : flowers in May : grows in the borders of fields in England: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol.ii. pi. 112. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 275. 1041. ** Flowers in pairs. 3. L. hirsutus. Rough-podded Vetchling. Tendrils with two narrow lance-shaped leaflets; legumes hairy; seeds rough. Stem winged, slightly hairy, climbing : flowers variegated, the standard crimson, the wings pale-blue, the keel white. Annual : flowers in July : grows in cultivated fields in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi, 1255. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 275. 1042. *** Flowers numerous on each stalk. 4. L.prattnsis. Yellow Meadow Vetchling. Tendrils simple, each with two lance-shaped leaflets. Stems weak, branched from one to two feet high : flowers yellow, eight or nine together, on long stalks. An excellent pasture plant. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 670. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 276. 1043. 5. L. sylvestris. Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea. Tendrils branched, each with two sword-shaped leaflets ; stem winged. Stems climbing, three or four feet long : flowers on axillar stalks : corolla variegated with pale-crimson, blue and green. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in thickets and hedges in England, very rare in Scotland. Ejig. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 805. Eng. FL vol. iii. "p. 277. 1044. 6. L. latif alius. Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea. -Tendrils branched, 292 DIADELPHIA — DECANDRIA. [CL. XVII. each with two elliptical leaflets ; stem winged. Stem climbing, three or four feet long : flowers large, rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in woods : rare, and apparently not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1108. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 277. 1045. 7. L.palustris. Biue Marsh Vetchling. Tendrils branched, each with several lance-shaped segments ; stipules lance-shaped ; stem winged. Flowers variegated with blue and purple. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in wet meadows and thickets : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 169. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 278. 1046. 10. VrCIA. Vetch. Calyx inferior, tubular, unequal, with five acute segments, the two uppermost shorter. Corolla of five petals ; standard largest, oval, ascending, the sides deflected, the back somewhat keeled ; wings oblong, approaching each other, shorter than the standard ; keel rounded, compressed of two united petals, with separate claws. Filaments ten j nine united into a compressed tube, open at the upper edge, the other hair-like, separate ; anthers small, roundish. Germen oblong, compressed. Style short, ascending at a right angle, cylindrical ; stigma obtuse, with a tuft of hairs in front, below the summit. Legume long, compressed, pointed, one-celled, with two leathery, stiffish valves. Seeds several, roundish. — Name, bikion, in Greek. 355. * Stalks long, many -flowered. 1. V.sylvdtica. Wood Vetch. Leaflets elliptical; stipules crescent- shaped, deeply-toothed. Stems numerous, climbing, five or six feet long : flowers numerous, in clusters longer than the leaves : petals bluish-white, veined with blue. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in bushy places and hedges : frequent. Eiig. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 79. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 279. 1047. 2. V.Crdcca. Tufted Vetch. Flowers in imbricated clusters; leaflets lance-shaped, downy ; stipules half arrow-shaped, nearly entire. Stems two or three feet long : flowers variegated with purple and blue. An excellent pasture plant. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in thickets, hedges, and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1168. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 280. 1048. ** Flowers axillar, nearly sessile. 3. V. saliva. Common V^etch. Flowers nearly sessile, commonly in pairs, leaflets oblong, lower ones abrupt ; stipules toothed, impressed with a dark spot ; seeds smooth. Stems procumbent or climbing, from two to three feet long : leaflets from six to ten : flowers variegated with crimson, blue, and white. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in corn-fields : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 334. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 281. 1049. 4. V. angustifolia. Narrow-leaved Crimson Vetch. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; leaflets about six, linear, lower ones inversely heart- shaped; stipules impressed with a pale spot ; seeds smooth. Flowers crimson, white at the keel. This is probably a starved variety of jthe preceding. Annual : 'flowers in June : grows in pastures : frequent. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 282. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2614. 1050. CL. XVII.] DIADELPHIA — DECANDRIA. 293 5. V. laihyro'ides. Spring Vetch. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; leaflets about six, oblong, the lower ones inversely heart-shaped ; tendrils simple, shorter than the leaflets; seeds tuberculated. Stems pro- cumbent, three or four inches long: stipules half heart-shaped, desti- tute of coloured mark : flowers small, light bluish-purple. Annual : flowers in April and May : grows in dry gravelly pastures : very com- mon in Scotland. Eng. Bat. vol. i. pi. 30. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 283. 1051. 6. V. lutea. Rough-podded Yelloiv Vetch. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile; legumes reflected, hairy ; stems spreading ; stipules egg-shaped, pointed, coloured ; standard smooth. Stems spreading on the ground, from one to two feet long : leaflets numerous, elliptical : tendrils long, branched : spot on the stipules red, generally enlarged : flowers pale- yellow, striped with grey. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in dry gravelly pastures : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 481. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 284. 1052. 7. V. hy'brida. Hairy-flowered Yellow Vetch. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; legumes reflected, hairy ; stems ascending ; stipules egg-shaped, unspotted ; standard hairy. Stem from one to two feet long : flowers pale-yellow, with reddish stripes. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in thickets, in the south of England ; Glastonbury, Tor-hill, and near Lincoln. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 482. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 285. 1053. 8. V. l(£vigdta. Smooth-podded Sea Vetch. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; legumes reflected, smooth ; stems ascending ; stipules cleft, without spot ; leaflets bluntish, smooth. Flowers pale-blue or whitish : the whole plant smooth. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the pebblv coast of Dorsetshire. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 483. Eng. Fl, vol. iii. p. 285. 1054. 9. V. scpium. Common Bush Vetch. Flowers about four together, in short axillar clusters; legumes erect, smooth; leaflets egg-shaped, obtuse, becoming gradually smaller upwards on the leaf-stalk. Stems about two feet long : flowers bluish-purple : legumes blackish. Perennial: flowers in May and June: grows in bushy places, hedges, and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1515. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 286. 1055. 10. V. Bithy'nica, Rough-podded Purple Vetch. Flowers commonly solitary, stalked; legumes erect, rough with stiff hairs; leaflets four, lance-shaped, minutely pointed ; stipules half-arrow-shaped, fringed with teeth. Stems about eighteen inches long, smooth, prostrate : standard purple : keel and wings white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in bushv places and dry pastures in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1842. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 287. 1056. 11. E'RVUM. Tare. Calyx inferior, tubular, divided half-way into five lance-shaped, long-pointed segments, shorter than the corolla, the lov^ermost rather longer. Corolla of five petals ; standard largest, inversely egg-shaped, slightly reflected; wings half as long, obtuse; keel shorter, rounded, of two united petals, with separate claws. Fi- laments ten ; nine united into a compressed tube, open along the 294 DIADELPHIA — DECANDRIA. QcL. XVII. upper edge ; the other hair-like, separate ; anthers roundish. Ger- men oblong, compressed. Style cylindrical, ascending at a right angle ; stigma knobbed, all over hairy. Legume oblong, com- pressed. Seeds from two to four, roundish. — Name from the Celtic erWy a ploughed field. 356. 1. E.hirsutum. Hairy Tare. Clusters many-flowered ; legumes hairy, two-seeded ; leaflets abrupt. Stem two or three feet long, nearly smooth : flowers whitish or pale-blue. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in fields and hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 970. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 289. 1057. 2. E. tetrasptrmum. Smooth Tare. Flowers in pairs ; legumes smooth, four-seeded ; leaflets oblong, bluntish. Stem two or three feet long, more or less hairy, as are the leaves ; flowers pale-grey or bluish. An- nual : flowers in June and July : grows in fields and hedges : not so common as the last. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1223. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 228. 1058. 12. ORNI'THOPUS. Bird's-foot. Calyx inferior, tubular, with five nearly equal, marginal teeth. Corolla of five petals ; standard inversely egg-shaped, entire, ascending ; wings rather smaller, inversely egg-shaped, curved upwards ; keel smaller, of two rounded, united petals, with sepa- rated claws. Filaments ten, nine united into a compressed tube, open along its upper edge, the other hair-like, separate ; all curved upwards at the end; anthers minute, roundish. Germen linear, compressed. Style slender, ascending ; stigma knobbed, bare. Legume curved, compressed, jointed, finally separating at the joints, each of which contains one roundish seed. — Name, from ornis, a bird, and pous, a foot. 357. 1. 0. perpusillus. Common Bird's-foot. Leaves pinnate; flowers in heads; legumes curved inwards, bead-like. -Stems procumbent, from three to ten inches long : leaves of numerous pairs of elliptical, hairy leaflets : flowers three or four in each head, which is accompanied by a pinnate leaf: corolla white, veined with red, the keel greenish. An- nual : flowers in May : grows in sandy pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 369. E?2g. FL vol. iii. p. 290. 1059. 13. ARTHROLO'BIUM. Joint- vetch. Calyx inferior, tubular, with five teeth. Keel of the corolla very small. Legume nearly cylindrical, smooth, composed of several joints, each containing a single seed. — 'Na.meh'om art/iron^ a joint, and lodoSf a pod. 358. 1, A. ebractedtum. Sand Joint-vetch. Stem thread-like; leaf-stalks two-flowered, nearly equal to the leaves ; stipules very small ; leaves pin- nated ; leaflets equal, the lower ones remote from the stem. A small plant, resembling the preceding in habit. Annual : flowers in July and August: found by Messrs. Babington and Christy in sandy ground in the islands of Guernsey and Jersey. Scilly Islands. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 273. Prim. FL Sam. ^.29. 1060. CL. XVII.] DIADELPniA — DECANDRIA. 295 14. HIPPOCRE'PIS. Horse-shoe Vetch. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, divided half-way into five lance- shaped, acute, permanent segments; the two upper shorter. Co- rolla of five petals, with claws longer than the calyx ; standard heart-shaped, ascending; wings inversely egg-shaped, obtuse; keel rounded, pointed, of two united petals, with separated claws. Filaments ten, nine united into a tube, open along its upper edge, the other separate, all curved upwards at the end ; anthers roundish. Germen slender, compressed, tapering into an awl- shaped, ascending style ; stigma linear, smooth. Legume com- pressed, partly membranous, incurved, notched, with many curved joints, finally separating at the joints, each of which contains a single curved, oblong seed. — Name, from hippos, a horse, and crepis, a shoe. 359. 1. H. comosa. Tvfted Horse-shoe Vetch. Leg-umes in umbels, curved downwards, not dilated at the margin. Root woody : stems from six inches to a foot long : leaflets from seven to eleven, inversely e^cr- shaped, hairy beneath : flowers about six together, on long axillar or terminal stalks : flowers yellow, striated. Perennial : flowers from May to September : grows in dry chalky pastures in England : frequent. Bng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 31. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 291. 1061. 15. HEDY'SARUM. Saint-foin. Calyx inferior, tubular, divided half-way into five awl-shaped, straight segments. Corolla of five petals; standard egg-shaped, keeled at the back, slightly cleft, reflected at the sides; wings oblong, straight, narrower than the other petals; keel of two united petals, with separate claws, compressed, broader in front, and very abrupt. Filaments ten, nine united into a flatfish tube, open above, the other awl-shaped, separate, all bent upwards at the extremity; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped or ob- long, compressed. Style awl-shaped, bent like the stamens; stigma acute. Legume compressed, with one or more roundish joints, each joint two-valved and one-seeded. Seeds kidney-shaped. — Name from hedus, sweet, and aroma, smell. 360. 1. H. Onobrychis. Common Saint-foin. Cock's-head. Leaves pinnate, nearly smooth ; legume one-seeded, toothed at the margin and ribs • wings not longer than the calyx ; stem elongated. Stem two or three feet long : flowers crimson, in axillar clusters. Cultivated for feedino- cattle. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry hilly pastures in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 96. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 292. 1062. 16. ASTRA'GALUS. Milk-vetch. Calyx inferior, tubular, permanent, with five acute teeth, the lower gradually longer. Corolla of five petals; standard egg- shaped, obtuse, erect, longer than the rest ; wings oblong, shorter; keel as long as the wings, rounded in front, of two united petals, with separate claws. Filaments ten, nine united into a compressed tube, open above, the other hair-like, separate ; an- 296 DIADELPHIA — DECANDRIA. [CL. XVII. thers roundish. Germen oblong, compressed. Style awl-shaped, ascending ; stigma obtuse. Legume tumid, with two longitudi- nal cells. Seeds one or more, kidney-shaped. — Named astragalus, the back-bone, in allusion to the knotted root of one species. 361. 1. A. glycyphy'Uos. Sweet Milk-vetch. Stem prostrate; legumes ob- scurely three-cornered, curved, smooth ; leaves longer than the flower- stalks ; leaflets oval. Stems two or three feet long : nearly smooth : flowers pale-yellow, in egg-shaped spikes, on short axillar stalks. Pe- rennial : flowers in June : grows in woods, thickets, and pastures, in gravelly soil : frequent in England; rare in Scotland. Eng, Bot. vol. iii. pi. 203. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 294. 1063. 2. A, hypoglottis. Purple Moimtain Milk-vetch. Stem prostrate ; flowers in roundish heads ; legumes egg-shaped, compressed, hairy, hooked at the point ; leaflets obtuse. Stems from two to six inches long: flowers purplish-blue, variegated with white, in stalked axillar heads. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures: frequent ; not uncommon in Scotland, near the sea. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 274. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 294. 1064. 3. A. alpinus. Stems procumbent, branches and leaves downy ; stipules egg-shaped ; flowers in a dense cluster, drooping ; legumes stalked, pendulous, elliptical, attenuated at either end. Root branched, slender : stems slender, branched, procumbent and smooth at the base ; down of the branches and leaves adpressed : flowers eight to fourteen, with the calyx green, the corolla white, tipped with light-purple. Perennial : flowers in July : discovered by Mr. Brand on a cliflf near the head of Glen Dole, Clova, in 1831. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2717. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 272. 1065. 4. A. Uraltnsis. Hairy Mountain Milk-vetch, Stem none ; flower-stalk erect, longer than the leaves ; legumes oblong, pointed, hairy, erect ; leaflets egg-shaped, acute, covered with silky hairs. Flowers bluish- purple, in round dense heads. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry mountain pastures in Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 466. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 295. 1066, ,5. A. camptstris. Yellowish Mountain Milk-vetch. Stem none : scape ascending ; legumes egg-shaped, inflated, hairy, erect ; leaflets lance- shaped, acute, somewhat hairy. Flowers yellowish, the keel and wings tinged with purple. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on high rocks in Scotland : very rare. Clova Mountains, Forfarshire. Eng. Bot, vol. xxxvi. pi. 2522. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 296. 1067. 17. TRIFO'LIUM. Trefoil. Clover. Calyx inferior, tubular, five-toothed, permanent. Corolla of four petals, all more or less united by their long claws, generally permanent, withering ; standard ret3ected ; wings oblong, shorter than the standard ; keel of one petal, shorter than the wings. Filaments ten, nine united into a compressed tube, the other hair-like, separate; anthers roundish, Germen oblong. Style awl-shaped, curved upwards; stigma simple, smooth. Legume short, membranous, one-valved, one-celled, not bursting, hardly CL. XVIT.] DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 297 longer than the calyx. Seeds from one to four, roundish, smooth. — Name from triuy three, and/o/^a, leaves. 362. * Flowers in clusters or spikes. 1. T. officinule. Common Melilot. Clusters with the flowers pointing one way ; legume protruding, acute, transversely wrinkled, hairy, two- seeded ; stem erect; stipules awl-shaped. Stem two or three feet high, erect, branched, angular: leaflets serrate : flowers yellow, in axillar, long-stalked clusters. In drying it emits a strong smell, resembhng that of new hay. Cultivated as food for cattle. Annual: flowers in June and July : grows in thickets, hedges, and borders of fields. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1240. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 297. A variety with white flowers has been described as a distinct species. Eng. Bot. Siippl. pi. 2689. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. p. 274. ' 1068. ** Flowers in heads ; legumes many -seeded. 2. T. ornithopodioides. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Flowers about three in each head ; legume protruding, eight-seeded, twice as long as the calyx; stems decumbent. Stem from three to five inches long : flowers rose- coloured. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in dry, sandy, or gravelly pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1047. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 298. 1069. 3. T. rtpens. White Trefoil. Dutch Clover. Heads of flowers stalked, spherical, the flowers on short stalks ; legume four-seeded, in- cluded within the calyx ; stems creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped. Stems from six to twelve inches long : flowers white, fragrant ; leaf- lets generally brown on the back. A valuable pasture plant, supposed erroneously to indicate a rich soil. Perennial : flowers from May to September : grows in meadows and pastures, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. XXV. pi. 1769. E7ig. Fl. vol. iii. p. 292. 1070. 4. T. suffocdtum. Suffocated Trefoil. Heads of flowers sessile, lateral, roundish ; legume two-seeded, concealed within the calyx ; teeth of the calyx lance-shaped, acute, recurved, longer than the corolla. The whole plant generally buried in sand: flowers pale rose-colour. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows on the sandy sea-coast at Yarmouth, and other places in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1049. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 300. 1071. *** Flowers in heads ; legumes one-seeded, calyx generally hairy, i [ 5. T. suhterrdneum. Subterraneous Trefoil. Heads of about four flowers, hairy; a central, reflected, stiflT, starry tuft of fibres from the top of the stalk embracing the fruit. Stems pressed close to the ground, from three to six inches long, hairy: flowers white, at first erect, aftei- wards bent to the ground, the stalk sending out from its extremities seve- ral fibres. Annual : flowers in May : grows in dry gravelly pastures in England; frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1048. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 300. 1072. 6. T. ochroleucum. Sulphur-coloured Trefoil. Flowers in a solitary terminal head ; stem erect, downy ; lower leaflets inversely heart-shaped ; lowest tooth of the calyx thrice as long as the rest. Stems from twelve to eighteen inches high : flowers pale-yellow. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in dry pastures, in England: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1224. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 301. 1073. 2 C 298 UIADELPHIA — DECANDRIA. [CL. XVII. 7. T. prat^nse. Common Purple Clover. Heads dense, egg-shaped ; stems ascending; petals unequal ; lower calyx-tooth longer than the rest, which are equal ; stipules egg-shaped, bristle-pointed. Stems about a foot high : leaflets elliptical, entire, nearly smooth : flowers pur- ple, sweet-scented. A valuable pasture plant, extensively cultivated. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures : common. Eng. Bet. vol. XXV. pi. 1770. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 302. 1074. 8. T. mtdhim. Zig-zag Trefoil. Heads egg-shaped, loose ; stems zig-zag ; petals nearly equal ; two upper calyx-teeth rather shorter ; sti- pules linear, parallel. Stems about a foot high, branched : leaflets elliptical, notched, hairy : flowers purple. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in drv pastures and thickets : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 290. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 302. 1075. 9. T. maritimum. Teasel-headed Trefoil. Heads egg-shaped, some- what hairy ; stipules lance-shaped, erect ; calyx-teeth after flowering di- lated, leafy ; leaflets mversely egg-shaped. Stems spreading, about a foot long : flowers pale-red. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in salt marshes, on the eastern and southern coasts of England, and in Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 220. Ei2g. Fl. vol. iii. p. 303. 1076. 10. T. stelldtum. Starry-headed Trefoil. Heads roundish, hairy ; sti- pules elliptical ; calyx-teeth longer than the corolla, after flowering di- lated, leafy, the tube closed ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped. Stems spreading, hairy: flowers light-crimson. Annual: flowers in July and August : found by Mr. Borrer between Shoreham harbour, in Sussex, and the sea, where it has been naturalized. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1545. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 304. 1077. 11. T. arvtnse. Hare's-foot Trefoil. Heads oval, very hairy; stipules lance-shaped, bristle-pointed ; calyx-teeth longer than the corolla, per- manently bristle-shaped : leaflets narrow, inversely egg-shaped. Stem from four inches to a foot high, erect, branched : flowers with pale-red or white petals. Annual: flowers in July and August: grows in dry pastures and fields: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 944. Eng. Fl, vol. iii. p. 305. 1078. 12. T. scubnim. Hard-knotted Trefoil. Heads egg-shaped, sessile, axillar ; calyx-teeth unequal, lance-shaped, stiff, ultimately recurved; stems procumbent. Stem from three to nine inches long, stiflP, hairy : flowers whitish. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in dry sandy fields: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 903. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 306. 1079. 13. T. glomerdtum. Smooth round-headed Trefoil. Heads hemispherical, sessile, axillar; calyx-teeth heart-shaped, veiny, smooth, reflected ; stems prostrate. Stems from three inches to a foot long, straight: flowers rose-coloured. Annual : flowers in June : grows in gravelly fields and pastures in the east and south of England. Eng. Bot. vol.xv. pi. 1063. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 307. 1080. 14 T. striatum. Sqft-hnoited Trefoil. Heads egg-shaped, sessile, axillar and terminal ; calyx elliptical, furrowed, hairy, with bristle-shaped teeth ; stems procumbent. From four to ten inches long: flowers pale rose-coloured. Annual : flowers in June : grows in sandy fields and pastures: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1843. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 307. 1081. CL. XVII ] DIADELPHIA — DECANDRIA. 299 **** Legumes one-seeded. Calyx of the fruit inflated. 15. T.fragiferum. Strawberry -headed Trefoil. Heads roundish upon long stalks : calyx at length inHated, membranous, two of its teeth re- flected ; stems creeping. Stems prostrate, creeping, smooth : leaflets inversely heart-shaped, serrate : flowers rose-coloured : calyces finally red, the head in this state resembling a strawberry. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in meadows and pastures: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. XV. pi. 1050. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 388. 1082. 16. T. resiipindtum. Reversed Trefoil. Heads roundish, on short stalks; calyx at length membranous, inflated, acute, hairy, two of its teeth longer and spreading; corolla reversed. Stems procumbent: leaflets inversely egg-shaped. Annual: flowers in July : found in mea- dows near Bristol, and Poole, Dorsetshire, but is not truly wild. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2789. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 277. 1083. ***** Legumes one-seeded. Standards finally deflected, dry and membranous. 17. T. procumbens. Hop Trefoil. Heads oval, many-flowered; standard finally deflected, furrowed ; stems spreading or procumbent ; common leaf-stalk longer than the middle partial leaf-stalk. Stems very numerous, spreading ail round, from four inches to a foot long : heads of about fifty bright-yellow flowers. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 945. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 309. 1084. 18. T.filiforme. Slender Yellow Trefoil. Clusters loose, few-flowered ; coraraon flower-stalks thread-like, waved ; standard even ; stems pros- trate ; common leaf-stalk shorter than the nearly sessile middle leaflet. Stems thread-like, from four to ten inches long : flowers yellow, three or four only in each cluster. Annual : flowers in June and July: grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1257. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 311. The T. minus, Lesser Yellow Trefoil, is a large variety of this plant, with heads of many flowers and leaf-stalks longer than the leaves. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1256. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 310. 1085. 18. LO'TUS. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Calyx inferior, tubular, permanent, with five acute, nearly equal teeth. Corolla of five petals, deciduous ; standard inversely egg- shaped, ascending with a vaulted clawj wings oblong, obtuse, approaching each other, shorter than the standard ; keel prominent beneath, closed above, of two united petals, with an ascending point, and short separated claws. Filaments ten, nine united into a compressed tube, split above, the other hair-like, separate, all generally dilated under the anthers; anthers small, roundish. Ger- men cylindrical. Styles thread-shaped, ascending at a right angle; stigma simple. Legume cylindrical, straight, much longer than (he calyx, two-valved, one-celled,* the seeds separated by a spongy substance. Seeds globular. — Name, lotos, of the Greeks. 363. 1. L. corniculdtus. Common Bird's-foot Trefoil. Heads few-flowered, depressed ; stems procumbent ; legumes spreading, nearly cylindrical ; claw of the standard broad ; filaments all dilated under the anthers. Stems several, spreading all round, from four to ten inches long : flowers 300 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. \JCL. XVII. about three in each head, bright-yellow, generally streaked with red. Perennial : flowers from May to September : grows in pastures, abun- dantly. An excellent pasture plant. It presents several varieties, some of which have been considered as species, especially one with long slender stems, the L. teyiuis of some botanists. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2090. En^-. F/. vol.iii. p. 312. 1086. 2. L. major. Greater Bird^s-foot Trefoil. Heads many-flowered, de- pressed ; stems erect, hollow ; legumes drooping, cylindrical ; claw of the standard linear; shorter filaments not dilated. Stems erect, from one to two feet high, succulent and tubular : flowers from six to twelve, yellow. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in moist pas- tures, and by ditches and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2091. En^. F/. vol.iii. p.313. 1087. 3. L. angustissimus. Slender Bird's-foot Trefoil. Flowers solitary, or in pairs ; stems tubular, much branched, prostrate ; legumes two-edged, very slender ; calyx loosely hairy, its teeth fringed, twice as long as the tube. Stems from six to ten inches long : flowers yellow. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in meadows on the southern and wes- tern coasts of England and Ireland : very rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 925. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 315. 1088. 19. MEDICA'GO. Medick. Calyx inferior, tubular, permanent, with five acute, nearly equal teeth. Corolla of five petals, deciduous; standard egg-shaped, ascending, with a short broad claw ; wings inversely egg-shaped, cohering by their lower edges; keel of two united petals with separate claws, oblong, obtuse, depressed by the germen, and finally spreading widely. Filaments ten, nine united nearly to their summits into a compressed tube, split above, the other hair- like, separate; anthers small, roundish. Germen stalked, oblong, compressed, incurved or spiral, starting elastically from the keel, and forcing back the standard. Style awl-shaped, straight, ascend- ing ; stigma terminal, minute. Legume compressed, inflected, sickle-shaped, or spiral, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds several, kidney-shaped, smooth. — Name, from Medike of the Greeks, the plant having been introduced from Media. 364. 1. M.falcdta. Yellow Sickle Medick. Clusters erect ; legumes sickle- shaped ; stem procumbent. Stems about two feet long : flowers pale- yellow, sometimes green, occasionally purple. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and borders of fields, in some parts of England, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xv, pi, 1016. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 317. 1089. 2. M. lupuiina. Black Medick Nonesuch. Spikes egg-shaped, erect ; legumes kidney-shaped, one-seeded; stem procumbent. Resembles Trifolium minus in its stems and yellow flowers. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows in pastures and fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 971. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 318. 1090. 3. M.maculdta. Spotted Medick. Stalks two or three-flowered ; leaf- lets inversely heart-shaped, spotted ; stipules acutely toothed ; legumes spiral, depressed, fringed with long bristles. Stems prostrate; leaflets CL. XVIII.] POLYADELPHIA — POLYANDRIA. 301 marked in the centre with an irregular dark spot : flowers yellow. An- nual: flowers in May and June: grows in gravelly soil in the south of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1616. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 319. 1091. 4. M. minima. Little Bur Medick. Stalks many-flowered ; stipules half egg-shaped, nearly entire ; leaflets inversely egg-shaped, hairy ; legumes globular, with two rows of hooked prickles. Prostrate and silky: flowers yellow. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy fields in England : rare. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 321. 1092. 5. M. denticuldia. Retindated Medick Stalks few-flowered ; stipules laciniate ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped ; legumes broad, loosely spiral, fiat, reticulated, the margin keeled, with a double row of close-curved prickles. Annual : flowers from April to June : grows on the coasts of Kent and Norfolk : rare. Discovered by the Rev. G. E. Smith. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2634. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 280. 1093. Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Filaments united, forming more than ttoo sets. Order I. POLYANDRIA. Numerous Stamens. 1. HYPE'RICUM. Calyx inferior, deeply divided into five seg- ments. Petals five. Filaments united into three or five sets. Capsule many-seeded. POLYADELPHIA.— POLYANDRIA. 1. HYPE'RICUM. St. John's-wort. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five nearly egg- shaped, concave, permanent segments. Petals fiv^e, egg-shaped or oblong, obtuse, expanding, overlapping each other laterally. Fila- ments numerous, hair-like, united at the base into three or five sets ; anthers small, roundish. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Styles varying from five to one, simple, distant ; stigmas simple. Capsule roundish, with as many cells as there are styles. Seeds numerous. — Name, ht/pericon of Dioscorides. 365. 1. H. calycinum. Large-Jiowered St. John''s-tcort. Styles five ; flowers solitary ; stem woody, four-cornered, branched ; segments of the calyx inversely egg-shaped, obtuse ; leaves oblong. Root creeping : stems erect, twelve or eighteen inches high : leaves leathery, ever-green, very shortly stalked : flowers golden-yellow. A shrub : flowers in July and August: grows in bushy places: rare, and not indigenous. Eng. Bet. vol. xxix. pi. 2017. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 323. 1094. 2. H. Androsce'mum. Tutsan. Styles three ; capsule pulpy ; stem woody, compressed ; leaves egg-shaped, sessile. Two or three feet high : flowers yellow, in terminal panicles : capsule purplish-black. A shrub : flowers in July : grows in hedges and bushy places : rare in Eng- 2 C 2 302 POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. [CL. XVIII. land, not uncommon in the west of Scotland and Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1225. Eng, Ft. vol. iii. p. 323. 1095. 3. H. quadrdngulum. Square St. John''s-wort. Styles three; stem herbaceous, acutely four-cornered ; leaves egg-shaped, with pellucid dots ; segments of the calyx lance-shaped. Root creeping : stems from one to two feet high, erect, leafy, with numerous leafy opposite branches : leaves in pairs, sessile : petals yellow, generally streaked with dark-purple. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in moist meadows and hedges : common. Eng. Bot, vol. vi. pi. 370. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 324. 1096. 4. H. perfordtum. Perforated or Common St. Johri's-wort. Styles three ; stem two-edged ; leaves elliptical, with pellucid dots ; segments of the calyx lance-shaped. Stem from one to two feet high, branched ': flowers bright-yellow, dotted and streaked with dark-purple, in terminal panicles : petals and calyx fringed with small black glands. This plant has long held a place in the Materia Medica, being aromatic and stimu- lant. The flowers tinge spirits and oils of a fine purple colour. Peren- nial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures, woods, and open heaths : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 295. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 325. 1097. 5. H. dub'mm. Imperforate St. John's-wort. Styles three; stem ob- scurely four-cornered ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, without pellucid dots ; segments of the calyx elliptical. Stem from one to two feet high: flowers bright-yellow, in terminal panicles : petals and calyx dotted and blotched with dark-purple. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in rather mountainous woods : not common, Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 296. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 326. 1098. 6. H. humfusum. Trailing St. John's-wort. Styles three ; stem com- pressed, prostrate ; leaves elliptical, smooth ; segments of the calyx egg- shaped. Stems branched, from six inches to a foot long : margins of the leaves with dark spots : petals and segments of the calyx more or less fringed with black glands. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in pas- tures and on dry heaths : not very common. Eng, Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1226. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 326. 1099. 7. H. montdnum. Mountain St. Johns-wort, Styles three; stem erect, round, smooth ; leaves egg-shaped, smooth, embracing the stem ; calyx with glandular serratures. Stems about two feet high, simple, leafy : leaves small, sprinkled with small pellucid dots, their margins with black glandular dots : petals pale-yellow : bracteas and calyx mar- gined with black glands. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in hilly places, in woods and thickets : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 371. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 327. 1100. 8. H. linearifotium. Linear-leaved St. John's-wort. Styles three ; stem erect, procumbent below, round, smooth ; segments of the calyx lance-shaped, with black spots and glandular serratures ; leaves linear, obtuse. Flowers rather large, yellow, in terminal cymes : leaves with the margins rolled back. Perennial : flowers in July and August : dis- covered by Mr. Babington in Jersey, growing on the dry slopes of hills in several parts of the islands. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 282. Frim. FL Sam. p. 20. 1101. 9. H. hirsutum. Hairy St. John's-wort. Styles three ; stem erect, rounded, leaves egg-shaped, downy j segments of the calyx lance-shaped. CL. XIX.] SYNOENESIA. 303 with glandular serratures. Stems about two feet high, numerous, erect, downy, as well as the leaves : flowers bright-yellow, very numerous : bracteas and segments of the calyx fringed with black glands. Peren- nial: flowers in July : grows in woods and thickets : frequent. Eng.Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1156. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 328. 1102. 10. H.pulchrum. Small Upright St. Johns-wort. Styles three ; stem erect, round ; leaves heart-shaped, smooth, clasping the stem ; segments of the calyx egg-shaped, with glandular serratures. Stem about two feet high, panicled at the top. The whole plant smooth. Petals bright- yellow, tipped externally with red, fringed, like the calyx, with black glands. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in woods, on heaths, and in dry pastures: frequent. Eng. JBot. vol. xviii. pi. 1227. Eng.Fl. vol. iii. p. 329. 1103. 11. H.elodes. Marsh St, John' s-wort. Styles three; stems procum- bent, creeping, round; leaves roundish, hairy; segments of the calyx obtuse, with glandular serratures. Stems about six inches long, branched at the base, prostrate, hairy, as are the leaves : flowers pale- yellow. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in boggy places : not common. Eiig. Bot. pi. 109. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 330. 1104. Class XIX. SYNGENESIA. Plants bearing compound Flowers having their anthers united into a tube. Order I. POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. Florets all perfect, each having Jive sfa?nens and one pistil^ and producing one seed. * All the corollas strap-shaped. 10. HYPOCHCE'RIS. Receptacle chafFy. Seed-down feathery. Calyx oblong, imbricated. 12. CICHO'RIUM. Receptacle slightly chafiy. Seed-down chaffy, shorter than the seed. Calyx double. 9. CRE'PIS. Receptacle roughish. Seed-down simple. Calyx double ; the outer lax, tumid, deciduous. 8. HIERA'CIUM. Receptacle nearly naked, dotted. Seed-down simple, sessile. Calyx egg-shaped, imbricated. 7. APA'RGIA. Receptacle naked, dotted. Seed-down feathery, ses- sile, unequal. Calyx double ; the inner imbricated. 2. PrCRIS. Receptacle naked. Seed-down {edLihery . Ca^i/x double ; inner of equal leaves ; outer lax. 1. TRAGOPO'GON. Receptacle nzked. Seed-doirn feathery, stalked. Calyx simple, of equal leaves in two rows. 6. LEO'NTODON. Receptacle naked. Seed-down feathery, stalked. Calyx nearly egg-shaped, imbricated. 4. LACTU'CA. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple, stalked. Calyx imbricated, simple, cylindrical; scales membranous at the margin. 5. PRENA'NTHES. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple, nearly sessile. Calyx double. Florets few. 304 SYNGENESIA. [CL. XIX. 3. SO'NCHUS. i?ece/)tac/e naked, dotted. 5eed-(foix;n simple, sessile. Calyx imbricated, simple, swelled at the base. 11. LAPSA'NA. JRece/)tac/e naked. Seed-down none. Calyx having scales at the base. ** Corollas all tubular, generally spreading so as to form a hemisphei'icul head. 18. CARLI'NA. Receptacle chaffy. Seed-down feathery. Calyx swelling ; the outer scales thorny ; the inner coloured, polished, membranous. 13. A'RCTIUM. Receptacle chaffy. Seed-down simple. Calyx glo- bose, imbricated ; the scales thorny, hooked, inflected. 15. CA'RDUUS. Receptacle hairy. Seed-down simple, roughish, de- ciduous. Calyx swelled, imbricated ; the scales thorny. 16. CNl'CUS. Receptacle hairy. Seed-down feathery, deciduous. Calyx swelled, imbricated ; the scales thorny. 17. ONOPO'RDUM. Receptacle cellular, somewhat chaffy. Seed- down rough, deciduous. Calyx swelled ; scales thorny, spreading. 14. SERRA'rULA. Receptacle chaffy. Seed-down stiff, persistent. Calyx nearly cylindrical, imbricated ; the scales thornless. (Centaurea Jacea.) *** Corollas all tubular, parallel, crowded, forming nearly a level surface at the tup. 19. BI'DENS. Receptacle chaffy. Seed-down rough with reversed prickles. Calyx of many parallel, channelled scales. Corolla sometimes radiated. 22. DIO'TIS. Receptacle chaffy, with hair-tipped scales. Seed-down none. Calyx imbricated, hemispherical. Corollas with two ears bordering the seed. 20. EUPATO'RIUM. Receptacle naked. Seed-down rough. Calyx imbricated, oblong. Style cleft half-way down, protruded. 21. CHRYSO'COMA. Receptacle naked. Seed-down rough. Calyx scarcely longer than the corolla. (Tenacetum. Senecio vulgaris. Aster Tripolium. Anthemis 7iohilis.) Order II. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. Florets all fertile^ those of the disk furnished with five stamens and one pistily those of the circumference with a pistil alone. * Corollas of the marginal florets obsolete or inconspicuous. 23. TENACE'TUM. Receptacle naked. Seed with a membranous crown. Calyx imbricated, hemispherical. Marginal florets three- cleft, obsolete, sometimes wanting. 26. CONY'ZA. Receptacle naked. Seed-down rough. Calyx imbri- cated, roundish. Marginal florets three-cleft. 25. GNAPHA'LIUM. Receptacle naked. Seed-down rough or fea- thery. Calyx imbricated, with membranous, coloured scales. Marginal florets awl-shaped. 24. ARTEMl'SIA. Receptacle naked or hairy. Seed-down none. Calyx imbricated, with rounded converging scales. Blarginal florets awl-shaped, entire. (Tussilago Farfara and hybrida.) CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA. 305 ** Corollas of the marginal fiorets strap-shaped. 36. BE'LLIS. Receptacle naked, conical. Seed-down none. Calyx hemispherical ; scales equal. Seed inversely egg-shaped. 39. MATRICA'RIA. Receptacle naked, nearly cylindrical. Seed- down none. Calyx hemispherical or nearly plane, imbricated ; the scales membranous on the edsjes. 37. CHRYSA'NTHEMUM. Receptacle nzked, a little convex. Seed- down none. Calyx hemispherical, imbricated ; the scales with a dilated membranous border. 38. PYRE'THRUJM. Receptacle naked. Seed crowned with a mem- branous border. Calyx hemispherical, imbricated ; the scales rather acute, membranous at the edges. 35. DORO'NICUM. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple, wanting on the seeds of the rays. Calyx a double row of equal scales, longer than the disk. 33. I'NULA. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple. Calyx hemi- spherical, imbricated. Marginal fiorets very numerous, linear. Anthers with two bristles at the base. 27. ERI'GERON. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple. Calyx im- bricated. Marginal fiorets numerous, linear, very narrow. An- thers without bristles. 32. SOLID A'GO. Receptacle naked, pitted. Seed-down simple. Calyx imbricated, its scales close. Marginal fiorets about five. 31. A'STER. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple. Calyx imbricated, the lower scales spreading. Marginal fiorets more than ten. 30. SENE'CIO. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simip\e. Calyx double; the inner cylindrical, of equal scales ; the outer of several minute ones ; all the scales withered-looking at the tip. 28. TUSSILA'GO. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple. Calyx simple, swelled at the base ; scales numerous, equal, somewhat membranous. Corolla rayed. 29. PETASI'TES. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple. Calyx egg- shaped, imbricated with two rows of lanceolate scales. Florets tubular. 34. CINERA'RIA. Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple. Calyx sim- ple, cylindrical ; scales numerous, equal. Seed four-cornered. 40. A'NTHEMIS. Receptacle convex, chaflPy. Seeds crowned with a membranous border. Calyx hemispherical ; its scales nearly equal, their margins membranous. 41. ACHILLE'A. Receptacle flat, chafTy. Seed-down none. Calyx egg-shaped, imbricated ; the scales unequal. Marginal fiorets few, roundish. (Bidens cernua.) Order HI. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. Florets of the disk perfect and fertile ; those of the circum- ference destitute of both stamens and pistil. 42. CENTAURE'A. Eeceptac/e bristly. 5eed-dou.-n simple or feathery. Calyx imbricated. Marginal fiorets funnel-shaped, dilated, irre- gular. ^ 306 SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA JEQUALIS. [CL. XIX. POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. 1. TRAPO'GON. Goat's-beard, Common calyx simple, of several lance-shaped equal scales, ar- ranged alternately in two rows, all connected at the base, perma- nent. Compound corolla imbricated, uniform. Florets numerous, all perfect, strap-shaped, abrupt, five-toothed. Filaments five, hair-like, very short; anthers united into a tube. Germen in- versely egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the anthers ; stigmas two, revolute. Seeds inclosed by the permanent calyx, one to each floret, oblong, angular, striated, tapering at both ends, crowned by the seed-down, which is feathery and supported on a long stalk ; receptacle naked, flat, rough. — Name from tragos, a goat, and joo^on, beard. 366. 1. T. "pratinsis. Yellow Goat's-heard. Calyx about as long as the corolla ; leaves tapering, keeled, dilated at the base, smooth ; flower-stalk cylindrical. The whole plant smooth, abounding with milky juice: stems erect, round, leafy, from one to two feet high : flowers yellow. Biennial : flowers in June : grows in pastures. ^^g- Bot. vol. vii. pi. 434. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 337. A variety of this species, with the calyx much longer than the corolla, and the flower-stalk slightly en- larged upwards, is the T. Major, Greater Goafs-beard, of some. 1105. 2. T. porrifdlius. Purple Goafs-beard. Calyx much longer than the corolla ; leaves tapering ; flower-stalk enlarged upwards. The whole plant smooth : stem three or four feet high, erect : flowers purple. Biennial : flowers in May and June : grows in moist meadows and pas- tures, but is not indigenous : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 638. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 338. 1106. 2. PI'CRIS. Ox-tongue. Common calyx double ; the outer of several flat scales ; the inner egg-shaped, of many equal parallel leaves. Corolla com- pound, imbricated, uniform : florets numerous, perfect, strap- shaped, abrupt, five-toothed. Filaments five, hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a tube. Germen nearly egg-shaped. Style thread -shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigmas two, re- flected. Seeds one to each floret, swelled, obtuse, transversely wrinkled: seed-down feathery, sessile or stalked. Receptacle naked, dotted. — Name from picros, bitter. 367. 1. P.echioides. Bristly Ox-tongue. Outer calyx of five broad, prickly scales ; seed-down stalked ; leaves waved. Stem two or three feet high, round, furrowed : lower leaves lance-shaped, upper heart-shaped, embracing the stem: flowers bright-yellow. Annual: flowers in June and July: grows in hedges and borders of fields, in England, and about Dublin: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 972. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 339. 1107. 2. P. hieracioides. Hawkweed Ox-tongue. Outer calyx of numerous scales, much shorter than the inner ; leaves lance-shaped, waved, the lower ones toothed ; seed-down sessile ; stem rough. Stem three feet high, furrowed, rough : leaves lance-shaped, acute, hairy : flowers bright- CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA JEQUALIS. 307 yellow. Biennial: flowers in July and August: grows on drv banks and in the borders of fields: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol.iii. pi, 196. Eng. F/. vol. iii. p. 340. 1108. 3. SO'NCHUS. Sow-thistle. Common calyx swelled at the base, of numerous linear, imbri- cated, unequal scales. Compound corolla imbricated, uniform: florets numerous, perfect, equal, strap-shaped, abrupt, with four or five teeth. Filaments five, hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen somewhat inversely egg- shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamensj stigmas two, reflected. Seeds oblong, roughish, inclosed by the perma- nent calyx, which converges into a globular, pointed form: seed- down of many simple hairs, sessile. Receptacle naked, dotted. — Name, from somphos, soft. 368. 1. S. alpinus. Blue Alpine Sow-thistle. Flower-stalks and calyx bristly, leaves somewhat lyre-shaped, their terminal lobe triangular and very large. Stems three feet high, erect, furrowed, smooth below, hairy above: flowers large, numerous, purplish-blue. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in rocky places, in Glen Dole and Glen Isla, Forfarshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2425. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p, 341. 1109. 2. iS. palustris. Tall Marsh Sow-thistle. Flower-stalks and calyx bristly, somewhat umbellate ; leaves runcinate, rough-edged, arrow-shaped at the base.— Stem from four to eight feet high, angular, hollow : leaves large, smooth : panicles terminal, somewhat umbellate : flowers pale- yellow. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in marshy places and on the banks of rivers, in England: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii.'pl.935, Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 342. 1110. 3. S. arvensis. Corn Sow-thistle. Flower-stalks and calyx bristly, somewhat umbellate ; leaves runcinate, finely toothed, heart-shaped at the base : root creeping. Stem three or four feet high, round, hollow, rough above with black hairs : flowers large, deep-yellow. Perennial : flowers in August: grows in corn-fields and hedges: common. Enif. Bot. vol. X. pi. 674. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 342. IIH. 4. S. olerdccus. Common Sow-thistle. Flower-stalks cottony, cymose ; calyx smooth ; leaves runcinate, toothed. Stem from one to two feet high, round, smooth, hollow : corolla pale-yellow. Subject to num- berless variations, but in all its states easily distinguishable. Annual : flowers from June to October: grows in cultivated ground, the borders of fields, waste places, and hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 843. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 343. 1112. 4. LACTU'CA. Lettuce. Common calyx cylindrical, of numerous, pointed, imbricated, unequal, flat scales, membranous at the margin. Compound corolla imbricated, uniform ; florets numerous, perfect, equal, strap-shaped, abrupt, with four or five teeth. Filaments hair-like, very shorty anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen some- what egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens stigmas two, reflected. Seeds egg-shaped, farrowed, roughish. 308 SYNGENESIA POLYGAJIIA ^EQUALIS. [CL. XIX. compressed : seed-down hair-like, stalked. Receptacle naked, dotted. — Name, from /oc, milk, on account of its white juice. 369. 1. L. lima. Strong-scented Lettuce. Leaves horizontal, toothed; their keel prickly. Stem two or three feet high, erect, round, smooth : root-leaves numerous, inversely egg-shaped, stem-leaves smaller, fre- quently lobed, arrow-shaped and embracing at the base : flowers nume- rous, pale-yellow, panicled. The whole plant abounds with an acrid milky juice, having the narcotic properties of opium. Biennial: flowers in August and September : grows in borders of fields and about hedges and old walls: frequent in England, rare in Scotland. Ejig. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1957. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 345. 1113. 2. L. Scartola. Prickli/ Lettuce. Leaves perpendicular, sinuated, finely toothed, their keel prickly. Stem two or three feet high, erect, panicled : leaves variously pinnatifid and sinuate : flowers pale-yellow. It abounds in acrid milky fluid like the last. Perennial : flowers in August: groves in waste ground and the borders of fields, in Essex and Cambridge. Eng. Bot. vol.iv. pi. 268. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 346. 1114. 3. L. saligna. Least Lettuce. Leaves linear, halbert-shaped, sessile, their keel prickly. Stem two feet high, waved : leaves embracing the stem: flowers pale-yellow: 'milky. Biennial: flowers in August: grows in waste ground near salt marshes, in the south-east of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 707. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 347. 1115. 5. PRENA'NTHES. Wall-lettuce. Common calyx cylindrical, double ; the inner of as many linear, equal scales as there are florets ; the outer of a few, very short, unequal scales. Compound corolla of a single row of per- fect, equal, strap-shaped, abrupt, four or five-toothed florets. Filaments five, hair-like, very short; anthers united into a slender cylindrical tube. Germens oblong. Style hair-like, longer than the stamens; stigmas two, revolute. Seeds oblong, furrowed : seed-down hair-like, roughish, sessile. Receptacle naked, very narrow. — Name, from prenes, drooping, and anthos, a flower. 370. 1. P. murdlis. Ivy-leaved Wall-lettuce. Florets five; leaves run- cinate. Stem a foot high, round, hollow, panicled above : leaves em- bracing the stem : flowers erect, bright-yellow, with a purplish calyx. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on old walls and rocks : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 457. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 348. 1116. 6. LEO'NTODON. Dandelion. Common calyx oblong, double ; the inner of several linear, equal, parallel scales ; the outer of fewer and shorter ones. Com- pound corolla of very numerous, imbricated, equal, perfect, strap- shaped, abrupt, five-toothed florets. Filaments hair-like, short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg- shaped, furrowed. Style cylindrical, longer than the stamens; stigmas two, revolute. Seed inversely egg-shaped, furrowed ; seed-down in hair-like rays, on a long cylindrical stalk. Recep- CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. 309 tacle naked, convex, dotted. — Name, from leon, a lion, and odous, a tooth, on account of the jagged leaves. 371. 1. L. Taraxacum. Common Dandelion. Outer scales of the calyx loose and reflected ; leaves runcinate, smooth. Flowers large, yellow, a single one on each tubular stalk. Bitter, but not disagreeably so. Perennial : flowers from March to August : grows on pastures, on banks, and byroads and walls: common. Ejio-. £of. vol. viii. pi. 510. ^ng. F/. vol.iii. p. 349. 1117. 2. L. palustre. Marsh Dandelion. Outer scales of the calyx close- pressed and erect ; leaves lance-shaped, between sinuate and toothed, nearly smooth. Much smaller than the last, and apparently distinct from it, its characters being permanent in every variety of situation. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows generally in marshy places, sometimes in dry pastures, but alvi^ays in ground that has not been sub- jected to cultivation. In many districts of Scotland, and especially in the Hebrides, it is much more common than the other species, of which, however, it seems to be the original. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 553. Eng. F/. vol. iii. p. 350. 1118. 7. APA'RGIx\. Hawkbit. Common calyx double ; the inner oblong, imbricated, of several linear, parallel, unequal scales; the outer very small, of irregularly scattered scales. Compound corolla of numerous, imbricated, uniform, perfect, strap-shaped, abrupt, five-toothed florets Fila- ments hair-like, very short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen oblong. Style thread-shaped, longer than the anthers ; stigmas two, recurved. Seed oblong, striated ; seed-down sessile, feathery, often scaly in the marginal seeds, sometimes a little stalked in the central ones. Receptacle naked, or slightly hairy, dotted. — Name used by the ancients. 372. 1. A. hispida. Bough Hawkbit. Stalks leafless, one-flowered; leaves runcinate, rough ; florets hairy at their orifice, glandular at the end ; seeds all with feathery down. Root tapering, long, leaves hairy on both sides : stalks simple, round, rough : flowers bright-yellow. Peren- nial : flowers in July: grows in pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 554. Eng. Fl. vol. lii. p. 351. 1119. 2. A.hlrta. Deficient Havckhit. Stalks leafless, one-flowered ; leaves toothed, rough ; calyx nearly smooth ; outer row of seeds crowned with scales. Root abrupt: flowers yellow. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in gravelly pastures and on moors : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 554. ^Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 352. 1 120. 3. A. autumndlis. Autumnal Hawkbit. Flower-stalk branched, the partial stalks scaly, and swelled under the flowers ; leaves lance-shaped, toothed, or pinnatifid, nearly smooth. Root large, tapering : stalks from six inches to two feet high : leaves covered with scattered white hairs : flowers large, yellow. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in pastures and meadows, by way-sides and on banks : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 830: Hedypnois autumnalis. Ejig. Fl. vol. iii. p. 353. When the calyx and upper part of the flower-stalk is covered with blackish hairs, it becomes the a. Taraxici, Dandelion Hawkbit, of for- mer botanists. E»g. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1109. Hedypnois Taraxici. Eng. iX vol. iii. p. 352. 1121. 2 D 310 SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. QCL. XIX. 8. HIERA'CIUM. Hawkweed. Common calyx egg-shaped, imbricated, of numerous linear, very unequal scales. Compound corolla of numerous, uiibricated, uniform, perfect, strap-shaped, abrupt, five-toothed florets. Fila- ments hair-like, very short 5 anthers united into a cylindrical tube, much shorter than the floret. Germen nearly egg-shaped. Style thread -shaped, as long as the stamens; stigmas two, reflected. Seed egg-shaped or oblong, angular ; seed-down sessile, hair-like, uniform. Receptacle convex, naked or nearly so, dotted. — Named from hierax, a hawk. 373. * Stalk from the root, leaftess, or nearly so, single-fiouered. 1. H. alpinum. Alpine Single-fiowered Hawkweed. Stalk leafless, hairy, one-flowered ; leaves oblong, undivided, somewhat toothed ; calyx hairy. Plant covered with long whitish hairs : stalk about six inches high: flower large, bright-yellow. Perennial: flowers in July : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales : frequent. Evg. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1110. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 355. 1122. 2. H. PiloseUa. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. Stalk leafless, one-flowered ; leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, entire, white and downy beneath; scions creeping. Readily distinguished by its scions and pale-yellow flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1093. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 356. 1123. ** Stalk from the root, leafless, many-flowered. 3. H.aurantiacum. Orange Hawkweed. Leaves elliptical, acute, en- tire ; stalk, often bearing one or two leaves at the bottom, hairy, corym- bose, many-flowered ; calyx covered with long hairs. Stalk about a foot high, with several deep orange-coloured flowers : leaves rough with short hairs. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in woods, but is not indigenous : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi, pi. 1469. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 358. 1124. *** Stem with one or two leaves, many-flowered. 4. H. murcrum. Broad-leaved Wall Hawkweed. Stem corymbose with a single leaf; leaves between egg-shaped and heart-shaped, waved, toothed at the base. Leaves hairy, often purplish at the back: stems erect, from twelve to eighteen inches high, round, hairy, bearing four or five large yellow flowers: flower-stalks and calyx rough with black glandular hairs. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on rocks, debris, and old walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2082. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 359. 1125. 5. H.fulmondrium. Eungwort Hawkweed. Stem somewhat corym- bose, slightly leafy, solid ; leaves lance-shaped, deeply and unequally toothed, the teeth directed forwards. Stem about a foot high, round, striated : panicle of from two to six flowers, their stalks and calyx rough with black glandular hairs. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on rocks and woods in the mountainous parts of Scotland. Eng, Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2307. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 362. 1126. 6. H. Lawsiini. Glaucous Hairy Hawkweed. Stem more or less branched, solid, slightly leafy ; root-leaves stalked, between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, glaucous, fringed, slightly toothed. Stems__about a CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. 311 foot high, round, smooth : flower-stalks bristly and downy : flowers three or four, bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on rocks : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2083. Eng. Fl, vol. iii. p. 362. 1127. **** Stem with many leaves, many-Jiowered, 7. H. sylvdticum. Wood Hawktoeed. Stem racemose, many-leaved, solid; leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, toothed, chiefly at the base, the teeth directed forwards. Stem twelve or eighteen inches high, erect, striated, panicled above : root-leaves on long hairy stalks, upper stem-leaves nearly sessile : flower-stalks and calyx rough, with short black hairs : flowers bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in woods, and on dry banks and old walls: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2031. 1 128 . 8. H. maculdturn. Spotted Hawkweed. Stem cymose, many-leaved, hollow ; leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, strongly toothed, the teeth directed forwards. Stem from one to three feet high, hairy : leaves more or less speckled with dark-purple, pale beneath : flower- stalks and calyx covered with whitish cottony or mealy down, mixed with black glandular hairs : flowers bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers from June to September : grows on the mountains of Scotland, West- moreland, and Wales : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2121. Eng. F/. vol. iii. p. 360. 1129. 9. H. paludosum. Succory-leaved Hawkiceed. Stem corymbose, an- gular, hollow, leafy, smooth ; leaves smooth, toothed, embracing the stem with their heart-shaped base ; calyx hair)'. Stem erect, smooth, from one to two feet high : flower-stalks smooth : calyx covered with greenish-brown hairs : flowers bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in Julv : grows by the sides of rivers and in marshy places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1094. Eng. Fi. vol. iii. p. 232. 1130. 10. H. molle. Soft-leaved Hawkiceed. Stem cor3'mbose, angular, hol- low, leafy, downy ; leaves lance-shaped, slightly-toothed, hairy, clasping the stem ; the lower ones stalked, very obtuse. Stem twelve or eighteen inches high, erect, hairy : flowers golden-yellow. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in woods in Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2210. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 364. 1 131. 11. H. cerinthoides. Honey-wart-leaved Hawkweed. Stem corymbose, hairy, somewhat angular, leafy, solid ; leaves hairy, slightly toothed, the upper egg-shaped, embracing the stem, the lower between oblong and in- versely egg-shaped, with fringed stalks. Stem nearly two feet high, erect, angular, smooth : flower-stalks covered with glandular bristles : calyx hairy: flowers bright-yellow. Perennial: flowers in August: grows on rocks in the Highlands of Scotland, according to Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2378. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 365. 1132. 12. H. amplexicaute. Ampleiicaul Hawkiceed. Stem corymbose; leaves toothed, lower ones oblong, egg-shaped, stalked, upper heart- shaped at the base, and clasping the stem. Stems about a foot high, clothed with dense hairs : flowers numerous, yellov/. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on old walls, but is not indigenous : rare. Clish Castle, Kinross. Oxford. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2690. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 295. 1133. 13. H. Subaudum. Shrubby Broad-leaved Hawkweed. Stem panicled. 312 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQUALIS. [cL. XIX, many-flowered, with numerous broadly lance-shaped, acutely-toothed, rough-edged, somewhat embracing leaves, hairy beneath. Stems two or three feet high, erect, furrowed : flowers numerous, golden-yellow. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in woods and thickets : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 349. Eiig. Fl. vol. iii. p. 367. 1134. 14. H.prenantholdes. Bough-bordered Hawhweed. Stem erect, solid, leafy, many-flowered, corymbose ; leaves somewhat toothed, embracing the stem, rough near the edge, glaucous beneath, the upper ones heart- shaped. Stem from two to three feet high: flowers bright-yellow, in a corymbose panicle : their stalks and calyx rough with glandular hairs. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in woods and thickets in Scotland ; rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2235. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 388. 1135. 15. H. denticuldtum. Small-toothed Hawkweed. Stem erect, solid, leafy, many-flowered, cymose ; leaves sessile, lance-shaped, inclining to elliptical, minutely toothed, smoothish, glaucous beneath. Stem about three feet high : flowers bright-yellow, in a cymose panicle : stalks and calyx downy and glandular. Perennial : flowers in August and Sep- tember : grows in woods in Scotland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2122. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 368. 1136. 16. H. iimbelldtum. Narrow-leaved Hawkv)eed. Stem erect, nearly solid, leafy, imperfectly umbellate ; leaves numerous, scattered, between linear and lance-shaped, slightly toothed, nearly smooth ; flower-stalks downy; calyx smooth. Stem two or three feet high, slightly hairy : flowers bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in woods and rocky places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1171. E«^.F/. vol.iii. p. 233. 1137. 9. CRE'PIS. Hawk's-beaed. Common calyx double ; the outer very short, loose, swelled, deciduous ; the inner egg-shaped, simple, furrowed, permanent, of several linear, parallel scales. Compound corolla of numerous, imbricated, uniform, perfect, strap-shaped, abrupt, five-toothed florets. Filaments hair-like, very short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen nearly egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigmas tv^o, reflected. Seeds oblong ; seed-down hair-like, stalked or sessile. Receptacle slightly scaly. — Name from crepisy a slipper. 374. 1. C.fx'tida. Stinking Hawk^s-beard. Leaves hairy, pinnatifid ; their stalks toothed ; stem hairy ; calyx downy. Stems a foot high, spread- ing, the central one erect : flowers several, solitary, pale-yellow. The leaves smell like bitter almonds. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in drv ground in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 406. Eng. i^/. vol. iii. p. 370. 1138. 2. C.pulchra. Small-Jiowered Haivk's-beard. Leaves downy, toothed ; those from the root inversely egg-shaped, the rest somewhat arrow-shaped, clasping; panicle corymbose, spreading; calyx smooth. Stem from one to two feet high, erect, furrowed : flowers erect, smooth, yellow. An- nual : flowers from June to September : grows among debris of rocks : found by Mr. G. Don, on the hill of Turin, near Forfar. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2325. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 371. 1139. CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^EQUALIS. 313 3. C. virens. Smooth Haivk's-beard. Root-leaves runcinate; stem- leaves lance-shaped, toothed, embracing ; stem smooth ; calyx rough ; seed-down sessile. Stem from one to two feet high : leaves smooth : panicle slender, corymbose : flowers small, bright-yellow. Annual : flowers from June to October : grows in dry pastures and waste ground, on walls and roofs : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1111. C. tectorum. Et?^. F/. vol. iii. p. 372. 1140. 4. C. bitnnis. Rough HawWs-beard. Lower leaves runcinate ; stem- leaves pinnatifid, clasping; all rough with bristly hairs; calyx somewhat bristly. Stem three or four feet high, erect, corymbose: flowers pale- yellow. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures in the south of England ; frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 149. E'lg' Ft. vol. iii. p. 373. 1141. 10. HYPOCHCE'RIS. Cat's-ear. Common calyx egg-shaped, imbricated, with lance-shaped, acute scales, the outer gradually smaller, all permanent. Compound corolla of numerous imbricated, uniform, perfect, strap-shaped, abrupt, five-toothed florets. Filaments hair-like, very short; an- thers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, longer than the anthers ; stigmas recurved. Seed oblong, acute, furrowed, rough; seed-down feathery, stalked. Receptacle chatFy, with slender, acute scales, as long as the seeds. — Name from /iJ/po^ for, and choiros, a hog. 375. 1. H. maculdta. Spotted Cat's-ear. Stem nearly leafless, commonly simple, leaves oblong, inclining to egg-shaped, undivided, toothed. Stem generally leafless, sometimes with one or two lance-shaped leaves: root-leaves rough, blotched with brown : flowers large, yellow. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows in dry pastures and woods : rare. Eni;. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 225. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 374. 1142. 2. H. glabra. Smooth Cafs-ear. Stems branched, somewhat leafy, smooth ; leaves toothed or sinuated, smooth. Stems a foot or more high : leaves oblong, hairy : flowers small, bright-yellow : down of the central florets only stalked. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows in gravelly pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 575. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 375. 1143. 3. H. radicdta. Long-rooted Cafs-ear. Stems branched, leafless, smooth ; leaves runcinate, obtuse, rough ; flower-stalks scaly ; down of all the seeds stalked. Root long and tapering : stems about a foot high, spreading with a small scale under each branch, and a number of awl-shaped bracteas on the hollow, enlarged flower-stalks: flowers large, bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in pas- tures and waste ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 831. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 376. 1144. 11. LAPSA'NA. Nipple-wort. Common calyx double, egg-shaped ; the outer of a few small egg-shaped, or linear, scattered, close scales ; the inner of about eight linear, channelled, keeled, acute, nearly equal scales. Com- pound corolla of about sixteen imbricated, uniform, perfect, strap- shaped, abrupt, five-toothed florets. Filaments hair-like, very 2 D 2 314 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQUALIS. [CL. XIX. short ; anthers united in a cyUndrical tube. Germen inversely egg-shaped, small. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigmas spreading. Seed oblong, angular, furrowed, smooth. Seed-down none. Receptacle naked, flat, narrow. — Name from lapazo^ to purge. 376. 1. L. communis. Common Nipple-wort. Calyx of the fruit angular ; stem panicled ; flower-stalks thread-like ; leaves egg-shaped, stalked, an- gularly toothed. Stem from one to three feet high, much branched : leaves generally approaching to lyrate, with the terminal lobe very large, downy: flowers small, yellow. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in waste places and cultivated ground : common. Eng. Bat. vol. xii. pi. 844. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. p. 377. 1 145. 2. L. pusilla. Dwarf' Nipple-wort. Scape branched, swelled and hollow at the top ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, smooth, rough-edged. Stalks six or eight inches high : flowers small, bright-yellow. Annual : flowers in June: grows in gravelly fields: not common. Eng. Bot. vol.ii. pi. 95. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 377. 1146. 12. CICHO'RIUM. Succory. Common calyx double, cylindrical ; the outer of a few oblong, shortish scales ; the inner of about eight linear, equal, permanent scales. Compound corolla of about tw^enty strap-shaped, abrupt, deeply five-toothed, perfect florets. Filaments hair-like, very short; anthers united into a five-cornered tube. Germen egg-shaped. Style thread -shaped, as long as the stamens; stigmas revolute. Seed obscurely five-sided, abrupt ; seed-down of several chaffy, erect bristles, shorter than the seed. Receptacle somewhat chaffy. — Name, Arabic, chikouryeh. 2>11. 1. C. I'ntybus. Wild Succory. Flowers in pairs, sessile ; leaves run - cinate. Stem two or three feet high, round, rough, branched : flowers large, bright-blue, axillar : the roots are eatable, and have also been used as a substitute for coflee. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in borders of fields and by roads : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. p. 539. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 379. 1147. 13. A'RCTIUM. Burdock. Common calyx globular, imbricated, of numerous lance-shaped scales, ending in awl-shaped, hooked, thorny points, permanent. Compound corolla of numerous, perfect, equal florets, with a very long slender tube, and a wider egg-shaped limb, divided into five linear, regular, spreading segments. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers forming a cylmdrical, five-toothed tube, as long as the corolla. Germen oblong, downy at the summit. Style thread- shaped, longer than the stamens; stigmas reflected. Seed in- versely pyramidal, with four unequal obtuse angles; seed-down simple, rough, shorter than the seed. Receptacle flat, covered with linear, chaffy scales, nearly as long as the calyx. — Name from arctos, a bear. 378. 1. A. Lappa. Burdock. Clot-bur. Leaves heart-shaped, stalked. CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. 315 Stem about three feet high, branched, furrowed : leaves hoary be- neath : flowers axillar, purple. Biennial: flowers in July and August: grows in pastures and waste ground : common. The calyx is at first more or less covered with a substance resembling cobwebs, which after- wards, especially in rainy weather, disappears. When it is smooth the plant has been named A. Lappa, when downy, A. Bardana. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1228. and vol. xxxv. pi. 2478. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 380, 381. 1148. 14. SERRA'TULA. Saw-wort. Common calyx oblong, nearly cylindrical, imbricated, of nume- rous lance-shaped scales, permanent. Compound corolla uniform, of numerous, perfect, equal, funnel-shaped florets, their limb divided into five equal segments. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical tube, as long as the corolla. Germen inversely egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigmas oblong, reflected. Seed inversely egg- shaped, somewhat angular ; seed-down sessile, rough or feathery, permanent. Receptacle chaffy, or hairy, flat. — Name from serra, a saw. 379. 1. 5. tinctoria. Common Saw-icort. Leaves pinnatifid, somewhat lyre-shaped, with bristly serratures 5 seed-down roughish. Stem two or three feet high, erect, stiff, branched at the top: flowers purple. Is used for dyeing cloth yellow. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in woods, thickets, and pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 38. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 382. 1149. 2. S. alpina. Alpine Saw-wort. Leaves undivided, broadly lance - shaped, toothed, cottony beneath ; calyx hairy ; seed-down feathery. — —Stems nearly a foot high, erect, unbranched, woolly: flowers purple, large. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the sides of mountains in Scotland and Wales : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 599. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 383. 1150. 15. CA'RDUUS. Thistle. Common calyx swelled, imbricated, of numerous, lance- shaped, thorn-pointed scales, permanent. Compound corolla uniform, of very numerous, perfect, equal, tubular florets, with a slender re- curved tube, the limb egg-shaped at the base, with five linear segments, one of which is a little distant from the rest. Filaments hair-like, very short; anthers united into a five-toothed cylin- drical tube, about the same length as the corolla. Germen in- versely heart-shaped. Style thread-shaped, longer than the corolla ; stigma undivided or cleft, oblong. Seed inversely egg-shaped, unequally four-cornered, with a slender cylindrical point ; seed- down sessile, hair-like, rough, very long. Receptacle flat, hairy. — Name used by the Romans. 380. * Leaves decurrent. ]. C. nutans. Musk Thistle. Leaves interruptedly decurrent ; flowers solitary, drooping ; scales of the calyx lance-shaped, cottony, their upper part spreading. Stem two or three feet high, erect, branched ; 316 SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. [CL. XIX. flower-Stalks terminal, downy : flowers drooping, large, purple, emitting a musky odour. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures, waste grounds, and by roads: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1112. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 384. 1151. 2. C. acanthoides. Welted Thistle. Leaves decurrent, sinuated, very thorny ; flowers several together, shortly stalked ; calyx globular, with linear, partly recurved scales. Stem about three feet high, much branched : flowers purplish-crimson. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground, and by roads and hedges: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 973. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 385. 1152. 3, C. tenuijiorus. Slender -flowered Thistle. Leaves decurrent, sinuated, thorny; flowers several together, sessile; calyx somewhat cylindrical, its scales lauce-shaped, a little recurved at the point. Stem from two to four feet high, erect: leaves cottony beneath: flowers numerous, pale-purplish. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in waste places, about towns : very abundant about Edinburgh. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 412. £no-. F/. vol. iii. p. 385. 1153. ** Leaves not decurrent. • 4. C. Maridniis. Milk Thistle. Leaves waved, thorny, embracing the stem, the root-leaves pinnatifid ; scales of the calyx resembling leaves, recurved, channelled, thorny^at the edges. Stem four or five feet high, branched : leaves dark-green, their veins bordered with white : flowers large, solitary, purple. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground about towns. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 976. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 386. 1154. 16. CNI'CUS. Thistle. Common calyx swelled, imbricated, of numerous, lance-shaped, thorn-pointed scales, permanent. Compound corolla nearly uni- form, equal, tubular, funnel-shaped florets, vi^ith a slender, recurved tube, the limb egg-shaped at the base, with five linear segments. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a five-toothed cylindrical tube, nearly as long as the corolla. -Stigma undivided, or cleft, oblong. Seed inversely egg-shaped, with a slender, cylin- drical point ; seed-down sessile, feathery, very long. Receptacle flat, covered with bristles as long as the tubes of the florets. — Name from cnizo, to prick. 381. * Leaves decurrent. 5. C. lanceoldtus. Spear Thistle. Leaves decurrent, bristly, pinnatifid, their segments generally three-lobed, spreading in different directions, thorny; calyx egg-shaped, woolly, with lance-shaped, thorn-pointed scales, spreading above. Stem branched, stout, from one to three feet high : leaves woolly beneath, with a very long and very sharp point : flowers large, purple, single or in pairs. Biennial : flowers in July and August: grows by road-sides, and in waste places, dry pas- tures, and neglected fields : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 107 : Car- duus lanceolatus. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 388. 1155. 6. C. palustris. Marsh Thistle. Leaves decurrent, bristly, pinnatifid, thorny ; calyx egg-shaped, with broadly lance-shaped, minutely thorn- pointed, closely-pressed scales ; flowers several together. Stem from three to five feet high, erect, rather slender, covered with short weak CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA .EQUALIS. 317 thorns : leaves woolly beneath : scales of the calyx purple, keeled near the end with a soft shining substance : flowers purple. Biennial : flowers in July: grows in moist meadows, by ditches and pools: fre- quent. Eng.Bot.\o\.x\v.ip\.9'74: Carduus palustris. Eng. Ft. \o\.ui. p. 388. 1156. ** Leaves not decurrent. 7. C.arvensis. FiehlThistle. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, thorny ; stem panicled ; calyx egg-shaped, with closely-pressed, minutely thorn-pointed scales. Stem from two to four feet high, round, smooth, angular : leaves bare beneath : flower-stalks cottony : flowers pale-purple. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields, pastures, and waste places : common. E/io-. Bot. vol. xiv. pl.975. 1157. 8. C. eriophorus. Woolly-headed Thistle. Leaves pinnatifid, with thorny segments pointing two ways, bristly above ; calyx globular, densely woolly, with minutely thorn-pointed scales. Stem three feet high, furrowed, slightly hairy : flowers numerous, very large, purple. Biennial : flowers in August : grows by roads and in dry pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 386. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 390. 1158. 9. C.tuherdsus. Tuberous Thistle. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, lobed, fringed with prickles, the lower ones stalked ; stem smooth, almost one- flowered ; scales of the calyx minutely thorn-pointed, nearly smooth ; root creeping, tuberous. Stem two feet high, erect, straight, furrowed, hairy : flower erect, bright-purple. Perennial : flowers in August. Found by Mr. Lambert in a thicket on the Wiltshire downs. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2562. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 391. 1159. 10. C. heterophy'llus. Melancholy Thistle. Leaves embracing the stem, lance-shaped, fringed, undivided or pinnatifid, smooth on their upper side, densely cottony beneath ; stem downy, almost one-flowered. Stem three feet high, erect, hollow, cottony, bearing a single large, purple flower. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in moist pastures in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. X. pi. 675: Carduus heterophyllus. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 392. 1160. 11. C. pratensis. Meadow Thistle. Leaves sessile, lance-shaped, waved, fringed with unequal thorns, cottony beneath ; stem downy, one- flowered ; calyx cottony, its scales lance-shaped. Stem about a foot high, furrowed, bearing a single pale-purple flower. Perennial; flowers in June and July : grows in moist pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 177 : Carduus pratensis. Eng-. F/. vol. iii. p. 393. 1161. 12. C.acaulis. Dwarf Thistle. Scape one-flowered, shorter than the smooth calyx. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid, spreading close to the ground : flower almost sessile, large, purple. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry pastures in England : common in some places. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 161. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 394. 1162. 17. ONOPO'RDUM. Cotton-thistle. Common calyx roundish, tumid, imbricated, of numerous lance- shaped, thorn-pointed scales, permanent. Compound corolla uni- form, with very numerous, equal, funnel-shaped corollas ; their tube very slender ; the limb deeply divided into five linear, equal segments. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a 318 SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA ^QUALfS. [CL. XIX. five-toothed cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg-shaped, short. Style thread- shaped, longer than the stamens ; stigma oblong, notched. Seed inversely egg-shaped, pointed, smooth; seed-down hair-like, sessile, rough, deciduous. Receptacle convex, fleshy, deeply cellular, somewhat chaffy. — Name from o7ios, an ass. 382. 1. 0. Acdnthium. Common Cotton-thistle. Scales of the calyx awl- shaped, spreading in every direction ; leaves oblong, inclining to egg- shaped, sinuated, woolly on both sides. Stem four or five feet high, branched, woolly : flowers large, purple. Biennial : flowers in July and August: grows in waste ground, and by roads and hedges; frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 977. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 395. 1163. 18. CARLrNA. Carli>e-thisti.e. Common calyx cylindrical, somewhat swelled, imbricated, of numerous, loose, acute, permanent scales, the innermost much longer, linear, coloured, spreading horizontally ; the outer thorn- pointed. Compound corolla uniform, flat, with numerous, equal, funnel-shaped florets; their limb deeply divided into five erect segments. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical tube, each with two deflected bristles at the base. Germen inversely egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the anthers ; stigma oblong. Seed conical, abrupt, roughish ; seed- down partly chaffy, partly feathery, permanent. Receptacle flat, covered with linear, chalfy scales, many-cleft at the top. — Named after Carolus Magnus^ Charlemagne. 383. 1. C. vulgaris. Common Car line -thistle. Stem corymbose, many- flowered ; flowers terminal ; outer scales of the calyx pinnatifid. Stem about a foot high, erect, downy : leaves lance-shaped, sinuated, bordered with prickles : flowers red. The flowers, which expand in dry weather, and close before rain, retain this property after they are dried, and are used as hygrometers. Biennial : flowers in June : grows in dry sandy pastures and fields : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1144. £ng. FL vol. iii. p. 397. 1164. 19. BI'DENS. Bur-marigold. Common calyx erect, of several oblong, nearly equal, parallel scales, concave or channelled on the back. Compound corolla level at the top, of several parallel, perfect, tubular, equal florets ; their limb egg-shaped, with five marginal, spreading segments. Filaments hair-like, very short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen oblong, compressed, with bristly erect points on its outside. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigmas oblong, reflected. Seed angular, abrupt, beaked with two or more bristles, which are rough with deflected prickles. Receptacle flat, covered with erect, chatfy, oblong, deciduous scales. — Name from 6iSj double, and dens, a tooth. 384. 1. B.cirnua. Nodding Bur-marigold. Leaves lance-shaped, sen'ate ; flowers drooping ; bracteas lance-shaped, nearly equal ; bristles of the seed about four, erect. Stem erect, two or three feet high : flowers CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. 319 large, yellow. Annual : flowers in September : grows by the sides of ditches and ponds: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1114. Eng, Fl. vol. iii. p. 399. 1165. 2. B. triparteia. Three-cleft Bur-marigold. Leaves divided into three segments ; bracteas lance-shaped, unequal ; bristles of the seeds two or three, erect. Stem two or three fett high : flowers brownish-yellow. Annual: flowers in August and September: grows about the sides of ditches and ponds: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1113. Eiig. Fl. vol. iii. p. 398. 1166. 20. EUPATO'RIUM. Hemp Agrimony. Common calyx oblong, imbricated, with lance-shaped, unequal, erect, thornless scales. Compound corolla uniform, level, of a few perfect, regular, funnel-shaped florets. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers united, with a cylindrical tube, as long as the corolla. Germen small, oblong, angular. Style thread-shaped, very long, cleft as far down as the anthers; stigmas oblong, downy, spreading. Seed oblong, angular; seed-down sessile, rough or feathery, permanent. Receptacle naked, small. — Named after Eupaior, a king of Pontus. 385. 1. E. eannabinum. Hemp Agrimony. Leaves divided into three or five lance-shaped segments, the middle one longest. Stems two or three feet high, erect, branched, downy : flowers reddish-purple, in ter- minal tufts. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows about the banks of rivers and lakes: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 428. Et?^. F/. vol.iii. p. 400. 1167. 21. CHRYSO'COMA. GoLmLocKs. Common calyx hemispherical, imbricated, of numerous, narrow, lance-shaped, pointed, thornless scales. Compound corolla uni- form, of several tubular, perfect, regular florets. Filaments hair- like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical, five-pointed tube, shorter than the corolla. Germen oblong. Style thread- shaped, as long as the corolla ; stigmas oblong, spreading. Seed inversely egg-shaped, compressed; seed-down sessile, rough, per- manent. Receptacle flat, slightly cellular, naked. — Name from chrysos, gold, and come, the hair. 386. 1. Ch. Linosy'ris. Flax-leaved Goldilocks. Herbaceous; leaves linear, smooth ; scales of the calyx spreading. Stems a foot high, erect, stiff, uubranched : flowers bright-yellow, in a corymbose terminal tuft. Pe- rennial : flowers in August and September: grows on rocks by the sea in several places in the south-west of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2505. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 402. 1168. 22. DIO'TIS. Cotton-weed. Common calyx hemispherical, imbricated, with oblong, obtuse scales. Compound corolla uniform, level, of numerous, perfect, regular florets, about the length of the calyx; their limb with five broadish, spreading segments ; the tube contracted at the top, elongated at the base into two honey -bearing spurs, finally sepa- 320 SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. [cL. XIX. rating and remaining attached to the germen. Filaments hair- like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical tube, as long as the corolla. Germen oblong, slender. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens j stigmas obtuse, spreading. Seed oblong, compressed, bordered at each side with the spurs of the corolla; seed-down none. Receptacle convex, covered with oblong, hair- tipped scales. — Name from dis^ two, and ouSy an ear, in allusion to the seed. 387. 1. D. maritima. Sea Cotton-weed. The whole plant white and cottony ; stems about a foot high, branched : leaves lance-shaped, ob- tuse, crenate : flowers yellow. Perennial: flowers in August and Sep- tember ; grows in sand, on the sea-coast of the south of England : not common, ^ng. Bat, vol. ii. pi. 141. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 403. 1169. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 23. TENACE'TUM. Tansy. Common calyx hemispherical, imbricated, of numerous, oblong, close scales, the innermost membranous at the edges. Compound corolla of two kinds of florets; those of the disk numerous, perfiect, tubular, regular, with a five-cleft limb ; those of the ray few, ■without stamens, tubular at the base, with a flat three-cleft limb. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg-shaped, compressed. Style thread- shaped, as long as the stamens; stigmas obtuse, recurved. Seed oblong, angular, crowned with a slight membranous border. Receptacle convex, dotted, naked. — Name altered from athanasia^ undying. 388. 1. T. vulgdre. Common Tunsij. Leaves pinnatifid, deeply serrate. Stems two or three feet high, terminating in a corymb of yellow flowers. The seeds are said to expel intestinal worms. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in the borders of fields, and by roads : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1229. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 405. 1170. 24. ARTEMI'SIA. Wormwood. Common calyx roundish, imbricated, of rounded, close scales, membranous at the edges. Compound corolla of two kinds of florets : those of the disc numerous, perfect, tubular, their limb with five segments; those of the ray few, destitute of stamens, generally without a petal, or awl-shaped, entire. Filaments hair- like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen small, egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigmas involute. Seed inversely egg-shaped ; seed-down none. Receptacle nearly flat, naked or hairy. — Named after Arteims, or Diana. 389. 1. A. camptstris. Fidd Southernwood. Leaves divided into many linear segments ; stems at first prostrate, after flowering erect. Nearly two feet high : leaves smooth on the upper side, downy beneath : flowers CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 321 drooping, small, yellow, in slender, terminal, leafy clusters. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on sandy heaths, in Norfolk and Suffolk. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 338. Eng. EL vol. iii. p. 406. 1171. 2. A. maritima. Drooping-Jlowered Sea-icormwood. Leaves pinnatifid, the uppermost undivided, downy ; clusters drooping ; flowers drooping, oblong, downy; receptacle naked. Stems woody, furrowed, hoary: flowers yellow, in leafy clusters. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on the sea-shore. Eng. El. vol. iii. p. 407. A variety, with the clusters of flowers erect, is the A. Gallica, Upright Elouered Sea-wormwood. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1001. Eng. El. vol. iii. p. 408. 1172. 3. A. Absinthiutn, Common Wormwood. Leaves divided into many deep, flat segments, downy ; flowers drooping, hemispherical ; recep- tacle hairy. Stems about a foot high, bushy, furrowed : leaves twice pinnatifid : flowers pale-yellow, in leafy clusters. The whole plant is intensely bitter, aromatic, and somewhat nauseous. Infusion of the leaves is considered a good stomachic, and the essential oil is used for destroying worms. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in waste ground, near houses: frequent, Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1230. Eng. El. vol. iii. p. 408. 1173. 4. A. vulgaris. Mugwort. Leaves pinnatifid, flat, cut, downy be- neath ; clusters simple; flowers egg-shaped ; receptacle naked. Stems from two to four feet high, erect, branched, panicled, smooth : leaves dark- green above, white and downy beneath : clusters erect, leafy: flowers purplish. Slightly bitter and aromatic. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows about hedges and walls : common. Eng. Bot, \o\. xiv. pi. 978. £«^. F/. vol. iii. p. 409. 1174. 25. GNAPHA'LIUM. Cudweed. Common calyx roundish, imbricated, with membranous coloured scales. Compound corolla with the florets of the disk perfect, tu- bular, five-cleft at the margin ; some florets destitute of stamens, and often of corolla, either marginal or interspersed in the circum- ference of the disk j their corolla, when present, slender. Fila- ments five, hair-like, short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg-shaped, angular. Style thread-shaped, as long as the floret ; stigmas two, spreading, notched. Seed in- versely egg-shaped, small, Down simple or feathery. Recep- tacle naked. — Name from gnaphaloUy soft down. 390. * Calyx yellow. 1. G, luteo-dlbum. Jersey Cudweed. Leaves half embracing the stem, between linear and oblong, waved, woolly on both sides ; flowers in tufts. Entirely covered with white cottony down : stems from three to twelve inches high : leaves alternate, the lower obtuse, the upper acute : flowers in crowded heads. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in Jersey and the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1002. Eng. El. vol. iii, p. 411. 1175. ** Calyx white, or reddish. 2. G. margaritdceum. American Cudweed. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, acutely pointed, alternate, loosely cottony above, densely beneath ; stem branched at the upper part ; flowers corymbose. 2 E 322 SYNGENESIA — P0LYGA3IIA SUPERFLUA. [CL. XIX. Stems two feet high, erect, cottony : flowers numerous, with white calyxes. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in moist meadows, in the south of England and Wales, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2018. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 412. 1 176. 3. G.dmcum. Mountain Cudueed. Shoots procumbent ; stem sim- ple ; corymb simple ; flowers dioecious. Stems solitary, from four to six inches high, cottony: leaves scattered, greenish above, white beneath, lance-shaped : flowers white or rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on dry heaths and in rocky places : common in mountainous districts. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 267. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 413. 1177. •** Calyx brown. 4. G. sylvdticuTn. Highland Cudweed. Stem simple, erect; spike leafv, nearly erect; leaves lance-shaped, tapering at the base, cottony on both sides. Stem from three to twelve inches high, cottony, termi- nating in a dense leafy spike with yellowish flowers. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in dry pastures in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vo].xm. pi. 913. Eno-. F/. vol. iii. p. 414. A variety, named G. rtctum, Upright Wood Cudweed, has a longer spike, and leaves bare on the upper side. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 124. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 415. 1178. 5. G. suplnum. Dwarf Alpine Cudweed. Stem simple, recumbent, terminating in a simple few-flowered cluster ; leaves lance-shaped, in- clining to linear, downy on both sides. Stems from two to four inches long, slender, cottony, with a cluster of from three to six yellowish flow- ers. Perennial : flowers in July : grows abundantly towards the sum- mits of the higher mountains of the Highlands of Scotland, chiefly along rivulets. Erig. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1193. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 415. 1179. 6. G. uliginosum. Marsh Cudweed. Stem much branched, spread- ing ; leaves between lance-shaped and linear, cottony on both sides ; flowers in dense terminal clusters, which are shorter than the leaves.- Stems from five to eight inches high, densely cottony: flowers yellow. Annual : flowers iu August : grows in watery places, especially where water has stood during the winter : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1194. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 416. 1180. 7. G. Gdllicum. Narrow-leaved Cudweed. Stem erect, forked; leaves linear, revolute, acute, downy; flowers oblong, crowded in very short axillar clusters. Stems about eight inches high, leafy, cottony : flow- ers yellow, with few florets. Annual: flowers in July and August: grows in corn-fields: rare. Ejig. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2369. Eng. FL vol.iii. p. 417. 1181. 8. G. minimum. Least Cudweed. Stem erect, much branched; leaves lance-shaped, acute ; flowers conical, in dense, lateral, and terminal tufts. Stems from three to six inches high, cottony: flowers yellow. An- nual : flowers in July : grows in sandv meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1157. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 418. 1 182. 9. G. Germdidcum. Common Cudweed. Stem erect, forked; leaves, lance-shaped ; heads of flowers globular, lateral and terminal ; scales of the calyx bristle-pointed. Stem about a foot high, terminated by a head of flowers, from beneath which two or three branches come off, ter- minated each by a head of flowers, and subdividing in the same manner. CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 323 Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures, gravel pits, and waste grounds: common. E"^. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 946. Eng.Fl. vol. iii. p. 418. 1183. 26. CONY'ZA. CoNYZA. Common calyx imbricated, egg-shaped or roundish, with acute, stiff scales, covered with prominent points. Compound corolla; florets tubular; those of the disk numerous, funnel-shaped, with few equal segments, perfect and fertile ; those of the circumference cylindrical, with an oblique, strap-shaped, three-cleft limb, and having only a pistil. Filaments five, hair-like, very short ; an- thers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen oblong. Style thread-shaped, as long as the corolla ; stigmas two, spreading. Seed oblong, uniform in all the florets; seed-down simple, sessile. Receptacle slightly convex, naked. — Name from conops, a gnat. 391. 1. C. squarrosa. Plowman's Spikenard. Leaves between lance-shaped and egg-shaped, crenate, downy ; stem herbaceous, corymbose; scales of the calyx recurved. Soft and downy : stem erect, two or three feet high : flowers dull-yellow. Biennial : flowers in July: grows in moun- tainous meadows and pastures: frequent in England. Eiig. Bot. vol. xvii, pi. 1 195. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 420. 1 184. 27. ERI'GERON. Flea-bane. Common calyx imbricated, egg-shaped; scales linear, erect, the innermost longest. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk numerous, perfect, funnel-shaped, their limb with five equal segments ; those of the ray numerous, tubular at the base, with a strap-shaped, tapering, nearly erect limb, entire or slightly toothed. Filaments hair-like, very short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg- shaped, angular. Style thread-shaped ; stigmas two, oblong, slightly spreading. Seed small, inversely egg-shaped ; seed-down sessile, simple, rough. Receptacle fiat, naked. — Name from er/, early, and geron, an old man. 392. 1. E. Canadtnsis. Canadian Flea-bane. Stem panicled, rough with hairs, leaves lance-shaped, rough-edged, the lower toothed. Stem erect, angular, two feet high, with very numerous yellowish flowers. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows in cultivated ground, and among rubbish, in England, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vd. xxix. pi. 2019. En^. E^. vol. iii. p. 421. 1185. 2. E. dcris. Blue Flea-bane. Flower-stalks alternate, mostly one- flowered, leaves lance-shaped, obtuse, sessile; seed-down nearly as long as the florets of the ray. Stem from one to two feet high, erect, branched, downy: flowers yellow. Biennial: flowers in July and August: grows in dry pastures : frequent. Ejig. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1 158. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 422. 1186. 3. E. alpinus. Alpine Flea-bane. Stem commonly one-flowered ; calyx hairy ; seed-down half as long as the florets of the ray. Stems from four to six inches high : leaves sessile, lance-shaped, entire, hairy: flower rather large, pale-purple. Perennial : flowers in July: grows on rocks 324 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. [CL. XIX. on the Highland mountains : found on Ben Lawers by Mr. Dickson. Eiig. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 464. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 423. 1187. 28. TUSSILA'GO. Colt's-foot. Common calyx simple, cylindrical, with from fifteen to tv^^enty linear, erect, parallel, equal scales. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk tubular, with five equal segments, furnished with stamens and pistils; florets of the ray narrow, strap-shaped; anthers united or converging. Germen inversely egg-shaped, short. Style thread-shaped ; stigmas two, protruded, linear. Seed oblong, compressed; seed-down sessile, simple. Receptacle naked. — Name from tussis, cough, and ago, to expel. 393. 1. T. Fdrfara. ColVs-foot. Scape one-flowered, imbricated with scales; leaves heart-shaped, angular, toothed, white and cottony be- neath. Stalk about ten inches high, with a large bright-yellow rayed flower : leaves glaucous above. The downy substance of the leaves, after being dipped in saltpetre, makes excellent tinder. The leaves are bitter and mucilaginous, and were formerly used for coughs and pul- monary complaints. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows generally in clayey soil, by rivers and ditches : common. Eng. Bot, vol. vi. pi. 429. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 425. 1183. 29. PETASI'TES. Butter-bur. Common calyx egg-shaped, imbricated, with two rows of lanceolate scales. Compound corolla with the florets all tubular, furnished with stamens and pistils, some of the central ones des- titute of stamens; anthers united. Germen inversely egg-shaped, short. Style thread-shaped ; stigmas two, protruded, oblong. Seed oblong, compressed, seldom perfected ; seed-down sessile, simple. Receptacle naked, — Name from petasis, a covering, on account of the great size of the leaves. 394. 1. P. vulgdris. Butter-bur. Panicle dense, between egg-shaped and oblong ; flowers without rays ; leaves heart-shaped, unequally toothed, with a lateral rib on each side at the base. Stalk about eight inches high, of dense, pale-purple flowers: florets generally furnished with sta- mens and pistils, but rarely perfecting seeds. In a variety, known by the name of T. hybrida, the florets have pistils, but seldom stamens, and pro- duce perfect seeds. Leaves two or even three feet in diameter, the largest of any British plant. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows by rivers and brooks, in rich soil : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 430 and pi. 431. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 426. 1189. 30. SENE'CIO. Groundsel. Ragwort. Common calyx double ; the inner cylindrical, of numerous, equal, parallel, linear scales; the outer of minute imbricated scales at the base of the others ; all withered-looking and generally black at the tip. Compound corolla, longer than the calyx; florets of the disk numerous ; all perfect, tubular, with five equal segments ; those of the ray strap-shaped, slightly toothed, with- out stamens, and sometimes wanting. Filaments hair-like, short ; CL. XIX.] SYNGENeSIA — POLYGAMIA supeRflua. 325 anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg- shaped, small. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigmas two, oblong, spreading. Seed inversely egg-shaped ; seed-down simple, sessile. Receptacle naked, slightly convex. — Name from senei^ an old man. 395. • Florets all tubular. 1. S.vulgtiris. Common Groundsel. Flowers destitute of ray ; leaves pinnatifid, toothed, half embracing the stem. Stem about six inches high, branched, with numerous corymbose, yellow flowers. Annual: flowers from February to November : but individuals may be got in flower through the winter: grows in cultivated and waste ground : com- mon. E)ig. Bat. vol. xi. pi. 747. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 428, 1190. ** Flowers rayed, the ray rolled back. 2. S. viscosus. Stinking Groundsel. Rays revolute ; leaves half em- bracing, pinnatifid, clammy; outer calyx loose, nearly as long as the inner ; stem branched. The whole plant clammy, generally covered with dust, with a disagreeable smell : stem about a foot high : flowers yellow. Annual: flowers from June to October: grows in waste ground, and among rubbish : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 32. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 429. 1191. 3. S. sylvdticus. Mountain Groundsel. Rays revolute ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lobed, minutely toothed; scales of the calyx linear; stem erect, straight, branched, corymbose. Stem from six inches to two feet high or more. It emits a disagreeable odour. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in dry barren pastures : common. Eng Bot. vol. xi. pi. 784. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 430. A variety, with the leaves dis- tinctly eared and embracing the stem, is the S. Uvidus, Green-scaled Groundsel. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2515. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 430. 1192. *** Flowers with spreading rays; leaves pinnatifid. 4. S, tennifolins. Hoary Ragwort. Ray spreading, with oblong, mi- nutely toothed corollas ; leaves pinnatifid, paler and cottony beneath ; stem erect, loosely cottony. Stem two or three feet high, furrowed : leaves alternate, sessile: flowers yellow. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in woods, hedges, and by roads, in England: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 574. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 432. 1193. 5. 5. Jacobce'a. Common Ragwort. Ray spreading, somewhat revo- lute, with oblong, toothed corollas; leaves Iyrate,twice pinnatifid, divari- cate, toothed, smooth; seeds hairy. Stem about two feet high, purple at the base, branched : flowers golden-yellow, very numerous, in corymbs, emitting a strong smell of honey. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures, and by roads : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1130. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 438. 1 194. 6. S. aqudticus. Marsh Ragwort. Ray spreading; with elliptical, toothed corollas ; leaves lyrate, serrate, smooth, the lower inversely egg- shaped, undivided ; seeds smooth. Stem about two feet high, purple : flowers larger and fewer than in the preceding species, scentless, in corymbs. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows by the sides of rivers, and in wet pastures : common. Eng, Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1131. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 434. 1195. 2 E 2 326 SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. [CL. XIX. **** Flowers with rays ; leaves undivided. 7. 5. paludosus. Great Fen Ragwort. Bird's-tongue Groundsel. Ray spreading, with oblong, toothed corollas ; flowers corymbose ; leaves lance-shaped, tapering, acutely serrate, somewhat cottony beneath ; stem quite straight, hollow. Stem from two to five feet high, simple : leaves very long, at first woolly: flowers yellow, not very numerous, but large : seeds hairy. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches and fens in the east part of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 650. Fng. F/. vol. iii. p. 434. 1196. 8. S. Saracenicus. Broad-leaved Ragwort. Ray spreading, the co- rolla broad, nearly entire ; flowers corymbose ; leaves lance-shaped, ser- rate, minutely downy ; stem solid. Stems from three to five feet high, erect : flowers yellow. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in moist meadows and pastures, in various parts of England, and the Lowlands of Scotland, but is probably not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol.xxxi. pi. 2211. E«g. FZ. vol. iii. p. 435. 1197. 31. A'STER. Starwort. Common calyx oblong, imbricated ; the inner scales standing out at the points, the lowermost spreading. Compound corolla rayed; florets of the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, spreading segments ; those of the ray more than ten, strap- shaped, oblong, three-toothed, finally revolute, without stamens. Filaments hair-like, short ; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen oblong. Style thread-shaped; stigmas two, oblong, spreading, those of the disk larger. Seed inversely egg-shaped. Down sessile, hair-like. Receptacle naked, almost flat. — Name, aster, a star. 396. 1. A.Tripalium. Sea Starwort. Stem herbaceous, corymbose ; leaves lance-shaped, entire, fleshy, obscurely three-ribbed, scales of the calyx obtuse, membranous. Stem two or three feet high, round, smooth : leaves smooth, the lower stalked, the upper sessile and more narrow : flowers large, purple, with a yellow disk. Perennial: flowers in August and September: grows in salt marshes: frequent. Fug. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 87. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 437. 1198. 32. SOLIDA'GO. Golden-rod. Common calyx oblong, imbricated, with oblong, pointed, straight scales. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk nume- rous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, spreading segments ; those of the ray from five to ten, strap-shaped, oblong, three-toothed, without stamens. Filaments hair-like, short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germens oblong. Style thread-shaped ; stigmas two, revolute. Seed somewhat inversely egg-shaped j seed-down sessile, hair-like. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. — Name from solidor, to unite, on account of its supposed healing power. 397. 1. S. Virgaurea. Common Golden-rod. Root-leaves elliptical, those of the stem lance-shaped ; clusters panicled, erect, crowded. Stem from six inches to three feet high, erect, generally zig-zag, purple at the lower CL. XIX.] SYNQENESIA — POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 327 part, downy above, terminating in a leafy, generally compound cluster of small yellow flowers. Perennial: flowers in July and Ausust : o-rowsin woods, rocky places, by rivers, and upland pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. V. pi. 301. Eng. FL toI. iii. p. 438. 1199. 33. I'NULA. Flea-bane. Common calyx hemispherical, imbricated, with the scales spread- ing at the points. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk very numerous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, erect or spreading segments ; those of the ray numerous, strap-shaped, linear, three- toothed, without stamens. Filaments thread-shaped, short ; an- thers united into a cylindrical tube, with five acute teeth above, and ten straight bristles at the base, Germens oblong. Style thread- shaped, cleft; stigmas spreading, oblong. Seed linear, four- cornered; seed-down simple, sessile. Receptacle nearly flat, naked or slightly scaly. — Name, doubtful. 398. 1. I. Heltnium. Elecampane. Leaves egg-shaped, serrate, rugged, embracing the stem ; downy beneath ; calyx egg-shaped, leafy. Root thick, branched : stem three feet high, farrowed, branched and downy above : root-leaves stalked : flowers solitary, terminal, large, bright- yellow. Infusion of the fresh root, sweetened with honey, is esteemed good for promoting expectoration. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in moist meadows and pastures : rare. Eng. Bot. toI. xxii. pi. 1546. Eng. FL. vol, iii. p, 440. 1200. 2. I. dysenterica. Common Flea-bane. Leaves oblong, heart-shaped at the base, and embracing the stem, downy; stem woolly, panicled; scales of the calyx bristle-shaped. Root creeping : stem a foot high or more, corymbose above, with large yellow flowers. It has a peculiar aromatic scent, and is asserted by Linnaeus to have cured the Russian army, under General Keith, of dysentery. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in moist meadows and pastures, and by the sides of brooks and ditches: rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1115. Eng. FL. vol. iii. p. 441. 1201. 3. I. pulicdria. Small Flea-bane. Leaves narrow, lance-shaped, em- bracing the stem, waved ; stem much branched, hairy ; flowers hemi- spherical, with very short rays. Stem about eight inches high, co- rymbose, purplish : leaves scattered, recurved : flowers solitary, terminal, pale-yellow : receptacle with a few short hairs. Annual : flowers in September : grows in moist places, where water has stood during winter: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1196. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 441. 1202. 4. I. crithmoides. Samphire-leaved Flea-bane. Leaves linear, fleshy, generally three-pointed. Stem a foot high, with a few terminal yellow flowers. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in wet ground on the coast : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 68. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 442. 1203. 34. CINERA'RIA. Fi.ea-wort. Common calyx simple, cylindrical, of numerous, equal, per- manent scales. Compound corolla rayed; florets of the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, erect segments ; those 328 SYNGENESIA — POLYG.YMIA SUPERFLUA. [CL. XIX. of the ray equal in number to the scales of the calyx, strap-shaped, oblong-, toothed, without stamens. Filaments thread-shaped, short; anthers united into a cylindrical, five-notched tube. Ger- men oblong. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stig- mas spreading, oblong. Seed linear, four-cornered ; seed-down hair-like, sessile, abundant, longer than the seed. — Name from cineres, ashes, on account of the colour of the leaves. 399. 1. C. -palnstris. Marsh Flea-icort. Flowers in a corymb ; leaves broadly lance-shaped, toothed or sinuate ; stem woolly. Stem three feet high, downy and clammy : leaves sessile : flowers pale-yellow. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in marshes and ditches in various parts of England: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 251. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 443. 1204. 2. C. camptstris. Field Flea-wort. Flowers in a simple and imper- fect umbel, with several lance-shaped bracteas ; root-leaves elliptical, ob- scurely toothed, the rest lance-shaped, all cottony. Stem six or eight inches high, simple, terminating in an imperfect umbel of a few bright- yellow flowers. Perennial : flowers in J\Iay and June : grows in hilly pastures in the south of England : frequent. Fug. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 152 : C. integrifolia. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 444. 1205. 35. DORO'NICUM. Leopard's-bane. Common calyx of about twenty strap-shaped, equal, upright scales, in two rows. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk with five spreading segments; those of the ray equal in number to the scales of the calyx, strap-shaped, spreading, with three or five teeth. Filaments in the tubular florets only. Seed inversely egg- shaped, compressed, furrowed ; seed-down hairy, wanting to the florets of the ray. Receptacle naked or nearly so. — Name from dor&Uf a gift, and nike, victory, the plant being formerly used to destroy wild beasts. 400. 1. D. Pardalidnches. Great Leopard'' s-hane. Leaves heart-shaped, toothed, the lower ones on long stalks, the upper embracing the stem, the intermediate ones with their stalks dilated into two broad ears at the base, slightly clasping the stem. Stem from two to four feet high, with a few large yellow flowers : root tuberous. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods : rare, and often the outcast of gardens. Truly wild in the woods at Giflford, East-Lothian, where'it is very abun- dant. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2654. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 307. 1206. 2. D. plantagineum. Plantain- leaved Leopard' s-hane. Leaves toothed, lower ones stalked, egg-«haped, or slightly heart-shaped, the rest sessile, except the lowest, which has a winged stalk, and half embraces the stem. Smaller than the preceding, with the root-leaves produced at the base, the rest varying between egg-shaped and heart-shaped, pointed. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods: rare, and cer- tainly not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 630. Brit, FL. 4th ed. p. 307. 1207. 36. BE'LLIS. Daisy. Common calyx simple, hemispherical, erect, of from ten to twenty lance-shaped equal scales, placed in two rows. Compound CL. XIX.] SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 329 corolla rayed ; florets of the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, spreading segments ; those of the ray strap-shaped, slightly notched, more numerous than the scales of the calyx. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical, notched tube. Germens inversely egg-shaped. Style thread- shaped ; stigmas oblong, spreading. Seed inversely egg-shaped, compressed j seed-down none. Receptacle conical, hollow, dotted and naked. — Named from belluSy pretty. 401. 1. B. -ptr^nms^: Common Daisy. Root creeping; flower-stalk leafless. Leaves numerous, lying flat on the ground ; inversely egg-shaped, crenate, slightly hairy, tapering at the base ; stalks from two to four inches long, round, hairy, each bearing a single flower, having a yellow conical disk, and a white ray tinged with purple. A variety, called the Hen and Chicken Daisy, sometimes occurs, in which several small stalks, bearing diminutive flowers, spring from the flower. Perennial : flowers from March to November, but individuals may be seen in flower at all seasons: grows in pastures and meadows, abundantly. Eng.Bot. vol. \'i. pi. 424. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 447. 1208. 37. CHRYSA'NTHEMUM. Ox-eye. Corn Marigold. Common calyx hemispherical, closely imbricated, with nume- rous, roundish scales, membranous and dilated at the margin, the innermost terminating in a filmy appendage. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk very numerous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, spreading segments ; those of the ray more than twelve, strap-shaped, between elliptical and oblong, with three teeth. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers united into a cylindrical, notched tube. Germen inversely egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, a little longer than the stamens ; stigmas oblong, spreading. Seed oblong, or inversely heart-shaped, striated ; seed-down none. Re- ceptacle a little convex, naked. — Name from chrysos^ gold, and anthosy flower. 402. 1. C/i. Leucdnthemum. Great White Ox-eye. Moon-Jiower. Leaves oblong, cut, pinnatifid at the base, clasping the stem ; root-leaves in- versely egg-shaped, stalked. Stem about two feet high, erect, fur- rowed : flowers large, solitary, terminal, with a yellow disk, and white ray. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures and by roads: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 601. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 449. 1209. 2. Ch.sigetum. Corn Marigold. Leaves clasping the stem, broadly serrate above, toothed at the base, glaucous. Stem from one to two feet high, branched, angular, bearing several terminal, large, rich yellow flowers. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 540. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 450. 1210. 38. PYRE'THRUM. Feverfew. Common calyx hemispherical, closely imbricated, with several oblong, nearly equal scales, bordered with an equal membrane. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, spreading segments ; those of the ray 330 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. [|CL. XIX. numerous, strap-shaped, spreading, with three terminal teeth. Filaments hair-like, short j anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germens angular, abrupt. Style thread-shaped, not longer than the anthers; stigmas obtuse, spreading. Seed oblong, angular, abrupt, crowned by an elevated membranous border. — Name from pyr^ fire or fever. 403. 1. P. Parthenium. Common Feverfew. Leaves stalked, compound, flat; leaflets egg-shaped, cut ; panicle corymbose ; stem erect. Stem about two feet high : flowers with a yellow disk and white ray. The whole plant has a strong smell and bitter taste. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground, and on rocks and walls: fre- quent. En*. Bet. vol. xviii. pi. 1231. £«g. F/. vol. iii. p. 451. 1211. 2. P. inodorum. Corn or Scentless Feverfew. Leaves sessile, pinnate, with numerous thread-shaped, pointed segments ; stem branched, spread- ing; crown of the seeds entire. Stem about a foot high, angular, smooth : flowers large, with a convex yellow disk and a pure white ray, on long, terminal, naked stalks. Annual : flowers in August and Sep- tember : grows in cultivated ground and by roads : common. Eng. Bat. vol. X. pi. 676. Eng. Ft. vol.iii. p. 452. A maritime variety with fleshy leaves is the P. maritimum, Sea Feverfew, of some botanists. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 979. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 453. 1212. 39. MATRICA'RIA. Wild Chamomile. Common calyx slightly convex, closely imbricated, with several oblong, nearly equal scales, membranous at the edges. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the conical disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, spreading segments ; those of the ray numerous, strap-shaped, spreading, abrupt, with three terminal teeth. Fila- ments hair-like, very short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen inversely egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the anthers ; stigmas spreading, obtuse. Seed inversely egg-shaped, angular; seed-down none. Receptacle naked, nearly cylindrical, hollow. — Name from matrix^ the womb. 404. 1. M. Chamomilla. Common Wild Chamomile. ' Leaves smooth, twice pinnatifid, with linear segments ; scales of the calyx dilated, obtuse. Stem a foot high, erect, much branched, smooth, striated : leaves sessile, deep-green : flowers large, with a conical yellow disk and white ray. Has the smell of common Chamomile, which it also resembles in the flowers. Annual : flowers from June to October : grows in cultivated and waste ground : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1232, Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 454. 1213. 40. A'NTHEMIS. Chamomile. Common calyx hemispherical, closely imbricated, with several oblong, nearly equal scales. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with five equal, spreading segments; those of the ray numerous, strap-shaped, abrupt, three- toothed. Filaments^ery short, hair-like ; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Ge|mens inversely egg-shaped. Style thread- shaped, as long as the anthers ; stigmas oblong, spreading. Seed inversely egg-shaped, somewhat compressed, generally crowned CL. XIX. J SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, 331 with a slight border. Receptacle convex, covered with lance- shaped chatFy scales. — Named from anthemoSy a flower. 405. 1. A.maridma. Sea Chamomile, Leaves twice pinnatifid, acute, fleshy, dotted, somewhat hairy ; stem prostrate ; scales of the receptacle acute, prominent. Stems about eight inches long, angular, branched, cottony : inner scales of the calyx torn : disk of the flowers convex, yellow : ray cream-coloured. Annual : flowers in July : found at Sun- derland, in Durham, by Mr. E. Robson. Eng. Bot. pi. 2370. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 456. 1214. 2. A. nohilis. Common Chamomile. Leaves twice pinnate, with semi- cylindrical, acute, somewhat downy segments; stem procumbent ; scales of the receptacle membranous, obtuse, shorter than the disk. Stems about eight inches long, branched, furrowed, downy : flowers terminal, solitary, with a convex yellow disk and white spreading ray. The leaves and flowers have a strong smell, and a bitter taste. The latter are used in infusion as a stomachic and antispasmodic. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in dry pastures in various parts of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 980. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 456. 1215. 3. A. arvtnsis. Corn Chamomile. Leaves twice pinnatifid, hairy, with narrow lance-shaped segments ; receptacle conical, with lance-shaped, acute, prominent scales ; seeds crowned with a border. Stem from twelve to eighteen inches high, erect, much branched, covered with soft hairs : flowers solitary, on long terminal stalks, their di-k and scales bright-yellow, the ray white. Biennial: flowers in June and July: grows in fields and waste ground : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 602. Eh^. -F/. vol.iii. p. 457. 1216. 4:.A.Cotula. Stinking Chamomile. Leaves twice pinnatifid, smooth, with linear segments ; receptacle conical, with bristle-shaped scales ; seeds without a border. Stem a foot or more high, erect, bushy: flowers solitary, on terminal striated stalks : disk pale-yellow : ray white. Fetid and acrid, blistering the skin. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields and waste ground. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1772. En 0-. F/. vol. iii. p. 458. 1217. 5. A.tinctoria. Ox-eye Chamomile. Leaves twice pinnatifid, serrate, downy beneath ; stem erect, corymbose ; seeds crowned with a mem- branous undivided border. Stem eighteen inches high, angular : leaves sessile, with acute, notched segments, cottony beneath : flowers large, bright-yellow in both the ray and disk. Perennial : flowers in July and August. Found in Essex by Mr. Dickson, and near Forfar by Mr. G. Don. Eiig. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1472. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 459. 1218. 41. ACHILL^'A. Milfoil. Common calyx egg-shaped, imbricated, with several egg- shaped, acute, close scales. Compound corolla rayed ; florets of the disk perfect, tubular, with five equal, spreading segments ; those of the ray from five to ten, flat, roundish, inversely heart- shaped, with a small intermediate lobe. Filaments hair-like, very short; anthers united into a cylindrical tube. Germen small, inversely heart-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the sta- mens j stigmas obtuse, spreading. Seed inversely egg-shaped, 332 SYNGENESIA — POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. QcL. XIX. abrupt; seed-down none. Receptacle narrow, covered with lance-shaped, chaffy scales. — Named after Achilles. 406. 1. ^. Ptdrmica. Sneeze-wort. Goose-tongue. Leaves narrow, lance- shaped, pointed, acutely serrate, smooth. Stem simple, erect, from six inches to two feet high, terminating in a large, nearly simple corymb, with white flowers: leaves very minutely, acutely, doubly serrated. Perennial ; flowers from the middle of July to the end of September : grows in moist pastures, by ditches, and at the edges of corn-fields: not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 757. Eng. Fl. vol. iU. p. 460. 1219. 2. A. serrdta. Serrated Yarrow. Leaves narrow lanceolate, sessile, downy, deeply serrate, laciniate at the base; flowers almost simply corymbose. Stem simple, erect, downy, about eighteen inches high, terminatin<' IHUS. Barren fower. Calyx of three or five leaves. Corolla none. Stamens three or five. Fertile flower. Calyx of three or five leaves. Corolla none. Styles three or two. Capsule one-celled. Seed one. 14. BRYO'NIA. Barren fiower. Calyx five-toothed. Corolla five- cleft. Filaments three. Anthers five. Fertile fiower. Calyx five-toothed, deciduous. Corolla five-cleft. Style three-cleft. Berry inferior. Seeds few. (Fagus. Quercus. Atriplex.) Order VI. POLYANDRIA. More than Five Stamens. 16. MYRIOPHY'LLUM. Barren flowers. Ca/t/.r four-leaved. Petals four. Stamens eight. Fertile flowers. Calyx four-leaved. Petals four. Stigmas four, ses- sile. Drupes four. 19. POTE'RIUM. Barren flowers. Calyx three-leaved. Corolla deeply four-cleft. Stamens from thirty to fifty. Fertile flowers. Calyx three-leaved. Corolla deeply four-cleft. Pistils two. A-«( two-celled. 17. SAGITTA'RIA. Barren flowers. Calyx three-leaved. Petals three. Stamens about twenty-four. Fertile flowers. Calyx three-leaved. Petals three. Pistils nume- rous. Seeds numerous, bordered. 15. CERATOPHY'LLUM. Barren flowers. Calyx many-cleft. Corolla none. Stamens from sixteen to twenty. Fertile flowers. Calyx many-cleft. Corolla none. Stigma sessile, oblique. Drupe compressed. 21. FA'GUS. Barren flowers in a. catkin. Ca/t/x with several segments. Corolla none. Stamens from five to twenty. Fertile flowers. Calyx double ; the outer mferior, prickly, deeply divided into several segments, two or three-flowered ; the inner superior, five or six-cleft. Corolla none. Styles five or six. Nuts two or tliree, invested by the enlarged outer calyx. CL. XXT.] MONCECIA — MONANDRIA. 345 20. QUE'RCUS. Barren Jiouers in a loose catkin. Calyi divided into several segments. Corolla none. Stamens eight or more. Fertile Jioaers. Calyx double ; the outer inferior, scaly, undivided ; the inner superior, with six deep segments. Corolla none. Stijle one. Xut solitary, closely invested at its base with the hemisphe- rical outer calyx. 24. CO'RYLUS. Barren flowers in a. cyV\ndnc2i\ cathiu. Ca/i/x a three- cleft scale. Corolla none. Stamens eight or more. Fertile flowers. Calux double ; the outer inferior, divided ; the in- ner superior, minute. Corolla none. Styles two. A'iy. 6. C. stelluldla. Little prickly Carex. Spikelets three or four, roundi--.n3. 1380. 8. S. Borreridna. Dark Upright Willow. Leaves lance-shaped, with shallow, even serratures, very smooth, glaucous beneath; stipules ob. 2 1 370 DICECIA — DIANDRIA, [CL, XXII. solete ; branches erect ; scales of the catkins acute, shaggy. A bushy shrub, eight or ten feet high, with dark-brown branches. Flowers in May: found by Mr. W. Borrer in Breadalbane and Glen Nevis. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 174. 1381. 9. S. n'ltens. Shining-leaved Willow. Leaves elliptical, acute, un- equally serrate, very smooth and glaucous beneath, minutely downy with a downy central rib above ; stipules obsolete ; branches spreading ; catkins nearly sessile, with acute, shaggy scales A bushy shrub, ten or twelve feet high : leaves an inch and a half long, deep shining green, flowers in April : grows in the mountainous parts of Scotland : rare. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 175. 1382. 10. 5. Davallirina. Davallian Willow. Leaves lance-shaped, inclin- ing to inversely egg-shaped, finely serrate, or minutely toothed, tapering at both ends, smooth ; rather glaucous beneath; flower-stalks, central rib, and young branches, somewhat downy ; catkins with small rounded scales; capsules lance-shaped, smooth,-^^ — A bushy shrub, about six feet high, with smooth, brown branches : leaves about an inch and a half long. Flowers in May : grows in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 175. 1383. 11. S. Wiilfenichia. Wnlfetdan Willow. Leaves inversely egg- shaped or elliptical, somewhat pointed, finely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; catkin dense, with hairy scales, longer than the stalks of the awl-shaped, hairy germens ; style longer than the stigmas. A shrub about six feet high : leaves an inch and a half long, with reticulated veins. Flowers in April and May : found by Mr. VV. Borrer in Breadal- bane and at Kirkby Lonsdale. Ens;. Fl. vol. iv. p. 177. 1384. 12. S.Utrapla. Four-ranked Willow. Leaves between elliptical and oblong, pointed, and equally serrated, nearly smooth, glaucous with pro- minent veins beneath; stipules half heart-shaped; scales commonly shorter than the hairy stalks of the oblong smooth germens; style as long as the stigmas. A small shrub, nearly allied to the last, of which Dr. Walker says, "four leaves complete the spiral upon the branch, and on account of this singularity, it has been called S. tetrapla." Essays, p. 408. Flowers in JNIay : found in Breadalbane by Mr. W. Borrer. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 177. 1385. 13. S.blcolor. Shining dark-green Willow. Leaves between elliptical and oblong, acute, waved, and slightly serrate, nearly smooth, glaucous beneath; leaf-stalks dilated at the base ; stipules pointed, serrate°; scales obtuse, hairy, half as long as the densely downy, egg-shaped, long-stalked germen. A small tree, six feet high or more, with erect reddish-brown branches. Flowers in April and May : grows in woods and thickets. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1806. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 178. 1386. 14. S. tenuifdlia. Thin-leaved Willow. Leaves elliptical, acute, ser- rate, smoothish, glaucous beneath ; stipules small or none; scales hairy ; capsule egg-shaped, smooth, on a short smooth stalk. A small spread- ing shrub : the young branches downy. Flowers in May and June: grows about the rocky banks of rivers. Eng. Bot. \ol. xxxi. pi. 2186. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 179. * iQo^ ' 15. 5. mahfolia. Apple-leaved Willow. Leaves between elliptical and oblong, toothed, waved, thin and crackling, very smooth ; stipules heart-shaped, about the length of the flower-stalks ; scales inversely ec^g- CL. XXII.] DKECIA — DIANDRIA. 371 shaped, bearded ; germen lance-shaped, smooth, on a short smooth stalk. A shrub with leaves resembling those of an apple-tree. Flowers in April. Found in Scotland by Mr. Dickson. Eiig. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1617. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 180. 1388. 16. 5. petioldris. Dark-lung-leaved Willoic, Leaves lance-shaped, serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath, somewhat unequal at the base ; sti- pules lance-shaped, somewhat curved, toothed ; catkins loose ; scales hairy, shorter than the stalks of the egg-shaped, silky germens ; stigmas divided, sessile. A bushy tree with slender purplish branches : leaves four inches long, bright-green above. Flowers in April. Found by Mr. G. Don, in marshes in Angus-shire. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1147. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 181. 1389. 17. 5. vitellina. Yellow Willow, or Golden Osier. Leaves lance- shaped, acute, with cartilaginous serratures, smooth above, glaucous and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules minute, lance-shaped, deciduous, smooth ; germen sessile, broadly lance-shaped, smooth ; scales between lance-shaped and linear, acute, fringed at the base, longer than the pistil. A tree of moderate height, with smooth, shining, yellow branches. Flowers in May : grows on the banks of rivers : comnion. Eng. Bot. vol. XX. pi. 1339. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 182. °1390. 18. S. decipiens. White Welsh, ov Varnished Willow. Leaves lance- shaped, pointed, serrate, very smooth ; flower-stalks somewhat glandular ; germen tapering, stalked, smooth j style longer than the cleft stigmas; branches highly polished. A small tree, distinguished by its shining clay-coloured branches. When cultivated, affords good rods for basket- work. Flowers in May : grows in low meadows and moist hedges. Env. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1937. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 184. 1391. 19. S. frdgilis. Crack Willow. Leaves between lance-shaped and egg-shaped, pointed, serrate, very smooth ; leaf-stalks glandular; germen egg-shaped, abrupt, nearly sessile, smooth ; scales oblong, about the length of the stamens ; stigmas cleft, longer than the style. A tall tree, with very brittle, smooth, brown branches : leaves four or five inches long, dark-green above. Flowers in April and May : throws on the banks of rivers : frequent. Eng. Bof. vol. xxvi. pi. 1807. Ens;. Fl. vol. iv. p. 185. I392. 20. S. Russellidna. Bedford Willow. Leaves lance-shaped, taperino- at both ends, serrate, very smooth ; leaf-stalks glandular, sometimes bearing leaflets ; germen tapering, stalked, longer than the scales ; style as loog as the stigmas. A tall and handsome tree, with lonw "liaht-oreen leaves. Flowers in April and May: grows by rivers and in marshy woods and meadows, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1808. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 186. 1393. 21. S. purpurea. Bitter purple Willow. Branches decumbent ; leaves lance-shaped, broadest towards the end, serrate, very smooth, narrow at the base ; stamen one ; stigmas very short, egg-shaped, nearly sessile. A shrub with spreading branches of a shining deep-purple colour. Flowers in March : grows in low meadows, about the banks of rivers and ditches: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1388. Eng. FL vol.iv. p.l87. 1394. 22. S. Helix. Rose Willow. Branches erect, leaves between oblong and lance-shaped, pointed, slightly serrate, very smooth, linear towards the base ; stamen one j style nearly as long as the linear, divided stio-- 372 DKECIA — DIANDRIA. [^CL. XXII. mas. A tree about ten feet high, with erect, pale-yellowish or pur- plish, polished branches. Flowers in March and April : grows on the banks of rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi, 1343. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 188. 1395. 23. 5. Lambertxdna. Boyton Willow. Branches erect ; leaves lance- shaped, broadest towards the end, pointed, serrate, smooth, rounded at the base ; stipules none ; stamen one ; stigmas egg-shaped, obtuse, notched, very short, nearly sessile. A small tree with erect, purplish branches. Flowers in March and April : grows on the banks of rivers in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1359. Erig. Fl. vol. iv. p. 190. 1396. 24. 5. Forhydna. Fine Basket Osier. Branches erect ; leaves be- tween lance-shaped and oblong, with shallow serratures, smooth, rounded at the base, glaucous beneath ; stamen one ; style nearly as long as the linear, divided stigma. A shrub with erect, slender, greyish-yellow twigs, highly esteemed for the finer kinds of basket-work. Flowers in April : grows in meadows and marshy places in Norfolk and Cam- bridgeshire: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1344. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 191. 1397. 25. S. rubra. Green-leaved Osier. Stamens two, united for half their length ; leaves lance-shaped, inclining to linear, elongated, acute, smooth, with shallow serratures, green on both sides ; stigma egg-shaped, undi- vided. 'A small tree, with long, smooth, purplish branches. One of the most valuable for basket-work. Flowers in April and May : grows in low meadows and marshy places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1145. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 191. 1398. 26. S. Crowedna. Broad- leaved Monadelphous Willow. Stamens united at the base ; leaves elliptical, slightly serrate, smooth, glaucous be- neath. -A bushy shrub, four or five feet high, with stout brittle brownish-yellow branches : flowers in April and May : grows in marshy meadows and thickets: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1146. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 192. 1399. 27. S. prunifdlia. Plum-leaved Willow. Leaves broadly egg-shaped, serrate, smooth on both sides, even above, glaucous beneath ; stem erect, much branched ; capsules egg-shaped, covered, like the scales, with long silky hairs. A bushy shrub, often three feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers in April and May : grows on the High- land mountains. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1361. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 193. 1400. 28. 5. vacciniifolia. Bilberry- leaved Willow. Leaves between egg- shaped and lance-shaped, smooth and even above, glaucous and silky beneath ; capsules egg-shaped, silky ; stems decumbent. A small shrub, with long, slender branches, silky when young. Flowers in April : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2341. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 194. 1401. 29. S. venulosa. Veiny-leaved Willow. Leaves egg-shaped, serrate, naked, reticulated with prominent veins above, rather glaucous be- neath ; capsules egg-shaped, silky ; stem erect, much branched. ■ A small bushy shrub, allied to S. prunifolia. Flowers in April and May : grows in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1362. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 195. 1402. CL. XXII.] DICECIA — DIANDRIA. 373 30. ^*». myrsinites. Green ]Vhortle-leaved Willow. Leaves elliptical, serrate, smooth, veiny, polished on both sides ; young branches hairy ; germens stalked, ^downy ; capsules awl-shaped. A small bushy shrub, with dark-brown branches. Flowers in May and June : grows in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1360. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 195. 1403. 31. 5. Dichsonidna. Broad-leaved Mountain Willow. Leaves ellipti- cal, acute, slightly toothed, smooth, glaucous beneath ; young branches very smooth ; catkins egg-shaped, short, erect ; germen stalked, eg?- shaped, silky ; stigmas nearly sessile. A small smooth shrub, with brownish branches. Flowers in April : grows in the Highlands of Scot- land. Eng. Bot. vol. XX. pi. 1390. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 196. 1404. 32. S. rarindta. Folded- leaved Willow. Leaves egg-shaped, finely toothed, smooth, minutely veined, folded so as to form a keel ; catkin^ cylindrical, with rounded, hairy scales; germen sessile, egg-shaped, silk} A bushy shrub, with brown branches, hairy when young. Flowers in April : grows in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1363. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 197. 1405. 33. 5. arbuscnla. Little Tree Willow. Leaves lance-shaped, acute, obscurely toothed, smoothish, glaucous beneath, silky when youno- ; branches downy ; catkin egg-shaped, erect ; germen stalked, between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, silky. Stem erect, slender, about a foot high, branchless below, like a small tree, with light-brown branches. Flowers in April : grows in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1366. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 198. 1406. 34. S. livida. Livid Dwarf Willow. Leaves between elliptical and oblong, obscurely toothed, smooth, livid beneath ; stipules none ; ger- men nearly cylindrical, downy, its stalk twice as long as the scale ; stigmas nearly sessile. A small shrub, about a foot high, with shining divergent branches. Found by Mr. jMaughan, at the foot of Hartfeil, near Moffat. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 199. 1407. 35. S. herbdcea. Least Willow. Leaves round, serrate, reticulated with veins, smooth and shining on both sides ; germen stalked, eg-'-''- shaped, smooth. A diminutive shrub, scarcely two inches above ground, with long branched roots. Flowers in June : grows on the summits of the hiofher mountams of Scotland, England, and Wales: frequent. En"-. F/. vol. iv. p. 200. 1408. ** Adult leaves entire, nearly smooth. 36. S. reticulata. Wrinkle-leaved Willow. Leaves broadly elliptical, nearly circular, obtuse, entire, leathery, with reticulated veins, nearly smooth, glaucous beneath ; germen sessile, downy. A small shrub, with stems two or three inches high, readily distinguished by its cu- riously reticulated leaves. Flowers in June : grows on the hicrher mountains of Scotland, Yorkshire, and Wales: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1908. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 200. 14G9. *** Leaves hairy or silki/. 37. 5. glauca Glaucous Mountain Willow. Leaves nearly entire, between lance-shaped and elliptical, even and nearly smooth above, woolly and white beneath ; leaf-stalks decurrent ; germen sessile, e»g- shaped, wooUv. A shrub two or three feet high, with short, sv^read- 2 I 2 374 DICECIA — DIANDRIA. [CL. XXII. ing, brown or yellowish branches : flowers in May : found on the Clova mountains, by Messrs G. and D. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1810. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 202. 1410. 38. S. Stuartidna. Snail-leaved Shagc!;y Willow. Leaves nearly entire, between lance-shaped and egg-shaped, acute, shaggy above, densely silky beneath ; style as long as the almost sessile, woolly germen ; stigmas hair-like, deeply divided, as long as the style. A bushy shrub, two or three feet high, with dark-brown branches, dow^ny when young : flowers in July and August : grows in the Highlands of Scot- land. Eng. But. vol. xxvi. pi. 1809. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 203. 1411. 39. 5. arendria. Downy Mountain Willow. Leaves nearly entire, egg-shaped, acute; reticulated ^and somewhat downy above, veined and densely woolly beneath ; style as long as the sessile, woolly germen ; stigmas linear, deeply divided, as long as the style. A small shrub, allied to 5. glauca : flowers in May and June : grows on mountains in the Highlands of Scotland. Eug. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1809. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 204. 1412. 40. 5, landta. Woolly Broad-leaved Willow. Leaves between egg- shaped and roundish, pointed, entire, shaggy on both sides, glaucous beneath ; germen sessile, oblong, smooth ; style four times as long as the blunt, divided stigmas. A shrub, three or four feet high, with numerous, distorted branches, downy when young. Found by Mr. T. Drummond on rocks among the Clova mountains. £710-, Fl. vol. iv. p. 205. 1413. 41. 5. argtntea. Silky Sand Willow. Leaves elliptical, entire, some- what revolute, vi^ith a recurved point, rather downy above, silky and shining beneath, as well as the branches; stem erect; germen between lance-shaped and egg-shaped, silky ; its silky stalk nearly as long as the linear, oblong scale ; style not longer than the stigmas. A shrub, four or five feet high, with numerous silky branches. Flowers in May : grows in moist moory ground. -E"^. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1364. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 207. 1414. 42. S.fx'tida. Fishy Willow. Leaves elliptical, nearly entire, vvith a recurved point, glaucous and silky beneath ; stem recumbent; germen between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, one silky stalk nearly equal to the inversely egg-shaped scale. A low creeping shrub, with long, straight, downy branches, and a nauseous scent, like that of some fresh-water fishes. Flowers in May : grows on moist heathy or sandy ground in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1962, and pi. 1961. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 208. 1415. 43. S. ripens. Common Dwarf Willow. Leaves between elliptical and lauce-shaped, straight, somewhat pointed, nearly entire, almost naked above, glaucous and silky beneath ; stipules none ; stem depressed, with short, erect branches ; germen stalked, egg-shaped, downy ; capsules smooth. A small shrub, with a prostrate stem, and numerous erect branches. Flowers in May: grows on sandy mountainous heaths: very common. Emo-. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 183. £jt^. F/. vol.iv. p. 209. 1416. 44. S. fusca. Brownish Dwarf Willow. Leaves between elliptical and oblong, acute, straight, flat, with a few glandular teeth, glaucous and silky beneath; stipules none ; stem erect, much branched; germen ses- sile, nearly smooth, tapering into an elongated style. A small bushy CL. XXII.] DICECIA — DIANDHIA. 375 shrub, from six to twelve inches high, with brown branches, downy when young. Flowers in May: grows on moist mountainous heaths^ ^"S- Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1960. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 210. To this variable species may probably be referred the three preceding, as well as the two next. 1417. 45. S. prostrdta. Early Prostrate Willow. Leaves between elliptical and oblong, convex, somewhat toothed, with a curved point; glaucous, silky and veiny beneath ; stipules minute ; stem prostrate, with elongated, straight branches; germen stalked, egg-shaped, silky ; style shorter than the stigmas. Flowers in March and April : grows on heaths. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1959. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 211. 1418. 46. 5. incubdcea. Trailing Silk Willow. Leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, pointed, straight, nearly entire ; convex and smooth above, with prominent reticulated veins, glaucous and silky beneath ; stem recumbent ; catkins between egg-shaped and oblong ; stalks of the silky germens longer than the scales; capsules smooth. A small shrub, with reclining or prostrate dark-brown stems, about two feet long. Flowers in May : grows in sandy meadows: found by Mr. E. Forster at Hopton in Suffolk. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 212. 1419. 47. 5. Donidna. Rusty -branched Willow. Leaves lance-shaped, broadest towards the end, acute, straight, slightly serrate, livid and somewhat silky beneath ; stem and branches erect ; catkins cylindrical ; germen stalked, silky, longer than the inversely egg-shaped, bearded scales. A shrub five or six feet high, with straight, reddish branches. Flowers in May : found in Scotland by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 213. ^ U20. 48. S. rnsmarinifolia. Rosemary- leaied Willow. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, pointed, straight, entire, silky beneath ; stem erect; catkins egg-shaped, recurved; germen stalked, lance-shaped, silky. A slender shrub, two or three feet high, with erect, very slender branches, silky when young. Flowers in April : grows in moist sandy ground. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1365. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 214. 1421. 49. S. cintrea. Grey Sallow. Stem erect; lower leaves entire, upper serrate, lance-shaped, broadest towards the end ; glaucous, downy and reticulated with veins beneath ; stipules half heart-shaped, serrate ; ger- men silky; its stalk half as long as the lance-shaped scales. A tree tventy or thirty feet high, with smooth, reddish-brown, crooked branches. Flowers in April : grows in moist woods and hedges. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1897. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 215. 1422. 50. S. aurita. Round-eared Willow. Branches spreading ; leaves somewhat serrate, convex, inversely egg-shaped, obtuse, with a small hooked point, hairy and reticulated with veins on both sides. Stipules roundish, convex, toothed ; germen silky, stalked ; stigmas nearly sessile. A bushy shrub, three or four feet high, with spreading or trailing branches of a brown colour. Flowers in April and May : grows in moist woods and thickets. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1487. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 216. 1423. 51. S. aqudtica. Water Sallow. Stem and branches erect ; leaves slightly serrate, elliptical, broadest towards the end, minutely downy, flat, rather glaucous beneath ; stipules rounded, toothed ; germen silky, stalked ; stigmas nearly sessile. A shrub or small tree, with numerous, erect branches. Flowers in April : grows in wet woods and hedges, in 376 DICECIA — DIANDRIA. [CL. XXII. marshv place?, and on the banks of rivers : very common. Eiig. Bot. vol. XX. pi. 1437. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 218. 1424. 52. S. oieijolia. Olive-leaved Sallow. Stem erect; branches straight, spreading; leaves lance-shaped, broadest towards the end, Hat, rather stiff, minutely toothed, acute, glaucous, reticulated and finely hairy be- neath; stipules small, notched, rounded; catkins oval, nearly half as broad as long. ^A small tree, with round branches, when young brown and hoary. Flowers in March : grows in wet woods and hedges. Ens;. Bot. vol. XX. pi. 1402. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 219. 1425. 53. S. cotinifiilia. Quince-leaved Sallow. Stem erect; branches spreading, downy ; leaves broadly elliptical, nearly round, slightly toothed; glaucous and downy, with rectangular veins beneath ; style as long as the linear, notched stigmas. A shrub from t\j'o to eight feet high, with straight, brown, downy branches: flowers in April: grows in thickets and woods. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1403. Eug. Fl. vol. iv. p. 220. 1426. 54. 5. hirta. Hairy-branched Sallow. Stem erect; branches densely hairy ; leaves elliptical, inclining to heart-shaped, pointed, finely crenate, downy on both sides; stipules half heart-shaped, flat, toothed; nearly smooth A small tree, with thick, round, hoary branches: flowers in April and May : found in Norfolk by Mr. Crowe. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1404. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 221. 1427. 55. S. ruptstris. Silky Rock Sallow. Stem procumbent or depressed ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, acute, serrate, flat, even, silky on both sides; stipules hairy ; branches minutely downy; germen stalked, awl-shaped, silky ; style as long as the blunt undivided stigmas. A small trailing shrub, with dark-coloured branches, downv when young : flowers in May : grows on rooks in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2342. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 222. 1428. 56. S. Andersonidna. Green Mountain Sallow. Stem erect ; leaves elliptical, acute, finely notched, slightly downy, paler beneath ; stipules half egg-shaped, nearly smooth ; branches minutely downy ; germen smooth, its stalk almost equal to the scale; style cleft, longer than the cleft stigmas. A large shrub, with dark-brown branches, at first green and downy : flovi^ers in April and May : grows in woods and on the banks of rivers in Scotland and the north of England. En^. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2343. Eng. FL vol.iv. p. 223. ^ 1429. 57. S. Forsteridna. Glaucous Mountain Sallow. Stem erect; branches minutely downy ; leaves elliptical, broadest towards the end, acute, crenate, slightly downy ; glaucous beneath ; stipules rounded, recurved ; germen stalked, awl-shaped, silky; style as long as the blunt notched stigmas. A small tree, with downy branches: flowers in May: grows in woods and on the banks of rivers, in Scorland and the north of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2344. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 224. 1430. 58. S. sphacelcita. IVithered-pointed Sallow. Stem erect; leaves be- tween elliptical and inversely egg-shaped, entire, or slightly serrate, downy on both sides, discoloured at the point; stipules half heart-shaped, toothed, erect ; germen stalked, lance-shaped, silky; stigmas notched, longer tiian the style. A small bushy tree, six or eight feet high, the young branches covered with soft, whitish hairs : flowers in April and May : grows in valleys in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2333. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 224. 1431. CL. XXII. ] DICECIA — TRIANDRIA. 377 59. S. caprea. Great Round-leaved Sallow. Stem erect; leaves be- tween egg-shaped and roundish, pointed, serrate, waved, pale and downy beneatli ; stipules somewhat crescent-shaped ; catkins oval ; germen stalked, egg-shaped, silky; stigmas nearly sessile, undivided; capsules swelling. A tree of moderate size, with spreading, brown or purplish branches : leaves from two to three inches long : flowers in April : grows in woods and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1488. Eng. FL vol.iv. p. 226. "1432. 60. S. acuminata. Long-leaved Sallow. Stem erect ; leaves between lance-shaped and oblong, pointed, waved, finely toothed, glaucous and downy beneath ; stipules half egg-shaped, finely curved ; catkins cylin- drical ; germen stalked, egg-shaped, hairy ; stvie as long as the un- divided stigmas.- A tree of moderate size, with spreading, minutely downy branches : flowers in April : grows in woods and on the banks of rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1434. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 227. 1433. 61. S. vimindlis. Common Osier. Leaves linear, inclining to lance- shaped, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, waved, snow-white and silky beneath; branches straight and slender; germen sessile ; style as long as the linear, undivided stigmas. A tree, with very long, straight branches, downy when young. Cultivated for basket-work, of various kinds : flowers in April and May: grows in wet meadows, and by rivers: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1898. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 228. 1434. 62. 5. Smithidna. Silky-leaved Osier. Leaves lance-shaped, pointed, slightly wavy, minutely toothed; soft and minutely downy above, whitish and silky beneath ; stipules crescent-shaped, minute ; catkins egg-shaped ; germen stalked ; style shorter than the linear, deeply divided stigmas. Branches long, slender, erect, reddish, smooth, finely downy when soft : flowers in April and May : grows in meadows, and on the banks of rivers. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1500. £710-. FL vol. iv. p. 229. S. mol- lissima. 1435. 63. S. stipuldris. Auricled Osier. Leaves lance-shaped, pointed, slightly waved, obscurely crenate, soft and nearly naked above, white and downy beneath; stipules half heart-shaped, stalked, very laro-e; nectary cylindrical ; germen egg-shaped, nearly sessile, as well as the linear, undivided stigmas. Twigs erect, long, soft and downy, pale reddish-brown, brittle : flovvers in March: grows in hedges and woods. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1214. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 230. 1436. 64. S. dlha. Common White Willow. Leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, pointed, serrate, silky on both sides, the lowest serratures glandular ; stamens hairy ; germen smooth, almost sessile ; stigmas deeply cleft; scales rounded. A tall tree, with rugged bark and spreading branches, silky when young. Flowers in May : grows in moist woods, and on the banks of rivers and ditches: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2430. Eug. FL vol. iv. p. 231. 1437. TRIANDRIA. 2. EMPE'TRUM. Crow-berry. Barren Flowers. Calyx deeply divided into three egg-shaped, permanent segments. Corolla of three oblong petals, larger than 378 DICECIA TETRANDRIA. [CL. XXII. the calyx. Filaments from three to nine, hair-like, long, pendu- lous ; anthers roundish, deeply cleft, two-celled. Fertile Flowers. Calyx, deeply divided into three egg-shaped, permanent segments. Corolla of three oblong petals, larger than the calyx. Germen superior, round, depressed. Style very short, erect ; stigmas nine, oblong, spreading. Berry globular, depressed, wider than the calyx, one-celled. Seeds nine, triangular, closely arranged in a circle. — Name from c«, in, and petros, a stone. 446. 1. E. nigrum. Common Crow-herry, Stem and branches procumbent, leaves between linear and oblong. A small procumbent shrub, with numerous slender branches: leaves fringed at the edges : flowers reddish, axillar : berries black. The berries are eaten by grouse and other birds. They are not unpleasant, and appear to be perfectly wholesome. Flowers in May: grows on heaths abundantly. Eng, Bot. vol. viii. pi. 526. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 233. 1438. 3. RU'SCUS. Butcher's-broom. Barren Flowers. Calyx of six egg-shaped, spreading leaves ; three alternate ones smaller. Corolla none. Nectary central, egg-shaped, erect, coloured, as long as the calyx. Filaments none ; anthers three, spreading, seated on the top of the nectary. Perfect Flowers. Calyx, corolla, and nectary, as above. Ger- raen superior, oblong, concealed in the nectary. Style short and thick; stigma obtuse, protruded through the orifice of the nec- tary. Berry globular, three-celled. Seeds seldom more than one, globular, hard. — Name anciently bruscus. 447. 1. R. aciiledtus. Common Butcher's-broom. Leaves egg-shaped, sharp- pointed, flowering on the upper side. Stems round, furrowed, two feet high : flower solitary : berry scarlet. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows on heaths and in woods : frequent in England. Eng. Bo*, vol. viii. pi. 560. £«^. F/. vol. iv. p. 235. 1439. TETRANDRIA. 4. VI'SCUM. MiSSELTOE. Barren Flowers. Calyx a slight border. Corolla of one petal, deeply divided into four egg-shaped, acute, equal segments. Fila- ments none ; anthers four, egg-shaped, compressed, cellular, seated on the base of each segment of the corolla. Perfect Flowers Calyx a slight border. Corolla of four, egg- shaped, equal petals. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, crowned with the calyx. Style none ; stigma obtuse. Berry globular, smooth, juicy, viscid, one-celled. Seed one, heart-shaped, compressed, obtuse. — Name from ixos, of the Greeks. 448. 1. V. album. Commo7iWhiteMisseltoe. Leaves lance-shaped, broader towards the end, obtuse ; stem forked ; heads of flowers sessile. Root woody, thick : stem bushy, jointed, smooth, about a foot high : leaves stiff: flowers yellowish: berries white. Birdlime is made from CL. XXII.] DIGSCIA — PENTANDRIA. 379 the berries and bark. A perennial parasitical shrub, growing on the apple-tree, hawthorn, oak, and other trees: flowers in jNIav. Common in Herefordshire and Worcestershire. £»^. Bot. pi. 1470. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 236. 1440. 5. HIPPO'PHAE. Sallow-thorn. Barren Flowers. Calyx deeply divided into two roundish segments, at first folded flat together. Corolla none. Filaments four, very short, erect ; anthers oblong, angular, erect, two-celled, not longer than the calyx. Fertile Flowers. Calyx of one leaf, inferior, tubular, cleft at the top, deciduous. Corolla none. Gerraen superior, small, roundish. Style short and thick; stigma simple, oblong, pro- truded beyond the calyx. Berry globular, juicy, one-celled. Seed solitary, oblong, polished, — Name from hippos, a horse, and p/iao, to brighten. 449. 1. H. rhamnoides. Common Salloic-thorn. Sea Buck-thorn. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, scattered. A bushv shrub, about five feet high, with straight, spreading branches, each ending in a thorn : leaves dark-green above, silvery beneath: flowers green: berries orange. Flowers in May : grows on cliffs on the east and south-east coast of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 425. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 238. 1441. 6. MYRl'CA. SwEZT Gale. Barren Flowers. Catkin between egg-shaped and oblong, loosely imbricated all round. Calyx an egg-shaped scale. Co- rolla none. Filaments four, short, hair-like, erect. Anthers large, two-lobed. Fertile Flowers. Catkin, calyx, and corolla as above. Ger- men egg-shaped, superior. Styles two, thread- shaped, spread mg, longer than the calyx. Stigma acute. Berry one-celled. Seed one. — Name, myrice of the Greeks. 450. 1. M. Gdh. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. Leaves lance-shaped, broader towards the end, serrate ; scales of the catkins pointed. A shrub, from one to three feet high, with numerous alternate branches : berries very small. The whole plant exhales a rather pleasant aromatic odour. Flowers in May : grows on wet heaths, abundantly. En(r. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 562. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 239. *1442. PENTANDRIA. 7. HU'MULUS. Hop. Barren Flowers. Calyx of five oblong, concave leaves. Co- rolla none. Filaments five, hair-like, very short; anthers oblong, two-celled, with two terminal pores. Fertile Flowers. Catkin of numerous large, membranous, imbricated scales. Calyx an oblique undivided scale. Corolla' none. Gerraen superior, minute, oblong. Styles two, awl- I 380 DKECIA OCTANDRIA. [CL. XXII. shaped, spreading, downy; stigmas simple. Seed one.— Name from humus ^ rich soil. 451, 1. H. Lupulus. Common Hop. Stems herbaceous, twining, branched, angular, rough : leaves opposite, stalked, heart-shaped, serrate, veined, rough : flowers pale-green. The properties of the cones are well known. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in thickets and hedges, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 427. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 288. 1443. HEXANDRIA. 8. TA'MUS. Black Bryony. Barren Flowers. Calyx none. Corolla regular, with six deep, broadly lance-shaped segments, their upper part spreading. Fila- ments six, awl-shaped, equal, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish. Fertile Flowers. Calyx none. Corolla regular, six-cleft, su- perior, deciduous. Germen inferior, between egg-shaped and oblong, large, smooth. Style cylindrical, as long as the corolla ; stigmas three, acute, spreading. Berry oval, three-celled. Seeds two in each cell. — Name of doubtful origin. 452. 1. T. communis. Common Black Bryony. Leaves heart-shaped, un- divided. Root large, fleshy: stems twining: leaves bright-green: flowers greenish-white : berries scarlet. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in hedges and woods, in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 91. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 241. 1444. OCTANDRIA. 9. PO'PULUS. Poplar. Barren Flowers. Catkin oblong, loosely imbricated, cylin- drical. Calyx a one-flowered, wedge-shaped, flat scale, jagged at the edges. Corolla of one petal, turbmate beneath, tubular, dilated and obliquely cup-shaped above. Filaments eight or more, hair- like, very short; anthers large, four-cornered. Fertile Flowers. Catkin, calyx, and corolla, as above. Ger- men superior, egg-shaped, pointed. Style none; stigmas four or eight, awl-shaped. Capsules egg-shaped, two-valved, one-celled. Seeds numerous, small, egg-shaped, downy at the top. — Name, populus, people, it bemg by the Romans esteemed the tree of the people, 453. 1. P. alba. White Poplar. Abe I e Tree. Leaves nearly triangular, somewhat heart-shaped at the base, toothed, cottony beneath ; fertile catkin egg-shaped ; stigmas four. A tall tree, with smoothisli bark and horizontal branches : leaves three-lobed : flowers in March : grows in moist woods : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1618. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 243. 1445. 2, P. cantscens. Grey Poplar. Leaves roundish, deeply waved. CL. XXII.] DICECIA — ENNEANDRIA. 381 toothed ; hoary beneath ; fertile catkins cylindrical ; stigmas eight. A tall tree, with silvery smooth bark and ascending branches : flowers in March : grows near livers and on dry heaths, in JN'orfolk. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1619. Eug.Fl. vol.iv. p. 243. 1446. 3. P. trtmula. Trembling Poplar. Aspen. Leaves nearly orbicular, toothed, smooth on both sides ; leaf-stalks compressed ; stigmas four. A rather tall tree, with smooth bark, remarkable for the fluttering motion of its leaves in the wind, caused by their compressed stalks : flowers in March and April : grows in woods, by the sides of rivers, and in clefts of rocks : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1909. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 244. 1447. 4. P. nigra. Black Poplar. Leaves deltoid, acute, serrate, smooth on both sides ; catkin all loose and cylindrical ; stigmas four. A tall tree, with thick blackish bark, and smooth branches. Flowers in March : grows about the banks of rivers : frequent. £"^. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1910. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 245. 1448. 10. RHODl'OLA. Rose-root. Barren Flowers. Calyx concave, deeply divided into four equal, obtuse, spreading segments. Petals four, lance-shaped, much longer than the calyx. Nectaries four, glandular, notched, opposite to the petals, siiorter than the calyx. Filaments eight, awl-shaped, as long as the petals ; anthers roundish. Rudiment of four gerraens with abortive styles and stigmas. Fertile Flowers. Calyx as above. Petals smaller. Nectaries as above. Stamens none. Germens four, superior, oblong, three- cornered. Styles short ; stigma obtuse. Capsules four, pointed, one-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish, — Name from j'hodon^ a rose, on account of the scent of the root. 454. 1. R. rosea. Rose-root. Root thick and fleshy, smelling like roses: stems herbaceous, simple, from five inches to a foot high : leaves nume- rous, scattered, inversely egg-shaped, pointed, serrate at the end, fleshy, glaucous ; cyme many-flowered, yellow. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on cliffs along the sea, and on high mountains : very common in the northern parts of Scotland and the Hebrides. Eng. Bot. vol. viii, pi. 508. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 246. 1449. ENNEANDRIA. 11. MERCURIA'LIS. Mercury. Barren Flowers, Calyx deeply divided into three egg-shaped spreading segments. Corolla none. Filaments from nine to twelve, hair-like, erect, nearly as long as the calyx; anthers with globular lobes. Fertile Flowers. Calyx and corolla as above, Germen su- perior, roundish, compressed, with a furrow on each side, bristly. Styles two, tapering, rough, spreading ; stigmas acute. Capsule 2 K 382 DICECIA — MONADELPHIA. [CL. XXII. of two globular lobes, two-celled. Seeds solitary, globular. — Named after (the so-called god) Mercury. 455. 1. M. perennis. Perennial Mercury. Stem simple; leaves egg- shaped, serrate, rough ; root creeping. Stems about a foot high, square, leafy at the upper part: flowers in axillar spikes: poisonous. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in bushy or shady places, on banks, and by walls and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1872. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 248. 1450. 2. M. dnnua. Annual Mercury. Stem branched; branches opposite, crossing each other; leaves narrow egg-shaped, serrate, smooth; root fibrous. Stem from six inches to a foot high, erect, bushy, smooth : flowers in axillar spikes : poisonous. Annual : flowers from June to Sep- tember: grows in waste and cultivated ground : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 559. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 248. 1451. 12. HYDRO'CHARIS, Frog-bit. Barren Flowers. Calyx deeply divided into three oblong, equal segments, membranous at the edges. Petals three, roundish, indulated, much larger than the calyx. Filaments nine, awl- shaped, erect, in three rows, the middle row producing from its base an awl-shaped beak, the two other rows connected at the base and adhering to the beak ; anthers two-lobed, below the summits of the filaments. Fertile Flowers. Calyx and petals as above. Germen inferior, roundish. Styles six, compressed, channelled, as long as the calyx. Stigmas cleft, acute. Capsule nearly globular, leathery, six-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish, minute. — Name from /t7/dor, water, and chairo, to rejoice. 456. 1. H. Mdrsus-rancE. Common Frog-bit. Root of long slender fibres : leaves stalked, kidney-shaped, purplish beneath, floating: flowers erect, large, white, yellow in the centre. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in ditches, and slow streams: not common. Eng. Bot. \o\. xii. pi. 808. E7ig. FL vol. iv. p. 250. 1452. MONADELPHIA. 13. JUNl'PERUS. Juniper. Barren Flowers. Catkin conical, with three or more rows of whorled, imbricated, oval scales, three in each whorl, and one at the end. Corolla none. Filaments in the terminal flower three, awl-shaped, united at the base; m the other flowers hardly per- ceptible; anthers three; two-lobed, in the terminal flower distmct, in the others fixed to the base of the scale. Fertile Flowers. Calyx superior, with three very small per- manent segments, united to the germen. Petals three, acute, stiff, permanent. Germen roundish. Styles three, very short ; stigmas simple. Berry roundish, with three small tubercles at its lower CL. XXII.] DKECIA MONADELPHIA. 383 part, being the points of the calyx now united to the fruit, and three small teeth at the summit, originating from the petals. Seeds oblong, hard, convex externally, angular internally. — Name from jenepre^ in Celtic, rough. 457. 1. J. communis. Common Juniper. Leaves three in each whorl, thorn-pointed, spreading, longer than the ripe fruit ; stem erect. A shrub, from two to five feet high, with very numerous branches : leaves linear, channelled and glaucous above : convex and keeled beneath : three in each whorl : flowers axillar, sessile, small : berries globular, bluish-black, sweetish, with a strong taste of turpentine. The berries are used in Holland in the distillation of gin. In this country oil of turpen- tine is employed for the same purpose. Flowers in May : grows on dry heaths : common. £n^. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1100. E»g". F/. vol. iv. p. 251. 1453. 2. J. nana. Dwarf Alpine Juniper. Leaves three in each whorl, thorn-pointed, ascending, as long as the ripe fruit ; stem recumbent. A small shrub with prostrate stems : leaves more or less curved : berries much larger and more oval than in the other species, of which some con- sider it as a variety. Flowers in May: grows on the higher mountains of Scotland : very abundant in the outer Hebrides, nearly as low as the level of the sea. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 252. 1454. 14. TA'XUS. Yew. Barren Flowers. Calj'X none; excepting a bud. Corolla none. Filaments numerous, united at their lower part into a column longer than the bud ; anthers depressed, with eight rounded segments, opening all round the base, afterwards becoming flat and peltate. Fertile Flowers. Calyx minute, inferior, cup-shaped, after- wards enlarged, permanent. Corolla none. Germen superior, egg-shaped, acute. Style none ; stigma obtuse. Berry formed oT the enlarged, pulpy, coloured calyx. Seed one, oblong, pro- jecting beyond the enlarged calyx. — Name from foios, an arrow, because that weapon was anciently poisoned with its juice. 458. 1. r. haccdtn. Common Yew. Leaves two-rowed, linear, crowded. A tree with deciduous bark, and horizontal branches : leaves dark- green, smooth and shining above, paler beneath : flowers axillar, solitary, each from an imbricated bud ■. berries scarlet. The wood is hard and tough, and is used for cabinet-work : the leaves are fetid and poisonous : the berries have a sweetish taste, and may be eaten with safety. It bears clipping, and forms excellent hedges. Flowers in March and April : grows on rocky places in Cumberland and Westmoreland: very rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 746. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 253. 1455. 384 POLYGAMIA MON(ECIA. [CL. XXIII. Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Flowers furnished with Stamens and Pistils^ and others xoith Stamens onlyy or with Pistils onlii^ on the same Plants or on different Plants of the same Species. Order I. MONCECIA. Flowers different on the same Plant. 1. A'TPvIPLEX. Perfect Flower. Calyx inferior, with five deep segments. Corolla none. Stamens five. Style deeply cleft. Seed one, depressed. Pistillif'erous Flower. Calyx inferior, with two deep segments. Co- rolla none. Style deeply cleft. Seed one, compressed. POLYGAMIA.— MONCECIA. 1. A'TRIPLEX. Perfect Flowers. Calyx inferior, permanent, deeply divided into five equal, egg-shaped, concave segments, membranous at the edges. Corolla none. Filaments five, awl-shaped, as long as the calyx. Anthers round, two-lobed. Germen superior, round, often imperfect. Style short, deeply divided ; stigmas simple, spreading. Seed one, round, depressed, invested by a thin pellicle, and covered by the closed, permanent, five-cornered calyx. Pistilliferous Flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply divided into two large, flat, egg-shaped segments. Corolla none. Stamens none. Germen superior, compressed. Style short, deeply divided; stig- mas spreading. Seed one, round, compressed, invested by a thin pellicle, and enclosed between the enlarged, heart-shaped leaves of the calyx. — Name from