3 SAL abo Veen eel alee
a) 8 | Seer ee ee eae
oe | ee ee el ie
< =n jak Pearl i= ts
Limea acuticosta, Goldf..........++ an sae S00 sen ahs c.
Myoconcha oxynoti, Quenst........ 4 ocr S05 an x. 5H an
Myoconcha psilonoti, Quenst....... 388 08 X. ast 550 Garron Point,
Mytilus glabratus, Dunk........... a5 fac 2%) 50 rite a
Mytilus Hillanus, Sow............+ oat lea x. ood Eee
Mytilus levis, Sow ........ 0.00 se ee ma S50 C. ae sed
Mytilus minimus, Sow...........+.| X. x. Ke ne Aes see
Mytilus minutus, Goldf.............| X. xe ee Te as -
Pe ax a 345 2 x at
onogien ||) ebos AeA Xe ado ney . |Island Magee.
Mytilus rusticus ? Terg............+-) +: nee Ke re Bc on oe
Mytilus subtilis, nov. spec......--.. 603 v.r ae ab A Pre aa
Lucina limbata? Terg. & P........) o aye a x. x a
Nuculamavis eP1ebie were cic. sie il) cas ee Ke Be ae Ko
aN ics r. v.c. ae ote
miles =A0 eee x. x. vat
Ostrea cymbium, var. obliqua, Sow. a eee mG ou ‘Kis Sig
She ees xe x. Ka tee ek
6 Ke ... |=Pecten
Hehlli, D’Orb.
Pecten punctatissimus, Quenst.. sagt sae 70g Sr o se ... |Glenarm, &c.
Bioaca| |.” eas = se * a :
Pecten texturatus, Goldf... Jean cogu||. 65a Bae o0 ee es
Pecten Valoniensis, Defr...........) xX. c Ks ae oe wie ine
Iecten extiliS) RG, seys,c coils + il) sae x* Kis *Portrush.
a oc x ih
te ae ?=Pinna semi-
costata, 7. & P.
Pinna Hartmanni, Miinst..........) ... ee lie om iat ae Ss
Plicatula Deslongchampsi, Terg....| ... ne v.r. ane aa ... |Waterloo.
Plicatula Hettangiensis, Terq......| ... ie x. 500 a5 Hs is
Plicatula intusstriata, Hmmer...... < ? ? Xs not a st
Plicatula spinosa, Sow.............]) we sa0 Ha ap Kee Ke v.¢
de 66 se S00 a
Sef atc x: P x
< ser oe a Kee
es Xa x, ? =
Bae a Yr. 480 én Waterloo.
Terquemia arietes, Quenst....... . “50 re ? x. a
Thracia equata, nov. spec. ........ se v.r. OAC pe
Unicardium cardioides, Phil........ Xs c. ? cs
Class BRACHIOPODA.
x. or ah a
x. i} X. 5:
Rhynchonella acuta, So
TaTE—LisT oF IRIsH LiaAssic FossILs, 13
TABLE—conTiNnueD.)
Distribution.
: = Midle.
Rhetic. Lower Lias. Tias:
List of ies. ; a ga
ist of Species E . S ne E
. n
raga aa ae ORE Ei <
| 3° = ~ ve °
a|e2|8 | \sé) 2 | &
ee Re aia
. . . G4
Fo Been ete leeds (ede bere
Rhynchonella plicatissima, Quenst..' Es Ts so
Rhynchonella variabilis, Schloth...| a =a r. :
Waldheimia numismalis, Lamk....| ES os :
Waldheimia perforata, Piette.......| x ? xg a F
Class CRUSTACEA.
Eryma? sp..... Seo coLto no ce 5 i x.
Cythere liassica, Brodie¢............ : 35 Xs x ¢
Pollicipes alatus, nov. spec.......-- oe x.
Class ANNELIDA.
Serpula capitata, Phil. ............ Ao x. : 36
Serpula globiceps, Quenst.......... te X. .. |Waterloo.
Serpula olifex, Quenst..........+-- 36 ae C At
Serpula socialis, Goldf. .........+.. me c. :
Class ECHINODERMATA,
Cidaris Edwardsii, Wright. ........| +. v.c nf oS
Pentacrinus scalaris, Goldf.........| +: oe v.c an
Pentacrinus Sp. ..... 0c. cece eetenee| Os be a6 Cc.
Extracrinus Briareus, Mill ........| «+ x. . a a
Ophioglypha Gaveyi? W7........-.-) + Vaid Island Magee.
Ophioglypha sp........++-.+.++++++| X : Larne, Geo.
Survey.
Hemipedina Bechei, Wr............| ? x ze :
Class ZOANTHARIA. :
Montlivaltia Haimei, Chap. & Dew. x xe x a
Montlivaltia Hibernica, Duncan.... v.r a Island Magee.
Montlivaltia papillata, Duncan .... v.r. Island Magee.
Montlivaltia polymorpha, Tq. & Pte. X. Garron Point.
Montlivaltia mucronata, Duncan . Ke Coll. Geo. Sur-
vey of Ireland.
Oppelismilia gemmans, Duncan....| -~ e v.r. Waterloo.
Septastrea Fromenteli, 7. dé P.... : : LD. Island Magee.
Class FoRANIMIFERA.
Dentalina obliqua, ........+.ee eee . < XS
PLANTAE.
FUCOIdES Sp. .. 0... 2e cece ee were ween Pe Xi ae
Known,......| 24 11 22 118 21 44 16
Inferred,....| .. 2 2 2 12 56 ie
24 13 24 120 33 | 44 16 Total, 189.
PALZHZONTOLOGICAL NOTES
AND
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
1. BELEMNITES PR&MATURUS, Tate, Geological Magazine, Vol. vi, p.
166 (1869).
Description.—Guard slightly sub-hastate, terminating in an acute central
point, contracted in all regions about the alveolar apex, and tapering very
gradually to the point. On the lateral faces of the anterior part of the guard
there are two distinct furrows, which extend to about the middle part. Axis
apparently straiglit. Phragmacone in its transverse section sub-oblong, the
dorso-ventral diameter being the longer. Extreme length °35 inch ; length of
axis, so far as traceable, ‘11 inch.
Geological Position.—Zone of ‘‘ Ammonites angu-
latus,” Lower Lias, Island Magee, Co. Antrim (2 Speci-
mens ; &. 7:)
Remarks.—The only other Belemnites in the Lower
Lias of Ireland are B. acutus, and B. pencillatus, which
occur in the marls at Ballintoy, at a much higher horizon ' j
z P a. Outline, nat. size.
than the shelly limestoneswhence 4. prematurus has been 3. Enlarged.
obtained. Naturally the question arises, may not this form be the young state
of one or other of these species? The presence of lateral furrows in B. pre-
maturus precludes such a relationship. The affinity to B. clavatus, Bl., is
more obyious, but it has not the elegant fusiform outline of the young of that
species. Professor Phillips (Geol. Mag. Vol. vi., p. .239) remarks, that Z.
prematurus rust certainly be distinguished from every variety of B. clavatus,
and may prove to be closely allied to B. pencillatus, which is by no means
always deprived of lateral furrows.
B. prematurus was published by me as the oldest-known British Belemnite,
but Mr. C. Moore had obtained a very small conical specimen from beds im-
mediately above those which yield Ostrea assica ; and the Rev. P. B. Brodie
‘*a mere fragment from the insect beds (‘ A. Planordis’ zone) at Bruton.”
Neither of these older specimens have received specific names.
&
2. AMMONITES MACDONNELLI, Portlock,:Geol. Surv. Derry, p. 134 (1843).
Appears a good species; it has the general form of A. planorbis, with
a thin prominent keel, and distant, faint, sigmoidal ribs on the outer whorl, in
TatE—List oF IrisH Liassic FossiLs. 15
the centre whorls the ribs are distinct, numerous, close, sharp and having only
a slight sigmoidal bend. The species is peculiar to the Irish Lias.
3. CERITHIUM TENUICOSTATUM, Portlock sp., Plate I. fig. 8.
Turritella ( Cerithiune) tenuicostata, Portlock, Geol. of Derry, p. 124 (1843).
This species was described by Poutlock, in the following words :—‘‘ Whorls
convex ; spiral threads of two sizes; three strong on the lower half of the whorl,
and one fine below them. On the upper half there are four or five fine threads,
which are very close together ; whilst the strong threads of the lower half are sepa-
rated by a considerable space. The fine threads are in like manner separated
from the strong, by a space equal to the separating space of these lines. All
these spiral threads are crenulated by numerous very fine-curved longitudinal
threads, of which there must be more than 30 0n a whorl. Very minute, 6
whorls in °25 of an inch.”
C. tenuicostatum is a very variable species ; when the medial longitudinal
ribs are prominent, the whorls are bicarinated, as shown in fig 8, (*) which re-
presents an extreme form; whilst on the other hand, as the threads assume less
prominence, the whorls become proportionately more regularly convex. It
agrees in all its characters, except that of size, with C. Semele, D’Orb., with
which it is associated, and should further examination prove that C. éenzz-
costatum is only a depauperated condition of C. Semele, then Portlock’s name
has priority of publication,
4. CERITHIUM PERCINCTUM, Portlock ( Turritelia), loc. cit., p. 123.
“¢ Very minute, eight whorls in ‘25 of an inch. Of the raised spiral lines, one
along the centre of the whorl is more elevated than the others, and another
below is nearly as much so—a finer line being between; which produces the
appearance of a band. Above the stronger line there are three or four finer,
though still well-marked lines; and below it also three or four, including the
second stronger line.”
I have not met with any shell that agrees with the above description, and
the type appears to have been lost. But that no mention is made of transverse
striz, and indeed it must be conceded that none are present, because com-
pared by Portlock, with 7) mznuta, K. & D., and TJ. cingenda, Sow., in which
no transverse strize occur, I should be disposed to regard this species as the
bicarinated form of C. tenuicostatum.
5. CHEMNITZIA PUNCTATA, xov. sfec., Plate I. fig. 11.
Shell conical, whorls about six, sub-inflated, with numerous narrow de-
pressed longitudinal costatule, with about equally broad slightly impressed
sulci, which are regularly pitted ; the punctuations are ranked transversely by
* The transverse ribs are much finer and more numerous than shown in the figure ; and
the whorls should have been more markedly bicarinated. (rR. T.)
16 TaTE—List oF IrisH Liassic Fosstzs,
faint concentric strie. The aperture is not exposed ; but I have no hesitatioti
in referring the shell to the genus Chemmztzia.
Geological Position—Zone of ‘‘ A. angulatus,” Island Magee, Co. Antrim
(S.A. Stewart). :
6. CHEMNITZIA BERTHAUDI, Dumortier, Etudes Pal. sur les Deépots
Jurassiques du Bassin du Rhone, p. 174, tab. xiv, fig. 2, 1867.
Chemnitzia Tylori, Tate, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. xx, p. 313 (1867).
Shell turreted, elongated, consisting of ten whorls separated by a deep
suture, concave, and ornamented by about twenty very prominent curved
smooth ribs; the sulci faintly striated ; base slightly carinated, smooth or faintly
radiated. Total length °3 inch, breadth of last whorl ‘07 inch.
Affinities and Differences.—By its ornamentation closely allied to C. costzfera,
Piette, and Cerithium Henrici, Martin, but differs from the former apparently
in the proportion of its dimensions, and in the less arched outline of the coste ;
and from the latter in being only about half the length of that shell, which is pro-
vided with only eight whorls. I have no hesitation in referring the shell I had
described as C. Tylorvi to C. Berthaudi, Dumortier, which has priority by some
months.
Geological Position.—C. Berthaudiis a common shell in the zone of “ A.
angulatus,” Island Magee, Co. Antrim. The type of the species is unique,
and was obtained from the zone of ‘‘ 4. Bucklandi” at Peronne, Rhone.
7. SOLARIUM THOMSONI, zov. spfec., Plate I. fig. 9.
Shell orbicular, a little wider than high, spire slightly raised, composed of
tour whorls, smooth, or ornamented with about 6 raised lines; last whorl
rounded, smooth ; aperture quadrate ; base flat, with fine strice of growth ;
umbilicus narrow and slightly crenulated on its border. Height, ‘075 inch;
diameter, ‘085 inch.
kemarks.—S. Thomsont is allied to S. lenticulare, Terg., but differs in its
more embracing whorls and Rotella-like appearance, in its smaller umbilicus,
and its more conical form.
Geological Position—Zone of *‘ A. angulatus,” Glenarm ; (rare, XR. 7’).
The species is dedicated to Professor Wyville Thomson, F.R.S., President
of the Natural History Society, Belfast.
8. CRYPTZNIA BRYCEI. Zaze, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. xxiii., p-
413. (1867). Plate I. fig. 13.
Shell subdiscoid, depressed ; test thin, whorls four, nearly flat or slightly
concave ; bluntly carinated ; upper surface of the whorls transversely striated ;
base convex, smooth ; callosity large, circumscribed by a sulcus, slightly exca-
vated near the columella lip ; siphonal band narrow, rather above than below
the keel ; aperture, sub-triangular.
TATE—LIsT oF IRISH LIASSIC FOssILs. 17
Remarks.—C. Brycei is somewhat intermediate between C. caepa, Desl.,
and C. expansa, Sow. ; it is related to the latter by the concave and carinated
whorls, by the band being above the keel, and by the large callus, but differs
in its more regularly conoidal form, without the ventricosity of the under sur-
face, and by the absence of the raised border to the posterior suture.
Geological Position.—Zone of “‘A. angulatus,” Island Magee; (rare,
Gray & Tate); Garron Point, Co. Antrim (2. 7).
9g. TORNATELLA ROBINSONI, ov. sfec., Plate I. fig. 7.
Shell ovate-oblong ; spire produced, apex acute ; whorls scalariform, a
little obtuse, and with an elevated margin ; the whole surface ornamented with
fine longitudinal strize, whilst from the posterior suture fine curved lines pro-
ceed to a little beyond the shoulder of the whorl; aperture ovate, acute ;
columella with a single plait.
Geological Position.—Zone of ‘* Belemnites acutus,” Ballintoy ; very rare
(Coll. Belfast Museum),
Dedicated to Mr. Hugh Robinson, one of the energetic Secretaries of the
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
10, DENTALIUM PoRTLOCKI, ov. sfec., Plate I. fig. 15.
1843 Dentalium tenue, Portlock. loc. cit., p. 118 (non Goldfuss, 1841).
1856 Dentalium Andleri, Oppel, Die Juraformation, p. 93 (probably).
1863 Dentalium minimum, pars, Tate, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.,
Wiel sere yer BF
1867 Dentalium tenue, Tate, id., Vol. xx., p. 311.
Remarks.-—In 1863, I referred D. tenue, of Portlock, to D. minimum,
Strickland, as I then considered the two names synonymous, adopting the latter,
because the specific name applied by Portlock was pre-occupied by a Dentalium
described by Miinster, to which species his shell is not referable ; at a later
period I regarded them as distinct, and erroneously gave priority to Portlock’s
employment of the specific name. In giving the above denomination to the
species described by Portlock, I wish to commemorate the labours of that
geologist. The original diagnosis is as follows :—‘‘ The longest *4 of an inch,
is about ‘o4 of an inch in diameter at the largest end, and tapers toa fine
point ; it is very slightly curved.” D. Axdleri, Oppel, is probably a synonym
to D. Portlocki; the only character given is, that it is small—‘‘die kleine
species ;” but, assuming that the two names refer to the same species, the im-
perfect diagnosis of Oppel justifies me in discarding his name.
It. PLEUROTOMARIA TECTARIA, zou. spec.
Shell turbinated conical, scalariform, spire acute ; whorls six, subquadrate,
last whorl with two prominent carinz, separated by a slightly concave area ;
surface of whorls strongly longitudinally striated, upper part of each whorl
3
i8 TATE—LIST OF IRISH LIASSIC FOSSILS.
cancellated by very fine oblique strize. Siphonal band very narrow, occupying
a slight depression on the upper carina, ornamented with three longitudinal
strie. Base imperforate, concentrically striated ; aperture subquadrangular.
Dimensions.—Total length, ‘9 inch ; breadth of last whorl, ‘6 inch ; height
of last whorl, ‘4 inch.
P. Tectaria cannot be confounded with any Liassic species of the genus,
though related to P. subtilis, Deslong. It resembles in figure, several Palzeozoic
forms, and especially P. ¢orzatilis, Phil., from the Carboniferous Limestone.
Geological FPosition.—Zone of A. angulatus, between Garron Point and
Red Bay, two examples-(7. 7: ) ; Island Magee, one example (8S. A. Stewart).
12.—HINNITES ANGULARIS, zov. spec., Plate I. fig. 2.
Shell inequivale, subinzequilateral, thick, left valve convex, transversely
oblong; umbo subacute, not extending beyond the hinge line, which is moderately
arched; ornamented with crowded radiating ribs, unequal, obtuse, the surface
of which is raised into spinous squamee, and alternating irregularly with smaller
and similarly ornamented costz; coste of umbonal region without spinous
nodulations. Five or six of the radiating costae are much stronger than the
others, and somewhat regularly disposed, giving a polygonal outline to the
valve. Ears ornamented as the rest of the shell. Right valve ornamented
as the other valve. Breadth 2°5 inches, length 2 inches.
FH, angularis agrees with Lima nodulosa, Terq., in the radiating spiniferous
ribs, alternately large and small; but differs in the absence of rugous, serrated -
concentric strize, andin its greater gibbosity, oblong figure, inequivalve ees
and by the polygonal outline given to it by the larger ribs.
Geological Position.—Zone of ‘‘ A. angulatus,” Island Magee, two ex-
amples (2. 7:); lowest beds of Lower Lias, Laleston, S. Wales. (2. Etheridge),
Coll. Brit. Museum.
13.—AVICULA PATTERSONI, xov. spec., Plate I. fig. Io.
Shell depressed, ovate, transverse, slightly oblique, concentrically striated;
anterior margin arched, and superiorly sinuated; hinge line straight; anterior
wing very short, acute; posterior wing elongated, acuminated, excavated behind.
A. Pattersont has a general resemblance to Gervillia crenatula, Quenst.,
which the author states distinctly to possess cardinal pits, and as the type
specimen of this species displays a single extended cartilage pit, it cannot be
referred to that genus. It has much analogy with A. Deshayesi, Terqm., but
is much less oblique, has a smaller anterior wing, and an acute umbo, not being
so concave a shell as that species. This species was referred by Portlock to
A. Goldfusst. Several specimens from Craig and Gortmore form part of the
Portlockian collection. The figured specimen I obtained from the Zone of
“4. angulatus” at Island Magee.
The species is dedicated to my kind friend Robert Patterson, Esq., F.R.S.
TATE—LIsT OF IRISH LiASsIc FOSsSILs. 1g
14.--LEDA V-SCRIPTA, zou. sfec., Plate I. fig. 5.
Shell elliptical; anterior portion rounded, ventricose; posterior elongated,
rostrated; ventral margin strongly arched; medial portion of shell ornamented
by plications ev chevron; the rostral and anterior extremities with oblique plaits.
Geological Position.—Zone of ‘A. angulatus’ Waterloo, Larne. Very
cares (cca Zs )
15.—LEDA BRONNI, Azndler, Neues Jarbuch f. Min., p. 642 (1858). See Plate
fig! 0:
Nucula palme, Quenstedt, Jura, t. 13, fig. 42, p. 116, non t. 23, figs.
16.-17., t. 44., fig. 8. (1858).
This species resembles Z. swdovalis of the Middle Lias, from which it is
especially distinguished, as pointed out by Andler, in the greater gibbosity of
the umbonal region. It is common in the Zone of ‘‘ Belemnites acutus? at
Ballintoy, and occurs in the inferior zones. _I have recorded it in England
from the Zone of ‘‘ Ammonites Angulatus’ at Marton, Lincolnshire.
16.—LEDA QUENSTEDTI, zov. sfec., Plate I. fig. 4.
Nucula infleca, Quenst., Jura, t. xiii., fig. 41, p. 110 (1858).
This species has been confounded by Quenstedt with Z. galathea, dV Orbigny,
a moderately common shell in the Middle Lias of England, France, and
Germany, from which it is distinguished by its more robust and less inzequi-
lateral form, and.in the abruptly truncated posterior extremity.
Geological Position — Zones of ‘‘ A. planorbis’ Garron Point, and “A.
angulatus,” Island Magee, Co. Antrim (&.7:); Upper part Lower Lias,
Ballintoy, Co. Antrim (2. 7:) ; and Ofterdingen, Wurtemburg (Qzensted. )
17. LEDA RENEVIERI, Offel, Die Juraf., p. 95 (1857). See Plate I. fig 3.
Nucula complanata, Quenstedt, Jura, t. 13, fig. 39 ; p. 110 (1858).
The shell represented by fig 3, differs in a few particulars from the
ordinary form of Z. ¢exwzstriata, Piette, but may be a young state of that species.
Quenstedt’s figure, which I have referred to, evidently represents the same
species, which may be the one described by Oppel, in the following terms:
—‘‘Resembles Z. complanata, Goldfuss, but does not attain the same size, and
the anterior prolongation is shorter.” _
Geological Position. — Zone of ‘* A. Bucklandi,” Glynn, near Larne (2. 7-)
Recorded by Oppel in the Zone of ‘‘ 4. angulatus,” and by Quenstedt, from
the upper part of the Lower Lias in Swabia.
18, CUCULLZA GRANGERI, ov. sfec., Plate I. fig. 12.
Cucullea cucullata, Portlock, Geol. Survey of Derry, p. 120.
Shell ovate-rhomboidal, ventricose, rounded in front, and obliquely trun-
cated behind, bluntly keeled from the umbo to the posterior angle ; umbones
20 TATE—LIsT oF IRISH LiAssic FossILs.
submedial, prominent, broad, Le and incurved. Ornamented with concentric
strice, varying in the degree of fineness; and radiating striz, which are very
fine, not distinctly visible without the aid of a magnifier, excepting on the an-
terior concave area. The striz merge into impressed circular spaces on the
superior margin of the transverse striz, so that the surface, when viewed in
certain positions, appears to be regularly punctated. Length, °35 inch;
breadth, ‘5.
This species is not comparable with any of the Liassic Avcide; its peculiar
ornamentation separates it from C. cucullata, Goldfuss.
Geological Position—Upper part of Lower Lias, Ballintoy, Co. Antrim
(Portlock, R.7., &c.), where it is very abundant.
Dedicated to my esteemed friend the Rev. John Grainger, A.M., the
first President of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
19. MYTILUS SUBTILIS, ov. spec., Plate J. fig. 14.
Shell elongated, reniform, concentrically plicated and ornamented with
closely-set radiating incised lines, which are visible only with the aid of a
magnifier ; dorsal margin curved ; ventral margin sinuated ; umbones approxi-
mately terminal, prominent, small, incurved.
Geologial Position. —Lowermost beds of the Lower Lias, Cave Hill,
Belfast ; very rare (.S. A. Stewart). This species has the general form of JZ.
nitidulus, Dunker, but is more cuneiform than that species, which does not
possess the radial ornamentation.
20, MYOCONCHA OXYNOTI, Quenstedt, Jura, t. 13, fig. 34.
A single valve of a narrow cylindrical JZyoconcha, forming part of the col-
lection in the Belfast Museum, displays the internal characters, but as the ex-
terior is unobservable, the shell cannot satisfactorily be referred to any species.
Terquem describes a small species from the Lower Lias, and Quenstedt figures
the internal cast of another form from the same formation, under the denomina-
tion of JZ. oxynoti.
The test of the Ballintoy specimen is very thin, and from the interior sur-
face it is judged that the exterior is marked with concentric corrugations and
fine lines of growths. The apparent absence of radiating lines removes it from
M. inclusa, Terquem, and, as it agrees in shape with JZ. oxyzoti, Quenstedt,
I refer it to that problematical species.
Breadth, 1°4 inch ; length, *3 inch ; thickness, ‘1 inch.
Geological Position.—Zone of ‘‘ Belemnites acutus,” Ballintoy.
21. MYOCONCHA PSILONOTI, Quenstedt, Jura, t. 4, fig. 15 (1858).
? Myoconcha scabra, Terquem & Piette, Pal. de Est de France; t. 9,
figs. 4-6 (1865).
? Myoconcha scalprum, et M. spatula(pars) D’Orbigny, Prodromus,
Vol. I, p. 218 (1850). :
TATE—LIsT oF IRISH LIASSIC FOSSILS. 25
I have no hesitation in referring the specimens named by D’Orbigny as
above, and which I have examined, to JZ scabra of Terquem & Piette, which
I suspect is only the adult state of JZ. pstlonotz. However, the Antrim shell
agrees better with the latter. The species was known to Portlock, in whose
collection it is labelled Modiola, nov. spec.
22, ASTARTE GUEUXII, D’ Orbigny, Prodromus, Vol. 1. p. 216 (1850).
A. consobrina, Chapuis & Dewalque, Foss. du. Luxembourg, t. 22,
fig. 3, p. 49 (1853).
A. complanata, et A. psilonoti, Quenstedt, Jura, t. 3, fig. 14 (1858).
A. dentilabrum, Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. xx., p.
113 (1863).
This common Astarte I have compared with the type specimens of A.
Gueuxt, to which I unhesitatingly refer it. MM. Terquem has named specimens
of A. dentilabrum, which I sent him, A. consobrina; so that the synonymic
terms may be considered well-established. Though D’Orbigny’s name has
priority of publication, it has not been generally accepted, because of the sup-
posed incompleteness of the description, which runs thus :—‘‘ Species allied to
A, subtetragona, Romer, but less carinated, less compressed, and costulated
only in the young state.”
Short as this diagnosis is, yet it is sufficient to its identification, and, conse-
quently, the specific name A. Gweuxit should beused. A. Eryx, of the same
author, is only a variety of this protean species ; and A. dentilabrum, Etheridge,
is founded on an aged form of the same species. The original description of
A. dentilabrum is as follows :—‘‘ Shell massive, ovate, anddeep. Postero-
dorsal surface rounded, posterior end slightly truncate, about the position of
the annal adductor to the ventral margin ; anterior margin acutely rounded.
Umbones small, indistinct, subcentral, slightly curved anteriorly. Lunule
slightly excavated, small, oval, and attenuated, occupying half the area between
the umbo and the commencement of the antero-ventral margin. Border angu-
lar ; costee concentrically arranged, and coincident with the contour of the shell.
Ventral margin strongly denticulate. The whole of the teeth are inclined in-
wards, giving the edge of the shell a bevilled appearance—a marked feature
in the shell.”
23. PHOLADOMYA FRAASII, Oppel, Juraformation, p- 95.
The specific name here adopted was given by Oppel to a shell from the
Lower Lias, agreeing in form with P. ambigua, Ziet., (P. glabra, Ag.), but
possessing from 9 to 12 rather strong ribs, coarsely wrinkled concentrically.
Quenstedt has described the same species in much the same words with the
name /. grima, which, by the way, is a misnomer, inasmuch as the genus
dates farther back than the Lower Lias, and other species besides occur in the
lowest beds of the Lias.
22 TATE—LIST OF IRISH Liassic FOssILs.
24. CEROMYA GIBBOSA, Ltheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. xx., p. 112,
figs. 3-4 (1863).
Lsocardia Elea, D’Orbigny, Prodromus, Vol. 1., p. 218 (1850).
‘f Shell ventricose, deep, especially at the umbonal region. ~Umbones small,
sub-central, slightly curved or involute, leaving a wide and exposed lunular
region, strongly marked by concentric ridges of growth. Anterior side pro-
duced, rounded and gaping. Posterior side attenuated, slightly truncate.
Ventral margin much produced, giving the shell a nearly circular appearance.
Height, 1°7 inch ; depth, 1°3 inch ; length, 2°1 inches.” —Etheridge.
The specific identity of C. e7bdosa, Etheridge, with Zsocardia Elea, d’Orbigny,
results from a comparison of the type specimens ; the diagnosis of the latter is
so imperfect as to claim no consideration from paleontologists. It is as follows:
—‘‘ Grosse espéce bombée, triangulaire lisse, 4 crochets contournés.”
Geological Position. — Zone of ‘‘ A. angulatus,’ Island Magee, Co.
Antrim ; not rare (Gray, Tate); Cotham, Bristol ! (Wapier); ‘A. Bucklandi”
Zone, Lyme Regis! (Coll. Geol. Soc.) ; Lower Lias, Langres, Haute-Mare !
(D Orbigny.)
25. THRACIA AKQQUATA, ov. spec.
Shell transversely oval, ventricose ; umbones medial, obtuse ; hinge line
angulated ; anterior extremity rounded ; posterior extremity moderately ob-
liquely truncated ; a very faint keel proceeds from the umbo to the postero-
ventral margin, ornamented with furrows and close set fine strize;~coincident
with the ventral margin, which is arched. Breadth, ‘55 inch ; length, -4 inch;
thickness, ‘25 inch.
It has much the shape of 7. /aéa, Miinster, from which it is distinguished
especially by its ventricosity and curved front margin.
The genus Zhracia has not yet been catalogued from English strata,
older than the Inferior Oolite, and, indeed, if Myacites mactroides, Schlo-
theim, of the Lias, be not a Thracia, then the genus has till now been
unknown below the Middle Lias. 7. rugosa, Dunker, a Lower Lias shell,
is considered to be a Plewromya, and has been re-described as such under
the name of P. Dunkeri, by Terquem, so that 7: eguata is, at the present
time, the oldest British example, if not the oldest-known species of the
genus. I take this opportunity to announce the discovery, by Mr. E.
Welford, of 7: glabra, Agassiz, in the Upper Lias Clay at Eydon, where it
was found associated with Leda ovum, Inoceramus dubius, and other species,
which serve to fix its stratigraphical position in the Zone of ‘‘ Ammonites
communis.”
Geological Position.—Zone of “A. angulatus,” Waterloo, Larne. Speci-
men unique. (2. 7:)
‘
26. ANATINA MYACINA, xov. spec.. Plate I. fig. 16.
Shell oblong, elliptical, umbones sub-central, small, ventricose, recurved
TATE—LIST OF IRISH LIASsIC FOSSILS. 23
posteriorly ; anterior margin rounded, posterior produced, obliquely? trun-
cated (the posterior margin is represented in the figure as complete ; the shell
is imperfect in this region).
An obtuse, ill-defined keel proceeds from the umbo to the lower posterior
angle, another to the upper posterior angle, enclosing a broad, deeply-impressed
lunular area. Marked by concentric plications and fine striz, and close-set
radiating granular lines. Length, “75 inch; breadth, 1°5 inch; thickness,
*5 inch.
Geological Position.—Zone of ‘‘ A. angulatus,” Island Magee, Co. Antrim.
27. DisciINA HoLDENI, Zaze, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. xxill., p. 314
(1867). id. Geol. Mag., Vol. vi., p. 6 (1869).
Discina sp., Terquem and Piette. Lias Inf. de Est de France ; t. xiv.,
figs. 33-34, p. 113 (1865).
Shell small, regularly conical, base orbicular, the length and breadth in
the proportion of about 5 to 4; summit central; test concentrically striated ;
colour, black to brownish-black ; yellowish-brown in the young shell. Dimen-
sions of an averaged sized specimen :—Diameters, 4°5 and 3°6 millimetres ;
height, 2°3 millimetres.
D. Holdeni is distinguished from the other Liassic species of the genus by
its regularly conical form and central apex ; and from D. veflexa, Sowerby,
with which it has been confounded by the latter character.
Geological Position.—Ranges from the Zone of “‘ Ammonites angulatus”
to that of ‘‘ Ammonites Jbex,” in England, and throughout the Lower Lias in
the East of France.
28. POLLICIPES ALATUS, mov. spec. Plate I. fig. 6.
The single scutal plate here figured is the one to which Mr. Etheridge
(Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. xx., p. 114, 1863) applied the M.S. name of F.
liassicus ; but, as another species was described by Dunker with a similar
denomination, P./éasizus, it appears to me advisable not to adopt Mr. Etheridge’s
provisional name. I, therefore, have selected that of P. a/atus.
Scutum triangular, flat, apex acute with a lateral wing-like extension upon
the oceludent side ; basal margin outwardly curved ; the tergal margin inflated.
Exterior surface marked with regular raised lines coincident with the basal
margin, and which are prolonged on the wing-like projection, and on the
enrolled tergal margin.
Geological Fosition.—Zone of ‘‘ A. angulatus,” Island Magee, Co. Antrim.
Specimen unique. (A. 7°)
24 TATE—LiIsT oF IRISH Liassic FossILs.
The following diagnoses of new species of Corals, type specimens of
which were obtained from the Lower Lias in County Antrim, are
extracted from Dr. Duncan's Monograph of British Fossil Corals.
Pal. Soc., Vol. xx., 1868.
OPPELISMILIA, Duzcan, loc. cit., p. 39.
Corallum simple, attached and conical ; epitheca well-marked, and reaches
to the calicular margin. Calice shallow, and the septa numerous and close.
There are no costz, and there is no columella. Gemmation occurs within
the calice; and the bud, which has an epitheca, grows with the parent.
The genus includes Montivaltze with calicular gemmation.
29. OPPELISMIILIA GEMMANS, Duzcan, loc. cit., t. x, figs. 33-34, p. 39.
Corallum short, with a broad and flat calice, an oval space at the base, where
it was once adherent ; a strong epitheca with circular markings, and there are
no coste. Calice flat and shallow, and its margin is sharp. The septa are
very numerous and unequal. The bud on the calice has an epitheca, and its
septa are faintly dentate.
Height of the corallum, 5-1o0ths hone width of the calice, 9-10ths inch.
Locality—Waterloo, Larne. (A. 7.)
30. MONTLIVALTIA HIBERNICA, Duncan, loc. cit., t. x, figs. 22-23, p. 39.
Corallum discoidal, base flat ; calice convex. Epitheca of the base strongly
marked concentrically. Septa numerous, close, unequal, and marked by small
papille, which are very close together, and by flat eminences which are also very
close together. There appear to be nearly five cycles of septa, and the largest
septa are papillose. Diameter, 4-10ths inch ; height of corallum, 1-1oths inch.
Locality.—West shore of Island Magee. (R. 7.)
31. MONTLIVALTIA PAPILLATA, Duncan, loc. cit., t. x., figs. 15-18, p. 36.
Corallum cyclolitoid in shape, base slightly concave ; calice convex, with a
circular depression in the centre. Epitheca of the base reaching to the cali-
cular margin ; it is very thin, and marked with concentrical shallow depressions
and elevations, and the costze are seen through it faintly. The calice is nearly
circular. The septa ‘are exsert, and the larger have very large dentations or
papillae on them. There are 24 septa, which reach the margin of the columel-
lary space, and they are strongly papillated. Between two of the longest
septa there are three others, one, the central, is longer than the others, which
are almost rudimentary ; all are papillate.
Diameter—i0-12ths inch ; height of corallum, 2-1oths inch.
Locality—W est shore of Island Magee (2. 7.) ; it occurs, also, at Marton
near Gainsborough, on the same horizon ; associated with 17. Haimei, Chap.
& Dew., and Septastrea Fromenteli, Terg. & Piette, as in the Irish locality.
A PPO Pee
[% Bren, et,
st
Oe meee > oi
C4 i dntee :
11 FEB 1886
en
Cee. Fee, :
hase BOLO
;
de
F-XPLANATION OF PLATE.
1.—Leda Bronni: End view and side view, natural size.
2.—Hinnites angiularis ; Natural size.
3.—Leda Reneviert : Slightly enlarged.
4.—Leda Quenstedti : Natural size.
5.—Leda v-scripta » Natural size, and enlarged.
6.—Pollicipes alatus : Interior and exterior faces of a scutal
plate, natural size.
7.—TLornatela Robinsoni: Slightly enlarged, and magnified
view of upper part of body whorl.
8.—Cerithium tenuicostatum: Left hand figure, enlarged about
two diameters ; right hand figure, magnified view of
one whorl.
9.—Solarium Thomsoni: Natural size, and three enlarged
views.
10.—Avicula Pattersoni : Natural size.
11.—Chemnitzia punctata: Natural size, and magnified view
of a portion of the test.
12.—Cucullea Grangeri: Enlarged about one and a-half
diameters.
13.—Crypiema Brycet: Side view, and view of under surface
natural size.
14.—Aytilus subtilis: Natural size, and magnified view of a
portion of the test.
15.—Dentalium Portlocki: Enlarged two diameters.
16.—Anatina myacina: Natural size.
\
ronan
snr,
hiss, del.
7
Wa
APPENDIX II.
ox ae a
OF THE
dush Hiassic Foramimiera,
RV
As it 1s intended to issue, from time to time, further
Lists of the Fauna, Flora, Fossils, and Antiqut-
ties of the North of Ireland, Members are re-
quested to preserve this Appendix for binding
with those to be issued in the future.
see a WAU ALIA, =D 1 EWARYT,
Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Hon! Assoc. of the
Belfast Nat. Hist. aud Phil. Soc.
—--_ SE 5 =
PUBLISHED BY
BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
OcToBER, 1871.
APPENDIX II.
A ae Se
OF THE
dush Liassic Foraminifera,
JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G.S., F.R.G.S.L,
Hon. “Assoc. of the Belfast Nat, Hist. and Phil. Soc., &c., &c.;
AND
A -LISTSORM THE
FOSSILS OF THE ESTUARINE CLAYS,
-OF THE COUNTIES OF DOWN AND ANTRIM,
BY
SAMUEL ALEX. STEWART,
Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Hon. Assoc. of the
Belfast Nat. Hist. aud Phil. Soc
————_ = FD
PUBLISHED BY
BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
OcToBER, 1871.
‘
Bee DE. Nee bh T.
——jSao__
ERRATA AND ADDENDA.
The paging after page 38 should be as follows:—Page 37 should be
39, 38 should be 40, 39 should be 41, 40 should be 42.
Pace 2o, line’ 4. ‘For Dr. H. P. Brady” read ** Dr. H. B. Brady.”
» 29, line 5. For ‘‘ Convolvulus bidentatus’” read ‘‘ Conovulus biden-
tatus.”
»» 29, line 18. For ‘‘ Lcuna DIVARICATA” read ‘‘ LACUNA DIVARICATA.”
», 29, line 20. For ‘“‘ LACUNA PALIDAUL”’ read ‘* LACUNA PALIDULA.”’
» 30,line 15. For “ scalavia Turtonis’” read *‘ Scalaria Turtonis.”
» 31,line 4. For ‘‘ MuREXx ERINACEOUS” read ‘“* MUREX ERINACEUS.”’
» 32. line 29. For ‘‘TILUS ADRIATICUS VAR. OVALIS” read ‘* MyTILUs
ADRIATICUS, VAR. OVALIS.”’ (In some copies only.)
» 33, line ro. For ‘‘ Cardiam pygmeum” read * Cardium pygmeum.”
» 34, line 36. For ‘“‘ THRACIA PUBESCANS” read ‘“‘ THRACIA PUBESCENS.”’
»» 35,line 12. For ‘‘ Gastrochenia modiolina” read ‘‘ Gastrochena mo-
diolina.
» 35. After TEREBELLA CONCHILEGIA, add
ECHINUS MILIARIS, Leske. Very abundant in the Thraciaconvexa zone
of the Belfast Estuarine Clay. Near the upper limit of this zone I found a
bed marked by a closely-packed layer of the shells of this urchin. The
shells are of large size. The species still lives abundantly in our bay.
AMPHIDOTUS CORDATUS, Pennant. Specimens of this ‘‘ heart urchin ”
are scattered throughout the Thracia convexa zone in the Belfast bed, but
not plentifully. This species occurs on the County Down coast, but I am
not aware of its living in Belfast Lough. A sandy bottom is the habitat
usually assigned to this urchin, but our fossil specimens must have lived on
a bottom entirely muddy.
ERRATA CONTINUED.
Page 36, line 2. For ‘‘ SprRoLOCULINA PLANATULA” read ‘‘ SPIROLOCULINA
PLANULATA.”
», 30, line 3. For ‘t TRILOCULINA BRONGNAIRATII” read ‘‘ TRILOCULINA
BRONGNIARTII.”’
yy 30, line 35. Tor ‘‘QUARTERNARY”’ read ‘* QUATERNARY.”
», 38 line 17. For LITTORINA OBTUSATA, VAR. HSTUARU” read “ LiTTo-
RINA OBTUSATA, VAR. ZSTUARII.”’
» 38 line 30. For ‘ TuRITTELLA TEREBRA”’ read ‘“‘TURRITELLA TE-
REBRA.”’
» 39 (37), line 16. For ‘‘ MuREx ERINACEOUS” read ‘“*MUuUREX ERINA-
CEUS.” ;
» 40 (31), line 3. For ‘‘OsTreA EDULIs, Minn,’ read ‘ OsTREA
EDULIs, Linn.”
» 41 (39), line 16. For ‘‘ THRACIA PUBESCANS” read ‘‘ THRACIA PUB-
ESCENS.”’
A few typographical errors also appear, which are unnecessary to
enumerate, as the correct reading will be apparent.
Ay LalSate OE:
IRISH LIASSIC FORAMINIFERA,
BY
JOSEPHIUWRIGHD SS. .GSg ERGs,
Hon. Assoc. of the Belfast Nat. Hist. and Phil. Soc., &c., &c.
—_—_——[T_ ———S—__ —
Mr. R. Tate, in his valuable paper on the Liassic fossils of Ireland, pub-
lished by the Club in 1870, records one species of ¥oraminifera, Dentalina
obliqua, from the locality of Ballintoy, County Antrim. This is, I believe,
the first, and, indeed, only notice we have of fossil Foraminifera having
been met with in any of our Irish rocks.
Shortly after this paper appeared, Mr. W. Gray discovered two or
three other Foraminifera in the same beds. On hearing of these discoveries
I waa led carefully to examine these shales at Ballintoy, in the hope of
being able to add more kinds to the few already known from that station ;
and through the kindness of several members of the Club, who supplied
me liberally with the stone, Iam now able to give the names of no less
than 20 species.
Excepting one spot on Island Magee, where Lingulina teneva has been
met with, the Ballintoy shale is as yet the only Lias known in Ireland in
which Foraminifera have beenfound. The shale at this place is singularly
favourable for yielding these lovely little organisms, for on the stone being
placed in water, it almost immediately falls down into a fine impalpable
26 WRIGHT—LiIsT oF Ir1sH Liassic FORAMINIFERA.
mud, on passing which through fine muslin the Foraminifera remain
behind in the very finest preservation.
I cannot conclude these few remarks without expressing my sincere
thanks to Dr. H. P. Brady, F.L.S., of Newcastle-on-Tyne, for the very
valuable assistance he afforded me incorrectly determining the names of
the species.
NoDOSARIA RAPHANUS, Linn. sp. Ballintoy. Rare.
NoposarIA SCALARIS, Batsch. sp. Ballintoy. Rare.
NopDosARIA TETRAGONA, Reuss. Ballintoy. Very common.
Noposaria Boucana, D’Orb. Rallintoy. Rare.
NODOSARIA HUMILIs, Rémer. Ballintoy. Lare.
GLANDULINA L&VIGATA, D’Orb. Ballintoy. Very rare.
LINGULINA TENERA, Bornemann. Ballintoy,; Islandmagee. Very common.
DENTALINA COMMUNIS, D’Orvb. Ballintoy. Common.
DENTALINA OBLIQUA, Linn. sp. Ballintoy. Very common.
VAGINULINA LEGUMEN, Linn. sp. Ballintoy. Very rare.
VAGINULINA L#VIGATA, Rémer. Ballintoy. Common.
VAGINULINA STRIATA, D’Orb. Ballintoy. Common.
MARGINULINA RAPHANUS, Linn. sp. Ballintoy. Very Common.
MarGINuLina Lituus, D’Orb. Ballintoy. Rare.
MARGINULINA ENSIS, Reuss. Ballintoy. Common.
PLANULARIA BRoNNI, Romer. Ballintoy. Rare.
CRISTELLARIA CREPIDULA, F. & M. sp. Ballintoy. Rare.
CRISTELLARIA ACUTAURICULARIS, F. & M. sp. Ballintoy. Very common,
FRONDICULARIA STRIATULA, Reuss. Ballintoy. Common.
FRONDICULARIA AUGUSTATA, Nilsson. Ballintoy, Common.
A LIST OF THE
Fossils of the Estuarine Clays of the Counties of
Down and Antrim,
By SAMUEL ALEX. STEWART,
Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Hon. Assoc. of the
Belfast Nat. Hist. and Phil. Soc.
—_—. ———o—n—r
THE term, Estuarine Clay, is intended to signify those deposits, mostly of
clay, which have been accumulated in our existing bays and estuaries since
the close of the Glacial Period. They are the latest of the long series of
geological deposits, and resting, as they most commonly do, on the
Boulder Clay, they unite the present to the past.
The Estuarine Clay often presents beds of considerable thickness, which
have been continuously laid down, and are tenanted by the shells of
species that have lived and died on the spot. It isto be regretted that these
beds have not received more attention, as they offer perhaps the best means
of filling. up the gap in geological history between the close of the Glacial
Era and the present.
These Estuarine Clays are widely spread in Britain, being of consider-
able thickness, and covering areas of some extent in such important
estuaries as those of the Clyde and of the Mersey. In the North of
Ireland we have several of these beds. That at Belfast exceeds twenty
feet in thickness, and is spread over an area of at least fouror five square
miles. It may be seen at Belfast, Sydenham, Holywood, Bangor, and
Kilroot. Similar, though apparently less extensive Post-Pliocene accumu-
lations, are tobe found on the shores of the Loughs of Larne and Strang-
ford, and also at Lough Foyle, and near Coleraine. Of the two latter no
detailed account has been published, and I have had no opportunity of
28 STEWART— LisT oF ESTUARINE CLAY FossILs.
examining them, though I have in my possession some ofthe shells from
the Estuarine Clay of the Bann. In such inlets as those of Loughs Larne
and Strangford, into which there are no rivers of any note carrying sedi-
ment, these Post-Pliocene clays are indicated by accumulations of small
extent, but characterised by the presence of shells, in most part the same
as those living in the adjoining waters.
A list of the Belfast clay shells was made out by John Grainger,
Esq., and published by the British Association in their Report for 1852.
A second list by Mr. Grainger, recording all the species known to occur
in this bed at that date, was published in the Natural History Review for
“1859. By the excavations for the recently constructed floating dock and
basin, Ihave been enabled to examine this clay to adepth of twenty feet
over a considerable area. The results are the addition of a goodly number
of species to Mr. Grainger’s lists, andthe conviction that there is evidence
that since the basement portion of that clay was laid down, there have
been several oscillations of the sea-level; these oscillations can be shown
by a comparison of the different sets of shells, found at various depths in
the clay.
The Larne Lough Estuarine Clay may be seen on the shore close to
Magheramorne railway station: shells occur in it abundantly, many of
the testacea being among our rarer species. This deposit is rich in Fora-
minifera, and inthe smaller forms of Mollusca, especially univalves. It
has been only slightly examined, and would doubtless yield many more
fossils if scrutinised as closely as the corresponding bed at Belfast. At
Strangford Lough I have seen the Estuarine clay near Newtownards, but
have had littie opportunity of investigating the bed at that place.
STEWART-—LIST OF ESTUARINE Cray FossILs. 29
ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES.*
HELIX NEMORALIS. Mr. Grainger records the finding of one specimen of
this land shell. I met withit two or three times.
HELIx ROTUNDATA. One specimen (Grainger).
ZONITES NITIDULUS. ‘Two specimens (Grainger).
MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS, Convolvulus bidentatus, F.& H. Larne Lough
bed, rare.
PATELLA VULGATA. One specimen (Grainger).
TECTURA VIRGINEA, Acme@a virginea, F. & H. Very rare. (One young
specimen.)
FISSURELLA Graca, Fissurella reticulata, F.& H. Belfast bed, rare.
CyYCLOSTREMA NITENS, Trochus pusillus, F.& H. Plentiful in the Larne
Lough deposit.
TrocHus maGus. Of large size, but rare.
TROCHUS CINERAREUS. Abundant both at Belfast and Larne.
TROCHUS UMBILICATUS. At Larne Lough, scarce and small.
Lacuna crassior. Found by Mr. Grainger in the Estuarine Clay of Bel-
fast. I have not myself met with specimens,
Lcuna DIVARICATA, Lacuna vincta, F. & H. Occurs in some plenty.
Lacuna PUTEOLUS. Larne Lough, scarce.
LACUNA PALLIDAUL. In the Larne Lough deposits, scarce.
LiTTORINA oBTUSATA, Littorina litoralis, F.& H. Frequent.
LITTORINA OBTUSATA, VAR. ESTUARII. Belfast, rare.
LITTORINARUDIS. Scarce.
LITTORINA RUDIS, VAR. TENEBROSA. Scarce.
LITTORINA LITOREA. Abundant, especially in the +Scrobicularia bed.
RISSOA INCONSPICUA. In great abundance.
* T have used the names adopted by Mr. Jeffreys in his Manual of
British Conchology. Where the names given by Forbes and Hanley are
different, they appear here as synonyms.
+ See abstract of paper 1ead by the author on 8th March, in Eighth
Annual Report of Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club (1871).
30 STEWART-—LIST OF ESTUARINE CLAY FOSSILS.
RISSOA MEMBRANACEA, Rissoa labiosa, F. & H. Profusely abundant, and
of large size.
RISSOA VIOLACEA, Rissoa rufilabrum, F. & H. Not uncommon.
RISSoA STRIATA. Larne Lough, in profusion.
RISSOA VITREA. In the Belfast deposit, rare.
HypDroBIA ULV&, Rissoaulv@g, F. & H. Frequent in the Estuarine Clays
of Belfast, Larne, and Strangford Loughs.
HoMALoGyRaA ATomus, Skenea nitidissima, F. & H. Abundant in the clay
at Magheramorne.
HoMALoGyRA ROTA, Skenea rota, F.& H. With the last species, but
rare.
C#cuUM GLABRUM. Larne Lough, rare.
TURITELLA TEREBRA, Turitella communis, F.& H. Plentiful, °and very
large.
SCALARIA TURTON, scalaria Turtonis, F.& H. Plentifulin the Belfast
bed.
ACLIS SUPRANITIDA. Belfast bed, very rare.
ODosToMIA MINIMA. This rare little univalve is for the first time recorded
asan Irish Shell. One specimen only occurred to me.
ODOSTOMIA PALLIDA, Odostomia eulimoides, F.& H. Mr. Grainger re-
corded this shell from the Belfast deposit. I have found it at Maghera-
morne, where it is rather scarce.
OposToMIA AcuUTA. Belfast and Larne beds, rare.
ODOSTOMIA INDISTINCTA, Chemnitzia indistincta, F. & H. Rare.
QODosTOMIA INTERSTINCTA. Very rare,
ODosToMIA LACTEA, Chemnitzia elegantissima, F.& H. Belfast and Larne
beds, not uncommon.
EULIMA BILINEATA. Onespecimen found by Mr. Grainger, and recorded as
E. subulata. Dr. Grainger is now satisfied that the name I have adopted
is right.
NATICA CATENA, Natica monilifera, F. & H. Very scarce.
Natica Avp_ERI, Natica nitida, F.& H. Commonly diffused through the
clay.
APORRHAIS PES-PELICANI. In the greatest abundance.
CERITHIUM RETICULATUM. Everywhere throughout the deposit in abun-
dance.
STEWART-—LIsST oF ESTUARINE CLAY FOSSILS. 31
PURPURA LAPILLUS. A fewspecimens occurred, but this species may be
reckoned among the rare shells of the Estuarine Clay.
BUcCCINUM UNDATUM. Very common.
MureEXx ERINACEOUS. Rare at Belfast, rather frequent at Larne.
Fusus ANTIQUUS. Occurs occasionally, but not at all common.
NASSA RETICULATA. Frequent throughout the Clays.
NASSA PYGMEA. Verycommon, Mr. Grainger’s N.incrassata belongs, I
believe, to this ‘‘ segregate.” The distribution of these forms in our
local Post-tertiary deposits seems to have been very fluctuating.
Nassa incrassata occurs in our Glacial Clays, then disappears. from our
subsequently deposited Estuarine Clay, and finally reappears as the
dominant form in our existing waters. Nassa pygmea,on the other
hand, has not been found in our Boulder Clay, but in the Estuarine
Clay is abundant, and now again ranks as a rare shell confined to
the deep waters outside the bay, |
DEFRANCIA GRACILIS, Mangelia gracilis. F. & H. Very rare, one speci-
* men only.
PLEUROTOMA CosTATA, Mangelia costata. F.& H. One specimen, (fide
Grainger).
PLEUROTOMA BRACHYSTOMA, Mangelia brachystoma. F. & H. Rather
Tare,
PLEUROTOMA SEPTANGULARIS, Mangelia septangularis. F. & H. Very
rare.
PLEUROTOMA RUFA, Mangelia rufa, F.& H. ‘“ Belfast deposit” (J. Gwyn
Jeffreys). By the Belfast deposit, I believe Mr, Jeffreys means our
bed of Estuarine Clay. Nevertheless, few discriminate sufficiently
between the Estuarine Clay and the raised beaches occurring here.
The latter I have excluded from my list.
PLEUROTOMA TURRICULA, Mangelia turricula. F.& H. Rare.
Cypr@A Euvrop#A. Two or three specimens only of our British cowry
occurred to me,
CYLICHNA NITIDULA. In the Belfast bedI found one shell.
UrricuLus optusus, Cylichna obtusa. F. & H. Inthe Larne, and also
in the Strangford Lough Estuarine Clay, rare.
UrricuLus HYALINUs, Amphisphyra hyalina, F. & H. Plentiful in the
Belfast and in the Larne}beds, but so fragile that specimens can scarcely
be secured.
32 STEwART—LIST oF ESTUARINE CLAy FossILs.
ACERA BULLATA, Akera bullata, F.& H. In the Belfast bed abundantly,
but restricted to the *zone of Thracia convexa. Plentiful also at Larne,
where specimens are of small size, apparently the variety nana.
AcTZON TORNATILIS, Tornatella fasciata, F.& H. Belfast deposit, (fide
Grainger).
SCAPHANDER LIGNARIUS. Rare. Three or four specimens orly.
PHILINE APERTA. In abundance.
ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM. This extremely variable shell is distributed through-
out the clay in some plenty.
ANOMIA PATELLIFORMIS. Rare, (Grainger).
OsTREA EDULIS. Shell beds, made up nearly altogether of the common
oyster, occurred near the base of the deposit, and again repeated near
the upper surface.
OsTREA EDULIS, VAR. HIPPOPUS. Immense shells of this deep-water variety
scattered through the clay, mainlyin the median portion ofthe de-
posit.
PEcTEN VARIUS. Generally distributed and abundant.
PECTEN OPERCULARIS. Along with the last species, and almost equally
abundant.
PECTEN MAxIMUs. Scattered throughout, rather plentifully.
LIMA HIANS. Very rare in the Belfast bed, abundant in the corresponding
deposit in Larne Lough.
MytTiLus EDULIs. Abundant, especially inthe basal and superficial por-
tions of the clay.
MyrTiLus MopioLus, Modiola modiolus, F.& H. Rare at Belfast, plentiful
in the Larne bed.
MyTILus apriaTicus, Modiola tulipa, F.& H. Occurs both at Belfast and
Larne, butis rare.
TILUS ADRIATICUS, VAR. OVALIS. ‘ Occurred in excavating a channel in
Belfast Harbour” (J. G. Jeffreys). Some specimens dug out at the site
of the new floating dock appear to belong to this variety.
MoDIoLARIA MARMORATA, Crenella marmorata, F. & H. Veryrare at Bel-
fast, frequent at Larne.
NucuLA NUCLEUS. Very abundant in the Belfast beds; rare at Larne.
Lepa minuTA, Leda caudata, F.& H. A single valve, (Grainger).
* See abstract of paper read by the author on 8th March, in Eighth
Annual Report of Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club (1871).
STEWART-—LIST OF ESTUARINE CLAY FOossILs. 33
MoNTACUTA BIDENTATA. Frequent at Belfast; occurs in the Larne Lough
bed in profusion.
MoNTACUTA FERRUGINOSA. In the Belfast bed, rare.
LUCINA BOREALIS. Belfast bed, rare, but very large and tumid. The
normal form occurs abundantly in the Larne Lough deposit.
AXINUS FLEXUOSUS, Lucina flexuosa, F.& H. Abundantand luxuriant.
CYAMIUM MINUTUM, Turtonia minuta, F.& H. Rare in the Belfast Es-
tuarine Clay, plentiful in the similar bed at Larne Lough.
CARDIUM ECHINATUM. Occurs in great profusion, and very fine.
CaRDIUM ExIGUUM, Cardiam pygmaum, F. & H. Occurs rather frequently
in the Belfast deposit, but generally as single valves. More plentiful
at Larne, and often complete.
CARDIUM NoDosuM. In the Larne Lough bed, very rare.
CARDIUMEDULE. Very abundant, especially in the upper and lower zones.
Some ofthe shells, if not fully entitled to be considered as belonging
to the variety vusticum, certainly approach that estuarine form very
closely.
Carpium NoRVEGICUM. Veryrare. Mr. Grainger found one valve, and
two or three valves occurred to me.
CypriInA IsLANDICA. Very rare. I found one perfect specimen in the
Thracia convexa zone of the Estuarine Clay.
VENus LincTA, Artemis lincta, F. & H. Occurs occasionally dispersed
through the clay, but usually in single valves.
Venus Casina. Frequent in the Larne Lough deposit, mostly in single
valves.
VENUS oVATA. Frequent at Larne, specimens small.
Venus GALLINA, Venus striatula, F.& H. Diffused through the beds, form
variable.
TAPES AUREUS. Common in the Larne Estuarine bed, not rare in the
Belfast bed.
TAPES AUREUS, VAR. OVATA. Not uncommon, occurs both in the Larne
and Belfast Estuarine Clays; attains a much greater size than the
typical form.
TAPES PULLASTRA. Frequent, especially in the lower zone.
TAPES DECUSSATA. Shells of this littoral species occupy the lower portion
of the clay in great profusion. Many specimens were much above the
usual size.
34 STEWART—LIST oF ESTUARINE CLay FossILs.
Luctnopsis unpATA. Very large, and diffused in immense numbers
through the clay, except in the very oldest and very newest portions
of the bed.
TELLINA BALTuIcA, Tellina solidula, F. & H. Abundant, especially near
the upper surface.
TELLINA TENUIS. Near the top, only sparingly, and of small size.
TELLINA SQUALIDA, Tellina incarnata, F. & H. Very rare. The only
specimens I have seen were single valves collected by the late Wm.
Thompson, Esq., and by Mr. William Darragh, of the Belfast Mu-
seum.
PsAMMoBIA FERROENSIS. Single valves frequent, perfect specimens
Tare.
PSAMMOBIA VESPERTINA. Mr. Grainger records finding a single valve of
this species.
MACTRA SUBTRUNCATA. Frequent, variable in size and shape.
MACTRATRUNCATA. Scarce.
LUTRARIA ELLIPTICA. Frequent.
LUTRARIA OBLONGA. One specimen, (fide Grainger).
SCROBICULARIA ALBA, Syndosmya alba, F. & H. Scattered through the
clay in immense numbers.
ScROBICULARIA PIPERATA. Occupies the lower zone of the clay in the
greatest profusion, Rare o: absent from the higher or more recently
deposited portion of the bed.
SoLECURTIS ANTIQUATUS, Solecurtis coarctatus, F. & H. A single speci-
men, (fide Grainger).
SOLEN PELLUcIDUS. Distributed through the ’median portion of the bed
in abundance.
SOLEN ENSIS. Occurs sparingly.
SoLEN VAGINA, Solen marginatus, F. & H. Rather frequent.
THRACIA PAPYRACEA, Thracia phaseolina. Frequent; shells often perfect.
The form T. villosiuscula also occurs.
THRACIA CONVEXA. Perfect specimens of this fine shell are plentiful;
their occurrence made it easy to recognise a well-marked zone of the
clay, replete with species that live mostly at a depth of five to ten
fathoms.
THRACIA PUBESCANS. One specimen. (Grainger).
CorRBULA GIBBA, Corbula nucleus, F.& H. Plentiful, but mostly as single
valves.
STEWART—LiIsT oF ESTUARINE CLAy FossILs. 35
MYA ARENARIA. Frequent, but only in the most recent portion of the
bed.
Mya TRUNCATA. Plentiful throughout; specimens very fine, and some-
. times with the siphonal tubes preserved.
MYA BINGHAMI, Sphenia Binghami, F. & H. In the Larne Lough de-
posit, very rare.
PANOPEA PLICATA, Saxicava rugosa, young? F.& H. Plentiful at Bel-
fast in one narrow zone of the clay bed. Not yet found living on
the Irish coasts.
SAXICAVA RUGOSA. Larne Lough deposit, rare.
SAXICAVA RUGOSA VAR. ARTICA. Belfast bed, rare (Grainger).
GASTROCHZENA DUBIA, Gastrochenia modiolina, F. & H. ‘‘’Fwo portions
of the curious flask-like tubes of this species were found in the de-
posits” (Grainger).
PHOLAS CANDIDA. Perfect shells imbedded in numbers at the base of the
zone of Thracia convexa, and forming a line of demarcation between
that zone and the Scrobicularia bed.
PHOLAS CRISPATA. In the clay where they had lived in some numbers ;
the specimens are very large, many of them being nearly double the
usual dimensions of living examples, They occur only at the base of
the Thracia convexa bed.
TEREDO Norveacica. The calcareous tubes of this ‘‘ship, worm” are not
rare in the clay; complete specimens now in the Belfast Museum
were dug up while making sewers in the streets of the town.
CREUSIA VERRUCA. Belfast deposit, (Grainger).
CYTHERE ALBO-MACULATA. Belfast bed, rare. Not rare in the Larne
Lough deposit.
PECTINARIA BELGICA. Belfast deposit, (Grainger.)
SERPULA TRIQUETRA. Belfast Estuarine Clay, on shells.
SERPULA VERMICULARIS. Inthe Belfast Clay, rare.
_TEREBELLA CONCHILEGA. Belfast bed, (Grainger.)
POLYMORPHINA LACTEA. Rare.
POLYMORPHINA GIBBA, Vary. equalis. Rare.
PLANORBULINA MEDITERRANENSIS. Very rare.
PoLYSTOMELLA cRISPA. Belfast and Larne bed, very abundant.
QUINQUELOCULINA BICORNIS. Belfast and Larne beds, scarce.
QUINQUELOCULINA SEMINULUM. In. great abundance.
RoTraLiA BECCARII. Extremely abundant, Belfast and Larne Lough.
36 STEWRART—LIST OF ESTUARINE CLAY FossILs.
SPIROLOCULINA LIMBATA. Rare.
SPIROLOCULINA PLANATULA. Very rare.
TRILOCULINA BRONGNAIRTII. Rare.
TRILOCULINA TRIGONULA. Common.
TRUNCATULINA LOBATULA. Not common.
VERNEUILINA POLYSTROPHA? Very rare.
In the foregoing list I have given estimates for the several species,
approximating as near as possible to the abundance or paucity of speci-
mens. These estimates are founded on careful observations, extending
over some three years. In preparing them I have derived valuable assist-
ance from Dr. Grainger’s previously published lists, and I am confident
that they may be relied on as in the maincorrect. Future excavations,
if such be carried on in these beds, may possibly make slight modifications,
but I am satisfied that on the whole the estimates here given will remain
practically undisturbed.
In the table which follows, Ihave endeavoured to give for the North of
Ireland the distribution of these species in Post-tertiary times. Unfortu-
nately the unproductiveness of our Glacial beds renders one column rather
imperfect. Out of 140 species here recorded, only 29, being 21 per cent.,
appear as glacial shells in this district. It cannot be doubted but that there
existed a much greater community between the two faunas.
Species make theirappearance in a locality, becoming more and more
abundant until they reach their culminating point, from which they recede
with more or less rapidity until finally they are replaced by others. Such
is the history of many of the shells of our Estuarine Clay, and to make
this record as useful and complete as possible, columns are here given,
showing those now found living in the waters of our bay, and those living
at present on the coasts of the North of Ireland, distinguishing them from
such as have only been found as dead shells. These columns will, it is
hoped, prove instructive. It will be seen that many species, now only
found dead, existed here during some portion of the Estuarine Clay times
in abundance ; and it may be added that during that period some other
species, now among the forms dominant in our waters, were either absent
or rare.
Shells from Raised Beaches, and Quarternary Gravels, are not included
in these lists, which have been rigidly restricted to species which certainly
occur inthe Estuarine Clay. Many Post-pliocene shells are thereby ex-
cluded, which have been recorded as from Belfast deposits. It is to be
STEWART—LIsT oF ESTUARINE CLAY FOSSILS. 377
hoped that members of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club will not overlook
the raised beaches that are so numerous in the district: a good catalogue
of our raised beach shells would nearly perfect our knowledge of the local
Post-pliocene marine fauna.
I am very much indebted to J. Gwynn Jeffreys. Esq., F.R.S., for his
kindness in identifying for me all critical or doubtful shells; to Joseph
Wright, Esq., F.G.S., who gave much valuable assistance in ascertaining
the various forms of Foraminifera inthe Estuarine Clay; and also to Dr.
H.B. Brady, F.G.S,, F.L.S., who kindly took the trouble to refer these
forms to their proper species, To Rev, Dr. Grainger I am also indebted
for permission to examine his valuable collections of shells of the Belfast
Estuarine Clay.
38 STEWART—LISsT GF ESTUARINE CLay FOSSILS.
TABLE OF LOCAL DISTRIBUTION.
Fossil | Recent
| sis Dead
| 5 ines Shells
SMR L -
*, S& 3) a ° °
Ot = igs a <=
List of Species.* e Z | =a 5
Sale| e Lome are
ae tee hese i ee = ee eS
O ph Se al A 2 Aen 2S
as) wm | gy on mt n 5)
21 we |e |e | a
— o | @ aa o !o o °
OlMiHljala'o | m1o
GASTROPODA. rs ee / |
Helix nemoralis, Mill. ...... Ce ai| ea aes | wie Siler een ie Bel” ois
Helix sotundatas En... oc on oe ee |e ee See Meme) 1M
Zonites nitidulas, Drap. .. i272 cies oo bites orld) Meera Fe Si ee nN, Poe ee
Melampus bidentatus, Mont.......... ee ees ee Ongena | ke
Ratellasvuleata sien... «2155» ssi! peel is all ges | : + |X | Xe | ee | ee
Tectura virginea, Mull......... seeeael os | Mel! on | os | oo oe
Fissurella Greca, Linn.......... iS) re cee Macro, bP | 5 alloca || . aan
Cyclostrema nitens, Phil ..... aie ete bts. Re sae as. Ts ae ee
Trochus magus, Linn..... Bese ee On eo ee ee oe |
Trochus.cineranins,, 1200... «| e+ |- Es-) X. | - 2) eee eee ae
ittorina obtusata, 7112. 5. + bie i= he BANS 2 | 5 a Mn en | se Se | F | é
* var, estuaru, Feff....... eee | Kom dees ae ie Mpa aaron
Littorina rudis, Maton........ Meee | x 53. 'l aces noes dene
«var, tenebrosa, Mont..........| -- | K-| -- | -- | Kj | ee :
Lnttonna litotea, 710... 5.2 oem ee | ee | |. | paral cee :
Ricsoa snconspiens,. Ald... <.26 san tei 1 | He] Ke [ee |. a0 / x.
Rissoa membranacea Adams..........| .- Ks | 2 ee Ms Meee Bs
Rissoa violacea, Desm...... wane Boe atars | Xe to |e Kb ere | Saale teas
Rissoa striata, AdaAMs.......c< RCI) Waite Veo (0220 ; | oy eke ASE Ee
Rissoarvitted, “Monet: . 3... elsaa be: shane wie leek ie | ait seg ieee
EAydrORia. WAVE PENN... -. <2. doebe ness | Ke Aas | oe he) ee
Homalogyra atomus, Phil............ | a |< ae ie: Sh | ORD pe
Homalogyra, rota, F. & H........ etl us | ae oe ee Same ek
Czcum glabrum, Mont............... | oo, fines | Moule iis J. ese
Turittellatexebrage inn cece. -bi- ~~: (x. | oe. [eel oo eed oe -
* T have placed each species in the column for dead shells, unless there is
some record of them being taken alive, or that I myself know of their living here.
STEWART—LiIsT OF ESTUARINE CLAy FOSSILS.
List of Species.
GASTROPODA.
Sealanta Durtonze, 0 urt.:...2..0
Aclis supranitida,S. Wood......
ev evee
Odostomia minima, Feff.........00-
Odostomia pallida, Mont.........
Odostomia acuta, Feff..........
Odostomia indistincta, Mont.....
Odostomia interstincta, Mont ..
Odostomia lactea, Linn ........
Pultmea bilineata, Ald... 2. hk.
Natica catena. Da Costa ......
Natica Aldert, Forbes... 00.60.
Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Linn....
oe
.
eee eee
ce eeee
ee
ee
Cerithium reticulatum, Da Costa..
Purpura lapillus, Linn..........
Buccinum undatum, Linn ......
Murex erinaceous, Linn ........
Fusus antiquus, Linn ........0.
Nassa reticulata, Linn. ........
Nassa pygmea, Lamk ..........
Defrancia gracilis, Mont........
Pleurotoma costata, Donovan....
Pleurotoma brachystoma, Phil..
ee
ee
oe
Pleurotoma septangularis, Mont..
Pleurotoma rufa, Mont........
Pleurotoma turricula, Mont....
Cyprea Europea, Mont........
Cylichna nitidula, Lov........%
Utriculus obtusus, Mont........
Utriculus hyalinus, Turt........
Weetra bullata, Mell... 2.0.0 25
Actzeon tornatilis, Linn ........
Scaphander lignarius, Linn ....
Piilimée apetta, Link 2.65 lun ce
| Glacial Clay
ee eeee
Fossil. Recent.
oe e Dead
@ | Living | shells
— (O) w ° 9
0 ae A 3
ag ti oo i) 3)
= 5 Ad ZA
@ ie! ° Pa S
Ede a a al Rca ea ee
D Bis ce lo 'o| & (So
ee} |} Se es =) a
| & ‘at S
elvan |) SE) aden Ne ge 1
Seer | a | Se Nee ley 1a
o Gh) ae) 0 190
Oo |W n MQ |O A |O
‘
see ae cept Maree ecole Sucre Sota he Se
Steve) Kesurlime cee Ml eevee lees |e a aa
>, ed (at dealt S'G kPa a eli Kc Weases
> hice alae sole oh I keene
Kou il Pamala ty ha ay ce tas cna file cckenetl Meee
Rete ony 5g Yon Wh ‘ane nl 0
X. Be diy a De es Oe ake
Boat RS 2s al Som PR atl | A Pa Nee
So .K iter Fae CopecPid | tbs 2a A Ay.
> Re | IA a 2'5: al le a
bm Nae eae nr Wed nde. 2 TA
B:Pradl Sa rat cee Nal ae a
in! Its oh eee eee Ree Lt a cutee
Fei ilawces Asie staat sate ties RMN ih fae
Ke leis Monee kee mek meee ae
Serinona|erets le San aude fant ell
eke is Sa are ron | Spall ee
DB Ip et Mua Vr al Bsa PR en
Seog Rese | [revere | teavea [bacesy ell cere’ 0 abe
PRs GD: Sa Ke | Sta ae rea de Saal ae
MG MRP nineteen gl fereucallt macet tl larerey atte
air xO seve ol eieen tec Mode illus. 6
ei ee | caveh anette Wcvevne eels Xe
Xe ee ee BGs ee ee Xe
S| Ate Maree luterealieers, lk acs
4O 3%
STEWART—LIsT OF ESTUARINE CLAy FossILs.
List of Species.
CoNCHIFERA.
Anomia ephippium,, L777)... 0.00.6
Anomia patelliformis, Linn ........
Ostrea edulis, Minn.
»» Var. hippopus, Lamk.
Pecten varius, Linn.
Pecten opercularis, I ASAD GOS
Pecten maximus, Linn.........-
lbpbanel iin Cy0Glsoagnadeapoded
My tilts Vedas 277770 rete oe tact
Mytilus modiolus, Linn.........
Mytilus Adriaticus, Lamk......
Modiolaria marmorata, Forbes ..
Nucula nuclemsy i777 v2). oases
Weday mainutasmyiailen on ole ee i
Montacuta bidentata, Mont ....
Montacuta ferruginosa, Mont....
Jeweinay borealign wl i ele
Axinus flexuosus, Mont..... ese
Cyamium minutum, Fabr. ......
Cardium echinatum, Linn ......
Cardium exigium, Gmel ........
Cardium nodosum, Turt........
Cardium ‘edule; Linn ..........
Cardium Norvegicum, Sfeng....
Cyprina Islandica, Linn ........
Wiens Linctawewit sen denie ee elem
Wenus casinas Olin sie. c eine
Wenusovatas e771 be... coe elds
Venus Gallina, inn. (4.26 -0er
PPAPES AUTEMS, (CIE) «i. 0.0 0 < os 10 ott
. var. ovata, Feff..
Tapes pullastra, Wonton. os oe
Tapes decussatus, Linn........
Lucinopsis undata, Penn..........
elthinabaltinica: sic m cite selenite
Fossil. Recent.
> ws Dead
S | Living.
S 8: | Shells.
lhe 2 ea
s |S | % 6 6
_
oO 0 a Kel act
pH ae cs r= e
Ss a 2 fo) rs}
iss) Je Sy e c
mM | 5 | eo al Dive
on] p 5 ey ects et SS
ac aD ~~ ae |S o!] S ISG
oO (ea ° ~ mi. =) fa =
{|| cs a se
= » » ie) » lo}
as | o oP Lele ere) 45
(3) & ( a S [a S |
(ary _ uw hes — oS — iss]
— oO (as) p oO je) oO oO
Oo jaa) = oD) 22] = [) M |O
Pi arteries Ha , ol Merve Wea eacatfus< || vaio. elfiat oe
Bet i>. onl fs . al ial lames ae haya | o-eeky | es)’ 5 30h wage
S| aan ee ie cere neti Mens |tcoee fl Ses ffi
By eee neal lel epg lease # [eae ll og oa dlwtans
Palate < fe erie li. ae Dead
= | Living | Shells
> oO es
ia ee a 3 6
List of Species. @ | % | S 5 5
ee ph Nera ne
Bl) mpl2).\2s| 2/28
See e | ey barca eu cap
eI) Ke) Ge GH
x wa bey |i) aa) °
ieee S| ae be he
obs) 2 | acl la |
— oO iss) Bey Oo (o} o je)
O};A}|H}|n}]A OP m|o
|
CONCHIFERA.
Tellina tenuis, Da Costa ...... BM Sich CoS aimee WSR YN URC Ee aac eh ae
Mellina squalida, Pulé.....:5....2.0s al) oice |e Esoalle Bs Awe cm ele ne Bn est
Psammobia ferroensis, Chemn ........| «+ | X- | «+ | «. | «| es | X- | X
Psammobia vespertina, Chemn........] + | X+ | «+ | «- | «- aac apace ne
Mactra truncata, Mont ...... Be va iere DN) Se, coe leeaeeul (es eg io eel nie ei alters aca
Mactra subtruncata, Da Costa ........| X- | X- | .. | X. | K. | X- | «+ | o>
Lutraria elliptica Lamk ....... Beers |e pen rater | se: al gates lips Ieee leet
iemigamia oblonga, Chemie Fo ccc secs esl) os | | se |e owe | we | se de
Scrobiculariavalba, Wood <...:....0..- Salas Se |... x ale
Scrobicularia piperata, Bellonius ......| «+ | X+] ++ | - STCeTie avon eaerou ane
Solecurtus antiquatus, Pull .....+s000f «=| X [ie | oe | ee | oe | Ke | Re
Solen pellucidus, Penn ..... onset to PRE | aca ee cle <6 <1 Waa Tae tea i ae
Solem Emsis 21s. see eee Sey ol MOS Mae: alee ol NS co [e-em eae rea
Solen vagina, Linn ........6: So Co Dd Opell oem |h OS merc finrcome (MiG cael ee. soel 0%
Wheracia papytacea Poli .......c0.es0 cree yf Bele A ied ieee me oeellae Sx:
fbhacta pubescans, Pult.....-.....+2- Hoe (meal G eed ie Sok eies I) eect eas
Thracia convexa, W. Wood ........+-| «+ | X J Beall tee lee Mie aks
Corbula gibba, Olivz........ eee lms Sian ei) SOM soul AR a hip endl Bove allpy ors
WWivararemiatia, D27070 0.02. ssseme Soo Gal tio alleme. ce ling SW hae oll ee Es as F
Mya truncata, Linz. ...<. see. Sb OBIT RIC Se Sel eon Moe | ke. oml lie.
Mya Binghami, Turt ...... $2. Nae eats (ae x: ‘ > ola ae 5
Panopea plicata, Mont ......+seeeeee| ++ | Xe] cuted evbecial alee b oe
Saxicava rugosa, Linn......... ROH eames eee ee, ||P oe [een Ihe Xp sig
ne var. arctica, F. & ee tes | serene theese 3 a ee es ¢
Paaochena Ghia. Pei sree aceon ciate ii eae Pecan | ten I aes Hires
Pholas candida, Linn ..... SA ators Ales 228 | Berns : ee é
Pholas crispata, Linn ........ ici Gece) ot ecient ou Seta :
x
Teredo Norvegica, Speng, ....eeeeeeee
Class CRUSTACEA
@vthere albo-maculata, ..... - - Jel Dead
cp | bat
< vin | Shells
ee a meee
GH a ae band
= O n ie) °
iS) ica} Rol ie]
3 o 25 || I 1S =
List of Species. S&S | Sed ip ° )
| a ae Ad As
ial 3 pS) ay (ob) Ga =
S| 5 | p> |o.8| > les
Oleg | 6 ed 2 Petes ©
aS a o a a Eh D 2
g(S$/2/8)2 @ ie
st | Oi ideal te te lo rane)
So AliAlmainwo |e?
| |
Class ANNELIDA.
Serpula vermicularis erat Wwe oa. ka aes me x. | x. F
Serpula triquetra, LW Pi dieva shoheveietavarelers Sigh eal eke :
Terebelia conchilega, Pall............ ie x. | x.
*Class RHIZOPODA.
Polymorphina lactea, W. & F..... Soe liioo. | Se xs
Polymorphina gibba, var. equalis, W. oF. 7 ies ee
Planorbulina Mediterranensis, D’Ovb ..| .. | .. X. He
Polystomella crispa, Linn........ Hel aceon al EXond | base x.
Quinqueloculina bicornis, W. & che osm Selec" Wes xy
Quinqueloculina seminulum, Linn....| .. | x. Ki Sis
Rotalina ws CCcastiyWa2111ses, Sab el lind "se |hns>. S|) ASS > Seat fi
aoe lyase ie as wt Koide || cots eee Ae Ke x
Xi | 6 baa Pea Nee ee | SS |) Sl aes el bas <
x ae x x aie ab x x x x ee
x x x x oie x x x x x
45 ss x x x oe x x x ve
Ac 58 . a5 x ted ee x e
x ie d x |x x > See SN) 55
a0 ° Od ° a0 oe aie x oe x oo
x c a hee, axe wax x | x {) x] x
x Pale cee) ER ere | oe! XX pO Siu n> Seah > S| I>
ais oe ane oe. aD ee oe O09 ee ee x ee
ON x al me oe ley be xe ex || cx
S| cave irae MRSC Sein] | | 5 aay ae x oes | xe ie x
x AD ~~ x mi x xe xj}x x x x
ee oe x x x ce oe x ee x oe
Sdall iiveics x x Ba Wag) |) coil Wecoe | aao
x a5 x x x x ee x oe oe
se aie ee an ele oe x 55 x a
x| x Sel|| Xf A |) xo] 2s
a As 0 . oe . x es
see byine x sail! Gemtne less, tests
BGp|) oo. J wales Fev | WesCo etna fo Se phe Se TES <
x x ae x se >< x x x oo
52 lace lilt < x |/cxe Nine ¢ lees (ibe 3 3
x x os oe or x x x x x x
Ory oe ao oe a6 oe x x oe x oe
Bo |lecomiiee< aa eS < |e pa > Sl | a > a Mea
> cr ceae ear Kit antl fie it RO Se a x)
Xl ss ee | KAN ok! x} Xp ox] Ey x
° ae ee . x x x ee x x x
a up x ae x .
93
WRIGHT—LIST OF IRISH CRETACEOUS MICROZOA.
THE NORTH OF JRELAND OF THE CRETACEOUS MICROZOA.
‘WH 4peoy f,
“UOTE PANS
‘IMH Zuudg =
a10wAsu0 JW jo N
tae)
Laz)
"spooy anym §
Aowuyeg &
‘peeyH uo, go
‘uIJY UeJsoOIyT, OQ
‘ueyjesuNy
28
27
yueuet
*‘yulog uoleg =
‘ysnojuiey YP
‘uleuslsy) gf
‘sovig ysees
‘oojIajeM =O
‘20u2z1)
“UID TIPYPSM =
*AureoAyreg jog oO
“ousourexsqeyy &
“Aeg IM 222N OF
‘woqoifyeg =F
“suIqqeD JeaN OY
“peayyprig =F
HAMEMGR GBH GHd me HOR BaAGHAM +H SGkdoGq 6 HAwmtH GB K
ARH RW WO AANA A a a aagaaa ie) mA] Oe) a
a ee ne Ss
WoIKHM CW iad MMMM wmlT KKK = FAL PS ca, OM ow PA). Shoat “inh DA a OM .
SS ee ee KR YY SN eo SS eS et ee
MolK KH KK 1A ARK KKK ml KKK ai aS i Pe 2 MoS os cs ea :
UR it Pes nes CM KAR KK OTK: Calimeta oe ces v8 S aceaey te : BE PAT cor <0) 0 az
ee ee
Ao sk SS fags Sees ee lanc me ts a 5 ea ahiPM 5 : : :
5 a |S 5 Aw : of Seat Ge Fi 7 ow aos
HM KK OWS Bite oy best SME Sos bs SOS ee he Ceaics © utr, Soe s) PAL Sl eee :
at eet SS ee eae a a ee ei ee es ee eee
HRA DDK OM: Es acres Bet ease o> ees ie poaerhes asc
< Sw SS 2 AO See ee ae ee
MAW M DK DTK OTM DK Beat ab Bae ah SPAS AS sabe Ss sh cade ist tbs
Lain. Cm Onis. mel Lic | 7K IM OK: el a at ea ee BRM CE CAE Ce TIO RCC PRES Oy gt
AA KK IK: in :Khw TK CK 2: 1 RAH Chew Sea Clean! iment lane it el nit . :
a ee ee ee eee
HRB RRM SD WK KM MOK AK: rere i | os one eee Se Ss Sn :
KAR IAA Sane AK TRA Cece . S| hasan | Mae h acta eres || Se
Frondicularia tenuis, Reuss..
Frondicularia inversa, Reuss...
Frondicularia elliptica (Nilsson) . Sete “ich Ih Gon Hepa mone He Oo.2/F BG
Frondicularia mucronata, Reuss, v: var. Bry WA >: yl haa Line t,t x
Flabellina lingula, Voz Hagenow, VAL io eisyovell trae’ hare’ fare he ste? foarateell| be oe
Flabellina rugosa, D’Ord. risiiei= ileneleteierersfiete|l He Al isedl eed ada se tee
Flabellina reticulata, Reuss. piefeteietsyelciierervoi((@esXont| ater Me ill ost [hatch x | ox
Flabellina pulchra, D’Orb.. ‘
Flabellina pulchra, D’ Orb. Narrow neat
MoM eM pe:
eB
variety .
Flabellina pulchra, D Orb. ‘Smooth variety
with parallel sides ........:...00--
Flabellina ornata, Reuss.. BBR eee ae
Lingulina carinata, D’ Orb., VATS ie ns AB lace tT wae 41, soley Ml eet eee |e
Marginulina glabra, var. elongata, D'Or. oe HES Saal Goede lle a lint > eh lle
Marginulina bullata, Rezss. iidtis'eals
Marginulina radicula (Linn,)..
Marginulina seminotata, Reuss.
Marginulina raphanus (Zzzz.).. EP i Pa eae TR SP De i
Vaginulina (Marginulina) trilobata, ‘D'Orb. SSR fee AE er ETH Mora femt eet pal
Vaginulina (Citharina) harpa, Rov., var. nov.
Vaginulina costulata, Reuss. .
Vaginulina costulata, Rom. Variety thin ‘and
slightly curved...
Planularia sp., near Planularia longa, Cr ‘ornuel,
Planularia crepidula, D’Orb., een Fla-
bellina pulchra, BD Orbndvtsks waiexarell cate lines el eR oli ase liners Milnes
Cristellaria recta, D’Ord..
Cristellaria recta, D’Or2.; var. hamosa, "Reuss.
Cristellaria recta, D’Oré., near ce Bronni..
Cristellaria rotulata (Lam. Jove Plsspneuer retail tax
Cristellaria navicula, D'O7d. ......00..sie000]°% |. |'.. | ws | oe | oe | x
Cristellaria triangularis, D’ Orb. 6 x
Cristellaria (Saracenaria) Italica, ‘Defrance...
Cristellaria (Saracenaria) Italica, Defrance,
long sub-variety ........ side cdnaod
Polymorphina damzcornis, Reuss.
Pital
abd Na erariees
nw
Me
:é Dobe pet
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“u0TT]eD) PATS wn 4 KX Eat bal bee ee BT ss ba Sat ED ea, ee ge Se 10 be HK
TH Suds = PAR Se aoe te tpt Seek che capi tase oe cee ae ap oe Se a ee BS Soap
stow ADUOW JO"N Se toe | Ie at a en ee CO eee ee ieee ens eo Re SORES a Gok fase tS Ba oeip ap
‘syooy omy 8 ee pegs See Atte eee oe Se SIS |, ee BN ee Ss
‘Aowuyeq eet es
SOON, mel ey eee Bist am PAS Ge Pe tates cma th te She ath ag Lalas bearer a0 RO aes
Tey ts, epee eee
on ah Tehe Ie), ise ee Le
28)
x
x
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28
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“‘pireusls‘)
26 | 27
NorTH OF IRELAND OF THE CRETACEOUS MICROZOA—( Continued )
‘quIog uolIND
Ca a CIR Meo Oe hae et ea ee ie eeCeee rece we OT IES
“ysnojure)
25)
x
24
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
“UIIEUSTX) Sekt recmnces. Oet Oe
asaeig yseyes 2 * Omer Ph [amore Kn :K ta ta
‘oopajemy «8 Pee eet ee ee Ta 4 4 clot sruscos seo "
*20U71D) a a a PA SP Pe imitans aeons cere aaa en aou Me *
‘usTD PUPA oR Seapine ty eat r x r nw:
W RIGHT—LIsT OF IRISH CRETACEOUS MICROZOA.
“Auwos[[eg jog o 4 MW tM oe oo KM x PA x 4 r Mw DM x
‘quioWeioyseyyy Cea (SPF Sie 0 aa Semel ee hans pe an Dit 8 | BR os Ses fe een nS, WSU mS GME ts) ts
“keg [Ween Ff mneet mace | PA ce cai Se ancl sient pec bese Ae nites Sant casas ee cans
‘roqgoyhieq © Sg rear NS See Sees Mm DH ee lala C—O been ee Cam crit SOIOaE
*‘suIqqoy Ieany - 4 KKMM KH MMA HMM SMM SKM A i a et es Ba Ba! :
“‘peoyxoejg =] | Se, ea ER Ih Hl RE Re a Ae Ee aR Mr nee oe :
WRIGHT—LIST OF IRISH CRETACEOUS MICROZOA.
Ph Id., figs 5-02.00 00
TABLE SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE
S|
s rs
~ = = s
< 5 3 ~ | x 2
< J iC) Slselseliaulsel/e!3 a) a
g Oa Zlels m]/Olm] 5s]
List of Species. 8 a 5 a iS = a a Fi 3 2 s
fet) — (3) = fr! oO —< = isd ont - oO —
a oj;js] a 3 | Ss ° 2 si] eis oo; «a
Sl/Aa2/MIFlOl(a/elal lols ]/e/21
I 2 3 4 = 6 7 8 9 ! ro! im! 12} 13
82.| Polymorphina horrida, Reuss. . Lsode mel cote : Cottle t ae8 Ri IS x
83.| Polymorphina fusiformis, Romer............] -. |». . > Spi ees ll be Sih 2S ||) SS ¢
84.| Polymorphina regina, B. P. & ¥., var.......| «- : ; aes all uehiaasl ee Ban ec || co lead
85.| Uvigerina nodosa, D’O7b. 1.2.0... ce cece eee] oe | ae ort [Peetcted ere af tnele Boul SS). commer ‘:
86.| Globigerina cretacea, D’Ord.................| X | X FM i> al |\ee> Go) |< > fel > [t>. seal >. eB
87.| Globigerina bulloides, D’Ord................| X | .- ofaivalf metered | irate ks sie\gp nike al tnatoe | Tacs | ee
88.| Globigerina bulloides D’O7d., var. nov.,heaped] .. | .. oe eos Bat |? cont cee ieee has
89.| Globigerina marginata (Reuss, be ia sal baka laces se les Ihrer Kl rete Ra) Kahne
go.| Pullenia quinqueloba (Reuss) Keyes 3 el take pa eel ig >a real WIS
gi.| Textularia gibbosa, D’Oré. joer Reber eal eae de age tae Bae ad. ||) Sele ae flees
g2.| Textularia pupa, Rewss. ........000..00000..| X | es x - ce fous | KT KY ..
93-| Textularia sagittula, Defrance..............| X | X x x Dai 2S fh TEL th 2s
94-| Textularia trochus, D’O72.............0+ 50. Wfe as 3 36 dan vca | coeeea "ll! EA
g5-| Textularia turris, D’Ord.. 0.0.0.0... 00 eeee| + : x . x :
96.| Textularia turris, D’O7d., short and thick
Variety, As nee Aer me niet, sec. kc LPR Oe Ries eile Slime S B eae ly exeaileereri|t thc
G7: || Pextulania feedas Rexss... 50.0.6 cet. ones soe. K |) X Baal ey v\hcooy ees ba ised Sie all cel eee
98.| Textularia prelonga, Reuss. ......ceeeeeceee| oe | ee Mt cone en tay PEE ee 5 al ee
g9-| Textularia globulosa, Ekr.............000-.| X Bult 2 Sei fe 2S {hear xX/ KX} X/]..7 x
xoo.| Verneuilina triquetra (Mumster).............| X er aloe ohiap ek ifeekel EXORr ne
ror.| Gaudryina rugosa, D’Ord. 20... ee cece ee ee | oe : el ie > Sal lies ol fas
1o02z.| Gaudryina pupoides, D’Ové. ; var. pralonga,
TET SS TS HACE o DARE Dele screen Seer ee Lacie | nce (OPN 55 (hose iieoe Ee be se hes Gah la ge Ine
1O3.|) Enitaxia triquetra (Mlanster)i. ss vecccesssee-|*se | X [ooo | ve | we flee | =e mea h o alle 3
Len PenliminaLbresletcezss san aces. eeendac tease les. fee ("lee sete ttee Sr ee Sail = Seo Gale 4
Toys Poulsninalovulum, Resse. seh. hebeecacscse«| eka) & | X | xX | es | x | & Ko} XS | xs Sx
106.| Bulimina brevis, D’Ord. ............ 2G || >. Gillie PUT I> Sali BS flee > Sy >< CS, ee 2 Sele fim Sal ess
LOyp || Leleibheainey tse aE ly W777 OG§Ia dans onooneollds \taen|| Seles de i aaileso Hood) SSH as los sell 5.
108. Bulimina regularis, sp. nov. Yones, MS...... co five J ow | ae | EK] ee » [os . o [oe | ae
TOO: SPA UMMINA)SPs eis ieiecxs'eeaicdisalecte vis ee ecets Kg Mee es: lfc cl een | Sere ets Oe freee te eel een ae
Tio MViKeuhinal tesnlata, Rewss, varsevakcolecscsene|’ |e) |X bees | & few a x ee ee oe x
111.| Bolivina decorata, sp. nov. Yones, MS.......) x | x]. ]..]..] x] x]..] x] x] xi] x]..
AMP BOVINA, (SPs oc ke paGteled iutabe aw ae selon be sean eas ol tre-'| ase. illo em ea ees o) fuiers dl eo in| ote ere a ate
113-| | Pleurostomella fusiformis, Revss.............| X | -- |. |. |. | x} xX]. | xl xt xtxt.
134.| Planorbulina exsculpta, Reuss ..............] X |. |. |. |. | x | X Cl Wee SS lie > clip CRD
z15-| Planorbulina ammonoides (Rewss.)..........) x] x| x| x] x] x] x]..]/ x] x] x!/xi]x
116.} Planorbulina ammonoides (Reuss), var. with
extra Shell-prowEbt critica ds peiseicscdsseeoel! Kate & (tk irik [toc | oe IP x xX/ x} x/] x] x
117.| Planorbulina crenulata (Reuss)..............] X |. |. |. |... | x] x >, Si > Sint i> Sie >. Shi lame
1x8.| Truncatulina lobatula (W. & $.) ..........| X¥ |... |. | x]..] x] x we Mreeo ie Seals elle ee
x1g.| Pulvinulina Micheliniana (D’Oré.)..........| xX | ..| x] x! x]... x KE Se ea a ox
120.| Rotalia orbicularis (D’Ord.), var. ..........| x] x}. | x]... |] x] x xX] X] xX} x] x
121.| Rotalia vel Planorbulina ?, with each chamber
symmetrically perforated ..............4. 9 x +
122,| Ramulina levis, gen. et sp. nov. ¥oves ...... : ae x
123.| Ramulina brachiata, sp. nov. ¥omes........+- +
Sponce Spicuta, &c.
124.| Acerate spiculum. PI. II., figs. rx & 2........] .. > Mae. IlheBcoullens 28 |e 50 ae 3
125.| Attenuato-acuate spiculum. PI. II., fig. 3 ..| x =p {een | fe coe | ee 2.9) [| 5° x :
126.| Moniliform attenuato-acuate spiculum. Pl. II.,
ELSA ets ieh bo aya hb To a afSVulofctcysis arab lo vate ‘eiaheaa toot: x x x {| x 4
127.| Furcated porrecto-ternate moniliform spiculum
seas Seevvecsvoencc| ve x e AC x x x .
97
WRIGHT—LIST OF IRISH CRETACEOUS MICROZOA.
NortH oF IRELAND OF THE CRETACEOUS MICROZOA—( Continued).
‘tH Apeay
"UOTTTZD SATIS
‘WH Suds
exz0wAsuoy Jo"NN
‘spooy ay
‘Aoquyyeg = &
‘pesy oy 8
‘uJ UesOIT,
‘uryiesuny
yueuyg §
*‘quIOg uolIeN, ‘Q
‘ysnojuzey «=P
“OO[1IIE AA
s0uzT)
‘uz1D eYPPA 8
*ArreoAqjeg Jo'S
‘quioulvisysey = &
‘Aeg INA 1e2N Of
‘aoqoudyed =
‘suiqqoeg weaN
peapprid =<
SS OP oy AR sh eet Sd MoseMiM se See rM ss ew fo Kw ok Me oo: lUK
Pali RS IRE RR i ea ade BUR alas a Oe OS i RC AC ie ee EO baits = Bes Mt!
ee es ee ee ee ee ee ee oe eee oe ee eee ee ee
Sede Sy SEPRS Shece SY ONY GS SiG) ee DAR oes. ie ees Spe oe) At eS ee Si Stearn: Se es
a oe A he ae Bs ee pe eee
ar sted cSt SPT eee ar Shy Sh SERRE Spee ree) cara) Sing) is SUN y tse greDap PORDAS ga Sic mena ae meee es
Best SAL SES Sy ee rae shy PIS Dae ees Ce etme Memes ati esac), ML Sean Sa mime Sa area Oran ness
ne ee Eh ae ees eer Ney er ee Se ere ee Oe ei Se ae ee
aS) il CMe ne Tee Reimer pi {osm Bibel fe ORO etree ee CT Ios ret OO fa GCs Si ees
ee ee oe eee ea ee ee ee ee ne ee
Bera eM ie Mee (eer wae coh ag SD ee WPMMYER cgre Mes Soe NM BOM So Sues co smeceee corte Bley (Gn os aa oe aaa Spee ee oe
eee ee ee: ee: ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee
Pear ee Doe St SPAT Se sh TR LRG Sb gu sa te Subd ePA Pda) = Subd SU dM es Ail St Rear
a en a ee ee ee ee ee hee Seer ee errs. rt rE eee ee
gy Seep PN igs PNLcaeneg iar ral oBmc= Stes Sata vats Now seem mst GLA Da neal AP EESTI GSI GG Sued tsa
Hea a ae Ras CCT lc re oe th MCL ESE a he
a a Do ga a a a a a a la i ne
Shocsce jus SAP ges Sh A Ra Seen de sO eel tc Di ASA sleek nus ean Wee SA Dee Set Sees
eee Gear ae ea We mee ee ne
ila La er eet Le aera Lil st hte Lb eee a ch tec int Olaet wi & RYE) lal 8
eee eens Ce encny ee ne tre Seats see ee we ee
ASM K st tw tw ts KRM CAM eM Le a | ~~ mM
Ra a IL a iL a LO A > fh > aI > MY Sef | 0 Se x
135. | Furcated ‘attenuato- patento- ‘ternate “spiculum.
Ph. -Il. igs 27% Se “If exe aK
136.| Fureated ‘attenuato- patento- -ternate spiculum.
PIU. tig. ae
137-| Recurvo- ternate spiculum. "Pl. 1 fig. 09.
138.| Spiculum. nov. PI. III., fig. 1.
139-| Spiculum, Pl. III. figs. 2& 3° epee 5
140.| Porrecto-ternate spiculum. Tee te ‘fig. 20..| xX
141.| Porrecto-ternate spiculum. Pl. II., fig. 21 .
142.| Porrecto-ternate spiculum PI. II., fig. 22 .
143. | Attenuated rectangulate hexradiate spiculum,
Pl. IIL, figs. 4 & 5 aooan oni oS
144. | Skeleton fibres. Pl. iit, "figs 6& 7 dessus .
145-| Skeleton fibres. Pl. III.. figs. 8 & ae 4
146.| Skeleton fibres. Pl. III., fig. 10. ey a
AAS
SPONGE SPICULA-
147.| Sphero-stellate spiculum. PI. III., fig. 11 .
148. | Recurvo-dentate custevate spiculum. 1 Pl. IL.,
fig. 23.
149- | Spiculum ? ? Plate Th, ‘fig. 5, ie As .
150. | Spiculum? Plate III., fig. 13 . >¢
FoRAMINIFERA.
: sent wees 28 i Ow pee Gm
ee oat cine > laste a am 2
: : Rein Seay oo Scertrraate ean eS Dawe ee eT ce
: Sate gtmecamr a :
: «an Sarg iss pas) bape be = ms
; og Be aia te Kl ara iw Roe aimee et :
x128.| Equiangular triradiate spiculum. Pl. II.,fig.6) .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
129.| Spiculated equiangular triradiate seeulina =
PILI. Pfigs 7) (os: 25) VES oiaes Ra | exalt ele x
130. Incipiently expanso- ternate ‘spiculum. “PL T.:
15. | Spiroplecta preelonga, (Rezss).. | HEL
~_—
99
WRIGHT—LIsT OF IRISH CRETACEOUS MICROZOA.
NortTH oF IRELAND OF THE CRETACEOUS MIcROzO0A—( Continued).
‘tH Apeoy
MOTTE) PACTS
“IH Sursds
a1ouAaUO PT JO'N
“SYOOM SIM
ome
‘prey 107,
“UIJAT ULISOLT,
‘ueyjosin'y
ioe)
N
BB ISE USTs)
*‘JUIOg UoOTIeL)
mg *‘ysnojure)
*ulIeUs[s)
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OO]IOIE AA
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22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26
21
usTD ITeGPea
‘ArreokT[eg Jo ‘Ss
*UIOUIeIOY SEY
“Aeg TINA T¥9N
*aqoyAyeg
*suIqqoy IeaNy
*‘peoyyorig
rs ' 16117 | 18! 19 | 20
14
* ££ 88 § 8B & B BSRSees Sie Soh &
pal Lal oe Ll nm nn Lal io | Lie inn | ~~ PO a al Lal
ah eich sep eeeRe etal ej atal Clann! 1 Be Se peor She Sees 2
MK we > Kh Me WM Me WM KM MOM OM Seo ha :
TPE cH tye Pm PG tr aetcteee™ a akes easel pd eed gee ere ;
bss ee ee ese ee rx tee On al hs SO RD er ees :
Bama Apr me eset eee VANe thd PNW cians aerate aetna ORO pdb SON -Te eters :
1 MORK 5 MOM MH MIM Ew Ss Wee 5 es :
39 op Soe etilint ON acai, “Oc acre Dg) pea em peed Novem rger pd ate Se anaes 5
eh ee) Se emma fe OR OE es EO af ae 1D Seer
SR RR 3 > Md KH KHMMM 2M ORR: Reece 3
ae ee A ee pees ae ee eal
PO RSS Aly SES Saale Pa ea) ae sie pcan peer aS 5
eS eS Ua etgamer MnO.) °C! Sa lime f Siti a fe eI Cee §
Mowe Kf Wh KM TMK MMM MK re
ene a ier ee cE ce He BE ip nae Sore sae :
i oi ee ee ease ate OCC ae Oe Se aane :
Ha eee et RE er kc er a har tle RT giee CeO eare ee eer :
ee i co a eS ec tS ec ae 5 (ee *
x ow Satsaishes/ ieee ss :
. x x oo nM WK MM “4
~ we Me MoM ob A ae | re]
ee ei eS (ric ic a eS ae
x Saget Avs ial Se Peale meet as Hie Se Rae
ce FEB loa
ae Erovr et tinea (| 6
aed Te)
et
ae -,
«
BELFAST NAL FIELD OR Ee
133
ARCHER & SONS LITH BELFAST
WRIGHT —IRISH CRETACEOUS MIGROZOA.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
[The figures in parentheses refer to the numbers in the List of Species. ]
Figs. 1, 2 (124)
29
29
29
”?
39
29
2?
3 (125)
4 (126)
5 (127)
6 (128)
7 (129)
8 (130)
9 (131)
10 (131)
Le (132)
13 (133)
14, 15, 16 (134)
17 (135)
18 (136)
19 (137)
20 (140)
21 (141)
22 (142)
23 (148)
Acerate spicula. Springhill, Co. Derry.
Altenuato-acuate spiculum. Springhill, Co. Derry.
Moniliform attenuato-acuate spiculum. Springhill, Co.
Derry.
Furcated porrecto-ternate moniliform spiculum. Keady
Hill, Co. Derry.
Lquiangular triradiate spiculum. Moira, Co, Down.
Spiculated equiangular triradiate spiculune. Moira,
Co. Down.
Incipiently expanso-ternate spiculum. Glenariff, Co.
Antrim.
Expando-ternate spiculum (immature) Cave Hill,
Co. Antrim.
Expando-ternate spiculum. Sallagh Braes, Co. Antrim.
Expando-ternate spicula, with cylindrical radi. Sallagh
Braes, Co. Antrim.
furcated attenuato-patento-ternate spiculum (constricted).
136. Plane of the radiz. Slieve Gallion, Co. Derry.
Furcated attenuato-patento-ternate spicula. Sallagh Braes,
Co. Antrim.
Furcated attenuato-patento-ternate spiculum., 176. Plan
of the radit. Springhill, Co. Derry.
Furcated attenuato-patento-ternate spiculum. Cave Hill,
Co. Antrim.
Recurvo-ternate spiculum. 196. Plane of the radit.
Sallagh Braes, Co. Antrim.
Porrecto-ternate spiculum. Torr Head, Co. Antrim.
Porrecto-ternate spiculum. Sallagh Braes, Co. Antrim.
Porrecto-ternate spiculum. Sallagh Braes, Co. Antrim.
hRecurvo-dentate quaternate spiculum. 236. Plane of the
radiz. South of Ballycarry Station, Co. Antrim.
The figures are all enlarged—the line at the side of each indicates the
natural size.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
[The figures in parentheses refer to the numbers in the List of Species. ]
Fig. \1 (138)
oy 2S (139)
Be A (143)
> 5 (143)
nO (144)
Bey (144)
Pee) (145)
29 (145)
»» 10 (146)
pp (147)
5, 12 (149)
33.13 (150)
yaa AS ( 82 )
5g 1G (81)
a i / (81)
a5. ite, (121)
» 19 (122)
” 20 (123)
Spiculum—new. 16. Side view. Keady Hill, Co.
Derry.
Spicula. 26, 36. Side wews. Sallagh Braes, Co.
Antrim,
Attenuated-rectangulate hexradiate spiculum. Spring-
hill, Co. Derry.
Attenuated-rectangulate hexradiate spiculum. Bally-
tober, Co. Antrim.
Fragment of Skeleton fibre. Sallagh Braes, Co. Antrim.
Fragment of Skeleton fibre, same as the preceding one,
Sront view. South of Ballycarry Station, Co, Antrim.
Fragment of Skeleton fibre. Sallagh Braes, Co. Antrim.
Fragment of Skeleton fibre. Keady Hill, Co. Derry.
Fragment of Skeleton fibre. Ballintry, Co. Antrim.
Sphero-stellate spiculum, Sallagh Braes, Co. Antrim.
Spiculum? 126, Side view. Ballytober, Co. Antrim.
Spiculum? South of Ballycarry Station, Co. Antrim.
Polymorphina horrida, Reuss. Near the Gobbins, Co.
Antrim.
Polymorphina damecornis, Reuss. 166. Upper surface.
South of Ballycarry Station, Co. Antrim.
Polymorphina damecornts, Reuss. Near the Gobbins,
Co, Antrim.
Rotalia vel Planorbulina? With each chamber symmet-
rically perforated. Black Hill, Co. Antrim.
Ramulina levis, gen. et sp. nov. Jones. Sallagh Braes,
Co. Antrim.
Ramulina brachiata, sp. nov. Jones. Keady Hill, Co.
Derry.
The figures are all enlarged—the line at the side of each indicates the
natural size.
BELFAST NAT. FIELD CLUB
SLATE Lth
Wn SWANSTON DEL.
ARCHER & SONS LITH. BLLFAST
WRIGHT ~-IRISH CRETACEOUS MICROZOA.
ee Ee ok ey eV
RE ©. ee No
Forammifera of Doton and Antrim,
As it is intended to issue, from time to time, further
Lists of the Fauna, Flora, Fossils, and Anti-
guities of the North of Ireland, Members are
requested to preserve this Appendix for binding
wth those to be tssued in the future.
oe ie ee a Sa
fTon, Assoc. of the Belfast Nat. Hist. and Phil, Soc.,
AND
CHARLES LAPWORTH, F.GS.
PUBLISHED BY
Mee BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB
fee se EN di OX de Vo
KF ENE
Foramimfera of Dotun ay Antrim,
BY
JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G:S,,
flon, Assoc. of the Belfast Nat. Hist. and Phil. Soc.
CORRELATION
OF THE
SILURIAN ROCKS OF THE CO. DOWN,
WILLIAM SWANSTON, F.GS.,
flon. Assoc. of the Belfast Nat. Hist. and Phil. Soc.,
AND
CHARLES LAPWORTH, F.G:S.
PUBLISHED BY
Pak BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB
. an h
oe act Ge
[Proceedings Belfast Naturalists Field Club—Appendix, 1876=77.]
RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF DOWN AND ANTRIV.
By JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G:S.
oe
NOTWITHSTANDING the many fine bays and loughs which indent our coast,
and the facility thus afforded for studying our recent Foraminifera, the subject
has hitherto received but little attention from Irish naturalists, In the year
1858 Prof. Williamson published his Monograph on the recent British Forami-
nifera (1), and through its pages are frequent references to species found in
Ireland. Most of these were collected by the late George C. Hyndman, in
Carnlough Bay. The year previous to this a series of dredgings had been taken
in Belfast Lough, under the auspices of the British Association; the fine ma-
terial thus obtained was examined by Prof. Williamson, ana yielded 24 species
of Foraminifera.
In 1864 a paper was read by Dr. Alcock before the Lit. and Phil. Soc.,
Manchester, on Natural History Specimens from Connemara. (2.) It included
a very instructive and complete list of Foraminifera, numbering no less than 60
species. They were all collected from shore sand, and one locality, viz., Dog’s
Bay, Roundstone, Connemara. From these three sources we have a list of 65
species, and they comprise all that was known of Irish Foraminifera up to
1875. (3.)
In the autumn of 1875 a number of the Belfast naturalists joined
Mr. Thomas Workman, in his yacht Denburn, for the purpose of dredging in
Belfast Lough and waters adjacent; and thus commenced a series of dredging
(z.) Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, 1858.
(2.) Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Manchester, Vol. IV., No. 15. Session 1864-5, p. 192.
(3.) In Thompson’s Natural History of Ireland a list of 31 Foraminifera are given, but
as in several of these it is uncertain what species were meant, no notice is taken of them in the
above estimate.
102 WrIGHT—RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF DOWN AND ANTRIM.
operations which have been the means of adding considerably to our knowledge
of the Foraminifera around our coast. Gatherings have been taken at 29 sta-
tions ; 7 of these were from Strangford Lough, and the remainder from Belfast
Lough and Channel outside ; 6 were from between tides, the others were from
depths varying from 4 to 72 fms., the greatest depths attained being in the
vicinity of the Maiden Lighthouses. Strangford Lough was dredged in com-
pany with Mr. 8. A. Stewart, F.B.S.E.; the others with Mr. Wm. Swanston,
F.G.S., to whose hearty co-operation much of the success attending these ex-
cursions is due. Already 110 species have been found, or about 65 per cent.
of our British forms. All of these, with the exception of Zagena striato-punctata,
occur in Belfast Lough and waters outside, and 95 in Strangford Lough.
I have also examined 9 shore gatherings from various places round our
N.E. coast ; these have been contributed by Mr. Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A. They
have been collected with great care from rich foraminiferal sand (see note on
table appended). The results of the examination of these gatherings is given
in the first nine columns of Table lettered A to I.
Strangford Lough is a fine landlocked bay, 21 miles long by about 5 to 7
miles wide, and connected with the sea by a narrow channel 8 miles long,
through which the tides rush in and out furiously. The lough is studded over
with innumerable islands and sunken rocks, the depths being very variable, in
parts attaining 30 to 35 fms. Its waters abound in marine life, especially star-
fishes, the dredges frequently coming up quite choked with them. The Fora-
minifera, though not so numerous in species as in Belfast Lough, are usually of
finer proportions, more especially the JZz/olida, which are unusually large and
numerous. At the upper end of the lough the water becomes more or less
brackish, as may be inferred from the occurrence of the brackish water forms,
Trochammina inflata, and macrescens, Quingueloculina fusca, and Polystomella
striato-punctata, in shore gatherings taken at Greyabbey and Newtownards.
Belfast Lough being more convenient for operations than Strangford Lough
has been better examined ; the water is shallow throughout, but gets gradually
deeper as we near its mouth. From White Head on its northern entrance to
Orlock Point on its southern side, the greatest depth is 9 to 10 fms., the deepest
parts being near the northern shore ; and this continues also to be the case out-
side the lough. Three miles off the Gobbins, a bold headland situated three
miles N.E. of White Head, the water attains a depth of 60 to 70 fms., and in
the vicinity of the Maiden Lighthouses 70 to 100 fms. Here, however, the
bottom is rocky, and yields little or no fine material. The tides all round the
coast run with great violence. Too much stress cannot be laid on the necessity
WRIGHT—RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF DOWN AND ANTRIM. 103
of selecting slack tides for dredging these parts, as otherwise the operations are
certain to end in disappointment and failure.
A table is appended of the stations from which the various gatherings
were taken, with particulars of bathymetrical range, nature of sea bottom,
weight of material brought up, and number of species found. As the quantity
of material dredged varied greatly at different stations, it appeared desirable to
record the weight collected at each place, so as to arrive at a correct estimate
of the relative abundance of foraminiferal life at the various places. (1.)
To my friend Mr. Henry B. Brady, F.R.S., I am deeply indebted for the
kind assistance he has rendered me in the critical examination of the doubtful
species ; and likewise to my friend Mr. William Swanston, F.G,S., for the accu-
rate and artistic drawings in the plate which accompanies this memoir.
The following Foraminifera deserve a passing notice, viz. :—
BILOCULINA RINGENS, (ZamA.).
Generally distributed at various depths. A variety of this species is not
uncommon in deep water, small in size, and in contour approaching B. sphera.
TRILOCULINA OBLONGA, (Montagu).
Very abundant in Strangford Lough, where the specimens are large and
typical ; in Belfast Lough it is rare, and the specimens usually small.
LITUOLA GLOBIGERINIFORMIS, P. and F.
Not unfrequent in Belfast Lough and Strangford Lough; and it also occurs
plentifully in Cork Harbour and Kinsale Harbour.
LAGENA SULCATA, W. and 7.
The costze on this species are sharply defined, about every alternate one
extending up the neck, round which they are usually somewhat twisted.
LAGENA COSTATA, (W2//.).
This species differs from the last in being entosolenian; in full-grown ex-
amples the shell is spherical, with the coste slightly raised and very regular,
extending to near the neck, where they usually end abruptly, the remainder
being smooth, as is also the neck, which is short. The texture of the shell is
more glassy than in Z. sa/cata. Williamson’s figure represents a young speci-
(z.) A very ingenious dredge has been constructed by Mr. David Robertson, F.G.S., of
Glasgow. It dips deep into the bottom and fills quickly. It has an advantage over the ordi-
nary dredges in this respect, as each haul brings up a very uniform quantity of the sea bottom.
See notes on the recent Foraminifera and Ostracoda of the Firth of Clyde, by David Robert-
son, F'.G.S.—Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow, Vol. V., Part I., p. x12.
104 WRIGHT—RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF DOWN AND ANTRIM.
men; in this state it has no neck, the shell is thin and sufficiently transparent to
show the internal tube.
LAGENA WILLIAMSONI, (Alcock).
This form differs from Lagena costata, to which it is closely allied, in being
smaller in size, less spherical in shape, and the sulci more sharply defined _ Its
chief peculiarity, however, is in the neck, which is short, and formed of two
distinct portions—the first directly continuous with the body, and ornamented
with two or three rows of hexagonal reticulations; the second a small cylindrical
tube, continued from the centre of it. This form is abundant everywhere round
our coast, and common in the Estuarine Clay at Magheramorne, County Antrim.
LAGENA STRIATO-PUNCTATA, P. and F.
A few examples of this Zagena were met with in Strangford Lough; one
specimen was also found in Cork Harbour. Abundant in the Estuarine Clay at
Magheramorne, County Antrim (1).
LAGENA HISPIDA, Reuss. ,
Ovate, surface covered with numerous blunt spines having a tendency to
run into one another in longitudinal rows; a very rare species, only a few ex-
amples having been found. It is new to Britain.
LAGENA JEFFREYSII, Brady.
Only one example found ; transverse section round. Mr. H. B. Brady,
F,R.S., informs me “ that the species is usually slightly quadrate in transverse
contour, but sometimes quite round; is always slightly aculeate; the aculei quite
spinous and pointed, very numerous and minute, and the neck commorly with
spiral ornamentation. It often has to be washed with hot solution of some al-
kali to get the encrusting dirt off, as it seems without this a mere rough form
that catches dirt.”
LAGENA TRIGONO-MARGINATA, P. and 7.
A three-sided form of Lagena marginata, Very rare,
LAGENA OBLONGA, (Seguenza).
A three-sided form of Zagena lucida. Very rare. A few examples have
been found in the Estuarine Clay at Magheramorne, County Antrim.
(r.) I am indebted to my friend Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., for his opinion on this
Lagena and for some of the other Foraminera given in this list.
WrIGHT—RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF DOWN AND ANTRIM. 105
VAGINULINA LEGUMEN, (Zzz.).
Large and abundant in the deep water of Strangford Lough,
VAGINULINA LINEARIS, (Montagu).
Large and abundant in the deep water in the vicinity of the Maiden Light-
houses.
TINOPORUS LUCIDUS, Brady MS.
Generally distributed, but usually occurring in a very fragmentary state.
Living specimens were found in the deep water in Strangford Lough, as also in
the vicinity of the Maiden Lighthouses. This species is abundant in Dog’s
Bay, Connemara ; it also occurs in Kinsale Harbour; and Cork Harbour. A
few examples have been met with in the Estuarine Clay, Magheramorne, County
Antrim.
DIsCORBINA PARISIENSIS, (D’Ord.).
This species has not hitherto been recorded as British. It was first found
in shore sand near Greyabbey, Strangford Lough; spire depressed, and exhibit-
ing in fine state the characteristic dotted lines on the inferior surface. It has
since been found in abundance in several of the shallow water gatherings in
Belfast Lough, the specimens being usually more conical than those from Grey-
abbey (see figs 2a, 24). It has been also found in Kinsale Harbour, and occurs,
fossil, in the Estuarine Clay at Magheramorne, County Antrim. Mr. H. B.
Brady writes me with reference to this species :—-“ The specimens of Descorbina
parisiensis are all very minute, and they vary considerably in contour, some
having the thin sharp edge, and low conical figure of D’Orbigny’s Models,
whilst others are round-edged and thicker; all have the characteristic striation
of the inferior surface. The latter variety approximates closely to the charac-
ters of D. obtusa, and suggests the near relationship of the two forms. Itshould
be observed that D. paristensis has been obtained of the Rev. A. M. Norman,
in dredgings from the North Atlantic, whilst D. od¢wsa is not only of frequent
occurrence in the Arctic Seas, but has been found on our own shores.”
Fig. 1.
99
39
99
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Discorbina parisiensis,(D’Orb.). 1a,upper surface; 1 4, lower surface;
I c, edge view, x 60, diam.; 1d, fragment of lower surface, showing
structure, greatly enlarged, Shore sand, Greyabbey, Strangford
Lough, County Down.
Discorbina parisiensis,(D’Orb.). 2 a, upper surface; 2 4, lower surface;
2¢, edge view; x 60diam. Off Grey Point, 6 fms.
Trochammina gordialis, P. andJ. x6odiam. Off Black Head, 20
fms.
Tinoporus lucidus, Brady MS. 4 a, upper surface; 4 4, edge view;
x 40 diam. White Knowe, Strangford Lough, 6 fms.
Tinoporus lucidus, Brady MS. Encrusting a stem of polyzoan; x 30
diam. Off Maiden Lighthouses, 60 fms.
Lituola globigeriniformis, P.and J. x6odiam. Off Maiden Light-
houses, 60 fms.
Lagena hispida, Reuss. x 60diam. Off Black Head, 18 fms.
Lagena trigono-marginata, P. andj. 8 a, side view; 84, end view
showing aperture; x 60 diam. Off White Head, 7 fms.
Lagena oblonga, (Seguenza). 9a, side view; 9 4, end view, showing
aperture; x 60 diam. Off White Head, ro fms.
Lagena sulcata, W.and J. x 6odiam. Off Black Head, 18 fms.
Lagena costata, (Will.). x 60diam. Off Black Head, 18 fms.
Lagena costata, (Will.). A young specimen, x 60 diam. Off Maiden
Lighthouses, 60 fms.
Lagena costata, (Will.). Bilocular, x 60 diam. Off Orlock Point,
11 fms.
Lagena Williamson, (Alcock). x 60 diam, Off White Knowe, Strang-
ford Lough, 6 to 8 fms.
Lagena Feffreysii, Brady. x 60 diam. Off Maiden Lighthouses,
62 fms,
LT
Ltoc. Leltast Bat Field Cth 18676 77 Aopendiz)
ARCHER & SONS. LITH
FORAMINIFERA OF DOWN AND ANTRIM
WRIGHT
SWANSTON, DEL
Ww
LIST OF LOCALITIES, WITH PARTICULARS OF DEPTH, &c.
Localities.
Bathymetrical
range.
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
x | Conswater, between Railway Bridges, brackish ..
| Holywood’Bank .0 ee ee tee
3,| Between Carrickfergus and Kilroot <.
; Ley uaa Baton Sores
8 | Of Carickt e a
Bangor Bays css
8) of Bangor Ba,
9
Off Grey Point—Mid-chaiinel .
10 | Off White Head
x1 | Off White Head
13 | Off Orlock Point
a
16 | 2 Miles N.W. of Copeland Islas
if Lam
17 | Miles NIE. of Lame ..
Miles N.E. of Donaghadee
19 | a Miles N.E. of Muck Island
20 | 2 Miles S. of Maiden Lighthouses
21 | 3 Miles S.S.E. of Maiden Lighthouses
32 | 3 Miles SINE, of Maiden Lighthouses =. |.
23 | Near Newtownards, Strangford Lough, brackish |-
24 | Near Greyabbey, Strangford Lough, slightly brackish
orf Son Island, Strangford Lough . . .
97)||OW ar Rock Strangford Lough! ss) Gee
28 | Off Dononeill, Strangford Lough or ak +: -
29 | Off Marlpool, Strangford Loug] ” ae, 7
15 to 18 fms
20 fms
13 fms
14 fms
2a {ms
a5 fms
50 fms
60 fms
62 fms
fms
jetween tides
ditto
6to 8 fms
8 to 10 fms
ro to 15 fms
1a {ms
20 to a5 fins
Relative |Number of
Sea Bottom. juantities| Species
jof material) from each
examined,| locality.
Sand i
Sand 3}
Sand re
ski x
Sand a
Sand ) ce
Sand ar
Sand 3 %
Sand a a
Mud rn Pr alb
Fine sand :. | mW eg
Finesand .. 1 alb 6
Fine sand ab 4
Sand and dead shells 9 oz 49
Coraline .. ah B
Sand/and dead shells : oz 56
Sand and dead shells .. .. 3 lb 8 or 6
Muddy sand and dead shells .. : Ib 76
Coraline and mud—two gatherings ui] 2b 66
Sandanddead shells... 3b Bo
‘Said arr Bb 8
Mud, sand, shells, Polyzoa—si 6 lb soz 92
Sand aalb or
Sponges. oz 67
Sandvand shells 11b 9 ox 7B
Dead shells . ror 21
Sand and dead shells rIbacr | 38
Stones and shells. : 4or FA
Sand “ . . Bib 5
CO co oe ech s s05 em OH rie ger slbr30z| 77
Sand and Zoophytes—several gatherings |...) 1102 &
Sand - “ - . | 61b 6
Sand “ we . " eee 23
Mud and sand .. oe . | Bib 85
Sand ae o alb Sor 2B
Sandand shells, albraoz| 54
Bandandshells 3.0 6.00 se ees ID 7
Cato cpr ea toe a ee sib o
3 5 é ah iS
Note. —The first nine gatherings, lettered A to T, have been sent me by Mr. Wm. Gray, M-R.I.A., accompanied with a note giving the following particu
““Herewith 1 send you nine samples Foraminiferal sand.” All the samples were collected off the surface of the beach sand, along the fringes of the wave lines lefty the
ling tide. In some cases I was able to take a cleaner gathering of the organic remains than in others. However, I would not place any value
bay gate of sand and organic remains from the respective stations, as the proportion must vary with the condition, time,
rings were made.
season, and weather under which the several
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Fea ae A nalna glover, Ann” Sd. Ns Wal Vittp ni, Se 13
PuarennUiiny DOT yas, ann Sch Naty Vol, VIL p28) NO% DI figs 46, Mose N79
Tauacarouina, Orb Kanmacher), Adam! Keays on the Mier.scope, nd ol. p 642, pl 14 Big. 30) ow
a, meme ae Ferree rer r= ISERIES eT li
uLinthins, ahd eases
reparda, (and, bart one
7
aoa Palo
F SSss Se SE FF,
8 2S Sh EF BRL oR Ss
3
[Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club— Appendix, 1876=77.]
QN THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF THE COUNTY DOWN.
Part I.—CoRRELATION.
BY WILLIAM SWANSTON, F.G.S., .
fion, Assoc. of the Belfast Nat. Hist.-and Phil, Soc.
i —___
INTRODUCTION.
IN a paper which I had the honour of reading before the Club in March, 1875,
T endeavoured to give some particulars of a series of fossils which I had obtained
from the Silurian rocks of the County Down. At that time I had succeeded in
procuring them from only one locality—Coalpit Bay, near Donaghadee,—and
the results did not exceed fifteen species. Further research in the same locality,
and a more extended examination of the district, have been rewarded by a large
addition to the list, affording better evidence than has hitherto been available
for determining the geological position of the rocks in which they are found.
The Silurian rocks of County Down form part of an area which is rudely
triangular in form. A line drawn from Grey Point on the shore of Belfast
Lough in a south-westerly direction through Holywood, along the valley of the
Lagan, by Lisburn and Waringstown, would mark its north-western boundary.
The Irish Sea bounds it on the east, and to the south the Carboniferous lime-
stone forms the base of the figure by an irregular line running westward from
Drogheda. It comprises the greater parts of the Counties of Down, Armagh,
Monaghan, Louth, Meath, and Cavan. The district is an agricultural one,
its surface of an undulating or hillocky character, possessing few elevations
deserving the title of mountains, the granitic areas of Mourne, Carlingford,
and Ballynahinch being excepted. It is not intended in the present paper to
G
108 SWANSTON—SILURIAN ROcKs OF Co. Down.
do more than notice the rocks whick occupy the north-eastern portion of the
area situated wholly in the County Down.
PREVIOUS NOTICES OF THE DISTRICT.
Perhaps the earliest reference to the rocks of this area is that by Drs.
Berger and Conybeare, made in 1816. (1) These pioneers of Irish Geology
pointed out the similarity between the County Down rocks and those of South
Scotland. On the large geological map compiled by Sir Richard Griffith in 1839
the area is put down as Clay-slate or Greywacke-slate belonging to the Transition
series. Dr. Bryce in 1852 stated as follows (2) :—‘‘ The County Down con-
tained two granitic tracts which seem to have been elevated at different epochs,
They are separated from one another, and each is wholly enclosed by a thick
band of metamorphic slate, gneissose in its lower part, and passing upwards
into flinty and common clay-slate. Superimposed conformably upon these are
other slates of less crystalline type, whose aggregate thickness is enormous,
and whose upper portions have yielded a few imperfect fossils, which seem to
make them reterable to the Lower Silurian Group ; but as yet no definite line
has been made out to justify a classification,” Sir Roderic Murchison states
in 1854 (3) :—‘‘ It is believed that the Schists of Down are of the same age as
the Graptolitic Schists of Wigton and Galloway.” J. Beete Jukes, F.R.S., after
referring to the Chair of Kildare, which contains Bala fossils (4), states that
‘‘another great tract of apparently similar beds stretches from the centre of Ire-
land, Cavan, &c., to the coast of Down. Among these, however, a portion
certainly belongs to the Llandeilo Flags, as near Bellewstown, on the confines
of Dublin and Meath, an assemblage of Llandeilo fossils were found.”
Many years ago it was known to members of the Club that Graptolites
occurred in the County Down, and specimens were obtained by them at Tully-
garvan, near Saintfield, from the debris of a shaft which was there sunk in the
Silurian rocks in search for coals (5); none were, however, sufficiently perfect for
identification,
(1). Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Vol. III.
(2). Report of the British Association (1852).
(3). Siluria (7854)—foot note, p. 166.
(4). Manual of Geology (1862), p. 454.
(5). The slightest knowledge of the evidence furnished by these fossils would have saved a
vast amount of useless expenditure and misdirected efforts here, and at many other localities
throughout the district. The projectors in their search for coals were doubtless misled by the
resemblance of the black Graptolitic bands to the rich carbonaceous shales of the Coal
Measures,
SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks oF Co. Down. 109
The Geological Survey in its progress northward has almost completed
the mapping of this area. The maps of the County Down were published in
1871-72 (1). The Silurians are either set down on them in general terms as
Lower Silurian, or areas indicated by letters but whose boundaries are often
undefined, are assigned to the Bala or Caradoc, and to the Llandeilo. In their
examinations of the rocks several fossil localities were discovered which had
hitherto been overlooked, and in the “ Explanatory Memoirs” lists of species
were published from time to time (2).
The want of precision throughout the foregoing notices is no doubt due to
the highly disturbed nature of the strata and comparatively uniform lithological
character of the rocks, making the determination of their stratigraphical rela-
tions a matter of very great difficulty. This difficulty was much enhanced by
the absence, until very recently, of fossil evidence sufficient to allow their
correlation with other deposits.
LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF THE ROCKS OF THE
DISTRICT.
Lithologically the rocks consist for the greater part of grey and purple
grits—occasionally conglomeritic—pale grey or greenish slates and flags, and a
few widely separated bands of black shales. The latter, though forming but a
small portion of the entire rocks here exposed, constitute a group which will
claim most attention in the following brief notice. In them are found all the
fossils which are enumerated in the accompanying table, and it is from a careful
study of their fossil contents that we are enabled to arrive at an estimate of
their geological position, and that of the barren grits and slates associated with
them. The usual dip of the rocks is to the south-east and south, at angles
varying from 30° to vertical. Their continuity is much disturbed by faults and
contortions, and their upturned edges, where exposed, bear evidence of having
suffered much from denundation. Almost the entire rocks of the area are
obscured by drift, and with the exception of the coast-line, few good sections
can be seen. The grey and purple grits have not as yet yielded any fossil
remains, and it is only within the past few months that they have been
detected in the grey slates, a notice of which will be given further on.
(x). Geological Survey of Ireland, maps 29, 36, 37, 38, 47, 48 and 49.
(2). Explanatory Memoirs, accompanying maps 37, 38, 29, 48, 49, 50, and 61.
110 SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks OF Co, Down.
FOSSIL LOCALITIES.
TIEVESHILLY,—About two miles south of Portaferry, and a short distance
east of the bridge on the main road over Carstown Burn, are several quarries
formerly worked for roofing-slate. The quarries are low lying, and in winter
are filled with water. In dry seasons, however, the rock can be reached, and
proves to be thin fissile slates and flags, varying in colour from almost black to
pale greenish gray : the dip is nearly vertical, and they have the usual strike
of about N.E. and $.W. The dark bands are very fossiliferous, and many of
the fossils are beautifully preserved ; fifteen species have been obtained from
this locality, all, with the exception of one crustacean, belonging to the Grap-
tolitidee.
CoaLPiT Bay.(1)—This locality is situated on the shore, about three-
quarters of a mile south of Donaghadee, and is only accessible when the tide is
low. As it is the best exposure of these fossil-bearing rocks, a more detailed
account of it is here given.
A series of massive grey grits and slates occur to the southward of the
little bay, dipping at high angles to the south, and terminating northward in a
low escarpment. At their base we find the following rocks, upon which they
apparently rest conformably :—
1. Massive black slates, with several light-coloured clay bands ; the slates
containing, among others, the following characteristic fossils :—
RASTRITES PEREGRINUS, var, HY- MONOGRAPTUS TENUIS, fovtl.
BRIDUS, Lapw. 45 LOBIFEROUS, AZ‘Coy.
MONOGRAPTUS SEDGWICKII, Pordél. DIPLOGRAPTUS HUGHESII, Wich.
», INTERMEDIUS, vay. PROTEUS, i SINUATUS, LVich.
Barr. - TAMARISCUS, LVich.
CEPHALOGRAPTUS (DIPLOGRAPTUS) COMETA, Geinitz. - - Io feet.
2. Dark green mudstones, with several bands, each from two to four
inches thick, of buff and light purple clays-~—unfossiferous—35 feet.
(x). So named from a futile attempt to find coals in the black Graptolitic slates here ex-
posed.
SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks or Co. Down. Il
3. Massive black slates and shales rich in fossils ; the following are a few
of the most characteristic :—
RASTRITES PEREGRINUS, Barr. DIPLOGRAPTUS FOLIUM, zs.
MONOGRAPTUS GREGARIUS, Lapw. on TAMARISCUS, JVich,
3, CONCINNUS, Lapw. Ns VESICULOSUS, JVich.
3) SANDERSONI, Lapw. DIMORPHOGRAPTUS ELONGATUS,
», TRIANGULATUS, Harkn, Lapw.
») SPIRALIS, var. FIMBRIATUS, DISCINOCARIS BROWNIANA, Woodw.
Nich. DAWSONIA CAMPANULATA, JVich.
' This area is considerably covered with shingle and sand, and the rocks are
intersected by several faults carrying them to the north-east ; their thickness
may be set down at about - - - - - 100 feet.
4. A dyke composed of pale grey finely crystalline calcareous rock
running easterly (1) - - - - 6 feet.
5. Pale grey and greenish mudstones, greatly shattered and unfossili-
ferous. : - - = - about 65 feet.
Near the base of these mudstones is a thin band of black shale greatly
crushed, in which no fossils have yet been detected, but higher up in the mud-
stones a fragment of black shale, about two feet in diameter and several inches
thick was found containing well-marked specimens of Dicellograptus Forcham-
meri, Geinitz.
6. Black shales highly indurated and containing numerous flinty bands,
and nodules and veins of iron pyrites. The less altered portions are
rich in fossils and have yielded the following :—
CLIMACOGRAPTUS TRICORNIS, Carr. DICRANOGRAPTUS FORMOSUS, Hoph.
2 CELATUS, Lapw. DICRANOGRAPTUS ZIC ZAC, var. MIN-
3 BICORNIS, vav, PELTIFER, NIMUS, Lagw,
Lapw. ACROTRETA NICHOLSONI, Dav.
DICELLOGRAPTUS ELEGANS, Carr, ACROTHELE GRANULATA, Lznrs,
These shales are too much shattered and crumpled to allow of their thick-
ness being exactly estimated. It may, however, be roughly put down at about
50 feet. They form the ridge of a sharp anticlinal, which has for its axis
(x). Geological Survey of Ireland—Explanatory memoir to sheets 37, 38, & a9. p. 31.
Ant ; /
112 SwWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks oF Co, Down.
another series of mudstones somewhat resembling those noted in paragraph 5
of this section. The succeeding rocks in order, still going northward, are a
repetition of the mudstones noted in paragraph 5, partially hidden by sand.
No rocks are now seen for about 60 feet, and a fault here breaks the continuity
of the section, the next beds exposed being—
7. Black fissile shales and slates dipping S. 20 E. at 75°. These sud-
denly curve over to the opposite direction, and a few feet further
north regain their original dip.
The section is again lost for several hundred feet, and the next rock ex-
posed is massive grey grits and slates, similar to those on the south side of the
bay, and having the normal dip of the rocks of the district.
TULLYGARVAN.—This fossil locality is situated about one and a half miles
~east of Ballygowan Railway station (Belfast and County Down Railway), in
the bed of a small stream which flows eastward through the grounds of Tully-
garvan House. The rocks near to the shaft which was sunk in search for coals
are of a black carbonaceous character, greatly contorted, and much stained with
iron. No fossils have yet been detected in them; but judging from the few
traces obtained from the debris of the sinking, and from the character of their
associated mud-stones, they seem to correspond with those in the axis of the
anticlinal at Coalpit Bay. Black-slates are exposed further up the stream in
several places, yielding in all seven species of Graptolites, referable to the beds
described in paragraph 3 of the same locality ; thus pointing to the probability
that the rocks here shewn are the westerly extension of those beds.
ORLOcK PoINT.—On the shore to the north-east of the coastguard station,
black and red shales are exposed between tide marks for about 200 yards.
They are bounded on the north and south by purple slates, dipping S. 20 E. at
angles varying from 40° to vertical. It is impossible, however, to arrive at the
order of occurrence of the black and red shales here exposed, as they are much
disturbed by minor fau!ts cutting through them in various directions. The con-
tinuity of the section is also broken by a dyke of fine grained Elvanite Io feet
wide, running from west to east, almost in the direction of the strike of the
rocks. This dyke undoubtedly occupies the line of a more important fault as
we find the rocks on the south side of it consist of black flinty shales, while to
the north these are replaced by brown and purple arenaceous beds which pass
SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks oF Co. Down. 113
up into the prevailing purple and grey slates of the district. Graptolites have
been found in the less altered portions of the black shales, they are, however,
very indistinct, and only two species—Leftograptus flaccidus, Hall, and Dip-
lograptus truncatus, Lapw.=pristis, His.—could with certainty be made out. In
a thin pale grey arenaceous band associated with them occur plant remains,
which have been identified as belonging to the genus Buthotrephis, but appar-
ently of a species not hitherto figured.
CARNALEA.—On the shore north of Carnalea Railway Station (Belfast,
Holywood and Bangor Railway) just where a small stream flows into the Lough,
there is a small exposure of black shales almost vertical. To the south-east
they abut against grey slates and grits, and seaward they are covered with
shingle and sand. These black shales are rich in fossils, but from the shivery
nature of the beds they are usually in a fragmentary state. Among the most
characteristic are the following :—
DIPLOGRAPTUS TRUNCATUS, Lapw. DICELLOGRAPTUS FORCHAMMERI,
35 QUADRIMUCRONATUS, Hall, Geinitz.
LASIOGRAPTUS HARKNESSI, JVich. - ELEGANS, Carr.
RETIOLITES FIBRATUS, Lapw. LEPTOGRAPTUS FLACCIDUS, fall.
CLIMACOGRAPTUS TUBULIFERUS, Lapw.
CRAWFORDSBURN.—Immediately opposite Crawfordsburn House, on the
shore near low water mark, grey mudstones and black shales occur, the general
strike of which is N. 20 E. In one place, however, the beds are broken
sharply across, bent in a direction exactly at right angles to it, and in part
inverted. Fossils are few and fragmentary.
BALLYGROT.—This locality, named from the townland in which it occurs,
is near Grey Point, and is also situated on the shore, The rocks consist of a
series of pale green mudstones and black shales, which are again followed by
a band of grit and an exposure of several hundred feet of black ferruginous
shales, containing flinty bands, and which are much threaded with quartz.
Faulted against these to the north is a series of purple and grey shales, which
are again followed by black shales similar in character to last. Irregularly
bedded grits and slates succeed these, and prevail for a considerable distance.
No fossils have been detected in the grey or purple shales, but the less altered
114 SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks oF Co. Down.
portions of the black ferruginous bands are exceedingly rich, and have yielded
a large series, among which are the following :—
DIPLOGRAPTUS TRICORNIS, Carr. DICRANOGRAPTUS RAMOSUS, Hall.
Hh ANGUSTIFOLIUS, Hall. Ps NICHOLSONI, Hopk.
GLOSSOGRAPTUS HINCKSII, Wich, 54 FORMOSUS, Hofk.
CLATHOGRAPTUS CUNEIFORMIS,Zagw, DICELLOGRAPTUS MOFFATENSIS,
CLIMACOGRAPTUS SCHARENBERGI, Carr.
Lapw. ” ” var,
> BICORNIS, fall. DIVARICATUS, Hall.
7 5p var, PEL: DIDYMOGRAPTUS SUPERSTIS, Zapw.
TIFER, Lapw. CG@NOGRAPTUS GRACILIS, all.
5 a5 var, TRI- “A PERTENUIS, Lapw.
DENTATUS, Lapw. SURCULARIS, Hall.
xs C@LATUS, Lagw. THAMNOGRAPTUS TYPUS, Hail.
es PEREXCAVATUS, CORYNOIDES CALICULARIS, Wich.
Lapw. a CURTUS, Lapw.
CRAIGAVAD. —The fossils noted from this locality were obtained from the
railway cutting about three-quarters of a mile east of the station. A very
small exposure of black shales occur associated with purple shales and grits.
The few fossils obtained point to the similarity between the containing beds
and those of Ballygrot, of which they are doubtless the south-westerly exten-
sion.
The accompanying table gives a list of the fossils which I have collected
from the foregoing localities. The total number is seventy-five species and thir-
teea named varieties, in all representing twenty-five genera. This is exclusive
of many doubtful forms that have been laid aside waiting better specimens to
enable their identification ; also, several that are undoubtedly new, but which
are either too fragmentary or badly preserved to warrant a diagnosis. ,
The following is a synopsis of those already named, shewing the zoological
groups to which they belong :—
SUB-KINGDOM. CLASS. SPECIES. VARIETIES.
C@LENTERATA. RHABDOPHORA. 68 13
ANNULOSA. CRUSTACEA.
3
MOLLUSCA. BRACHIOPODA, 3
PLANT&. I
SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks OF Co, Down. 115
It will be noticed from the foregoing that a large proportion of the fossils
belongs to one class— namely, the Rhabdophora or Graptolithina. It is not my
intention to offer any suggestions as to the conditions which prevailed during
the deposition of these fossiliferous black bands, conditions alike favourable to
this singular group of organisms, and apparently unsuitable to others. It may
be observed, however, that no group affords a better index to the palzeontolo-
gist in his endeavours to unravel the sequence of rocks of Silurian age than
does the Graptolithina. The number of known species is very large, and it has
been ascertained that the vertical range of most of them is very restricted—
many, indeed, being confined to zones of but a few inches in thickness. The
immense profusion also in which they frequently occur stamps each zone with a
character easily recognisable by those who study their form and character.
The similarity of the County Down rocks to those in South Scotland was
conjectured, as before stated, so early as 1815. This conjecture appears to
have been founded more upon the general appearance of the rocks of the two
areas than upon any positive evidence that was then obtained from them
Subsequent writers did little but repeat these early opinions ; and I am unable
to find any evidence adduced tending to prove their identity.
The true relationship of the Silurian strata of South Scotland, and their
exact position in the geological system, were long a matter of debate, and claimed
the attention of many of the best geologists of Britain. To Mr. Charles Lap-
worth, of St. Andrews, is, however, due the honour of having finally succeeded
in unravelling the many knotty problems which the rocks of that district pre-
sented. A brief veswmé of the conclusions arrived at by that gentleman, as
given in a most exhaustive paper read before the Geological Society of Lon-
don (1), may here be given, as I trust to be able to prove that they bear with
equal force upon the rocks of the area under consideration.
The Silurians of South Scotland are best shown in the neighbourhood of
the town of Moffat, in Dumfries. The prevailing rocks consist of a vast series
of grey and purple greywackes and slates, with occasional bands of conglome-
rates, all dipping somewhat uniformly to the N.N. W. at highangles. Exposed
in some of the deeper valleys and stream courses is another set of rocks of a
totally different character, consisting of black carbonaceous shales and slates,
swarming with Graptolites; associated with these beds are pale green and grey
unfossiliferous mudstones. These black shales and their associated mudstones,
which have been aptly designated the Moffat Series, occupy lenticular or boat-
shaped areas in the mass of the barren greywackes, and form extended lines
(t.) Quarterly Journal Geol, Soc,, London. Vol, XXXIV., p. 240.
H
116 SWANSTON —SILURIAN Rocks or Co, Down.
more or less parallel, and often miles in length. They are found at intervals
throughout the northern half of the uplands, from the North Sea to the Irish
Channel, and follow the general direction of the strike of the beds. Their
well-marked mineralogical character and their peculiar fauna at once distin-
guish them from the monotonous greywackes, and afford the geologist data
upon whick to work out the interrelation of the rocks of the entire series.
Without attempting to follow the author in his description of the many sections
and diagrams given in elucidation of his subject, I may briefly state that the
rocks are found to be arranged in elongated anticlinals, running in a direction
from about N.E. to S.W., and that the sub-parallel bands of black graptolitic
shales of the Moffat Series form the axes of these anticlinals, and are only seen
where denudation has cut sufficiently deep to expose them. The Moffat Series
is thus proved to have been one continuous deposit, inferior in position to the
prevailing greywackes through which it rises. Where best exposed the Moffat
Series naturally falls into three divisions-an Upper, Middle, and Lower—
named respectively the Birkhill, Hartfell, and Glenkiln Shales, from the several
localities in which each division attains its greatest development. These three
divisions possess distinctive lithological features ; but as the entire group is full
of perplexing contortions and inversions, and as the continuity of the beds is
greatly broken by numerous faults running in different directions, it was impos-
sible to work out their sequence from stratigraphical evidence alone. The aid
afforded by the contained fossils is, however, most satisfactory, and has enabled
the author not only to prove that the divisions must be assigned to different
geological periods, but they are each divisible into several distinct zoological zones.
The correlation of these various sub-divisions with the typical Silurian area
in Wales, and their foreign equivalents, is gone into with great minuteness by
the author. I shall content myself by merely giving the conclusions arrived at,
and beg to direct those anxious for further details in this department of the
subject to the paper itself.
The lowest, or Glenkiln Shales, have been referred to the Upper Llandeilo,
their nearest representatives in Wales being beds of that age yielding Grapto-
lites, in the neighbourhood of Llandridod, Meadow Town, and Aberiddy Bay.
Their American and Swedish equivalents bear out this view, and point to a
high position for them in the Upper Llandeilo Series. The Hartfell beds have
been proved to be the attenuated representatives of the Bala and Caradoc, and
the Birkhill Shales correspond with the Coniston mudstones of the Lake Dis-
trict, which are of Lower Llandovery age. The accompanying table will
give more clearly these Scottish divisions and sub-divisions, and I shall now
proceed to give the evidence that has enabled me to append the columns relat-
ing to County Down.
pe SSS SS
"Lz ‘ow “prarsivry =
yoisdhyjegq ‘Aeg yidjeos “Ce ‘sareys upryuspy ‘dq ‘oplepue;y ‘dq a
a
2
‘JUIOg YOLIO “vaeured ‘sa[eys [yey “aT a
‘II ‘of ‘NOprAVD 10 ‘eleg 5
éutaiesdAyny, ‘Avg pwdjeog | ‘ow ‘sorvys paywey ‘dq
=
‘keg yidjeod |) soqeys TMP “AVY =
"o£ “EY ‘AIQAOPULT'T IOMO'T =
éuvarescqny, ‘Avg yidjeog ‘sayeys [epg ‘do dp
‘on “oy ‘uUBMOsATLEg ‘dnory vey e
‘VI ¢ ATTIYSPAOLL, ‘spog POMeH a
=)
‘sarod || *saroad
te te *pojutasoidar 919 AA | a see "SUOISTATP-qns YS1}}O9G |
- | | SUIV MA
‘NMOQ ALNNOD ‘ANVILOOS HLNOS | 2
“umogy (uno ur spuazvainba
wayy pun ‘sarsas qoffoyy ay fo sucrsr1gy-gus pu suowsiaacy 247 Fusrays 2792]
118 SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks oF Co. Down.
As before stated, the section at Coalpit Bay is the best exposure of these
fossil-bearing rocks in the district. The lowest are barren mudstones, which
form the axis of a sharp anticlinal, and are followed by black flinty shales con-
taining 11 species of Graptolites. The same species, associated with 15 others,
are also found at Ballygrot, where a wider area of rock is exposed, thus indi-
cating that the rocks. of these widely separated localities are but parts of the
same bed. This group of 26 species enables us at once to correlate these beds
with those of South Scotland ; and it is interesting to find that they agree ai-
most fessil for fossil with those from the representative localities of Berrybush
Burn and Black Linn, which are the upper beds of the Glenkiln Shales. The
small expesure in the railway cutting near Craigavad has also yielded fossils of
this age, and is doubtless but a south-westerly extension of the Ballygrot Beds.
The same may be said of the black shales still farther to the south-west, in a
quarry near Cultra, although I have not been able to procure any recognisable
fossils from the greatly crushed rocks of this latter locality.
The lower Glenkiln Shales, which in South Scotland are comparatively
unfossiliferous, may be representcd in Ireland by the grey mudstones which
form the centre of the anticlinal at Coalpit Bay, and by the series of unfossilife-
rous grey and purple shales associated with the black bands at Ballygrot.
The next beds in ascending order at Coalpit Bay are the barren mudstones
noted in the detailed account of that locality at paragraph 5. The only fossils
found associated with them were obtained from a fragment of black shale
folded up in their broken strata. This fragment had doubtless been derived
from some bed intimately associated with the mudstones, and which may yet
be detected zz st among the shattered black bands at their base. The fossils
which it has yielded, though few in variety, include Décellograptus Forchammeri,
Geinitz ; Climacograptus, sp.? and Diplograptus truncatus, Lapw. ;—species
highly characteristic of a thin, but persistent, band of shale occurring near the
base of the barren mudstones of the Upper Division of the Hartfell Series (1).
This circumstance, coupled with the identity in lithological character of the
barren beds in the two countries, leaves no doubt but that these Coalpit Bay
Mudstones are the representative of that sub-division. This being admitted, it
is evident that the rich beds of the Lower Hartfell Series are absent here,
having either thinned out or been lost by faulting. The latter view is more
probable, as we find them undoubtedly represented by the fossiliferous black-
shales of Carnalea, which have yielded ten species of Graptolites, the following
six species being peculiar to that sub-division:—Dzplograptus truncatus, Lapw.;
Diplogvaptus quadrimucronatus, Hall; Lasiograptus Harknessi, Nich.; Retiolites
SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks oF Co. Down. 119
fibratus, Lapw.; Climacograptus tubuliferus, Lapw.; and Dicellograptus For-
chammeri, Geinitz. The remaining four species are common to the Hartfell,
and the underlying Glenkiln Shales. So far as can be judged from the meagre
list of fossils obtained at Orlock Point, the beds there exposed also belong to
this group.
Again returning to the section in Coalpit Bay, we find the mudstones
which have just been referred to the Upper Hartfell Series are separated from
the next beds in ascending order, by a dyke which runs almost parallel to the
strike, and which seems to occupy the line of an east and west fault. The
rocks immediately south of this dyke are very rich in fossils, 36 species having
been obtained from them, although the area exposed is of but very limited
extent. The paleontological break between these and the preceding beds is
most complete, not one of the extensive series of fossils being common to the
two rock groups. Not only are the species different, but a marked change
also takes place in the generic character of the fauna. All the old types of
compound forms such as Cenograptus, Thamnograptus, Dicellograptus,
Dicranograptus, Leptograptus, &c., have disappeared, and: their places have
been supplied by the simpler genera Monograptus and Rastrites.
This extensive series of fossils admits at once of the correlation of the con-
taining beds with the Birkhill Shales of the Moffat District, with the lower
division of which as exposed at Dobbs Linn they almost exactly correspond,
both in lithological character and fossil contents. In these beds also for the
first time in the County Down rocks are we enabled to identify the life-zones
so ably worked out in the Scottish beds. The zone of Diplograptus acum-
minatus, which is at the base of Birkhill Shales, is found, in part at least, quite
close to the dyke above mentioned. The well-marked zone of Diplograpius
vesiculosus follows it with a rich assemblage of species, often beautifully pre- .
served. The succeeding zone of Monograptus gregarius is also easily recog-
nised by the immense profusion in which that fossil, associated with Rastrites
peregrinus (type) and other forms abound in it.
A series of greenish grey mudstones, with thin layers of white clay, sepa-
rates the foregoing zones from the next fossil bands. The upper horizon of this
barren group is in Scotland taken as the boundary line between the Lower and
Upper Birkhills. The only other zone which can with certainty be recognised
at Coalpit Bay, is that of Diflograptus (Cephalograptus) cometa, which occurs
at the top of the fossil bearing beds. It is just possible that the zone of Mozo-
graptus spinigerus=Sedgwickt, which follows the latter in Scotland, may be
(rt). Quartl. Journal Geol. Soc., London. Vol. XXXIV.,, p. 316.
120 SWANSTON—SILURIAN ROCKS OF Co. Down.
represented and in part combined with it, as several of its most characteristic
fossils have been detected in its highest bands.
The top of the Upper Birkhill Shales, marked by the zone of Rastrites
maximus, has not yet been detected in Ireland; did it occur, its peculiar
group of fossils would at once make it recognisable. Judging, however, from
the fact that these upper beds thin out as they extend westward from the
typical Moffat area, and that the zone of 2. maximus seems to be absent from
Wigtonshire, it is not likely that it will be detected here.
The grits and slates already referred to, which immediately overlie these
black shales, are similar in lithological character to those of South Scotland.
There they are the principal rock which forms the mountainous region known
as the Southern Uplands; in County Down, however, though equally de-
veloped, their elevation is inconsiderable. As we pass southwards along the
promontary of the Ards, these rocks assume in places a more flaggy and
slaty character, and are in the neighbourhood of Greyabbey extensively quar-
ried and formed into roofing slates. On some of the surfaces exposed at these
quarries traces of organisms have been detected—tracks of annelids are abundant,
—but the only forms that admit of identification are C: rossopodia Scotica, M‘Coy ;
Vemertites tenuis, M‘Coy; and emertites sp.? Still turther south, near
Portaferry, bands of dark slate occur containing a group of Graptolites strik-
ingly different from any we have yet met with in the district. The palzonto-
logical break between these and even the highest of the Coalpit Bay zones is
almost complete. An examination shows that of the 14 species obtained from
them, only 3 are common to the two localities, and the 11 which make their
appearance for the first time indicate a much higher horizon for the containing
beds than those in the northern portion of the county. These latter beds have
no exact palontological representatives in the typical districts of Scotland or
Wales; their nearest is, perhaps, the rocks of Upper Middle Silurian age known
as the Gala Group, occurring in the neighbourhood of Galashiels (1). The
presence, however, of Monograptus Riccartonensis and other Upper Silurian
species, and the absence of many of the Upper Moffat forms which occur in
that series in South Scotland, points to a higher place in the Silurian System
than that to which the Gala Group has been assigned. They are most prob-
ably the exact equivalents of the Hawick rocks of Scotland, which intervene
between the Gala beds and the Upper Silurian of Riccarton (2); but as no
(x). Lapworth, on the Lower Silurian Rocks in the neighbourhood of Galashiels. —Trans.
Edinburgh Geol. Soc., Vol. II., p. 46.
(2). Lapworth, On Scottish Monograptide.—Geo. Mag., 1876, p. 550.
SWANSTON—SILURIAN ROCKS OF THE Co. Down. 121
fossils have yet been detected in these beds in Scotland, the evidence depends
solely upon the peculiar fauna of the Irish beds. Their representatives in the
Lake Disirict are probably the Knock beds exposed near Ambleside, which
are considered to be, if not Upper, at least the passage between the Upper
and the Middle Silurians(1). If this view of their position be admitted, it is
evident that the grey grits and conglomerates which come in between this fossil
band and the black shales at Coalpit Bay naturally fall into the place of the
Gala Series. ‘the evidence—in the absence of reliable fossils—which they
afford tends to support this view. The conglomerates referred to constitute a
well-marked zone, and consist of small pebbles of quarts, flakes of black shale,
&c., in a grey gritty base. They are well shewn in the quarries at Baliygowan
and elsewhere throughout the county, and are identical in character to beds
which mark the base of the Gala Group in Scotland. The remaining rocks of
this series consist of alternations of coarse grits and-slates, void of any
peculiar feature upon which to fix a horizon. It is this monotonous character
of strata stretching over such vast areas in both Scotland and Ireland, and
dipping in the same general direction, that has hitherto baffled all attempts
to unravel their sequence, or define their exact position in the Silurian System.
From the above, however, it is clear that they must be considered as of Gala
age, the position of which is defined as the top of the Middle Silurian.
It will perhaps be difficult to detine the boundary line between this
Irish Gala group and the Portaferry beds. The fossils in the latter at Tieve-
shilly undoubtedly occupy only a black slaty band, the horizon of which in the
series has not yet been fixed. The few organisms on the surfaces of the grey
slates near Greyabbey afford very little help, but tend to prove that the rocks
in which they occur belong to the Gala rather than to the Portaferry series.
It is to be hoped that the boundary line between these two sets of rocks
may yet be defined ; but the close resemblance between the unfossiliferous
beds of both, and the heavy covering of drift by which they are hidden, will
render this a work of extreme difficulty.
CONCLUSIONS.
THE Silurian Rocks of County Down are from the foregoing proved to belong
to several distinct divisions of the system—
Ist. The lowest, exposea at Coalpit Bay, the shales of Ballygrot, Craiga-
(x). Harkness and Nicholson on the Strata and their Fossil Contents, between the Barrow-
dale Series of the North of England and the Coniston Flags.—Quartl. Jourl. Geol. Soc.,
London, Vol. XXXIII,, p. 461.
122 SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks OF Co, Down.
vad, &c., are the representatives of the Glenkiln Shales, the equivalents
of the Upper Llandeilo of Wales.
2nd. The black shales at Carnalea, and the barren mudstones at Coalpit Bay,
represent respectively the Lower and Upper Hartfell Series, the equiva-
lents of the Bala or Caradoc.
3rd_ The black shales of Coalpit Bay, characterised by the zones of D. acum-
minatus, D. vesiculosus, M. gregarius, and D. cometa, represent in part
both the Lower and Upper Birkhill shales, which are paralleled with
the Lower Llandoveries.
4th The grits and conglomerates which immediately succeed the latter are of
the same age as the Gala Series, and occupy a high place in the Middle
Silurians.
5th, The black shales and associated flags at Tieveshilly, near Portaferry, oc-
cupy either the extreme top of the Middle, or the base of the Upper
Silurians, and are the highest Silurians yet recognized in the North-east
of Ireland.
The geographical relation of the area under consideration to that of South
Scotland and the general direction of the strike of the rocks in both districts,
would naturally lead to the expectation of a certain degree of similarity between
their geological characters ; from the foregoing, however, it is clear that not
only generally, but in detail, do they correspond in a remarkable degree. While
it would, perhaps, be impossible, owing to the imperfect manner in which the
fossil bands are exposed, to unravel the sequence of the various beds in County
Down from an examination of them alone, the key afforded by the recent re-
searches in the Scottish beds has made the subject a matter of ease. We are
thus enabled for the first time, with some amount of certainty, to arrive at
conclusions regarding the physical geology of the district. The three grapto-
litic shale bands and their associated mudstones have been overlaid by the grits
and conglomerates so conspicuous in the county; all were folded into vast
waves, the crests of which ran in a direction from about north-east to south-
west. Subsequent denudation completely altered the contour of the district ;
and judging from the remnants of Carboniferous strata at Castle Espie and Cultra,
it seems to have been covered by rocks of that age, and to have been again
upheaved and subjected to denuding agencies, which probably left it in almost
its present state. The granitic protrusions of the Mourne and Ballynahinch
Mountains are supposed to have taken place during the Carboniferous epoch,
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SWANSTON—SILURIAN Rocks oF Co. Down. 123
they are certainly subsequent to the deposition of the Silurians, which have
been forced up and highly metamorphosed by them. The north-western
boundary of the Silurian area has been subjected to the greatest amount of
upheaval, and as denudation has reduced all to a somewhat uniform elevation,
the lowest beds are here consequently most exposed. The Ballygrot beds form
the axis of what was the most north-westerly anticlinal, the black shales of
Crawfordsburn, Carnalea, and Orlock Point possibly represent waves of minor
importance; while that at Coalpit Bay seems to have been one of considerable
elevation.
Southward of this no exposures of the underlying shales are seen in Down;
on the contrary, they and the overlying grits and conglomerates sink into a
trough and are covered by higher beds at Portaferry in which the dark
fossiliferous shales of Tieveshilly occur. Still further south, near Ardee, in
County Louth, the underlying beds again come to the surface, the black
Graptolite shales of the Hartfell series being well represented, in association
with arenaceous bands containing other fossils of Bala or Caradoc age.
The foregoing exposition of the Silurian rocks of the County Down has
been very much facilitated by the aid so kindly afforded by Charles Lapworth,
Esq., F.G.S., of St. Andrews, who undertook the revision of the Graptolithina
of our rocks; to his acuteness and critical judgment it is owing that our list
of species is so extensive, many of the forms would otherwise have escaped
detection. The monograph, with figures of the Graptolites of the County Down,
which accompanies this paper is the most complete hitherto published in
Britain, and I cheerfully acknowledge the obligations under which Irish
geologists are placed for this synopsis of a most difficult group of fossils.
Through the kindness of William Bullock, Esq., of Donaghadee, I have
had access to the fine collection of Coalpit Bay fossils, made by his father
_ the late William Bullock, Esq. In addition to enriching my collection with a
number of good specimens, Mr. Bullock has also placed a valuable series
from the above locality in the Belfast Museum. The set has been completed,
as far as possible, by a selection from my own collection, embracing forms
representing the various beds, and including several type specimens, all of
which will be available for future reference.
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MK AK URS SS
ON
THE GRAPTOLITES OF COUNTY DOWN.
By CHARLES LAPWORTH, F.GS.
4
THE Graptolites discovered by Mr. Swanston in the black carbonaceous shales
among the Silurian rocks of County Down constitute a very distinct assemblage,
which is identical with that afforded by the Graptolitic bands forming the well-
known Moffat Series of the south of Scotland. In Scotland the containing
deposits have already furnished sufficient stratigraphical and paleontological
evidences to allow of the determination of their natural divisions and subdivi-
sions, and of their precise systematic position in the general succession of Silu-
rian deposits. The black shales of County Down, however, are so excessively
convoluted and shattered, that as yet it has not been found possible to fix either
their total thickness or the characteristics of their component zones. That the
general grouping of the beds among them is essentially similar to, if not iden-
tical with that of the Moffat Series, may nevertheless be regarded as certain.
Exactly as in South Scotland, certain special forms are invariably found in
_ association, while the proportion of the species, and the lithological features of
the containing beds, are absolutely identical with those of the corresponding
zones of the Moffat Series. It is possible that in the future, local stratigraphi-
cal testimony respecting the inter-relations of the various beds may be detected ;
but the sequence of the different fossil groups in the South of Scotland is so
clear, that beyond demonstrating their identity with those of the Moffat Rocks,
this would add but little to our present knowledge.
The Coalpit Bay Division of the County Down Silurians has yielded all
the Graptolites of the Birkhill shales, with the exception of one special group, viz.,
that of the Rastrites maximus zone, which lies at the very summit of the Moffat
126 LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down.
series. This circumstance is very naturally accounted for. The black shale zones
of the Moffat series die out one by one, from above, as we pass outward to the
north-west, from the typical Moffat area. From this cause the Xastrites maxi-
mus is not present in Wigtonshire, and is consequently missing also from the
Black shales of the northern part of County Down, which are actually the
south-westerly extension of the Wigtonshire Silurians, Should the black shales
be detected in the future in the southern districts of the County Down, the
maximus zone will probably be found occupying its natural position immediately
below the greywackes,
The Hartfell shales are as yet less perfectly represented. The Barren
Mudstones of the Upper Hartfell are seen in Coalpit Bay ; and a striking proof
of the perfect identity of these beds is afforded by the fact that they exhibit the
peculiar fossil-bearing seam occasionally visible in the Moffat area, The asso-
ciation of fossils, their state of preservation, and the mineralogical character of
the seam, are precisely identical with those of this persistent seam in Scotland.
The zone at the summit of the Hartfell shales—-viz., the zone of Décellograptus
anceps (Nich.) has not yet been discovered. Neither has any trace been found
of the prolific zone of Plewsograptus linearis. The typical, or Dicranograptus
Clingani zone, is indeed the only portion of the Lower Hartfell whose existence
in these deposits has been fully established.
The upper, or fossiliferous portion of the Glenkiln shales, is present at
Ballygrot (Greypoint), and in the section in Coalpit Bay. Allits chief charac-
teristic fossils have been already collected from these localities.
The fossils of the overlying sheet of Greywackes and flagstones are those
of the great Greywacke (Gala or Valentian) group of the South of Scotland.
They point toa comparatively high place in this group. The association is such
as we might expect in the Hawick Rocks, which lie at the summit of the Middle
Silurians of the South of Scotland, but which have not hitherto afforded any
determinable species of Graptolithina. ‘
The forms common to Ireland and Scotland may be seen on an inspection
of the table (p. 124), where the range of the Insh species in the typical Scottish
series is given. 7
The Irish species of Graptolithina, though generally in a fair state of pre-
servation, are usually fragmentary ; and the figuring of even the best specimens
of the various forms would give a very inadequate idea of their characteristic
appearance. As they are precisely identical in every respect with the Scotch
forms, I have thought it best to figure some of the more perfect examples of
the forms occurring.in the County Down from my own collection, which has
LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down. 127
been almost wholly derived from the equivalent black shales of the Moffat
series. Several of these have already been figured by myself in the ‘‘ Cata-
logue of the Western Scottish Fossils,” issued under the auspices of the British
Association (Glasgow, 1876).
To such species or varieties as are yet undescribed a brief diagnosis is here
appended.
Genus I. RASTRITES, Barrande. (Grapt. de Boheme. PI. 4.)
According to Herr Richter, the thecee in this genus are mere orifices in the
periderm of the common canal, and the long isolated and perpendicular tubes
are simply ornamental or defensive extensions of the test. (1.) The British
specimens which have hitherto come under my notice have afforded no support
whatever to this opinion.
Mr. W. Carruthers figures a magnificent example of A/onograptus spiralis
(Geinitz), (2) of which a well-marked example of Rastrites peregrinus (Barr.)
seems to form the initial portion, and to be organically connected with it. I
have recently examined the specimens from which the figure was taken, and I
“am inclined to believe that this appearance is owing to the accidental juxta-
position of the two forms.
1. Sp.1. Rastrites peregrinus. Barr, Plate 5, fig. 1.
The typical form of this well-known species is abundant in the dark shales
of Coalpit Bay, a locality which has yielded the only specimens known to me
in which the virgula is xpparent as a distinct structure. (3). Locality—Coalpit
Bay.
2. Var. hybridus. Lapw. Plate 5, fig. 2.
This variety is possibly identical with the fragmentary form Rastrites fugax
of Barrande. (Grapt. de Boheme. Pl. 4.) Locality—Coalpit Bay.
Genus II. Monocraptus, Geinitz. Restricted. (Die Graptolithen, p. 32.)
3. Sp. 1. Monograptus triangulatus. Hark. Pl. 5, fig 14. Locality—Coal-
pit Bay and Tullygarvan.
(1.) Richter. Aus die Thuringe Gebirge, Zeit. der Deutsch Gesellschaft, 1871.
(2.) Carruthers. Geological Magazine, 1868. PI. 5, fig, 1.
(3.) Geological Magazine, 1876. PI. 10, fig. x.
128 LapworTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co, Donw.
4. Sp. 2. Monograptus spiralis. Geinitz. (Leon & Bronn, Jahrbuch, fiir.
Min; 1842, Pl. £0.) X Pl. 5, figs 12.
This species is usually identified with Prionotus convolutus of Hisinger, but
according to Dr. Linnarsson (1.) the latter was originally founded upon a specimen
of Rastrites peregrinus (Barr.). Locality—Tieveshilly.
5. Var.(a). fimbriatus. Nich. Pl. 5, fig17. Locality—Coalpit Bay.
6, Var. (6). communis. Lapw. PI. 5, fig. 16.
The two preceding forms are certainly most intimately allied. The latter
has an extended range, and varies much in the forms of the polypary and hy-
drothecze, and seems to pass into the following form, JZ. fimbriatus, on the
other hand, is very local in its distribution, and constant in its general features.
Locality—Coalpit Bay.
7. Var (c). proteus (?). Barr. PI. 5, fig. 18,
It is doubtful if this form is actually identical with Barrande’s species. His
figures remind one rather of M. crispus (Lapw.); and the group typified by
M, lobiferus (M‘Coy). Lacality—Coalpit Bay.
8. Sp. 3. Monograptus Sedgwicki, Portl. Pl. 5, fig. 15. Locality—Coalpit
Bay.
9. Sp. 4. Monograptus turriculatus. Barr. Pl. 5, fig. 11.
As in South Scotland, the majority of the specimens of this species in the
beds of County Down are of very diminutive size. Locality—Tieveshilly.
10. Sp. 5. Monograptus crispus. Lapw. PI. 5, fig. 13. Locality—Tieveshilly.
11. Sp. 6. Monograptus exiguus. Nich. Pl. 5, fig 9. Locality—Tieveshilly.
12. Sp. 7. Monograptus Barrande, Suess. Pl. 5, fig. 21. Locality—
Tieveshilly.
13. Sp.8. Monograptus runcinatus. Lapw. Pl. 5, fig. 7. Locality—
Tieveshilly.
(x.) Linnarsson. Afdreg ur Geologiska Foreningensi Stockholm Forhandlingar, 1877. No
4o. Band III. No, 12.
LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down. 129
14. Sp. 9. Monograptus lobiferus. M‘Coy. PI. 5, fig. 6.
This species occurs in the black shales of Coalpit Bay in a few of the com.
mon varieties, in aJl of which the extremity of each theca seems to form a
rounded lobe, the aperture being apparently directed partly inward and partly
upward against the lower wall of the central portion of the tube. According
to Dr. Linnarsson, who has found specimens of this species in the Jodéferus
schists of Sweden, preserved in relief, the hydrotheca is actually coiled obliquely,
and thus the aperture opens outward in a different plane to that of the
proximal portion of the theca, which is wholly free. Locality—Coalpit Bay.
In the grey schists of Tieveshilly this species appears to be represented by
the following form :—
15. Var. pandus. Lapw. Var. nov. Pl. 6, fig. 3.
Polypary simple, monoprionidian, stout, straight ; from four to six inches
in length, and with an average diameter of % of an inch in the fully
developed portion, inclusive of the projection of the hydrothece.
These are arranged in the proportion of from 24 to 28 tothe inch, and
are in contact only. They are broad at their origin, and have the
superior margin almost horizontal. They narrow rapidly towards
their outer extremity, which is bent downwards in the direction of
the proximal extremity of the polypary.
This form has been frequently noticed by paleontologists, but its distinct-
ness has not hitherto been acknowledged. Barrande (Grapt. de Boheme. PI. 1,
figs. 10 to 14) and Geinitz (Die Graptolithen, Taf. III, figs. 24, 25, &c.) both
refer it to Monograptus priodon. (Bronn). From that species, however, it is
easily distinguished by the general form of the theca, and the absence of
overlap. From Monograptus Clingani (Carr.) it differs in the size and shape of
the polypary. Locality—Tieveshilly.
16. Sp. 10. Monograptus priodon, Bronn, PI. 5, figs. 24a, and 24b.
Locality—Tieveshilly.
17. Sp.11. Monograptus Riccartonensis, Lapw. Pl. 5, fig. 23. Locality—
Tieveshilly.
18. Sp. 12. Monograptus Galaensis, 'Lapw. PI, 6, figs 1. Locality—
Tieveshilly. ;
130 LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co, Down.
The two preceding species are found in association at Tieveshilly. In
Scotland the former appears to be restricted to the Riccarton Beds (Wenlock) ;
and the latter occurs only in the Gala Group (Llandovery).
19. Sp. 13- Monograptus M‘Coyi. Lapw. Sp. nov. Pl. 6, fig. 2.
Polypary simple, monoprionidian, straight, several inches in length, and
with an average width of one-sixth of aninch. Hydrothecze about
30 to the inch, in contact throughout the whole of their extent,
inclined at an angle of 45°; of the general form of slender quad-
rangular tubes, about five times longer than broad ; apertural margin
convex, expanded into an oblique, blunt, triangular denticle. (Loc.
Builth Bridge, Radnor.)
The foregoing diagnosis has been drawn up from M‘Coy’s figure and
description of a form from the Silurian Rocks of Wales (Palzeozoic Rocks and
Fossils. Pl. 1 B, fig 7, and p. 4) (1.) which he erroneously identified with his
Graptolithus latus, originally founded upon a fragment of a Dichograptidian
species, from the Skiddaw Slates of the Lake District (Quart. Journal Geol.
Society, vol. 4, p, 223). Locality—A single well-preserved fragment only has
been obtained from the Llandovery beds of Tieveshilly.
20. Sp. 14. Monograptus Hisingeri. Carr. (See Geo. Mag., 1868. Pl. 12,
fig. 1.)
(a). Typical form. Locality—Tieveshilly.
21. (4). Var. jaculum. Lapw. PI. 5, fig. 20. Localities—Coalpit
Bay and Tullygarvan.,
22, Sp.15. Monograptus cyphus. Lapw. Pl. 5, fig. 25. Localities—
Coalpit Bay and Tullygarvan,
23. Sp. 16. Monograptus leptotheca. Lapw, PI. 5, fig. 22, Locality—
Some doubtful fragments only of this species have been collected from
the black shales of Coalpit Bay.
24, Sp. 17. Monograptus concinnus, Lapw. PL 5, fig. 19. Locality—
Coalpit Bay.
(1.) Compare Rémer in Leon and Bronn, Jahrbuch f Min., 1855. p. 541, plate 8, fig. 2.
LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down. 131
25. Sp. 18. Monograptus gregarius. Lapw. Pl. 5, fig. 4. Locality—The
characteristic fossil of the central portion of the Birkhill shales, It
- occurs in myriads in the black shales of Coalpit Bay.
26. Sp. 19. Monograptus argutus. Lapw. PI. 5, fig. 5.
The accompanying figure, as well as that illustrative of the original
description of this species, was taken from a cast of a compressed example. In
specimens preserved with their relief the hydrothecze resemble those in
Dicellograptus, having a deep excavation in the distal portion of their outer
wall, while the aperture opens obliquely outwards, partly overlapping the
lateral wall of the commen canal. Locality—Coalpit Bay.
27. Sp. 20. Monograptus Sandersoni. Lapw. PI. 5, fig. 8. Localities—
Coalpit Bay and Tullygarvan.
28, Sp.21. Monograptus tenuis. Portlock. Pl. 5, fig. 10, Localities—
Coalpit Bay and Tullygarvan (?)
29. Sp. 22, Aonograptus attenuatus. Hopk. Pl. 5, fig. 3. Locality—
Coalpit Bay.
Genus III. DIMORPHOGRAPTUS, provisional genus. Lapworth. (Geo. Mag.,
1876, P. 545+)
Examples of this genus are found in great profusion both in Ireland and
Scotland, and in all we find the characteristic mono-diprionidian polypary.
Nevertheless, in the complete absence of specimens preserved in relief, I have
grave doubts of the validity of the genus. We meet with occasional examples
in which we have a hint of a second series of hydrothecz in the proximal por-
tion. It is just possible that in this group the concavo-convexity of the poly-
pary general among the diprionidian Graptolites is carried to excess ; and that
the partial invisibility of the second series of hydrothecz is due to their lying
almost parallel with those of the first series.
30. Sp.1. Dimorphograptus Swanstoni. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 5.
A most remarkable and very distinct little species. It occurs in admirable
preservation in the Coalpit Bay division of the County Down black shales, but
has not hitherto been detected in the corresponding zone of the Moffat Series.
Geinitz figures an example of this species from the A7esel-scheifer of Central
Germany. (Die Versteinerungen, Taf. 1, fig. 25.) Locality—Coalpit Bay.
K
132 LAPWORTH —GRAPTOLITES OF Co, Down.
31. Sp. 2. Dimorphograptus elongatus. Lapw. Pl. 6, fig. 6. Locality—
Coalpit Bay.
Genus IV. CEPHALOGRAPTUS. Hopkinson. (Journal Quekett Micros. Club,
18609. )
32. Sp.1. Cephalograptus cometa. _Geinitz. Pl. 6, fig. 4. Locality —Coal-
pit Bay.
Genus V. DipeLtoGRAPTus. M‘Coy. (Annals and Mag. Nat. His.).
In addition to the diprionidian form of the polypary, the chief charac-
teristic of this genus is generally held to be the fact that the central canal is
divided longitudinally, by a vertical septum or diaphragm, into two distinct por-
tions which do not communicate with each other—at least in the later stages
of the growth of the polypary. In one group, however—viz., the sub-genus
Glyptograptus (Lapw.)—none of the examples preserved with their relief which
have hitherto come under my notice, give evidence of the presence of this dia-
phragm; but, on the other hand, the coenosarcal tube appears to be undivided,
and to be in organic connection with both series of hydrothecee, as in Retiolites,
33. Sp. 1. Diplograptus acuminatus. Nich. PI. 6, fig. 7.
The characteristic fossil of the lowest zone of the Llandoveries of South
Scotland. It is as yet unknown in Ireland.
34. Sp. 2. Déplograptus modestus. Lapw. Pl.’ 6, fig. 8. (Catl, Western
Scott. Fossils. Plate 2, fig. 33.) Locality—Coalpit Bay.
35. Sp. 3. Diplograptus sinuatus. “Nich. PI. 6, fig. 9. “ Locality—Coalpit
Bay.
a
36. Sp. 4. Diplograptus tricornis. Carr. Pl. 6, fig. 10, Localities—Coalpit
Bay, Ballygrot, and Craigavad.
37- Sp. 5. Diplograptus angustifolius. Hall. Pl. 6, fig. 11. Localities-—
Coalpit Bay and Ballygrot.
38. Sp. 6. Déplograptus tamariscus. Nich. Pl. 6, fig. 12. Locality— Coal-
pit Bay.
39. Sp. 7. Diplograpius dentatus. Brongn. Pl. 6, fig. 13. Locality—
Ballygrot.
LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF THE Co. Down. 133
40, Sp.8. Diplograptus Hughest. Nich. Pl. 6, fig. 14. Locality— Coalpit
Bay.
41. Sp. 9. Diéplograptus insectiformis, Nich. Pl. 6, fig. 15. Locality—
Ballygrot.
42. Sp.10. Déplograptus folium, His. Pl. 6, fig. 16, Locality—Coalpit
Bay.
43. Sp. 11. Déiplograpius truncatus. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 17,
Diplograptus pristis, var. truncatus. Lapw. (Catl. Western
Scott, Fossils. Plate 1, fig. 28.)
Polypary diprionidian, sub-fusiform or with parallel margins, one to three
inches in length and one-eighth of an inch in maximum diameter; fur-
nished proximally with a minute radicle and lateral spines. Virgula
invisible. Hydrothecze inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees,
linear-tubular, expanding towards the oblique apertural margin and
ornamented with minute transverse strize.
There are several varieties of this species in the South Scottish rocks, but
they agree generally in the foregoing characteristics. Some smaller and wider
examples of this form are almost inseparable from Dzf. palmeus, Forms pre-=
served in relief show no trace of a longitudinal septum on one of the lateral
faces. I formerly referred this species to Diplograptus pristis of Hisinger, but
Swedish specimens of the latter show a polypary and hydrothecze of the general
type of Diplograpius quadrimucronatus (Hall).
44. Sp. 12. Diplograptus foliaceus. Murch. PI. 6, fig. 18. Locality—
Ballygrot.
45. Sp 13. Diplograptus vesiculosus. Nich. Pl. 6, fig, 19. Locality—
Coalpit Bay.
46. Sp.14. Diéplograptus quadrimucronatus. Hall. Pl. 6, fig. 20,
In the Scottish examples referred to this species, four rigid spurs are usually
given off, one from each of the angles of the prismoid polypary at a normally
uniform height corresponding to the position of the sixth or seventh hydrotheca,
counting from the initial extremity.
In the Irish forms collected by Mr. Swanston the spurs are sometimes
134 LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down.
regularly disposed in two opposite series, and sometimes irregularly scattered
along the extent of the outer margin of the polypary.
These forms are all certainly allied to Glossograptus, but our present
evidences are insufficient to justify their removal to that genus. Locality—
Carnalea.
47. Sp. 15. Diplograptus Whitfield. Wall. PI. 6, fig. 21.
The interesting examples furnished with lateral reproductive appendages,
figured by Hall in his Graptolites of the Quebec group, Plate B, and assigned
by him to the present species, are clearly distinct. It is most probable that
they belong to a form of Lasiograptus (?) resembling Lastograptus
bimucronatus, Nich. Locality—Carnalea.
48. Sp, 16. Dzplograptus (Lasiograptus?) mucronatus. Hall. Pl. 6, fig. 22.
In this series the apertural fibres occasionally anastomose; and examples
with lateral reproductive appendages are not infrequent in the Moffat Series in
Scotland. In Ireland the species is as yet unknown.
49. Sp. 17. Diplograptus ( Hallograptus) bimucronatus, Nich. Pl. 6, fig. 23.
It is in this species that the lateral reproductive processes are most
frequently met with in British Rocks. Few examples of this form occur which
appear wholly destitute of them, or of the lateral fibres which support them.
Mr. W. Carruthers has suggested that this form, and the very similar
Diplograptus mucronatus should be erected into a new genus under the title of
Fallograptus, in honour of the eminent palzeontologist, who was the first to
figure these forms and to suggest the possible function of their remarkable
appendages.
Genus VI. GLOossoGRAPTUS. Emmons.
50. Sp. 1. Glossograptus Hincksii. Wopk. Pl. 6, fig. 24.
The lateral appendages in this species and genus differ from those in
Hallograptus, in being rigid blind spurs comparable with those at the proximal
extremity of CXmacograptus bicornis (Hall). In all the supposed species of this
genus, the apertural spines are also remarkably stout and rigid, but they never
anastomose as in the older and very closely allied genus Retiograptus of Hall.
(Grapt. Quebec Group, Plate 16, figs. 6 to 8). Glossograptus ciliatus, Emmons
(American Geol. vol. 1, plate 1, fig 25); Glossograptus setaceus, Ibid. Fig.
-LapworTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co, Down. 135
20; Diplograptus ciliatus, Ubid. Fig. 19; Dzplograptus spinulosus, Tall.
Diplograptus fimbriatus, Hopk. (Geol. Mag., 1872. Pl. 12, fig. 8.)
Diplograptus pinguis, Ubid. Fig. 7; all belong to this genus and will pro-
bably prove to have been founded on either one or two distinct species : the
aspect of the polypary varying to an extraordinary degree according to the
direction in which the compression has been effected. Localities-—Coalpit Bay
and Ballygrot.
Genus VII. Lasiocraptus. Lapworth
51. Sp. 1. Lasiograptus Harknesst. Nich. PI. 6, fig. 26.
An examination of Nicholson’s type specimen of his Diplograptus Hark-
nesst has convinced me that it is identical with my Lastograptus costatus, which
must consequently be suppressed. This species has a great range in the Moffat
Series, passing upwards from its very lowest beds into the middle of the Hart-
fell Shales. Occasionally a specimen is detected in which the ventral spines are
rudimentary and do not anastomose. Locality—Carnalea.
52. Sp.2. Lasiograptus margaritatus Lapw. Pl. 6, fig. 25.
Polypary diprionidian, about one inch in length and about one-eighth of
an inch in diameter, inclusive of the marginal net-work. Virgula ca-
pillary, just visible beyond the distal margin Hydrothece 25 to 30 to
the inch, free, triangular in form, with long-pointed denticles which
~ are developed horizontally outwards as distinct filaments to a distance
equal to the width of the central portion of the polypary, where they
are split up into several subordinate threads. These are united to those
similarly derived from the hydrothecze immediately above and below.
and thus originate a continuous series of marginal meshes completely
surrounding the polypary.
In this species the hydrothece are of the type of those of Diplograptus
mucronatus (Hall), and the general aspect of the polypary is essentially similar
to that of Diplograptus limucronatus (Nich.). In Lasiograptus Harknessi the
thecz resemple those of C/imacograptus. Locality—Unknown in Ireland.
Genus VIII. CiaTHRocrartus. Lapworth.
53 Sp. 1. Clathrograptus cuneiformis. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 27.
The figure shows merely the skeleton framework of the polypary. In well
136 LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down.
preserved specimens this skeleton is covered and partially hidden from sight by
a thin continuous membrane showing cell-apertures. Locality—Ballygrot.
The genus Retzograptus of Hall included three distinct genera. The title
of Retiograptus is best restricted to the forms to which it was first applied, viz.,
those of the type Retiograptus tentaculatus, which combines the generic charac-
ters of Glossograpius and Lasiograpius. Clathrograptus embraces the simple
diprionidian forms of the type of Retiograptus Geinitzianus (Hall, non Bar-
rande). A third genus remains, which is typified by the extraordinary com-
pound species Retograptus nucharis, from Lake St. John.
Genus IX. RETIOLITES. Barrande.
54. Sp 1. Retiolites fbratus. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 28.
Polypary simple, diprionidian, one or two inches in length and one-fourth
of an inch in breadth; margins parallel, proximal end broadly rounded
and destitute of ornament. Virgula stout, straight, distally prolonged,
Hydrothecee 24 to 28 to the inch, their position being indicated by
broad regularly quadrangular meshes. Epiderm continuous, supported
on a skeleton framework of interlacing threads.
This form, which is remarkably abundant in the higher zones of the Lower
Hartfell of South Scotland, is intimately allied to the forms here united under
ketiolites perlatus (Nich.), but differs from them mainly in the form of the thecal
meshes, and in the frequent presence of lateralappendages. Locality—Carnalea.
55. Sp. 2. Retiolites perlatus? Nich. (Geo. Journal, vol. xxiv. p. 530.)
The original example of this species is too imperfectly preserved to enable
us to recognize any specific character beyond the great breadth of the polypary
and the extraordinary width of the dermal meshes. In this respect it agrees with
certain views of the two following forms which occur in the South of Scotland,
but neither of which it is as yet possible to identify with the A, Zerlatus of the
Coniston Mudstones.
56. Var. Datroni. Var. nov. Lapw. Pl. 6, fig. 30.
Occasionally three or four inches in length. In the characteristic view it
resembles a gigantic specimen of Dip. falmeus (Barr.), with a reti-
form covering. In addition to this network this form must have
possessed a continuous superficial membrane of sufficient thickness to
LAPWORTH— GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down. 137
leave indubitable traces of its presence upon the matrix. Locality—
Coalpit Bay.
57 Var. obesus. Lapw. (Rept. Brit. Assoc. 1871.) Pl. 6, fig. 29.
The sp€cial features of this form are the great size and the elegant and cha- -
racteristic shape of the thecal meshes. The thecz themelves appear almost
horizontal. Locality—Unknown in Ireland ; common in the Gala Group of
South Scotland, and in the highest seams of the Birkhill shales.
Genus X. CLIMACOGRAPTUS. Hall. (Grapt. Quebec Group, p, 111.)
According to Professor Hall, the polypary in this genus has no central
septum, and the hydrothecz are simple openings in the outer test of a single
internal ccenosarcal canal. By Professor Nicholson, on the other hand, the
polypary is believed to be formed, actually or theoretically, of two monoprio-
nidian polyparies placed back to back ; their dorsal walls being flattened into a
bilaminate median septum, and their virgulz coalescing into a double central
virgula. I have verified the accuracy of the latter theory in the species
Chimacograptus scalaris (His.), in several of its varieties, and in C. Wilsoni.
(Lapw.); but if the analogy furnished by the structure of D¢plograptus as
described above, is to guide us, it is not impossible that both these interpreta-
tions are correct, each for itself, and that within the limits of Climacograptus, as
at present received, are included some forms in which the median septum is con-
tinuous from side to side, and others in which the hydrothecze of both series
open into one and the same central ccenosarcal canal.
58. Sp. 1. Climacograptus scalaris. Tis. (Non Linneus.) (Lethea
Suecica, Plate xxxviii.) '
The form figured by Linnzeus as Graptolithus scalaris, (1) was a Monograptus
allied to M. colonus of Barrande, from the Upper Silurian strata in which the
genus C/imacograptus is unknown. Examples in my possession procured from
the same locality whence Linnzus obtained his species show the peculiar scala-
riform appearance figured by him, with great distinctness. They are also asso-
ciated with unrolled examples of a spiralis like Cyrtograptus, as in his original
drawing. Linnzus’ name, sca/aris, should be employed for the Monograptus, to
which he originally applied it; but in the meantime it is perhaps inadvisable to
disturb Hisinger’s title for the Swedish Ciimacograptus. The following forms,
1 Skanska Resa., p. 147.
138 LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down.
which are usually referred by paleontologists to this species, all agree in the
possession of a tapering polypary, destitute of proximal ornamentation; perpen-
dicular, short, square, hydrothecz; and straight, or very gently undulating
suture.
59. Var. a. tectus, Barrande. (Grapt. de Boheme. “Pl. I, figs.
19 and 20.)
Virgula never distally prolonged. Locality—Rare in the Gala Group of
South Scotland, unknown as yet in County Down.
60. Var. &. normalis. Lapw. PI, 6, fig. 31.
Polypary with sub-parallel margins. Virgula greatly prolonged distally.
Locality—Abundant in Coalpit Bay.
61. Var.c. Climacograptus rectangularis. M‘Coy. PI. 6, fig. 32.
Virgula prolonged, proximally only, to a considerable length. Polypary
tapering. Locality—Unknown in Ireland. Rare in the Birkhill Shales of
Moffat.
62. Var. d. Climacograptus caudatus. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 34.
Polypary tapering, several inches in length, with stout virgula prolonged
both proximally and distally to a length equal to that of the polypary itself.
Locality—Unknown in Ireland.
63. Var.e. Climacograptus tubuliferus. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 33.
Polypary with parallel margins, virgula distally prolonged and expanded
into a long flattened plate or vesicle. Locality—Carnalea.
In Scotland each of the foregoing forms has a definite range in the
succession of Silurian deposits. They are all most certainly very intimately
allied, but it is possible that we may eventually be forced to look upon them
as distinct species. Such of these forms as are known upon the Continent have
a corresponding vertical range, and appear to possess similar external
features.
64. Sp. 2. Climacograptus Scharenbergi. Lapw. Pl. 6, fig. 36. (Catl.
West. Scott. Fossils. Plate 2, fig. 36).
Polypary diprionidian, about an inch in length and one-twelfth of an inch
in average diameter; proximal end ornamented with a short radicle
LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down. 139
only. Suture deep, zigzag, having each angle prolonged in a short
horizontal groove. Virgula distally prolonged. Hydrothecze 28 to
36 in the space of an inch, short, perpendicular, with the distal ex-
tremity of each very slightly introverted. ;
The chief characteristic of this species is afforded by its remarkable
sutural groove. This is distinctly angulated, running in zig-zag straight lines
from side to side. From the outer point of each angulation a short horizontal
groove continuous with that of the suture traverses the covering of the
coenosarcal tube almost to its outer edge.
This form has been frequently figured by paleontologists, even under its
most typical aspect, but always in association with closely allied forms. (1) Its
characters are so unique that there can be no hesitation in regarding it as a
distinct species.
The various forms here referred to C. Scalaris. His. universally
abound in Bala and Lower Llandovery rocks. They are unknown apparently
in rocks of Llandeilo and Lower Bala age, where their place is taken by the
present species, which occurs in Wales, Scotland, and Scandinavia in these
ancient formations. The two forms doubtfully overlap for a short period in
the Ciingani zone of the Hartfell shales of the Moffat area. Localities—Scot-
Jand—in the Glenkiln and lowest Hartfell beds everywhere. Ireland—Bally-
grot, Craigavad, and Coalpit Bay.
65. Sp. 3. Climacograptus bicornis. Wall. Type form. Pl. 6, fig. 38a,
Locality— Ballygrot.
66. Var. (b.) tridentatus. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 38c.
67. Var.(c.) peltifer. Lapw. Pl. 6, fig. 38b.
68. Sp.4. Climacograptus ceiatus. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 39.
The figure which illustrates the original description of this species (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., 1875, Pl. 35, fig. 8) is a very bad one. The original
diagnosis should be compared with the figure on plate of the present memoir.
In the Welsh specimens the hydrothecze are more deeply divided and the
(x) Compare, for example, Boch, Bernerk aug., Graptolitherne, Taf. 1, figs. 3, 10, 15, 18.
Scharenburg, Ueber Graptolithen, Taf. 2, figs. 24, 25, &c , &c. Salter Q. J. G. S., vol. viii.,
pl. 7, fig. 3. Torquist.
L
140 LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down.
interspaces are more oblique than in the Scottish forms. Locality—Coalpit
Bay and Ballygrot.
69. Sp.5. Climacograptus Wilsont. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 40. (Catl. Western
Scottish Fossils, 1876. Pl. 2, fig. 46.)
Polypary two to four inches in length and one eighth of an inch in
maximum diameter; proximal end abrupt, furnished with two short
horizontal radicular processes. Septum direct. Virgula stout, distally
prolonged for a distance nearly equal to the length of the polypary ;
and supporting proximally a large elliptical vesicle. Hydrothece 16
to 20 to the inch; short, square, perpendicular ; excavation shallow,
horizontal.
Closely allied to the foregoing and following species— Locality—Unknown in
Treland.
70. Sp. 6. Climacograptus per-excavatus. Lapw. Pi. 6, fig. 35.
Polypary one and a half inches in length, and about one eighth of an inch
in breadth ; margins parallel till close upon the proximal extremity which is
broadly rounded off, and ornamented with three short, stiff, proximal spines.
Virgula distally prolonged. Hydrothecze 28 to 36 to the inch, with inclined
partition walls; excavations wide and deep, occupying more than half the
ventral margin of the polypary, and from one-fourth to one third of its trans-
verse diameter. Horizon—Glenkiln shales. Localities in Scotland—Craig-
michan, Glenkiln, Leadhills. In Ireland—at Ballygrot and Coalpit Bay.
A most prolific species, it occurs in great abundance at the localities cited.
yi. Sp. 7. Climacograptus innotatus, Nich. Pl. 6, fig. 37. Locality —
Coalpit Bay.
Genus XI. DICRANOGRAPTUS. Hall. (Grapt. Quebec Group, p. 112.)
72. Sp. 1. Dicranograptus ramosus. Pl. 7, fig. 1.
The earlier or Llandeilo examples of this and the following species are re-
markably spinose. As we ascend in the series of beds the spines seem to become
shorter and less conspicuous. In the highest beds where these species are
known they are destitute of spines. Localities—Crawfordsburn, Ballygrot, and
Craigavad.
LAPWORTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down. 141
73. Sp. 2. Dicranograptus Nicholsoni. WHopk. . Pl. 7, fig. 2. Locality—
Ballygrot.
74. Sp. 3. Dicranograptus formosus. Wopk, Pl. 6, fig. 41. Localities—
Coalpit Bay and Craigavad.
75. Sp. 4. Dicranograptus Clingani, Carr. PI. 6, fig. 43. Locality—Not
yet detected in Ireland. 2 :
76. Sp. 5. Dicranograptus ziczac. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 42a. (Catl. Western
Scottish Fossils, Plate 3, fig. 77.)
Stem one-eighth of an inch in length, pointed ; branches diverging at an
angle of about 120 degrees, about an inch in length, bent into an elegant double
curve, and forming a polypary of a vase-like form. Hydrothecze 28 to 30 to the
inch, seen in profile on the stem ; invisible upon the branches. Allied to Di-
cranograptus furcatus of Hall. (Pal. New York, Vol. I. Plate 74, fig. 4.)
Locality—Unknown in Ireland.
77. Var. minimus. Lapw. PI. 6, fig. 420.
Branches half an inch in length, forming a single gentle curve. Locality—
Coalpit Bay,
Genus XII. DiceLLocraptus. Hopkinson. (Geol. Mag. 1871. Pl. 1, p. 20.)
78. Sp. 1. Dicellograptus elegans. Carr. Pl. 7, fig. 8. Localities—Carna-
lea, Craigavad, and Coalpit Bay.
79. Sp. 2; Diécellograptus Forchammeri. Geinitz; Pl. 7, fig. 7. Localities—
Carnalea, Ballygrot, and Coalpit Bay.
80. Sp. 3. Dicellograptus Moffatensis. Carr, Pl. 7, fig. 9. “Locality—
Ballygrot.
81. Var. (a) divaricatus. Hall. Pl. 7, fig. 10. Locality—Ballygrot.
82. Sp. 4. Diécellograptus caduceus. Lapw. Pl. 7, fig. 3. (Catl. Western
Scottish Fossils. Pl. 4, fig. 83.)
Polypary consisting of two simple monoprionidian branches, which diverge
142 LApwoRTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down.
at a small angle, and are so curved that they cross and recross each
other distally in the figure of 8. Axillary spine prominent, lateral
spines undeveloped. Hydrothecz 24 to 28 to the inch, of the form
of those of Décellograptus elegans, Carr. Sp. Locality—Ballygrot.
Genus XIII, DipymMocRaptus. M/‘Coy; (Pal. Foss., p. 9.)
83. Sp. 1. Didymograptus superstes. Lapw. Pl. 7, figs. 15 a-b. (Catl.
Western Scottish Fossils. Pl. 3, fig. 74.)
Polypary consisting of two simple monoprionidian branches, of great length,
attaining a maximum diameter of one-tenth of an inch, within the first
three inches of their extent ; broadly curved and including a ventral
angle of about 120 degrees. Hydrothecze 24 to the inch, inclined at
an angle of 40 degrees, rapidly expanding in the direction of the aper-
tural margin, which is deeply concave, and forms a broad triangular
denticle.
Perfect specimens of this well-marked species are rarely detected ; but the
broad and slightly curved branches are numerous both in Scotland and Ireland
in the typical Glenkiln Shales. This is in all probability the same species as
that figured by Hall as Graptolethus sagittarius. (Pal. New York. Vol. 1.,
Plate 74, fig. 1.) It is also associated here, as in North America, with a
slender species which appears to be the same as Didymograptus serratulus (Hall).
Localities— Ballygrot and Craigavad.
Genus XIV. Lrprocrartus. Lapworth. (Geol. Mag. 1873, p. 558.)
84. Sp. 1. Leptograptus flaccidus. Hall. Pl. 7, fig. 14. Localities—Car-
nalea, Orlock Point, and Ballygrot. ‘
Genus XV. Cc@NoGRAPTUS. Hall. (Modified) (Hall, Annual Report,
1867, p. 179.)
So far as at present known this genus differs from Plewrograptus (Nich.),
in the possession of an initial cross-bar, formed by the persistent sicula.
85. Sp. 1. Canograptus gracilis, Hall, Pl. 7, fig. 11. Localities—Bally-
grot and Craigavad.
None of the Scottish examples of this species give evidence of having been
LarpworTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co. Down. 143
composed of four branches, as indicated in the American specimen figured by
Hall. (Grapt. Quebec Group, p. 14.)
86. Sp. 2. Canograptus surcularis. Hall. PI. 7, fig.12. Locality—Bally-
grot.
87. Sp. 3. Cenograptus pertenuis, Lapw. Pl. 7, fig. 13. (Catl. Western
Scottish Fossils, 1876. Pl. 3, figs. 66, 67.)
Polypary consisting of two simple or compound monoprionidian flexuous
and extremely slender branches, proceeding in opposite directions from
the central portion of a well-marked sicula. Hydrothece 16 to the
inch, of the type of those of Caenograptus gracilis,
The forms C. explanatus, and C. nitidulus figured by myself in the Catl.
Western Scott. Fossils may be distinct species, or merely varieties of the pre-
sent form. It will consequently be better to defer their description till this
point has been satisfactorily determined. Locality—Ballygrot.
Genus XVI. THAMNOGRAPTUS. Hall.
88. Sp.1. Zhamnograptus typus? Hall. Pl. 7, fig. 16.
This form has only been procured in small fragments in the dark shales of
County Down. It occurs locally in great profusion in the Glenkiln Beds of
the South of Scotland. Some comparatively perfect and well preserved
examples from these beds lately added to my collection, make it clear that
different portions of the polypary are so distinct in their characters, that they
have been considered as belonging to distinct species. Rastvztes Barrandei of
Hall is a true Thamnograptus, and ought probably to be referred to the present
form. Localities—Ballygrot and Craigavad.
Genus XVII. DicryonEmMA. Hall. (Palaeontology of New York, Vol. ii.,
Pp. 174.)
89. Sp.1. Dictyonema Moffatensjf. Lapw. PI. 7, fig. 17.
Polypary about an inch in length and one-third of an inch in maximum
diameter, cupshaped, of an elongate semi-elliptical form; composed of
slender, radiating, free, comparatively straight branches, with slightly
crenulated margins; transverse dissepiments distant, scarcely visible ;
144 LAPWoRTH—GRAPTOLITES OF Co, Down.
Proximal portion of polypary prolonged into, and partially enveloped
in a chitonous disc or plate.
All the specimens of this species known to me are in a very indifferent
state of preservation, and the foregoing characters are all that can be made
out with certainty. Locality—Carnalea,
Poa Beltuse Nat Field Chib ISI6T1 |Gyendie) ~ FAI
Oe 20 ay. ow
f |
ChatLaowrth bei SWANSTON & LAPWORTH-GRAPTOLITES OF CO.DOWN. 74074 Sens.réth
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Fig. 1. astrites peregrinus, Barr.
9
2.
9?
3 var, hybridus, Lapw.
3. Monograptus attenuatus, Hopk.
4a.
5a.
6a.
7a.
8a.
Qa.
104.
Il.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16,
Ey,
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
25.
24a.
gregarius, Lapw. 40, portion enlarged,
argutus, Lapw. 50, portion enlarged.
lobifergus, M‘Coy. 64, portion enlarged.
runcinatus, Lapw. 76, portion enlarged.
Sandersont, Lapw. 8%, portion enlarged ; 8c, proximal
extremity.
exiguus, Nich. 94, portion enlarged.
tenuis, Portl, (proximal extremity). 0c, distal ex-
tremity ; 104, portion enlarged.
turriculatus, Barr.
spiralis, Geinitz.
crispus, Lapw.
triangulatus, Harkn,
Sedgwickit, Portl.
communis, Lapw.
Jimbriatus, Nich.
proteus, Barr.
concinnus, Lapw.
Fiisingeri, Carr. Var. jaculum, Lapw.
Barrandei, Suess.
leptotheca, Lapw. 104, portion enlarged.
kiccartonensis, Lapw.
priodon, Brown. 244, portion enlarged.
cyphus, Lapw.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V1.
Fig. 1. MMZonograptus Galaensis, Lapw.
G. ss M‘Coyi, Lapw.
3a. 5 lobiferfus? M‘Coy. Var. pandus (proximal extremity);
>
36, distal extremity ; 3c, the same enlarged.
4. Cephalograptus cometa, Geinitz.
5. Dimorphograptus Swanstoni, Lapw.
6. 3 elongatus, Lapw.
7. Diplograptus acuminatus, Nich.
8 ae confertus, Nich.
9 ae sinuatus, Nich.
10. ‘p tricornis, Carr.
IIa. ‘6 angustifolius, Hall. 114, portion enlarged.
12. 5 tamariscus, Nich.
13. i dentatus, Brogn.
14. 5 Hughesii, Nich.
I5. i insectiformis, Nich.
16, Bp Solium, His.
17a. ‘5 truncatus, Lapw. 176, portion enlarged.
18. rs Joliaceus, Murch. .
19. Br vesiculosus, Nich.
20. Ns guadrimucronatus, Hall.
21. ae Whitfieldi, Hall.
22. aA mucronatus, Hall.
23. oe bimucronatus, Nich.
24a. Glossograptus Hincksi, Hopk. (Ventral aspect); 244, lateral aspect.
25. Lasiograptus margaritatus, Lapw. x. 2.
26. an Harknesst, Nich. x. 2.
27. Clathrograptus cuneiformis, Lapw. x. 2.
28. Letiolites fibratus, Lapw. x. 2.
29. -° 5, perlatus? Nich. Var, obesus, Lapw. x. 2.
30. sis my Var. Daivont, Lapw. x, 2.
Proc Belfast Nat Peeld (lab 1876-37 (4ypendix) FLVL
CLAPWORTH DEL.
ARCHER & SONS, BELFAST.
SWANSTON & LAPWORTH-GRAPTOLITES OF CO.DOWN.
34.
147
Climacograptus scalaris, His.
>?
- Var. normals, Lapw.
» War. rectangularis, M‘Coy.
Pa Var, tubuliferus, Lapw.
‘3 Var. caudatus, Lapw.
352. Climacograptus per-excavatus, Lapw. 35%, portion enlarged.
36a.
ad
38a.
380.
38¢.
#130;
40.
41.
42a.
420.
43.
ge
29
Scharenbergi, Lapw. 368, portion enlarged.
innotatus, Nich.
bicornis, Hall (typical form).
a Var. peltifer.
is Var. tridentatus.
celatus, Lapwe
Wilsonz, Lapw.
Dicranograptus formesus, Hopk.
9?
39
”?
ziczac, Lapw. (typical form).
». War. minimus, Lapw.
Clingani, Carr.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Dicranograptus ramosus, Hall (stem only, older variety).
gst ie 5 Nicholsoni, Hopk.
» 3. Dicellograptus caduceus, Lapw.
99: 4e ” sextans, Hall.
pa 5s x anceps, Nich. : > | S
ain Gs i Morissi, Hopk. Vie a .
a 9 - Forchammeri, Geinitz. ,
Spo ee a elegans, Carr.
an 9 Moffatensis, Carr.
3) 10. 5 i var. divaricatus, Hall.
3 Il. Canograptus gracilis, Hall.
aay kee Bs surcularis, Hall.
95 13. _pertenuis, Lapw.
5, 14. Leptograptus flaccidus, Hall.
3, 15a. Didymograptus superstes, Hall. 154, portion of distal extremity.
>, 16. TZhamnograptus typus (?), Hall. “1G
», 17. Dictyonema Moffatensis, Lapw. v
3, 18. Corynoicdes calycularis, Niche
3, 19. ss curtus, Lapw.
20a. Acrothele sp., A.granulata, Linars. 200c, from original iguze (Afdreg.
ur. Geol., Stockholm, 1877).
3) 21a. Acrotreta Nicholsoni, Dav., Coalpit Bay. 21 0, from original figure
of species (Geo. Mag., 1868, Pl. XVI).
>, 22. Discina Portlockii, Geinitz. Various examples. aie
», 23. Dawsonia campanulata, Nich. Various examples. _ mer 4 (i
4 » 24a. Peltocaris apt}choides, Salter (Tieveshilly), slightly contorted Pt gt
wee pol path from Walker's oviswal Agave (QJ)G.S) Vole eee ee
it 99 25a Discinocaris Browniana, H. Wood.(Coalpit Bay). 254, Dobbs Linn, 3
h you — Dumfries. 25¢, from original figure of species pol en S., Vol.
\
Ole a XXII, Pl. XXV,). a
Pa Fe sob. ae 04, i
Coens |
Loc Leltast NatLiold Lib LE16 77, (Appendix) VU.
C.LAPWORTH & W.SWANSTON, DEL, ARCHER & SONS, BELFAST.
SWANSTON & LAPWORTH-GRAPTOLITES OF CO.DOWN.
Se er a We
Ae dies: Ti
OF THE
era
APPENDIX V.
ERRATA.
Page 160—-‘‘For “Nonionina asterizans, /. & M.,” read
“‘ Nonionina stelligera, D’Ord.”
Page 162—For ‘‘Lagena marginata, var. trigono-marginata,
W. & F,” read “Lagena marginata, var. trigond- O
marginata, P. & 7.”
OF THE
NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
BY
SAMUEL ALEX. STEWART,
Fillow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
PUBLISHED BY “THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,”
April, 1881.
é
Pes Soe
ese
‘2 : Le ,
ae al seep :
Wd Sd Sd ce A Dea ae
AYE BST,
OF THE
Yost-Cerfiary Foraminifera
NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
BY
JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.GS.,
Hon, Assoc. of the Belfast Nat. Hist. and Phil, Soc. ;
AND
BO Teas P
OF THE
Bollusca of fhe Boulder Clan
OF THE
NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
BY
SAMUEL ALEX. STEWART,
Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
PUBLISHED BY “THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,”
April, 1881.
c
”
ay Wae
Boh
‘
ih: *
at
)
. iS
L
r r iy
* Y p
vs =
Ay
» a... ot e
[a pies ae Bs
ek Das : aot wage HadeOT
ews ey HA yee SiN a, HKLM a
[Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club—Appendix, 1879-1880. ]
THE POST TERTIARY FORAMINIFERA OF THE
NORTH EAST OF IRELAND.
By JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G:S.
flon. Assoc. of the Belfast Nat. Hirst. and Phil. Soe.
THE first record of Post Tertiary Foraminifera having been found in Ireland,
was in a paper brought before our Club in 1874.* In it, the names of eleven
species were given, as having been found in the Estuarine Clay at Magheramorne,
County Antrim. That so few forms were then recorded was due to the cir
cumstance, that the small quantity of Clay examined had been washed through
sieves with the view of preserving the shells only, and in consequence, the great
bulk of the Foraminifera were washed away with the fine material. Since then
many of our Post Tertiary clays and gravels, have been carefully examined, and
Foraminifera have been found to occur in abundance, not only in our Post Glacial °
beds, but also in the Boulder Clay ; a deposit which until recently, and even yet
by some, is presumed to contain no fossil remains. The majority of the
Boulder Clays examined by me, yielded Microzoa, and it is possible that in some
‘of the few localities where none were found, a more extended search would have
led to different conclusions. At many places where the clay appeared unpro-
mising, only small quantities were brought away for examination ; and when
they gave but little results, these spots were usually not revisited. That the
Boulder Clay in many places was deposited in deep and quiet waters, reason-
ably favourable to the development of certain forms of marine life, may be in-
ferred frcm the number of Foraminifera found at some stations ; their tiny, deli-
cate tests being as finely preserved as if recently dredged off our coast ; andalso
* Stewart—Fossils of the Estuarine Clays of Down and Antrim. Proc. Belfast Nat. Field
Club, Vol. I., Appendix, p. 27, et seq.
150 WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
from the fact, that Leda pernula, minuta, and pygmea —delicate little shells fre-
quently occur, with both valves attached, leaving no doubt, but that they lived at
those places where they are now found.
The Estuarine Clay is much newer than the Boulder Clay, and a long time
must have elapsed between the termination of the one, and the commencement
of the other. It was probably during this period that our Eskers were formed.
This clay forms an extensive deposit along the valley of Belfast Lough, and in
consequence of its vicinity to Belfast has been better examined than the equiva-
lent clays at Strangford Lough and Lough Foyle. It occurs at Larne, under-
lying the gravel beds of the Curran,} and higher up Larne Lough, at Maghe-
ramorne, and occupies the greater part of the lowland on which Belfast is built.
The brackish water forms, Ailiolina fusca, Trochammina inflata, and T. ma-
crescens, found both at King Street and beside the Cooke Statue, would lead us
to infer, that when the clay was being deposited, Belfast Lough, except that it
stood at a somewhat lower level, must have differed but little from its present
condition. When making the new docks some years since, the shells in the
Estuarine Clay were carefully tabulated by Mr. Stewart.t It is to be re-
gretted that the clay was not at that time also examined for Foraminifera, as
unusually fine sections were then exposed. A somewhat similar opportunity
was lost for gaining a knowledge of our Boulder Clay species when, in 1842-3,
the Clear Water Basin was being made, the Boulder Clay exposed during those
excavations being exceptionally rich in shells, and if examined for Microzoa
must have given most interesting results.
The Estuarine Clay is usually rich in Foraminifera. 42 species have been
found in the clay at Blackstaff Bridge, Strangford Lough ; 72 at Magheramorne,
Larne Lough; and 98 at Limavady Station, Lough Foyle ; these, as a rule,
differ but little from our recent British species. At Limavady Station, Ramudina
levis, and Lingulina tenera occur, species which are not now found off our coast.
Lagena striato-punctata occurs in abundance at the two latter places, and as this
form is now one of our rarest British Rhizopods, we may infer that a long time
must have elapsed since the clay was deposited,
Under the name of Raised Beaches, may be classed the shell deposit at
Portrush, and the extensive gravel beds at the Curran, Larne ; both are several
feet above high water mark, and are more recent than the Estuarine Clays ; at
the latter place, as also at Kilroot, these Clays may be seen underlying the
gravels. A large number of Foraminifera have been found at both stations,
+ Gray, rudely-worked flints of the North of Ireland, chiefly in Antrimand Down. Jour
Roy. His. and Archzol. Assoc. of Ireland. Fourth series, Vol. V., No. 39, p. 130.
t Fossils of the Estuarine Clays of Down and Antrim.
WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND, 151
To my friend Mr. H. B. Brady, F.R.S., I am much indebted for the kind
assistance rendered me in identifying the critical species ; and to my friends Mr.
W. Gray, M.R.I.A.; Mr. S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.E.; and Mr. W. Swanston,
F.G.S., for the valuable help they gave me in supplying material for examina-
tion, from various localities not visited by myself.
The following notes on some of the forms found may be of interest :—The
Lagene were among the most interesting, and occurred in great abundance,
both in numbers and species, in the Estuarine Clay at Limavady Junction.
All our recent British species of Lagena, except crenata, were found at this place.
Trigonal varieties of our flat Entosolenian Zageas were very numerous. All
the British forms had here their threessided representatives—viz., marginata,
lucida, ornata, lagenoides, and pulchella (small), as well as two examples of a
four-sided marginata. These, though curious and interesting, are after all
but subvarietal modifications of the types, not even ranking as good varieties,
I have recorded in the list tvigox0-marginata, (trigono) oblonga, and trigono-
ornata, as being the best and most characteristic of these varieties.
LAGENA STRIATO-PUNCTATA, P. and F.
This species, now so rare in British water, is abundant in the Estuarine
Clay at Magheramorne and Limavady Junction ; also, a variety very small in
size, and having only six longitudinal ribs.
LAGENA ASPERA, Reuss.
Lagena hispida, Reuss. Wright, Rec. Forams. of Down and Antrim—
Belfast Nat. Field Club Rep., Appendix 1876-7, Pl. IV, fig. 7.
A small Zagena, covered with blunt spines, having a tendency at times to
run in longitudinal lines.
LAGENA HISPIDA, Reuss.
Lagena Feffreysit, Brady MS. Wright, Rec. Forams. of Down and
Antrim—Belfast Nat. Field Club Rep., Appendix 1876-7, Pl. IY, fig. 15.
A few examples of this rare Zagena have been met with in the Estuarine
Clay at Limavady Junction.
BULIMINA SUBTERES, Brady,
Brady, Notes on Reticularian Rhizopoda of the Challenger Expedition—
Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., Vol. XX, New Series.
Not unfrequent in the Estuarine Clay at Limavady Junction. This species
has only within the last twelve months been recorded as recent on our coasts,
152 WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND.
It has been dredged off the Shetlands, by Mr. Brady, off the Isle of Skye, by
Mr. Robertson, and off Killybegs Harbour, County Donegal, by myself.
CASSIDULINA BRADYI, Vorman MS. v
A few examples of this crozier-shaped Cassidulina have been found in the
Estuarine Clay at Limavady Junction.
DIsCORBINA PARISIENSIS, D’ Orb.
Wright, Rec. Forams. of Down and Antrim—Belfast Nat. Field Club
Rep., Appendix 1876-7, Pl. IV, fig. 1, abc (not fig. 2, abc).
Not unfrequent in the Estuarine Clays at Magheramorne and Limavady
Junction. :
POLYSTOMELLA ARCTICA, P. and F.
This boreal species has been found at several localities in the Boulder Clay,
POST GLACIAL LOCALITIES.
1. Curran, Larne—Very extensive gravel beds; shells not unfrequent ;
Foraminifera plentiful.
2. Portrush—A considerable accumulation of broken shells in the hollows
of the rocks above high-water mark on the shore convenient to the town of
Portrush ; Foraminifera plentiful.
Cooke’s Statue, Wellington Place, Belfast—Estuarine Clay exposed at the
opening of a sewer near the statue. The Foraminifera indicate brackish water
conditions. All the species found, were also met with at the next station (Well,
King Street), where also the following four species occurred—viz., Miliolina
oblonga, fusca, Polymorphina lactea, and Verneuilina polystropha, these not
having been found at this locality.
3. Well, King Street, Beélfast—In the sinking for a well at Messrs.
Swanston & Bones’s, King Street, a few hundred yards from the last locality,
the following beds were passed through :—
c Estuarine Clay of the usual yellowish grey colour ; Foramin-
ifera rather common; more numerous than at Cooke’s
Estuarine Clay, statue—Miholina oblonga, fusca, Trochammina squamata,
6 feet. inflata, macrescens, Lagena lucida, Folymorphina lactea,
J
| Verneuilina polystropha, Rotalia Beccarit, FPolystomella
\ crispa, striato-punctata, Nonionina depressula,
/
WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NorTH-EAST OF IRELAND. 183
( Estuarine Clay of brownish colour and with offensive smell ;
; Foraminifera very common--Mzliolina oblonga, Trocham-
Estuarine Clay,
|
22 feet. |
mina inflata (very fine), macrescens, Lagena lucida, Poly-
morphina lactea, Rotalia Beccarit, Polystomella striato-
punctata, Nonionina depressula,
Fine Sand ; Foraminifera rare, possibly washed in from the
Fine Sand, | overlying Estuarine Clay during the sinking of Well—
24 feet. Trochammina inflata, Rotalia Beccarii, Polystomella striato-
_punctata, Nonionina depressula.
Boulder Clay, eas very fine; Foraminifera very rare—Rotalia Beccariz,
50 feet. Polystomella striato-punctata,
(
Boulder Clay as it usually occurs in our neighbourhood ;
Foraminifera plentiful—AZiliolina seminulum, Lagena
Boulder Clay, 4
eo feet. Vi illiamsont, costata, lucida, melo, Globigerina bulloides,
Cassidulina crassa, Rotalia Beccarit, Polystomclla striato-
| punctata, Nontonina depressula.
4. Estuarine Clay exposed in the deepening of Mr. MacLaine’s dock
Corporation Street, Belfast, 1879.
5. Magheramorne—Estuarine Clay on the West shore of Larne Lough—
An extensive bank of this clay occurs along the shore, a few hundred yards
south of the ferry-slip, close to the railway station. Lagena striato-pumctata,
now One of our rarest British Zagezas, occurs here in abundance. as also at
Limavady Junction. Shells and Foraminifera are abundant.
6. Blackstaff Bridge, Strangford Lough, on Blackstaff River, about two
miles South of Kirkcubbin and East of the road to Portaferry.
7. Limavady Junction, Lough Foyle—Estuarine Clay slightly above high
water, close to the railway station. To Mr. Gray is due the credit of being
the first to discover Estuarine Clay at this place, as also at Blackstaff Bridge.
The clay is exceptionally rich in Foraminifera, A few Polycistinze were found
here.
154 WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND.
BOULDER CLAY LOCALITIES.
1. Water Works, Belfast.—In excavating for the Clear Water Basin, in
1841-3, Boulder Clay was exposed, containing an abundance of shells, many of
them water-worn.* The only material examined for Foraminifera was a little
of the clay washed out of a few specimens of Buccinum undatum. Six species
were found in this way, and considering the very small quantity of the clay
examined, it may be considered fairly rich in Foraminifera.
2. Falls Park, Belfast, about 3 miles from the town, on the Falls Road.—
Boulder Clay cut through by a small stream that flows through the Park. Mr.
Stewart was the first to discover fossils at this place. The discovery was of
special interest, as the clay contained several shells not usually met with in
Boulder Clay, and in this respect appears very similar to the clay excavated
some years ago in making the new basin at the Water Works locality, but
which is not now accessible.
3. Castle-Espie, Co. Down,—Three miles from Comber, on the shore of
Strangford Lough. --Thick beds of Boulder Clay resting on Carboniferous Lime-
stone at the quarries and pottery works. The surface of the limestone is beauti-
fully polished and grooved with ice action.
4. Cherry Valley, near Comber.—-Cliffs of Boulder Clay, on the shore of
Strangford Lough, 1 mile 8.E. of Comber. Noshells found, Foraminifera rare.
5. Ballyholme Bay, Co. Down, half a mile N.E. of Bangor.—Bank of
Boulder Clay on the shore now covered by a sea-wall. Very little of the clay
examined.
6. Knock Glen, Co. Down, near the Knock Railway Station.—Cliffs of
Boulder Clay in the Glen, cut through by the stream Conswater. Shells rather
rare, Foraminifera plentiful.
7. Woodburn Glen, 1 mile N.W. of Carrickfergus, Co, Antrim.—High
banks of Boulder Clay at the side of the river Woodburn between the bridges.
Leda pernula and minuta, with both valves attached, are not unfrequent.
The clay here contains Foraminifera in great profusion ; 50 species were de-
* See Portlock’s Geol. Rep., Londonderry, &c., pp. 738-740,
WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND. 155
tected ; and as a large quantity of the clay has been examined the list from this
locality gives a good record of the Foraminifera of the period. Monionina arc-
tica is not uncommon, now very rare as a British species, and only met with
off our extreme Northern coast.
8. Black Head.—Boulder Clay on the shore, half a mile N. of the Head.
9. Gobbins, Islandmagee.—Boulder Clay on the shore, 1 mile South of the
Headlands.
10 &11. Ballyrudder, 2 miles N.W. of Ballygally Head.—Bank of Boulder
Clay, also Glacial Gravels underlying the clay ; both contain Foraminifera.
12, Bovevagh Church, Co. Derry, near the village of Dungiven.—Fine
Clay containing 7wrritella terebra in profusion ;* Foraminifera abundant, espe-
cially Lagenas.
Killyleagh, near Shrigley, Co. Down.—No shells found. Foraminifera as
follows :—Zvuncatulina lobatula, Globigerina bulloides, Nonionina depressula,
and Discorbina globularis. Only a small quantity of the clay examined.
Crumlin River, Co. Antrim, about midway between Crumlin and Lough
Neagh.—A small patch of fine Clay a few yards in extent is here cut through by
the Crumlin River. It contains very fragile examples of Mytelus edulas in pro-
fusion. The following Foraminifera have been found :—Vonionina depressula,
Globigerina bulloides, Discorbina globularis, and Textularia variabilis. Mr. E,
T. Hardman, F.G.S., has—in a paper published by him in the ‘‘ Geological
Magazine,” of Dec., 1876—stated that these beds are lacustrine and of Pliocene
age. Since that paper was published, Mr. W. Swanston, F.G.S.,f¢ has made
a careful examination of these clays, and the result has shown Mr. Hardman’s
conclusions were incorrect, the beds in question being Marine Boulder Clay.
Glacial Gravel beds occur at many places in the vicinity of Dublin. Three
ot these—viz,: Balscadden Bay, Ballybrack Station, and Ballyedmonduff—were
visited by me in the Summer of 1879, and some of the gravels from each of
these places brought away for examination. As no Microzoa have as yet been
* Portlock’s Geol. Rep., Londonderry, &c., pp. 157-159-
+ Supposed Fossiliferous Clays on the shore of Lough Neagh.—Geol. Mag., Feb., 1879.
156 WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NoRTH-EAST OF IRELAND.
recorded from these gravels, the following list of the Foraminifera found at the
above localities may be of interest :—
5
elas
= ae
LIST OF SPECIES. 3 ci 2
. q uo)
qo) mig
a | a] a
MILIOLINA trigonula, Zamé. ... ee sae sa : c Ai
oblonga, Aontagu ... “ah sis als oe r “4
Brongniartii, D’ Ord. ? Aa k. lok : : re r
seminulum, £27272. ? .. a nas a r ok
subrotunda, Montagu i ee dB a r 30
TEXTULARIA variabilis, W277. <3 “a ae r r
BULIMINA pupoides, D’ Ord. ae ca As af Yr
CASSIDULINA crassa, D’O76. ... wed Bh a2 r rt
LaGeENA sulcata, Wi& Ff... an me ae ce r
Williamsoni, Alcock ... des Es sea c c and
striata, D’ Ord. es os ae aes r r
marginata, W, 2h . fae be ne AN r Se
lucida, ‘Will. ... 9s a 36 Hite r we
melo, ’ D’ Orb. 16 rhe Wh a3 sie r
squamosa, Montagu ... ac Saf é00 r pac :
hexagona, W277. si sa0 ase wee Y r 5a
PoLYMORPHINA lactea, Wi & fF ... sae Bae c ae Ht
compressa, D’Orb. ... doc iB af ae Yr
GLOBIGERINA bulloides, D’ Ord. Ade ee whe r Ps
TRUNCATULINA lobatula, Walker... eae oe r r
ROTALIA Beccarii, Zznz. ca nes tae id 9 c :
POLYSTOMELLA crispa, Lz. ee “te Cas 266 r r
striato punctata, / & IZ. ... ase 6a c ve r
NONIONINA depressulaa Wi& 7... oat ee ve vec c
WRriIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NoRTH-EasT oF IRELAND. 157
TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORAMINIF-
ERA IN THE POST GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF THE NORTH
EAST OF IRELAND.
ABBREVIATIONS :—v. Yr., very rare ; r., rare ; c., Common ; v. c., very common.
fae ew | Estuarine Clays.
na a ol
& a
"3 g ayals
aa Si berm} Si
43 $ Nn
% 4 pa] a
| ; E|sloal [S83 s
LIST OF SPECIES. Z ae ae Er E>
| aie 2 | 8 |e S P| am
S <4 Ss 8 .0|T
a oe | 4 | oO wire
8 | & = |S |e a 3S (|S
| 3 ig SS aa &
Ovi |B.) A fe OM ep hiig
LZ BS) 4a Ola
CORNUSPIRA, Schultze. at
involvens, Reuss edge) ise r Cc Po Nanri e
BiLocu.ina, D’ Ord.
ringens, Lamk. Md hy vrfivr vr
depressa, D’ Ord. “ae r r
elongata, D’ Ord. r r
MILIOLINA, W277.
trigonula, Zamk. ... tee ee ee CP Bee Ee es ea ie Sie
tricarinata, D’ Ord. ae mel |r ode Goce beans Cre Ath C
oblonga, Montagu ; fed aie! gail 9 roles is 1s
Brongniartii, D’ Ord. Pee PAP | aaa) ER Bee ee thine
seminulum, £727. ... Bs2 pee | i Cc Beal var ot wilcvecu nw c
subrotunda, Montagu a aie |e siaeall Oke Wied) r ce |ve
secans, D’ Ord. ie Peel (kacewhll Boe i beet hiags at
bicornis, W. and F. ae BA aia to 3 ViCwen Caer
fusca,’ Brady 4s ay Be) Madea Bee Waa ae
SPIROLOCULINA, D’Ovré.
limbata, D’Ord. ... ae noes renee oT OTNG eee eae
-planulata, Zamk. ... ace Seal Sen ate Wpeek” |. cache © Orne gives ME
canaliculata, D’ Ord, se sda (feet || Gates] nme Bt eid laayg
TROCHAMMINA, P. and 7}. is ;
squamata, P. and 7. Pritts Weicse| Bisco] moe (ABZ a ecb adl bg oc oe cat es ai hae
inflata, Montagu ... wes Pe Meeeadce ee || aeetleVer. ere hen. | yr
macrescens, Brady A tl eee edie! (ri Veer (ee Seats
HAPLOPHRAGMIUM, Reuss. °- :
canariensis, D’Ord. oct Sic} evcievie|| 72084 | ic sosl Americ fi a oa cnn ss I 2
TEXTULARIA, Defrance.
sagittula, Defrance nies Ral ay r BAP ae r r
variabilis, Will. ... Mee sel SC ha|'e(a Mieey eae tae Cc Cc c {ve
difformis, W7i. ... ane wef We re r
pygmea, D’ Ord. cc (nai | bs ae
VERNEUILINA, D’Oré.
. polystropha, Reuss Bee LR) Lad SECM ble nr ke lane Sound Ae eA fk a
158
TABLE—(Continued.)
WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND.
oo Estuarine Clays.
“4 t
Z Pane:
o Q a 16
aa) & i |S;
an 3 sie a
2 ae s'il 8
Ps} Bl us lod a Salsa
LIST OF SPECIES. B Oleiles| eas >
3 a} |oe cee alos
4 & | 9 |gH te | a
ce ye le | eee
a :
ElElaiee lee
3 3 vo {o) oS °C Ss —
Oo Maye | AS ea) ee) eI
ihe 6 8
BuLIMINA, D’ O76, oe ake iS ;
pupoides, D’Ord. ... aia vrjvr Co || Gir abe
marginata, D’ Ord, aan revert Cc r Pov |
ovata, D’ Ord. hes a veloc vic | 2) Cea avats|evac
elegantissima, D’ Ord, aa = zs ve|vriec r c
subteres, Grady MS. 5 r Asc |) at
VIRGULINA, D’Ové.
Schreibersii, Czjze% vr etal Cy lhks vr; fr
Bo.uivina, D’Oré.
punctata, D’Ord, ... Ss Vee | eee oaw. |) Xi gu ean aa pe
plicata, D’Ord. .... * T alee o | .T) | Co ped eg
CASSIDULINA, D’ Ord.
levigata, D’Ord, ... sen five cece \ caepe AAU Nl eam
crassa, D’ Ord. Ses sto c |vec vr |r | vr | vic
Bradyi, Norman MS... oes ee ve | VE
Lacena, W. and 7.
sulcata, W. and }. et cue : Ver | eCo Woe oe
costata, W2//, dae het Vere |) ry ;: Fi r Yr Bee ie 8
Williamsoni, Alcock OPE “AEWA! |EV Coil Gee ve|vc|vrjvc
Lyellii, Seguenza ... eee aeoh bet som) WORN foetal arama
levis, Montagu ... see Ive jvc Cx VCC Tie ae
gracillima, Segnenza Sve r Aon fl Ver eee vate Pak
globosa, Montagu ... i r re Goanhecastall: 18 Ty evar || iz
striata, D’ O76, ae ed Be Ws r «|e lege alee eaves |e
gracilis, W212. i fall vwoma lp, ace Ui (| Rtamtou liens AP Gs
striato-punctata, P, and i oaef woe |p seo: mae) vee | AVNCN erm meena ie
semistriata, W277. ,.. ep ceehed: 1G Pea ar r. r c r
aspera, Reuss he eae vr bs sii forsale mia ee
hispida, Reuss ow Sr ep \ sere oe} -xnetili sete leer Ree
caudata, D’ Ord, in Gal Ge || CAVE ae ES
marginata, WiandF .. cpe 4 Pi Cele
var. trigono-marginata, P.and ¥ Vi Nh cen wae | ceee, QV esl UN eas
lucida, W772, oa c r fr || vich wculac c jve
var. (trigono) oblonga, ‘Seouenza vr ath |i ai te
pulchella, Brady ae dis Sie snanalcesetel tert awa’
ornata, Wil/, vr oa/tiaeseta|p ed ve
var. trigono- ornata, Siddall oe ( VE
WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND.
TABLE—(Continued).
LIST OF SPECIES.
LAGENA, W. & 3.
lagenoides, Wiil. ... ee
melo, D’ Orb. les ne
squamosa, Montagu eee
hexagona, Will. ... ase
RAMULINA, Jones.
laevis, Fomes ...
LINGULINA, D Orb.
carinata, D’ Orb. ... ies
tenera, Bornemann
Noposaria, Lamk.
raphanus, Linn. ...
scalaris, Batsch.
pyrula, D'Oro.
radicula, Zzzz.
DENTALINA, D’ Oro.
communis, D’Oré. ,..
guttifera, D’Ord. ...
obliqua, D’ Ord.
VAGINULINA, D’ O76.
legumen, L277.
MARGINULINA, D’ Ord,
lituus, D’ Orb. ces wae
_CRISTELLARIA, Lamh.
-rotulata, Zamk. ..
crepidula, /. & mM.
POLYMORPHINA, D’ Ord,
lactea, W. &
gibba, D’ Ord.
‘oblonga, W277.
compressa, D’ Ord,
concava, W271. 50
myristiformis, W777,
UviceErina, D’ Ord,
angulosa, Will... are
ORBULINA, D’ Ord,
universa, D’Ord, ...
eo eee
eee. eee
Estuarine Clays.
Raised
Beaches,
YY
Ww
3 F
[-)
a] |e
2) =|
go 5
. e ee]
2 Coe baa | BN
4 wm | 165
4 S| |en
a 2] AQ \i3s
r=) Ae | - |G
e|ei4 | \4
S| eee o | oA
iss}
is} e) = je} S
O ] & Q
I 25 3 4 5
f
oor ese } . ory
recA VECR NC eiilawcs || veel
Vi Dbl Vie) pe cee c
r c Cc
i
Ni vr
aoe . i
ee Wi Qireel eee vr
1 eet meee r
Ve Tacos, wane sf
ae Bho | Panaa vr
WaNe Na veseeilb cacpellly coun tle eds
Vite [eval n ee
Yr r fo lvarn lever
c vec 50 is
r vr ae vr
vr|r ee r
if ae
maak Wok (e) sie vr
vr
Blackstaff Bridge, Strang-
ford Lough.
Limavady Station, Lough
x
159
Foyle.
oo
Li fora SG
160 WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH-EAST OF ERELAND.
TABLE—(Continued).
LIST OF SPECIES.
GLOBIGERINA, D’ Ord.
bulloides, D’ Ord. ... REC
inflata, D’Ord. ... waa
SPIRILLINA, Zhvend.
vivipera, Zhrend, ... me
PATELLINA, Wiil.
corrugata, Will...
DIscoRBINA, P. & 7.
rosacea, D’Orvb. ...
globularis, D’ Ord.
Parisiensis, D’ Ord.
Bertheloti, D’ Ord.
PLANORBULINA, D’ Ord,
Mediterranensis, D’ Ord. ..
TRUNCATULINA, D’ Ord.
lobatula, Walker ... mae
refulgens, Montfort dae
Trinoporus, Montfort.
levis, P. & F. aes 550
lucidus, Brady MS. 30C
PULVINULINA, P. & 7.
auricula, /. & MM.
RotTAa.ia, Lamk.
Beccarii, Linn. ... Boo
nitida, W727. A
Nonionina, D’ Ord.
umbilicatula, Montagu...
depressula, W. & 7.
turgida, Will. ae a
scapha, 7. @M. ... ba
POLYSTOMELLA, Lamk.
crispa, Zinn. ‘oO a
striato-punctata, #. & MZ.
Raised
Beaches.
Curran, Larne.
=
| Portrush.
os
QO
vr
w| Well, King Street, Belfast.
ve
Estuarine Clays.
bo |S
oO =| c=}
E £ |e
3 aA .|-
4 Oa
eG} a
1g || Wie.
3 12a mol wre
e |e a cole
hs] on —Q Mo
(3) gQ Ls =| >
mM jae ee oo)
4 Sg 3
ws | Sen line >
ay) "S Di ha 8
Sia a ie €
[e) Ss (as 8 oJ
A Hq iQ |e
4 | 5 HeG Ey, (
ad « a = C0) S
rote et || ey a]
ols |2i> |
S| fx] SelM @)
Ela |. |e
Bla SA pS sae 3}
sioalul)oress
esiejaq|s|s
Sls (Ololals
D2 Seva ans..| 10
sedhhene vr Bie
WGue Dalteetleene lave
E Alves r
bel a eelaver
en ar: rr
er vr
eee (ee ony follr
Kod jan Wat's vr
ig meren| aVels
Yr an
Te [ese r
bse Wats cule ae AC
Nicos hone Wit | wos
[ena AMies or | or vr
$3 LBA Pepe velar slag
cod puod ahh AAS ebocel Mee
sq fons Cc
Seales Vito ercten||lisrate 500
550 ROD Cc r
* 3A Neos Cull vr
r
Woodburn Glen, Carrickfergus.
= Black Head, Co. Antrim.
vr
| Gobbins, Islandmagee.
WRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NorTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim.
]
[e}
vr
| Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim (gravel).
S| Bovevagh, Church, Co. Derry.
eos [owe
iy r
r |vr
c;c
Poe
(| T
vric
vr
Tet.
(Bl es
cjc
c |r
oo | C
- ivr
vr| Lv
ee
r .
WrRIGHT—FORAMINIFERA OF NoRTH-EAST OF IRELAND.
TABLE—(Continued).
LIST OF SPECIES,
GLOBIGERINA, D’ Ord.
‘bulloides, D’ Ord. ...
PATELLINA, Wid,
corrugata, Will. ... se
DiscorBina, P. and F.
rosacea, D’Orb. ...
globularis, D’ Ord.
PLANORBULINA, D’ Ord.
163
Mediterranensis, D’ Ord. ...]...
’ TRUNCATULINA, D’Ord.
lobatula, Walker
RoTatia, Lamk.
Beccarii, Zinn. ... belt aol 2. ee ; : -
. e S } aod I ce al e 1"
7 ? 5 = ae
i - at r 1 = ‘s es
, ‘ ef } saa ioe Sea pty ey . v ay
| ¥ fee as a ster oe
A A ee Rates Siege 5 RR a 1 . .
ee +
a ' F Putin! bane oy mee
y oy 2
* _.
f + > so ~—anee S ¢
— ; ‘ a i Ee elt 5d cd =a SN Fate
2 ti di } Ks ‘ ¢ y ae rah thay td i a ae 7
\ ‘ ah ue Re ee 2 + ~ - " —
r i i oy ' > a
. i> “i. * »e 2 ~~
} iw * ’ ¢ ae + P
; \ - ¢ * : =i ‘
f ‘ co " td
[Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club—Appendix, 1879-80. ]
THE MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY OF THE
NORTH HAST OF IRELAND.
BY Seas TEWARY,
Fillow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
oS __—__
AMONGST the British deposits of the Glacial Period the Boulder Clay is
undoubtedly the most important. Though of small magnitude, as compared
with beds of greater antiquity, yet it exhibits such remarkable characters as
render it unique, and in the entire sedimentary series there are no rocks which
can be classed as altogether similar. Attempts have been made to prove a
succession of Glacial Epochs in not only Secondary, but also Palzeozoic times ; but
if Glacial conditions ever prevailed during those eras, only comparatively faint
and questionable evidences remain to us, and the epoch to which the Boulder
Clay belongs must still be regarded as ¢he Glacial Epoch.
The structure and physical characters of the Boulder Clay, as it occurs in
this district, are so distinct that it may be recognised without difficulty, and it
has been accurately described by successive writers from the time of Portlock
down to the present. Itis a stiff, compact, unstratified clay, usually reddish
brown, but sometimes blue, very tenacious when moist, and containing numerous
boulders, as well as many smaller stones. These boulders and stones have
their angles more or less rounded off, their surfaces being in most cases
scratched or striated, and such as admit of polishing—especially the limestones
—are often beautifully polished. The larger portion of the stones have been
derived from local rocks ; but such as are not from the immediate vicinity have
been transported from somewhere to the north, sometimes east of north, and
often to the west of north,
166 STEWART--MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY.
The Molluscan shells occurring in the Boulder Clay are not numerous ; in
most cases they are only found by patient searching, and then only in a frag-
mentary condition ; but in a few instances they are less rare, and include speci-
mens ina perfect state. Astarte sulcata, A. elliptica, A. compressa, and Leda
pernula are the prevailing and characteristic forms ; the most widely diffused
and the most numerous in examples, Fragments of these shells are to be found
almost everywhere, and perfect shells are frequently met with. Leda pyemea
is also remarkable. Though a very small and fragile shell, it is usually found
in a perfect state, with the two valvesunited. The presence of perfect shells
of Zeda was known long since to General Portlock, and forced him to the same
conclusion as arrived at by the Author, that the Boulder Clay is a marine
sedimentary deposit. The absence of stratification has led most geologists to
the conclusion that the Boulder Clay is an accumulation resulting from land ice,
and the occurrence in it of so many marine shells seems to have been either
unknown or overlooked. The fauna of the Boulder Clay is not by any means rich,
and this is what we might expect from the rigour of the climate of that period.
Nevertheless it is a marine fauna ; and there is unquestionable evidence in the
case of several of the species that they truly belong to the deposit, and were not
drifted into their present position from a distant locality, nor yet are they fossils
derived from an older bed.
_ From what has been stated, it will be seen that we must account for the
want of stratification in some other way than the land-ice theory, as the presence
of even one marine shell unquestionably belonging to the deposit renders that
theory invalid. The supposition of a general icescap can derive no support
from the Boulder Clay. The underlying rocks are very often glaciated, and
bear strize which tell of ice that was moving over them from the north, and this
is corroborated by the stones contained in the clay, which also tend to show a
similar ice movement. We must, therefore, conciude that the clay was rapidly
deposited from water-borne ice, and that the ice, with its burthen of clay and
stones, was impelled by currents having a more or less southerly direction. On
the floor of the sea lived a scanty boreal fauna. Many of the shells were
broken into fragments by the ice grounding in the shallow waters, or by the
dropping down of large boulders, and the result that remains is the unstratified
till, with its occasional entire shells and more numer.us fragments.
The Boulder Clay forms the subsoil over the greater part of our district
adding much to the fertility of the land. It is best seen in river banks, because
the streams have made sections of the strata, and thereby exposed it to our
view. It has, consequently, been often considered as only, or mainly, deposited
in sheltered hollows ; but it is found that where artificial cuttings have been
STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY. 167
made, as in quarries or roads, they discover the Boulder Clay equally on the
hill-side or level plain.
The Glacial Drift has been divided by geologists of eminence into. three
stages—First, the lower Boulder Clay, the most extensive, and displaying the
greatest evidence of Arctic conditions; second, certain sands and gravels
deposited under milder conditions of climate; and third, the upper Boulder
Clay, which is said to indicate a recurrence of Arctic conditions. My researches
do not lead me to accept this classification. I am unable to separate it into
upper and lower, and the gravels said to be interglacial seem to be only local
modifications of the deposits of one continuous period, during which Arctic, or
semi=Arctic, conditions prevailed over this country without any interval of
relaxation. The sands and gravels at Ballyrudder, near Glenarm, which
Professor Hull regards as interglacial, * yield abundant specimens of a fauna as
Arctic in character as any portion of the Boulder Clay, and are overlaid by an
unstratified clay which I cannot distinguish from deposits which are said to be
lower Boulder Clay.
ft OS aL LOCA LUT LES.
BELFAST WATERWORKS.
The Boulder Clay at this locality has yielded a much larger number of
Molluscan remains than any other similar deposit in Ireland. Forty-seven
different shells are enumerated in the subjoined list, mostly collected in 1842-3
by the late Messrs. James Bryce, F.G.S., and George C. Hyndman, who pub-
lished their results in Portlock’s Report on the Geology of Londonderry,
pp. 738-9. A further and more complete list of the shells of the Waterworks
was given by Mr. Bryce in the “‘ Philosophical Magazine,” vol. 26, pp. 433-5.
This deposit of Boulder Clay was proved to be undoubtedly rich in fossils; but
it is not, however, to be inferred that, as compared with other localities, this
spot was so excessively rich as would appear from the lists. Mr. Bryce states
that about ten thousand cubic yards of the clay were removed during the exca-
vations for the lower reservoir, and that the great number of shells obtained was
due to the watchfulness of various collectors. In other instances only the
‘ surface of a limited section can be examined, and it will be seen that no fair
* Hull—Physical Geology and Geography of Ireland, p. 88.
168 STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY.
comparison is possible: The four species added by me to the list published by
Bryce were obtained by close scrutiny of material collected by the late Mr
Hy ndman, the deposit being now inaccessible.
WOODBURN, COUNTY ANTRIM.
A deep bed of Boulder Clay is, for a considerable distance, cut through by
the Woodburn River, at rather more thana mile north-west of Carrickfergus.
This bed has yielded ten species of shells, and is notable for the occurrence of
three species of Zeda, many of the specimens being in a perfect state. Zrophon
latericeus was also found here.
FALLS PARK, BELFAST.
This locality is close to the town, opening to the Falls Road. The clay here
would be quite as rich in fossils as that of the Waterworks if sufficient material
were available. The beds are exposed only in the low banks of the small stream
that flows through the park, and, consequently, the search for fossils can only
be conducted by examining the surfaces of the sections. Seven species have
been collected here, all of northern types, including Astarte triangularis and
Trophon Gunneri, which are not recorded from any of the other localities,
Fragments of Balani are frequent here, as in all the fossil localities I have
examined, except Bovevagh.
BANGOR, COUNTY DOWN,
The Boulder Clay is seen in a high bank on the shore at Ballyholme, half a
mile north-east of Bangor, Six species of the usual northern forms have been
found in this spot. The rocks, where denuded of clay, are seen to be finely
glaciated.
KNOCK, COUNTY DOWN.
A small stream (Connswater) has exposed the Boulder Clay in the high
banks of Knock Glen, near the Knock railway station. Shellsare not plentiful
at this plaee ; four species only have been found. Leda minuta and Leda
Lygmea are not rare ; they usually occur quite perfect.
STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY. 169)
CASTLE-ESPIE, COUNTY DOWN.
Three miles from Comber, on the shore of Strangford Lough, there is an
extensive deposit of Boulder Clay resting on Carboniferous Limestone, which is.
beautifully polished and striated. Shells are very scarce in the clay. Astarte
sulcata and a Leda were the only forms recognised.
CRUMLIN RIVER, COUNTY ANTRIM.
The Boulder Clay is exposed at several points on the Crumlin River, and
this locality is remarkable for the occurrence ofa small patch, not much over a
square yard in extent, as far as seen, but crowded with shells of Mytilus edulis
in a very fragile condition. This bed is exposed on the south bank of the
river, at about midway between Crumlin and the shore of Lough Neagh. It
was discovered by Mr. E. T. Hardman, F.G.S., who supposed the shells to
represent a species of Udo, and the clay to be a lacustrine deposit of Pliocene
age.* Mr. W. Swanston, F.G.S., has shown that the shells are really the
tests of the common mussel, and that the clay istruly glacial. No other shells.
have been found associated with the AZyii/us, but Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.,
has found several species of Foraminifera.
BOVEVAGH RIVER, COUNTY DERRY.
This bed is situated not far from the village of Dungiven, and was
described by Portlock in the Report on the Geology of Londonderry, page 159.
It is only remarkable on account of the occurrence, in a very limited exposure
of great numbers of Zurretella terebra, a shell that seems to be rare in the
Boulder Clay elsewhere in Ireland.
BALLYRUDDER, COUNTY ANTRIM.
A most interesting glacial bed is to be seen at Ballyrudder, about six miles
north of Larne, on the road to Glenarm. This deposit was examined long since
by Dr. Jeffreys and the late Mr. George C.” Hyndman, who published, in the
Report af the British Association for 1859, a list of the shells which they found,
at the same time intimating that their search was not exhaustive. It has also
been recently mentioned by Mr. T. Mellard Reade, F.G.S., in Vol. XXXV. of
* Geol. Mag., Dec. 2, Vol. 3, p. 556.
+ Geol. Mag., Dec. 2, Vol. 6, No. II.
170 STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY.
the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. Mr. Reade appre-
hended the importance of this bed, and in his communication gives a section
and interesting notes. The deposit at this place is well exposed, and differs
much from those of the foregoing localities. It consists of gravel, with sub-
ordinate layers of sand and clay, the combined thickness of this series being
about twenty feet. The gravels are overlaid by a bed of ordinary Boulder Cla y,
about ten feet thick. The base is notseen. The gravels can be traced along
the road for some fifty or sixty yards, and yield a number of very interesting
shells, univalves preponderating.
LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF THE NORTH-EAST OF
IRELAND.
I gratefully acknowledge that in compiling this list I received valuable
assistance from Dr. J. Gwynn Jeffreys. F.R.S., who, with his usual kindness,
undertook the identification of such of my shells as were in any degree doubtful.
RHYNCHONELLA PSITTACEA. Chemnitz.
Ballyrudder, County Antrim, Jeffreys and Hyndman. Report Brit.
Assoc., 1859.
ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM, Lizz.
Belfast Waterworks. Bryce. Phil. Mag., Vol. XXVI., p. 433:
Ballyrudder. Jeffreys and Hyndman.
OSTREA EDULE, Linz.
Belfast Waterworks. Bryce.
PECTEN MAXIMUS, Linn.
Belfast Waterworks. Bryce.
MYTILUS EDULIS, L777.
Woodburn, Bangor, Ballyrudder, S. A. S.; Belfast Waterworks, Bryce ;
Ballyrudder, Jeffreys and Hyndman. In great abundance in a bed of stiff
blue Boulder Clay on the banks of the Crumlin River.
STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY. 171
MODIOLARIA MARMORATA, fordes.
Ballyrudder, County Antrim, S. A, S.
NUCULA NUCLEUS, Lzzn.
Waterworks, Bryce; Woodburn, S. A. S.
LEDA PYGMA, Munst.
Knock, Woodburn, Ballyrudder, S. A. S. This tiny, delicate shell is not
uncommon, and almost invariably found in a perfect state.
LEDA MINUTA, JZuller.
Knock, Waterworks, Woodburn, Ballyrudder, S. A. S. Similarly to the
preceding species, this shell is very often met with in a perfect state.
LEDA PERNULA, Muller.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce; Falls Park, Waterworks, Woodburn, S. A. S.
My largest specimen attained a breadth of one inch.
PECTUNCULUS GLYCIMERIS, Lzz7.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
ARCA PECTUNCULOIDES, Sacchi.
Belfast Waterworks, S. A. S.
ARCA LACTEA, Zzzz.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
LUCINA BOREALIS, Zinn.
Woodburn, Ballyrudder, S. A. S.
CARDIUM ECHINATUM, Linz.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
CARDIUM NODOosUM, Zurton.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
172 STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY.
CARDIUM EDULE, Lz.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
ASTARTE SULCATA, Da Costa.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce; Bangor, Castle-Espie, Knock, Waterworks,
Woodburn, Falls Park, S.A. S. This species and the following variety
are to be found in almost every Bed of Boulder Clay. Frequently the
shells are entire, but more commonly fragmentary. In the deposit at the
Waterworks it is especially abundant.
ASTARTE SULCATA var. ELLIPTICA, Browz.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce ; Ballyrudder, Jeffreys and Hyndman; Knock,
OGG: ysis AS.
ASTARTE COMPRESSA, Montagu.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce ; Bangor, Falls Park, Woodburn, S. A. S.
ASTARTE COMPRESSA vay. GLOBOSA, Moller.
Ballyrudder, Jeffreys and Hyndman.
ASTARTE TRIANGULARIS, Montagu.
I found one specimen only in the Boulder Clay at the Falls Park.
ASTARTE BOREALIS, Chemnitz.
Belfast Waterworks, G.C. Hyndman.
VENUS GALLINA, Lizz.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce ; Bovevagh, County Derry, S. A. S.
VENUS OVATA, Pennant.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
TAPES AUREUS, Gmelin.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
TAPES DECUSSATUS, Lzz7.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY. 173
TELLINA BALTHICA, Lizz.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce ; Ballyrudder, Jeffreys and Hyndman ; Falls
Park, S. A. S.
TELLINA CALCAREA, Chemnitz.
Belfast Waterworks, G. C. Hyndman; Ballyrudder, Jeffreys and
Hyndman.
MACTRA SUBSTRUNCTA, Da Costa.
Belfast Waterworks, G. C. Hyndman ; Ballyrudder, Jeffreys and Hynd-
man, also S. A. S.
MACTRA SOLIDA vay. TRUNCATA, Montagu.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
MACTRA SOLIDA var. ELLIPTICA, Brown.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
SCROBICULARIA PIPERATA, Lellonius.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
MYA TRUNCATA, Linn.
Belfast Waterworks, S. A. S.
SAXICAVA RUGOSA, Lixn.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
SAXICAVA RUGOSA var. ARCTICA, Linn.
Falls Park, Waterworks, Woodburn, Ballyrudder, S. A. S,
PHOLAS PARVA, Pennant,
Ballyrudder, County Antrim, where I found one specimen. It is men-
tioned by Jeffreys as occurring in the Red crag, which is the only other
British deposit in which it is found fossil, so far as I know,
PHOLAS CRISPATA, Linz.
Belfast Waterworks, fragments only, Bryce.
174 STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY.
CHITON MARMOREUS, /abricius.
Ballyrudder, S. A. S.
EMARGINULA FISSURA, Lin.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
TROCHUS TUMIDUS, Montagu.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
LACUNA PALLIDULA, Da Costa.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
LACUNA DIVARICATA, Fabricius,
Ballyrudder, S, A. S.
LITTORINA LITOREA, Lizz.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
TURRITELLA TEREBRA, Lzun.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce; Knock and Ballyrudder, S. A. S.; Bovevagh,
Co. Derry, Portlock. This is a rare shell in our Boulder Clay, except at
Bovevagh, where I found it abundant in one spot, as recorded by General
Portlock.
TURRITELLA EROSA, Couthouy.
Ballyrudder, Co, Antrim, Jeffreys and Hyndman.
NaTIcA MonTacutTl, Forbes.
Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim, Jeffreys and Hyndman,
“Natica AFFINIS, Gmelin.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce : Ballyrudder, S, A. S.
APORRHAIS PES-PELICANI, Levez,
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce,
STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY. 175
PURPURA LAPILLUS, Linz,
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce,
BUCCINUM UNDATUM, Zina,
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce ; Ballyrudder, S,'A.’S,
BUCCINUM UNDATUM var, FUSIFORME,
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
BUCCINUM GREANLANDICUM va7v, UNDULATUM, Moller,
Ballyrudder, County Antrim, Jeffreys and Hyndman.
MUREX ERINACEOUS, Zinn.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
TROPHON CLATHRATUS, Lzz7.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce; Bangor, S. A, S.; Ballyrudder, Jeffreys and
Hyndman, also S. A. S.
TROPHON CLATHRATUS var. GUNNERI, Loven.
Falls Park, Belfast, S. A. S.
TROPHON TRUNCATUS, Stromer.
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce ; Falls Park, Ballyrudder, S. A. S.
TROPHON LATERICEUS, Moller.
Woodburn, Co, Antrim, S. A. S.
Fusus anTiquus, Linn,
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
Fusus ANTIQUUS Monst. CINCTUM.
Beltast Waterworks, Geo. C. Hyndman, S, A. S. I have seen two
specimens of this form, which seems to me entitled to be considered as a
variety rather than as a monstrosity.
Fusus GRACILIS, Da Costa,
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce,
176 STEWART—MOLLUSCA OF THE BOULDER CLAY.
NASSA RETICULATA, Linn,
Belfast Waterworks, Bryce.
NASSA PYGMA@A, Lamarck.
Bangor, Co. Down, S,. A, S,
NASSA INCRASSATA, Stromer.
Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim, S. A. S,
PLEUROTOMA TURRICULA, Montagu.
Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim, Jeffreys and Hyndman,
PLEUROTOMA DECUSSATA, Couthouy.
Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim, 8. A. S.
FLEUROTOMA EXARATA, JZoller.
Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim, S. A. 3S.
PLEUROTOMA PYRAMIDALIS. S¢romer.
Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim, Jeffreys and Hyndman.
Dr. Jeffreys thinks that
this was the shell published as Mangelia Pingelit in Brit. Assoc. Report.
It seems to me nearly certain that the correction is right.
CYPRAA EUROPA, Montagu.
Bangor, Co. Down, S. A. S.
Ye ; pty
47 FEB 1886
Fer nak em A IT. Vl.T.
7 fe.
APPENDIX VI.
EH Dist
RECENT FORAMINIFERA
OBTAINED DURING THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB’S
EXCURSION TO
SOUTH DONEGAL,
August, 1880.
BY
JeOiSee, Pon” WRG BTS BoGases
—30 fo fet or—
SPONGE REMAINS |
FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BEN BULBEN,
COUNTY SLIGO.
BY
JOSEPH WRIGHT, FGS.;
AND
FOSSIL SPONGE-SPICULES
FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS STRATA OF BEN BULBEN,
NEAR SLIGO.
BY
HJ. CMV beh, BOR. S., &c.,
Reprinted from “ The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’’ for
! September, 1880.
Published by ‘‘ Tue Betrast Naturauists’ Fierp Cuvs,’’ April, 1882,
. .
:
sae y
; ih en i i rah ae | Wits
4 A A “ats, ree .
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See Ae 5 se XII.
.
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o Bore cay tei. se bo
a + vi. ' ,
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eee rare ‘eTAMASUTAY TARH Iga SHT onal
Apt 0 RPI AND RL Ry AER RNERTOR
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Sa cae alight C6 Arne Agee . ite y
.
ah eae ee, keh AnD
(Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.—Appendix 1880-1881.)
FORAMINIFERA FOUND DURING THE BELFAST
NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB’S EXCURSION
TO
SOUTH DONEGAL, 1880.
Plate VIII. (upper half), figs. 1-5.
HE objects contemplated by the Club in visiting the Southern Coast of
County Donegal embraced several departments of Natural Science,
l especially botany and geology, and as the time was limited it was im-
possible to devote much attention to dredging. Three shore gatherings, and
four hauls of the dredge were, however, secured, and the present list is the
result of an examination of material thus obtained. This list is not given
as exhaustive of the locality visited, but simply as a contribution to
our knowledge of the Irish rhizopodal fauna. It will also serve to indicate
that rich results are likely to reward more systematic investigations in
this quarter. Of the shore gatherings, that from Muckros was the only one
which yielded a good supply of Microzoa. It was collected in a small sandy
bay adjoining the singularly wild and remarkable precipices of Muckros Head.
As is usual in the sandy bays open to the Atlantic, along our Western Coast
Truncatulina lobatula greatly preponderated over all other forms. Haplo-
phragmium globigeriniforme, Lagena costata, and Polymorphina myristiformis
were large and abundant at Muckros, and also in the dredgings taken in the
open sea, off the headlands of Slieve League, whilst the same forms were rare,
and in poor condition in the more sheltered waters of Killybegs Harbour. The
four dredgings from Killybegs and Slieve League might, with little disadvan-
tage, have been recorded as from two stations. For example, the two gather-
ings from Killybegs, one taken in seven fathoms water, inside the harbour,
the other in seventeen fathoms, a few hundred yards outside the Lighthouse,
were very similar, both in nature of bottom and foraminiferous yield. The
material dredged at both places was soft turfy ooze, yielding Microzoa in great
profusion, and differing merely in that the one gathered outside the Light
180 Wright—Foraminifera of South Donegal.
house was somewhat more sandy, and yielded a larger number of species.
Bulimina, Bolivina, and Casstdulina were the characteristic genera at both
places. The two gatherings taken off Slieve League differed scarcely in any
particular.
I have taken advantage of the present opportunity to record (under
column 8) a list of species found in a dredging taken off Portstewart, by my
friend Mr. James Wright, and kindly sent by him to me for examination.
IT am deeply indebted to my friend Mr. H. B. Brady, F.R.S., who, with his
usual kindness, has examined and named the critical species ; as also to my
friend Mr. W. Swanston, F.G.8., for the accurate and artistic drawings of the
Foraminifera which accompany this memoir.
I append a few remarks on one or two of the forms of more special interest.
HAPLOPHRAGMIUM GLOMERATUM, Brady. (Plate viii, figs, 1, 1a.)
Intuola glomerata, Brady, 1878, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 5, vol.
1, p. 483, Pl. xx. fig, 1 a, b, c.
This simple little Haplophragmium is abundant in Killybegs Harbour. It
was also dredged last year by Mr. David Robertson, F.L.S., off the Isle of Skye,
being the first record of its occurrence in British waters. The Irish examples
are not so coarse in texture as the type specimens from the Arctic seas,
figured by Mr. Brady.
Ammopiscus SHONEANA, Szddall.
Trochammina Shoneana, Siddall, 1878, Proc. Chester. Soc. Nat. Sci., part
2, p. 46.
A fow examples of this pretty little Ammodiscus were found off Killybegs
Harbour. It has hitherto been only met with in the Estuary of the Dee, by
Mr. J. D. Siddall ; and in Belfast Lough, by Dr. Malcomson.
GAUDRYINA FILIFORMIS, Berthelin. (Pl. viii. figs, 3, 3a, 30.)
Gaudryina filiformis, Berthelin, 1880, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, Ser. 3,
Vol. 1. Mem. No. 5, p. 25, pl. 1, fig, 8, a—d.
An elongated sandy Gaudryina, with later chambers subquadrate. Often
in a fragmentary state, the loose sandy texture of its test making it liable to
be easily broken. Well-grown perfect examples are not unfrequent off Killy-
begs. It has been found at many stations round our Irish Coasts; also off
Skye, by Mr. Robertson.
Burimina susteres, Brady, M.S. (PI. viii. figs, 2, 2a.)
Bulimina subteres, Brady, 1880, Notes on Reticularian Rhizopoda of the
Challenger Expedition—Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., Vol. xxi, New
Series, p. 25.
Wright—Foraminifera of South Donegal. 181
Fine examples of this handsome Bulimina are not unfrequent off Killy-
begs Harbour. It has also been found off Skye, by Mr. Robertson, and off the
Shetlands, by Mr. Brady.
Lacrena marRGInaTa, Walker & Jacob. (PI. viii. figs, 4, 4a.)
Serpula (Lagena) marginata, Walker & Jacob, 1784. Test. Min. p. 3, pl.
lpfig, 7.
Examples similar to Walker & Jacob’s type, having a broad marginal keel
of transparent shell substance, are not unfrequent round our coasts. Rare off
Killybegs Harbour, seventeen fathoms.
LAGENA MARGINATA var. ORBIGNYANA, Seguenza. (PI. viii. figs, 5, 5a.)
Fissurina Orbignyana, Seguenza, 1862, Foram, Monotal. Mess. p. 66, pl. 2,
figs, 25, 26.
This well-marked variety, with three keels, is abundant almost everywhere
round our coast. It is plentiful in all the Donegal gatherings.
LaGENna costata, Williamson.
Entosolenia costata, 1858, Rec. For. Gr. Br. p. 9, pl. 1, fig, 18; Wright,
Proc. Belfast Nat. Field Club—app. 1876-7, pl. 4, figs, 11—14.
Ihave remarked that, of all our British Lagene, this form appears to flourish
best off the exposed parts of our coasts. I imagine this must be due to its
strong test enabling it to thrive better in rough water than the other more
delicately formed species. Frequent off Slieve League.
Fragments of a long, slender, tapering, arenaceous form, consisting of a
number of segments, and having its shell-wall frequently composed of closely-
fitting sponge spicula, arranged side by side, are not unfrequent off Slieve
League, as well as at other stations round our coast. It is, most probably, a
Reophax, but as no perfect example has as yet been obtained, its place among
the Foraminifera could not be given with any degree of certainty.
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= jO UMOJ 04} Woy o[lu-e-jpey Jnoqe * IVOENOGT
:
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MLOIy sotoeds|" : des! : :
a bee somraenb mI0970g BS jroroudyyeg SHILITVOOT
OATIV[OY,
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. 6
= op ‘HIdAG JO SUVINOILAVd HLTA ‘SAILITVOOT 4O LSIT
Wright—Foraminifera of South Donegal, 183
TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERA GA-
THERED DURING THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD
CLUB’S EXCURSION TO SOUTH DONEGAL, 1880.
ABBREVIATIONS:—vr, very rare; r, rare; c, common; ve, very common, Species
marked * are new to the British Fauna, Figures in column marked f refer to plate VIII
accompanying this paper.
a [a
ot lee eS Pe
ate |S -to—+-S8 |
= ) o D2 fog] SK] ew Ie “
al oot Lie} o 3 | or) 3 19
ee oe ae See ee, l so fa
) ~ =)
LIST OF SPECIES. Si lorie: | eek see eee
re Pe ee) eee ee
om a! E ” oO Ss te] , 3
s/s io] Bee 5 |S [ms]
» Nl OQ 3S TM O KH jaa} Ow Oo
2) Nl ~Q Ql o me =
° —s m qd a > op bo Se
=| 3 = fo) on 0) (oi | lems Fie u
a ee
o}| 2] 8 Ee|n | & IM Ay
oe q ro ° ~ |
Co) 3° 5 lo & [4 Gel
ele) | St ee Perk aeetrs
fin! 21S | & Woe e 6 8
CornusPira, Schultze.
involvens, Reuss ist esaltiecssiittesecdt foc r ry or Wr r Yr
foliacea, Philippi a Bao fade Moan, th tees | nse, se) b geue VI] ove
Brmocurina, D’ Orb.
ringens, Lamk. “of va Wfeongg|Oloceyclitens [fo C) ‘Tha lea Ua: Chie Chalan Er:
depressa, D’Orb. BET Bend G Se eal demmect fase 4 Ch, lt Many TE Near Peet Nae te
elongata, D’ Orb. aoc Beal! core [ie Lele Besetal separ ate elie (ese 27 / P | ell ese
sphera, D’Orb. oe seal ancep|Wiee etal tee Co odes sty Moonlit RD
Miniorina, Wil.
trigonula, Lamk. ae = 6 E o 2 | i i BS)
2 cl(8 | Bal sl Ele |
LIST OF LOCALITIES. |&/EZ/E)/ Lit || ®/2i |¢
e/S8 |3 | 5 lS x yet ee epee tes
= l 2 S im oO lo g E
® by | (aa) 2| o A pokes)
OF ees omleereoy ol eteetrl) SSS) boa (esc || ae
A 3 3 9 {orn! .o 2 je5|] 8
Os) 1h08) 1 | & |o a | 2 5
Slee lee ciak |&
Ce) iS) a 5B lo = mm (4 im
el1at;a/]e ia oO} jo )
Fogel 2 3 5 6 7 8
CassipuLina, D’ Orb.
laevigata, D’ Orb. Sade Neveies ce iain fa ham iene as
crassa, D’ Orb. Soo ly eeealhiarie ie income Te |e, c r
oblonga, D’Orb. A oe r rl | ea
Bradyi, Norman MM. S| ‘broken, aon eos vr
Lacena, Walker and Jacob.
sulcata, W. & J. te re r Tei a ll EE ply TE Teme pee
costata, Weil. des ve ia FE ice Vee odovere tase
» Williamsoni, Alcock ... : Gall Ol Wen Grillner) @r|ise 2
Lyellii, Seguenza Ee ve Be lt Se te diese
levis, Montagu aC sit Cece eer |i tial ce a Cama iine
gracillima, Seguenza ... Bb eee Bh lin Be 7
globosa, Montagu woe : yee (cree) | sa ae a. 5 2a Le LP
striata, D’ Orb. vr Gr e¢ |ve
striato- -punctata, P. § i seta coroe (cee r
gracilis, Wel. hae aerate Teer (eo
semistriata, Wl. ‘ r Colm | Serie fe ee
hispida, Reuss ime tess
aspera, Reuss bai ve eae! ak IDO
caudata, D’ Orb. 8c saldude cee corse lig Sel eee a [ee alts
marginata, W. & J. ... |Fig4d : n rj|rer
var. Orbignyana, Seguenza...|Figs) ¢ | e¢ | ¢ | ¢ | cle Coaliee
var. trigono-marginata, P. \
ax MPsaee lise, |i xseedl VE A Whe aahernetie or
g J. zo 3
lucida, | arr ween (ioe: meee ec hot Iie he veel ne
var. ’(trigono-) oblonga, sai 3
gquenia ~.. a neal | Meee | REN Re ae ES we
pulchella, Brady ea Seal Meret Peso iiees se | Wty wert Me Palecte. | Vee oe
ornata, Will. ... aie Abel) ae) ect arseast rien (eae ime eh a sat lle
lagenoides, Will. oe On| Satay tees aie Te lee
squamosa, Montagu ... PwC Oh El) Cal Ging: 86. ee. fe ce
hexagona, Will. ees neat. oa het | Mr ke | rate
Lineutina, D’ Orb.
carinata, D’Orb., small Foci ss ae
_*tenera, Bo Bornemann ( (fossil ?)...! .. aoe aust SuPENY sant gameley
186 Wright—Foraminifera of South Donegal.
TABLE—Continued.
ge |,
3 |3 oe a
‘ldlelalg JEl2lt |g
Blei13] 8 lesa iy ig |
Pelee |e (8) | | 2a is
2/8)2/e has} ele ||
LIST OF LOCALITIES. | /E/E| Lie 1) P]2 ole
2/2|2| e284 | ele
oo ao 2 |e) 2 | Bene
s hate i m 4) Sie e oo | o!) 5
aiei1e@]e |oa/.2] 27] &
py, on ial ae! BS lope Po) hd oy
ea fee] lo (b= | 2a
® iS) = 3 lo & | 1 se
Selial;a]es fA O|;HM IO {O°
Teal 2 3 | 4 5 6 G 8
Noposaria, Lamk.
scalaris, Batsch. noc Se dee. |e ee | Vr e jvr
pyrula, D’Orb.,and dentaline
variety * AS } eee eee eee Ans eee eee Nig r 9
VAGINULINA, D’ Ord.
legumen, Linn., small sesll:feaieul| deea ified level Rest | aCe eens ogi cee
Marermuta, D’ Ord.
lituus, D’Ord., small ... BBCi crn) ae fs Osan eoccil laccomipecranlbeseaetheTe jl aac
CRISTELLARIA, Lamk.
rotulata, Lamk. 580 cael dower | dase ft fece | i 1 cee! |) ensce| ect ae meta V RTs
crepidula, F.f MM. ... Bod) Goce nome |e ose |) oem s lis ob llssere |) Se |) ve a
Potymorruina, D’Ord.
lactea, W. & J. aoe eaelibewe al PT uifcbese [ual pae>ll oko eeeanl ecm [ents
gibba, D’Ord. 258 soe||Vowe | pod, | keene] cCen|e Call) (Coal arin eioaml mae
oblonga, Will. re sl dels Hh fae al lige viel (pb eos jae
compressa, D’Orb. ... sao fece! ||'pows' ll host | Ce) aCe a nce leer
concava, Will. he BBG cecal Goce th cea lense Pecoae| pices thessachh wy. i
miyristiionmis, -Wll., laree aot icsc | less [lvoe fC | Cl i020) cee eet coe
communis, D’Orb. ... ate| Perel || Pewee bese Vill aca ses esa ¢ Vp AToN | Meera Mtagtaaa [teres
Uvierrtna, D' Ord.
angulosa, Weil. 368 aeclibosen| iW Eula El Co [cyt sl eo an wa eer
Orputina, D’Orb.
universa, D’ Orb. toe Bodlp ace th eae. ee | Be TV Dl) Seon lgeectel sess
GLopicERiInA, D’ 07d.
bulloides, D’ Orb. fae Ball Bee) 1h mall: ACh eoe al aeco me ear jiewee
inflata, D’ Orb. te. Soe lisesi cecianl|! bot ott NAHM ceteres ||) eter tn | ete ea ican Foal
Sprrivitina, Khrenb.
vivipara, Mhrenb. Bae Eee) Scan ESE RESIN ee cleo alm iPlle sas wile tie [pone
PatTeviina, Wil. :
corrugata, Weil. as Pek ran PP We la ad Bal Pat eal ie e365
Discorgina, P. & J.
rosacea, D’Orb. 506 ee Meereie: || eterel| ecole ae | teem | ean Cc | eraae.e
Parisiensis, D’Orb. ... Sel teoe. [Musee bees: Ili talent | ueb'se "| iteicegalgeeron | ACM Rens
*Wrightii, Brady bis seltsee [fama || Lese-igh® gel Seu Unset dees secon
Globularis, D’Orb. ... deel bese iheee | beceedlae Cul Ciivacn| sical (CamlExC
Bertheloti, D’Ord. ... Reali etendl sengooeeceml| Well letucsia] cueeeey aa rivr
Wright—Foraminifera of South Donegal, 187
. TABLE—Continued.
LIST OF LOCALITIES.
Between Slieve League and
Malinbeg.—24 fms.
Off Slieve League,—34 fms.
Ardara,—between tides.
Muckros Bay,—between tides.
Killybegs Harbour, —7 fms.
Off Killybegs Harbour, —
17 fms
Off Portstewart,-—15 fms.
es | | | | | |
PLANORBULINA, D’ Or.
Mediterraneensis, D’Ord.
TRUNCATULINA, D’Orb,
lobatula, Walker “05 aoe
refulgens, Montfort
Tinoporus, Montfort
levis, P. & J. Ss cocltsson tata Nee [P sce Ie Eon Wy teed fe meee eaae
lucidus, Brad one Speco eae | VEEN CME VCR Pain - (oyna teeter
PULVINULINA, PB. & J.
2:3 & —& | Reference to plate VIII.
: | Donegal,—between tides.
repanda, F.& W., small eas tswaba Oca Imola alh, uk all uechavalarerepllicieties: Ife
auricula, F.& MM... Naalicose lkisaew |buecstfs ta ngewe |i abaalleceriltaen (met
Karsteni, Reuss, small Boal) coom| | sASs-a| hecacind eects Goce jected Sashes |S a8
Rotaria, Lamk.
Beccarii, Linn. Bo0 Goal doo: fae Some Mate 21 Silieheniie lia Ca ilinvaneh le
nitida, Will, ae coll ace [Pan TPNAEE| AO Sao ae SI || ie
OpERCULINA, D’Orb.
smmonoides, G7ron.,. larfO° ...| ‘as. | on | or: | sen | VI] -« r TE eaete
PotysToMELLA, Lamk.
crispa, Linn. ... = Tce eek nates: (Nee foes [rere lhe rs. [pacers hears
striato-punctata, F. gf UM. ...| .. |}ve|ve| ¢ | r | ¢ |lvelvel e
Nonionina, D’Ord.
turgida, Wil. ack lect hee i ey rE | ke eweiemeny
depressula, W. & J. ... we a eVUCH Wee C Howe bogey bem @
scapha, Ff. & M., small Seite eceme coat by sei! seer: Aitoner (etdoabl li zae NRE
umbilicatula, Montagu Sog|fdeg | Ge jl ode | Wcceerl| waco | Coons 22. slike ad | ise
stelligera, D’ Ord. obc Jacl isnos Ul PE Sek r6l feo OAS linc GAR aaa oe
; | . “a Aa a ~
Hal Scare “ 7 om eh
: a wt < 4 . ‘ “> 3 » ’ * =
ao ? Nh C dadand A Sonia’ bhi cs Crh |
G1 ~ oo GOD Tez Xo ee eae
x Ny heey a ; ae
. Pi — h f = M * ry es, r : ¥ ,
s oo ae Ant eC Ra Pee A
caeaeeaaele b —
os
a
hae eee ae —~
:
-
| ATW Aa ge
3 a - ¢ , : '
"e - :x q é ‘ 7 ~~) ¢j Z i
a | roe, We so 24 i? 6 +ae ty ot
e Ph sre hs © in F P
Se peng rn ee beret Spe es - nme
+ oe. mth
2
* Ap Pay *
7 ne
(Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.—Appendix, 1880-1881.)
SPONGE REMAINS FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS
LIMESTONE OF BEN BULBEN, CO. SLIGO.
BY JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G.S.
. (Read before the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, on the 13th April, 1881.)
tion in the animal kingdom, Mr. Wright proceeded to say, that having
examined a portion of a pale yellow clay, which had been procured
near the summit of Ben Bulben Mountain by Mr. 8. A Stewart, he found that
it contained an abundance of sponge-spicules, this being the only instance of
such remains having been found in Ireland in rocks of Carboniferous age. In
company of Mr. Stewart he had visited the spot for the purpose of ascertaining
the mode of occurrence of the sponge remains, and to procure a sufficient
quantity of the material for his investigations. Ben Bulben is a grand moun-
tain, 1,722 feet high, whose stupendous cliffs arrest the attention of the
traveller on the way from Bundoran to Sligo. The rock here may truly be
called mountain limestone, the entire range, of which Ben Bulben is the
most conspicuous, being composed of Carboniferous Limestone from the base
to the summit. Nowhere else in Ireland do the Carboniferous rocks attain so
great an elevation. Two days were spent on Ben Bulben, an ample supply of
the fossiliferous clay obtained, and also many rare fossils met with in the lime-
stone. Crinoids were especially abundant, notably the pretty little Pentre-
mites Derbiensis. The curiously branched coral, Cladochonus baccilaris, was
seen at one spot in great masses in the stone. The clay in question has been
under examination, and already has yielded eleven different forms of sponge-
spicules. Of these, four belong to the calcareous sponges, two to the Lithi-
stide, and the remaining five to the group of the Hexactinellidw. Three of
these last-mentioned are extremely beautiful forms, being spirally ringed
spicules apparently referrible to one species of sponge, and new to science.
Mr. Wright further mentioned that some of the clay had been submitted to his
friend, Mr. James Cooke, of Cork, for chemical analysis, and was found to be
Fe tion referring briefly to the several groups of sponges, and their posi-
190 Carter—Fossil Sponge-Spicules from Ben Bulben.
almost purely silicious. Mr. Cooke regards it as disintegrated chert, the
disintegrating agent being animal life. The following is Mr. Cooke’s analysis :—
Silica, soluble and insoluble, 97 to 98 per cent.; alumina, with sesquioxide of
iron, 1 per cent.; lime, less than 1 per cent.; traces of magnesia and man-
ganese, 1-10 per cent. Mr. Cooke finds clear proof of organic matter still
existing in the clay, and he considers that the silica was probably supplied by
some volcanic outburst. Inthe “rotten limestone’’ of Cunningham Baidland,
Ayrshire, which seems to resemble our Ben Bulben clay, sponge-spicules are
abundant, and very similar to those found in Sligo. In the Irish, as in the
Scotch beds, chert occurs associated with the clays in which the spicules are
found. This is similar to what occurs in our Cretaceous rocks, and points to
the fact of the silica which forms our flints and chert having been, in part at
least, derived from silicious sponges which abounded in ancient seas, the silica
being redeposited in layers, or concentrated round some sponge or other
organism, and so forming our nodular flints. The paper was illustrated by a
fine series of diagrams representing the various forms of spicules obtained in
the Sligo mountains, as well as the material in which they were found.
Several examples of recent and fossil sponges were also exhibited at the close
of the meeting.
Through the kind permission of Mr. H. J. Carter, F.R.S., the following
paper, ‘ On fossil sponge-spicules from the Carboniferous strata of Ben Bulben,”
has been reprinted from the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Sept.,
1880; the figures which accompanied it have been reproduced by photo-lith-
ography, and are an exact reproduction of the originals.
(From the ANNALS AND MaGazIne or Natura History for Sept., 1880.)
ON FOSSIL SPONGE-SPICULES FROM THE CARBONI-
FEROUS STRATA OF BEN BULBEN, NEAR SLIGO.
BY H. J. CARTER, F.RS., &.
Plate VIIL., (lower half) figs. 1-17.
fossil sponges which existed during the Carboniferous epoch in the
neighbourhood of Glasgow (‘ Annals,’ 1879, vol. iii, p. 141, pl. xxi.), I
described and illustrated Holasterella conferta, a genus of sponges, as the
name indicates, exclusively composed of stelliform spicules, whose typical
figure, from the same locality, had been found and illustrated a year previously.
At the same time I added (zbid. p, 145) some observations on specimens of
I the last contribution that Mr. James Thomson made to our knowledge of
Carter—Fossil Sponge-Spicules from Ben Bulben. . 191
limestone belonging to the Carboniferous series which Mr, Thomson had
gathered from the western side of Black Head, county Clare, at the southern
extremity of the entrance to Galway Bay, in which the siliceous element (often
present in great quantity) seemed to indicate that it had been derived from
some organisms more or less composed of silica, especially as in other parts,
where the limestone is pure, the remains of sponge-spicules in a calcified state
are abundantly recognizable, although in none of the specimens sent to me
could I find a definite form.
Here the matter rested, so far as I myself was concerned; but Mr. Joseph
Wright, F.G.S., who resides at Belfast, having subsequently visited the
mountain near Sligo called “Ben Bulben,” actually ascertained the presence
of several forms of sponge-spicules in the limestone of the Carboniferous system
there, and kindly forwarded specimens of them to me, together with fragments
of the strata in which they are found, for description and illustration. But
before I proceed to this, it is desirable that the following extracts from Mr.
Wright’s letter, dated Jan. 1, 1880, which accompanied them, should be given,
Viz. :—
‘‘Last summer my friend Mr. §, A. Stewart spent a few days botanizing
on Ben Bulben, and, whilst there, observed soft clay bands in the limestone,
of which he brought me three different ‘gatherings’ to examine for Fora-
minifera, viz.:—1, containing no organisms; 2, a few Foraminifera -and spi-
cules; and 3, rich in sponge-spicules,
‘¢ The last material proved so interesting that we afterwards visited the
place in company and brought away a quantity of the clay. It is of a pale
yellowish colour, and occurs interstratified with bands of chert, especially at
the summit of the mountain, where it is very soft, owing, apparently, to
exposure to the weather; on the other hand, lower down, the same yellow
material occurs, but much harder, although lighter, from its open pumice-like
structure. At both places we found a great number of fossils belonging to the
limestone of the Carboniferous system, viz . ... .
“‘T sent some of the clay to a friend in Cork for analysis; and he has
informed me that it contains 98 per cent, of silica,’’
After this follow sketches of all the forms of fossil sponge-spicules that
Mr. Wright by dexterous manipulation was enabled to extricate from the clay—
to which, after carefully looking over all that he found, which were subse-
quently forwarded to me, I can add no more specifically, although I have been
able to find a few with slightly different forms, which have assisted me in the
following descriptions. Of course, as drift-spicules, which these must have
been when originally deposited, to say nothing of the subsequent effects of
fossilization, &c., they are nearly all fragmentary ; but sufficient of them
remains for easy recognition and for restoration, as will be seen by the illus-
trations.
First and foremost is a sexradiate stellate (Pl. XIV. B. fig. 2), which in
192 * Carter—Fossil Sponge-Spicules from Ben Bulben.
number of rays varies from 6, 12, 18 to 24 (figs. 4-7), according to the amount
of division of the extremities of six arms, The stellates vary in size from
1-75th to 5-24ths of an inch (fig. 1) in diameter; and the smallest are not
only the most numerous and have the greatest number of rays, but, as the
latter often arise from a division of the arm close to the centre, they acquire
the appearance of giobular little stars; while, where the arms are a little more
extended, they often present the appearance of a ‘‘ Maltese cross.’’ But the
most striking feature of this spicule is that, from the smallest to the largest,
each ray is spiriform ; that is, its surface presents a spiral inflation in which
the coils are more or less numerous, extending from the base to the apex of
the ray (figs. 2 and 3); where they are most numerous they, of course, are
more transverse, and then appear like separate annulations; while the most
remarkable difference in them is confined to the rays of the largest stellates,
where, towards the base, the spiral line of inflation becomes broken up into
short portions (fig. 3 b), which look very much, from their alternate arrange-
ment in adjoining coils, as if this had been produced by another spiral groove
pursuing an opposite direction (that is, across the original inflation).
This fossil spicule is incomparably more numerous than the other spicular
forms accompanying it; so that, tugether with its peculiarities being confined
to a stellate form, Iam compelled to think that it must have belonged to a
species of Holasterella which, if found in situ hereafter (that is, forming the
entire sponge), will be like H. conferta ; hence I have much pleasure in naming
it Holasterella Wrightti, after its discoverer.
The next spicule in frequency appears to have been a hexactinellid, with
the sixth or external arm not produced as in the large surface-spicules of the
Sarcohexactinellida, in which four arms are extended over the surface laterally,
while the fifth, like the shaft of a nail, goes vertically inwards (fig. 8). With
this, and also equally plentiful, are the free ends of “ anchoring-spicules’’
terminated by four much-recurved spines or flukes situated opposite each
other, and still attached to a-small fragment of the shaft (fig. 9), longer and
larger portions of which may be observed in the “chert,” both longitudinally
and in transverse sections under fracture, indicating that with the anchoring
ends they are the fragmentary remains of what originally were anchoring- or
cord-spicules of a Hyalonema or Sarcohexactinellid sponge.
Tolerably numerous also are Lithistid spicules, especially one like a hapa,
in which the centre is convex and smooth, while the three legs, bending out-
wards and downwards, end respectively in expanded concave feet, which seem
to show that they were once applied to similar surfaces on adjoining spicules
(figs. 10 and 11). This in all probability was a surface-spicule like those of
Corallistes aculeata (‘ Annals,’ 1880, vol. vi. pl. vii. fig. 45). Fragments of
other Lithistid spicules are also present, such as the dendritically branched
surface-spicule (fig. 12), and the shafted one of the fully developed or internal
structure (fig, 13).
Carter—Fossil Sponge-Spicules from Ben Bulben. 193
To these may be added a sausage-shaped spicule like that of some of the
Reniere of the present day, also tolerably plentiful (fig. 14); and other fusi-
form acerate ones (figs. 15 and 16), which being common to many kinds of
sponges, cannot in their isolated state, be identified with any in particular.
Two fragments represent the arms of a quadriradiate spicule (fig. 17) ; but
whether these were equal in length, or one was prolonged into a shaft, there
is no evidence to show: if the former, it probably belonged to one of the
Pachastrellina; if the latter, to a zone-spicule of one of the Pachytragida.
The most interesting part of this discovery, however, is that the ‘clay ” of
Ben Bulben, in which Mr. Wright found these remains, is apparently identical
in every respect with that sent me by Mr. James Thomson, in which he found
Holasterella conferta, near Glasgow. In both instances isolated sponge-spicules
of different kinds are disseminated through it, which can be obtained by
edulcoration with water, and are composed of silica in an opaque or chalcedonic
state, rendered more or less irregular by the presence of rhomboidal excava-
tions on the surface.
Here I might observe that, not only are the sponge-spicules, and the minute
fossils of the Carboniferous Limestone which accompany them, silicified and
pitted on the surface with the same kind of rhomboidal excavations, but the
“chert’’ to which Mr. Wright has alluded appears to be a solid pseudomorph
of the limestone ; for its pumice-like worm-eaten character occurring here
and there, from partial absorption or decomposition of the material, presents a
skeletal rhomboidal structure ; while the same kind of rhomboidal excavations
characterize the surface of the weather-worn calcareous fossils in the pure
Devonian Limestone of this neighbourhood ; by which Iam led to infer that,
in the first place, the sponge-spicules become partially or wholly calcified
among calcareous material, else why should they now present rhomboidal exca-
vations on their surface? that subsequently the siliceous element, being
liberated, replaced the calcareous material so as to form the “chert;” and,
thirdly, that the rhomboidal excavations on the surface of the spicules and the
partial absorption of the spicules themselves, leaving nothing but their moulds,
arises from the changes which the siliceous element itself is now undergoing—
that is, becoming decomposed and removed, or passing from an amorphous
state into clear quartz prisms. The latter, although but slightly the case,
comparatively, in the specimens from Ben Bulben, is characteristically so in
the specimens to which I have alluded from Black Head, Co. Clare, wherein
not only geodic cavities lined with quartz prisms, but perfect prisms themselves
are present, imbedded in the amorphous siliceous material composing the rock,
while all satisfactory traces of sponge-spicule form in these parts is entirely
absent, so far as the specimens sent to me indicated.
Lastly, Iam inclined to think that the ‘‘ clay” of Ben Bulben is the “chert”
decomposed, and that the innumerable fragments of sponge-spicules which are
present in the latter (for in some parts the chert appears te be almost entirely
194 Carter—Fossil Sponge-Spicules from Ben Bulben.
composed of them), rendered still more fragmentary by partial removal so as
to leave nothing but their moulds, as before stated, are those which at last
come out entire, so far as they go, in the washing of the “clay.”
It is remarkable, too, that by far the most plentiful among Mr. Thomson’s
collection of spicules from the clay near Glasgow is that of Holasterella conferta,
as it is that of H. Wrightii at Ben Bulben; the ‘‘ sausage-shaped”’ spicule
(fig. 14) is also analogous to that of the supposed Renierid sponge (‘ Annals,’
1879, vol. iii. pl. xxi. fig. 11), and about the same in frequency. In Mr.
Thomson’s collection were also fragments of Lithistid spicules; and last
summer he sent me a section of an entire sponge in Carboniferous Limestone, all
calcified, with weathered-out spicules on the surface, but none of it sufficiently
defined for useful delineation. The collection also contained some zone-spicules
of the Pachytragida; so that, altogether, the Spongida appear to have been as
plentiful and as varied in the Carboniferous age as at any other time.
It would be worth while, when the opportunity offers, for some one to look
over the weathered surface of the strata in the mountain of Ben Bulben, where
fragments, if not entire specimens, of sponges from which the spicules come
might be found, after the manner that they have been discovered in the Car-
boniferous system in the south-west-of Scotland.
tt potent Sf é
BSS eres Vel IT. At. /
es IAT Vee
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. (Upper Half.)
Fic. 1. Haplophragmium glomeratum, Brady, magnified 60 diam. Off Killy-
begs Harbour, 17 fms.
Fie. 2. Bulimina subteres, Brady, magnified 60 diam. Off Killybegs Harbour,
17 fms.
Fie. 3. Gaudryina filiformis, Berthelin, magnified 60 diam. Off Killybegs
Harbour, 17 fms.
Fic. 4. Lagena marginata, W. & J., magnified 60 diam. Off Killybegs
Harbour, 17 fms.
Fie. 5. Lagena marginata, var. Orbignyana, Seguenza, magnified 60 diam.
Off Killybegs Harbour, 17 fms.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. (Lower Half.)
Fic. 1. Holasterella Wrightit, spicule of, nat. size. The largest met with
(diagram).
Fig, 2. The same, restored, to show the perfect form -with spiral inflation on
the arms. Magnified 7 diameters.
Fig. 3. The same. Fureate arm, much more magnified, to show—a, the simple
spiral inflation, and 6, the same when “broken up.” Scale 1-48th
to 1-1800th inch.
Fias. 4, 5, 6, and 7. The same, to show the simple sexradiate and multifid
divisions of the arms respectively (diagrams).
Fic. 8. Sarcohexactinellid. Fragment of large surface-spicule of unknown
species.
Fic. 9. The same. Free end of anchoring-spicule.
Fic. 10. Lithistid. ? Tripod-like surface-spicule of oe species.
Fic. 11. The same. Lateral view.
Fig. 12. The same. Dendritically branched surface-spicule of unknown
species.
Fic. 18. The same. Form of body-spicule of unknown species.
Fic. 14. Reniera?. Sausage-shaped spicule of unknown species.
Fie. 15. Acerate spicule of unknown sponge.
Fic. 16. The same.
Fic. 17. Quadriradiate fragment of spicule of unknown sponge.
N.B.—Figs. 3 and 8-17 inclusively are all drawn to the scale of 1-48th
to 1-1800th inch.
Proc. Beltost Nat Feld Club I880 81 (Agpendix) PL VAIL
W. SWANSTON, DEL.
OUR
LU ps
ee.
yC
H./.C. DEL.
CARTER - CARBONIFEROUS SPONGE SPICULES OF BEN BULBEN.
APPENDIX VII.
eceesewe sete
an tor tan ar var a, te
SUPPLEMENT
TO A
As it ts intended to tissue, from time to time, further
Lists of the Fauna, Flora, Fossils, and Antt-
guities of the North of lTreland, Members are
requested to preserve this Appendix for binding
with those already issued, and to be rssued wn the
future.
The next part of the Proceedings will contain Draw-
ings, Illustrating Papers by Mr. William Gray,
and Mr. Charles Elcock, abstracts of which
appear in this part.
PUBLISHED BY
PoE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB:
February, 1884.
&
4
-
“A
APPENDIX VII.
eo © © © © « «
Settee oe reese
GO) an er a ore) we
SUPPLEMENT
Prot. OF.MOSSES
NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND.
BY
SAMUEL ALEX. STEWART,
Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
PUBLISHED BY
THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
February, 1884.
kia hiiamioerniansiiied
AT UT AW
Wy < wi Paes a at
i
(Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.— Appendix 1882-1883.)
poll,
SUPPLEMENT
TO A LIST OF THE MOSSES OF THE NORTH-EAST
OF IRELAND.
BY SAMUEL ALEX. STEWART,
Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
INE years have passed away since the list, to which this is a supple-
ment, was published in the Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists’
Field Club. During that period the world has not failed to move
on, nor has botanical knowledge stood still. Stimulated mainly by the Royal
Trish Academy, a number of Irish naturalists have been scrutinising nar-
rowly the flora of their country. The results of these investigations have
been embodied in valuable reports published, or now being published, in the
Proceedings of the Academy. These papers, however, have related entirely
to the phanerogamic plants, with the exception of that by Dr. D. Moore, on
Irish Hepaticw. Meanwhile, with the rolling on of events, we have to de-
plore the loss of some who stood in the front rank of the small band of Irish
Botanists. Dr. David Moore and Isaac Carroll have been removed by death,
and the inexorable fate which so recently overtook our fellow-member, Mr.
T, H. Corry, has deprived our Society of one who felt the deepest interest in
the objects for which it was established. The wider field of Irish Botany,
too, is affected by the premature loss of one who was doing much to enlarge
our knowledge of the native flowering plants, and who hoped to take part in
the investigation of our Cryptogamic flora also.
But while the wheels of fate roll on, bearing away, as we have seen, some of
our “best and bravest,’’ they are bringing up to our ranks valuable acces-
sions, and new life. Ever since systematic botany assumed the rank of a
science, it has not lacked votaries in Ireland, gifted with acuteness of obser-
198 Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement).
vation and enthusiastic love for the study. In the annals of Irish Botany, we
find Wade, Templeton, Turner, and others ably leading the van at the close
of last century. These were succeeded by such well-known naturalists as
Mackay, Taylor, and Hutchins, and these, again, by others who have survived
to our own times. So much for the past: indications are not wanting that,
in the coming time, there will be those who will carry our knowledge to a
still higher point.
As stated in the preface to the list of 1875, the district to which it referred
embraced the counties of Down and Antrim, with a small part of Derry. It
is a matter of regret that, even yet, it is not possible to include the whole of
Derry. The fact is, that as far as bryology is concerned, the greater portion
of that county is up to the present a terra incognita. The Mourne Mountains,
and the southern portion of County Down, have yielded some novelties to the
as yet incomplete, examination of the Rev. H. W. Lett, of Ardmore, and
Rev. C. Herbert Waddell, of Warrenpoint. These gentlemen have kindly
furnished the names of the most interesting species collected by them. A
number of their plants remain, which have not yet been diagnosed, but it will
be seen, on reference to the list which follows, that they have added materi-
ally to our Moss-flora, ina very brief period. It is to be hoped that the
quickness of observation, and scientific method Mr. Lett and Mr. Waddell
have already manifested will be employed to still further elucidate the
natural history of a very interesting region, The Museum of the Belfast
Natural History and Philosophical Society contains a collection of mosses by
Mr. T. Drummond, acquired by the Society in 1831. Some of these plants
have been collected in our locality, and a few of them, not previously pub-
lished, are now put on record.
V'he number of Mosses included in the list of 1875 amounted to 238, and
the 35 now added bring the number up to 273. Such of the plants as seemed
at all doubtful have been submitted to G. A. Holt, Esq., of Manchester, who
kindly consented to revise them.* Such revision is of the utmost importance ;
and the fact that a bryologist of such accuracy has seen the specimens adds
much to tke value of the records. Rev. John Fergusson, of Forfarshire,
has also kindly assisted with advice on some critical plants. Several rare
plants have been contribued by J. H. Davies, Esq., of Glenmore ; one of these
being Orthotrichum Sprucei, a species not included in any previous list of
Trish Mosses.
Objections will, no doubt, be made to the arrangement here followed, and
perhaps also to the nomenclature. It has, however, seemed desirable not to
depart from the classification of the original list, to which this is supplemen-
tary. As respects the nomenclature I am not convinced of the value of small
genera, based on trivial characters.
*Rey. Mr Lett’s specimens have been confirmed by Mr. West, of Bradford.
Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement). 199
LIST OF SPECIES.
0
The asterisk denotes that the spocies was not previously recorded for the
district.
CRYPHHA HETEROMALLA. Dill.
This species is frequent throughout the district, but never abundant.
HOooKERIA LucENS. Dill.
Tollymore Park, and Rostreyor Mountain, County Down.—Rey. OC. H.
Waddell.
HypnuM LoREUM. Drill.
Frequent in the Mourne Mountains.—Rev. C. H. Waddell. Rostrevor
Wood ; Slieve Comedagh ; Slieve Croob (Down) ; fruit abundant; Ballygally
Head (Antrim).—S. A. 8.
H. BREVIROSTRE. Ehr.
Narrowwater Wood, near Newry, fruiting abundantly.— Rey. C. H.
Waddell. Fruiting sparingly at upper end of Holywood Glen, in January,
1876.—S. A. 8.
H. ScORPIOIDES. Dill.
Rathlin Island (Antrim) ; barren.—S.A.S.
* H. gARMENTOSUM. WadAl.
Very rare. Spinkwee River Glen, above Tollymore Park,—Rey. H.
W. Lett.
H. Eveyrium. Schp.
[This moss, so rare in Ireland, was found by Rev. Mr. Waddell on Angle-
sey Mountain, County Louth. It should be sought for on the Mourne Moun-
tains also. |
H. resgupinatum. Wiis.
Ballyholme; Cregagh Glen (Down); Kilroot; Ballygally Head; Fair
head (Antrim). Frequent in fruit. 11-2.—S. A. $8.
* H. cupressirorme. Dill. Var Lacunosum. Wiis.
Warrenpoint, County Down.—Rey. C. H. Waddell.
200 Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement).
H, Finicinum. Dill.
Rostrevor Mountain, and near Moira, County Down.—Rey. H. C. Waddell.
* H. SENDTNERI. Schp.
Rare. Rathlin Island.—S. A. 8.
* H, niparium. Linn.
Wet places—rare. Abundant in several places, by the Lagan Canal,
above Moira, County Down.—S. A. S.
H. unpuitatum. Dill.
Tollymore and Slieve Bignian, Mourne Mountains (Down).—Rev. C. H.
Waddell. Rathlin Island (Antrim).—S. A. 8.
H. MURALE. Hedw.
Walls near Belfast.—T. Drummond, In the water table, Falls Road,
near Andersonstown ; also, on a stone dyke, in old road, at back of Cave
Hill.—S. A. 8.
H. TENELLUM. Dicks.
Old Walls of Dundrum Castle (Down); Rathlin (Antrim).—S. A. 8.
* H, FLAGELLARE. Dicks.
Rocky banks of mountain streams. Tollymore, Yellow Water, &c.;
frequent.—Rey, C. H. Waddell. Slieve Donard, Slieve Comedagh, and fre-
quent in the Mourne range, but always barren.—S. A. 8.
* H. speciosum. rid,
Rathlin Island.—S. A.S. Rare and barren,
* H. CRASSINERVUM.— Tay.
Very rare. Cave Hill, near Belfast.—T. Drummond. Specimen in Belfast
Museum Collections (Ausci Scotica).
H. myosurompes. Linn.
Widely spread. Warrenpoint and Rostrevor.—Rey. C. H. Waddell.
Slieve Donard (Down) ; Ballygally Head, and Glenshesk (Antrim),—S. A. 8.
H. augicans. Dzil.
In fruit on sandy warren—Donaghadee, February, 1876.—S. A. 8.
H. turescens. Huds.
Rostrevor Mountain.—Rev. C. H. Waddell. Upper end of Holywood
Glen, and railway bank, Newtownards.—S. A. 8.
| Stewart— Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement). 201
* HETEROCLADIUM HETEROPTERUM. Bruch.
Very rare. Rocks by stream, Slieve Comedagh, and on rocks in the
stream at upper end of Glenmachan Glen (Down).—S. A. S. Barren.
* Leskea poLycarpa. hr.
On bases of ash and alder trees—rare. By the Lagan Canal, above first
lock, and by the Six-mile River, above Templepatrick.—S, A. 5.
CLIMACIUM DENDROIDES. Linn.
Fruiting freely near Lisburn ; October, 1877.—Mr. J. H. Davies.
PTEROGONIUM FILIFORME. Hedw.
Tollymore Park.—T. Drummond.
* FIgsIDENS OSMUNDIOIDES. Hedw.
Wet mountain rocks—rare. On Slieve Croob—sparingly. In several
places between Tollymore Park and Donard Lodge.—S. A. 8. Fruit, April
and May.
* F exis. Hedw.
Ditch banks—very rare. Ditch banks near Belfast.—T. Drummond,
1831. Inalane leading from Ballygomartin Road to Black Mountain.—S. A. S.
It occurs sparingly on the ditch bank at upper end of lane, In fruit, March,
1880. *
TETRAPLODON MNIOIDES. Hedw.
Crocknafeola Plantation, Mourne Mountains.—Rey. C. H. Waddell.
BARTRAMIA ITHYPHYLLA. Brid.
Slieve Donard, and rocks above Bryansford (Down).—S. A. 8. Rising to
1600 feet.
B, arcuata. Dicks.
One stem in fruit; November, near Rostrevor.—Rey. C, H. Waddell.
ENTOSTHODON FASCICULARE. Dicks.
Warrenpoint (Down).—Rev. C. H. Waddell.
* KE. eRICETORUM. De Not.
Damp rocky places by streams in the mountains—rare. Slieve Donard,
at 1500 to 1800 feet.—S. A. S.
202 Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement).
E. Tempretont. Hook. and Tay.
Mourne Mountains, at Rostrevor.—Rev. C. H. Waddell. Slieve Donard
(Down); Rathlin Island (Antrim).—S, A. S.
FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA, VAR PATULA.
Magheralin (Down).—Rey. C. H. Waddell.
MyniuM unpuLatum. Hedw.
Fruiting abundantly in the wood at Narrowwater, County Down.—Revy.
C. H. Waddell.
M. nostratum. Schrad.
Tollymore Park.—Rev. C. H. Waddell. Castlereagh Hill (Down), and
Tardree (Antrim).—S. A. 8.
*« BryvumM Bimum. Schreb.
Rare (?) A specimen from Fair head (Antrim) seems to be this, but lacks
infloreseence.—S. A. S.
B. PALLENS. Swartz.
Mourne Mountains.—Rey. C. H. Waddell.
B. PSEUDOTRIQUETRUM. Hedw.
Mourne Mountains,—Rey. OC. H. Waddell. Rathlin Island.—S. A. 8.
B. CARNEUM. Linn.
Magheralin (Down).—Rey. C. H, Waddell.
* B. eLonGatum. Dicks.
Very rare. Slate rocks between Slieve Donard and Tollymore (Down).
—Rev. H. W. Lett.
[AULOCOMNION ANDROGYNUM. Schw.
Very rare. In bogs near Ardmore (Lurgan), on weathered stumps of bog-
fir—Reyv. H. W. Lett. The locality where this rare moss has been found,
though in County Armagh, is on the border of our district, and may be hoped
for in either Down or Antrim.]
[OLIGOTRICHUM HERCYNICUM. hr.
Very rare. Not found in our district, but collected by Rev. C. H. Waddell
from rocks by stream, Anglesey Mountain, County Louth, Probably also on
Mourne range. |
Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement). 203
* DIPHYSCIUM FOLIOSUM. Linn.
Very rare. Slievenamaddy Mountain.—Rev. H. W. Lett. This moss,
so rare in Ireland, has been found also on Anglesey Mountain, Louth, just
outside our district, by Rev. C. H. Waddell.
ZYGODON RUPESTRIS. Schp.
Crevices of rocks on the shore at Portavo, and also, close by, on the old
wall of the Donaghadee road (Down). In some plenty on the south-west wall
of the Bridge on the Larne road, at Kilroot; sparingly on rocks in Rathlin
Island (Antrim).—S. A. 8.
* Z. viripissimus. Dicks.
On trunks of trees; widely diffused in the barren state; rare in fruit.
Rostrevor (Down) ; Shaw’s Bridge, Cave Hill, Kilroot, Magheramorne (fruit)
Co, Antrim.—S. A. 8.
* ORTHOTRICHUM CALVESCENS. Wels.
Very rare. Two tufts of this moss were collected in the district—I
believe in Glenshesk, County Antrim—but as the label has been lost, this
species cannot be localised with entire certainty.—S. A. S.
O. LeIocaRPUM. Br. and Schp.
On trees, Tollymore (Down).—Rev. H. W. Lett. Base of the Sallagh
Braes (Antrim),—S. A. S.
* O. Sprucer. Mont.
Very rare. On several trees and bushes by the Lagan Canal, imme-
diately above Drum Bridge (County Down). This moss is plentiful in this,
its only Irish station, where it was discovered by Mr. J. H. Davies, of Glen-
more, in 1878. ;
* 0. RIVULARE, Turner.
* Rare. Sparingly on trees, at Drum Bridge (County Down), with the pre-
ceding species. Discovered by Mr. J. H. Davies in 1878. Since found in
abundance on rocks in Glenavy River (County Antrim), near the junction with
Lough Neagh.—S. A. 8.
O. Sturmi. Hoppe.
On trees Tollymore Park, Co. Down.—Rev. H. W. Lett. Plentiful on
stones, in a boggy heath, on Knocklayd Mountain, Co. Antrim, with mature
and abundant fruit at latter end of April, 1882.—§, A. §,
204 Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement).
QO. curutaTuM. Hoffm.
On stones in Crumlin River, and on the Gobbin Rocks, Co. Antrim.—
8. A. S.
RACOMITRIUM CANESCENS. Hedw.
Drumeormac, at base of Slieve Gallion, Co. Derry, on the east side.—
8. A.58.
* R. oprusum, Sm. R. HETEROSTICHUM VAR. GRACILESCENS. Bry. Eur.
Amongst Drummond’s mosses, in the Belfast Museum, is a specimen
marked by himself ‘ Racomitrium microcarpon of foreign authors—not of Bry.
Brit.’”’ Subsequently it has been marked, by the hand of Dr. Taylor, “ Trz-
chostomum microcarpon var. oblongum,” and initialed “‘T. T.”’ Tam in-
debted to Rev. John Fergusson for identifying this specimen with the T.
obtusum of Smith, afterwards R. obtusum of Lindberg. Drummond’s specimen
was collected more than fifty years ago, and the plant does not seem to have
been seen on the Mourne range since that time.
* R, PROTENSUM. A Braun.
Very rare. Mourne Mountains.—T, Drummond. Wet rocks in several
places between Slieve Donard and Tollymore Park, Co. Down, at 1200 to
1500 feet.—S. A. 8.
R. ELLIPTICUM. Turner.
Mountains above Newcastle, Co. Down; Benbradagh Mountain, above
Dungiven, Co. Derry.—S. A. $8.
GRIMMIA LEUCOPHHA. Grev.
On schist, Slievnabrock—Mourne Mountains.—Rev. H. W. Lett.
G. TRICHOPHYLLA. Grev.
Plentiful on a glacial boulder, between the Giant’s Ring and the Lagan,
Co. Down.—8. A. 8. Barren.
G. Scnutrzu. Brid.
Plentiful on basaltic rocks—Ballygally Head, Co. Antrim.—S. A. 8.
G. conrerta. Br. and Schp. VAR INCANA.
Brean Mountain, Glenshesk ; Rathlin Island, Antrim.—S. A. 8.
ENCALYPTA STREPTOCARPA. Hedw.
On walls, Narrowwater and Tollymore (Down).—Reyv. C. H. Waddell,
In great profusion on walls of Clady Bridge, near Dunadry, Co, Antrim.—
S.A. S. Always barren.
Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement). 205
* TorRTULA HIBERNICA. Mitt.
Very rare. To this species Mr. Holt refers a moss from Rathlin Island.
It is, however, a poor, drawn out, and barren form,
T. vatiroria. Br. and Schp.
At the bases of trees by the Lagan at Shaw’s Bridge, Drum Bridge, and
also on trees by the Six-mile River, above Templepatrick, Down and Antrim.
—S.A.S8. Barren.
* T. PAPILLOSA. Wels.
On trees, widely spread, but unfruitful, near Lisburn.—J. H. Davies.
Greyabbey and Knock, Co. Down; Ballygomartin, and between Dunadry and
Crumlin, County Antrim.—S, A. 8. Barren,
T. Laviria. Brid.
Common in Down, Antrim, and Derry; occurring on trees, walls, and
rocks.
* T. ratLax, Hedw., VAR. BREVIFOLIA,
Rare(?) Wet rocks by stream in Cregagh Glen, near Belfast.
T, RIGIpULA. Dicks.
Limestone rocks and moist banks near Belfast. — T. Drummond.
Chalk rocks—Ballysillan, near Belfast; Rathlin (Antrim), Slieve Gallion
(Derry).—S. A. 8.
T. mnsoLtana. Det Not.
Divis Mountain.—Rev. C. H. Waddell.
* T, ATROVIRENS. Sm.
Very rare. A very small tuft was found on rocks by the shore, Rathlin
Island.--S. A, S.
T. atorpes. Koch.
Walls, Narrowwater, County Down.—Reyv. C. H. Waddell.
T. STELLATA. Schreb,
On clay, in crevices of slate rocks, Cregagh Glen, near Belfast.—S. A. S.
A few capsules only, 12/2/77, and again in January, 1880.
TRICHOSTOMUM HOMOMALLUM. Hedw.
On micaceous rocks on Brean Mountain, above Glenshesk, Co. Antrim.—
8. A. 8.
206 Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement).
* T. FLEXICAULE. Schwg. VAR DENSUM. Schp.
Very rare. On peat, Divis Mountain, near Belfast.—Rey. C. H. Waddell.
* T, LITTORALE, Jfitt.
Very rare(?) On rocks by the shore, Rathlin Island, Co. Antrim.—
8. A.8.
* T. crisputom. Bruch. Var ELatTum. Schp.
Very rare. Sparingly on rocks in Rathlin Island.—S. A.S. (Var. not
found elsewhere in Ireland).
T. MUTABILE. SBruch.
Abundant on chalk rocks at Whitepark Bay, Ballintoy ; sparingly on
Fairhead, Antrim.—S. A. 8. No fruit.
Portia Hemi. Sr. and Schp.
Rocks by the shore, south of Newcastle (Down); Rathlin (Antrim).—S. A.S.
* P. ASPERULA. Mitt.
Very rare. In an old sandpit by the Groomsport Road, close to the
Warren, Donaghadee (Down) ; ledges of basaltic rocks at Blackhead (Antrim) ;
sparingly in both places. Fruitin January and February.—S.A.S. Referred
to the above species with some hesitation. The three Pottias of Mitten are
perilously near to each other.
* CampYLopus Sonwarzu. Schp.
Very rare. Tievedocharrah, between Rostrevyor and Hilltown, Mourne
Mountains.—Rev. H. W. Lett.
OC, rtexvosus. Brid.
Bencrom, Mourne Mountains.—Rev. H. W. Lett. Mountains above
Bloody Bridge, Down, and on Knocklayd, Antrim.—S. A.S. In fino fruit
June, July, and August,
* C. arrovirens. De Not.
Splashy, wet places on rocky moors; rather rare. Rocky Mountain,
Mourne range.—Rey. W. H. Lett. Slieve Donard, Down, and Knocklayd,
Antrim.—8. A. 8. Barren.
Dicranum Bongeanu. De Not.
Rathlin Island. Sparingly.—S. A. S.
*D—D, Scorrianum. Turner.
Mourne Mountains.—T. Drummond.
Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement). 207
* D, RUFESCENS, Turner.
Rare, Crown Mountain, near Newry, Co. Down.—Rev. C. H. Waddell.
Sandbanks near Belfast.—T. Drummond. Mountain above Glenshesk, Co.
Antrim, on mica-schist.—S§. A. 8.
D. crrvicuLtatum. Hedw.
Rathlin Island, Glenshesk, and frequent in turf bogs,—S. A, S.
D. squaRRosum. Schrad,
Rostrevor, Co, Down.—Rev. C. H. Waddell.
D. crispum. Hedw.
Sandstone Rock, Derriaghy.—J. H. Davies. Plentiful on sandy bank
between the Botanic Gardens and the Stranmillis Road, Belfast; also, on
crumbling mica-schist above Glenshesk, Antrim.—S, A. S.
D. PELLUCIDUM. Linn.
Slieve Donard (Down), Slieve Gallion, and Carndaisy Glen, near Money-
more (Derry).—S. A. 8.
Burnpia acuta. Br. and Schp.
Wet places on mountains and by rocky streams; abundant where it
occurs. Mourne Mountains.—Rev. C. H. Waddell. Abundant on mountains
above Newcastle, Down, and on Knocklayd, Antrim.—S, A. S.
* Anopus Doniants. Sm.
Very rare. On Greensand rocks, by the stream, at the top of a little
fall in Upper Collin Glen, near Belfast. In good fruit on 19th June, 1876.-—
§. A. S. Not found elsewhere in Ireland.
* RHABDOWEISSIA DENTICULATA. Brid.
Crevices of rocks, very rare. Rocks on ascent of Slieve Donard by the
Glen River, and between Donard and Tollymore (Down), also sparingly on
summit of Slemish (Antrim).—S. A. S.
R. rugax. Hedw.
Slievenabrock, between Tollymore and Donard, Co. Down.—Rev. H. W.
Lett.
WEISSIA VERTICILLATA. rid.
Limestone rocks, Rathlin Island.—§, A. 8.
208 Stewart—Mosses of North-East of Ireland (Supplement).
W. orntsputa. Hedw.
Rocks and boulders, between Rostrevor and Hilltown, Co. Down.—
Rev. H. W. Lett.
W. crrruata. Hedw.
Mourne Mountains, near Hilltown.—Rey. H. W. Lett. West side of
Bencrom, Mourne Mountains.—Rey. C. H. Waddell. Some fine tufts on
boulders, on the mountain above Rostrevor Church—October, 1876.—S. A. S.
PHASCUM CUSPIDATUM. Schreb.
Rathlin Island.—S. A. S.
SPHAGNUM PAPILLOsUM. Lindb.
Wet rocks, not common (?) On rocks on the mountains, above Bloody
Bridge (Down), and sparingly on Rathlin (Antrim).—S. A. S.
S. sUBsECUNDUM, Nees; VAR CONTORTUM, Schultz.
Wet rocks; rare. Plentiful on granite rocks in the mountains, above
Newcastle, Co. Down.—S. A. 8.
ANDRZA PETROPHILA. Lhr.
Slieve Donard (Down), and on basalt, Cave Hill (Antrim), at 700 feet.
—S. ALS. :
Satend wilt. Vil. 77: pt S.
a
APPENDIX VIII.
PIA I 0 04 ON Od
I. NOTES ON IRISH COLEOPTERA,
BY A. L. HALIDAY, F.LS.
EDITED BY 8, A. STEWART, F.B.S., Edin. |
II. THE CROMLECHS OF ANTRIM AND DOWN,
BY WILLIAM GRAY, M.R.LA. ~
III. NOTES ON THE PRE-HISTORIC MONUMENTS,
' AT CARROWMORE, NEAR SLIGO :
THE BATTLE-FIELD OF THE NORTHERN MOYTURA.
BY MR. CHARLES ELCOCK.
PUBLISHED BY
THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
January, 18865.
J rate os oy x
ie Caan yee ‘iat
a eee 3 patncee.
a | < Pi ? ty P - ‘ pes
: See aay, er ae Alas a! ore He iy
rae Scat MN ye . gat a Ys 3
Ta ahh 4T402.100 Hater 6 eat
i fens Bal T TACK A Ya |
Legee fk sae Ba ALA OTS AB Ye daria»
ili, ‘ a
ee a Say |
= eh Se E Pits some LGM YARD Maiarw re
aie Ty (a ION WOT: All 914 SUP HO 8
a pe eo oo NODE Gay (ERO MM OTRAT: 2» ii
SS RPTTO R- HAIUT OMe BHT 40 ‘CuaDraITTAS
ee 000d eigand =? ce
‘eee
Nz aoe
cients :
; se a arity 4g
(Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,— Appendix 1883-1884.)
NOTES ON IRISH COLEOPTERA,
By A. L. HALIDAY, F.L.S.
Edited by 8S. A. STEWART, Fellow of Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
Oe
‘HE following list has been prepared from manuscript notes made by the
late A. L. Haliday, F.L.S. The MS. has been in the possession of
the Editor for many years, and as a record of work done by one, who, in his
day, ranked amongst the foremost of British entomologists, it has seemed a duty
to give it to the public.
Mr. Haliday was one of an illustrious band of naturalists whose love for
scientific research, and success in the pursuit, conferred distinction on the town
of Belfast during the earlier portion of the present century. It is matter for
regret that, with respect to the labours of these local pioneers of science, so
little has been put upon record, and that their personal history is, in some cases,
imperfectly known to their successors. We do know, however, that they were
single-minded lovers of Nature, anxious only for a better knowledge of her
ways, and careless as to whether their names should, in all cases, be associated
with the discoveries they made. ;
Many of the species in the following enumeration have been noted, as Irish,
‘in Curtis’s Illustrations of British Entomology, but the greater part would
seem to have remained unpublished.
The nomenclature is that of the MS., without alteration, but in such cases as
where an insect appears under a different name in Stephens’ British Entomology,
the Editor has appended the latter as a synonym.
Mr. Haliday had three distinct marks, which, placed against the names of the
species in a classified list, constituted his method of recording the localities of his
captures. The first mark signified ‘“‘near Belfast’’ ; the second, “ elsewhere in
Treland’’ ; the third, ‘‘ English.”” No further details are given. As we are
not concerned with the English distribution, the two first only are reproduced
here. These notes extend to Hymenoptera, and other groups, but being, as
regards these, incomplete, and lacking localities are consequently omitted.
212 Haliday.—WNotes on Irish Coleoptera.
SCARITIDA. NB. | EI
N.B. signifies Near Belfast; E.1., Elsewhere tn Ireland.
Clivina fossor = Mie oc age
Dyschirius politus a oe ae Bet ling
.. gibbus! dc ke a: és ”
.. Tinimus Curt. ae bg e PP ten A
Cychrus rostratus oe Oc ne soil eda
Carabus catenulatus 58 5 ae Ao al
.. nemoralis Ill. ae ail ars sah Sree
.. arvensis oe o8 ate ne ere
.. cancellatus se fe 50 afei|) ee
.. glabratus ys 7 ve we
.. nitens 30 oe ae meee
Pogonophorus (Leistus Freeh.) fulvi barbis is cali ga
.. brunneus? yo a ae Bie ee
.. spini labris me oe a6 al a
Helobia brevicollis me A 3d oe]
.. nivalis Deg. aC 54 5 aaa
Pelophila borealis? RC ae BC Rie
Blethisa multipunctata ot 3e ae sil weal
Elaphras cupreus 46 bie ae | aa
.. riparius Ke ofa do ote Ce
Notiophilus aquaticus od 7" = . Wt: ee
.. quadripunctatus .. oe wis wala Be
.. biguttatus ve be se phe
Bembidion paludosum a +. ws +a emg
Tachypus striatus Me a “ ool ge
-. andres ve w “ oy
.. bipunctatus os + a sotifieg
Thous celer 2 ae Se ae ee
.. pygmeeus ne 50 é- as *
Lopha doris oe _ as ole
.. pusillus P BO at At aah
.. assimilis = - ofl ai
Peryphus littoralis 3 : AG eh ee,
.. femoratus 53 oe . sel eae
.. Viridi-eeneus iS we 5c Sat haces
.. fuscipes ie ne nie ani ¥
.. atroceruleus le 5 ote rs *
Notaphus bifasciatus
Tachys obtusus
.. immunis we be Ate Ke
.. pusillus as ON ae ok
Lega enea4 a ie oF aie
.. fuscifres
Ocys currens
* * * KK *
1 The statement in Curt. Brit. Ent. that D. gibbus was found by Mr. Haliday, near
Belfast, does not accord with Haliday’s MS., which is as above. Kd.
pe eee gives brunneus as a synonym for spini labris, perhaps rufescens was meant by
aliday. >
3 P. borealis Payk. was figured by Curtis from a specimen in Mr. Haliday’s Cabinet, taken
on the sandy shore of Lough Neagh by Mr. Robert Templeton, on 14th June, 1829,
4 Philocthus, Stephens’ Brit. Ent.
Haliday—WNotes on Irish Coleoptera.
SCARITID H.— Continued.
Blemus paludosus z UE ve
Trechus suturalis di é. ae
.. fulvus be oy —
.. ruficollis is i oe
.. minutus, F. aquaticus Marsh. .. oe
Ophonus puncticollis i a
.. pubescens ie ae Je
Harpalus ruficornis ee bie as
.. rubripes ; dis ne
.. rufimanus be be D0
.. eneus és ” 50
.. dentatus a0 ie 50
Badister lacertosus ms re
.. humeralis at es oc
Loricera pilicornis bie te We
Anchomenus albipes 56 a
.. prasinus ais we Er
-. oblongus ate 5c ve
Agonum picipes sie ye 50
.. pullum? ae si 5¢
.. Simpsoni is Xe ole
.. mestum ? sia a x
.. viduum 7 3¢ st
.. parumpunctatum .. Be ve
.. rotundatum ee 34 3¢
Synuchus nivalis ee eis ans
Calathus piceus is ot kc
.. frigidus! - ea ae
.. melanocephalus.. bis ie
.. nubigena. M. - be se
Amara acuminata re re x
.. vulgaris fs bs és
.. eurynota ts sve +e
.. communis ee oe aA
.. familiaris Ne Ne 3¢
.. crassa and - on
.. tibialis, mihi Ba at ae
Bradytus apricarius A 5: pie
Cyrtonotus piceus 7 oe ar
Chlenius nigricornis in oh os
Pristonychus subeyaneus_ .. a oe
Stomis pumicatus a oe és
Patrobus rufipes me a Ac
Steropus madidus a wi Be
Peecilus versicolor ae vy, a
.. Trutilans a8 ne ae
.. cupreus st ie “6
.. rufifemoratus a as oe
Omaseus melanarius a ne at
1 Cistelloides, lll., fuscipes Gmel., flavipes, and obscurus Marsh. Ed,
N.B.
KK KR KR KR KR KKK KR KR RK KKK RRR KR KK HK RR KK KR KK KK ROR RR RK KR KK OR KF
213
E.T.
214 Haliday—N otes on Irish: Coleoptera.
SCARITIDA.— Continued.4 N.B. | EL.
.. nigrita +e “ ae ool
.. rufifemoratus Pa os ee Sule
tetricus! Py hie fe alee
.. Bulweri a i re: ell ones
Argutor vernalis a ee ale oe] 9
.. erythropus ep af no relllese
.. anthracinus? ae ats ts esharke
Platysme nigra fe “A fe srclakise
Abax striola Bs ae 5D onl Othe
Dromia melanocephala ue ae at aicder By
meriodionalis ahs ine fe ote epee
4maculata na ats 50 wiletes
linearis Ae a of «xsi ane
punctatula a x ae sie a
Lamprias chlorocephas an oe oe ve *
GYRINIDA.
Gyrina eneus oe ee ee Ts
.. natator ie eae Sc oa | eae
.. minutus aie ate ac sell re
DYTICIDA.
Dyticus marginalis af 35 an oe apy
punctulatus 46 De os Diol es
Acilius sulcatus A re % iidbingde
Colymbetes fuliginosus ie we ve wel oe
.. agilis i 40 te poll ef
.. bipunctatus ne aie als orelinise
+. oObscurus 3c 30 ne Sole
Sturmii ee o Z oe %*%
.. paludosus oe fe ar arene
.. bipustulatus Be ae ie oily
.. Chalonotus ne ee oe eal ow
.. striatus A a a enlists
Laccophilus minutus oF Be ate ovens
Noterus sparsus a 50 AA onihahe
crassicornis B23 Ba me srall ae
Hygrotus confluens 50 sha Be *
reticulatus ae an 40 oraleeaias
inequalis an a 5c *
Hydroporus scitulus* ae fu eo “alii
.. minimus ae 5 % onal
.. pictus bic Dic ae éAhi hae
.. lineatus Be 30 a sileion
1 This beetle was first discovered and named by Mr. Haliday: it was described by him
from specimens taken near Belfast.
2 Omaseus minor Dej., Curtis Brit. Ent.
3H. scitulus, H. pictus, and H. fluviatilis are placed by both Curtis and Stephens under
Hygrotus.
Haliday—Notes on Irish Coleoptera. 215
DYTICIDA.— Continued. N.B. | EL
.. erythrocephalus .. ae fe “9 ve
.. triguttatus ni oe nt 50 gee
«. planus -. ss He 3 5 se
+. nigrita Cy 2 an AIO
.. melanocephalus .. 3 chs eat
.. geminus 4% x f ¥
.. rufifrons ws ait ae : *
.. fluviatilis ms XG 00 | aes
Haliplous ferrugineus : : o's *
.. impressus oC 20 Cc *
.. ruficollis $83 ste aN ; x
ee affinis oe oe oe oe *
PARNIDA.
Parnns sericeus 30 of bs a ee
.. auriculatus gt 34 “3 Cras
HELOPHORID&.
Octhebius hibernicus! ots ee s sities
.. impressus se we He o-aittags
.. Ilaritimus ne an ve oarege
Helophorus aquaticus os -. - aa | a
.. granularis re ie ae seek
.. griseus se ee =. ve fag
.. nubilus cc me ar sial|) ee
.. dorsalis ms “0 ee =o eee
HYDROPHILIDA.
Limnebius mollis ae “3 a ita plogs
.. truncatellus x ae ae ”
.. ater = oe ee pill ee
.. picinus “ a aie seilinte
Hydrobius fuscipes ae ae = ovale
.. orbicularis ac oc ae coll
ochropterus Ee os oe *
.. melanocephalus .. “ ae arcilibarge
.. lividus? “ ae o %
.. bipustulatus Re “> - ach Thi
-. minutus we * ar ee
-. globulus ee + es mill ag
.. picipes a as =e hing
1The specimen figured for this species in Curt. Brit. Ent. was taken by Mr. Haliday on
rushes on the shore of Belfast Bay.
2H. griseus Herb.?, Marsh ?, Oliv., Curt. Brit. Ent,
216 Haliday—N otes on Irish Coleoptera.
SPH ARIDIADA. N.B. | El.
Spheridion scarabeoides .. 5. An anliaae
marginatum Ae =f =. ois | ve
bipustulatum 5c ae 3c BS | 2s
.- lunatum ee 3 a «| alae
Cercyon littorale ee anh 225 *
atomarium Sac a0e : *
«.- hemorrhoidale .,. .
.-. melanocephalum *
pygmeum a one “0 s
terminatum ; ay ae co
: ; =" .
a ae E os ; vs bat) 4
eS rh he sae) ayy glllosiobaereside
sot hes ar We, ” : "re as
&
os *
cae ae
- 2 th
}
5
i)
a
=,
*
(Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.— Appendix 1883-1884.)
THE CROMLECHS OF ANTRIM AND DOWN:
By WILLIAM GRAY, M.R.ILA.,
Ulster Provincial Secretary Royal Historical and Archeological
Association of Ireland.
JHE gradual decay, and, in too many instances, the
complete destruction of our ancient monuments, must
be deplored by every Irishman who truly loves his
country.
The plough, the spade, and the chisel have been employed in
removing many of our pre-historic remains, because in this
‘utilitarian age they have been considered impediments to
modern improvements.
Some have been destroyed by the injudicious zeal of professed
archeologists, and some by the thoughtless frolic of holiday
excursionists.
The destruction that has already taken place and continues
unchecked, suggests the desirability, if not the absolute necessity,
for some protective measures such as may be secured by Parlia-
mentary enactment.
With this view a Bill has been frequently introduced into
the House of Commons by Sir John Lubbock and others; their
laudable efforts have not as yet resulted in legislation on the
subject. Let us hope that the enlightened spirit of the age will
226 Gray—Irish Cromlechs.
swell the number of Sir John Lubbock’s supporters, and that
the time is not far distant when we shall have our ancient
monuments under the protection of the Crown, and secure from
the decay to which they are now exposed.
Anticipating such an event, it is most desirable that we
should have some complete catalogue or schedule of the ancient
monuments of all kinds at present existing in Ireland.
Already certain lists have been prepared—in England, by a
Committee of Archzologists, selected by the Society of Anti-
quarians; in Scotland, by the Society of Antiquarians of
Scotland ; and in Ireland, by the Royal Irish Academy.
Notwithstanding the efficiency of these organisations, and the
ability of the several archeologists employed, the schedules
prepared were very far from complete, especially for Ireland,
mainly because there was no systematic effort hitherto made
to catalogue the monuments existing in this country.
The appeal for contributions to this end, made in the 4th vol.
of the U/ster Fournal of Archeology, met with no response.
Doubtless, descriptions of all the more important structures
may be found scattered throughout works of history and
archeology, or in the transactions of learned societies; but an
attempt to tabulate the records thus available would not be so
useful as a catalogue compiled from recent personal observation,
whereby the present number and condition of our ancient monu-
ments could be accurately set forth.
The following contribution has been prepared under a con-
viction that, with our available organisations and the number of
public officials now engaged throughout the country, a complete
catalogue of all our Irish ancient monuments could be readily
compiled, and the author hopes he may be able to render some
assistance in this direction, particularly for the North of Ireland.
In an undertaking of this kind it is necessary that the
several monuments should be grouped under separate headings,
according to their most distinctive characters. This systematic
classification of the monuments would facilitate the distribution
of the work to be done, and secure a more satisfactory result,
Gray—ILrish Cromlechs. 227
IRISH CROMLECHSHS.
In the absence of any fixed code of terms, the author, like
many other writers on the subject, has to make his own selection,
and having undertaken to catalogue ‘‘ The Cromlechs of Antrim
and Down,” it will be necessary, in the first instance, to settle
what is to be understood by the term ‘‘Cromlech.” This is all
the more necessary because of the conflict of opinion entertained
by archzologists with reference to the proper application of the
term.
The opinion that prevails most commonly among the country
people is, that the monuments were built by the Druids as
altars. An exposition of this erroneous idea is given in the
Dublin Penny Fournal, 31st May, 1834, page 381, where the
writer says :—
‘‘This species of rude altar is very common in many parts of
Ireland ; it is called both in the Irish and old British language
‘Crom liagh’ and ‘ Crom-lecht,’ which signify in both a crooked
stone, not from any crookedness, but from their inclining
posture. They are supposed to have been so formed, in order to
allow the blood of the victims slain upon them to run off freely.”
O’Curry, in his lectures,* refers to these monuments as
“vulgarly called Cromlechs,” and says “they never were in-
tended, and never were used as altars or places of sacrifice of
any kind, that they were not in any sense of the word
‘Druidical,’ and that they were in every instance simple
sepulchres or tombs, each marking the grave of one or several
personages.”
Professor Nilsson says—“ They are called in Scania, ds, in
Denmark, dyss, in England, crom/lech, and in France, dolmen.” +
The Rev. H. Rowland, in his work on the Isle of Anglesea,t
says :—
“These altars of stone (where stone served to raise them up)
were huge, broad, flattish stones, mounted up and laid flat upon
* O’Curry’s Lectures on Ancient Irish History. Page 597.
T S. Nilsson on the Stone Age. Page 159.
} Mona Antiqua Restaurata. Dublin, 1723. Page 47.
228 Gray—ILrish Cromlechs.
other erect ones, and leaning, with a little declivity in some
places, on those pitched supporters, which posture, for some
now unaccountable reasons, they seem to have affected, and
were and are to this day vulgarly called by the name of
‘Cromlech,’ either from their bending position, which is gene-
rally believed, or rather (that bending posture being not always
to be found in everyone of those monuments, nor, indeed,
applicable to the idea and notion of ‘Crom’ in our language)
that these first men (I shall adventure to guess) carried the
name with them from Babel, as they did several other words,
and called it ‘Caeraem-lech,’ from the Hebrew ‘ Caerem-luach,’
a devoted stone or altar.”
In Owen Connellan’s edition of the Four Masters* we have
the following note :—
“The name Cromleac signifies the stone of Crom, and they
were so called from being used in the worship of Crom, one of
the deities of the Irish Druids, said to represent Fate; or,
according to Lanigan and others, the god of fire, or the sun,
and sometimes called Crom Dubh, or Black Crom, and Crom
Cruach, signifying Crom of the Heap of Stones or Cairns, as
quoted by Lanigan from the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick ;
and the Idol of Crom Cruach, as stated in Lanigan and
O’Flaherty’s Ogygia, quoting from the Four Masters, and also
in the Book of Invasions, by the O’Clerys, was destroyed by
St. Patrick in the temple of the Druids, on Magh Sleacht, in
Brefney, now Fenagh, in Leitrim; and the last Sunday of
summer is still called Domhnach Chrom Duibh, or the Sunday
of Black Crom, being sacred to St. Patrick as the anniversary
commemorating the destruction of the idol. This is the real
origin of the name Cromleac, and not from the stones being in
a sloping position, as absurdly stated by some writers, and
derived fron the opinions of the common people.”
Sir John Lubbock says :—“ Cromlech is derived from ‘Crom,’
a circle, and ‘lech,’ a stone, and Dolmen from ‘dawi,’ a table, and
‘maen’ a stone ;” and, with reference to the terms, adds— They
* The Four Masters, By Owen Connellan. Page 271. -
Gray—LIrish Cromlechs. 229
should, therefore, certainly be used as in the text—that is, that
the word ‘Cromlech’ should include stone circles, and ‘Dolmen’
should be applied to stone chambers.’”*
The terms Cromlech and Dolmen may be almost etymological
equivalents, yet the adoption of the term “ Dol/men” would not
be sufficiently distinctive for our purpose, because the Conti-
nental archeologists include several kinds of monuments under
that denomination. The term is not of Celtic origin, and it
does not harmonise with Irish words. Mr. Edward T. Stevens,
in “Flint Chips,”{ describes chambered tumuli under the
name of Dolmens. It will be observed that the authors just
quoted employ both the terms, “Dolmen” and ‘ Cromlech,” in
a generic rather than in a specific sense, and describe a great
variety of monuments under the respective terms. See also
“Essai sur les Dolmens,”’ by Baron de Bonstetten, of Geneva.
Dr. Lukis, who has done good service in exploring the ancient
monuments of the Channel Islands, would include all our crom-
lechs under the general term “chambered tumuli,” being of
opinion that all were at one time of their history covered.}
In the first volume of the “Royal Irish Academy Museum
Catalogue,” the author, Sir W. Wilde, referring to the chamber
found in Phoenix Park, says:—‘ This discovery went far to
establish the belief that cromlechs were but uncovered tumuli,
which originally contained sepulchral remains.” Llewellyn
Jewett adopts the theory of Dr. Lukis, and says that researches
“ prove beyond doubt that the cromlechs are neither more nor
less than sepulchral chambers denuded of their mounds.’§ On
this point Mr. Ferguson, a well qualified authority, maintains a
contrary opinion, and in his work on Rude Stone Monuments,
says—“It seems impossible to believe that the bulk of those we
now see were ever hidden by an earthen covering.’||
* Pre-historic Times. By Sir John Lubbock. Page 104.
t Flint Chips. A Guide to Pre-historic Archeology. Page 105.
f Rev. W. C. Lukis, Norwich. Vol. of Pre-Historic Congress. Capt. Oliver, R.A.,
: “¢ Megalithic Structures of the Channel Islands.”
§ Grave Mounds and their Contents. Page 51.
|| Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries. By James Ferguson, D.C.L., F.RS.
London, 1872. Page 44.
230 ee Gray—LIrish Cromlechs.
Gir.
If modern research had demonstrated that all cromlechs were
originally only chambers of tumuli, it would still be advisable
to use a term expressive of their present condition. For this
purpose the author considers the term ‘‘ Cromlech” would be
the most appropriate.
The original condition of all cromlechs as chambers in tumuli
is now incapable of proof, either in Great Britain or the Conti-
nent ; it would, therefore, be very unwise to adopt a term that
would express and perpetuate what must be only a conjectural
idea of the original condition of these monuments.
This is a fatal objection to the position taken by Dr. Lukis, in
his controversy on the subject with Mr. Du Noyer, in which
the former suggests that the terms ‘‘Cromlech” and ‘‘ Dolmen”
should be discarded, and the term ‘‘Chambered Tumulus”
substituted, employing this term in a generic sense.*
Mr. Du Noyer, in common with Sir Gardiner Wilkinson and
Colonel Meadows Taylor,t adopts the term ‘‘ Cromlech,” but
limits it very properly toa distinct form of monument, and
states his reasons in a most exhaustive and valuable communi-
cation, published in the journal of the Kilkenny Archeological
Society.f
But the restrictions imposed by Mr. Du Noyer are embar-
rassing and confusing, because he would limit the term
““Cromlech” to such monumeuts as have been always sud-
ewrial—a character that is incapable of proof in any case; and
he further perplexes the matter by suggesting that the cromlechs
were not in themselves places of sepulchre—an opinion quite
untenable. See extract from O’Curry’s lectures quoted above.
Besides, the character of the remains and objects found in the
chambers of so many Cromlechs proves they were places of
sepulchre.
Objections have been urged against the use of the term
““Cromlech,” because of its modern introduction, and because
* Journal of Kilkenny Archzological Society. Vol. V., page 495.
+ Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. XXIV. Part 5. 1865.
{ Journal of Kilkenny Archzological Society. Vol V. N.S. Page 474.
Gray—LILrish Cromlechs. 231
such a term is not known generally among the Irish-speaking
people ; but such objections are not feasible, because it is only
modern systematic classification that requires special specific
terms, and such terms are not commonly employed by the
people. The popular terms applied to ancient monuments even
of the same class are nearly as varied as the localities in which
the monuments occur. It should be noted, however, that in
Ireland the prevailing idea involved in local names for crom-
lechs is that of a ded or final resting place.
If we refer to the ancient Irish manuscripts, we will find that
the sepulchral monuments referred to under the generic term
“‘Leacht,” include the group we call “ Cromlechs.”
Dr. Sullivan, in his introduction to O’Curry’s lectures on the
manners and customs of the ancient Irish, says:—
“The word /eacht seems to have been a general term applied
to stone sepulchral monuments, consisting either of unfashioned
stones of every size piled up over a simple grave, or over an
“ Indeilb cloich” or stone chamber, or of a number of large
upright flags, upon which was placed a great block of stone.”
The latter kind of /eacht is the monument popularly known
asa “Cromlech.”” A simple flag marking a grave was called a
leac or hace (plural /eaca). When a number of persons were
buried beside each other, their /eaca were placed ina circle
around the grave. Similar circles of /eaca or upright flags
were put around the J/eachts, formed of piles of stones. Pillar
stones, or cazrtz, were also used to mark graves, and sometimes
the name of the dead person was cut in Ogam upon them.
The word /eacht occurs frequently in topographical names, as,
for instance, in Zam/eacht, modernised in one case to Tallaght,
a place near Dublin, but unchanged in Zamlacht O’Crilly, in
the County of Londonderry. TZamleacht may be translated as
the /eacht of plague, and, so far as I know, consisted of several
graves marked by a head and foot stone, or covered over by a
mur clocthe or stone mur, and, where there were a number of
them in the same place, surrounded by a circle of “‘ Leaca.’*
* Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish. Vol. I., page 331.
2:32, Gray—TLrish Cromlechs.
Near Coagh, County Derry, or about five miles east. of.
Cookstown, there is a very fine cromlech, locally known as
‘The Tamlacht Stone”—z.e., the plague stone. Here we have
the ancient Irish name “ /eacht” popularly applied to a genuine
cromlech. We may, therefore, reasonably accept the term
‘“Cromlech” as a qualification of the generic Irish term
“Leacht”—and expressive of their usual leaning or bending
character, due probably in many cases to the fact that their
original constructers were not able to obtain suitable supporters
and in other cases, where such supports gave way with time.
The qualification ‘‘crom” is, therefore, indicative of a bending
with age, and is very significant.
What we require is a specific term applicable to the avgeaiter
group of monuments we wish to describe, and expressive of
their present structural condition, without involving any theory
as to their original condition or object, and the term “ Crom-
lech” meets these requirements fully.
The majority of our sepulchral monuments are more or less
chambered, but they are separable into groups, each being very
distinct in character. Our chambered tumuli are quite distinct
from our kistvaens, and both differ so widely from our crom-
lechs that they could not be grouped under one head.
We have a capital example of the chambered tumulus crown-
ing the hill of Carnanmore, East Torr, in the parish of Cul-
feightrin, County Antrim. This is the subject of our first
illustration, which shows a distinct chamber formed of blocks of
stones, roofed by large flags, and all closed or covered over by a
great heap of small stones. There is scarcely a feature common
to it and a Cromlech. See Sketch No. 1.
Farther south in the same county, on the high ground three
and a half miles from Carnlough, on the road to Ballymena, we
have the subject of our second illustration—Doonan Fort—an
example of a tumulus and kistvaen totally unlike what is
understood asa cromlech, and which could not be grouped
under that head. See Sketch No. 2.
Certain chambers of kistvaens may occasionally be found that
Gray—ILrish Cromlechs. 233
very closely resemble cromlechs. As, for example, the kistvaen
at Roughfort, in the parish of Templepatrick, which occurs
about three and a half miles south of Doagh, and seven miles
north of Belfast, and consists of a series of chambers forming a
group forty feet long, the terminal chamber being very large,
and covered by a great block of stone.
There are about thirty-eight stones in the group, and the
block over the large chamber measures 6 ft. x 54 ft. x 34 ft., or
equal to about eight tons.
_ If, in the course of time, this single chamber was left standing
alone, it would have all the characters of a cromlech, and might
be very fairly described under that head. See Sketch No. 3.
The author would define the term ‘‘ Cromlech”’ as an ancient
rude stone monument composed of one large block, supported
by two or more stones, usually set on end or edge, forming a
sub-zrial chamber.
Of such monuments the following include all those that
occur in the Counties of Antrim and Down, and each of them
has been personally examined by the author, and, as far as
possible, measured and sketched.
CROMLECHS IN COUNTY ANTRIM.
The neighbourhood of Ballintoy, on the north coast of
County Antrim, possesses many features of very great interest
to the Irish archeologist, particularly the picturesque slopes of
Whitepark Bay, to the west of the parish church. The long
stretch of sand-dunes that skirt the base of the talus, below the
mural cliffs of chalk surrounding the bay, formed the camping
ground of early settlers. The evidence in proof of those ancient
settlements is furnished by the quantities of stone implements,
worked flints, chips and cores, charcoal and pottery, that have
been collected here from time to time, and which, from their
quantity and variety, indicate long periods of continuous
occupation.*
* Journal of the Royal Historical and Archzolgoical Society. 4th Ser., Vol. V.,
July, 1879. Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club Guide to Belfast, &c., 1873.
234 Gray—Irish Cromlechs.
On the slopes of the higher hills, to the south of the public
road above the bay, there are no less than three very fair
cromlechs, as follows :—
1. MOUNT DRUID CROMLECH.
SKETCH No. 4.
This monument occupies a very commanding site on the
hill-side above the rectory, from which the headlands of the
Causeway cliffs can be seen. It is known as the “ Druids’
Altar,” and consists of a large block about 64 ft. long and 53 ft.
wide, supported on three of the four smaller stones forming the
chamber.*
This monument comes within Sir John Lubbock’s category
of cromlechs, because it is enclosed by two circles of stones, one
inside the other. The diameter of the outer circle is about 35
feet, and the stones composing it are about two feet high.
Where stone circles occur in connexion with tumuli, they are
on the outside. So smaall a circle as we have here is an indica-
tion that, at all events, this cromlech is not a mere chamber of
an original tumulus, because a tumulus inside the circles could
not very well cover the cromlech. The enclosing stone circle
is an unusual feature in connexion with the cromlechs of the
North-east of Ireland, and it is to be hoped that where they
occur they may be preserved from further destruction. Sketch
No. 4, and all the sketches illustrating this paper, have been
taken on the spot by the author, who recommends that they
should be compared with the respective monuments themselves,
or with photographs of the monuments, rather than with such
illustrations as are given in the statistical surveys for the Dublin
Society, or in the “ Dublin Penny Journal.”
2. GLEGNAGH CROMLECH, BALLINTOY.
SKETCH No. 5.
This small but very perfect cromlech is in the townland of
Glegnagh, near a quarry on the hill-side, south of the public
* Statistical Survey, County of Antrim, 1812—Part II., page 582. ‘Dublin Penny
Journal.” Vol, TII., page 351.
Gray—LIrish Cromlechs. 235
road from Ballintoy to the Causeway, and about as far from the
road to the south as Whitepark Bay cliffs are to the north side.
The sketch is taken from the west side, looking towards the
parish church. The islands off the west coast of Scotland can
be seen from this monument. The author has found worked
flints, flint flakes, and numerous chips of flint very near the
cromlech. Stone celts have also been found in the immediate
neighbourhood.
8. CLOGHNABOGHIL CROMLECH, BALLINTOY.
SKETCH No. 6.
This is the smallest cromlech in the North-east of Ireland.
Its local name, Cloghnaboghil, signifies the stone of the boy. It
is situated on the high ground in the townland of Lemnabeg,
within half a mile to the west of Glegnagh Cromlech (2), and
within sight from the public road. From the open and elevated
position of this cromlech there is a very extended prospect
seaward, including a considerable portion of the west coast and
islands of Scotland.
4. CLOGHANUNCHER CROMLECH, BALLYCASTLE.
SxetcH No. 7.
This cromlech occurs on the heath-covered mountain, in the
townland of Ballyvennaght, on the north side of the road from
Ballycastle to Cushendun, and near what is known as “ The
Hungry House,” being the house highest on the mountain in
that direction. There are three bridges on the county road
near ‘ The Hungry House,” and the cromlech is about a quarter
of a mile from the centre bridge, in the direction of East Tor.
The chamber, measuring about 5 ft. x 34 ft., is formed of four
upright stones, and is covered by a large stone gft. long and
7ft. 6 in. wide, all the materials being of the Cambrian rocks of
the district. There is a very good standing stone, gallaun or
menhir, on a hillock near this cromlech, and it can be seen
from the county road.
236 Gray—Irish Cromlechs.
5. BALLYVENAGHT CROMLECH, BALLYCASTLE.
SKETCH No. 8.
This cromlech is about eighty yards north of No. 4. The
sketch is taken looking south-west, and shows No. 4 Cromlech
in the distance. The top stone measures 13 ft. 4 in. by I1 ft.
6in., and is about three feet thick. The supporting stones have
given way, and are crushed under the ponderous cap stone. The
site Is a swampy moorland, at the head of the valley of the Cary
river. This and the last cromlech are almost overgrown with
peat.
6. CLOGHS CROMLECH, CUSHENDALL.
SKETCH No. 9.
In the townland of Cloghs, to the west of Cushendall and
about one and a half miles from the village, there is a cromlech
with a chamber four feet long and three feet four inches wide,
formed of six blocks of stone. The cap stone is turned over
from its original position, otherwise the monument is in fair
condition. There were other stone monuments in the vicinity,
but they have been destroyed. A rude stone circle and avenue
occurs on the mountain slope one mile west from the road to
Cushendun. It is locally known as ‘‘Ossian’s grave.” ‘The
site commands an extensive prospect: from it the Scotch and
Irish headlands can be seen, and is well worthy of a visit.
7. TICLOY CROMLECH.
SKETCH No. Io.
In the townland of Ticloy—z.e., Zhe Stone House—there are
two cromlechs in the same field, the most perfect being the
subject of our sketch. The second is shown in the background.
The name of the townland is derived from this monument,
which still retains the appearance of a stone house. It is well
situated on Ticloy hill, above Ticloy water, about five miles to
the west of Glenarm, and ten miles east by north of Ballymena.
The land is cultivated all round the site, but the farming
operations are carefully conducted, so as not to damage the
monument in any way.
Gray—ILrish Cromlechs. 237
The gossip of the neighbourhood tells of a former occupier
of the farm who had a dream, in which he was informed that
there was some treasure buried beneath the cromlech. It is said
he dug for many days, and at last found a crock, and that
afterwards he became very wealthy, but refused to give any
particulars as to his supposed treasure. Doubtless he did find
a crock in the shape of a cinerary urn, and his disappointment
at not finding gold prompted his reticence. The ruined condi-
tion of the second cromlech is, no doubt, the result of treasure-
hunting, and to some extent corroborates the anecdote just
related.
8. BROADSTONE CROMLECH, CRAIGS.
SxetcH No. Il.
On a heathy moor, in the townland of Craigs and parish of
Finvoy, there is a very remarkable cromlech, known as “The
Broadstone.” It is about six and a half miles from Ballymoney
in a southerly direction, or about one mile above the rectory of
Finvoy. In former times this place was resorted to on Sundays
and holidays for picnics, coursing, games, and pastime, and,
doubtless, the consequent frolic and thoughtless mirth provoked
on those occasions was the cause of the dilapidated condition of
this monument at present. Happily there are very few who
would wantonly or maliciously destroy our ancient monuments,
yet the spirit that animated the ancient Cuztech Fuait, or
funeral games, has expired long ago, and the object of their
commemoration has been forgotten ; therefore, the young folk
of modern times, who entertain no plofound veneration for
ancient usages, think lightly of the injury their playfulness may
occasion to ancient monuments, although they would not
wilfully do them harm. The cromlech, as it now stands, is a
restoration ; the cap-stone, measuring 8 ft. 6in. by 10ft., and
about zoin. thick, was thrown down, but was re-erected on its
three supporters, as at present, by the people in the neighbour-
hood. Adjoining the cromlech proper there are the remains
of three or four circular chambers, and the group of stones
238 Gray—LIrish Cromlechs.
composing the cromlech and chambers is again surrounded by
two concentric stone circles, the outer circle being about one
hundred feet in diameter, and the inner fifty feet. Very little
now remains to mark the outline of the circle. The sepulchral
character of this very important monument is proved by the
finding of cinerary urns in the round chambers.
9. FINVOY CROMLECH, CRAIGS.
SKETCH No. 12.
Although Broadstone cromlech has been frequently described,
the subject of this sketch has been apparently overlooked; yet
it is a very typical example, and occurs in a cultivated field close
to the public road, within half-a-mile west of the Broadstone,
and one mile east of the Presbyterian Church of Finvoy. The
cap-stone is a flat slab, measuring 8 ft. long by 5 ft. 6in. wide,
over eight upright stones, forming a well-marked oval chamber,
the major axis of which runs E.N.E. by W.S.W.
Formerly this monument was almost covered with earth,
the cap stone alone being exposed. The earth was removed
some years ago, and the monument now stands on the natural
surface of the ground. During the excavation the chamber
was explored, and a cinerary urn was discovered within.
10. CLOUGHOGAN CROMLECH, BALLYGILBERT.
- §SxetcH No. 13.
On the eastern slope of Ballygilbert hill, above the old road
from Larne to Glenarm, there is a cromlech locally known as
Cloughogan. It forms part of a boundary hedge near a farm
cottage, and has done service for many years asa pigsty and
poultry-house. For this purpose the open space between the
uprights have been carefully filled in with small stones. The
thrifty housewife who made this change, claims the credit of
having built the house. Her worthy spouse, however, contends
that the Danes built Cloughogan before the memory of man,
and that she only built the byre. This cromlech is about eight
miles north of Larne, or three anda half miles south of Glenarm,
Gray—Lrish Cromlechs. 239
on the slope of the hill to the west of the old road from Larne
to Glenarm. There are many other antiquarian remains in the
same locality, and worked flints are found scattered over the
surface of the fields.
11. DRUIDS’ COTTAGE CROMLECH, ISLANDMAGEE.
SKETCH No. 14.
The subject of this sketch may be found at the road-side, on
the hill overlooking Larne Lough, from the northern extremity
of Islandmagee, opposite the point of the Curran, and about
one mile from the ferry. A cottage has been built adjoining
the cromlech, so that the latter stands within a few yards of the
front windows—a circumstance that has, doubtless, served to
preserve the monument up to the present. The cap-stone,
which is about six feet long, covers a chamber formed of blocks
of stone standing on end, and together form a very fair example
of our Irish cromlechs. The folk-lore of the locality refers to this
monument when it had a far more imposing appearance, being
in early times surrounded by other stones, possibly a complete
circle. The building of the cottage and other zmprovements
removed all trace of the circle, and the cromlech now stands
alone. Early in the present century a number of gold orna-
ments were found in the immediate vicinity of the cromlech,*
and worked flints may still be found on the surface of the
sloping ground towards the lough.
12. FAIR HEAD CROMLECH, BALLYCASTLE.
Away to the east of Ballycastle, above the collieries, on the
rocky plateau of Fair Head, there are the remains of a small
cromlech. Within living memory this monument was com-
plete, and the chamber was the favourite retreat of badgers.
Here the country sportsmen came with their dogs to hunt, and
the “sport” resulted in the overturning of the cap stone and
the comparative destruction of the monument.
* See Dublin Penny Journal. Vol, J., 1832. Page 209.
240 . Gray—ITrish Cromiechs.
18. CLOGHS CROMLECH, CUSHENDALL.
Within about a quarter of a mile from No. 6, and farther
down the slope of the hill, there was once a very large
cromlech. Many of the stones that composed the chamber may
still be traced in the fences near the site; but the great cap
stone and others were removed some years ago by an enter-
prising workman, who had them blown up by gunpowder to
supply material for building the adjoining house ; ‘an by the
same token,” says our informant, “0 good wer come uf him.”
14. MOYARGET CROMLECH.
This monument stood near the southern, or rather eastern,
bank of the Invir, or Inver, Water, now a small stream sepa-
rating the parish of Ramoan from the parish of Ballintoy. Like
the last, very little of it now rewains to indicate its former
importance. Twenty-five years ago the standing blocks were
known locally as the grey stones. There were originally
about six supporting stones about five feet long, the cap stone
being about eighteen feet long. The Rev. George Hill, a well-
known archeologist, was one of a party who explored this
cromlech in 1840. ‘A large urn of burnt clay was found
about two feet below the surface, placed with the mouth down-
wards on arude payements and contained a dark paste, evidently
ashes made damp.”
This monument may have originally marked the burial- -place
of a great northern chieftain named Arghad, from whom the
two townlands of Upper and Lower Moyarget (Magh-Arghad)
may have had their names.
15. TICLOY CROMLECH, No. 2.
This cromlech occurs in the same field as No. 7, and has been
already sufficiently noticed. In sketch No. 10, the blocks of
stone that composed the monument are shown at the foot of
the tree in the background.
Gray—LIrish Cromlechs. 241
16. DRUMAGORGON CROMLECH.
Within about three miles from Antrim to the N.E., in the
townland of Drumagorgon, there are the remains of a cromlech,
locally known as “ the giant’s grave.” The cap stone, about
six feet long, has been overturned, and the monument otherwise
dismantled, but not beyond the possibility of restoration.
Tradition says that the adjoining hill to the east, known as
“The Standard,” was the scene of a great contest between two
rival chiefs, and that one was killed and buried in this cromlech,
together with his weapons of war. An enquiring antiquarian,
early in this century, wishing to test the accuracy of this story,
dug below the cromiech, and discovered such remains as satisfied
him that a burial did take place here—a conclusion that was
come to at the expense of the cromlech.
CROMLECHS IN COUNTY DOWN.
1. GIANT’S RING CROMLECH, DRUMBO.
SKETcH No. 1. PuLatTe XVI.
One of the most remarkable of the ancient monuments in
the County Down is the well-known Giant’s Ring at Drumbo,
about three and a half miles to the west of Belfast. It consists
of a circular rampart of earth, enclosing a space of about six
hundred feet in diameter, or an area of eight acres. The
earthwork is in a very fair state of preservation, owing to the
judicious care of the owner, who had the rampart surrounded
by a masonry wall, and otherwise well protected.
The height of the earthen rampart is sufficient to shut off a
view of the surrounding landscape. In section it has a good
broad base of about eighty feet, and slopes equally at both sides.
The top, at present, is somewhat flat, a form which is apparently
due more to weathering than to the original construction.
The cromlech stands almost in the centre of the enclosure ;
all the. stones forming the chamber are zz szfu, but others are
more or less. disturbed, and seem to indicate that there was
242 Gray—TLrish Cromlechs.
originally an avenue leading to the chamber. In former times
“the ring” was used as a race course, for which it was
admirably suited, the rampart making a “grand stand.” Under
the circumstances, it must be a matter of congratulation that
we have so much of the monument preserved. Excavations
have been made in the vicinity of the enclosure, and several
sepulchral remains have been found. A circular chamber was
exposed about seven feet in diameter, formed of blocks of stones
covered over with flags. Minor internal divisions of the main
chambers contained four cinerary urns and other evidence of
ancient burials. Within a short distance of this chamber several
other cists of sepulchral character were discovered, all indicating
the importance of the central monument in ancient times.”
2. KEMPE STONE CROMLECH, DUNDONALD.
SKETCH No. 2z.
The megalithic monument, locally known as the Kempe
Stone, is one of the most important in County Down. It occurs
on the high ground about a mile to the west of the village of
Dundonald, and not far from the main county road from Belfast
to Newtownards. The group of stones composing the monu-
ment occupy a space of 12 ft. by 8 ft., and stand ten feet high to
the east and six feet to the west. The chamber measures five
feet long, five feet wide at east end, and three feet wide at the
west. This chamber is formed of six blocks of stone; the
eastern blocks are upright, and the side blocks are on edge,
eight, and seven feet long respectively ; the cap stone measuring
eight feet six inches long, seven feet wide, and on an average
three feet six inches thick. The block must weigh about
seventeen tons. The top of the cap stone has a quick fall or
slope to the west. This feature, so common to our cromlechs,
may in this case be due to original construction, as the stones
supporting it at the west are smaller than those at the east end,
and the cap itself is thinnest at the west end. The present
name of the townland is Greengraves. The locality was formerly
denominated Bally-clogh-togle (town of the raised or lifted
* Ulster Journal of Archeology, Vol. III., page 357.
Gray—Irish Cromlechs. 243
stone). Local tradition states that a stranger warrior has been
buried there. Apart from the monument itself, there are
scattered all round the vicinity large blocks of stone. Many of
them are now built into, or form parts of the boundary hedge.
Their distribution and character indicate that they are the
remains of some dismantled megalithic monument of very
considerable importance.
8. MOUNT STEWART CROMLECH.
SKETCH No. 3.
Within the demesne of Mount Stewart, in the parish of
Greyabbey, about five miles from the town of Newtownards,
there is a small cromlech-like monument, the remains of a very
remarkable cemetery that once existed here. It consisted
of a cairn of small stones about thirty feet in diameter and five
feet high, and constituted what might be denominated a
chambered tumulus.* In 1786 the then owner of the estate
considered it desirable to drain the field, and the work was
undertaken, calculating upon the advantage of having so large
a supply of suitable material for filling up the drains. As the
workmen employed removed the stones from the cairn, or
tumulus, they exposed on the southern portion of the heap a
number of cists or stone chambers (between sixty and seventy),
formed of stones on edge, and covered by flags. In the north-
west corner of most of the chambers there was deposited a
cinerary urn, many of them being quite perfect and elaborately
' decorated with the usual incised patterns, specimens of which
are to be seen in private collections, and in the Belfast Natural
History Museum. The central chamber was very much larger
than the surrounding cists, and constitutes the subject of our
sketch. At the side of the cromlech one of the smaller cists,
or sepulchral chambers, is preserved. A full description of the
exploration of this monument is given in a pamphlet, entitled
“An Historical Essay on the Parish and Congregation of Grey-
abbey,” by Dr. S. M. Stephenson, published in Belfast in 1828.
* See Ulster Journal of Archeology.
244 Gray—Irish Cromlechs.
4. LOUGHMONEY CROMLECH.
SKETCH No. 4.
The parish of Saul, so closely identified with the life and
labours of St. Patrick, is rich in antiquarian remains, of which
the cromlech of Loughmoney is one of the most interesting.
It is in a good state of preservation, and stands in a field close
to the public road, a few miles east of: Downpatrick. The cap
stone measures nine feet six inches by five feet three inches,
supported by only two stones on edge, each seven feet by three
feet, forming a chamber about two feet ten inches wide, and at
present open at both ends.
8: LOUGHANISLAND CROMLECH.
SKETCH No. 5.
On the north shore of Loughanisland lake, four miles south
of Crossgar and four miles west by north of Downpatrick, near
the Buck’s Head Tavern, in the townland of Annadorn, there
is. a cromlech having a well-defined chamber of four large blocks
of stone, with a cap stone measuring eight feet by seven feet.
The latter has been turned over a little from its normal position.
Some years ago a utilitarian wanting building materials set about
demolishing this cromlech by a powder blast. A splinter of
rock fell on and damaged the roof of his dwelling-house—an
incident he took to be an omen of bad luck, and quietly gave
up the undertaking.
6. SLIDDERY-FORD CROMLECH.
SKETCH No. 6.
Within a mile of Dundrum, at Sliddery-Ford, on the New-
castle road, in the townland of Wateresk, there is a very perfect
cromlech. The cap stone, a granite block, measures seven feet
six inches by seven feet six inches, or nineteen feet six inches in
girth, covers a chamber formed of three blocks of stone, one
being six feet high. In Dubourdieu’s statistical survey of County
Down, page 271, he describes a circle of twelve standing stones
near this cromlech. At present there are but two in the
-Gray—Irish Cromliechs. 245
locality, at the side of a lane, alittle to the south of the cromlech,
one of the stones being eleven feet high. The field in which
the cromlech stands also contains a souterrain or underground
dwelling, and the view from the cromlech overlooks the sand-
dunes of Dundrum, which have yielded such a number of
worked flints, stone implements, pottery, and other evidences
of ancient settlements.*
7. CLOUGHMORE CROMLECH, GOWARD.
SKETCH No. 7.
The cromlech known as Cloughmore, on the mountain side,
in the parish of Clonduff and townland of Goward, is one of
the largest and best in the county. It is accessible from Hill-
town or Rathfriland, being two miles from the former and five
from the latter. It consists of a massive cap stone of granite,
thirteen feet long, ten feet wide, and five feet thick, weighing
probably fifty tons, supported by a group of nine other stones
forming several chambers, the principal chamber being nine
feet long and three feet six inches wide. One of the front
uprights is very slender, and stands seven feet high, the complete
monument being fully fourteen feet high. Local authorities
state that formerly this cromlech was enclosed by a circle of
‘stone blocks or standing stones. They have been long since
removed, and there is no trace of them existing at present.
Excavations have been made below the cromlech, and cinerary
urns, with other evidence of sepulture, were found within the
main chamber. At present the site is protected by a planting
of fir trees, and the tenant of the adjoining cottage is the
honorary caretaker of the cromlech.
8. LEGANANNY CROMLECH, DRUMGOOLAND.
SKETCH No. 8.
On the craggy southern slopes of Cratlieve mountain, in the
parish of Drumgooland and townland of Legananny, the subject
of this sketch stands on an exposed site, commanding an exten-
* Journal of Royal Historical and Archzological Society of Ireland. F ourth Series,
Vol. V.
246 Gray—LIrish Cromlechs.
sive prospect to the south and west. The cap stone is shaped like
a coffin, fixed north and south, eleven feet four inches long, four
feet nine inches wide at the shoulder, and three feet wide at
the foot or north end, in which direction it has a slope clearly
due to its original construction. It is supported on three
upright blocks—two at the south end measuring seven feet
and six feet two inches respectively, while the upright at the
north end is only four feet five inches high. This upright has
been fixed on a bank as if to increase its height, and as all stand
now on the bare surface, this northern prop is very unstable,
and should be secured. Some years ago an urn was found in
the open chamber below the cromlech. Mr. Ferguson, in his
work on rude stone monuments,* gives a figure of this cromlech
from a drawing by Sir Henry James, of the Ordnance Survey,
and refers to it in his argumeut combating Mr. Lukis’ idea that
all cromlechs were originally chambered tumuli.
9. KILKEEL CROMLECH.
SKeTcH No. 9.
Within a half mile of Kilkeel, in the south of Down, off the
road to Newcastle, there occurs a megalithic monument known
as the ‘‘ Crawtee Stone,” probably from the Irish word crazt,
meaning hump, which expresses very clearly the shape of the
cap stone of granite, nine feet long and eight feet six inches
wide, that covers the chamber beneath, measuring about five
feet six inches square, and formed of four water-worn boulders
of granite, such as were, doubtless, common in this district in
pre-historic times. The sketch is taken looking towards the
Mourne Mountains. Some years ago, the promoters of some
local building speculation debated the advisability of destroying
the monument for the materials it would afford. After due
deliberation they fortunately abandoned the project, not moved
by the laudable desire to preserve our ancient monuments, but
they yielded to the dread of unlucky consequences. A similar
dread prevents timid folk passing this cromlech alone after dark.
* Rude Stone Monuments of all Countries. By J. Ferguson, D.C.L., F.R.S.
London, 1872. Page 45.
Gray—LIrish Cromlechs. 247
10. CAUSEWAY WATER CROMLECH.
SKETCH No. Io.
The Causeway Water is a mountain stream that runs south-
west along the eastern boundary of the townland of Kilfeaghan,
and crosses the public road from Warrenpoint to Kilkeel, four
miles from the latter place. To the west of the river, on the
slope of Kurckshee, there is an excellent cromlech on a site that
overlooks Carlingford Lough. . Petrie's, No. 7.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,
1883-84. (APPENDIX).
PLATE XX/I,
CARROWMORE, CO. SLIGO.
THE GCROMLECH OF THE PHANTOM STONES, Dr. Petrie's, No. 4.
CROMLECH, WD». Petrie's, No.
4.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,
1883-84. (APPENDIX).
PLATE XXII,
CARROWMORE. CO. SLIGO.
CROMLECH, Or. Petrie's, No. 54.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,
1883-84. (APPENDIX).
PLATE XXIV.
CARROWMORE, CO. SLIGO.
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APPENDIX IX.
AOTOIORIOK
I. RECENT OSTRACODA OF BELFAST LOUGH.
BY SAMUEL M. MALCOMSON, M.D,
Il. THE FUNGI OF THE NORTH OF IRELAND.
BY HENRY WILLIAM LETT, M.A., Trin. Coll., Dublin.
TIL. FORAMINIFERA
OF THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB'S CRUISE OFF
BELFAST LOUGH IN THE STEAM-TUG ‘ PROTECTOR,” JUN#, 1885 ;
ALSO, FORAMINIFERA FOUND BY DR. MALCOMSON,
AT ROCKPORT, BELFAST LOUGH.
BY JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.GS.
TV. A LIST OF THE CRETACEOUS FORAMINIFERA
OF KEADY HILL, COUNTY DERRY.
BY JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G.S.
V, A LIST OF IRISH COLEOPTERA,
BY ROBERT PATTERSON, F-R.S.
EDITED BY §. A. STEWART, F-B.S., Edin.
PUBLISHED BY
THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB:
January, 1886.
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(Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.— Appendix 1884-1885).
RECENT OSTRACODA OF BELFAST LOUGH.
By SAMUEL M. MALCOMSON, M.D.
——_+~e——
S very few Ostracoda have been recorded from the North of Ireland, and
as no systematic list of the species inhabiting Belfast Lough and its
neighbourhood has ever been made out, I determined some years ago to
examine all the material containing them which I could obtain, with a view to
supplying this deficiency.
When I mentioned my project to Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S., he very
kindly offered to place at my disposal all the material dredged by himself and
Mr. Wm. Swanston, F.G.S., from the examination of which he had compiled
the extensive list of Foraminifera published in an appendix to the proceedings
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club for 1876-77. To these valuable dredg-
ings I have added one gathering of my own, consisting of shore sand from
Rockport, County Down, and also the dredgings taken at the Field Club excur-
sion in the steam tug “ Protector,” in 1885.
Want of time has prevented the examination of Mr. Wright’s entire series
of dredgings, but those already done seem to give a fairly representative list of
the Belfast Lough species, and as Strangford Lough has not yet been systema-
tically dredged, I have considered it better not to incorporate the gatherings
_ from that locality in the present list.
Altogether, gatherings from twenty-one stations have been examined.
Eleven of these situated in the Irish Channel, just outside the mouth of Belfast
Lough, were all, except three, in moderately deep water (30 to 72 fathoms).
Five of the stations were in Belfast Lough itself, and all in shallow water
(4 to 10 fathoms), while the remaining five stations were situated on the beach,
and consisted of shore gatherings, taken from the surface of the sand or from
rocky pools between tide marks.
These gatherings altogether have yielded 100 species of marine Ostracoda,
260 Malcomson.—Recent Ostracoda of Belfast Lough.
as well as five fresh water species,* which were found in the shore gatherings,
but these had evidently been carried down by streams, and consequently have
not been included in the present paper.
Two tables are appended—one giving particulars of depth, locality, nature
of sea bottom, quantity of material examined, and number ‘of species found in
each gathering; and the other showing the distribution and comparative
rarity of each species.
I am very deeply indebted ta G. 8. Brady, M.D., F.L.S., for the great
assistance he has rendered me in the identification of many doubtful specimens,
and for the valuable information he has given me about some of the more inte-
resting species.
I must also thank my friend, Mr. Joseph Wright, for his kindness in
placing his gatherings in my hands, and Mr. David Robertson, F.G.S., of
Glasgow, for his help in determining some of the critical species.
The following species deserve special notice :—
Paracypris polita, G. 0. Sars. Only two or three single valves of this
species were found, all of them in one locality—viz., Brown’s Bay,
Islandmagee, one of the excellent shore gatherings collected for Mr.
Wright’s paper by Mr. Gray, M.R.1.A.
Bairdia inflata, Norman. This species seems to be fairly common in the
Irish Channel, but only one valve was found in Belfast Lough, and that
one at White Head, which is almost at the mouth of the Lough.
Bairdia obtusata, G. 0. Sars. Only two specimens of this very rare
species were found, both in the ‘‘ Protector’’ dredgings.
Cythere cribrosa, B.C. and R. I have only seen -one specimen of this
species. It has not been previously found in the recent state, but occurs
fossil in the Post-tertiary deposit at Bridlington, Yorkshire.}
Cythere Cluthz, B. C. and R. Although rare, this species seems to be
generally distributed in the deeper water. Recent specimens have not
been previously recorded, but fossil ones occur in several post-tertiary
deposits.”
Cythere Dunelmensis, Norman. This species seems to inhabit only a
very limited area in Belfast Lough, as it has been found in only two
gatherings, taken from stations which were close together—viz., off
Rockport, 4 fathoms, and Rockport shore sand. It is usually found in
wuch deeper water, and is not a littoral species. I think it is probable
that the shore sand specimens have been washed up by some current,
* Potamocypris fulva, Brady; Cypris tumefacia, B. and R.; Cypridopsis villosa
(Jurine), Candona albicans, Brady, and Candona compressa (Koch).
(1.) See Post. Tert. Entom. Scotland, p. 146.
(2.) See Post. Tert. Entom. Scotland, p. 153.
Malcomson.—Recent Ostracoda of Belfast Lough. 261
although they do not appear much worn; but as several other species of
Ostracoda, as well as Foraminifera, which usually inhabit deeper water,
have been found in this locality, I think some such supposition is ren-
dered likely.
Cythere (?) acerosa, Brady. Although extremely rare, this species seems
to be widely distributed in the deeper water outside Belfast Lough, hay-
ing been found in no less than five gatherings.
Cytheridea subflavescens, Brady. Five or six typical specimens of this
extremely rare species have been found.
Lopoconcha cuneiformis, ». sp. Brady MS. (Plate xxv., figs. 1-2.) Only
one specimen, a male, of this species has beenfound. Carapace of male, as
seen from the side, oblong, subrhomboidal, higher in front than behind,
greatest height equal to half the length; anterior extremity broad,
marked with a few radiating hair-like lines, well rounded below, and
sloping steeply backwards above, where it forms an obtuse angle with
the dorsum; posterior narrow, and obliquely rounded below ; superior
margin straight, inferior slightly sinuated in front of the middle, and
produced into a thin laminar process behind, which is continued round
the posterior border. Outline, as seen from above, cuneate, greatest
width in front of the middle, and scarcely equal to height; acutely
pointed in front, somewhat more obtusely behind. Shell pellucid,
polished, thickly covered with very fine puncta, and a few distinct
elevated papillae.
Cytheropteron Montrosiense, B. C. and Rk. Only a single valve of this
species has been found.
Bythocythere pavo, n. sp. Brady MS. (Plate xxv., figs. 5-7.) Only six
specimens of this species have been seen, all from the dredging off Black
Head. It has been previously found by Dr. Brady and the Rev. A. M.
Norman, but has not been described. Carapace of female, as seen from
the side, oblong, subquadrilateral; nearly equal in height through-
out; height equal to half the length, extremities rounded; superior
margin straight, inferior slightly sinuated in the middle. Seen from
above ovate, greatest width behind the middle, and nearly equal to half
the length; anterior extremity muncronate, posterior evenly rounded.
End view triangular, with rounded angles ; height slightly greater than
width. Surface of shell thickly covered with fine punctures and large
white papillae. Length, 1-100th inch. Dr. Brady informs me that
most of his specimens have a slight lateral crest, which mine do not
show.
Cytherideis foveolata, Brady. (Plate xxv., figs. 8-12.) This species,
which has not been previously found in Britain, seems to be confined to
262
Malcomson.— Recent Ostracoda of Belfast Lough.
the deeper water, although the first specimen was in shore sand from
Portrush, where it had probably been washed up. Dr. Brady informs
me that my specimens differ from the types obtained by him from the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, in being rather stouter, less depressed in front,
less distinctly punctated, rather smaller, and in having the ventral over-
lap of the valves in the opposite direction.
Paradoxostoma truncatum, 7. sp. (Plate xxv., figs. 3-4.) About a
dozen specimens of this species have been found in a single locality off
Coalpit Bay, but it has not been seen anywhere else. Carapace, as seen
from the side, compressed, irregularly ovate, greatest height in the
middle, and equal to rather more than half the length. Anterior margin
nearly straight, and sloping upwards almost at right angles to the ante-
rior part of the dorsal margin; posterior extremity evenly rounded.
Superior margin well arched, sloping somewhat steeply in front ; inferior
sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, as seen from above ovate—
extremities pointed, widest in the middle ; greatest width equal to rather
more than one-third the length. Valves. pellucid, white, or slightly
ochreous. Length, 1-60th inch.
Cytherella Scotica, Brady. Qnly.a single valve of this species has been
found. is
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Ds
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9.
10.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXvV.
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9
Carapace of male, seen from left side
Carapace of male, seen from above
Carapace of female, seen from left side,
Carapace of female, seen from above.
Carapace of female, seen from left side.
Carapace of female, seen from above.
Carapace of female, seen from below.
Carapace of female, seen from left side.
Carapace of female, seen from above.
Carapace of female, seen from below.
Carapace of male, seen from left side.
Carapace of male seen from above.
=
Proc. Belfast Nat Field Club. 1884-85. (Appendix.) Pl. XXV.
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PUBLISHED BY
THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
January, 1887.
S iaeeiye Gi not OAR
jae, rout pent i 3
(Proceedings Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.— Appendix 1885-86.)
@be Ferns of Wlsfer.
By Wi.i1am H. Puitiies anp Rosert Lioyp PRAEGER,
B.E., B.A.
WN submitting the following list of the species and varieties of our
local Ferns to the members of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,
: we cannot but regret the absence in our district of other observers
in this branch of natural science. The study of the varieties of British Ferns
is most interesting and fascinating—being half botany, half horticulture, since
the finds must be grown in order to be understood and correctly named—and
is one which can be carried on with very little trouble or expense. Yet,
beyond our own finds, we have been able only to come across a very few
stray records. Thus, the counties of Armagh, Donegal, and Cavan are
hardly represented at all in our localities for varieties, while the names of
Antrim and Down occur in almost every line—those being the counties to
which we most easily had access. This, however, only proves the richness
of our district in varieties. Ferns there are, if only some one will find them.
There is still a great field of discovery among our North of Ireland Filices.
Already Ulster has yielded some splendid new varieties—among which we.
may mention Athyrium Filiz-femina crispum and Polystichum angulare
divisilobum Crawfordie ; and many other treasures lie hidden away in our
glens and copses only waiting to be found. At some future time we hope to
bring out a supplement to this list, and we trust that then we shall have
other names to record as finders of some of these beautiful varieties. The
labour is small and the reward great. Nothing is more pleasant than to
watch some wild find developing, under one’s care, into an elegant decom- -
posite or crested form. Again, a great advantage of Fern-hunting, as com-.
pared with most out-door scientific persuits, is that it can be carried on
equally at every season of the year. For botany or entomology, for instance,
there is but a short summer season; but not so among the Ferns; for while
4 Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster.
in summer we can explore the Athyriwms and Lastreas and Blechnums in our
woods and on our mountain sides, in winter the evergreen fronds of Poly-
stichum and Scolopendrium peep at us through the leafless hedges and wave
luxuriantly in all our glens, inviting us to take up bag and trowel and go
off Fern-hunting. We may add that we shall be very happy to give all the
information in our power concerning this branch of botany to anyone asking
it, or to name fronds sent to us, or to receive notes of new localities for
species,
The district to which this list refers is bounded to the southward by the
frontier line of Ulster, with the exception of the south-east and south-west
corners, where in each case a slight encroachment has been made on an
adjoining province. In the south-west a detour has been made in order to
include the famous botanical region of Ben Bulben, in the extreme northern
corner of Co. Sligo; and on the south-east our line has been drawn s0 as to
include the Carlingford Mountains, in Co. Louth, which botanically, and in a
less degree geologically, belong to the Mourne Mountains, in Co. Down. As
regards the distribution of species in this area, few general observations can
be made. Aspleniwm marinum and Adiantum Capillus-Veneris occur only along
the coast line ; the former being recorded from all our maritime counties, and
growing in all suitable situations along our shores; the latter being confined
to a limited area in Donegal.* Polystichum angulare haunts the low fertile
districts in the east of the province, and is almost entirely unknown among
the barren mountainous districts of Donegal and Fermanagh. In these
latter, however, the Royal Fern, Osmunda regalis, occurs most plentifully,
luxuriating in the rich peaty soil that surrounds the numerous lakes in those
regions, Polystichum lonchitis and Asplenium viride are confined to the
western counties; Ophioglosswm loves the rich pastures of Down, Antrim,
and Armagh. As Ulster plants, three of our Ferns are confined to Donegal ;
and it is a very strange thing that these three species, which are found only
in the bleakest and most northern of all our counties, should be all southern
plants. Ophioglosswm lusitanicwm is a plant of the Mediterranean coasts and
the Canary Isles, whose only other British stations are Kerry and Guernsey.
Tho Killarney Fern, Zrichomanes radicans, principally haunts, as a British
species, the shadiest rocks in the south and south-west of Ireland; and the
Maidenhair, Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, makes its home in southern Europe
and the north of Africa, occurring also on the south coast of England and in
the south-west of Ireland. Some of the species, again, seem ubiquitous—
Athyrium Filix-femina, Polystichum aculeatum, and Lastrea Filix-mas are
examples—occurring equally in damp shady woods and glens, on open hedge-
banks and roadsides, and on storm-swept mountains, where they flourish
among the stones and rocks.
Of the 46 British and 33 Irish species of Ferns, our province yields 32—
* With the exception of a few plants found in Leitrim,
Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster. 5
Asplenium lanceolatum being the only Irish Fern which does not occur in the
district.* Of these 32 species, five may be accounted extremely rare, having
been found in only one or two localities in the district; these are :—
Polypodium Dryopteris.
Lastrea spinulosa.
Adiantum Capillus- Veneris.
Trichomanes radicans.
Ophioglossum lusitanicum.
Five others may be called very rare, occurring as they do very sparingly in
the province :—
Allosorus crispus.
Polystichum Lonchitis.
Lastrea Thelypteris.
Asplenium viride.
Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense.
Six more come under the head not common :—
Polypodium Phegopteris.
Lastrea Oreopteris.
Cystopteris fragilis.
Hymenophylium Wiilsoni.
Osmunda regalis.
Botrychiwm Lunaria.
Five under the head rather common :—
Lastrea emula.
Polystichum aculeatum.
Ceterach officinarum.
Asplenium marinun.
Ophioglossum vulgatum.
And finally, eleven under the head common, being plentifully distributed
through the district :—
Polypodium vulgare.
Lastrea Filix-mas.
dilatata.
Polystichum angulare.
Athyrium Filix-femina.
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum.
Trichomanes.
Ruta-muraria.
Scolopendrium vulgare.
Blechnum spicant.
Pteris aquilina.
* It is confined to counties Cork and Kerry.
6 Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster.
This grouping is, of course, only approximate, and if taken as referring to
any particular county or district might give very erroneous results; but
when taken as referring to Ulster as a whole, it will, we think, convey a
pretty correct general idea of the distribution of our local Ferns.
In two instances—namely, when referring to Lastrea Filix-mas and to the
divisilobe class of varieties of Polystichwm angulare—we have departed from
our course as compilers of a list in order to describe some new classification
which has recently been adopted by the leading authorities on British Ferns.
This is not to be found in any of our Fern manuals, and, we believe, will
prove interesting to the botanists of the Club. We have been compelled,
much against our will, to adopt an alphabetical arrangement of the varieties,
since no scientific classification of them has been made, and we did not feel
qualified to attempt this task ourselves. The British Pterodological Society
performed a great service in classifying the varieties of Polystichwm angulare,
though unfortunately their results have not been published; but the Athy-
riums, Lastreas, and Scolopendriums still remain unarranged, waiting for some
champion to arise to give each one its proper place in the world of Ferns.
In the difficult task of naming the varieties, we have obtained much
valuable assistance from kind friends on the other side of the channel; among
these we would specially mention Colonel Jones, of Bristol, and George B.
Wollaston, Esq., of Chislehurst, to both of whom we are deeply indebted, both
for naming fronds submitted to them, and for sending us plants and fronds of
English forms of our varieties. From the beautiful nature-printed plates of
varieties of British Ferns, brought out by Colonel Jones, under the auspices
of the British Pterodological Society, we have abstracted our notes on Lastrea
Filix-mas and Polystichum angulare proliferum, and have derived much other
assistance. To Mr.S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.E., we also owe many thanks for
information supplied as to localities for species.
As to the distribution of varieties very little can be said. The varieties
of Ferns are peculiar, in as much as they generally occur as isolated plants.
Occasionally a little colony of some variety is discovered; but usually a
single plant is all that is obtained in any one place. A few of the exceptions
to this rule we may mention :—
P. angulare capitatwm has been known to grow in Ballygomartin Glen,
near Belfast, for some twenty years; and in spite of frequent depredations,
may still be found there. The Irish Polypody is a striking exception,
as it generally occurs in considerable quantity where it occurs at all. The
ditches about Ballymenoch, Holywood, have long yielded examples of P. angu-
lare interruptum. On sea-cliffs near Torr Head, in Co. Antrim, this summer,
we discovered a large colony of very curious interrupted forms of Athyrium
Filia-femina ; and many other instances might be quoted. But the most
noteworthy example occurs on the Mourne Mountains, where two very inter-
esting varieties of Blechnum, trinerviwm and anomalwm, occur in hundreds on
Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster. a
the hill-sides; yet we have no record of either of these forms having been
found in any aiken locality in Ulster.
_In: conclusion, we may say a few words as to the times at which the
various observers, whose names occur in the following pages, lived and
laboured in the cause of science. Mr. Templeton was the great pioneer
of Ulster botany, and the accuracy and care displayed in his notes have
excited the admiration of all who have followed in his wake; most of his
records date between 1780 and 1810. After him came Messrs. Thompson,
Whitla, and Hyndman (about 1820 to 1840), each of whom contributed his
share towards the knowledge of our local flora. Other names which fre-
quently occur in the “‘ Flora of Ulster” (1864), from which we have extracted
many notes, are those of Messrs. Ferguson, Millen, and Orr, and that of the
author, Dr. Dickie. Following many of the localities in this list will be found
the names of Dr. Mackay and Dr. Moore, each of whom did so much. good
work in the cause of Irish botany. More recent observers, whose names
often occur in this list, are Messrs. 8. A. Stewart, H. C. Hart, and R. M.
Barrington. After each locality we have given, as far as we were able, the
name of the original finder; and where the plant has been since observed
there we generally mention it.
1. POLYPODIUM. POLYPODY.
1. P. VULGARE. . Common Poly pody.
Rocks, walls, trees, and woods—plentiful throughout the district.
Ascends to about 1000 feet on the mountains. On summit of Ben Bulben
(1721 feet), T. H. Corry.
adpressum.
Craigauntlet, Co. Down, R. Ll. P.
bifidum. .
Castlereagh, Co. Down, W.H.P. and R.LI.P. Holywood hills, Co
Down, R. LI. P.
denticulatum. Ses ae Rea
Lough Gill, Co. Sligo, Moore’s N.P. Ferns. Knockagh, Co. Antrim,
R. El P.
rotundatum.
Near Knockmore, Co. Fermanagh, W. H. P.
Semilacerum (Irish Polypody).
Co. Antrim.—Redhall Glen,. Templeton ; Glenoe and Islandmagee,
B, N. F. C.; east branch of Woodburn glen, T. H. Corry ; Garron Point
8 Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster.
and Knockagh, R. L1l.P. Near Knockmore, Co. Fermanagh, W. H. P.
Island in Lough Erne, Co. Donegal, T. H. Corry. Redhall and Glenoe are
two well-known stations for this handsome variety, and at both it grows
abundantly and Iuxuriantly ; in the latter place we have measured fronds
15 foot long by 9 inches broad. It is almost confined to Co, Antrim—
doubtless the limestone is the attraction there, but why is it so rare in other
limestone tracts ?
2. P. PREGOPTERIS. Beech Fern.
Damp rocks and banks. Not common.
Ascends to over 2000 feet in the mountains. At 2400 feet on Slieve
Bingian.
Antrim.—North branch of Glenarve river, Templeton, 1809. On Slievenanee,
and in Glendun, Rev. 8. A. Brenan. Glenariff, W. H. P., R. Li. P., &.
By waterfall on Inver river above Glenariff, and by the Carnlough and
Linford rivers, and on Trostan, R. Ll. P.
Down.—Two miles south of Slieve Croob, and on Slieve Bingian, Templeton
(and later in latter station, Rev. H. W. Lett and R. Li. P). Black
mountain, above Tollymore Park, W. Thompson; (since observed there,
Rev. H. W. Lett, W.H.P. and R.LI.P.) Rostrevor, Rev. George
Robinson. On Slieve Donard and Slieve Commedagh, S. A. Stewart.
Luke’s mountain, W.H.P. Sparingly near Craigauntlet above Holywood,
and on Slieve Bearnagh, Slieve-na-glough, and Thomas mountain, R.L1P.
Louth.—Carlingford mountain, Robt. Browne, 1801, and since by B.N.F.C.,
Rev. H. W. Lett, W. H. P. and R. Ll. P.
Armagh.—Frequent on rocks on N.E. slope of Slieve Gullion, Rev. H. W.
Lett.
Derry.—Ness Glen, Templeton. By the Owenrigh river, near Banagher,
8. A. Stewart. Near Dungiven, B.N.F.C., 1872.
Donegal.—Lough Eske, Mackay. Near Killybegs, A. G. More. Glenalla,
Carradoan, Angterlinn, Croghanmore, Poisoned Glen, Banagher
mountain, Glenveigh, Alt mountain near Ardara, near Lough Finn,
Milford, woods by coast between Slieve-a-tooey and Magheragh, and at
2000 feet on Slieve Snacht West, H.C. Hart. Crockaughrim, Charles
Moore. .
Tyrone.—Strabane Glen, W. H. P.
Fermanagh.—Near Brookeborough, Rev. 8, A. Brenan,
3. P. DRYOPTERIS. Oak Fern.
Shady places on mountains. Extremely rare.
Antrim.—North side of Knocklayd, Cybele Hibernica. Since a single plant
of this fern was discovered by Dr. Moore in the above locality nearly
half a century ago, it has not been observed in the North of Ireland, and
we very much doubt if it can now be reckoned among our local ferns,
Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster. 9
[P. ROBERTIANUM is reported to have been found on Carlingford
Mountain, Co. Louth, but this is very unlikely, and requires ample
confirmation.
2. ALLOSORUS. ROCK-BRAKE.
1. A. CRISPUS. Parsley Fern.
Rocky places on mountains. Very rare.
Antrim.—Knocklayd and Carrickfergus Commons, David Moore. South brow
of Slievenanee at 1500 feet, Dr. Dickio—since observed in above station
by T. H. Corry and Rev. S. A. Brenan.
Down.—On Slieve Bingian, Templeton, 1808—and recently, Rev. H. W. Lett
and R.L1.P. On Shanslieve, Slieve-na-brock, and north side of Slieve
Donard, Rev. H. W. Lett. Near the Hagle Rock, on the road from
Hilltown to Kilkeel, Mr. Barcroft. On south side of Slieve Donard, and
on the mountain north of Cove mountain, R. Ll. P.
Louth.—Carlingford mountain, very rare, B.N.F.C., 1878.
Derry.—Clontygearagh mountain, David Moore.
Donegal.—Very sparingly on Alt mountain near Ardara, H. C. Hart.
Fermanagh.—On Cuileagh mountain near Florencecourt, John M‘Donald.
Very rare and scanty in the district, only isolated plants occurring
here and there,
3. LASTREA.
1. L. THELYPTERIS. Marsh Fern.
Wet places. Very rare,
Antrim.—Plentiful about Portmore Park and wood, Templeton, 1794. Banks
of Six-mile water near Ballyclare, G. C. Hyndman and F. Whitla.
Donegal.—By the river Erne near Ballyshannon, A. G. More. By the same
river near Belleek, H. C. Hart.
Tyrone.-—By a small lake near Caledon Rectory, Rev. G. Armstrong. At
Omagh and Gorteen Gap, G. H. Kinahan.
Cavan.—Near Belturbet, David Moore.
Donegal and Tyrone are the only counties where this fern has been recently
found ; it is very strange how it has died-out at Portmore,
Io Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster.
Z2. L. OREOPTERIS. Mountain Fern,
Banks and mountain pastures. Not common, and very local.
Antrim.—At the base of the hill above Carrickfergus, J. Rea. Glendun,
B.N.F.C., 1879—a well-known locality, where it grows in great profusion.
Glenshesk, behind Ballycastle, Dr. O’Connor. Glenarm Deerpark, south
side of Glenariff, at Culraney north of Runabay Head, in Glenaan, and
near Cushendall, R. LI. P. ,
Down.—Tollymore Park, Templeton, 1805—often since recorded from this
station. Thomas mountain, W.H.P. In various places about New-
castle, W. H. P., R. Li. P., &. Luke’s mountain, and near Moneyscalp
plantation west of Bryansford, and on the Holywood bills, R. Ll. P. Very
rare in last locality.
Armagh.—On Ferry Hill above Narrow Water, R. LI. P.
Derry.—Bennedy near Dungiven, David Moore. Cushcapel near Dungiven,
and on Slieve Gallion near Desertmartin, S. A. Stewart. Moyola Park
at Castledawson, B.N.F.C. Mullaghmore, H. C. Hart. Lignapeiste,
W.H.P.
Donegal.—Milroy Bay, Newman. Gap of Barnesmore, W. Thompson.
Killybegs, and near Lough Eske, R. Barrington. Mintiagh, Charles
Moore. Near Black Gap, T. H. Corry. Banks of Eske river, Glen river,
Lough head river, and Reelan water, at Glenveigh and Bunlinn, and
plentiful in glens in Innishowen, H. C. Hart. Near Buncrana, W. H. P.
Tyrone.—Strabane Glen, W. H. P.
Leitrim.—South side of Glenade mountain, R. Barrington and R. P. Vowell.
interrupta. Glendun, Co. Antrim, R. LIP.
revolvens. Newcastle, Co. Down, W.H. P.
3. L. FILIX-MAS. Male Fern.
It is now generally admitted that this species as described by Presl
includes three distinct forms, which are elevated to the rank of species by
Mr. Wollaston. We append the most obvious of their characters as briefly
as possible under their several heads.
A. Propinqua-mas (Wollaston). (Filix-mas abbreviata, Moore.) (Fronds
and pinne concave, pinnules biserrate, colour dull pale green ; perfectly
deciduous, texture soft; indusium embracing spore-cases, persistent,
entire). ,
Dry hedge-banks and woods. Extremely rare.
Near Carngaver, Co. Down, R. Ll. P., 1882.
B. Filix-mas (Pres/). (Fronds and pinn# convex, pinnules serrate or
biserrate; colour shiny pale green; texture papery; very partially
deciduous; indusium not embracing spore-cases, eventually evanescent,
disrupted),
Woods, glens, roadsides, &c, ‘ Common.
Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster. II
argentea. (Record lost), W.H.P. A white variegation.
confluens. Ligoniel, Co. Antrim, W.H.P.
flava. (Record lost), W.H.P. A yellow variegation.
‘ interrupta. Castlereagh, Holywood, Newcastle, Cushendall, &c.—a
common but inconstant variety.
C. Pseudo-mas (Wollaston). (Filia-mas paleacea, Moore). \¥ronds and
pinns plane, pinnules entire or very slightly toothed, colour bright
yellowish green when young, deep shining green when mature ; rachis
thickly clothed with rich golden-brown scales; texture coriaceous ;
evergreen or sub-evergreen ; indusium embracing spore-cases, persistent,
entire.
Woods, hedges, and wastes. Common.
crispata. Holywood and Castlereagh, Co. Down, W.H.P. The Rock,
Co. Tyrone, Rev. S. A. Brenan.
' cristata. Upper Cultra Wood, Co Down, Robert Milligan—a very good find.
foliosa. Newcastle, Co. Down, W.H.P.
interrupta. Castlereagh, Holywood, Dundonald, &c¢.—like Filix-mas in-
terrupta, 2 common but inconstant form.
monstrosa. Holywood, Co. Down, W.H.P. An extreme form of interrupta,
but constant.
polydactyla. Newcastle, Co. Down, W. H.P.
4.4L. DILATATA. Broad Buckler Fern.
Woods, rocks, hedges, &c. Abundant.
Occurring in all situations throughout the district. Of all our local ferns,
this is the one which occurs at the greatest altitude on the mountains,
ascending even higber than Blechnum. On the Mourne mountains, we
have observed it up to over 2000 feet. At nearly 2500 on Slieve Donard.
interrupta. Holywood waterworks, Co. Down, R. Ll. P.
truncata. Holywood hills, and Dundonald, Co, Down, R. LI. P.
5. L. SPINULOSA.
Damp shady places. Extremely rare.
Derry.—Frequent by the river Roe near Dungiven, David Moore. Dr. Moore
sent specimens to England and had his find confirmed by Thomas Moore
of Chelsea. This is the only record of this fern in Ulster which we
consider perfectly reliable: forms of Z. Dilatata are often mistaken for it.
6.4L. ZMULA. Bree’s Fern.
Damp woods and hedgebanks. Generally distributed but not common,
Ascends to about 1000 feet.
Antrim.—Cushendall, Moore’s N.P. Ferns, Among heather at 1000 feet on
the summit of Carnaneigh, and plentiful in the wood at Murlough Bay,
R. Ll. P.
12 Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster.
Down.—Slieve Donard and sandhills at Dundrum, Dr. Dickie. Rademon
Demesne and near Tyrella, ©. Dickson. Cultra, W. Millen, and later,
W. H. P.—now extinct. Drumbo Glen, Alexander Robertson. Plentiful
in Tollymore Park—a well-known station—and near the Spa, Ballyna-
hinch, W. H. P. Near Dunbeg Lake N.W. of Ballynahinch, and spar-
ingly near Newtownards and Dundondald, R. LI. P.
Louth.—By the Two-Mile River on Carlingford Mountain, R. Ll. P.
Armagh,—Plentiful in the woods on Ferry Hill above Narrow Water, R. Ll. P.
Derry.—Coleraine, Moore’s N. P. Ferns. Garvagh, David Moore. On an old
bank inland from Portrush, W. H. P.
Donegal.—-Milroy Bay, Lough Derg, Lough Swilly and Errigal Mountain,
Moore’s N. P. Ferns. Killybegs and Lough Eske, R. Barrington. Innis-
howen Head, Aran Island, and in woods near Carndonagh, and at Glenalla,
Rathmullen, and Carrablagh, H. C. Hart. Buncrana, W. H. P.
Tyrone.—Strabane Glen and Sion Mills, W. H. P. Near Pomeroy, S. A.
Stewart.
Fermanagh.—Near Pollaphuca, R. Barrington. Carrick and Drumbad, §. A.
Stewart. Frequent in the county, W. H. P.
Cavan.—Lough Sheelin, and by the R. Erne at Lough Gowna, R. LI. P.
Sligo.—Abundant on Ben Bulben ; shores and islands of Lough Gill, W.H.P.
Leitrim.—Glencar and Glenade, R. Barrington and R. P. Vowell.
angustipinnula. Tollymore Park, Co. Down, W. H. P.
4, POLYSTICHUM. SHIELD FERN.
1. P. LONCHITIS. Holly Fern.
On mountains, among stones. Very rare.
Ascends tothe summit of Ben Bulben (1721 feet), T. H. Corry.
Donegal.—Rosses and Fanet mountain passes,* and in a glen east of Lough
Eske, David Moore. Slieve League, H. C. Hart.
Sligo.—On Ben Bulben and other mountains in County Sligo, Dr. Mackay,
and later by 8S. A. Stewart and T. H. Corry.
Leitrim.--On the Glenade Mountains, W.H. P. Common in parts of Glenado,
R. Barrington and R. P. Vowell.
2. P,. ACULEATUM. Prickly Shield Fern.
Woods, hedgebanks, and stony places. Rather local. An upland fern.
Antrim.—Glenarm, Cushendall, &c., Templeton. Colin Glen, W. Thomp-
son, Stoneyford, Wolfhill, Crow Glen, Lough Mourne, Woodburn, and
* “Having applied to Dr. Moore, [ learn this was a mistake.’—H. C. HART.
Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster. 13
‘Larne, W. H. P. Glynn, Glenarm Deerpark, Glendun, Glenariff, Carn-
lough, Murlough Bay, and Binnagee, R. Ll. P.
Down.—Tollymore Park, W. Thompson. Rademon Demesne, Cultra, and
Hillsborough, W. H. P. Rostrevor, Clandeboye Demesne, Craigauntlet,
Carngaver, and Crawfordsburn, R. Ll. P.
Louth.—By the Two-Mile River on Carlingford Mountain (/obatwm form),
ap eee lal. Ee.
Armagh.—Near Tynan, W.H.P. On Ferry Hill, above Narrow Water,
iL eekeer tual. Ps
Donegal.—By the River Erne opposite Cliff, and plentiful on Crockaughrim,
H.C. Hart. Mintiagh, Charles Moore.
Tyrone.—Aughnacloy, G. H. Kinahan. Dungannon, W. H. P.
Fermanagh.—Not uncommon on the hills, S. A. Stewart. Plentiful in the
county, W. H. P.
Monaghan. —Near Monaghan, W. H. P.
Cavan.—Not uncommon on the hills of North Cavan, S. A. Stewart.
furcans. At Tynan, Co. Armagh, and in Co. Fermanagh, W. H. P.
gracile. Co. Fermanagh, W. H. P.
The varieties lobatum and lonchitioides are of frequent occurrence, but we
do not consider them very distinct.
3.P.§ ANGULARE. Soft Shield Fern.
Woods, glens, and hedgebanks. Plentiful.
' Essentially a lowland fern—excepting one isolated plant, we have never
found it at over 500 feet. Our district is very rich in varieties of this
species, which, on account of their complicated nature, we have found
some difficulty in naming correctly.
acutum. Glendevis, Co. Antrim, W.H. P. Cultra, Co. Down, R. Ll. P.
acutilobum. Seo proliferum.
attenuato-interruptum. Glenarm, Co. Antrim, R. Ll. P.
attenuato-furcans. Cultra, Co. Down, R. LI. P.
brachiatum. Kilroot, Co. Antrim, W. H. P.
brachiato-cristatum. Castlecoole, Co. Fermanagh, W. H. P.
brachiato-decompositum. Crow Glen, Co. Antrim, W. H. P. Stormont,
and Dundonald (Tripinnatum Praeger, Jones), Co. Down, R. Ll. P.
capitatum. Antrim Road and Springfield, Belfast, W.H.P. Holywood,
Co. Down, R. Li. P.
capitatum (Ramulosum, Stansfield). Glendevis, Co. Antrim, W. Gault, and
later, W. H. P. and R. Ll. P. Clandeboye, Co. Down; and Strabane
Glen, Co. Tyrone, W.H.P. Cultra, Dundonald, and Stormont, Co. Down;
Castle Dobbs, Co. Antrim ; and Lough Sheelin, Co. Cavan, R. Ll. P.
coriaceum. Castlereagh, Co. Down; and Springfield, Belfast, W. H. P.
cristatum. Dalchoolin, Co. Down; and Kilroot, Co. Antrim, W. H. P.
14 Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster.
Holywood, and Stormont, Co. Down; and Castle Dobbs, Co. Antrim,
R. Lil. P. Stormont Demesne has yielded two, and the Castle Dobbs
neighbourhood no less than three, distinct forms of this rare variety.
cuneatum. Castlereagh, Co. Down; and Castlecoole, Co. Fermanagh,
W.H.P, Carngaver, Dundonald, and Craigavad, Co. Down, R. Lil. P.
The Craigavad form develops into grandidens in a very extraordinary way.
cuneato-setosum. Cave Hill, Co. Antrim; and Castlecoole, Co. Fermanagh,
W.H.P. Two elegant forms.
decompositum, Cultra, Co. Down; Castle Dobbs, Co. Antrim; and Castlo-
coole, Co. Fermanagh, W.H. P. Stormont, Co. Down, R. Ll. P.
decompositum densum. Stormont, Co. Down, R. Ll. P.
decurrens. Cultra, Co. Down, R. Ll. P.
deltoideum. Crow Glen, Co. Antrim, W. H. P.
dentatum. Crow Glen, Co. Antrim, W.H.P. Oraigauntlet, Co. Down,
R. Ll. P.
divisilobum. Seo proliferwm.
exile. Holywood, Co. Down, W. H. P.
frondosum: Castlereagh, Co. Down, W. H. P.
furcillatum. HT'innebrogue, Co. Down, W. H. P.
gracile. Castlecoole, Co. Fermanagh, W. H. P.
grandiceps. Cave Hill, Co. Antrim, John Bland. A very rare variety ; the
Cave Hill plant is distinct from other forms of grandiceps.
grandidens. Co, Fermanagh, Rev. R. Eccles, and L. Erne, Rev. W. Bailey,
Moore’s N.P. Ferns. COraigavad, Co. Down, W. H. P. and R. Ll. P.
grandidens truncatum. Craigavad, Co. Down, R. Ll. P. Does not grow
more than four inches high.
ineequale. Crow Glen, Co. Antrim, W.H.P. Castlereagh, Co. Down,
W. A. P. and R. Ll. P. Cultra, Co. Down, R. Lil. P.
inzequale setosum. Glendevis, Co. Antrim, W. H. P.
incurvatum. Ormeau, Co. Down, W. H. P.
interruptum. Crawfordsburn, Co. Down; Lisburn and Springfield, Co.
Antrim, W. H. P. Holywood, Co. Down, W. H. P. and R. Ll. P. Cultra
and Dundonald, Co. Down; and Glenarm, Co, Antrim, R. Ll. P. Several
different varieties appear to be included under this name. Thus, our
Holywood plant is a symmetrical and pretty form, while that from Craw-
fordsburn, and much more some of the Devonshire forms of interruptum,
are widely different, being very irregular and ragged.
interruptum caudatum. Glenarm Park, Co. Antrim, R. LI. P.
interruptum setosum. Stormont, Co. Down, R. LI. P.
irregulare. Holywood, Co. Down, W. H. P.
laciniatum. Holywood, Co. Down, W.H.P. Craigauntlet, Co. Down,
Rial PB:
latifolium. Knock, Co. Down, R. LI. P.
Phillips and Praeger—The Ferns of Ulster. 15
laxum. Castlereagh and Crossgar, Co. Down; and Kilroot, Co. Antrim,
W.H.P. Dundonald and Cultra, Co. Down, R. LI. P.
lineatum. Cultra, Co. Down, R. Ll. P. Has not, so far, proved constant.
multifidum. Dundonald, Co. Down, R. Ll. P.
multilobum laxum. Castle Dobbs, Co. Antrim, R. Ll. P.
perserratum. Glenarm, Co. Antrim, R. Ll. P.
polydactylum. Glendevis, Co. Antrim, W.H.P. Stormont, Co. Down,
R. Ll, P.
proliferum. Following the classification of the leading pterodological authori-
ties, we arrange this difficult and beautiful class of varieties under two
heads—acutilobes and divisilobes. Mr. Wollaston thus characterises the
two subdivisions :—
a. acutilobum. Tripinnate ; all divisions of frond acute, anterior and posterior
pinnules almost of same length.
b. divisilobum. Tripinnate; same as acutilobum, except that the anterior
and posterior pinnules are of very unequal length, the latter far longer,
and the divisions altogether more highly developed. < 22 inches) may be found at Orlock Point, Co. Down; they have a
rather ancient appearance, and are probably washed in from the Turbot Bank.
Thompson cites this species sub P. pilosus.
Arca lactea, Linné.
Hyndman dredged dead specimens of this shell on the Turbot Bank (25-30
fathoms) on three occasions.
Arca tetragona, Poli.
“¢ Portrush in sitw—Ordnance Collectors. Magilligan, odd valves—W.T.”’
—Thompson. Hyndman obtained it dead on the Turbot Bank several times,
and records a single living specimen which he dredged in 50 fathoms, embedded
in a pebble of black limestone, off the Copeland Islands. Single valves fre-
quent on the Derry coast—R.LI.P.
[Arca barbata, Linné.
‘¢ «This very perfect and new shell on our coasts was found alive, adhering
to an oyster from Killinchy in Strangford Lough, by Dr. M‘Gee of Belfast,’
Brown. Never found since’’—Thompson. It is a common Mediterranean
species, which is not admitted as native by any of our conchologists. There
must have been some mistake. ]
Lepton nitidum, Zwrion.
Dredged alive by Waller on the Turbot Bank, and dead in the same vicinity
by Waller and Hyndman—Hyndman, 1858 Report.
Tontacuta substriata, Montagu.
This little shell, whose peculiar habitat is the ventral spines of Spatangus
purpureus and other Echinoids, is noted by Thompson and Hyndman as living
at the entrance of Belfast Lough, in 20 to 30 fathoms, and by Dickie off
Strangford Lough, in 12 to 15 fathoms.
Montacuta bidentata, Montagu.
‘Bangor, Belfast Bay (one specimen), 1834, Mr. Hyndman and W.T.
Bundoran, Mr. Warren’’—Thompson. Hyndman, and Mr. Wm. Swanston
dredged it dead on the Turbot Bank. Cushendall—Belf. Mus. Coll. These
appear to be the only records of a species whose decline as a member of the
marine fauna must have been rapid, as our pleistocene clays yield it in great
profusion. -
Montacuta ferruginosa, Montagu.
Turbot Bank, dead—Hyndman. The &. ovata mentioned by Thompson is
probably this species; he states that several examples of it were found on the
beach at Bundoran by Mrs. Hancock.
of the North of Ireland. 67
Lasvea rubra, Montagu.
Common between tide marks—Hyndman. Portrush, and Belfast Bay—
Thompson. (Both sub Kellia rubra). Magilligan—Belf. Mus, Coll.
Kellia suborbicularis, Vontagu.
Bundoran—Thompson. Dead, rare, in 10 fathoms in Belfast Bay, and on
the Turbot Bank-Hyndman. In Strangford Lough, and in the Irish
Channel adjoining, Dickie found it living in 7 to 25 fathoms. Magilligan—
Belf. Mus. Coll.
Loripes lacteus, Linné.
Recorded from the Turbot Bank, dead, by Hyndman, 1857 Report (sub
Lucina leucoma). This record is not confirmed by Jeffreys, and as the species
was not obtained again, and is entirely a southern form, it is doubtful if it
should be included in our fauna.
Lucina spinifera, Montagu.
“At Red Bay, County Antrim, I found a valve of this species’»—Thomp-
son. Hyndman dredged it once alive ‘‘on a bank called ‘The Riggs,’ lying
south of the Copelands, about a mile south of Donaghadee, and a mile from
shore, in about 20 fathoms,’’ and several times dead, off Belfast Lough, in
15-30 fathoms.
Lucina borealis, Linné.
Commonly dredged in a dead state, in Belfast and Larne Loughs and the
deeper waters adjacent, in all depths from i to 30 fathoms. Thompson men-
tions it (swb L. radula) as found at Red Bay, and in 6 to 12 fathoms in Belfast
and Strangford Loughs, by himself and Mr. Hyndman, but as the latter
naturalist, in his subsequent report on the Mollusca of Belfast Bay (1857),
notes it only in the column of dead shells, it may be assumed that such alone
were found in the locality named. In Strangford Lough Dickie took it
frequently alive, in depths ranging from 7 to 25 fathoms. Single valves are
commonly thrown ashore on the Derry coast, where also the writer has found
living specimens.
Axinus flexuosus, Montagu.
“Widely distributed, but in sparing numbers’”—Thompson. I find nonote
of its having been taken alive. Hyndman dredged dead specimens occasionally
in 5-30 fathoms, and Dickie, in Strangford Lough, 4-25 fathoms. Thompson
gives Strangford Lough and Bundoran as localities. (Mentioned by the authors
quoted sub Lucina flexuosa).
Cyamium minutum, Padbricius.
Abundant, among sea-weeds and stones near low-water mark. Thomp-
son states (sub Montacuta purpurea) that the shoals of mullet (Mugil chelo)
consume vast quantities of them when roving over the Zostera banks
in spring and summer, and Hyndman (sub Turtonia minuta) estimates that in
the stomach of a mullet taken in Larne Lough, there were 35,000 of these
little shells,
68 Praeger—The Marine Shells
Cardium echinatum, Linné.
In the reports of Hyndman and Dickie, the only note of this fine shell
having been taken alive is by the former, who obtained a few living examples
in Larne Lough, 4 to 5 fathoms; while in a dead state it occurred in all the
localities dredged, in 4 to 30 fathoms. Thompson says ‘‘dredged from oozy
sand in Belfast and Strangford Loughs’’ by Hyndman and himself, but does
not state whether living or dead. Dredged alive in 6 fathoms off Bangor—
Mr. 8. A. Stewart. After northerly gales it is thrown ashore in some
numbers on the Co. Down shore of the lough, from Holywood to Craigavad,
with the animal quite fresh. Single valves of large size are abundant, and
complete specimens frequent, on the sandy beaches of Magilligan and Portrush.
Cardium exiguum, Gmelin.
Living in oozy ground in Larne Lough, and in the deeper waters adjoining,
in 4 to 90 fathoms; the limit assigned by Jeffreys is 15 fathoms, so the
greater depth quoted would appear to be quite unusual. In and around
Belfast Lough it has not been taken alive, and is rare in a dead state. It
lives sparingly in Strangford Lough—Dickie, and R.L1.P. Thompson gives
Red Bay as an additional station. (Sub C. pygmeum by Hyndman and
Dickie). Portrush, dead—Miss Richardson.
Cardium fasciatum, Montagu.
Frequent, living on gravel and sand in 15 to 20 fathoms. Dead in Strang-
ford Lough, on the Turbot Bank, and in up to 90 fathoms of water off Larne.
In Thompson’s work it appears as swb C. elongatwm and C. edule var. fasciatum.
Cardium nodosum, Turton.
Belfast and Strangford Loughs—Thompson. Dredged living in 12 fathoms
in the Sound between the Copeland Islands, and dead on the Turbot Bank,
by Hyndman. More abundant in Strangford Lough and the channel adjoining
than elsewhere; Dickie dredged it frequently there, living in 7-20 fathoms.
Cardium edule, Linné.
Gregarious everywhere in sandy bays, at and near low-water mark. Dead
shells are dredged on the Turbot Bank, and Hyndman obtained a living
example in 20 fathoms between the Maidens and the Isle of Muck. “ Attains
a very large size in Donegal Bay ”—Thompson.
Cardium minimum, Philippi.
Thompson made a new species, C. Loveni, out of specimens of this shell
dredged by Mr. Hyndman from 50 fathoms off the South Rock, Co. Down,
and although they subsequently proved to be identical with a species already
described and named, to him belongs the credit of having added this pretty
shell to the British fauna. Hyndman subsequently records it (swb C. Suecicwm)
from the Turbot Bank, and from shallower water (4-5 fathoms) in Larne
Lough—in both instances dead.
Cardium Norvegicum, Spengler.
‘Dredged off Glenarm, in Belfast and Strangford Loughs, sparingly ’?—
of the North of Ireland. 69
Thompson (sub C. levigatum); it is not stated that any of the specimens
obtained were alive. Hyndman took it alive only once, which was in 15
fathoms, on a bottom of mud and shells, 4 miles 8.S.E. of Black Head, and
Mr. Swanston has dredged living examples, of small size, at the entrance of
the lough. Dead, it is abundant at various depths in many localities ; large
single valves are frequently thrown up on the Co. Down shore of Belfast
Lough.
Zsocardia cor, Linné.
This large and handsome shell is extremely rare in the North of Ireland,
and the authority for its admission to our marine fauna rests almost entirely with
Thompson, whose notes of its occurrence I may give in full :—‘‘ The follow-
ing note appears in Mr. Templeton’s MS. journal, under October 28th, 1811:
‘Received a drawing of the Chama cor, from Mr. George Joy, taken by him
from a specimen dredged up at Bangor (Belfast Bay).’? The species is known
to Mr. J. R. Clealand to have been dredged near the Copeland Islands, at the
entrance of this bay. The Giant’s Causeway is named by Turton as a locality
in which it has been found; but very rarely. Glassdrummond, Co. Down,
P. Doran.’’ The only other record of its occurrence which I have come across
is in Dr. Dickie’s report, who notes it ‘‘very rare, dead,’’ upper part of
Wellstream Bay, Strangford Lough, 4-8 fathoms. Jeffreys gives east and
south of Ireland alone.
Cyprina Islandica, Linné.
Living throughout our waters, in sand and mud, in 1-25 fathoms. Thrown
up in great numbers on Magilligan strand during northerly gales. From
Thompson’s notes it would appear to be much more abundant on the eastern
than on the western shores of Ireland. Mr. W. H. Patterson, M.R.I.A.,
contributes two curious local names for this species: the one is ‘‘ yaghan’”’
or ‘‘neayghen,”’ the other ‘‘ griggan.”’
Astarte sulcata, Da Costa.
‘‘Dredged off the Co. Antrim coast; in Belfast and Strangford Loughs
sparingly, from about 8 to 25 fathoms, on mud and sand’’—Thompson (sub
A. Danmoniensis). Living in from 10 to. 27 fathoms, at the entrance to
Belfast Lough, and more abundantly off Larne, in 15-90 fathoms—Hyndman ;
and in 7-25 fathoms in Strangford Lough—Dickie.
var. Scotica. Antrim coast; Belfast and Strangford Loughs—Thompson (sub
A. Scotica). Living in 10-20 fathoms off Belfast Lough, and in 70-90
fathoms near the Maidens, and dead on the Turbot Bank—Hyndman. I have
specimens dredged near Ardmillan, in Strangford Lough.
var. elliptica. Belfast Lough—Belf. Mus. Coll.
Astarte compressa, Montagu.
Hyndman’s 1859 Report contains a note of a few valves of this species
having been found in Turbot Bank sand by Mr. Jeffreys; but Jeffreys, in
his ‘‘ British Conchology,’’ says, evidently referring to the same specimens,
70 Praeger—The Marine Shells
‘‘subfossil in 25 fathoms off Larne, Co. Antrim.’’ As will appear subse-
quently, this is by no means the only northern species which has been dredged,
if not fossil, at least very doubtfully recent, in that locality.
Astarte triangularis, Montagu.
Belfast and Strangford Loughs, dredged by Mr. Hyndman—Thompson
(sub Goodalia triangularis). Living on the Turbot Bank—Hyndman ; and in
Strangford Lough and the channel adjacent—Dickie; depth 7 to 30 fathoms,
sandy ground. Dead valves are abundant on the Turbot Bank.
Circe minima, Montagu.
Thompson’s only northern locality is Belfast Bay, on the authority of Mr.
Hyndman (Cyprina minima). Hyndman obtained it alive twice, in 20 fathoms,
gravelly bottom, his stations being the Cod Bank north of the Isle of Muck,
and ‘‘ The Riggs’’ bank south of the Copeland Islands, while in a dead state
it occurred frequently in depths ranging from 15 to 100 fathoms. Dickie
procured living examples off the mouth of Strangford Lough, 12-15 fathoms,
and dead valves further out to sea.
Venus exoleta, Linné.
Belfast, Strangford, and Larne Loughs—Thompson, who does not state if
the shell was alive in any instance. Though noted by Hyndman and Diekie
from almost every station (1-30 fathoms), in no case was it taken in a live
state. Hyndman remarks (1857 Report) that at Cultra single valves are thrown
up by the tide, and says, ‘‘ probably still living.’’ At the place in question,
fresh-looking specimens with the valves attached are frequent, and I have
twice picked up living examples there, and have no doubt that it lives in some
quantity in the vicinity. This and the following species are placed under the
genus Artemis by the authors quoted.
Venus lincta, Pulteney.
Rare in a live state, the Cod Bank north of-Isle of Muck (20 fathoms),
Wellstream Bay in Strangford Lough (15 fathoms), and 12-15 fathoms in the
open channel near the entrance of the latter, being the only stations I can
find. More common dead, thrown up on sandy beaches, from Magilligan in
Co. Derry to Newcastle in Co. Down.
Venus fasciata, Da Costa.
This beautiful species is of frequent occurrence throughout the district,
living on gravelly and sandy ground; it has been dredged alive off Larne and
Belfast Lough, and in Strangford Lough and the open sea adjoining, in depths
varying from 7 to 30 fathoms, by Thompson, Hyndman, Dickie, and others.
Venus Casina, Linné.
Another handsome species, which inhabits our waters, ranging from 7
fathoms in Strangford Lough to 70 fathoms off the Maiden Light-houses, on
gravel, sand, and mud. Dead valves are plentiful on the Turbot Bank and
at various depths (6 to 90 fathoms), on the Antrim coast.
of the North of Ireland. 71
[Venus verrucosa, Linné.
‘‘Mr. Hyndman’s cabinet contains a young shell (V. cancellata) given him
as from Magilligan’’—Thompson ; much too slender evidence on which to
establish a claim for its admission to our fauna. Its distribution in Ireland is
confined to the south and west. |
Venus ovata, Pennant.
The dredgings of Hyndman and Dickie show that this pretty little shell is
one of the most generally distributed of all our bivalve mollusks, as it occurred
in almost every haul, generally alive, in from 4 to 90 fathoms. In Strangford
Lough it lives in great abundance, and it is one of the very few species which
Hyndman found living in Larne Lough. ‘‘A rather common species ’’—
Thompson (Cytherea ovata).
Venus gallina, Linné.
A common species. ‘‘ Found alive from low-water mark to 8 and 10
fathoms on the North and North-East sandy coasts. ‘Thrown ashore on the
sandy beach of Magilligan in quantity and of large size’’—Thompson. The
V. Pennantii mentioned by this author belongs to the present species. Hynd-
man and Dickie found that it lives in from 0 to 25 fathoms in all the waters
explored (sub V. striatula). The V. striolata in Dicke’s paper is apparently a
misprint for V. striatula.
Tapes aureus, Gmelin.
Quoting from an older authority, Thompson says of this species ‘‘ ‘ Carrick-
fergus Bay (Dr. M‘Donnell) rare,’ Brown,’’ and under Turton’s name of
Venus enea, gives Strangford Lough as a locality where he has taken it alive.
Hyndman states (1857 Report) that it is common, living on sandy beaches
between tide-marks, but it does not appear to be by any means of such fre-
quent occurrence as would appear from this remark. Dickie dredged dead
valves in Strangford Lough, and Hyndman on the Turbot Bank. Mr. Swans-
ton informs me that it is abundant in Lough Swilly, in Co. Donegal, and
Miss Richardson has sent me complete and fresh specimens from Portrush.
Tapes virgineus, Linné.
This handsome shell is of very common occurrence, in sandy and nullipore
ground, in 4 to 90 fathoms all round our shores.
vay. Sarniensis. ‘‘ Var. V. Sarniensis, Turt. Brit. Biv., is taken in Belfast
Bay ’’—Thompson (sub Pullastra virginea). ‘‘ Donaghadee, in 8 fathoms
(Patterson)’’—Forbes and Hanley. ‘Living, rare, off Bangor’’—Hyndman.
var. elongata. ‘‘ Larne, Co. Antrim (Hyndman)’’—Jeffreys. Belfast Lough
—Belf. Mus. Coll.
Tapes pullastra, Montagu.
Abundant, living between tide-marks. ‘‘A common species on sandy
beaches ’’—Thompson (swb Pullastra vulgaris). Dickie records it living in the
unusual depth of 7-20 fathoms in Castle Ward Bay, Strangford Lough.
Some valves from Belfast Lough are of unusual size—24 inches broad.
72 Praeger—The Marine Shells
Jeffreys says the breadth of his largest specimen, found in Skye by Edward
Forbes, is 2} inches, and that 1-7 is the average breadth.
var. perforans. Inhabits the forsaken burrows of Pholades, and chinks of
rocks. Common—Thompson (sub Pullastra perforans).
var. oblonga. ‘‘ Bundoran, Co. Donegal (J.G.J.)’’—Jeffreys.
Tapes decussatus, Linné.
There is no certain record of this generally common species having been
taken alive in our province. Thompson, referring to the whole of Ireland,
says (sub Pullastra decussata) ‘‘a common species’’, and in his ‘‘ Report on
the Fauna of Ireland ’’ (1843), he has a cross opposite its name in the “ North
of Ireland’’ column, but he mentions no northerly locality. Jeffreys simply
says ‘‘shores of Ireland’. Hyndman’s only note is to the effect that it
occurs in the alluvial deposits, and is not now known to be living in Belfast
Lough ; neither he nor Dickie found even dead valves in their dredgings.
Miss Richardson has found a specimen with the valves united, at Portrush,
but the shell looks old and worn. I have taken it alive at Carlingford, and it
is abundant on the coast of Co. Louth, but appears to stop short on the borders
of Ulster.
Lucinopsis undata, Pennant.
Dead valves occasionally dredged by Hyndman in 5-90 fathoms in Belfast
Lough, and off Larne ; and Mr. Swanston has taken it off White Head with the
valves still united. Thompson gives ‘“‘ Belfast Bay’’ (swb Artemis undata).
Miss Richardson has sent me a fresh and complete specimen from Portrush
sands, evidently but recently dead. Like the preceding species, this would
appear to be one of those shells which are dying out in the district, as, like it,
while it is very rare in a live state, it is to be found in profusion and of
large size in the post-tertiary clays in our estuaries.
Tellina crassa, Pennant.
Hyndman dredged a single living specimen on the Cod Bank, 3 miles north
of Isle of Muck, 20 fathoms, gravelly bottom. In a dead state it has occurred
in various localities, Strangford Lough included, in 10-30 fathoms—Thomp-
son, Hyndman, and Dickie. Single valves are thrown up by the tide at
Orlock Point, Co. Down, in some quantity—R.LI.P.
Tellina Balthica, Linné.
Common between tide-marks on every shore. Sub T. solidula by the writers
quoted above.
Tellina tenuis, Da Costa.
A common gregarious species, living in sand about low water mark. “The
plaice in Belfast Bay feed very much on 7. tenuis’’—Thompson. Dead
valves of both this species and the preceding dredged on the Turbot Bank,
25-30 fathoms, by Hyndman.
Tellina fabula, Gronovius.
‘¢ Not uncommon on extensive sandy beaches, as Magilligan, W.T. Found
of the North of Ireland. 73
from below low water mark to afew fathoms, on sand’’—Thompson. Dickie
dredged it living outside Strangford Lough, in 7-15 fathoms: Hyndman
records dead specimens only.
Tellina squalida, Pulteney.
Not a common species anywhere ; rare in our province, and in a dead state
only. ‘*Red Bay, Co. Antrim, Mrs. J. Thomson Tennant’’—Thompson ;
specimens from this locality are in the Belfast Museum. Dredged by Hynd-
man on the Turbot Bank; in shallow water in Brown’s Bay, Island Magee ;
and in 20 fathoms off Black Head (swb T. incarnata).
Tellina donacina, Linné.
Strangford Lough—Thompson; whether living or dead not specified.
Dead in Strangford Lough—Dickie; and on the Turbot Bank—Hyndman.
The latter obtained a single live specimen in 20 fathoms, gravel bottom, on
the Cod Bank, north of Isle of Muck.
Tellina pusilla, Philippi.
‘Dead, valves united, from the Turbot Bank sand’’—Hyndman, 1859
Report (sub T. pygmea).
Psammobia tellinella, Lamarck.
Living in Belfast and Strangford Loughs, and the waters adjoining, in
depths ranging from 7 to 30 fathoms—Thompson, Hyndman, and Dickie.
Dead valves were dredged in Larne Lough and other places.
Psammobia costulata, Turion.
A single valve, found by Jeffreys in Turbot Bank sand which was forwarded
to him by Hyndman, is the only trace of this species in our province.
Psammobia Ferroensis, Chemnitz.
‘“Commonly thrown ashore on most sandy beaches. Inhabits below low-
water mark ’’—Thompson. Hyndman and Dickie never seem to have taken
it alive, but in a dead state it occurred in most of their dredgings. Thrown
up alive by the tide at Castlerock, Co. Derry, and Cultra, Co. Down—R.LI.P.
Psammobia vespertina, Chemnitz.
“From Larne Lough, Co. Antrim, a specimen has been sent me’’—
Thompson. This appears to be the only published note of its occurrence in the
North of Ireland. I have before me over a dozen single valves, some of them
quite fresh, which were picked up in about twenty minutes’ search on the
beach at Cultra, Co. Down; it evidently lives in some quantity at no great
distance from that place.
Donax vittatus, Da Costa.
‘‘ Generally common on extensive sandy beaches. Plentiful close to low
water mark at Magilligan, where it is collected by the people for food.
Dredged plentifully, but of small size, on pure sand, at a few fathoms’
depth, off Newcastle, Co. Down, Mr. Hyndman and W.T.”—Thompson (sud
D. trunculus). The dredgings of Hyndman and Dickie, being generally in
74 Praeger—The Marine Shells
deeper water, do not fairly show its distribution : indeed, this common species
was only obtained once—in Brown’s Bay, Island Magee (D. anatinus).
Portrush, Ballycastle, and a single valve at Ballyholme Bay—R.L1.P.
[Donax denticulatus, Linné.
“—Hyndman, 1857 Report. ‘‘ Fragments in 25 fathoms, 2 miles
off Black Head ’’—Jdid., 1858 Report. It has been dredged off the Mull of
Galloway, and at Sanda Island, opposite the Antrim coast, so its occurence on
our shores is not improbable. I find the following marginal note in Mr. Wm.
Swanston’s copy of Thompson’s work, opposite the name (TZ. papillosus,
Brown) of this species: ‘‘One living and one dead, 8.K. of Maidens, 72
fathoms, 11th Sept., 1882—W. 8.’’ The specimens are in Mr. Swanston’s
cabinet, and are fine and characteristic examples.
Trochus zizyphinus, Linné.
A pretty and well-known species, which is distributed throughout our
waters, and has been taken alive at all depths. It flourishes most in from
about 5 to 25 fathoms.
var. Isyonsii. ‘‘ The pure white variety has been dredged of all sizes, but
very sparingly, in Belfast Lough by Mr. Hyndman and myself; on one
occasion we found numbers of this variety on the beach at Ardmillan
(Strangford Lough), whence they were brought adherent to ‘‘ wrack’’ (uci)
cut for manure about some of the islands’’—Thompson. Hyndman took it
living in from 20 to 90 fathoms off Larne, and Dickie in Strangford Lough.
var. elata. ‘‘ Deep water on the coast of Antrim (J. G. J.)’’—Jeffreys.
Phasianella pulla, Linné.
“Littoral in some localities; dredged in from about 6 to 10 fathoms in
Belfast Bay, common’’—Thompson. Living, frequent, near low water
mark—Hyndman ; it was dredged by him alive in as deep as 20 fathoms on
the Cod Bank off Larne. Ina dead state it is abundant in the shell sand of
the Turbot Bank, and Dickie records it from Strangford Lough.
Lacuna crassior, Montagu.
Frequent, ranging from low water mark to the deepest water at the
Maidens. Thompson and Dickie took it in Strangford Lough.
Bhacuna divaricata, Fabricius.
A common species. ‘‘ The var. L. vincta is not uncommon; L. canalis is
of the North of Ireland. 87
more so’’—Thompson (sub L. quadrifasciata). ‘Common on Laminaria’? —
Hyndman (sub L. vincta). Abundant in Turbot Bank sand, in a dead state.
Lacuna puteolus, Turion.
Apparently rare. Dredged by Hyndman, in a dead state, on the Turbot
Bank, and near Ballygalley Head. Strangford Lough—Mr. 8. A. Stewart.
Bundoran—Belf. Mus. Coll.
var. conica. “Co, Antrim (Hyndman)’’ —Jeffreys.
Lacuna pallidula, Da Costa.
‘‘Tnhabits the laminarian region in Belfast and Strangford Loughs, and
chiefly found on the broad fronds of Laminaria digitata; also on oysters ;
occurs but sparingly ; procured in some quantity at Ballycastle by the Rev.
Thomas Hincks’?—Thompson. ‘‘Living, common, on Laminaria’’?—
Hyndman. Magilligan—Belf. Mus. Coll.
Littorina obtusata, Linné.
Abundant on stones and Fwci on all beaches. Hyndman dredged dead
shells on the Turbot Bank (L. littoralis). ‘‘ Common around the shores’’—
Thompson (L. Neritoides, Forbes).
var. neritiformis. ‘‘ Captain Brown has given Downpatrick as an Irish
locality ’’—Jeffreys.
var. fabalis. ‘‘I have found it plentifully at Larne in the North of Ireland.
I believe it represents the young males of the ordinary form ’’—Jeffreys.
Littorina neritoides, Linné.
On rocks and stones above high water mark; common. Bundoran—
Thompson (L. petreea, Mont.).
Littorina rudis, UWaion.
Plentiful on stony beaches everywhere.
var. Saxatilis. ‘‘ North of Iveland’’—Thompson (L. saxatilis).
var. jugosa. ‘‘Is common on all quarters of the rocky coasts ’’—Thompson
(L. jugosa).
var. patula. ‘‘ Living, common, on rocky ground a little below high water
mark’’—Hyndman (L. patula). Is this eorrect? Jeffreys gives only three
stations in Britain—Hddystone, Penzance, and Unst.
var. tenebrosa. “Although met with on all sides of the coast, it is local”’
—Thompson (LZ. tenebrosa). It is an estuarine form, and occurs on our
Zostera banks. Larne Lough—Hyndman. Fair Head—Belf. Mus. Coll.
Littorina litorea, Linné.
In the greatest abundance on stones and mud banks. ‘‘ Abundant round
the shores of the Island’? —Thompson (ZL. communis, Turt. Br.).
var. turrita. Belfast Lough, Mr. 8. A. Stewart—Belf. Mus. Coll.
Genus Rissoa, Fréminville.
Of this large genus of tiny shells, out of the 25 species which Jeffreys in-
88 Praeger—The Marine Shells
cludes in the British catalogue, 20 are recorded as occurring in our proyince.
The Rissoe, and that other large genus of small univalves, the Odostomic, will
serve as good examples of the richness in the smaller univalves of that inte-
resting area of sand and gravel which is known as the Turbot Bank. Thus,
of the 20 species of Rissoa found in the district, 18, or all but 2, occur in the
shell-sand from this vicinity, about half of these being inhabitants of the
littoral and laminarian regions, while the other half frequent the coralline and
deep-sea zones. As regards Odostomia, to be mentioned presently, we have
24 species, out of 34 British, of which no less than 21 occur in the Turbot
Bank sand, and 10 of these have not been obtained elsewhere in our waters.
As suggested by Mr. Hyndman, the home of the majority of this large num-
ber of species, whose deserted habitations bestrew the Turbot Bank, is pro-
bably the profound rocky depths near the Maidens, where they may live, out
of reach of the trawl and dredge.
Norr.—Except where otherwise stated, the shells referred to in the notes
on species of Rissoa, were dead.
Rissoa striatula, Montagu.
Bundoran—Thompson. Frequent on the Turbot Bank—Hyndman.
Rissoa cancellata, Da Costa.
Of frequent occurrence on the Turbot Bank—Hyndman. Dredged in
Strangford Lough, and the open channel adjoining—Dickie. (Both sub R.
crenulata).
Rissoa calathrus, Forbes § Hanley.
Turbot Bank, rare—Hyndman.
Rissoa reticulata, Montagu.
Common on the Turbot Bank—Thompson, and Hyndman. Common, 7-20
fathoms, Castle Ward Bay, Strangford Lough—Dickie. (All sub R. Beanit).
In shell-sand dredged near Ardmillan in the latter lough—R.L1.P.
Rissoa cimicoides, Forves.
*‘ Larne, Co. Antrim (J.G.J.)’’—Jefireys. The Turbot Bank is probably
the locality intended. Specimens in the Belfast Museum Collection are
labelled as from Larne.
Rissoa punctura, Montagu.
Bundoran—Thompson. Common on the Turbot Bank—Hyndman,
Rissoa Zetlandica, Montagu.
On the Turbot Bank—Hyndman. Specimens from thence are in the
Belfast Museum Collection.
Rissoa costata, Adams.
Bundoran—Thompson. On the Turbot Bank, and in about 20 fathoms off
Ballygalley Head—Hyndman. Strangford Lough—Dickie, and R.LI.P.
Rissoa parva, Da Costa.
‘*A very common species around the coast’’—Thompson. It lives in
of the North of Ireland. 89
profusion on Zostera and Alge at low water mark and a few fathoms depth.
Dead on the Turbot Bank and elsewhere.
var, interrupta. Common around the coast—Thompson (R. interrupta).
Rissoa inconspicua, Alder.
‘* One specimen at Bundoran, Mrs. Hancock’’—Thompson. Frequent on
the Turbot Bank—Hyndman.
Rissoa albella, Loven.
Turbot Bank; from Hyndman’s collection—Belf. Mus. Coll. I find no
note of it in Hyndman’s Reports. If the determination of the species be
correct, the specimens probably belong to the variety Sarsii, which is abun-
dant along the west coast of Scotland ; the typical form is confined to Bantry
Bay, according to Jeffreys.
Rissoa membranacea, Adams. ;
** Bundoran, Warren. On muddy banks, within and below low water, it
is common and fine in Belfast Bay ’’—Thompson, who remarks that he is
informed that this species lives on the leaves of the ‘‘sleech-grass’’ (Zostera
marina), and never, like other Rissoe, on Fuci. A common species, living on
Zostera banks throughout the district. Dead on the Turbot Bank, and in
deep water in and outside of Strangford Lough—Hyndman, and Dickie. (R.
labiosa by all).
Rissoa violacea, Desmarets.
Bangor, Belfast Bay—Thompson. ‘“ Living, scarce, on sea-weed between
tide-marks’’-.-Hyndman. Dead, common, Castle Ward Bay, Strangford
Lough—Dickie. (All sub R. rufilabrum). Itis one of the two North of Ireland
Risso which alone are not recorded from the Turbot Bank.
Rissoa striata, Adams.
This tiny shell swarms around our shores, on sea-weeds, stones, and mud,
between tide-marks. Common also, in a dead state, in up to 30 fathoms of
water on the Antrim and Down coasts.
Rissoa proxima, Alder.
“‘Magilligan (W.T.); Bundoran (Mrs. Hancock)’’—Thompson. Turbot
Bank, very rare—Hyndman. It is a rare and critical species, and as it has a
southern distribution, and Dublin is the most northern station given by
_ Jeffreys, it is possible that Thompson’s localities belong to the following
species.
Rissoa vitrea, Montagu.
Turbot Bank, extremely rare— Hyndman.
Rissoa fulgida, Adams. '
‘¢T have found it sparingly at Larne Lough, near Belfast ’’ —Jeffreys.
Rissoa soluta, Philippi.
In Turbot Bank sand, very rare—Hyndman. Specimens from thence are in
the Belfast Museum Collection,
go Praeger—The Marine Shells
Rissoa semistriata, Montagu.
** R. semistriata has come under my inspection in shell-sand from Magilligan
and Bundoran’?—Thompson. On the Turbot Bank, rare—Hyndman.
var. pura. Observed in Turbot Bank sand by Mr. Jeffreys—Hyndman (sub
var. alba).
Rissoa cingillus, Montagu.
On all sides of the coast’’—Thompson (BR. cingilla). ‘* Living, com-
mon, under stones near low water mark’’—Hyndman. Dead shells in the
deeper water.
vor. rupestris. ‘‘ North-East coast, Mr. Hyndman and W.T., not rare’’
—Thompson. Turbot Bank, rare—Hyndman.
[Rissoa Bryerea, Montagu.
‘¢ Among shell-sand from Magilligan, one procured by Mr. Hyndman ’’—
Thompson. Thisis Rissoina Bryerea, a West Indian species, stray examples of
which have been occasionally found at different places in the British Isles. ]
[Rissoa dispar (Turbo dispar, Montagu).
Thompson, quoting from Brown, says that this species has been met with
on the rocks near the Giant’s Causeway. It is Littorina dispar, a West
Indian shell, and has no claim to be considered British. ]
Hydrobia ulvze, Pennant.
Swarming on Zostera banks and muddy sands in all our bays and estuaries,
between tide marks. Dead on the Turbot Bank—Hyndman (Rissoa ulve).
In summer it is the chief food of the grey mullet. In winter various sea-
birds feed on it.
Barleeia rubra, Montagu.
«¢ Among sea-weed brought from Tory Island, off the north coast of Done-
gal, by Mr. Hyndman, in 1845, this species was found’’—Thompson (sud
Rissoa rubra). Bundoran, Co. Donegal (J.G.J.)’’—Jeffreys. Specimens
from the latter station are in the Belfast Museum.
Jeffreysia diaphana, Alder.
‘‘In shell-sand collected at Bundoran by Mrs. Hancock, in 1840’?—
Thompson (sub Rissoa albella, Alder).
Skenea planorbis, Fabricius.
This tiny shell abounds on Zostera and Alge between tide-marks. Abun-
dant in Belfast and Strangford Loughs; Bundoran, Mr. Warren—Thompson
(sub S. depressa). Larne Lough—R.Ll.P, Dead shells in Turbot Bank sand
—Hyndman.
var. trochiformis. Larne Lough—Jeffreys. This is the convex-spired
variety mentioned by Hyndman in his 1859 Report.
Homalogyra atomus, Philippi.
‘‘Living on Zostera marina, shores of Larne Lough’’—Hyndman (sud
Euomphalus nitidissimus). ‘* Donegal in Ireland (Warren) ’’—Forbes and
of the North of Ireland. gI
Hanley (Skenea nitidissima). Belfast Lough—Belf. Mus. Coll. Has probably
been passed over on account of its very minute size; it would seem to be a
common species generally.
Homalogyra rota, Forbes § Hanley.
“‘This rare species has been taken in Donegal by Mr. Warren and Mr.
Barlee’’—Forbes & Hanley (sub Skenea? rota). It is the smallest known
species of British shells, having a length, according to Jeffreys, of only 0°0115
inch, and is rare.
Czecum trachea, Montagu.
Turbot Bank ; from Hyndman’s collection—Belf. Mus. Coll. ‘‘ Strangford
(Waller) ’’—Jeffreys (supplement).
Czecum glabrum, Montagu.
“‘Shell-sand, deep water, Belfast Bay, Mr. Hyndman’’—Thompson (sud
Brochus levis). Rare, in shell-sand from the Turbot Bank—Hyndman.
These refer to the same station, and are the only notes of the occurrence in
our district of the species, which Jeffreys says is common and universal ; its
insignificant size may account for this.
[Brochus reticulatus of Brown is the young of his B. annulatus, which is
an exotic shell. It is said to have been found in Strangford Lough. ].
Turritella terebra, Linné.
Very common, living in 7 to 25 fathoms throughout our waters. Thompson
says Mr. Hyndman observed it living between tide-marks in Carlingford
Lough. In Lough Foyle the dead shells of this species constitute a large
part of the great shell-banks for which the place has long been noted.
[Truncatella truncatula, Draparnaud.
‘¢ A specimen agreeing with Montagu’s description of Turbo subtruncata,
but not very well with his figure, was found among shell-sand collected at
Bundoran by Mrs. Hancock’’—Thompson (sub JT. Montagu). ‘‘I fear
there has been some mistake as to the specimen from this place ’’—Jeffreys.
Its British distribution only extends to the south coast of England and
the Channel Islands, and its foreign range is entirely southern. |
Scalaria Turtonee, TZurion.
‘« At Newcastle, Co. Down, this shell has been met with by Dr. Drum-
mond’’—Thompson. This station is given also by Forbes and Hanley, and
Jeffreys, on Thompson’s authority. Strangford Lough--Mr. 8. A. Stewart.
As a pleistocene fossil it is of common occurrence in the Estuarine Clays at
Belfast ; perhaps the specimens labelled ‘‘ Belfast Lough” in the Museum
Collection were thus derived.
Scalaria communis, Lamarck.
‘Although not yet (so far as I am informed) taken in the Loughs of
Strangford or Belfast, it has been procured in the adjacent Lough of Larne;
Bundoran, Mrs. Hancock’’—Thompson (sub S. clathrus). Turbot Bank,
dead, rare—Hyndman, Magilligan—Belf, Mus, Coll,
92 Praeger—The Marine Shells
Scalaria Trevelyana, Leach.
‘‘Mr. Hyndman possesses a specimen from Magilligan’’—Thompson ; a
specimen from thence, out of Mr. Thompson’s collection, is in the Belfast
Museum. It does not appear to have been taken elsewhere in the province.
Sealaria clathratula, Adams.
“‘ Bundoran, Mrs. Hancock’’—Thompson ; specimens from thence are in
the Belfast Museum. Hyndman dredged dead shells on several occasions, in
the vicinity of the Turbot Bank.
[Acirsa borealis, Beck.
“ Dead, in Turbot Bank sand, Mr. Waller, 1857. Described by him in the
‘‘Tyansactions of the Royal Dublin Society,’’ and provisionally named
Turritella Hibernica’’—Hyndman (sub Scalaria Eschrichti). ‘ Dredged in
18-20 f. off the coast of Antrim, by Mr. Hyndman, Mr. Waller, and myself.
This species has not been found living south of Iceland ’’—Jeffreys. |
Aclis unica, Montagu.
<¢Bundoran, Mrs. Hancock. Deep water, Belfast Bay, Mr. Hyndman ’”’
—Thompson (Chemnitzia unica). 'Turbot Bank, dead, very rare—Hyndman.
It is a littoral species.
Aclis ascaris, Turion.
‘¢Bundoran (Mrs. Hancock, jide Thompson) ’’ —Jeftreys.
Aclis supranitida, S. Wood.
“Tt has been collected at Bundoran by Mrs. Hancock’’—Thompson (subd
Chemnitzia glabra). Hyndman dredged dead shells occasionally in the
vicinity of the Turbot ®ank.
Aclis Gulsonz, Clark.
In Turbot Bank sand, determined by Mr. Jeffrey;—Hyndman (Jeffreysia
Gulsone). Specimens from the Turbot Bank are in the Belfast Museum.
var. tenuicula. ‘‘ Lough Strangford (Waller) ’’—Jeffreys.
Genus Odostomia, Fleming.
This, the largest and perhaps the most complicated genus of British shells,
has by no means been worked out in our district. With the assistance of
that eminent conchologist, Mr. Jeffreys, Hyndman was enabled to publish
very full lists of the Odostomie of the Turbot Bank, and of the 34 British
species, no less than 21 are recorded from this vicinity, all in a dead state;
but beyond this, there is a paucity of information concerning them. Their
minute shells are easily overlooked, and it is only with the aid of the micro-
scope that the exquisite sculpture which characterises many of the species,
may be seen with advantage. In the absence of records of any of the
following species having been taken alive, I have omitted noting ‘‘ dead ”’
after each station.
Odostomia nivosa, Montagu.
*Turbot Bank sand Mr. Jeffreys ’?—Hyndman (sub O. cylindrica).
of the North of Ireland. 93
Odostomia truncatula, Jeffreys.
A single specimen found among Turbot Bank sand by Mr. Jeffreys; and
later it was dredged in 25 fathoms off Black Head—Hyndman ; specimens
from thence are in the Belfast Museum. It is a very rare species, and its
other British stations are all on the South of England coasts,
Odostomia Lukisi, Jeffreys.
“¢Bundoran, Co. Donegal, in drift shell sand ( Waller) ’’ —Jeffreys.
Odostomia rissoides, Hanley.
Founda by Jeffreys in Turbot Bank sand—Hyndman. Bundoran— Belf.
Mus. Coll. It is a littoral species, and is distributed throughout the British
coasts.
vay. alba. Turbot Bank, Mr. Waller--Hyndman (sb O. alba).
var. nitida. Found by Jeffreys in Turbot Bank sand—Hyndman (sud 0.
nitida).
var. dubia. As last (sub O. dubia).
Odostomia pallida, Montagu.
““ A very few individuals of this species have been dredged in Belfast Bay,
and taken in the stomach of the grey mullet captured there; under stones
between tide marks. Strangford Lough, on soft sand and ooze’’—Thomp-
son. Dredged in the vicinity of the Turbot Bank on several occasions—
Hyndman (sub O. eulimoides). In shell sand dredged near Ardmillan in
Strangford Lough—R.Ll.P. It is one of the commoner Odostomia, and lives
on the ears of Pecten opercularis and P. maximus, in the coralline zone ; the
littoral habitat assigned above by Thompson for the species, casts some doubt
on the correctness of his determination.
Odostomia acuta, Jeffreys.
From the Turbot Bank ; determined by Mr. Alder—Hyndman.
Odostomia conspicua, Alder.
As last ; like it, it is an inhabitant of the coralline zone (15-50 fathoms).
Odostomia unidentata, JJontagu.
‘¢ More frequent in the shell sand that has come under my notice than any
other species of Odostomia’’—Thompson ; he mentions Strangford Lough as
a locality. Hyndman took it several times on the Turbot Bank, and Dickie
off the entrance to Strangford Lough. Twin Islands in Belfast Harbour—
Mr. Swanston.
Odostomia turrita, Hanley.
Turbot Bank, Mr. Waller—Hyndman (sub O. wnidentata var. turrita). *
Odostomia plicata, Montagu. -
“Tt has been found in Belfast Bay and Strangford Lough by Mr. Hyndman
and myself; at Bundoran by Mrs. Hancock’’—Thompson. Rare, off
Bangor, and on the Turbot Bank—Hyndman. Jeffreys gives no northern
stations for the present species, and says that O. turrita has been often
mistaken for it.
94. Praeger—The Marine Shells
Odostomia insculpta, Montagu.
Observed by Jeffreys in Turbot Bank sand which was sent to him for
examination—Hyndman.
Odostomia obliqua, Alder.
‘“‘ Two specimens obtained from shell sand collected at Bundoran by Mrs.
Hancock ’’—Thompson.
Odostomia Warreni, Thompson.
‘“A specimen from Bundoran, Mrs. Hancock’’—-Thompson (sub Rissoa
Warrenii). Turbot Bank, Mr. Waller—Hyndman. In the body of Jeffreys’
‘‘ British Conchology’’ it appears as 0. obliqua var. Warreni, but in the
Supplement to that work it is restored to the rank of a species. It was first
described by Mr. Thompson in the ‘‘ Annals of Natural History,’’ from
specimens found at Portmarnock by Mr. T. W. Warren, an assiduous Irish
conchologist, in whose honour Mr. Thompson named it as above.
Odostomia decussata, Montagu.
This beautiful little shell has been’ found in Turbot Bank sand by Mr.
Jeffreys. Specimens labelled ‘‘Co, Antrim’’ are in the Belfast Museum
Collection.
Odostomia indistincta, Montagu.
Bundoran, Mrs. Hancock—Thompson. On the Turbot Bank on several
occasions—Hyndman. In Strangford Lough and the channel adjoining, very
rare—Dickie. (All sub Chemnitza indistincta).
Odostomia interstincta, Montagu.
It would appear to be of common occurrence in the Turbot bank shell sand
(Chemnitzia interstincta), but is not noted elsewhere. ? ,_pna i
les wre“ ev a Vert Ww AT 2 © 7 ®
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
IRISH GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL GEOLOGY.
HE following list of books, papers, and notes bearing on the glacial and
post-glacial geology of Ireland had but a small beginning. It originated
in a few dozen references to records of post-glacial fossils in the North-east of
Treland, thrown together for my own convenience. ‘This list was added to by
degrees, accumulating according to the manner of a snowball, each paper giving
references to a number of others. Eventually, it appeared to me that if the list
could be extended, completed, and published, it might prove a saving of time and
labour to other workers ; and in this thought I had especially in my mind the
energetic members of the Geological Section of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field
Club, who have not convenient accessto many of the journals, &c., quoted
below, and on whom Prof. Cole recently urged! the importance of getting
together their local geological literature.
In order to complete the list, systematic work was necessary, and sets of
Periodicals and Proceedings of Societies which might contain references to Irish
geology had to be carefully gone through. This portion of the work proved
more extensive and tedious than was expected, and indeed had I known how
much time it would involve, it is doubtful if the present effort would have seen
the light. But in spite of time and care, I am well aware that my list must
contain many omissions, though it is hoped that none of them are serious ones.
Geologists working at any branch of the subjects included in the present com-
pilation, or at the geology of any particular district, are nearly sure, among the
scattered records of Irish geology, to unearth some references which, in my
necessarily hurried work, have escaped notice. To them I would appeal to
favour me with a note of such references, in order that, by the publication of a
supplement, the present attempt may justify its title, and become a complete
guide to the literature of Irish glacial and post-glacial geology.
As to the scope of the present list. Although believed to be of Pliocene, not
Pleistocene age, the so-called ‘‘ manure gravels’’ of Wexford have been included.
They are the only marine Tertiary beds in Ireland, and are moreover of late
Pliocene age, possessing a fauna distinctly related to that of the incoming glacial
period ; when to these is added the fact that the literature relating to the Wexford
beds is much mixed up with that of the succeeding series, the advantage and
convenience of this inclusion will be apparent. In view of recent papers in the
Irish Naturalist on caves, and Dr. Scharff’s bibliography of that subject,
references to caves have been included, even if these references had no distinctly
geological bearing ; for much cave-exploration remains to be carried out in Ireland,
as to both their past and present fauna; and a list of localities is therefore a
desideratum.
In dealing with the human period, a difficulty constantly presented itself as to
l[rish Naturalist, TV., 49. 1895.
240 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
how far papers on the remains of pre-historic man were admissible in a geological
bibliography. Thus, while a flint implement found in the stratified marine
gravels of Antrim, or a bronze celt in a stalagmitic deposit, are objects of
distinct geological interest, the same cannot be said of a cinerary urn found in a
kist, or a flint arrow-head which the urn may have contained. But it is difficult
to draw the line, for geology and archeology not only meet, but overlap. The
rule which I have endeavoured to follow is to admit papers which describe the
mode of occurrence or stratigraphical position of human relics, and to omit papers
dealing with objects artificially buried, or merely with the affinities or ornament
of objects found. ‘Thus sand-hill sites, crannogs, cave-deposits, and flint
implement gravels are included ; but papers on such subjects shade imperceptably
into others which are purely ethnographical in their bearing.
In the way of existing bibliographies there was very little to assist me. The
only papers giving even a tolerably complete bibliography of any part of the
subjects included in the present paper, or of any district, were Dr. V. Ball’s
list of papers on Irish fossil mammals (39)* «and Mr. Hardman’s list of papers
on North of Ireland geology (253). The shorter lists of papers given by
Adams (5, 6), Close (129), Cole (136), Gray (232), Hull (297), M‘Henry
(492), and Scharff (607), were of course consulted. I made a point of
verifying every reference by consultation of the original publication, where
possible ; the few papers (4 out of the 767 which have a place in the list) which
I was not able to consult are distinguished by an asterisk.
Subjoined are particulars relating to Proceedings of Societies and to Journals
systematically examined for references to the subject included in the list, the
contracted titles uSed in the list being added in parenthesis : —
ACADEMIES’ PROCEEDINGS, 6e.
BritisH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE:
Reports, years 1-—64, 1831-1894. (Brit. Assoc. Reports.)
GEOLOGICAL Socirrty or Lonpon:
Quarterly Journal, I1.—LI., 1845-1895. (Q.J.G.S.)
Gzoxtoeists’ Association, Lonpon :
Proceedings, 1.—X1Y. pt. 5, 1859-1895. (Proc. Geol. Assoc.)
ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE:
Journal, I.— X XV. pt. 2, 1871-1895. (Journ. Anthrop. Inst.)
GroLogicaL SurveY or IRELAND:
Memoirs, 120 parts, 1858-1891. 8yo.
Royau Irish ACADEMY :
Proceedings, 1.—X., 1836-1870; 2nds. (Science), 1.—IV., 1869-1888;
2nd s. (Polite Interature and Antiquities), 1.—II., 1870-1888 ;
drd s., I1.—III. pt. 4, 1887-1895. 8vo. (Proc. k IA.)
Transactions, 1.—X XX. pt. 17, 1785-1895. 4to. (Trans. R.L.A )
Royat Dupin Socrery :
Journal, 1.—VII., 185€-1878. 8vo. (Journ. R.D.S.)
Scientific Proceedings, n.s., 1.—VIII. pt. 4, 1878-1895. 8vo. (Sei.
Proc, &. DS.)
* The numbers refer.to the index numbers in the general list.
1895-96. | : - 241
Scientific Transactions, 2nd s., 1—Y. pt. 11, 1877-1895. 4to. (Sev.
Trans. R.D.S.)
GroLocicaL Socizty oF Dustin :
Journal, 1.—X., 1883-1864. (Journ. G.S.D.)
Royat GxroxtocicaL SocreTy oF IRELAND (previously Geological Society
of Dublin) :
Journal, 1.—VIII. (XI.—XVIII. of whole series), 1864-1889. (Journ.
R.G.S-L.)
Dusiin Naturat History Socrery : fi
Proceedings, I.—VI., 1849-1870. (Proc. Dublin Nat. Hist. Soc.)
Beurast Naturauists’ Firup Cus:
Reports, 1—10, 1863-4—1872-3. (Ann. Reports B.N.F.C.)
Annual Reports and Proceedings, 2nd s., I1.—IV. pt. 2, 1873-4—1894-6.
(Proc. B.N.F.C.)
Bretrast Naturat History anp PHILOSOPHICAL SOctEryY :
Proceedings, 11 vols., 1871-2—1881]-2.
Reports and Proceedings, 13 vols., 1882-3—1894-5. (Proc. B.N.H. $
P.S.) -
Corx Historica, anD ARCHHOLOGICAL Socrery :
Journal, I.—III., 1892-1894 ; andn.s.I., 1895. (Journ. Cork Hist.
§ Arch. Soc.)
Kitkenny ARCH#OLOGICAL SOCIETY :
Transactions, I.—II., 1849-1853. (Trans. Kilk. Arch. Soc.)
Proceedings and Transactions, III., 1854-1855. (Proc. and Trans. Kilk.
Arch. Soc.)
Kinkenny AND Soutu-East or Iretanp ArcH#oLociIcaL Society :
(Previously Kilkenny Archeological Society.)
Journal, u.s.. 1.—VI., 1856-1867. Journ. Kilk. §& S.H. Ireland
Arch. Soc.)
HIsToRIcAL AND ARCH#HOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION oF IRELAND:
(Previously Kilkenny & §.E. Ireland Arch. Soc.)
Journal, 3rd.s., I., 1868-1869. (Journ. H, § A.A.L.)
Royat Historica AND ARCH@OLOGICAL AssocrATION OF IRELAND:
(Previously Hist. & Arch. Assoc. of Ireland.)
Journal, 4th s., I1.—IX., 1870-1889. (Journ. R.H. § A.A.I.)
Royau Socrety oF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND :
(Previously R. Hist. & Arch. Assoc. of Ireland.)
Proceedings and Papers, 5th s., I., 1890-1891. (Proc. and Papers
RS.A.L)
Journal, 5th s., I1.—V., 1892-1895. (Journ, R.S.A.L.)
JOURNALS, $e.
Geological Magazine :
Decade 1, vol. I, to decade 4, vol. II., 1864-1895. (Geol, Mag.)
242 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Geologist, The:
From 1858 to 1864.
Glacialists’ Magazine :
I.—III. pt. 8, 1898-1895.
Geological Record:
From 1874 to 1884.
Annals of British Geology :
From 1890 to 1894.
Natural History Review :
I.—-VII., 1854-1860; andn.s., .—V., 1861-1865. (Nat. Hist. Review.)
Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science:
I.—VI., 1861-1866. (Dublin Q.J.S.)
Dublin Philosophical Journal and Scientific Review :
T.—-II., 1825-1826. (Dublin Phil. Journ. § Scient. Review.)
Trish Naturalist :
I.—IV., 1892-1895. (Z.N.)
Ulster Journal of Archeology :
J.—IX., 1853-1862.
New Issue, I., 1894-95. (Ulst. Journ. Arch.)
About a hundred books on geology, archeology, topography, &c., which
contained, or might have contained, references to the subjects in hand, were
likewise looked through.
Occasional references were also made to the following :—
ACADEMIES’ PROCEEDINGS, §¢:—
Roya Society oF Lonpon:
Philosophical Transactions. (Phil. Trans.)
GroLoGicaAL SuRVEY oF GREAT BRITAIN:
Memoirs.
PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY :
( Publications.)
GEOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon:
Proceedings. (Proc. Geol. Soc. London.)
ZoouogicaL Society or Lonpon:
Proceedings. (Proc. Zool. Soc. London.)
Sociery oF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON:
Proceedings. (Proc. Soc. Ant. London.)
MANCHESTER GEOLOGICAL Society:
Proceedings. (Proc. Manchester Geol. Soc.)
1895-96. ] 243
LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SoctETY OF MANCHESTER :
Proceedings. (Proc, Lit. § Phil. Soc. Manchester.)
LivErRPoot GEoLoGicaL Society :
Proceedings. (Proc. L’ pool Geol. Soe.)
GEOLOGICAL AND PonytEecunic Society oF THE West Ripine oF YorK-
SHIRE :
Proceedings. (Proc. Geol. § Polytechnic Soc. of W. Riding of Yorks.)
Socrzty oF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND :
Proceedings. (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scotland.)
EpinpurGH GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY :
Transactions. (Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc.)
Royat Puysicat Society or EDINBURGH:
Proceedings. (Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb.)
GzoLogicaL Society OF GLASGOW:
Proceedings. (Proc. Geol. Soc. Glasgow.)
Naturat History Society oF Guaseow :
Proceedings. (Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc, Glasgow.)
Royat Dvusuin Society :
Proceedings.* (Proc. R.D.S8.)
WATERFORD AND Soutu-Hast oF InzELanp ARcHmOLOGICAL SoctETy :
Journal, (Journ. Waterford & S.E. Ireland Arch. Soc.)
Musrum pb’ Hisrorre Naturews (Paris) :
Annales.
SoortTs pg SréLeoLocre (Paris) :
Spelunga: Bulletin.
JOURNALS, §¢.—
Academy.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.)
Annals of Philosophy.
Archaolegia.
Archeological Journal.
Dublin Evening Telegraph.
Dublin Penny Journal.
Edinburgh Journal of Science.
Edinburgh New Philosophical Magazine. (Edinb. New Phil. Mag.)
Farmers’ Gazette.
Irish Penny Magazine.
Magazine of Natural History (Mag. of Nat. Hist.)
* Not to be confounded with the Scientific Proceedings issued by this Soviety.
“244 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Natural Science.
Nature.
Philosophical Magazine. (Phil. Mag.)
Popular Science Review.
Science: Gossip.
Zoologist. (Zool)
It only remains to add a few particulars concerning the list which follows.
Brackets are used to show all editorial additions—the subject of papers which
have no printed title, the names of authors of papers published anonymously,
and all editorial comments, &c.
When the title of a paper does not sufficiently express its scope, a brief note
of its contents is added.
A book or paper is not included in the list if it merely quotes from another
without any original expression of opinion—such, for instance, are the references
to Irish glacial geology in certain general text-books of geology.
Announcements of exhibits or donations, accounts of excursions, or other
officially supplied items in the Proceedings - “of Societies, are entered under the
name of the Society publishing them.
When the date of the reading of a paper before a Society differs from its date
of publication, the former is usually given in brackets in addition to the latter.
The Volumes of Proceedings of Societies are-usually published in parts, and the
publication of a volume frequently extends over several years. In bound volumes
there is frequently no means of discovering the date of publication of any
particular paper, owing to the destruction of the covers or temporary title-pages
of the parts... In such cases the date given without brackets is the date on the
title-page of the volume ; the collective date of the volume being usually added
in brackets immediately after the number of the volume.
In addition to the contracted titles already given, the following contractions
are used :—descr.—description; ref.—reference; locs.—localities; glac.==
glacial ; post-glac.—post-glacial ; geol geology.
The list includes papers published up till the end of the-year 1895. -
1895
10
ii
12
“96-305 1 245
LIST OF PAPERS, &c.
A. (IVE.).
Islands of Oyster Shells. Journ. Cork Hist. a Arch. sgl IL., 39.
1893. [Near Fota, Co. ee
Adams (A. Leith). ~
Report on the Exploration of the Shandon Cave. Trans. R.I.A.,
XXVI., 187—230, Ete 3. 1876. [Full descr. of deposits and
animal remains.| —-
Observations on the Remains of Mammals found in a Fossil State in
Ireland. Journ. R.G.S.I., IV., 246—248. 1877.
"Monograph of the British Fossil Elephants. Palgontographical Soc.,
1877-81. [Irish localities. |
On the Recent and Extinct Irish Mammals. Sci. Proc. R.D.S., n.s.
II., 45—86, plates 1—5. (read 1878). 1880.
Report on the History of Irish Fossil Mammals. Proc. R.I.A., (2)
III. (Science), 89—100. 1878. [‘‘Abridgement of the Report.’’]
See Ussher (678, 679, 680).
Adams (A. Leith) S. Haughton, W. Boyd Dawkins, and
John Evans.
First Report of the Committee appointed for the Purpose of exploring
the Caves of the South of Ireland. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1880,
209—211. 1880. [Consists of a report from R. J. Ussuer and
a letter from R. Day on Carrigower. |
Second Report do. do. do. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1881,
218—221. 1882. [Report from R. J. Ussuer. ]
Adams (A. Leith), G. H. Kinahan, and R. J. Ussher.
Explorations in the Bone Cave of Ballynamintra, near Cappagh, County
Waterford. Sci. Trans. R.D.S., ns. 1., 177—266, plates 1l—
14. 1881. [Full descr. of deposits and fossils.
Agassiz (Louis). -
On Glaciers, and the evidence of their having once existed in
Scotland, Ireland, and England. Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond., III. ii.,
$27—332. 1840-41. [Brief ref. to Irish striated rocks].
The Glacial Theory and its recent Progress. | Edinb. New Phil. Journ. :
XXXIII., 217—288. 1842. [Brief ref. to Ivish DECLRS p- 223. ]
Ainsworth (W.). =
An Account of the Caves of Ballybunian, Co. Kicnieyh with some
mineralogical Details. 96 pp. 8vo. Dublin, 1834. [Descr.]
246 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
13 Allman (G. J.).
Notice of erratic blocks of greenstone, occurring in the neighbourhood
of Bandon, County Cork. (Abstract.) Journ. G.S.D ,III., 242.
1847,
14 Andrews (Mary E.).
Denudation at Cultra, Co. Down. I.N., II., 16—18, 47—49, plate.
1893 ; and Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) III., 529—532, plate (for 1892-93),
1893. [Post-glac. denudation. ]
15 Andrews (Thomas).
On some Caves in the Island of Rathlin and the adjoining Coast of the
County of Antrim. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1834, 660. 1835.
[Short abstract: general descr.]
16 —
On the Composition of an Inflammable Gas Issuing from’)below the
Silt-Bed of Belfast. Proc. B.N.H.& P.S. for 1873-74, 93—94.
1874.
17 Andrews (W.).
On Oyster Deposits. Journ. R.G.S.L., I1., 13—15. (read 1867). 1871.
[Those of Kenmare river are quite recent.] [For discussion on
this paper see same vol., p. 132. ]
Anon.
A Philosphical Survey of the South of Ireland . . . (1788), see
Campbell (755).
A Tour through Ireland . . . . (1780), see Luckombe (760),
Excursions through Ireland [1818], see Cromwell (754).
18 —
Fossil Deer of Ireland. Dublin Phil. Journ. § Scient. Review, I., 478—
486. 1825; reprintedin Annals of Philosophy, nu.s. XI., 305—312.
1826. [Edit. notes, and extracts from Maunsell (503) and Hart
(266).]
19 —
Kingston Cave. Dublin Penny Journ., I1., No. 67, 65—66, Aug. 31,
1838. [Discovery and descr. of Mitchelstown cave. ]
20 —
Stalactite Cavern at Mitchelstown. Dublin Penny Journ., III., No.
180, 201—208, maps. Dec. <7, 1834. [Ed.note: letter from Dr.
Nichol: anon. letter: paperby Dr. Apjohn, reprinted (28).]
aL —
Remarkable Discovery of Fossil Remains. Farmer’s Gazette, V., 487,
Nov, 28, 1846. Reprinted in Zoo/., V., 1593—i595, 1847, under
the title ‘‘ Discovery of the Bones of Deer and Cattle at Lough
Gur.’’ [Descr. of Lough Gur find by an eye-witness. ]
22 —
Ancient Lake-habitations of Switzerland and Ireland. Uist. Journ.
Arch., VII., 179—194. 1859. [Descr. of several Irish crannogs. }
1895-
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
96.] 247
Anon.
Human Remains. Geologist for 1862, 353. [Human body in gravel
below 11 feet of bog, Earl of Moira’s estate, Co. Down].
[Skeleton and horns of Irish deer in “‘ soil ’’ at bottom of pond, Fethard,
Co. Tipperary]. Dublin Evng. Telegraph, Nov. 6, 1884.
Finds of Elkheads, &c. [Note.] Proc. ¢ Papers R.S.A.I., (5) I.,
(1890-91), 485. 1892. [At Cappagh Bog, Adare, Co. Limerick. |
General Guide to the Science and Art Museum, Dublin. 8vo. Dublin,
1892. [Preface by V. Ball.] [List with locs. of Fossil Mammals of
Ireland, pp. 28—25.]
Antisell(T,).
Trish Geology, in a series of chapters, containing an outline of the
science of Geology, and a description of the various rocks dis-
tributed on the surface of the Island, with some remarks on the
climate. 84 pp. 12mo. Dublin, 1846. [Chap XI., Tertiary
system. |
Apjohn (J.).
On the newly discovered Cave situate between Cahir and Mitchelstown.
Journ. G.S.D., I. (1833—38), 103—111 (read 1834), 1838;
reprinted with illustr. in Dublin Penny Journ., III. No. 1380,
Dec. 27, 1834 (see 20.)
Archer (F.).
Notes on the Worked Flints of the Raised Beaches of the N.E. Coast
of Ireland. Proc. L’pool Geol, Soc., IV. it. (1880-81), 209—216.
1881. [Good descr., Larne, Kilroot, &c.]
Atkinson (George MI.).
Kitchen Middens in the Estuary of Cork Harbour. Journ. R.H. ¢
A.A.I., (4) II. i. (1878), 258—261, plate. 1874, [Descr., ‘lists
of shells, &. ]
Baily (William Hellier).
Sketch of the Geology of Belfast and the Neighbourhood. Hardwicke’s
Science Gossip for 1874,169—170. 1874. [Ref. to post-glac.
deposits. |
Sketch of the Geology of Dublin and Wicklow. Hardwicke’s Science
Gossip for 1878, 179—183. 1874. [Short descr., glac. & post-
glac. beds. |
——
Paleontology of County Dublin; [being pp. 48—72 of Guide to the
County of Dublin.| 8yvo. 1878. Also published in Sci. Proc.
R.D.S., u.s.1., 162—182, 1878, and in Journ. R.G.S.L., V., 78—
98. 1880. [Lists of glacial fossils from Killiney, Howth, and
high-level gravels. |
Rambles on the Irish Coast. 8yvo. Dublin, 1886. [Drift deposits, pp.
40—42.]
-248 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
35 Ball (John). 3
Notice of the former existence of small: glaciers in the County of Kerry.
Journ. G.S.D., IV., 151—154. 1849.
36 Ball (Robert).
On the Remains of Oxen found in the Bogs of Ireland. Proc. R.I.4.,
I., 253—254. 1832, (Characters and distribution. ]
37 ——
On the Bones of Oxen found in the Bogs of Ireland. (Abstract.)
Journ. G.S.D., II]., 50—51. 1844. _[ Bos longifrons.]
33 — fom
On the Skulls of Bears found in Ireland. Proc. R.I.A., 1V., 416—
420 (read 1849). 1847-50. Reprinted in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist.,
(2) V., 234—236. 1850. [Two skulls of JU. arctos from West-
meath. Letter from R. Owen. ]
39 Ball (Valentine).
On the Collection of the Fossil Mammalia of Ireland in the Science
and Art Museum, Dublin. Sei. Trans. R.D.S., (2) III., 333—
350, plate 11. 1885. [Full catalogue; bibliography. ]
£0 ——
On Bones and Antlers of Cervus giganteus incised and marked by
Mutual Attrition while buried in Bogs or Marl. Brit. Assoc.
Report for 1898, 756. 1894. [Longford and Limerick. ]
—
See General Guide to S. & A. Museum (27),
41 Barker (John).
Discusssion on indented bones of Megaceros.] Journ. G.S.D., X.
(1862-64), 169. 1864.
42 Bannon (Bernard),
[Exhibited wrought stake found 25 feet below bog, Co. Fermanagh. ]
Journ R.H. § A.A.L., V. iit. (for 1881), 500—501. 1882.
43 Beltast Natural History and Philosophical Society.
[Presentation of Megaceros bones from branch dock, Belfast, by R.
Luoyp Prazcer.| Proc. for 1891-92, 11. 18938.
oa
[Presentation of bones and shells from Rosapenna Kitchen-middens by
W. H. Parrerson; Megaceros bones from Belfast by R. M.
Youne ; other bones from same place by S. F. Minuiean.] Proc.
for 1898-94, 9. 1894.
45 Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
Guide to Belfast and the adjacent Counties. 8yo. Belfast, 1874.
[Genl. descr. of glac. and post-glac. deposits of Down and
Antrim, pp. 68—77. |
Systematic Lists illustrative of the Flora, Fauna, Palzontology, and
Archeology of the North of Ireland. By Members of the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club. 8vo. Vol. 1. (1870-1886). 1886. See
Stewart (636,6387), Wright (734). ;
1895-96. | i 249
46 Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
[Excursion to Kilroot]. 4¢h Ann. Report (for Pe adak y 1867.
[Flint-flakes from near Oarrickfergus. ]
Gf
[ Ref. to Nh boulder clay and fossils. J 4th Ann. Report (for
1866-67), 16. 1867.
48 —
Excursion to Castle Espie. 5th Ann. Report (for 1867-68), 15 —16.
1868. | Ref. to glac. beds and flint-flakes. ]
a)
Excursion to Toome. 5th Ann. Report (for 1867-68), 7—8. 1868.
[ Ref. to occurrence of flint-flakes. ]
50 —
(Ref. to submerged peat and raised beach, Portrush.] 6th Ann. Report
(for 1868-69), 10. 1869.
51 —
Excursion to Gobbins. 6th Ann. Report (for 1868-69), 18. 1869.
[Ref. to glac. beds. |
s2 —
Excursion to Larne. 7th Ann. Report (for 1869-70), 23. 1870.
{Curran gravels and implements. |
53 ——
Excursion to Ballintoy. 8¢h Ann. Report (for 1870-71), 16. 1871.
[Flint-flakes, &c. ]
54 —
Excursion to Broughshane, &c. 9¢h Ann. Report (for 1871-72), 15.
1872. [Flint-flakes, &c., at Ticloy.]
55 —
Excursion to Enniskillen, &c. 10th Ann. Report (for 1872-73), 23.
1873. [Caves near Marble Arch. |
s6 —
[Ref. to Ballyruther gravels and mammoth remains.] Proc., (2) I.,
166—167 (for 1875-76). 1876.
57 —
Excursion to Killyleagh, &c. Proc., (2) I., 245 (for 1876-77). 1878.
[Glac. beds of Strangford Lough. |
58 —
Excursion to Greenore. Proc., (2) I., 332 (for 1878-79). 1879.
[Raised beach, implements, striz. ]
59 —
Excursion to Toome. /Proc., (2) I., 401—402 (for 1879-80). 1881.
[Diatomaceous earth, implements. ]
60 —
Excursion to Dromore. /Proc., (2) II., 9 (for 1880-81). 1882.
[Irish elk.] . > aio.
61
62
64
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74%
75
250 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
Excursion to Cultra. Proc. (2) II., 13 (for 1880-81). 1882.
[Flint implements. ]
—
Excursion to Woodburn. froc., (2) II., 94—95 (for 1881-82). 1883.
[Boulder clay. ]
Excursion to Ballycastle. Proc., (2) II., 102—104 (for 1881-2). 1883.
[Ice-action at Fairhead. Sandhill sites at White Park Bay. ]
Excursion to Larne. /Proc., (2) II., 107—108 (for 1881-2). 1883.
[Raised beach, estuarine clay, implements. |
Excursion to Cultra. Proc., (2) II., 225—226 (for 1883-84). 1884.
[Boulder clay with erratics. Implements. ]
Excursion to Ram’s Island. Proc., (2) II., 229 (for 1883-84). 1884.
[Boulder clay with erratics. |
Excursion to ‘l'oome. Proc., (2) II., 416 (for 1886-86). 1886.
[Boulder clay, marl, peat. |
Excursion to Mourne Mountains. Proc., (2) II., 420 (for 1885-86).
1886. [Glaciation of the range. ]
Excursion to Greyabbey. Proc., (2) I]., 428 (for 1885-86). 1886.
[Butterlump stone, a large erratic. ]
Excursion to Knockagh. Proc., (2) II., 508 (for 1886-87). 1887.
[Sea-caves at 600 feet].
Excursion to Portaferry, &c. Proc., (2) I1I., 18 (for 1887-88). 1888.
[Raised beach, Ballyquintin. ]
{Ref. to Stoneyford boulder clay.] Proe., (2) 1II., 91 (for 1888-
89). 1889.
Excursion to Scrabo. Proc., (2) II1., 169—170 (for 1889-90). 1890.
[ Boulder clay. |
Excursion to Mourne Mountains. Proc., (2) II]., 181 (for 1889-90),
1890. [Ice-moulding on Moolieve. |
Excursion to Kilroot. Proc., (2) III., 257261 (for 1890-91). 1891.
[Raised beaches, Kilroot and Whitehead. ]
1895-96. ] 251
76 Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
Excursion to Magheramorne. Proc., (2) III., 265 (for 1890-91).
1891. [Boulder clay overlying gravel in quarry. ]
77 —
Excursion to Glenarm. Proc., (2) III., 276 (for 1890-91). 1891.
[Ballyrudder glacial gravels. |
73 —
Excursion to Killyleagh. Proc., (2) III., 354 (for 1891-92). 1892.
[Boulder clay on Dunnyneile Island. }
Zhe)
Excursion to Enniskillen, &c. Proc., (2) III., 362 (for 1891-92).
1892. [Cave near Marble Arch. ]
80 —
Excursion to Whitepark. Proc., (2) IIT., 466 (for 1892-93). 1893.
[Sand-hill settlements. |
81 —
Excursion to Killough &c. Proc., (2) III., 494 (for 1892-93). 1893.
[Glacial section north side Killough Bay.]
oa
Excursion to Portaferry, &c. Proc., (2) IV., 21 (for 1893-94). 1894.
[Glaciation at Ballyquintin. ]
ss —
Excursion to Dundrum, &c. Proe., (2) IV., 183 (for 1894-95). 1895.
[Raised beach of Newcastle sand-hills. |
82 ——
Excursion to Templepatrick (Geol. Section). J.N.,1V., 343. 1895.
[Boulder clay, erratic. ]
See Kendall (368).
85 Bell (Alfred).
The Palzontology of the Post-glacial Driftsof Ireland. Geol. Mag.
X., 447-453. 1873. [General descr. and lists of fossils. ]
86 —
Irish Drifts. Geol. Mag., (2) X., 336. 1883. [Portlock’s glacial
fossils—reply to Swanston. ]
87 -—
First Report of the Committee . . . uponthe ‘‘ Manure”’ Gravels
of Wexford. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1887, 209—211. 1888.
[General descr. ]
383s —
Second Report do. do. do. Brit. Assoc. Report for
1888, 188—141. 1889. [Wexford, Killiney, Bray; details,
fossils. ]
89 —
Third Report do. do. do. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1889,
92—93, 1890 [General conclusions. }
252 - [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
90 Bell (Alfred). |
Fourth and Final Report do. do. do. ‘Brit. Assoc. Report
for 1890, -410—424. 1891. [General descr.: and fossil lists,
Pliocene, glac., and post-glac. beds, Wexford to Portrush. ]
or =— . ; 2s
Notes upon the Marine Accumulations in- Largo Bay, Fife, and
Portrush, Co. Antrim. Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb,, X. wi. (for
1889-90), 290297. 1891. [Lists of fossils.]
92 ——
Notes on the Correlation of the later and Post-Pliocene Tertiaries on
either side of the Irish Sea, with a Reference to the Fauna of the
St. Erth Valley, Cornwall. Proc. R.I.A., (3) II., 620—642.
1893, [Correlations and fossil lists. ]
93 Bell (Robert G.).
Notes on Pliocene Beds. Geol. Mag., (3) IV., 554—558. 1887.
[Ref. to Wexford reversed Fusus, p. 557. ]
94 Benn (Edward).
[Contemporaneity of Man and Megaceros inIreland.] Proc, Kilk.
Arch. Soc., I. (1856-57), 155—159. 1858.
95 —
Observations on Irish Crannogs. Journ. Kilk. Arch. Soc., III.
(1860-61), 86—90. 1861. [Animal remains, &c.]
Ss6 —— :
On flint implements found in the County of Antrim. Proce. Kilk.
Arch, Soc., V.ii., 294-300. 1865. [Ref. to mode of occurrence. |
97 Birmingham (John).
The Drift of West Galway and the Kastern Parts of Mayo. Journ.
G.S.D., VIII.,28—88 (1858), 111—114 (1859). 1860; also Brit.
Assoc. Report for 1857, Sections, 64—65. 1858 [abstract].
[Sequence of beds, &c. |
98 Blyth (Edward).
[Remarks on Bears’ bones.] Journ. G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 174. 1864.
[From Go. Limerick. ]
39. —- :
On the Animal Inhabitants of Ancient Ireland. Proc. R.J.A., VIIL.,
472—476. 1861-64; and Dublin Q.J.S., IV., 149—152. 1864.
[Bos and Megaceros chiefly. |
100 Boate (Gerard), Thomas Molineux, and others.
A Natural History of Ireland in three parts. 4to. Dublin, 1755.
[Letter of Franvis Nevil to the Bishop of Clogher on the Maghery
find of elephant’s teeth (522), and Dr. Molyneux’s remarks
thereon (509), with plate, (reprinted from Phil. Trans. KXIX.).
Discourse concerning the -large Horns frequently found under
ground in Ireland . . . by Thomas Molyneux (508), with
plate, (reprinted from Phil. Trans. XI1X.).]
Bogs, Report of Commission on.
See Commissioners (143).
1895-96. ] 253
101 Boulger (G. S.).
Trish Cave Exploration. Nature, XII., 212. 1875. [Short letter on
Shandon cave. }
*102 —
Cave Hunting in Ireland [abstract]. Proc. West London Scient. Assoc.,
I., 29—31. 1875. [Shandon cave.]
103 —
The first Irish Cave Exploration [abstract]. Proc. Geol. Assoc., 1V.,
No. 8, 524—526. 1876. [Shandon. Descr. and animal remains. |
104 Brady (George Stewardson), Henry William Crosskey, and
David Robertson.
Monograph of the Post-tertiary Entomostraca of Scotland, including
speciesfrom England and Ireland. Paleontographical Soc., XXVIII.,
1874. [Lists of species from Woodburn boulder clay, Portrush
raised beach, and Belfast estuarine clay. |
105 Brash (Richard Rolt). :
The Antiquities of Cloyne. Journ. Kilk. Arch. Soc., Il. (1858-59),
253—266. 1859. [Descr. of caves, p. 258. |
106 Brenan (Edward).
Notice of the Discovery of extinct Elephant and other Animal Remains,
occurring in a Fossil State under Limestone, at Shandon, near
Dungarvan, County of Waterford. Jowrn. R.D.S., I1., 344—350,
plates 1O—13. 1859; and Nat. Hist. Review, V1I., 494—500. 1859.
107 Brownrigg (W. B.) and Theodore Cooke.
Geological Description of the District extending from Dungarvan
° to Annestown, County of Waterford. Journ. G.S.D.,TX., 8—12
(read 1860). 1862. [Ref. to caves. ]
108 Bryce (James).
On the Evidences of diluvial Action in the North of Ireland. Journ.
G.S.D., I. (1833-38), 383—44 (read 1833). 1838. [Glacial beds,
transported blocks. ]
109 ——
On some Caverns containing Bones, near the Giant’s Causeway. Brit.
Assoc, Report for 1834, 658—660. 1885. [Descr., list of animals. ]
110 ——
Notice of a Tertiary Deposit lately discovered in the neighbourhood of
Belfast. Phil. Mag., XXVI., 433—435. 1845. [Waterworks
boulder clay : descr. and list of fossils. ]
111 Bryce (James) and George C. Hyndman.
Notice of an elevated Deposit of Marine Shells, of the Newer Pleiocene
Epoch, lately discovered near Belfast. [Appendix to Portlock’s
Geology of Londonderry §c. (572) pp. 738—740]. 1843. [Descr:
list of fossils. |
112 Buick (Rev. George Raphael).
On Flint workshop sites at Glenhue, County Antrim. Journ. R.H. ¢
A.A.I., (4) VI. é. (1883), 120—126. 1884. [Surface finds. ]
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
254 [ Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Buick (Rey. George Raphael).
On a particular kind of Flint Knife commonin the County of Antrim,
Ireland. Proc. Soc. Ant. Scotland, XXII, 51—61. 1888. [Ref.
to sand-hill sites. |
Fresh Facts about Prehistoric Pottery. Proc. § Papers R.S.A.T., (5)
I. (1890-91), 483 —442, 4 plates. 1892. [Ref. to mode of occur-
rence, &c. |
The Crannog of Moylarg. Journ. R.S.A.I., (5) I1I., 27—43, 5 plates.
1893. Second Paper, idid., IV., 315—331, 2 plates. 1894.
[ Full descr. ]
Burnside (William Smyth).
[Memorandum on crannog finds]. Proc. R.I.A., V. (1850-53), 214—
215 (read 1851). 1853.
Busk (George).
Report on the Animal Remains [of Brixham Cave]. Phil. Trans.,
CLXIITI., 499—572. 1873. (Ref. to Irish bears’ skulls, p. 543. ]
Cc. (J.) see Coleman (140,141),
Campbell (J. F.).
On the Glaciation of Ireland. Q.7.G.S., XXIX., 198—225. 1878.
Abstract in Geol. Mag., X., 127. 1873. [Full paper: general
glaciation, &c. |
Campbell (Thomas) see 754.
Cane (Robert):
The Gigantic Irish Fossil Deer. Journ. Kilk. Arch. Soc., 1., 164—
166. 1850.
Carpenter (G. H.) see 755.
Carte (Alexander).
Description of the Fossil Bones discovered by Mr. Brenan at Shandon,
near Dungarvan. Journ. R.D.S., I1., 351—357. 1859; and Nat.
Hist. Review, VI., 501—507. 1859.
{Remarks on deer remains]. Jown.G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 166 (read
1863). 1864. [From Cos. Limerick and Dublin.]
On the Remains of the Reindeer which have been found fossil in
Treland. Journ. G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 103—107 (read 1863).
1864; and Dublin Q.J.S., IV., 108—107, plate 3. 1864.
On the former Existence of the Polar Bear in Ireland, as is probably
shown to be the faet by some Remains recently discovered at
Lough Gur, County of Limerick. Jowrn. G.S.D., X. (1862-64),
114—119, plate 7. 1864. [For discussion see pp. 173—174] ; and
Dublin Q.J.S., 1V., 148-148. 1864.
Notice of discovery of American Reindeer at Ashbourne, Co. Dublin,
Journ, G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 71 (read 1862). 1864,
1895-96. | 255
125
126
127
128
IZ9
130
131
132
133
134
135
Carte (Alexander).
On some indented Bones of the Cervus Megaceros, found near Lough
Gur, County of Limerick. Journ. R.G.S.I., I., 151—154, plate
7 (read 1866), 1867. [For discussion see pp. 177—179]; and
Dublin Q.J.8., VI., 308—812, plate 6. 1866. [Indentations
produced by rubbing when in situ. ]
Charnock (R. S.).
[Presented and described a greenstone celt from Toome, found with
many implements and a canoe, 10—12 feet below bed of Lough
Neagh.] Proc. Soc. Ant. London for 1861-64, (2) ii., 119.
Clarke (Dr. —.).
On certain Alterations of Level on the Sea Coast of part of the County
of Waterford, and the cause thereof. Brit. Assoc. Report for
1857, Sections, 65. 1858. [Raised beach up to 60 feet. |
Close (Rev. Maxwell H.).
Notes on the General Glaciation of the Rocks in the Neighbourhood of
Dublin. Journ. R.G.S.I., 1., 3—138, plate 1 (read 1864). 1867.
[For discussion see pp. 91—93]; and Dublin Q.J.S., V., 177—187,
plate 5. 1865. [Important paper. ]
On the General Glaciation of Ireland. Journ. R.G.S.I., I., 207—242,
plate 8 (read 1866). 1867. [For discussion see pp. 283—284].
[Important paper. |
On the General Glaciation of Ireland [a letter]. Geol. Mag., IV., 284—
235, plate 1. 1867. [Explanation of map showing strie over all
Treland. ]
On some Corries and their Rock-basins in Kerry. Journ. R.G.S.L, I1.,
236—248, plate 22 (read 1869). 1871.
The Elevated Shell-bearing Gravels near Dublin. Journ. R.G.S.I.,
IV., 36—40 (read 1873). 1877; and Geol.Mag., (2) I., 193-197.
1874. [Descr. : lists of shells. ]
The Physical Geology of the Neighbourhood of Dublin. Sci. Proc.
“R.D.S., 0.8. 1., 183—161. 1878; also Journ. R.G.S.I., V., 49—77
(read 1878). 1880; and Guide to the County of Dublin, 1878,
pp. 19—47, ([Descr. of glac. and post-glac. beds. |
See Close (756), Cusack (152), Kinahan (760).
Cody (Patrick).
[Note on discovery of skull of Megaceros 8 feet below peat in a stratum
of cockle-shells at Toryhill, Co. Kilkenny.] Trans. Kilk. Arch.
Soe., I. iii. (for 1851), 888. 1852.
Colby (Lt.Col. Thomas).
Ordnance Survey of the County of Londonderry. 4to. Dublin, 1835.
[Section 1., sub-section 2, deals with ‘‘ detritus ’’.]
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
L147
148
256 [Appendix B.N.F.C,,
Cole (Grenville Arthur James).
County Dublin, Past and Present. V., From Past to Present. I.N., I.,
90—95, 1892. [General descr. of glac. geology. ]
[Exhib. Ailsa Craig rock, from Killiney and Greystones.] Dublin
Micro. Club, in Z.W., I1., 172. 1898.
Glacial Drift of the Irish Channel. Nature, XLVII., 464. 1893.
[Ailsa Craig rock at Killiney and Greenore. |
Excursion to the Counties of Dublin and Wicklow: Proc. Geol. Assoc.,
XIII. (1893-94), 168—177. 1895. [Refs. to glac. geol.}
Cloleman] (J[ames)).
Cork County and the Ice Age. Journ. Cork Hist. § Arch. Soc., I., 192.
1892. [Glaciation, |
Islands of Oyster Shells. [mote]. Jowrn. Csrk Hist. § Arch. Soc., II.,
59. 1893. [Kitchen-middens in Cork Harbour, ]
Coleman (James).
Additional Irish Caves. J.N., IV., 94. 1895. [In Cork and Kerry. ]
Commissioners appointed to inquire into the nature and extent
of the several Bogs in Ereland, and the practicability of
draining and cultivating them: Ist, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Reports.
Folio. 1810-14. {Many maps and sections. ]
Conwell (Eugene A.),.
On a Fossil Mussel-shell found in Drift in Ireland. Brit. Assoe.
Report for 1869, Sections, 87. 1870. [A fresh shell from base
of an esker near Trim. |
Cooke (Theodore), sce Brownrigg (107).
Cork Naturalists’ Field Club.
{Hxcursion to ‘“‘ The Ovens”’ cave.] /.N., III., 241. 1894.
Cox (Robert).
Megaceros Hibernicus [a letter]. Geol. Mag., VI., 523. 1869. [Skull
and antlers from bog at Schiule, Co. Limerick. ]
Croker (Thomas Crofton).
Researches in the South of Ireland. 4to. London, 1824. [Caves at
Cloyne: cave at Castlemartyr with skeleton covered with gold
plates, pp. 251—253. ]
Cromwell (T. K.), sce 757.
Crosskey (Henry William), see Brady, &c. (104),
Cruise (Richard J.).
Explantatory Memoir to accompany sheets 89 and 90 of the Maps of
the Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of the
counties of Longford, Westmeath, and Meath, 8vo. 1872.
[Glac. & post-glac. 24—26. |
1895-96. ]
257
149 Cruise (Richard J).
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
Do.
do.; =‘sheets 66 and 67 do. illustrating parts of the counties
of Sligo, Leitrim, Roscommon, and Mayo. 8yo. 1878. [Glac. &
post-glac. 6: caves 13: sections 28—82. |
do. sheet 58 do. illustrating parts of the counties of
Armagh, Fermanagh, and Monaghan. 8yvo. 1885. [Glac. &
post-glac. 11.]
do. sheet 46 do. do. 8vo. 1886. [Tyrone,
Fermanagh, Monaghan, Armagh. Phys. geogr. 5—7: glac. &
post-glac. 14—15.]
See Hull (304, 305, 307, 309), Kinahan (427, 429),
Leonard (470), Wilkinson (716, 717).
Cusack (M. F’.).
A History of the County and City of Cork. 8vo. Dublin and Cork,
1875. Pp. 419—453: The Geology of Co. Cork, contributed by
Rey. M. H. Cuosr. ([Glac. & post-glac. geology, caves, &c. ]
Cuvier (Baron Georges).
Sur les Os Fossiles de Ruminans, trouvés dans les Terrains meubles.
Article II., § 1: De Vélan fossile d’Irlande. Annales du Museum
@ Histoire Naturelle, XII., 340—357. 1808. Reprinted in
‘¢ Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles de Quadrupédes . . .”’
IV., Art II., pt. 7. 4to.- Paris, 1812.
Dawkins (W. Boyd).
On the Distribution of the British Post-glacial Mammals. Q.J.G.S.,
XXV., 192—217. 1869. [Ref. to Ivish records. ]
Cave Hunting. 8vo. London, 1874. [Short ref. to Shandon cave,
&e. 335.]
Early Man in Britain. 8vo. London, 1880. [General ref. ]
The British Pleistocene Mammalia. Part A: A Preliminary Treatise
on the Relation of the Pleistocene Mammalia to those now living
in Europe. Paleontographical Soc., XXXII. 1878. [Brief ref.
to Ireland. |
See Adams (7, 8),
Day (Robert),
[Flint Implements from Toome, Co. Antrim.] Journ. Kilk. Arch.
Soc., V. ii., 226—228. 1865.
[Communication on presenting flint-flakes from near Belfast.] Journ.
R.H. § A.A.L, (3) I. (1868-69), 147148. 1873.
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
253 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Day (Robert).
Supplemental Notes on some of the Antiquities discovered in Lough
Gur. Journ. Cork Hist. § Arch. Soc., (2) I., 303—305. 1895.
[Ref. to animal remains. ]
On some Prehistoric Remains from Lough Erne. Ulst. Journ. Arch.,
ns. 1., 47—55. 1895. [Implements, canoes, &c.]
—
See Adams (7).
Deneley (Thomas).
[Extracts from his Journal.] Journ, Kilk, Arch. Soc., V. tit., 441.
1866. [Irish elk finds. }
Denny (Henry).
On the Claims of the Gigantic Irish Deer to be considered as contem-
porary with Man. Proc. Geol. § Polytechnic Soc. of W. Riding of
Yorks., III. (1845-59), 400—440 (read 1855). 1859. [Full
paper. |
Observations on the Distribution of the extinct Bears of Britain, with
especial reference to a supposed new Species of Fossil Bear from
Ireland. Proc. Geol. § Polytechnic Soc. of W. Riding of Yorks.,
TY. (1859-68), 338—358, plate 10 (read 1864). 1869. [Brenan’s
Shandon specimens. |
Dickie (George).
[On ‘‘a recent deposit of wood, shells, &c.,’’ at Newcastle, Co. Down. |
Read before B.N.H. & P.S., 24 Febr., 1858. [For contents see
Praeger, 581, p. 240. At this time the Proceedings of. this
Society were issued at intervals in leaflet form, without consecu-
tive paging, &c. |
Dickson (John Mitchell).
Crannog-hunting in Co. Down. Ulst. Journ. Arch., n.s. I., 290.
1895. [Localities.]
Dixon (Robert V.).
On the Occurrence of an Ancient Paved Road, under deep bog, in the
neighbourhood of Omagh, County of Tyrone [a letter]. Jowrn.
G.S.D., [X., 343—344 (read 1861). 1862.
Donovan (—-).
[Remarks on Kitchen-middens.] Journ. R.G.S.I., 1. (1864-67), 189
(read 1866). 1867.
Drummond (James L.).
On Fossil Infusoria found in the County Down, Ireland. Magaxine of
Nat. Hist., n.s. I1I., 358—355. 1839. [At Lough Island Reavy:
descr. of deposit, &c.]
Dunne (Right Hon. Major-Gen. F. P.).
[Letter on crannogs and implements in Lough Annagh, borders of
Ries and Queen’s Cos.] Journ. H. § A.A.L., (8) 1. (1868-69),
164. ;
1895-96. | 259
171 Du Noyer (George Victor).
Remarks on the Geological Sections exposed by the Cuttings of the
Dublin and Drogheda Railway. Journ. G.S.D., I11., 255—260.
1847. [Remarks on glacial beds. |
172 —
On the Geology of the Lake District of Killarney. Jowrn. G.S.D.,
VII., 97—115 (read 1856). 1857. [Ref. to drift beds. ]
173 —
Explanations to accompanying sheet 101 of the maps of the Geological
Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of the counties of Meath,
Dublin, and Kildare. 8vo. 1860. [Form of ground 5—7: glac.
beds 24.]
174 —
Do. do. sheet 111 do. do., illustrating part of the counties
of Dublin, Kildare, and Meath. 8vo. 1860. [Glac. geol. 28—24. ]
175 ——
Do. do. sheet 193 do. do., illustrating part of the Counties
of Cork and Kerry. 8vo. 1861. [Glac. beds 18—20.]
176 —
Drift at Donald’s Hill, Ireland. Geologist for 1861, 116—117. 1861.
[Co. Derry: deers’ horns, &c,, under drift on denuded surface of
Chalk. ]
177 —
On the Evidence of Glacial Action over the South of Ireland during the
Drift Period ; and of a subsequent slight Elevation, followed by
a depression of the Land, to its present Level. Geologist for 1862,
242—254, plates 13—14. 1862.
178 —
Explanation to accompany sheets 167, 168, 178, and 179 of the maps,
and sheet 13 of the longitudinal sections of the Geological Survey
of Ireland, illustrating parts of the counties of Waterford,
Wexford, Kilkenny, and Tipperary. 8vo. 1863. ([Glac. and
post-glac, 15—17, 80. |
179 ——
On the Discovery of the Head and Antlers, with some of the Bones, of
the Megaceros Hibernicus, near Kilsheer, County of Meath.
Journ, R.G.S.I., I, (1863-66), 247—248 (read 1866). 1867.
[Descr. & additional records of mammalian bones. |
180 —
On Worked Flints from Carrickfergus and Larne [abstract]. Q.J.G.S.,
XXIV., 495. 1868. [Found in gravel up to 20 feet, and subsoil
clay up to 600 feet. ]
i —
On Flint Flakes from Carrickfergus and Larne (abridged). Q.J.G.S.,
XXY., 48—50. 1869. (Distribution and mode of occurrence. ]
t2a2,
[The Glacial period and its influence on the flora] [a letter]. 6¢2 Ann.
Report B.N.F.C. for 1868-69), 31—83. 1869.
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
192
193
260 [ Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Du Noyer (George Victor).
On the Flint flakes of Antrim and Down [a letterj. Journ. R.G.S.I.,
II., 169--171, plate 13. (Read 1869). 1871. [Distribution.]
See Jukes (334 to 345, 351), O’Kelly (533).
Du Noyer (George Victor) and J. Beete Jukes.
Explanations to accompany sheets 100 and 110 of the maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of Westmeath,
Meath, Kildare, and King’s Counties. 8vo. 1860. ([Glac. &
post-glac. 19—21.]
Edgeworth (Richard Lovell).
A further Account of Discoveries in the Turf Bogs of Ireland.
Archeologia, VII., 111—112 (read 1783). 1785. [Iron, wooden,
and textile articles under 15 feet of bog near Mullingar. |
Egan (F. W.).
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheet 48 of the maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of tbe counties of
Down and Armagh. 8yo. 1872. [Glac. & post-glac. $8—42.
Deer remains. |
Do. do. sheet 47 do. do., including the country around
Armagh. 8vo. 1873. [Form of ground 7—8; glac. and post-
glac. 50—655: Megaceros. |
Do. do. sheet 59 do. do., ineluding the districts of
Newtownhamilton, Keady, and Castleblayney. 8vo. 1877.
[Phys. geogr. 7—9; glac. & post-glac. 24—25 ; strie 30—31.]
Do. do. sheet 27 do. do., including . . . [parts of]
Londonderry . . . Tyrone,and. . . Antrim. 8vo. 1881].
[Phys. geogr. 7—9; glac. & post-glac. 35—40 ; strie 43—44.]
Do. do. sheet19 do. do. 8vo. 1882. ([Cos. Derry and
Antrim. Phys. geogr. 5—7 ; glac. and post-glac. 16—22.]
Do. do. sheet 13 do. do. 8vo. 1884. ([Cos. Derry &
Antrim. Phys. geogr. 6—7 ; glac. and post-glac. 11—14.]
See Hull (307), Kinahan (433), Nolan (528, 529), Symes
(649), Traill (667), Wilkinson (718).
Egan (F. W.), J. R. Kilroe, and W. F.. Mitchell.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheet 24 of the maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, comprising portions of the counties
of Donegaland Tyrone. 8vo. 1888. [Phys. geogr. 7—12; glac.
and post-glac. 38—45. ]
Enniskillen (Earl of).
[Remarks on crannogs.] Proc. R.I.A., V. (1850-58), 214—216 (read
1861). 1853.
1895-96. 261
194 Evans (John),
On some Discoveries of Stone Implements in Lough Neagh, Ireland.
Archeologia, XLI., 397—408, plate 18. 1867-68. [At Lurgan
and Toome. |
195 —
Address, Section C. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1878, 519—527. 1879.
[Ref. to absence of paleolithic implements, &c.]
See Adams (7, 8),
196 F.(J.).
Ancient Iron Fetters. Ulst. Journ. Arch., VI., 168—169. 1858.
[Stone crannog submerged in Port Lough near Londonderry. |
197 Firth (William A.) and William Swanston.
References to the Diatomaceous Deposits at Lough Mourne, and in
the Mourne Mountains. Proce. B.N.F.C., (2) III., 62—64 (for
1887—88). 1888. [Descr. and lists of species. ]
198 Foot (Arthur Wynne).
An Account of a Visit to the Cave of Dunmore, with some remarks on
Human Remains found therein. Journ. R.H. § A.A.L, (4) I. i.,
65-94. 1870. [Full descer., and lists of human bones ]
19S Foot (Frederick J.)
Description of Ballyallia Cave, near Ennis, with Account of the
Discovery there of the Lesser Horse-Shoe Bat. Proc. Dublin
Nat. Hist. Soc., 11. (1856-59), 162—154 (read 1859). 1860; and
Nat. Hist. Review, V1., 879—381. 1859.
200 —
Explanations to accompany sheet 186 of the Maps of the Geological
Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of the Queen’s County, and
of the counties of Kilkenny and Tipperary. Svo. 1860. [Glac.
& post-glac. 14.]
201 —
Do. do. sheets 140 and 141 do. do. illustrating
parts of the County of Kerry. 8vo. 1860. [Glac. & post-glac.
16.]
202 —
Do. do. sheets 114, 122, and 123 do. do, illustrating
parts of the counties of Clare and Galway. 8vo. 1863. [Glac.
& post-glac. 9. Animal remains. Caves 18.]
203 —
Glacial striz in the County of Longford [a letter]. Gcol. Mag., II.,
524—525. 1865.
204 —
On a Recent Erratic Block. Journ. R.G.S.I., 1. (1864-67), 32—34
(read 1864).1867; and Dublin Q.J.S., V.,192—194. 1865. [A
2-ton block moved 60 yards by ice, L. Ree, Co. Longford. ]
See Foot (758), Jukes (346, 347), Kinahan (425, 426).
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
262 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
[Foot (Frederick J.), and J. Beete Jukes.)
Explanations to accompany sheets 131 and 132 of the maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating part of the County of
Clare. 8vo. 1860. [Glac. & post-glac. 20—21. Marl shells.]
(Foot (Frederick J.) and George Henry Kinahan].
Do. do. sheet 133 do. do. illustrating a portion of
the County of Clare. 8vo. 1862. ([Glac. & post-glac. 32—34.
Megaceros. |
(Foot (Frederick J.), J. Beete Jukes, and Richard Glascott
Symes.]
Do. do. sheets 96, 97, 106, and 107 do. do., illustrating
parts of the counties of Galway and Roscommon. 8vo. 1867.
[Glac. & post-glac. (eskers chiefly) 283—38 ; marl shells. |
Foot (Frederick J.) and J. O’Kelly.
Do. do. sheets 98, 99, 108, and 109 do. do., illustrating
parts of the Counties of Westmeath, Roscommon, Galway,
Longford, and King’s County. 8vo. 1865. [Glac. & post-glac.
(eskers chiefly) 20—35.]
[Foot (Frederick J.), J. O’Kelly, and J. Beete Jukes.]
Do. do. sheet 146 do. do., illustrating parts of the
Counties of Kilkenny and Tipperary. 8vo. 1861. [Sections
22—23: glac. & pust-glac. 32.]
Forbes (Edward).
On the Connection between the existing Fauna and Flora of the British
Isles, and the Geological changes which must have effected their
Area, especially during the Epoch of the Northern Drift.
Memoirs of the Geol. Survey of Gt. Britain, I., 386—432. 1846.
[General considerations and descr.; table of fossils, Slade and
Featherd, Co. Wexford, and Tramore, Co. Waterford ; genl. list of
glac. fossils. ]
Frazer (William).
Remarks on specimens of Fungi, obtained adhering to old trees under a
bog near Tralee. Proc. Dublin Nat. Hist. Soc., II. (1856-59), 34—
35 (read 1857). 1860; and Nat. Hist. Review, IV., 87—88.
1858. [Polypori under 13 feet of bog. |
On a Dish of Wood found in a Bog at Ballymoney. Proc. § Papers R.
S.A.1,, (5) I, (1830-91), 586—587. 1892. [Below 16 feet of bog,
Co. Antrim. |
Geikie (James).
On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch: 4th Paper. Geol.
Mag., 1X., 105—111. 1872. [General view of the Irish series. ]
The Great Ice Age and its Relationto the Antiquity of Man. 8vo. 1874.
(and subsequent editions). [Refs. to Irish deposits.]
Geinitz (H. B.).
On the Cervus (Megaceros) Hibernicus, from the County of Limerick
in the Royal Museum at Dresden. Jowrn. G.S.D., 1X., 339—843
(read 1861). 1862. [Descr.; table of dimensions ; discussion. |
1895-96. | 263
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
Geological Society of Dublin.
{Reindeer head and horns found near Ashbourne, Co. Dublin,
exhibited.] Journ. G.S.D., X., 70. (1862). 1864.
Geological Survey of Ireland: Maps.
206 coloured sheets, 1855-1890. [Drift, raised beach, alluvium, bog,
are marked. ]
Geological Survey of Ireland : Memoirs.
See Cruise (148 to 152), Du Noyer (173 to 175,178), Egan
(186 to 192), Foot (200 to 202, 205 to 209), Hardman
(257, 259), Hull (295, 300, 301, 304 to 311), Jukes
(322, 327, 328, 334 to 360), Kilroe (369), Kinahan
(371,376, 382, 407, 411, 424 to 434), Leonard (469,
470), Mitchell (505, 506), Nolan (525 to 529), O’Kelly
(531 to 533), Symes (645 to 655), Traill (667), Wilkin-
son (716 to 721), Wynne (736, 742).
Glennon (Richard).
On the Discovery of the Bones of extinct Deer, &c., at Lough Gur, in
the county of Limerick. Zoo/., V., 1589-1593, 1847. [Descr.
by the finder. ]
Description of the Calcareous Tuffa, &c., in reference to the Giant
Deer. Zool., V., 1683-1685. 1847.
Grainger (Rev. Canon John),
Catalogue of the Shells found in the Alluvial Deposits of Belfast.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1852, Sections, 43—46 [annotated list], and
74—75 [general descr. of beds]. 1853.
On the Shells found in the Post-tertiary Deposits of Belfast [a paper
read before Dublin University Zool. and Bot. Assoc., 17 Dec.
1858]. Nat. Hist. Review, VI., 185—151. 1859. [Fossils of
estuarine clays and raised beaches. ?
On the Fossils of the Post tertiary Deposits of Ireland. Brit. Assoc.
Report for 1874, Sections, 73—76. 1875. [Lists of fossils of raised
beaches and glac. deposits. ]
Extinct Wild Life. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) I1., 437—439 (for 1885-86).
1886. [Ref. to animal remains. |
A Question concerning the Antrim Gravels [abstract]. Proc. B.N.H.
§ P.S. for 1886-87, 39. 1887. [Suggests sub-glacial accumu-
lation of gravel hills. ]
Graves (Rev. James).
[Notes on Antiquities from crannog, Ballinderry Lough, Co. West-
meath.] Journ. R.H. § A.A.L., (4) II. i. (1883), 196—202. 1884.
Gray (William).
On Megaceros hibernicus [abstract]. Report B.N.E.C. for 1864-65,
7. 1865; and Geol. Mag., 1I., 134. 1865. [Spec. found at
Island Magee. ]
264 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
227 Gray (William).
The Flint-flake Foundation of the Pre-Adamite Theory. 4th Ann.
Report B.N.F.C. (1866-67), 44—48. 1867. [Localities and
mode of occurrence of flint-flakes. ]
228 —
Glacial Markings recently observed around Belfast [abstract]. 5th
Amn. Report B.N.F.C. (for 1867-68), 34. 1868.
229 —
Notes on the rudely-worked Flakes of Antrim and Down—their
character, distribution, and similarity to specimens from England,
Scotland, andthe Continent. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) I., 108—113
(for 1874-75). 1875.
230 —
Hunting in the Sand-dunes. roc. B.N.F.C., (2) I., 264—266 (for
1876-77). 1878. [Descr. & localities. |
23iL ——
Opening Address. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) 1., 8343—348 (for 1878-79).
1879. [Caves. Implements. ]
232 —
The Character and Distribution of the Rudely-worked Flints of the
North of Ireland, chiefly in Antrim and Down. Journ. R.H. §
A.A.1., (4) V. 4. (1879), 109—143. 1882. [Full paper.]
233 ——
Notice of Canoe, Lough Mourne Crannog. Journ. R.H. § A.A.T.,
(4) VI. w., 871—372. 1884.
234 —
The Sandhills of Ballintoy. Proc. B.N.H. § P.S. for 1883-84, 17.
1884. [Human occupation. |
235 —
[Erroneous statements respecting flint implements and Mammoth’s
tooth.] Proc. B..N.F.C., (2) I1., 287—289 (for 1883-84). 1884.
236 —
Rough Flint Celts of the County Antrim. Journ. R.H. § A.A.L.,
(4) VIII. «., 505—506. 1889. [Ref. to mode of occurrence. ]
237 —-
The Antiquarian Aspect of the County Antrim Raised Beaches. Proc.
§ Papers R.S.A.I., (5) I. (1890-91), 388—390, plate. 1892.
| Flakes found from top to base. ]
238 —
Worked Flints, ancient and modern. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) IIL., 548-—
569, 8 plates (for 1892-93). 1898.
239 Green (A. H.)
Notes on the Geology of Part of Co. Donegal, Ireland. Geol. Mag.,
VII1., 558—561. 1871. [Refs. to glaciation. ]
240 Griffith (Sir Richard).
Outline of the Geology of Ireland, extracted from the Second Report
of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into the manner in
which Railway communications can be most advantageously
promoted in Jreland. 26 pp. Folio. Coloured map. Dublin,
1830. [Refs. to glac. & post-glac. beds.]
1895-96.] 265
241 Griffith (Sir Richard).
Presidential Address [to Geol. Soc. Dublin]. Journ. G.S.D., I. tit.
(1836), 141—162. 1837. [Review of papers read. |
242 —
On the Distribution of Erratic Blocks in Ireland, and particularly those
of the Counties of Sligo and Mayo. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1843,
Sections, 40—42. 1844,
243 —
On the occurrence of a Bed of Sand, containing recent Marine
Shells, on the summit of a Granite Hill, on the coast of the county
of Mayo. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1843, Sections, 50--51, 1844.
[At 320 ft. in Erris ; shells plentiful at lower elevations. |
244 —
Notices of the Geology of Ireland. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1852,
Sections, 47—48. 1853. [Refs. to Tertiary & Post-Tert. beds. ]
245 — ;
Report relative to the Moving Bog of Kilmaleady, in King’s Co.
Journ. R.D.S., I., 141—144, map. 1856.
246 —
On ‘‘ The Boulder Drift and Esker Hills of Ireland,’’ and ‘‘ On the
position of Erratic Blocks in the Country.’’ Brit. Assoe. Report
for 1871, Sections, 98—10€. 1872.
247 Hall (S. C.), and Mrs. S. C. Hall.
Treland: its Scenery, Character, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. [1841—43.]
[Submerged castle in Port Lough, near Londonderry, III., 259].
248 [Halley (E.)).
[Remarks on large teeth dug up in Ireland.] Phil. Trans., XXIX.
(1714-16), 3883—384. 1717; see also Phil. Trans. (1700-1720)
Abridged, 1V. ii., 244—245. 1721. [Elephant’s teeth found at
Maghery, borders of Cavan and Monaghan. |
249 Hamilton (Cc. W.).
[Annual] Address [to Geol. Soc. Dublin]. Journ. G.S.D., III., 97—118.
1845. [Review of papers read. ]
250 Harbison (Mann).
On the Origin of Eskers. Froc. B.N.F.C., (2) I., 100—108 (for
1874-75). 1875. [Advocates marine origin. |
251 Hardman (Edward T.).
List of Papers published on the Geology of the North of Ireland, and
adjoining Districts. Published for the use of the Geological
Survey of Ireland. 8yo. 32 pp. 1872. [Useful bibliography,
including Ulster cos., and Galway, Leitrim, Longford, Louth,
Mayo, Meath, Roscommon, Sligo, Westmeath. |
252 —
Note on a small raised estuarine Beach at Tramore Bay, Co. Waterford,
showing Traces of several oscillatory Movements during the Recent
Period. Journ, R.G.S.I., 1V., 31—386 (read 1873). 1877; and
Geol. Mag., (2) I., 210—215. 1874. [Peaty and sandy layers:
shells. |
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
263
266 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Hardman (Edward T.).
On some new Localities for Upper Boulder Clay in Ireland. Brit.
Assoc. Report for 1874, Sections, 76—77. 1875 [abstract] ; and
Journ. R.GS.I., IV., 73—82, plates 5—6 (read 1875). 1877.
[ Localities, descriptions. |
Fossiliferous Pliocene Clays overlying Basalt, near the shore of Lough
Neagh. Geol. Mag., (2) III., 556—558. 1876. [ Unio-like shells. |
On the Age and Mode of Formation of Lough Neagh, Ireland, with
Notes on the Physical Geography and Geology of the surrounding
Country. Journ. R.G.S.I., 1V., 170—199, plates 11—18 (read
1875). 1877. [Ref. to glacial beds. |
On two new Deposits of Human and other Bones, discovered in the
Cave of Dunmore, Co. Kilkenny. Proc. R.I.A., (2) II.
(Science), 168—176, plate 18. 1875-77. [Descr: list of bones. |
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheet 35 of the maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, on the Geology of the Tyrone Coal-
field and surrounding districts. 8vo. 1877. [Tyrone, Armagh,
Antrim. Glac. & post-glac. 14, 78—82; sections, 23—65, 74—76 ;
fossiliferous clays, 89—90. |
The Fossiliferous Clay Beds overlying Basalt, Lough Neagh, and the
geological Age of that Lake. Geol. Mag., (2) VI., 214—216.
1879. [Fresh-water Pliocene shells. |
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 148 and 149 of the maps
of the Geological Survey of Ireland. 8vo. 1887. [Cos.
Wexford, Carlow, Wicklow. Glac. & post-glac. 11: strie 18.]
See also 759.
Hargrave (Henry J. B:).
On the general geological features observable on the sea-shore between
Balbriggan and Rush. Journ. G.S.D., VIII., 100—104 (read
1858). 1860; and Nat. Hist. Review, VI., 63—68. 1859. (Ref.
to glac. beds & shells. |
Harkness (Robert).
On a Crannoge found in Drumkeery Lough, near Bailieborough, co.
Cavan, Ireland. Archeologia, XXXIX., 483—490. 1863.
[Animal Remains found in a limestone quarry at Midleton, Co. Cork.]
[Read before the Cork Cuvierian Society, 1865.] Cork Constitution,
5 May, 1865, and Geol. Mag., II., 281. 1865 [abstract].
On the Middle Pleistocene Deposits. Geol. Mug., VI., 542—550.
1869. [Important paper. Wexford beds: Descr., correlation,
and list of fossils. |
1895-
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
96. | 267
Harkness (Robert)
On the Occurrence of Elephant-remains in Ireland. Geol. Mag., VII.,
253—258, 1870. [Descr. & criticism of each published dis-
covery. |
The Discovery of a Kitchen-midden at Ballycotton in Co. Cork.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1870, Sections, 150—151. 1871. [Imple-
ments & animal remains. |
Hart (John).
[Report on construction of skeleton of Irish Deer.] Proc. R.D.S.,
LX. (1823-24), 238—244. 1824. [Deser., localities, &c. ]
Notice concerning Human Bones found in the Limestone Cave of
Dunmore Park, in the County of Kilkenny. Dublin Phil. Journ.
and Scient. Review, I1., 88—92. 1826. [Deser. of cave, &c.]
A Description of the Skeleton of the Fossil Deer of Ireland, Cervus
Megaceros; drawn up at the instance of the Committee of Natural
Philosophy of the Royal Dublin Society. 32 pp., 2 plates. 8vo.
2nded. Dublin, 1830. [Translated and republished in Aznales
des Sciences Naturelles, VIII., 389—410, 1826; and (with 2
additional plates) as an appendix to 5th ed. of Jameson’s trans-
lation of Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth, 1827.]
Observations on the Fossil Deer of Ireland. Journ. G.S.D., I. (1833-
38), 20—23, plate, (read 1833). 1837. (Characters, localities. |
Harte (William).
Notes on the Physical Features of Donegal. Journ. R.G.S.L, I.,
21—27 (read 1864). 1867. [For discussion see pp. 93—94] ;
and Dublin Q.J.S8., V., 195—201. 1865. [Ref. to glac. & post-
glac. beds. |
On the Occurrence of Kjokkenméddings in the County of Donegal.
Journ. R.G.S.L., 1., 154—158 (read 1865). 1867. [For discussion
see pp. 188—189]; and Dublin Q.J.S., VI., 189—193. 1866.
[On Inch Island: descr., & lists of animal remains. |
On the Post-Tertiary Geology (recent and Post-pliocene Phenomena)
of the County of Donegal, and Part of the County of Derry, and
its Connexion with that of Scotland. Journ. R.G.S.L., II., 30-67,
plates 2—3 (read 1867). 1871. [Glac. phenomena & deposits. ]
Hasse (Rev. Leonard).
Classification of flint-flakes found on the Raised Beach at Carnlough,
Co. Antrim. Journ. R.H. § A.A.TL., (4) VIL. 1. (1885), 1583—158.
1887. [mode of occurrence. |
Objects from the sandhills at Portstewart and Grangemore, and their
Antiquity. Journ. R.H. § A.A.L., (4) IX. (1889), 130—138,
2 plates. 1890,
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
2384
285
286
268 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Hasse (Rev, Leonard).
Objects from the Sandhills at Dundrum, and their Antiquity. Journ.
R.S.A.L., (5) IV., 1—18, plate. 1894.
Hatch (F.W.) see Hull (305).
Haughton (Rev. Samuel).
On the Discovery of an Irish Elk, with a notice of allusions to this
animal in the Book of Lismore. Journ. G.S.D., [X., 340—343
(read 1861). 1862. [In Queen’s Co.]
[Announcement of discovery of skeleton of Red Deer in Co. Fermanagh. |
Journ. G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 166 (read 1863). 1864.
Observations on the Fossil Red Deer of Ireland, founded on the
Skeletons found at Bohoe, in the County of Fermanagh, in 1868.
Journ. G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 125—127, plate 11 (read 1868).
1864. [For discussion see p. 168]; and Dublin Q.J.S., IV., 219—
221, plate 15. 1864. [List of bones; proposes the name
C. elaphus var. fossilis Hibernicus. |
[Remarks on Reindeer and Red Deer remains, co. Fermanagh.] Jowrn.
G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 166 (made 1863). 1864.
[Remarks on Lough Gur find.] Journ. G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 174.
1864.
[Remarks on glaciation of Ireland.] Jowrn. R.G.S.I., 1. (1864-67),
91—92 (made 1864). 1867.
See Adams (7, 8).
Hayman (Rev. Samuel).
[Ardmore submarine crannog.] Journ. R.H.§ A.A.T., (4) V. i. (1879),
154—155. 1882.
Herdman (W. A.).
Notes on the submarine Deposits of the Irish Sea. Proc. L’ pool Geol.
Soc., VII. ii. (for 1893-94), 171182. 1894.
Second Report of the Committee . . . onthe Marine Zoology of
the Irish Sea. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1894, 318—334, plate 1.
1895. [Submarine deposits. ]
Hibbert (S.).
Additional Contributions towards the History of the Cervus Euryceros,
or Fossil Elk of Ireland. Edinb. Journ. of Science, u.s. T1., 301—
317. 1830. [Distribution, age, &c. ]
Historical and Archzeological Association of Ireland.
[Short-horned Cow’s horn, found in marl below peat, Castlewarren,
Co. Kilkenny, presented by Joun M‘Donatp.] Journ. H. §
A.A.I., (3) 1. (1868-69), 268, 1873,
1895-
287
288
289
290
291
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
96.] 269
Hitchcock (Richard).
Notes made in the Archeological Court of the Great Exhibition of
1853. Trans. Kilk. Arch. Soe., II. ii., 280—295. 1853. [ Bears’
skulls, exhibited by ABrAnam Wuyre Baxur, p. 293.]
Hughes (W.).
Geological Notes on Ireland; . . 130pp. 12mo. 4th ed. Dublin,
aes ita shells, marl, sand and gravel ridges, chap. VI.,
Hull (Edward).
On the Vestiges of Extinct Glaciers in the Neighbourhood of Great
Britain and Ireland [abstract]. Proc. Phil. Soc. Manchester, I.
(1857-60), 204—206. 1860. [Ref. to glaciation of Kerry. |
Observations on the General Relations of the Drift Deposit of Ireland
to those of Great Britain. Geol. Mag., VIII., 294—299. 1871.
[Tripartite sub-division ; sketches of Killiney, &c. |
Drift Deposits of Ireland [a letter]. Geol. Mag., 1X., 885. 1872.
[Reply to Kinahan. ]
On the Raised Beach of the North-east of Ireland. Brit. Assoc. Report
for 1872, Sections, 113—114. 1873. [Descr.; identity with
Scotch 25-ft beach : lists of fossils, Balbriggan, Kilroot, & Larne. |
Boulder-Clay in Ireland [a letter]. Geol. Mag., (2) II., 524. 1875.
[Irish succession. ]
On Glaciers, Ancient and Modern. Journ. R.D.S., VI., 505—508.
1875. [Ref. to Irish glac. geology. ]
—
Explanatory Memoir to accompany Sheets 21, 28, and 29 of the Maps
of the Geological Survey of Ireland, including the country around
Antrim, Larne, and Carrickfergus. 8vo. 1876. [Phys. geogr.
7--8; glac. & post-glac. 32—36 ; raised beach fossils. |
Anniversary Address {to Roy. Geol. Soc. I.]. Journ. R.G.S.L., IV.,
49—59 (read 1875). 1877. [Ref. to cave explorations. |
Physical Geology and Geography of Ireland. 8vo. London, 1878.
and 2nd ed., 1891. [Part 1, chap. IV., glac.; chaps. V.—VI. post-
glac.; Part III., glaciation of Ireland.] [Descr. : lists of fossils :
bibliography. |
On the Origin of ‘The Scalp.’’ Sei. Proc. R.D.S., n.s. I., 11—17.
1878. [Pre-glac. or post-glac, age. |
Geology of the Environs of Dublin. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1878,
527. 1879. [title only]; and Geo/, Mag., (2) V.,457—460., 1878,
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
399
270 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Hull (Edward).
Explanatory Memoir to accompany Sheet 120 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of the Counties of
Kildare, Wicklow, and Dublin. 8vo. 1880. [Phys. geogr.
5—7; glac. & post-glac. 15—16. Megaceros. |
Do. do. sheets 60, 61, and part of 71 do. do., including
the Country around Newry . . . and the Mourne Mountains.
8vo. 1881. [Gen. descr. 7—12; glac. and post-glac. 18—22; glac.
and raised beach fossils. Striee 45,—5d._ |]
Note of afew of the more remarkable Boulder-stones to be found
along the Eastern Margin of the Wicklow Mountains. Brit. Assoc.
Report for 1887, 691. 1888 [abstract] ; and Geol. Mag., (3) 1V.,
560—561. 1887. [Descr. several large erratics. ]
_
The Submergence of the British Islands during the Glacial Period.
Geol. Mag., (3) X.,104—107. 1893. [Submergence of Ireland. ]
See Kinahan (433).
Hull (Edward) and Richard J. Cruise.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 91 and 92 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of the counties of
Meath, Louth, and Dublin. 8vo. 1871. [Glac. and post-glac.
41—48; raised beach fossils. |
Hull (Edward), Richard J. Cruise, and F. H. Hatch.
Do. do. sheets 188 and 1389 do. do. 8vo. 1888.
[ Wicklow, Carlow, Wexford. Glac. and post-glac. 18—24;
auriferous gravels 24—29.]
Hull (Edward), J. R. Kilroe, and W. F. Miichell.
Do. do. the maps of South-west Donegal, sheets 22, 23, 30,
and 31 (in part), do. do. 8vo. 1891. [Phys. geogr.
7—12; glac. & post-glac. 54—57. ]
Hull (Edward), G. H. Kinahan, Joseph Nolan, BR J. Cruise,
EF. W. Egan, J. R. Kilroe, W.F. Mitchell, and A. M‘Henry.
Do. do. sheets 3, 4, 5 (in part), 9, 15, 11 (in part), 15, and 16
do. do. comprising North-west and central Donegal. 8vo.
1891. [Loughs 11—14; bibliography 23—29; glac. and post-
glac. 107—118 ; striz 121—128.]
Hull (Edward) and W. B. Leonard.
No. do sheets 81 and 82 do. do. illustrating portion
of the counties of Louth, Meath, and Monaghan. Svo. 1871.
[Glac. and post-glac. 32—33; marl shells, Megaceros. |
Hull (Stward), Joseph Nolan, R. J. Cruise, and A. M‘Henry.
Do. of Inishowen, County Donegal, to accompany sheets
Ie 2, DAO and ElGn part) do. do. vo. 1890.
{ Bibliography 5--7; glac. and post-glac, 32—380; striw 36—38.]
1895-96.] oe
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
Hull (Edward), J. &. Warren, and W. B. Leonard.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheet 36 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, including the country around
Belfast, Lisburn, and Moira. 8vo. 1871. [General glaciation
12; glac. and post-glac. 37—38. |
Do. do. sheets 37, 38, and part of 29 do. do. includ-
ing the country around Bangor, Newtownards, Comber, and
Saintfield, in the County of Down. 8vo. 1871. [Phys. geogr.
7—8 ; glac. and post-glac. 40—43. ]
Hyndman (George C.).
Report of the Proceedings of the Belfast Dredging Committee. Brit.
Assoc. Report for 1857, 220—237. 1858. [Post-glac. fossils. |
[Second] Report of the Belfast Dredging Committee. Brit. Assoc.
Report for 1858, 282—291. 1859. [Turbot Bank glac. fossils. ]
Report of the Belfast Dredging Committee for 1859 [third and last].
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1859, 116—119. 1866. [Ballyrudder glac.
gravels, list of fossils. |
See Bryce (111), Portlock (572).
Innes (Rev. Robert).
[Letters to Dr. Nicholson, Bishop of Derry.] London, 1782. [Seven
letters, of which three are republished in Anthologia Hibernica,
III., 1794.] [Marine deposits of Magilligan, Co. Derry ,letter 1,
pp. 116—120. }
James (Captain Henry, afterwards Col. Sir Henry).
Note on the tertiary deposits of Co. Wexford. Journ. G.S.D., II1.,
195—197. 1846. [Descr. and list of fossils. ]
Jeffreys (John Gwyn).
Gleanings in British Conchology. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) I1.,
118—119, 1858 ; III., 113—114, 1859; IV., 194, 1859. [‘Turbot
Bank fossils. |
British Conchology. 5 vols., 8vo. London, 1862-69. [Turbot Bank
glac. fossils, I., xciv—xeviii. Vols. II.—V. contain numerous
refs. to Irish fossils, chiefly from Stewart’s, Hyndman’s, &
Grainger’s papers. Supplement in V. has many refs. to Walpole’s
Killiney fossils & Bell’s Portrush fossils. ]
Jennings (Francis).
On some Geological Phenomena in the vicinity of Cork. Brit. Assoc.
Report for 1843, Sections, 61. 1844. [Submerged peat, sea encroach-
ment. |
Jukes (Joseph Beete),
Annual Address [to Geol. Soc. Dublin]. Journ. G.S.D., VI., 61—108
(read 1854), 1856. [Ref to glac. deposits. ]
272 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
321 Jukes (Joseph Beete).
Annual Address [to Geol. Soc. Dublin}. Journ. G.S.D., VI., 252—
283. (read 1855). 1856. [Review of papers read. |
3225 ——)
Explanations to accompany sheets 147 and 157 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of the counties of
Kilkenny, Carlow, and Wexford. 8yo. 1861. [Glac. & post-
glac. 56—49. |
323 —
Manual of Geology. 2nded. Edinburgh, 1862. [Irish glac. & post-
glac. beds, 674—686; Irish Pleist. mammals 695—696. |
324 —
On the Mode of Formation of some of the River-valleys in the south
of Ireland. Q.J.G.8S., XVIII., 378—403, plate 20. 1862; and
Journ. GS. D., X. (1862-64), 72-73 (read 1862). 1864 [abstract].
[Refs. to glac. & post-glac. geology. |
325 -——
On certain Markings on the Bones of a Megaceros lately found in
Treland. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1863, Sections, 81. 1864. [Co.
Longford. |
326 —
On some Indentations on Bones of a Cervus Megaceros found in June,
1868, underneath a bog near Legan, Co, Longford. Journ. G.S.D.,
X. (1862-64), 127—137, plates 12—14 (read 1863). 1864. [For
discussion see pp. 168—171]; and Dublin Q.7.8., IV., 209—219,
plates 11—14. 1864.
347 —
Explanation of sheets 187, 195, and 196 of the Maps, and part of sheet
5 of the sections, of the Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating
part of the County of Cork. 8vo. 1864. [Glac. 9, 68—60.]|
328 —
Explanation to accompany sheet 192 and part of sheet 199 of the
Maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of the
counties of Cork and Kerry. S8vo. 1864. [Glac. 45—46.]
329) ——
[Remarks on bears in Ireland.] Journ. G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 173.
1864.
330 —
[Remarks on striations at Ross Hill, Co. Galway.] Journ. R.G.S.L.,
I. (1864-67), 90 (made 1864). 1867.
331 —
[Remarks on indented bones of Megaceros.| Journ. R.G.S.L.,
I. (1864-67), 177—178 (made 1865.) 1867. [From Legans, Co.
Longford. |
332 —
[Remarks on Kitchen-middens.] Journ. R.G.S.., I. (1864-67), 188—
189 (made 1866), 1867.
1895-96. | 273
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
Jukes (Joseph Beete),.
On the Subdivisions of the Carboniferous Formation in Central Ireland.
Journ. R.G.S.L., II., 1—12 (read 1866). 1871. [Superficial
accumulations, p. 1. ]
See Du Noyer (184), Foot (205, 207, 209), Kinahan (424,
425, 430, 434), O’Kelly (533).
[Jukes (Joseph Beete) and George Victor Du Noyer],.
Data and Descriptions to accompany Quarter Sheet 46 N.W. [sheet
156], of the Maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. 8vo. 1858.
[Tipperary, Kilkenny. Glac. and post-glac. 7—8, 24.]
= ==
Explanations to accompany sheet 184 do. do., illustrating part
of the County of Kerry. 8vo. 1859. [Glac. 17—18; glac. &
post-glac. 34—36.]
[— —]
Do. do. sheets 185 and 186 do. do., illustrating parts of
the Counties of Kerry and Cork. 8yo, 1861. [Glac. 34—35.]
=]
Do. do. sheets 102 and 112 do. do., illustrating parts of
the Counties of Dublin and Meath. 8vo. 1861, [Glac. 50 ;
sections 62; glac. & post-glac. 66—68. |
ed
Do. do. sheet 175 do. do. . . . illustrating part of
the county of Cork. 8yo. 1861. [Glac. 29—30.]
ee
Do. do. sheet 173 do. do., illustrating part of the County
of Kerry. 8vo. 1861. [Glac. 23—24.]
el
Do. do. sheets 194, 201, 202 do. do., illustrating a part
of the County of Cork. 8vo. 1862. ([Glac. & post-glac. 27.]
Explanation of sheets 160, 161, 171, and part of 172, and of the
engraved section, sheet No. 15 of the Geological Survey of Ireland,
illustrating part of the County of Kerry. 8vo, 1863, [Glac. &
post-glac, 48—49. ]
Explanations to accompany sheets 121 and 130 of the maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating a portion of the counties
of Wicklow and Dublin. 8vo. 1869. [Glac. 11; glac. & post-
glac. 4547. |
(Jukes (Joseph Beete), G. V. Du Noyer, J. O'Kelly, and A. B.
Wynne].
Data and Descriptions to accompany Quarter Sheet 35 N.E., [sheet
119] of the maps of the Geological survey of Ireland. 8vo. 1858.
[ Kildare, King’s and Queen’s cos. Glac. & post-glac. 17—18. |
274 [Appendix B.N.F.C,;
344 [Jukes (Joseph Beete),G. V. Du Noyer, and A. B. Wynne.)
Do. do. Quarter Sheet 45 S.W. [sheet 1665], do. do.
Svo. 1858. (Limerick, Cork, Tipperary. Glac. 23.]
s29) 9. ——]
Do. do. Quarter Sheet 45 S.E. [sheet 166], do. do.
8vo. 1858. ['Tipperary, Waterford. Cave 4: glac. and post-
glac, 22—23, 27.]
346 [Jukes (Joseph Beete) and Frederick J. Foot.)
Explanations to accompany sheet 162 of the maps of the Geological
Survey of Ireland, illustrating part of the County of Kerry. 8vo.
1859. [Glac. 16.]
347 [— —]
Do. do. sheets 150 and 151 do. do., illustrating part of
the County of Kerry. 8vo. 1859. ([Glac. and post-glac. 16. ]
348 [Jukes (Joseph Beete) and G. H. Kinahan.]
Do. do. sheet 128 (formerly quarter sheet 35 S.E.) do.
do., illustrating parts of the County of Kildare and Queen’s County.
8vo. 1859. [Glac. and post-glac. 13, 28—30.]
349 ([(—_- —]
Do. do. sheets 163, 174 and part of 175 do. do., illustrat-
ing parts of the Counties of Limerick, Kerry, and Cork. 8yo
1861. [Glac. & post-glac. 31.]
350 [—_- —J]
Do. do. sheets 200, 208, 204, and 205, and part of 199 do.
do., illustrating part of the County of Cork. 8vo. 1861. ([Glac.,
Chalk flints 17; glac. & post-glac. 19—20. |
351 [fukes (Joseph Beete,) G. H. Kinahan, and G. V. Du Noyer.]
Do. do. sheet 137 (formerly quarter sheet 40 N.E.) do.
do. 8vo. 1859. [Kilkenny, Carlow, Queen’s Co., Kildare.
Denudation 5—8 ; sections 25—48; glac. and post-glac. 49—51. ]
352 [Jukes (Joseph Beete), G. H. Kinahan, and J. O’Kelly.]
Do. do. sheets 197 and 198, and the south-east part of 191
do. do., illustrating part of the Counties of Cork and Kerry.
8yo. 1860. [Glac. & post-glac. 28—29.]
353 [Jukes (Joseph Beete), G. H. Kinahan, and A. B. Wynne,]
Do. do. sheet 144 do. do., illustrating parts of the
Counties of Limerick, Tipperary,and Clare. 8vo. 1860. [Glac.
& post-glac. 34--36 : Megaceros. |
354 [Jukes (Joseph Beete), and J. O’Kelly.]
Do. do. sheet 154 do. do., illustrating part of the
Counties of Limerick and Tipperary. 8vo. 1861. [Glac. &
post-glac. 27.]
355 [Jukes (Joseph Beete), and A. B. Wynne.)
Do. do. sheet 164 do. do., illustrating parts of the
Counties of Cork and Limerick. 8vo. 1859. [Glac. & post-glac.
20—21: Megaceros. |
1895-96. | 275
386 [Jukes (Joseph Beete), and A. B. Wynne.]
Do. do. sheet 135 do. do., illustrating parts of the
county of Tipperary, and of King’s and Queen’s Counties. 8vo.
1860. [Glac. & post-glac. 80—32. ]
a57 [—— =—]
Do. do. sheet 188 and 189 do. do., illustrating parts of
the Counties of Cork and Waterford. 8vo, 1861. [Glac. & post-
glac. 20—21.]
358 [(—- —]
Do. do. sheets 176 and 177 do. do., illustrating parts
of the Counties of Cork, Waterford, and a small portion of
Tipperary. 8vo. 1861. [Glac. & post-glac. 28—29.]
359 [Jukes (Joseph Beete), A. B. Wynne, and G. NH. Kinahan.]
Do. do. sheets 182, 183, 190, and parts of 172 and 191 do.
do., illustrating the part of the County of Kerry, containing the
Promontory of Iveragh and Dunkerron. 8vo. 1861. [Form of
ground 5—8 ; glac. & post-glac. 31—34. |
350 (Jukes (Joseph Beete), A. B. Wynne, and J. O’Kelly.]
Do. do. sheet 145 do. do., illustrating part of the
county of Tipperary. 8vo. 1860. ([Glac. & post-glac. 30—81. |
361 Kane (Sir Robert).
The Industrial Resources of Ireland. 2nd ed. 8yo. Dublin, 1845.
[Refs. to bogs, clays, &c. ]
362 —
Anniversary Address [to Roy. Geol. Soc. I.]. Journ. R.G.S.L., IV.,
104—111. 1877. [Review of papers read. ]
363 Kelly (Dennis H.).
[Account of an artificial Island, and certain Antiquities, recently
discovered near Strokestown, County Roscommon.| Proc. R.I.A.,
V. (1850-53), 208—214 (read 1851). 1853. [Bones of Elk, &c. ]
364 Kelly (John).
An Account of the Strata met with in digging for Marle, and of Horns
found under Ground in Ireland; in a letter to the Rt. Hon.
Edward Southwell, Esq. Phil. Trans., XXXIV. (1726-27),
122—123, plate. 1728. [Megaceros.]
365 Kelly (John).
On the Drift of the District about Rathfarnham in the County of
Dublin. Jown. G.SD., VI., 1883—165, map, &c. (read 1854).
1856. [Full descr., &c. ]
366 Kendall (Percy F.).
Glacial Geology, Old and New. Geol. Mag., (8) IX., 491—6500,
1892. [Ref. to Irish beds. |
367 —
On the Glacial Geology of the Isle of Man. Yn Lioar Manninagh,
the Journal of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian
Society, I., 397—488, plate, maps. 1894. [Refs. to Ireland,
pp. 12, 38, plate. ]
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
276 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Kendall (Percy F.).
Erratic Blocks of England, Wales, and Ireland. Twenty-third Report
of the Committee . . [Advance copy] Brit. Assoc.
Report for 1895. [Report from B.N.F.C. on N. of Ireland erratics. J
Kilroe (James R.).
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheet 55 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, comprising parts of the counties of
Sligo and Leitrim. 8vo. 1885. [Glac. & post-glac. 26—28.]
Directions of the Ice Flow in the North of Ireland, as determined by
the Observations of the Geological Survey. Q.J.G.S., XLIV.,
827—833. 1888; and Sci. Proc. R.D.S., u.s. VI., 259—262
(read 1888). 1888-90.
See Egan (192), Hull (306, 307), Symes (650, 654),
Wilkinson (718 to 721).
Kinahan (George Henry).
Explanation to accompany sheet 124 and that part of sheet 125 that lies
on the west of Lough Derg of the maps of the Geological Survey
of Ireland, illustrating parts of the counties of Galway and Clare.
8yo. 1863. [Caves 7; glac. & post-glac., Megaceros, 47.]
On Crannogs in Lough Rea. Proc. R.1.A., VIII. (1861-64), 412—
427 (read 1863). 1864. [Co. Galway, descr. & finds. ]
On the Eskers of the Central Plain of Iveland. Journ. G.S.D., X.,
109—112 (read 1863). 1864; and Dublin Q.J.8., IV., 109—112.
1864. [Classification : marine origin, &c.]
{Irish Drifts—a letter.] Geol Mag., II., 91—93. 1865. [Classifica-
tion. |
On Pre-glacial (?) Drift in Queen’scounty. Geol. Mag., II.,442—444.
1865. [Stratified drift’’ under ‘‘ boulder clay.’’]
Explanation to accompany sheets 115 and 116 of the maps, and sheets
17 and 18 of the sections of the Geological Survey of Ireland,
illustrating a portion of the counties of Clare, Galway, and
Tipperary. 8vo. 1865. [Caves, crannogs 7—9, 36—88 ; glac.
& post-glac., marl shells, 13—15, 26—36 ; striae 27.]
Primary and Secondary Strie [a letter.] Geol. Mag., Il., 525. 1866.
[Co. Galway. ]
Notes on some of the Drift of Ireland. Journ. R.G.S.L.,1., 191—207
(read 1866). 1867; and Dublin Q.J.S., VI., 249—265. 1865.
[Full paper: classification of drift. |
1895-
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
38s
389
390
391
392
96.] 27
“I
Kinahan (George Henry).
Prehistoric Dwellings in Galway Bay [a letter.] Geol Mag., III.,
571. 1866. [At Tramore.]
On the Formation of the “ Rock-basin’’ of Lough Corrib,
Galway. Geol. Mag., III., 489—495, plates 18—19.
[Ref. to glac. & post-glac. geology. ]
county
1866.
Notes on the Crannogs of Ballin Lough. Proc. R.I.A., TX. (1864-
66), 172—176 (read 1864). 1866. [Co. Galway: descr. and finds. ]
Explanation to accompany sheet 105, with that portion of sheet 114
that lies on the north of Galway Bay, of the maps of the Geological
Survey of Ireland. 8vo. 1869. [Glac. & post-glac., marl shells,
41—50; strize 51—56. ]
On the Formation of Ravines by Recent Drift Accumulations.
Mag., VI., 406—408, 1869.
Notes on a Crannoge in Lough Naneevin. Proc. R.I.A., X.
Geol.
(1866-
70), 31—33, map (read 1866). 1870. [Co. Galway. Descr. and
finds. ]
[Observations on the exploration of Crannogs.| Journ. R.H. § A.A.L.,
(4) I. i, 459—460. 1871.
JKolian Drift or Blowing Sand, Ireland. Geol. Mag., VIII., 155—158.
1871. [Descr. and origin of sand deposits ]
Middle Gravels (?), Ireland. Geol. Mag., IX., 265—268.
[Eskers, ‘‘ Middle’’ gravels, Wexford gravels. |
Supplementary Notes on some of the Drift of Ireland.
R.G.S.I., III., 9—15 (read 1871). 1873. [General.]
1872.
Journ.
Glacialoid or Re-arranged Glacial Drift. Geol. Mag., (2) I, 111—117,
169—174. 1874. [Post-glacial sea; Esker sea. |
On the Origin of the Lagoon called The Fleet, Dorsetshire.
Geol.
Mag., (2) I1., 49—50. 1874. [Comparison with Irish lagoons. |
On the Origin of the Lagoon called The Fleet, Dorsetshire [a letter].
Geol. Mag., (2) I., 189—190. 1874.
Asar, Esker, or Kaims. Geol. Mag., (2) II., 86—87.
{Characters ; marine origin. |
1875,
278 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,,
393 Kinahan (George Henry).
The erroneous Nomenclature of the Drift [a letter]. Geol Mag., (2)
II., 328—331. 1875. [Ref. to Irish beds. ]
394 —
Boulder Clay in Ireland [a letter]. Geol. Mag., (2) II., 568—569.
1875. [The Ivish succession.
395 —
Valleys and their Relation to Fissures, Fractures, and Faults. 8vo.
London, 1875. [Many refs. to glac. & post-glac. geology. |
396 —
On a Prehistoric Road, Duncan’s Flow, Ballyalbanagh, Co. Antrim
Journ. Anthrop. Inst., V.,106—110. 1876. [Under 6 feet of
bog.]
397 —
Irish Tide Heights and Raised Beaches. Geol. Mag., (2) III.,78—82.
1876. [Table of tide heights; heights of tides and of raised
beaches. |
398 —
An Gutlier of Glacialoid or Re-arranged Glacial Drift on Stratified
Gravel (Esker Period), Mourne Demesne, Co. Down. Journ.
R.G.S8.I., 1V., 122—123. 1877.
399 —
Irish Drift. Subgroup—Meteoric Drift. Journ. R.G.S.L., (2) IV.,
115—121 (read 1876). 1877.
400 —
The Estuary of the River Slaney, Co. Wexford. Journ. R.G.SI.,
IV., 60—69 (read 1875). 1877. [Peat under deep mud. ]
401 —
The Drifting Power of Tidal Currents versus that of Windwaves.
Proc. R.I.A., (2) II. (Science), 443—458. 1875—77. [Examples
from Irish coasts. ]
402 -—
Hummocky Moraine Drift. Nature, XV., 379. 1877. [Oughterard,
Co. Galway. ]
403 —
On. the Chesil Beach, Dorsetshire, and Cahore Shingle Beach, County
Wexford. Q.J.G.S., XXXIII., 29—41, plate 2. 1877.
£04 ——
Irish Drifts. Subgroups: Aqueous and Glacial Drifts. Jowrn.
R.G.S.L., IV., 210—218 (read 1876). 1877.
405 —
Manual of the Geology of Ireland. 8vo. London, 1878. [Section izi., ch.
XIV—XVII. deal with glac. & post-glac. geology.
406 ——
Trish Drifts. Zvrans. Manchester Geol. Soc., XIV. (1875-78), 190—
205 (read 1877). 1878. [Classification.]
1895-96. | 279
*407 Kinahan (George Henry).
Irish Drifts. Zand and Water, Jan. 19, 1878.
408 —
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 169, 170, 180, and 181 of the
map of the Geological Survey of Ireland, in the County of Wexford.
8vo. 1879. [Lagoons 5—6; glac. & post-glac. 12—14, 28—51.]
£09 —— :
Sea-beaches, especially those of Wexford and Wicklow. Proc. R.I.A.,
(2) II. (Science), 191—208, plates 4—7. 1879. [Formation and
travel. ]
410 —
On the Arklow Beach and Rivers. Sci. Proc. R.D.S., u.s. IL., 250—
258, plates 16—18. 1880. [Travelling of beaches. |
411 —
[Remarks on Young’s paper on wrought timber found in boulder clay
(74%9).] Jown. R.H. §& A.A.L., (4) V. iit. (1881), 449—450.
i882. [An effect of weathering. ]
412 —
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 158 and 159 of the maps of
the Geological Survey of Ireland, including the district around
Enniscorthy, co. Wextord. 8vo. 1882. [Form of ground 7—8 ;
glac. & post-glac. 19—37. |
413 ——
Notes on Cervus megaceros (Megaceros hibernicus). Zrans. Edinb.
Geol. Soc. IV. iii. (for 1882-83), 343—345. 18838, [ Distribution,
&e. |
414 —
Glacial Moraines on Mount Leinster, Counties Wexford and Carlow.
Sci. Proc. R.D.S., n.s. III., 334—335, plates 27—29. 1882; and
Journ. R.G.S.I., VI., 186—187, plates 4—6 (read 1882). 1886.
415 -——
Notes on the Classification of the Boulder Clays and their associated
Gravels. Sci. Proc. R.D.S., nu.s. 1V., i1., 207—210. 1885; and
Journ, R.G.S.I., VI., 270—278 (read 1884). 1886.
ce
Deal Timber in the Lake Basins and Peat Bogs of North-east Donegal.
Sci. Proc. R.D.S., nu.s. V., 629—636. 1886-87.
417 —
Gravel Terraces ; Valleys of the Mourne, Strule, and Foyle, Counties
Tyrone and Donegal. Sci. Proc. R.D.S., n.s. V., 636—638.
1886-87. [ Description. ]
*418 [| ——j] [Nanahik, Pseudonym).
The Morrogh of Wicklow. Land and Water, XXIII., 45. 1887.
[Formed by tides and winds. |
419 ——
Large Irish Boulders [a letter]. Geol. Mag., (3) V., 189. 1888.
[Dimensions of large errativs. ]
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
280 [ Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Kinahan (George Henry).
Economic Geology of Ireland. [Being vol. VIII. of Jown. R.G.S.L.}
8vo. Dublin, 1889. [Ref. to clays, &e.]
Kitchen eres in co. Donegal. J.N., IIL, 138. 1894. [General
note.
The Recent Irish Glaciers. J.N., I1I., 236—240. 1894, [Effects of
heavy snow-drifts against crumbling cliffs. ]
Kitchen Middens, co. Donegal. J.N., 1V.,21. 1895. [Short note. ]
See Adams (9), Foot (206), Hull (307), Jukes (348 to 353,
359), Kinahan (760), Trench (668), Ussher (681, 681).
[(Kinahan (George Henry) and J. Beete Jukes),.]
Explanations to accompany sheet 143 of the maps of the Geological
Survey of Ireland, illustrating part of the Counties of Clare and
ep 8vo. 1860. [Glac. & post-glac., Megaceros, 8—9,
(Kinahan (George Henry), J. Beete Jukes, and F. J. Foot.|
Do. do. sheet 152 do. do., illustrating part of the
Counties of Kerry and Limerick. 8vo. 1860. [Glac. & post-
glac. 26—27.]
[Kinahan (George Henry) aud F. J. Foot.)
Do. do. sheet 142 do. do., illustrating parts of the
Counties of Clare, Kerry, and Limerick. 8vo. 1860. [Glac. &
post-glac. 39—40.]
Kinahan (George Henry), H. Leonard and R. J. Cruise.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 104 and 113 with the
adjoining portions of sheets 103 and 122 (Kilkieran and Aran sheets)
do. do., illustrating a portion of the County of Galway. 8vo.
1871. [Glac. & post-glac., sea-cliffis (Aran) 31—387; glac. &
post-glac. (mainland), kitchen-middens 69—74; table of striz
75—85. |
Kinahan (George Henry), and Joseph Nolan.
Explanation to accompany sheet 95 do. do.
illustrating parts of the counties of Galway and Mayo. 8vo. 1870.
{Lough Corrib islands 30—36 ; L. Mask islands 45 ; glac. & post-
glac. 45— 52: table of striz 53—58. |
Kinahan (George Henry), J. Nolan, H. Leonard, and R. J,
Cruise.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 93 and 94, with the
adjoining portion of sheets 83, 84, and 103 do. do.,
illustrating the geological structure of the district around Clifden,
Connemara. 8vo. 1878. [Drift bar 13; denudation 44—47 ;
glac. & post-glac. 143 -144 ; table of strize 145—160.]
[Kinahan (George Henry,) J. O’Kelly, and J. Beete Jukes.)
Explanation to accompany sheet 153 do. do., illustrating parts
of the Counties of Limerick and Cork. 8yo, 1861. [Glac. &
post-glac. 28.]
1895-96. | 281
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
Kinahan (George Henry) and R. G. Symes.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 86, 87, 88, and eastern part
of 85 do. do., illustrating parts of the counties of Mayo,
Galway, Roscommon, and Longford. 8vo. 1871. [Frontispiece,
eskers ; form of ground 7—9; glac. & post-glac. 49—54; striz
39, 55—57 ]
Kinahan (George Henry), R. G. Symes, S. B. Wilkinson,
Joseph Nolan, and H. Leonard.
Do. do. sheets 73 and 74 (in part), 83 and 84 do. do.
including the Country around Westport, &c. 8yo. 1876. [Glac.
& post-glac. 11, 69—75 ; table of strie 75—82.]
Kinahan (George Henry), S. B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan, F. W.
Bgan (and E. Hull.
Do. do. sheet 17 and S. E. portion of sheet 11 do. do.
8vo. 1889. [Donegal, Derry, Tyrone. Phys. geogr. 5-6;
glaciation 28 ; glac. & post-glac. 28-32 ]
(Kinahan (George Henry), A. B. Wynne and J. Beete Jukes.]
Explanations to accompany sheet 134 do. do., illustrating parts
of the counties of Clare, Tipperary, and Limerick. 8vo. 1861.
[Glac. & post-glac., Megaceros, 8—9, 29—31.]
Kinahan (Gerard A.).
‘¢ Black Sand’’ in the Drift north of Greystones, Co. Wicklow. Sev.
Proc. R.D.S.,n.s. I1I., 165—168. 1888; and Journ. R.G.S.L.,
VL, 111—114 (read 1881). 1886.
Some Notes on the Geology of Bray Head, with a Geological Map and
Sections. Journ. R.G.S.I., VI., 188—192, plate 7 (read 1882).
1886. [Ref. to glac. phenomena. ]
Kinahan (John Robert).
[ Exhibited series of fossils from the Marine Drift of Bohernabreena,
Co. Dublin.] Journ G.S.D., VILL. (1857-60), 87—88 (read 1858).
1860; also Nat. Hist. Review, V., 167—168. 1858. [Names
and condition of the shells. ]
Three Days among the Bats in Clare. Proc. Dublin Nat. Hist. Soc ,
IIT. (for 1859-62), 94-99 (read 1861). 1863. [Description of
several caves. ] :
King (Prof. William).
An Attempt to correlate the Glacial and Post-glacial Deposits of the
British Islands, and‘to determine their order of succession. (Geolo-
gist for 1863. 168—178. 1863. [Refs. to Ireland.]
King (Right Rey. Dr. William), Archbishop of Dublin.
An Account of the Manner of Manuring Lands by Sea-Shells, as
practised in the Counties of Londonderry and Donegall in Ireland.
Phil. Trans., XXVI. (1708-9), 59-64. 1710. | [Post-glac.
deposits. | -
Knowles (William James).
Works of Art found in the Boulder Clay at Cullybackey [abstract].
7th Ann. Report B.N.F.C. (1869-70), 35—36. 1870. % [Co.
Antrim. Concretionary nodules, and piece of wood supposed to be
wrought. |
282 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
442 Knowles (William James).
On Prehistoric Remains at Portstewart. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) I., 100
(for 1874-75). 1875. [Sand-hill finds. ]
443 —
A Glimpse of Prehistoric Times in the North of Ireland. Brit. Assoc.
Report for 1874, Sections, 155—156. 1875. [Implements, bones. ]
444 —
Additional Remarks on the Find of Prehistoric objects at Portstewart.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1876, Sections, 166. 1877; and Journ.
Anthrop. Inst., VI., 485—487. 1877. [Implements, é&c. ]
445 —
Flint Implements and Associated remains found near Ballintoy, Co.
Antrim. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., VII., 202—205. 1878.
446 —
Flint Factories at Portstewart and elsewhere in the North of Ireland.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1878, 579—580. 1879. [Implements,
bones, shells. ]
447 —
‘Report of the Committee . . . . for the purpose of conducting
Excavations at Portrush and elsewhere in the North of Ireland.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1879, 171—175. 1879. [Implements,
animal remains. |
448 —
Portstewart and other Flint Factories in the North of Ireland. Journ.
Anthrop. Inst., UX., 320—328. 1880.
449 ——
Flint Implements from the Valley of the Bann. Brit. Assoc. Report
Sor 1879, 389—390. 1879; and Journ. Anthrop. Inst., X.,
150—153. 1881. [In marl under peat. ]
450 —
Prehistoric Implements found in the Sandhills of Dundrum, Co. Down.
Proc. R.I.A., (2) Il. (Polite Lit. and Antiquities), 103—113.
1881.
451 —
On Basalt apparently overlying Post-Glaciai Beds, Co. Antrim. Brit.
Assoc. Report for 1883, 497. 1884. [Short abstract. ]
452 —
On the Antiquity of Manin Ireland. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1883,
562. 1884. [Pre-palzolithic implements in N. E. Ireland. ]
453 —
Flint Implements from the Raised Beach at Larne and other parts of
the North-east coast of Ireland. Proc. RIA. (2) IL. (Polile
Lit. and Antiquities), 209—2138, plates 14—15. 1884. [Pre-
palzolithic. |
454 —
Flint Implements from the North-east of Ireland. Proc. R.I.A., (2)
II. (Polite Lit. and Antiquities), 436—444, plates 22—23, 1886.
[From boulder clay, Co, Antrim, ete. ]
1895-96. | 283
455 Knowles (William James).
Whitepark Bay, Co. Antrim. Journ. R.H. § A.A.T., (4) VII. i.
(1885), 104—125, plate 9. 1887. [Ref. to animal remains, &e. |
456 ——
The Prehistoric Sites at Portstewart, County Londonderry. Jowrn.
R.H. § A.A.I., (4) VIII. ¢., 221—237, 4 plates. 1887. [Full
descr. |
457 —
The Worked Fiints from the Raised Beach at Larre, and elsewhere in
the North of Ireland. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) II., 589—542 (for
1886-87). 1887.
458 —
Report on Flint Implements of the North-east of Ireland. Proc.
BT. Al. G) 1, 188189, “1889.
459 —
[First] Report on the Prehistoric Remains from the Sandhills of the
Coast of Ireland. Proc. R.I.A., (3) I. 1783—189, plates 10—13.
1889. [Descr., implements, bones. ]
460 —
Second Report do. do. do. Prot Het A, (3) 1. 612
—625, plates 22—24. 1891. [Descr., implements, bones. ]
461 —
Trish Stone Axes and Chisels. Journ. &.S.A.L., (5) IIT., 140—163,
plates. 1892. [Distribution and characters. ]
462 —
On the Occurrence of Flint Flakes in the Ballyrudder Gravels. Proc.
B.N.F.C., (2) I1I., 410-—414 (for 1891—92). 1892. [In glacial
gravels. |
463 -——
Prehistoric Pottery from the Sandhills, and its Antiquity. Jowrn.
R.S.A.L., (5) IV., 248—255. 1895.
464 —
Kitchen Middens of Antrim. J.N., IV., 80. 1895. [Bones of Great
Auk. ]
465 —
Kitchen Middens of Donegal. J.N., IV., 80. 1895. [Short note. ]
466 --—
Third Report on the Prehistoric Remains from the Sandhills of the
Coast of Ireland. Proc. R.I.A., (3) II1., 650—668. 1895.
[Animal remains, &e. ]
467 lLentaigne (John).
[Remarks on contemporaneity of Megacerosand man.] Journ. G.S.D.,
X. (1862-64), 169. 1864.
468 Leonard (Hugh).
Kitchen Middens on Omey Island, Co. Galway. Geol. Mag., V.,
266—268, 1868. ([Shells, implements. ]
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
284 [ Appendix B.N.F.C.,,
Leonard (Hugh).
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 68 and 69 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating parts of the Counties of
Cavan, Leitrim, and Roscommon. 8yvo. 1878. [Roches mou-
tonnées 11; glac. & post-glac. 21—22.]
See Kinahan (427, 429,432).
Leonard (W. B.), see Hull (308, 310, 311).
Leonard (W. G.), and R. J. Cruise.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 78, 79, and 80 of the Maps
of the Geological Survey of Ireland, including portion of the
Counties of Roscommon, Leitrim, Longford, Cavan, and Meath.
[Glac. & post-glac. 40. ]
Leslie (David).
On Remains of Megaceros hibernicus in gypsum in Ireland. Geologist
for 1864, 165—166, plate 11. [Co. Monaghan. ]
Lett (Rev. Henry William).
Records of a Former Level of Lough Neagh. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) IL.,
117—118 (for 1881-82). 1883. [Submerged bog and forest,
bordered by submerged cliff. }
Ancient Canoe found near Loughbrickland, Co. Down. U/lst, Journ.
Areh., ns. I., 153—154. 1895.
Lewis (Henry Carvill).
Papers and Notes on the Glacial Geology of Great Britian and Ireland.
8vo. London and New York, 1894. [Ireland, pp. 88—166. |
Lewis (Samuel).
A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland. 2 vols., 4to. 1837, [Mega-
ceros at Dromore, Co. Down, I., 578.]
Lockwood (Frederick W.).
On the recent Examination of the Crannogs at Lough Mourne, near
Carrickfergus. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) II., 170—174, plate (for
1882-83). 1884.
[The Crannogs of Lough Mourne.] [Abstract.] Journ. R.H. § A.A.L.,
(4) VI. i. (1883), 177. 1884.
[Account of the Crannogs of Lough Mourne, near Carrickfergus. |
Journ. R.H, §& A.A I. (4) VI. i. (1883), 194-195, plate. 1884.
Long (J.).
[Antiquities found during Shannon Navigation Works.] Journ. R.H.
§ A.A.1., (4) I. i., 264—267. 1870. [Implements found in
removing shoals. | :
Lubbock (Sir John).
Prehistoric Times . . . . 8vo. London, 5th edition. 1890.
[General ref. to Ireland. |
GLuckombe (Philip), see 761,
1895-96.) 285
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
4838
4389
490
491
492
Lydekker (Richard).
Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum, in 5 parts.
8vo. London, 1885-87. [Contains Irish localities, as in II.,
82—89, Cervus giganteus. |
Catalogue of Fossil Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in the
Science and Art Museum [Dublin]. 8vo. Dublin, 1891. [Many
Trish specimens, localities and references. |
Llynch] (J. F.).
Lough Gur. Journ. Cork Hist. and Arch. Soc. (2) I., 241—258,
289—302, 1895. [Descr. and ref. to animal remains. |
MacAdam (James).
On the Cuttings of the Belfast and Ballymena Railway. Journ.
G@.S.D., IV., 36—41. 1848. [Refs. to Boulder clay and gravels |
Observations on the Neighbourhood of Belfast, with a Description of
the Cuttings on the Belfast and Co. Down Railway. Journ.
G.S.D., IV., 250—265, plate 1. 1850. [Chiefly glac. & post-
glac. |
Supplementary Observations on the neighbourhood of Belfast. Journ.
G.S.D., IV., 265—268. 1850. [List of fossils of estuarine
clays, chiefly by Grainger. |
On the Fossiliferous Beds of the Counties of Antrimand Down. Srit.
Assoc. Report for 1852, Sections, 53—55. 1853. [Post-glacial
beds. |
MacAlister (Alexander), see Plunkett (562).
Wi‘Clay (James L.).
Some Notes on the Geology of Londonderry made during Holiday
Rambles in that County. Proc. L’pool Geol, Soc., I11. iii. (1876-
77), 286—241. 1877. (Ref. to glac. geology. |
M‘Donald (John), see Hist. & Arch. Assoc. of Ireland (286).
M‘Evoy (D.).
{Ancient road, human bones, and utensils found near Urlingford,
eee Trans. Kilk. Arch. Soc., III. (1854-55), 1381—132.
856.
M‘Henry (Alexander).
Report on the Explorations at White Park Bay, Ballintoy. Proc.
R.ILA., (2) Il. (Polite Lit. and Antiquities), 463—464. 1888.
[Descr., implements, animal remains. |
—
Crannog of Lovgh na Cranagh, Fair Head, Co. Antrim. Proc. R.I.A.,
(2) Il. (Polite Lit. and Antiquities), (1879-88), 462. 1888.
[ Descr.]
Sketch of the Geology of Co. Antrim. Proc. Geol. Assoc., XIV.,
129—147, plate 5, map. 1895. [Short descr. of glac. & post-
glac. beds. |
See Hull (307, 309), Symes (649, 651, 652, 655).
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
286 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
M‘Henry (Alexander), and W. W. Watts.
Guide to the Collections of Rocks and Fossils belonging to the Geologi-
cal Survey of Ireland, arranged in Room III. E. of the Museum of
Science and Art, Dublin. 8vo. Dublin. 1895. (General descr.
of glac. & post-glac. beds, by provinces ; lists of fossils. ]
M‘Intosh (D.).
On the precise Mode of Accumulation and Derivation of the Moel
Tryfan Shelly Deposits, &. Q.J.G.8., XXXVII., 351—369.
1881. [Ref. to Irish high-level beds.] ~
M‘Skimin (Samuel).
History of Carrickfergus. Svo. Belfast, 1811. [Submerged peat
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Mahony (James A.).
On the Natural History of Donegal, with some account of its
Archeology. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soe. of Glasgow, III. (1875-78),
152—162 (read 1877). 1878. [Glac. & post-glac. beds. |
On the Shell Mounds of the North of Ireland. Proce. Nat. Hist. Soc.
of Glasgow, Y. (1880-83), 7—11 (read 1880). 1884, [Shells,
bones, pottery, sandhills of Donegal and Ballintoy. |
Mallet (Robert).
[Annual] Address [to Geol. Soc. of Dublin.] Jowrn. GS.D., III.,
168—178. 1846. [Review of papers read. |
[Annual] Address [to Geol. Soc. of Dublin.] Journ. G.S.D., III.,
215—235. 1847. [Review of papers read.]
On certain molecular changes occurring in the structure of recent
shells. Jowrn. G.S.D., III., 301—302. 1848. [Sparry infil-
tration, shore at Carrickfergus. |
See also 763.
Mantell (Gideon Algernon).
On the Remains of Man and Works of Art embedded in Rocks and
Strata, as illustrative of the connection between Archeology and
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temporaneity of Man and Megaceros. |
Medals of Creation. 2 vols., 8vo. London, [1853]. [Calcified nuts
from submerged peat, Carrickfergus, I., 71.]
Maunsell (Archdeacon William Wray).
[Letters to R.D.S. on presentation of Elk’s bones.] Proc. R.D.S.,
LX., 169—170, 211—212, 1824; LXI., 93—97, 1825. [Localities,
&e. |
Milligan (Seaton Forrest).
Crannogs in County Cavan. Jowrn. R.H. § A.A.L, (4) VII i.
(1885), 148—152. 1887.
See Belfast N.H. & P.S. (44).
1895-96. | 287
505
506
507
508
509
510
§11
512
513
51¢€
$15
Mitchell (W. F.).
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheet 62 and the northern portion
of sheet 73 of the Maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. 8vo.
1879. [Mayo: glac. & post-glac. 19—21.]
Do. do. sheet 129 do. do., illustrating the district of
Baltinglass and Dunlavin in the County of Wicklow. 8yvo. 1884.
[Glac. & post-glac. 24—-27.]
See Egan (192), Hull (306, 307);
Molloy (Kyran).
[Letter on a timber structure below 4 feet of bog.] Journ. R.H. §
A.A.T,, (4) l.i., 279. 1870. [Clonmacnoise, King’s Co. ]
Molyneux (Thomas).
A Discourse concerning the Large Horns frequently found under
Ground in Ireland, Concluding from them that the Great American
Deer call’d a Moose was formerly common in that Island
ite . Phil. Trans., XIX. (1695-97), 489—512, plate. 1698.
[Reprinted in Boate, Molyneux, &c., ‘‘ Nat. Hist. of Ireland”’
(100). |
Remarks upon the aforesaid Letter [see Nevile (533)] and Teeth.
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A Journey to Kilkenny. From MS. notes of Thomas Molyneux.
Edited by Rev. James Graves. Journ. Kilk. Arch. Soc., II1.,
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See Boate (100).
Moore (Rev. Canon Courtenay).
The Mitchelstown Caves. Jowrn. Cork Hist. § Arch. Soc., II1., 1—5d.
1894. [Descr., map. |
Moore (Joseph Scott).
On the Discovery of a Stone Hatchet at Kilbride, County of Wicklow.
Journ. R.G.S.I., 1., 260—252 (read 1866). 1867. [Under a
large boulder. ]
On the Growth of Turf Bogs of fibrous character. Journ. R.G.S.L.,
IT. (1867-70), 171—174. 1871.
On the Discovery of a Cache at Ballinatona, near Blesington. Journ.
R.G.S.L., IL, 174—176 (read 1869). 1871. [Under 6 feet of
bog. |
Moran (John).
Mammoth’s Tooth recently found in the drift gravels at Larne Harbour.
Proc. B.N.H. & P.S. for 1888-89. 35—37. 1889. [In raised
beach. Descr, of beds. |
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
288 [ Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Morant (George),
[On Crannogs in Ballyhoe Lake, near Currickmacross, Co. Monaghan. |
Journ. Kalk. & S.E. of Lreland Arch. Soc., VI. (1867), 8—10.
1871.
[Ancient floor under bog near Carrickmacross, Co. Monaghan. ]
Journ. R.H, § A.A.J., (3) I, (1868-69), 269—270. 1878.
Moss (Richard J.).
Report on the Exploration of Ballybetagh Bog. Proc. R.1.A., (2) II*
(Science), 547—552. 1875-77. [Descr., list of bones. ]
Mudge (Capt. William).
Description of an ancient Structure dug out of Drumkelin Bog, in the
Parish of Inver, County of Donegal, in the year 1833. Arche-
ologia, XXVI., 361—367 (read 1833). 1836. [Wooden house
under 16 feet of bog. |
Mulvany (William T.).
Collection of antiquities presented to the Royal Irish Academy. Proc.
RI. A., V. (1850-53), appendix V., 1853. [Some skulls, &c. in-
cluded. |
Murray (William).
On some timber found at a considerable depth below the surface in the
Co. of Tyrone. Journ. G.S.D., III., 75. 1844. [Measured
section ; wood at 57 feet depth, in clays, &c. |
Wanahik (Pseudonym) see Kinahan (418),
Wevile (Francis).
A Letter to the Right Reverend St. George, Lord Bishop of Clogher,
giving an account of some large Teeth lately dugg up in the North
of Ireland. . . . Phil. Trans., XXIX. (1714-16), 367—3870.
1717. Reprinted in Boate, Molyneux, &c., ‘Nat. Hist. of Ireland”
(200). [Elephant’s teeth at Maghery, borders of Cavan and
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Newman (Edward).
Further Notes on the Bones of Extinct Deer found in Ireland. Zool.,
V., 1629-1633. 1847. [Kditorial comments following letters by
Owen (550) and Richardson (597, 598), on the Lough Gur
find. ]
Wichol (A.).
[Letter describing Michelstown Cave.] Dublin Penny Journal, III.,
202—203. Dec. 27, 1834.
Nolan (Joseph).
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheet 70 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, including the country around
Dundalk and Carrickmacross. 8vo. 1877. [Armagh, Monaghan,
Louth. Caves 10; glac. & post-glac. 33—34 ]
Do. do. sheet 34 do. do. 8vo. 1878. [Tyrone.
Phys. geogr. 7-9; glac. & post-glac. 21—23.]
1895-96.] 289
527 Nolan, (Joseph).
Do. do. sheet 26 do. do., comprising portions of the
Counties Tyrone and Londonderry. 8vo. 1884. [Phys. geogr.
7—9; glac. & post-glac. 21—24. ]
See Hull (307, 309), Kinahan (£28, £29, 432, £33).
528 Nolan (Joseph) and F. W. Egan.
Do. do. sheet 18 do. do. S8vo, 1884. [Derry and
Tyrone. Phys. geogr. 7—10; glac. & post-glac. 23~-24. ]
§29 -—- —
Do. do. sheet 12 and part of sheet 6 do. do., including
the country around Limavady. $8vo. 1885. ([Phys. geogr.
5—9; glac. & post-glac. 24—29. |
530. O’Callaghan (C. G.).
Hitherto unnoticed Crannogs in Lough Bridgid, Co. Clare. Proc. and
Papers R.S.A.I., (5) I. (1890-91), 487. 1892.
531 [O'Kelly (J.)].
Explanations to accompany sheet 127 of the Maps of the Geological
Survey of Ireland, illustrating a portion of the Queen’s County.
8vo. 1862. [Glac. & post-glac. 26—27. |
$32 —
Do. do. sheet 117 and 118. do. do., illustrating a
portion of the Kings’s and Queen’s Counties, and the Counties of
Galway and Tipperary. €vo. 1866. [Glac. & post-glac. 21—
28, eskers chiefly.]
See eae 209), Jukes (343, 352, 354, 360), Kinahan
533 [(O’Kelly (J.), J. Beete Jukes, A. B. Wynne, and G V.Du
Noyer.
Do. do. sheet 155 do. do., illustrating part of the
County of Tipperary. 8vo. 1860. [Glac. & post-glac. 21—22.]|
534 O’Laverty (Rev. James),
Relative Antiquity of Stone and Bronze Weapons. Ulst. Journ.
Arch., V., 122—127. 18657.
535 Oldham (Thomas).
On the more recent Geological Deposits of Ireland. Journ. G.S.D.,
III., 61—71. 1844, [Good general descr. ; list of Howth glac.
shells. ]
536 -——
On the Rocks at Bray Head. Journ. G.S.D., III., 60—61. 1844.
[Ref. to glaciation. ]
537 —
On the Occurrence of Marine Shells in the Gravels of Ireland. Brit.
Assoc. Report for 1844, Sections, 57. 1845. [In many localities. ]
538 —
Some further remarks on the more recent Geological Deposits of
Treland. Journ. G.S.D., III., 180—132. 1845, [Lists of
shells from Dublin glac. beds, &c.]
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
290 [Appendix B,N.F.C.,
Oldham (Thomas),
On the supposed existence of Moraines in Glenmalur, Co. of Wicklow.
Journ. G.S.D., III., 197—199. 1846. [Believes them to be
tidal bars. ]
On a remarkable group of the remains of deer found near Kiltiernan.
Journ. G.S.D., I11., 252—253. 1847. [Many Megaceros skulls. |
On the ‘drift’? deposits of the County of Wicklow [abstract].
Journ. G.S.D., III., 302—303. 1848. [General.]
[Annual] Address [to Geol. Soc. Dublin.] Jown. G.S.D., IIL,
273—800. 1848. [Review of papers read. |
On the Geology of Howth [abstract]. Jowrn. G.S.D., IV., 154—156.
1849. [Ref. to glac. beds. ]
O’Reilly (J. P.).
Notes on Lithothamnion met with in deep cuttings at the mouth of the
river Liffey. Proc. R.I.A., (8) III., 223—224. 1893. [Section
24 ft. through post-glac. beds. |
Ormsby (M. H.).
On a Polished and Striated Surface in the Limestone of Ross Hill, Co.
Galway. Journ. R.G.S.I., I., 18—20 (read 1864). 1867. [For
discussion see p. 90]; and Dublin Q.J.S., V., 201—204. 1865.
Ouseley (Ralph).
An Account of the Moving of a Bog, and the Formation of a Lake, in
the County of Galway. Trans. R.I.A., II., 3—6, plate 1.
1788.
Owen (Richard).
Report on the British Fossil Mammalia, Part II., Ungulata. Brit.
Assoc. Report for 1843, 208—241. 1844. [Ref. to Irish remains. |
|
Description and illustrated catalogue of the Fossil organic remains of
Mammalia and Aves contained in the Museum of the Royal
College of Surgeons of England. 4to. 1845. [Irish localities,
as at pp. 255—261, Megaceros Hibernicus. |
History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds. 8vo. London, 1846.
[Irish refs. ]
[Letter on Lough Gur find.] Farmer's Gazette, V., 523. Dec., 1846;
reprinted in Zool., V., 1620-1622. 1847.
See also Ball (38),
P.
The Cave of Dunmore. Dublin Penny Journal, 1., no, 10. Sept. 1,
1832. [General descr. ]
1895-96. ] 29
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
Palliser (C. W.).
On a submarine bog recently discovered in Wexford Harbour [a letter].
Journ. G.S.D., IX., 344 (read 1861.) 1862. [14 feet of blue
mud over 6 feet of peat, over 2 feet of mud, over marl:
discussion. |
Parkinson (James).
Organic Remains of a former World. 3 vuls., 4to. | London, 1804-
1811. [Irish Elk, III., 313—318.]
Patrickson (Major S.).
Description of a limestone District on the N.E. shore of Carlingford
Lough, and of littoral Deposits of Shells and Limestone, &c.
Journ. G.S.D., I. (1838-38), 180—182. 1837. [Raised beach. ]
Patterson (William Hugh).
On a newly discovered Site for Worked Flints in the County of Down.
Journ. R.S.A.L., (5) I1., 154—155, plate. 1892. [Flakes, ox and
and deer remains at Sydenham. ]
Notice of a Pre-Historic Site at Ballykinler, Dundrum Bay, County of
Down. Journ. R.S.A.JL., (5) II], 80—81, 1893. [Flints,
pottery, bones. |
Shell-mounds at Rosapenna, North Donegal. J.N., I1I., 49—61,
plate 38. 1894; and Proc. B.N.A. §& P.S. for 1893-94, 35. 1894.
[Short abstract.] [Shells and bones. |
See Belfast N.H. & P.S. (44).
Percy (Rey. Dr.), Bishop of Dromore.
Extract of a letter from, to the Rey. Dr. Lort, on some large Fossil
Horns. Archeologia, VII., 158—159. 1785. [Megaceros horns,
size only. |
Petrie (George).
Account of a human body in a singular costume found in a high state
of preservation in a bog on the lands of Gallagh, in the county of
Galway. Dublin Phil. Journ. §& Scient. Review, I., 433—435.
1825, [Near bottom of bog 10 feet deep ; clad in skins. |
Phayer (J. R.).
[Exhibited drawing of antler of Irish Elk found at Rathard, Tory
Hill, Kilkenny.] Jowrn. Kilk. Arch. Soc., 1., 33. 1849.
Pike (William).
[Presented quern, &c. from crannog at Roughan Island near Dun-
gannon.] Proc. R.I.A.,1., 457 (read 1840). 1841.
Plunkett (Thomas).
On the Exploration of the Knockninny Cave. With an Account of the
Animal Remains, by Rev. Prof. Havenron and Prof. MacatistTEr.
Proc. R.I.A., (2) IL. (Science), 465—483. 1876-77. [Descr. :
implements ; bones. | :
292 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
563 Plunkett (Thomas),
A Detailed Account of the Exploration of Knockmore Caves in
Fermanagh. Jowrn, R.G.SI., 1V., 131—140 (read 1876). 1877.
[General account. |
564 —-
On the Exploration of some Caves in the Limestone Hills of Fermanagh.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1877, Sections, 76. 1878, [Human and
animal remains. |
565 —
Report of the Committee . . . appointed for the Purpose of
exploring the Fermanagh Caves. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1878,
183—185. 1879. [General account of six caves. |
566 —
On an Ancient Settlement found about 21 feet beneath the surface of
the peat in the Coal-bog near Boho, Co. Fermanagh. Brit. Assoc.
Report for 1880, 623. 1880; and Proc. R.I.A., (2) Il. (Polite
Lit. § Antiq.), 66—70, plate 2. 1880. [Crannog under peat
and lacustrine marl. |
567 Porte (George).
Remarks on the Recent Discovery of Remains of the Cervus Megaceros
at Ballybetagh. Proc. R.J.A., (2) Il. (Science), 738—741.
1875-77. [Age and condition of the bones. |
568 Porter (Rev. Thomas H.,).
On the Deposits of Gravel in the Neighbourhood of Dublin. Proc.
R.I.A., I1., 37—40. 1840-41. [Caused by a deluge. ]
569 Portlock (General Joseph &.).
On the Study of Geological Phenomena in Irelanc. Jowrn. G.S.D.,
I., 1—15. 1833, ([Post-glac. beds 14—15.]|
$70 —
On the Shelly Gravel underlying Dundalk. Journ. G.S.D., 1., 246—
248 (read 1834). 1837. [Recent marine deposits. |
yf)
Address delivered at the 8th Annual Meeting of the Geol. Soc. Dublin.
Journ. G.S.D., II., 1—34. 1839. [Review of papers read. ]
572 —
Report on the Geology of the County of Londonderry . . . 8vo.
Dublin, 1843. [Ch. I. Review of works of preceding writers.
Ch. VI., Tertiary—calcareous clays (with list of fossils, Portrush
raised beach, by J. Smith). Ch. [X. p. 473, mammalian remains.
Ch. XIII., Detritus. Appendix: addendum to Ch. VI., with
Brycrk and HynpMan’s paper and list of fossils, Belfast Water-
work boulder clay (111). |
573 —
[Annual] Address [te Geol. Soc., Dublin.] Jowrn. G.S.D., IV.,
167—244. 1850. [Review of papers read. ]
574 —
Rudimentary Treatise on Geology. 2nd ed. 8vo. Dublin, 1852.
[Lough Foyle raised beach 57 : Burnthollet river-terraces 59. ]
1895-96.] 293
575 Portlock (General Joseph E.).
Notice of Scratches upon the Rocks of Bantry Bay, and of some
intrusions of Igneous Rocks among the Schists, and consequent
disturbance of the’ strata. Journ. G.S.D., V. (1850-53), 111—
112 (read 1850). 1858. [Boulder clay and striated rocks. ]
576 Praeger (Robert Lloyd).
On the Estuarine Clays at the new Alexandra Dock, Belfast. Proc.
B.N.F.C., (2) I1., Appendix for 1886-87, 29—62, 1887.
[Glac. & post-glac. beds : list of fossils. ]
577 —
Report of a Committee of Investigation on the Gravels and associated
Beds of the Curran at Larne, Co. Antrim. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2)
III., 198—210, 2 plates (for 1889-90). 1890. [Descr. and lists
of fossils. |
578 —
A Contribution to the Post-tertiary Fauna of Ulster. Proc. B.N.F.C.,
(2) I1I., 215—218 (for 1889-90). 1890. [List of some estuarine
clay shells, Derry, Antrim, and Down. }
579 —
On the Skull of an Irish Elk found at Belfast. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2)
III., 416—417 (for 1891-92). 1892. [In peat below 30 feet
of marine clay. |
580 —
[Exhibited bones of Irish Elk.] Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) III., 422—428
(for 1891-92). 1892. [From gravel below peat below marine clay
at Belfast. |
$81 —
Report on the Estuarine Clays of the North-east of Ireland. Proc.
R.ILA., (8) IL, 212—289. 1892. [Full descr. and lists of
fossils, Londonderry to Dundalk. |
582 —
The Irish Post-glacial Estuarine Deposits. I.N., I.,138—141. 1892.
|General descr. |
583 —
Report of the sub-committee appointed to investigate the Gravels of
Ballyrudder, County Antrim. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) III., 518—
525 (for 1892-93). 1893. [Glac. gravels. Descr. and lists of
fossils. ]
§34 —
The Raised Beaches of Inishowen. J.N., 1V., 278-—285. 1895.
[Descr. and lists of fossils. ]
535 —
The Mourne Mountains. Proe. Geol. Assoc., XIV.,148—152. 1895.
[Ref. to glac & post-glac. beds. ]
See Belfast N.H. & P.S. (43), Sollas (626, 628, 629),
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
$95
596
597
294 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Reade (TF. Mellard).
Notes on the Scenery and Geology of Ireland. Proc. L’ pool. Geol. Soc.,
IV. z. (1878-79), 64—89. 1879. [Irish coast, Down to Clare
via Donegal. |
On a section of Boulder-clay and Grayels near Ballygalley Head, and
an Inquiry as to the proper Classification of the Irish Drift.
Q.J.GS8., XXXV., 679—681. 1879. [Descr.: fossils. ]
A Problem for Irish Geologists in post-glacial Geology. Jowrn.
R.G.S.I., V., 173 -176. 1880; and Sci. Proc. R.D.S., nu.s. I1.,
255—258, plate 19. 1880. [Correlation of English and Irish
beds. }
—
On the Relations of the Glacial Deposits of the Clyde and Forth to
those of the North-west of England and North of Ireland. Trans.
Geol. Soc. Glasgow, VI. ti. (1878-9, ’79-80), 264—276 (read
1880). 1882. [Descr. of beds, Antrim, Mayo, &e. ]
Glacial Geology, Old and New. Geol. Mag., (38) IX., 310—321.
1892, [Refs. to Irish Beds. ]
The Dublin and Wicklow Shelly-drift. Proc. L’pool Geol. Soc., VII.
ii. (1893-94), 183—206. 1894. [Deser. and fossils, high and
low level beds, Howth and Glenasmole to Bray. Many illustr. |
Excursion to Belfast, Whitsuntide, 1893. Proc. ZL’ pool Geol. Soc.,
VII. wi. (1893-94), 226—227. 1894. [Glac. & post-glac. beds,
Down and Antrim. ]
The High and Low-level Shelly Drifts around Dublin and Bray.
I.N., III., 117—121, 150—153. 1894. [General descr. ]
Reeves (Rev. William) [afterwards Bishop of Down and Connor and
Dromore].
[Supplementary observations on Wilde’s paper on certain Crannogs
in Ulster (694).] Proc. R.I.A., VII. (1857-61), 153—159 (read
1859). 1862. [Descr. of additional crannogs. ]
An Account of the Crannoge of Inishrush and its ancient occupants.
Proc. R.I.A., VII. (1857-61), 212—217 (read 1859). 1862.
[Near Portglenone, Co. Derry.]
Reid (Clement).
The Origin of Megaceros-Marl. J.N., IV.,
[Plants from marl, &c. ]
Richardson (H. D.,).
131—1382. 1896.
The Extinct Gigantic Deer [a letter]. Farmer’s Gazette, V., 588—839.
1846, Reprinted in Zoo/., V., 1623-1628.
find. |
1847.
[Lough Gur
1895-96. | 29
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
tn
Richardson (H. D.).
[Letter on Lough Gur find.] Zo0l., V., 1628-1629. 1847.
Facts concerning the Natural History, &c. of the Gigantic Irish Deer
(Cervus Megaceros Hibernicus). 54 pp. 8vo. Dublin, M‘Glashan,
1846. [Age, distribution, &c.]
Further Particulars of the Giant Deer of Ireland. Zool., V., 1685-1686.
1847.
Robertson (David) see Brady (104).
Robertson (J. G.).
Cave of Dunmore. [Read before the Kilkenny Lit. and Scient.
Institution, 31 March, 1854.] Nat. Hist. Review I., 169—174.
1854. [Descr.: animal remains. |
On the Cave of Dunmore. [Read before the Kilkenny Lit. and
Scient. Institution, 28 April, ee Nat. Hist. Review, 1., 174—
176. 1854, [Further particulars.
Rowan (Rey. A. B.).
Limestone Boulders of Corkaguiny, County of Kerry. Journ. G.S.D.,
V. (1850-53), 201—208 (read 1852). 1853. [Erratic blocks. |
Rudler (F. W.).
The Geology of Belfast. Academy, VI., 184-186. 1874. [Ref. to
glac. geol. |
Ryland (Rev. R. H.) see 763.
Savage (John) see (764).
Scharff (Robert Francis).
The Pre-Glacial British Fauna [a letter]. Nat. Science, III., 400.
1898. [Irish mammals. ]
On the Origin of the Irish Land and Freshwater Fauna. Proc. R.I.A.,
(3) IlL., 479—485. 1894. [Geol. considerations. |
Some Notes on the Irish Caves. J.N., IV., 57—659. 1895. [Re-
printed in Spelunga: Bulletin de la Société de Spéléologie, 1. i.,
1895. List of caves. |
Cave at Ballymote, Co. Sligo. J.N., IV., 94. 1895. [Short note.
Bear’s skull.] -
Science and Art Museum, Dublin: Guides. See Anon (26),
Lydekker (481, 482).
Scott (Robert H.).
Catalogue of the more remarkable instances of the finding of mam-
malian remains in Ireland. [In Report of Council, Geol. Soc.
Dublin, for 32nd Session.] Journ. G.S.D., X. (1862-64), 148—
161. 1864. Reprinted under the title ‘‘Catalogue of the
Mammalian Fossils which have been hitherto discovered in
Ireland,” in Dublin Q.J.8., V., 49—56. 1866; and under a
similar title in Geol. Mag., VII., 413—420. 1870. [Much
information. ]
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
641
296 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Scouler (John),]
Remarks on the Natural History of the Fossil Elk. Journ. G.S.D.,
I., 197—210 (read 1836). 1837.
Notice of Animals which have disappeared from Ireland during the
period of authentic History. Journ. G.S.D., I. (1833-38), 224—
231 (read 1836). 1888.
On certain elevated Hills of Gravel containing Marine Shells, in the
Vicinity of Dublin. Journ. G.S.D., I. (1833-38), 266—276.
1838 ; reprinted in Proe. Geol. Soc. Lond., IL. (1836-37), 435—
487. 1838. [Howth, Bray, Glenismaule; lists of shells from
two former. |
Anniversary Address [to Geol. Soc. Dublin]. Journ. G.S.D., III.
10—22. 1844. [Review of Papers read. |
Sexagenarian (A) [Pseudonym].
Animal Remains—Gigantic Deer [a letter]. Farmers Gazette, V.,
566. Jan., 1847. [Dunshaughlin find. ]
Seymour (Henry J.).
[Exhibited Foraminifera from Portmarnock raised beach, Dublin
Micro. Club, 28 March, 1695.] J.N., IV., 184. 1895.
Sigerson (George).
Discovery of Fish-remains in the Alluvial Clay of the River Foyle,
with Observations on the Existence and Disappearance of an
Upper Lough Foyle, and on the former Insulation of Derry and
of Inishowen. Proc. R.I.A., (2) I. (Science), 212—224. 1872.
[Probably Cod, in clay underlying peat. |
On Changes in the Physical Geography of Ireland. Proc. R.I.A., (2)
II. (Science), 6—22. 1875-77. [Ancient records. |
Simpson (W. J.).
On Worked Flints found on a Raised Beach at Portrush. Proc. &.IA.,
(3) I., 76—77. 1888.
Smith (Charles).
Ancient and Present State of the County and 1 City of Waterford. 8vo.
1746. [Rib of Elephant dug up near Whitechurch, p. 81 (p. 58
of 1774 ed.) : see also Harkness (264). |
History of Cork. 2 vols., 8vo. Dublin, 1750. [Submerged peat at
Youghal, &. I., 109—112 (I., 74—76 of 1893-94 ed.) ]
Smith (David).
Outlines of the Rocks of Antrim. 8vo. Belfast, 1868. [Gen. descr.
and four sections at Belfast docks, 115—125.]
1895-
622
623
624
625
626
627
€28
629
630
631
632
633
96.] 297
Smith (James),
Researches in Newer Pliocene and Post-tertiary Geology. S8vo. 1862.
[Irish refs. Elevated marine beds 16; Howth and Bray beds 18 ;
catalogue of glac. shells, Britain and Ireland, 46—66.]
See Portlock (572).
Smith (Rev. W.).
On Deposits of Diatomaceous Earth found on the shores of Lough
Mourne, County Antrim, with a record of species living in the
waters of the Lake. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist., (2) V., 121—125.
1850. [Descr. and list of species. ]
Smyth (T.).
On the Geology of the coasts of Antrim and Londonderry, and on the
Age of the Giant’s Causeway ; being observations made in the
Autumns of 1865 and 1866. Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc., I. (1866-
68), 68—81 (read 1867). 1870. [Short ref. to glacial pheno-
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Sollas (William Johnston),
A Map ofthe Esker Systems of Ireland. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1893,
777. 1894. [Descr. of eskers, &c.]
A Walk along the Glacial Cliffs of Killiney Bay. J.W., III., 18—18.
1894. [Detailed descr., with fossil lists hy Prareer. ]
The Geology of Dublin and its Neighbourhood. Proc. Geol. Assoc.,
XIII. (1893-94), 91—122. 1895. [General account of glac.
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Sollas (William Johnston) and R. Lloyd Praeger.
Notes on Glacial Deposits in Ireland. I. The Bray River. J.W., IIT.,
161—166, 194198. 1894. [Descr. of beds and lists of fossils. |
Do. do. II. Kill-o’-the-Grange. 7.N., IV., 321—829. 1895.
[Deser.: lists of fossils. ]
Stanley (P.) [? Thomas.]
[Bogs at Tullamore—a letter.] Nat. Hist. Review, V., Proceedings,
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Stanley (Thomas).
On the Faults sometimes found in the Drift Gravel of Ireland. [A
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On Lough Annagh Crannog, King’s Co.—a letter.] Journ. H. § A.
g g
A.I,, (3) I. (1868-69), 156—157. 1873.
Staples (James H.).
The Flaked, Chipped, and Worked Flints to be found in the Gravel in
the Neighbourhood of Holywood, Co. Down. 6th Ann. Report
B.N.F.C. (for 1868-69), 42. 1869.
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
298 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Stewart (Samuel Alexander).
{Earth movements in Glacial period.] 6th Ann. Report B.N.F.C.
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The latest Fluctuations of the Sea-level on our own Coasts. 8th Ann.
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submerged peat and estuarine clays. |
A List of the Fossils of the Estuarine Clays of Downand Antrim. 8th
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[From deposits of Belfast, Larne, and Strangford Loughs, ‘Table
of shells, glacial, est. clay, and present day. |
Mollusca of the Boulder Clay of the North-east of Ireland. Proc.
B.N.F.C., (2) I., Appendix for 1879-80, 165—176. 1881.
[Descr. and list of fossils, Down, Antrim, and Derry. |
——
The Boulder Clay of the North-east of Ireland. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2)
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Stirrup (Mark).
The Raised Beaches of County Antrim, their Molluscan Fauna, and
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Stoney (George Johnstone).
On the recent Formation of Grayel-beds resembling Middle Drift.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1870, Sections, 86-—87. 1871. [Grey-
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boulder clay. ]
Swanston (William).
On supposed fossiliferous Pliocene Clays overlying Basalt, near the
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and Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) I., 848—3850 (for 1878-79). 1879.
[Abstract.] [Are boulder clay with Mytilus. ]
Mr. Howarth on Irish Glacial Drifts [a letter]. Geol. Mag., (2) X.,
190—191. 1883. [Correction re Bovevagh, Co. Derry. ]
|
Report of the Committee appointed to investigate the Larne Gravels,
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(for 1886-87). 1887. [Raised beach overlying clays: detailed
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A Fossiliferous Ironstone Nodule. Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) III., 401—
402 (for 1891-92). 1892. [From boulder clay, Stoneyford, Co.
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See Firth (197).
1895-96. | 299
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
Symes (Richard Glascott),
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheet 75 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, illustrating a portion of the county
of Mayo. 8vo. 1872. [Form of ground, caves, 7—9; glac. &
post-glac. 33—34; eskers, crannogs, deer remains. |
Do. do. sheets 41, 53, and 64 do. do., including the
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glac. 22—26 ; table of strie. |
Do. do. sheet 20 do. do. S8vo. 1886. [Co. Antrim.
Phys. geogr. 5—6, glac. & post-glac., list of raised beach fossils,
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Do. do. sheets 31 (in part) and 32 do. do. 8vo.
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See Kinahan (431, 432).
Symes (Richard Glascott), F. W. BHgan, and Alexander
WM‘Henry.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 7 and 8 of the maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland. 8vo. 1888. [Antrim and Derry.
Glac. & post-glac. 38—39; sections 50—S8. ]
Symes (Richard Glascott), and James R. Kilroe.
Do. do. sheet 54 and the south-western portion of sheet 42
do. do., including the country around Hasky, &c., in the
oe of Sligo and Mayo. 8vo. 1880 ([Glac. & post glac.
15—16.
Symes (Richard Glascott) and Alexander M‘Henry.
Do. do. sheet 14 do. do. S8vo. 1886. ([Co.Antrim.
Phys. geogr. 7—10; glac. & post-glac. 27—28; glaciation 31.]
Symes (Richard Glascott), William A. Traill, and Alexander
IMi‘Henry.
Do. do. sheets 39, 40, 51, 52, and northern portion of 62
do. do., including the country around Belmullet Res
8vo. 1881. [Mayo. Glac. & post-glac.,. list of glac. fossils
19 —23.]
Symes (Richard Glascott) and S. B. Wilkinson.
Do. do. sheet 44 do. do., including portions of counties
Fermanagh, Leitrim, and Cavan. @yo. 1886. [Glac. & post-
glac. 15 —16; striz 17.]
Symes (Richard Glascott), S. B. Wilkinson, and J. R. Kilroe.
Do. do. sheet 65 do. do., including the country around
Tobercurry, &c., in the counties of Sligoand Mayo. 8yo. 1881.
[Phys. geogr. 5—6; glac. & post-glac. 15—17.]
Symes (Richard Glascott), S. B. Wilkinson, and A. M‘Henry.
Do. do. sheet 63 and northern half of 74 do. do.,
including the country around Newport . . . . inthe County
of Mayo. 8yo. 1880. [Phys. geogr. 7—9; glac. & post-glac.
15—17.]
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
Pe
200 [Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Symonds (Rev. W. S.).
Notes of a Geologist in Ireland during August and September, 1857.
Geologist for 1858, 292—296, 330—835, 377--385. (Brief refs.
to glac. & post-glac. geology. |
Taylor (J. E.).
An Editor’s Holiday in the West of Ireland. Hardwicke’s Science
Gossip for 1878. 228—231. 1878. [Brief ref. to glaciation of
Connemara. |
Tennant (W.). :
On the traces of an Irish lake-dwelling found by Capt. L’Estrange in
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1867.
Thompson (Sydney Mary).
A Plea for Irish Glaciology. J.N., III., 30—34. 1894. [General.]
Report of the Geological Committee [for 1893-94]. Proc. B.N.F.C.,
(2) IV., 114—127 (for 1893-94). 1894. [Glacial geology.
Sections, erratics, lists of fossils. ]
Report of the Geological Committee [for 1894-95]. Proc. B.N.F.C.,
(2) IV., 229—235 (for 1894-95). 1895. [Lrratics, &c. |
Thompson (William),
Report on the Fauna of Ireland: Div. Vertebrata. Brit. Assoc,
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[Exhibited horn of Cervus Alces, from bog in Tyrone.] Proc. Zool.
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The Natural History of Ireland. Vol. IV. 1856. [Extinct Mammals
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Tighe (William),
Statistical Observations relative to the County of Kilkenny, made in
the Years 1800 and 1801. 8yo. Dublin, 1802. [Megaceros
88—89 ; Dunmore cave 107—109. |
Traill (William A.).
On the Occurrence of Lower Boulder Clay or Till, with Shells, in the
Counties of Down and Mayo, Ireland. Brit. Assoc. Report for
1875, Sections, 83—84. 1876. [South of Mourne Mountains,
and at Ballycastle in Mayo. |
See Symes (652).
Traill (William A), and F. W. Egan.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 49, 50, and part of 61 of the
maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland, including the country
around Downpatrick, &c., county of Down. 8vo. 1871. [Form
of ground 8—14; glac. & post-glac., marl shells, Megaceros, 18—
20, 59—61 ; striz 62—65; worked flints 67.]
1895-96. | 301
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
Trench (H. B.) and G. H. Kinahan.
Notes on a Crannoge in Lough Nahinch. Proc. R.I.A., IX. (1864-66),
176—179 (read 1864). 1866. [Border of Tipperary and Queen’s
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Trouton (—)
[Skull of Red Deer fished out of R. Boyne.] Proc. Dublin Nat. Hist.
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Ussher (Robert J.).
On the Caves and Kitchen-midden at Carrigagower, Co. Cork. Geol.
Mag., (2) VII., 512—514. 1880. [Bones, implements. ]
Report on the Caves and Kitchen-middens near Cappagh, Co. Water-
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[The Submarine Crannog of Ardmore—a letter.] Journ, R.H. §
A.A.I., (4) V. i. (1879), 144—145. 1882.
[First] Report of the Committee appointed for the Purpose of
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in the South of Ireland. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1882, 240—241.
1883. [General.]
[Second] Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of carrying
out Explorations in Caves in the Carboniferous Limestone in the
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1884. [Short narrative. ]
A Description of objects found in the Kitchen-middens of Raths.
Jown. R.H, § A.A.I., (4) VII. wi. (1886), 362—8568, 3 plates.
1887. [Ref. to extinct mammals. |
Notes on the Irish Caves. J.N.,1V.,92—94. 1895. [List of caves,
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The Ardmore Crannog. Journ.. Waterford § S.E. of Ireland Arch.
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See Adams (8,9).
Ussher (Robert J.) and A. Leith Adams.
On the Discovery of a Bone Cave near Cappagh, Co. Waterford.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1879, 338—339. 1879. [Implements
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Notes on the Discovery in Ireland of a Bone Cave, containing Remains
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170—172, 1880.
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688s
689
690
691
302 [ Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Ussher (Robert J.) A. Leith Adams, and G. H. Kinahan.
Abstract of Report on the Exploration of Ballynamintra Cave, Cappagh,
near Dungarvan. Proc. R.I.A., (2) Il. (Polite Lit. and
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Ussher (Robert J.) and G. H. Kinahan.
On a Submarine Crannog discovered by R. J. Ussher at Ardmore, Co.
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61—65, plate 1. 1880. [In peat below raised beach. Bones
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Wakefield (Edward).
Account of Ireland, Statistical and Political. 2 vols., 4to. London,
1812. [I., ch. iv., 92—112, bogs. Crannog near Roscrea, &c. |
Wakeman (G. W.).
On the Remains of Animals, &c. at Dunshaughlin. Proc. Dublin Nat.
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[Presentation of two skulls of oxen, from bog at Dunshaughlin, Co.
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Wakeman (W. F.).
Remarks upon three hitherto unnoticed Crannogs in Drumgay Lake,
near Enniskillen. Journ. R.H. § A.A.L., 1. %., 282—235. 1870.
Further Remarks upon the hitherto unnoticed Crannogs in Drumgay
Lake, near Enniskillen. Journ. R.H. § A.A.L., (4) I. t., 805—
314, plate. 1870. [Chiefly descr. of objects found. ]
The Cave of Knockmore, near Derrygonelly, County of Fermanagh ;
with remarks on the Character of the primitive scorings and early
Christian symbols inscribed on its sides. Proc. R.1.A., X.
(1866-70), 229—232 (read 1868). 1870.
On the inscribed Cavern of Lough Nacloyduff, Parish of Bohoe,
County of Fermanagh. Proc. R.1.A., X., (1866-70), 327-329
(read 1868). 1870. [Cave. ]
On the Cavern called ‘‘ Gillie’s Hole’’ at Knockmore, Co. Fermanagh.
Proc. R.I.A., X. (1866-70), 395—397 (read 1869). 1870.
[Brief descr. Inscribed stones. |
Remarks on the Crannog at Ballydoolough, County of Fermanagh.
Jouwn. RH. §& AAD, (4) I. ii., 360—3871, plate. 1871.
[Objects found chiefly. |
[On iron tools, &c. from Cornagall Crannog, Co. Cayan.] Journ. R.H.
§ A.A.D., I, ti., 4€1—466, plate, 1871. [Refs. to other
crannogs. |
1895-96.] 303
692 Wakeman (W. F.).
The Crannogs in Lough Eyes, Co. Fermanagh. Journ. R.H. §
A.A.I,, I. ti., 5683—564, 2 plates. 1871. [Descr.]
693 —
On certain recent Discoveries of ancient Crannog Structures, chiefly in
the County Fermanagh. Journ. R.H.§ 4.A.I., (4) V. ii. (1880),
324—339, 1882.
69% —
[On the Crannog and Antiquities of Lisnacroghera, near Broughshane,
Co. Antrim.] Journ. R.H. § A.A.T., (4) VI. ii., 376—466.
1884.
695 ——
The Crannogs of Drumdarragh, otherwise Trillick, and Lankill, Co.
Fermanagh. Jowrn. R.H. § A.A.I., (4) VIL. ii. (1886), 372—
389, 6 plates. 1887.
696 —
On the Crannog and Antiquities of Lisnacroghera, near Broughshane,
Co. Antrim. Second Notice. Journ. R.H. § A.A.D,, (4) IX.
(1889), 96—106. 1890. Third Notice, Proc. § Papers R.S.A.T.,
(5) I. (1890-91), 542—545, 3 plates. 1892. Fourth Notice, ibzd,
673—675, 4 plates. 1892. [Chiefly descr. of objects found. ]
697 —
Archaeologia Hibernica. A handbook of Irish Antiquities, Pagan and
Christian. 8yvo. Dublin and London, 1891. [Causeways,
crannogs, stone implements, &c. |
698 Walker (Adam).
A Leter to Charles Morton, M.D., Sec. R.S., Containing an account
of the Cavern of Dunmore Park, near Kilkenny, in Ireland.
Phil. Trans., UXIII. 7., 16-19. 1778.
699 Waller (Edward).
On the Discovery in Ireland of a new British Shell. Journ. R.D.S.,
I., 386—388. 1856. [Colwmbella Holbolliit, Turbot Bank, Co.
Antrim. }
700 —
On the Discovery in Ireland of New Shells. Journ. R.D.S., I1.,
29—34, plate 1. 1858. [Glac. fossils from Turbot Bank. ]
Warren (J. L.), see Hull (310, 311).
Watts (W. W.), sce M‘Henry (493).
7O1L Wauchope (Admiral R.)
Remarks on the Flint Implements found at Amiens and Abbeville,
in connection with the Glacial Theory. 8vo. Penrith, 1861.
[Reviewed in Geologist, 1861, 272. Stone hatchet buried in
Megaceros skull, Lough Gur. See also 684.]
702 —
Stone Weapon in a Fossil Deer’s Skull. Geologist for 1861, 3881— 382.
[At Lough Gur, and in Co. Carlow. ]
703
704
70S
706
707
708
709
710
7ail
71iZz
713
7L4
7iS
304 [ Appendix B.N.F.C,,
Weaver (Thomas). 7
On the fossil elk of Ireland. Phil. Trans., CXV., 429-435, 1825 ;
and Annals of Philosophy, n.s. IX., 463—465. 1825. [Dundrum,
Co. Down. Marl shells, &c. |
Welch (Robert J.).
Kitchen Middens in Co. Donegal. J.N., III., 243. 1694. [Short
note. |
Wi[estropp] (Tf. J.).
A ‘‘Find’’ in Coolasluasty Lough, Co. Clare. Journ. R.S.A.I., (5)
V., 179. 1895. [Planks, skulls, &c. ]
Westropp (W. H.).
Sketch of the Physical Geology of North Clare. Journ. R.G.S8.I.,111.,
75—79 (read 1872). 1874. [Ref. to glac. geology. ]
White (Rev. P.) see 765.
Wilde (William R.).
On the animal remains and antiquities recently found at Dunshaughlin,
in the County of Meath. Proc. R.I.A., I., 420-426. 1840.
[Heaps of bones in bog. ]
Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities of Stone, Earthen, and
Vegetable Materials in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy.
8vo. Dublin, 1857.
On the ancient and modern races of Oxen in Ireland. Proc. R.I.A.,
VII. (1857-61), 64—75 (read 1858). 1862; and Nat. Hist.
Review V., Proc., 276—287. 1858.
Upon the unmanufactured animal Remains belonging to the Academy.
Proc. R.I.A., VIL., 181—212 (read 1859). 1857-61; and Nat.
Hist. Review VII., 41—72. 1860. [Catalogue, extinct and
other animals. |
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities of Animal Materials and
Bronze in the Museum of the Hoye Trish Academy. 8vo.
Dublin, 1861.
[On three Crannogs in Leitrim, Longford, and Antrim.] Proc. R.T. Ay
VII. (1857-61), 17-158 (read 1859). 1862. [At Lough Rinn,
Castle Forbes, and Toome. |
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities of Gold in the Museum of
the Royal Irish Avademy. 8vo. Dublin, 1862.
[Remarks on indented bones of Megaceros.| Journ. G.S.D., X. (1862-
64), 169—170. 1864.
Description of a Crannoge in the County of Cavan. Proce. R.L.A.,
VIII. (1861-64), 274-278 (read 1863). 1864; and Dublin
Oa S.4) ules 279 — 284. 1863,
1895-96.] 305,
716
718
7i9
720
721
722
723
72%
725
726
727
best mies ag (Sydney B.), sce Kinahan (432, 433), Symes (653
Oo s
Wilkinson (Sydney B.) and R. J. Cruise.
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 76 and 77 of the Maps of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, including the country around
Elphin . . . in the counties of Roscommon and Mayo. 8vo.
1874, [Form of ground 5—7; glac. & post-glac. 21.]
Do. do. sheet 56 do. do., including the country around
Swanlinbar, Florencecourt, and Dowra. 8yvo. 1886. [Leitrim,
Cavan, Fermanagh. Glac. & post-glac. 14-—15.]
Wilkinson (Sydney B.), F W. Egan, and J. R. Kilroe.
Do. do. sheet 25 do. do. 8vo. 1887. [Donegal
and Tyrone. Phys. geogr. 5—7; glac. & post-glac. 17, 19, 21.]
Wilkinson (Sydney B.) and J. R. Kilroe.
' Do. do. sheet57 do. do., including parts of Fermanagh,
Monaghan, and Cavan. 8vo. 1881. [Glac. & post-glac. 14—
16; striz 18.]
Do. do. sheet 45 do. do., including the country around
Enniskillen . . . 8vo. 1882. [Glac. & post-glac. 17—18.]
- Do. do. sheet 33 do, do., including the district around
. Omagh, Fintona, and Irvinestown. 8vo. 1886. [Fermanagh,
Tyrone. Phys. geogr. 5—7; glac. & post.glac. 19—20.]
Williams (William).
On ‘‘ Cervus Megaceros.’’ Brit. Assoc. Report for 1878, 537. [Bally-
betagh find: age of Megaceros. |
On an Attempt to elucidate the History of the Cervus Megaceros,
commonly called the Irish Elk. Sci. Proc. R.D.S., u.s. II.,
105—111. 1880. [Age and cause of extinction. ]
On the Occurrence of Megaceros Hibernicus, Owen, in the Ancient
Lacustrine Deposits of Ireland, with Remarks on the Probable
Age of these Beds. Geol. Mag., (2) VIII., 354—363. 1881.
[Deser. of Ballybetagh ; age of Megaceros ; climate. ]
Williams (W. Mattieu).
Notes on the Glaciation of Ireland and the Tradition of Lough Lurgan.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1878, 528—529. 1879. [Geographical
features caused by glaciation. |
Windele (John),
Historical and Descriptive Notices of the City of Cork and its vicinity
- . . . 8yo. Cork, 1840. [Refs. to caves, pp. 188 (Carriga-
crump), 220 (Ovens). ]
On an Ancient Cemetery at Ballymacus, County of Cork. Trans.
“Kilk. Arch. Soc., II. tw. (1853), 230—239. 1854. [Ref. to
Castlemartyr cave and elk teeth. |
728
729
730
731
732
733
73¢
735
736
737
738
739
306
Wood (Searles V.), jun.
Observations on the Sequence of the Glacial Beds.
[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Geol. Mag., VII.,
17—22, 61—68. 1870. [Ref. to Wexford beds, pp. 17—18.]
Further Remarks on the Sequence of the Glacial Beds. Geol. May.,
VIII., 406—412. 1871. [Ref. to Wexford beds. |
Wood-Martin (Lt.-Col. W. G.).
The Lake-dwellings of Ireland
1886. [Much information. ]
8yo.
Dublin and London,
Description of a Crannog Site in the County of Meath. Proc. R.I.A.,
(2) IL. (Polite Lit. & Antiquities) (1879-88), 480—484 (read 1866).
1888.
Pagan Ireland: au Archeological Sketch. 8vo.
See also 766,
Wright (Edward Perceval).
Notes of a visit to Mitchelstown Caves.
Wright (Joseph).
Dublin, 1895.
Brit. Assoc. Report for 1857,
Sections, 108—109.. 1858. [Abstract]; and Nat. Hist. Review
IV., 231—241. 1857. [Present fauna. |
Post-Tertiary Foraminifera of the North-east of Ireland. Proc. B.N.
F.C., (2) I., 428—429 (for 1879-80), 1881 [abstract]; and do.
(2) I., Appendix for 1879-80, 149—163.
clays, “estuarine clays, and raised beaches. |
The Occurrence of Boulder Clay on Divis.
215—216 (for 1894-95), 1895.
feet, Co. Antrim. |
Wynne (Arthur B.),
1881. Of boulder
Proc. B.N.F.C., (2) IV.
[Marine clay at 1300—1400
Explanations to accompany sheet 126 (and the portion of 125 lying to
the east of the Shannon) of the Maps of the Geological Survey of
Ireland, illustrating parts of Tipperary and the King’s and Queen’s
Counties. 8vo. 1862. [Glac. & post-glac. 9, 13—14; detailed
descr. 14—36. |
Irish Drift Fossils. Geologist for 1862, 428—429. [Afytilus in gravel-
pit south of Sligo. ]
On the Geology of part of Sligo. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1862,
Seetions, 96—97. 1863. [Abstract]; also Journ. G.S.D., X.,
31—41 (read 1863). 1864; and Dublin Q.J.S., III. T1179.
1863. [Ref. to shelly drift and mammalian remains. ih
On Denudation with Reference to the Configuration of the Ground.
Geol, Mag., 1V., 3—11, plates 1—2.
peat, Youghal Bay.]
1867.
[Ref. to submerged
1895-96.] 397
740
741
742
743
74%
' 745
746
747
748
749
750
751
Wynne (Arthur B,).
On Disturbance of the Level of the Land near Youghal, on the South
Coast of Ireland. Q./.G.8., XXIV., 4-8. 1868. [Glac. &
post-glac. beds ; shells. ]
On the Disturbance of the Level of the Land near Youghal. [A letter. ]
Geol Mag., V., 484—485. 1868. [Answer to criticisms by
Greenwood. |
Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 42 and 43 of the Maps of
the Geological Survey of Ireland, comprising portions of the
Counties of Sligo and Leitrim. 8vo. 1885. [Glac. & post.-glac.
27—28 ; caves 28; striz 30.]
Note on Submerged Peat Mosses and Trees in certain Lakes in
Connaught. Sci. Proc. R.D.S., u.s. V., 499—503. 1886-87 ;
and Journ. R.G.S.I., VII., 186—190. 1887.
ao (343 to 345, 355 to 360), Kinahan (434), O’Kelly
)»
Wynne (Very Rey. G. R.).
Traces of Ancient Dwellings in the Sandhills of West Kerry. [Note.]
Journ. R.S.A.L., (5) IIL., 78—80. 1893. [Bones, &c. ]
Young (Arthur), see 767.
Young (Robert).
On the Eskers of the Central Plain of Ireland. Brit. Assoc, Report
for 1852, Sections, 68—64. 1853. [Submergence theory. ]
The recent Elevation of the Land in the Vicinity of Belfast.
[Abstract.] 4th Ann. Report B.N.F.C. (for 1866-67), 20—22.
1867. [General descr. |
The Boulder Clay of the Belfast District. [Abstract.] 8th -Ann,
Report B.N.F.C. (for 1870—71), 32—85. 1871. [General.]
Some Remarks on the recent Changes of coast Level at Ballyholme
Bay, Co. Down. Proc. B.N.H.§ P.S. for 1871-72, 89-40.
1873. [Boulder clay, peat, raised beach. ]
——-
[Wrought logs in boulder-clay near Belfast.] Jowrn. R.H. § A.A.L,
(4) V. ii. (1880), 307—308. 1882.
Some Notes on the Upper Boulder Clay near Belfast. [Abstract.]
Proc. B.N.H. §& P.S, for 1889 90, 57. 1890,
Notes on the Geology of the Excavations for the Main Drainage
Works [Belfast]. [Abstract.] Proc. B.N.H. § P.S. for 1890-91,
89. 1892.
308 [ Appendix B.N.F.C.,
782 Young (Robert Magill). :
Brief Antiquarian Notes at Bushfoot and Ballymagarry [Co. Antrim].
Proc. B.N.H. § P.S. for 1892-93, 37—34, 1894. [Ref. to
Bushfoot sandhill finds. ]
753 —
On a Recent Find of Irish Elk Bones, &c., in Belfast. Proc. B.N.H.
§ P.S. for 1893-94, 76—78. 1894; and J.N., III., 81—82.
1894. [In cuttings in Belfast streets. ]
See Belfast N.H. & P.S. (44).
ADDENDA.
78% (Campbell (Thomas).]
A Philosophical Survey of the South of Ireland, in a series of Letters
to John Watkinson, M.D. 8vo. Dublin, 1778. [Dunmore
cave, p. 106.]
755 Carpenter (George Herbert).
Animals found in the Mitchelstown Cave. J.N., III., 25—35, plate
1. 1895; reprinted (in part) in Spelunga: Bulletin de la Societe
de Spéléologie, I. i. Paris, 1895. [Present fauna. ]
756 Close (Rev. Maxwell H.).
On the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Dublin as affecting its
Sanitary Conditions. [Read Oct. 3rd, 1884, at Congress of the
Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, held at Dublin. 8 pp
Authors’s copy, headed “Excerpt from vol. VI. of the Transactions”
&c.| [Descr. of beds underlying the city. ]
787 [Cromwell (Thomas Kitson).]
Excursions through Ireland. 3 vols. 12mo., no date. [1818] [Dun-
more cave, II., p. 58.]
788 Foot (Frederick J.).
Natural History Notes on the Mammalia of the West coast of Clare.
Proc. Dublin Nat. Hist. Soc., 111. (1859-62), 104—106, 1863.
[ Caves. |
759 Hardman (Edward T.).
The Limestone Caves of Sligo. [Appendix A. (pp. 375—3878) of
Woop-Martin’s ‘“ History of Sligo,’ I. 8vo. Dublin, 1882.
[ Localities. ]
760 Kinahan (George Henry) and M. H. Close.
The Glaciation of Iar-Connaught and its neighbourhood. $8vo.
Dublin, 1872. [Important paper. ]
761 (Luckombe (Philip).)
A Tour through Ireland, wherein the present state of that Kingdom is
considered . . . . 12mo. Dublin, 1780. (Caves. Cork
and Kerry, pp. 130— 131, 134, 190, 282.]
4895-96.] oF
762
763
764
765
766
767
Mallet (Robert).
On some Stalagmites from the Cave of Dunmore, County of Kilkenny.
Journ. G.S.D., III. itt., 262—263.
Ryland (Rev. R. H.).
1846. [Short abstract.]
The History, Topography, and Antiquities of the County and City of
Waterford. 8vo. London, 1824.
Savage (John).
Picturesque Ireland
White (Rev. P.).
History of Clare
tannon, p. 2.]
Wood-Martin (Lt.-Col. W. G.)
History of Sligo, County and Town.
[Refs. to caves. |
: . . 4to. New York, nodate. [Bursting
of a bog at Dunmore, North Galway, p. 264.]
8vo. Dublin, 1893.
[Cave at Kil-
Vol. ILI]. 1688 to present
time. 8vo. Dublin, 1892. [Ch. XXIV., Geology, &c.; boulder
clay, bogs, raised beaches, crannogs, caves. |
See Hardman (759).
Young (Arthur).
A TourinIreland ... .
Wi7Srands co oes Sane
made in the Years 1776, 1777, and
4to. London, 1780.
[Mitchelstown
cave, 380—381 (I., 464—465 of Hutton’s ed., 1892).]
310 [Appendix B.N.F.C.g
INDEX.
Norz.—It must be understood that the following indexes, being compiled
from the titles of the papers, and from the brief indication of their contents
appended, are not exhaustive. They are intended asa rough guide to the papers,
&c., dealing with any particular group of beds, or with any particular district.
By consulting the papers indicated under any group, and also the papers indicated
in the ‘‘general” list at the head of the section (A or B), a tolerably complete
list will be obtained of papers dealing with the group in question ; but for a
complete list of references the Bibliography itself must be looked through.
SECTION A.—GEOLOGICAL INDEX.
Grove 1—GENERAL.
(Papers referring to various formations.)
3. A S27 32. 38) EASA 39) S50 85S 890 ong satanic
136 148 149 150 151 152 178 184 186 187 188 189 190 191
192 200 201 202 205 206 207 208 209 217 240 244 257 259
260 270 283 284 288 295 297 300 301 304 305 306 307 308
309 310 311 322 323 324 333 334 335 337 349 241 342 243
345 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359
360 361 369 371 376 380 382 395 405 408 412 420 424 425
426 427 428 429 431 432 433 434 439 469 470 485 486 492
493 496 505 506 525 526 527 528 529 531 532 533 535 572
585 586 592 609 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654
655 656 657 716 717 718 719 720 721 736 742
Grove 2—PLI0cENE.
(Chiefly Wexford gravels.)
87 88 89 (90 93 254-257 258 263 316 387 64r~ 728 G29
Group 3—GLactaTION, STRIZ.
YO 235. 798 763.468, op 82 118. 228 129) 130 121 cig
177. 188 189 203 228 239 259 281 289 294 297 301 307 309
31© 330 370 376 377 382 427 428 429 431 432 433 436 469
474 536 545 575 624 646 647 648 651 653 657 659 660 667
719 725 742 760
246
419
626
756
596
64
252
220
273
399
23
205
495
623
221
292
311
Group 4—Guactat Deposits, Erratics.
AGel oct SG; Som (62-" .6n 366) 67
81 84 87 88 89 97 108 110
2a UG de Ls TO) 20a 204, 222
254 255 258 272 290 291 293 302
339 344 345 350 365 366 368 373
392 393 394 398 399 402 404 406
441 462 474 484 488 494 537 538
587 589 590 591 593 603 604 612
629 631 637 638 641 642 644 659
735 737 738 749 745 747 748 750
Group 5—Post-GLAcIAL IN GENERAL.
440 487 544 569 570 576 588 621
Group 6—SuBMERGED Pzrat, Bogs, Mart
Zh BG. 37. -1hO 42. 50. (50, . 67
207 211 218 245 286 308 319 364
502 $13 514 518 519 521 546 552
630 682 724 739 740 743 748 764
Group 7—Posr-GLactaL Oxays.
goo §51 576 577 578 581 582 616
Grove 8—RatsepD Bracuzs.
Foe O04. ie he oah | Ole 165. 150
295 304 315 397 453 457 515 554
643 732 748
Grovrp 9—Caves anp Cave-Deposirts.
O GU2. ees) 19, 20% 28° 552° “79
10g 120 142 145 147 149 152 155
296 371 376 438 S10 511 524 525
602 607 608 645 665 670 671 673
688 689 726 727 732 733 742 754
762 763 765 766 767
69
IIl
224
314
374
407
539
620
669
USI
635
143
376
559
636
221
574
1Ol
198
55%
674
755
72
132
242
320
375
414
541
622
661
760
734
643
222
577
102
199
562
676
756
73
137
243
327
378
415
542
625
666
766
75%
169
400
579
237
584
103
202
563
678
757
2
37
106
156
216
276
329
483
549
598
662
705
31
IIil
263
382
584
643
3
38
109
157
219
277
331
489
550
599
663
7°99
33
132
295
437
591
647
4
39
117
160
222
278
353
501
553
600
664
710
47
144
297
486
612
652
31 2 [ Appendix B.N.F.C.,
Grove [0—VErtTEBRATE Fossits.
5 6 Ota iccnma2te 023" mee Anan
40 41 56 60 94 98 99 100
119: 120 i120 Wee) 12a r24) 125) 34
162 163 164 176 179 186 187 198
223 226 235 248 256 262 264 266
279 280 285 286 287 300 301 308
355 364 371 413 424 434 467 471
503 508 §09 515 §18 520 §22 523
558 559 560 562 564 567 576 579
601 602 605 608 609 610 611 614
665 667 669 678 679 680 683 684
714: 722 723 724 °727 738 753
Group 11—INVERTEBRATE Fossi1s.
3 OW) Be 9 SC GO. oir Gy
169 197 205, 207 210 220 221 222
304 308 312 313 314 316 317 318
487 493 500 535 537 538 572 576
615 622 623 626 628 629 636 637
660 664 666 699 700 734 735 737
Group 12—PreEuHIsToric SETTLEMENTS.
26
Kop |
146
202
267
323
475
540
580
616
701
93
243
365
577
639
738
31
102
153
206
268
325
481
547
596
619
702
104
252
367
578
641-
36
103
154
215
269
326
482
548
597
645
Tes
110
260
376
583
642
(Crannogs, kitchen-middens, sandhill sites, &c., and associated remains.)
I
196
379
455
497-
632
691
13%
29
96
195
445
534
708
225
381
456
504-
645
692
744
42
112
212
449
561
711
22
230
384
459
507
658
693
749
Group 18—Preuistor1o IMPLEMENTS, UTENSILS,
46
133
227
a5”
562
743
390 63 #95 #15 3116 141 166 167
224) 200) 205270 274) 275282 age
385 396 421 423 427 442 444 446
460 464 465 466 468 476 477 478
514 516 517 519 530 555 556 557
668 670 671 672 675 677 681 682
694 695 697 698 704 705 707 712
752 766
4S AG” Bees: 54. 58° 6159 Ga
Ita” 126° 156-168" 159° 161° 180" 15%
220) 2305 23200233 295" 230-9237 = 236
453 454 457 458 461 462 463 473
618 633 639 643 667 678 679 680
732
168
363
447
489
566
685
715
&e.
64
183
273
479
698
170
372
448
490
594
686
73°
65
185
441
489
701
193
376
450
491
595
690 -
731
Ke)
194
443
512
702
1895-96.) 313
Grove 14—DenvupatTion, Deposition; ForMATION oF SEA-BEACHES AND
LaGoons.
14 205 319 351 383 390 391 397 398 401 403 408 409 410
411 417 418 422 427 429 574 640 73)
Group 15—ELEvaTIoN, SUBSIDENCE, SUBMERGENOE.
-7O 127 177 247 303 416 472 546 606 617 634 635 672 677
681 740 741 743 746 748
Group 16—C.iimatx or Past Epocus.
182 210 213 605
SECTION B—GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
1—GENERAL OR INDEFINITE.
(Papers dealing with many localities, or with general considerations. )
3 4 5 GOL: SRY.) AHSG) 22s" 2Gr 227 . 94: 86° C95 Mga
areess §6«6©88)60C gOCi2S igh .2 99-1100 108 114 116 218 29
meee meg 140 143 153 154, 156 157 162. 163 164 168 177 182
193 195 210 213 214 217 218 222 223 227 230 231 232 238
240 24% 242 244 246 249 250 253 255 264 266 268 269 281
283 284 285 287 288 290 291 292 293 294 296 297 303 318
320 321 323 324 329 332 333 361 362 364 366 367 368 370
373 374 378 383 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394
395 397 399 401 404 405 406 407 409 413 415 419 420 422
439 443 446 447 448 452 453 454 457 458 459 460 461 463
466 467 472 474 479 480 481 482 493 494 498 499 Sor 503
508 513 520 523 534 535 537 538 542 547 548 549 553 558
569 571 573 574 58r 582 586 587 588 589 590 594 596 599
600 605 606 607 609 610 611 613 617 622 625 634 635 638
656 659 660 661 662 664 673 674 675 676 682 693 697 708
799 740 71E 713 714 723 724 725 739 73% 739 743 745
+)
56
96
190
235
396
477
572
636
734
150
310
151
395
251
29
62
109
194
237
441
484
578
639
746
186
322
261
205
13
327
620
239
465
45
82
398
633
31
63
Ilo
197
251
445
485
579
641
747
187
351%
469
206
17
328
670
251
496
48
165
ie
635
43
64.
Til
212
254
447
486
580
643
749
188
414
470
353
30
336
726
270
497
57
166
473
636
314
2—Co. ANTRIM.
45» 46
66 67
112 113
220 221
257 258
449 451
487 490
583 587
644 647
750 751
79°
115
224
273
453
491
592
649
7 52
651
753
3—Co. ARMAGH.
189 194
251
257
4—Co. CarLow.
702
5—Co.
504 oO
6—Co.
S71 | 570
7—Co.
10§ 140
338 340
727 739
CAvVAN.
§22
653
CLARE.
424
426
Cork.
141
344
740
142
349
741
8—Co. DONEGAL.
270 272
SPO 397
9—Co.
60 «= s«O61
169 183
475 485
637 666
306
584
307
616
Down.
65
186
486
667
68
197
487
703
525
658
434
145
35°
761
309
648
69
229
554
734
[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
51
77
159
229
312
457
497
621
696
691
438
147
352
416
704
Fhe
232
555
748
§2
80
180
232
313
462
500
623
699
715
530
152
355
417
718
72,
251
556
53
83
181
233
314
464
502
624.
700
TT,
795
a7 5
357
421
73
275
576
54
gi
183
234
317
476
515
635
712
Pes
706
262
358
423
301
578
1895-96. |
32
216
544
756
42
566
719
97
384
764
12
346
73
134
560
170
149
21
353
86
442
624
49
33
260
567
55
648
720
202
402
35
347
174
178
601
184
251
121
290
568
79
653
721
207
427
131
349
184.
198
602
208
369
40
355
176
446
642
203
124
298
a9
150
684
208
428
143
352
300
200
665
24.5
469
98
424
189
448
649
204.
128
299
593
151
685
251
429
172
359
343
209
698
343
470
I2!I
425
190
44.9
734
208
315
10—Co. Dustin.
132 133 136 137
300 304 337 342
612 615 622 626
11—Co. FERMANAGH.
LOL 250° 277) 278
686 687 688 689
12—Co. Gatway.
330 371 372 376
431 432 468 532
13—Co. Kerry.
175 201 211 289
425 426 603 744
14—Co. Kiupare.
348 351
15—Co. KILKENNY.
256 267 286 322
754 755 762
16—Kine’s Co.
356 507 532 632
17—Co. LEITRIM.
653 712 717 742
18—Co. Limerick.
123 125 146 160
426 430 434 483
19—Co. LonDONDERRY.
I9l 196 247 251
456 488 527 528
20—Co. Lonerorp.
25% 325 326 331
138
365
627
279
690
377
545
328
761
334
736
139
437
629
562
692
379
546
335
Spy
219
597
274.
$72
470
171
518
722
563
693
380
559
336
489
280
598
315
578
712
173
540
723
564
695
381
657
339
510
344
701
433
595
174
543
724
565
717
382
760
341
5
349
702
440
616
58
138
Zegt 49
9
655 666
144
683
150
170
149
149
33
506
148
684
151
200
207
242
208
304
243
760
173
731
248
343
251
369
28
srt
192
139
536
308
251
174
251
348
363
608
178
524
251
101
619
208
178
729
259
539:
428 431
316
21—Co. Lourtn.
525 §7°
22—Co. Mayo.
432 505
23—Co. Mzata.
179 184 251 304
24—Co. Monacuan.
308 471 509 516
2b Qumen’a Co.
351. 350, 375" $31
26—-Co. RoscomMon.
431 469 470 716
27—Co. Suiao.
650 654 737 738
28—Co. TipPERary.
334: 344
668 682
200 209
532 533
29—Co. TYRONE.
257 417 433 521
30—Co. WaTERFOoRD.
102 103 106 107
671 672 677 678
31—Co. WESTMEATH.
22 25a 630° 63%
32—Co. WEXxFORD.;
259 263 305 316
38—Co. WickLow.
300 302 305 342
541 59% §93 622
aD
ae
ie &
645
308
517
532
742
345
733
526
1290
679
322
409
628
[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
a a
337 470 614 669.
522 525 719
668 736
759
353
736
527
127
680
400
403 408 4¢
410 «418
640
cs ort
Deabics
APPENDICES VII. and VIli.
(Vol. II.)
TO
PROCEEDINGS
OF
| BELFAST NATURALISTS
" |
FIELD CLUB
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\ , ‘ ') ‘ bi Kk an te
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Belfast :
PRINTED AT THE ‘ BELFAST NEWS-LETTER” OFFICE,
55, 57, & 59 DonEGALL STREET.
{| . 1906,
[Proc. B.N.F.C., 1905-1906. ]
CANTIRE
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MALUIM HEAD
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%
Scowch Erratics ----.----00 -=---eem “N Dry
Filso Craig errates ————_— 5 tie Say
Movepe Divtict~ DUNDALK o. US fo
'Fonalopg — —.—.——.—.—-—-— = ty,
Bibody Bridge ——-—--- 5
Olhe: .Movepe dykee
Gerplebalrick and othar Rlhyoliler smn
Frm ag)
Slieve Gallion
Gyrone. Pomeroy esc... ---+~—- 1RIS}t SEA
DRoojicna ef
N.-E, IRELAND.
SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF ERRATICS.
1905-1906. }
A SUMMARY
OF
RECENT GLACIAL INVESTIGATIONS
BY THE
BELFAST NATURALISTS FIELD CLUB.
COMPILED BY
MADAME RODOLPHE CHRISTEN
(MISS SYDNEY M. THOMPSON).
Beinz an Appendix (No. 7 of Vol, II.) to the Proceedings of the
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, for 1905-6.
390 TB.N.E.G.
APPENIOIX.
SUMMARY OF RECENT GLACIAL INVESTIGATIONS
BY THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
COMPILED BY MADAME RODOLPHE CHRISTEN (Miss SyDNEY M.
THOMPSON).
Fully a dozen years have elapsed since a circular was sent
to our Club by Mr. Percy F. Kendall, M.Sc., Secretary of the
British Association Erratic Blocks Committee, requesting the
Club to co-operate by examining the glacial phenomena of our
district, with especial reference to the distribution of erratics in
the drift. A ready response was given by the Club, and a
geological section formed for the express purpose of conducting
the inquiries, and a collection of Irish rocks commenced, to
assist in identifying the parent locality from which the erratics
had travelled, specimens of Scotch rocks likely to occur being
presented by Mr. Kendall. A room was acquired at the
Museum where meetings could be held and collections and
instruments stored. The patient accumulation of a multitude
of details on many points was willingly undertaken by many
members of the Club, as well as by the little group specially
appointed ; and erratics from outlying districts were received
from time to time, invaluable assistance being also given by
Mr. S. A. Stewart, A.L.S., F.B.S.E., and Mr. Joseph Wright,
F.G.S., whose works on the Mollusca! and Microzoa? of our
boulder clays rank amongst the classics of British glacial
literature,
1. Mollusca of the Boulder clay of the N.E. of Ireland. Proc. B.N.F.C.
(2) I. Appendix for 1879-80, p. 165.
2. Post-tertiary Foraminifera of the N.E. of Ireland. Proc. B.N.F.C.
(2) I. 1879-80, p. 428.
1905-1906. | 39]
The work was commenced on the 12th of August, 1893,
when Miss Mary K. Andrews, Mr. Stewart, and the writer visited
a fine section of boulder clay 25 feet in depth, exposed (in
making subway) at Greenisland Railway Station. A short
description of the work may be of interest, as all sub-
sequent examinations were similarly conducted, sometimes by
‘solitary workers, sometimes by the whole geological section,
but usually by two or three members, amongst whom I must
‘gratefully single out Miss Andrews and Mr. Robert Bell, whose
unwearying toil made this summary a possibility.
Boulder clay usually contains innumerable stones of all
sizes embedded irregularly throughout its mass. Of these 100
or more stones were selected at random, broken and counted to
give the percentage of erratics, an erratic being defined as “any
stone found in a glacial deposit that is not resting on its parent
rock, no matter how short a distance it may have travelled.”
The subjacent rock at Greenisland being Trias, every stone
not of Triassic origin was an erratic, and it was surprising and
interesting to note what a varied assortment occurred, varying
in size from chalk boulders, five feet long, down to tiny pebbles
of far-travelled rocks from Scotland, Ailsa Craig, North Antrim,
Derry, and Tyrone, and large, beautifully-scored, and polished
blocks of Silurian slate, hailing from either Scotland or the
‘County Down. Shells were looked for, and bags of the clay col-
lected to be submitted to Mr. Wright for microscopical examina-
tion. ‘This is the most troublesome and tedious process con-
nected with our researches, involving hours of monotonous
labour on Mr. Wright’s part, with only occasional assistance
from Miss Smythe, as sometimes several pounds of stiff clay
whea washed, dried, and floated, yield one tiny foraminifer too
small to be visible to the naked eye!
Fossils found in the clays were carefully collected, and
photographs of the section taken by Miss Andrews for future
reference. Specimens of well-known rocks were listed in the
field, other fragments being brought to the Museum, to be num-
bered, mounted, labelled, and submitted to Mr. Stewart, Mr. J.
st. J. Phillips, A.R.I.B.A., or Mr. Seymour to ascertain their
322 [B.N.F.C.
place of origin. Unknown erratics were from time to time for-
warded to Dublin to Mr. A. M‘Henry, M.R.I.A., of the Geo-
logical Survey of Ireland, whose unrivalled acquaintance with
Irish rocks was always generously placed at our service; to
Professor Grenville A. J. Cole, M.R.I.A., F.G.S. (to whose
warm sympathy and kindly help our geological section owes
so much), to Professor W. W. Watts, F.R.S., and others, whose
special knowledge made them able to identify the rarer erratics,
and I gladly acknowledge the great assistance thus kindly given.
Immense aid was also obtained from the fine Bibliography of
Irish Glacial Geology’ expressly compiled for this purpose by
Mr. R: Dieyd Praeger, B.E., MRA.
We have more than a hundred different erratics in our
Club collection; 311 of these are unquestionably Scotch, ro
others may be of Scotch or Northern Irish origin, the remaining
86 being Irish. An erratic of Ballachulish slate is our most
northerly specimen, others from the Clyde Area, Cantyre, and
fragments of fossiliferous Silurian rocks from Girvan carry us
southward to Ailsa Craig, whose unique riebeckite rock is so
widely distributed in our boulder clays. Passing to Ireland,
we find fragments from the primary rocks of North Antrim,
Derry, and Tyrone, others from Cultra, Castle Espie, the Coasts
of Down, and from, Armagh, joining the icy procession until we
reach in the pretty pink eurite found near Annalong our most
southerly parent rock.
A remarkable change has come over geological thought
with regard to the glacial period in the dozen years that have
elapsed since our section commenced its work; gradually the
controversy as to the origin of our drifts has died away, as the
conception of a vast ice sheet from, various confluent sources
moving over our islands, grinding solid rocks, picking up and
transporting fragments of every material met in its progress,
transforming the surface of the country by erosion and deposi-
tion, became widely accepted. The issues to be studied were
3. A Bibliography of Irish Glacial and Post-glacial Geology. By R.
Lloyd Praeger, B.E., B.N.F.C. Proc. 1895-6.
1905-1906.] 393
also vastly simplified, resolving themselves chiefly into the
transport of erratics as indications of the directions of ice-flows ;
the presence or absence of marine organisms’ remaining an
important factor in differentiating between ice-sheets of inland
and transmarine origin.
Let us pass in imagination backwards over an unknown but
vast number of centuries to a period when Arctic conditions
prevailed over Northern Europe, and mighty confluent fields of
ice slowly travelled onward, traversing the North Channel, the
Clyde, and the Irish Sea, grinding out deep troughs in the sea
floor where such an obstacle as Rathlin Island obstructed the
lower layers, enveloping it, Ailsa Craig, and the Isle of Man,
overflowing eastward into England, and entering Ireland west-
ward over the noble promontory of Fair Head, the first in our
list of localities recorded in this summary.
The iceworn summit of Fair Head is strewn with erratics
from many points of the compass, and strolling further south
we observe many large blocks resting on the cliffs that encircle
Murlough Bay. Noticing one of schist we ponder on its origin.
Was it torn from a bed of similar rock on the shore many
hundred feet below, or was it borne on ice 20 miles across the
sea from similar rocks in Cantyre, whose fragments are scattered
over Rathlin? Glancing at the tiny handful of pebbles
gathered at random over Fair Head, which include a small,
rounded fragment of Ailsa Craig, which lies due east, one from
a point near Torr Head to the S.E., a bit of chert, old red
conglomerate, and a peculiar smooth-looking green felsite from
Scotland or North Antrim, we see the significance of studying
the distribution of erratics and the important deductions to be
drawn from their presence on these Ballycastle headlands
Our summary includes 36 localities, and we will follow the
course of the intrusive ice southwards, first considering the dis-
tribution of erratics from Ailsa Craig which are much worn,
indicating severe ice action, even some specimens dredged by
Mr. Welch 40 fathoms deep off Rathlin were ground completely
smooth. It occurred at 26 out of our 36 localities, has been
found round our shores by Mr. Welch at Portrush in sandhills,
B24 [B.N.F.C.
by Miss Andrews at Portstewart and at Kilkeel, by Mr. H. J.
Seymour, F'.G.S., away down at Waterford and Youghal, and
by Messrs. W. B. Wright; B.AS and Hi. B: Mutt, BASE G?s:,
at Whiting Bay and other Cork localities.’
Its absence from. ro of our localities is worth analysing, as
in some cases this seems to tally with other circumstances sug-
gesting a special period for these deposits. Although none was
found at No. II., a drift-filled valley on Fair Head, fragments
occur as loose drift half a mile away. Gleno, VI., Cave Hill,
XV., and Divis, XIX., are small deposits of very local rocks ;
Wolfhill, XVIII., and Dungannon, XXX., have not been fully
investigated, and Killough, XXXIII., and Bloody Bridge,
XXXV., have special features suggesting that they may be the
product of later local glaciations. Although none was found in
Castle Espie, XX VIII., boulder clay, fragments are frequent as
loose erratics on the shore of Strangford Lough, XXIX., and
Mr. J. O. Campbell found an isolated morsel on Spinkwee moun-
tain in the Mourne range. In spite of careful search, Mr. Bell
never found any west of the Bann until this year, when he
picked up a solitary piece on the shore of Lough Neagh, near
Moyola. River.
Passing southward to No. III., the esker ridges about
Killagan and Glarryford, we have another very important sign
of an unsuspected iceflow to the N.N.W., in the frequent occur-
rence of Templepatrick rhyolite, the latter place lying some five
and twenty miles S.S.E. We found rhyolites also at Bally-
mena, IV., near Cookstown Junction, IX., in boulder clay at
Macedon, on the western shores of Strangford Lough, and away
down at Newry, XXXIV.
Turning for a moment from the rhyolite fragments in
Killagan eskers, let us read an extract from Mr. Maxwell Close’s
4. See Geology of Cork and Cork Harbour, Drift Memoir. Geol. Surv.,
1905, ». 105, ete.
Also Proc. Roy. Dub. Soc., Vol. X., Part 2, p. 269 (1904). Pre-Glacial
Raised Beach. W. B. Wright, B.A., and H. B. Muff, B.A., F.G.S.
1905-1906.” 325
famous paper on the Glaciation of Ireland,® dealing with that
neighbourhood :—“About 3% miles from Ballymoney, on the
new road to Coleraine, at Seccaun Quarry, smoothings and
striations, N.W. by W., were found by me on basalt. It was
impossible to say in which direction the grinding agent moved
along the lines. . . . Near Cullybackey at the distance of
about 34’ of a mile on the road to Ballyconnelly Cross-roads,
striations may be seen at a basalt quarry, N.N.W. Also on the
same rock at the very cross-roads, 11% mile S.W. of Cullybacky
—a good example. These are parallel to the others, but it
must be confessed they rather look as if the grinding move-
ment were towards the N.N.W. This, however, I suppose,
must be impossible.” Writing to Mr. Close some three years
ago, I mentioned our discovering rhyolites at Ballymena and
Killagan, to which he replied :—“I am interested and pleased to
know what you tell me of the northward movement of frag-
ments of Templepatrick rhyolite, which confirms my reading of
those striations to which you refer.” This is the second time
that our glacial researches have proved the remarkable acute-
ness of Mr. Close’s reading of glacial strize.é
Passing Ballymena, IV., we reach at Kilwaughter, V., and
Gleno, VI., our only two localities where drift rests directly
upon chalk, the former at an altitude of 500 feet, yielding only
3 Ailsa and 2 Bauxite erratics amongst a crowd of dolerite,
basalt, and cretaceous fragments. Gleno at 300 feet being a
totally different deposit, crowded at its base with Liassic frag-
ments, its upper portion stratified, with unusually angular
stones. Probably the basalt along this easterly coast has been
stripped off the chalk by the impact of ice, as well as over
Islandmagee, where magnificently glaciated surfaces of lime-
stone are sometimes exposed in the quarry opposite Maghera-
morne ferry, and our members are familiar with the ice-ground
5. Notes on the General Glaciation of Ireland. By the Rev. Maxwell
Close. Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Irel., Vol. I., Part 3, p. 215.
6. Note on “Glacial Geology of Kerry.” by Miss Sydney M. Thompson.
The Irish Naturalist, Vol. VIII., No. 3, p. 61, 1899.
396 [B.N.F.C.
layers of basalt capped by boulder clay in the less-exposed face
of the great Magheramorne Quarry.
At Cloughfin, immediately north of Black Head, we have
boulder clay resting on Trias about 50 feet above the open
sea, and, as might be expected, we have a very varied series of
erratics, including slate from Ballachulish, felsite from the
Clyde, Cushendun, and Torr rocks, Ailsa rock, syenite from
Slieve Gallion, ironstone nodules from Lough Neagh, granite
from Slieve Croob, and three fragments of the porphyry dyke
at Bloody Bridge, near Newcastle, nearly 50 miles south of
Cloughfin.
Just inside the mouth of Belfast Lough, near Whitehead,
we find an interesting difference in the list of erratics at
Cloghanport ; this deposit is only 4 or 5 miles from Cloughfin,
but is much more limited in range. No rocks from south or west
occur, Ailsa, Torr Head, and Cushendun furnishing the most
distant boulders. Amongst the 339 erratics listed, 24 were from
Ailsa Craig. We may group Ballyholme, near Bangor, with
these two seaside localities, and note abundant pebbles of Ailsa
and eight undoubtedly Scotch rocks, including a Silurian shale
from Girvan, containing a fossil trilobite.
Retracing our steps inland to a group about Lough Neagh, with
Drumsough IX. (near Cookstown Junction) and Cranfield Point,
X., on its north, the glacial gravels of Antrim, XI., and Glenavy
and Crumlin, XVII., on its eastern shore, we still find erratics
from Cantyre, the Clyde, Cushendun, and Slieve Gallion, adding
granites from Pomeroy in Co. Tyrone, as we descend eastward
to Woodburn Glens, XII., anl arrive at Greenisland, where our
survey first commenced its labours with such a surprising list
of travelled rocks.
Once more we ascend the basaltic plateau, search-
ing, at Mr. Wright’s request, for the highest attainable
boulder clays, visiting the great quarry behind Carnmoney
Church, and extracting with difficulty the boulders un-
usually firmly bedded in the clay. Here we came upon chert,
carboniferous limestones, and shales that have probably
travelled 40 miles across the plateau from the Ballycastle coal-
1905-1906.1 827
fields. Subsequently we ascended the Cave Hill, and found a
small deposit in the hollow behind M‘Art’s Fort, more than a
thousand feet above the sea, containing erratics of flint and
several foraminifera, but the loftiest record fell to Mr. Stewart,
who discovered fossiliferous boulder clay between 1,300 and
1,400 feet on Divis Mountain !?
In the recent geological survey memoir of the drifts around
Belfast, published in 1904, we are told of Lake Belfast,8 a vast
expanse of fresh water, formed during the waning of the glacial
period by flood waters from melting ice in the Lagan Valley,
dammed back by a barrier of ice that still existed across the
head of our present Lough. The waters of this lake escaped
by the Dundonald Valley, emptying themselves into Strangford
Lough. The gravel pit at Longhurst, XXVI., Neill’s Hill,
XXII., Morrison’s Sandpit, XXIII., and other deposits of Dun-
donald Valley, XXIV., all belong to this late glacial period.
Possibly these southerly floods bore along much floating ice,
which may partially explain the occurrence of many rocks from
the Mourne districts in the Belfast drifts, in the Dundonald
sands and gravels, and along the wave-worn boulder clays of
Strangford Lough, where they are mingled with granites from
Pomeroy, Slieve Gallion, and Slieve Croob, rhyolite from Tard-
ree and eurite from Annalong, one unique specimen embedded
in boulder clay at Castle Espie, XXVIII., being identified by
Mr. M‘Henry as a primary conglomerate occurring in Cavan,
Monaghan, and Armagh. We found Castle Espie limestone as
an erratic southward as far as Killough, where our geological
section held a pleasant Christmastide excursion in 1897. This
Killough deposit of stiff boulder clay and conglomerate, partially
turned to calcrete, occurs close to Silurian rocks, whose splendid
glaciation disappears below the waves; yet no microzoa were
found in the clay from this section, although the spray is
_-
7. The Occurrence of Boulder Clay on Divis. Proc. B.N.F.C. (2), IV., p.
215 (1894-5).
8. The Geology of the Country Around Belfast. Mem. Geol. Surv. Irel.
(1904), pp. 50, 62, ete
398 [B.N.F.C.
actually beating upon its face. Is it, perhaps, the deposit of
more recent inland glaciers during the waning of the “West
British ice,” believed by Mr. Lamplugh to have reached its
maximum earlier, and to have shrunk more rapidly than the
Hibernian ice? Loose erratics at the foot of these clay cliffs
included carboniferous limestone from Armagh, which lies almost
due west, with sundry rocks from Slieve Croob and Slieve
Gallion, confirming Mr. Close’s observation of N.W. by westerly
glacial movements in the Comber and Killyleagh districts. The
geological survey memoir just alluded to mentions certain
striae running east and west in this district,? although the chief
grinding movement seems to have been from N.N.W. to S.S.E.
Mr. Kilroe believes these E. and W. striz to denote an earlier
ice movement from the east, but the absence of microza in
Killough section seems to me almost a conclusive proof that it
was not deposited by transmarine ice.
I referred before to the importance of examining drift
deposits for marine organisms, and microzoa formed our chief
reliance owing to the remarkable scarcity of shells in our N.E.
drifts ; they only occurred sparsely at 9 of our 36 localities. I
once visited the celebrated glacial cliffs of Killiney, near Dub-
lin, with Mr. Praeger, and easily collected more shell fragments
in an hour than in seven years work round Belfast; a useful
warning against conclusions drawn only from a single district.
The presence of stones bored by marine plants or animals
is another test used to distinguish submarine deposits. Of
these we only found two, one at Cloghanport and one at
Greenisland.
The relative proportion of underlying rocks and erratics
was another point recorded. Glacialists are well aware that in
many drift deposits none of the subjacent rock occurs, although
it may be found further on in the line of movement; also that
in Eskers, which usually rest on boulder clay (frequently pass-
ing imperceptibly into it at their upper ends) erratics are usually
carried further afield than in those contained in the boulder
9. Opus cit., p. 97.
1905-1906.] 399
clays upon which the Esker rests. Hence the value of these
records. At Greenisland we counted 300 boulders, each 100
taken at random from a different level in the section: a/Z were
erratics, and the proportion in which they occured varied in a
definite ratio for each level—i1oo at Castle Espie, similarly
proved to be all erratic boulders. In the Black Mountain deposit,
discovered by Mr. Bell, the only place I have seen in our
district with distinct upper and lower boulder clays (the latter
being so hard that hammer and chisel were required to extract
its stones), 270 out of 274 were erratics; at Cloghanport 331
out of 339, with percentages at other localities varying down to
17 per cent, at Carnmoney and Bloody Bridge, XXXV. The
latter has been considered a moraine deposit, and contained
only a few travelled rocks, including a fragment of the
porphyry dyke on the shore, roo feet beneath, but no chalk nor
flints were found in it.
Another point noted in our schedules is the frequent oc-
currence of some erratics and rarity of others. Of 107 varieties
we found 26 at Dromore, XXXI., 27 at Ballyholme, 28 at
Cloughfin, 33 at Newry, and 44 different rocks—almost 4o per
cent. of the total list of rock varieties in the brickfields round
Belfast, 10 out of 44 being isolated records of erratics, not as
yet found elsewhere, showing the value of patient, persistent
investigation, such as Mr. Bell devoted to them. Glacialists
who may wish to study the matter more fully are referred to the
tables accompanying this summary, and can examine our valu-
able list and collection of erratics at the Museum and the
manuscript schedules with detailed descriptions of localities
investigated.
When commencing work, we were frequently assured that
we would never find erratics north of their place of origin. Our
experience does not at all bear out this assertion, which
postulates a simple, southward ice-flow, and omits to reckon
with radiating local systems of glaciation that may have per-
sisted over high ground prior to, and long after, the great
central plain of Ireland and the Irish Sea were free from solid
ice. A scrutiny of the tables giving the compass direction of
230 [B.N.F.C.
parent localities of definitely-recognised erratics shows a sur-
prisingly frequent mixture of southern rocks, even in our most
northerly districts.
In the drift memoir already referred to (p. 87) Mr. W. B.
Wright suggests that our records of Mourne granite may be
really due to the presence of a closely similar Arran rock found
by him in drift on the basaltic plateau. Our Mourne erratics,
however, include various dykes identified by Mr. M‘Henry as
Tertiary intrusions in the Mourne range, one of the most
distinctive being a pink eurite which he locates near Annalong.
This we found in many brickfields round Belfast, in several
places in Dundonald Valley, and on the shores of Strangford
Lough. Our $8.8.W. record is a large composite block of grit
and Slieve Croob granite, weighing about 9 tons, discovered by
Miss Andrews and Mr. Stewart on Rough Island, near the
northern extremity of Strangford Lough, 18 miles distant from
its home.
In connection with this question of drift from the south,
which suggests a gradual amelioration of the local climate, I
must not omit referring to an ox skull and vertebra and frag-
ments of wood found by Mr. Bell in apparently undisturbed
boulder clay at Springfield brickyard in 1895, an inch and half
of horn protruded from the clay seven feet below the surface.
The fragments were submitted to Professor Haddon, F.R.S.,
and Mr. E. T. Newton, of Jermyn Street Museum.10 Mr.
Stewart and I subsequently visited the spot with Mr. Bell, and
collected a bag of clay from the point where the bones were
found, which was examined by Mr. Wright, but did not yield
any marine organisms. When we recall the faunal conditions
of Arctic regions in the present day, where the ice age still
prevails, there seems no inherent impossibility in the coeval
existence of animal life and many local icefields. Mr. Maxwell
Close, Professor King, and many other geologists believed that
the West of Ireland was relatively higher during the glacial
10. Proc. B.N.F.C. Report of Geol. Section. Miss Sydney M. Thompson
(1895-6), p. 304.
1905-1906. } 32)
period than at present, and its western shores conterminous
with the 200-fathom line of sounding—a belief sanctioned by
recent dredgings off our western coast on a muddy plateau, on
whose margin rest many Donegal boulders close to the. edge of
the Atlantic abyss. A post-glacial elevation followed, indicated
by the submerged peat round our shores, while glacial strie and
even eskers disappear beneath the waves of to-day. May we
imagine these traces of land-ice and land-bogs to be con-
temporaneous during that post-glacial elevation, which some
geologists consider was sufficiently great to connect Ireland with
England, and permitted the re-peopling of our island by
animals from the less severely glaciated sister land?
In compiling this summary of the Club’s recent glacial
work, I have felt strongly the lack of more thorough familiarity
with similar work in other countries than is possible for those
residing at a distance from great scientific libraries. When our
work commenced in 1893, Ailsa erratics had been found for the
first time in Ireland by Professor Cole, and we can still recall
the warm interest excited by our first schedule handed in at the
British Association meeting at Oxford in 1894, when its frequent
occurrence in our drifts was mentioned. Ours was the first report
ever received from Ireland by that Committee during its exist-
ence of fully 20 years. Our Club’s Annual Proceedings have
also furnished the Geological Survey with many useful data for
their drift memoir, showing the value of careful local records, and
the patient accumulation of details only possible to residents in a
locality. The corresponding assistance rendered to local work-
ers by such a memoir, which correlates our own observations
with a wide experience of drift deposits in other parts of our
islands is also inestimable.
We have proved the ubiquitousness of Ailsa rock, and the
frequent occurrence of other Scotch erratics, whose presence at
Belfast was noted by Messrs. Bryce and Hyndman in 1843.1!
We have established the unexpected occurrence of rocks many
miles north of their parent locality, and traced many trains of
11. Report on the Geology of Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh.
By J. E. Portlock, F.R.S. Appendix, p. 738.
339 [B.N.F.C.
erratics across the land; but some field work is still needed to
connect distant records with our own neighbourhood.
Let us compare the north-westerly occurrence of Temple-
patrick rhyolite (see ante, p.824 ) and frequent chalk and flint
from Malin to Inishowen Head, recorded by Mr. Close and Mr.
Harte,!2 in conjunction with evidences of an ice-movement
northwards of Inishowen Peninsula. Professor Carvill Lewis,
when visiting Ireland in 1885 to compare British with American
glaciation, wrote!5 :—“My ideas concerning glaciation have now
been completely revolutionised. I came to Ireland, expecting
to find it glaciated from the north. I find instead a complicated
system of ice streams. A Scotch sheet invaded the eastern
corner of Ireland, going down to Belfast. The ice-sheet of the
interior radiated off in all directions.” Again, when driving
from Buncrana towards Malin, he describes “evidences of a
great stream of ice moving north and east out of this valley.
Sheve Snaght and the adjoining hills, together with this water-
shed, formed a great snowfield. Did the whole ice-sheet of
Ireland move out on this watershed, or did it only drain a local
snowfield? The watershed is 500 feet high.” Mr. Close’s
N.N.W. ice-stream was moving to meet this one at Malin on the
other side of the same watershed. Coupling these facts with
the rarity of Ailsa rock west of the Bann and the proximity of
the great Sperrin range of mountains, where Mr. Kilroe has
recorded evidence of a glacial movement south-eastward,4 seems
to suggest a Sperrin ice-stream meeting the Scottish ice and a
lobe diverging N.-west, bearing rhyolites and Ailsa with it. To
ascertain the truth of this purely speculative hypothesis by in-
vestigating deposits between Killagan and Malin Head should
be a fascinating bit of work. Although the main mass of the
intruding ice moved southward, pressing on the Mourne moun-
tains as it received fresh streams from the heights to the west of
——
12. On the Post-Tertiary Geology of Co. Donegal. By William Harte.
Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland: II.. 30-67 (read 1867), 1871.
13. Glacial Geology of Great Britain and Ireland. By the late Henry
Carvill Lewis, M.A., F.G.S. Longmans, Green & Oo. (1894), p. 118.
14. Directions of Iceflow- in the North of Ireland. T.1.G.S., XLIV., 827-
833 (1888).
1905-1906. | 33838
Lough Neagh, passing down the centre of Ireland, sending off
side-currents into Carlingford Bay and north of Howth on its
way, a minor stream probably reached Galway as suggested in
Mr. Kilroe’s paper, a supposition interestingly supported by the
discovery by Mr. J. O. Campbell during our Club’s visit in 1896
of an Antrim flint on one of the Aran Islands in Galway Bay.
Mr. Kilroe informs me that Antrim, flints have a good distribu-
tion westward, and he recently found one in coarse sandy
alluvium in Co. Limerick, which must have travelled west in ice
and down the Shannon valley, probably in river drift. In
response to my mention of the N.N.W. rhyolite erratics he
writes :—“All I have seen of the drifts since my original paper
on the Ulster ice-flow has confirmed me in the opinion that
there must have been an overwhelming flow . . . from
Scotland over Ulster, and that this was followed by a flow
northward and southward from Hall’s axis of Irish distribution
—perhaps N. by W. in Antrim, northward through Co. Derry,
and N.N.E. through Donegal. I should not say that this
northerly flow or any part of it constituted part of the over-
whelming Scottish ice, though materials carried westward by
the latter may have been subsequently carried northward and
southward from the region indicated by Hall, extending from
South Antrim to Galway.” Our own observations incline me
to question whether the Scottish ice swept westward over
Donegal as Mr. Kilroe indicates, but these points are purely
personal speculations to be refuted or confirmed by further
investigation.
In conclusion I cannot speak too warmly of the fascination
of erratic-hunting, and the triumphant joy of bringing home a
handful of unfamiliar fragments; of many pleasant days spent
in the open-air along the shore or on breezy hillsides, till the
icefields of the past became living realities to us, and we almost
seemed to share in their irresistible onward movement. Neither
can I conclude without a grateful reference to the many un-
dying friendships cemented by mutual tastes and mutual toil
and study that will ever cluster round the memory of our
pleasant Field Club Excursions:
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Tate sbowing at Bow many of the % localities
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101
These important details are recorded
Gm the Club's Manuscript Schedules, For in-
& were fousd. at Cloughfin (No 7) 3
specimens of the Bloody Bridge Porphyry, and
imen erratic is the Belfast Natura-
jeld Clad collection.
t Clogbamport (No. §) B fragments of
ckfields round Belfast several specimens
from Anmalong, ete
refer to Ubis, amd do set record how many
specimens of any erratic were found at any
locality,
stapes,
Aika roe
=
N.RAThe figures at the foot of each column only
bs
Fair Head
Section)
cedbars Glens (Carrickferras
3
Station
of Whitehesd
(Cookstown Junction)
ranield Point (Lough Neagh N.
az
Black Head
Eailway
behind Carsmoney Church
=
land
ris Gravels (A:
Ballyvoy and Calhaze (Ballycastle)
Killagan and Glarrsford
Ballysens
Kalwanghter (Larne:
Quarry
trangford Lough
i and Bough Island,
of Newcastle)
ridge. Sof Newcastle
ody B:
jken from the localities where such
Shells, AGT (se ee Se ee Se Ee eae et
S.E. | S.S E. Ss. S.S W.| S.W, | W.S.W,| No,
2 1
6 2
1 3
aa ne 4
None 5
6
O65 For 5 id
Shells rf; | 8
8 None | ! 9
2 10
oe | ie Be ae ee ne 50 ee 11
Shells For ire & Avs Se Pe Pa 12
Frag, Shells yn ee a x i. 4s ms 13
. ”° i ve ’ 14
oi For an a Hs ee ie HE ae 15
Frag, Shells =p L Ae 1 an : ss 16
ts a 7 = 17
For ' Bo 18
Hor a a 19
ars None A 1 A 20
Shells (rare) For ¢ 4 2L
Frag, Shells For 1 22
9 » 3 | 23
For (1 ‘ no 24
1 25
1 2 26
a3 | 27
Frag, shells 28
je) he 1 29
30
il 31
32
33
° 34
35
36
d; g—gravel.
g¢ that the drifts of that locali
t random and counted,
tained, excluding rocks it
RUSHHSSEY suuru
Compass direction fn which the parent rock of erratics Hes, taken from the localitles wh
Clab’s MSS Bheot a we (01 ~ wre such
ee LOCALITY. County. iin | 0,D. Subjacent || Type of Drift Derived Fossils Shells, Microzoa, Relative Proportion of ERG CE TRL
Map. | Rock. Erratioy
| w. pws! sa. for) ow. [yace! we |p, Bsz/3e./sse| s |ssw.| sw. |wa,wno,
| 2
Aa Pair Wea " | Anteien 5 00-000 | Dolerite | tedrite : 7 counted, all erratics S
xv Rallywuy and Cathame (Wallyeaatte) .. We 400-000 | Metamorphlo| bow, g fara aa = se i S o | a ca
Xtv Kiliagan and Glarrytord é Yo 300 | Bayale 3 ws 2 cal x : =
XXXIV Ballymena . cal 10 “ 129 Cer ‘s 2 2 3 =
XXX Kilwauehter (Larne) a a §25 | Cretaccous fone 192 7a 3 a o is
XVI Gleno (Giynn) at ST Los oS + et) n 5 | + ~
| xix Cloughfin, N, of Blackhead Sea level to 60) For 1m wf 1 3 | 4 5
XXIX | Gloghanport, 8 of Whitehead S 78 Crot and Line a so A i | 0 5 5
XXL Dromsongh, near Cookstown Jonctlon & x0 Fossil Wood Xone Py nd 4 2 :
XX ‘Cranfield Potot, N, share, Lough Neagh a 0 ei i . : atl t
XXAIM | Antrim Orswels, near Antrim Station, s 100 | A a a
YI, X | Woodburn Glens, Carriekfergas Hh =] 106-00 ret Shel Yor a iG “ c ‘
I Groenisland Station fis Ss 100 Carb, Lins, Cret Frag. Shells ri 20, all 1 i Et 3 I is
Quarry behind Carnmoney Church 2 | 400 { Cret rf 100 a7iraG 5 1 3 2 = | fee
WL (MoArt’s Fort). a | 1,100 Fur and Ostra| e f i | a Le
Ballyholme, Bangor = | Sea lovel sil Prag. Shells TRAC | 1000 oy a de ile i 5 i | 2 i
Crumitin ant Glenavy, E. shore of Lough Neagl w 4 Wes - 4 ri 2 :
Woifhiti and. Ligoniel, Battaat A | Lins Yor | 2 | |
Divis Moantaln ., ‘S ry | be le drift a Yorand Ostra| 100. rt 1 is i} ts 7
| Black Mountain if | we Oret None 4 ‘ | 9 1 | 1
H iriekNelds round Belfast | ‘Antrim and Down) 0-220 iD Sii, Carb, Lias, Cret | Shella(rare) | For (May, 1000) | : st 3 3 3 4 aay
Neill's Hi 4 Down | 100 n | Cree Frag, Shells | For 0 fi }4 i = : ; | x e p
| Mortioa aBapd Pit, Dundunald Station he He in | Liss Was) 199 \2 6 5 1 5 i 3 = 2
aran and Carrereagh ty _ ‘ot (rare) i. 5 : 1 & = <
Colin Glen Antrim 40 Lins 133 A if iD “ 2 ail 1 z B
Langhurst, Donmi cn Fie | 160 | Onforletan | i 5 2 ame it & 36
Inland HM) and Roogh wand. NW, a of ean
| Lough, 5 o Down a Tins . c 2 1 “a oc | 1 to
' iis Castle Esple m1 " Carboni feroms Lins Yrag. chelle For 100 oy re ‘ > e 1 a Ss
Xuy | Weshore of Strangford Lough i a i Sllorian Gath (Castle Esp) : 1 allies te 2
XU} Dungannon = Tyrone Carboniferous) E a hes & Pe | F 30
xyit Dromore 5 Re Down 6 ‘Sijurtan of For(veryrare)) 208, 07 oy ‘ * | é 1 n
Sao es : rot a | Carbaniterows|! 3 i a el = : :
XXVNI | Killomgh Down 6L Silurtan im None 1 3 e a th amn| =
| xXxm | x + 0 Granite ; = it 15 4, 8 “| |) ee [sth Ios = || a
TL Blooly Bridge, Neweastle th 61 109 | Silurian ea ze i f Lol i ILS 1 1 2 é Es. |] 7 s
XAVIT Kilkee! and Ulasirumnian, E coast of County Down re 7a Hea level and 7 | bo, La drift = if “ oe ec fs . Ps 1 | z ie
+ ee
| Total, F [2 | alee ks laa ean nm | 8) lie T |
ADUKEVIATIONS :~ Types of Drift.—1 s d—loose, stoney drift; b c—boulder clay; s—aasd; ¢—gravel,
Shella —trag—fragmentary.
Mlcrozs,—Yor—foramlnlfera; Ostrs—Ostracoda. Blanks Indleating (hat the drifta of that locality hiave not yet been examined, “None”—that drifts wore examiued and none found
‘The relative proportion of erratic was ascertained from boulders of al alzes taken at random anil counted,
The Compass dirvetion 1a only kivon for erratics, whoee parent rock fs definitely ascertained, excluding rocks found fn #i(v fn more thau one locality,
1905-1906. j
THE CARNMONEY CHALCEDONY:
ITS OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN,
(With a General Note on the Formation of ‘‘Secondary’
Siliceous Minerals in Voleanic Lavas).
By JAMES STRACHAN.
Being an Appendix (No. 8 of Vol. II.) to the Proceedings of the
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, for 1905-6.
336 [B.N.F.O.
THE CARNMONEY CHALCEDONY, ITS OCCURRENCE
AND ORIGIN, (WITH A GENERAL NOTE ON THE
FORMATION OF “SECONDARY” SILICEOUS
MINERALS IN VOLCANIC LAVAS).
BY JAMES STRACHAN.
1. Carnmoney Hill, with its steep escarpment sloping
sharply towards the Belfast Lough, is a prominent and
picturesque feature in the landscape of the country lying to the
North of Belfast. The attention of the geologist is attracted
both by the peculiar shape and the comparatively isolated
position of this Hill, which represents the site of an ancient
volcano, from whose throat, in Tertiary times, poured forth part
of the Upper Basaltic Lava. On the south side of the hill, the
denuded ‘neck’ or ‘plug’ of this old volcano may be traced,
cutting through the Lower Basalt, the Cretaceous, and older
strata. The Upper Basalt and part of the Lower have been re-
moved by denudation, leaving the plugged-up vent, which is
almost one quarter of a mile in diameter. The material of the
neck is a vesicular lava similar in appearance to that of the
doleritic dykes found in various parts of Co, Antrim. In a
recent Survey Memoir, the following petrological analysis of
this rock is given :—‘Under the microscope the rock is a fairly
coarsely crystalline dolerite, containing much magnetite in the
form of opaque, black, and unaltered crystals. The chief
constituents are pale brownish augites and fresh plagioclase
laths (labradorite) intergrown ophitically with one another.
There occurs also here and there in the sections a more com-
pact or finely crystalline material of similar composition, but
with a large proportion of glass. It is chiefly in this part that
the mineral ‘hullite’ occurs as a brownish or greenish-brown
translucent substance, somewhat like palagonite in appearance,
1905-1906 | ao.
end more or less completely filling irregularly-shaped vesicles
in the rock. The central greenish (chloritic) part is usually
almost isotropic, and is surrounded by a zone of yellowish-
brown material, with a fibrous structure and a radial arrange-
ment of the component parts.”
Professor Hull remarked that olivine was also present in the
rock, but according to Professor Cole it is by no means an
abundant constituent of the mass. There is no doubt, how-
ever, I think, that in some places the rock approaches the
mature of an olivine-dolerite, and, that in such portions of the
lava, zeolitic minerals are of more common occurrence than
purely siliceous ones. To this analysis must also be added
iron pyrites, which appears to be distributed in a very irregular
fashion throughout the rock. On the whole, it is not a common
constituent, but occasional fragments of the rock may be found
‘containing at least five per cent. of the bright, brass-yellow
crystals. In the main, we may freely accept Professor Cole’s
description and nomenclature of the rock as a basaltic-andesite,
or allied to the pyroxene-andesites. Although coarser in
crystalline structure, the basaltic-andesite of Carnmoney is
nearly related to many of the Scottish andesites, which are
compact rocks made up chiefly of labradorite, with a smaller
proportion of augite, and without olivine; from these lavas are
obtained the finest of the chalcedonies, known as ‘Scotch
pebbles.’
2. The Chalcedony of Carnmoney occurs in large cracks,
or veins, in the rock. These are sometimes as much as twelve
inches in width, and from this, the cavities thin away into a
mere hair’s-breadth. These veins have apparently been formed
during the consolidation of the lava, for the vein-sides are
coated, in all degrees of thickness from a mere film to one inch,
with the mineral /wlite, which has been described by Professor
Cole as “the altered and hydrated glass of the original basaltic
ground-mass.” As the hot magma hardened, the cooling and
crystallisation of the minerals caused mechanical contraction to
take place, resulting in the formation of large cracks into which
828 [B.N.F.C.
the still fluent portion of the lava was secreted, coating the walls
of such cavities with ‘hullite.’ This mineral must now be con-
sidered for a little, because its presence plays an important part
in the structural arrangement of the Chalcedony, and perhaps
in the deposition of the silica in that form. Hullite is a black
pitch or waxy-like substance, passing in colour to yellow-brown
and red-brown. It is soft (H—z2 to 3) and extremely brittle,
breaking with a smooth, slightly conchoidal fracture. In thin
sections the black specimens show a greenish colour, but a
good deal of the hullite in the cavities and veins is more yellow-
ish-brown and reddish-brown in colour. This mineral has been
described as mammillated and ‘minutely stalactitic,’ but
‘minutely reniform’ or ‘minutely spherical’ would be a better
description, because the ‘stalactites’ of hullite, like those of
chalcedony, have a fibrous structure, and seem to be ‘animated
by a kind of crystalline spinal energy.’ Very rarely these
spherical forms are slightly translucent, and by reflected light
appear to glow with a fiery amber colour. The thicker
deposits of hullite, coating the sides of the veins in which the
chalcedony occurs, are often cracked and fractured, representing
on a minute scale the larger cracks or veins of the mother-rock.
These small cracks are filled up in the same fashion as the
large veins, with chalcedony and other minerals. In chemical
composition hullite varies, but it might be described as a basic
mineral, composed of aluminium, iron, magnesium, and calcium
silicates, containing about 39 per cent. of silica, and about 13
per cent. of ‘water of hydration.’ It has been placed minera-
logically as ‘near delessite,’ but might be said to occupy a posi-
tion between celadonite and chloropheite, so far as chemical
composition is concerned. All of these minerals, however, vary
in their composition, and by some mineralogists are not regarded
as definite species. The old-fashioned name of ‘green earth’
seems to be the best title for minerals of this class, although
several are not ‘green, and a number not ‘earthy.’ Fifteen
years previous to Professor Cole’s investigation of hullite, the
latter was carefully examined, for the first time, by E. T. Hard-
man and Professor Hull. Hardman came to the conclusion
1905-1906. } 339
that it was a secondary mineral, and classed it as a member of
the chlorito-ferruginous group or green earths. As far back as
the year 1837, however, Dr. Scouler described it as a ‘pitch-
stone,’ or volcanic glass, and in 1843 General Portlock called
it an ‘obsidian.’ It is of interest to trace the history of geo-
logical opinion concerning hullite from these earliest references
to those of the present day. In the years 1837-1843, it was
regarded as a volcanic glass, which had been exuded into the
cavities as the lava cooled. About the year 1868 this opinion
was upheld by G. V. du Noyer, but ten years later Hardman
departed entirely from this view, as we have already stated,
describing it as a secondary mineral of the green earth variety.
In 1879, as Professor Cole has pointed out, Dr. Heddle, of St.
Andrew’s, supported Hardman in his claim for the retention of
hullite as a definite mineral species. It is here worthy of
notice, that Heddle’s views concerning the origin of such
‘green earths’ underwent a complete change; in 1871 he re-
garded such minerals as contemporaneous with the last stages of
cooling in the early history of the lavas in which they are
found, whereas in his “Mineralogy of Scotland,” written at a
much later date, he describes the same minerals as decomposi-
tion products of the weathering lava. In the same year (1879)
William Gault, of Belfast, took up this idea, that hullite was a
“secondary’ mineral, and accounted for its origin by supposing
that it was deposited, along with chalcedony and other siliceous
minerals, from hot alkaline springs which arose in the volcanic
neck ‘long after the volcanic forces had spent their vigour.’
The hot alkaline water acted on the rock sides and penetrated
the ground of the rock, dissolving mineral matter from the
mass, and re-depositing it in the gas-vesicles and veins. In 1885
hullite was again examined, on this occasion by Lacroix, who
also determined it to be a secondary mineral related to the
decomposition-products of olivine. Latterly, in 1895, Professor
Cole reviewed the opinions of Hardman, Hull, Heddle, and
Lacroix, and, setting aside the idea that hullite is a ‘secondary
mineral’ at all, described it as ‘a basic glass that has become
soft and “gummy” by alteration.’
340 [B.N.F.C.
3. In considering the above interpretations of observed
facts, we may class the theories for the origin of hullite into
three distinct groups. These are :—
(1). THE IcnEous THEOry (supported by Scouler, Portlock,
and Du Noyer), that hullite is a glassy substance
like ‘pitchstone’ or ‘obsidian,’ and was probably
formed during the last stages of the rock’s solidifying.
(2). THe Minerat THEory (upheld by Hardman, Heddle,
Gault, and Lacroix) that hullite is a ‘secondary
mineral’ of the green earth group, and was probably
formed during the decomposition of the rock, per-
meated by meteoric waters in the ordinary course of
rock-weathering, or by hot alkaline waters of telluric
origin, under special circumstances.
(3). THE ALTERED-GLAss THEORY (presented by Professor
Cole) that hullite is ‘the altered and hydrated glass
of the original basaltic ground-mass,’ or ‘a basic
glass that has become soft and “gummy” by altera-
tion ;’ it was formed in the first place by igneous
fusion, but has suffered subsequent transforming
changes.
There is no doubt whatever that Professor Cole is correct
in his surmise as to the identity of the hullite lining the cavities
of the rock, with the material of the ground-mass, but, with all
due respect to his fine treatment of the subject, I am inclined
to doubt that hullite was in the first place szmply a volcanic
glass; I believe that this substance was not only hydrous in its
composition from the first, but that it has not undergone any
extensive alteration since that time. In its original condition,
and as still found in certain portions of the rock, the hullite
might be more accurately described as a hydrous, waxy sub-
stance, intermediate in its nature between a volcanic glass and
a green earth. Professor Cole compares the alteration of the
original hullite to its present form, to the alteration of basaltic
glass into a green “serpentinous” material ; but, where the hullite
is altered, I believe that the change is mostly a physical one,
and only to a small extent chemical. The resemblance of
1905-1906 ] 34]
hullite to a chloritic mineral I regard as an original structure.
It is closely related to the green earths, celadonite and
chloropheite, which form the ‘skin’ of many agates, and which
originated in quite a different manner from the “serpentinous”
green earths; the latter are decomposition-products, and the
former are contemporaneous formations of the lava. Professor
Cole compares the coating of hullite in the vesicles to ‘lava-
stalactites’ on a small scale, ‘the glassy matrix of the lava having
oozed out under pressure into any cavities it could find ;’ but
these ‘stalacites’ and spherical crusts of hullite possess a fibrous
structure similar to the reniform or spherical growths of
hematite and chalcedony, and I believe that the hullite was
formed, to a great extent, under the guidance of active crystal-
line forces. The highly vesicular nature of the rock suggests
the probability that that much water was present in the hot
magma, and that the formation of the hullite was not purely an
igneous action, but rather intermediate between igneous and
hydro-thermal.
4. The extensive literature concerning hullite has rendered
Carnmoney Neck historic in the annals of mineralogical geology,
but of the chalcedony and other minerals found in the cavities of
the rock, very little has been said or written. The Survey
Memoir, for example, merely mentions the fact that ‘a good deal
of chalcedony occurs throughout the mass, and occasionally
fills the vesicles.’ Gault investigated the ‘chalcedony and other
siliceous minerals’ generally, but did not give any detailed de-
scription of the type-vein containing them. The typical vein
at Carnmoney consists of three distinct layers, or groups of
layers, more or less intergrown, and representing three con-
secutive stages in the deposition of the mineral matter filling
the vein. These are :—
(x). THE HUuLuiTE Layer, consisting of hullite in varying
degrees of thickness from a mere film to a crust,
which is never more than an inch in measurement.
The usual thickness of this mineral is one-sixteenth
to one-eighth of an inch. The hullite coats the
rock-sides, and was the first substance deposited in
the vein.
342 [B.N.F.C.
(2). THE ZEOLITIC AND Catcitic Layer, deposited im-
mediately on the surface of the hullite, consists of a
thin layer, occasionally of fibrous zeolites, but gener-
ally composed of calcite. The usual thickness of
this layer is about one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an
inch, and it is mostly much weathered. The
zeolitic parts of this layer appear to consist chiefly
of natrolite, and occasionally this passes into
analcime. Small crystals of chabazite are also to
be found in this portion of the vein. The zeolites
and calcite are rarely found together, but when they
occur thus, the former have been deposited upon
the latter. The thin layer of calcite frequently
develops sporadic crystals of that mineral % to 34
of an inch in length.
(3). THE CHALCEDONIC LaYER, coating the second layer,
and sometimes entirely filling the central portion of
the vein. After a single layer of chalcedony had
been deposited, the large sporadic crystals of calcite
again appeared here and there on its surface.
These crystals in turn became enveloped by a
second, and by succeeding layers of the chalcedony,
and the finest examples of spherical crystalline
growth may be found in the latter. In such in-
stances, there is often in the chalcedony immediately
investing the calcite crystals, a zone of white,
opaque, jaspery material, containing calcareous and
zeolitic matter.
The Carnmoney chalcedony exhibits all the typical
structures of that mineral. In colour it varies from bluish-
white to bluish-grey, the latter being more translucent than the
whiter varieties. A beautiful translucent specimen, with typical
reniform structure, was found to have a specific gravity of
2.582. A section through the reniform chalcedony shows very
well its fibrous and spherically-crystalline arrangement. The
chalcedony is almost entirely composed of these ‘radiate-
1905-1906. 343
acicular’ fibres, but it also contains a small quantity of
amorphous silica, perhaps opal. The fibrous structure becomes
very apparent when a polished section is etched with hydro-
fluoric acid. In many instances the chalcedony passes into
crystallised quartz, which has sometimes an amethystine colour.
Small groups of crystallised iron pyrites occur sparingly on the
surface of the chalcedony in some of the veins. Between the
first and second layers of the chalcedony a very thin crust of a
green earth, resembling chloropheite, is sometimes found. The
banded arrangement of the chalcedony, layer upon layer,
parallel to the vein-sides, is often varied by onyx-layers of
milk-opal and wax-opal, perfectly level and apparently formed
under the influence of gravity. A variety of cacholong, com-
posed of opal, with an admixture of zeolitic and chalcedonic-
quartz fibres, is also found in the onyx-structures of the veins.
Gault has pointed out that one kind of opal found at Carn-
money becomes very strongly phosphorescent when it is pressed
against a revolving grindstone. ‘Tribo-luminescence appears to
be a marked characteristic of both chalcedony and opal. This
phenomena is often observed by those who are accustomed to
polish agates and other siliceous stones.
5. Mineralogical opinion on the mode of formation, or
origin, of the various chalcedonies found in volcanic lavas is
much divided, and on the whole, rather indefinite. One
hundred years ago the early mineralogists regarded the
chalcedony as a contemporaneous product of the lava in which
it is found. To-day the general opinion, expressed in well-
known text-books on geology and mineralogy, is that the
chalcedony found in the cavities of volcanic lavas is a
decomposition-product of the weathering and decomposing rock.
For example, let us take the common variety of banded chal-
cedony known as ‘agate’ or ‘Scotch pebble.’ In the old days
Jameson described agate as contemporaneous with the lava in
which it is found embedded. In more recent times Heddle,
who studied agate very carefully, came to the conclusion that
it was purely a decomposition product formed in the ordinary
course of rock-weathering. This view has been strongly upheld
344 [B.N.F.C.
during the last twenty years by J. G. Goodchild, and to-day we
find a similar opinion in the fine text-book by Professor Miers.
Other writers, still pointing to rock-decomposition as the
source of this ‘secondary silica,’ regard it as more or less a
product of ‘solfataric’ action formed soon after the solidifica-
tion of the lava. But even the standard text-books of geology
are strangely indefinite in their remarks on this subject. The
Carnmoney chalcedony is a very near relation to the agates
found in the Scottish andesitic lavas, and bearing this in mind,
we may express modern opinion as divided into two classes of
theories concerning the origin of chalcedony in lavas. These
are :—
(1). THE HyDRO-THERMAL OR SOLFATARIC THEORY. ‘This
theory was applied to the Carnmoney chalcedony by Mr.
Gault, who supposed that, long after the volcano has spent its
forces, hot alkaline water was poured into the veins and per-
colated through the mass of the rock. These hot springs dis-
solved silica and other substances out of the rock-mass, and
re-deposited them in the cavities and veins. He thus accounted
for the origin, not only of the chalcedony, but also of the hul-
lite and other minerals. Gault seems to have considered that
a common origin must be sought to account for the formation
of all the minerals found in the veins.
(2). THE EpiceNEeTic THEORY. The theorists of this class.
hold that the chalcedony is a decomposition-product formed
during the weathering of the mother rock. Rain-water falls
upon the ground, and passing through the soil, which contains
decaying vegetable matter, becomes charged with carbonic acid
gas, and humic acid, which gives rise to carbonic acid. The
dilute solutions of carbonic acid slowly percolate through the
rock-mass, attacking the silicates, and become charged with
carbonates of the alkalies and alkaline earths, and free silica.
Labradorite, for example, loses sodium and calcium, which are
removed as carbonates, and silica as silicic acid, leaving silicate
of alumina behind in the form of clay. The calcium carbonate
and silica are deposited in such cavities or veins as occur in the
1905-1906. ] 345
rock, and the’ sodium carbonate is supposed to attack fresh
silicates, setting free more silica.
Both of the above theories, it will be observed, depend
upon the decomposition of the mother-rock for the supply of
mineral matter deposited in the veins and vesicles. In the first
case, the action of the hot alkaline waters, aided by carbonic
and hydro-sulphuric acids, is supposed to have been a com-
paratively rapid one; while, in the second theory, the decom-
position of the rock and deposition of the mineral matter in the
cavities by the action of cold, slightly alkaline water, aided by
carbonic and humic acids, is supposed to have extended over
extremely long periods of time. G. Bischof calculated that it
would require no less a time than 1,296,000 years to deposit
one pound weight of amethystine quartz in this fashion.
6. It has been frequently pointed out that trap-rocks and
lavas containing nodules and veins of chalcedony are for the
most part much decomposed. In some cases they are com-
pletely weathered into a saponaceous green earth, from which
the chalcedony may be dug out without trouble. Some geolo-
gists go so far as to say that the beauty of the chalcedonic con-
cretions is in direct proportion to the amount of decomposi-
tion suffered by the mother-rock. I have not found this to be
the case as a general rule. Agate and chalcedony in the un-
altered rock are more difficult to get at, but such specimens are
almost invariably much better than pieces from, the weathered
rock. Indeed, where the rock is very much decomposed, the
chalcedony has also suffered changes, being cracked, stained,
and ‘devitrified.’ This is the case at Carnmoney, for the finest
specimens found there are extracted from the portions of the
rock that have suffered the least from weathering influences.
Many of the veins in this rock have suffered so much from
percolating surface-waters that the zeolitic or calcitic layer has
been entirely removed, and the chalcedony lost much of its
native translucency. When such veins are broken open the
chalcedony usually drops out because of the clear space be-
tween it and the rock-sides, and it is often found to be much
weathered.
346 [B.N.F.C.
On the whole, I feel convinced that such deposits of
chalcedony in volcanic lavas, and this one at Carnmoney in
particular, are contemporaneous formations of the rock, and
that they were formed during the last stages of the lava’s cool-
ing and drying. Furthermore, I am, constrained to believe that
the zeolitic or calcitic layer, and the siliceous contents of these
veins and cavities, owe their origin, not to the decomposition of
the mother-rock, but to the final process of its construction. In
all probability the water present in the hot lava played an
important part in the formation of these minerals. We may
look upon this process of vein-filling in lavas as an example of
the thorough economy so often exhibited in Nature. During
the consolidation of the lava contraction took place, and the
cracks or veins were formed. These were points of weakness
in the rock—real wounds—and Nature immediately set about
their healing. The residual magma—the very life-blood of the
lava. we might call it—was secreted into these rents, impelled
more or less by physical forces, but, nevertheless, continually
guided within itself by active crystalline energy. The hullite,
calcite, zeolites, and chalcedony were deposited each in its
order, and when the rock was cold and dry these minerals stood
each in its place, and each ready to play its own part as a
mecessary portion of the solid earth. There is an unbroken
sequence in the mineral matter from the main constituents of
the lava to the chalcedony in the centre of the veins. Professor
Cole has shewn that the hullite plays the part of a true ground-
mass in the intercrystalline spaces of the rock. Lacroix ob-
served that the hullite has included in its formation minute
crystals of felspar and magnetite; also small crystals of calcite.
The calcite and zeolites follow upon the hullite, and finally the
chalcedony, which in its growth has included crystals of calcite,
and zeolitic matter.
7. That the calcitic or zeolitic layer of the veins is often
much weathered I have already mentioned, and very often its
former presence can only be inferred from the hollow pseudo-
morphous cavities in the chalcedony. This calcite has in some
cases been re-deposited in other portions of the veins, and
1905-1906. j 5AT
occasionally minute tufts of zeolites may be found in similar
positions. There is no doubt that cold, surface-waters, charged
with carbonic acid, can remove calcium carbonate from the
rock, and dissolve existing crystals of calcite, carrying away, in
the form, of bi-carbonate, considerable amounts of that mineral,
and re-depositing it in other places. The formation of zeolites
from felspar and from existing zeolites takes place in a similar
manner, but to a much less extent; and the formation of
chalcedony in this fashion appears to be a very rare occur-
rence. There is also no doubt that these reactions, resulting in
the growth of calcite, hydrated silicates, and various forms of
silica, would go on at a much faster rate, and to a much greater
extent, if the cold meteoric waters were replaced by hot alkaline
waters of telluric origin. These actions have their place in
nature; but when we consider the molten magma from which
certain lavas have been formed, containing water under immense
pressure, and at a temperature far exceeding that of any
solfataric water, we come to the conclusion that the residua!
waters of such magmas contained large quantities of silica,
silicates, and carbonates in solution. As the temperature fell,
the dissolved mineral matter would be secreted and deposited
in the veins and cavities, in a definite sequence, according to
the nature of the dissolved elements. It is natural that such
secondary minerals should bear some chemical relation to the
primary rock-forming minerals, because both are formed from
the same magma.
The rock-forming minerals of the Carnmoney basaltic
andesite are augite, labradorite felspar and magnetite. Augite is
composed mainly of calcium, magnesium, aluminium, and iron
silicates, the silica amounting to 47-48 per cent. In the hullite
we find hydrous silicates of the same elements, iron being the
preponderating element. When the water of hydration is
omitted from the analysis the silica amounts to almost 46 per
cent. The primary augite and magnetite have thus a seccnd-
ary counterpart in the hullite. Labradorite is composed of
aluminium, calcium, and sodium silicates ; the silica amounting
to 52-53 per cent. In natrolite (the most common zeolite in
348 [B.N.F.C.
this rock) we have a hydrous silicate of aluminium and sodium.
When the water of hydration is omitted from the analysis the
silica amounts to 52 per cent. The natrolite occasionally
passes into analcime, which is a more acid, hydrous silicate of
aluminium and sodium. In these zeolites the aluminium and
sodium silicates of the felspar have a secondary representation,
and the calcium silicate of that primary mineral has its second-
ary counterpart in the calcite and the free silica of the
chalcedony.
8. From this point of view it is evident that we cannot
draw the line very finely between the terms primary and second-
ary, if we regard the former as applied to minerals of igneous
origin, and the latter as applied to minerals of aqueous (hydro-
thermal) origin. In the formation of such rocks, and the
mineral contents of their veins, there is an unbroken sequence
of action from igneous to hydro-thermal, and it is possible that
a mineral might be formed by a process which is neither a
purely igneous one nor purely an aqueous action. We see this
in the case of hullite, which, from one point of view, has been
described as a basic volcanic glass of igneous origin, and from
another as a hydrous green earth of aqueous origin.
There is a certain amount of truth in each aspect, and the
truth in both cannot be reconciled by regarding the hullite, on
the one hand, as a volcanic glass altered to a green earth
material, or, on the other, as a member of the green earth family
derived by solution and decomposition from the primary
minerals in the rock. It is more likely that from the beginning
the hullite was by nature both a volcanic glass and a green
earth. Mineralogists do not seem to have made a clear enough
distinction between the two great sources of ‘secondary’ minerals
in lavas—ist, deposition from the residual waters of the
molten magma, and 2nd. deposition from percolating waters in
the weathering rock. The action in both cases is an aqueous
process, and, therefore, there is a great resemblance, often an
identity, between the minerals formed in each way; but there
is a difference in the time of formation and the quantities
formed. ‘The first action, at a high temperature, is rapid; the
1905-1906. 949
second, at a low temperature, slow. By the first action such
minerals as the zeolites, chalcedony, and opal are deposited in
large quantities, whereas by the second action these substances
are formed in comparatively small amounts. By the second
process calcium, and magnesium carbonates are often deposited
extensively, because of their easy solubility as bi-carbonates in
cold, meteoric waters, but the deposits of the same minerals from
the hot residual waters of the cooling lava are often still more
extensive. In the case of the ‘green earths,’ we find that
minerals of this class, which are composed of the extremely
insoluble silicates of aluminium, iron, and magnesium with vary-
ing quantities of the alkaline silicates, are usually the first sub-
stances deposited from the hot, residual waters of the lava. They
are found almost invariably coating the rock-sides of veins and
vesicular cavities of volcanic rocks. Sitch deposits are not ex-
tensive, because of the insolubility of these silicates. On the
other hand, we find vast deposits of “serpentinous” and
saponaceous green earths formed by the decomposition of
certain lavas. In some cases the whole rock has weathered to
a green earth. This substance consists chiefly of the above-
mentioned insoluble silicates, with small quantities of the
alkaline silicates held chemically-bound in the form of insoluble
double silicates, and is really the residue of the rock, the more
soluble substances having been removed by acid meteoric waters
in the course of weathering. This course is a slow one, and
most of the mineral matter thus removed is carried away in
spring and river waters. Re-deposition on a large scale is rare
in such rocks. When a volcanic rock has suffered from solfa-
taric action, or hydro-thermal metamorphism, such green earths
are also formed, not only as residues through the removal of the
more soluble elements in the rock, but, also where the latter are
re-deposited there is often a re-deposition of the green earths
in smaller quantities.
9. The deposition of mineral matter from the residual
waters of volcanic magmas, which we have regarded as the
source of the Carnmoney chalcedony, accounts for the formation
of the main masses of ‘secondary’ siliceous minerals in the veins
350 [B.N.F.C.
and cavities of most volcanic lavas. We have, for example, the
zeolites in the basalts and dolerites, the agates and chalcedonies
in the andesites and trap-rocks, and also the opals and hyalites
in rocks of acid composition, such as rhyolites.
In describing the formation of the deposits in the typical
Carnmoney vein, I have chosen them as a type of such for two
reasons ; firstly, because, as already explained, they exhibit
clearly the continuity between the igneous formation of the
mother-rock and the aqueous formation (hydro-thermal) of the
contained secondary minerals, and, secondly, because, as I now
briefly mention, they show, in beautiful sequence, the law of
order in the separation of secondary minerals in such lavas.
This law may be expressed in the following terms :—With the
fall of temperature in the residual waters of cooling volcanic
lavas there is a sequence of separation in the ‘secondary’
minerals deposited from such waters in the veins and cavities
of the rock. These minerals fall into three groups which are
deposited in the following order:—u1st. Hydrous Earthy Sil-
cates, and Oxides (including the green earths, such as Celadon-
ite, Hullite, Chloropheite, Delessite, etc., and the Oxides of
Iron and Manganese); 2nd. Hydrous Crystalline Silicates and
Carbonates (including the Zeolite family, and the Carbonates of
Manganese, Iron, Magnesium, and Calcium); and 3rd, Crystal-
line and Hydrous Silica (including Quartz, Chalcedony, Hyalite,
and Opal). These three groups are frequently intergrown, and
often one, or two, of the groups are not represented at all.
The typical Carnmoney vein exhibits all the three groups
distinctly, and is, on that account, a good type and example of
such formations. As further examples of the working of this
law, I shall now, in conclusion, mention the formation of several
Scottish deposits of chalcedony. The most common type of
chalcedony in the Scottish lavas is the agate with its wonderful
and varied formations. In this case the outer layer is of green
earth, and is generally composed of celadonite (or celedonite),
chlorophzite or saponite. Upon this we find the second layer,
which is occasionally of calcite, but commonly of the zeolites,
natrolite, and heulandite. The central portion of the cavity,
1905-1906.] 351
forming the third layer, is the agate proper, which is composed
of chalcedony (of many colours), ‘white agate, cacholong, opal,
and crystalline quartz (usually amethyst), arranged in concentric
or level bands according to the nature of the siliceous material.
The intergrowth of the green earth with the chalcedony pro-
duces the well-known moss-agates ; and of iron-oxide with the
chalcedony produces the equally beautiful jaspers, with their
stellar, flammate, and pseudo-brecciate crystallisations. At
Hillend, on the Pentland Hills (near Edinburgh) an interesting
variation of agate-building occurs in the cavities of an andesite.
The usual green-earth layer is present ; in this case of celadonite
and saponite, and as a second layer, in place of the zeolites, is
a deposit of dolomite, in a beautiful ramifying form, covered by
calcite, and within the latter is the third layer of chalcedony
(carnelian). A similar sequence of deposition is found in the
agates of Monzie (near Crieff, in Perthshire), described by Mr.
Kerr as ‘amceboid’ agates. In this case the green earth is not
found at all, but its place is taken by a layer of iron oxide,
upon which the second layer of pearlspar has been deposited.
Within the pearlspar or dolomite is found the third deposit of
siliceous substance, constituting the agate of banded structure,
with various layers of chalcedony, quartz, etc. Mr. Kerr sug-
gests that these nodules have grown from the centre to the ex-
terior, and from within rather than from without; but there is
little doubt, I think, that these growths have been formed ac-
cording to the sequence laid down in the above-mentioned law,
and that the ‘hollow spherical depressions’ on the exterior of
the Monzie type of agate, revealed by the weathering, or etching
away of the exterior layers of iron oxide and pearlspar, are
exactly analogous to the hollow pseudomorphous cavities on
the exterior of the Carnmoney chalcedony.
359 [B.N.F.O.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.
Figure I.—Typical specimen of chalcedony from Carnmoney
Neck, showing the characteristic reniform or spherical
crystallisation of the mineral; the section through the
spherical concretion to the right shows the central
crystal of calcite invested by a zone of white zeolitic
chalcedony.
Figure JI.—Exterior surface of chalcedony from Carnmoney,
showing the hollow pseudomorphous cavities formerly
occupied by calcite and zeolites,
Figure III.—Typical vein of banded chalcedony from Carn-
money, showing a portion of the rock with the usual
thin layer of calcite and hullite between the former
and the latter. This structure is most clearly seen,
where a small quantity of hullite is almost completely
surrounded by the chalcedony. The thin white layer
between the dark hullite and the chalcedony is com-
posed of calcite.
AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES.
BiscHor, Pror. G., 1854. ‘Lehrbuch d. Chem. Geol.’—Referred
to on the growth of quartz from solution. Vol. III.,
p- 636.
Cote, Pror. G. A. J., 1895. “Hullite.”—Proc. Belfast Nat.
Field Clubs, Senes 11; Vol. iV, pp. e2t-o2m
GauLt, W., 1879. ‘On the mode of occurrence and probable
origin of the Hullite and other siliceous minerals
found in the volcanic neck of Carnmoney,’ etc.—
Proc. Belfast Nat. Field Club. Series II. Vol. I.,
PP: 3537397:
GEIKIE, Sir A., 1897. ‘The Ancient Volcanoes of Great
Britain.’ Vol. II., pp. 272-3.
{Proc. B.N.F.C., 1905-1906.)
ae
|
§ 1
|
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: ¢ |
a
PHOTO J. STRACHAN,
SPECIMENS OF CARNMONEY CHALCEDONY.
1905-1906.J 358
GoopcuiLp, J. G., 1899. ‘On the Genesis of Some Scottish
Minerals.’—Proc. Royal Physical Soc. Edin. Re-
ferred to on the origin of the green earths, zeolites,
and chalcedony, pp. 190-201 of Vol. XIV.
HARDMAN, E. T. and Pror. E. Hutt, 1878. ‘On Hullite. A
hitherto undescribed mineral, etc.; and ‘Notes on
the Microscopical Appearance’ (by E. Hull).—Proc.
Royal Irish Acad. Series II. Vol. III., pp. 161-167.
HEpDDLE, Prof. M. F., 1871. Letter to Jos. J. Murphy, Esq.,
of St. Andrew’s, on the origin of the minerals in agate
cavities.
1901. ‘Lhe Mineralogy of Scotland.—Referred
to on the origin of agate and chalcedony, green
earths, and zeolites. Vol. I., pp. 58-62: on
chloropheite, hullite, kirwanite, celadonite, etc.
Vol. II., p. 144, et seq. (Note—Edited by J. G.
Goodchild).
JAMESON, PrRor. R., 1816. ‘A System of Mineralogy.’—Referred
to as an old authority on the origin of chalcedony
(Vol. I., p. 205) and agate in lavas (Vol. IL. pp.
268-269).
Jupp, Pror. J. W., 1896. ‘The Student's Lyell.’—Referred to
as a modern text-book (geological) authority on the
origin of zeolites, chalcedony, etc., in lavas. Pp.
458-450.
Kerr, W., 1902. ‘Note on Agate Specimens from Monzie.’-—
Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. Vol. VIII., pp. 237-239.
1904. ‘The Amceboid Agates of Monzie, near
Crieff..—T rans. Perth. Soc. Nat. Science. Vol. IV.,
pp. 21-24.
Lacroix, M. A., 1885. ‘Sur le Kirwanite et le hullite’—Buwd/.
Soc. Min. de France. Vol. VIII., p. 432.
Miers, Pror. H. A., 1902. ‘Mineralogy.’—Referred to as a
modern text-book (mineralogical) authority on the
origin of chalcedony (pp. 380-381), and zeolites
(p. 483).
Survey ‘Memors, GEoLocIcat. on
_1876. ‘Country around Antrim, Larne, and
Carrickfergus.’ P. 30 (E. Hull).
1904. ‘Geology of the Country around Belfast.
P. 43, and pp. 142-3 (Gaiaul. Seymour). as
TRACHAN, a tg02. ‘Notes on Some Agates from the Pent-
lands (Hillend).—Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. Vol.
VIII., p. 220. 4
‘
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